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THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bomsay Narurat History Socrery.
[EDITED BY
W. S. MILLARD,
E. COMBER and L. C. H. YOU
VOL. XVII.
ee of Five Parts and containing Szxteen Coloured Plates,
Twenty-seven Lithographed Plates and One hundred
and twenty-seven Blocks,
Dates of Publication,
Part I(Pages 1to0 258) .. see ove ove oo) | ose eo = eee 237d ~Apl., 1906,
» LT CPages 259 to 554) eo ave eco eee eve eas ooo ae 20th Sept., 1906.
. III (Pages 555 to 856) «. ate ese eee aso ooo eve ee 15th Feb., 1907.
» LV CPages 857 to 1045) «00 a. ee eve «20 ese eo er 29th June, 1907,
V Cladex, &c.) ase aor «00 eve exe aoa eae es 17th Dec., 1907.
>
Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS,
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVIL.
A Poputar TREATISE ON THE Common Inp1An Snakes. Part II.
By Capt. F. Wall, ras, cmzs. (With Plate IT and
ianaiced Ue: Va Gn Wale) iccth ican cvctines vee sews suneetes sedcceoee
On some New Species or Sttver Pauasants From Burma, By
PIMOMGR VW yOLALOSn wesicanacl esas sae tacctaccs sak fac see oo etode eke ee
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES: AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT
RESEARCH. By Capt. George Lamb, M.D., I.M.S.cec-csscssesece
SamBeR Horns, By J.D. Inverarity. (With 4 Plates).........
A New Snags ( MELANELAPS MCPHERSONI) FROM THE ADEN Hin-
THRDAND. By Capt. Wo Wall) TMS), G.M-2.Ss) cs. 0sceccccs veeees
A New Himauayan Syake(Lycopon mackinnoni). By Capt. F.
NV iulllsrrene Gy. CME? Snatch ui G ca cocaltes see, wat aa
THe ORCHIDS OF THE Bompay Presipency, Part III. By G. A.
GAMMInO nets! CUh Plate EL \-ciece sondern edecteaes acc tecwes
On THE SPECIES OF BeAn-GeEse. By Hugene W. Oates, F.z.8,
(AU ZU CoN ON ewe eat noe eee rook acsduovess cadre sauaieccriecense seen
Tue Porsonous Snakes Or INDIA AND HOW TO RECOGNIZE THEM,
Pane Le By Capt B. Wall, 1:M.6.., Cuma cc. cnn seer oseenees
THE OoLoey or Inpran Parasitic Cucgoos. PartI. By H.C.
Stuart Baker, PizSe( Wen Place 2) sc. .cscccsesvssecoser .ececs
Tug ‘ Pecrinate OrGans”’ of TRAPA BISPINOSA, Roxs. (WATER-
URGENDIN) co ey; Lia DIAUGER,, Siler isu sscaides cecccanessearonccaecetes
Ow THE TENTHREDINID& AND Parasrtric HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED
In BatucuisTan By Mason C.G. Nurse. PartI. By P.
Pe AIRE e esis Mids ie nics piace ame decsies cones stetee cases
Birps OF THE Provinczs or Kasumirk AND JAMMU AND ADJACENT
DMSERIOUS./ arid. “By Ac He. Ward). .cswaces sacs -tave copecoues
First Hints on co.uectinc Burrerriies (BEING A SUPPLE-
MENTARY PapsR TO THE ARTICLES ON THE ComMON BUTTER-
FLIES ON THE Piains ofr Inpia). By L. C. H. Young, B.A,
NoTEs AND OBSERVATIONS ON MAMMALS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED
IN THE Dargezvine Disreicr, Inp1a. By Gordon Dalgliesh.
PAGE
27
29
31
38
108
114
122
iv CONTENTS.
PAGE
Wuartis A Species? By L. C. H. Young, B.A., F.E.S., &G, ooesee
Descriptions oF Inptan Micro-Lepipoprera. Part II. By E.
WHEN OTEHS) BENG, UBIBHSIA URYish Goopcosco cssodonasacnoooncnsosoeenconco oes
Notss oN SMALL Manes IN reverie AND ADJACENT DisrriorTs,
By AoE, Ward csaducpis sacusdangins sosareesan eee a ee tee eereee aes
Norss on ANDAMAN BIRDS WITH ACCOUNTS OF THE Neato
OF SEVERAL SPECIES WHosE Nesrs AND Eacs HAVE NOT BEEN
HITHERTO DESCRIBED. By B. B. Osmaston, LF.S. ......eeee0
Tas Morus or Inpia (SUPPLEMENTARY PapER To THE VOLUMES
in ‘THe Fauna or Britisn Inpia’’), Series I1i, Part III.
By Sir George Hampson, Bart., F.2.8., F.E.S. socseccececscenses
A List or Birps FrounD IN THE Myinayan District or Burma.
By K. C. Macdonald . saielesticie anioeaereiese noo uoesesec
THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS, eae squaMosa, L.; Seam RETI-
cunatTa, L. By Col. Fernando Pa oe Acie
A List or THE Martine Moriusca IN THE Bompay NATURAL
Hisrory Society’s CoLttection. By EH. Comber, F.z.8.......
CATALOGUE oF FRESH WATER AND LanD MoLiusca 1N THE BomBaY
NatuRAL History Soctwry’S COLLECTION .esceceoseecceeeceeee
A Nove on THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOOS FROM THE ATTACK OF
THE Bampoo BEETLE or ‘‘SHot-porEr.” By HE. P. Stebbing,
ON A Naw Noun FROM Rhee By J. Lewis Bonhote, M.A....
Review: The Inaugural address of the President of the Mining
128
133
154
156
164
184
on OD
207
216
oi 29
224
and Geolegical Institute of India s.....s0ccrccsceeseesee caseenees 225
MiscetLangous NorEs—
1,—Pearls in the Thana Creek (W. India). By E. L. Sale,
oe os. se te epee nia 208
2. —Nesting a ae tae B 1G Geis (Rallina fasciata).
By P. F. Wickham (Pp. w. D.) . .. 228
3.—Food of the Himalayan Nutcracker (Sueirag no ispilay.
| By L. L. Fenton, Lt.-Col.. Se aciicnt on auaiaeieee ene
4.—Occnrrence of the Butterfly Talicada nyseus, on at
Khandala—Western Ghats. By G. W. V. de Rhe-
Philipe... Bt cniee tenn eae waa saceescceereserid pas soomeaee
5 _ Measurateue of Butfalo (Bos Labbe as Ry ae
I, Mackenzie, Major, 93rd Highlanders ........ seeee
229
. 2380
CONTENTS.
PAGE
6.—The Protection of Wild Birds in the Bombay Presidency. 231
7.—The nest of the Brown-backed Indian Robin (Thamnobia
cambaiensis). By Stanley Pershouse, 2nd Border
Regt., attached 5th Mounted Infantry .........
8.—Late iiecedin of the Black Partridge Fvancolins
vulgaris). By §. L. Whymper.. sereatenieaen
9,—Report on the destruction cf Rats in eee aie
August 1905. By Harry L. Tilly, Officer-in-Charge
of Plague Operations ... ... ss.
10.—Note on two Black Leopards in the Kotlapa Galen
By W. B. Ferris, Lt.-Col. ..... Shemaanseueee
11.—The straizht-horned Assam Buffalo. Mos eect dnelacicasensecs
£2——"The Covlon, Chital, . By. Livdekkor cc 5..ccss0usap eocees
13.—Sites of Birds’ Nests, By 8. L. Whymper .......0....
14,.—Note of the Burmese Button Qvail.. a
15.—The “ Booming ” of the Button eal Seth- Sinith..
16.—Plumage of young male Pintail Duck (Dafilu Bey,
By B. Wall, Capt., UM.8:,, GUGAS. Ceccss es so
17.—Albinism in the Kakar or Muntjac (Cereals mundi)
By J. Manners Smith, Major... a eceapy
18.—Food of Predaceous Flies. By H. R. G. i. vue eae aaa
19.—Mangroves and Paroquets. By B. B. Osmaston, 1.F.s....
20.—Ihe early stages of the Moth Rhodoprasina floralis, |
CWal a Plata) By@e El) Manson's: lcssseseress see
21.—Occurrence of the Moth Dudgeona leucosticta in Ceylon.
By ‘W. Vaughan, ¥.5.8. ......ss.5 Ewen sete
22.—Note on the Malay Tapir ( Tapirus sana in captivity.
(With an Illustration.) By W.B. Ferris, Col.
23.—Notes on the ovcurrence of certain Birds in the Plain
of N.-W. India. By C. H. Whitehead..
24.—Occurrence of aay coronatus, overt, in “Sind,
By T. R. Bell .. - ce
25.—A large Dhaman Zameni maou) ‘By Fr. » Gleado
I.F.S. es see seeenee 000" BOG SOF BOR BOFBHTEHHe eee eene abe
26.—How Tigard kill: their Prey. By F. O. B. Dennys,
_ Assistant Controller of Forests ... ......
27.— Note on the Magpie Robin (Copsychus saulavis), “By E.
C,. CHOlMON ELOY J cenee vives ves vercesvesievevervvsessucc nes est
. 231
. 232
=f Ea
vi CONTENTS,
PAGE
28.—Occurrence of the Bittern in South India ae
stellaris). By C. H. Rhenius.. chiki ceeumeteenies
29.—Size of bill of Common Teal UN, ettium eer) “Be
Gordon Dalgliesh... a a
30.—Nesting of the White- bellied Donte oe urus Sore
cens), By W. Howard Campbell .. Jo spe nodaocact
31.—The Stork-billed Kingfisher ipa aay at
Cawnpore. By Arundel Begbie, Major...............
32.—The Green Thrush (Coachoa viridis) ne in Burma.
By J. C. Hopwood .. Sote pec 40
33.—The Falcated Teal ide ey in Wes es
Bivgdine bt Opwood cessecmesns: Naaeraes
34.—Albinism in the Malay Spots ie Gin co inus)
near Kindat, Upper Chindwin. By J. C. Hopwood.
35.—The Variation in the Colour of the Eggs of the Dark
Grey Busan Chat (Oretcola ferrea). By H. H.
Elaramotonen Waptsstame:aat ce. <2 uareps ser aper un etee
PROCEEDINGS oF THE Mrrtines held on 22rd November 1905,
: 25th January and 15th March 1906 . Eofceieeslasae
A PopuLaR TREATISE ON THE Common TEAS Stee eae Ill.
(With Plate III & ee tee By Capt. F. Wall,
I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ccccccveces ee : cee peccce cent os 20s ceenes x00
On THE TENTHREDINIDA AND Papas SITIC Shermans COLLECTED
IN Batucuistan By Masor C. G. Nurse. Part II. By
tee) CAMOLOM. Sctiscacscces acon suuemacedes dss clecueseeskeasneeeseasa
On THE Tgsneepoeo AND Parasitic HYMENOPTERA
COLLECTED BY Masor C. G. Nurse in Kasumin. By P.
Cameron: . assntesees cecesteesoes oe sabieatass
THE KasHMir Tunanine (haanousrs aspenuend). By J: Mesiaie
THE Poisonous SNAKES oF INDIA AND HOW TO RECOGNIZE THEM.
Part Il. By Capt. F. Wall, Lu.s., c.m.z.s..
Fiowerine Season anp Ciimate. Part I. (With 3 Peas
By: Hy Blatteryssds odes sce ccaaes soclestoeriensioceces Te
THE OoLoey or INDIAN Paeusrie ee Page ce “(With
Plate 17.) By H.C. Stuant Baker, 02.8.) |. dsccncsiccces- con ces
Tue SNAKE AND its Naturat Fors, By Capt. F. Wall, I.M.8.,
C.M.Z.S. —cecveccccececocccccesccsrsss30 000 cen 100080008 nos a0e 0020s ces cce
. 247
. 248
248
248
. 249
249
249
. 249
. 251
259
. 274
CONTENTS.
Vii
PAGE
Some Hints ror BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING
Natura History Specimens. Part lV. By E. Comber,
F.Z.8. BER CCH FOS Seo ees SOF HSEFHE HS SOB SHH SHH EGE REE HEE NOP ses eet ase ses eessee
Descriptions or InpraAN Micro-Lepivoprera. Part IL. By
H. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.y F.Z.S. sec cceccnsecceeceeseccesect ens cones
Tue Common BurrerRFLizs oF THE Puains or Inpia. Part II.
(With Plate B.) By L. C. H. Young, B.a., F.ES., F.Z.8-...
[nsgot Lire 1n INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT, BEING A SIMPLE
ACCOUNT OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS WITH
EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO To (Rops, TEA, CoFFEE
anp Inpigo Concerns, Frutr anp Forest TREES IN InpIA,
Chapter VII, Part IV. By EH. P. sittin F.L.S., F.Z.8.,
THE Morne OF oN omearany erie TO THE Vocus
ww “ Tue Fauna oF Britisn Inpta”’). Series III, Part IIL.
By Sir George Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., FES. ses see seesees sees
Birps oF tag PRovINcEs OF KaSHMIR AND JAMMU AND ADJACENT
Districts. Part Il. By A. EH. Ward. ...... ..cscs--+ cas ccsess
Norrs on ANDAMAN Birps, with ACCOUNTS OF THE NIDIFICATION
OF SEVERAL SPECIES WHOSE NEsTs AND EcGs HAVE NOT BEEN
HITHERTO DESCRIBED. Part II. By B. B. Osmastun, 1.8.s.
A List or Birps FrounD In THe Myrineyan Disrricr or Burma.
Part ll, by Kea CG Macdanaldy \cceccneacascs- cas cnsvsonesseanee
A List of PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO INDIA FROM THE ‘‘ ZOOLO-
Giodm NEcoRD. L905 AND LOOK) co. ces coc cas sxe tos cocpsacen scence
Notes oN THE GENUS 7'atera WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw SPECIES.
By BR. C. Wroughton.........s0ccccesccssssesceeresvcccer coeeceece
MisceLLANEous NotEs—
1.—Breeding habits of the Great Crested Grebe (Podicipes
cristatus). By Gordon Dalgliesh .......sscesseseeees
_2.—Packs of Wolves in Persia. By J. W. Watson, Capt.,
I.M.S. OF 48 SHSSOB Hee eee ee ee ces Set eee sae COS See SEE eee BOEAEe
3.—Urial in Persia. By J. W. Wheto Capt., L.M.8s secon
4,—A Panther placing its kill up a tree. By E. Comber ...
5.—Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By P.
6.—A brown Crow, By A. ©. Logan, 1.0.8. s.sssesesessrerees
396
. 403
418
424
447
479
A8E
492
505
511
515
516
517
517
518
519
Vili
CONTENTS.
PAGE
7.,—A brown and white Crow. By E, Blatter, s.3. ....0.... 519
8.—A malformed Black Buck Head. (With an illustration.)
By Wet. iatttay, dhiette=Woly sc. ccosseccesetceesmences (Oke
9.—Fascination by Lizards. By St. George Gore, Col., r.E, 520
10.—Occurrence of the Indian Red-breasted Fly-catcher
(Stphia hyperythra) in Bengal. By Chas. M. Inglis. 520
11.—A note on the migration of the Common Indian Bee-
eater (Merops viridis). By D. Dewar, 1.0.8. ...e0000. 520
12.—The boldness of Panthers. By F. Field .................. 522
18.—The occurrence of the Scorpion Spider (Phrynichus)
(Karsch) in the Shevaroy Hills. By H.S8. Riving-
LOM PUBISCH Pree ee kee Sane reas ahaa ene eRe eeeg ee 523
14,.—The brown Wood Owl Cee mdrant), By 8S. L.
Vuln yiRtGOT y Yew sicislele stewie) aire coy eiceieisictoct aici delawatnest ea Oat
15.—Habits of the Tapir. i Ciel; Voume soueee. secs scenOen
16.—Occurrence of Remiza (githalus) corenatus in Kola
By EevAs tp acrath, Major lect eracsaresseneccecase” O2A
17.—F locking of Kites. By C. E. ©. Fischer .......0....ee000. 5295
18.—Notes on the “ Shot-borer ” in Bamboos. er Norman
ol Troup 27 ses seteeseeses bevons ser abeeee O20
19.—Black Panthers. By W. B. Peni ‘Gal. saeobtcacea O22
20.—A remarkable Tree. By C. H.C. Beate aeecoassenmuses 527
21.—Habitat of the Green Keelback (Macrophisthodon fo i
bicolor). By ©. EH. C. Fischer ......... soe ODF
22.—Bird weather reporters. By K. R. Bouse 1. ©. S.. . 528
23.—How Tigers kill their prey. By A, A. Dunbar Be!
COT assy ccneceres Hea be RR Sa ee a 7)
24.—The sense of smell of Mipers iby A. A. Dunbar Bran-'
der, LF.S.. she AS «. 990
' 25,—The nesting of ihe Seas Bee Gee Sopiteay
By A, M. Primrose.. ane . 531
26.—The nesting of the Binck-backed “Forktail Tienes
immaculatus). By James Marten ....0+..secsesceseee ODD
27.—The larva of the Firefly. By P. Gerhardt ....00....0c00 - 033
28.—A Whale near Bassein (Bombay Coast). By W.S. Millard. 533
29,—A fortunate escape and recovery from Cobra bite. By
ita) VW Wis SoUTLORe Cain aastarcccseasesaccives asec ceeuteseees tos
I.M.Se, C.M.Z.8. SPS St SES HEEOOTS SHE SOS HEH SES OOH HEL HHL DES HOH HSH SSE OSES OD
2
CONTENTS, ix
PAGE
30.—An unusual displacement of the heart in a Whistling
Teal. By W. B. Bannerman, Lieut.-Col., 1.M.s....... 535
31.—On the Indian species of et oo By H. C. Stuart
DAROE cites anaes suahger du'asecauaes 537
82.—The breeding of the ee ihetean: Senet ben-
galensis), By E. ©. Stuart Baker .........000. . 538
33.—The plumage of the Cock Purple Honeysucker oe
necthra astatica). A Query. By D. Dewar, t.0.8.... 540
84.—Some notes on Heterocera. By H. W. Kettlewell, Lieut. 541
35.— Parasites in Sparrow Hawks. By J. 8. Bogle, Capt... 542
36.—Cannibalism amongst Panthers and Tigers. By L. B.
Montrosar. Cant., bu. WAS secon cersceces 26 . 543
87. The nesting of the Crested Honey Bee foe
ermintis). by be, COMATL consort secavicecacnesesse O40
38.—The Sand Wasp (Sphea lobatus). By C. B. Beadnell ... 546
39.—Nesting of the Ibis-bill (Jbédorhynchus struthers?) and the
Common ayes (‘otanus Hae re By S. L.
W Inymipeir’ 8.62, 5/taceusacatnneeses a . 546
PROCEEDINGS OF THE Maas held on 28th ae sah 16th
August 1906. bata sears aie . 548
A Note on Ponacnd et ss Faden ( With a pptate ) By R.
Bowdler Sharpe, Lu.D., &c., Assistant Keeper, Department
of Zoology, British Wideak aus subehee ats wen: OOO
ON A NEW SPECIES OF Grey Duck imomienasiih? sanixoros)
FROM Burma. By Hugene W. Oates .............scee000ee, O58
A new Tortoise FRoM TRAVANCORE. (With 2 Plates). “By Gi:
Ag DOUlen Ser, FsB.Ss seocwceseosces'ese's bidawacedsvcdabeccar'st= 000
Acta ET AGENDA BY THE eee Honiareie ‘Be E. Blatter, sz. 562
On THE Parasitic HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED By Masor CO. G.
Nourse In THE Bompay Presipency. By P. Cameron ...... 578
A FEW WORDS IN REPLY TO Mr. E. W. Oates’ PAPERONTHE
SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE ......ccccosserscscessccooes . 598
On Bean-Geusz. By S. A. Butuilin, Wi tO.Oe Veen cut neceelscsecn HOS
A new Krair rrou Oupx (Buna@aRus WALLI). (With a Plate.)
By Capt. FP. Wall, 1.0.8., ©.M.Z.8. sscee coos voccvocrescee O08
‘SoME New Asian Snakes. (With 2 Plates, ‘By Capt. FP, Wall
612
CONTENTS,
PAGE
A NEw spxcrEes or Iyptan Wax-propucine BEE. By Major CO.
G. Nurse, Indian Army........ asidek acpusnropee ue Sp scsnod 988d
Estuary Fisyinc. Somz Remarks oN 11s DECADENCE, AS AN
INDUSTRY, IN THE KonKAN. By W. A. Wallinger.......0. +.
Prornctive Lxeistation ror Inpian FisuErizs. By E&.
WOUMDET: <5c) ssiecngendhate seouesiewes ons aces teaeosretmoneaeoet. cotear es
Tae Moras or Inpta. Sete ae PAPER TO THE Vo-
LUMEs IN “THE Fauna or BritisH Jnpia.” Series III,
Part III. By Sir George Hampson, Buart., F.z.8, F.ELS. ...
Tae Ooxoey or Inpran Parasitic Cuckoos. Parr lll. (With
date UNS) yeas. Stuart laler. K-7.Se essceeeeneeseeeen aes
Fiowerine Szason anp Crimate. Part Il. (With 4 Plates.)
Poy esl Ol> Slax Sh cases conten ands: esate doeetanae Sosa xs S8Ove idlve
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITIS LEDA. By ites -Col. N.
Mim ens ghee Suny RSs. Sancza sack. Ue cacg mace Seles cen sae een
Han WAUNA HOF UN DIA=—UNSHOTA) 52.4 .:ssne5 sono aeesoacasceecncs eee
BigDS OF THE PRovINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU AND ADJA-
cent Districts. Part III. By A. EB. Ward.....-......c0+ces
Descriptions or Inptan Micro-Lepipoptera. By H. Meyrick,
BoA, | MaRS eg, GheZSa cecacecespestosuwacerbenecen seine assent oceania
Some Birps or Sincarorze. By Major H. R. Bakes 73rd Ooi.
AN ENQUIRY INTO THE Parasitic Hiasrts or THE [INDIAN KoOkL.
By D. Dewar, 1.¢.8., F.2.8.....0. SoS a osu sea Sen ocooca ns cospas ates
Birps or tHE Kuasta Huis. Part I. By HE. C. Stuart Baker,
HZ Syo ya MeB.O Us, U cave seaesiaes sic atusr o onicens stone se daete aes eeaenie neces
ON A NEW RACE oF Soturus LokriopES From Burma. By J.
Ihewis Bon ote: uMiActaecnc cecsencsen epuearcems some aaa aeeiemecc ton
On a NEw Encuytra#ip Worm (HeNniea LErRoyi, sp. n.) FRoM
IypiA—pEStRUCTIVE To THE Eaes or A Locust (AcRIDIUM,
sp-). By Frank E. Beddard,m.a., F.k.s., Prosectcr to the
Zola society, Wome ts. cise ssarnase dacs oacesseeew senor seinaen- a ues ice
ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS BROUGHT HOME BY THE TIBET
Frontiek Commission. By J. Lewis Bonhote, m.a.,
E.L.S., ¥E.Z S. *@G2008CG peattee *©CO eee ceoFFOGV18G 28 -eGeFeoeaeeonsOe2G2008 genase
MiscELLaNrous Notrs—
678
697
709
721
123
730
755
765
183
796
797
800
1.—Povlican breeding in India. By OC. E. Rhenins........... 806s
2.—Food of Predaceous Flies. By T.R. Bell, 1.5.8........0
807
CONTENTS, a
PAGE
3,—Snake-bite inflicted by Melanelaps mcphersoni. By
Capt. F. Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.Z.S.. ; és CUE
4,—Note on the breeding of Russell's cee ( Wie resell)
in captivity. By Lieut.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.p.,
B.SC, F.R.S.E, L.M.S. (Director, Bombay Bacteriolo-
GiGal) MD OTALOEY pp ees waxrva coder vessaicesnstiauvare'vscese exe OOO
5.—Recovery irom a Cobra bite. By C. Grenville Rollo... 811
§.—Occurrence of the Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichi) in
the N.-W. F. Province. By Major Walter Venour,
58th Rifles.. soizeideeiacencaceeeivae: animes son O12
7.—A new species of tie. spear ee ene ae
from the Chin Hills. (From the Bulletin of the
British Ornithologists’ Club, No. CX XIII.)............ 812
8.—A Mouse-Hare. By Major G. 8S. Rodon .............0500. 813
9.—Locusts, Bears and Dogs. By Major G. 8. Rodon ...... 815
10.—A note on an Edible Puff-ball from the Thana District,
By Lieut.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.8. (retd.), F.is.... 816
11.--Some notes on Birds’ Nesting in Tehri-Garhwal. By
Be ies VV EMEP OE pr. an. nsiens* sane os'sne SBA 3 SL
12.—First hints on ee Paeaice By Lieut.-Col.
N. Manders, R.A.M.C...-0+ seoee .. 819
13.—Redaction in the species of ne ee. Patoentphis.
By Capt: FP. Wally, EMS. 3 :MeZ See on coves, Seaees O20
14,—Hodgsons’ Hawk-Hagle See nepalensio) i C.
H. Donald . sinnes steseceretcceece O24
{5.—Early arrival of sivas By ew M. ae Reese ewe OD
16.—The bolduess of Panthers, By Lieut.-Col. G. RB.
EUG BG Ai ssmanpe veep cer Sy enccrousseonmercvswostel cee 825
17,—The boldness of Panthers. By Capt, J. BR. J. Tyrrel,
TeM aide, yaetelep oman vcvenisiSepalacit pleeiia'xo'sia « pps du@amn've ou be dleomaonices 827
18.—Further notes on Birds’ Nesting round Quetta, By
. Major R. M. Betham, 101st Grenadiers ............... 828
19.—Destruction of Mosquitoes and their Larvae by Fish and
Lime. By Lieut.-Genl. H. Osborn, 1.a....... povaecas 832
20.—A clumsy killer. By C. H. Donald... ...ssccceeee 833
21.—A Bear’s kill in a tree. By CU. H. Donald.. ............ 834
22.—A Panther placing its kill up a tree. By L. V. Bagshawe, 835
xii CONTENTS,
PAGE
23.—Do Bats capture and eat birds? By E. Ernest Green 835
24,—A white Muntjac. By S. H. Charrington.............. 836
25.—Cause of fear shown by Tigers. By C. E. C. Fischer 836
26.—Note on Clania variegata, Snell. By T. R. Bell, 1z.s. 837 |
27.—Abnorma! anilers of the Chital or Spotted-Deer
(Cervus axis}. By Lieut. J. A. Field, rz. .........-.. 840
28.—The ae of Indian Parasitic Cuckoos. By Chas. M.
Ine lise erncceee. . 841
29.—A see lee dotien py Fr. he Bupa N. s.
SULVENesaner rs edinie sasdewnganecosceoeeoemeneeatee MO
30.—Nesting of ee: Hoe (Paleo severus) in India, “Be
©. H. Donald . Biv aldeoaesahlecta secon asa’ Oa
31.—A live Takin calailas paphien) Hi With an Illustra-
ton.) By Diet. Mi Bailey scccccsescccess career ess sns Oe
32.—Breeding advo of the Common Locust. By E. H.
Aitken.. Weccos pict ssistetneisacceeueases tasiscn TO es
85.—The small ( ‘ivet + Cat i in isi! oe Bennie Auctions. 844
34.—A malformed Blackbuck Head, By Col. W B. Ferris 844
35.—Abnormal Sambar Horns, By F. Field............+00002 845
36.—Maltormed Sambar and Gaur Horns. By O. Scot
Skirving .. @08 ces C08 cae 20: 846
37,.—Note on te nee Caan (Gazeta arabica). By
Major 8S. E. Prall, t..s.. oe we 847
38.—Breeding of the Common ane “Quail (ces com-
munis) and the Desert Lark (Alamon desertorum).
By Major R. M, Betham, 101st Grenadiers............ 848
39.—The large red Flying-Squirrel (Pieromys inornatus)
and Walnuts. By C. HW. Donald sicc ec. -.-. ....cccee ne 848
40.—The Study of Birds. By HE. Comber... miedsccltr caemO Le
PRocEeepIncs oF THE Mxetines held on 4th cone and “13th
December 1906 .........50: 06 Ue eerces OIL
A PopuLar TREATISE ON THE Calas fey nine Pan IV.
(With Plate 1V). By Major F. Wail, c.u.z.s., Lu.s. ...... 857
Tag Importance oF BLoop-Suckine Figs as TRANSMITTERS
or Diszasz to Man anp Animats,° By Lt.-Col. W. B.
Bannerman, M.D., B.Sc., 1.M.s., Director, Bacteriological
TiabOLAbOLy .ctseccs -edeceeeeearcecicas serene sete ecnsnds car's strdeceteen nO
CONTENTS. xili
AppiTionaL Cuckoo Notss. By E. C. Stuart Baker, F,z,8. ... 876
Tag Frora or ApEn. By E, Blatter, s.3. repeaaiea asian (OOO
Tus Common ButtTsRFLIESs OF THE ee OF core te Part II.
(With Plate C.) By UL. C. H, Young, B.a., ¥.n.8., F.Z.8. ... 921
Notes oN Smatt Mammats 1n KaAsamir anp ApJAcent Dis-
marors, By Col, AL HW. Ward «sc .cecss. Si saleweaasuegivesedesaes. 928
Waatis A Speores?” By R.S. Hole, F158, F.6.8. ....ercceee. 930
THe OrcHips oF THE Bompay lresipenoy, Part IV, (With
Piste lib je By Ge A. Gamimie,: ViG8. —ssezearcsesetenscseers, 0 910
Birps oF THE Provinces OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU AND ADJACENT
Distriors.. Part EV, -°By Col, Avi. Ward. © jcsccec.c.dcc0s O40
On THE Brean-Geese. By Eugene W. Oates quae oases
THe Freshwater Moutusoa or Tirnoot, Bencat. By Gordon
Daboliesly' 2sc.sa cesses see Rip aincd eewee sneies sips cians safe sasermen OO
Birps oF THE KHASIA Hci’ “Part II. By E. C. Stuart
Baker, 12S, MBO: secseoce pauscsubedtencdsecesotas DOL
Desorietions oF Inp1an Myicro- Tnicouen hoe NV. ay
ep Mayriele WaNeg 0H Hb), Me MiB.” pcctes ces saceaciceidcatas tevecsrodace, QUO
Suppression OF MELANELAPS MCPHERSONI, By Major F. Wall,
O.M.Z.S., I.M.S. ae pide deueadenaindedeeuatampel peutacte de corte oe)
THE one Sieanae OF CiNpi AND HOW TO RECOGNISE THEM.
(Correction). By Major b'. Wall, c.at.2.8., 1.M.S. ..ecessescee 995
Norges oN somE Rats or THE Mus mzErapa group. By R. C.
Wroughton . saninacedsoiapes van Pewicea sce Pr etl
DESCRIPTION OF A he Caves AND SOME ae cre OF
HYMENOPTERA CAPTURED BY Lt.-Cot. ©. G. Nurse art
Dexrsa, MaTuHEeRan AND Ferozpors. By P. Cameron ......1001
MiscELLANEOUS NotTEs.—
1.—Note in regard to the habits of the Praying Mantis,
By A. A. Dunbar Brander.. Btn
2.—Nesting of the Coot (Fulica re itis By Gor-
don Dalgliesh
fm 2 I see eee Au Se CA 1013
3.-—Melanitis bethami in Pachmarhi. By H. W. Kettlewell,
Capt., 85th King’s Light Infantry..............000... 1013
4,—The Bronze-capped Teal (Eunetia faleata) i in Tirhut,
By Chas, M. Inglis..... .. wanes
xiv. CONTENTS.
PAGE
5.—Some notes on Tigersand Panthers. By R. G. Burton,
Major, 94th Russell’s Infantry .....- vadintassace sbaceetee epee bey
6.—An injured Monkey. By H. R. G. Hasted.......0 cesses 1017
7.—Panther kill up atree. By H.R. G. Hasted............ 1017
8.—Encounier between a Snake and Lizard. By F. Wall,
Major, C.M.Z.S, IM.S. ....... cates a LOL
9,—The vitality of Snakes. ‘i H. ae ‘Biggs, i -Coly
Re DBI a ares . 1018
10.—The rahe of pues = s. E. F. pi nin uaciaw 1019
11.—Abnormal Sambur horns. By J. Archibold Field...... 1020
12.—An abnormal a , head. By R. Clifford, iis
22nd Punjabis .. Bosiiceineercunice apse . 1020
13.—The food of Dalen ne oat Boshi, Major,
13th Rajputs .. 300 b0o6C woeace LOS
14.— Bats feeding on ee ieee Bp ioe M. pie ees weeaies 1021
15.—Bats feeding on birds. By F. Gleadow..........0.+0-00. 1022
16.—Curious behaviour of a Panther in connection a a
kil. By H. 4. Drake-Brockman, Major, F.Z8.,
Tenis Gopoccoo AES - 1022
17.—On a new species oy, veneer oes ibm nes Be
Chas. B. Antram, PREM Indian Tea
Association .......e0ee edbesieastos w. 1024
18.— Cantecona ie W olf. 4o5 ane B. ae
Entomologist, Indian Tea Association... se 1024
19.—The Distribution of the different varieties of ae
yan Markhor (Capra falconert) (With a Plate) By
H. P. Browne, Capt., 5th Gurkhas Rifles............ 1025
90.—“ Shot-borers”? -in Bamboos. By R. Barton Wright,
Assixtant Manager to the Lessees, Shivaganj
Satomi ven nese con.cosan i sanlastes cose dl O26
21.—A remarkable tree. By ©. E. ©. oy oe fo Wa aexale 1027
22.—The nesting of the rufous-bellied es ( Lopho-
trior his kienert) By A.M. Kinloch.. rave LOE
93,—Vernacular names of some Indian ane ee P. R.
Cadell, LC. S. csecscccer ee nravenneescs ees cecseeess sos ioeeee 1028
94.—QOccurrence of the Butterfly Chilaria othona in
Salsette. By L. C. H. Young, B.A. FE.S., F.Z.8.... 10380
CUNTENTS, XV
PAGE
25.—A note on an edible fungus from Lahore. By K. R,
Kirtikar, Lt.-Col., F. L.8., 1.M.S, (Roetired).....-..... 1030
26.—A further note on the distribution of the varieties of
Cobra in India. By W. B. Bannerman, Lt.-Col.,
M.D., 1M.8., B.Sc., Director, Bombay Bacterio-
logical Tiahora tore Eeasadtecer Rucsedesenesn AOae
27.—Hatching of Dhaman aes are eggs, and
observations on the egg tooth. ie F, Wall, ee
OMA Gs TUES. Soest bceccawerese LOOS
28.—Tuctoo and Snake. By F, “Wall, ee O.M.Z.8.,
To M.S. .coccscsccssreescorassoccussarsneccersensscrencseacses 1033
29.—Peculiar colouration in the Indian Sloth Bear
(Melursus ursinus) By W. W. Baker, Lt.-Col., rR... 1035
30.—Cussta renigera, Wall (With an illustration). By H.
Blatter, S.J. eee 122 cent? oscecce @reccesneve es ® Pevresessescccccce 1036
31.—Occurrence of the bittern (Botaurus stellaris) in
Southern India. By E. Comber, F.z.s.. arvana LOST
32,—Occurrence of the Waxwing (Ampelis Oe ated at
Bannu, N. W. F. Province. By H. A. F. Magrath,
Major... Be canieee ewisceter ates seereceueinns . 1037
PROCEEDINGS OF THE sn held on oAth Fannaryy “Tth
March aud: o0th) May N90 ns ccesstaeseweeas= cates es ae . 1038
WA aH, Pe
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
VOLUME = Wit.
PAGE |
AITEEN, E. H.; Breeding grounds
of the Common Locust ... 45
——-——_-—— ; The Smail Civet
Cat in Sind : ae oce
ANTRAM, CHAS. B.; On a new
species of Fulgorid from Darjee-
ling ... GE one a oars
-— ; Cantecona
Sure tiata, Wolff .. ... on
BAaGSHAWE, L. V.; A_ panther
placing its kill up a tree
BAILEY, Lt. F. M.; A Live Takin
(Budoreas HaaseuEae) eee
BAKER, E. U. STUART, F.ZS§., M.
B. 0. U.; The Oology of Tndtiats
Parasitic Cuckoos...
; On the Indian
843
844
1024
1024
835
842
. 72, 851, 678
species of a aes Cre co. tae
—-+ ; The Pecediie
of the sues. een une cotis
bengalensis .. one 538
--—— Oeedd, of tiie
Khasia Hills 783, 957
——_——_——_ ; Additional
Cuckoo Notes one oC
BAKER, Major H. R.; Some Birds
of Singapore - “oe ee $755
BAKER, Lt.-Col. W. W., R.E.;
Peculiar colouration of the
Indian Sloth Bear (Melursus
UPSINUS) — wee ace Ade --- 1035
BANNERMAN, Lt.-Col. W. B.,
1.M.8.; An unusual displacement
of heart in a Whistling Teal ... 536
; Note on the
breeding of Russell's Viper
CVipera rusgelli) in captivity ... 808
——_—_ -——. ; The impor-
tance of Blood-sucking Flies as
transmitters of disease to Man
and Animals oe oes 5. |
-—- ; A further
note on the distribution of the
varieties of Cobra in India - 1031
3
PAGE
Ee ea R.; “ Shot-Bor-
ers” in Bamboos ... +: --. 1026
BEADNELL, (. B.; The Sand tae
(Spex letitny one 546
BEDDARD, FRANK E ,M. ne VF. R. 8.;
On a new inhiely ania Wort
(Henlea lefreyi, sp. n.) from
India—destructive to the evgs of
a Locust (Acridium sp.) oe 197
BEGBIE, Major ARUNDEL; The
Stork-biJled King-fisher (Pela-
raopsis gurial) at Cawnpore ... 248
——— - —_—. ; The
Food of Pytions ... sce ee. 1021
BELL, T. R., I. F.8.; Occurrence
of Aegithuliscus coronatus,
Severtz, in Sind aon «. 244
——-——_--——__; Food of
predacecus flies... ene ced th!
aos -——; Note on
Ciania variegata, Snell ... sea BY
BETHAM, Major R. M. ; Further
Notes on Birds’ Nesting round
Quetta Age “As oe ee 828
————-; Breeding
of the Common or Grey Quail
(Coturnie communis) and the
Desert Lark (Alaemon de-
sertorum) . cee «ee 848
Biaes, Lt. “Col. cS V.,-B: i: The
vitality of Srakes ... AS -.. 1018
BuaTTerR, E.,8.J.; The “ Pecti-
nate Organs” of Trapa bispinosa,
Roxb. (Water-Chestout) eee «85
; Flowering
Season and Climate aes 334, 697
; A brown and
white Crow “Or wee ae AY
—_——_—___— ; Acta et
Agenda by the Bombxy Botanists. 562
-——- ; The Flora of
Aden Cee as ers «se 595
——~- ———- ; Cassia reni-
gera (Wall)... oon tee see 1036
XVill
PAGE
BoGLE, Capt. J.S.; Parasites in
Sparrow-Hawks oe. os woe «DAD
BomaNngr, K.R., I.C.8.; Bird
weather reporters coe coo BRAS)
BonHore, J. Lewis, M.A., F.L.S.
F.Z.8.; On a new race of
Sciurus lokriodes from Burma ... 796
- ——-————; On a collec-
tion of Mammals brought home
by the Tibet Frontier Commission 800
—— — ; On a new
Vole from Kashmir oon ow «D4
BouLencer, G.A., F.R.S.; A new
Tcrtoise from Travancore we 560
BROWNE, H. P., Capt., 5th Gurkhas;
The Distribution of the different
varieties of Himalayan Markhor
(Cupra faleomeri) (With a Plate}. 1025
BurTON, Major R. G.; Some notes
on Tigers and Panthers ... 1015
BURTON, Capt. R. W.; A fortunate
escape and recovery from Cobra
bite ... 600 200 coe «oe OB4
BuruRLIN, 8.A., Ff. M.B.O.U. ;
On Bean-Geese ... an cco (GOB
CADELL, P.R. I.C.8.; Vernacular
Names ot some Indian Ducks ... 1028
CAMERON, P.; On the Tenthredi-
nideand Parasitic Hymenoptera
coliected in Baluchistan by
Major C.G. Nurse... oe 89, 274
pas ——-—— ; In Kashmir... 289
= ; On the Parasi-
tic Hymenoptera collected by
Major C. G. Nurse in the Bombay
Presidency ... eon eee eee 578
; Description of
@ new Genus and some new
Species of Hymenoptera captured
by Lt.-Col. C. G. Nurse at Deesa,
Matheran and Ferozepore e-- 1001
CAMPBELL, W. HOWARD ; Nesting
of the White-bellied Drongo
(Dicrurus coerulescens) ee 248
OHARRINGTON, 8. H.; A White
Muntjac es. ood 600 coe 836
CHOLMONDELEY, H. C.; Note on
the Magpie Robin (CCopyschus
saularis) ... oo5 eve coo 247
CLIFFORD, R., Lt., 22nd Punjabis ;
An Abnormal Hog-deer Heaq ... 1020
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
CoLTART, H. N.; The Nesting of
the Crested Honey Buzzard
(Pernis cristatus)... coe . 545
CoMBER, H., F.Z.S.; A List of th
Marine Mollusca in the Bombay
Natural History Society’s Collec-
tion ... aod ee wwe «207
—_—-—— - —; Some hints
for beginners on coliecting and
preserving Natural History
Specimens, Part 1V doc cee 396
- — ; A Panther
placing its kill up a tree coo | BY
———— ——; Protective
Legislation for Indian Fisheries. 637
——— ——— ; The Study of
Birds 600 soe 206 oo. 849
-——— ; Occurrence of
the Bittern (Svtaurus stellaris)
in Southern India coc --. 1037
DALGLIESH, GORDON; Notes and
observations on Mammals col-
lected and observed in the Dar-
jeeling Districts, India ... con LAB
—_——_- -——-- ; size of bill
of Common Teal (Wettirwm crecea) 248
-_—_—_—_-- ; Breeding
habits of the Great Crested
Grebe (Podicipes cristatus) ... 515
; The Fresh
Water Mollusca of Tirhoot,
Bengal soe 202 eee eo 950
——--——_-——__—_; Nesting of
the Coot (fulica atra) in India, 1013
Deynys, F.O. B , How Tigers kill
their, rey ... cae toe ewe 245
DEsnEUX,J.; The Kashmir Ter-
mite (Z¢rmopsis wroughtont) ... 293
Dewak, D.,1.C.8.; A note on the
migration of the Common Indian
Bee-eater (Merops viridis) eee 520
—— +; The plumage
of the cock Purple Honeysucker
(Arachnecthra asiatica), A
QUT Mpc: Oi lcorr egiveenilf Wass O40
—-——~—_-——_; An enquiry
into the parasitic habits of the
Indian Koel Oo cas
DONALD, C. H.; Hodgson’s Hawk-
Hagle (Spizetus nepalensis) ... 824
LIST{OF CONTRIBUTORS.
f PAGE
DoNALD, C. H.; A clumsy -killer.
————-; A bear’s kill ina
tIGe ... eee eee
ms Meeting of the
Hobby (Falco severus) in India.
The Large Red
(Pteromys in-
—~_+ ——_ - =
Flying-Sqnirrel
ornatus) and Walnuts 848 |
DRAKE-BROCKMAN, H.E., F.Z.S8., |
Major, I.M.8.; Curious beha-
viour of a Panther in cou-
nection with a kill 1022
DUNBAR BRANDER, A. A,, LF.S.;
How Tigers kil] their prey 528
- - ; The seuse of
smell of Tigers ... ove eo asi)
—- ——-—— ; Note in re-
gard to the habits of the Praying
Mantis ese rea soo LOUD
FENTON, Lt.-Col. nh am Food of
the Himalayan Nut Cracker
(Nucifraga hemispila) ... ao5 PAE
FERRIS, Lt.-Col. W B.; Nete on
two Black Leopards in the
Kolhapur Collection eee 234
——-——— ; Note on the
Malay Tapir (Zapirus indicus) in
captivity (With an Illustration)... 242
———— ; Black Pan-
thers 253 “pc econ Bete
a ee faaitonmed
Blackbuck Head ... coe « 844
Fre_p, F.; The boldness of pane
thers.. «ue cee «we 522
ee canst ich a Horns 845
FIELD, J. A., Lit., R. H. ; Abnormal
antlers of the Chital or Spotted
Deer (Cervus axis) ‘ eee 840
; Abnormal Sambar
Horns vee ove coe ae 1020
FiscHER, C. EH. C., I. F.S.; Flock-
ing of Kites eee “p- a. 525
3; A remarke
able tree A ee «537, 1027
——— ; Habitat of
the Green Keelback (Macropis-
thodon plumbicolor) eee coe 527
as ——__———--———. ; Cause of
fear shown by Tigers “6 eo. 836
833
834
84]
xix
PAGE
GAMMIE,G. A, F. L. 8.; The
Orchids of the Bombay Presi=
dency a aa sas 31, 940
GERHARDT, P.; The larva of the
Firefly see 533
GLEADOw F., A large hemes
(Zamenis ‘ibiadeus eve eo. «245
; Bats feeding on
Birds eve ve sce eos 1022
GORE, Sv. Guonan, Col. R. E. ;
Fascination by Lizards cone AL
GREEN, KE. EARNEST ; Do Bats cap-
ture and eat Birds? eee coe 835
HAmMpsoN, Sir GHo., Bart., F. Z. 8,
F.E §.; The Moths of India
(Supplementary Paper to the.
Volumes in “The Fauna of British
India’) Series III
HARINGTON, Capt. H. H.; The
variation in the colour of the
egos of the Dark-grey Bush Chat
COretcola ferrea) oe
Hastep, H. R. G.; Food of preda-
ceous flies ... aan
Sead
——-; Panther
injured
kill
ete
—— eee
Monkey
up a tree tee cee
House, R.8., F.L.8. F.H.8.;
What isa Species ? Soe Ace
Horrewoop, J. C.; The Green
Thrush (Cochoa ae breeding
in Burma
: The Faleated
Teal (Hunetta area in Upper
Burma
——; Albinism in
the Malay Spotted Dove (Tur-
tur tigrinws) near Kindat, Upper
Chindwin .. eee
Huvson, P.; Tigers hamstring-
ing their prey before killing
INGLIS, CHas. M.; Occurrence of
the Indian Red-breasted Fly-
catcher (Siphia ryperythra) in
Bengal ose
; Harly arrival
of Duck ... eee orn ene
--—— ; The Oology of
Indian parasitic Cuckoos
w 164, 447, 645
249
249
249
518
520
825
$41
:
xX
InGuIs, CHas. M.; The
capped Teal CKunetta falcata)
in Tirhut
INVERARITY, J D.;
CWith four Bie 500 soc
Jengins,S. B. F.; The boldness
of Panthers bes
KETTLEWELL, Capt. H. Ww. ; Some
notes on Hetervcera
Sues Horns
—_— —— ; Mel-
anitis bethami in Pachmarhi
Kiniocu, A. M.; The nesting of
the Rufous-bellied Hawk-Hagle
(Lophotriorchis hienert) oo coe
KrretikaR, Lt.-Col. K. B., 1.M.58.
(R-td.), F. L. 8S. ; A Note on an
edible Puff Ball from the Thana
District
ses a
ece ace
; A ote on an
edible Fungus Na Lahore
LAMB, Major GEORGE, M.D.,I.M.8.;
Snake Venoms and their anti-
dotes: An account of recent
research = «ee 260 coe
LEAL, Col. FERNANDO. ; The (ri-
gin of Anonas, Anona squamosa,
L., Anona reticulata, Liew
Logan, A. ©. 1.C.8.; A brown
Crow ooo
LYDEKKER, R. ;
Chital eve gos
MacponaLp, K. C,; A_ list of
Birds found in tne Myingyan
District of Burma... coc
MAcKENZIE, A. F., Major, 93rd
Highlanders ; Mearurements of
Buffalo (Bos bubakus) Horns
MaG@ratu, Major H. A. F.; Occur-
yence of Remiza (CAgithatws)
corunatus in Kohat
ese
The Ceylon
eee op
s Occur-
rence of the Waxwing (Ampelis
garrulusx) at Bannu, N.-W. F.
Province 2
ManpeErs, Lt.-Col. N., #.Z.5.,
F.E.S., R-A.M.C.; The Clima-
tal changes o£ Melanitis leda ov.
——— ; First hints
on collecting Butterflies... O06
PAGE
Bronze-
- 1015
23
1019
541
1013
1027
816
1030
138
184, 492
230
524
1037
708
819
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
Manson, C. HE. F.; Theearly stages
of theMoth(Rhodoprasina floralis,
(With a Plate} ... nee uss
MARTEN, JAMES; The nesting of
the Black-backed Forktail (Heni-
curus immaculatus) aoe
Meyeick, H.,B.A., F.R.S., F. Z.8,;
Descriptions of Indian Micro-
Lepidoptera...
MiLuarD, W. S8.; A Whale near
Bassein (Bombay Coast)... .».
MoNTRESOR, Capt. L.B. BR. F.A.;
Cannibalism amongst Panthers
and Tigezs ... 200 ass as
Nourse, Major C. G.; A new
species of Indian Wax=producing
Bee ... 306
OATES, HUGENE W.,F.Z.5.; On some
new species of Silver Pheasants
from Burma
; On the species
oi Bean-Geese (With a Plate) .
ar
; On a new
species of Grey Duck (Pulionetta
haringtont) from Burma...
On the Bean-
ese * eee eee
ae
Geese
OsBorN, Lt -Genl. W. ; Destruction
of Mosquitoes and “ies Larvee
by Fish and Lime... coe coe
Osmaston, B. B.,1. F. 8.; Notes
on Andaman Birds with accourts
of the Nidification of several
species whose nests and eggs have
not been hitherto described.
—--- ; Man-
groves and Paroquets ...
PERSHOUSE, STANLEY. The nest
of the Brown-hacked Indian
Robin (Thamnobia cambaiensis),
PRALI, Major S. E., 1. M.S.; Note
on the Arabian Gazelle (Gazella
arabica) ... oo8
PRiIMLOSE, A. M.; The neciine of
the Binemerested Baza (Baza
lophotes) «+. see
—— ——~—_ ; Bats feeding on
small Birds oor oe
24]
533
133, 403, 730, 976
533
548
619
10
38
558
950
&32
156, 486
240
847
531
eee 1021
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,
PAGE |
RATTRAY, Lt.-Col. R. H.; A mal-
formed Blackbuck head. (With
an illustration) ... eeu 519
RHENIUS, C. E.; Occurrence of ha
Bittern in South India (Hotaurus
stellaris) ... sac or aan
—- ; Pelicans breed.
ing in India ee
RHE-PAILLIPE, G.W.V hae. eerie
rence of the Butterfly Talicada
nyseus, Guerin, at Khandalla,
Western Ghats .. ses coe
RIvineTon, H. 8., B. Sce.; The
Occurrence of the BeareiGn Spider
(Phrynichus) (Karsch) in the
Sbevaroy Hills ..,
Rovon, Major G.S.; A M aise Bara:
——— — -—— ; Locusts, Bears
_—_—_—. ----
and Dogs ... nae Boo ave
Rouwo, C. GRENVILLE ; Recovery
from a Cobra bite ae
RUNDLE, Lt-Col, G. R., BR. FLA
The boldness of Panthers
Sanz, H.L., 1,C.8.; Pearls in the
Thana creek, W. India
S=erH-SmirH ; The “ Booming” of
the Button Quail ... an
SHARPE, 8. BowDLeR, L.L.D., etc. ;
A Note on Podoces pleskei, Zarud-
ney (With a Plate) ee cae
SKIRVING, O. Scot; Malformed
Sambar and Gaur horns ... reo
SMITH, Major J. MANNERS ; Albi-
nism in the Kakar or Muntjac
(Cervulus muntjac)... anc
STEBBING, EH. L., F.E.S.,F.L.S. ;
A Note on the preservation of
Bambvos from the attack of the
Bamboo Beetle or “¢ Shot Borer ””.
———-— Insect Life in
India and how to study it, being
a simple account of the more im-
portant families of Insects with
examples of the Damage they do
to Crops, Tea, Coffee and Indigo
concerns, Fruitand Forest Trees
in Iadia, Chapter VII, Part IV...
TrnLy, HARRY L.; Report on the
Destruction of Ratsin Rangoon
during Auguat 1905
—
230
5238
812
815
811
825
228
238
565
219
424
232
XXi
PAGE
Troup, NorMAN, F.T.; Notes on
the “ Shot Borer in Bamboos”...
TYRRELL, Capt. J. R.J.,1.M.8.;
The boldness of Panthers ane
VauGHAN, W., F.H. 8.; Occurrence
of the Moth Dudgevna leu-
custicta in Ceylon
VENOUR, Major WALTER ; Occur-
rence of the Cheer I’heasant
(Catreus wallichi) inthe N. W.
Ff. Province... tee ea
Watt, Capt. F., 1.M.8., C.M,ZS.;
A Popular Treatise on the age
mon Indian Snakes
—- ; A New Snake
(Melanelaps mephersoni) from
the Aden Hinterland ...
—_ ——_—___—-——_; A new Hima-
layan Snake (Lycodon mackin-
%ONt)
ere
eoe see see
; The Poisonous
Snakes of India and how to re-
cognize them ene
——
The
and its Natural Foes
Plumage of
young male Pintail Duck
—— ——;A new Krait
from Oudh (Bungarus wallt) ...
; Some new
Snake
_—— tC >
Asian Snakes eee ae
S cnakednten in-
flicted by Manaus mephersont.
—————.; Reduction in
the species of the Genus Pulyn-
dont ophis
; Suppression of
Melanclavs mophersoni ... vee
—— ; Encounter be-
tween a Snake and a Lizard
————; Hatching of
Dhaman (Zamenis MUCOZUS) EYES
and observations on the egg tooth
; Tuctoo and
Snake _ ais .
WALLINGER, W. A. ; side Fish-
ing. Some ee on its deca-
dence as an industry in the
Konkan ...
526
$12
1, 259, 857
27
29
we. 61, 299, $95
375
238
608
612
807
823
995
1017
1033
- 1085
620
Xxli
PAGE
WARD, Col, A. E.; Birds of the pro-.
vinces of Kashmir and Jammu
and adjacent Districts
——— —_——_; Notes on small Mam-
als in Kashmir and adjacent
Districts see
Watson, Capt, J. W,,
Packs of Wolves in Persia
——-—— ; Urial in Persia,
WHITEHEAD, C. H.; Notes on the
occurrence of certain Birds in
the plains of N. W. India
Wuyrmpse, S. L.; Late breeding
of the Black Partridge (’ranco-
linus vulgaris) ... soc os
—— ; Sites of Birds’
Nests soc
-———-———_ —— ; The Brown Woo
Ow! (Syrnium indrant) ... eee
——.; Nesting of the
Ibis-bill (Zbidorhynchus stru-
thersi) and the Common Sand-
piper CTotanus hypoleucus)
———— ;Some notes on
Birds Nesting in Tehri-Garhwal.
IMS, ;
eee eco seo
aot
_ 108, 479, 7235
943
928
576
BLT
243
232
236
523
546
817
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,
PAGE
WIcKHAM, P. F.; Nesting of the
Malayan Banded Crake (Railina
Sasciata) ... toe ag6 eo. 228
WROUGHTON, R.C.; Notes on the
Genus Yatera with descriptions
of new species 506 ws BLL
_— ; Notes on some
Rats of the Jus mettada group. 997
Youne, F.; A strange foster-mo-
ther oo. : ose coo eo» 84]
Youne, L. C. H., BA. F.E.S.,
ete., First hints on collecting
Butterflies (being a supplemen-
tary paper to the articles on the
Common Butterflies of the Plains
of India) ... nee wee dao Tidid!
—— —_——; _ What is a
Species? ... p0C eS ve §=128
— —— ——— _; The Common
Butterflies of the Plains of
India coe O00 ead 418, 921
——-- ——_ —-— _; Habits of the
Tapir oes tbe s50 Seis DE
—— ——— ; Occurrence of
the Butterfly Chilaria othona in
Salsette os. -e. L030
EES Or PLAT £ S;
VOLUME 2 vit.
The Green Keelback (Macropisthodon plumbicolory, Plate II ove
Diagrams of Macropisthodon plumbicolor ooo eos eee toe
» Dryophis prasinus, Dryophis fronticinctus and Dryophis dispar
Fe », Coluber oxycephalus, Coluber frenatus and Lachesis macrolepis «+.
Samber Horns, Plate 1... oer aon Roe Sor
‘ 2 Sy Cee me oP mga hay fre
Dendrobium barbatulum, Lindl., Plate MI ga ane oon
Bills of Bean Geese eae “oe one 355 ane coe ove a
Indian Cuckoos Eggs, Plate I ... soe soe Sor see ove ose
Trapa bispinosa, Roxb. «. ee tse
Rhodoprasina floralis ... ace aes 50%
The Malay Tapir (Zapirus indicus) 0 0 ee te
The Common Teal (Wefttion crecca), Plate XXIII ... 406
Diagrams of Zamenis mucosus a soe ae tae vee S08 ene
The Dhaman or Indian Rat-snake (Zamenis mucosus), Plate II1.. “on
Diagrams illustrating Flowering Season and ON Plates I, IT and III
Indian Cuckoos’ Eggs, Piate II ove os eve ene eos
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, Plate eee. ane eee
Maltormed Blackbuck Horn (Antilope cervicapra)wwe «+ :
The Persian Ground-chough (Podoces pleskei) aoe aa : oe
A new Tortoise from Travancore (Testudo travancorica) (Iwo lagen «
New Indian Snake (Bungarus walli) vas oss =ce toc
New Indian Snakes, Lyrodon flavomaculatus, Tropidonotus venura
Diagrams of Lycodon flavomaculatus... eee coe tee eee
New Snake from Thibet (Zropidonotus baileyi) +» coe eos
Indian Cuckoos’ Eggs, Plate III eos eve eee +e onic a
Diagram illustrating Flowering Season and Climate, Plate LIA ors
. + x 5 Shake Wane ieee eos
+ - ” a 3. land VIE
Malformed Gaur Horns... see =e se ove vee eee eve
The Cotton Teal, Netiopus coromandelianus a. aes S sec eee
The Checkered Water Snake, Tropidonotus piscator, Plate IV ... A
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, Plate C ... ori SoC
Phajus albus, Lindl., Plate III eve ove ove eee eee
Photo of abnormal] Sambhar Horn and abnormal Hog-deer Head eee
Photos of varieties of Markhor (Capra fatconeri)
Cassia renigera, Wall... aoe are ae ose ane eos
ue—~--— YS
241
242
259
270
272
348
364
418
519
555
560
608
612
614
618
680
698
700
704
846
858
860
921
940
1020
. 1026
1036
t
ha prceetieed ere
? ¥ €
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
A PopuLtaAR TREATISE ON THE (lOMMON INDIAN SnNAkzs. Part II.
By Capt. F. (Wall, Lu.s., o.m.z.s. (With Plate II and Diagrams
LV, V and VI.) ee OSs eeeree See tSl eee eee ee seeneas PRC COCs e Fee eSB eeteeeeecesee
Ox some New Species or Sriver Pueasanrs rrom Burma. By
PACH oMUNe, OMICS. a ccidemenacouinesiecd ahtjsevscccuannaatheacas ere vencienceeae
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES: AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT
RESEARCH. By Capt. George Lamb, M.D., 1.M.S, .2.sescscee, cscecceve
SamBeR Horns. By J. D. Inverarity. (With 4 Plates)......s00secessess
A New Snake (MELANELAPS MCPHERSONI) FROM THE ADEN HINTER-
ERNE ey Ware. Walk Teen OOM. A.S.65 sa. caseeerss cepenasacsceses
A New Hianayan Snake (LycopoN mMackrinnont). By Capt. F.
Wall, T,M.S., C.M.Z.S. POSES Coe FOO SOT ESE TOR FOC HEE SEE EHH DEE SOL ESFESETESESEeEEHe
THe Orcuips oF THE Bompiy Presrpency, Part III. By G. A.
GAMMEee Hera (WIE WIAIE LEN’ newasaone vansensaded-s nce actsaaines
On THE Spscrus oF Bean-Guese. By Eugene W. Oates, F.z.s. (With
PREMeIe H eetcentannanineieensiedeaece ecas'ceac oso estcmecocsaenaein aeadecteres
THe Poisonous SNAKES OF INDIA AND HOW TO RECOGNIZE THEM.
Part I. By Capi. F. Wall, 1,M.8., C.M.Z.8. ...seccsccnssecs.-csceesees
THe Ootogy or Inpran Parasitic Cuckoos. Part I. By HE. C.
Sanh isdlceks Mavis. INIA LIMO A )> <cse oo cacnasececacoeesnnisia ce
THE “ PECTINATE ORGANS” oF TRAPA BISPINOSA, Roxp, (WATER-
SMGUN OR pisyti, BlauteL: Sul axis our esamenicisnaitns nee sne smeuch mesa
On THE TENTHREDINIDZ AND Parasitic HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED
IN BaLucuistan BY Mayor C.G, Nursg. Pari]. By P. Cameron.
BIRDS OF THE PROVINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU AND ADJACENT
Districts. Part I. By A, BH. Ward. ...s0e....scsee-sseeeesececeneees
First HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES (BEING 4 SUPPLEMENTARY
PaPER TO THE ARTICLES ON THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES ON THE
PuaIns oF Inpia), By L. C. H. Young, B,A., F.ZS., FES. sosese
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON MAMMALS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED IN
THE I)ARJEELING Disrrict, Inp1a. By Gordon Dalgliesh .........
Wuat is a Specizs? By L. C. H. Young, B.A., F.B.S., &C. seseoe.s.eee
Descriptions oF InpIAn Micro-Lepmoprera. Part II. By E. Mey-
rick, BA, F.RB.S., F,Z.S. POC COO SESH ee SB eetOS OGLE SSSEEOT Hee FOROOH ress ann a
Nores on Smatt MAMMALS IN KASHMIR AND ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By Ac E. Ward OOF ee SHH OOEHSE SOSH EHR ee He OSTSSHH ss SSL Fee Eee. SHH at eer
Nores on ANDAMAN BIRDS WITH ACCOUNTS OF THE NIDIFICATION OF
SEVERAL SPECIES WHOSE Nests AND E@Gs HAVE NOT BEEN
HITHERTO DEStRIBED. By B, B. Osmaston, LFS. coceesssseeeeeeees
Tue Morus or Inp1a (SUPPLEWENTARY PapER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“Taw Fauna or BritisH Inpta”), Series LI, Part III. By Sir
George Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., FES. ..ceccscseeseereerseece: eesge. ee
eeors.eee
PAGE
156
Lé4
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER —conid.)
PAGE
A List or Brrps FounD IN THE Myineyan District or Burma. By
HAO Nacional demecectecsstccmemeceensccmeteete terete eSderbehieavenven Mek
Tur OriIcin or ANonas. ANoNA SQUAMOSA, L.; ANONA RETICULATA, L.
By Gols Hernando wlucalvensssten cecceeeess is SR ee scape saercnaeuene 195
A List oF tae Marine Mouiusca In THE BomBay Natura History
Socrery’s Connection. By H. Comber, F.2:S. ......cc:.-.s0cse.--- 207
CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER AND LAND MOLLUSCA IN THE BomMBAY
NatTuRAL HISTORY SUCIETY’S COLLECTION. ...00..-sseeeeeee scuidauieswioce oo ello
A NotE oN THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOOS FRUM THE ATTACK OF THE
Bampoo BrETLE or “ SHOT-BoRsR.” By H, P. Stebbing, F.L.s.,
F.H.S. Ped eoe pee oe 8" FOB OOO ue HEELS G ecoecsseetssoe8 380;0 secece eGereececces @erseecen 919 =
On a New Vote From Kasamir. By J. Lewis Bonhote, M.A. ......... 224
Review : The Inaugural address of the President of the Mining and
Geological Institute of India ....-..0.sssersesseseeeeeeee se adéoncsangeno 22D
MISCELLANEOUS NoTEs—
1. Pearls in the Thana Creek (W. India), By E. L. Sale, 1.0.8. .e.....06 998
2. Nesting of the Malayan Banded Crake (fallina fasciata). By P. F.
Wickham (P. W. D.) .c,..:cec-cessccees aapddesnnASHossoEOSBUaRCRADOMOOKUENDODOANC 228
3. Food of the Ben Nutcracker ee age hemseniie. ae L. L.
Fenton, Lt.-Col.. andor nONH.OOEOC secs - 229
4, Occurrence of the eee Talicada nyseus, Guerin, at Khandala
—Western Ghats. By G. W. V. de Rhe-Philipe ......,.0006. Ssooeesos -- 230
5, Measurements of Buffalo (Bos bubatus) Horns. By A. F. Mackenzie,
Major, 93rd Highlanders ...-..s..s00 soocooccens suslasvocuseeecls sognoroecose conces 230
6. The Protection of Wild Birds in the Bombay Presidency .........0.00. %3]
sq
The Nest of the Brown-backed Indian Rolin (7hamnobia cambatensis).
By Stanley eae 2nd Border Regt., attached 5th Mounted In-
FAULTY cecccecsceee 20000 SHO ORORODEODCOUCADOCHOONONOGSUNEGS <AdoBd sanooSeCocdOcdadDB.ooKOR, VET!
8. Late breeding of the Black Partridge uuee eulgari By
S. Le. WhyMper ...:cc.ercscsocsccsecsccees Sonocoon soso o saneee Bvcnondo. srewscerees 932
9. Report on the destruction of rats in Rangoon during August 1905.
By Harry L. Tilly, Officer-in-Charge of Plague Operations... sp9000000 932
10. Note on two Black raene in the cone eee Collection. By W.B.
Ferris, Lt.-Col... pooudOne0G000 rip awesaseeccnusos enecws ves
1]. The Straight-Horned Assam Buffalo ......... ..csscssccececnessecrereee-ereesere DOH
12. The Ceylon Chital. By R. Lydekker...........c0csseere-coceece
13. Sites of Birds’ Nests. By 8S. Li. Whymper .s......scossecccerscsnovers ge005e0 - 236
14, Note of the Burmese Button Quail ...........06 BRAC COS ECD EOU ROL Eno oenecanE 937
15. The “ Booming ” of the Button Quail. By Seth-Smith ........... Soneneecuc 938
16. Plumage of young male Pintail Duck (Dajila acuta). By F. Wall,
Capt., T.M.S., C.M.Z.8. c0s cetsercscecceveres FaQadodbosop Ho sUDSdONdOONHOIDUBCONS coe 938
17, Albinism in the Kakar or Muntjac (Cerrulus muntjac). By J.
Manners Smith, Major ............00.0e8 Roa cade een conlsne cian ssngneametterniee nears 229
18. Food of Predaceous Flies. By H. R. G. Hasted....c..--seeeene apone005006000 239
19, Mangroves and Paroquets. By B.B. Osmastom, L.F.\S. ccoceessereeceesreeee 240
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—Cconeld.)
PAGE
MisceLLangous Nores—contd.
20. The early stages of the Moth Rhodoprasina floralis. eee a Plate.)
By C. E. F. Manson ....... ensccscccsccccccccses sevceccesverestcccovcccesesesccccee DAT
21. Oceurrence of the Moth real leucosticta in Ceylon, By W.
Walehan, WHS. cesses: ccscereveccscsicecssecerscssccncces-s-coscsadeccssccsese ecores 241
22. Note onthe Malay Tavir SGiiiias oes in etc ae uth an
iilustration.) By W.B. Ferris; Cole ic. 0 cocscc-nsecoseccsesensesses = END,
23. Notes on the occurrence of certain Birds in the Plains of NW. India.
By C. H. Whitehead......ccereseeeree sev ssasceseescescccees carcevececcccoes seeceeres 243
24. Occurrence of ie cone ae Severtz, in Sind. By T. R.
Bell CPPCC SESS ESE SH TS SEHEESEDS eecereae BOClean, CH OOHSTBOTT EEE Ee POCO Cee etee «tae 9A4
25, A large Dhaman (Zamenis ane By EF. Gleadow, L.F.S..ccscscsereoee JAH
26. How Tigers kill their hee Ey HOLT B: ee Assistant Gaummine
OM SHGLESER vecdeussuaswcansnscanicas-recrsnsecess sesesesseree DAD
27. Note on the Wane Robin aS Rete ‘By E H.C. 1 ONMEE
deley ......ccceoee craneeenon0 emtanencavcecesddavel acisceciacsssrcsecesnses Giissesecadeeas QAT7
28. Oceurrence of the Bittern in South India (Botaurus stellaris). By
C. i. Rhenius = Ceoecceccvcccessoes OD sss ceoeoreccesercoevecseeseosse Seccecvces pecce 247
29. Size of bill of Common Teal (WNettium crecca). By Gordon
Dalgliesh ...... PEDRO COS CARINE CC ADA CDHOSCU RED COCOSAUSSEED EEO gOOa CODEC DOA aedbosactocga Bale
30. Nesting of the White-vbellied Drongo (Dicrurus) ca@rule.cens). By W.
Howard Campbell OOS Fe rer SPOOFS OFesOGSeteeeseassete Ceorerecosesses Seaseeesepetaeceses 948
31. The Stork-billed Kingfisher (Pelargopsis gurial) at Cawnpore. By
Arundel Begbie, Major ab cna wus seldusmaauionelntantets peceversveeseecee Wicacbacscen . 248
32. The Green Thrush (Cochoa viridis) breeding in Burma. By J.C.
Hopwood cve...ee BERCROQOOOSO CA RCONCC mac ns: suuesenearcten st oectscenecsers aooeneon oo WG
33. The Faleated Teal (Hunetta falcata) in Upper Burma. By J.C.
Hopwood ... «,+-.000 ccc cHOGacESccEonanoncaS B-D0GC pe8qG0000 Suasesceveserensiescaneinens 949
34, Albinism in the Malay Spotted Dove (7urtur tigrinus) near Kindat,
Upper Chindwin. By J. C. Hopwood ......... ep BOR ONORHORODARIOSHO US CEATE 249
35. The Variation in the Colour of the Eggs of the Dark Grey Bush Chat
COrcicola ferrea). By H. H. Marington, Capt......ccccccssee oo soccreees 249
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEBTINGS held on 23rd November 1905,
25th January and 15th March 1906 ........cc0sseseees Dusehione secocess-censec 951
wig
0
i Ps
~
a a es
a sn
ea
ss
at
Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist. Soe. Plate Il.
J.Green del. Nintern Bros.Chromo.
Macropisthodon plumbicolor (harmless)
JOURNAL
OF THE
eS Ca
Hatural History Society,
Vol. XVII. BOMBAY. No. 1.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
ILLUSTRATED BY CoLouRED PLATES AND DraGRAms,
By Captain F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
Part II.—With Plate IT, and Diagrams IV, V and VI.
(Continued from page 554 of Vol. XVI.)
THE GREEN KEELBAOK,.
Macropisthodon plumbicolor.
Nomenclature. Scientific—The generic name is derived from the
Greek words “ makros” great, “ opisthe’’ back, ‘‘odous’’? tooth, and
calls attention to an unusual feature in the dentition of this snake
inasmuch as the maxillary at its hindmost extremity is provided with a
pair of very large teeth separated by a short interval from the normal
array met with in other snakes (see Fig. 1). These teeth may be very
easily mistaken for poison fangs, but a careful scrutiny will show that
they possess neither canal nor groove. Until recently this snake was
included with the genus Tropidonotus, several members of which have
enlarged teeth similarly situated (see Fig. 2) notably among familiar
kinds the common buff-stripes (Stolatus), and the painted Keelback
(Subminiatus). None, however, exhibit a development of these teeth
to the degree which has led Mr. Boulenger to separate this snake with
its two Malayan congeners under the generic title of Macropisthodon.
1
2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
The specific name is derived from the Latin words “‘ plumbum”’ lead,
and “color’’ colour, a title for which Cantor is responsible, but it is a
most inapt and misleading one, since its prevailing colour is a dark
foliage green.
English.—The Green Keelback is, I think, the best name for it,
closely allied as it is ta the genus Tropidonotus,* and manifesting in its
scales a degree of keeling in no way inferior to any representative of
that genus.
Vernacular.—I know of none.
Dimensions.—The largest specimen I have heard of is one
obtained by Col. Light at Poona which measured 3/1". Bou-
lengert gives 2/6", but I think the majority of adult specimens range
nearer 2',
Bodily configuration.—Head suboyate. The eye is set laterally
with a very slight inclination forwards, the iris exhibiting a bright
golden pupillary margin which clearly reveals the rounded contour of
the pupil. The body is stoutish, subcylindrical, and thickest near the
middle from which spot the snake attenuates in both directions. The
tail which is short and tapers rather rapidly, measures from one-
seventh to one-ninth of the total length, being longer in males than
females. The upper surface is rough with ridges in its whole length
formed by the pronounced keeling of the dorsal scales.
Colour.—The prevailing colour is grass-green (often dull olive-brown
in spirit specimens). Young specimens have a well defined, lamp-
black, chevron-shaped collar with the point directed towards or on to
the frontal shield. Behind this isa broad gorget of bright yellow or
orange (dirty whitish in old spirit specimens) abruptly defined behind
by a lamp-black bordering, A black fillet extends from the eye to the
gape, and usually some black or blackish spots or markings are present
in the forebody with a tendency to a transverse distribution, With age
the green acquires a more dusky tone, but I have never seen a specimen
that deserved the cognomen plumbicolor. Many of the black marks
become obscured, or lost with age, but the fillet from the eye to the
gape is, I think, always more or less in evidence. The belly which is
usually uniform in colour may be whitish, yellowish, plumbeous green,
or even blackish. The throat and chin are yellow or buff.
* Tropidonvtus is derived from the Greek “ tropis ’ signifying keel and “ notzus” back,
+ Fauna of Brit. Ind,, 1890, p. 351.
Journa! Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc.
a ie
Fig. (- Maxillary of Macropisthodon slaviceps. (After Boulenger,)
er ae
Fig 2. Maxillary of Tropedeotus tegrinus. ( Atter Boulenger)
DIAGRAM ‘tv
lige 3a.
fig: 3,4, 6. Macropisthodon plumbicolor (x1$.)
(NDIAN SNAKES (WALL. )
A PR. GORTEZ & Co LITH. BOMB.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 3
Identification.—Any grass-green snake which has 17 rows of scales
in the hind body (¢.e., two heads lengths in front of the vent), and has a
frontal shield in contact with 6 shields only must be Macropisthodon
plumbicolor. With a very little attention to scale characteristics and
shape of pupil it could never be confounded with either of the fore-
going snakes discussed in this series. The round pupil serves to dis-
tinguish it as readily from all the Green Pit-Vipers, as it does to separate
it from all the Green Whip-Snakes. The appended remarks at the con-
clusion of this paper will serve to differentiate this from all other
green snakes in which the pupil is round.
_Habits— Hoaunts.—Its prasinous coloration indicates a foliaceous
environment, but it is not in the foliage of either bushes or trees that
it is met with, but among low terrestrial vegetation, and especially
erass. It not infrequently, however, strays from the kindly protection
which verdure offers it. Mr. Kinlock says that about Kotagiri
(Nilgiri Hills, 5,700') he usually finds it in grass among scrub jungle,
and not necessarily in a marshy vicinity. Mr. Gray tells me that at
Coonoor (Nilgiri Hills, 6,000') he has now and then known it wander
into his rooms, and has frequently seen it about habitations. Giinther,*
too, remarks that it frequently enters houses.
Disposition.—The formidable armature of its upper jaws (see Fig. 1),
belies its disposition, for not only is it a perfectly harmless snake,
but it possesses a singularly gentle and inoffensive nature. Mr, Kinloch
remarks on its gentleness, and says it never attempts to bite. A
remarkable feature in the behaviour of this snakc, 2x1 cne hardly
likely to escape observation is its habit of crouching on the ground when
molested. The wholso body down to the vent is involved in this flattening
effort, the object of which does not seem clear. It appearsto bea mani-
festation indicative of fear. I have noticed the same behaviour to an
equal degree in the Himalayan Viper (Ancistrodon himalayanus), the
common Chinese Viper (A. blomhoffi7) and to a lesser degree in
Siebold’s Water-Snake (Hypszrhina sieboldz/) and the common Burrow-
ing Snake (Hryx conicus). In several other snakes a muscular effort
akin to this is evinced locally but whilst the creature is in an attitude
of menace with the forebody erect. The cobra displays this peculiarity
in a very pronounced degree, in the production of its so-called hood
and the hamadryad does too, to a lesser degree. Many others behave
* Rept., Brit, Ind., 1&64, p. 279,
4. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
similarly to these last two under excitement, but the flattening is far
less pronounced, Among these may be enumerated the commen Pond
Snake (Tropidonotus piscator), the common Buff-stripes or Robed Snake
( Troptdonotus stolatus), and several others of this genus, also Helzcops
sehistosus, and Pseudoxenoden macrops which last Giinther has figured*
so as to emphasise this peculiarity.
Food.—Both Mr. Phipson and Mr. Kinloch tell me it feeds on toads.
Mr, Gray mantions frogs, and says he knew one eat a small earth-snake
on one occasion.
Breeding.—My. Phipson tells me it breeds during the S.-W. monsoon
about Nasik (Deccan), and produces eges which he has found, and kept
till they hatched out.
Distribution. —Geographical—lIt is found throughout the Peninsula
of India, including Ceylon. Its northern boundary may be taken
roughly as the 30th parallel, and its western and eastern limits are
comprised roughly between the 70th and 85th meridians.
Local and numerical.—It is not nearly so abundant in the plains as
in certain uplands, in fact my own experience teaches me to regard it
ag an ungommon snake in the plains. Russell’s work, which may be
taken as dealing with a fairly representative collection of the common
snakes of India, makes no allusion to this species. Mr. Kinloch and
Mr. Gray tell me it is quite a common snake in the Nilgiris (Kotagiri
anl Cvoonoor 5,700-6,000'), Mr. Phipson says it is perhaps the
commonest snake about Nasik in the Deccan (1,900'). Col.
Light mentions it as fairly common around Poona (1,800'). Nichol-
sont suys it is a very common snake about Bangalore (3,000'), and
Ferguson mentions it as fairly common in Travancore both on the hills
and in the plains.
Deseription.—Rostral contact with six shields, of which the anterior
nasals form the longest sutures (see Vig. 5b). Lnternasals a pair.
Suture between them subequal to, or rather shorter than the
suture batween the prefrontal pair, subequal to or rather shorter
than the suture between the internasal and prefrontal of each side.
Prefrontals a pair, In contaci with the imternasal, postnasal,
loreal, upper preocular, supraocular, and frontal, on each side.
Suture between them subequal to or rather less than the suture
* Rept., Brit. Ind., Pl, XXII.,C.
t Indian Snakes, p, 94.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 5
between the prefrontal, and frontal on each side. Frontal in
contact with six other shields of which the supracculars form the
largest sutures. Length subequal to the supraoculars, Breadth opposite
centres of eyes twice or nearly twice each supraocular, Parzetals
apair. Hach in contact with one postocular. Nasals two placed
laterally on each side, and completely divided by a suture in which the
nostril occupies the upper two-thirds to three-fourths. In contact
with the Ist and 2nd supralabials. Loreal single. Sometimes con-
tinued backwards to touch the eye, more usually not. Preoculars two,
Postoculars three or four. Temporals two, The lower in contact with
the 5th and 6th supralabials, the suture made with the 5th being
about 2 that with the 6th. Swpralabeals 7 of which the 3rd and 4th
touch the eye. Infralabials. The first meet behind the mental to
form a suture about half the length of that between the anterior sublin-
guals, 6 (rarely 7) come into contact with the sublingual shields, 4 or
5 with the anterior pair, the rest with the posterior pair. The pentagonal
is usually the 6th (rarely the 7th) of the series, It is about as bread
as the posterior sublinguals of the same side,and touches 3 scales behind.*
Posterior sublinguals are longer than the anterior, and are quite
separated by one or two small scales succeeded by a pair. Dorsals
anteriorly in 28-25 rows; midbody 25-27; posteriorly 17.t+
The vertebral row is similar to its contiguous rows in size and form.
The last row is largest. The scales are longer than broad, haye
straight margins, rather acute apices set pointing directly backwards,
and are keeled{ and facetted. Lines drawn across the apices of alternate
rows are about vertical. The keels are pronounced in all rows except
the last where they are absent for a variable extent anteriorly.
They extend completely from base to apex of each scale, Apical facets
are present in pairs, but often are difficult to see. Supracaudals
are in even numbers of rows numbering six in the middle of the tail,
and ending ina very few twos. Keels are present inall rows from
base to tip of tail, also apical facets as in dorsals, Ventrals 144—160
* This does not appear so in Fig, 3, as the posterior sublinguals are overlapping the inner
part of the pentagonal.
+ Wherever referenc2 is made to anterior and posterior parts of the body in this paper it is
to be understood that the former refers to a point two heads lengths behind the head, and
the latter to a point two heads lengths infront of the vent. Midbody is to be reckoned
exclusive of the tail.
{The presence ofaridge on the seale similar tothe midrib on the underside of a leaf
is technically called a keel.
6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
(Boulenger). Evenly rounded from side to side and so broad that when
the snake is laid on its back, only part of the last dorsal row is visible
on each side simultaneously. Anal usuallydivided. Subcaudals 835—50
(Boulenger) are in pairs. Dentition, The maxillary supports 12—1é
small teeth anteriorly which are succeeded after an interval by a pair
of large teeth behind. Mandibular teeth subequal (Boulenger).
The grass-green snakes that inhabit India and its Dependencies are
thirteen in number. Three of the commonest of these have been dis-
cussed, and figured in this, and a preceding paper. A few remarks will
now be made about the remainder so as to facilitate their recognition.
Three of this number are pit-vipers and differ from all the rest in
having a loreal pit, a vertical pupil, no labial touching the eye, and only
one pair of sublingual shields which touch 8 infralabials. In two of
these (viz., Purpureomaculatus and Gramineus) the head is covered in
front with small scales about the same size as those on the body and
in the third (Macrolepis, see Fig. 13) the enlarged shields are a modifica-
tion of the arrangement normally s2en in colubrine snakes. Should,
however, a specimen be brought with the head so mutilated that none
of these characters can be discerned, the following additional points
mentioned with each will differentiate them.
(1) Lachests gramineus has been described in a preceding paper.
The arrangement of the dorsal scales which number 21 normally (rarely
19) in the anterior and middle parts of the body, and 15 in the pos-
terior part of the body will sudice to distinguish this from the rest.
(2) Lachests purpureomaculatus.—The green variety of this snake
(bzcolor) is extremely like gramineus, in fact it is probable the two
have been frequently confounded. The arrangement of the dorsal scales
which number normally 25 (rarely 23 or 27) in the anterior and
middle parts of the body, and 19 in the posterior part will distinguish
this from the rest. This snake is as far as | know similar to the last in
habits, rarely exceeds three feet in length, and within our limits has
been recorded trom the Himalayas, Bengal, Assam and Burma.
(3) Lachesis macrolepis—In this the scales number 18-15 anterior-
ly, 14-12 in mid-body, and 11-10 posteriorly, The ultimate (or lowest)
row is much the smallest, and this feature alone will, I believe, distinguish
this from every other snake in India, It is arboreal in habit, grows to
two feet, and inhabits hills in Travancore (Ferguson), Malabar, and 8.
India, 2,¢., Anamallays and Pulneys.
Journal Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. E DIAGRAM y
Fig: 8.
renee
~
Drveplas fronticntus (X 2.)
big. 9
Dryoplus dispar {x2 y
INDIAN SNAKES( WAL. )
A PB. CORTE? &# C: iITH BOMB.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 7
Of the remaining ten, five are Whip-Snakes, and distinguished from
all other snakes by their horizontal pupil (see Figs. 7, 8 and 9). Their
tails are extremely long and slender, measuring more than a quarter
and in some species (mycterizans and prasinus) even more than a
third of the total length of the snake. Should the head be damaged,
the dorsal scales which number 15 in the anterior, and middle parts of
the body, and 13 to 11 in the posterior part will suffice to proclaim the
specimen a whip-snake, and the species may often be guessed at from
the habitat,
(4) Dryophis mycterizans.—Has been already described.
(5) Dryophis fronticinctus (see Fig. 8).— Has like the last only one
labial (the 5th or 6th) touching the eye, but has 3 or 4 loreals, and no
nasal appendage. It grows to about 3 feet, takes readily to water, and
is found on trees and bushes about rivers in Assam and Burma where
it is often locally abundant (Moulmein and Rangoon rivers).
(6) D. dispar (seo Fig. 9).—Resembles the preceding in having only
one labial (the 5th usually) touching the eye, but differs in the absence
of a nasal appendage and in having one or two loreals. It grows little
more than two feet and has been recorded from hills in Travancore
(Ferguson), and the Anamallays in 8. India,
(7) D. perrotetiits distinguished from the rest of the Whip-Snakes
in that two labials (the 4th and 5th) touch the eye. It grows to
about 2 feet, and inhabits the Nilgiri Hills and N, Canara.
(8) D. prasinus (see Figs. 6 and 7),—This differs from the other
Whip-Snakes in having three labials (the 4th, 5th and 6th) in contact
with the eye. Its length exceeds 5 feet, and it is found in the Hastern
Himalayas, Hills of Assam, and also in Burma where it is more
abundant in the upper than the lower part of the Province, and is not
confined to uplands.
The remaining five snakes agree in having the pupil rounded in con-
tour, they are—
(9) Macropisthodon plumbicolor (see Figs. 3, 4, 5) which has been
dealt with in this article. If the head is intact the labials which num-
ber 7, of which the 3rd and 4th touch the eye, will suffice to separate
this from all the rest. The frontal is in contact with 6 shields. Should
the head be too mutilated to observe these, the dorsal scales must be
counted and will be found to number 23 to 25 in the anterior, and middle
parts of the body, and 19 to 17 posteriorly. If in addition the median
8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
rows of scales in the anterior part of the body are boidly keeled, its
identity will be established.
(10) Coluber oxycephalus (see Figs. 10 and 11) has 8-10 upper labials
three of which usually (rarely two) touch the eye, and a frontal in
contact with 8 other shields. It may be identified by the co-existence
of two characters which are (i) the dorsal scales number 23-27
anteriorly, 23-25 in the middle of the body, and 17-15 posteriorly ;
(ii) the median scales in the anterior part of the body are not keeled.
It grows to 7 feet, and is known from the Eastern Himalayas, Tenas-
serim, Burma, Andamans and Nicobars, extending into the Malayan
region. It is, says Dr. Stoliczka, generally seen on bushes near
brackish water creeks, and is always ready to take to water.
(11) Coluber frenatus (see Fig. 12) is peculiar in having no loreal,
its place being occupied by the extension of the prefrontal so as to
meet the 2nd or 2nd and 3rd Jabials. This in itself would distinguish
this from all the other snakes, but if the head is mutilated the dorsal
scales should be counted, and will be found to number 19 in the
anterior, and middle parts of the body, and 15 posteriorly. It grows to
3 feet, appears to be rare, and is peculiar to the Khasi Hills in Assam.
(12) Coluber prasinus.—Like the last two, has three labials touch-
ing the eye, usually the 4th, 5th and 6th, and has a frontal which is
usually in contact with 8 other shields. The dorsal scales number 19
in the anterior, and middle parts of the body and 15 posteriorly. It
appears to be uncommon, grows to 3 feet, and has been recorded trom
the Hastern Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Burma.
(18) Ablabes dorie is easily distinguished from all the rest by the
dorsal scales numbering 15 throughout the body. This is a rare snake,
until recently only recorded from the Kachin Hillsin Burma. I dis-
covered a young specimen in 19¢1 in a Museum in Shanghai, which
has extended its known habitat into China (Yangtse Valley). It grows
to 3 feet.
(To be continued.)
Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. DIAGRAM yi
Fig 12
Fig: 13
/
Swe: Phat : .
Lachesis macrolepis (x 2/ (Atter anther)
“INDIAN SNAKES! (, WALL. j
*. GCORTE7 & Cu LitH BOMB.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES.
EXPLANATION OF THE ABBREVIATIONS USED
IN DIAGRAMS IV, V, anv VI.
A.S. Anterior sublinguals.
F. Frontal.
In. Internasals.
Lor. Loreal.
M. Mental.
Na. Nasals.
Pa. Parietals.
Pe. Pentagonal.
Po. Postoculars,
Pra. Przoculars.
Prf. Prefrontals.
P.S. Posterior sublinguals.
R. | Rostral.
S. Supraoculars.
Su. Suboculars.
T. Temporals.
1, 2, 3, ete. Supralabials.
I, II, ILI, ete. Infralabials.
9
ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF SILVER-PHEASANTS
FROM BURMA.
By Eugene W. Oarss, F.Z.8.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
25th January 1906),
During the past twelve months I have received a considerable
number of Silver-Pheasants from some of my correspondents in Burma
and among them are three well-defined new species.
GENNZUS PRENDERGASTI, sp. 0.
The adult male is entirely black except that the rump-feathers are
terminally fringed with sullied white or pale cream-colour and the
upper tail-coverts margined with white. Length about 24 inches ;
wing 9:2 inches ; tail 10°75 inches,
The female is of an umber-brown colour, very finely vermiculated
with black, and each feather having a pale shaft and a grey margin.
The wing-coverts are conspicuously tipped with white or pale rufous.
The four middle tail-feathers are of a chestnut colour ; the remaining
feathers are rufous progressively more and more suffused with brown,
the outermost feather becoming brown with a rufous tinge. Length
about 20 inches ; wing 8°4 inches ; tail 8 inches.
The legs in both sexes are brown in the dried skins.
Two pairs of this bird, which appears to be the ordinary common
Silver-Pheasant of Northern Arracan, have been sent to me by
Mr. C. M. Prendergast, the Deputy Commissioner of the Arracan Hill
Tracts, and I have much pleasure in naming this species atter him.
GENNZUS MACDONALDI, sp. n.
The adult male has the crest black. The head, sides of neck, back
of neck, mantle, back, scapulars, wing-coverts and secondaries are
black closely and firmly vermiculated with white across the feather ; the
feathers of the mantle and back with dark metallic blue margins. The
rump is black, each feather broadly fringed with white and with several
very firm distinct white vermiculations separated from each other and
from the white fringe by black bands as wide as the fringe itself. Tho
primaries have the outer web mottled with white, the inner web plain
black. The two middle tail-feathers are black closely vermiculated with
white ; the others are black more or less vermiculated with white on
the outer webs, the inner webs being almost entirely black. The
NEW SPECIES OF SILVER-PHEASANTS FROM BURMA, 11>
whole lower plumage is glossy black. Length about 24 inches ; wing
9°2 inches; tail 11 inches. Young males have the white vermicu-
lations on the upper plumage less firm, and the shafts of many of the
feathers of the breast are white.
A hen bird which, there can be little doubt, is the female of this
species has the crest umber-brown. The whole upper plumage is
umber-brown with pale shafts and greyish margins, very finely and
obsoletely vermiculated with black. The wing-coverts are tipped with
white and the longer feathers have a blackish patch in front of this
white tip. The primaries are brown, the outer webs paler than the
inner. The secondaries are brown, the outer webs vermiculated with
black. The two middle tail-feathers are pale chestnut mottled with
brown ; the others are black cross-barred with white. The whole
lower plumage is very dark brown, almost black on the breast, each
feather with a broad rufous-grey streak anda grey margin. Length
about 20 inches ; wing 8°5 inches ; tail 8°5 inches.
In both sexes the legs are of a brown colour in the dry skin.
The male has a close general resemblance to the male of G. welliams?
but differs in many respects, among which may be noted the absence
of white bars or mottlings on the inner webs of the primaries, and the
aspect of the under surface of the closed tail which is black with little
or no trace of diagonal white barring. The female differs in having
the lower plumage of a dark-brown colour, not umber-brown like the
upper plumage, and in having streaks, not mere pale shafts as in
G. williamse. ,
This species inuabits the Chin Hills and eastern slopes from Mount
Victoria to Fort White. I have received specimens from Mr. A. C.
Bateman, Mr. P. F. Wickham and Mr. K. C. Macdonald, and I wish
this pheasant to bear the name of the last mentioned gentleman in
recognition of his kindness in sending me this and other Silver-
Pheasants.
GENN-EUS BATEMAN], sp. 0.
The male is black throughout with the exception of the rump, the
feathers of which are terminally fringed with white. Length about
26 inches ; wing 9 inches ; tail 13 inches,
The female has the chin and throat grey with paler shafts. The
general colour of the whole plumage, including the crest, is umber-
brown, each feather with a pale shatt and-a white or greyish margin.
-12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. AVII,
The wings coverts are conspicuously tipped with white. The primaries
are plain brown. The whole plumage is finely vermiculated with black.
The two middle tail-feathers are chestnut, either plain or finely barred
with black; the others are plain black, Length about 21 inches ;
wing 8°5 inches ; tail 9 inches.
In the adult male the legs are light green ; iris hazel ; bill greenish
Nisbett). Ina female the legs were brownish blue ; iris hazel ; weight
24 lbs. (Nisbett).
The male of this species differs from the male of G. horsfieldz in
having a pointed and much longer tail of 13 inches against a tail of 10°5
inches in the oldest male of G. horsfie'di that I have been able to
examine. It also differs in having the rump-fringes narrower, thus
causing the rump to exhibit more black than white, whereas in G.
horsfield2 the contrary is the case, the fringes being so broad that the
rump appears more white than black.
The female differs from the female of G. horsfieldi in having the tail
constantly longer by half an inch.
Many years ayo, just after the annexation of Upper Burma, a collec-
tor that I sent to Bhamo brought me a pair of Silver-Pheasants. The
male was young, as shewn by the rufous margins to many of the
feathers of the upper plumage, and the tail was short. Ever since I
got this bird I have been much puzzled by its narrow rump-fringes
which I could not match with any specimen of G. horsfieldi, young or
old, from Assam and Munipur. Quite recently, however, Mr. R.
Clifford sent me a fine old male of this species from Sadéne and Captain
Nisbett has also sent an old male and a female from the Myitkyina
district and also a female from Katha. The six birds thus available for
study, establish the fact that G. batemanz, which | have named after
my friend and correspondent Mr. A. C. Bateman, is a perfectly recog-
nizable and distinct species, taking ihe placa of G. horsfield: in the
Katha, Myitkyina and Bhamo districts.
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES: AN
ACCOUNT OF RECENT RESEARCH.
BY
CapraIn GrEorGE Lams, M.D., I.M.S.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 23rd
November 1905.)
On two previous occasions within recent years you have had to listen
to papers which had as their subject matter an account of the physio-
logical actions of snake venoms and of the anti-bodies which scientists
have given us to combat intoxication from these poisons. And now
I have been asked by our Honorary Secretary to bring this fascinating
subject again before you, so that you may be thoroughly abreast of
the times and know exactly what progress has been made, and in what
directions we have still to seek knowledge, in order that we may be ina
better position to turn to therapeutic use all the resources of science.
Let me, in the first place, carry you back to the 21st January 1902,
when I placed before you a short resumé of the position of the subject
as it stood at that time. I, then, gave youa description of the metheds
of scientific research and of the procuring of venoms; I indicated a
few of the important physical and chemical properties of venoms and
of the effect of heat upon these poisons. Further, we considered
the physiological actions of two venoms, namely, those of the
Cobra (Nata tripudians) and of the Daboia (Vipera Russell), and
saw the great and broad differences which exist between these
two poisons as far as their effects on the animal organism are con-
cerned. Finally, I told you of the scientific antidote which had been
prepared for one of these poisons, v7z., that of the Cobra, by the French
savant, Dr. Calmette. Istated that while Calmette claimed that his serum
was equally effective against every kind of snake venom, we had good
reasons, buth @ prior? and experimental, for combating this claim. In fact,
this serum, even at that date, had beenshown to be practically specific
for cobra venom, that is to say, that it neutralised cobra venom but no _
other poison. Nearly two years later, namely, on Guy Fawke’s day ©
of 1903, Colonel Bannerman, I.M.S.. took up the wondrous tale and
brought your knowledge of the subject well up to date. He tabulated
in three parallel columns the physiological actions of the venoms of
the Cobra, of Russell’s Viper and of the Banded Krait (Bungarus
14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
fasciatus), and again emphasized the fact that these poisons encumpass
the death of their prey in very different ways. Colonel Bannerman
was also able to state authoritatively that antivenoms, that is, serums
prepared with different venoms, were practically specific. He told
you that Dr. Tidswell of Sydney had prepared a serum with the poison
of one of the Australian species (Wotechis scutatus) and that this
serum while effective for its homologous venom was quite useless for
the poisons of three other Australian species and also for the poisons
of three of our Indian snakes, wz., Nata tripudians, Bungarus fasciatus
and Vipera Russell. Further, at that date, I had already tested
Calmette’s serum against three Indian venoms and had found it to be of
no value whatever in the treatment of bites from these snakes, namely,
Vipera Russell, Bungarus fascratus and Hehis carinata. Such then
was the position of our knowledge two years ago.
Since that time a considerable amount of work has been done in the
direction both of elucidating the exact physiological actions of the
venoms of the different species, and of preparing various anti-serums.
In view of the fact that we are commencing in the Journal a series of
articles with coloured illustrations on the Snakes of India it appears to
be an appropriate time to bring our knowledge of these other questions
up to date: Let us begin then with the physiological actions of the
poisons, first dealing with the colubrine snakes.
On the two previous occasions on which this subject was brought
before you the actions ef the poisons of the Cobra and of the Banded
Krait were considered somewhat in detail and the differences which
exist between them were pointed out. We saw that probably these
two venoms were poisons which act chiefly on the central nervous
system. This probability has now been fully confirmed by the demen-
stration histologically of marked changes in the large nerve cells of the
brain and spinal cord. These changes are the more marked the longer
the animal lives after the injection of the poisons and are especially well
marked in the case of those animals which show the chronic nervous
symptoms of intoxication after an injection of Bungarus fasczatus venom,
If the animal dies within three hours of the bite no changes such as I
have mentioned are to be observed, but when death is delayed longer
than this period unequivocal changes can be easily demonstrated.
Further, cobra venom has been shown to have a direct action on
the heart-and circulatory apparatus. This action is, however, quite
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES, 15
subsidiary, as far as we are concerned, to its effect in causing paralysis
of the muscles of respiration, through which action death takes place in
the great majority of cases.
While the researches with the two venoms mentioned above have
been extended the poisons of other species have also received a consid-
erable amount of attention, especially the venoms of the King Cokra,
of Bungarus ceruleus (common Krait), and of Enhydrina valakadien
(the common Sea-Snake).
The venom of the King Cobra closely resembles that of Nata tripu-
dians, but finer differences in the physiological action are to be observed.
It causes gradual paralysis throughout the body, death taking place
from interference with the respiratory apparatus. As regards the
symptoms resulting from this action no difference can be observed between
the symptoms caused by this poison and those resulting from the venom
of the ordinary cobra. While it is most probable that we are kere also
dealing with an action on the cells of the central nervous system, no
actual demonstration of this hypothesis has yet been made in the manner
which has been done in the case of the venoms of the Cobra and of the
Banded Krait. When I am relieved of my present duties I propcse to
take up this point. Its action on the blood cells and on the coagulabi-
lity of the blood is similar to that of cobra poison. It breaks up the red
blood corpuscles and prevents the blood from clotting. While this is so
in a general way, there are minor differences in theso actions of the
two venoms which show the scientist that the constituents which bring
about these effects are not absolutely alike.
The differences between the two venoms are well brought cut when
we test them side by side against an anti-serum prepared with pure
cobra venom. Such a serum neutralises well all the actions of cobra
venom. It has no hindering action on the venom of the King Cobra,
as far as the effects of this venom on the red blood corpuscles and tne
blood plasma are concerned. But when tested against the general
action im vivo of this latter poison, it is found that cobra venom anti-
serum delays death considerably but does not, even in large amounts,
completely ward off the fatal issue. Therefore the most delicate phy-
siological test which we possess shows at once that the constituents of
the two poisons are not of an identical chemical ecmposition.
When an animal is injected with the poison of the ordinary Krait
(Bungarus ceruleus) symptoms very similar to those sgen in cases of
16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
cobra venom intoxication are observed. Still these symptoms differ so
much in relative degree as to render it doubtful if they can be spoken
of as identical, Further when we come to consider the question of
antivenomous serums, we shall see that cobra venom is quite different
from the poison of the Krait.
Nevertheless, experiments show that death by krait poisoning is due
to failure of the respiratory mechanism, probably due to a direct action
of the venom on the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata.
There is no doubt that this poison has also a direct action on the heart
and on the circulatory apparatus through the nervoussystem. There are,
however, many problems still to be solved. We have, nevertheless, been
able todemonstrate that Bungarus ceruleus poison also causes a break-
ing up, chromatolysis as it is technically called, of the nerve cells in
the spinal cord and brain. Further, this poison has no action on the
coagulability of the blood, but has a power to break up, under certain
circumstances, the red corpuscles of the blood.
There is no doubt that bites from Bungarus cwruleus are extremely
dangerous and that a considerable percentage of the total deaths frem
snake bite in India, especially in Northern India, is due to this snake.
Although the snake is small and injects only a comparatively small
quantum of poison, the venom is very deadly, being at least four times as
strong as that of the cobra. It is of interesthere to put down in tabular
form the minimum lethal doses for rabbits, of the more important poisons
expressed in milligrammes per kilogramme of weight, when the injection
is made subcutaneously.
Minimum lethal dose in mil J;-
spedies OF Smale. grammes per kilogramme.
——<—<$———
Nata tripudians (Cobra)... 0°35
Naia bungarus ‘King Cobra) : 0:35
Bungarus ceruleus (Common Krait) 0°08
Bungarus fusciatus (Banded Krait) 25—3
Enhydrina valakedien \Sea Snake)... te 0:05
Notech»s scutatus (Australian Tiger Snake) 0°05
Vipera Russellit (Daboia or Russell’s Viper) 1—2
Echis carinata (Phoorsa or Kupper) 1—2
From this table it is seen that the most poisonous of all snakes are
the common Sea Snake and the Australian Tiger Snake: then comes the
Krait followed by the Cobra and the King Cobra. The Banded Krait
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES, 17
is the least poisonous of all, its venom being about half the strength of
the poisons of the two common Indian. Vipers.
I have now to say a few words on the venom of the common Sea-
Snake (Hnhydrina valakadien).
This snake is very abundant along the coasts of India and Burma to
the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea.
The poison, as we have just seen, is very deadly, being about eight
times stronger than cobra venom.
There are no authentic cases on record of bites in the human subject,
so that any description of symptoms and of physiological action must be
taken from animal experiments. The symptoms observed are very
similar to those of cobra venom intoxication. The local reaction is,
however, very slight, and further no symptoms pointing to any action
of the poison on the coaculability of the blood or on the red cells
occur. There is progressive paralysis, accompanied by difficulty in
‘breathing, which latter symptom is much more marked than in cases of
cobra venom poisoning. The heart goes on beating for several minutes
after the respiration has ceased. While, however, the action of this
poison is similar to that of cobra venom there are slight differences
which show that the two poisons are not identical. These differences
are too technical to enter into here. Suffice it to say that the respira-
tory mechanism appears to be the part of the organism which is chiefly
affected by Enhydrina venom, while some of the actions which cobre
venom has on the circulatory apparatus are wanting in the case of the
poison under consideration. These differences are clearly brought out,
‘as we shall see later, when the two poisons are tested against a serum
prepared with one of them.
I have little to say about the viperine poisons, which now claim our
‘attention. JI have already given you a description of the symptoms
‘and of the physiological action of the venom of Vipera Russell. The
venom of Eehis carenata has to all intents and purposes a similar action
but again shows slight differences, which we shall see are of great
importance in connection with the problem of serum-therapeutics.
This poison has a much more powerful action on the coagulability of
the blood than any other venom with which I have worked. A very
small quantity injected directly into the blood stream of an animal
causes solid elotting throughout in a few seconds. This action of the
‘viperine poisons, an action which is also exhibited by those poisons of
3
18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
the Australian colubrine species which have been investigated, is of the
greatest interest and importance. For a long time no satisfactory
explanation of the phenomenon was forthecming. It has now, however,
been definitely proved that the coagulation which takes place is due to
the action of & katalyst or ferment, which in some way or other brings
about the formation of fibrin, a phenomenon analogous to the formation
of curd which takes places on the addition of rennet to milk.
Another point which has been settled as regards the action of the
viperine poisons is that they, at least the venom of Vepera Russelli,
had no chromatolytic action on the nerve cells of the brain and spinal
cord, such as we haye seen can be demonstrated in the case of the
venoms of the cobra and of the Bungar?. There is still another point
which is of special importance as regards the treatment of cases of Lites
from these two vipers. It is well known, and I have mentioned it to
you before, that these poisons cause great faintness and collapse. These
symptoms are due to an action of the poisons on the circulatory appaia-
tus, a rapid, well marked and persistent dilatation of all the small arteries
throughout the body taking place. This action no doubt helps to bring
about the serious and alarming bleedings which take place in such cases
from almost all the orifices of the body. Now there is one drug which
has an effect antagonistic to this, and that drugis adrenaline chloride, a
preparation made from the small ductless glands which are placed like
caps on the upper ends of the kidneys. I have just heard from a friend
on the Baluch Frontier that he has found thisdrug to be of immense
value in the treatment of these symptoms ; in fact, he assured me that it
was the only drug which was of any use. We have here an instance of
research pointing the way to therapeutics.
While these are the main actions of the Indian venoms which have
been investigated, there are, of course, other problems of the greatest
interest and importance to those working at the subject. It is, however,
not only on account of its intrinsic interest that snake venom research
has received so much attention from scientists. There is another and
most important aspect of the subject. For owing to the analogy which
has been found to exist between venoms and the toxins elaborated by
some micro-organisms, such as diphtheria and tetanus bacilli, the results
of experiment with snake poisons have taken a not unimportant place
in the development of our knowledge of immunity. For, it has been
shown that by continued treatment of an animal with injections of
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES, Lg
venom one is able to produce an anti-toxic serum. I have alreauy indi-
cated to you how such a serum is won and the use to which it can be
put. Ihave told you that Calmette was the first to prepare a serum
for therapeutic use and that this serum, claimed by Calmnette to be effica-
cious against the venoms of all species of snakes, was soon shown to be
practically specifie for cobra poison, the venom which preponderated in
the mixture with which it was prepared. Dry. Martin was the first to
show that this serum was of little or no value for any of the Australian
snakes against which it was tested, and in India it was soon demonstrat-
ed that Calmette’s serum, while anti-toxic to cobra venom, had no neu-
tralising effect for the venoms of the following snakes :— Bungarus fas-
clatus, Vipera Russell and Eehis carinata.
I have already indicated that Calmette’s serum was at first prepared
with a mixture of venoms, the constitution of which mixture was uncer-
tain, -but in which cobra venom greatly preponderated. You will,
therefore, understand that in order to test thoroughly this question of
specificity it was necessary to prepare different serums, each with a
single pure venom. This has now been done in Australia, in America
and in India, and the results obtained are in complete harmony with
each other. Lat me in a few words summarise these observations.
Dy. Frank Tidswell in Sydney has prepared a serum with the pure
venom of the Australian Tiger Snake (Moetechis scutatus). This
serum was found to be active for the corresponding venom, but
failed to neutralise the poisons of three other Australian snakes, namely,
the brown and the black snakes and the death-adder. Further, this
serum was found to be inactive against the venoms of the following
Indian snakes:—cobra, king cobra, krait, banded krait, Lnhydrina
valakadien, Russell’s viper, phoorsa, green pit-viper and also the
Californian rattle-snake.
Two pure serums have been prepared in India, one with the venom of
the cobra and the other with the venom of the Russell’s viper.
The cobra venom anti-serum was found to be strongly anti-toxic for
the venom used in its preparation ; in large quantity it has a neutra-
lising power for the venom of Enhydrina valakadien; further, it delays
death in cases of intoxication with the venom of the king cobra, a
species belonging to the same genus as the cobra, and also in cases of
intoxication with the venom of Bungarus fasciatus. It does not, how-
ever, even when used in large quantities, completely neutralise these
20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/1.
poisons. The serum, therefore, would be of little or no therapeutic value
in cases of bites from these three snakes. Finally, this serum contains
no anti-toxic substances which are active against the venom of Bungarus
caruleus or against the venoms of the following viperine snakes :-—
Vipera Russelliz, Echis cartnata, Lachests gramineus and Crotalus
adamanteus.
With the dabotzw venom anti-serum very similar results were
obtained. It was found that this serum has no action whatever on any
of the colubrine poisons, five in number, against which it was tested ;
that it neutralises well its homologous venom ; that it has a certain, but
not very marked, neutralising effect on the venom of another viper,
namely, the American rattle snake : and that ithasno anti-toxic action
for the venom of a closely allied viper, Echzs carinata, nor for that of
another Indian viper, Lacheses gramineus.
These results which I have collated above only refer to observations
made in animals, that is to say, when the life of an animal is used as
the index of the neutralisation of the poison by the serum. In other
words these experiments only refer to the neutralising power of the
serums for the complete general actions of the venoms on the organism.
But there are other and very delicate methods outside of the animal
body of testing this specificity question. We can test them in test-tubes
against the actions which the various poisons exert on the red blood
corpuscles and on the coagulability of the blood plasma. This has
been done with the three serums mentioned above. When tested against
the hemolytic actions of the different venoms, that is to say, the actions
which they exert on the red blood corpuscles as evidenced by the dis-
solving up of these bodies, cobra venom anti-serum was found to have
a high neutralising effect for its homologous venom; to prevent,
when used in relatively large amount, this action of the venom of
Bungarus coeruleus, but to have no hindering effect at all on the
hemolysing actions of eight other venoms, amongst which was
the poison of the King Cobra. Very similar results were obtained
with Tidswell’s serum which, however, proved not quite so specific
in its action as the serum prepared with cobra venom. The
serum prepared with dabo:a venom has also been tested against
this action of the various venoms. It was found to have no
neutralising effect for any colubrine poison; to neutralise the venom
of Echis carinata as well as it did that of the poison with which it was
SNAKE VENOMS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES, 21
prepared ; to have a marked but not equally great effect on the venom
of Crotalus adamanteus ; and to have no neutralising action on the
venom of another viper, namely, Lachesis gramineus.
These three serums have also been tested in vitro against the action of
the different venoms on the coagulability of the blood. In this respect
specificity was well marked. Thus, it was found that cobra venom anti-
serum neutralised well its homologous poison, but had no effect on this
action of the venom of the King Cobra; that notechis and daboiu
anti-serums neutralised the fibrin ferments of their respective poisons but
had no effect in preventing the clotting actions of the other poisons
which possess this remarkable property.
T have still to refer to the anti-serums which have been experimented
with in America. Flexner and Noguchi have prepared serums with
the venoms of Crotalus adamanteus and of the water Mocassin, After
testing these serums in detail, they conclude that the action of anti-
venines is highly, if not strictly specific, both 7 vivo and in vitro, a
conclusion which is in perfect harmony with the results 1 have put
forward above.
Woe have now in conelusion to consider the bearing which these
observations have on the problem of the serum therapeutics of cases of
snake bite. It is very evident that at the very outset we are met with
the almost insurmountable difficulty that only the specific anti-serum
must be used in any case of snake-venom intoxication. ‘Therefore, for
India alone we should require at least six different anti-venines,
namely, serums for the venoms of the cobia, the king cobra, the krait,
the banded krait, the daboia and the phoorsa, There is no difficulty in
the actual preparation of these anti-venines, but there are other diffi-
culties in the way. In the first place, it seems almost impossible to
collect these poisons in quantities sufficient for the purpose of immuni-
sation of large animals. For the last five years arrangements for the
collection of venoms, backed by the Government of India and complete
in every detail, have been working in the Laboratory at Parel. Even
under these most favourable conditions only a very small, quite insuffi-
cient, amount of venoms, except the poisons of the cobraand the daboia,
has been collected. In the second place, granted that it was possible to
prepare serums for these different poisons, the practical use of them
would b2 beset with difficulty. For whena person, especially a native of
India, is bitten by a snake, he is rarely able to tell the species of snake
22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
which has inflicted the bite and further, as an anti-venomous serum to
be of much practical utility must be injected before any symptoms of
intoxication have set in, the medical man who is called on to treat a
case of snake bite with anti-toxin is not asa rule ina position to form
an opinion, either from the history of the case or from the symptoms, as
to the nature of the venom which has been injected. He would have,
tharefore, either to use one of the anti-toxic serums at haphazard or to
inject the whole of them at once, neither of which methods would
commend itself as a trustworthy or scientific therapeutic measure.
As far asis possible we have already overcome these difficulties.
At the Pasteur Institute at Kasauli a polyvalent serum is now
prepared with a mixture of equal parts of cobra and daboia venoms.
This serum is highly efficacious for both the poisons with which it is
prepared but it would be of little or no value for the bites of other
Indian poisonous saakes. It is now the only anti-venine issued from
that Institute. It is supplied free to all Government Hospitais and
Institutes and ata small charge to private individuals. Let us hope
that it may be used freely and that it may save many lives which are
now lost for lack of scientific treatment.
SAMBER HORNS.
BY
J. D. INVERARITY.
(With 4 Plates.)
(Read hefore the Bombay Natural History Society on
25th January 1906.)
The antlers of the Indian Samber (Cervus unicolor), like others of the
deer of the Rusine group, such as the Cheetul and Hog Deer, are ofa
‘simple character, having normally three tines only on each horn the brow
antler and two at the top. The object of this paper is to illustrate the
different types of antlers carried by the Samber, all of them from my
own collection, The first thing to be observed is the different manner
of growth of the upper tines. In the Cheetul and Hog Deer I think
the outer tine is invariably the longer. I speak only of good adult
heads. In the Samber, on the contrary, in the great majority of
instances the inner tine is the longest one. The head pictured as
No. 1 is a very typical head, length 44 inches, span between outer
upper points 33+ inches and round burr 10 inches. No. 2 is a
‘specimen of the wide spreading head, and measures, length 42 inches,
span 41% inches, round burr 104 inches. This is a remarkable
head for stoutness of horn, the thinnest part of the beam being 7
inches in circumference, gradually thickening to a circumference of 104
inches just below where the upper points divide. The weight of this
head with the small piece of skull attached six months after it was shot
was 19 lbs. Ido not think the piece of skull can weigh! lb. An
ordinary 40-inch head with a similar small piece of skull attached,
only weighs about 12 or 13 lbs. A single horn picked up, 41 inches
dong, thinnest part of the beam 8 inches, weighs 7 lbs. 13 oz.
Both the heads, Nos. 1 and 2, have the inner upper tine the longest.
No. 3 has the outer tine the longestand measures, length 40 inches, span
36 inches, round burr 9 inches. It is very seldom one meets with a
head where the horns are not symmetrical, the longer tine being
on the outside of one horn and on the inside of the other, I
have only two heads of this description, and, curiously enough,
got them both within a few days of each other. No.4 is one of
them and measures, length 43 inches, span 84 inches, round burr
‘9 inches, an inch or two is broken off the outer tine of the left
24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIT,
horn. There are some good Samber heads, about a dozen, in the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington, but they are placed so.
high up that it is difficult to see them properly. With one or two:
exceptions, the inner upper tine is the longest. The stuffed Samber-
there is a moderate specimen: judging by the eye the horns appear to
be about 3 feet long. Samber occasionally have an extra tine in one of
the horns at the top. There is a remarkable head in the Natural
History Museum at Kensington, where each horn shoots out at the-
base of the upper points an extra very thick tine which again divides.
intotwo. A small extra point also sometimes appears at the base of ihe:
brow antler. Ihave 8 heads, one of which has an extra point in both.
brow antlers sticking up between the brow antler and beam, the other two-
throw the extra point below the right brow antler proper, in each case
it is about 3 inches long. I havenever seen a switch horn in Samber,
2.é., 2 horn without any tines at all. I have one head, the left horn, 35-
inches long, bifurcates in the usual manner. The right horn, 34 inches.
long, does not bifurcate but consists of a single beam. ‘The brow ant--
lers are normal. Of course very young stag’s horns are simple spikes.
“in the first year of growth. The next illustration, No. 5, is.
of an unusually narrow spreading head. Length 884 inches, span:
between outer points 19 inches, between inner points 11% inches,.
round burr 9 inches. The horns curve so little that although the:
measurement round the curve is 584 inches ina straight line from
tip to burr, it measures 84 inches. This stag had both brow antlers:
broken off. He jumped up close to me. Seeing the points of his horns.
were close together, I did not fire as I thought he was a small one,,
so he nearly escaped, as he had run a long way before I saw he was:
worth shooting. No. 6 I consider to be an unique head as it has na
brow antlers at all, nor any trace of any, in other respects the horns:
appear normal, although the left horn has a twist in it. The outer:
tines of this head are the longest ; 2 or 38 inches are broken off the
inner tine of the left horn. It measures, length 38 inches, spam
31 inches, round burr 8 inches. This stag had hardly any hair on its
neck ; it had all been rubbed off in fighting. The want of brow antlers.
had allowed the brow antlers of his opponent to scrape his neck.
Although you could clearly see the scoring along the skin made by the
points of the horns, very few of these thrusts had drawn blood. No. 7
is another instance of no brow amtlers, but the horns are abnormal.
JOURN., BOMBAY NAT. Hist. £oc., VOL. XVII. PLATE I.
SAMBER HORNS.
JOURN., BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc., VoL. XVII. PLATE JI.
SAMBER HORNS,
JOURN., BOMBAY NAT. Hist. Soc., VOL. XVII. PLATE Ill.
SAMBER HORNS.
JOURN., BOMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc., VoL. XVII. PLATE IV.
SAMBER HORNS.
SAMBER HORNS.
lo
or
The pedicle on which the left horn grows instead of being perpendicular
rows outwards for 3
2
to the skull, grows outwards ; the horn also
inches, and then turns at aright angle to the usual position. The
pedicle of the right horn is also abnormal; except at the lower portion
it cannot be seen, the horn appearing to grow straight out of the
skull. The inner tine of the left horn has been broken off. The
beam of the right horn splits into a fork in a curious manner. This
head measures, length 88 inches, span 403 inches. Both Nos. 6 and
7 were well grown stags in good condition, and there was nothing to.
indicate any reason for their peculiar heads. No, 6 was a solitary stag.
No.7 was in company of two hinds and two calves. No. 8 is an
instance of a third horn growing on a separate root or pedicle of its.
own—a rare kind of malformation, The third horn is a mere knob,
nearly an inch from the left horn ; this space was covered by skin. The
left horn seems to have little or no pedicle. The base of the left horn
is 14 inch lower than the burr of the right horn, There is no burr to
the left horn, except at the front. The right horn measures 32 inches,
the left horn 26 inches, and the knob 14 inches at the rear and 1 inch
at the front. I have no heads of which the upper tines are of equal
length. I do not think you will ever find this to be the case in good
heads of over 3 feet in length, There is no means of knowing
exactly at what age a Samber has his best head. Animals in captivity
are not under natural conditions. It is well known that all deer grow
worse horns after they are past their prime. Their heads go
back. When in their prime, their antlers are thicker, longer
and better beaded than in old age. An old stag’s head may be
known by its smoothness and worn appearance. I have often had
it remarked to me by those who know no better when looking at a very
> On the contrary
good head, “that must have been a very old stag.’
the best heads are those of stags in their prime. Some of the very old
stags are hardly worth shooting. A Red Deer kept ina park begins to.
go back in his head, I believe, when he is about 8or 9 years old, so it
seems probable that a Samber is at his best when about that age too.
Samber usually shed their horns in April, but on the 2nd January 1903,
I saw a young stag in velyet. His horns were about 8 inches long,
cylindrical, with the thickening at the top characteristic of the growing
horn. As he stood for several minutes within 40 yards of me, I
had a good look at him with glasses. I do not think I could kaye made
4
26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
a mistake. In the month of January 1905, I also saw a young stag with
horns a few inches long which appeared to be in velvet; but as he
was more than 100 yards off, [ am not certain of it.
Sambers are very fond of rubbing their horns against trees long
afterthe hornsare hard. The front of the beam above the brow antler
is generally worn smooth by this practice. ‘he interstices between
the heads on the antlers are packed tight with bark from the trees.
The horns are seldom of equal length, one being one or two inches
longer than the other. I have one head the horns of which are exactly
the same length viz. 40 inches. Toe custom is to measure the longest
horn, The thickest horn round the burr I have seen isa single shed horn
in our Museum which measures 122 inches in circumference at the burr.
The longest upper tine I have measures 22 inches. The longest brow
antler measured from the burr is 24 inches. In the jungles I know 1
see no diminution in the number of Samber since I first came out to
India nearly 85 years ago. Fair shooting at good heads only will, in
my opinion, never do any injury to the stock of deer. I often see old
stags with poor heads that I do not fire at that ought to have been shot
long ago. Hinds are numerous. On one occasion I saw a single stag
lying out on an open bank in the sun, which is quite unusual as they
generally sit in shade. I fired at him and missed; I tracked him some
way and came to a place where he had galloped across a small stream ;
the water being about 2 feet deep. A small fish, 4 inches long, was
iloating on the surface, and I found it had been cut nearly in half by the
Samber’s hoof. It was not crushed, so had not been trodden on, The
hoof must have struck it when swimming in the water, Another stag I
hit plunged intu a long deep pool of a river and swam up and down
the pool saveral times. He swam with his body low in the water,
horns thrown back and only the top of his face and points of his
antlers showing. The pictures one sees of deer swimming vsually
show the whole head out of the water, which appears to be incorrect.
This particular stag had a 40-inch head, and he eventually swam to the
opposite side of tha river and stood in deep water, which enabled me
to shoot him through the neck, when he sank to the bottom.
27
A NEW SNAKE (MELANELAPS McPHERSONI) FROM
THE ADEN HINTERLAND.
BY
Capr, F. WALL, I.M.S., 0.M.Z.S.
(Read before the Bombay Natural [History Society on 5th October 1905.)
An interesting addition to the Asian fauna has recently been made
by the discovery of a new poisonous colubrine snake by Captain G,
McPherson, J.M.S., at Dthali in the Aden Hinterland. It presents a
combination of external characters so distinctive that I consider it
deserves generic rank, and I have accordingly called it Melane/aps
in conjunction with the discoverer’s name. Whether this opinion will
be supported by osteological peculiarities must remain sub judice until
more specimens have been obtained. The mandibular and palatine
teeth appear to be singularly few and small, but the fang unusually
well developed for members of the Elapine.
It must be placed in the Family Colubride; Series Proteroglypha;
Sub-family Elapine.
Judging from external characters (the scales, subcaudals, rostral,
frontal, supralabial, and posterior chin shields), it has no very close
affinities with any of the Indian poisonous colubrines, nor indeed with
any other known members of this sub-family.
Deseription.— Rostral unusually large. Breadth fully twice height ;
projecting ; in contact with 6 shields, of which the internasal sutures are
the largest (about one-third greater than the anterior nasals), and the
1st labial sutures smallest, and inferior. Internasals a pair. Suture be-
tween them rather less than that between the prefrontal pair; about
one-third the internaso-prefrontal suture. Prefrontals a pair. The
suture between them about half the prefronto-frontal suture: in con-
tact with, internasal, postnasal, preocular, supraccular and frontal.
Frontal very large. In contact with 6 shields, of which the supraocu-
lars make the smallest sutures (about $ the rest which are subequal) ;
length greater than parietals and much greater than distance to end
of snout. Supraoculars. Lengthabout 3 frontal; breadth about 4} frontal.
Yasals two, divided ; in contact with the Ist, 2nd and 3rd supralabials ;
nostril slitlike, placed almost entirely in the anterior shield and occupy-
ing the upper 3 of the suture. Loreal absent. Praocular one, small.
dye small. Its horizontal diameter rather more than half its distance
28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
to the nostril, vertical diameter about half its distance to the labial
margin; pupil round, Postocular one, large, Temporals three; the.
lowest largest, and in contact with the 4th and 5th supralabials.
Supralabials 6. The first very small, second rather larger, third and
fourth very deep, fifth and sixth moderate. The third and fourth
touch the eye. Afental very broad. Anterior sublinguals large. Posterior
sublinguals small and widely separated by 5 scales. Jnfralabials 3:
touch the anterior sublinguals on the left side, 4 on the right; the 3rd
and 4th touch the posterior sublinguals on the left side; the 4th and
5th on the right ; the 4th is the largest of the series onthe left side, the
dth onthe right; the suture between the Ist is about half that between
the anterior sublinguals. Scales 2 heads lengths behind head 26, midbody
25, 2 heads lengths in front of vent 21; smooth, no apical pits; the
vertebral row is not enlarged, and the last row very slightly so. Supia-
caudalsin odd rows. Ventrals 229 rounded, broad. Anal entire. Sub-
caudals 30, all entire, except the first which is divided. Colour uniform
glossy blue-black everywhere. The head isbroad, blunt, and declivous.
from oceipital region. Neck not constricted. Body subcylindrical.
Tail short.
Melanelaps mephersoni. ( X 2 )
A NEW HIMALAYAN SNAKE (LYCODON
MACKINNONI).
By Capr., F. WALL, 1.M.8., 0.M.Z.8.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on dth October 1905.)
T have lately received from Mr. P. W. Mackinnon a few snakes col-
lected by him in the neighbourhood of Mussoorie, among which is a
small snake of the genus Lyccdon hitherto undescribed. The specimen
was killed in his own garden at an altitude of 6,100 feet.
Unfortunately, the specimen has been badly mutilated about the head.
With some difficulty I have managed to clean and repose the parts suffi-
ciently to make drawings which, though accurate, I believe, in the
actual relationship of the shields, are probably not quite so with regard
to the shape of the head. The following is a description of it :—
Rostral, in contact with 6 shields, of which the nasal sutures are
the largest, and about twice the length of the internasals. Inter-
nasals, a pair. The suture between them subequal to that between
the prefrontal fellows ; less than the internaso-prefrontal suture.
Prefrontals, a pair, The suture between them subequal to the pre-
fronto-frontal suture. In contact with the internasals, nasals, 1st, 2nd
and 3rd supralabials, preeocular, supraocular and frontal. Frontal in
contact with 6 shields, of which the sutures are subequal. Supraoculars
are half the breadth and about two-thirds the length of the frontal.
Nasal whether divided or not uncertain ; in contact with only one supra-
labial (the first), Zoreal absent. Preocular one. Hye with vertical
pupil. Postoculars two, subequal. Temporal two; the lower in
contact by equal sutures with the 6th and 7th supralabials. Supra-
Jabials 8, with the drd, 4th and 5th touching the eye on the left side ;
7 with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th touching the eye on the right side (owing
to a confluence of the Ist and 2nd? ). Anterior sublinguals subequal
‘to the posterior ; in contact with 5 infralabials. Posterior sublinguals
in contact with the 5th and 6th infralabials. Jnfralabials, The first
form a suture about } the length of the suture between the anterior
sublinguals ; the 5th and 6th are subequal and largest and the 6th pen-
tagonal, and in contact with 2 scales behind. Scales. Two heads lengths
behind the head 17 ; midbody 17 ; two heads lengths before the vent
15. Atthe step where the scales reduce from 17 to 15 behind the
middle of the body, this is effected by the blending of the 3rd and 4th
30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIZ,
rows above the ventrals, Ventrals 192, slightly angulate. Anal
divided. Subcaudals 54 divided. Colour chocolate, with short white
linear streaks copiously distributed dorsally. Head blackish-brown
with white streaks, Zabéals white. Belly yellowish-white, with a row
of lateral spots one on each ventral. Length about 1 foot 14 inches.
It thus approaches nearest to the effrenis of the Malayan fauna, in
that there is no loreal ; the scales are in 17 rows, and three labials
touch the eye. The only other Indian species without a loreal is
atropurpureus.
Lycodon mackinnom, ( X 3 )
(paBuejue) dry -Z “BIg
' 2 ~-quejd autjue uy i Sy ~
HPuld ‘WNINLVadva WNIgOY¥GNad
“WSpLoT CULO.) Sougiusa uty
31
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By G. A. GAMMIE, F.L.S.
Part III, (Wits Prars JI.)
(Continued from page 569 of Vol. XVI.)
5, DENDROBIUM BARBATULUM, Lindl. Fl. Br. Ind, V., 719 ; Dalz.
and Gibs., p. 261.
Stems usually more robust and shorter than the last, also bearing
flowers on the second year’s leafless stems. eaves lanceolate
acuminate, 8 to 4 inches long, racemes lateral and terminal, many
flowered, bracts very small. Flowers 1 inch in diameter, white more or
less suffused with rose, dorsal sepal narrow, lateral lanceolate falcate,
petals larger elliptic lanceolate, spur conical acute, [zp flat, side lobes
enclosing the ovary short, midlobe large ovate acute, dzsk hairy and
with a short ridge between the side lobes.
Distribution —Throughout the Ghats and Konkan to Coorg, It flowers
during the hot weather from March to May.
Plate II. Fig. 1. An entire plant. Fig. 2. Lip (enlarged), Fig. 3.
Column (enlarged). Fig. 4. Pollen masses and cap (enlarged), This is
an unusually bright-coloured specimen drawn by Mr. Bhide. The
colour has been exaggerated in reproduction. As a rule the flowers
are only flushed with rose-pink. ‘They are fragrant and have the habit
of almost closing up in the evenings and during the night, a fact which
I have never observed in any other orchid.
[2. Dendrobium barbatulum, Lindl,—
The native name of this plant is not known, “ Bechu,” or “ Nangli,” is the
native name of D, crepidatum, Lindl, Dalzell and Gibson say that it is
common in the North and South Konkans, Mr, H,M, Birdwood has found it
on the Matheran Hill. Hooker says, at p, 719, Fl. B. L., that the flowers are
whitish, They are generally pale pink, and shining bright in appearance,
when fresh, The brightness vanishes in drying. Unfortunately, cur plate is
printed by Mintern Bros, in a deeper pink colour, This pink colour, deeper
than natural, is often met with when the flowers have remained in bloom
for some time under a strong sun after the first opening of the flowers.
They are to be met with in Thana on the branches cf the Mango in a
bed of Lichen, named generically the Parmelias, It is found in Dapoli
(Ratnagiri District). A couple of plants of this species were brought to me
from Dapoli in 1904 by Mr. 'T’. 8, Greenaway, then the District Superintendent
of Police, Ratnagiri District. The plants flowered in my Outram House
Garden, under a shed of cocoanut palm jhowlis in the open air at the beginning
of the hot weather, March of 1904. I am therefore able to say that the
32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
colour of the flowers is not deep but light pink, bright shining, The petals are
almost translucent,
Nairne says that the flowers, in racemes, are “ cream-coloured with some
‘green,’ Not so! The colour is distinctly rosy like that of Dendrobium
Fytchianum, Bateman, found in Moulmein (Burma).
There is a natural hybrid named Dendrobium barbatulo-chlorops, Rolfe,
between D, barbatulum, and D, ehlorops mentioned by Williams (p. 326 op, cit.)
which would account for the confusion made as stated already in my foregoing
remarks ou the colours of D. chlorops and D, barbatulum. There is yet
xoom for a fresh examination of the D. barbatulum from specimens either
fresh obtained, or examined in their natural condition.—K, R. K.]
(c) Stems slender, excessively branched, flowers small, white.
6. DernpRosium HERBACEUM, Lindl. FI. Br. Ind., V., 719 ; D.
ramosissimum, Wight. Dalz, and Gibs., p. 261.
A much branched plant, branches slender, pendulous, their lower
parts naked and shining, the upper with short sheaths, branchlets leafy,
leaves linear, lanceolate, soon falling, up to 2 inches Jong, racemes
terminal on the branchlets, very short, usually three-flowered, bracts
very small, flowers white witha greenish tinge, } inch broad, sepals
and petals subequal, linear oblong obtuse, spur very short and rounded,
lip oblong, side lobes almost obsolete, granular, midlobe smooth, ovate.
Distribution.—The Western Ghats and Konkan to Coorg ; Godaveri District
and Parasnath in Behar,
A common orchid at Mahableshwar. Flowers in the hot weather,
Section II] —Endendrobrium.
Stems tufted, flowers yellow or pink in short racemes or in pairs
from the joints of the leafless stems.
7. Denppgoprum mMAcRostacHyuM, Lindl. FI. Br. Ind., V., 735.
Stems 1 to 2 feet long, pendulous, slender, leaves thin, 3 to 4
inches long, ovate oblong acute, racemes short, from leafless stems of
ry)
the previous year’s growth, bracts small. lowers 2 to 8 on moder-
ately long stalks, fragrant, 1 inch long, not spreading, sepals and
petals subequal, broadly lanceolate acute, yellow tinged with pink,
nerves greenish, 17 convolute, obovate, dzsk strap-shaped, slightly
ribbed, limb with purple nerves and with thick soft hairs on its upper
surface and margins, spur formed by the united bases of the lateral
sepals, thick, shortly funnel-shaped.
Distribution—Common on trees on the Belgaum and Kanara (Ghats, also
recorded from Travancore and Ceylon.
Flowers during the hot weather.
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 33
8. Denproprum orepipaTum, Lindl. FI). Br. Ind., p. 740. ; D.
Lawanum, Dalz. and Gibs., p, 261.
Stems fleshy, forming erect tufts, about a foot high, surfaces loosely
sheathed and elegantly striated with green and white.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, linear lanceolate, acute, falling away at
the end of the first season. lowers in small clusters, from the joints
of the leafless stems, up to 14 inch in diameter, of a waxy texture and
a shining rose colour, sepals oblong obtuse, petals almost obovate, spur
short and obtuse, lp yellow, side lobes short broadly: obovate, pubescent
or ciliolate.
Distribution— Common on the Belgaum and Kanara Ghats especially on the
branches of trees overhanging ravines. It is also recorded from the Eastern
Himalayas, Assam and the Khasia Hills.
Flowers during the hot weather.
DENDROBIUM CREPIDATUM, Lindl., var. nov. AVITA.
Differing from the type in the flower being composed of six absc-
lutely equal perianth segments, the side lobes of the lip forming short
ascending spurs on each side of the lower part of the column. The
midlobe of the lip is of exactly the same colour and texture as the sepals
and petals.
This is not an accidental variation, as some plants I have in cultivation
produce these flowers normally every year.
Found throughout the Belgaum and Kanara Ghats in association with tho
type.
5. BULBOPHYLLUM.
Pseudobulbs ovoid arranged on a creeping stem. Leaf solitary
Raceme rising from the base of the pseudobulb. Flowers crowded
towards the apex, dorsal sepal short and broad, lateral sepals much
longer and narrower, petals very short, lzp jointed on the foot of the
column, mobile, recurved, column short, with two awn-like teeth at the
top, anther 2-celled, pollinea 4.
1. BULBOPHYLLUM NILGHERRENSE, Wight, FI. Br. Ind., V., 761.
Pseudobulbs 1% inch long, ovoid, leaf 4 or 5 inches elliptic oblong,
base of raceme sheathed, peduncle and rachis up to 5 inches long
bracts lanceolate acute, sheathing the base of the ovary which they
slightly exceed in length, sepals dull yellow suffused with red at their
bases, dorsal short broadly ovate, lateral ovate oblong acute, petals half
as long as the dorsal sepal, triangular ovate acuminate, pale yellow,
lip yellow, side lobes short purple, midlobe triangular ovate yellow.
34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11,
Distribution.—On the Belgaum and Kanara Ghats ; also recorded from the
Nilgiri Hills, Flowers in December.
6.—CIRRHOPETALUM.
Pseudobulbs clustered, ovoid, compressed, leaves absent at the
flowering period. Inflorescence an umbel of 5 or more flowers radiating
from the apex of a peduncle which rises from the base of a pseudobulb
on which area few scattered bractlike scales. Dorsal sepal small,
lateral very long, petals small densely fimbriate, /ép small, thickened,
strap-shaped jointed on the foot of the column. Apex of column
with two horizontally spreading acute teeth, anther 2-celled, pollznza 4.
1. COIRRHOPETALUM FImMBRIATUM, Ldl, Fl. Br. Ind., V., 774 ; Dalz.
and Gibs., p. 261,
Dorsal-sepal yellow suffused with red, triangular ovate caudate,
margin long fringed, lateral petals up to 14 inch long, green, linear
acute, coherent throughout their length, petalsalmost white with long
purple tails which also bear long fringes of the same colour. Lip ruddy
brown with a lighter disk. Column yellow, suffused with red.
The so-called umbrella orchid of Mahableshwar, flowering in the cold weather,
Distributionr.—Throughout the Ghats, ihe Konkan and Kanara.
URIS:
Small epiphytes with the habit and foliage of Bulbophyllum. Scape
lateral, one-flowered. Sepals subequal, spreading, 7-nerved, lateral
adnate to the foot of the column. Petals small, oblong or linear.
Lip small, coriaceous or fleshy, jointed on to the foot of the column,
inflexed, incumbent, mobile. Column short, bread, tip angled,
winged or toothed ; anther erect, caducous, 2-celled, produced into a
Jong horn ; pol/tnta subcoherent in pairs in each cell.
1. Trias Srocxsi1, Benth. Fl. Br, Ind., V., 781.
Pseudobulbs $ inch. Leaves 1 inch, elliptic acute. Scape 4 inch.
Flowers 4 to 2 inch in diameter, sepals obtuse, petals ovate lanceolate
erect, lip oblong, convex, smooth, shoulders convex, tip rounded, horn
of anthers slender, dcp entire.
Distribution —Kanara, N.and 8. Konkan.
I have not met with this plant, The foregoing description is from the Flora
of India, l.c.
8.—ERIA.
Epiphytes of various habits. Sepals usually free, adnate to the
elongate foot of the column and with it forming a short or long and
spur like saccate mentum. /p sessile on the foot of the column,
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. i)
Anther imperfectly 4 or 8-celled ; pollinta normally 8, pear-shaped
or broadly obovoid, attached in fours by narrow bases to a viscus.
Section I, Porpaz (character given in list of genera).
Flowers dark, purple, bell-shaped ... a», 1, -E. reticulata,
Flowers yellowish, 2-lipped oa wow «2s Et. lechenora.
Section II. Conchidium,
Flowers solitary, large white fee oon Os LE. FebiCOSG.
Section III.— Bryebium.
Flowers green, sepals and petals without
HS
glandular hairs ... = 36 we 4. EF. Dalzelliz.
Flowers green, sepals a petals with
glandular hairs ... si oo vee 90. LEriamicrochilos.
Section 1V.— Hymeneria.
Sepals and petals white, lzp yellow, side
lobes purple ae ae a . 6. EL. mysorensis.
Section 1—Porpacz.
1, Eprra reticutata, Benth. Fl, Br. Ind., V., 786.
Pseudobulbs button-like, $ inch in diameter, densely crowded on the
bark of trees, grey with darker blotches. Leaves 2, broadly oblong,
less than one inch long. Flower solitary, $ inch long, dark purple
brown rising from between the leaves, stalk very short, sheathed and
with a large orbicular retuse bract. Sepals united into a bell-shaped
3-lobed tube, spur almost obsolete, petals spoon-shaped, Izp half the
length of the petals, fiddle-shaped, margins crenulate, base with a
short erect spur, pollinia 8, pear-shaped.
Distribution.—Throughout the Western Ghats. Flowers appear in June,
As the pseudobulbs are small and disk-like and so closely resemble the bark
on which they rest, this humble plant is very difficult to discover,
2. Eria Licnenora, Lindl. FI. Br. Ind., V., 787.
Pseudobulbs depressed, disk-like, small, covered witha fibrous network.
Leaves 2 on each pseudobulhb, orbicular, ovate, ciliate, up to 1 inch long,
brownish purple beautifully tessellated with green. Flowers 3 inch
long, yellowish, two-lipped, dorsal sepal orbicular, ovate, lateral united,
hairy, petals linear, spur small, rounded, lip very small, shortly clawed,
ovate cordate, sides toothed, tip acute.
Distribution—Found by G. M. Woodrow in flower at Sampkund, N, Kanara,
in July and by T. J. Spooner, during the same month, on the Belgaum and
N. Kanara Ghats ; also recorded from the Bababuden Hills and Travancore,
36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Section II.—Conchzdzum,
3. Eprra rEeTICOsSA, Wight, Fl. Br. Ind., V., 787: E. braccata,
Dalz. and Gibs., p. 262.
Pseudobulbs disk-like, # inch in diameter enclosed in a network
of fibres. Leaves 2, about 3 inches long, linear, oblong. lowers soli-
tary, on a thread-like stalk, 1} inch in diameter, bract below the flower
large, boat-shaped. Sepals white lanceolate acute, the lateral falcate
and joined at the base into a short, broad sac. Petals white lanceo-
late acute, slightly shorter and narrower than the sepals, lip near-
ly as long as the sepals, linear oblong acute, 3-lobed, side lobes white
flushed with pink long rounded, midlobe ovate acute, yellow at base
and white towards the end, margins slightly crenulate, disk between the
side lobes with two crested ridges. .
Distribution. —Throughout the Western Ghats and Nilgiris. Flowers in July-
This plant is difficult to find during the greater part of the year, but in the
rainy season it is a conspicuous object, as its large white flowers often completely
clothe large parts of the branches of trees, It is very common round Lonavla,
Section III.—Bryobsum.
4, Erta Datzertu, Lindl, Fl. Br. Ind., V., 789; Dalz. and
Gibs,, p. 262.
A very small plant, scarcely ever more than 3 inches in height.
Pseudobulbs flattened ovoid, up to $inch in diameter, reticulated,
principal venation pinnate. Leaves two, 1 to 2 inches long, oblanceolate
obtuse, raceme rising from between the leaves, few flowered, flowers
green with a yellow tinge 3 inch in diameter, bracts longer than the
ovary lanceolate abruptly long pointed, sepals subequal, lanceolate acute
recurved towards apex, the two lateral cohering into a short, broad,
blunt sac, petals shorter and narrower than sepals, /zp about half the
length of the petals ovate, lanceolate side lobes long, narrow, mizdlobe
acute with a crenulated margin, two distinct callosities at base of lip,
anther imperfectly 8-celled, pollinia 8, pear-shaped.
Distribution —Throughout the Ghats and Konkan, Flowers in July.
5. Bria mrcrocurwos, Lindl. Fl. Br. Ind., V., 789; Dalz. and
Gibs., p. 262 ; EZ. Dalzellzi, Lindl. var. fimbriata, Hook f. Fl. Br. Ind,,
V., 789.
Pseudobulbs flattened, irregularly shaped, up to 4 inch in diameter,
reticulated, principal venation flabellate. Leaves two (with one or two
reduced ones at base) oblong, lanceolate obtuse, up to 2 inches long,
raceme rising from between the leaves and scarcely exceeding them,
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 37
flowers few, 4 inch in diameter, bracts lanceolate, not abruptly pointed,
longer than the ovary, flowers green, sepals and petals ciliate with
gland-tipped hairs, sepals lanceolate acute, the two lateral conniving at
base into a short, blunt but distinctly forward pointing spur, lp half the
length of the petals, fiddle-shaped, lateral lobes almost obsolete, midlobe
broadly ovate rounded, margin crenulated, disk with almost obsolete
ridges which coalesce in a single line towards the apex, pollinéa 8, pear-
shaped, unequal.
Distribution Throughout the Ghats and Konkan, Flowers in July.
These two species have been treated as varieties of one in the Flora of British
India. They are, however, quite distinct, The venation of the pseudobulbs
differs in both. The lip of Eria Dalzellii is ovate lanceolate with two thickened
ridges near the base, while that of EL, microchilos is fiddle-shaped and the almost
obsolete ridges extend to the middle of the lip where they join to form a single
line towards the apex. The coloration of the lip of E. microchilos is yellow on
the lower half and white on the upper; that of EZ. Dalzellii is green suffused
with yellow onthe basal half and white on the upper; the column in the
former is nearly white, in the latter it is green.
Section 1V.— Ay meneria.
6. HErrta mysorensis, Lindl. FI. Br. Ind., V., 793.
Pseudobulbs cylindric when young, slender, with equitant scales, sud-
denly passing into the 5 membranous leaves, older pseudobulbs thicker,
fusiform, 3 inches long, with a strongly wrinkled skin. Leaves lanceo-
late, from 4 to 8 inches long by 4% inch broad, main parallel nerves very
distinct. Racemes generally two on each pseudobulb springing from
the axils of the two lowest leaves. Flowers about 12,4 inch in dia-
meter, bracts lanceolate acute, equalling the pedicels and ovary, sepals
white, lanceolate acute, distinctly nerved, the two lateral just conniving
at base, petals similar to but a little shorter than the sepals, lp shortly
clawed, almost fiddle-shaped, lateral lobes narrow rounded purple, mid-
lobe shortly apiculate, yellow, disk with two slightly raised ridges
which meet at the apex. Anther imperfectly 8-celled, pollinia 8, pear-
shaped, equal.
Distribution Throughout the Western Ghais, Flowers in July. It isa
common orchid at Mahableshwar.
(To be continued.)
38
ON THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GERSE,
BY
Hucgense W. Oates, F.Z,8.
(With a Plate.)*
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Socrety on 25th March, 1906.)
Of all our Indian birds, the Bean-Geese are in the most unsatisfactory
state, owing to their comparative rarity and, probably, to the fact that
they are not recognised by sportsmen and consequently not preserved.
There is not a single specimen in the Hume collection.
When some years ago I was about to write the ‘ Game Birds of
India ’ it became necessary for me to investigate this group. I could
not find anywhere an Indian-killed skin, but bearing in mind what
Blyth, Jerdon, Hume and, more recently, Mr. H, C. Stuart Baker had
written, I felt bound to recognise the Pink-footed Goose as the sole
Jndian Bean-Goose, improbable as its occurrence in India was.
The acquisition of a specimen of a Bean-Goose from Burma, kindly
sent by my friend Captain J. H. Whitehead, gave an additional impetus
to my work, The British Museum also about this time received a con-
siderable number of Bean-Geese, of two species, from Holland, and I was
therefore in possession of plenty of material for study—not quite
enough, but about as much as one could reasonably expect.
When Mr, HE. Comber was in England, he saw some beautiful co-
loured drawings of the heads of these geese that were in my house and
he suggested that I should contribute an illustrated article on the Bean-
Geese to the pages of our journal. Although the time has hardly arrived
for it to be possible to write a full and satisfactory account of these birds,
yet a beginning can now be made, andI think that my imperfect paper,
for such it is, will answer one purpose,—that of enabling sportsmen to
recognise a Bean-Goose and also to determine the species.
The Bean-Geese are found only in Europe and Asia : in summer, far
north ; in winter, as low down as the Mediterranean, Persia, India and
China. They are not very dissimilar to the Grey Lag-Goose in colour,
but they are darker ; have no black bars on the lower plumage ; and
their bills are coloured witha combination of black and yellow, or black
and red, as shown on my plate.
I have dealt with eight species of Bean-Geese, of which one, A. sege-
tum, is not represented in the British Museum and I have not been
* For explanation of Plate see page 50,
“4SSS9-NVS9 30 S114
“yeu pe'jsp YMMV
L
i
|
‘20C 1ST JEN Aequiog “usrno
7
A
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE, 39
able to examine a specimen anywhere. Mr, Frohawk, however, has
found a skin from which to draw the bill (fig. 2).
There isa ninth species of Bean-Goose, A. carnezrostvis, of Buturlin,
of which I can learn little at present. Ido not wish to ignore or sup-
press it, but I simply have no details of it, and consequently I cannot
include it in this paper. It is said to be like A. segetum, but with the
pale parts of the bill flesh-coloured. Unless the bill also differs in
size and shape, it is hardly likely to prove a species.
Bean-Geese, under very various names, are of course repeatedly
mentioned in books and papers relating to ornithology, but the authors
fail to indicate by any precise description the species of Bean-Goose
they are writing about ; consequently it is impossible to get any correct
notion of the distribution of these birds, Careful writers like Nau-
mann, Middendorff, Stejneger and a few others fix their species either
by a careful description or by a figure of the bill, and these are the
only authors that can be understood.
Owing, therefore, to the general confusion prevailing about these
geese, I determined from the first to deal only with well ascertained
facts and to base my paper entirely on the British Museum specimens
and those records in which the geese mentioned could be correctly and
unhesitatingly identified. Consequently, my paper will be found to be
very defective in the matter of the distribution of the species and in
many other respects, but it is not intended to be anything more than a
sketch, and no further apology is necessary for its shortcomings.
The identification of the Bean-Geese presents no difficulties if the
proper characters are looked for, These consist solely of the size
or length of the bill and the relative proportions of its various parts.
The length of the bill in each species varies with the age of the bird
and may be taken as varying about half an inch in the larger-
billed species and a quarter of an inch in the smaller-billed
ones. The proportions of the parts are, as far as my experience goes,
absolutely constant, and every specimen shot in India will be found to
have a bill which corresponds with one or other of the bills figured.
I have given measurements of the length of bill in each species. This
is taken by a pair of compasses and is the direct straight distance from
the edge of the feathered portion of the forehead on the culmen, or
central line of the head, to the tip of the nail of the upper mandible.
The other dimensions of the bill, or the proportions of the several
40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL'HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
parts, are best taken from the figures: the eye should suffice for this,
The height at the forehead ; the greatest depth of the lower mandible ;
the curve or outline of the edge of the lower mandible ; and the depth
of the bill just behind the nail are the chief points to observe. I
believe that this side-view, or elevation of the bill as it may be termed,
is the only character of any real value.
Other characters in these Geese to which importance is sometimes
*attached, are entirely fallacious, and obscure what is otherwise quite
simple. The colour of the plumage is useless, for all the species are
so similarly plumaged that the existing slight differences cannot be
made out without actual comparison of specimens, and even then
thereis not much to be made of it. Size is also of doubtful value, unless
the bird is sexed, for the males of the smaller species approach in size
the females or younger males of the larger species. When the bird
is sexed, size, as shewn by the length of the wing, is no doubt of some,
but not of extreme, value. It merely serves to corroborate the identi-
fication from the bill.
Then there are other characters of the bill which many writers harp
upon and think of great importance. First, there is the colour of the
bill. The black portion always remains black, but the pale portion, be
it orange or some shade of red, soon after death, becomes of a dingy
yellow colour. It is obvious, therefore, that the colour of the bill
cannot be of any use. It may be recorded on a label and it is no
doubt satisfactory to know how the bill of a specimen was coloured
in life; yet the fact remains that birds must, as a rule, be studied
and. identified as dry skins, and consequently the colour of the bill,
though interesting to be known, cannot be treated as a character of
value.
Secondly, there is the amount of and the distribution of the two
colours on the bill of a Bean-Goose, the black and the pale colour.
The proportion of each of these varies with age. Generally speaking,
the younger birds have merely a ring or zone of pale colour behind the
nail. With increasing age, some of the black disappears and is re-
placed by the pale colour under the nostrils and along the edges of the
upper mandible ; and in an extreme case, such as A. arvensis, the pale
colour occupies nearly the whole bill in very old birds. It is plain that
the distribution of the two colours on the bill cannot be made of any
practical value.
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE, 41
Then there remains another character, the number of teeth on the
edges of the mandibles. The teeth, I believe, vary greatly in number
and are, moreover, so difficult to count that no two persons will arrive
at the same result, I attach no importance whatever to the number of
the teeth.
It may be. gathered from the above remarks that the characters
for the identification of a species of Bean-Goose are really very few.
There is, first, the size and general outline of the bill as seen from the
side. This ought to suffice. Corroborative characters are: length of
wing in a sexed bird, and the colour of the pale part of the bill in life.
When, therefore, a sportsman has shot a Bean-Goose and he has
neither time nor inclination to skin the whole bird, he should preserve
the head. He should, if possible, also note the sex and the colour of
the bill, and, in the event of his preserving the head only, the length of
the wing.
POSTSCRIPT.
I wrote this paper more than a year ago, and its publication has
been delayed owing to difficulties connected with the reproduction of
the plate. In the meantime an English translation of Mr. Alphéraky’s
work on “ Russian Geesa’’ has appeared. The translation, entitled
“The Geese of Europe and Asia,” does not, as might be expected,
enlarge the scope of the book. It is still a monograph of Russian Geese
as found in the Russian Empire, and most of the information given by
ihe author is from Russian sources.
Twenty-two species of Geese, afterwards finally reduced to twenty,
are treated of in 195 pages and the book is well illustrated by 24 plates
executed by Mr. Frohawk. The book is of quarto size. Notwith-
standing the large amount of space devoted to each species, the author
does not give us the full synonymy, but refers us in his preface to Count
Salvadori’s British Museum Catalogue of the Ducks (Vol. XXVII),
a very inconvenient course to adopt, and for which there is little or no
justification.
The Bean-Geese naturally occupy a considerable amount of
Mr, Alphéraky’s attention and space in his book, but with, I am sorry
to say, little success. He has rendered the study of these birds more
difficult in future by suppressing one species and ignoring erothcr,:s
I have shewn in my remarks further on. There is reason to suppose
6
42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
that Mr, Alphéraky has never seen a specimen of either species, and to
act in the manner he has done is in direct opposition to the sensible
remark he makes in his preface, that ‘“‘I cannot regard the present
work otherwise than as preparatory to future investigation.”
Altogether I do not see my way to incorporate Mr. Alphéraky’s
conclusions regarding the Bean-Geese with my own brief remarks on
these birds, and I have thought it preferable to adhere to my resolution
to treat these birds entirely from the point of view I have kept before
me, namely, to deal only with the British Museum specimens and to
avoid speculation and conjecture.
1. Anser arvensis, Brehm (fig. 1).
THe Common Bran-Gooss.
This Bean-Goose is a winter visitor to many parts of Great Britain.
The British Museum contains numerous specimens shot in Holland and
a single skin obtained by Seebohm on the Petchora river. It appears
to be spread in winter over a considerable portion of Northern and
Central Europe and probably Western Asia, breeding in the extreme
North of Hurope.
The length of the bill in a large series of this goose varies from 2 to
2°45 inches, but Mr. Frohawk has figured a larger bill, probably that
of a very old gander. The pale parts of the bill are of an orange-
yellow colour. At first, probably for two or three years, this colour
is confined to a ring or zone behind the nail as shewn in the figure of
the bill of A. segetum (fig. 2). It then increases in extent, spreading
out under the nostrils, and then upwards, until nearly the whole bill is
yellow, the only parts remaining black being a band on the basal half
of the culmen and small lines and patches elsewhere, as in fig. 1.
This is one of the larger Bean-Geese, the wing reaching a length of
19 inches. The feet in life are orange-yellow.
Two of the specimens in the British Museum, sexed as females,
have the chin white as in my type of A. mentalis from Japan.
Mr, Alphéraky would have us call this species the Yellow-billed
Bean-Goose, but I do not think that many persons will care to follow
him in this.
2, Anser segetum, Gmelin (fig. 2).
THE European Bean-Goose.
This species is so rare in collections that I have never seen a specimen,
and J have had to trust to Mr, Frohawk for the drawing of the bill
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE. 43
of this Goose, taken froma bird which he had the opportunity of exa-
mining.
Naumann very carefully explained (Naumannia, 1853, p. 5, pl. i.) the
differences between this species and A. arvensis and figured the bills of
both. Mr. Frohawk has recently (Zoologist, 1903, p. 41, pl. ii.) also
given us an account of the two species, and from these sources I am
able to give some particulars of A. segetum.
It will be seen that the bill of A. segetum (fig. 2) is of a different
shape from that of A, arvensis, being much shorter, but at the same time
of the same depth at the forehead, In A. segetum the combined length
of the culmen and nail is considerably less than four times the length of
the nail itself. In A. arvensis, it is considerably more. ‘The pale parts
of the bill of A. segetum are orange-yellow, but this colour appears to
be confined at all ages to a ring or band behind the nail and does not
spread over nearly the whole bill as it does in A. arvensis when old.
Mr. Frohawk states that the number of teeth on the upper mandible of
A, segetum is about twenty, whereas in A. arvensis the number is
about twenty-eight. Ido not know if this character will prove of any
value, The two species are of much the same size and colour.
It will be noticed that the bills of A. segetum (fig. 2) and A. oatesz
(fig. 8) appear to be very similar, but it must be remembered that the
former bird is a large Goose, the latter a small bird like A. brachy-
rhynchus.
3. Anser brachyrhynchus, Baillon (fig. 3).
THE PINK-FOOTED BEAN-GOOSE.
This Goose has such a small bill that it is hardly possible to confound
it with any other species. A considerable number of birds in the
British Museum from Holland have the length of the bill varying from
1°6 to 1*8 inches.. The colour, in life, of the pale part of the bill is a
beautiful rosy-pink, crimson-pink or carmine, and this spreads back with
age under the nostrils, almost to the gape. The wing measures from
16°3 to 17°5 inches. This species when in good plumage has the
mantle of a rather bright fulvous colour and the greater part of the
wing a fine grey. The feet appear to be coloured like the pale parts of
the bill.
This is the species which has for very many years figured as the sole
Bean-Goose of India, and in recent years Mr, E. C. Stuart Baker has
confirmed the occurrence of this species in the North-Hast of India.
44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
But in turning back to Mr. Stuart Baker’s descriptions of the birds he
has on two occasions recorded from India as A. brachyrhynchus we are
met by a very grave difficulty. In the latest record (Journ., Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., XV., p. 718, 1904) he states that the bill was of a
“brilliant crimson-pink ; commissure of mandible yellowish ; nail black,
but the edges paler.”” Now inthis description no mention is made of
any portion of the bill (except the nail) being black, and consequently
Tam under the impression that the specimen could not have been a
Bean-Goose at all, but rather an example of Anser erythrapus, the
Small White-fronted Goose. Of course I go on the assumption that
Mr. Stuart Baker’s description of the bill is correct and that there was
no black on the bill.
Again in his previous description of another specimen shot in India
(tom. cit. XI., p. 359, 1898) he states that the bill of the specimen in
question, a dry skin, was ‘‘ now of a uniform dirty grey-white,”’ and he
accounted for the bill ofa Pink-footed Goose being of this peculiar
colour by stating that the skin had passed through a series of accidents.
I feel bound however to express my opinion that no accident of any
kind could ever obliterate the black colour which is found rather ex-
pensively on the bill of a Pink-footed Goose and of every other kind
of Bean-Goose, or convert it to a dirty grey-white colour, uniform with
the remainder of the bill. Under these circumstances I shall now expel
the Pink-footed Goose from my list of Indian birds.
This species visits Great Britain in winter and at that time of the
year also occurs generally over North-Western Europe. It breeds in
Spitzbergen, whence I have seen specimens with nest and eggs. It
appears also to breed in Iceland. Of all the species of Bean-Geese, it
is the one least likely to be shot in India.
A, Anser neglectus, Sushkin (fig. 4).
SusHKIN’s Bean-Goose.
This is an excellent species, easily separated from the others by a mere
inspection of the bill, which is much larger than that of A. brachyrhyn-
chus, much smaller than that of A. arvensis and more slender than that
of A. segetum. The bill is still more markedly different from that of the
following four Asiatic species (figs. 5—8).
The pale parts of the bill of this species in life are pink, and this
Goose is probably the species which Blyth and Hume recorded as
A. brachyrhynchus. The pink colour is chiefly confined to a ring
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE. 45
behind the nail and spreads out under the nostrils with age. The legs
are pinkish flesh-colour,
In the British Museum there is a skin of this species from Russia
(Sushkin); one from the valley of the Yenesei river in Siberia, latitude
664° (Seebohm) ; one from Novaya Zembla (Markham) and lastly a
specimen which is said to have been procured in Great Britain (register
number 222a),
The bill of this species varies in length from 2°4 to 2°6 inches and the
wing from 17°5 to 18°6 inches.
This Goose breeds in Novaya Zembla, Markham’s specimen recorded
above having been shot in July and being in full moult. In winter it
has been found in Russia and Hungary. From the fact that this
Goose occurs in the valley of the Yenesei river, it is highly probable
that it may be found in India in winter.
5. Anser middendorfi, Severtzoff (fig. 5).
MippERNDoRFF’s Bran-Gooss.
In 1902 Captain J. H. Whitehead sent me a skin of a Bean-Goose
which he shot on the 24th December of the previous year at Myitkyna
on the Irrawaddy river. It was in the company of a Barred-headed
Goose and two Brahminy Ducks. It was sexed as a male and turns
out to be a Goose of the present species. It weighed seven and a halt
pounds ; the pale parts of the bill and the legs were orange; the iris
was brown. The bill measures 2°75 inches in length and the wing 18
inches,
It is very satisfactory to have got a good skin of a Bean-Goose from
Burma for we now know of at least one species which undoubtedly
occurs in the Indian Empire. I have deposited the specimen in the
British Museum.
Middendorff obtained this species in the Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia,
and floured the head very well in his book of travels in Siberia.
A very fine specimen of this Goose procured by Radde on the 5th
May is in the British Museum. From its size it is presumably an old
male, It was shot on the Tunka river in Trans-Baicalia in approximate
latitude 50° and longitude 115°, The length of the Lill is 3°25 inches
and the wing measures 18°5 inches. Middendorff describes the feet
and the pale parts of the bill as being of an orange colour.
This Goose has probably a wide range in Siberia and Central
Asia. It is a very fine large species with a long and somewhat slender
46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
bill, In summer the head and neck, as exhibited in Radde’s specimen,
are of a beautiful golden fulvous colour, and a slight trace of this tint is
present on the head of Captain Whitehead’s example.
I find that Mr. Alphéraky has bestowed a new name on this Goose
on the ground that we do not know to which species of Bean-Goose
Severtzoff’s name of A. mddendorffi applies. Ihave not the least
doubt in my own mind that Severtzoff meant to apply the name to the
Goose which Middendorff figured so well, and for my part I shall con-
tinue to use Severtzoff’s designation for this Bean-Goose,
6. Anser mentalis, Oates (fig. 6).
THE JAPANESE BEAN-GOOSE.
It seems probable that there are two species of Bean-Goose in Japan.
Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer (Ibis, 1878, p. 212) say:—‘‘ There are
two forms, a large and small, possibly separable.” Again, Blakiston,
writing of the Bean-Goose in Japan (Trans, As. Soc. Jap., p. 94, 1882),
says :—‘‘This Goose seems pretty generally distributed throughout
Japan, Specimens in all the museums. There seem to be two forms,
a large and small, possibly separable.”
In the British Museum there are two specimens of this species, one
procured by Pryer at Yokoliama, another procured by Blakiston at
Hakodadi in October, sexed asa male. Both these birds are obviously
of the larger form. The smaller form has not come under my notice.
The Japanese Bean-Goose may be known by its large size and thick,
massive bill with a strong, curved lower mandible,
The Yokohama bird, the type of A. mentalis, has the bill 2°85 inches
in length and the wing 19°5 inches. Its plumage is of the ordinary
bean-goose colour, but its chin is white. The orange of the bill extends
in a broad band under the nostril.
The Hakodadi bird is smaller. It isamale, but probably a young
one, for the reason that the orange of the bill does not extend back but
is confined to a ring behind the nail. The bill of this bird measures ,
2-7 inches in length and the wing 18°7 inches,
The meaning of a white chin in some specimens of Bean-Geese is not
apparent at present, but may be discovered when some one takes the
trouble to collect these birds in large numbers. I have already stated
that two specimens of A. arvensis in the British Museum have their
chins white. It is not a character of species, but is probably assumed
at a certain age only, or at a certain season.
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE, 47
A most interesting account of this Goose has been written by
Stejneger (Eull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 29, p. 141, pl. vii, fig. 1,
1885) accompanied by a figure of the bill which fixes the species at once
without any doubt. In fact his figure and the one drawn for this paper
might have been taken from the same specimen, so similar are they.
Stejneger obtained three of these Geese on Bering Island, off the
coast of Kamtchatka. The first, a male shot on the 10th May, had the
wing 495 mm. (19°48 inches) in length. The iris was dark brown,
The bill was brownish black with a clear yellow band across. The feet
were orange with the webs more yellow and the nails were black,
There was no trace of white on the feathers bordering the bill.
The second bird was a female, shot on the same date as the above
male, The wing measured 463 mm. (18°22 inches) in length. The
iris was dark brown, The bill was of much the same colour as that of
the above male, the yellow, however, being of a paler shade and not
extending behind the nostrils, The feet were as in the above male.
The feathering along the base of the bill exhibited faint traces of white
semi-lunes, these being strongly tinged with rusty.
The third example was shot on the 22nd May and appears to have
been a female. The wing measured 435 mm. (17°12 inches).
None of the above birds apparently had a white chin as in my
type specimen.
So far as we know therefore this species winters in Japan and is
found in summer in the islands off Kamtchatka.
Mr, Alphéraky does not admit this species. It seems doubtful, how-
ever, whether he has ever seen a specimen of the Large Japanese
Bean-Goose, He speaks of a skin of 2 Bean-Goose from Manchuria as
a specimen of A. mentalis, but I entertain doubts of this. Then he has
a copy of Stejneyer’s paper quoted above, and a drawing of the gouse
which is in the British Museum and served me as the type of 4. mentalis.
Equipped with these materials which Mr. Alphéraky terms “ three
specimens,” he proceeds to show that 4. mentalis is only a large form
of A. serrirostris,
Mr, Alphéraky is entitled to hold this opinion, but he is not entitled
to present his readers with my original description of this Goose in a
mutilated form. He quotes my description, but suppresses the only
portion of it to which I attach particular importance, viz., the measure-
ment of the wing and the dimensions of the bill. These important
48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/1,
characters, which show how distinct this large goose really is, are
omitted and their place taken by asterisks. What is left of my original
description, as presented by Mr. Alphéraky to his readers, is mere
commonplace and of no interest whatever, and yet this omitted
matter, a few words only, would not have occupied more than a line of
type in Mr. Alphéraky’s ample pages.
7. Anser serrirostris, Swinhoe (fig. 7).
THe Large Carnese Brean-Goose.
Nearly all that we know of this Goose is derived from Swinhoe’s
writings in the ‘ Ibis” and in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London from 1860 to 1871. It is obvious from what Swinhoe states
that he was acquainted with only one Bean-Goose, the present species.
He met with it between Takao and Peking, at Foo-chow and at Amoy
and Canton.
He gives the following account of an old gander :—‘‘ Length 31°5
in., wing 18°5 in., measured with the curve, 17-6 in. from carpus across
to tip. When closed, the wing extends to over 5 in. beyond the tail which
is of fourteen feathers and about 7 in. long. Baill black with a pinkish
red ring behind thedertrum, °5 in. broad on the upper and 25 in. on the
lower mandible. Legs very bright orange with black claws. Bill from
vertex of frontal angle 2°8 in., from rictus 2°6 in., depth at base 1°5 in.
Tarse 3°4 in., middle toe and claw 3:2 in.”
A specimen in the British Museum, obtained by Swinhoe at Ningpo,
has the wing 18°2 inches in length, and the measurement of the bill is
2°45 inches.
Another specimen obtained by Mr. Styan at Chinkiang has the wing
18°6 inches in length and the bill measures 2°5 inches.
Both these specimens have the pale part of the bill confined to a band
in front of the nostril; and in both, this part is now of a dull yellow
colour.
Mr. F. W,. Styan (Ibis, 1891, p. 495) remarks of this species :—
‘“‘The commonest goose at the mouth of the Yangtse and (except A.
erythropus) on the upper reaches too, The size and shape of the bill
vary much and I do not think species can be founded on it.” It is
probable, however, that Mr. Styan shot both the present species and
the next, but did not discyiminate them as Mr. Rickett has since done,
The Large Chinese Goose may be recognised by the great depth of
the lower mandible when compared with the length of the bill.
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE, 49
Mr, Alphéraky has represented the bill of this goose as of a yellow
colour (pl. 23) and ha states that the bill of this goose is always deserib-
ed as boing of a yellow-orange colour. I have failed to find anything
to support this assertion, nor does Mr, Alphéraky himself quote a single
observer to confirm his statement. On the contrary, we find that
excellent naturalist Swinhoe, whom Mr, Alphéraky never quotes,
telling us that the pale part of the bill of A. serrtrostris is of a pinkish-
red colour.
8. Anser oates’, Rickett (fig. 8).
Tae SmaLt CaInese Bean-Goose.
Mr. C. B. Rickett described this Goose in 1901 in the following
terms :— Similar in size and plumage to A, brachyrhynchus, but with a
much larger bill and a whitechin. The upper mandible, measured in a
straight line from the feathered edges of the forehead to the tip of the
nail is 2°3, and the depth of the bill at the forehead 1°3 inches, similar
measurements in Anser brachyrhynchus being 1°8 and 1‘0 in., respec-
tively. Other measurements of A. oates? are: wing 16°4 inches, tarsus
2°? and mid-toe and claw 3°1 inches.
‘This description is taken from a single specimen shot near Foochow,
Fohkien Province, South China, in January. The bird was unfor-
tunately not sexed, and only the head and neck, one wing and a leg
have been preserved.”
Another specimen sent to the British Museum by Mr. Rickett is a
complete skin, and is a larger bird than the one cescribed above. The
wing measures 17-2 inches in length and the bill 2°5 inches.
1 do not think this Goose requires any further description. Mr.
Rickett intorms me that he has a recollection that the pale part of the
bill was yellow in life.
The bill of this species appears to be similar in many respects to that
of A. segetum, but is longer and higher at the base. The length of the
wing will, Tam of opinion, suffice to separate the two species. Of
course, geographically, they are very widely divided and will not be
found to encroach on each other’s limits.
No attempt is made by Mr. Alphéraky to deal with this species.
He devotes neither a remark nor a word of comment to it, and disposes
of it in his book as a synonym of A. neglectus, with two notes of inter-
rogation preceding the name.
o
‘
50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Figure 1. Bull of Anser ATVENSIS.
35 segetum.
2
a Oak ag, » brachyrhynchus.
A det % 5, neglectus.
5 i » middendor fi.
6 mentalis.
7 serrirostyis.
2) .
8. ms OaSe:
51
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA AND HOW TO
) RECOGNISE THEM.
By
Cavn. Fi; War, 1.M.S., C.M.ZS.
Part I.
(Lead before the Bombay Natural History Society on
the 25th January 1906.)
Iyrropucrory Remarks,
During the last decade a vast advancement in cur knowledge of
snake venoms has been acquired, both in the province of toxicology
and in the all-important one of therapeutics.
Whilst many observers have been engaged in the intricate, laborious,
and minute researches connected with the investigation of the toxic
properties of various venoms, very little, if any, advance has been
achieved in that equally important and sister branch of the subject
which deals with the identification of snakes, and especially with the
distinction of the poisonous from the non-poisonous varieties. -
Jn the treatment of snake-bite these two fields, though very distinct,
are mutually interdependent. It is of little use to have the knowledge
derived from one set of investigators at one’s finger’s ends, and its
fruits—vzz., antivenene—to hand in all our hospitals, if the medical
attendant is incompetent to recognise a poisonous snake, It is only this
knowledge in conjunction with the other that can make rational treat-
ment possible, by teaching him when to withhold antivenene, and when
to administer it.
It is to meet the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge on the subject
of the identification of snakes, that these papers have been contemplat-
ed, in the hope that they may bring this part of the subject up to the
standard approaching that to which we have arrived in the study of
snake venoms. Fully appreciating the already over voluminous
and ever-increasing subjects which the profession of medicine embraces
I have endeavoured to make the subject as practical as possible to the
oriental practitioner by avoiding technicalities, or, where this cannot be
done, explaining them with the aid of outline drawings, by which
means I hope to bring the matter of identification within the easy grasp
of hospital assistants and assistant surgeons, a3 well as medical officers.
52. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
In Volume XIV of the Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal
I wrote a paper on the distinguishing characters between poisonous and
non-poisonous snakes, and appended akey in which I attempted to
frame easy rules for their separation. This key far from satisfied me
at the time, its length and complexity detracting from its practical
value ; however, in spite of its shortcomings it has been favorably
received, and I have been repeatedly asked for spare copies till my stock
is exhausted. Recently the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals in the
Central Provinces wrote asking if he might circulate this paper in his
Province, and the compliment conveyed in this request has caused me to
revise it. Since its publication, in 1901, I have examined many
hundreds of snakes collected by myself and others as well as large. ~
collections in various institutions, including the British Museum, and
[ am, therefore, now better qualified to deal with this subject. Asa
result I find that I can simplify and curtail the original key so as to
considerably enhance its practical utility.
The good reception accorded to this first brief paper has prompted
me to extend my remarks, so that in the present paper I propose to
deal in detail with every known poisonous snake within our Indian
possessions. The easy identification of these is my first object, and one
which I hope to assist by means of outline drawings, but I hope to
do more, and to incorporate with each species a few remarks so as to
make the paper useful to the medical profession as well as to the
naturalist. .
The abbreviations marked on the shields in the outline figures attach-
ed to these papers are the same throughout, and read as follows :—
An, Anal. Prf. Prefrontal.
A.S. Anterior sublinguals. PS. Posterior sublinguals.
C. Costals. R. _ Rostral.
F. Frontal. Sk Supraocular.
Int. Internasal. Se. Subcaudal.
L. Loreal. Sl Supraloreal.
M. Menial. So. Subocular.
N. Nasal. Sub. Sublingual.
Oc. Occipital. T. Temporal,
Pa. Parietal. V. Ventrals.
Po. Postocular. . Val. Vertebrals.
Pra, Preeocular. Arabic numerals—Supralabials.
Roman. numerals—Infralabials.
THi POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 53
With reference to midbody the point indicated is midway between
the snout and the anus or vent (a transverse slit in the hinder part
of the belly). Antertor with reference to scales indicates a point 2 head
lengths behind the head ; posterior similarly implies a point 2 head
lengths in front of vent.
The conception of a poisonous snake, as alluded to hereafter, demands
some remarks on the classification of these reptiles.
Boulenger considers the Ophzdia (snakes) a suborder of the Order
Squamata (which includes lizards and chameleons). He divides snakes
into nine families based on osteological peculiarities which can only be
made apparent by the minutest and most careful dissection or dis-
integration of the soft tissues, and hence are of far too complicated a
character for the general enquirer to readily investigate or comprehend.
I venture to think the same end may be equally well attained by
attention to external characters alone. The recommendation for such
a method is obvious, since it enables the enquirer to ascertain at a
glance the requisite points by an examination of the creature as it lies
dead before him. I divide them, therefore, as follows :—
TAILS NOT MARKEDLY COMPRESSED.
(2.e., not flattened like an eel’s— see fig, 1 B and C.)
Higa, 1:
m4 rs C
A—Highly compressed tail typical of the seasnakes (Hydrophiidz). Poisonous,
B and C—Slightly compressed and round tails of landsnakes (including fresh water
forms) seen ia both harmless and poisonous species.
A4A—VENTRALS Family. Small blind snakes
ABSENT, worm-like, and living
Snakes in which the belly beneath the ground.
and back are clothed with 1 Typhlopide. HARMLESS.
identical scales (see fig. 2). 2 Glauconiide.
54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
B—VENTRALS
NARROW.
Snakes with the belly
covered with transverse
plates (ventrals) which how-
ever do not extend com-
oletely across the belly, so
that when the specimen is
laid on tts back the whole
of the last costal row, or
even many costal rows are
visible on each side (see
Jigs. 3 and 4),
C—VENTRALS
BROAD,
Snakes with the belly
shields stretching so far
across as to permit only
part of the last costal row
to beseen when the specimen
as laid on its back (see
Fig. 5).
5 Uropeltide,
6 Xenopeltide,
(Subfamily Homalop-
7 Colubride (except the
Sub-families Homalop-
sine and Hydrophiide.) OUS VARIETIES.
8 Amblycephalidae,
COMPRESSED.
HARMLESS,
INCLUDES HARM-
LESS AND POISON-
HARMLESS.
POISONOUS.
(i.¢., flattened like an eel’s—see fig. 1 A.)
Sea snakes, Family Uolubride, Subfamily Hydrophiide, POISONOUS.
Fie, 3.—Belly of Hipistes hydrinus (nat. size).
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF 1ND/A, 55
pete ae Anal a
ais p | ’
Be poets ee:
aL,
Viera NS
Fic. 4.—Xenopeltis unicolor.
Last rowof costals
WRentra LS,
Fic. 5.--Belly of Russeil’s viper.
A glance at this simple key will enable the enquirer to isolate two
large groups of harmless snakes, by an inspection of the belly shields
above, and a third group of poisonous snakes by the conformation of
the tail (sea snakes).
It is a somewhat difficult matter to decide where to draw the line
between the so-called non-poiscnous and the poisonous varieties. To
begin with, all the wiperzne snakes are poisonous, and from investigations
conducted by Alcock and Rogers* in Calcutta in 1902 it appears
probable that all colubrine snakes contain in their saliva a toxic element
identical with that to which the poisons of the cobras, kraits, and other
deadly colubrines owe their lethal properties. If this is so, strictly
speaking, all.colubrines are poisonous, and their various salivas merely
differ in degrees of toxicity.
The Colubride are divided into three groups: (1) <Aglypha,
characterised by the absence of a poison fang, (2) Opisthoglypha, snakes
furnished with a specialised tooth in the form of a grooved fang situated
at the back of the maxilla (upper jaw bone), and (3) Proteroglypha,
* Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1902, p. 446,
56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
snakes endowed with a specialised grooved tooth (fang) in the front of
the maxilla. It is to the third group that I reserve the term ‘‘ poison-
ous,” purely as a term of convenience however, for although all the
snakes whose bite is known to prove fatal to man fall into this category,
many of the group are known to produce baneful effects usually falling
short of death, whilst the effects of many others remain in obscurity.
The difficulty in laying down hard and fast rules by which to distin-
guish the poisonous varieties and separate them one and all from their
non-poisonous allies may be appreciated from the fact that there are no
less than 290 species already known within our limits, of which 62 are
poisonous, All the poisonous species fall into one of the following 5
groups with one solitary exception, viz., Azemiops feae the existence
of which may be ignored for all practical purposes since only one
specimen is known. It was found in the Kachin Hills, Burma.
Key to distinguish the Potsonous Snakes.
1. Tail compressed (2.e., flattened like an eel’s) Sea snakes )
(see fig. 1A). Snout and crown covered (29 species).
with large plate-like shields (see fig. 6).
‘2. Tail round (see fig. 10) Median row o Kraits (7
scales down the back distinctly enlarged _ species). |
(see fig. 7). Only 4 infralabial shields,
the 4th largest (see I to IV, fig. 8).
Tail round (see fig. 1C). 3rd supralabial Cobras and
touching the nasal shield and the eye coral snakes |}
(see fig. 12). (10 species). J
4. Tail round (see fig. 10). A conspicuous Pit vipers
opening in the side of the face between (12 species). |
the eye and the nostril (see fig. 24 B).
Tail round (see fig. 1C). Snout and Pitless |
= WE
Poisonous colubers.
cS)
Or
_ crown covered with small scales as on vipers
back of body (see fig. 37). Only part of (4species.)
the last row of costals visible on either
side of the ventrals when the specimen |
Ne .
Vipers (all poisonous),
is laid on its back (see fig, 5 and. |
contrast with figs. 3 and 4), J
A specimen which cannot be brought into one of these five groups
is harmless.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 57
Group 1—Sea Snakes.
Identification. — Tail compressed* (i.e., flattened like an eel’s—see fig.
1A). Snout ant crown covered with large plate-like shields (see fig. 6).
Fig. 6.—Platurus laticaudatus ( x 4 ).
Thesea snakes (Hydrophiidae) areall reputed highly venoinous. Recent
investigations by Rogers t show that the venom of our commonest
species (Enhydrina valakadyen) is eight times more potent than that of
the binovellate cobra! There are many published records of fatalities
owing to bites from sea snakes, but the name of the offender is rarely,
if ever given, so that our knowledge of the venoms of this family of
snakes is extremely meagre,—in fact, we have no certain knowledge of
any one of them with the exception quoted above. The recognition of
many of the species is extremely perplexing, and in consequence the
confusion in terminology is great. Kyven our best books are very
disappointing, and fail to make the recognition of many of them
possible. |
I hope before long to be in a position to simplify the methods now
in vogue, but a larger material than that to which I have had access is
necessary so enable me to complete my work on these creatures. I hope
by means of a supplementary paper to fill this gap in due course ; in the
meantime I will pass on to the kraits.
° Group 2—The Kraits (Bungarus).
Identification —(1) Tail round, (2) Median row of scales down the
back distinctly enlarged (see fig. 7). (3) Only 4 infralabial shields,
the 4th largest (see I to IV, jig. 8t).
* Only one harmless snake has a compressed tai!, viz., Chersydrus granulatus, an aquatic
species found in rivers andseas, In this the snout and crown are covered with emall sca’es
only.
+ ‘* The Lancet,” February 6th, 1904,
{With reference to this latter point, care must be taken not to count the first median shield
which is called the mental (M), Again, the last shield along the border of the lower lip
which touches the posterior sublinguals (P.S.) is invariably to be considered the last infra-
labial,
8
58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
F1@. 7.—Back of Common Krait (Bungarus candidus) (xX 2).
Val = Vertebrals.
C = Costals.
Fé, 8.—Chin shields of Bungarus candidus (x 13).
A. §.—-Anterior sublinguais.
P, S.—Postericr do.
M.— Mental.
R.—Rostral.
I. to [V.—Infralabials.
The first essential point in the identification of a krait is to find tbe
enlarged vertebral row of scales The enlargement is very obvious, and
without this the specimen cannot be a krait. Unfortunately, however,
for our purpose this distinction is not absolutely confined to the kraits,
since a few harmless snakes are similarly distinguished, v7z., the genera
Dipsadomorphus, Dendrophis, and Dendrelaphis, some species of An®
blycephalus and Xenelaphis hexagonotus, and it is due to this fact that
other supplementary characters are necessary to formulate a rigid
rule. As the recognition of a krait is of the greatest importance I offer
an ‘alternative diagnosis which demands the co-existence of the three
following points :—
(1) Enlarged vertebrals (see Val., fig. 7).
(2) Entire anal (see An., fig. 9).
(3) Round pupil* (see fig. 10).
* In most of the kraits the iris isso intensely black that the shape of the pupil cannot
be discerned until the head has been soaked an hour or two in spirit, when the !ens becomes
opalescent, and reveals the true pupillary form.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA.
U0
j AN . asta
V.—Ventrals.—An.-Anal. — €&c.-Subcaudals.
Hie, 9:
Bungarus fasciatus, ;
i eandadua: } subeandals all entire,
~ flaviceps.—Subcaudals entire at base, divided at tip of tail.
Naia tripudians,—Subcaudals all divided.
Hemibungarus nigresceus,—Anal divided.
60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/1.
Supplementary generic characters.—Other important characters to be
observed in the scale arrangement of kraits, but not necessarily peculiar
to them, are as follows: —The nasal shield touches the Ist and 2nd
supralabials, but never the 3rd. Loreal absent, so that only two
scales intervene between the eye and the nostril. Temporal, a single
shield touching the 5th and 6th supralabials. Supralabsals 7, the 3rd
and 4th touching the eye. Posterior sublinguals touch the 4th infra-
labial shield (rarely 3rd also). The 4th znfralabial is the largest of the
series, and touches only 2 scales behind. The scales are the same
number in the whole length of the body, Anal entire. Subcaudals
entire throughout, or in some species only at the base, the remaining
shields being divided. The zrvs is black in all species except B. fasczatus,
in which the pupillary edge is thinly margined golden, and the pupil
which is round in form is only discernible during life in this one species.
The shields on the heads of all kraits are so closely similarin number
and form that they are of little if any assistance in separating the seven
species. The numbers of rows of scales over the back, however, vary
from 13 to 19, and the vertebral row varies in breadth in some of the
species. The colour, too, is very distinctive in certain species, and
habitat is of great importance.
Every known member of the genus occurs within our Indian limits,
Two are common, viz., Bungarus candidus and B, fasezatus, but the rest —
are local and uncommon, some being specially rare.
They may be distinguished from one another as follows :—
SCALES IN 13 ROWS (see fig. 7) ........eeeeseereeseeee. Bungarus flaviceps,
SCALES IN 15 ROWS (see fig. 7).
A—SOME OR ALL THE SHIELDS BENEATH
THE TAIL DIVIDED (see fig. C. and D ) ,, bungaroides,
B—ALL SHIELDS BENEATH THE TAIL
ENTIRE (see jig. 9—A and B).
(a) Alternate black and yellow bands right round body » fasciatus,
(@)) Witamiarar) (GIR ssrncenencognas os nda so6scodsoonuSboo0csa0g6 » lividus.
(c) Black with white lines or bars.
habitat: —— Ceylon ewer. cee sse-ee demesne eee rs » ceylonensis,
» Whole of British India, exclusive of Ceylon .. » eandidus,
SCALES EN 17 (ORM9 SRO WS Gee Hea) ise po--.2 » sendanus.
Bungarus flaviceps—The Yellow-headed Krait.
Identification.—It is the only one of the Benue with the scales
arranged in 13 rows,
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 61
Supplementary characters.—The vertebral scales are as broad as
long, or even broader in the middle of the body. The subcaudals are
entire at the base, and divided towards the tip of the tail (see fig. 9 C).
Distribution.—This rare snake belongs to the Malayan fauna, but
extends through the Malay Peninsula as far north as Tenasserim,
where it encroaches upon our Burmese Province.
Poison.—Nothing seems to be known about the effects of its poison.
Dimensions.—Grows to 6 feet and over.
Colour.—I quote from Boulenger*:—‘* Black above, with or with-
out a yellow vertebral line, two outer rows of scales black and yellow ;
head red or yellow ; tail and sometimes posterior part of body orange
red.”’
Bungarus bungaroides—The Northern Hill Krait.
Identification.--It isthe only krait with scales in 15 rows, that has
any shtelds beneath the tail divided. In all the others these shields
are entire throughout (see fig. 9).
Supplementary characters. —The vertebral scales are as broad as long,
or rather broader in the posterior part of the body.
Distribution.—This is a very rare species, and a very local one.
Hitherto it has only been recorded from the Himalayas in the vicinity
of Darjeeling, and the Khasi Hills in Assam.
Potson.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Grows to 3 feet.
Colour.— Black with white linear chevrons or crossbars.
Bungarus fasciatus—The Banded Krait.
The “ Raj samp” and “ Sankni” of Bengal. Fayrerf says it is
called ‘* Koclea Krait”? in the North-West. I presume he means
N.-W. Bengal, for I do not think it exists in N.-W. India. According
to Russell itis called “‘ Bungarum pamah” on the Coromandel Coast.
In Burmah it is known as “ Gnandawja,” ‘‘ Ngan-wa,” ‘“ Ngan-than-
kwin-syut,” ‘* Nat-mywe,”’ and ‘* Mywe-min,”
Identification.—Its colour is very distinctive, but, as I have often
pointed out, colouris a very fallacious guide to the identity of any snake.
The only snake I know which on the score of colouration might
reasonably be confused with it, is the Lycodon fasciotus, an uncommon
harmless Burmese species. This also is completely banded yellow and
* Cat, Snakes. Brit. Mus., Vol. III, p, 371.
+ Thanatophidia, p. U1.
v2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
black. It grows to about 20 inches, and it lacks ald the points given
above as peculiar to kraits.
FIG. 10.- Bungarus fasc.atus (x 2).
Supplementary characters.—The vertebral row is more enlarged than
in any others of the genus, the scales being considerably brcader than
long. The back is ridged along the spine, and the tail is blunt, and
finger-like (see fig. 9 A).
Distribution.-—Extending from the Malayan region, this species is
found distributed over an extensive area on the eastern side of our
Indian possessions. It is common in Uppsr and Lower Burmah and
Assam, and extends westward ta Bengal. Its extreme southern and
western limits in Peninsular India are somewhat doubtful. I believ
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 63
the Godavery and Son rivers approximately demarcate its bounds in
these directions. South of -the Godavery its occurrence in Southern
India appears to rest on the single specimen in the British Museum,
procured, according to Colonel Beddome, from the Anamallay Hills. I
have never seen nor heard of this snake in the Madras Presidency except
north of the Godavery, where I found it common in Orissa (Ganjam
District). I have lately written to several observers in the South who
are familiar with the plains and hills, and all without exception have
never heard of, nor seen this snake in that part. It is also very signifi-
cant that no Southern Indian example exists in the Museums—in
Calcutta, Bombay, or Madras, nor in the Medical College collection,
Madras, nor those of Travancore and Bangalore. The Jesuit Fathers at
Trichinopoly and at Shambaganur in the Palneys possess no specimen
in their collections.
It occurs plentifully in the plains throughout the area indicated
above, and it would be a very striking circumstance if it were restricted
to a single isolated upland region of another large tropical area as
Colonel Beddome’s specimen makes it appear, so that I cannot help
thinking there has been some mistake in labelling the habitat of this
specimen.
Porson.— ogers* estimates the virulence of the poison at about 3,
that of the common krait B. candidus. Burmans, who asa race are
good observers and not given to romancing like so many of their
oriental brethren, declare that the bite is not fatal to man, and as the
snake isa very common one in their province, and very distinctively
coloured, I think this testimony worthy of credence. Fayrert+ mentions
one case of bite from this snake. A wceman at Tavoy was bitten on
the dorsum of the right foot. She suffered tingling, and swelling
locally, and some ‘pain in the leg and thigh of that side, but
recovered without any constitutional effects, She was treated with
ammonia internally, and ipecacuanha, chloroform, and ammonia locally,
none of which we know have the slightest beneficial effects in
snake bite.
Russell’s{ experiment on a fowl caused it to die 26 minutes after
being bitten. Fayrer § tested its effect on fowls, death being caused
ee
* « Tancet,”’ February 6th, 1904, p. 349 et seg.
+ “* Thanatophidia,” p. 45.
t Indian Serpents, pp. 4 and 5.
§ Ibid, pp, 84, 85, 101, 120, 134,
64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
in 17, 18 and 26 minutes, 1 hour 55 minutes, and 26 hours 18
minutes. :
Again Fayrer's* experiments on dogs produced a fatal issue in in-
tervals varying between 4 hours and 28 minutes to 10 days. All these
creatures were bitten in the thigh. They appeared to suffer little pain,
but exhibited restlessness, and then walked a bit lame. Dejection of
spirits followed, and salivation, retching, or vomiting were very constant,
and in one case persistent cough. The gait became uncertain, and
staggering, till muscular weakness prompted a recumbent posture. The
breathing became affected, and in two cases some muscular spasms were
noted. In at least 3 cases the animals partially recovered or the symp-
toms abated for a time, but death supervened after some days. In one
case there was diarrhoea, and in another some mucosanguineous dejecta
were occasioned. The blood in all cases coagulated firmly after death.
These experiments all tend to confirm the veracity of Burmese state-
ments. Compare for instance these with experiments with cobra and
daboia poisons (q. v.).
Dimen:ions.—It grows to 6 feet and over.
Colour.—Alternately and completely banded black and yellow.
Bungarus lividus—The Black Krait.
Tdentificatton.—Its uniform black colour combined with the habitat
should make its identity easy. Two other uniform black snakes, which
somewhat resemble it, are the poisonous Melane/aps mephersoni (q. v.)},
and the harmless Xenopeltzs unicolor. The former I have only very
recently had the privilege of describing for the first time. Its verte-
brals are not enlarged, nor is it like a krait in several other shield
characters. The latter is a common snake in Burmah. The extreme
northern range of its distribution is uncertain. It presents none of the
characters given above as peculiar to the kraits.
Supplementary characters.—The vertebrals are less enlarged than in
any of the other kraits, so that in the middle of the body the breadth
of these scales is rather less than their length, still the enlargement is
obvious.
Distributton.—A rare snake, Of 4 specimens in the British Museum
3 are from Assam, and 1 from India; precise locality not stated.-
Poison.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Grows to about 3 feet.
* « Thanatophidia,” pp. 68, 69, 84, 99, 101, 107 and 118,
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 65
Colour.—Uniform glistening black.
Bungarus ceylonicus—The Ceylon Krait.
Identification —The habitat alone will suffice to declare its identity.
It is the only krait found in that island,
Supplementary characters——The vertebral row is unusually large,
the breadth of the scales considerably exceeds the length, and in this
respect it almost compares with B, fasciatus.
Distribution.—Peculiar to Ceylon.
Poison.—I can find no allusion to the effects of its poison,
Dimensions.—Grows to 3 feet, and over.
Colour.—Glistening black with white cross bars.
Bungarus candidus—The Common Krait,
(Synonyms—B., ceruleus and B, arcuatus.)
The “ Karait” and ‘‘Dhomum chitti” or “chitti” of Bengal,
“ Valla pamboo” of Malabar, ‘‘ Kattoo virian” and ‘ Anali” of Madras.
The “Godi nagera’” of Mysore according to Rice, and the “ Gedi
paragoodoo”’ and “ Pakta poola”’ of the Coromandel Coast (Russell).
Identification—The colour, habitat, and the fact that all the shields
beneath the tail are entire suffice to declare its identity (see fig. 9 B).
One important feature for those to note who in spite of all precautions
persist in trying to identify their specimens by colour and markings
instead of by conformation and relationship of shields, is the fact that in
all the snakes which resemble this species in colour, viz., Lycodon aulicus
(certain varieties), LZ. striatus, and L. jara, together with Dryocalamus
nympha, D. gracilis, and D. davisoniz, the white cross bars are most
evident in the anterior part of the body, and gradually fade posteriorly
till they are often lost. Itis characteristic of the krait, however, at
least the coma.on Indian colour variety, that the white bars are most
distinct posteriorly, and fade away anteriorly,—in fact, the anterior
one-third or one-half of the body is frequently withcut marks in adults,
Supplementary characters.—In the vertebral row the scales are about
as broad as long in the middle of the body (see fig. 3).
Distribution. —It ranges throughout the Indian Peninsula from Cape
Comorin to the Himalayas. On the west it extends into Sind, and on
the east through Burma into the Malayan region. It is not found in
Ceylon. East of Calcutta it is uncommon, but in the Indian Peninsula
it is almost everywhere an abundant species. It prefers the plains, but
has been found in hilly regicns up to 4,000 feet.
9
66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
Fic. 11,—Bungarus candidus.
Poison—This is known to prove fatal to man, but the literature on
this very common species makes remarkably few references to cases
of its bite. The reason must be assigned, in great measure, to the
inability of medical men to recognise it. Rogers* estimates that the
poison is nearly twice as virulent as that of the binocellate cobra.
* Tbid,, p- 349 et seq.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 67
Fayrei* records a case where 4 men were bitten by the same krait.
This occurred at night, all men being prevailed upon to submit them-
selves to the bite of a specimen about 3 feet long in the possession of
some snakemen, who vouched that no evil effect should befall them.
The first man bitten, complained of thirst and foamed at the mouth,
and died before dawn. The second and third men died at about noon
the next day, and the fourth man recovered. He described his
symptoms as giddiness, perspiration, pain in the stomach and un-
consciousness, and he remained in hospital 5 or 6 days. Fayrert
records another case where a chowkidar was bitten in the forefinger,
He suffered burning pain in the finger, later on in the head, and then
over the whole body; he became weak, could hardly articulate, and
then got drowsy. He vomited after some native medicine, then lost
the power of swallowing, and died in 6 hours. Again Fayrer{ records
the case of a man bitten in the finger who experienced great pain in
the wound, and the hand swelled up tothe wrist. His breathing became
short and hurried, he complained of constriction roand the chest,
became drowsy, and then insensible He died in 38 hours, frothy
mucus oozing from the mouth and nostrils, Elliot§ records a case
where a sepoy was bitten on the inner side of his ankle, and death
supervened in 31 hours,
The results of Fayrer’s experiments on fowls were that death super-
vened in 4, 7, 17, 20, 32, 434 and 44 minutes, 1 hour 48 minutes, and
2 hours 22 minutes. On dogs, death occurred in 52 minutes, 2 hours
15 minutes, 3 hours 42 minutes, and on the third day after the bite
was inflicted. These dogs exhibited the following symptoms :—rest-
lessness, salivation, vomiting, depression, paralysis, involuntary dis-
charges, laboured breathing, convulsions passing on to death. In all
cases where mention is made of the blood both in fowls and in dogs it
clotted firmly after removal from the blood vessels.
Dimensions.—Grows to 44 feet. I have measured a skin 4 feet
64 inches.
~ Colour.—Glistening black with linear, narrow, or broad white cross
bars, usually most apparent in the posterior part of the body, °
* [bid ep. bl.
+ Ibid., p. 54.
t Ibid., 0. 60,
§ Trans, Brit. Med. Association, S. Ind. Bx., 1895, p, 31,
68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Bungarus sindanus—The Sind Krait.
Called by the natives of Upper Sind ‘‘ Pee-un’’.
Identification —This is the only one of the group that has the scales
over the back in 17 (or 19) rows.
Supplementary characters.—The vertebrals are about as broad as
long in the middle of the body. The subcaudals are sometimes divided
towards the tip of the tail (as in fig. 9 C).
Distribution.—Peculiar to Sind, where it is reported to be common
in the upper part of that region.
Potson.— Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Grows to 6 feet.
Colour. —Black with white cross bars most evident posteriorly. It is
exactly like the common krait, B. candidus, its chief distinction being
in the number of the scales across the body.
: Group 8—Cobras and Coral Snakes.|
Identification —(1) Tail round. (2) The 3rd supralabial shield
touches the nasal, and the eye (see fig. 12).*
Fig. 12.—Naia tripudians (x 15).
This second feature alone separates the members of this group from
all other snakes. The group comprises 5 genera, and includes 10
species,
|| The name cora! snake is applied to a South American poisonous species, Elaps corallinus.
I use the title here for those snakes which are allied to the above and to which I think the
term singularly appropriate, since most of them have bellies adorned with a most beautiful
colouring resembling pink coral. This, however, disappears after a day or twu’s immersion in
spirit.
* Tam only aware of one harmless snake in which the 8rd supralabial touches the nasal
shield, viz., Xenopeltis uniculor, and in this case it fails to touch the eye. (See fig. 13.)
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. ‘ 69
Fig. 13,—Xenopeltis unicoler (x 2).
Key to Identification of the Species,
ANAL ENTIRE. (See An, fig. 9 A).
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 4th AND 5th
SUPRALABIALS ONLY, (See T, fig. 14). Melanelaps mephersoni.
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th AND 6th SUP-
RALABIALS ONLY (See T, fig, 15 B).
Internasal not touching preocular (See
Int, and Pra., 7g. 15 B).
Belly AeigfOUUE FEM) Waaddalen se) ae aledeseiseredsrewrese « Doliophis bivirgatus,
Belly barred with black ....ssceeesssecceeseereeeee Doliophis intestinalis,
Internasal touching preocular. (See Int,
auteel Eee fg Mea Es eatiera tee wteeasies rae fat ot aac
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th, 6th, AND 7th
SUPRALABIALS, (See T, fig. 18 A).
Subcaudals at base of tail entire (See Sc.,
jit, 2 Ole ne es Ee A arene rere tet neces Naia bungarus,
Subcaudals divided throughout (See Sc., jig.
ANAL DIVIDED (See An, jig. 9 E).
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th AND 6th
SUPRALABIALS ONLY. (See T, jfig.20 B). Callophis macclellandit.
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th, 6th AND 7th
SUPRALABIALS, (See T, fig. 184A).
Supralabials 6 only, (See fig. 21 BS cenyeerevl wera Callophis trimaculatus,
Supralabials 7, (See jig. 22 B).
Tail with 2 black bands ...ssecscceesecssesensee os Callophis macuticeps,
Tail with no black Dand...cccceeiceccses seereuce . Hemibungarus nigrescens,
Naia tripudians,
Callophis bibronii,
70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY. SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Melanelaps mephersont—-McPherson’s Coral Snake.
Identification, —The anal entire, and the temporal touching only the
4th and 5th supralabials will isolate it from others of the group.
; (For Fig. 14, see page 28 of this number.)
Supplementary characters. —Prefrontals touch the internasal,
posterior nasal, preeocular, supraocular, and frontal, Temporals.—3.
The lowest largest. and touching the 4th and 5th. supralabials.
Supralabials.—6. Anterior sublinguals touch 3 or 4 infralabials.
Posterior sublinguals widely separated by many scales. Scales ante-
rior 26, midbody 25, posterior 21. Anal entire. Subcaudals entire.
Distribution—The only specimen known was discovered by Captain
McPherson, I.M.S., at Dthala in the Aden Hinterland.
Poison,—Nothing known.
Dimensions. —The specimen is about 18 inches.
Colour.—Uniform glistening black,
Doliophis bivirgatus—The White-striped Coral Snake.
Fic, 15.--Doliophis bivirgatus (x 1).
Identificatzon.— This and the next species agree in having only 6
supralabials, and the anal shield entire, which characters serve to dis-
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 71
tinguish them from all the rest of the group, The belly in this snake
is, however, uniform red in colour,
Supplementary characters.— Prefrontals touch the internasal, pos-
terior nasal, preocular, supraocular and frontal. Yemporal—One,
which touches the 5th and 6th supralabials. Supralabeals 6. Antertor
sublinguals touch the Ist, 8rd and the 4th only of the infralabials,
Posterior sublinguals touch the 4thinfralabial only. nfralabials—The
4th is the largest of the series, and touches 2 scales behind. Scales
are 13 in whole body. Anal entire. Subcaudals divided throughout.
Distribution.~-This Malayan form extends into our Burmese terri-
tory, where, however, it is rare.
Poison.—Nothing is known about it. The poison glands in this and
the next are peculiar ; unlike all our other poisonous snakes, instead
of being confined to the temple they extend back into the abdominal
cavity as far as the heart.
Dimensions.—-Grows to 5 feet.
Colour.—Blackish above with two or four white lines down the
back. Head and tail red, Belly red.
Doliophis intestinalis—The Belted Coral Snake.
Ident rfication.— Like the last it has only 6 supralabial shields, and
the anal is entire, but the belly is barred with black.
Supplementary characters —Prefrontals touch the internasal,
posterior nasal, preeocular, supraocular and frontal. Temporal.—One,
which touches the 5th and 6th supralabials. Supralabéals 6. Anterdor
sublinguals touch the 1st, 3rd and 4th infralabials, Posterior sublinguals
touch the 4th infralabial. Jnfralabials—The 4th is the largest of the
series, and touches 2 scales behind. Scales are 13 in whole length
of body. Anal entire. Subcaudals divided throughout,
Distribution.—This like the last belongs to the Malayan fauna, but
extends into Burmah,
Poison.—Nothing known as far as I am aware, though it appears to
be fairly common in parts of the Malayan region.
Dimensions.—Grows to 2 feet.
Colour.—Boulenger* says: ‘ Brown or blackish above, with darker
or lighter longitudinal streaks; tail pink or red beneath; belly with
black crossbars,”?
(To te continued.)
* Cat, Snakes, Britigh Museum, Vol. III, p. 402.
72
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS.
By KE. C. Sruart Baxsr, ¥.2.8. |
(Wirn Prarte 1.)
Part I,
(Read Bae the Bottey Natural History Society on 25th January 1906.)
To those who follow Indian Oology either as a hobby or as a science
there cannot well be a more interesting branch of it than that pertaining
to our parasitic Cuckoos. Itis one in which Iam specially interested, and
I have long been very anxious to collect all the information obtainable
and compile it into one article, such as would be easy for reference to.
our collectors. It is only, however, during the last few years that
information of a sufficiently sound character and of sufficient volume has
been obtained to make it worth while putting into print. Hven now
the following article is intended more to induce people to take the
subject up and try and fill some of the numerous existing gaps, than
it is to shew how much is already known.
The great difficulty to be overcome in collecting Cuckoos’ eggs is not
so much to get hold of eggs which are Cuckoos’ beyond all doubt, but
to obtain proof as to what particular Cuckoo they may belong to.
For this reason it is absolutely necessary to get eggs direct from the
oviduct of the female, and, because Cuckoos’ eggs vary so much, it is
no use getting one only, but series are required. We already know
how enormously the egos of the Common English Cuckoo ( Cuculus
canorus) vary, and our knowledge, as far as it goes, shows that some of
our Indian Cuckoos vary to a greater extent still.
Those who would get oviduct eggs must also avoid the rnictake made
by a friend of mine who shot every Cuckoo he heard calling during the
breading season and was grievously disappointed to find he got no
eggs. Of course, with the majority of Cuckoos it is the male only
who is so persistently noisy, but, though it is no good shooting the
calling bird itself, the call may often show that a female is somewhere near.
I owe to Colonel R. Rattray, Major Buchanan, Messrs. B. B.
Osmaston, Chas. Inglis, Bell, Colonel Wilson and others thanks for all
they have done to help in this article, not only in supplying me with
notes, but also, in many cases, for giviug me specimens of eggs and birds.
Colonel Rattray’s success in the collection of authentic eggs must stand
almost, if not quite, without parallel, and to him I owe special thanks
Journ.
LA
€. c. STUART
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
BAKER, DEL.
INDIAN CUCKOOS’ EGGS.
1-6. Cuculus canorus.
7-8. C. saturatus.
4. C. eanorus ex oviduct.
9-12. C. poliocephalus.
12.
J. GREEN, CHROMO-LITH
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 73
for help and specimens and for the gonerosity with which he has given
ine the use of all his notes and the loan of his fine series of eggs.
I feel that apologies are due in advance for the risk run of hurting
the feelings of anyone who has helped me with notes and specimens by
the appearance of doubt. I bope, however, that they will understand
that my intentions are of the best, and when they see how I rate the
valua of the evidence which I myself can preduce, they will realize that
a verdict of “ non proven”’ carries no insult with it, and is merely an
incitement to the production of such proof as cannot be gainsaid, vz.,
an actual oviduct egg.
I have shot Cuckoos off other birds’ nests which contained Cuckoos’
egos, yet the bird I shot might possibly only have been exploring and
the ege laid by some other Cuckoo ; I have trapped Cuckoos on other
birds’ nests which contained undoubted Cuckoos’ egos, yet the same
trapped birds, again, might have been intent on pilfering, &c., and not
have laid the eggs so found. Of course, when such captures take place
twice, and the eggs and birds are identical in the two cases, there is a
very strong presumption that the identification is correct.
Our Indian Cuckoos of the family Cuculide ava divided by scientists
into two sub-families—the Cuculing and Phenicophaine: the genera
composing the former have the shanks or tarsi more or less feathered,
whersas those of the latter have them quite naked. The only parasitic
Cuckoo belonging to this second group is the Common Indian Koel
(Eudynamis honorata), all our other parasitic Cockoos belonging
to the former.
As this article is one on eggs more than on the layers of them, no
minute description of the birds will be given, but it is hoped that the keys
will suffice to enable the genera and species to be identified without
difficulty.
The general outward appearance of the family is passerine, but the feet
are zygodactyle, z.e., the first and the fourth toes both point backwards,
as in woodpeckers and others. The feet and legs are also, asa rule,
exceptionally feeble, but the wings are strong, and generally long and
pointed, so that Cuckoos have swift flight: the bill is slightly curved
throughout, the gape rather wide and frequently conspicuously coloured.
The species of the genus Cuculus, containing the Common English
Cuckoo, and of the genus Hierococcy«, which contains the Brain-fever
Bird, are very hawklike in their barred and banded plumage.
10
74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Our Indian parasitic Cuckoos, numbering 17, are divided into Hels
genera which may be distinguished as follows :—
Family CucuLip#.
A, ‘Tarsus partly feathered.
a. No crest.
/
a’, Plumage neither metallic nor black,
a’, Wing over 5°6,
a”, Secondaries in closed wing about up to
half primaries .......... ORS Acdscoecob .cdbensoD Cuculus,
b”, Secondaries 2 length of primaries or more.. Hierococcyx,
b’, Wing under 5:2,
ce”, Bill compressed, tail feathers equal
throughout... ef sefaceke sccm sins Seve a OOCONCONIIESE
a”, Bill not eae tail anes narrow=
ing towards tip ...... e.. Hiibeacceneobeboaeces Penthoceryx.
b', Plumage partly metallic green or violet seas. Chrysococcye,
e', Plumage all black and white ...... . scevssseseee eee Surniculus,
b. Head crested .......+..
B. Tarsus quite aon ae
i, Sen CON Be cacao eesso: Coccystes.
even cciaseuhh)- ev cktcss scene accel esa waneass
The genus Cuculus contains four species which differ mainly in size,
all having dark ashy or brown backs and barred under plumage, with
unicoloured breasts (in old birds) and barred inner webs to the primaries.
They may be distinguished as follows :-—
A, No sub-terminal hlack band on the tail.
a, Wing &” or over
b. Wing under 8”
Ge
Davee Beat as RPE eA C EE EOS AC AO beac sy! CUKOOL WIG,
Edge of wing white... ....-...
bY, Hdge of wine ashy, ges-.-sece<s cc<ce-acees-essenee O, pOWGCEpImlIc
B, A black sub-terminal band on the tail...........0. goro6ds C., micropterus.
SOuees Lateeenine vee O., Satunatuse
The two large Cuckoos canorus and micropterus may always be
distinguished from one another at all stages by the band sub-tipping
the tail.
The young of C. saturatus (the Himalayan Cuckoo) and canorus (the
Common Cuckoo) may be difficult to discriminate, but the former very
rarely has the white nape patch which is always present in the latter.
The edge of the wing in the Common Cuckoo is mixed brown and
white, and is not pure white as in the Himalayan Cuckoo. The two
birds when compared together also vary in the barring of the lower
parts, the former having these bands considerably narrower and more
numerous. This, of course, isa matter of comparison only, so is not of
much use unless one has specimens of both species.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 75
C. poliocephalus (the Simall Cuckoo) can always be recognized by its
comparatively small size, the wing seldom exceeding 6" and never
reaching 65,
a sizo always exceeded by all three of the other species
of Cuculus.
CucuLus cAnorus (Linn.).
The Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus canorus. Jerdon, B. of I., I, p. 822; Cock and Marsh,
S. F., I, p. 351; Adam, bed, p. 373; Hume, ibid, IV, p. 288; XI,
p: 69; d., Cat. No. 199 ; Butler, 8. F., VII, p. 181; Ball, cbzd, p. 206 ;
Scully, zbid, VIt, p. 253; zd., Ibis, 1881, p. 430; Legge, B. of C., p. 221 ;
Oates, B. B., Il, p. 103; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 124; St. John, Ibis,
1889, p. 159; Oates, zbad, p. 855; zd., Hume’s Nests and Eggs, 2nd Ed.,
II, p. 379 ; Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 245; Blanford, F. B. L, III,
p- 205 ; Stuart Baker, Jour., Bom. N. H. Soe., X, p. 365 ; Yerbury, zed,
XI, p. 75; Inglis, zbéd, p. 476: Davidson, ibcd, XII, p. 51; Butler,
ebid, p. O65.
Within Indian limits the Common Cuckoo breeds freely throughout
the Himalayas and Sub-Himalayas, the Burmese Hills, the Hilly Forest
Country of Chota Nagpur and the Neilgheries. It also breeds in the
plains of Assam at the foot of the Hills and extend some way into the
plain districts. Col. McMaster found it in Saugor, Kamptee and Chikal-
dor during the breeding season, and at this season also Adam obtained it
at Sambhur.
Kashmir is par ewcellence the breeding ground in which its eggs are
to be taken, and my notes thence are very numerous; but Col. Rattray,
Col. Wilsun and others have worked the neighbourhood of Murree with
great success, and it is thence that most of the specimens have come
which have passed through my hands.
From Col, Wilson I have received 4, from Col. Rattray 4 and have
ssen others from his collection : 3 have been taken by myself, and some
20 others have passed through my hands, so that altogether I have notes
on about 40 egos of Cuculus canorus taken in India.
So far I have totally failed to obtain a blue egg or to get any notice
of an Indian-taken blue egg, about which there was n> doubt. As,
however, it is accapted by some naturalists now that this bird does some-
times lay blue eggs, collectors will still have to take this possibility into
consideration whenever they may come across a blue cuckoo’s ege ;
Od ?
should they do so, the texture of the ege may help them more than
76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
anything else to determine to what species it may belong, and this matter
of texture is one which will be minutely dealt with for each species.
Mr. J. Davidson is the only collector who has taken a blue cuckoo’s
egg in India, about which the collector himself feels confident. I have
not seen the egg myself, so can pass no opinion on it, He wrote to me:
‘‘T also got there (Kashmir) a pale-blue egg from a nest of Hodgson’s
short-wing (Hodgsonius phoentcuroides), which lays dark-blue eggs. The
nest contained one egg. also of pheenicuroides. Jam sure that the egg
was that of canorus, as I saw a cuckoo flying about in the underwood
several times that day and two days previously. There were several
more nests of Hodgsonius in the immediate neighbourhood, either building
or with one or two eggs, and, if I could have stayed a day or two longer,
I hava no doubt I should have got more of the same type.” We all
know Mr. Davidson to be such a close, accurate observer that due weight
must ba given to his opinion ; but, I am afraid, ‘‘ non-proven, though
probable, ” is the most that can be said for it, and, in the light of later
discoveries, it looks as if this egg might have been that of micropterus.
Other descriptive notes of blue eggs have been sent mo, but the senders
have, generally, on hearing the evidence obtainable, come to the conclu-
sion that they were micropterus’ eggs, so I leave their notes unquoted.
The British Museum possesses a magnificent series of cuckoos’ eggs,
numbering no less than 277 specimens ; yet, out of this huge number
there are only four reputed cuckoos’ eggs which are blue. These are all
cuntinental eggs, except one in the Crowley Collection, and were all
taken in the nests of Ruticilla phenicura, the exception is an egg taken
in Dorking, Surrey, which was purchased. This last cannot be accepted
as authenticated beyond all doubt, and the history of the three Crowley
egos, taken in Finland, I do not know. It is very noticeable, however,
that all the eggs, 8 in number, found in nests of the Hedge-sparrow,
are of the ordinary type and not blue.
Another egg, calling for remark in the above collection, is one of the
many contained in the Seebohm Collection, and is described by Reid
(Cat. of Eggs of B.M.) as “blue, sparingly spotted at the broad end
with pale-blue, and closely resembling the fosterer’s eggs.” It was
taken in a nest of Sawicola melanoleuca in Greece.
The normal. cuckoo’s egg, as taken in India and exemplified by the
specimens passing through my hands, isa stout, blunt oval, seldom at
all compressed towards the smaller end ; still they are all oval, and I
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, (i!
have seen none of the semi-spherical or elliptical shape which is so
often typical of cuckoos’ egos. The texture is somewhat coarser than it
is in the egg of any other of the Cuculinz known to me, and though it
is sometimes close and may exhibit a very faint gloss, it never has the
baautiful satiny texture of some cuckoos’ eggs or the fine gloss of some
of the others.
The ground colour varies between pale-stone, pink or yellowish, and all
the lighter shades of grey, olive, olive-yellow, olive-brown and brown,
and the markings seem, as a rule, to follow the general tone, though of
course much darker, of the ground colour, Thus, an olive-green ground
colour will probably be profusely spotted with various tints of olive-
brown and brown, a grey will be blotched and spotted with grey-brown
and purple-brown, a pink or yellowish ground colour with speckles of
reddish and reddish-brown. As a rule, I have found that the more
sparse the markings, the paler the ground colour.
All eggs, nearly, in addition tu the primary markings, have secondary
ones of a pale-purple, grey or inky character.
In the great majority ef eggs the character of primary markings is
rather indefinite and very seldom at all bold ; they consist for the most
part of speckles, spots and tiny blotches, heavy blotches being un-
common, and are distributed fairly evenly all over the egg, ina few
cases being more numerous at the larger end and, on still more rare
occasions, forming a ring or cap.
The most common Indian type—vide Davidson, Rattray and Buch-
anan, &c.—is one which is, on the contrary, most uncommon in English
egos. The ground colour is a pale clear cream, pink or yellow stone
colour, and the markings are very sparse and indistinct, cunsisting of tiny
freckles, specks, and spots of reddish with underlying ones of grey. In
most cases the markings are pale and scattered over the whole surface of
the egg ; ina few they are bolder and darker, and are more numerous
towards the larger end where they may forma ring. The boldest marked
ege@ in my Collection is one taken by Col. Rattray from the oviduct of a
female and very kindly given to me. This is shown in Plate I, fig. 4.
Figs. 5, 6, Pl. I, show types of the most common-coloured form of
Indian-taken cuckoos’ ages.
Dresser gives the average size of eggs as *88" by °65".. The Museum
collection specimens vary between *76" and *98" in length and °57" to
°73" in breadth.
78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY. SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
An egg lent me by Major Wilson measures *1" by °69", and is the
longest egg I have seen. One of Col. Rattray’s eggs measures *75" in
breadth, this measurement also exceeding that of any Huropean egg.
Those which have passed through my hands average 91" by °67", so that
it would appsar that tropical-laid eggs exceed in average size those laid
in temperate regions. ,
Oates (Nest and Hees) gives the size of the eggs as ranging between
93" and -1" in length and -7" to °73” in breadth, whilst. Blanford
(A. of B. I.) gives the average as being -97" by 72". This seems far too
big, as eggs of this size are quite the exception amongst those which have
passed through my hands.
In India the cuckoo lays its eggs in the nests of Pipits, Larks
and Stone-chats perhaps more than in those of others, but eggs have been
found in nests of all the following birds :—
Pratincola maura. The Indian Bush-Chat. Davidson, Rattray,
Brooks, Ward, Scully.
Pratincola caprata, The Common Pied Bush-Chat. Davidson,
Cock.
Hodgsonius phenicuroides, Hodgsou’s Short-wing. Davidson.
Petrophila cinclorhyncha, ‘The Biuc-headed Rock-Thrush. Wilson,
Rattray.
Oreicola ferrex, The Dark-grey Bush-Chat. Rattray, Ward,
Marshall, Scully.
Larvivora brunnea, The Indian Blue-Chat, Rattray,
Molpastes leucogenys. The White-cheeked Bulbul, Rattray,
Merula unicolor, Tickell’s Ouzel, Rattray.
Henicurus maculatus. Vhe Western Spotted Forktail, Rattray.
Henicurus schistaceus, The Slaty-backed Forktail. Baker,
Anthipes moniliger, Hodgson’s White-gorgeted Flycatcher, Baker,
Drymochares nepalensis, The Nepal Short-wing. Baker,
Crateropus canorus. The Jungle Babbler. Cock.
Lanius erythronotus. The Rufous-backed Shrike. Cock,
Copsychus saularis. The Magpie-Robin, Brooks,
Oreocorys sylvanus, The Upland Pipit. Hume, Rattray,
Anthus similis. The Brown Rock-Pipit, \ arshall,
A. rosaceus, Hodgson’s Pipit. Whymper.
Suya crinigera, The Brown Hill-Warbler. Baker, (Supposed to
be saturatus at the time when taken.)
‘From the above it will be seen that the common cuckoo usually selects
a nest which contains eggs that are not very conspicuously coloured and
which are much the same in size as its own eggs. Exceptions are the
bright blue eggs of Larvivora and the much greater eggs of Petrophd«
and Merula. I have not, however, found that there is any proof of the
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS., 79
euckoo trying to match its eggs with those of the intended foster-mother
or that it selects a foster-mother whose eggs shall match its own. Not
one of my correspondents has advanced this suggestion, and there appears
to be little doubt that convenience of site and propinquity to the cuckoo
about to lay its egg is the main requisition. We may, probably, also
assume that, under normal circumstances, the female cuckoo lays its ege
on the ground and carries it in her mouth until she finds a suitable nest
in which to deposit it. Hume actually shot a cuckoo carrying an ege
in its mouth, and the situation, or shape, of the nest selected in many
other cases shows that the cuckoo could place her ege in it by no
other means. This mode of procedure is greatly facilitated by the
fact that most cuckoos lay eggs which are very small in proportion to
themselves and are provided with wide mouths and curiously fleaible
gapes.
An ege of the Cuckoo taken by Mr. 8. L. Whymper in the nest of
Anthus rosaceus in the Liddar Valley, Kashmir, so closely resembled the
four eggs of the fosterer that it was some time before Mr. Whymper
realized that he had a Cuckoo’s egg and put down the clutch as an
abnormally large one of Anthus rosaceus.
In the Ibis for 1889, p. 219, is given a translation of an article from
‘“ Gartenlaube,’ Vol. XXVII, showing that the cuckoo sometimes
hatches its own eggs and rears the young. It is too long to quote in
extenso, so only extracts are taken.
‘On the morning of the 16th May, 1888, ae a cuckoo rose
suddenly out of the bushes close to me ae ...L soon discovered
in a slight depression of the ground “er ...three eggs, which
attracted my attention from not being all of the same colouration, and
from one of the three being of considerably smaller sizo than the other
two nS ..-1 resolved to conceal myself under a neighbouring
hedge in order to watch the bird more closely. After I had been there
for a few moments, I saw the cuckoo alight on the ground and crawl
towards the place where the eggs were i ..[ remained in my
hiding place at least three-quarters of an hour without seeing the cuckvo
take its departure ae ...[ therefore cautiously approached the
spot and soon saw the cuckoo again rise from the ground ,
“T quickly withdrew to a rather more elevated position in the under-
wood of the beech forest... ..- Within six minutes the cuckoo came
back, alighted near the resting-place, and proceeded with a characteristic
80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
waddle on to the nest. For more than an hour and-a-half I kept the
spot in view. During all this time the cuckoo sat quiet on the nest, so
that there could be no further doubt in my mind that it was sitting on
its Own eggs.
“ Until the 25th May I left the cuckoo to sit undisturbed. On the morn-_
ing of that day I visited the spot again, and, on the bird flying off, found
to my great joy a young cuckoo in the nest.”
In Europe tho foster-parents selected, cover a large assortment, rang-
ing from the Fire-crested Wren to the larger shrikes. Dr, Rey gives
a list of 146 such.
CUCULUS SATURATUS. (Hodgson.)
The Himalayan Cuckoo.
Cuculus saturatus. Blyth, J. A. S., XII, p. 942 ; Blanford, Fauna
of B. I., ILI, p. 207 ; Reid, Cat. of Hogs, B. M., ILI, p.114 ; Sharpe,
Hand. L., II, p. 158 ; Dresser, Pal. Birds, p. 470.
C. himalayanus. Jerdon, B. of L., I, p. 323.
C. striatus, Humes. i., UL, p. 190= stv p.288i¢ XD ps0 cae
Cat. No. 200; Blyth, B. of Burm., p. 79 ; Hume and Davis, 8. F., VI,
p.156; Scully, S. F., VIII, p. 254 ; Davison, 8. F., X, p. 359 ; Oates,
Bon Bunm,., Un: 105.5) cd., Lbis,, 18800 ips ao.
C. intermedius. Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 252 ; Oates, Nests and
Kegs, 2nd Hd., p. 381; Stuart Baker, Jour., Bom. N. H. Soc., X,
p. 365.
The first authentic egg taken of this species was one extracted from
the oviduct of a female Flimalayan Cuckoo by Brooks who shot the bird
at Ruttun Pir in Kashmir on the 17th June. This egg is described by
Oates (én loc. cit.) as follows: —‘‘ Is a very perfect elongated oval, a shade
narrower at one end. The ground colour is a pure white, with a slight
gloss. The markings, whichare everywhere very sparse, are somewhat
more numerous towards the larger end, and consists cf minute specks and
tiny lines, not more than 0°05 in length, of dingy olive-brown and very
pale inky-purple or purplish-grey.
“ The egg measures 0°86 by 0°6 inch.”
An egg in the British Museum is described as “ pinkish-white colour,
thickly freckled with purplish-grey. It measures °67 in breadth.’ This
is probably wrongly ascribed to this cuckoo and is more likely a canorus’s
oO
ego.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 81
Col. Ratiray bas given me most important notes on this bird, and I
quote these in full :—
“Ono 10th June 1903 I saw a bird (Cuculus saturatus) harrying a
pair of Acanthopneusie oceipitalis (the Large Crowned Willow- Warbler)
near where I knew they had a nest, so I shot it. It was a female and
contained a broken egg ready for expulsion.
“On 15th June 1903 I shot a second female in a similar condition.
“On 17th June 1903 I again shot a third female containing an egg
ready for laying. All these eggs were broken by the shots or fall, but
they were exactly similar to those found on the 27th of May and 9th
and 11th June, all in nests of Acanthopneuste occipitalzs.
“ They are pure white, rather long eggs with a fine shell with a lot of
tiny black and brown specks.”
Gol. C. L. Wilson wrote me :—‘‘ On the 9th June 1889 I found in an
old tree stump above Sonamurg a grass nest containing four eggs, three
of which proved to be of Phylloscopus hum (Hume’s Willow- Warbler).
The fourth egg was a long oval, somewhat blunt at both ends, pure
white, a faint ring of brownish specks at the larger end and a few
scattered elsewhere. There was barely room in the diminutive nest for
this egg, which measures *85" by ‘6", the other three eggs being of the
normal Warbler’s size.
‘‘T was much puzzled to account for it until, after a long wait, I
noticed a cuckoo which kept hovering round.
“Tt would have been impossible, from the nature of the nest, for the
egg to have been laid in it: it must have been placed there after laying.
“T took a similar egg, measuring *82” by °58", in a nest of Acanthop-
neuste occipitalds (on the 16th June 1898) in a hole atthe roots of a pine.
« At Murree I took a third on the 17th July 1899 in a nest.of the
same species of Warbler in a similar position, ”
This third egg, which I have seen, measures *83" by *53",
Finally, Mr. B. B. Osmaston, writing from Darjeeling, notes :—‘‘ They
were both laid in the nests of Niltava sundara (the Rufus-bellied Niltava
in one case along with three eggs of the latter and in the other alone,
the eggs of ths Miltava having evidently been ejected (the shells were
lying in the ground below the nest). The eggs are similar in shape to
the cuckoos’ eggs described by you, ze., almost elliptical in section.
Thay are pure white, with a few small reddish or brownish specks near
tha big end. I found them at 6,000 ft. elevation, and the only cuckoos
11
82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
which occur here at that elevation are Cuculus canorus, saturatus,
poliocephalus and micropterus and Hierococcyx sparvertoides.”
Colonel Rattray’s and Brooks’ discoveries settle once and for all what
is the maintype of the egg laid by the Cuculus satwratus, and so far there
is no reason to suppose that this cuckoo lays any other type of egg.
The eggs mentioned above are for the most part almost perfect
ellipses in shape, one or two inclined to be somewhat pointed at both
ends, and in one case the egg is perhaps more oval than elliptical, the
smaller end differing distinctly in size from the other.
The ground in each case is the same pure satiny-white, and the specks,
which are the only form of marking, except for a few microscopical
lines, are of dark amber or black, occasionally lighter and reddish.
They are generally sparsely scattered over the whole surface, sometimes
more numerous towards the larger end, where they rarely form a zone.
The only egg I have seen differing from these was one brought to me
in anest of Henicurus schistaceus (the Slaty-backed Forktail), which con-
tained four egos of the owner of the nest in addition to the cuckoo’s. It
is a perfect ellipse in shape, but the ground colour has a faint tinge of
green in it, and the markings are more numerous and larger than usual,
and are ofa dull light reddish with a few underlying ones of purple-grey.
The texture is like that of the others, and it measures '84" by ‘58". This
egg may not, of course, be saturatus, but it is a cuckoo’s ege of some
kind, and is more like the authentic ones of that species than any other.
All the eggs have an exceedingly fine, closely grained shell, very
smooth and very fragile for their size, the shell being very thin,
although so compact.
The eggs which have passed through my hands, or about which I
have obtained measurements, vary between *80” and *89" in length and
-52! and ‘6" in breadth, the average of a dozen being *85" by °55".
Dresser, quoting Taczonowaki, describes the eggs as “ pale-greyish,
marked with innumerable irregular pale violet shell-spots and brown
surface spots or blotches which are more numerous round the larger end,
and measure 0°92! by 0°69", that is to say, the eggs are said to be just
like a common type of egg of Cuculus canorus. I leave my readers to
judge for themselves whether these can be accepted or not.
Almost as curious as the “ Ibis” history of the common cuckoo
hatching its own egg are Capt. Hutton’s remarks on the manner in which
this cuckoo sometimes returns to feed young birds of the same species,
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 83
either its own or some other birds’. He writes (Oates’ Nests and Eggs,
II, p. 381) :—“ When the young bird is old enough to leave the nest, the
foster-parents feed it no longer, and it is then supplied by the old cuckoo,
or, at all events, by one of its own species. This I have myself repeat-
edly witnessed . . At Jeeripanee, below Mussooree, I have seen
the young cuckoo sitting for hours together on a branch waiting for
the return of the adult which continued every now and then to bring
supplies of caterpillars wherewith to satisfy the apparently insatiable
appetite of the nestling until at last both would fly off to another spot.
To satisfy myself that it was really this cuckoo that fed the young,
shot one in the very act.”
Capt. Hutton seems to consider it probable that it is the usual thing
for the parent cuckoos to return to feed their young, but the experience
of a great number of observers has undoubtedly proved that such is not
the case, The return of the cuckoo to its duties must be quite excep-
tional, though Capt. Hutton appears to have been very fortunate in
coming across these exceptions.
The Himalayan cuckoo may be found during the breeding season
throughout the Himalayas and, possibly, in the Hills of the Chota Nag-
pur District. South of this it is not found, as far as records go at pre-
sent in India proper, but it extends right through Burmah, and prob-
ably breeds wherever there are hills of any size. From Burmah it
extends southwards and eastwards throughout the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo and again to New Guinea and even Australia. In this portion
of its habitat it seems to be more or less resident and remains to breed
even in the plains. I have had eggs sent me from Borneo and Jaya
under the names of other cuckoos which I very strongly suspect to be
of this cuckoo,
Its cry is a four-syllable one of four deep whistles or hoots, very
much like that of the hoopoe, but rather higher in tone. It is a pleasant
musical call, Jerdon says that prior to these four notes it gives
higher whistle which cannot be heard unless one is very close by. This
note I have seldom heard until this year, when I found the bird very
common on the North bank of the Brahmapootra in this district. I
was repeatedly able to stand within a few yards of the calling bird, and
then heard the preliminary high note quite distinctly.
(To be continued. )
[o 3)
ns
THE “ PECTINATE ORGANS” OF TRAPA BISPINOSA,
ROXB, (WATER-CHESTNUT),
By
K. BLATTER, 8.J.
(With a Plate.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 25th January, 1906.)
Cooke in his excellent ‘ Flora of the Bombay Presidency,” when de-
scribing Trapa bispinosa speaks of “‘ numerous opposite pairs of root-
like spreading pectinate organs,” and adds immediately ‘‘( ? floating
roots ’’)+.
‘“‘T think it is well known that the uppermost leaves with their
rhomboidal blades lie on the surface of the water and are grouped
into rosettes. There are, besides, for each leaf a pair of scaly, deeply
divided stipules?, and just from below these stipules arise those ‘ pecti-
nate organs, which have caused so great a variety of opinion.”’
” the genus Trapa is described as follows :—
In the “ Genera plantarum
“ Herb, natantes, Folia 2-formia, submersa opposita, pinnatisecta,
radiciformia ; emersa rosulata, petiolata, rhombea, dentata, petiola inflata
spongiosa.” * Baillon writes to the same effect: “The slender floating
stems bear two kinds of leaves. The lower, submerged, are opposite,
pinnatisect, not unlike finely pectinate roots.’* W. Roxburgh
gives the following description :—“ Stipules two pairs, the superior are
simple, semi-lanceolate, and caducous, the inferior pair at first simple
and filiform, but becoming ramous by age, permanent.”° The same
opinion as regards Tapa bispinosa is expressed by Trimen in the fol-
lowing :—* The more submerged part of the stem,” he says, “is thick-
ly set with pair of green pectinate spreading organs (? roots ) coming
off from immediately below the position of stipules of fallen leaves, and
1—14 in. long.”’® Later on he continues: ‘‘ The pectinate submerged
organs cannot be considered as leaves (asin Flora British India, following
Wight) ; their position suggests a stipular nature, and they are so called ©
en a ee ———————————————eeeeee
1 Cooke, “ Flora of the Bombay Presidency,” Vol. L, p. 518.
2 There has crept in a mistake in Cooke’s Flora (p. 515) where the author describes
the order Onagracee as extipulate, though, later on, he speaks :f the stipules of Trapa bis-
pinosa.
® Benthim et Hooker, Genera plantarum, Vol. 1., p, 798.
+ Baillon, Natural History of Plants, Vol. VI., p. 477,
5 W. Roxbureh, Flora Indica, p, 144.
6 Trimen, Flora of Ceylon, Vol. II., p. 235.
THE PECTINATE ORGANS OF THE WATER-CHESTNUY, 85
by Roxburgh, who has well figured and described them (Roxb. Pl.
Cor., t. 234), but there are real stipules also present with the young
leaves.”’? |
In the Flora of British India, alluded to by Trimen, I find these
lines : “ Leaves (of the genus Trapa) dimorphic ; submerged opposite
root-like, pinnatipartite, with filiform segments.’ Duthie gives the
following characteristic of the genus : ‘‘ Stem long, flexuose, ascending
in the water, the more submerged portions giving off at intervals pairs
of green pectinate spreading organs from below the margins of the
sears of fallen leaves. Leaves alternate, approximate in the form of
rosettes’’®, Loudon speaks of Trapa natans as of a“ curious aquatic
with long brown and green roots and floating leaves, with petioles
inflated into a tumour as in the marine alge.”+° According to
Cooke those “ pectinate organs ” are termed ‘ adventitious floating
roots”? by Barneoud.t! De Candolle gives this description of the
genus Trapa: “Herbe aguis innatantes. Radices fibrose, folia
nfima opposita, cetera alterna, inferiora pinnatipartita, capillacea,
fere ut in Myriophyllis, summa in rosulam conferta,”4? Cooke, too,
calls those submerged organs pinnatipartite,t° and adds in a note,
that “‘ considerable diversity of opinion exists as to the exact function
of the pectinate organs.’’!+ ;
From the foregoing we may collect that there exist different opinions
not only with respect to the morphology but also the function of the
pectinate organs. They are considered by some to be stipules, by
others true leaves, and, again, by several even roots. As regards their
outer morphology they are described as being pectinate, pinnatipartite,
pinnatisected, radiciform, capillary, ramous, as resembling the leaves
of the Myriophylla.
In the following I shall give the external and internal morphology
of the “ pectinate organs”’ of Trapa bispinosa, and by drawing the con-
clusions from the given data, I shall try to arrive at a satisfactory
explanation of those interesting organs.
7 ‘Trimen, 1, ¢., p. 286.
8 Hooker, Flora of British India, Vol. II., p. 590.
° 'T, F, Duthie, Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, p. 357.
to Loudon, Encyclopedia of Plants, p. 104.
12 De Candol'e, Prodromus Syst. Nat, Regni Vegetabilis, IIT., p. 63,
43 Cooke, 1. c., p. 515.
14 Cooke, 1.c., p. 518.
86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
The so-called ‘“ pectinate organs” arise as cylindrical bodies from
below the scaly stipules and on the sides of the floating leaves. (Fig. 1.)
They grow to the length of 4—1 in. without showing any oxternal
differentiation ; but, then, there appear round the lower half of the
cylindrical axis small globular protuberances, apparently without any
regular distribution. Growing in acropetal succession these globular
bodies assume an elongated shape, but still remain comparatively
stout. When the main axis has reached its full length, ze. 2—25
in., and the lateral structures have attained 4 in., the most regular
arrangement of the latter can be detected very easily, and even
batter than after their full development. The lateral processes are
arranged in four spiral rows, all turned to the right. Fig. 2 gives
the successive stages of development, and Fig. 3 a diagrammatic
view of the arrangement of the lateral cylindrical bodies on the main
axis. As soon as the aerial leaves have fallen off, a rapid growth of the
lateral structures begins till they attain capillary thinness. Their
bases are now reduced in diameter compared with the same in their
immature state. Their shape is not quite cylindrical, but slightly
flattened, whereas the main axis is cylindrical. Jn this state of deve-
lopment it is extremely difficult to make out the arrangement of the
lateral members. I was not able to trace their angular divergence
and it seems to me that they are scattered irregularly on the spiral lines.
It cannot, therefore, be said, that those organs are pectinate, or
pinnatisected, or pimnatipartite, as the lateral processes are distinctly
arranged in four-spiral rows ; and even withthe leaves of Myriophyllum
they may be compared only so far as also in this water-plant simi-
lar capillary processes occur, though in a less perfect form. If the
lateral members were arranged in two parallel opposite rows only, no
objection could be raised against calling them pectinate, and even if
they were located in two spiral rows, the difficulty could perhaps be
overcome by explaining the spiral arrangement as effected by the
torsion of the main axis ; but as there are four distinct spirals, the best
term applicable seems to be Roxburgh’s “ramous”’, if we do not want
to introduce an entirely new name for this special arrangement, which,
s far as I know, has not been observed in any other phanerogamic plant,
The internal morphology exhibits, likewise, some peculiar features.
Only one vascular bundle, situated in the centre, extends through the
main axis, and smaller cnes through the lateral processes. Eesides, there
Journal Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. VOL, XVII,
--- Sealy stipule
---- Young submerged leaf
*. Point of attachment of
the floating leai
FIG. 2. =
FIG. 3.
TRAPA BISPINOSA, ROXB. A. P. CORTEZ & CO. LITH:
THE PECTINATE ORGANS OF THE WATER-CHESTNUT, 87
is no differentiation into palisade tissue, or spongy tissue, the vascular
bundle being simply imbedded in a parenchymatous tissue. The
epidermis consists of elongated cells (Fig. 4) which are possessed of
extremely thin outer walls, This is the reason why the submerged organs
begin to wither already after some minutes when exposed to the open
air, Stomata could not be detected and most of the chlorophyll bodies
were found to be located not in the tissue below the epidermis, but
chiefly in the epidermal cells themselves.
Some of these characters seem to be incompatible with each other ;
but a closer examination of the relations between those internal and
external contrivances and the surrounding factors will show that those
organs are nothing but the most excellent adaptations to the medium in
which they live. A differentiation of the mesophyll into pelisade tissue
and spongy tissue would be quite superfluous, as leayes submerged in
water do not transpire. That the chlorophyll corpuscles are chiefly
contained in the epidermal cells, is due to the circumstance that the
light to which the leaves are exposed is not very intense, because it has
to pass through the water before it reaches the tissues. The gradual
decrease of the intensity of the light with the depth of the water is
shown to evidence in the colour of the submerged organs. The chroma-
tophores of the uppermost organs are dark-green: they become paler
and paler as we follow the stem in a downward direction, and assume
finally a brownish colour, where every assimilatory function of the
chromatophores is rendered impossible for waut of light. On the one
hand the absence of stomata seems to indicate that respiration does
not take place ; but, on the other, the presence of chlorophyll corpus-
cles is a sufficient proof that the processes of photo-synthetic assimi-
lation of carbon dioxide and, consequently, of respiration are going on
in the usual way. It is just in order to facilitate these processes and to
give at the same time a compensation for the absence of special respira-
tory organs, that the outer walls of the epidermal cells are so extremely
thin as to allow not only the exchange of gases, but also the passage of
salts dissolved in water. In order that the organs may present as large
asurface as possible, they do not develop in the form of flat expansions,
as the floating leaves do, but are much divided and extended into
capillary processes.
The question now arises, whether we shall call these organs roots,
leaves, stipules, or branches. If we take into consideration all the
88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
anatomical characters of the submerged organs and compare them
with the submerged leaves of other aquatics, we find that they agree
in all the essential points. Nobody will doubt that the submerged,
myriophyllum-like leaves of the Cabomba aquateca are true leaves,
though they vastly differ from the disc-shaped floating leaves of the same
plant. It is easy to adduce other examples of heterophyllous plantsot
which it is equally sure that their submerged, finely divided leaves
are true leaves, ¢.g., Potamogeton heterophyllus, rufescens, spathulatus,
Ranunculus aquatica, bandoti, hololeucus, species of the genera
Helosciadum, Ceratophyllum, CGinanthe, Sium, etc. The submerged
organs of Trapa bispinosa agree with all these leaves in their anatomical
structure, and exhibit also some common characteristic features in their
outer appearance, though, of course, they differ as much from them as
their floating leaves do in their external morphological development.
An objection might be raised from the unusual position of the submerged
leaves of Trapa bispinosa. I think, however, if the anatomical structure
is such as to induce us to call a certain organ a true leaf, a mere displace-
ment of the organ cannot be decisive in this question. If this were
the case, we might as well say that the extra-axillary branches are not
branches because they do not arise from the axils.
ON THE TENTHREDINIDA & PARASITIC HYMEN-
OPTERA COLLECTED IN BALUCHISTAN BY
MAJOR C. G. NURSE.
By P. CAMERon.
Parr I.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 25th January 1906.)
Up till now our information regarding the Tenthredinide and
Parasitic Hymenoptera of Baluchistan has been a complete blank. The
collection, small though it is, made by Major Nurse at Quetta and
Peshin, forms a welcome addition to our knowledge of the Hymen-
optera of that part of our Indian Empire. As we know practically
nothing about the species inhabiting North-West India, of Afghanistan
on the north and of Persia on the west of Baluchistan, it is useless to
discuss the geographical relationship of the species. It may, however,
be remarked that the affinity of the species appears to be with the
Palearctic, rather than with the Oriental Zoological Region. The
occurrence of a species of Nematus (a large and typical Palearctic
and Nearctic genus, and found, tvo, only commonly in the northern
parts of these regions) is very interesting. The occurrence of the com-
mon European Ichneumon, Bassus letaterius, Fab., is not of much
importance in deciding the geographical affinities of the Baluchistan
species ; for the reason that it has now spread itself (probably in
comparatively recent years) all over the globe, following its host, some
wide ranging Dipteron, no doubt.
The species in the collection are of small or medium size. The
large species of Ichneumonidee (Ichneumon, Amblyteles, &c.) appear
to be comparatively rare. Undernoted is a summary of the
collection :—
Tenthredinide ,.. 1
Cynipidee ee ees see oes ya
Chalcididze Se =e as sae al
Proctotrypide ... 2
species.
Evaniide 3 FA
Braconide Som lic FA
Ichneumonide ... se ae Pr et) jy
Bethylidee 1
Total rt
)
90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
TENTHREDINIDA,
Nematus orientalis, sp. nov,
Pale straw-green (probably bright green when alive), the centre of the front
and vertex and the mesonotum fulvous, The antenne,a mark at the base of
the scutellum on either side, a large elongate mark on its sides, a narrow line
bordering the cenchri behind, a large mark behind them, a narrow line
bordering the blotch and one or more transverse marks on the base of the abdo-
men, black. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma green, the nervures black.
Legs coloured like the body, the tarsi blackish. @.
Length 5-6 mm.
Quetta, August.
The 3rd joint of the antenne is as long as the 4th. Head smooth and
shining ; frontal area flat, clearly defined laterally, the sides being raised, the
raised part reaching to the imner side of the laterally ocelli; at its end are 2
large round tubercles, below which the front is depressed, Ocellar region
raised ; there is a deep furrow between the ocelli, Apex of clypeus rounded,
Mandibles fulvous at the apex ; the apical tooth long. Paipi green, infuscated.
Middle lobe of mesonotum furrowed on the basal half in the middle. Cerci
long, infuscated, Sheaths of saws broad, projecting, its apex infuscated, roundly
narrowed from the top to the bottom. The Ist transverse cubital nervure
faint in the middle ; the 3rd cubital cellule is fully one-third longer than its
width at the base,not much wider at the apex than at the base; the 2nd
recurrent nervure is received not far from the 2nd transverse cubital—about
one-fourth of the length of thelatter, Tarsal joints not spinose at the apex ;
patella distinct, becoming gradually longer ; claws bifid,
The @ is black above, including the middle of the vertex and front broadly
and the occiput still more broadly ; the antenne are thicker, distinctly closely
pilose ; brownish, black above, longer than the body, the mesopleure are ful-
vous, as are also the hind femora ; the hind tibiw are broadly infuscated. It is
smaller (3°5 mm.) than the 9.
The occurrence of a species of Nematus in Baluchistan is of much interest,
The genusis one of the most abundant in arctic and Northern Europe and
America, being rare in the temperate regions and very rare in the South of
Hurope, Its occurrence clearly indicates the presence of a Palearctic element
in the Fauna. The species belongs to the group of JN. miliaris, Pz.
CYNIPID,
Onychia rufithorax, sp, nov,
Black ; the antennz, thorax except the mesosternum, and base of abdominal
petiole rufous, the forelegs rufous, the 4 posterior black, their coxe rufous ;
wings clear hyaline, the nervures pale fuscous, the areolet knob-shaped,
darker coloured, ¢,
Length 3 mm,
Quetta, August,
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, gi
Head and thorax densely covered with white pubescence, Face closely, fine-
ly punctured ; from each antennx a stout keel runs down to shortly below the
face ; they converge below, the converging parts being much thinner than the
upper. A stout keel runs down from the lower, innerside of the outer antenna
along the innerside of the eyes; on the upper part of the front are some irre-
gular oblique striz, Qcelli large, placed in a curve on the edge of the vertex.
Occiput transverse ; onits top are 2 stout and a thinner, lower curved keel,
Basal slope of pronotum smooth, the sides bordered by a stout keel; the
propleure irregularly, somewhat strongly striated. Mesonotum with 4 stout
longitudinal keels, the central stouter than the others ; it is irregularly trans-
versely striated. Sides and centre of scutellum stoutly keelcd, the central
keel stouter than the others, There are 2 keels down the centre of the
metanotum. Meso- and metapleure smooth and shining; the latter thickly
covered with white pubescence. Abdominal petiole with the dilated basal
part as long as the hind cox, smooth. The mesosternum is bordered
laterally by a shallow furrow, Antenne longer than the body, the 3rd
joint twisted, slightly longer than the 4th ; they are 14-jointed,
I have described in Manchr, Memoirs, 1888, an Onychia striolata from Bengal ;
it may be known by the thorax being entirely black, besides the structural
differences,
CHALCIDIDE,
Leucaspis quettaensis, sp, nov.
Black, the sides of the head in front broadly, from the ocelli to shortly
below the eyes, the pronotum except the basal slope and a broad tranyerse line
in the middle, a large markiin the centre of the mesonotum, transverse at the
base and apex, and gradually, but not much, narrowed towards the apex, the
scutellum, except at the base, the black on the base projecting asa triangular
wedge into the yellow, a mark, longer than wide, on the sides of the metanotum,
its innerside straight, the outer gradually narrowed to the middle, a small
conical spot—the narrowed end below—under the wings, a large pyriform
mark, extending from the top to the bottom and with the wide end below,
on the base of the metapleurz, a broad band on the apex of the Ist
abdominal segment, the mark commencing near the top of the apical slope ;
following this are 2 broad transverse bands, the narrower, extending to
the sides and curved; the 2nd broader, not reaching to the sides, not so
curved and with the sides more rounded, followed by a large, longer than
broad, mark, broadly rounded at the apex, and the apical three-fourths of the
ventral surface, yellow. Legs yellow ; the greater part of the 4 front cox, the
hinder cox except for a triangular mark on the innerside at the base above,
the sides from shortly below the middle and the underside from behind the
middle and the teeth, all of which are black, Wings hyaline, suffused with
fulvous at the base, the apex with fuscous ; the basal nervures fulvous, The
drd to 5th and the apical joints of the antenne are fulvous; ihe scape is
fulyous red, 9.
92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Length 12 mm.
Quetta, August.
The markings on the head, antennal scape, thorax ard legs are vermilion ;
probably this is owing to discolouration by cyanide of potassium, There
are 10 teeth on the hind femora ; the basal 5 are thick, blunt, closely pressed
together ; the following 4 are longer, sharper, more curved and clearly separated ;
the last is widely separated and is shorter than any of the others. The post-
scutellum projects distinctly over the median segment; its apex is unequally
bidentate. The entire body is covered with a short white pubescence and is
closely, somewhat strongly punctured except the metanotum which is closely
reticulated, The joints of the flagellum are distinctly Jonger than thick,
except the 4th to 6th, which are about as wide as thick, There isa smooth
broad transverse keel near the apex of the pronotum, The eyes do not
converge below ; the malar space is nearly as long as the antennal scape. In
the centre of the face are 2 furrows which converge roundly towards each
other in the centre. The centre of the clypeus is roundly incised, the sides
rounded.
Leucaspis nursei, sp, Nov,
Length 9-10 mm. @.
Quetia. May to August.
G This species is almost identical in colouration and markings with the
preceding, but it is smaller ; and may readily be known by there being only
8 teeth on the hind femora, namely, 3 stout, longish basal closely pressed,
a stouter one near to them, but clearly separated, 2 longer and sharper ones,
widely separated from it and from each other, and still more widely separated
is a short stump; the postescutellum is not so distinctly bidentate; the
apex of the clypeus has the lateral lobes more distinct, and broader. As
regards colouration the mark below the tegule is 3 times larger and pyriform,
the black line on the pronotum is half the length and thickness, the post-
scutellum is marked with yellow, and the 2 marks on the metanotum are much
larger and more particularly broader, bemg not much longer than wide ; the
lines on the sides of the face are broader and are united at the top by a mark
which projects upwards between the antenne ; the striation on the vertex is
stronger and closer,
If there were only the colouration differences I should feel inclined to regard
the 2 as forms of one species; but the structural differences are too great
to warrant one in looking upon them as varieties of one species.
The Q is larger (14 mm.); the dark markings on the thorax are smaller and
are brown rather than black ; only the clypeus is black; the antennz have ro
black ; the black transverse marks or lines on the abdomen are narrower ; the
drd is broader than the others, especially on the sides; the ovipositor reaches to
the middle of the basal segment ; the post-scutellum is more distinctly bilobate ;
the lobes rounded.
Dirrhinus crythroceras,
Black ; the antennz, the 4 anterior femora, tibiz and all the tarsi rufcus, the
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 93
body and legs sparsely covered with silvery white pubescence ; wings hyaline,
the nervure fuscous, 4.
Length 3-5 mm.
Quetta. May.
Centre of head above strongly punctured, the punciures round and clearly
separated, the centre of the vertex with a broad, strongly aciculated longitudinal
band. Occiput broadly roundly incised, the centre depressed, Frontal lobes twice
longer than the width of the base; they are narrowed towards the apex,
the inner edge has a distinct margin ; it is depressed, the inner and apical edges
raised, the outer less distinctly margined ; the frontal incision becomes grad-
ually widened towards the apex, it being there fully twice the width of the
base. Pro- and mesonotum strongly punctured; the former has the apex
smooth in the middle, this being also the case with the centre of the scutellum
which is largely impunctate. Metanotum closely reticulated-striated ; there is
a short keel in the centre of the apex ; on the sides are 2° keels which converge
and unite near the apex, forming a longish triangular area. The sides, at ihe
base, are broadly roundly dilated, in the middle is a stout triangular tooth ; the
apex projects into a shorter tooth. Propleure (especially above) strongly
punctured; the base of mesopleure much less) strongly and less closely
punctured, opaque; the apex is somewhat strongly, but not very regularly
striated, the two parts being separated by a curved keel, Metapleure distinctly
irregularly reticulated, Abdominal petiole broader than long, the top with 4°
stout, longitudinal keels ; on the base of the 2nd segment, extending from the
base to near the middle, is a closely striated space ; the apical segment is broadly,
deeply, roundly incised in the centre, The hind coxe are flat above and finely
closely striated in the middle; the basal joint of the trochanters is raised,
compressed, oblique, and appears almost to form part of the coxee; the lower is
shorter and projects below into a ball-like mass, longer than broad, and appexar-
ing as if it were attached to the under side of the base of the femora.
This cannot well be confounded with any of the described species, Charac-
teristic is the roundly, deeply incised apex of the abdomen, Jn the species
known to me, ¢.g., D. excavatus, Dal. and D, rufcornis, Cam,, the apex is
trilobate, it having a large central, bordered by a small lateral lobe.
Megacolus pruinosus, sp. nov.
Black, densely covered with silvery pilc, the hind cox and femora bright
red; the 4 anterior tarsi of a darker red; the hinder tibie of a darker red
colour ; the wings hyaline, the nervures black, Q.
Length 7 mm,; terebra 2 mm,
Quetta. August,
Head rugosely punctured, the cheeks and temples densely, the vertex more
sparsely covered with long silvery hair. Malar space almost as long as the
eyes ; the inner side bordered by a distinct keel. Pro-mesothorax and scutellum
strongly punctured, the punctures distinctly separated; the pleurx closely
rugosely punctured, Metanotum laterally bordered by a stout keel ; the lower
94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Spine obliquely turned upwards; the upper shorter, bluntly rounded; the
central part is stoutly irregularly reticulated, the sides are more closely, irregu-
larly, and less strongly reticulated. Tha apices of the abdominal segments are
punctured, the basal weakly, the apical much more strongly and widely ; the basal
part of the ovipositor closely, weakly punctured; the sides of the segments,
except the basal, are densely covered with silvery pubescence, Legs densely
covered with silvery pubescence ; the tarsal spines are rufous,
The hind femora are minutely closely serrate and densely pilose. The
antenns are inserted opposite the lower part of the eyes; the top of the
antennal scape reaches to the ocelli. Parapsidal furrows distinct,
Chalcis responsator, Walk,
Specimens from Quetta and from Deesa (Bombay) taken by Major Nurse
agree fairly well with Walker’s description (Trans. Ent, Soc,, 1862, 305) of this
species from ‘North Hindostan”, The apex of the scutellum is bilobate ;
the lobes are broader than long and are separated by a rounded incision,
Walker calls the apex “ bidentate ”’.
Chalcis fulvitarsis, sp, nov.
Black ; the apices of all the femora—the apical third ofthe anterior, the
others more narrowly, the base and apex of the 4 posterior tibie broadly,
allthe tarsi and the anterior tibie, rufo-fulvous ; the black on the tibie
bordered by fulvous; wings hyaline, the apical nervures black ; tegule yellow. @.
Length 5 mm.
Quetta, May.
Apex of antennal scape broadly obscure yellow below, piceous above ; the
flagellum is stouter than usual, densely covered with white pile. Front and
vertex reticulated-punctured ; the outer orbits to near the bottom coarsely
punctured ; the lower part is smooth, shining ; this smooth part, above, becomes
gradually narrowed from the inner to the outer side ; on the inner side it is
bordered by a keel. Pro- and mesonotum with the scutellum closely covered
with round punctures, each with a raised point in the centre ; on the scutellum
the punctures are more widely separated ; and there is a smooth line down
the centre of the basal half; its apex is broadly bilobate. Metanotum irregu-
larly reticulated ; the areola deep, about 3 times longer than wide. Basal
4 segments of abdomen smooth and shining; the 5th and 6th strongly,
deeply punctured. Upper part of propleurse smooth, ihe middle aciculated,
the lower irregularly punctured. Base of mesopleurz smooth ; the middle with
3 large fovese, below which are 3 pairs of irregular ones, Metapleurze strongly,
irregularly reticulated ; below, the apex of metanotum roundly projects at the
sides.
Oncochalcis quettaensis, sp. nov.
Black; the apical two-thirds of the fore femora, the apical third of the
middle and the fourth of the posterior, the tibiz, tarsi and tegule bright
lemon-yellow, the wings clear hyaline, the nervures black. Q and ¢. Length
5 mm,
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 95
Quetta, June to August,
ensely covered with long, glistening white pubescence, except on the base
of the abdomen. Apex of scutellum with a broad, rounded, smooth and
shining, undivided projection, Metanotum stoutly, widely reticulated, The
central basal area fully twice longer than wide ; the sides rounded, not toothed.
Femora with 12 teeth; the basal close together, the apical (except the
penultimate, which is smaller and less clearly defined) larger and more widely
separated. Basal segment of abdomen smooth and shining; the 2nd
sparsely and not very strongly, the others strongly and closely punctured.
Centre of face strongly, but not closely punctured above, the lower part
smooth and shining ; the sides strongly and closely punctured, more or less
reticulated, this being also the case with the sides of the front and vertex ;
middle of front widely, deeply excavated, very smooth and shining, bare.
Hinder ocelli separated from each other by more than double the distance
they are from the eyes. The antennal scape and pedicle are shining, sparsely
haired ; the other joints opaque, stout, the third is narrowed at the base, twice
the length of the pedicle and not much longer than the 4th, the apical joints
are brownish. Pro- mesonotum and scutellum strongly, closely punctured.
Upper part of propleurz smooth, obscurely striated ; the lower strongly, but
not closely punctured. Meso- and metapleure coarsely, reticulated-punctured ;
the greater part of the base smooth, shining ; of the former, the extreme base
is bordered (except near the top) with a row of large fovex, the one below
the other. The inner side of the hind tibie is black, Parapsidal furrows
shallow, broad.
Comes near to C, marginata, Cam,; the latter species has the abdomen much
less strongly punctured ; the mesopleure much more distinctly striated ; there
is only a small smooth space in the centre of the face and all the femora have
the apices narrowly yellow, the yellow marks being of the same size on all of
them. It isa larger and stouter species ; the metanolal areola is longer, acutely
pointed above and with a stout keel near the middle, and the reticulations on
the apex of the metapleure ave wider. O, deesw,Cam., is also closely allied ;
the smooth space on the face is very small; the structure of the metanotal
are is very different ; there is no large central areola ; there is a row of large
basal arez ; the abdominal segments in dees are not punctured.
This species is not unlike C, bilobatus, Cam, ; that species may be known by
the weaker femoral teeth ; by the mesopleure being only weakly striated
above ; by the face being more strongly punctured, the middle being also
punctured, and by the much more strongly and regularly reticulated metanotum
on which the areola is clearly defined, deep and triangular; and the sides do
not project into a blunt tooth behind: in the present species they project into
a broad, rounded tooth,
Oncochalcis rufescens, Sp. nov,
Rufescent, densely covered with silvery pubescence; the vertex darker
coloured, infuscated, the pleure brighter in tint than the mesonotum ; the
96 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII
tegule, apical half of fore femora, apical fourth of the 4 hinder, the 4 anterior
tibiz and tarsi, and the posterior tibie, except for a rufous band near the
middle, pale bright yellow ; the hind tarsi yellow, tinged with fulvous: wings
clear hyaline ; the costal nervure fuscous, the others black, 9.
Length 5 mm.
Quetta, June.
Head closely, rugosely punctured. Frontal - depression smooth, shining,
not quite so wide as the sides, there is a thick, smooth, wide keel
on the centre, bordered on either side by an oblique, somewhat pyriform,
raised smooth and shining space, Pro-mesothorax and scutellum closely,
strongly punctured; the scutellum large, somewhat broader than long,
the apex broadly rounded above, projecting and bluntly bilobate above ;
the apex is more densely haired than the rest, Metanotum short, vertical,
shining, widely reticulated, the central area long, extending from the top
to the bottom, sharply, obliquely narrowed above ; the bottom slightly roundly
narrowed. Propleurz closely, minutely punctured, a stout oblique keel
below the middle. The upper part of the mesopleure at the base is smooth :
in the centre are 5 round, deep fovez ; its apex is raised, it being thus
separated from the posterior part, which is depressed above, raised below and
stoutly irregularly striated, or keeled at the base. Metapleurz reticulated
closely ; their sides behind broadly rounded, Abdomen closely minutely punc-
tured, the 2nd and following segments densely covered with a longish silvery
pile, The ovipositor is broad ; it projects slightly beyond the top of the apical
dorsal segment, Hinder femora closely serrate, pilose below.
Neochalcis ? forticaudis, sp. nov.
Black, densely covered with silvery pubescence, the hind coxe and femora
bright red, the hind tibie of a darker red, darker behind, the 4 anterior tarsi
red, tinged with yellowish fulvous ; wings hyaline, the nervures black. 9.
Length 7 mm,
Quetta. August,
‘Head rugosely punctured, the front laterally reticulated ; the frontal depres-
sion finely closely transversely striated, except shortly below the middle and
above the bottom. The temples are more closely reticulated, the malar space
more strongly ; it is stoutly keeled on the outerside ; above, below the eyes, 1S
a raised triangular space, sharply pointed below. Apex of scutellum not
quite rounded, slightly roundly incised in the middle. Metanotum stoutly
irregularly reticulated, with a small smooth triangular area near the top in the
middle ; the sides are broadly rounded, dens@ly covered with long white hair.
The basal 5 abdominal segments are shining, closely, finely punctured ;
except at the base the 6th segment is coarsely, rugosely reticulated-punctured ;
the apical segments on the sides are thickly covered with long white pubes-
cence.
Neochalcis is the only described genus into which this species will fit, The
single large tooth on the centre of the hind femora is bluntly pointed ; the rest
Me
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 97
is minutely serrate. The ovipositor is short, stout, obliquely narrowed at the
apex,
Etroxys canthopus, sp, nov.
Green variegated with brassy and blue tints, the metanotum indigo blue ;
the abdomen of a brighter colour than the thorax ; the antennal scape dark
fulvous ; the flagellum fuscous; legs pale straw-yellow ; the anterior cox,
except at the apex, dark golden ; wings clear hyaline, iridescent, the nervures
pale testaceous, Q.
Length 3 mm.
Quetta. June,
Head closely, distinctly punctured, the front and vertex slightly more
strongly than the face; the clypeus indistinctly separated from the face,
closely, longitudinally, slightly obliquely striated. Palpi yellow, Pro-and
mesothorax with scutellum punctured like the head; the metanotum is much
more obscurely punctured; there is a keel down the middle ; at the base
laterally is a distinct fovea, the obscure punctuation is intermixed with fine
strie. On the centre of the metapleurez is a deep, wide longitudinal furrow,
which is narrowed at the base. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax
united, smooth and shining, gradually narrowed to a fine point at the apex,
The antenn are more slender and the parapsidal furrows less distinct than
they are in the British species of Htrozys. I have used the original spelling
of this word as used by Ashmead in his “ Classification of the Chalcid Flies,”
Tt has been spelled Aetrorys and Hetroxys,
Etroxys 2? marginicollis, sp, nov,
Dark coppery green, the abdomen of a brighter green colour, largely tinged
with coppery patches; the antennal scape and base of mandibles rufo-
testaceous ; the flagellum fusco-testaceous, darker above ; the legs dark green,
with coppery tints; the apex of femora, the tibie and tarsi pale straw
yellow ; wings clear hyaline, the nervures pale yellow. P.
Length 3 mm,
Quetta, June,
Head closely, finely, distinctly, but not deeply punctured ; the clypeus not
separated from the face, closely, regularly, distinctly striated. Thorax punc-
tured like the head, the punctures running into reticulations, especially on the
mesonotum ; the sides of the metanotum are smooth, shining and bright green ;
its centre is somewhat more strongly punctured than the scutellum, Pleurez
darker coloured than the scutellum; the apex of the pro- and meso- smooth
and shining ; the rest closely punctured-reticulated, Abdomen not quite so
long as the head and thorax united ; the apical half is gradually narrowed
towards the apex, and is covered with a white pubescence.
Apart from the difference in the colouration of the legs this species may be
known from E, wanthopus by the shorter and broader abdomen and by the
much more strongly and regularly punctured-reticulated metanotum. The
abdomen is shorter and broader than it is in typical Etrowys ; and it may not
13 :
98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
really belong to that genus, The mandibles are 3-deniate ; the apical tooth is
larger and more clearly separated than the other two. The antennal scape is
shorter, it not extending to the hinder ocelli as in xanthopus ; the hinder ocelli
are separated from each other bya slighter greater distance than they are
from the eyes. The head is wider than the thorax, The pronotum is
transverse and margined at the base, not broadly rounded, and narrowed
laterally as in zanthopus, which has a larger prothorax. In the forewings, the
stigmal branch is nearly as long as the ulna. The apical 3 joints of the
antenne are thickened.
SCELIONINI,
Sparasion albo=pilosellus, sp. nov.
Black, densely covered with long white pubescence ; the antennal scape and
the legs, except the coxe, bright rufo-fulvous ; the antennal flagellum fuscous
below ; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous, the stigma black, @.
Length 4-5 mm.
Quetta. May.
Frontal ledge broad, smooth, shining, the edges broadly rounded ; the
front is raised above it, broadly rounded and with a raised border;
immediately behind the border it is smooth ; between this border and the
ocelli it is irregularly, mostly obliquely striated. Except on the sides
in front, the vertex is irregularly transversely striated-reticulated. Pro- and
mesonotum shining ; the hairs issue from punctures; there are no furrows,
except on the apex, where they are deep. Scutellum smooth at the base,
the rest strongly punctured; it is semicircular, large ; the basal furrow is
stoutly crenulated, The centre of the metanotum is depressed, bordered by a
keel which, at the apex, curves outwardly, then runs backwards obliquely
to the base of the segment, there being thus formed 2 arez ; shortly beyond
the middle of the inner keels isa stout transverse keel, with a more irregular
one on either side, besides a few broken keels ; the sides have a stout keel which
broadly projects and is united to the apex of the central keel ; the apical slope is
almost smooth, The upper part of the prothorax is margined on the outer side,
broadly rounded ; the basal slope is smooth. The base of the mesopleure
is punctured, the rest smooth, except the apical half above which is raised
and strongly striated. The upper part of the metapleure is strongly closely
striated ; the striz curved and interlacing ; the base above is punctured, the
lower part stoutly striated, the upper apical smooth. The basal 3 abdominal
segments are closely, strongly longitudinally striated ; the 4th is weakly and
irregularly striated and the 5th still more so; the segmental divisions are
distinct and crenulated,
The post-scutellum is flat and strongly striated ; the ventral segments are
weakly striated at the base. Palpi rufo-testaceous.
H&E LORIN
Helorus striolatus, sp. nov,
Black ; the tegule, tibie and tarsi testaceous, the hinder pair darker coloured ;
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 99
‘mandibles and palpi dark piceous, the wings clear hyaline, the nervures
‘black, @.
Length 4 mm,
Quetta. June.
The 3rd joint of antenne as long as the 4th. Head and thorax covered
with a minute white pile. Face closely, distinctly, the clypeus more sparsely
punctured ; it is separated from the face by a broad curved depression ending
Jaterally ina round fovea, Front and vertex laterally closely punctured ;
in the centre they are more sparsely and less strongly punctured ; above, and
‘between the antenne, is a large, broad fovea ; there is a curved furrow behind
the hinder ocelli, Mesonotum and scutellum shining, only minutely punctur-
ed ; the apex of the latter has on the sides a few short keels, On the sides of
the post-scutellum, at the base, are 3 deep fovex clearly separated by keels.
Metanotum stoutly irregularly reticulated, Upper part of propleure smooth ;
the lower part at the base rugose, on the apex are 5 stout keels which become
gradually shorter from the top to the bottom, On the base of the mesopleurz
is a stout keel running from the top to the bottom, it is longitudinally irregular-
‘ly striated on either side. Metapleure irregularly closely reticulated, almost
rugose, Abdominal petiole nearly half the length of the rest of the abdo-
‘men ; it is irregularly punctured-striated on the sides ; on the basal half above
are 2 keels, which unite at the apex and converge, but do not unite at the base;
the dilated part is thickly covered with white pubescence. The basal abscissa
-of the radius is dilated below, The abdominal petiole is longer than usual.
EVANIIDA,
Evania nurseana, sp. nov,
Black, covered with a white down ; wings clear hyaline, the nervures black ;
‘the metasternal process stout, long, widely diverging, @ and @.
Length 6-7 mm.
Quetia. June to August,
Face shining, strongly but not closely punctured ; the sides of clypeus widely
‘depressed, the central part gradually narrowed towards the apex, which is
transverse, Malar space smooth, fully half the length of the eyes, Front and
vertex almost impuuctate ; smooth, shining ; from the ocelli a deep furrow
‘runs down to the antennz ; below the middle they curve obliquely inwardly,
*then run parallel, close to each other, downwards; outside these a narrower
furrow runs obliquely from the outerside of the ocelli to the outerside
of the antenne, Hinder ocelli separated from each other by a distinctly
greater distance than they are from the eyes, Middle of mesonotum strongly,
‘deeply, closely punctured ; the sides almost impunctate; the furrows deep.
‘Scutellum strongly, but not very closely, punctured all over, Metanotum
strongly reticulated, more closely at the base ; the apical slope covered
with white pile. Abdominal petiole smooth, shining, Antennal scape long, as
‘long as the pedicle and the following joint united ; these two united are as long
-as the 4th and 5th joints united. Tibi and tarsi sparsely, minutely spinose.
‘The base and lower part of the propleure are strongly deeply punctured, the
100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
apex above smooth, The basal, upper half of the mesopleurx is smooth and
shining ; the raised lower part bears round, clearly separated punctures, the
apex bears stout, longitudinal keels and is more or less reticulated.
The tarsi are covered with a dense white pile; the long spur of the hind
tibize does not reach to the middle of the metatarsus by a perceptible space ; it
is as long as the 2nd joint, Sides of thorax at the base broadly rounded, as:
are also the sides of median segment, Temples short, sharply oblique.
The ¢@ is similar ; it is, if anything, more densely pilose,
This species, in Schletterer’s tables, as regards the @, would come in near
Ii, verrucosa, Schl. ; the Q near EF, princeps with which it cannot be confounded.
In size and appearance it is not unlike HZ, appendigaster, but that has not the
tibize and tarsi spinose and the scutellum is not strongly and closely punctured
as it is in the present species.
Gasteruption baluchistanense, sp. nov.
Black, the 2nd to 5th abdominal segments red ;a line on the underside of
the four anterior tibiz and tarsi and a short ring near the base of the hind
tibie, white ; the end of the sheaths of the ovipositor white ; wings clear
hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. @ and @.
Length 13; terebra 15 mm.; @ 11 mm,
Quetta, May-July.
Head and thorax densely covered with white pubescence. The 3rd joint of
the antenne is distinctly shorter than the 4th; it and the 2nd together are not
much longer than the 4th, The apex of the clypeus is shortly, roundly incised;
the centre is depressed. Malar space as long as the 2nd antennal joint. Eyes
parallel, not converging, Hinder ocelli separated from each other by double
the distance they are from the eyes; the anterior half of the hinder are
placed behind the eyes. Temples long, roundly narrowed. Occiput roundly
incised, sharply margined. Collar short, as Jong as the width at the apex.
Middle lobe of mesonotum somewhat strongly, but not very closely, punctured ;
the lateral are much more sparsely and finely punctured, Scutellum sparsely
punctured along the sides. Metanotum irregularly reticulated, more widely
and distinctly on the apex than on the base ; on the apex are 2 longitudinal
keels. Pro- and mesopleure finely rugose, densely covered with white pubes-
cence ; the apex of the latter is smooth above; the lower part is striated; the
striz are clearly separated.
In ene specimen there is a white line on the apical half of the metatarsus,.
The upper discoidal] cellule is closed and is longer than the lower. Ccmes near
to G. sabulosum in Schletterer’s arrangement.
Gasteruption quettaense, sp, NOV.
Length 7-8 mm. Ovipositor longer than the body,
Quetta. May to August,
This species is much smaller than the preceding ; has the abdomen much less.
narrowly red ; may otherwise be known by the occiput not being incised, but
transverse,
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 101
Head smooth, the upper part sparsely, the lower thickly covered with white
pile. Hind ocelli separated from each other by double the distance they are
from the eyes ; they are placed slightly behind the hinder edge of the eyes,
Temples about one-half the length of the eyes, roundly narrowed behind,
Malar space about as long as the pedicle of the antenne, Thorax alutaceous,
opaque, covered with a white down ; the metanotum almost rugose, a smooth
shining line down its centre, The lower part of the propleure is shining,
‘sparsely punctured and is separated from the upper part by a narrow furrow,
The 3rd antennal joint distinctly shorter than the 4th ; it is twice the length of
the pedicle, the scape is not twice longer than wide, The 4 front tibie and tarsi
care for the greater part white ; there is a narrow white line at the base of ihe
tibia and a wider one on the base of the metatarsus,
The amount of red colour on the abdomen varies; the g@ appears to want
the white mark on the metatarsus. Probably the quantity of white colour on
the 4 anterior tibie and tarsi varies. The stigma is fuscous; the posterior.
‘discoidal cellule is shorter than the anterior. The punctuation on the thorax
is sparse, but distinct.
BRACONID®.
Microgasterine.
Dapsilotoma, gen. nov.
Antenne 36-jointed. Radial cellule long, narrow, lanceolate, extending to
the apex ; areolet triangular, the basal nervure roundly curved, the apical
Straight, oblique ; transverse median nervure received distinctly beyond the
transverse basal; the recurrent nervure in the Ist cubital cellule clearly
distant from the first transverse cubital. Basal abscissa of cubitus distinct,
Hyes hairy ; there isa distinct malar space. Clypeus separated from the face
by anarrow furrow. Median segment reticulated, keeled down the middle.
Basal two abdominal segments longer than the others ; the Ist longer than
wide, longer than the 2nd, which is square.
There is a crenulated furrow on the mesopleure; the legs are stout, the
spurs short ; the stigma large, broad ; the radius issues from its middle; there
as a distinct cubitus and radius in the hind wings. Ovipositor short, its sheaths
broad,
This genus should be readily known by the large number of joints in
the antenne, 28 is the largest number hitherto recorded, namely in the
Brazilian genus Oligoneurus, the other genera having from 14 to 2! joints. The
affinities of my genus are with Microgaster and Microplitis,
; - Dapsilotoma testaceipes, sp. nov.
Black, the flagellum of antenne rufo-fuscous; the legs rufo-testaceous ;
the coxew black; wings hyaline ; the costa and apical two-thirds of stigma
black, the base of stigma white, the nervures testaceous, Mandibles and oral
wegion rufous; the palpi testaceous, Head and thorax obscurely, minutely
‘punctured, covered with a white down. Metanotum strongly reticulated ;
the upperside of the pleure obliquely, closely striated. Abdomen smooth,
102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
shining ; the c2ntr2 of the 1st segment raised, clearly separated from the sides..
Hind tarsi stout, pilose; the metatarsus slightly longer than the following
two joints united; the long spur of the calcaria about one-third of its:
length ; the last joint of the hind tarsi is longer than the penultimate ; the-
pulvillus large. @.
Length 23 mm,
Quetta, June.
Protapanteles? nigrescens, sp. nov.
Black, smooth and shining, covered with a white down ; the base of 4
hinder tibiz and anterior tibie and tarsi testaceous as are also the palpi; wings-
clear hyaline ; the costa and stigma fuscous, the nervures pale. Q
Length 2 mm.
Quetta. August,
Antenne much longer than the body, stout, the joints elongated, the 3rd’
shorter than the 4th. Face with a broad smooth, impressed line down the:
middle. Eyes densely haired, Mesonotum and scutellum minutely shagreened ;-
the metanotum smooth and shining. Central region of Ist abdominal segment
narrowed towards the apex; the sides are paler coloured ; the 2nd segment
with oblique furrows enclosing a triangle, the apex of which is at the base of
the segment,
Kixcept that apparently Protapanteles does not possess grooved lines on:
the 2nd abdominal segment this species agrees better with it than with any of
the Ashmeadian genera, Protapanteles is not adopted by Szepligeti, who sinks-
also 4 other of Dr. Ashmead’s genera, Cf. Gen, Ins, Brac. 105.
CARDIOCHILINA,
Cardiochiles nigricollis, sp. nov.
Black, the apex of the fore femora and their tibie and tarsi testaceous ; wings
hyaline, the apex of the anterior from the 2nd transverse cubita] nervure-
and the apex of the posterior more narrowly, dark fuscous; the stigma and
nervures black. @.
Length 6 mm,
Quetta, May.
Smooth and shining, except the metanotum, which is coarsely rugosely punc—
tured, In the centre of the latter is a large area which is wide in the middle,.
gradually narrowed to a sharp point at the base and apex; its sides are
bordered by astout keel, Pro-and mesopleure smooth and shining ; their-
apices crenulated ; below the middle of the latter isa curved striated band.
Metapleure rugosely punctured, more strongly below than above.
The occiput is transverse. Middle of mandibles testaceous, Suturiform.
articulation and the oblique furrows on the 2nd abdominal segment deep,
clearly defined. Calcaria black, the long spur of the hinder reaching to.
shortly beyond the middle of the metatarsus; the tarsal joints are densely:
pilose below.
Cardiochiles erythronotus, Sp. NOV.
Black, the mesonotum red; the apex of the fore femora, the tibie and tarsi:
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 103
and a narrow band on the base of the middle tibiz and the calcaria rufo-
testaceous. Wings hyaline, the apex smoky from the apex of the stigma ; costa
and stigma black, the middle nervures testaceous. @.
Length 5 mm,
Quetta. May.
Smooth, shining, densely covered with white pubescence ; the base of the
metanotum irregularly rugose; the areola widely separated from the base,
semicircular. Pro- and mesopleure smooth ; the meta-smooth at the base ;
the rest closely rugosely reticulated-punctured ; the centre at the base with 3
longitudinal keels, Temples roundly dilated ; the occiput roundly incised.
Apart from the differences in colouration this species may be known from
C. nigricollis by the areola being semicircular and by the occiput not being
tranverse, In colouration it agrees with C. rujficollis, Cam., from Bombay, The
differences between them may be expressed thus:
Areola extending from the base to the apex of the segment, widened
in the middle, narrowed towards the base and apex; a large
square area on either side ; occiput transverse ; calcaria black ........ zficollis.
Areola not extending from the base to the apex, semicircular; no
area on either side ; occiput not transverse, calcaria testaceous..... .. erythronotus.
Rujicollis has the pubescence denser and longer, and the tubercles are red.
CHELONINA,
Chelonus areolatus, sp, Nov.
Black, the 4 anterior knees, tibiz and tarsi, the basal half of the hind
tibiz and the base of the tarsi narrowly, yellowish testaceous; wings hyaline,
the costa and nervures pale testaceous, the stigma black. Base of metanotum
with a large area, somewhat longer than wide, in the centre; it is slightly
roundly narrowed at the base and apex. @.
Length 35 mm,
Quetia, May,
Antennz 20-jointed. Face closely punctured ; the clypeus shining, its apex
depressed, broadly rounded. Front and vertex finely, closely punctured ; below
the ocelli finely closely transversely striated. Mesonotum finely closely punctur-
ed; the apex and sides of the scutellum closely striated, Metanotum closely
rugosely punctured-reticulated ; in the centre are 2 keels, roundly curved at the
base, forming an area which is longer than broad ; it is irregularly reticulated
and has a stout keel down the centre ; the apical slope is closely, strongly
punctured ; the lateral teeth short, broad. Pleure closely punctured, more
or less striated. Radius short, not reaching to the apex of the basal third of the
apical part of the wings;it is roundly curved ; the basal two abscisse are
equal in length. Striation-reticulation on the abdomen strong at the base,
becoming gradually weaker towards the apex.
Chelonus fortispinus, sp. nov,
Black, the apex of the 4 anterior femora, their tibia and tarsi testaceous, a
broad band at and behind the middle of the hind tibix, the basal two-thirds
104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SCCIETY, Vol. XVII.
of the metatarsus and the calcaria, white. Wings hyaline, the costa, stigma
and apical nervures black, the basal nervures. and metatarsus witlte: Q.
Length 5
Quetta, ee
Antenne 28-jointed and over, as long as the body. Face transversely rugose=
ly punctured. Clypeus closely punctured, broad at the base, gradually narrow-
ed towards the apex; the latter issmooth, transverse. Malar space closely
transversely rugose. Sides of front stoutly obliquely striated ; the sides of the
vertex longitudinally rugose, the posterior part transversely striated. Meso-
notum longitudinally rugosely punctured, most strongly and coarsely
behind. Middle of scutellum smooth at the base, the rest rugosely punctured ;
its sides keeled. Apical slope of metanotum keeled above, its sides projecting
into sharp, longish teeth ; the base is deeply depressed, crenulated ; the basal
part is closely reticulated ; in the centre are 3 longitudinal keels, of which the —
central is thinner than the others ; the apical ‘slope is closely, strongly trans-
versely reticulated-punctured. Propleura# closely reticulated-punctured,
below, at the base, striated. Mesopleure closely, the metapleurz more strongly
and widely reticulated. Base of abdomen strongly longitudinally striated,
intermixed with weaker transverse strie ; the strie are strongest at the base ;
the striz are continued tu the apex, becoming gradually weaker, The trans-
verse basal nervure is thickened and white at its junction with the stigma ;
the basal abscissa of the radius is thickened and is not much shorter than the
2nd ; the 3rd does not reach to the middle of the space hetween the stigma
and end of wing and is slightly, but distinctly, longer than the 2nd abscissa
of cubitus ; the recurrent nervure is interstitial,
The puncturation and striation vary in strength.
MACROCENTRINZ.
Macrocentrus rufo-testaceus, sp. Nov.
Rufo-testaceous, the metanotum and the greater part of the back of abdo-
men black ; legs rufo-fulvous ; flagellum of antenne blackish, the basal joints
fuscous ; wings clear hyaline, ithe stigma fuscous, ity base broad, the apex
“narrowly white ; nervures testaceous, 9,
Length 4; ee about 2 mm.
Quetta. July.
Smooth and shining ; the median segment thickly covered with white pubes-
cence. Middle lobe of mesonotum clearly separated; the part at its apex
tugosely striated, Third joint of antenne clearly longer than the fourth,
Second cubital cellule much narrowed at the apex; the lower part of the Ist
transverse cubital nervure and the 2nd abscissa of the cubitus at the base are
faint, almost obliterated, the latter on the basal half; the transverse median
nervure is received shortly beyond the transverse basal. cae
Macrocentrus fuscipes, sp. nov.
Black, shining, smooth, the legs fuscous ; the 4 anterior paler, more testaceous
in colour than the hinder pair, the coxe black ; clypeus and mandibles, except
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA; 105
the teeth, fulvo-testaceous; palpi fuscous; wings hyaline, the stigma and
nervures fuscous ; the base of the former broadly, its apex narrowly white. @.
Length 4 mm.
Quetta,
Antennal scape black, suffused with testaceous ; the flagellum blackish,
paler below, densely covered with a short pile; its first joint is not much
longer than the second, Metanotum closely transversely striated, the base
‘smooth and shining ; the smooth part triangularly dilated laterally. Pro- and
metapleure shagreened ; the base of the former is testaceous below; the
mesopleurz obscurely punctured below. The lower part of the 1st transverse
-cubital and the basal half of the 2nd abscissa of the cubitus are pale.
BLACIN&.
Orgilus nigromaculatus, sp. NOV,
Rufo-testaceous, antenne, ocelli, median segment except for a broad band
-on the sides, narrowed behind, a large mark on the apex of the mesopleure
in the centre, a mark in the middle of the 1st abdominal segment, the apex of
the 2nd and the greater part of the others, black. Anterior legs rufo-testace-
-ous, their coxe black at the base; the middle black, the coxe, femora and
base of tibie broadly dark red; the posterior black, the base of the femora
and tibiz dark red ; the calcaria rufous, Wings clear hyaline, the costa and
Stigma black ; the nervures white, Q.
Length 4 mm ; terebra 2 mm,
Quetta. May.
Densely covered with a white pile ; minutely closely punctured. Antenne
29-jointed ; the third joint a little shorter than the 4th; the flagellum densely
covered with a dense white pile. Malar space fully as Jong as the antennal
scape. Clypeus less closely punctured than the face and more shining; its
apex is broadly rounded, Scutellum broader than long, its apex broadly round-
ed, Metanotum sparsely irregularly striated, its base depressed, Pleurz close-
ly punctured ; the lower part of the mesopleure smooth and shining; the
longitudinal furrow wide, crenulated. First abdominal segment sessile, slightly
widened towards the apex; it is nearly as long asthe 2nd and 3rd united;
these are wider than long ; the 2nd longer than the 3rd; it has a narrow smooth
line down the middle, Calcaria short. Stigma broad compared with its width
The transverse median nervure is received beyond the transverse basal ; it
is therefore an Orgilus sensu str,
BRACONINE.
Bracon quettensis, sp, nov.
Rufo-testaceous, palpi, antenne, a large spot on the sides of mesonotum at
the scutellum at the base, base of metanotum broadly, mesosternum, a mark
‘at the base of the basal 2 abdominal segments and the sheaths of the ‘ovipo-
sitor, black. Wings light fuscous, the stigma and costa testaceous, the ner'vures
~of a darker testaceous colour. 9 and g. ;
Length 3 mm, the ovipositor slightly longer,
14
106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Quetta. May to August,
Shining, the head and thorax smooth ; the abdomen closely minutely punc--
tured and striated. Body and legs thickly covered with short white pubescence.
There is no area on the base of the 2nd abdominal segment. Sheaths of
ovipositor thickly covered with short stiff black hair.
The amount of black on the legs varies. In the male they may be testaceous.
with the femora lined above with black ; the apex of the tibiz broadly and
the tarsi black. The mark on the base of the metanotum may be entire
or divided ; its stigma, too, is darker, The apical abscissa of the radius is.
about one-fourth longer than the basal two united. °
Bracon tridipennis, sp. Nov.
Rufo-testaceous, the antenne, ocellar region, palpi, mandibles, occiput:
broadly, apical half of mesonotum broadly on the sides, sternum, metanotum,
the basal abdominal segment and the others, less distinctly in the centre, black,
Legs black, the knees broadly testaceous, the spurs black. Wings hyaline,,
highly iridescent, the stigma dark fuscous, the costa and nervures black. @,
Length 3 mm.
Quetta. May.
Head and thorax smooth and shining, sparsely covered with white pubes-.
cence. The 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments are closely finely punctured,
more or less obscurely striated laterally. Third abscissa of radius nearly twice-
the length of the basal two united. Suturiform articulation and the furrow at
the base of the 3rd segment closely striated.
Apart from the differences in colouration this species should be known from,
quettaensis by the longer third and shorter second abscissa of the radius,
Vepio nursed, Sp. NOV.
Rufous, the antenne, ocelli, a small spot on the base of the middle lobe of
the mesonotum, a broad line on the apical halt of the lateral, the meso- and
metasternum, the 4 hinder coxe below and the posterior at the apex:
above, the apex of the hind tibie and the hind tarsi, black, Wings dark
fuscous, the nervures, costa and apical half of the stigma black, the basal half
of the latter yellow. @Q and @.
Length 8-12 mm.; terebra 40 mm.
Quetta, June—August.
Face minutely closely punctured ; malar furrow distinct ; there are a few
long hairs over the clypeus. Mandibles covered with long fulvous hair.
Thorax smooth ; the metanotum punctured, but not closely or strongly ; the
apical slope with a shallow furrow. Basal two abdominal segments coarsely
rugosely punctured; the 3rd less strongly on the basal two-thirds, the 4th
on the basal half, The basal triangular area on the 3rd segment smooth ; the:
furrows, tranverse and the curved ones on the base of the 3rd crentlated ; the:
apical segments are smooth, Hypopygium large, culiriform, projecting largely
beyond the dorsal segment. The middle ventral segments are marked with
black,
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 107
The ¢ is similar, In size the species varies considerably,
Vipio unicolor, sp. nov,
Rufo-testaceous, the flagellum of antennz black ; the wings fuscous, with the:
usual hyaline spots, the basal half of stigma ochraceous, Q.
Length 15 mm, ; terebra 28 mm.
Quetta. August.
Face closely punctured, the front and vertex smooth. Mesonotum strongly,.
but not closely punctured ; the scutellum almost impunctate, Metainotum
deeply closely punetured, almost reticulated in parts, Pleure smooth. Basal
3 abdominal segments closely rugosely reticulated-punctured ; the furrows.
closely crenulated, wide.
(To be continued.)
108
BIRDS OF THE PROVINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU
AND ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By
A. E. Warp.
Parr I.
Years ago I made out a list of birds that might be found in the
Jammu and Kashmir State, but as research progressed it was found
needful to add many and to eliminate a few. From this list a
catalogue was prepared, in 19038, for the use of the Pratab Singh
Museum of Srinagar, during the last two years progress has been
made with the collections and as the catalogue has now been brought
up to date I venture to publish it in the Bombay Natural History
Journal.
Probably some few additions may have to be made, and possibly it
will be hereafter found that a few birds will have to be struck out, at
present it is preferable to keep these on the list with the remark
‘ doubtful’? against them.
The area dealt with is approximately 70,000 square miles; from the
plains of Jammu to the Mountains of Ladak and Baltistan, &c., is a far
ery, and every variety of climate is met with, hence we naturally expect
to meet with a large number of birds. Many migrate through Kashmir ~
in the spring, of these some stay to breed in Baltistan, Gilgit and Ladak
whilst others doubtless go to far distant countries.
Some few of the species entered are excessively rare, and this claim
to entry depends on one or two occurrences only. We have still a
good deal to learn regarding the breeding places of larks, finches,
chats, thrushes and warblers.
OrpDER: Passeres. FAM: Corvipz.
(1). Corvus coraz.—The Raven, is common in Ladak and Baltistan, confined
to high altitudes, A single specimen was shot at Chattasgul, Sinde Valley,
during a severe winter,
(4). Corvus corone.— The Carrion-crow, is resident in Kashmir, nowhere have
plentiful, Eggs have been taken in May and June in the side valleys at alti-
tudes varying from 8,000! to 10,000’.
(4). Corvus macrorhynchus.—The Jungle-crow, is the commonest crow in
Kashmir, &c¢, Breeds from March to May from 5,000’ to 9,000’.
(5), Corvus frugilegus.—The Rook, is migratory, and is found on the banks
of the Jhelum and on the Murree Road in winter only. Mr, Blunt shot two
near the Anchai Lake in winter 1905.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 109
(6). Corvus corniv.—The Hooded-crow, is a rare visitor ; observed in Gilgit
and near Domel, Jhelum Valley, A single specimen shot Febuary 1905 in
Srinagar, ;
(7). Corvus splendens—The Indian House-crow, is chiefly confined to-
Srinagar in Kashmir, but, of course, is common in the low country.
(9). Corvus monedula—The Jackdaw, is abundant ; eggs are found in the
early spring, this bird ascends to about 8,000’, but, as a rule, breeds in the main
valleys.
(10), Pica rustica.—The Magpie, is excessively rare in Kashmir and the only
record is from the Sinde Valley, Very common in Ladak and parts of Baltistan.
Eggs taken May and June, ‘
(13). Urocissa flavirostris,—The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie, is common in
Kashmir and the neighbouring districts, eggs found throughout May and June
at elevations of about 6,000’ to 7,000’.
(16). Denérocitta rufa.i—The Indian Tree-pie, is apparently confined to.
Jammu,
(18). Dendrocitia himalayensis—The Himalayan Tree-pie, is found in the
Jhelum Valley, a solitary specimen recorded from Kashmir Vale Febuary 1905.
(26). Garrulus bispecularis,—The Himalayan Jay, obtained at Allahabad,
Sarai Poonch, at 8,000’ in April and September, Breeds in the outer ranges,
(24). Garrulus lanceolatus.—The Black-throated Jay, Common in Poonch.
and the outer ranges,
(28). Nucifraga mubtipunctata—The Larger-spotted Nut Cracker, Common
in the larger forests. Breeds from May to July at altitudes varying from 8,000”
to 10,000’.
(29). Graculus eremita—The Red-billed Chough, descends into the main
valley in winter ; in summer breeds at about 12,000’,in Ladak, but at lower:
elevations in Kashmir. Eggs taken on May 14th in Ladak; young birds on
Gangong, 26th June.
(39), Pyrrhocoraz alpinus—The Yellow-billed Chough, is found at 5,500! in
winter but ascends to great altitudes in summer ; it is said to breed in inaccessible-
cliffisin May and June, This bird is often caught in winter in traps set round
carrion for foxes, &c.
(31). Parus atriceps.—The Indian Grey Tit, is common.
(84). Parus monticola—The Green-backed Tit, is common,
(35). igithaliscus erythrocephalus,—The Red-headed Tit, appears to be con--
fined to moderate altitudes, when it is plentiful.
(37). githaliscus leucogenys.—The White-cheeked Tit, is resident in Kash-
mir and is found in Gilgit and Baltistan.
(38). Agithaliscus niveigqularis—The White-throated Tit, israre. Three-
were obtained in willow trees on February 19 at 6,000’ and one at 11,000’
on 25th August 1905,
(40). Sylviparus medestus.x—The Yellow-browed Tit, recorded from Kash-
mir and Kishtwar.
110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
(42). Machlolophus xanthogenys——The Yellow-cheeked Tit, not observed
~personally but is recorded.
(44). Lophophanes melanolophus.——The Crested Black Tit, is a common bird
‘at about 7,000’.
(47). Lophophanes rufinuchalis—The Simla Black Tit, is widely distributed
cat various altitudes,
(49). Lophophanes dichrous.—The Brown-crested Tit, I am very doubtful
about the locality of a specimen said to have come from Kishtwar,
Fam: CRATEROPODIDA.
(76). Garrulax albigularis—The White-throated Laughing-Thrush, is
recorded from Domel, Jhelum Valley Road,
(80). Lanthocincla rujfigularis—The Rufous-chinned Laughing-Thrush, a
‘solitary specimen recorded from the Lolab,
(82). Trochalopterum erythrocephalum.—The Red-headed Laughing-Thrush,
is said to be found in Badrawar.
(91). Trochalopterum simile—The Western Variegated Laughing-Thrush, is
-widely distributed in the Kashmir side valleys, eggs found as late as 8th August
1904,
(99). Trochalopterum lineatum.—The Himalayan Streaked Laughing-Thrush,
‘This bird is fairly common throughout \Kashmir ; constructs its nest amongst
‘bushes ; it is also found in Gilgit and Baltistan.
(105). Argya caudata.—The Common Babbler, is found in the outer ranges.
(110). Crateropus canorus.—The Jungle Babbler, is chiefly confined to the
-Jumna Province but is found in the Jhelum Valley up to an altitude of about
-4,000'.
(116), Pomatorhinus schistéceps—The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler, doubiful.
(129). Pomatorhinus erythrogenys—The Rusty-cheeked Scimitar Babbler,
‘specimens have been obtained from Tret below Murree, and a single bird
within Kashmir territory from near Kohala.
(139). Pyctorhis sinensis—The Yellow-eyed Babbler, found in Poonch and
sis probably common in Jammu.
(174). Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops——The Red-billed Babbler, is found on the
-outer ranges.
(187). Mytophoneus temmincki.—The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush, found
throughout Kashmir and neighbouring districts at various altitudes up to 12,000’,
eggs are to be found in May and June at considerable elevations and in
April at lower altitudes.
(191). Larvivora brunnea.—The Indian Blue Chat, This bird breeds in
Kashmir up to an altitude of about 8,000’ ; eggs obtained in June and July ; the
-eggs are blue.
(199). Hodgsonius pheuiewroides.—Hodgson’s Short-wing. Eggs found in the
Liddar Valley in June generally at altitude about 8,000’, Eggs deep blue.
(204), Lioptila capisirata——The Black-headed Sibia,a fairly common bird
‘but all our specimens are from the lower ranges bordering on the Plains.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 111
(226). Zosterops palpebrosa,—The Indian White-Hye, is numerous in Poonch
and Jammu, less so in Kashmir Proper, breeds in April in Kashmir.
(237). Pteruthius erythropterus—The Red-winged Shrike-Tit, is to be
found on the Murree Road,
(259). Leptopecile sophiw.—Stoliczka’s Warbler-Tit. Ihave never secured
a specimen in Kashmir but this is a fairly common bird on the Shyok Ladak,
and on the Indus,
(260). Cephalopyrus flammiceps.—The Vire-cap, is plentiful, breeds in May
and June at altitudes up to about 8,000’, perhaps higher.
(269). Hypsipetes psaroides—The Himalayan Black Bulbul, common,
(283). Molpastes intermedius.—The Punjab Red-vented Bulbul, is found in
Poonch and Jammu.
(284). Molpastes leucogenys.—The White-cheeked Bulbul, is very plentiful.
FAM: SITTIDA,
(316). Sitta cinnamomeiventris—The Cinnamon-ebellied Nuthatch, a fairly
‘common bird in Kashmir, Eggs taken at 7,000’ in May.
(320). Sitta kashmirensis—Brooks’s Nuthatch, obtained on the Haji-pir,
April 15th.
(823). Sitta leucopsis,—The White-cheeked Nuthatch, is fairly common in
Kashmir, Baltistan and Gilgit. Eggs taken at about 7,500’ in the Seddar
Valley in May.
Fam: DICRURIDA,
(327). Dicrurus ater.—-The Black Drongo, This drongo ascends the hills
to about 7,(00’ but generally nests not higher than at an altitude of about
6,000’.
(328) Dicurus longicaudatus—The Indian Ashy Drongo, I have only
observed this bird on the outer ranges.
Fam : CERTHIIDA,
(341). Certhia himalayana.—The Himalayan Tree-Creeper. Very plentiful
at altitudes up to about 10,000’, Eggs taken in May,
(342). Certhia hodgsoniimHodgson’s Tree-Creeper, This bird is found in
Kashmir and Baltistan and in most parts of Kashmir at about 8,000’ up to the
snows,
(348), Tichodroma muraria.—The Wall-Creeper, is a winter visitor, some-
times assumes the black feathers on the throat before migrating, but generally
leaves as early as March.
(352). Anorthura neglecta.—The Kashmir Wren, breeds at elevations of about
7,000’ to 10,000’ in May and June. A nest found at about 10,000! was under a
pine log and was lined with feathers of the monal and musk deer hairs,
FaM: REGULIDA,
(358). Regulus cristatus—The Goldcrest, cannot be considered a common
bird in Kashmir, &c., but is found widely distributed, A specimen was obtained
on March 2nd, in the Vale at about 5,500’.
112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/IT..
Fam: SYLVIIDZ,
Mr. Stuart Baker kindly identified a number of the specimens, but as before-
stated we have still much to learn regarding the breeding places of these
birds, I am not at all confident of the list being complete.
(363). Acrocephalus stentoreus.—The Indian Great Reed-Warbler, breeds in
Kashmir generally in June, and is to be found on the lakes, after breeding is.
sometimes met with in the side valleys but I have never found it later than
October.
(356). Acrocepralus dumetorum.—Blyth’s Reed-Warbler, is a summer visitor
to the Kashmir Valley.
(267). Acrocephalus agricola.—The Paddy-field Reed-Warbler. I have never
found ‘the nest of this bird in Kashmir although my collectors have searched
carefully.
(369), Tribura major.—The Large-billed Bush-Warbler, found in Kashmir,
Baltistan and in Ladak in summer,
(871). Tribura thoracica.—The Spotted Bush-Warbler, recorded from
Kashmir,
(374), Orthotomus sutorius——The Indian Tailor-bird, found in Jammu Pro-
vince but appears to be rare.
(382). Franklinia gracilis—Franklin’s Wren-Warbler, I have seldom ob-
tained this bird in Kashmir,
(394). Hypolais rama.—Sykes’s Tree-Warbler, doubtful,
(396). Hypolais caligata—The Booted T'ree-Warbler, migrates through
Baltistan but appears to have been seldom secured.
(398). Sylvia cinerea. —White-throated Warbler.
(399). Sylvia jerdoniitThe Eastern Orphean-Warbler. I enter this on
the strength of Fauna of India, Bird’s, page 396, Vol. 1.
(401). Sylvia althea,—Hume’s Lesser White-throated Warbler. I cannot
be sure of the correctness of the labelling, as the specimen I secured was
marked “ Shot, Kargil 4th May 1903, eges taken.”
(402). . Sylvia affinis—Indian Lesser White-throated Warbler, is a common
bird in Kashmir in the summer where it breeds ; it is also found in Baltistan,
(405), Phylloscopus affinis——Tickell’s Willow-Warbler, Breeds in Ladak at
elevations up to 14,500’ and also in Kashmir in June,
(406). Phyltloseopus tytleri—Tytler’s Willow-Warbler, summers in Kashmir.
(407). Phylloscopus tristis—The Brown Willow-Warbler. The eggs of this
bird were taken in Ladak at high altitudes on 11th June and on 17th July.
(408). Phylloscopus indicus.—The Olivaceous Willcw-Warbler.
(414), Phylloscopus pulcher—The Orange-barred Willow-Warbler. J am
doubtful whether the single specimen was rightly labelled “ Kishtwar,”’
(415), Phylloscopus proregulus,—Pallas’s Willow-Warbler, A ccmmon bird
in Kashmir, Eggs found in Kashmir, 9,000! on 27th June,
(416). Phylloscopus subviridis——Brooks’s Willow-Warbler. I have not
secured a specimen,
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 113
(418). Phylloscopus hwmii—Hume’s Willow-Warbler, breeds in Kashmir in
‘the side valleys in May, June and July.
(421). Acanthopneuste nitidus,—Green Willow-Warbler.
(424). Acanthopneuste mognirostris—The Large-billed Willow-Warbler. I
have a single clutch of eggs obtained in Dashgam ravine at 6,000’, This is
apparently a rare bird in Eastern Kashmir,
(428). Acanthopneuste occipitalis—The Large Crowned Willow- Warbler,
breeds in Kashmir ai elevations of about 7,000’ to 8,000’ in June and July.
(429). Acanthopneuste trochiloides—Blyth’s Crowned Willow-Warbler. I
have not found this bird in Kashmir ; but asit occurs in Murree it is pretty
‘sure to be a summer visitor,
(434), Cryptolopha wanthoschista,-—Hodgson’s Grey-headed Flycatcher War-
bler,
(450). Horornis pallidus.—The Pale Bush-Warbler,
(455), LHoreites brunneifrons—The Rufous-capped Bush-Warbler. I have
mo specimens from Kashmir of either this or the pale Bush-Warbler, but both
are undoubtedly to be found.
(458). Suya erinigera.—The Brown Hill-Warbler, common in Kashmir,
(462). Prinia lepida.—The Streaked Wren-Warbler, found in the outer hills,
mever observed in Kashmir Proper.
(466). Prinia inornata.—The Indian Wren-Warbler.
(To be continued.)
15
114
FIRST HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES (BEING &
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE ARTICLES ON THE
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA),
By lL, C, H. YOUNG, B.A,, F.2,8., ES.
I have never tried to write an article or series of articles before in what is
called a “popular” manner, and I am quite aware that these I am now pro--
ducing will have many faults from the popular point of view. Two have
been pointed out tome by friendly critics of the first part which appeared in-
the last number of the Journal.
The first of these I am not at all inclined to admit, véz,, that I have given
different names to certain insects to those which Indian collectors have been
accustomed to for thirty years and more.
Now these articles are not intended for people who have been collecting
butterflies for thirty years, nor even for much shorier periods, but for beginners
only, From this point of view, it is only necessary to give one name, and that
the right one. In fact, it is imperative not to give more than one, as it would
merely confuse the reader for whom the article is intended ; and an historicar
disquisition, explaining how the latest modern research in the sometimes rather
obscure works of early naturalists leads us to conclude that a particular name
has precedence over its synonyms, would be quite out of place, and can be:
found elsewhere, All I endeavour to do is to give a nomenclature which is.
not likely to be upset in our time.
The second criticism is amore reasonable one. That the series to be of
real use to beginners should not merely teach them how to name their collec—
tions, but also how to make the collections first ; and, with the permission of”
the editors, I propose to give very briefly a few hints on collecting,
Hints on collecting Butterflies,
There are two ways of collecting butterflies—one is to catch them, the other
to breed them from the egg or caterpillar, The advantage of the latter is:
that you make sure of getting fresh specimens. On the other hand, very
few of us in India have the leisure to do this properly, and most of us:
must be content with collecting the perfect insects only, I will deal with this.
process first. The first requisite isa net, There are apparently many differcnt
kinds of nets on the market ; some evidently made expressly for beginuers,
since no one of any experience would ever buy them. The strongest form is.
made of thick steel wire with a lcop at one end, through which the other end
fits, this latter being in the form of a screw and fitting into a metal socket at the-
end of the stick or handle, On the other hand, this form is not very portable,
and generally has to be made specially for you, The most practically service-
able is made of cane with two joints in it, so that it can be folded up and put
in the pocket, if necessary, the ends fitting into a Y, the long arm of which fits
on to the handle, The important thing is that the net should be circular,
The bag should be made of white or green leno, or any other colour, though,
I think, these are the best, and are certainly the most easily procurable at short.
FIRST HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES, Wie
notice, Itshould be of such a length that you can reach the bottom comfortably
with your hand, not pointed, nor tapering, nor square, but gradually rounded,
It is best always to make one’s own nets, and it requires very little skill as
a seamster or seamstress. If, instead of fastening the leno itself to the frame
of the net, a top of calico is made, it will last much longer,
The length of the stick or handle should be about that of an ordinary walk-
ing stick—I generally prefer it rather shorter, It should be remembered
that though with a long stick you have a longer reach you have a much more
uncertain aim,
There are two ways of catching an insect on the wing with a net. One is to
hold it over your head and sweep Gownwards, bringing the net flat on the
ground with the insect inside, but quite inaccessible. The other is to sweep
sideways, and, having imprisoned the butterfly, to turn the wrist quickly, so that
the bag of the net folds over the frame and closes the opening, I recommend
the latter process, The first is bad for the net and necessitates kneeling on the
ground, and holding up the end of the bag until the imprisoned insect chocses
to fly to the top before you can get at him.
Having caught the specimen, the question arises, what to do with it? Some
people carry pins with them, and, having pinched the thorax of the butterfly
through the net so as to render it more or less powerless—though, as a rule, rot
actually killing it—pin it to the inside of their topies. Others carry a small
cork-lined collecting box in their pockets to save their topies. Neither of these
is to be recommended, If you try pinning an insect in the jungle when you
are hot and dusty and with your hands possibly trembling with excitement (why
should they not be ?), you will probably do it very badly ; pinching often spoils
an insect, and is, in practice, rather cruel.
Another way is to carry a killing bottle with you and inserting it frcm the
bottom of the net, work it upwards till you are able to corner your fluttering
prey in the mouth of it, and then fit the stopper in quickly. The disadvantages
of this process are two, One is that, as soon as it is dead, the specimen starts
shaking up and down in the bottle as you walk or run, and spoils itself, ‘Tle
other is that in the case of closely allied species it is often impossible to be
certain of their identity through the meshes of the net, and you may in this
way kill a number of common insects you do not want,
The method of avoiding all these difficulties is to carry a number of
“ pill-boxes ’’ with glass bottoms of different sizes. ‘hese are readily procurable
at any store where entomological apparatus is for sale, and cost, I believe, four
a shilling at home, and properly cared for will lasta dozen years. Itrequires
no great skill to “ box” the insect inside the net, and the glass bottom enables
you to see what it is before killing it. They can in this way be carried hcme
safely and put in the killing bottle at Ieisure. In boxing always have the end
of the net uppermost, as a butterfiy when it finds itself surrounded by anything
from which it wishes to escape, whether long grass or green leno, always flies
upwards,
116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
The next requisite is a killing bottle, This can be obtained from any
chemist, and is ordinarily made from cyanide of potassium, covered over to
give a hard and dry surface with plaster of Paris.
These bottles will sometimes “sweat’’ in the monscon, and, when this occurs,
itis safest to get a new bottle at once, as adrop of the moisture on the wings of
a dying insect will completely spoil it.
A good bottle should kill a butterfly or, at any rate, render it insensible in a
minute, and if it takes much longer, it is time to renew the poison both from
considerations of humanity, and because the less they flutter about in the bottle
the less likely they are to injure themselves as specimens,
The insects become rather stiff when dead (though they are less so after
twenty-four hours than after a longer or shorter period), Except during the
monsoon, however, when they will always remain soft and pliant, it is best
always to put the contents of the killing bottle into a relaxing tin for 12 hours
before setting them. They should not be left much more than 12 hours in
this climate or they will rot.
A relaxing tinis very simply made. An old cigarette tin will do with a
thick pad of folded blotting paper at the bottom thoroughly soaked in water.
The specimens only require to be laid on the top of it.
The next operation is setting, and for this purpose the collector must
provide himself with a large store of the ordinary pin of commerce, a
stock of two or three sizes of entomological pins, some thin strips of paper,
and some setting boards. Before he can make or purchase his seiting boards
he must decide whether he is going to set his specimens in the “ English ” or
“ continental”? fashion, J had better explain these terms, The following.
figure (Fig. 1) gives a sectional view of an ‘‘ English ” setting board :—
‘The shaded portion is cork, glued — a thin strip of deal. A is the groove
into which the body of the insect is pinned, The result of setting an insect
on a board of this shape is that it will stand very low on the pin ; that is, when
placed in the cabinet, it will be practically touching the cork and, in con-
sequence, be more avcessible to mites, grease or mould, or any other enemy that
occasionally invades the cabinet, and further that there will be a great length
of ugly pin above it, so that an “ English ” collection often looks as much a
collection of pins as of anything else. Of course, you can have the boards
specially made with a double thickness of cork, but even then the wings, having
been bent ina curve to suit the rounded shape of the board, always have an
untidy drooping appearance and look as though they had been taken off the
setting board before they were dry. There is another drawback to English
FIRST HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES, EG
set specimens, When packed away in collecting cases they cannot ordinarily be
made to overlip, and this is a very important point for Indian collectors, who
generally wish to pack up their collections as closely as possible, to send home.
The “continental”? setting board is flat, and is either made with a great
thickness of cork, or in the manner JT am going to describe, The drawback to
the “ continental, method,’’ pure and simple, is that continental entomological
pins are too long for the depth of the drawers inthe ordinary English-made
cabinet, and owing to their length the finer qualities are very apt to get
bent, The important point, however, is to have at least half an inch of pin-
protecting on the underside of the specimen, and personally I like to see as.
little pin on the upperside as is practicable.
The most preferable method is to use Nnglish pins and continental setting
boards,
In Fig, 2 is shown one end of the kind of setting board I mean. Is consists
of two long strips of deal or other scft wood (AA) attached at the ends to legs
such as (BB), (CC ) is a small
A A projecting foot to the leg by
0 LEE LEE means of which the board may
WH___U[_[ ye: slid into a groove in the
Y setting case, A small space is
left between the two strips
(AA.)and on their underside a
Fig. 2. strip of cork is glued across it.
The body of the insect is placed in the spac: or groove between the (AA.)
strips and its pin can pass right through the cork into the space below since
the board is supported on two legs and the inseci can thus be set as high on
the pin as the height of the legs (BB.).
I do not think boards like these can be had readymade anywhere put the
Society’s carpenter has made me two setting-cases on this principle quite as
well finished as the English-made model shown to him for a very reasone
able price and is doubtless open to further orders,
The next requisite is entomological pins, There are only two makeis of
whom I have any experience, viz., D, F. Tayler & Co, and Kirby, I will not
giv> either the advertisement of a preference here but will only remark that
for some reason—probably the terms of commission— dealers do not, as a rule,
stock Tayler’s pins and if you want them you must write direct io the factciy
in Birmingham, Kirby’s pins can be got from any dealer,
Three different sizes will be all a beginner, who is eclleciing Luiie:{ es
only, need purchase to start with, I would advise him also to purchase a pair
of entomological forceps, He will probably find them a clumsy tool to start
with but when once he is accustomed to them he will never think of handling
an insect without them,
Armed with all this furniture and having properly relaxed our specimen we
will now proceed to set it,
118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
The first and most important operation of allis the pinning, Jf the rest of
the setting is badly done it can always be relaxed and reset but if the insect is
not pinned properly it will in 9 cases out of 10 be spoilt for alltime. The pin
should be inserted exactly through the middle of the thorax and perpendicular
to it and the utmost care must be taken that it comes out exactly in the middle
ou ths underside, #.¢., exactly between the middle pair of legs. If this is not
done the legs will probably be broken off and the wings are almost certain
to be put out of joint in the process of stretchingthem. Ji is almost equally
important that the insect should be pinned exactly in the middle of the groove
of the setting board and that the pin should be put in straight and not leaning
forward or back or to one side. Not more than at most a quarter of an mch of
pin should show above the thorax, just enough to catch hold of with the
forceps. Pins are ugly. Unless these two operations are performed success-
fuily the rest of the setting is mere waste of time so far as any hope of turning
out a decent specimen is concerned,
The details of the process of stretching the wings on the boards will depend
mainly on the attitude in which the insect died and are impossible to describe
thoroughly, But supposing it has died with them closed above the body—the
most common attitude for butterflies—take a strip of paper (E E in Fig, 3.),
slide it between the wings, then put the forceps between them and press them
open until you can get the strip (K F) flut and then pin it to the board at one
end (D) (with the ordinary pin of commerce ; entomological pins will generally
bend at once if you try to put them into any substance harder than cork).
FIRST HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES. BY,
Then take the other end of the strip in your fingers and hold it tight close
to the board and gradually raise the wings to the required angle (as in Fig, 5)
with the point ofa needle, taking care that the point of the needle only
catches against the stronger veins and does not actually pass through the wing.
Generally speaking if this cannot be done easily the insect is not sufficiently
relaxed but, of course, practice is required, This done pin the other end of the
-strip tightly. Except in the very small species a second strip is nearly always
required to prevent the ends of the wings curling particularly in the case of
‘relaxed specimens.
I have used the expression ‘‘ raise the wings to the required angle” ; the
-only way to set specimens so that the whole collection will be homogeneous,
all the specimens being set with the wings at the same angle is to have the
dower or inner margins of the forewings at right angles to the body so that the
points (fF F) inthe figure are in astraight line. Then raise the hindwings
antil the pattern of the markings, if any, fit on to that of the forewings,
In I suvpose by far the majority of butterflies there are bands or lines
running continuously across both wings,
There are a few, but very few cases where it is impossible to fit the pattern
-of the hindwings on to that of the forewings if ihe latter are set at the angle
described above (Papilio sarpedon is an instance in point) ; but it is worth-
~whiie sacrificing the pattern for the sake of haying the setting of the whole
collection uniform,
In butterflies the Iegs are not as a rule visible from above and the only
things left to arrange are the antennze, These should be pinned wide open
‘so as to lie close along the costa of the forewings, If they project at all they
are almost certain to get broken off when the specimens are packed away
¢closely in collecting cases or cabinets,
The setting is now finished and the spécimen must be left to dry, This in the
cold weather may take only 24 hours, Jn the monsoon, on the other hand, it
may take a month and in a very wet season become almost impossible.
It will probably be less disappointing in the end to put all one’s captures in
the monsoon in papers at the time and relax and set them afterwards in the
‘cold weather,
A drop of benzine on the insect will greatly assist the process of drying and
does not injure the specimen in the least, It has the further advantage of
-absorbing or partially absorbing the greasy matter in the body and preventing
the mischieveus form of rot known as “ greasing” setting in afterwards.
As soon as the specimen is dry the papers can be taken off and the insect put
away in the cabinet or collecting box. People who have anywhere at home
where they can send things to and any one there to look after them will be
wise if they send their whole accumulations home eyery hot weather before
the monsoon breaks,
Permanent or semi-permanent residents in the country will probably prefer io
<arrange their collections in cabinets. For such the principal enemy to Le fearcd
120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIT.
is mould during the monsoon, A drop of earbolic acid on a tiny section of
sponge pinned in the corner of each drawer so as not to touch the bottom or
sides will keep this off fairly effectually but im addition it is as well to burn a.
sigari in front of the cabinet on wet days.
Another nuisance in connection with cabinets. mseparable from the climate
is that from the constant swelling and shrinking of the wood according to the
humidity of the air the drawers will very soon become very ill-fitting. This can
be partly avoided by “ oiling” the grooves with ordinary black lead.
Another way of keeping off mould is by putting on the insect a drop of a.
mixture made by dissolving bichloride of mercury in spiritsof wine, But if this-
touches the pin it will eat it away ina very short time and it is a process which:
needs very careful handling,
very cabinet drawer or collecting box must contain naphihalime. In
cabinets there is generally a groove made to contain it. In collecting:
boxes it should be tied up in a bag of muslin and firmly pinned in one_ corner;
Naphthaline evaporates very quickly and needs constant replenishing.
Every specimen in the cabinet should have a small label attached giving the.
date, locality and altitude of the capture. Labels are very ugly and these:
should be made as small as possible so as looked at from above to be hidden by
the wings,
A word now as to collecting butterflies by breeding. If you do not know the:
food-plant of 2 particular species and cannot find it out from any books, the only”
thing to do is to watch for a female which is fluttering slowly from bush to
bush constantly settling and obviously egglaying and to follow behind, search.
till you find the egg deposited and make a note of the species of plant om
which it was found. This is a most laborious process only pardonable in the
interests of original research. When a collector discovers in this way the larva-
and food-plant of a species hitherto unknown he should make careful note of
the facts and send a description of the larva to the Journal of the Society.
When the food-plant is known the collector can either search for the ready’
hatched larvee upon it or else catch a femaleand keep her alive for a few days.
on sugar in the hope that she will lay some eggs. Butterflies are creatures that
love the light and to make the latter process a success 'therefore she should:
not be shut up in the dark, but put in a box with a glass or muslin top to it,
Almost every one has bred caterpillars for amusement in his or her child™
hood and I need give very few hinis on the subject. The main things to he cor=
sidered in breeding caterpillars are the same as in breeding any other creatures
ie., good food and clean sanitary quarters. Fresh food must be constantly
supplied, never wet and not too dry and the box or whatever else they may be:
kept in should be regularly cleaned out. So far as possible never touch the
caterpillars with your hands, Caterpillars do not mind the dark, Many prefer
it and will not feed in the day time.
In the case of tree-feeding species, if you have the right tree in your own.
compound, by far the simplest way is to turn the larve locse on a branch.
FIRST HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES. 12f
tie a bag of muslin tightly round it and leave them there till they pupate or
have eaten all the leaves. This process is called slieving,
The keeping of pupz or chrysalises in this country presenis none of the
difficulties experienced at home because the perfect insects emerge after a few
weeks and there is no question of keeping them through the winter or in
varying temperatures.
The only advice I have to give is—do not touch them,
I have suggested above that if the collector comes across the larya of any
species which has not been previously described, he should send a record of
it to the Society, The larve of I think all the species there will be any
occasion to allude to in this series are familiar, but as a collector in any of the
richer parts of the country might discover the previously unknown early
stages of quite a number of species, it would be as well to give an outline of
how to describe a larva, because a description of one which is not in accordance-
with the customary scientific methods is generally more or less unintelligible,
A larva is either smooth, hairy, spiniferous or tuberculous, If hairy it should
be stated whether the hairs occur in tufts or not, If in tufts it will generally
be found that those on the 2nd segment (or first excluding the head) and on
the last, differ in size and colour from the rest, The same may be said of
spines or tubercles, The ground colour should be stated first and then the
colour of the tufts or spines and the colour of the head, On each segment
above the legs are small trache or spiracles which are the breathing apparatus
of the insect and are generally distinctively marked, and if so the colours.
should be described,
All other markings are generally linear and may occur in the following way :
A central line down the back, called the dorsal line, a line or band through the-
spiracles on either side called the spiracular lines, narrow lines bordering the
spiracular called the supra spiracular and subspiracular, and between these and
the dorsal line two other pairs, the upper called the subdorsal and the lower
the lateral, In any description it is extremely important to call these lines
by their right names, and as they are generally not all present, the describer-
must judge for himself which those present actually are from their position.
The dorsal and spiracular offer no difficulty and these are the ones most nearly
universal,
The ground colour may also be spotted, and if the spots are few and conspi-
cuous, the number, arrangement and colour on each segment should be stated,
16 =
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON MAMMALS COLLECTED
AND OBSERVED IN THE DARJEELING
DTI SMUE AUC, IU Dba
By
GoRDON DALGLIESH.
During a year’s residence in the above district, where I was employed
as assistant on a tea garden, I spent my spare time studying the
mammals of that region. In those days I did not know the advantages
of trapping, and all my specimens were either shot by myself or brought
in by natives. The natives (Nepalese) I always found trustworthy
and reliable, and were always willing to give their services when there
was any shooting to be had, and many a pleasant day I have spent in
their company in pursuit of game. My collecting and observations
-~were confined from the base of the mountains to 8,000 feet elevation.
Macacus rhesus, And, The Bengal Monkey.
I found this species common at low elevations, and had several young
ones brought to me; but they always came to an untimely end. They
are a source of great annoyance to the natives, robbing their crops, and
nothing seems safe from their mischievous fingers.
Felis tigris, Linn. The Tiger.
The tiger was common in parts of the Terai at the base, and an old
tigress with two cubs once ascended the forest to 5,000 feet, and took
up her quarters close to the Forest Ranger’s house in Kurseong.
‘Though much sought after, she was not shot.
Felis pardus, Linn. The Leopard or Panther.
The Leopard was common from the base right up to Darjeeling 8,000
feet. I have often heard them at night, and the sound they make is
not unlike somebody sawing a piece of wood. They are especially fond
of dogs, and have been known to snatch them cff the verandahs in the
evening before the eyes of their owners. I once saw the skin of a large
python, and was told a half grown leopard had been taken out of its
stomach.
Felis nebulosa, Griff. The clouded Leopard.
A pair of these beautiful animals’ skins adorned the walls of a
planter’s house, and he informed me he had shot them ona garden
about 4,000 feet.
NOTES ON MAMMALS IN DARJEELING DISTRICT. 1:
bo
Co
Felis bengalensis, Ker. The leopard Cat.
A friend of mine had a pair of these handsome little cats in a large
cage, with hopes of taming them. He was not successful, however, as
they resisted all his efforts, and a pair of more nasty tempered little
beasts I have never seen, always snarling and growling. I believe
after a time they were given their liberty.
Felis chaus, Giild. The jungle Cat.
This cat was common at moderate elevations.
Viverra zibetha, Linn. The large Indian Civet.
I saw a beautiful specimen of this animal shot by my friend,
Mr. Radford, on Ring-Tong Tea Hstate, and have several skins offered
me for sale by natives.
Paradoxurus gray?, Bennet. The Himalayan Palm-Civet.
The only specimen I saw of this wasa hermaphrodite shot by a
planter on a garden at 4,000 feet elevation, who was puzzled to know
what he had got until I identified it for him.
Herpestes mungo, Gmel. The common Indian Mungoose.
Plentiful at low elevations.
Canis aureus, Linn. The Jackal.
Found from the Terai up to Darjeeling, but not in any numbers.
Cyon dukhunensis, Sykes. The Indian wild Dog.
Very common. One took up its quarters in some jungle near my
bungalow, and used to howl every evening in answer to the bell
‘calling the coolies in from work.
It once came right up on to the verandah in the evening, and on
seeing me ran off. I tried several times to shoot it, but on these
occasions it could not be found.
Mustela flavigula, Bodd. The Indian Martin.
I shot several of these in the forests at moderate elevations, and saw
several others on the tea gardens. The native name for this animal is
Malsaimpra.
Putorius subhemachalanus, Hodes. The Himalayan Weasel.
[ had a skin of this species which I bought off a native in Darjeeling.
This and the next species is also known to the Nepalese as Malsampra.
Putorius cathia, Hodgs. The yellow-bellied Weasel.
T found this species common at elevations of 5,000 feet, and several
were brought to me by my native collectors.
124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Lutra sp.?
The natives told me of an animal which from their description must
have been an Otter which they said was to be found in the Balasund
River. I never got one, however.
lurus fulgens, Cuy. The red Cat-bear or Himalayan Racoon.
I once shot one of these curious animals in a forest at 5,000 feet
elevation. To the natives it was well known, :
Ursus torquatus, Wagner. The Himalayan black Bear.
Common from the Serai to Darjeeling.
The finest specimen I ever saw was shot by my friend, Mr, Radford,.
at 4,000 feet elevation. It measured 8 feet in leneth, and was, I
balieve, quite a record specimen.
I once tracked one for a long distance through the forest, but never
saw it, much less got a shot. They do a considerable amount of damage:
to native crops,
Tupaia ferruginea, Raffles. The Malay Tree-Shrew.
One of these was once brought in to me, having been caught in a cage
rat trap. At first [ took it for a species of squirrel, Scu/rus loeria,
which in colouring they closely resemble. I never got another one,,
so cannot say if it is common or not.
Talpa micrura, Hodgs. The short-tailed Mole.
I found this mole very abundant round Kurseong and Darjeeling,.
and the forest paths were infested with their runs. I used to get
plenty of dead specimens after a heavy shower of rain, they having
been drowned out of their runs. A native once brought me a live
one, which when placed on the ground ran about nimbly, uttering the.
while a curious squealing note. The Nepalese often cut off the fore-
paws, and wear them round their necks as charms. The native name:
is Ootany musa.
Soriculus nigrescens, Gray. The Sikhim brown-toothed Shrew.
I got several specimens of this little shrew at 5,000 feet. All of
them were picked up dead.
Crocidura murina, Linn. The brown musk Shrew.
Common in the neighbourhood of houses. This and the next
species are known to Anglo-Indians as “ Musk Rat,”
Croctdura ceerulea, Kerr. The grey musk Shrew.
Very common, even more so than the last.
NOTES ON MAMMALS IN DARJEELING DISTRICT, 1:
i
on
Chimarrogale himalayica, Gray. The Himalayan Water-Shrew.
This shrew [ did not find common, and had a few specimens brought
to me caught in mountain streams at 5,000 feet.
Pteropus medius, Temm, The Indian Fruit-Bat or Flying-Fox.
The “Flying Fox” is common in the warmer valleys at low
elevations.
Cynopterus marginatus, Geoff. The short-nosed Fruit-Bat.
I had a few specimens taken for me at low elevations.
Ehinolophus ajinis, Horsf. The allied Horse-shoe Bat.
I caught one specimen of this in a house in Kurseong.
Megaderma lyra, Geoft. The Indian Vampire Bat.
A native brought me one of these from the Terai.
Pteromys magnificus, Hodgs. Hodgson’s Flying-Squirrel.
A native one day brought me a skin of this beautiful squirrel,
taken in the forest at 5,000 feet, and I was told by some charcoal
burners that when at work they frequently came across it ; but I never
got another, though I looked specially for it.
Scturopterus pearsoni, Gray. The hairy-footed Flying-Squirrel.
The natives brought me a living specimen of this pretty little animal.
It was found in the hole of a tree at 6,000 feet. I kept it for afew
days, but it did not thrive, so I killed it. During the day it remained
asleep, curled up in a ball, but became restless towards evening. An
old native servant in my employ assured me that these squirrels often
used to come after his peas when they were ripe. 1 think this species
must be rare, as I never got a second one, though my men made a
special search for it.
Scturus bicolor, Sparrman. The large Malay Squirrel.
I shot several specimens of this handsome squirrel which I found
common at 5,000 feet. A friend of mine once invited me to ecme and
see a “‘ Polecat”’ he had shot, and I was much disappointed to find it
was one of these squirrels,
Seiurus locria, Hodgs. The orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel.
Very common in the forests at 5,090 feet, and I shot a number of
specimens.
Seiurus macclellandi, Horsf. The striped Himalayan Squirrel.
This species was common from quite low elevations to 5,000 feet,
126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Gerbillus indicus, Hardw. The Indian Gerbille or Antelope Rat.
Common at the base of the mountains, and I once caught a specimen
among the tea at 5,000 feet.
Mus rattus, Linn. The common Indian Rat.
This was the common house rat of Darjeeling, and I never remember
seeing MM. decumanus. Nearly all the specimens 1 got of this were the-
variety alevandrinus.
Mus musculus, Linn. The common House-Mouse.
Common everywhere.
Lepus ruficaudatus, Geoff. The common Indian Hare.
I used to get several of these on some grassy hills near the forest
house in Kurseong, and had some young ones brought to me, but I did.
not manage to rear them.
Elephas maximus, Linn. The Indian Elephant.
Common in parts of the Terai. An old female with her calf once as-
cended the forests to 5,000 feet, and I remember seeing her tracks.
along the forest paths.
Bos gaurus, Trail. The Gaur.
Common in the forests of the Terai. I saw some magnificent heads.
which had been brought from there in the Forest Officer’s house in
Kurseong.
Cemas goral, Hardw. The Goral.
The goral is common throughout the Darjeeling district, I think
one must be very keen on sport to go out after goral often, as they
inhabit the rockiest and most inaccessible places, and many a weary
and Jong climb I had after them before I shot one. In the early
mornings and evenings they leave the lower jungle, and come out
to feed on the grassy plateaus. I found them very good to eat; their
flesh tasted like mutton.
Nemorhedus bubalinus, Sclater. The Himalayan Serow or Goat-
antelope.
I once surprised one of these animals as it was feeding one morning
on a grassy plateau at 5,000 feet. To the natives it is well known, and:
they often shoot it. To sportsmen in Darjeeling it is known as.
“Tehr ’’—a name which really belongs to quite a different animal.
NOTES ON MAMMALS IN DARJEELING DISTRICT, 1
bo
~}
Cervulus muntjac, Zimm. The Barking Deer.
{ found this little deer very common from low elevations up to 6,C00
feet. Its curious barking cry is uttered frequently throughout the
night, and the natives say it does this if there is a leopard about. The
Nepalese shoot this deer with bows and arrows, and use dogs specially
trained to drive them out of the jungle. It runs with its head’
very low down, and is very quick in its movements, reminding cne of
a gigantic weasel. The native name for this is Mirgah.
Cervus unicolor, Bech. The Sambar or Rusa Deer.
The sAmbar is common in parts of the Terai, and I have seen scme-
splendid heads procured there.
Cervus axis, Erxl. The Spotted Deer.
Common in parts of the Terai.
Sus cristatus, Wag. The Indian wild Boar,
Common in the Terai and ascending the forests to mcderate eleva—
tions.
Manis aurita, Hodgs. Chinese Pangolin.
I once bought a skin of one of these curious animals off a native,
killed on Margaret’s Hope Tea Estate at 5,000 feet. This was the only
one I saw.
4128
WHAT IS A SPECIES?
By
ih, C. A MOUNG.. B.As. FeR-S., Gals
‘There is no question, I suppose, more often asked the well-informed
naturalist by an amateur than ‘‘ What isa species?’? Nor is there
-any probably which so often meets with an unsatisfactory reply.
Of course ‘‘ the stort answer which turneth away wrath” is that
it is the unit of classification, but this as a rule hardly satisfies the needs
of the inquirer, and moreover in these days of ‘‘ subspecies, ’’? named
varieties and *
races” js in danger of being no longer true.
So confused has the problem become that a distinguished entomo-
‘logist in a recent work has declined to use the word at all and calls
-all his units ‘ forms. ” ;
The question really should be put in another way, ‘Isa species a
‘natural division or is it a convention of systematists? ”’
Previous to the publication of the “‘ Origin of Species,” the existence
‘in nature of the species was not seriously called in question, the belief
dn the separate creation of each form being general.
Darwin himself had a very clear notion of what he meant by a
species, though like every one else he found it difficult to frame a
definition in anything but Gladstonian language,—that is to say, in
a form which was not capable of varied interpretation according to the
predilections of the individual systematist.
Since Darwin’s time however many naturalists have affected to
ignore the problem on the ground that since it had been proved that
-all nature was in a state of constant flux there was obviously no such
thing as finality in forms or terminal developments, and that a
“species”? as a unit in the natural kingdom was a superstition of the
ancients. As a corollary te this, species being merely convenient
conventions it was open to every man to multiply or divide them
according to his own notions of convenience.
This kind of convenience has generally proved a great inconvenience
to practical collectors and economic and field naturalists.
This is specially the case with tropical creatures. For instance no
one with any knowledge of the Lepidoptera would have any hesitation
‘in identifying a specimen of Arctéa caja (the Common Tiger Moth),
although it is a most variable insect, and it would be possible in one
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 129
season in England alone I suppose to collect at least 50 well-marked
varieties. Tropical insects however although naturally more variable
than temperate ones owing to many of them breeding continuously
all the year round, have hitherto been far more rigorously defined,
and the same entomologists who would have no difficulty with the
50 forms of A, caja would insist that a haphazard collection of. let
us say, Verias hecabe made in one season in India alone contained 5
or 6 species at least. The truth is that most exotic insects have
been described and named by eminent systematists in Europe who
had no first-hand knowledge of the creatures themselves and were
consequently obliged to rely on arbitrary distinctions and who have
by no means always been willing to accept correction from the man on
the spot.
Naturally it seems to collectors abroad that these gentlemen have
taken their responsibilities too lightly, and acting cn the belief that in
nature there was no such thing as a species they have gone on multiply-
ing names with the object of defining forms as rigorously as possible cn
a purely artificial basis.
It is remarkable that those who have been most ready to adopt cr
misinterpret the Darwinian theory in this direction have, as a rule, been
by no means willing to apply it to the higher divisions of classification,
or to attempt any historical or evolutionary treatment of nature as a
whole.
The consequence of all this is that the nomenclature of practically
the whole animal kingdom is now admittedly in a state of almost
inextricable confusion.
Yet in spite of all this, probably every practical naturalist still has a
deep-seated belief that there is really such a thing as a species, though
he is often in difficulties as to individuals.
He argues that though it may be the case that if we bad before us
not merely every form that is now extant, but every form that ever
did exist from paleozoic times there might be such a_ perfect
gradation that every one would admit there was no such thing
as a species—or genus, family, order or class either—yet as a fact
the extant forms are not 4) th part of the extinct in number,
and that in consequence by far the majority are now so isolated from
the disappearance of intermediates that really no one will dispute their
existence either in nature or convenient arrangement.
17
-
130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
When we come to ara'yse the remainder we find they practically fall
into three classes :—
(1) ‘Species’? which have been described from single specimens
which exhibit no structural peculiarity and which should in most
cases be treated as sports of the nearest known form until other
specimens and both sexes have been captured.
(2) Nearly allied forms which appear to be complementary to
each other through a series of geographical regions or subregions
and whose distribution does not overlap (ignoring casuals of
a single season) though it may be discontinuous, 5
(8) Forms or groups of forms of very wide distribution, all or
most of which can often be obtained in one locality.
The problem of how to deal with these can only be solved by a care-
ful study of the Laws of Variation. These of course cannot be dealt
with in detail in the limits of a single article, butthe writer has attempt-
ed to express his own views on the subject as bearing on our problem
in an aphoristic form for the sake of brevity.
(1) Most varcable types are those not confined to one particular
region of distribution but continuously distributed through the
neighbouring regions.
(2) The neat most variable are those found practically throughout
a particular geographical region.
(3) Those restricted to a subregion are much more constant.
(4) Those confined to a minor division or to two or more small
discontinuous areas are generally very constant and often imper-
vious even to seasonable changes.
(5) The variability of (1) and (2) differs in kind as well as degree,
whereas that of (1) is so great that it is difficult to define, except
in the broadest lines, a type to which all the specimens captured
even in a single locality will conform; in (2) the types are fairly
constant in particular areas but vary geographically in the
various subregions and for minor subdivisions of its area of
distribution, such variations often proving on investigation to be
as much climatic, or dependent on the rainfall, as geographical.
So long as (1) types maintain their wide distribution the irregularity
is at least partly maintained by migrations and counter-migrations
keeping the blood in fusion.
(6) Geographical variations are dependent on climate, soil, geologi-
cal history and superficial characteristics, and,
WHAT IS A SPECIES 2 131
(7) possibly other unknown causes, é.g., it isdifficult in the present
state of our knowledge to account for the prevalence of a blue
sheen in the dominant Papilionina of the Assam subregion.
(8) Those belonging to (1) are the newest and most dominant
types. Those belonging to (2) and (3) are older, while class (4)
are very ancient, often not merely as specific forms but belonging
to generically ancient types of structure.
(9) There exists among all creatures a progressive or rather a con-
servative tendency towards fixity of type.
(10) Almost allcreatures around us now are admirably adapted to
their place in nature—observations of so-called evolution in the
making being extremely rare.
(11) By consequence any tendency to vary would, ceteris paribus,
be contrary to nature’s great object—the preservation of the type.
(12) Therefore unless the environment is changed, there is no @
prior? likelihood that any variation will occur.
(18) A change of environment occurs either by the type itself
migrating toa new locality or by a new environment coming to
the type through geological upheaval causing either a complete
change of climate or by uniting the region with another not
previously connected letting in acrowd of forms whose presence
entirely alters the aspect of the struggle for existence, or both.
(14) Species which seek a change of environment themselves will
belong mainly to (1). Although the laws of migrations are
imperfectly known, it may be said generally that they probably
arise originally from pressure of numbers and, that their direction
is determined in the first instance, at least among winged
creatures, by the winds and that types once moved in this way
usually acquire for atime a regular migratory habit. (This
ignores all forms spread artificially by man and seasonable
migrations of birds.)
(15) Inthe event ofthe second alternative the older species will
many of them have become so fixed that they will not be able to
adapt themselves to the new conditions and will disappear or
become rare. Others will have to change and change with con-
siderable rapidity until they acquire aform and constitution suited
to survive, and most of the intermediate forms will have little
chance of perpetuating themselves.
132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
(16) In practice ‘‘a species” isa very real unit of classification
presenting a very concrete shape to a naturalist’s mind but is
difficult of definition.
(17) The difficulty arises entirely from the exceptions which would
occur in classes (1) and (2) to almost any form of wording.
(18) Nevertheless even in these the “species” isa very real
entity, and in class (1) can practically always be discovered
by selective breeding. |
(19) Some cases of geographical races (2) can also be shown to be
purely climatic by breeding also; for when once the essential
difference between dry and wet season forms is known, the
extremes of each and intermediate of each can be inferred and
reconciled. Geographical differences of this kind should be
ignored systematically and the types treated as one species.
(20) Other cases of geographical differences cannot be dealt with
by breeding, and each case must be judged on its own merits,
bearing in mind(a) magnitude of the difference, (5) its constancy,
(c) the relative constancy of other specific characteristics, (d)
the relative sharpness of the boundary of the distributive areas
of the several forms, and the presence or absence of intermediates
near the frontier.
(21) For simplicity sake it is desirable to unite rather than divide.
(22) <A description of a “new species” from a single capture—
unless it shows pronounced and not purely superficial peculi-
arities—is of doubtful value and most dangerous in practice.
If these conclusions are just, then there is certainly such a thing in
nature as a species, and conversely a “‘subspecies”’ is an absurdity.
There is no harm of course in describing, and defining where possible,
geographical races, but to give them separate names is only to add an
element of confusion where all should be clear and simple.
The writer claims no finality for his views, but the subject is one of
such importance and general interest that it is well worth a discussion
in our journal,
133:
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
By
HK. MEYRIOK, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z,S.
1a
Thanks to the energy of the Micro-Lepidopterists of Ceylon, I have
now received a considerable quantity of material from that island, and
the present paper is mainly devoted to a selection from it, I am
indebted for these valuable contributions to Messrs. J. Pole, of Maske-
liya; HE. E. Green, of Peradeniya; G.B. de Mowbray, of Maskeliya ;
G. CG. Alston, of Maskeliya ; and W. Vaughan, of Madulsima.
I-have had some instructions for collectors printed, and shall be
pleased to send a copy to any collector in the Indian region who will
send me his address.
Seventeen genera and seventy-six species are here described as new,
and some other species are recorded from the region for the first time.
ORNEODIDA,
Orneodes tovophila, n. sp.
@. 15~16 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi with appressed scales, white,
towards base sprinkled with fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish, basal joint
white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings ochreous-whitish, crossed by
ill-defined light yellow-ochreous bands before and beyond middle, and a narrow
curved darker central fascia, sometimes partially speckled with dark fuscous,
not reaching sixth segment, separated from them by fine lines of ground colour ;
sometimes a few fine blackish specks on segments ; sometimes a faint yellowish
subterminal line, Hindwings as forewings, but central fascia fuscous, sprinkled
with blackish, entire, dark specks on segments rather more numerous, subter-
minal line sometimes greyish towards dorsum,
Four specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in April and June (de Mowbray).
Orneodes sycophunta, 0. sp.
& ¢. 15—18 mm. Head and thorax white, Palpismooth-scaled, white, apex
of basal and second joints and subapical ring of terminal joint dark fuscous,
Antenne stout, serrate, whitish-ochreous, basal joint white. Abdomen white,
segments 2—4 partially or wholly dark fuscous above (number of dark segments
variable), Forewings white ; first segment fuscous, with four blackish white-
edged spots, fourth apical ; second segment fuscous, with three dark fuscous
bands, limited by white spots edged with blackish-fuscous ; segments 3—6
crossed by two anterior series of undefined dark fuscous dots, and four posterior
pale greyish-ochreous fasciw, edged with dark fuscous, but these vary much
in distinctness and are often partially obsolete ; usually a distinct blackish-
fuscous spot on middle of sixth segment, Hindwings white, with six transverse
,eties of pale ochreous spots, speckled with black.
134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Hight specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January, May, and July (Pole).
Orneodes trachyptera, nu. sp.
& Q. 10—13 mm, Head palpi, antennz, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous,
mixed with whitish ; palpi with second joint dilated with rough scales towards
apex above and beneath, terminal joint thickened with loose scales towards apex
anteriorly, Forewings with costa roughened with projecting dark fuscous
scales, except on the white markings ; whitish, densely irrorated with dark
fuscous, so as to appear dark grey ; costa with six or seven smal] semioval
ochreous-white spots, not reaching more than half across first segment ; other
segments crossed by about six series of ochreous-white dots, united by out-
wardly oblique whitish dashes in the cilia to form zigzag lines. Hindwings with
ground colour and zigzag lines as in forewings.
Six specimens, Puttalam and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March, May, November
and December (Pole, de Mowbray).
PTEROPHORIDA,
Cosmoclostis pesseuta, n. sp.
& @.12—13 mm, Head brownish-ochreous, front of crown white. Palpi
short, whitish, sprinkled with fuscous. Thorax white, anterior and posterior
margins ochreous, Abdomen in @ white, irregularly marked with ferrugin=
ous;in Q pale yellow, last three segments marked with ferruginous, Fore-
wings cleft from before 2, segments linear ; white, costal half irrorated with
fuscous from base of wing to middle of first segment; first segment with a
small dark fuscous mark on its Jower margin near base, dark fuscous bands
about middle and 2, and some irregularly strewn dark fuscous scales posteriorly ;
second segment with dark fuscous bands towards base, beyond middle, and
before apex, variable in development and first two sometimes very wide ; cilia
light ochreous-grey, somewhat suffused with whitish opposite white areas,
Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey.
Two specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in February and April (Pole).
Cosmoclostis aglaodesma, Meyr.
Puttalam, Ceylon, from October to January (Pole), Occurs also in Eastern
Australia, and some of the South Pacific and Malayan Islands,
Trichoptilus aerodes, Meyr.
Peradeniya, Ceylon, in October (Green, Pole), Widely distributed in
Australia.
Trichoptilus Wahlbergi, Zell.
(Pterophorus Wahlbergi, Zell, Linn, Ent, VI, 346, Mic, Caff, 117 ; P. rutilalis,
Walk, Cat. 943; Trichoptilus pyrrhodes, Meyr, Proc. Linn. Soc, N. 8. Wales
1889, 1113.)
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March and May (Pole). Occurs from §%, Africa to
EK, Australia.
Deuterocopus Tengstroemi, Zell,
Puttalam, Ceylon, in October (Pole) ; Surat, Bombay, in August (Maxwel
Lefroy). Occurs also from 8, Africa to New Guinea.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 135
Oxyptilus regulus, n, sp.
g. 16mm, Head and thorax fuscous, irrorated with blackish, Palpi white,
mixed with blackish, second joint reaching middle of face, terminal joint rather
shorter than second, Abdomen fuscous, with dorsal series of undefined
blackish marks, Forewings cleft from before 3, first segment parallel-sided,
subfaleate, second narrow, posteriorly dilated, apex abruptly and moderately
produced ; fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous and blackish; an undefined
spot of dark suffusion above base of cleft ; a broad dark fuscous band on first
segment beyond its middle, preceded on costa by a small pale suffusion, and
edged posteriorly by a rather outwardly oblique incurved white line ; some dark
suffusion on second segment before apex ; cilia light fuscous, on termen with
black basal line, on lower margin of first segment mixed at base with white and
elsewhere with black scales, on upper margin of second segment with scattered
black scales, on dorsum with three small black scale-teeth near base, some
seattered black scales towards middle, a black scale-tooth before cleft, another
at 1 of second segment, preceded and followed by ochreous-whitish spaces,
beyond these mixed with black scales. Pindwings cleft firstly from 4, secondly
from near base, segments linear ; rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, on upper
margin of third segment with a few black scales towards apex, on lower margin
with a very large black triangular scale-projection occupying apical third, five
small black scale-teeth between this and base, and two very minute, almost
basal,
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March and July (Pole).
Platyptilia brachymorpha, Meyr.
Puttalam, Ceylon, in February, April, August, November and December
(Pole), Occurs also in the Hawaiian Islands.
Platyptilia hemimetra, Meyr.
Puttalam, Maturatta, Kandy and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February, March,
September, November and December. Described from the Island of Réunion.
Platyptilia molopias, n. sp.
& Q. 16—19 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, irrorated with light
brown, frontal tuft moderately long. Palpi 2, rather dark fuscous, sprinkled
with whitish, Forewings cleft from 3, segments moderately broad, somewhat
dilated posteriorly, termen of first sinuate, of second slightly prominent in middle ;
whitish, irrorated with reddish-fuscous and dark fuscous; costal edge dark
fuscous, dotted with whitish anteriorly; a roundish spot of dark fuscous
suffusion on fold at 4, and another beneath costa before middle ; a dark fuscous
suffusion along middle third of dorsum; a triangular blackish-fuscous costal
blotch before cleft, followed by a whitish suffusion on costal edge; a rather
reddish-brown band crossing both segments, obscurely whitish-edged poste-
riorly ; remaining narrow terminal fascia sometimes dark fuscous; cilia
whitish-ochreous, slightly reddish-tinged, on termen with black basal line, at
both angles of each segment with bars of dark grey suffusion,on dorsum with
a blackish scale-tooth beyond middle, a smaller one beneath cleft, and some
136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
scattered blackish scales anteriorly, Hindwings cleft firstly from before middle,
secondly from 4, first segment dilated, apex rounded, second subacute, termen
very obliquely subsinuate, third linear ; dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, on lower
margin of third segment with a moderate black scale-tooth in middle, and
scattered black scales between this and base.
Six specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in October, December, January, and March
(Pole).
Marasmarcha liophanes, Meyr.
Puttalam, Ceylon, in February, April, August, and November (Pole).
Occurs also in Reunion.
A gdistis nanodes, n, sp.
& @. 15—16mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brownish-grey, some-
times whitish-mixed ; frontal prominence moderate, acute-conical, Palpi grey,
mixed with dark grey and white. Forewings very narrow, posteriorly dilated,
costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex pointed, termen rather strongly oblique,
almost straight ; pale brownish-grey, costal and dorsal areas sprinkled with
whitish and dark fuscous, confluent towards base ; a cloudy dark fuscots cot in
disc at 4, two below disc before and beyond middle, and one towards costa at
3: cilia pale fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings light fuscous, veins
darker ; a subdorsal groove ; cilia as in forewings, Undersurface of hindwings
beneath with flap of scales from lower margin of cell towards angle, covering
some black scales, and rows of minute raised black scales along basal portions
of veins 2 and 3; dorsal area clothed with dark fuscous scales,
Four specimens, Putialam, Ceylon, in August, October, and November. The
species of this genus (usually attached to sea-coast plants) are extremely similar
superficially, and the accessory structural characters must be carefully noticed ;
the present species is the smallest known to me,
EPIBLEMIDA.
Platypeplus mormopa,n. sp.
@. 19mm, Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous, mixed with dark grey
and white. Palpi ochreous-fuscous, mixed with darker, Abdomen grey.
Posterior tibiv with hairs ochreous-white, Forewings elongate-triangular,
costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique ;
whitish, mostly suffused with pale brownish, and strigulated throughout with
blackish ; a large roundish black blotch resting on middle of costa, and reaching
2 across wing, with a small irregular projection in dise posteriorly: cilia grey.
Hindwings grey, rather darker posteriorly ; a short subdorsal groove and
marginal thickening from base, clothed with hairs, with a projecting marginal
hairpencil from near base ; cilia grey.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (de Mowbray, Alston),
Eucosma leucaspis, Meyr.
Maskeliya, Madulsima, Matale, and Puttalam, Ceylon, in May, October, and
November (Pole, Vaughan),
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 137
Epiblema ocladias, un. sp.
6 Y. 18—26mm. Head white, sides of crown and a frontal bar black,
Palpi black, white above and at apex. Antenne blackish-grey. Thorax white,
shoulders and a posterior bar black, Abdomen grey, Forewings eclongaie,
rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen almcst
straight, hardly oblique, rounded beneath; white; markings dark leaden-
fuscous, irregularly suffused or marked with black, sharply defined ; a zigzag
streak from hase of costa through disc, angulated thrice downwards and twice
upwards, terminating on costa before apex ; in @ costal area as far as this
streak from base to beyond middle wholly blackish, in Q with a small wedge-
shaped black costal spot at 3, anda larger subquadrate one beyond middle,
each preceded by a black strigula ; two posterior black costal strigule : four
irregular dorsal spots, second sometimes connected with middle angle of median
streak; an irregular spot near termen below middle, often confluent with me-
dian streak near its extremity: cilia white, beneath tornus blackish. Hind-
wings dark grey, lighter towards base ; cilia grey-whitish, with grey basal line,
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March, May, July, August, October
and November (de Mowbray, Pole, Green).
PHALONIADA.
Meridurchis, Zell.
This genus, founded by Zeller on the Indian trapeziella, and attributed by
him to the Gelechiade, is, I find, so close to Tribonica, Meyr., that it will be
better at present to treat them as identical and sink the latter name, although it
is possible that the small structural differences existing may ultimately involve
their separation, The types of Meridarchis and Tribonica, and the two addi-
tional species now described, agree together, and are distinguished from all
nearly allied forms by the stalking of veins 8 and 9 of forewings,
Meridarchis episacia, n. sp.
d. 18—21lmm, Head and thorax white, more or Jess tinged with ochreous,
Palpi porrected, dark fuscous, second joint mixed with white above. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, not dilated, cosia arched
towards base, thence nearly straight, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate,
oblique ; 3 and 4 separate ; white ; a black basal patch, edge parallel to
termen ; a black subdorsal scaletuft at 4; a trapezoidal black patch extending
along costa from +10 beyond 2, rapidly narrowed downwards, reaching more
than half across wing, edged beneath with a few ochreous scales ; a black
strigula on dorsum at 3, almost connected with costal patch ; a small blackish
costal spot at 2, whence proceeds an undefined line of black and grey scales to
tornus ; a row of black dots round apex and termen: cilia whitish-grey-
ochreous. Hindwings pale grey ; beneath cel] towards base a group of raised
black hair scales, partially covered by an expansibie pencil of long ochreous.
whitish hairs from base ; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous,
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in October, December, and January
(de Mowbray).
18
138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XVII,
Meridarchis pheodelta,n, sp.
& @. 13—17 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, tinged with brownish
ochreous, Palpi in @ moderate, curved, subascending, in Q very long,
straight, porrected ; ochreous-whitish, second joint irrorated with fuscous,
terminal joint with dark fuscous band. Abdomen in @ grey, in Q light
greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, hardly dilated, costa slightly
arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate,rather strongly oblique ; 3 and 4
separate ; pale greyish-ochreous, partially mixed and suffused with brownish
ochreous, sometimes partially sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous or
blackish triangular patch extending alcng costa from about 4 to2, and
reaching ? across wing, somewhat mixed with pale scales, and on costa with
alternate usually obscure pale and blackish spots ; a terminal series of connected
blackish marks: cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed with dark grey on termen.
Hindwings light grey, darker towards apex, veins dark grey; cilia whitish-
ochreous, suffused with grey.
Six specimens, Maskeliya and Haputale, Ceylon, in February, June, and
November (Alston, Pole). .
Paramorpha laxeuta, n. sp.
@. 15—17 mm. Head and thorax white, partially tinged with fuscous,
Palpi whitish, mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-point-
ed, termen slightly sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; white; a narrow basal
patch of ochreous-grey suffusion, edge inwardly oblique ; a wide median band
extending from 4} to somewhat beyond 2 irrorated with ochreous and grey,
with four black marks on costa, and discal scaletufts mixed with black, edges
inwardly oblique ; a subterminal cloudy fascia of grey irroration ; some grey spots
with a few black scales round apex and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, round
apex fuscous-tinged. Hindwings whitish-grey: cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.
Three specimens, Matale and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and April (Pole,
de Mowbray).
GELECHIAD&.
Aristotelia peltosema, Low.
Puttalam, Ceylon, from September to December (Pole). Described from
Australia.
Thiotricha saulotis, n. sp.
Q. 11mm. Head, palpi, and thorax shining white. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Forewings almost linear, costa almost straight, apex pointed, termen
rather strongly oblique, slightly rounded ; 9 out of 6; shining white ; an
orange-ochreous spot towards apex, connected by two indistinct oblique grey
strigule with costa, beneath with two longer similar strigule, first reaching
fold and angulated on it to margin, second limited below by a yellowish mark ;
a blackish apical dot, more strongly marked on under surface: cilia ochreous-
whitish, round apex and termen with a grey median shade, on termen with a
fine yellowish basal line and some black basal scales at tornus. Hindwings very
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 139
narrow, cilia 5 ; pale grey ; a minute blackish apical dot; cilia ochreous-grey-
whitish, with some blackish median scales opposite apex.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole), To this genus is also
referable animosella, Walk., described under Grelechia.
Idiophantis soreuta, nu. sp.
@. 13-14mm. Head pale ochreous, face and palpi whitish-ochreous, ter-
minal joint of palpi with dark fuscous line each side of anterior edge, Antenne
whitish, lined with dark fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous, shoulders narrowly
fuscous, Abdomen light grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, termen very deeply concave, so that apex becomes a narrow twisted
sirip, tornus a somewhat shorter, strong, rounded prominence ; 6 absent ; pale
brownish-ochreous, towards apex yellowish-tinged; a dark fuscous patch
extending along costa from base to 3, not reaching half across wing, lower edge
with two short darker rounded prominences before middle, posterior edge
straight, oblique; a few variable scattered dark fuscous dots or dashes
between this and dorsum; a fine whitish fuscous-edged line from 2 of costa
to dorsum before tornus, right~angled above middle, arms subsinuate ; a whitish
streak along costa towards apex, edged with fuscous beneath ; a small dark
metallic-bronze spot on termen beneath middle: cilia whitish-ochreous, round
apex with a dark fuscous basal line, opposite terminal spot with a metallic-
bronze patch, Hindwings fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous, with darker subbasal
shade,
Three specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in November and December (Pole). The
absence of vein 6 of the forewings is an extension of the generic characters,
but the species is in all respects so clearly allied to the Australian insect which
forms the type of Idéophantis that I do not hesitate to include them together,
Anacampsis nerteria, 0. Sp.
6 2. 10—11 mm, Head, antennz, and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, face
whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint with anterior and
interior blackish lines, Abdomen grey, Forewings elongate, narrow, long-
pointed, acute ; 6 out of 7; bronzy-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous, some-
times paler-sprinkled ; stigmata dark fuscous, very obscure, plical obliquely
before first discal, edged posteriorly by an ochreous-whitish dot; a small
ochreous-whitish costal spot before 2: cilia fuscous, towards base mixed with
brown and black points, with a median black line. Hindwings and cilia grey,
Thirty-four specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and April (Green),
Bred in plenty by Mr, Green who gives the following particulars :—“ Larva dull
greenish ; head and plate of 2 dark brown; spots black: feeds between two
leaves spun together on the ground-nut (Arachis hypogaea), and is destructive to
foliage; egg pale green, irregularly elongate-oval, surface coarsely pitted in
irregular longitudinal series, under the microscope remarkably similar both in
form and sculpture to seed of Arachis,” This species is very closely allied to
the common European anthyllidella, differing only by the ochreous-whitish face
and second joint of palpi, which in anthyllidella are pale fuscous; also very
’
140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
close to the Australian clarisignella, but differimg by the absence of the pale
dorsal spot. These three species appear to be representative geographical
forms,
Stegasta variana, Meyr.
Ceylon (without further locality, but probably Puttalam) (Pole), RES
only known from Hastern Australia.
Zalithia amethystias, n. sp.
@. 10 mm, Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, shoulders with a
prismatic violet-blue spot, Palpi pale yellowish-fuscous, terminal joint longer
than second, ochreous-whitish, with black anterior edge, Antenne ochreous-
whitish ringed with dark fuscous, simple. Abdomen dark grey. Legs dark
fuscous ringed with white, middle tibie with a violet-blue streak towards base,
Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched towards
extremities, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, little oblique ; 6 to apex, 8
absent ; dull ochreous-orange sprinkled with fuscous ; markings prismatic
violet-blue, partially edged with dark fuscous ; narrow costal and median
streaks from base to 3 ; an oblique mark from costa before middle, not reaching
half across wing; a short longitudinal mark beneath disc before middle ; a
2, interrupted above middle ; apical fourth blackish
except a terminal line, anterior edge straight, near and parallel to preceding
fascia, including a small round violet-silvery-metallic spot on costa and four
others before termen: cilia bluish-silvery-metallic, beneath tornus dark fuscous.
Hindwings dark fuscous, bronzy-tinged ; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal
straight narrow fascia at 3
line,
Two specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in January and April (Green), The
generic characters are extended in the particulars indicated, but the species is
in all essentials closely allied to the type-form of the genus.
Eipicenia, n. g.
Head with appressed scales; tongue developed, Antenne +,in @ serrulute,
minutely ciliated, Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint with appressed
scales, somewhat roughened beneath towards apex, terminal joint almost or
quite as long as second, smooth, acute. Posterior tibis somewhat roughened
with scales above. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 7 to costa, 8
absent, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, termen sinuate beneath
apex, cilia $—1; 3 and 4 connate, oneal approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.
Type E. cee Belongs to the Protolechia group; nearest to Panccenia,
from which 1% differs essentially by the stalking of 6 and 7 of hindwings,
Epiecnia chlorodelta, n. sp.
6 Q@. 14-15 mm, Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-orange, seconc joint
of palpi with lower half irrorated with fuscous and a dark fuscous subapical
ring, terminal joint somewhat shorter than second, with traces of a dark fuscous
median ring, Antenne pale ochreous-yellowish ringed with dark fuscous.
Abdomen rather dark fuscous, Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched,
apex round-pointed, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; dark fuscous ; a small
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 141
basal ochreous-orange spot; stigmata and a small pratornal spot very
obscurely darker, plical obliquely before first discal ; a triangular ochreous-
orange blotch extending on costa from 3 to rather near apex, and reaching
more than half across wing: cilia pale ochreous, at apex and tornus with
patches of dark fuscous suffusion, Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey,
Four specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and October (Pole, de
Mowbray).
Epicenia authema, n. sp. !
& 2. 12—13 mm, Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, mixed with dark
fuscous, Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint irrorated or suffused with dark
fuscous except at apex, terminal joint somewhat shorter than second, with
dark fuscous median band sometimes extended nearly to base. Antenne
whitish-fuscous or whitish-ochreous “tinged with fuscous, obscurely ringed
with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex whitish-ochreous, Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very
obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous, irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ;
stigmata rather large, dark fuscous, plical nearly beneath first discal ; a small
dark fuscous preetornal spot ; an almost marginal series of dark fuscous dots
along posterior half of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, basa! half
yellowish, with a median line of dark fuscous points, apical half with faint
whitish-fuscous irroration, on costa sometimes barred with dark fuscous irrora-
tion, Hindwings grey, darker in Q ; cilia pale grey, sometimes suffused with
whitish-ochreous towards base.
Four specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February (three bred) (Green).
Larva constructs heliciform cases on surface of moss-covered rocks (Green) ;
cases sent seem to consist of a gradually dilated gallery coiled ina flat rounded
spiral, and are composed of silk closely covered with grains of sand and frag-
ments of lichens, This species is extremely close to E. chernetis, and both
appear to vary in small details ; authwma is smaller, with the forewings obviously
narrower and with more strongly oblique termen, and the terminal joint of palpi
relatively shorter ; the larval habits are distinct.
Epicenia chernetis, a. sp.
6 ¢@.13—17 mm, Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, irrorated with fuscous
and dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint irrorated with dark
fuscous except at apex, terminal joint as long as second, with dark fuscous
median band, Antennz whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Abdomen
fuscous, anal tuft whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather oblique ; whitish-ochreous, tinged
with fuscous and irrorated with dark fuscous ;a dark fuscous dot on base of
costa, followed by an undefined whitish-ochreous dot; stigmata dark fuscous,
sometimes rather large, plical somewhat before first discal ; a small pretornal
spot of dark fuscous suffusion ; an almost marginal row of dark fuscous or
blackish dots along posterior portion of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous,
more yellowish towards base, with basal dotsand a median line of dark fuscous
142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
irroration, on apical half with faint whitish-fuscous irroration, Hindwings
grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, tinged with fuscous.
Fifteen specimens, Peradeniya and Madulsima, Ceylon, from February to
April (Green, Vaughan). Larva feeding in galleries several inches long on
surface of moss-covered rocks, and pupating in an enlarged chamber (Green) ;
specimens of these galleries sent by Mr. Green are composed of silk covered
with grains of sand and fragments of lichen, moss, and incidental refuse ; from
similar undistinguished galleries two other species of different genera were also
bred, Not only is this species very close to E, authema as noted above, but
also by its obscure and ordinary colouring exceedingly similar superficially to
species of other genera, from which it must* be carefully distinguished by
verifying the neuration,
Tipha diacma, 0, sp.
& &. 17—22 mm, Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, face paler, apex of
patagia and a posterior spot on thorax metallic-grey. Palpi light ochreous-
yellowish, in @ with second joint dilated with long projecting scales towards
apex and excavated internally (spoon-shaped), interior of excavation metallic-
grey, terminal joint short, in 9 very long, normal. Antenne light ochreous-
yellowish, towards apex suffused with grey. Abdomen whitish-ochreous,
Legs pale ochreous-yellowish, anterior and middle tibie with indistinct grey
subapical ring, posterior tibiz and tarsi clothed with rough hairs above, Fore-
wings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen
extremely obliquely rounded ; 2 remote, 3from near angle, 4and 5 stalked, 8
and 9 out of 7,7 to costa; dull orange-yellow ; a minute metallic-grey black-
edged basal mark ; a small dark metallicegrey black-mixed spot in disc near
base ; three indistinct cloudy rather broad pale fuscous fasciz, first at 4,
angulated in middle, second oblique, from towards middle of costa to before
tornus, third oblique, about 3, little marked; five linear longitudinal dark
metallic-grey streaks mixed with black, two on first fascia in middle and on
fold, one on second fascia in middle, and two stronger starting on anterior edge
of third fascia and continued along costa and termen respectively aimost meet-
ing at apex: cilia ochreous-yellow, at apex with a cloudy dark fuscous spot.
Hindwings with 2 remote, in ¢ 3 and 5 absent, in 9 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5
approximated, 6 and 7 long-stalked,6 in ¢ to costa, in 9 to termen ; grey ;
in @ a longitudinal median furrow throughout, suffused with whitish-ochreous,
suffusion extending round apex, and a long ochreous-yellow hair-pencil from
base, lying in a groove beneath cell, tornal area clothed with modified dark
grey hair-scales ; cilia whitish-yellowish, becoming greyish-tinged towards tornus,
Four specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from December to February (de Mow-
bray).
Lipha trichroa, 0. sp.
& Q. 14mm. Head and palpi glossy whitish-ochreous; palpiin @ with
second joint broadly dilated beneath with projecting scales towarcs apex and
excavated internally (spoon-shaped), mixed with dark grey towards apex and
©
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 143
interior of excavation wholly dark grey, terminal joint concealed. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, more yellow towards base, Thorax dark coppery-bronze.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Legs whitish, tibize yellowish-tinged, anterior
tibie with dark grey band, posterior tibiz and basal joint of tarsi roughened
with hairs, partially suffused with yellow and irregularly banded with dark
grey at middle and apex of tibie, and apex of two basal joints of tarsi,
Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa moderately arched towards base, thence
nearly straight, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 2
tolerably remote, 3 and 5 stalked, 4 absent, 7 and 9 shortestalked, 7 to costa, 8
absent ; dark brown, basal third dark purple-fuscous ; a triangular white
blotch on dorsum beyond 3, reaching more than half across wing ; a cloudy
ochreous-yellow dot on costa before middle ; a triangular ochreous-yellow
patch extending along costa from middle to 4,and reaching more than half
across wing: cilia light fuscous, at base tinged with ochreous-yellowish.
Hindwings with termen sinuate ; 2 remote,in @ 3 and 5 absent, in Q 3 and 4
stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 long-stalked; rather dark fuscous ; in ga
subdorsal furrow throughout, filled with very long expansible pale fuscous
hairs ; cilia pale fuscous,
Two specimens, Madulsima, Ceylon, in April (Vaughan),
Timyra tetraclina, 0. sp.
G@ Q. 16—18 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, Palpi whitish-
ochreous, lower half of second joint infuscated, in ¢ with second joint dilated
with long projecting scales beneath towards apex and excavated internally (spoon-
shaped), interior of excavation mixed with dark grey, terminal joint concealed,
in Q second joint with tuft of rough projecting ochreous-yellow hairs towards
apex beneath, terminal joint longer than second. Antenne pale ochreous-
yellowish, indistinctly ringed with fuscous, basal joint in @ with anterior scale-
projection, Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior
femora and tibiz suffusedly banded with dark fuscous, middle tibiz banded with
dark fuscous and with tuft of yellow scales above towards base, posterior tibiz
roughened with ochreous-yellow scales, with dense expanded median tuft of
long ochreous-whitish hairs suffusedly banded with grey, and smaller apical
similar tuft marked with black, tarsi with interrupted dark fuscous line above,
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly
arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 4 and 5
stalked,7 to costa, 9 connate with 7; yellowish-orange, markings fuscous-
purple ; a small spot on base of costa ; five narrow transverse fascie, first at
g, rather inwardly oblique, second at 3, rather outwardly oblique, third median,
oblique, irregularly angulated or dilated, fourth at 3, irregular, fifth terminal,
meeting fourth at tornus ; a small discal spot beyond third, sometimes connect
ed with it: cilia pale ochreous-yellowish, on costa yellowish-orange, Hind-
wings with 2in @ near 3, in 2 remote ;in ¢ whitish-ochreous, posterior third
suffused with dark fuscous, with a deep groove along fold containing a very long
expansible whitish-ochreous hair-pencil ; in Q grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIT,
Six specimens, Maturatta and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in September (Pole,
Alston),
Timyra patathodes, n. sp.
6 Y.14—16mm. Head, palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish-ochreous ; palpi
in ¢ with second joint infuscated towards base, dilated with rough projecting
scales towards apex beneath and internally excavated (spoon-shaped), ex-
cavation partly dark fuscous internally, terminal joint concealed, in Q
with second joint smooth-scaled, slender, terminal joint as long as
second, Antenne whitish, basal joint in @ with anterior scale-projection.
Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior and middle tibie with dark fuscous sub-
apical bands, posterior tibie: clothed with rough yellow-whitish hairs, with dense
long median and shorter apical tufts partly suffused with grey and somewhat
mixed with blackish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
round pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 4 and 5 stalked, 7 to
costa, § connate or short stalked with 7 ; ochreous- elie small dark fuscous
Spots on costa at and near base, and near base of dorsum; three irregular
obscure brownish-ochreous fascie at 7, middle, and 3, dilated in disc, and a
similar transverse line before second, sometimes mostly confluent with it, third
sometimes suffused with fuscous: cilia light brownish-ochreous, Hindwings
in ¢ dark grey, apex whitish-ochreous, with subdorsal groove enclosing -long
ochreous-yellowish hair-pencil; in Q grey, apex and upper part of termen
suffused with whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
Five specimens, Madulsima and Maturatta, Ceylon, in April, July, and
September (Vaughan, Pole).
Timyra marmaritis, nD. sp.
&. 21—23 mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish, face paler and greyish-tinged.
Paipi long, basal joint dark grey, second joint clothed with long dense ochreous
whitish hairs above and beneath, terminal joint moderately long, much thick«
ened with dense dark grey hairs, obtuse. Antenne: dark grey, basal jomt with
strong anterior scale-tuft, Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen pale
ochreous, marked laterally with dark fuscous, Legs dark purplish-fuscous,
obscurely ringed with ochreous-whitish, posterior tibiz wholly clothed above
with very long projecting curled whitish hairs slightly mixed with dark fuscous
and towards apex suffused with ochreous-yellow. Forewings elongate, narrow,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; 3, 4, 5 approximated,
7 to apex; whitish-ochreous tinged with yellowish and irrorated with dark fuscous
a narrow dark fuscous basal fascia, followed by a clear pale ochreous-yellow
subbasal fascia, edged posteriorly with dark fuscous suffusion; a slender
cloudy dark fuscous slightly oblique median fascia, slightly bent in middle;a
dark fuscous streak along termen : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, becoming ochre-
ous-yellow at base and on costa, with a dark fuscous subbasal line round apex
and on termen, beyond this tinged and somewhat mixed with fuscous. Hind-
wings posteriorly clothed with hair-scales, rather dark fuscous, disc more
or less broadly suffused with light ochreous-yellowish ; a subdorsal groove
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 145
enclosing an ochreous-yellowish hair-pencil from base ; a dark fuscous terminal
line ; cilia whitish-ochreous, becoming ochreous-yellowish towards base, with
fuscous subbasal line.
Five specimens, Maskeliya and Maturatta, Ceylon, in March, May, June, and
October (Pole, de Mowbray).
Timyra orthadia, n. sp.
& Q. 16-18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous mixed with fuscous. Palpi very
long, whitish,in @ second joint much elongated, flatly compressed, clothed
with very long whitish hairs above and beneath, terminal joint short, greyish,
thickened with dense scales, hardly pointed, in Q second joint smooth-scaled,
slender. Antenne grey, in @ darker, with large dense concave anterior tuft on
basal joint, Thorax rather dark fuscous, posterior extremity ochreous-whitish.
Abdomen pale ochreous, Legs dark fuscous ringed with whitish, posterior
tibiz clothed above with very long projecting curled whitish hairs mixed with
dark fuscous in middle, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately
arched towards extremities, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 3, 4, 5
approximated, 7 to apex; whitish-ochreous; a narrow dark fuscous basal
fascia; two broad rather dark fuscous fasciz about 4 and 2, first somewhai
narrowed towards costa, second rather oblique, more or less constricted in disc,
beneath dilated and confluent posteriorly with a broad dark fuscous suffusion
or irroration in disc ; between these fasciz a very undefined oblique median line
of dark fuscous irroration ; a dark fuscous terminal streak, thickened at apex :
cilia whitish-ochreous becoming ochreous-yellowish towards base, with a dark.
fuscous antemedian shade. Hindwings fuscous; in ¢ a broad median longi-
tudinal ochreous-yellow band, including a deep central groove, and a subdorsal
gzoove enclosing an ochreous-yellow hairpencil from base; cilia whitish-
ochreous.
Hight specimens, Madulsima, Matale, and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January,
April, and October (Vaughan, Alston, Pole), Allied to the following.
Timyra irrorella, Wals.
(Tipha irrorella, Wals., Moore Lep, Ceyl. iii, 517, pl. 209, 9.)
Peradeniya, Maturatta, Diyatalawa, Puttalam, Ceylon ; a common species.
Timyra crassella, Feld,
(Harpella crassella, Feld. Reis, Noy. pl. cxxxix, 22 ; Timyra sphenias, Meyr.)
Felder’s figure is very poor and not characteristic, and the locality is said to
be Ternate, hence I failed to recognise his species; but I have since seen his
type, which is certainly this insect ; the alleged locality is doubtless erroneous,
as is frequently the case with Felder’s species.
Timyra peronetris, 0. sp.
6. 29-30mm, Head, palpi, and thorax'rather dark fuscous ; palpi very long,
basal joint elongate, so that it forms a sharp elbow with second, second joint
reaching much above vertex, broadly compressed, internally with large dense
expansible tuft of very long whitish hairs, terminal joint about half second,
dilated with dense scales, tolerably obtuse. Antennz fuscous-ochreous, basal
19
146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
joint with large dense anterior dark fuscous scale-tuft. Abdomen fuscous,
sides suffused with pale ochreous-yellowish. Legs dark fuscous, ringed with
pale yellowish, anterior tibia rough-haired beneath, middle tibiz rough-scaled,
posterior tibie hairy beneath and with very large curled median tuft of light
fuscous scales above, posterior tarsi rough-scaled above throughout. Forewings
elongate, narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded; 3, 4,5 approximated, 7 to termen ;
dark fuscous, with a few whitish-ochreous scales ; a tuft of scales in disc near
base ; a transverse light ochreous-yellow mark at 2, somewhat dilated upwards,
reaching from near costa to below middle: cilia whitish-fuscous, darker towards
tips, base pale ochreous-yellow, with a dark fuscous subbasal shade, Hind-
wings oblong, termen beneath apex hardly oblique ; ochreous-yellow ; a mode-
rate suffused dark fuscous streak along costa, dilated at apex ; a suffused dark
fuscous streak proceeding from a basal tuft of scales along dorsum and termen
to above middle, widest at tornus and gradually attenuated ; a groove along
fold, enclosing an exceedingly long expansible pale ochreous-yellowish hair-
pencil ; cilia whitish-ochreous, becoming ochreous-yellow towards base on upper
part of termen, witb fuscous subbasal shade obsolete on yellow area.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and February (Pole, Alston).
Very similar to crassella, but structurally distinct in the palpi, especially by the
elongate basal joint and resulting elbow, the large whitish interior hairtuft, and
the dark fuscous costal streak of hindwings, of which the termen is less cblique
on upper portion and therefore more prominently bowed ; the reduced yellow
mark of forewings is found also sometimes in crassella, but is there exceptional,
Timyra parochra, 0. sp.
@. 23-27 mm. Head ochreous, Palpi dark purplish-fuscous, internally
deep ochreous-yellow, second joint thickened with scales, above rough-scaled,
terminal joint shorter than second, thickened with scales, tolerably pointed.
Antenne ochreous faintly ringed with fuscous, basal joint without tuft.
Thorax purplish-fuscous, more or less mixed with pale ochreous. Abdomen
pale ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, ringed with ochreous-yellowish, posterior
tibie orange-suffused on basal half, partially rough-scaled, with large
curled median purplish-fuscous tuft above, posterior tarsi somewhat
rough-scaled above. Forewings elongate, rather narrowed towards base, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded; 3, 4, 5
approximated, 7 to termen; deep yellow-ochreous or brownish-ochreous, irro-
rated with purplish fuscous and dark fuscous ; a curved postmedian fascia more
or less obscurely indicated by margins of purplish-fuscous and dark fuscous
suffusion, narrowed dorsally, enclosed portion sometimes ferruginous-tinged :
cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous, more yellow-ochreous basally, with
subbasal fuscous line, on costa deep yellow-ochreous, Hindwings pale whitish-
ochreous, towards termen slightly infuscated ; a slight groove on lower margin
of cell ; cilia whitish-ochreous, base yellowish-tinged, sometimes with indis-
tinct fuscous subbasal line,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 147
Five specimens, Maturatta, Ceylon, in July (Pole),
Macrernis rostrata, n. sp.
@. 18-21 mm. Head and thorax light brownish-ochreous, faintly lilac-
tinged, hairs of crown projecting between antennz, Palpi pale ochreous, mixed
with deeper ochreous and dark fuscous, Antenn whitish-ochreous, faintly
fuscous-ringed. Abdomen pale ochreous, Forewings elongate, narrow,
posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen
sinuate, oblique ; brownish-ochreous, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales ;
a dark fuscous mark along base of costa ; a dark fuscous streak of somewhat
raised scales along dorsum from base to tornus, enclosing a groove along vein
1b, with a flap of hairscales curved over it from above towards base, upper
edge of streak with two strong projections at 4 and 3, first triangular, reaching
half across wing, second fascia-like, parallel to termen, reaching above middle
of wing ; a suffused dark fuscous streak along termen: cilia light brownish-
ochreous, with one or two indistinct fuscous lines, Hindwings whitish-
ochreous-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
Six specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January, February, and July (Pole,
Alston, de Mowbray), It seems probable that frisilia nesciatella, Walk.,
though described as a male, is the female of a species of this genus, in which |
case the generic name Frisilia would have to be adopted ; but Iam not yet
able to identify with certainty Walker’s species.
Heliangara, n, g,
Head with appressed scales, face retreating; tongue developed, Antenna
over 1, thick, compressed,in ¢ simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, smooth-scaled, terminal joint
shorter than second, acute, Posterior tibiez rough-scaled above, Forewings
with 2 from angle, 3 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9 and 10 from near
7, 11 from before middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-oyate, cilia 13; 3 and 4
stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 long-stalked.
A genus of very peculiar facies, but apparently bearing much the same
relationship to /Varthecoceros that Tipha does to Macrernis.
Heliangara lampetis, n, sp. ~
@¢. 11-12 mm. Head shining ochreous-bronze, face paler. Antennz
ochreous-yellowish, tip infuscated, Palpi ochreous-yellow. Thorax shining
purple-bronze. Abdomen rather dark bronzy-fuscous, Forewings elongate,
narrow, costa slightly arched, somewhat sinuate beyond middle, apex round-
pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; bright shining purple-coppery-
bronze ; a suffused orange-yellow patch extending along dorsum from ;} to ?,
narrowed to extremities, not reaching half across wing ; two parallel thick
transverse ridges of raised scales about %: cilia light shining yellowish, more
or less mixed with bronzy and pale purplish towards base. Hindwings dark
fuscous, thinly scaled in disc ; cilia rather dark fuscous.
Twelve specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, from September to November (Pole),
148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Narthecoceros, n.g.
Head with appressed scales ; tongue developed, Antennz1, thick, flatly com-
pressed throughout, basal joint moderate, without pecten, Labial palpi long,
curved, ascending, second joint thickened with scales, roughly expanded towards
apex above and beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, acute. Posterior
tibie rough-haired above, Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked,
7 to termen, Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, apex round-pointed, termen faintly
sinuate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 long-stalked.
Type N. platyconta, Meyr. Having now obtained a second allied species, I
consider the characters warrant generic separation from Macrotona, from
which the genus is distinguished by the flatly-compressed antennz, second joint
of palpi roughened above towards apex, and terminal joint shorter than second,
Narthecoceros xylodes, n. sp.
&. 20-21 mm, Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous sprinkled with
fuscous. Palpi pale brownish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne
whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous, with two narrow dark fuscous subapical
bands, Abdomen light ochreous, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly sinuate, rather strongly oblique ;
whitish-ochreous, irrorated with fuscous ; a moderate dark fuscous suffusion
along costa from before middle to apex,and dorsal half posteriorly more or
less suffused with dark fuscous irroration, space between these sometimes
forming an undefined pale streak ; stigmata undefined, dark fuscous, plical very
obliquely before first discal ; undefined cloudy dark fuscous dots along posterior
part of costa and termen : cilia fuscous with rows of ochreous-whitish points,
on termen with whitish-ochreous basal shade. Hindwings rather dark
fuscous ; cilia as in forewings, but lighter and more yellowish-tinged towards
tornus,
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole),
Macrotona parena, 1. sp.
@. 23-25mm, Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen light brownish-ochreous,
Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint
tinged with fuscous externally. Forewings elongate, narrowed towards base,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, rather oblique ; 7 to apex, 9
separate ; light brownish-ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with pale brownish and
a few black scales ; a minute black subcostal dot near base ; discal stigmata
small, cloudy, dark brown, first resting on a transverse cloudy purple-fuscous
mark beneath it, between first and second a cloudy fuscous dot in disc rather
above them ; a transverse purple-brownish fascia about 3, somewhat angulated
in middle, faint towards costa, stronger and much darker on dorsal half: cilia
light yellow-ochreous, with subbasal series of undefined fuscous spots. Huind-
wings with 3 and 4 connate ; light fuscous, ochreous-tinged ; cilia as in forewings
but paler,
Three specimens, Maskeliya and Maturatta, Ceylon, in March, May, and
October (Pole, de Mowbray).
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 149
Lectthocera cholopts, n. sp.
@. 16-17mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, face and antennz
ochreous-white. Palpi ochreous-white, towards base fuscous, Abdomen
greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen almost straight, oblique ; 9 out of 7; rather dark fuscous : cilia fuscous.
Hindwings whitish-grey, greyer posteriorly ; cilia whitish-grey, becoming greyer
round apex,
Two specimens, Koni, Burma, in September (Manders). Erroneously record-
ed by me formerly as luticornella, Zell., from which it differs by the neuration
and white face.
Psammoris, n, g.
Head smooth ; tongue developed. Antenne 1, in ¢ rather thick, simple,
basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved,
second joint thickened with scales, shortly projecting beneath towards apex~
terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Posterior tibiz with hairs
appressed above, projecting beneath. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked from
angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9 absent, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings
1, trapezoidal, termen sinuate, cilia 1 ; 4 absent, 3 and 5 connate or short-stalked,
6 and 7 stalked,
Belongs to the Macrotona group.
Psammoris carpea, 0. sp,
@. 13-14mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous tinged with
yellow. Palpi ochreous-yellowish, second joint externally dark fuscous except
extreme base and apex. Antenne yellowish, apex suffused with dark fuscous.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very
obliquely rounded; ochreouseyellow, with some fine scattered black scales ; a
very small blackish spot on base of costa ; a rather curved outwardly oblique
thick black mark in dise about 2, and a small round black discal spot before 3:
cilia pale ochreous-yellowish, with a fine grey postmedian line, Hindwings
light grey, paler and whitish-tinged towards base ; cilia whitish-yellowish.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and July (Pole).
Antiochtha stellulata, n, sp.
@. 22 mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish, slightly fuscous-tinged. Palpi
with second joint rather dark fuscous, suffused with pale ochreous-yellowish
towards apex, terminal joint longer than second, blackish, anterior and posterior
edges pale yellowish, Antenne pale ochreous-yellowish, Thorax rather dark
purplish-fuscous, somewhat mixed with pale ochreous, Abdomen light
ochreous-yellowish, Posterior tarsi with basal joint rough-scaled above. Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex
round-pointed, termen concave, oblique; 2 and 4 connate or short-stalked,
5 closely approximated, 7 to apex; pale fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous,
with strong purplish reflections ; markings pale whitish-ochreous, yellower on
costal edge; transverse marks from costa beyond 3} and 3, first narrow, irreg-
ular, second rather broader ; a dot on fold before middle ; two minute dots
150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
transversely placed in disc beyond middle; four dots forming a curved
transverse subterminal series on dorsal half: cilia rather dark fuscous with
darker shades and some ochreous-whitish points, a basal line and some narrow
bars on basal third ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate ;
fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, base more yellowish, with two rather dark
fuscous shades.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Antiochtha achnastis, 0. sp.
fo 2. 18-20 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with grey.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous, terminal joint
somewhat longer than second, with incomplete blackish lateral lines. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, in Q more or less mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous, Posterior tibie with basal joint rough-scaled above, remain-
ing joints ochreous-white. Forewings elongate, narrow, slightly dilated
posteriorly, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, oblique ; 2 and
4 short-stalked, 5 connate, 7 to just below apex ; fuscous irrorated with dark
fuscous or blackish; stigmata dark fuscous or black, ringed with whitish,
sometimes large, plical slightly beyond first discal, these two placed in an
indistinct irregular rather oblique narrow fascia of whitish suffusion which
forms a more distinct whitish spot on costa, sometimes preceded by a dark
fuscous spot ; a cloudy subterminal line of ochreous-whitish suffusion, angulated
in middle, forming a conspicuous triangular ochreous-white spot on costa: cilia
dark fuscous with rows of fuscous-whitish points, basal line and narrow bars on
basal third more or less distinctly whitish-ochreous, Hindwings with 3 and 4
connate ; grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia varying from whitish-ochreous to pale
greyish, with two cloudy dark grey shades.
Five specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March, May, and December (Pole,
de Mowbray). F
Antiochtha tetradelta, un. sp.
&. 20mm. Head, palpi, and antenne ochreous-whitish, palpi with lower 3
of second joint and anterior edge of terminal joint dark bronzy-fuscous,
terminal joint longer than second, Thorax bronzy-fuscous, shoulders
suffused with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen light ochreous-yellowish. Posterior
tarsi with basal joint smooth. Forewings elongate, narrow posteriorly slightly
dilated, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen concave, somewhat
oblique ; 2 separate, 4 and 5 connate, 7 to apex ; pale greyish-ochreous suffused
with ochreous-whitish ; base of costa, and an oblique costal strigula before
middle dark fuscous; a triangular dark fuscous blotch, edged with ochreous-
whitish, extending ou dorsum from } to beyond middle, and reaching ? across
wing; a similar blotch extending along costa from middle to 4, and nearly
reaching to dorsum ; a fine dark fuscous terminal line, shortly continued and
stronger above apex: cilia ochreous-whitish, towards base yellowish-tinged
with median fuscous shade. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; light fuscous ;
cilia whitish-fuscous, at base and towards tornus pale yellowish.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 151
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in October (de Mowbray),
Organitis, n. g.
Head with appressed scales; tongue developed, Antenne +, in @ shortly
ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long, curved,
ascending, second joint thickened with scales, slightly rough beneath, termi-
nal joint as long as second, slender, acute, Posterior tibiz rough-scaled
above. Forewings with 2 and 4 stalked, 3 absent,8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to
apex, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings 1,. trapezoidal, apex rounded,
termen hardly sinuate, cilia 2; 3.and 4 connate or stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7
stalked,
Allied to Brachmia ; in neuration resembling Antiochtha, but distinguished by
the shorter antenne,
Organitis churacopa, 0. sp.
GY. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax pale bronzy-ochreous, sometimes
fuscous-tinged. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint fuscous except apex, An-
tenne whitish-ochreous, sometimes fuscous-tinged, basal joint fuscous, Ab-
domen pale ochreous, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather oblique ; pale brassy-ochre-
ous suffused with light fuscous; stigmata rather large, dark fuscous, often
elongate, plical very obliquely before first discal, sometimes nearly obsolete,
discal stigmata sometimes connected by an obscure paler streak: cilia whitish-
ochreous, Hindwings pale fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
Five specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March, June, and July (Pole).
Brachmia, Hb.
I find it necessary to merge Torodora, Meyr. in this genus; the differences of
neuration and palpi would, if pressed, separate closely allied species; the
combined genus is natural and easily recognised, and appears to be spe-
cially characteristic of the Indo-Malayan region, where it is very extensively
developed, The two following species extend the neural characters some-
what.
Brachmia cherandra, n. sp.
@.20mm, Head light ochreous-yellow, crown suffused with light grey
except at sides, Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, second joint suffused externally
with dark fuscous on lower 2, terminal joint as long as second, Antenne pale
ochreous -yellowish, Thorax dark purple-fuscous, Abdomen grey, anal tuft
whitish-ochreous. Legs dark grey, middle tibiz and all tarsi whitish-ochreous,
basal joint of posterior tarsi somewht rough-scaled above, Forewings elongate,
rather narrow, somewht dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, termen nearly straight, somewhat oblique ; 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked ;
dark fuscous, purplish-tinged ; stigmata small, faintly darker, plical beneath
first discal, edged posteriorly by a minute grey-whitish dot ; ochreous-yellowish
subtriangular dots on costa at 2 and , and on dorsum near tornus: cilia light
fuscous mixed with slaty-grey. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey; cilia
grey, with basal ochreous-whitish line.
152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in May (Pole), The absence of vein 7 in
the forewings is an abnormal character, but as in all other respects the species
is normal, I do not at present separate it generically.
Brachmia syrphetodes, n, sp.
SO Q. 25-27mm. Head brownish-ochreous, Palpi whitish-ochreous, second
joint externally dark fuscous except at apex, terminal joint as long as second.
anterior edge dark fuscous. Antenne pale ochreous, obscurely fuscous-ringed,
Thorax brownish-ochreous partially suffused with dark fuscous, Abdomen
light ochreous. Posterior tarsi with basal joint smooth-scaled, Forewings
elongate, rather narrowed anteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen
nearly straight, little oblique; 3 and 4 out of 2, 3 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex ;
fuscous, partially suffused with dark fuscous, irregularly strewn with pale
ochreous ; a small dark fuscous subbasal spot towards costa ; discal stigmata
rather large, suffused, dark fuscous, connected by an irregular elongate pale
ochreous patch, an additional dark fuscous dot before and above second ; a
cloudy whitish-ochreous subterminal line, somewhat curved and indented
beneath costa: cilia whitish-ochreous, in Q fuscous-tinged, above apex with a
dark fuscous patch, Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 ap-
proximated ; light fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, in Q fuscous-tinged,
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in April and June (Pole).
Demiophila, n. g.
Head with appressed scales ; tongue developed. Antenne 4,in ¢ serrulate,
minutely ciliated, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial
palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with appressed scales, somewhat
rough beneath towards apex, terminal joint as long as second, moderate,
acute. Posterior tibie clothed with long rough hairs above, Forewings with
2 from near angle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 7 to apex, 8 absent, 9
approximated, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings over 1, oblong-ovate, cilia
4; 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 covnate.
A genus of ordinary appearance but somewhat uncertain affinity; the stalking
of veins 3 and 4 of forewings is a notable peculiarity,
Demiophila psaphara, n. sp.
@ 9. 17-21mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous sprinkled with fuscous.
Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint
with anterior edge usually suffused with dark fuscous, Antenne whitish-ochre-
ous, basal joint dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, more or less fuscous
sprinkled. Forewings elongate,slightly narrowed anteriorly, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous, more or less
sprinkled with fuscous; a dark fuscous dot on base of costa, and another be-
neath it ; stigmata moderate, dark fuscous, plical elongate and often small, ob-
liquely beyond first discal ;an almost marginal series of dark fuscous dots round
termen and apical portion of costa: cilia whitish-ochreous, faintly sprinkled
with whitish-fuscous, with a faint whitish-fuscous antemedian shade, Hind-
winys pale whitish-ochreous-grey or whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 153
Hight specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in February and from July to September
(Pole),
Dactylethra, n.g,
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading ; tongue developed.
Antenne 4, in @ serrulate, simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint with long dense rough pro-
jecting tuft beneath, terminal joint as long as second, loosely scaled, acute.
Posterior tibiz rough-haired:above, Forewings with 2 from near angle, 2,3
4 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal,
apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, cilia+; 2 remote, 3 and 4 connate, 5
somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.
Apparently related to the Ypsolophus group,
Dactylethra tetroctas, 0, sp.
AQ. 14-15 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-
white ; second and terminal joints of palpi with blackish supramedian and
usually less marked subbasal rings, tuft suffused with brownish, seldom mixed
with dark fuscous, Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen
obliquely rounded ; ochreous-white ; a dark fuscous dot towards costa near
base, and two transversely placed in dise at 1 ; about eight short oblique brown
strigule on costa ; transverse undefined patches of ochreous-brown suffusion in
dise at 4, beyond middle, and towards termen, first narrow, second broader,
reaching costa, third largest, somewhat mixed with black scales and bounded
by a grey terminal streak ; between these are two lilac-grey sometimes whitish-
centred irregularly 8-shaped spots in disc before middle and at 4, first rather
oblique, second shorter : cilia brownish, with rows of whitish points, Hind-
wings fuscous-whitish ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
Ten specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in August, October, and November
(Pole).
(To'be continued.)
154
NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR. AND
ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By
A. E. Warp.
In continuation of my rough notes on the Small Mammals in Kashmir
and the adjacent districts, read before the Bombay Natural History
Society on 16th March 1905 (Vol. XVI., page 358), I would again
refer to the Mouse-hares.
In the Proceedings, Zoological Society of London, Vol. II., Part IL.,
1904, Mr. Bonhote wrote on the subject of the Ochotona genus.
Dealing with O. macrotis, the Large-eared Mouse-hare of Blanford’s
“ Fauna of India,’ Mr. Bonhote refers to two species—aurita and
grisea—and says these may probably be assigned to this species
(macrotis ).
One of my collectors brought down from the Paugong Lake shores a
couple of Mouse-hares which have now been identified as aurita, and
Mr. Bonhote writes :—“ It is practically a topotype of Blanford’s aurdta,
and proves aurita to be a good species, nearly allied to royled and not to
macrotis ..... ” The measurements are :-—
ai), bs and h; 6°90 hf. 1:20 ear 0°90
2 if 7°30 ee 0) 5, 0°80
Amongst other specimens brought back from Ladak are four Mouse-
hares, two of which came from the Khardong Pass from an altitude of
16,000', and two were obtained high up the Indus Valley. All these
are macrotis.
Up to date we have the following from Kashmir and Ladak, &c. :—
Ladacensis group. Ochotona ladacensis from the Chaugcheumo
Valley and W. Tibet at altitudes 16,500! and 15,50v’.
Blanford mentions ladacensis Stoliczka’s Mouse-hare on page 458.
(Mammals).
Rufescens group. O. wardi from Kashmir.
Curzonie group. O. curzonie from Haule, Ladak.
O. macrotis from Indus Valley and Kharony.
O. aurita from Paugong Lake.
If reference is made to Blanford, page 457 (Mammals), it will be seen
that the macrotis type came from the Yarkand road, so that evidently
this animal is found on both sides of the high range north of Leh,
NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR. 155
whilst aurtta was apparently based on Dr. Stoliczka’s specimens from
Lukong on the Paugong, which place is not far from where the two
specimens I have referred to were found,
Slowly, but, I hope, surely, we are getting on with all the tiresome
rodents, and I hope very shortly to present to the Bombay Natural
History Society a specimen of Microtus Blythi (Blythe’s Vole), the
distribution of which appears to be extensive. I am awaiting a letter
from the British Museum before despatching this specimen.
Regarding the mice found during 1905, I must wait until I am
in a position to write definitely.
156
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS WITH ACCOUNTS OF THE
NIDIFICATION OF SEVERAL SPECIES WHOSE NESTS
AND EGGS HAVE NOT BEEN HITHERTO DESCRIBED.
By
B. B. Osmaston, LFS.
4. Corvus macrorhynchus,—The Jungle-Crow.
Common throughout the islands, but especially near Port Blair, Breeds in
March, frequently on Cocoanut Palms.
20, Dendrocitta bayleyi.—The Andamanese Tree-Pie.
Occurs throughout the Andamans, but is not very numerous, They go about
in small parties of half a dozen or so and frequent the densest forest. I failed
to find the nest.
226. Zosterops palpebrosa—The Indian White-Hye.
Fairly common, especially in Port Blair, They are late breeders, laying in
June and July, The nests and eggs resemble those taken in India, The mean
of the measurements of 5 eggs gave 0°63” x 0°49’.
254, Irena puellaa—The Fairy Blue-bird,
Fairly numerous around Port Blair, especially from September to March.
I did not find the nest, and in factI rarely saw a bird between April and
August, Ido not think they breed in the vicinity of Port Blair.
288. Otocompsa emeria—The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.
Common everywhere and especially in Port Blair where it frequently enters
the houses taking the place of the common sparrow. Breeds from March to
May laying 2 or 3 eggs only.
312, Micropus fusciflavescens— The Andaman Black-headed Bulbul.
This species is decidedly rare. I have only come across it about half a dozen
times in 15 months. It frequents the outskirts of forest, It has no song but
a characteristic call,
336. Dissemuroides andamanensis.—The Small Andamanese Drongo.
Common, but restricted to well wooded and forest areas. Has a variety of
notes. Breeds from the middle of April to the middle of May. The nest
consists of a shallow cup or cradle suspended from the forked twig cf some
usually dry or leafless tree, generally at a considerable height from the ground.
It is composed of fine twigs firmly woven together and attached to the support
by cobwebs and is scantily lined with black hair-like rhizomorph, The eggs, 2
or 3 in number, differ strikingly in colour, at least half a dozen, distinct types
being found. The commonest variety is perhaps one in which the ground colour
is pale salmon-pink spotted all over with pale brownish markings and with some
underlying spots of pale grey. Jn another type the ground is white and the
markings consist of bold dashes and streaks of pinkish brown, Others again
are spotted and blotched with dark purplish brown in a zone at the large end,
or again they may be finely specked with black in a cap at the large end. The
eggs vary in length from 0°88 to 1°05 and in breadth from 0°65 to 0°76 the mean
of 31 eggs being 1°00” x 0°72",
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS. 157
340, Dissemurus parudiseus—The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo.
Common in high forest, Has a fine series of melodius calls. The Andaman
variety of this species shows no trace of the conspicuous frontal crest which
forms so marked a feature in the Sub-Himalayan race. It breeds in May
building its nest generally high up on the more or less inaccessible branches
of big trees, The eggs are similar to those found in India and the mean of
3 eggs gave as measurements 1:13” x 0°82,”
| 393. Arundinax aédon— ‘The Thick-billed Warbler.
Fairly common in and around Port Blair throughout the cold weather,
Frequents low scrub where it carefully avoids exposing itself, Its note is a
sharp “ click, click.”
410, Phylloscopus fuscatus.~The Dusky Willow-Warbler,
Common in and around Port Blair in the winter, the majority, if not all,
leaving by the end of April, It has a sharp “‘ clicking ” note.
451, Horornis pallidipes.— Blanford’s Bush-Warbler,
Common inthe dense undergrowth both in high and secondary forest, and
never met with in the open. It frequents the thickest cover whence it gives
vent at intervals to its characteristic and peculiar call consisting of 3 or 4
rapidly repeated notes, It is an artful skulker ard extremely difficult io
observe, It is a permanent resident,
482. Lanius lucionensis—-The Philippine Shrike,
A seasonal visitor only, arriving in September and leaving in April,
492. Pericrocotus andamanensis,—The Andamanese Scarlet Minivet,
Fairly common, frequenting the crowns of trees in small parties,
500. Pericrocotus peregrizus— The Small Minivet,
More numerous than the last, Found several nests in May and June, placed
on fairly thick branches of trees, ata height of from 12’ to 30’ from the
ground, They were neat cup-shaped structures made of little bits of papery
bark held together with spider’s web and sparsely lined with bits of dead leaves
and fine fibres, The eggs are pale blue spotted, speckled or blotched, chiefly in
a zone at the large end, with purplish brown with, in some eggs, underlying grey
markings, The mean of 5 eggs gave 0°69" x 0°55,”
510. Graucalus macii.—The Large Cuckoo-Shrike,
Common in and around the Settlement. Found two nests on May 14th and
June 4th, respectively, containing 2 fresh eggs each, of the usual type.
513, Artamus leucogaster—The White-rumped Swallow-Shrike.
Common in open places and clearings around Port Blair. They appear to ke
very affectionate, the male and female sitting for long pericds side by side on
the same perch, They are fearless of men and follow any one about, who may
be walking through long grass, snapping up the grasshoppers and other insects
which are disturbed into flight. They breed in April and May, the nests being
almost invariably placed on the broken off stump of some stont branch of a
tree from 10 to 20 feet from the ground. Jack fruit trees are frequently selected
as a building site, The nest is an untidy shallow sauce1 of twigs little better
158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
than a dove’s nest, It is usually quite exposed to view from above and more
or less also from below. The parent birds are very bold and defend their
property with much spirit, The full complement of eggs is 3. They are white
spotted with light brown or fawn, chiefly in a zone, with numerous underlying
grey markings. The mean of 5 eggs gave 0:93” x 0°67".
517. Oriolus andamanensis——The Andaman Plack-naped Oriole.
Very common and conspicuous, being found both in forest and open country.
They breed from April to June, laying 2 or 3 eggs only. The nest is the usual
cradle suspended from the leafy branch of some tree, and is usually decorated
outside with sprays of a small climbing Asclepiad with orbicular leaves. The
eggs are fairly glossy. The ground is white generally more or less tinged
with claret with dark purplish brown spots which appear to have “ run’’ from
the edges, and with a few underlying grey spots. he mean of the measure-
ments of 7 eggs gave 1°1l” x 0°82."
521. Oriolus melanocephalus.——The Indian Black-headed Oriole.
This species is not uncommon in the hot weather ; I saw none, however, in
the winter,
524, Hulabes intermedia.—The Indian Grackle,
Common throughout the Andamans, Large numbers were snared and ex-
ported to Calcutta until quite recently but the trade has now been forbidden.
527, Calornis chalybeius——The Glossy Calornis.
These birds appear in Port Blair about February and remain till June, fecd-
ing chiefly upon small figs and honey out of flowers. They are exceedingly
numerous during these months. Where they go to for the rest of the year I
could not ascertain.
528. Pastor roseus.—The Rose-coloured Starling,
This species was recorded from the Andamans many years ago by Col.
Tytler, but as no one had subsequently seen the bird here, Mr, A, O. Hume
and others were doubtful whether it should be included in the Andaman avi-
fauna or not. This year, however, I saw flocks of this bird on two Occasions
in March and April, and shot three specimens, two males and a female, It is
possible that they only visit the Andamans in very severe wivters such as was
experienced in India this cold weather.
540. Sturnia andamanensis.—The Andaman Myna.
Very common both in forest and inthe open. Gregarious, They breed
towards the end of April and in May. The nest is placed ina hole in a tree
at any height from 6 to 30 feet or more, The nest is composed of small,
pliant twigs with an occasional stiff feather, ard is lined with small green
leaves. The eggs, four in number, are of a uniform blue, about the same
shade, as or slightly darker than, those of Acridotheres tristis, They vary in
length from 1°14” to 0°97" and in breadth from 0°78" to 0:72”, but the mean
of 22 eggs gives 1°02” x 0°76".
549. Acridotheres tristis——The Common Myna.
This objectionable bird which was introduced some years ago by an officer of
the Settlement has now become firmly established, and is doing its best to oust
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS, 159
its weaker, though handsomer relative, Sturnia andamanensis, Breeds in
March and April in holes in trees and in houses,
582. Musettrea grisola——The Grey Flycatcher,
This bird occurs throughout the islands but is not common, though fairly
numerous in open jungle and clearings near Port Blair, especially between
Haddo and Navy Bay. It has a fine loud and clear whistle, repeated 3 or 4
times or prolonged and drawn out, followed suddenly by a higher (or lower)
note in a different key, reminding one somewhat of the call of Mgithine
tiphia, and unlike that of any flycatcher. It isa quiet, unobtrusive bird
usually seen alone or in pairs. Jt frequents mangroves and other small irees
and catches insects sometimes on the wing and at other times on the branches
or trunks of trees, It breeds in May and June, and 2 eggs only are laid,
I found five nests between May 17 and June 10, The nest is rather a thin
flimsy, cup-shaped structure made of roots, which are attached by means of
cobwebs to the twigs supporting it. The eggs could be seen from below
through the nest, which was unlined and somewhat resembled that of a Bulbul,
The nests were all in small trees from 6 to :2 feet from the ground, ‘he eggs
are slightly glossy, dark cream or pale cafe-au-lait spotted with dark yellowish
brown and sepia, The spots are rather small and not numerous snd they
tend to form a zone towards the big end. The eggs remind one a little of
those of Rhipidura albicoilis. They vary very little in size, the mean of 8 eggs
being 0°85” x 0°62". I brought up a nestling of this species but it died just
as it was about to fly, Tt never showed any vestige of spotted plumage at any
stage, Even when in the nest the breast was pure spotless white and the
back and wings a warm reddish brown. This looks asif it had been wrongly
placed in the Muscicapide and I would suggest that it may have more affinity
for the Sylviide.
588. Alseonax latirostris —The Brown Flycatcher.
A common winter visitor, of dull plumage and quiet unobtrusive habits,
602. Hypothymis tytleri—The Audaman Black-naped Flycatcher,
Common both in the forest and in and about Port Blair, It is wonderfully
active as well as fearless, I found many nests between April 8 and June 1.
They were all similar in structure and position to those of H, azurea, They
were invariably decorated outside with white spider egg-cases, The eggs,
3 in number, are white or faintly pinkish, speckled with rufous brown chiefly
in a zone towards the large end.
They vary in length from 0°64” to 0°75” and in breadth from 0-53” to 0°57"
the mean of 16 eggs being 0°72” » 0°54”,
610. Pratincola maura,—The Indian Bush=Chat,
A rare winter visitor, Saw one only near Stewartganj in March.
663. Copsychus saularis.—The Magpie-Robin.
Common, especially in and around Port Blair. Breeds from March to June
chiefly in holes in trees about 6 feet from the ground, laying 4 eggs of the
usual colour,
160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV1I.
665, Cittocincla albiventris—The Andaman Shama.
Common throughout the islands, keeping to the densest jungle, It has many
fine clear notes, but its song, if it can be so called, is disappointingly unmusical
owing to a number of low discordant sounds which are introduced at frequent
intervals. They are late breeders, waiting for the burst of the monsoon before
commencing to build.
I found seven nests between May 21 and June 27, Four of these were in
boxes or hollowed out cocoanut husks placed in thick forest for the purpose
of affording building sites, and three were in holes in stumps or clefts in the
trunks of trees, all ata height of from 5 to 8 feet from the ground.
The nests were composed of dry bamboo leaves lined with fine roots or twigs
and lastly with black hair-like rhizomorph. Three was the maximum number
of eggs in any nest and two nests contained 2 only,
The eggs appear to be rather small for the bird. They are glossy, witha
pale-green ground densely marked, chiefly at the large end with purplish-brown
or chocolate, with underlying grey markings visible here and there.
Tn length the eggs vary from 0:89" to 0°80” and in breadth from 0°68” to
0:65", but the mean of 9 eggs gives 0°85" x 0°66".
680. Merula obscura,—The Dark Ouzel.
Saw a solitary specimen of this species on April 4, near the Salt Works,
689. Geocichla andamenensis——The Andaman Ground-Thrush,
Common, especially in Port Blair. Tt has a pretty, characteristic song.
Found many nests in May and June, generally in small trees just outside the
forest,
The nests are composed of roots and dead leaves, lined with the former.
They contain either two or three (never more) eggs, which vary a good deal
in colour. They are fairly glossy and often somewhat pyriform in shape, pale
green spotted or blotched with chestnut chiefly in a zone or cap at the large
end ;also afew underlying pale grey markings may vsually be observed.
Some eggs are spotted thickly all over with reddish brown, showing no ground
at all,
In size the eggs vary from 1°07” to 0°89” in length and from 0°76” to 0°69” in
breadth, the mean of 55 eggs being 0°98” x 0°73”,
730. Uroloncha fumigata.—The Andaman White-bacxed Munia,
Common in the vicinity of Port Blair, generally in parties of from 6 to a
dozen, feeding on bamboo or grass seeds, They breed in June and July, con-
structing the usual domed nest of fine flowering grasses and laying up to7 pure
white glossless eggs which are often very elongate and pyriform,
They vary in length from 0°67” to 0°56” and in breadth from 0°42" to 0:39”.
The mean of 34 eggs gave 0°60" 0°41”.
725, Munia malacca.—The Black-headed Munia.
Saw three of these birds in some long grass between Haddo and Navy Bay
on 17th May. They were building a nest and allowed me to approach and
watch them within a few feet. They subsequently, however, deserted the
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS. 161
mest and I have not seen them recently, This species has not been previously
wecorded from the Andamans,
776, Passer domesticus —The House-Sparrow.
A small colony of these birds still exists at Aberdeen, Phoenix Bay, and
Haddo, but they do not fortunately seem to spread much. They were intro-
‘duced more than ten years ago.
813, Hirundo rustica,.—The Swallow.
These birds arrive in numbers abcut the third week in September and
remain throughout the cold weather, retiring north in April to breed.
817. Hirundo javanica,—The Nilgiri House-Swallow,
Not common, Found 3 nests with hard set eggs in caves on the shore of
North Button Island on May 5. The nests were similar in construction to
these of 7, rustica, the eggs being also similar, only smaller.
832, Motacilla melanope-—The Gray-Wagtail.
A cold-weather visitor ; not common,
839. Limonidromus indicus.—The Forest-Wagtail,
Another cold-weather visitor, arriving early in October and leaving in April.
Frequents glades and paths in the forest, Has acurious habit of wagging
‘its tail laterally, é.¢,, from side to side and not up and down as in the case of
other wagtails,
899. Arachnechthra andamanica,—The Andaman Sun-bird.
Common everywhere and very tame and fearless, Breeds twice in the
year, first in February and again in May. The nests are oval in shape, the
entrance hole beiug situated near the top and overhung bya portico of fine
grasses. The nest is composed of a variety of materials, chiefly fine grasses,
bits of dead leaves, and vegetable fibres. It is lined with down or fine grass
‘stems, It hangs suspended from some twig or grass stem, ueually under an
overhanging bank often close to the ground, less frequently at some con-
‘siderable height up in asbrub or tree.
Two eggs are laid which vary a good deal both in shape and colour. They
are usually elongated ovals with a tendency to be pyriform, with little or no
gloss, The ground colour of the eggs is, where visible, a very pale greenish
or bluish white, the whole surface being usually more or less completely mot-
tled over with pale greenish or purplish brown, with occasional dark spots
or streaks of the same colour. One type not very common has no brown
mottlings, but a few greyish brown spots or blotches on a pale blue ground.
In length they vary from 0°61” to 0°72” and in breadth from 0°43” to 0°47”,
and the mean of 26 eggs is 0°65" x 0°45”,
918. Dicaum virescens—The Audamanese Flower-pecker,
Not common, Frequents trees infested with Loranthus, the fruits of which
ii feeds on. Note—a sharp “ click,’
971, Dendrocopus andamanensis—The Andaman Pied Woodpecker,
Common inand around Port Blair. Affects chiefly fairly open jungle.
Found many nest holes on the underside of branches of avenue trees (chiefly
21
162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI7.
the Rain tree—Pithecolobium saman). Watched a bird excavating such a.
hole in January, but it was subsequently deserted.
1000. Thriponax hodgii—The Andaman Black Woodpecker,
Fairly common in high forest throughout the main Islands, Frequents
lofty forest trees, whence the sound of its resonant tapping on some dead:
branch may be heard half a mile away.
Found a nest in a hole in a dead tree 20 feet from the ground containing:
two fresh eggs, pure glossy white, measuring 1°13” x0°82” and 1°03” x 0°81,.
respectively,
1025. Hurystomus orientalis ——The Broad-billed Roller,
Rather rare but widely distributed. Frequents clearings in high forest,
1027, Jlerops philippinus——The Blue-tailed Bee-eater,
Not common. I saw a few individuals near Port Blair in March and also-
on Narcondam in October. ‘hey were probably only in migration at the
time and do not seem to stop in the Andamans.
1030. Melittophagus swinhott—The Chestnut-headed Bee-eater.
Very common in and around Port Blair. They are chiefly seen in pairs..
Breed in holes in banks, which often penetrate to a depth of 4feet. The
eggs are of tha usual bee-eater type, 3 to 5in number, pure white, round andi
glossy.
They vary from 0°83” to 0:95” in length and from 0°72” to 0°79” in breadth,
the mean of 20 eggs being 0°89” x 0°76”,
1035. <Alcedo ispida,—The Common Kingfisher,
Not nearly so common as the next species. Have seena few around Port
Blair.
1036. Adcedo beavani,—Beavan’s Kingfisher.
Common both on salt and fresh water creeks and streams, They are late
breeders, all the nests seen by me being taken between June 25 and July 15.
The eggs, usually 5 in number, are glossy broad ovals. In length they.
vary from 0°82” to 0°76" and in breadth from 0°62" to 0°71”, the mean of 20:
eggs being 0°78" x 0°68".
1040. Ceyx tridactyla.—The Indian Three-toed Kingfisher,
This lovely little King-fisher is certainly very rare in the Andamans, I
have only once come across it when following up a small rocky stream in
dense forest below Mount Harriet. This was on May 27th, and the bird was.
disturbed excavating a nest hole in the bank, which, however, was afterwards.
abandoned, ;
1043. Pelargopsis gurial.—The Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher.
Fairly common, especially on brackish creeks, I did not come across its nesv..
1044, Halcyon smyrnensis—-The White-breasted Kingfisher,
One of the commonest birds in the Islands, especially near Part Blair.
Breeds in April and May, the nest holes being in banks 2 to 3 feet deep.
The eggs vary from 1°16” to 1:27” in length and from 1°00” to 1°09” in.
breadth, the mean of 10 eggs being 1°22” 1°05",
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS. 16
es)
1045, Halcyon pileata—The Black-capped Kingfisher,
Rare but widely distributed. Ihave seen three individuals only in 15
months—one near Port Blair, one in the Cinque Islands and one on Nar-
condam,
1046. Calialcyon lilacina.—The Ruddy Kingfisher,
Not uncommon in the North Andaman, but very scarce elsewhere. I have
seen none near Port Blair.
1047. Sauropatis chloris—The White-collared Kingfisher,
Very common everywhere along the coast or up brackish creeks, Feeds
largely in grasshoppers as well as fish, Found several nests in April and
May. They are usually in holes in banks, only about a foot deep, occasion
ally also in holes in white ants’ mounts or in the up turned roots of a tree, and
one nest I observed. was ina hole ina mango tree about 15 feet from the
ground,
Three or four eggs are laid broadly pyriform and exhibiting very little ox
no gloss,
Length, 1°07” to 1°19”. Breadth, 0°91” to 0°97", Mean of 12 evgs
elie 0°95",
s
(To be continued.)
164
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,”
SERIES III, PART IIT,
By
Sir GroRGE Hampson, Bart,, F.Z,.8,, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 719 of Vol, XVI.)
Sub-family HADENINZ,
Key to the GENERA.
A, Fore tibia with terminal claw.
a. Abdomen with dorsal series of Crests....ecce:-see000 Darathra,
6. Abdomen with dorsal crest on Ist segment only a Hypobarathra.
B. Fore tibia without terminal claw.
a, Fore tarsus with long curved claw-like spines on
OUubeLiside/Of WStsOiNt ss... coaiccwweecesccer tee: oc .. Trichoclea.
b, Fore tarsus without claw-like spines on outer side
of Ist joint,
a!. Byes overhung by long cilia.
a2, Thorax clothed chiefly with scales ..........+ Thyrestra.
b?, Thorax clothed with hair only ...cesso.--secc0e Lasiestra.
5‘, Eyes not overhung by long cilia.
a?, Proboscis aborted, minute.
a*, Abdomen with dorsal crest on 1st segment,
a*. Frons with disk-shaped prominence
with central truncate process .........seeces Aspidifrontia,
b+, Frons without prominence .. ............. Brithys.
b’. Abdomen without dorsal crest .....:.-.s0000 Polytela.
&?, Proboscis fully developed.
a*, Frons with truncate conical prominence,
a*, Abdomen with dorsal series of crests.
a®, Frons with semilunar corneous pro-
MUMCM CCU rewecstesiscncerescececsserecacacees) lO esnesunen
b®. Frons with circular prominence ,....... Craterestra.
b+, Abdomen with dorsal crest on 1st seg-
MCML ONLY soecertecsscseescesee sersceeessaeee Palponima.
43, Frons with slight rounded prominence
with corneous plate below it.
a*, Abdomen with dorsal series of crests,
a°, Head and thorax :clothed chiefly with
SC2IES\ ceasacucese <ccsncesetvat-«sscrscsesersau (COLUMN Mite
5°. Heal and thorax clothed with hair-
like SCal€S scc).scccussccessurceccerccanases LGSYQASLET.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 165
b*, Abdomen with dorsal crest on Ist seg-
WH GUbiy ONLY sel. cavedesencsetae sorescouscvecsee,. Oclontestra,
e*. Abdomen without dorsal crest .......... -- JMeliana.
e®, Frons without prominence.
a*. Tegule dorsally produced into a ridge,
a*, Abdomen with dorsal crest on Ist
REGIMETI lances seasnisswsunemeetenrebacredves Xylomania,
6°, Abdomen without dorsal crest ......... M/onima,
b+, Tegulse not produced into a ridge.
a°*, ‘Thorax clothed chiefly with scales,
a°, Abdomen with dorsal series of
BIOSIS iweds+esusiess si-sswusccsbberriesssessssa. | AMASEhIMs
b&, Abdomen with dorsal crest on 1st
REPMEDECOWMLY .s8is.seas axed onabecidacas see Hadena
6°, Thorax clothed with hair and hair-like
scales, sometimes with a few scales °
on upper edge of patagia,
a°, Abdomen with dorsal series of
CRESUSUSacew 6 \ceuleo= sssabapewautes axbesesarant | AEMACOlG
b°, Abdomen with dorsal crest bn Ist
segment only,
a?. Prothorax with dorsal ridge-like
CEEStiy toececk So -Gleipaneeionerne mess soeteae Chatuata,
b?, Prothorax with spreading crest ... Cirphis,
e*®, Abdomen without dorsal crest .. Dorolia.
e*, Thorax clothed with hair only.
a°, Prothorax with spreading crest...... Sideridis.
6°, Thorax without distinct crests ...... Ceraphrye.
Genus THYRESTRA.
Type.
Thyrestra, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. V., p.6(1905)... hyalophora.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, fringed with hair in front, the
3rd joint porrect ; frons
smooth ; eyes large, round-
ed, overhung by long
cilia; antenne of male
almost simple, head and
thorax clothed with rough
Zi seales, the prothorax with
Thyrestra hyalophora. & 1, ridge-like dorsal crest,
the metathorax with crest ;abdomen with dorsal series of crests, paired lateral
tufts of very long white hair protrusible from the lateral stigmata of male,
Forewing rather long and narrow, the apex produced and the termen oblique ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10
166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
anastomosing with 8to form the areole; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins
34 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6:7
stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only; male witha patch of
hyaline membrane in, below, and beyond cell.
1756 a. THYRESTRA HYALOPIIORA.
Genus BARATHRA.
Type.
JS NOD Tel TUR Rare, \U5 O28) (USN) Aakers cee tooseniencoconpsdoane brassice.
Copimamestra, Grote, A.M, N, H. (5) XL, p. 54 (1883). brassica,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with
hair, the 3rd short.
frons smooth ; eyes
large, rounded, not
ciliated; antennx
of male minutely
ciliated ; tibie fring-
ed with hair, the
Barathra brassice. @ 3 fore tibia with long
curved claw on outer side ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales, the
pro- and metathorax with spreading crests, abdomen with dorsal series of
erests, the one on basal segment large. Forewing with the termen crenulate ;
veins 38 and & from close to angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins
3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocel-
lulars ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base.
1691. BARATHRA BRASSICZ insert (syns.),
Mamestra andalustca, Staud, Cat., p. 9) (1871).
3 scotochroma, Rober. Iris, 1, p. 340, pl. xi., f. 13 (1884),
. decolorata, Staud, Stett Ent. Zeit 1889, p. 34.
rf straminea, Failla, Nat, Sic. X., p. 30, pl. 1, f. 5 (1890).
Genus DIscEsTRA.
Type.
Discestra, Hmpsn. Cat, Lep, Phal B. M, V. p. 14 (1905) ...... chartaria.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in
front ; frons with semilunar corneous prominence with raised edges, a corneous
plate below frons ; eyes large, rounded ; antenne of male ciliated ; head and
thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with divided
crests ; abdomen with dorsal series of crests. Forewing with veins 3:5 from
near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with
8toform the areole; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of
cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1679c, DISCESTRA ARENARIA, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. B. M. V., p.16, pl. 78, f. 25
(1905),
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 167
Head whitish ; thorax and abdomen whitish tinged with pale ochreous
brown; tarsi tinged
A ’ ‘ 5
zs with fuscous, Fore-
Ty Py wing whitish, tinged
Se a ys with pale ochreous
brown and irrorated
3); with fuscous: sub-
basal line double
Discestra arenaria. @ 3, waved, from costa
to vein i; antemedial line indistinct, double, waved; claviform moderate,
‘defined by black; orbicular and reniform moderate, with fuscous centres
‘defined by black, the former round ; traces of a medial line ; postmedial line
dentate, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some
pale points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line pale, slightly defined by
fuscous, minutely waved, angled outwards at vein 7, slightly dentate at veins
4:3 and bent outwards to tornus; a terminal series of small black lunules.
Hindwing white, the veins and termen tinged with brown ; some dark terminal
‘points ; the under side with the costa slightly irrorated with brown, a small
‘black discoidial point
Habitat —Sixp, Karachi. Eazp. 50-32, mill,
Genus CRATERESTRA.
Type.
Craterestra, Hmpsn, Cat, Lep, Phal., B.M., V., p.17 (1905) ... dueina.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with hair
in front, the 3rd moderate, oblique; frons with truncate conical corneous
prominence with corneous plate below it; eyes large, rounded; antenne
ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with scales and hair, the pro- and meta-
thorax with spreading crests ; tibie fringed with rather long hair ; abdomen
‘with dorsal series of crests and lateral fringes of hair, Forewing with veius
‘3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle
of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ;
-8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
_A, Forewing with the medial area darker than ground
GOLOUT Weececnccrese HARARE ae Corie Shed SRA Rela iat tts Hl CULE EG
B, Forewing with the medial area not antics Wea eround
colour,
a. Forewing with the costal area whitish,
a‘, Forewing with the inner area whitish ........,...... Difascia.
b', Forewing with the inner area not whitish .......... albicosta.
b. Forewing with the costal area not whitish.............. sublerminata,
1679d, CRATERESTRA MEDIA, W1k., XI. 756 (1857) ; Hmpsn, Cat, Lep. Phal.,
ave, Vp. 19, pl, 78) £, 28.
his latifasciata, Moore, P. Z. S, 1881, p. 345,
168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVIE.
Apamea viriata, Swinh,, P, Z, S. 1885, p. 450.
Head and thorax red-brown mixed with black or fuscous brown; tegule
with medial black
ao < line ; tarsi with
: ochreous rings -
abdomen ochre--
ous brown. Fore--
wing fuscous.
brown, the area
Crateresira media. @ +. below the cell.
before the antemedial line and the positmedial area except towards costa
ochreous more or less tinged with brown ; a waved subbasal line from costa
to submedian fold ; antemedial line defined by ocareous on inner side, waved,,.
strongly angled outwards above inner margin ; claviform moderate, defined by
black and with some blackish between it and postmedial line ;orbicular ard.
reniform defined by black, the former round ; an indistinct waved medial line ;
postmedial line dentate, indistinctly double, bent outwards below costa, excurved
to vein 4, then oblique ; subterminal line pale, defined on inner side by a series
of slight dentate rufous marks, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at
veins 4°3, the area beyond it dark except at apex ; a terminal series of black
points ; cilia intersected with rufous, Hindwing white or ochreous white, the
veins and terminal area more or less tinged with fuscous ;-the under side with
the costal and terminal areas irrorated with fuscous, a postmedial series of
slight dark streaks on the veins.
Habitat.—MasHONALAND, Salisbury ; Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpore, Dharmséla,
Jubbulpore, Manpuri; Bompay, Poona; Canara ; Nineiris; Burma, Man-
dalay, Thayetmyo, Hzxp. 34-36, mill,
1935. ORATERESTRA BIFASCIA.
1936, CRATERESTRA ALBICOSTA.
1679. CRATERESTRA SUBTERMINATA. Hmpsn. Cat, Lep. Phal., B, M., V.,
p. 22, pl. 78, £, 31 (1905),
@. Head and thorax bronwish grey ; tegule with black medial line ; tarsp
fuscous with pale rings ; abdomen grey-brown, Forewing grey tinged with
reddish-brown ; the postmedial area except towards costa, the area below the
cell from before middle, and the inner margin from base suffused with fuscous ;
an ill-defined black streak below base of cell ; subbasal Tine represented by a
blackish mark below costa ; antemedial line indistinct, dentate, oblique ; clavi-
form absent ; orbicular very indistinct, rather elongate ; reniform with brown
and fuscous centre and greyish annulus, somewhat angled inwards on median:
nervure ; postmedial line indistinct, double, filled in with greyish, bent
outwards below costa excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some pale points
on costa beyond it; subterminal line pale, diffused, angled outwards at
vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of points; cilia whitish inter=
sected with brown, Hindwing whitish tinged with brown; the veins and
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 169"
termen brown ; the underside white irrorated with brown, a discoidal spot,
indistinct sinuous postmedial line with dark streaks on the veins, and some:
terminal lunules.
Habitat.—S1kuiM. Lxp, 34, mill,
Genus SCOTOGRAMMA,
Type.
Scotogramma, Smith, Pr, U.S, Nat. Mus, X,, p. 469 (1887)... submarina,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in:
front, the 3rd moderate, porrect ; frons with rounded prominence with slight
vertical edge and corneous plate below it ; eyes large, rounded ; antenne of”
male ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales, the pro-and
meta thorax with spreading crests; tibie fringed with hair ; abdomen with
dorsal series of crests and lateral fringes of hair. Forewing with veins 3 and
5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with.
8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of
cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; &:
anastomosing with the cell near base only,
A, Forewing with the subterminal line angled outwards ai
veins 43 and forming a distinct W-mark... ,,......... (rifolii.
B. Forewing with the subterminal line not forming a W-
mark ab yes 43 ....-c.008 iecdecroesommadcesebeoces ehencee agrotiformis.
pace
Scotograma trifolii, @ :.
1677, SCOTOGRAMMA TRIFOLII, insert \syns,),
Noctua verna, Psp, Schmett., 1V., pl. 117, A ff, 5°6 (1786).
saucia, Esp, Schmett , IV , pl. 152, f, 5. (1786).
treitschhe:, Hiibn,, Eur, Schmett. Noct., £. 850 (1827) ; Boisd.
Mem. Soc. Linn,, Paris 1827, p. iii., pl. 6, f£.2 ; Dup. Lep.
Fr, VIII. p. 49, pl. 103, f. 1; Herr-Schaff. Schmett., Eur.
Noct. ff, 68°69 ; Staud. Cat, Lep. Pal, p. 159,
pugnac, Hiibn, Kur, Schmett. Noct, ff. 726-7 (1827),
» Jarkusii, Treit, Schmett, Eur,, X, 2, p. 7!. (1835).
Hadena intermissa, W1k., XI., 587 (1857),
Apamiu inquicta, Wik., XI,, 730 (1857),
Hadena albifusa, Wik,, X1J., 752 (1857).
Apamea glaucovaria, Wik., Can, Nat, and Geol,, V., p. 255 (1860),
Mamestra canescens, Moore, A, M,N. H, 1878, p, 233; id, 2nd
Yarkand Mission, p.9, pl. 1, f. 13,
3 oregonica, Grote, Can, Ent,, XIII, p, 280 (1881).
3)
”
”
23
170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Habitat,—_N. America; EvrorE; SoKotTraA; W,. Aanp C. Asta; PUNJAB;
‘SIKHIM ; TIBET,
1679a. ScorOoGRAMMA AGROTIFORMIS,
Genus LAsIESTRA.
Type.
Lasiestra, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M. V., p. 47 (1905)... phoca.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint clothed with long
hair in front, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded, overhung
by long cilia ; antenne of male serrate or ciliated; head and _ thorax
clothed with rough hair and without crests; tibiz fringed with rough hair ;
abdomen with dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the termen
obliquely curved ; veins 3and 5 from close to angle of cell; 6 from upper
angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell,
Hindwing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below
middle of discocellulars ; 6-7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
‘base only.
Sect, II, Antenne of male ciliated.
A, Forewing not tinged with olive........... aren Aanienlte . elves,
Be) Horewine tinged waitlwolive) 2... 2 .s:seee une sepecos deliciosa.
1683, LAsIESTRA ELVESI, ‘
1683a. LasitesTRA DELICIOSA, Alph. Hor. Ent, Soc. Ross. XXVI., p. 446
(1892) ; id. Rom, Mem. JX., p. 18, pl. 3, f.
3; Staud. Cat, Lep. Pal., p. 162.
Head and thorax olive-grey mixed with some black; tegule whitish
edged with black;
Jf tarsi with whitish
“_ vings ; abdomen olive-
grey, Forewing olive-
grey irrorated with
fuscous, the markings
blackish irrorate d>
Lasiestra elvesi. @ }. with yellow scales ;
-subbasal line double, waved, from costa to vein 1; antemedial line double,
waved ; claviform small, defined by black; orbicular and reniform defined by black,
the former round, or quadrate, open above and below ; a waved medial Jine ;
postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent out-
wards below costa and oblique below vein 4 ; subterminal line excurved below
costa and at middle, angled inwards in discal and submedian folds ; a terminal
series of small triangular black spots ; cilia whitish, with a dark line through
them. Hindwing dark fuscous, with very indistinct greyish subterminal line ;
cilia white with dark line through them ; the underside grey irrorated with
drown, a dark discoidal spot and sinuous postmedial line,
Habitat,—Tiser ; Kasuurr, Barra Larcha, Kokser. Exp. 36-38 mill.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 171
Genus MISsELIA,
Type.
Aiselia, Ochs, Schmett, Eur,, JV., p, 72 (1816), non, descr, ;
Treit, Schmett, Eur., V. (1), p. 386 (1825) oo... . ce eesseeees conspersa,
Polia, Ochs, Schmett, Eur., IV., p. 73 (1816), non, deser, ;
Drain schmete. Hur Vis\(2)) py 511825) i vo.cesssus dbes vente cappa,
Mamestra, Ochs, Schmett. Eur,, IV., p. 75 (1816), non,
descr, ; Treit. Schmett. Hur,, V. (2), p. 127 (1825) ......... psi,
ANanthia, Ochs, Schmett, Eur., IV., p, 82 (1816), non, descr... luteago.
Folymixis, Hibn, Verz., p. 205 (1827) ......... Saab cases wa. Jiligramma,
Harmodia, Hitbn, Verz,, p, 207 (1827) ........ scsccsececesessss compte,
Welenchrapaubns VerZp. 20021): wecstvedtestaacconetdesdee persicaria,
PPT, LUD VOLZ Pals CLS2A7) kocsis venseareevete tee eenee: serena,
igtragieds, Fubns VerZi pe elon(l82l). sdeskcrendesdecncronteaves dentina.
Diataraxia, Hiibn, Verz., p, 219 (1827) .. peceedts --. splendens,
Diunthecia, Boisd, Silberm, Rev. Ent,, il, sae 246 (i834) . cucubali,
Hecatera, Guen, Noct., II., p. QT(LBO2 Nive carcssce eae dysodea.
Aplecta, Guen. Noct., II,, p. 74 (1852), nec Guen,, 1841, non.
ESCRer cessed: eiebuneaadanaenens Denethicecsastenasceseee tetcccses .-. nebulosa.
PPCSUGIED, NV Lik RMON eel DA USD ine ceciasteWere vaveet tidacedermatenece rudis.
Maguza, Wik. “XXXIV, 123 St SUD) cetesssceetcust decteeecleantncTuause
Mererane, Butl, PAS, UST po 85) sesids cessecces eed sersncves cos! POClUlal,
Xanthalia, Berg. Aint Soc, Ent. Belg., XXXVI. ps 395
(G8 2 a aeerec cose meccrer saldescacssonsswecrsnewuser ccs CICHNDe
Haderonia, Staud Tia, ‘VIL, De 322 (1895) Geniecnweeeee secersee Susbarschanica,
Proboscis fully abveleahae ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed
with long hair in front, the 3rd short; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ;
head and thorax clothed cbiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax
with crests; pectus and tibize clothed with long hair; abdomen with dorsal
series of crests, Forewing with veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from
upper angle ;9 from J0 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of
discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with
the cell near base only,
Sect. I. (Haderonia), Antenne of male bipectinate with long branches, the
-apical part serrate,
1702, MisELIA CULTA, insert (syn.) Hadena subviolacea, Leech Trans. Ent.
‘Soe., 1900, p. 55.
Sec. II. Antenne of male serrate and fasciculate.
1702a, MiskLia TENEBRA, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep, Phal. B.M., V., p. 87, pl. 80,
£, 26 (1905).
@- Head and thorax brown mixed with white and black scales; tarsi with
pale rings; abdomen reddish-brown, Forewing fuscous brown mixed with
‘grey and slightly tinged in parts with dull olive ; subbasal line double, waved,
172 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11..
interrupted at middle, from costa to vein 1; antemedial -line irregularly
waved, oblique, defined by grey on inner side ; claviform moderate, defined by
black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former small, round with
white annulus, the latter indistinct, irregular ; an indistinct waved medial line ;
postmedial line defined by whitish on outer side, dentate, bent outwards
below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on
costa ; subterminal line whitish, defined on inner side by a series of small
dentate black marks, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at
middle ; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia whitish and fuscous
with a black line at base. Hindwing pale, suffused with brown, the terminaF
area darkest, a slight discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line, and some terminal
lunules ; cilia whitish with a dark line near base; the underside whitish.
irrorated with brown.
Habitat. —Kasumir, Deosai Plains. Exp, 36 mill,
Sect. IIT, Antenne of male ciliated.
A, Prothorax with divided crest.
a, Forewing with the ground-cclour ochreous or greyish
ochreous ........ eienttranac sheen age aaavose Ske todee eek bac tas ee consanguis.
b, Forewing with the ground-colour blackish............... mortuc.
¢. Forewing with the ground-colour dark purplish grey
more or less completely suffused with fuscous.
a! Forewing with the costal area concolorous,
a’ Forewing with the inner area concolorous......... mamesirind..
b? Forewing with ochreous-brown fascia on inner
VAP OUI. 5 sc sie aewsn eaves coneseuoueecoen eondecoacceccecos MIMI TIB USS:
b* Forewing with grey streak below costa ......... .-.. jerrésparsa.
ec? Forewing with the costal area pinkish ochreous...... caaligera.
d. Forewing with the ground-colour whitish grey ......... scotcchlora.
1679. MISELIA CONSANGUIS, insert (syns.)
Hadena languida, W\k., XV., 728 (1858),
Mamestra zachiit, Bhtsch. Vesh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien. 1879, p. 406.
Hecatera impura, Snell, Medden-Sumatra Lep., p. 43, pl. 51, f. 5 (1880).
Hadena stolida, Leech, P. Z,8. 1889, p. 5(9, pl. iv., £. 2.
Mamestra abbas, Baker, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1894, p. 40, pl. 1, f. 8.
1694, MusELIA MoRTUA, Staud, Stett, Ent. Zeit, 1888, p. 249 ; id. Rom, Mem.
VI, p. 426, pl. 8, £. 1 id. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 156.
Mamestra afra, Gres. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1888, p. 326,
A nigerrima, Warr, P. Z,8., 1888, p. 302.
Hadena kala, Swinh, Cat. Het, Mus. Oxon, II., p.17 (1900).
1700, MisELIA MAMESTRINA,
1689, MISELIA NAGAENSIS,
1688. MISELIA FERRISPARSA,
1685, MiseLia CosTIGHRA,
1695. MIUIsELIA SCOTOCHLORA.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 173
8B Prothorax with spreading crest,
a. Abdomen of female with the extremity blunt, the ovipositor not
exserted,
a', Forewing with the subterminal line dentate on veins 4°3 and
forming a distinct W-mark.
a*, Forewing with black streak below base of cell. predita,
6°. Forewing without black streak below base of
cell.
a°*, Forewing with the postmedial line incur-
ved between veins 5 and ¥,
a*, Forewing with the orbicular small, nar-
row, oblique eliptical .......... sohnasei: « furcula.
b*, Forewing with the orbicular well de-
veloped | ...x0. tteree c-sececscescccen rosececes Schneider,
b*. Forewing with the postmedial line oblique,
waved: below \Wein: 2 seccceey laiee hen acess perdentata,
%', Forewing with the subterminal line not forming
a distinct W-mark,
a*, Forewing with the reniform large, kidney-
shaped,
a*, Forewing with the ground-colour purplish
grey.
a*, Forewing with pale dentate mark on base
OE GUND) mi acees .zscsbd aches vchidlet ete. eye
b*, Forewing without pale dentate mark on
base of vein 2,
a”, Head and tegule not white........ wesree Glanuca,
6’. Head and tegulse white............ccc00006. enivetti.
b*, Forewing with the ground-colour reddish
EONUIN teteen dc SRnisa cee casey ee ae pannosa.
e*. Forewing with the ground-colour grey-
MAIER sane be ctep sonore .dae bunnies, aU dysodea.
5°. Forewing with reniform small, narrow, and
angled inwards to orbicular on median
MEIVULE sacsucesssre, canpsesisesccessswac « aan sosexe M0CSUSID,
1678.¢. Misexra PREDITA, Hiibn. Eur, Schmett, Noct., f, 595 (1827) ; Led.
Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg, 1870, pl. 1, £. 11; Staud, Cat, Lep, Pal., p. 160.
Head, thorax and abdomen grey, slightly tinged with fuscous. Forewing
grey, the antemedial and medial areas tinged with fuscous except towards costa
and inner margin ; a black streak below base of cell; subbasal line absent ;
antemedial line defined by white on outer side, oblique from costa to submedian
fold, then nearly erect ; claviform almost obsolete, a dentate whitish mark
beyond it on base of vein 2 ; orbicular and reniform with brownish centres and
white annuli defined by black, the former oblique elliptical, open above ; the
174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
median nervure and veins rising from it defined by fine white streaks ; post-
medial line defined by white on outer side, bent outwards below costa, excurved
to vein 4, then oblique ; terminal area brown except at apex, extending to
inner side of the subterminal line which is white, angled outwards at vein 7
and dentate to termen at veins 4°3. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, the
terminal area suffused with fuscous ; the underside white, the costal and ter-
minal areas irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot and sinuous puncti-
form postmedial line,
Habitat.—-S. BE, Russta; ArMenta ; W. TurkisTan ; E. TURKISTAN ; KasH-
MIR, Nubra, Hep. 34 mill.
1678.0. MUIsSELIA FURCULA, Staud, Stett, Ent, Zeit, 1889, p. 56 ; Hmpsn, Cat.
Lep: Phal. B. M. V., p. 127 ; pl. 81, £.19; Staud, Cat. Lep. Pal,
p. 160.
Head and thorax grey mixed with brown and fuscous ; tegulze with two
more or less prominent black lines ; patagia with some black scales on upper
edge ; abdomen grey mixed with fuscous. Forewing grey with a violaceous tinge
and slight brown suffusion, the medial area brown except towards costa
and inner margin ; subbasal line represented by double black striz from costa
and cell filled in with white ; antemedial line double filled in with while, waved
from costa to vein 1, then strongly angled outwards, sometimes almost to
postmedial line ; claviform large, brown defined by back, acute at extremity, a
bidentate white mark above it on vein 2 ; orbicular and reniform small defined
by black, the former oblique elliptical, white with slight brown centre, the
latter brown with slight white annulus; postmedial line defined by white on
outer side, angled outwards below costa and sharply at vein 5, then incurved
ani angled on veins 2 and 1 ; subterminal line white, defined on inner side by
dentate black marks below costa and at middle, angled outwards at vein 7
and dentate to termen at veins 4°3, the area beyond it suffused with brcwn ; a
terminal series of small lack lunules; cilia intersected with white. Hindwing
white, the veins, base and inner area suffused with brown; a broad terminay
fuscous-brown band ; cilia white ; the underside sparsely irrorated with brown,
a small discoidal lunule, crenulate postmedial line, and diffused subterminal
band.
Habitat —W. Turkistan ; E. TurkistaN; KasuMir, Kardong, Digha Pass.
Esp, 3G mill.
1678.c, MISELIA SCHNEIDERI, Staud, Iris, XII, p, 368 (1900) ; Hmpsn. Cat.
Lep. Phal. B. M., V., p. 129, pl. 81, £. 21 ; Staud : Cat, Lep, Pal., p. 160.
Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with brown; tegule with black
medial line ; tarsi with pale rings. Forewing grey-brown ; subbasal line repre-
_ sented by double black striz from costa and cell ; a double black streak above
inner margin before the antemedial line which is double, filled in with grey,
angled outwards below costa and strongly above inner margin, slightly excurved
between those points ; claviform brown defined by black; acute at extremity,
a bidentate whitish mark above it on vein 2; orbicular oblique elliptical, with
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 175
brown centre and whitish annulus defined by black ; reniform rather narrow,
fuscous grey defined by black ; an indistinct medial line oblique from costa to-
vein 2, then dentate ; postmedial line double filled in with grey, bent out-.
wards below costa, incurved to vein 4, then bisinuate, the area beyond it paler
with some whitish points on costa ; subterminal line whitish defined on inner
side by black streaks below costa and dentate marks at middle, angled outwards:
at vein 7 and dentate to termen at veins 4°3, the area beyond it suffused with
black ; a termiual series of black lunules; cilia pale brown with darker line
through them and intersected with ochreous, Hindwing whitish, the bare-
tinged with brown, the veins, discoidal lunule and ierminal half brown; cilia
white ; the underside whitish slightly irrorated with brown, a discoidal lunule,
slight curved postmedial line and broad subterminal band.
Habitat —W. TurxisvaAn ; E, Turxistan; Kasumir, Deosai Plains. Evp..
40-44 mill.
1678. MUISELIA PERDENTATA insert-(syn.) Mamesira bifida, Ping. Iris, 1902,.
p. 149, pl. 5, £3 ; Hmpsn, Cat, Lep. Phal,, B. M., V., p. 129, pl 81, £, 22.
1690.4. MuiseLia DENTINA, Schiff. Wien, Verz., p. 82 (1776); Esp. Schmett IV.,.
pl. 127, £.3 (1789); Hiibn, Eur. Schmett, Noct. f£. 408; Dup.
Lep, Fr, VI., p. 269, pl. 89, £. 6 ; Staud. Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 159,
Noctua plebeia, Haw. Lep, Brit., p. 198 (1809) ; Steph. Ill, Brit, Ent,
Haust., IIT, p. 185.
Noctua leucostigma, Haw. Lep. Brit., p, 198 (1809); Steph. 11], Brit.
Ent. Haust., T11., p. 186,
Hadena tatenai, Pierret, Ann. Soc. Eni Fr. 1837, p. 177, pl. 8, f, 3.
Noctua hilaris, Zett, Ins, Lapp, p. 938 (1840).
Head and thorax grey mixed with black ; tegule with black medial line ;
tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen greyish fuscous, Forewing violaceous grey
irrorated with fuscous ; the medial area suffused with fuscous brown; a black.
streak in base of submedian fold; subbasal line represented by double black
striz from costa and cell; some yeliow on inner margin near base usually
present ; antemedial line double, waved, oblique ; claviform moderate, defined
by black ; a bidentate whitish patch beyond it below the cell; orbicular and
reniform grey defined by black and with more or less developed fuscous centres,
the former round ; an indistinct waved medial line; postmedial line double,
dentate and produced to short streaks on the veins, bent outwards below costa
and incurved below vein 4,some white spots beyond it on costa ; subterminal
line whitish, often tinged with yellow, defined on inner side by small dentate
black marks and with some black beyond it in discal fold, angled outwards at
vein 7 and somewhat dentate at veins 4°3; a terminal series of small black
lunules ; cilia fuscous intersected with white. Hindwing fuscous brown, rather
darker on terminal area; cilia yellowish at base, with brown line through
them and white tips; the underside grey irrorated with brown, a small discci-
dal spot, curved postmedial line, and subterminal band.
Ab latenai much darker, the forewing wholly suffused with fuscous.
4176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Habitst—Eurorve ; W, Asta: W, Turxistran; W. SipertA; E, Turxts-
TAN ; KASHMIR, Goorais Valley. Lup. 32-42 mill,
Larva, Meyr. Brit. Lep., p. 82 ; Barrett. Lep. Brit., 1V., p. 197, pl. 159, f. 1.
Pale grey-brown ; a dorsal series of conjoined blackish spots edged with
~white ; spiracular line darker ; lateral and pak: lines less distinet,
ood plant, roots of Taraxacum. 5.
1690, Miserta guauca, Kleem. Beitr. Ins. 1, pl, 48, ff, 1-7 (1761) ; Hiibn.
Hur, Schmett. Noct,,£.410; Dup. Lep. Fr., VL,
p. 322, pl. 92,:f. 7; Steph, Ill. Brit. Ent, Haust., IT.,
p. 185; Staud. Cat, Lep. pal., p. 158.
Noctua aperta, Geyer. Hur, Schmett. Noct,, f. 800 (1827).
,. lappo, Dup. Lep. Fr., VII, p. 255, pl. 116, £. 3 (1837).
Hadena quadriposita, Zett. Ins. Lapp., p. 939 (1840).
farkasii, Herr. Schiff. Kur. Schmett. Noct,, f. 390 (1845), nee
Treit.
Hadena polostigma, Hmpsn. Moths. Ind., IT., p. 201 (1894).
Mamestra taunensis, Fucks, Jhrb, Nass, LIL., p. 133 (1899).
Habitat—Evurorve ; W, TURKISTAN ; AMURLAND ; KAMscHATCA ; KASHMIR,
1698. MIsELIA CNIVETTI,
A703, MISELIA PANNOSA,.
1682, MuiseLIA pysopEA, Schiff. Wien. Verz., p. 72 (1776); Hiibn. Eur.
Schmett, Noct,, f. 47. Dup. Lep, Fr. VI, p, 404,
pl. 98, £.2 and Suppl. V., pl. 1, 4.2; Steph. Tl
Brit. Ent, Haust., III, p. 32.
Noctua spinacie, View. Tab. Viez. Brandenburg, p, 70 (1789).
flavocincta minor, Esp. Schmett. IV., pl. 153, ff. 6-7 (1790).
chrysozona, Borkh. Hur, Schmett., 1V, p. 264, (1792); Staud.
Cat. Lep. pal. p. 169.
4 —ranunculina, Haw. Lep. Brit., p.183 (1809).
Mamestra caduca, Herr. Schiff. Eur. Schmett., IL, p: 266. Noct., f. 484
(1845).
innocens, Staud, Hor. Soc, Ent. Ross, VII., p. 123, pl. 1, £, 10
(1870).
koechlini, Th, Mieg. Le Nat., XII., p, 181 (1889).
cs turbida, Hbfn, Jhrb. Kirut.,, XXTV., p. 11 (1897).
Head and thorax grey mixed with reddish brown and black; tarsi blackish
mixed with white; abdomen grey tinged with rufous and irrorated with fuscous,
Forewing grey-white thickly irrorated with dark brown, the medial area rather
-darker ; some orange-yellow in submedian fold ; subbasal line with yellow
marks on it and defined ,by white on outer side, waved, from costa to submedian
fold ; antemedial line oblique, waved, defined by white cn inner side and with
yellow marks on it; claviform moderate, defined by black; orbicular and
reniform defined by black and with some yellow at sides, the former 1ound ;
postmedial line defined by white on outer
eB)
39
0)
CP
”
‘an irregularly waved:medial line ;
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, be OF
side, dentate, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved,
some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line represented by yellow
spots on inner side of irregular brown marks ;a terminal series of slight dark
lunules ; cilia chequered ochreous and brown, Hindwing pale tinged with
brown, the terminal area dark brown; slight greyish streaks on extremities of
veins 2 and 1; cilia pale with a brown line near base, the underside white, the
costal and termina! areas irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot and waved
postmedial line,
Ab. 1. caduca, Forewing whitish grey without the yellow markings,
Ab, 2. innocens. Forewing whitish grey with slight yellow markings, the me-
dial area more prominently dark, . . ‘S. Europe, W. and C, Asia,
Ab. 3, Darker, especially the medial area of forewing, Kashmir,
Hahitat—HKurove ; W, Asta; Persia; W. TURKISTAN ; W. CuiNa ; Kasumir,
Goorais Valley. Exp, 32-36 mill.
Larva, Meyr, Brit. Lep., p. 82 ; Barrett, Lep, Brit, IV., p. 218, pl. 161, £. 1.
Pale dull green or yellowish irrorated with brown ; dorsal line pale with
dark edges ; lateral line dark indistinct ; spiracles black ; head ochreous brown
or dull greenish. Food planis: flowers of Souchus and Lac uca, 7-8.
1682, MuIseLIA MEDIANA.
b. (Harmodia) Abdomen of female with the extremity produced and conical,
the ovipositor exserted.
1682.b, MiseL~ia MAGNOLH, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 125 (1823); Dup. Lep, Fr,
Suppl. VL, p. 241, pl. 22, £.4. Herr. Schaff,
Eur, Schmett, Noct,, f. 71; Staud, Cat, Lep.
pal, p. 162.
Miselia nummosa, Ev, Faun, Volg, Ur, p. 233 (1844); Frr. Beitr,,
TV) pl aol de 3.
Head and thorax olive brown mixed with white and black ; tarsi mixed with
white; abdomen grey-brown, [forewing olive-brown with a reddish tinge,
sparsely irrorated with white, chiefly on the veins, and slightly suffused with
black ; a whitish patch at base of costa traversed by the double, waved, black
subbasal line, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line double, waved,
filled in with white ; claviform large, defined by black ; orbicular and reniform
with brown centres and white annuli defined by black, the former round, the
latter rather irregular and with its outer edge indented ; a medial shade, oblique
to median nervure, then somewhat dentate ; postmedial line defined by white on
outer side, strongly dentate, bent outwards below costa and strongly incurved
below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line white,
defined on inner side by a series of small dentate black marks, angled outwards
at vein 7 and somewhat dentate at veins 4°3; a terminal series of small black
lunules defined by white; cilia intersected with white. Hindwing ochreous
white slightly irrorated with brown, the veins and marginal areas strongly
suffused with brown ; cilia with a brown line near base ; the underside with
discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line and diffused subterminal band,
23
-
178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Habitat—Evurorse ; W, Asta; W. Turkistan, Ep. 36-40 mill.
Subspecies conspurcata, Frr, Neue, Beitr, Schmett., V., p. 82, pl., 433, f. 3
(1844); Herr. Schaff. Eur. Schmett, Noct, ff, 463-470 ;
Staud, Cat, Lep. pal, p. 162.
Head, thorax and forewing grey-brown without the rufous tinge, the last
with the claviform reduced to a small black mark, the orbicular oblique
elliptical, the reniform slightly angled inwards on median nervure, but not on
subcostal nervure.
Habitat—C. anp S$. Russta, Urals; W. Srperta, Altai; ? EH. Siprrra ;
Punsas, Hunza,.
Larva, Wallschlegel, Stett, Ent, Zeit, XX XIT, p. 466.
Pale reddish grey witha dark maculate dorsal stripe, oblique subdorsal
marks and pale lateralline, Food plant : Silene nutans, 8°9.
Genus ODONTESTRA. Type.
Odontestra, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep, Phal, B, M., V., p. 205 (1905). vattigera,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi short, oblique, fringed with hair in front ;
frons with rounded prominence with small corneous plate below it ; eyes large,
ecounded ; antenne of male ciliated; head and thorax clothed chiefly with
scales, pro- and metathorax with spreading crests; abdomen with dorsal crest
on Ist segment only, Forewing rather short and broad, the termen evenly
curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell, 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins
3°4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from
upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only,
A, Forewing with the terminal line narrow, whitish.
a. Hindwing white, the terminal area suffused with
USC OUS ewes eter nee ecae oe aalonciee niseiselierorereme mmr _. simillima,
6, Hindwing uniformly suffused with fuscous ......... potanini,
B. Forewing with the subterminal line broader, yellowish submarginalis.
1687. QODONTESTRA SIMILLIMA.
1687a, ODONTESTRA POTANINI, Alph. Iris,, VIII, p. 192 (1895) ; id. Rom,
Mem, TX rp 137) ph ix ea Lorssmy
Head and thorax irrorated with grey ; tegule with black medial line ;
patagia edged with black above ; tarsi with pale rings ; abdomen fuscous
brown. Forewing purple-grey ; the costal area suffused with purplish
ved except towards base; the inner margin with ochreous white fascia from
base to tornus ; subbasal line represented by double strie from costa and a
black patch below the cell crossed by an oblique ochreous striga ; antemedial
line double, dentate towards costa, usually filled in with ochreous in submedian
interspace, obsolete below vein 1 ; claviform very large, filled in with black ;
vein 2 defined by an ochreous white fascia below or on both sides to just
beyond postmedial line ; orbicular and reniform with ochreous annuli defined
by black, the former very small, round or oblique elliptical, the latter with
ochreous centre and angled inwavds on median nervure ; postmedial line
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 179
double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below
costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, obsolete below vein 1, some pale points
beyond it on costa often present ; subterminal line ochreous white, defined on
inner side by prominent dentate black marks, angled outwards at vein 7 and
inwards in submedian fold, some red-brown suffusion beyond it, the apex
usually ochreous ; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia grey with
black lines through them. MHindwing fuscous ; the cilia pale with a brown
line near base ; the underside pale, the costal and terminal area thickly irrorated
with fuscous, a discoidal lunule and curved postmedial line.
Habitat—W. Cuina ; PungaB, Simla, Dalhousie, Dharms4la, Exp. 44 mill,
1686. ODONTESTRA SUBMARGINALIS, Wlk. Char. Undeser, Het., p. 32 (1862),
has priority over incisa.
Odontestra submarginalis. & }.
Genus HADENA. Type,
Hadena, Schrank, Faun, Boica, 11 (2), p, 158 (1802)......... reticulata,
Neuria, Guen, Noct. 1, p. 166 (1852), nec Guen. 1841, non
OREN foes oe, ie en ot eenidebiub acho ope dpe dente Beahicermaicer io ead wa. reticulata,
Dar gsda, NW ik, TX!, 401 (856) oss <ccaieenoannsana ss eed ade oaeats es graminivora.
Eupsephopactes, Grote, Bull. Buff, Soc, Nat. Sci. I, p, 138,
PL SUV ere ONL GUS its esensavcesepesenaens snes speomcorases secssersarse procincta,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed
with hair in front, the 3rd short ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; antennz
of male ciliated ; thorax quadrately clothed with hair and scales, prothorax
typically with divided crest ; pectus clothed with Jong hair ; abdomen with
dorsal crest on basal segment, clothed with woolly hair at base and with
lateral fringes of hair towards extremity. Forewing rather narrow, the apex
produced and the termen obliquely curved, the cilia crenulate ; veins 3 and 5
fzom near angle of cell,6 from upper angle ;9 from 10 anastomosing with
8to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle
of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8
anastomosing with the cell near base.
A. Forewing with the postmedial line strongly excurved
from below costa to vein 4, then Oblique ...eccsecseceee dissecta,
B. Forewing with the postmedial line moderately excury-
ed from below costa to vein 4, then incurved......... reticulata.
1684. HADENA DISsECTA, incert (syn.) Mameitra crucijer, Feld. Reis. Nov.,
pl. 199, £. 30 (1874),
180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
1684.a. HApENA RETICULATA, Vill. Linn. Ent, II., p. 254 (1789) ; Staud
Cat. Lep. pal., p. 159.
Noctua calcatrippa, View., Schmett., p. 71 (1789).
+ saponarie, Esp, Schmett. IV., pl. 198., ff, 3-4 (1790) ; Dup.
Lep. Fr. VI., p. 272, pl. 90, f. 2; Steph. Ill, Brit, Hnt,
Haust, II, p. 189,
» margnosa, Haw. Lep. Brit., p. 101 (1803),
» typica, Htbn. Eur, Schmett, Noct,, f. 58 (1827).
Mamestra unicolor, Alph, Rom, Mem, V., p. 147 (1889).
Head and thorax reddish brown mixed with grey and black; tarsi blackish with
pale bands ; abdomen
ochreous thickly irro-
rated with dark brown.
Forewing dark brown
suffused with viola-
ceous before the ante-
medial line, beyond
Hadena reticulata. & 4+ the claviform, and on
postmedial area ; the veins streaked with white except on postmedial area,
where they are black; the subbasal line represented by double oblique
black striz from costa and cell filled in with white, a very oblique white
striga across the cell just beyond it ; the antemedial line double, black filled
in with white, angled outwards below costa and above inner margin, incurved
between those points; claviform large, defined by black, ard with pale streak
at centre ; orbicular and reniform with white annuli defined by black, the
former oblique elliptical, open above, the latter narrow and with white Junule
at centre ; a fine black medial line, oblique from costa to vein 2, then dentate ;
postmedial line double, black filled in with white, minutely waved. bent out-
wards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved and angled inwards above
inner margin, some white points beyond it on costa ;
white, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at veins 4 and 3, with a series of
dentate black marks on its inner side ; a terminal series of small black Junules ;
cilia with fine pale line at base and intersected with white. Hindwing ochreous
white suffused with brown, the veins and terminal area brown ; cilia ochreous
white witha fine brown line at base; the underside with the costal and
terminal areas irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal lunule and indistinct
curved postmedial line,
subterminal line ochreous
Ab. 1 unicolor. Forewing without violaceous tinge.
Habitat—EHvrorr ; ARMENIA; W, Siperia ; W. Torkistan ; E. TurKIs-
TAN ; Moneoura ; KasHmrr, Nubra, Goorais Valley, lop. 40°44 mill,
Larva, Meyr, Brit. Lep., p. 81 ; Barrett. Lep. Brit. IV., p. 153, pl. 153, f. 2.
Pale greenish ochreous or pinkish ochreous with darker irroration ; dorsal,
subdorsal, lateral and spiracular lines faintly paler ; head pale brownish. Food
plants: Lilene, Rumex, Primula, etc., 8°4.
—?
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 181
Genus HyYPoBARATHRA, Type.
Hypobarathra, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep, Phal. B, M. V., p. 221 (1965) - cterias,
Hypobarathra repetita, & }.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, fringed with hair in
front ; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded ; antenne of male ciliated ;. head
and thorax clothed with hair and scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading
crests ; fore tibize with long curved claw on inner side ; abdomen with dorsal
erest at base only, Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6
from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from
cell, Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just
below angle of discocellulars: 6°7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8
anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1692. HyYPoOBARATHRA REPETITA,
Genus TRICHOCLEA, Type.
Trichoclea, Grote, Papilio IIT, p. 30 (1883), ............:escceresees decepta,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely porrect, the 2nd joint fringed with
hair, the 3rd short, porrect ; frons with small rounded prominence with cor-
neous plate below it ; eyes large, round, not ciliated ; antenne of male,ciliated';
thorax clothed with hair and scales, the pro- and metathorax with slight
spreading crests ; tibize fringed with hair on outer side; the tarsi with the Ist
or Ist two joints with long curved claw-like spines on outer side ; abdomen
with dorsal crest on 1st segment. Forewing with the termen slightly crenulate
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anasto-
mosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from
angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from
upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only,
1692, a. TRICHOCLEA CHOLICA, Hmpsn, Cat, Lep. Phal.B. M., \.
pl. 84, f. 25 (1905),
Head and thorax ochreous, slightly mixed with brown and grey;; abdomen
2 ochreous
brown or
greyish.
Forewing
ochre ous.
brown ir-
rorated
Trichoclea cholica & }. with fus-
cous; an indistinct double, waved subbasal line from costa to submedian
182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
fold; an oblique waved antemedial line angled inwards on vein 1 and defined
by greyish on inner side; claviform hardly visible, defined by a few dark
scales ; orbicular and reniform very indistinct, defined by a few dark scales, the
former round ; an ‘indistinct curved medial band; postmedial line strongly
dentate, bent outwards below costa and strongly incurved below vein 4;
subterminal line indistinct, pale, defined by obscure somewhat dentate
fuscous marks on inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle;
a terminal series of black points. Hindwing snffused with fuscous brown,
the terminal area rather darker; the underside greyish irrorated with brown,
a discoidal spot and curved postmedial line with short dark streaks on the veins.
Habitat. —Kasumir, Nubra, Exp, 40 mill,
Genus TIRACOLA, Type.
METFACOlawVlOOre EA, Saieol, Pio sacseecacensatescsatucee seen -. plagiata,
1940, TIRACOLA PLAGIATA, insert (syn.) Agrotis grandirena, Herr Schiff.
Corresp-blatt, Regensb. 1868, p. 149.
Habitat.—W. Invies; C. & S, AmeERICA; W, CHinAaA; INDIA; CEYLON;
SINGAPORE ; BorNEO ; JAVA; N. GUINEA; AUSTRALIA; TaniTI ; MARQUESAS.
Genus CHABUATA.
Type.
Chabuatas Wilks, XIE NOS4I(V857)\ \.cnncanssconne Aenean deldaloelatects ampla.
Tricholita, Grote, Bull, Buff. Soc. Nat. Sei, II., p. 211 (1875). ségnata.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the second joint fringed
with hair in front, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; head
and thorax clothed with rough hair and scales, the prothorax with triangular
crest, the metathorax with spreading crest; tibie clothed with rough hair;
abdomen with dorsal crest at base and slight lateral fringes of hair, Forewing
with veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins
3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from
upper angle ; 8 anasjomosing with the cell near base only.
Sec, (II, Antennz of male ciliated. ;
A. Abdomen of male with paired ventral tufts of long hair from base.
a. Forewing yellow, irrorated and striated with
LPBROWESS docosasecnaa 2.00 sadenoéca sonal sp soEoHODoRaOSSeSaSdeda distincta.
b, Forewing reddish or grey tinged with red, irrorated
and striated with DrOWN .........sccscesss si ceaveeree obscura,
1921, CHABUATA DISTINCTA,
THE MOVHS OF INDIA, 183
1922. CHABUATA OBSCURA, insert (syn.) Leucania nepes, Leech, Trans, Ent.
Soc, 1900, p. 100.
B, Abdomen of male without ventral tufts of hair.
a, Forewing with the antemedial line angled outwards in
RAT ATR TBE Nasi dae aera. Sidi Briers sists Aorawercuanee ate wads gases angulifera,
5. Forewing with the antemedial line not angled out-
wards in submedian fold.
a. Forewing without pale strvi®....e...0 soloe sere sminaiamsa sl NEEL DPCOAICS
b. Forewing with numerous pale strive ...........sssseceeee Sraterna.
1916, CHABUATA ANGULIFERA.
1914, CHABUATA ALBICOSTA.
1915, CHABUATA FRATERNA.
Genus XYLOMANIA,
Type.
Xylomania, Hmpsn, Cat, Lep, Phal, B. M. V., p. 889 (1905). hyemalis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect to just beyond frons, the 2nd joint
fringed with hair
below, the 3rd short ;
frons smooth; eyes
large, rounded ; tegu-
lz dorsally produced
into a slight ridge ;
Xylomania v-album, @ 1. pro and metathorax
with spreading crests; pectus clothed with woolly hair ; tibie fringed with
hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest on basal segment. Forewing with the apex
slightly produced, the termen oblique and somewhat angled at vein 3; veins 3
and 5 irom near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 and 6-7
shortly stalked ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 8 anastomosing
with the celi near base.
Sect. IV, Antenne of male ciliated,
1907, XYLOMANIA V-ALBUM,
(To be continued.)
184
A LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN THE MYINGYAN DISTRICT
OF BURMA.
By
K. C, MacponaLp,
As the locality I write of appears to be one seldom subjected to ornitho-
logical observation, I have made out the following list of birds identified and
eggs J have taken during a residence of 6 years in the Myingyan district as
being of possible interest or use to members,
Myingyan town is about 60 miles as the crow flies, south of Mandalay on
the Irrawaddy, and the district has a river frontage of roughly 1C0 miles along
the left bank. It lies almost in the centre of what is styled the dry zone of
Burma and contains little real forest country. This dry zone, asa look ata
forest map will show, is almost entirely surrounded by some of the largest
and most dense forests of the Indian Empire—a fact which I think enhances
the interest in its animal like. The climate is very dry and hot, although in
the cold season the temperature falls well below 60 deg. Fah. at night.
The average rainfall is about 18 inches only, An extinct volcanic
mountain, Popa, verging on 5,000 feet, stands within the district, and on its
eastern and southern slopes and inside the huge crater is the only big tree
jungle to be found, The rest of the district not cultivated, is covered with
thorny bush (Ziziphus jujuba) or stunted tree (Dipterocarpus) jungle. I have
given such local names as 1 know. ‘The numbers im the following list refer
to the “ Fauna of British India ”’—Birds :—
I.—FamiLy Corvide.
4. Corvus macrorhynchus.— The Jungle Crow.
Local name “Taw Kyeegan.” Breeds earlier than the house crow and soli~
tary, My eggs were all taken during March and are just as variable in colouring
and size as those of C, insolens.
8. Corvus insolens—The Burmese House-Crow.
Local name “ Kyeegan.”’
The usual pest, Breeds in March and April,
12, Urocissa occipitalis—The Red-bilied Blue Magpie.
Rare I found a nest helonging to a pair of these birds on Popa on the
5th of April, It was on a sapling aboui 20 feet from the ground and contained
three young birds and one hard-set egg. The parents were very noisy when
T approached the nest and gave away its existence. There area few pairs
of birds on Popa, but I think nowhere else in the district.
16, Dendrocitia rufa.—The Indian Tree-pie.
Local name “ Napagyi’”’.
A common bird all over the district where there is any jungle. The two
or three nests I have found have always been on saplings that would not bear
much weight and from 20 to 30 feet from the ground. My eggs are all
of the pale-green ground-colour type.
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT, 185
22. Crypsirhina cucullata.—The Hooded Racket-tailed Magpie.
A not uncommon bird here, and as bamboo jungle is rare it is usually seen
in the sparse bush jungle all over the district, I have not yet found the nest,
but have seen young birds on the wing with their parents in May. Captain
Harington showed me nests and eggs taken in the Chindwin district, The eggs
were of the ordinary Magpie type. The nests were peculiar. The real nests
was about the size of a breakfast cup, but placed in the centre of a loose col-
lection of twigs just like a parasitic mistletoe, kind of growth very common here,
II.—Famity Crateropodide.
73. Garrulax moniliger—The Necklaced Laughing-Thrush.
A sure find in the more thickly wooded parts of the district and on the lower
slopes of Popa. The breeding season commencesin April. The nest is
usually in a bamboo clump from 5 to i5 feet from the ground, The eggs vary
in the deepness of the colour considerably,
104. Argya earlii—The Striated Babbler,
Local name “ Zaywe”’ for all of this genus,
A good number to be seen round the Tanaungdaing or Talokmyo jheels,
where it breeds from May to July
105, <Argya caudatea,—The Common Babbler.
Less common than A. earlii but met with in the same localities,
106. Argya gularis.—The White-throated Babbler,
This is one of the most familiar birds of the locality. It lives in all sorts of
jungles, in gardens and hedgerows. It feeds on the ground, I have taken nests
which are made of fibrous creepers, roots and grass from low bushes, hedges,
verandah creepers and also from clefts of fairly large trees, but never more than
12 to 15 feet from the ground and usually much lower, ‘lhe ordinary note is a
monotonous melancholy cheep. Ihave found it breeding in every month of the
year except January and February, The eggs, pale blue, are three or four,
seldom five in number and variable in size. The average measurement of 23
eggs was 90” x69", the largest being ‘95’ x°66”. The colours of the soft parts
omitted by Oates in Volume J of the Fauna—Birds, are iris bright yellow,
eyelid plumbeous, bill dark greenish brown, gape pale yellow, mouth pale
orange ; legs dirty pale green ; feet, toes and claws brownish green. I shot an
albino young bird on Popa once.
116. Pomatorhinus schisticeps—The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler,
A specimen shot on Popa had the head of the same colour as the back and
the rufous collar fairly distinct. The bird is common, but of course little seen,
134. Timelia pileata,—The Red-capped Babbler,
Is seldom seen but occurs in most of the damper parts of the district, more
especially in the creeks into which the river rises during the rains, Eggs in
May and June.
139. Pyctorhis sinensis The Yellow-eyed Babbler.
Common in hedges or rank bushy jungle, The eggs taken by me were taken
in June and July.
24
186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11.
143. Pellorneum minus.—Sharpe’s Spotted Babbler,
Not uncommon in the ravines on Popa hill, I have not come acrogs it any.
where else. The breeding season appears to be May and June I found three
nests, in two of which were eggs, The third was empty. I was siruck by
the very unsafe position of the nests at this season. They were built of
bamboo leaves and lined with fibres and fine grass, Two were in the bed of
a ravine and would most certainly have been washed away by the first spate.
The bird sat tight but went away very cunningly when moved,
176. Mixornis rubricapillus.-The Yellow-breasted Babbler.
Occurson Popa. Two nests found by me there in May 1901 contained three
eggs each and were builtin dry thickets on the banks of dried-up torrents
and close to the ground, Ihave once taken a nest ina bamboo clump some
three feet from the ground,
188, Myiophoneus eugentt.—The Burmese Whistling-Thrush,
This very handsome bird may be met with very rarely on Popa but nowhere
else in the district.
220. Zosterops siamensis.—The Siamese White-eye.
The busy little parties of this bird are common on Popa. I have not found
it breeding.
243, Atgithina tiphia,—The Common Iora.
Common. A nest full of fledglings found on the 22nd June and eggs taken
July, August and September,
247, Chloropsis aurifrons.-The Gold-fronted Chloropsis.
Fairly common on Popa mountain up to from 3 to 4,000 feet, I was not
successful in finding the nest, The point of the tongue of this bird is dis-
integrated and like a brush as Oates quotes Gadow to have noticed in Zoste-
rops. I watched a party of these birds one evening feeding like shrikes or
bee-eaters, ‘they shot out from their perches on the tops of the trees, seized
the insect and returned,
279. Molpastes burmanicus.—The Burmese Red-vented Bulbul.
Local name “ Bopin-ni-ta. ”
A very common bird. Breeds from May to September. My series of eggs
measure on an average 85” x 65”.
288. Otocompsa emerta.—The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.
I have seen this bird im the district, but only in the tangled thickets near the
river. It is decidedly uncommon, but breeds here, as I came across a young
family in May 1992.
290. Otocompsa flaviventris—The Black-crested Yellow Bulbul.
A fairly common bird on Popa but not in the plains. I found two nests with
eggs in April. Two eggs in each case.
306. Pycnonotus blanfordi.—Blanford’s Bulbul,
Local name “ Bo-sa=-mwe”’,
The most common bulbul of the Myingyan plains. 1 have not seen it above
the lower slopes of Popa. Eggs from March to September. The nest is more
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT. 187
flimsy and the eggs are smaller than those of I. burmanicus. The latter
average 84” x °G0”, The nest is never placed higher than a man can reach,
317. Sitta neglecta.—The Burmese Nuthatch.
Local name “ Hnet-pya-chauk”.
A small party met with on Popa slope near Shawdawtaung. Pleasantly noisy
and very active little birds. In April 1903 I came across a nest with four
young birds, The nest was about 30 feet from the ground. Icould make no
impression on the mud roof of their house with a knife,
III.—Famity Dicruride,
327, Dicrurus ater.—The Black Drongo.
Local name “ Lin-mi-swe”,.
Common, Eggsin April, May and June,
333. Dicrurus cineraceus—The Grey Drongo.
A solitary bird met with every now and again, I have not taken the nest.
334, Chaptia enea.—-The Bronzed Drongo,
Fairly common throughout the district, The nest is generally placed near
the tip of a bamboo curving out from a clump.
335, Chibia hottentotta,—The Hair-crested Drongo.
The eggs of this bird are of two very distinct types—one having the ground
colour white, while in the other type it is a fine blush red.
340. Dissemurus paradiseus—The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo.
A rare bird in the district.
IV.—FAmiLy Sylviide.
363. Acrocephalus stentoreus.—The Indian Great Reed- Warbler.
Shot among the bushes round Tanaungdaing jheel on the 2nd April 1903.
They are not rare.
374, Orthotomus sutorius.——The Indian Tailor-bird,
Common throughout the district, Breeds in the rains.
381. Cisticola cursttans——The Rufous Fantail-Warbler.
Local name “ Hnan-pyi-sot”,
Common inthe grass and stubble of the rice plains reclaimed along the river
bank. Eggs in June and July. The stone-breaking note of this little bird
always seems to be uttered as he is at the lowest point of his undulating flight.
382 Franklinia gracilis.—Franklin’s Wren-Warbler,
Quite common throughout the district. My eggs were taken in July.
393, Arundinax aédon.—The Thick-billed Warbler.
Askin Ishot on Popa is now in the S. Kensington Museum, The same
remarks apply to
404, Herbivocula PefineeieRoddets Bush=-Warbler
and to
405. Phylloscopus affinis——Tickell’s Willow-Warbler,
458. Suya crinigera.—The Brown Hill-Warbler.
In the breeding season the jungle is often filled with the song of this little
warbler, A sweet rattling little melody often repeated while the songster
appears to be standing on tip toe on the topmost bough of a tree.
188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
463, Prinia flaviventris.—The Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler,
Common among the bushes around the Tanaungdaing and Talokmyo jheels.
Nests taken in June and July always within 3 feet of the ground.
456. Prinia inornata.-- The Indian Wren- Warbler.
Very common. Eggs during the rains,
468. Prinia blanfordi—The Burmese Wren-Warblev.
I found the eggs of this species on an island in the river on the 18th of
August, but from the many old nests I found should say the principal breeding
time here was in June,
V. -Faminy Laniide.
474, Lanius collurioides.—The Burmese Shrike.
Local name “ Honget beloo,”
Common in Myingyan all the year round, although it leaves gardens and
compounds for quieter jungle and is not so plentiful during May and June,
when I fancy it is breeding. I have not found any nests however. Captain
Harington found this bird breeding in the Southern Shan States.
A475, Lanius nigriceps.—The Black-headed Shrike.
I have seen only one bird of this species in the district so think it must be
rare, J procured it in the Tanaungdaing jheel on the 24th December,
481, Lanius cristatus——The Brown Shrike.
Is a cold-weather visitor to these parts. It.is found all over the district then,
484, Hemipus picatus—The Black-backed Pied Shrike,
Not uncommon on Popa. The breeding season appears to be April. The
birds are not shy and give away their nests by sitting close. I found two nests,
but the birds deserted one before laying, although I did not touch it. The
other contained three eggs and was placed on the fork of a leafless branch, in
forest, about 15 feet from the ground,
488, Tephrodornis pondicerianus.—The Common Wood-Shrike.
Common. Breeds from Marchio July. This bird appears to prefer the
open stunted tree jungle,
491, Pericrocotus fraterculus.—The Burmese Scarlet Minivet,
Hither this or P. speciosus occurs on Popa, but I did not shoot the birds I
saw, as I could not have preserved them at the time,
500. Pericrocotus peregrinus—The Small Minivet.
Occurs throughout the district in the more thickly wooded parts.
502, Pericrocotus albifrons——Jerdon’s Minivet.
This bird is common, I have not noticed it on Popa. The female is greyer
than the male, but has dashes of orange on the rump like him but none on the
breast. The nest, which is very difficult to detect, is a tiny cup stuck im
the fork, or on the top of a horizontal branch of alow bush from 4 to 10
feet off the ground. Three is the number of eggs I foundina nest, They
were pale green marked with little longitudinal dashes of brown. One nest
was found on the 17th August and another at the beginning of May, both
with eggs.
: LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT, 189
507. Campophaga neglecta.—The Small Cuckoo-Shvike.
A skin I sent to the British Museum was identified as of this species. The
bird was shot on Popa
510. Graucalus mactt,—The Large Cuckoo-Shrike,
Fairly common in the old cantonment of Myingyan and elsewhere through the
district, Breeds from April to July.
512, Artamus fuscus,——The Ashy Swallow-Shrike.
Met with generally although not commonly throughout the district. Breeds
in the larger jungle tracts away from villages, I found a nest containing 3 eggs
on the 8th June 1901.
515, Oriolus tenuirostris,—The Burmese Black-naped Oriole.
Scattered throughout the district as well as on Popa.
521. Oriolus melanocephalus.—The Indian Black-headed Oriole.
Scattered over the district, I have not taken the nest, but found a bird
building one on the 15th April,
VI.—Faminy Sturnide,
547. Graculipica burmanica.—Jerdon’s Myna.
Local name “ Zayet-gaungbyu”’,
Very common all over the district, Breeds in holes in trees often inside
villages, Eggs two to four measuring about 1°03 x ‘75 and are laid from
April to September, During the cold weather the colour of the head and neck
of these birds is very white, in April itis dirty white or isabelline, and by
August I have seen them on the hill anyway quite chestnut. When the big
cotton trees (Bombax malabaricum) are in flower, these birds may be seen and
heard in immense numbers,
549. <Acridotheres tristis.—The Common Myna,
Local name Zayet. Very common, Breeds about May,
552, dithiopsar fuscus,x—The Jungle Myna,
Uncommon and generally met with near the Irrawaddy river, Breeds in holes
in the cliffs of the river bank as well as in trees, Eggs in May, June and July,
556, Sturnopastor superciliaris——The Burmese Pied Myna,
Rather rare and always met with in the vicinity of water, Builds in thorny
trees (tanaungbin) round the Tanaungdaing and other jheel during May and
June. The nests are from ten to twenty feet from the ground.
VII.—Famity Muscicapide.
562, Siphia albicilla—The Eastern Red-breasted Flycatcher,
One specimen I shot on Popa has been identified by the British Museum
as of this species,
575. Cyornis rubeculoides——The Blue-throated Flycatcher,
Fairly common in the cold weather,
579. Stoparola melanops,—The Verditer Flycatcher.
Seen only once on the 27th January 1902,
588. Alseonax latirostris—The Brown Flycatcher.
Occurs o1 Popa anyway and may be ekewhere but is Jixely to be overlooked,
190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
592. Culicicapa ceylonensis—-The Grey-headed Flycatcher,
Fairly common on the hills slopes,
599. Terpsiphone affinis——The Burmese Paradise Flycatcher,
This bird is rare but general.
601. Hypothymis azurea,—The Indian Black-naped Flycatcher.
Sparsely met with in the district,
604, Rhipidura albifrontata.—The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher,
Common in bush and low tree jungle. The nest is never far from the
ground,
605. Rhipidura albicollis—The White-throated Fantail Flycatcher,
Occurs, but is not common, A very bold little bird when breeding,
VIil.—Famity Turdide,
608. Pratincola caprata.—The Common Pied Bush-Chat.
Very common,
610. Pratincola maura.—The Indian Bush-Chat,
In the cold weather although not common this bird is occasionally met with
in the grass round the Talokmyo and Tanaungdaing jheels,
615. Oreicola ferrea,—The Dark-grey Bush-Chat,
This bird might breed on Popa. I know it breeds on Mount Victoria and the
Chin hills close by.
641, Ruticilla aurorea,—The Daurian Redstart,
More common during the cold season and always found solitary.
663. Copsychus saularis—The Magpie-Robin,
Common, Hggstaken in May and June.
664, Cittocincla macrura.—The Shama.
Is fairly well represented in the shady ravines of Popa.
685. Geocichla citrina,—The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush,
To be found on Popa only. Breeds there.
693. Petrophila cyanus.—The Western Blue Rock-Thrush,
Stays out April commonly ; probably breeds in the Chin hills,
693A, Petrophila gularis—The White-throated Rock-Thrush,
As recorded in Vol, XV., page 727 of this Journal; this is a species added to
the Indian fauna.
698. Oreocincla dauma.—The Small-billed Mountain-Thrush,
Also a rare bird on the hill, breeds there.
706. Cochoa purpurea,—The Purple Thrush.
A female of this species was wounded by a Burman and placed in my aviary
where I found it dead on the 5th May 1902. Iwas not able to preserve the
skin, I have seen the bird only this once.
IX. Famirty Ploceide,
721. Ploceus megarhynchus.x—The Hastern Baya.
Local name ‘‘ Taw Sa’”’.
Tt is common and becomes much in evidence in the breeding season, which
is from July to October, I have taken five eggs from one nest.
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT, 191
723. Ploceus manyar —The Striated Weaver-bird,
1 found this bird breeding in the “ kaing ” grass in the Vezon Bog on the
llth August. It is probably to be met with on the other jhecls also,
724. Plocetlla javanensis—The Golden Weaver-bird.
Ihave seen this species only once in Myingyan district, but secured the
specimen, a beautiful male in very rich plumage, on the 3rd July, It breeds
in the Pakokku district. -
725. Munia atricapilla.—The Chestnut-bellied Munia,
Local name “ Sa-Wadi”.
Occurs throughout the district near water. Probably does not commence
breeding until the end of June, Eggs taken from August to November. Eggs
usually six in number,
735. Uroloncha punctulata.-The Spotted Munia,
Local name “Sa-wadi”. Very common throughout the district. Breeds
chiefly between July and October.
739, Sporeginthus flavidiventris—The Burmese Red Munia.
Common in the jheels, and breeds during October and November.
X.—FAmMIty Fringillide.
776. Passer domesticus ——The House-Sparrow.
Tocal name ‘‘ Sa”, As common as usual,
779, Passer montanus.—The Tree-Sparrow.
Is common, breeding usually in colonies and is then more of a house sparrow
in habits,
781. Passer flaveolus,—The Pegu House Sparrow.
Local name “Sa-wa”. This handsome little sparrow is as common in the
district as the house or tree sparrow and is more general than either, living as
much in the lonely waste parts as round our houses. On the 20th March I
found five nests with full clutches of eggs (3) in the old cantonment of
Myingyan.
797. Emberiza aureola——The Yellow-breasted Bunting.
I found this bird in the district on the 1st May 1901. It is common in the
cold-weather,
XI.—Famity Hirundinide.
899. Cotile sinensis—The Indian Sand-Martin,
Local name ‘‘ Pyanhlwa”’ for Martins, Swallows and Swifts. I took the eggs
of C, sinensis during the middle of December last and yet on the 25th February
found a colony only digging the holes for their nests in the river bank, Second
brood I suppose.
814. HAirundo gutturalis,—The Eastern Swallow.
Common during the cold weather,
820. Hirundo striolata.—The Japanese Striated Swallow.
A bird I shot out of a large colony had the markings and streaks on rump
and breast like striolata, but was only the size of typical nepalensis,
192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
XIJ.—Faminy Motacillide,
826, Motacilla alba.—The White Wagtail,
Arrives about the beginning of September, Usually seen in pairs during the
cold weather.
827, Motacilla leucopsis——The White-faced Wagitail.
A fairly common winter visitant,
828, Motacilla ocularis.—The Streak-eyed Wagitail.
Also fairly common in the winter and almost always seen in pairs,
832. Motacilla melanope.—The Gray Wagtail.
Common during the cold season,
841. Anthus maculatws—Indian Tree-Pipit.
One bird shot on the bank of Kanna tank in November, Observed in no
other locality in the district.
847. Anthus rufulus,—The Indian Pipit.
Common all over the district. Breeds during the rains,
850. Anthus rosaceus,—H odgson’s Pipit.
Fairly common on the sandbanks of the river in the cold weather.
There is another resident pipit which inhabits the very bare and dried-up
parts of the county, but I am unable to classify it, Jtis larger than A. rufulus.
XTII.—Famity Alaudide.
866. Alaudula raytal,—The Ganges Sand-Lark.
Common on the sand banks in the river and in the many dry nullahs of the
district. I found a nest with two eggs on the 3rd March and again one with
three eggs, hard set, on the 6th May,
870. Mirafra assamica—The Bengal Bush-Lark:
873. Mirafra microptera,—The Burmese Bush-Lark,
Local name “ Bilon”, Both species are to be met with in the district, Their
habits are alike.
The nests are domed and placed on the ground under a tuft of grass, a stone
ora bush. The eggs two or three (rarely four) in number are white-speckled
in 3 or 4 shades of yellow-brown, dark-brown, ashy-purple and black,
XIV.—Famity Nectariniide.
895. Arachnechthra asiatica.—The Purple Sun-bird.
Local name “ Pan-sot’”’, Common.
898, Arachnechthra flammazillaris—The Burmese Yellow-breasted Sun-bird,
More common than the last species. I found a nest being built m April, but
unfortunately broke the branch from which it was suspended, and the birds
forsook it.
XV.—Famity Dicaide.
912, Diceum cruentatum.—The Scarlet-backed Flower-pecker.
Common on Popa. I never found the nest,
XVI.—Famity Pittide.
931. Pitta cyanoptera.—The Lesser Blue-winged Pitta,
I came across a bird of this species at Kyawzi at dusk on the 24th May 1902
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT. 103
on the road and next morning organized a beat and secured it. The beaters
had to crawl on hands and knees under the dense thicket,
935. Pitta cucullata,—The Green-breasted Pitta,
A bird was brought to me on the 12th May 1901 which had been taken
alive at Sale a few days before. I have never seen the species before nor since.
XVII.—Famity Picide,
948, Gecinus striolatus.—The Little Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker,
Local name “ Thit-touk”, Keeps to the better wooded parts, the slopes of
Popa, or the jungle round Kanna, ‘Two nesis taken in May and June, each
contained four fresh eggs and were five or six feet from the ground
970, Dendrocopus pectoralis— The Spotted-breasted Pied Woodpecker.
Frequently met with but in the drier bush jungle, I have found the nest
three times, but on two occasions with young birds. The breeding season is
February and March and the eggs usually two in number, The nest holes are
‘generally about twenty feet from the ground.
975. TIyngipicus eanicapilius—The Burmese Pigmy Woodpecker,
Very rare on Popa. Not seen elsewhere.
983, Micropternus pheoceps——The Northern Rufous Woodpecker. Also
very uncommon.
988, Tiga javanensis—The Common Golden-backed Three-toed
Woodpecker.
Fairly common, Breeds in May and June.
1003. Inyx torquilla—The Common Wryneck.
I have seen this bird only twice in Myingyan, but shot it for identification,
Tt must be a rare winter visitor.
XVIII.—Faminy Capitonide.
1009. Thereicerys lineatus—The Lineated Barbet.
Common on Popa. Local name is “ Po-Gaung.”
1012, Cyanops asiatica.—The Blue-throated Barbet.
Occurs, but is not common in the district, Breeds in March and April.
1019. Xuntholema hematocephala.—The Coppersmith.
Met with throughout the district.
XIX,—Famity Coraciade.
1023. Coracias affinits—The Burmese Roller,
Local name ‘“‘ Hnget Kah,” Common all over the district, Breeds durin
March and April, The eggs number four, sometimes five. One day TI came
across a roller eating a young bulbul that it had apparently killed.
XX.—FaAMILy Meropide.
1026. AMerops viridis,—The Common Indian Bee-eater,
Local name “ Yethugyi-gaung”. Very common all over the district, Begins
breeding about the Ist April. The eggs are apparently laid at considerable
intervals, as I have noticed young birds in the same nest at all stages of ma-
turity with an unhatched but hard-set egg.
25
194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
1027. Merops philippinus—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater.
This bird seems to be rare in the district except during the breeding season
which is a month later than that of MW. viridis, It is not even then common.
Five eggs were taken from one nest in the river bank south of Myingyan town
on the 5th May.
XXI.—Famity Alcedinide.
1033. Ceryle varia.—The Indian Pied Kingfisher,
Very common. I have not found the nest.
1035. Alcedo ispida.—The Common Kingfisher.
Local name “ Pein-nyin”. As common as the last.
1040. Ceyx tridactyla—The Indian Three-toed Kingfisher.
I found a perfect specimen of this beautiful little bird at the bottom of the
crater of Popa. It was dead and had been entirely cleaned out by ants, This
is the only bird of the species I have seen in the district.
1043, Pelargopsis gurial.—The Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher,
This and the next species are both rare, but both breed in the Myingyan
district.
1044. Halcyon smyrnensis—The White-breasted Kingfisher,
( To be continued.)
195
“THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS. ANONA SQUAMOSA, L.; ANONA
RETICULATA, L.
BY
CoLONEL FERNANDO LEAL,
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 25th January 1906,)
Anona squamoss, L,; Anona reticulata, l1—These two Anonaceae, beside
<5 kinds of Uvariae, the miryo (Polyalthia fragrans) and the sajeri (Bocagea
Dalzellii) exist in Portuguese India, where the first two grow as indigenous,
In this article I shall discuss two points: (1) determine the origin of these
plants, (2) prove that they are not Indian and show who introduced them
‘into India. The former question has been for more than 3. centuries
. discussed by many botanists and travellers and still remains unsettled. I shall
. divide the enquiry into three parts. In the first I shall place before the reader
~what Yule and Burnell, the erudite authors of a well-known glossary, and
others quoted by them have to say on the subject ; secondly, the opinion of the
‘learned. botanist A. deCandolle ; finally, I shall give my own opinion and
. observations,
I,—The article of Yule and Burnell runs thus :—
“ Custard Apples.—The name in India of a fruit (Anona squamosa, L.) original-
tly introduced from $, America, but which spread over India during the 16th
-century. Its commonest name in Hindustani is sharifa, i.¢., ‘noble’, butit is also
-called sitaphal, i.2., ‘the fruit of Sita, whilst another Anona (bullock’s heart)
A. reticulata, L., the custard apple of the W. Indies, where both names are
applied to it, is called in the south by the name of her husband ‘ Rama.’ And
the Sitaphal and Ramphal have become the subject of Hindu legends (see
Forbes Or. Mem, iii, 410.). The fruit is called in Chinese Fun-li-chi, i.e, foreign
beeches,
“ A curious controversy has arisen from time to time as to whether this fruit
‘and its congeners were really imported from the New World, or were indi-
genous in ‘India, They are not mentioned among Indian fruits by Baber
(A.D. 1530), but the translation of the Ain (c, 1590) by Prof, Blochmann
‘contains among ‘the sweet fruits of Hindustan’ Custard Apple (p. 66). On
referring to the original however the word is Suddap'hal (fructus perennis), a
‘Hind term for which Shakespear gives many applications, not one of them
vthe Anona, The bel is one (Aegle marmelos) and seems as probable as any (see
Bael), The Custard Apple is not mentioned by Garcia da Orta (1563),
Linschoten, (1597), or even by P. del la Valle (1624), It is not in Bontius (1631)
‘mor in«Piso’s commentary on Bontius (1558), but it is described as an American
product in the West Indian part of Piso’s book, under the Brazilian name
Araticu. Two species are described as common by P, Vincenzo Maria, whose
book was published in 1672. Both the Custard Apple and the sweet-sop are
, fruits now generally diffused in India; but of their having been imported
‘from the New World, the name Axonxa, which we find in Oviedo to have
?
196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVIT.
been the native West Indian name of oue of the species, and which in various.
corrupted shapes is applied to them over different parts of the East, is an indi-
cation, Crawford, it is true,in his Malay Dictionary explains nona or bualh:
(‘fruis’), zona in its application to the custard-apple as fructus virginalis,
from zona the term applied in the Malay countries (like missy in India) to an:
unmarried European lady.* But in the face of the American word this
becomes out of the question,
“Tt is, however, a fact that among the Bharhut sculptures, among the
carvings dug up at Mutira by General Cunningham and among the copies from
wall paintings at Ajanta (as pointed out by Sir G. Birdwood in 1874,) see
Atheneum, 26th October, [Bombay G'azetteer xii, 490], there is a fruit repre -
sented, which is certainly very like a custard apple (though an abnormally big
one), and not very like anything else yet pointed out, General Cunningham
is convinced that it is a custard apple, and urges in corroboration of his.
view that the Portuguese in introducing this fruit (which he does not deny).
were merely bringing coals to Newcastle ; that he has found extensive:
tracts in various parts of India covered with the wild custard apple ; and also
that this fruit bears an indigenous Hindi name ata or at from the Sanskrit
atripya.
“Tt seems hard to pronounce about this atripya, A very high authority,.
Professor Max Miiller, to whom we once referred, doubted whether the word
(meaning ‘ delightful’) ever existed in real Sanskrit, It was probably an
artificial name given to the fruit,and he compared it aptly to the factitious.
Latin of aurewm malum for ‘orange, though the latter word really comes.
from the Sanskrit nuranga. On the other hand, airipya is quoted by Raja.
Radhakant Deb, in his Sanskrit Dictionary, from a Medieval work, the
Dravyaguna, And the question would have to be considered how far the-
MSS. of such a work are likely to have been subject to modern interpolation.
Sanskrit names have certainly been invented for many objects, which were:
unknown till recent centuries, Thus for example Williams gives more than
one word for cactus, or prickly pear, a class of plant which was certainly
introduced from America (see Vidara and Visvasaraka in his Sanskrit
Dictionary.)
“ A new difficulty, moreover, arises as to the indigenous claims of ata, which.
is the name for the fruit in Malabar, as well as in Upper India, For on turning.
for light to the splendid works of the Dutch ancients, Rheede and Rumphius,
we find in the former (Hortus Malabaricus, Part IV) a reference to a certain
author, ‘ Reechus de Plantis Mexicanis,’ as giving a drawing of a custard-
apple tree, the name of which in Mexico was ahate or ate, ‘fructu apud
Mexicanos precellenti arbor nobilis’ ; (the expressions are noteworthy, for
the popular Hindustani name of the fruit is sharifa =‘ nobilis’). We also.
find ina Manilla vocabulary, that ate or atte isthe name of this fruit in the
FN Te Eee EEE
* The word Yona is not originally Malay, but adopted from the old Portuguese Nona, a
nun, from the Latin, Nonna ; Ital., Nona ; French, Nonne.—E, L,
THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS, 197
Phillippines. And from Rheede we learn that in Malabar the o/a was some-
times called by a native name meaning ‘the Manilla jack fruit,’ whilst the
Anona reticulata, or sweet-sop, was called by the Malabars,‘ the Paranji,’ (7.e.,
Firingi or Portuguese) jack fruit. These facts seem to indicate that probably
the ata and its name came to India from Mexico via the Phillippines, whilst
the aiona and its name came to India from Hispaniola viz the Cape. In the
face of these probabilities the argument of General Cunningham from the
existence of the tree in a wild state loses force. The fact is undoubted and
may be corroborated by the following passage from ‘ Observations on the Nature
of the Food of the Inhabitants of South India, 1864, p. 12.— 1 have seen it stated
in a botanical work that this plant (Anona sq.) is not indigenous, but introduced
from America or the West Indies. If so, it has taken most kindly to the soil
of the Deccan, for the jungles are full of it ;’ [also see Watt, Heon. Dict, ii.
259, seq., who supports the foreign origin of the plant]. The Author
adds that the wild custard-apples saved the lives of many during famine
in the Hyderabad country. But on the other hand, the Argemon Mexicana,
a plant of unquestioned American origin, is now one of the most familiar
weeds all over India. The cashew (Anarcardium occidentale), also of American
-origm, and carrying its American name with it to India, not only forms
tracts of jungle now (as Sir G. Birdwood has stated) in Canara and the
‘Concan (and, as we may add from personal knowledge, im Tanjore) but was
«deseribed by P. Vincenzo Maria more than two hundred and twenty years ago
as then abounding in the wilder tracts of the Western coast.
‘“ The question raised by General Cunningham is an old one, for it is aliaded
to by Rumphius who ends by leaving it in doubt. We cannot say that we
have seen any satisfactory suggestion of another (Indian) plant as that re-
presented in the ancient sculpture of Bharhut. [Dr. Watt says, ‘They may
prove to be conventional representations of the Jack-fruit tree or some other
allied plant ; they are not unlike the flower heads of the sacred Kadamba
or Anthocephalus’ (loc: cit: i 260). ] But itis well to get rid of fallacious
arguments on either side.’’
In the “ Materia Medica of the Hindus, by Udoy Chand Dutt with a
Glossary by G, King, M.B., Calc. 1877,” we find the following synonyms
given :—
“ Anons squamosa: Skt. Gondagatra ; Beng, dta; Hind. Sharifa -an
Sitaphal.”’
“ Anona reticulata: Skt, Leuvali ; Beug, Leona.”
This is all we gather from the Glossary of Yule and Burnell. What I note
js that the heavy sword of General Cunningham, like that of Brennus, when the
gold for the ransom of Rome was being weighed, has been thrown on behalf of
the people who say the ata and the anona are indigenous to Jndia, Let it
not be forgotten that the above Glossary, at the beginning of the article, says
“ fruit originally introduced from §, America,” which confirms the opinion of
the enlightened authors, ma/gre that of General Cunningham.
198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII...
T shall now transcribe the article of the Savant De Candolle.*
Pomme Canelle—Anona squamosa, Linné, en anglais, Sweel-sop, Sugar Apple,.
(dans l’Inde Anglaise Custard-apple).
“Ta patrie de cette espéce et d'autres Anona .cultivés a suscité des doutes.
qui en font un probléme intéressant. Je me suis efforeé de les resoudre
en 1855. L’opinion d laquelle je m’etais arrété alors se trouve confirmé par les-
observations des voyageurs faites depuis, et, comme il est utile de montrer a.
quel point des probabilités basées sur de bonnes méthodes conduisent 4 des:
assertions vraies, je transcrirai’ce que j’ai dit; apres quoi je mentionnerai ce
qu’on a trouvé plus récemment.
“ Robert Brown ¢tablissait en 1818 le fait que toutes les especes du genre:
Anona, excepté U’Anona senegalensis, sont d’Amérique et ancune d’Asie, Aug.
de Saint-Hilaire dit que, d’aprés velloso l’A. squamosa a été introduit au Brésil,
qu’il y est connu sous le nom de Pinha, venant de la ressemblance avec les
cones de pins, et d’Ata, évidemment emprunte aux noms Attoa et Atis, qui
sont de la méme plante en Asie et qui appartiennert aux langues orientales,
Done, ajoute de Saint-Hilaire, les Portugais ont transporte 1’A, squamosa de
leurs possessions de l’Inde dans celles d’ Amerique, &¢.” Ayant fait en 1832
une revue de la famille des Anonacéey, je fis remarquer combien l’argument
botanique de Mf, Brown devenait de plus en plus fort, car, malgré l’augmen-
tation considerable des Anonacées décrites, on ne pouvait citer aucun Anona et
meme aucune Anonacée 4 ovaires soudés qui fut originaire d’Asie. J’admettais
=“ The country of this species and of the other cultivated Anona has raised
doubts, the solution of which has become an interesting problem, I endeavoured
to settle them in 1855. The opinion at which I had then arrived has been
confirmed by observations since made by travellers, and as it is useful to show
how much probabilities based on good methods lead to some true assertions,
I shall transcribe what I have said ; after which I shall mention what they have
found more recently.
“Robert Brown established in 1818 the fact that all species of Anona
excepting l’Anona senegalensis are from America and not from Asia, Aug, de.
Saint-Hilaire says that according to Velloz l’.4. squamosa has been introduced;
in Brazil, that it is known there under the name of Pinha from ils resemblance.
to the cones of pines, and of Ata, evidently borrowed from the names, Attoa
and Atis, which are names in oriental languages for the same plant in Asia,
Therefore Saint Hilaire adds the Portuguese have transported 2’A. squamcsa
from their Indian possessions to those of America, &c.”’ Having made in 1832:
a review of the family Anonace, 1 remarked how wuch the botanical argument
of Mr, Brown became stronger and stronger, because notwithstanding the con-.
siderable increase of described Anonace, they could not quote any Anona, nor.
even any Anonace originating from Asia. I admitted the probability that
the species came from the West Indies or from the neighbouring American,
Continent, but by an oversight I attributed this opinion to Mr. Brown who was.
thus constrained to claim an American origin in general,
THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS. 199
la probabilité que Vespéce venait des Antilles ou de la partie voisine du
continent Américain ; mais par inatteation j’attribuai cette opinion \ M. Brown,
quis’était borné 4 revendiquer une origine Américaine en général, Depuis,
des faits de diverse nature out confirmé celte maniére de voir.
“L’Anona Squamosa a été trouvé souvage en Asie, avec l’apparence plutét
dune plante naturaliseé; en Afrique, et surtout en Amérique avec les
conditions d’une plante aborigine. En effet, d’apres le Dr. Boyle, cette espece
a été naturaliseé dans plusieurs localités de Inde ; mais il ne 14 vue avec
lapparence d’une plante sauvage, que sur les flancs de la montague ou est le
fort d’ Adjeegarh, daus le Bundlecund, parmi des pieds de Teck, Lorsqu im
arbre assi rémarquable ; dans un pays aussi exploré, par les botanistes, n’a été
signalé que dans une seule localité hors des cultures, il est bien probable qu’il
n’est pas originaire du pays, Sir Joseph Hooker I’a trouvé daus Vile de
Santhiago, du Cap Vert, formant des bois sur le sommet des collines de la
vallée de Saint Dominique. Comme 7?’ A. squasnoza n’est qu’ di létat de culture
sur le Continent voisin, que méme il n’est pas indiqué en Guinée par Thoning,
ni au Congo, nidans la Sénégambie, ni en Abyssinie ou en E’gypte, ce qui
montre une introduction recente en Afrique ; enfin, comme les iles du Cap Vert
out perdu une grande partie de leurs forcts primitives, je crois dans ce cas A
une naturalisation par des graines e’chappées de jardins, Les auteurss’accordent
a, dire l’espéce sauvage ila Jamaique, On a pu autrefois négliger l’assertion
de Sloane et de P, Brown, mais elle est confirmée par Mac Fadyen, De
Martins a trouvé l’espéce, dans les foréts de Para, localite assurément d’une
nature primitive.
“Since then various facts have confirmed this view. JL’ Anona squamosa
has been found ina wild state in Asia, with the appearance of a naturalised
plant ; in Africa, and above all im America, in conditions of an indigenous
plant. Indeed, according to Dr, Boyle, this plant has been naturalised in
several parts of India ; but he has not seen it as growing wild except on the
sides of the mountain where is the fortress of Adjeegurh in Bundelkhand,
near the roots of Teak trees, When so remarkable a tree, in a country
so explored by the botanists, has not been noticed except in one locality out
of cultivation, it is quite probable that it is not a native of that country.
Sir Joseph Hooker has found it in the island of Santiago and Cape Verd
growing luxurianily on the summits of the valley of St. Dominique. As
VA, squamosa is only in a cultivated state on the neighbouring continei.t
that even it is not noticed in Guinea by Thoning, nor in the Congo, ncr in
Senegambia, nor in Abyssinia, nor in Egypt, this bespeaks its introduction in
Africa as of recent date, in a word as the islands of Cape Verd have lost
a great portion of their primitive forest, in this case I believe in a naturalize-
tion from the seedsthat have escaped from the garden, The authors are
unanimous in saying that the species grows wild in Jamaica. In former times
they could have neglected the assertion of Sloane and P. Brown, but it is ecn-
firmed by Mac Fadeyn, De Martius has found these species in the forests of
200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL HISTORY SCCIETY, Vol. XVII
11 dit méme: ‘ Syvescentem in nemoribus pareensibus inveni, d’ou l’on peut
croive que les arbres formaient 4 eux seuls une forét, Splitgerben l’avat
trouvée dans les foréts de Surinam, mail il dit aw spontance? le nombre des
localités dans cette partie le Amerique est assez significatif. Je n’ai pas
besoin de rappeler qu’aucuniarbre pour ainsi dire, vivant ai’lleurs que sur les
cdtes, n’ acté ‘ trouvé véritablement aborigéne 4 la fois dans l’Asie, l’Afrique
et Amérique intertropricales, 4’énsemble de mes recherches rend un fait
pariel infiniment peu probable, et, si un arbre ’etait assez robuste pour
offeir une telle extension, i] serait excessivement commun dans tous les
pays intertropicaux, D’ailleurs les arguments historiques, et linguistiques
ise sont aussi renforcés dans le sens de Vorigine Americaine. Les détails
donnés par Rumphius montrent que 1’ A. squamosa, était une plante
nouvellement cultivée dans la plupart des iles del’ Archipel Indieni.
Forster n’indique aucune Anonacée comme cultivées dans _ les petites iles
dela mer Pacifique. Rheede dit 0A. squamosa ¢iranger au Malabar, mais
tvansporté dans l’Inde, d’abord par les Chinois et les Arabes, ensuite par les
Portugais. Ilest certain qu’il est cultive’en Chine et en Cochinchine, ainsi
qu’aux Philippines ; mais depuis quelle époque ? C’est ce que nous ignorons
Tl est donteux qu les Arabes le cultivent. Dans l’Inde on le cultivait du temps
de Roxburgh, qui n’avait pas vu l’espéce spontanée, et qui ne mentionne qu’ un
seul nom vulgaire de langue moderne ,bengali) le nom Ata, qui est déja dans
Rheede, Plus tard,ona cru reconattre le nom Gunda-Gatra comme Sanserit ; _
mais le Dr, Royle ayant consulté le célébre Wilson, auteur du dictionnaire
Para, a locality assuredly of a primitive nature. He even writes ‘ Syvesceniem
in nemoribus parensibus inveni’ from which it can be helieved that these
trees form by themselves a forest. Splitgerber had found itin the forests of
Surinam but he says az spontunée. The number of localities in this part of
America is quite significative, There is no need for me to remind that any
tree, so to say, growing elsewhere on the hills, has not been found as indigenous
at the same time in Asia, Africa, and America within tropics, All my
researches make a similar fact infinitely less probable and if a tree was toler-
ably robust to offer a similar extension, it would be excessively common in all
the inter-tropical countries. Besides historical and linguistic arguments have
also upheld ina way an American origin, The details given by Rumphius
show that Anona squamosa was a newly cultivated plant in most
of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, Forster does not mention any
Anonace as cultivated in the small islands of the Pacific Ocean, Rheede
says PA. squamosa is a stranger in Malabar, but transported into India first
by the Chinese and Arabs and then by the Portuguese. It is certain that it
is cultivated in China and Cochin China as well as in the Phillippimes, but from
what epoch? This is what we ignore. It is doubtfulif the Arabs cultivated
it. Ia India they have cultivated it from the time of Roxburgh, who had not
seen the species grow spontaneously, and who mentions it only by its common
modern name (Bengali), the name Ata which is already in Rheede. Later on,
THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS. 201
Sanscrit, sur l’anciennete’ de ce nom, il repondit quw1l avait éte’ tiré du Sabda
Chaurika, compilation moderne comparativement, Les noms de Ata, Ati se
trouvent dans Rheede et Rumphius, Voilisans donte ce qui aservide base
a Vargumentation de Saint-Hilaire ; mais un nom bien voisin est donné au
Mexique 4 ?Anona Squamosa, Ce nom est Ate, Ahate de Panucho, qui se
trouve dans Hernandez avec deux figures assez semblables et assez medi-
ocres, qu’ ou pent rapporter ou al’ A. Squamosa, avec Dunal, ou I 4A,
Cherimolia, avec de Martius, Oviedo emploie le nom de Anon, Il est ires
possible que le nom de Ata soit venue au Brésil du Mexique et des pays voisins,
Tl se peut aussi, je le reconnais, qu’ il vienne des colonies Portugaises des Indes
Orientales. De Martius dit cependant I’ espece emportée des Antilles, Je ne
sais s’ il en a eu la preuve, ou si elle résulte del’ ouvrage @’ Oviedo, qu’ il cite
et que je ne puis, consulter, L’ article d’ Oviedo, transcrit dans Maregraf,
decrit |’ A.’ squamosa sans parler de son origine,
“T” ensemble des faits est de plus en plus favorable ii |’ origine Americaine
La localité oul’ espece s’est montreé le plus spontanée est celle des foréts de
Para. a culture en est ancienne en Amerique, puisque Oviedo est un des
premiers auteurs (1535) qui aient écrit sur ce pays. Sans doute la culture est
‘aussi d’ une date assez ancienne en Asie, et voili ce qui rend le probleme
eurieux. I] ne mest pas prouve’ cependant qu’elle soit antérieure 4 la de’cou-
verte de l’Amérique, et il me semble qu’ un arbre fruitier aussi agréble se serait
répandu davantage dans l’ancien monde, s’il y avait existé de tout temps.
‘On serait d’ailleurs fort embarassé d’expliquer sa culture en Amérique au
they believed the name Giunda-Gatra as Sanskrit ; but Dr. Boyle having con-
sulted the celebrated Wilson, Author of the Sanskrit Dictionary, as to the
age of this name, he answered it was taken from Sabda Chaurika, a comparative-
ly modern compilation, The names Ata, 4iz7, are foundin Kheede and Rum-
phius, This is without doubt what has served as an argument for the dispute
of Saint Hillaire; buta nearer similarity in name is that given at Mexico io
l Annona squamosa, This name is Ate, Ahate of Panucho, which is found in
Hernandez with two figures closely similar and analogous, which may be
“comnected either with IA, sguamosa of Duval or to ? A, Cherimolia of
Martius, Ovied uses the name of Amon, It is very possible that the
mame A/a may have come to Brazil from Mexico and the neighbouring
countries, It can also, I acknowledge, be that it came from the Portuguese
Colonies of East India. De Martius, however, says ihe species was imported
from the W. India Islands. I do not know if he has had a proof of
it, or ifhe deduces it from the work of Oviedo which he quotes, and which I
could not consult. The article of Oviedo iranscribed by Maregraf describes
? A, squamosa without speaking of its origin, All these facts are more and
more favourable to its American origin. The locality where this species has
manifested itself in the most spontaneous form is the forests of Para, Its
‘cultivation in America is of ancient date, Since Oviedo is one of the first
authors (1535) who has written on this country, without doubt its culture is also
26
202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV//,,
commencement du XVL.¢ siécle en supposant une origine de’ l’ancien monde.
“ Depuis que je méxprimais ainsi, je remarque les faits suivants publiés par
divers auteurs.
*1° L’argument tiré de ce qu’ aucune espece du genre Anona est asiatique est
plus fort que jamais, L’A. aséatica, Linné, reposait sur des erreurs (voir ma
note, dans Geogr. bot, p. 862) L’A, obtusifolia, Tussac, Ft. des Antilles, 1, p. 191,
pl. 28, cultivé jadis 4 Saint-Domingue, comme d’origine asiatique, est peut-étre-
fondé sur une erreur. Je soupconne qu’on a dessiné la fleur d’une espéce (A.
muricata) et le fruit d’une autre (A, Squamosa), On n’a point découvert
d’Anona en Asié, mais on en connait aujourd’ hui quatre ou cing en Afrique, au
lieu d’une ou deux, et un nombre plus considérable qu’ autrefois en Amerique.
“92° Tes auteurs de flores récentes d’Asie n’ hésitent pas a considérer les.
Anona, en particulier ‘¢ A’ Squamosa, qu’on rencontre ¢a et li avec |’ apparence
spontanée comme naturalisés autour des cultures et des établissements.
européens.
“32 Dans les nouvelles flores Africaines deja citées, 2 A. Squamosa et les
autres, dont je parlerai tout 4 I’ heure, sont indiqués tonjours comme des espéces
cultivées,
“4° Thorticulteur MacNab a trouvé ‘lA. Squamosa dans les plaines seches. -
de la Jamaique, ce qui confirme les anciens auteurs, Eggers dit cette espéce
commune dans les taillis (thickets) des tles Saint-Croix et Vierges, Je ne voispas.
qu’ on l’ait trouvée sauvage 4 Cuba,
of sufficiently ancient date in Asia, and this is what makes the problem curiots..
Tt is not proved, however, it may be prior to the discovery of America, and it.
appears to me that a sweet fruit-bearing tree might have been extensively cul-
tivated in the Old World if it was there always. They would besides be much.
puzzled to explain its cultivation in America at the commencement of the XVI
century, supposing an origin from the Old World. ‘Since I expressed myself
thus, I have remarked the following facts published by various authors.
1. The argument drawn that the species of the genus Anonais not Asiatic,
is stranger than ever. L’ A, asiatica, Linne depended on errors (see my note,.
in Geogr. bot., p. 862). L’ A, Obtusifolia, Tussac, Fl, des antilles, 1., p. 191, pl. 28,.
cultivated already at S$, Domingo as of Asiatic origin is perhaps based on an
error of a species (A. muricata) and the flower of another (A. squamosa). They
have not discovered Annona in Asia but they have found four or five in Africa
in place of one or two and a more considerable number than before in America.
“9. The authors of recent flora of Asia do not hesitate to consider the
Annona particularly l’A. squamosa, which they notice here and there as ap-
parently spontaneous, as naturalised around cultivations and European Settle-
ments,
“3. In the new African flora already quoted lA, squamosa and the others of
which I shall speak presently are referred to always as cultivated species.
“4, The horticulturist MacNab has found the 1’A, squamosa in the dry plains.
of Jamaica which confirms the ancient authors. Eggers says this species is.
THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS. 202:
“5° Sur le continent américain on la donne pour cultivée. Cependant MM.
André m’ a communiqué un échantillon, d’une Jocalité pierreuse de la vallée:
de la Magdalena, qui parait appartenir 4 cette espece et étre spontance.
Le fruit manque, cequi rend Ja détermination doutense, D’aprésune note sur
l’ étiquette, cest un fruit délicieux, analogue i celuide l A. Squamosa, M.
Warming cite l’espéce comme cultivée a Logoa Santa, du Brésil, Elle parait
done plutdt cultivée ou naturalisée 4 Para,a la Guyane et dans la Nouvelle-
Grénade, par un effet des cultures,
En définitive, on ne peut guére dovter, ce me semble, qu'elle ne soit d’ Ameri--
que et méme specialement des Antilles,”
I shall now give my own impressions, as the original home of this fruit is
still a matter of doubt With the information derived from De Candolle and:
other savants, I shall endeavour to prove conclusively that the custard apple,.
as well as Anona yeliculata, was introduced into India by the Portuguese, In
all the principal languages of India, such as, Bengali, Hindi, Mahrati, Konkani,.
Tamil, Malayilam, Singalese, etc.,the Atais known by the same name ; un-
doubtedly an American name and not Malay, as stated in the Konhkan—
Portuguese Dictionary by Dr. Dalgado, and it is the same name by which the
Portuguese have known the fruit in South America. The same may be said,
mutates mutandis, o£ the Annona, a word that did not come to us from the
Latin dxnona, meaning mouth provisions (*) food, but from the American:
word, according to the already quoted Oviedo. The Hortus Malabaricus of the-
Dutch H. Van Rheede, says, that the Ancona is, by the Malabars, called,
“ Parangi Jaca ” foreign ‘‘ Jack fruit” or Firinghi Jacca (from the Malayalam.
Chakka) and by the Brahmans of Cochim /jina ponnoss, “ China Jack,” the-
plant not being native on the Malabar Coast, where it came from afar, To the:
custard apple they give, on the same Coast the name of Mani? jack or Manil-
ponnoss (Skt. Panas) ‘ Manil Jack.’’ Now,a Hindu enthusiast of the great
common in the thickets of the islands of St, Croix and Virgin Islands. I do-
not see that they have found it in a wild state in Cuba.
“5, On the American continent they speak of it as cultivated. However,.
M, Andre has forwarded to measample of a stony locality of the valley of
Magdalene which appears to belong to this species and to be spontaneous
The fruit is not developed which renders the decision doubtful. According to-
a note, it is a delicious fruit analogous to that of 1A. squamosa, M. Warming.
quotes the species as cultivated at Logoa Santa in Brazil, It then appears.
rather cultivated or naturalised at Parra in Guiana and in New Granada.
by an effect of cultivation, Definitely there is scarcely any doubt, it appears
to me, thai it is from America and more especially from the Antilles.”
(*) In Sanscrit and Mabratta Anna means ;rovisions, food ; the same word exists in
Konkani, The Latin -lnnona co nes perhaps from it, with the same meaning. Ia Sanscrit
Anaona means mouth, In Marathi ananam meaning “ to eat,” vsed only in the foilowing.
proverb: * Adhim ananam magte nanam, i.e., first cat then sing.
204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Sanskrit poem Ramayana, in a fine touch of fancy christened the Anona and
the custard apple, Ramanhal “Rim4s fruit,” and Sitdphal, “ Sita’s fruit,”
respectively.
But the poetical fancy of an anonymous Hindu is no proof that these plants
care originally from India, Above all it is no evidence against historical truth,
‘against the unshaken opinion of Botanists, such as A, de Condolle in his classical
work already quoted; Graham, in his Catalogue of the Bombay Plants, Dalzell and
Gibson in their Bombay Flora, and so many other botanists, historians and
travellers, all of whom are unanimous that the two anonacee in question came
from America,
There are besides other proofs that India owes the Annona squamosa and A.
reticulata to the Portuguese.
The Indian botanist Dr, J. C, Lisboa, in his work with the prudence and
scruples of a scientist exposed his views in an interesting articlein the Times
of India in March 1894.
“These plants grow wild and are naturalized in various parts of India,
specially near Mussalman cemeteries (Dalz. and Gibs.), Henze it is believed by
many people that these fruits are natives of India. This opinion is also held by
an Indian doctor, who when in Government Service had travelled much, and
seen them growing wild over extensive tracts in central and other parts of India.
“ Now the question is, if the opinion of M, de Condolle and other botanists
and writers be true, how and when did these fruits receive the Indian names
Sita and Rama.
“The Indian doctur just alluded to tells me that when the legendary Rama
and Sita were expelled from the kingdom—supposed to be Oudh—they went
to a jungle where anonas grew wild and lived on them—hence the names
Ramaphal and Sitaphal. But nobody versed in Hindu mythology believes in
this opinion. Dr, Bhandarkar tells me that the whole history of Rama and Sita
isa myth,
“Tt is true that the delicious fruit ‘Sitaphal on occasions of famine has
literally proved to be the staff of life to the natives,
But it is to be remembered that it flowers during the early part of the hot
season, and the fruit ripens in July, August, and September. On what then did
Sita and Rama live during the rest of the year, when these fruits were not in
season; and if they did live on other fruits why were only these called after
their names ?
‘‘T shall be much obliged if some of your veaders can throw light on the
question of the origin of Anonas.”
These doubts could be cleared by the simple statement that Sitaphal and
Ramphal are not to be found m the Ramayana, that Ata and the Anona did
neither exist in India in those mythological times, nor in subsequent historical
times, and that consequently the fabulous Rama and his wife the Helen of the
Hindus, had neither seen nor tasted the two fruits, No trace of these names
can be found in the poem of Valmiki, or in classical Sanscrit,
THE ORIGIN OF ANONAS. 205-
It was therefore the fanciful Hindu, very much like the Indian doctor of
J. C. Lisboa, who invented the two names, just like the Hindu zoet (God knows
if the same) gave the name Si/a-Keins, “Sita’s Hairs” to the climbing plant
Ipomea quamoclit, Linneus (Indian forget-me-not, Red Jasamine or china Creeper
in English) indigenous to Tropical America, and probably introduced in India
by the Portuguese. The nativesin Guzarat do call Sitepadri (Anglo Ind. Diet,
by Whitworth) any missionary catholic or protestant in the belief that the
Virgin Mary, our Lady, is no more than their Sita. ?.........
Ramaphal and Sitaphal are indispntably neotogisms like S/ta-keins and
Sita-padri so much so that the Mahrati-English Dict. of Molesworth who.
always indicates the Sanskrit origin of all Mahrati words derived from that
classical language, does not trace their derivations, It is true that in Sanskrit
and in Mahrati there is also to be found a name little used and known, for
instance the Dictionary of Talekar does not mention it, That name is Lavani,
meaning “a sort of custard-apple,’’ according to the Dictionary of Molesworth
wherein the word is indicated with the mark S to signify that it isa Sanskrit
term, used in Mahrati only by men of letters. It is probably an inferior variety
of the 40 species of 140 genera of Anonaceze known in the New and Old
World. Really it cannot be believed that that the davani (and not lavali as in
the Gloss, of G. King referred to by Yule and Burnell) is the delicious ata not
even the anona, and if Rama has eaten lavanis he could only have had it for his.
light auxiliaries (the monkeys of Sugriva to invade Lanka) for the liberation of
Sita, ravished by Ravana.
It is really curious that in Mahrati the name Jtavanaphal, “ Ravana’s fruit’”
>
is given to a wild apple. Molesworth lexicon says: So named as bearing
particulars of contrast or comparison with Ramaphal,
This is very suggestive and conclusive, A jungle fruit is given the name cf
Ravana on account of its similarity to the fruit of Rama. You see the inge-
nious process by which one and the other names have been coined. They
have borrowed names from Mythology for the Ata and Anona, and it is clear
that people did not know they were found in India,
At last the decisive argument, the argument of fact that altogether decides.
the question, is that in the times of Garcia de Orta there were no atas and
anonas in India, Otherwise the author of Colloqguios would not have omitted to.
describe such a delicious fruit as the afa, Orta was not only at Goa and
Bombay, an *‘ estate and island which the King our Lord has graciously granted
as he himself says in the Coll. XXJI, about areca and
banana, but he was in various parts of India, even in the interior, and descrikes
plants which he could uot see, but about which in his scientific curiosity he
collected information from the natives and from the Portuguese in India.
Thence I affirm without fear of error that the ata and the anona have been
like the caju and so many other plants, useful and palatable, introduced in India
by our glorious ancestors after 1563, the year of publication at Goa, of the
book of Garcia de Orta,
?
me on perpetual lease, ’
206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
This conclusion is perfectly rational, for General Cunningham himself does not
‘deny that they brought to India the two Anonacew however with this restriction,
‘that they brought ‘“ merely coals to Neweastle.” The coals were not found then
in these Indian Neweastles, where actually now they abound. And General
‘Cunningham can preserve in the museum the Barhut Sculptures with the coarse
‘design of the jaca. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire had missed the mark when he
said that the Portuguese had transported the Anonacez from India to Brazil ;
‘the fact was diametrically opposite from Brazil to India, as had already been
supposed by the perspicaceous Rheede,
207
A LIST OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA IN THE BOMBAY
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S COLLECTION.
By E. Comper, ¥.z.s.
The subjoined list of the species of Marine Shells represented in the
Society’s collection is published partly with the intention of placing
upon record the present extent of our collection, but to anyone with a
‘knowledge of the molluscan fauna of India it will mainly serve to indi-
cate the extremely scanty nature of the collection. Additions of any
moment have been disappointingly rare for a number of years past, and
it is to be hoped that the publication of this list will encourage con-
tributions from some of our members that may go to fill the many
large gaps in the list of even the commoner kinds of shells.
The difficulty of identifying shells without the opportunity of actual
comparison with authentically named specimens and the absence of any
collective book of descriptions and figures of Indian shells is a consider-
able drawback to the study of them, but the Society will always gladly
receive unnamed contributions, and assist its members towards identify-
ing specimens in their own collections. The essential points with regard
to specimens of shells are that they should be obtained from living Mol-
luscas and that the locality should be carefully recorded, as dead, worn
shells or specimens without ihe locality are of little value in a collection.
In compiling this list the nomenclature of Messrs. J. C. Melvill and
R. Standen’s paper (Part I) on the Cephalopoda, Gastropoda and
Scaphopoda of the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea, which appeared in
the P, Z. S., 1901, p. 327, &e., has been followed so far as it applied,
and Mr. J. C. Melvill has very kindly corrected the list completely.
A list of the Land and Freshwater Shells in the collection is also
published herewith, thanks to the assistance rendered by Mr. EdgarSmith
and Capt. A. J. Peile, R.A., who have obligingly corrected the list.
JATALOGUE OF MARINE MOLLUSC4
IN THE
Bompay Natura History Soctery’s CoLnuerion.
CEPHALOPODA.
NAvTILID® a eoe| Nautilus pompilius (Li) eee oe.
ARGONAUTIDE ... aoe] Argonauta hians (Soland) ses +s | Persian Gulf,
AMPHINEURA,
CHITONID&: eee ees Chiton gigas (Chem.) eee eos ee. Durban.
” one eee eee eee Bombay.
LC
203 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
CASTROPODA
PROSOBRANCHIAT A.
{ DIOTOCARDIA, )
PATELLIDA aac see| Heicioniscus novem-radiatus (Q. & G.)); Bombay.
FISSURBLLIDAl vee ..| Glyphis (Fissurella) bombayana (Sow ) 5
EMARGINULID ... cop
HatLioripE.a fee 500
Scutus unguis (L) oe ”
Haliotis bistriata (Gmel, Nicatices ... | China.
» asinina (L.) G00 sae
Trochus radiatus (Gmel.j ea ...| Bombay.
95 tabidus (Rve. Mss ooo ...| Andamans,
ap niloticus (L.) .. ee ...| Lndian Ocean,
TLOCHIDA 900 sO
Clanculus depictus (A. Aa). ac -..| Bombay.
» pharaonis {L.) Aden.
90 ceylanicus (Nevill) —sutea-
TUUS eee eee Bombay.
Monailonta canalifera (Lam,) ..-| Aden,
20 australis (Lam.) se ...| Durbin.
Euchelus indicus (A. Ad.) — os. ...| Bombay.
5 prowimus (A. Ad.) o. .-.| Aden.
Delphinula taciniata (Lam.) ... ...| Andamans,
Umboniwm (Rotella) vestiarium (L.)..| Bombay.
Turbo intercostalis (Monke)=(elegans,
Pel) aos eee aig ... | Bombay,
9) MANGATILACCUS ves con eos
» chrysostoma ... 960 veo
TURBINIDA seh 000
rf em a ...| Mombasa and Table Ids.
Astralium stellaiwm (Gmel) ,.. .. | Bombay.
Phasianella australis (Gmel)... | Australia,
NERITIDA... ose eo| Nerita oryzarum (Recluz.) os. eee | Bombay,
3, aldicilla (L) ... -.| Aden.
», (Odontostoma) polita (L iD) cool] 9
3, (Pila) chrysostoma (Reeluz) ... ”
», plexa (Chemn.) oon aan ”
004 eee ?
Neritina (Dostia) crepidularia (Lam.). Bombay.
» putchella(Wood) ... _... ”
Tanthina fragilis (Lam.) = communis
(Lam.) 50 see ...| Bombay.
wee globosa eae) ats if ”
Scala pretiosa (Lam.) . one .
Natica ala papilionis (Ch. Natenae
Menke.) ose oss sue
» lineata (Lam ) ae ane ”
» maculosa (Lam.) ... ee op
. rufa (Born.) ... “99°
3, (Neverita) didyma (Bolten)... Canes
» (Manma) mamilla (L.)
» (Mamilla) melanostoma.
(Gmel,)= (Zanziba rica)
(Recluz) ... vee ...| Bombay and Aden,
JANTHINIDAS ox eee
SCALIDA ... 900 ave
NATICIDA ... 900 es
9» maroccana (Chem.) .. «| Aden.
Sigaretus ee
XENOPHORID.E oo wes Sema HOn (Onustus) solaris (L) we
...| Japan.
Carunipas do cool) OF eibesbum scutellatum (Gray) (var) ~
violaceum) (Carp.) .. 500 Ratnagiri.
| Calyptrcea (Lrgaea) walshi (Herm) Bombay.
SOLARIID®H cee 50 SOUAIOID | ars 2di iowa: (bs) oc0 ...| Andamans
) (MonorocarprA,)
CATALOGUE OF MARINE MOLLUSCA,;
LITTORINIDE ave
RISSOID Ai sec
CERITHIIDZ
PLANAXID
TURRITELUID®
STROMBIDE
CYPR&IDA
27
GASTROPODA
PROSOBRANCHTATA—contda,
e+! Littorina scabra (
’
,
b
(MonoTOCARDIA)—contd,
?
5]
?
?
”?
Tectarius nodulosus (Gmel.) ...
L.) eee eon eee
oF (var. newcombi)
(Reeve.) one
oF (var. intermedia)
(Phil.) on
ventricosa (Phil) ...
mataccana (Phil ) ss.
arboricola (Reeve )...
ee| Rissoa (Alvania) mahimensis {Melvy.}
eee] Cerithium morus (Lam)
”
“
s+] Planaxis sulcatus (Born.)
?
’
?
see coe
Bombay.
”
)
Asidumarice
Bombay.
”
Bombay and Aden.
rubus (Martyn) ... ... | Bombay.
ceruleum (Sowb.) | Aden,
(Vertagus) obeliscus (Brug, ) Ratnagiri.
» vertagus -». | Andamans.
tuberosum (Fabr,) « ... | Aden,
(Vertagus) aluco (L) ...
3 asper (L.) ... | Andamans,
on cedo-nulli (Sowb,) | Aden.
af ‘acniatum (Quoy.)| Somali Coast.
Potamides (Telescopium) telescopium
L ont Bombay.
(Tympanonotus) fluviatilis
(Pot. and Mich.) »..| Bombay.
(Cerithidea) quadrata (Sowhb,)| Andamans,
Pyrazus palustris (L.) cee see
eee «-»| Bombay.
oo Turritella (Zaria) dwplicata (L) 3
(Hasutator) vittulata (Ad,
and Rye.) cas .| Ratnagiri,
cerea (Rve.) eee ”
’
,
oes) Strombus (Canar ium) gibber ulus (L, Yate
lentiginosus (L.)
»” tee oor
op curis-diana (L) 500 ahh
» variabitis (Sowb.) ... eee
» dentatus (L.) «.. Sen “
= urceus (LL) ses sos acs
” isabella (Lam.) coe eee
+ -luhuanus (L,)... sos eos
- succinctus (L.) Son aes
ay canarium {L ) tea 45
5 mauritianus (Lam )... ‘
2 oo
Pteroceras bryonia (Chew.)
a lambis (L.)... aes :
Rostellaria curvirostis (Lam,) (var
curta) (Sowb,) con eee o
eo] Cyprea annulus (L.) . 59
+ carneola (L) fg oe
3 caurica (L.) . 3h: or
a erosa (Li.) ... poe 343
ss arabica (L,) ... eee oes
» Felina (Gmel)... eee eee
» Jjimbriata (Gmel) see oes
yy damarckit (Gray ) ves :
“: lentiginosa (Gray.) ees =
FF mauritiana (L) eee %
” moneta (L ) +e eos see
1 acellata (u:) se ace oes
Andamans and Aden.
Andamans,
”?
”
Aden,
2?
Andamans.
Durban,
Japan.
Andamans,
Bombay.
Andamans.
”
» and Aden,
Aden and Bombay,
Bombay.
”
Perim.
Andamans,
210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
CYPR HIDH—contd.
DOLIIDE coe
CASSIDIDA ca
TRITONIDE
eee
EVLIMID wee
PYRAMIDELLID~...
MURICID& ..
MONOTOCARDIA= contd,
Cyprea onyx (L.)
» pallida Gray. ) ase oon
0 argus (L, ; °F eve
“5 mappa (ey eee eae
© vitellus (L.) see oe ncn
» talpat) .. =:
» tigris ‘(L.) ; vee
» pantherina (L. ) wae 20
» lyn (L.) a age bo
7: turdus (Lam ) Bee See
¢p cylindrica (Born,) ...
32 Caput-serpentis (L) ...
” tabescens (Soland)
5 diluculum (Rve.)
»» globulus (.) ...
60 cribraria (L.) ot sed
a) asellus (L.) .-. eon
a gongnencey (Dillwyn.)
ve helvola (Li.) «ee
8 miliaris (Gmel )
° isabella (L.) ee
a hirundo (U.) «..
9 staphyloea (L.)
» pulchra (Gray) :
ertyhrensis (Beck,) «.
Amphiper as (Ovula) ovum (L. ) =
” (Galpurnue) verrucosunr
Erato pellucida (Reeve)
-| Dolium maculatum (Lam.) ... 2
aco Bulima dens-colubri (Melv.) c
e| Pyramidella mitralis (A, Ad.)
eo) Murex denn ipintl (iam) :
o costatum (Desh.)
is oleariun (Brug.) cee
i See coo
99
Malea pomunr (L.) ae
Pyrula bucephala (Lam.)
1, pugilina (Born,
» (Rapana) bulbosa (Soland) .. 000
» paradisica (Mart.) ... #0
3 (Sycotypus) ficus (Lam.)
Cassis vibe (L.) ses wie
Lotorium (Simpulum) pileare (L.) 6
1p (Lagenx) cingulatwm (Pfr.)
” (Triton) oleartwm (L.) «ee
Gyrineum (Ranella) tuberculatum
(Brod.) eee eee eee
: spinosunv (Lam.}
» elegans (Beck) soo
» graniferwm (Lam.) .. eae
»» leucostoma (Lam) ... ses
5 (Eupleura) perca (Peary)
=pulchra (Gray ) coo
» tribulus (L)
» adustus (Lam.)
9 (Ocinedra) bombayanus (Melv. )
» palma-rose (Lam) ...
» Arandaris (L.)
», Aaustellum (L.)
» scolopax (Dillwyn) ..
>» btrunculus (L.) - ae 508
99 ramosus (Li) os wee
Andamans.
Bombay.
Andamans,
9
Aden.
39
th)
39
”
Andamans.
Straits.
Andamans,
3)
Andamans.
Aden,
39
Andamans
Philippines.
Bombay.
9
Andamans,
. 99
Nicobars.
Mekran Coast.
Andamans
Persian Gulf,
Andamans.
Ratnagiri
Ratnagiri.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Andamans.
Dele.
Japan.
Cape.
Bombay.
Somali Coast,
Ratnagiri,
Bombay.
”
Andamans.
Mediterranean,
See MINUS rls) SLL Ui AU TE FS ee eh en ot
CATALOGUE OF MARINE MOLEUSCA. 211
eS aT
Mouricipa—contd.
COLUMBELLID ...
NASSIDA .. “oe
BUccINIDz... sas
TURBINELLIDZ ...
FASCIOLARIIDE ...
MITRIDA: 4. eee
°
MONOTOCARDIA—contd.
eoe| Murex brevispina (Lam) ... oae
” eee aoe soe
” ony eee see
" one 500
Urosalpinsg contracta (Rve.) ... abe
Purpura rudolfi(Chewn.) ... eae
” bufo (Lam,) ... 60 Bee
», echinulata (Lam,) wo. «s.
» blanfordi (Melv,) ... sae
eh sacellum (Ch ) aah “he
Jopas situla (Reeve) ... oe Fae
Cuma carinifera (Lam.) eae eee
Sistrum subnodulosum (Melv.) ea
» tuberculatum (Blv.) «e. ose
5 «uthedra (Melv.) ... eee
9 (Ricinula) chrysostoma
(Desh.) «a wee ee
«| Columbella atrata (Gould)
a misera (COWD.) see
bi) coe eee
” eee tee eee
” see eee tee
a5 terpsichore (Leathes) s+.
| Bullia (Pseudostrombus) mauritiana
(Gray) eee vee “2
bB) coo -: s=- nie
Nassa arcularia (L.) ... con ae
x coronata (L.) ... “Pe oc
» pulla (L,} we oes vee
” ravida ( A. Ad 2) rr) eon
» nodifera (Powis) - ons
» stolata (Gmel.)=ornata (Desh,)
olivacea (Brugy=tenia (Gmel.)
9
3, canaliculata (Lam) oer
» gemmulata (Lam.) so oor
” oo ooo coe ver
” coe eer asic eee
9 2° eee eee o-
Tritonidea tissoti (Petit) woo ove
AS rubiginosa (Reeve) one
56 spiralis (Gray) see
undosa (L. eee Be
” -
Latrunculus (Eburna) spiratus (Lam.)
3 » zeylanica (Lam )
Engina (Pusiostoma) mendicaria (L )
(and varieties) ... rac! Yeas
» zea(Melv.) ... eee =
-| Turbinella rapa (Gmel,) wee
” cornigera (Lam ).«. oes
” pyrum (L.) ... seo ue
Fasciolaria trapezium (Lam.) see
oe gigantea (Kiener)
San sc a
Latirus polygonus (L.).. ath ae
-| Mitra episcopalis (L.) ... coc ves
» durantia (Sw.) oe. oe ome
» (Scabricola) scabricula (L.) es
9 crenifera (Lam ),
» (Cancilla) carnicolor (Rve.) ...
” ” filaris (L.) eee oye
3 strigillata (Sowb.) one
x» (Chrysame) ambigua (Sowb,)=
fulva (Swain.) S55 eee
»» (Chrysame) procissa (Rve.) ...
Durban,
Nicobar Ids.
Aden.
8. Africa,
Bombay,
Bombay.
Konkan Coast.
Bombay.
”
Aden,
Bombay.
bed
”
39
Bombay.
Aden.
”
Aden.
oP]
Bombay.
”
99
Ratnagiri.
Aden.
Bembay.
”
43
Ratnagiri.
Bombay.
Andamans.
Aden.
Bombay.
Aden.
Andamans,
Mauritius,
Andamans,
”
Bombay.
2 (Strigatella) amphorella (Lam.)} Andamans.
—OOOOOO NN
212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
ee — ————————————————— ee
MonotTocarDIA—centd,
MItTRiIDZ—conid. ee-| Mitra (Turricula) plicata (Klein.) ... | Andamans,
* 3 melongena (Lam. ): ”
Re iss weeccosteliazis Wi( a, ). ”
_ 9 teniata (pe Je ”
i lyrata (eo) “6
as (Costellar can mucronata (Rve. ) "
"0 59 deshayesiti ( ,; ). ”
i 9 erebrilir ata ( 45 ) ”
» (Callithea) stigmataria (lam.). ”
op 29 sanguisuga (L.) .«. on
» (Cylindra) fenestrata (Lam )... ”
rT ooo 39
29 b)
cB oF)
Aden,
MARGINELLID .».| Marginella mazagonica (Melv.) _... | Pombay.
a monilis (L.) pod ... | Aden.
VOLUTIDA coe ...| Voluta scapha (L.) es See a
3, vespertilio (L.)... oon oe
Melo indica (Gmel. Nisccas ie »». | Andamans,
HARSIDAS oe ade «| Harpa ventricosa een ) wad ... ' Mauritius.
» minor (liam.) . ies coe ”
OLIVIDS ... on ...| Oliva inflata(Lam.) ... 200 es. | Aden.
Ratlcse (var, undata Lam.) - ”
Sat (var. bicincta Lam.) ... ”
» maura (L.) ee sins ... | Bombay.
>, nebulosa (Lam.) ; %)
», Oolympiadina (Duclos) = = pica
(Lem.) eee eae eas
y nigrita 202 ene ... | Andamans,
» servicea (Bolt) = texulina
(Lam.) bos gee see 2S
», eeylanica(Lam,) ... eae ”
3, ponderosa (Duclos) .. — eee} ”
5, isprdula (L.) ev. see 20 ”
», ‘irisans (Lam.) .. was eos
s gibbosa (Born.). as Se
» emicator (Morch) = guttata
(Lam.) 255 sob ene
? con coo on Aden,
” coo wee ee ”
” ae ° oe ”
99 wee eae : ”
Ancilla ventricosa (Lam,) .. ais 3
TEREBIDE Prac ee.| Terebra cearylescens (Lam.)... as 2
» cinetella (Desh. ) (undulata
(Gray.) Wee .» ee | Andamans.
9 duplicata(l..). 200 Ac »
‘i subwlata, (L,) + con wale nea ”
5 muscaria (Lam.) ve» 20 ”
3 myuros (Law.) 660 ces ”
‘3 oculata (Lam.) see sO ”
” afinis (Gray). 200 oO ”
» tricolor (Sowb.) —--- eee 9
is cancéllata (Quoy) ««. 28 ”
% maculata (L ) oe oor ”
99 crenulata (L.) . eee 3)
CoNIDA ... 900 eo| Conus (Stephanoconus) “Lividus
(Hwass.)... -.. | Bombay.
» (Coronaxis) hetreus (le ) ... | Andamans,
” ” minimus (L.) ... | Aden and Andamans.
95 : ” taeniatus (Brug.)...| Aden.
»» (Dendroconus) betulinus (L.)...
a ea ” ) quercinus
(Brug.) _...| Andamans.
CATALOGUE OF MARINE MOLLUSCA,
213
SSS NN EEE EEE EE
MOoNOTOCARDIA—contd,
Con1p#—contd.: +»| Conus (Lithoconus) flavidus (Lam.)...
“ % tessellatus (Born.)
» (Leptoconus) insculptus (Kien.)
” i lentiginosus (Rve)
sy (Rhizoconus) capitaneus (L.)...
= rp maldivus (Li.) see
cp as mutabilis (Chemn,)
9 oF punctatus (Chemn.)
» (Chelyconus) achatinus (Chemn,)
6 dee monachus (L.) ...
» (Cylinder) gennaceus (Born.)...
5p » textile (L.) ... eve
» acuminatus (Brug.) ... ae
ks amadis (Chem.) ae nae
9 arachnoideus (Ginel ) sos
i arenatus (Brug,) ‘ on
» canonicus (Brug.) x
i consors (Sowb.) ne bc.
» eburneus (Brug.) Be eve
a emaciatus (Reeve.) ... nbs
» piscopus (Brug.) ase ae
» figulinus (L.) se * eee
1» fumigatus (Brug) = coffe
(Gmel,) oo San eo
» generalis (L,) ... mn =<
rs ecographus (L.) eee ae
” Vaeatss (Chem.) a vs
” litteratus (L.) ooo eee
39 marmoreus (Li.) ove -
” miles (L.) Ja ies ace
rH nussatella (L,) a eee
” nobilis (L.) ... a a
” papilionaceus (Brug.) a
» pusillus (Chem.) sos as0
1 vattus (Brug.)... ee see
» splendidulus (Sow.) ... ws
a straturatus (Sowb.) ces =
" striatus (L.) .. eee
7 sumatrensis (Brug) ++.
a5 sugillatus (Rve) : “a
9 tessellatus (L.)... ee sc
» — thomasi (Sowb ) “or ace
» vexitlum (Gmel.) - see
” virgo (L) a coe *
» zonatus (Brg) ee. “er eee
Pleurotoma tagrinu (Lam.) ww...
9 eee owe vee
” see sats sce
3) eee seo «ee
Sureula cingulifera (Lam) (var.
amicta (Sm.) ... BH
» — javana (L.) (=nodifera,Lam,)
» tornata (Dillw.) (var, fulmi-
nata, Kien) nes eos
Drillia crenularis (Lam.) (var. athin-
80Nt; 8m.) ses uae oe
Clathurella tincta (Rve.) ...
CANCELLARIND Cancellaria scalarina (Sowb.) eee
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA (TECTI-
BRANCHIATA).
ACTEONID.Z ana ..| Acteeon coceinatus (Reeve)... oo
TORNATINIDE ... ++.| Tornatina involuta (G. & H, Nev,) ..
SCAPHANDRID ...
e«| Atys naucum (L.)
tee see
Cylichna cylindracea (Penn,)...
Aden,
Bombay.
Andamans.
Bombay.
Ratnagiri,
Bombay.
3
Andamans,
Aden,
Andamans,
Aden and Andamans,
Andamans,
Aden.
Andamans,
”
”
Andamans,
Aden and Andamans,
Andamans,
Aden,
Andamans,
Aden,
Andamans.
A den,
Andamans.
Aden.
Andamans.
”
Bombay,
”
Ratnagiri,
Bombay,
3?
”
Andamans,
Bombay.
Andamans.
Bombay.
214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
BULLIDE ».
AKERIDZ ...
RINGICULIDA
SIPHONARIIDA
AURICULIDA
DENTALIIDA
ANOMIID&
ARCADZA
MYTILIDA
AVICULIDZ
OSTREIDA
PECTINIDA
SPONDYLID&
OARDITIDA
CYPRINIDZ
LUCINIDE
UNGULINIDA
OYRENIDA
TELLINIDA
e e . .
. :
ee
OPISTHORRANCHIATA (‘TECII-
BRANCHIATA)—contd,
.| Bulla ampulla (L.)
Hydatina physis (Li) «+ eco
...| Haminea galba (Pease) coe
Ringicula propinquans (Hinds.)
Siphonaria basseinensis (Melv.)
”
PULMONATA.
| Auricula awris-jude (li.) ws
e . 8 ° ° ° e ° °
° a) . e ° ry ° e
° e e e : 5 E, O
_——— en
» — @uris-mide (L.) aes
Melampus siamensis (Mart ) ...
6 erythreus (Morlet)
99 ree eee
” eeo coe
ScAPHOPODA,
Dentalium longitrorsum (Rve.)
Cadulus gadus (Sowb.)
PRHLECYPODA.
FILIBRANCHIATA.
Placuna placenta (L.) ss.
Anomia achaeus (Gray) :
Area bistrigata (Dunker) eee
» inaequivalsis (Brug.) es.
Scapharea japonica (Rve.) ...
90 rhombea (Born.)
Anomalocardia aranosa (Lam.)
Anomalocardia formosa (Sowb.)
Barbutia obliquata (Gray) ...
Scapharea natalensis (Krauss)
Parallelepipedum tortuosum (L.)
Mytilus smaragdinus (Ckem.)
Modiola emarginata (Bens.) ...
PSEUDOLAMELLIBRANCHIATA,
Meleagrina margaritifera (L.)
Pinna nigra (Chemn.)... snc
” one 65
99 coe eee cos
Ostrea lacerata (Hanley) ...
Ostrea crenulifera (Sowb.) ee
Pecten senatorius(Gmel) ...
» erassicostatus (Sowb ) .-
3 proteus (Sol.) = glaber (L)
Spondylus rubicundus (RVe ‘ee
99 eoe
EULAMELLIBRANCHIATA,
Cardita calyculata (Lam.’
» antiquata (liam.)) ...
Libitina (Cypricarda) vellicata (Rve.)
Lucina fibula (Rve.) «se. cos
3p tigerina (L.) ... :
Diplodonta indica (Desh.) ...
Velorita cyprinoides (Gray) ..-
Tellina capsoides (Lam.) ex
», (Homala) ala (Hanley)
» sinuata (Speng.) vee
Andamans,
Aden.
Bombay.
”
”
Aden,
Andamans and Bombay.
. | Bombay.
Aden.
Bombay.
Ratna giri.
Bombay,
Ratnagiri.
Bombay.
Konkan Coast,
Durban,
Aden.
Bombay.
Bombay & Konkan Coast,
Bombay.
Indian Ocean.
Bombay.
Japan.
Mekran Coest.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Japan.
Konkan Coast.
Bombay.
9)
Ratnagiri,
Konkan Coast.
$9
Ratnagiri.
”
39
en. ee eee eee eee
CATALOGUE OF MARINE MOLLUSCA,
TELINID@®—contd.
SCROBICULARIID&
DONACID
VENERIDZ
MACTRIDZ se
GLAUCOMYID
CARDIIDZ
TRIDACIND&
CHaMID&
PSAMMOBIID
MyID=
SOLENIDZ..
PHOLADIDA =0
ANATINID a
ee| Tellina rubra (Desb.) oe
...| Meretria morphina (Lam.) . rp
...| Psammobia malaccana (Rve.)
| Donax scortum (L.)
.| Tridacna squamosa (Lam.) ... oa
PELECYPODA—contd,
HULAMELLIBRANCHIATA—contd,
» rubella (Desh.)...
» planata(L) ss. ees
Macoma edentula (Bord & Sowb, )) we
3 truncata (Jonas) ae
Gastrana polygona (Chemn.)... x
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) : eos
Semele cordiformis (Soxb,) ... 28
» tnearnatus (Chemn,) ...
” Serra (Chem. ) eon eee
Circe divaricata (Chemn.) .,
» intermedia (Reeve.) ..
eee (Meretrix) mcnpling (Lam. y
castanea (Lam,) ..
Mere oe solandri (Gray) .. onc
» effossa (Hanley)
Dosinia prostrata_(L.).+.
» vustica (Romer)
ubescens ( Phil.)
Venus (oh hione) pinguis (Hinds.)
radiata (Chemn.)
Tapes (Pultastra) malabarica(Chemn, )
textriz (Chemn.) ..
coe seo
” ”
” ” indica (Sowb.)
” ” ee (Lam.) ..
9 ” oe eee
‘:traminea (Conrad. )
Calista chinensis (Chem.)
» erycina (L.)
eee eee eee
Mactra cornea (Desh ) cos
» luzonica (Desh.)
9» plicataria (L.)...
9» _ (Schizodesma) spengleri (L.).
Harvella capillacea (Desh.)
Lutraria transversalis ‘(Desh.)
Anatinella candida (Chem ) ...
Glaucomya cerea (Rve.) toe xi
Cardium ecaronatum (Speng.)... ve
” latum (Born.)
a rugosum (Lam.) ws. see
» (Hemicardium) fragum (L ).
ne cardissa ww.
i pseudolima (Lam,) ...
” compressa (Re2ve.) as.
op gigas (lam.) ase
Chama macrophylla (Chemn.)
Solentellina oblonga (Desh.) oo
* atrata (Desh.) ...
i diphos (11.) wee ves
Asaphis (Capsa) rugosa (Lam,) see
Cryptomya philippinarum (A, Ad.)...
Solen truncatus (Sowb. oe
Siliqua (Machera) polita (Wood,) eee
Pholas bakeri (Desh.)
Anatina labiata (Rye),
Thracia salsettensis (Melv.) ..
: . t eee oie
3 EEE EEE EE EE EE Ee ee EEE Ee x SS
Ratnagiri.
99
Kenkan Coast.
Katnagiri,
”
Victoria B. C,
Bombay.
”
Cape Colony.
Bombay,
Aden,
Andamans,
Aden,
Konkan Coast,
Bombay.
”
”
Konkan Coast.
Bombay.
”»
”
39
Konkan Coast.
Ratnagiri.
British Columbia.
Indian Ocean.
Konkan Coast.
Bombay and Konkan
Coast.
Ratnagiri.
Cape Colony.
Konkan Coast.
Bombay.
Konkan Coast.
Ratnagiri.
”
Bombay.
a ee
Ratnagiri.
Japan,
Andamans,
Bombay.
9)
Ratnagiri.
Konkan Coast.
Ratnagiri.
Konkan Coast,
Ratnagiri,
Alibag,
Bombay.
Ratnagiri,
Bombay.
”
216
~ =—----GATALOGUE-~-
OF
FRESH WATER AND LAND MOLLUSCA
IN THE
Bompay Natorau History Socrety’s CoLuection.
NERITIDA
HELICINIDA
OYCLOPHORIDE ..-
CYCLOSTOMATID.&
HYDROBIID Aa
VIVIPARIDZ
AMPULLARIID@ ...
MELANIIDA x0
-GASTEROPODA.
PRCSOBRANCHIATA,
DIOTOCARDIA.
ee| Weritina perotetiana (Récluz) vos
.-.| Helicina andamanica (Bens.)
MonorocaRrDIA,
eo| Cyclophorus himalayanus (Pf.) 200
20 indicus (Desh.) ves coo
29 nilghericus (Bens,) ..
- pearsoni (Bens.) dco
2 siamensis (Sowb.)
ss polynema (P£.) mee
” (Cyclohelix) leait('Tryon.)
3 - (Theobaldia) batrdi (P.)
annula t us
(Tros.)...
stenosto m @
(Sowb.)..
3 tavidus see 800 i
Cyathopoma eile (Preston,}
Pterocyclus bilabeatus (Bens,) 20
” nanus (Bens.) 5
Leptopoma immaculata (Chem.)
” repstorfi (Nevill.)
99 bP)
th) as ted
Alyceus plectocheilus (Bens,) 500
3 constrictus ( 4, ) nec
» expatriatus ( 5, ) on0
4» prosectws ») a
.| Cyclostoma barclayanus (Pf.) on
Cyclotopsis semistriatus (SUw.) «.
Omphalotropis destermina (Bens.) ...
eoe| Bithynia pulchella (Bens.) se. bac
9 stenothyroides (Dohrn.)
...| Vivipara bengalensis (Link,)... eos
dissimilis (Mill)
300 Ampullaria dolioides (Reeve) :
a globosa (Swain.) eos
53 carinata (Swain.) 500
0 nue (Reeve) ore
«| Melania elegans ae
B lyrata (Menke.) oes a
9p tuberculata (Miill.) ... wag
+ variabilis (Bens.) es. oe
Paludomus (Philopotamus) globulosa
(Gray.) sos es
5) obesa (Phil.) co
6 tanjoriensis (Gmel.)
Nilgiris.
Andamans.
Bhutan and Sikhix,
Bombay.
Mysore,
Khasi Hills.
9
Matheran.
Kandy.
Watawala, Ceylon.
Skevaroy Hills,
”
Mysore and Nilgiris,
Andamans,
Darjeeling,
o9
Shevaroy Hills,
Khasi Hills,
Mauritius.
Nasik,
Andamans,
Delhi.
Madras.
Bombay.
Madras.
Bombay and Kalyan.
Bhutan, Douars and Jub-
bulpore.
Madras,
Matheran,
Madras.
Dinapore, C. P.
Bombay, Malecaum, Sat-
puras and Rajputana,
Jalpaiguri, Sikhim,
Chindwin R., Burma.
Kalyan.
Madras.
CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER AND LAND MUOLLUSCA, 2
LIMNAIDA
LIMACID
HELICIDA
BULIMULIDA
eon
ar
eoo| Amphidromus andamanicus (?) ae
he sylheticus (Reeve.) «
or) sinensis eee eee
GASTEROPODA —contd,
PULMONATA,
Limnea amygdalus (Tr0s,) «+ wes
» —- Pufescens (Gray) ove ese
5 pinguis (Dohrn.) eee ans
” stagnilis (Linn. ) soe eee
Planorbis compressus (Hutt) eee
y ewustus (Desh.) s+ oc
...| Ariophanta levipes (Miill.) .
3. Bajadera (PE): asi. t-te
3 intumescens (BIf.)
rr cysis (Bens,) var.
Blf.) oe
thyreus (Bens. es 3
Hemiplecta chenui (PE.) cee coe
» juliana (Gray.)=ganoma
eis
r daly’
9 solata (Bens.) ae Se
semidecussata (Pf, nee
Euplecta indica (Pf.)= Shiplayt
9» gardnert (Pi.)- ss
op prestoni (G. Aus.) . on
Xesta semirugata (Beck.) eee os
» belangert (Desh a vitellina
P ooo eee ooo
» bistriatis (Beck ie oe
» taprobanensis (Dohrn.) aes
Oxytes blanfordi (Theo.) ae coe
” oxytes (Bens, ) «oe eee .
Macrochlamys choinx (Bens.) oes
9 pedina (Bens,) ene
tenuicula (Adams) ...
Eur ychlamys platychlamys ee ope
Sitala barrackpurensis (P£.) .. vee
Indrella ampulla (Bens,) ere eee
Rotula retifera (Pf.) .. es
Sessara daghoba (W. & H. BIf.) ei
Plectotro rope tapacina (Bens.)... eee
Plectopylis fultoni (Cursten) .. +e
” plecostoma (Bens. wise “3
Planispira delibrata (Bens,) var. fas-
ciata (G. Aus.)
(Bens.) var. te-
” ”
nella ... eee
Ganesella hemiopta (Bens.) ... eee
Geotrochus physalis sas tee a0
Eulota propinqua (Pf,) oo: Aud
Corilla 5eddomec cS ob coe
3» beddomii oe ace =
» gudei (Sykes) . ae aes
» —-erroned a0 ci .
3 Aumberti Lhe or me
3, odontophera ... vee ves
Acavus skinneri (Pfr.) Spe ee
» waltoni (Reeve.) 2% see
9 phonic (PE.) s0 coh te
9 superba, var. roscolata wel
», hemastoma (Linn,) ...
9 _melanotragus (Born.) oat
pa - . . . i _—
Re he Pe EE eee
———
Jamnagar.
Cachar.
Bombay and Bangalore.
Kashmir,
Madras,
Dinapore, ©, P., Bangalore
and Ratnagiri.
Bombay,
Mahableshwar, Matheran,
Karjat, Lanowli and
Bassein.
Mahableshwar.
Nilgiris and Ceylon,
Watawala, Ceylon.
Udagama, Ceylon,
Nilgiris.
Watatala, Ceylon,
Mysore.
Uva, Ceylon.
Nasik and Ceylon.
Madras,
Madras and Shevaroy Hills.
Jaffna, Ceylon,
Jaintia Hill, Assam.
Khasi Hills.
Andamans,
Bombay and Matheran,
Kalyan,
Bhewirdi.
Mysore.
Nilgiris.
Shevaroy Hills.
Khasi Hills
”
Andamans,
Nilgiris,
Bhewindi,
Gampala, Ceylon.
Punduyola, ;,
Kegalle, 5
Watawala, ”
Newara Eliya, 5,
Uva,
Newara Eliya, » +
Watawala, A
Cola and Kandy, Cey-
Wataeale Ceylon.
Colombo,
Galle.
Andamans.
Khasi Hills.
Bhutan, Doors,
28
218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII-
GASTEROPODA—contd.
PULMONATA— contd,
Purina eee] Pupa evezardi (Blf.) oe eee eee
», (Leucochila) cenopicta (Hutt.).
Buliminus (Mastus) insularis (Shren.)
» (Rachis) bengalensis
(Lmk.) ~ .
” » punctatus (Anton.)
» (Cerastus) mvoussonianus
(Petit) ... ore ses
(Petreus) labiosus ...
Subulina shiplayi (P£.) ees
2 orthoceras (G. Aus.)
Prosopeas haughtoni (Bens.) ...
STENOGYRIDA a0
Opeas gracilis (Hutt.) eo cor
Spiraxis octona (Chem.) Ben ees
5 huttonreee ooo ose ces
Gilessula chessoni (Bens.) ane ee.
99 inconspicua (Nev.) cee
» jacula (BIf.) .
> “filosa (BIE) el aes
Achatina fulva (eggs brought in
plants from Mauritius.) eee
PELECYPODA.
EULAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
AM THERIIDA
ea) Praxis dalyi (Smith) ...
Unionip &
Onio ceruleus (Lea.)
» corrugatus (Smith)
» erispatus en 2c
» marginalis ace
Corbicula bensoni
mse
Lanauli.
Bombay.
Aden.
Bombay. -
”
99
Aden.
Assam.
Naga Hills.
Andamans.
Bombay.
”
Andamans.
Matheran.
Shevaroy Hills.
39
bed
Rajkot.
Mysore.
Cachar.
Madras.
Bara R. Cachar.
Ratnagiri.
219
A NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOOS FROM THE
ATTACKS OF THE BAMBOO BEETLE OR “SHOT-BORER.”
BY
K, P, STEBBING, F.L.S,, F.E,S.,
Officiating Superintendent, Indian Museum,
GENERAL REMARKS.
The work of the bamboo beetle or “shot-borer,” the ghoong of the natives
in many parts of the country, is wellknown in India, All who have anything
to do with bamboos, either with their cutting and export, their use in buildings,
or their manufacture into the thousand and one articles to which this most
useful commodity is put in the country, have to count upon and ailuw for the
ravages of this pest, and in many parts a year to a year and a half may be given
as the estimated and probable life of a bamboo after cutting.
DESCRIPTION AND Lire-HiIsToRY OF THE ‘SHOT-BORER,’
But although the results of its work are well-known, the real author of the
depredations is far irom being a well recognised enemy owing both to its small
size and to its secretive habits. The damage is committed by a tiny beetle and
its grubs, which are just of slightly smaller diameter than the holes with which
the bamboos are seen to be riddled. The beetle, which has a black head and
thorax and reddish-coloured shining wing covers, bores its way into the
bamboo, and lays its eggs in the interior, each beetle laying about 20, From
these eggs small, white, roundish dots of grubs issue within a few days of their
being deposited, These tiny larve burrow up and down in the interior of the
bamboo, and reduce its structure to powder. About four weeks are spent in
this stage, and the grubs then enlarge the ends of their burrows and change to
pup which after some eight days or so turn into the beetles, On becoming
mature the beetles bore their way out of the bamboos and thus add further to
the tunnels already made in them. On emergence the insects fly off to attack
fresh bamboos or they may bore into the one in which they have matured
themseives, ‘There are thus three separate forms of attack :—
(a) The female beetle bores into the interior of the bamboo and lays its
eggs there, This is the first attack on the bamboo.
(b) From the eggs hatch out little grubs which feed upon the wood of
interior of the bamboo and thus undermine its strength,
(c) The beetles on maturing from the grubs bore their way out of the
bamboo.
Tt used to be thought that each of the shot-borers made their way out by a
separate tunnel, driven direct from the place where the grub had pupated to
the outside. This is not however the case,as the matured beetles appear to
issue either all from the same exit hole or from one or two only, these being
often the former entrance holes of the mother beetles which are considerably
enlarged. Beetles of the new generation appear to also make use of these old
holes to enter the bamboo to egg-lay, boring away from the old gallery when
220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
they have got inside. When bamboos are in lengths it will be found that the
beetles tunnel in them parallel to the long axis and form galleries which open
at one of the ends, The bamboo is thus often completely hollow in parts
without there being much outward evidence of its having been badly attacked,
This is more especially the case when the beetles have entered and left by the
same holes, made at one of the ends of the bamboo, A feature which greatly
adds to the insect’s power of doing serious damage is to be found in the fact
that in the warmer parts of the country it passes through at least five, and
perhaps more, generations or life cycles in the year, I have said that the
insect lays about 20 eggs, and therefore one female beetle may produce 200,000
insects in the year on the supposition that only five generations are passed
through.
RECOMMENDATIONS,
(a) Iam inclined to recommend soaking the bamboos for five days in
water, since a thick shiny gelatinous substance exudes from the
bamboos during this process, and this exudation probably enables
the bamboo to absorb a larger quantity of oil than would be
otherwise the case.
(0) That the bamboos be allowed to dry ina covered shed for several
days after the water process. .
(c) That, after drying, the bamboos be soaked for 48 hours in common
Rangoon oil.
A FURTHER NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOOS
FROM THE ATTACKS OF THE BAMBOO BEETLES OR
SHOT-BORERS.
In the Appendix Series of the Indian Forester [xxix—12, (1903)]* some
notes were given upon the life-history of one of the minute bamboo beetles, or
“‘shot-borers ’’ as they have been popularly called, and the question of the
preservation of the bamboo from their attacks was discussed. The effects of
the latter are well known. The insects tunnel into the stem and reduce its
wood-structure to powder. It is some years now since Mons, P. Lesne, of the
Paris Museum, at the request of the authorities of the Indian Museum
in Calcutta, examined sets of specimens of these beetles sent home to
him. Mons, Lesne reported that the smaller of the two beetles received was a
widespread insect known as Dinoderus minutus, the second of the two a species
unknown to science, which he named D. pilifrons. Up tothe year 1903 it was
generally supposed that these two beetles worked in company and that they
were to be found distributed throughout India.t
Although the researches which are being instituted into the life-histories,
habits and distribution of the two species are by no means complete, it has been
shown in the note to which allusion has been made above, that the beetle (almost
* A note on the preservatiou of bamhoos from the attacks of the bamboo beetle or ‘ shot-
borer.”
Indian Museum Notes. I, 483; ITI, 123; IV,1285; V,166. Inj. Ins. Ind, Forp 42,
A NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOOS, 221
invariably if not invariably), responsible for the riddling of bamboo in Caleutta
(and possibly to the south throughout the Madras Presidency) is D, minutus,
whilst its confrére D. pilifrons would appear to confine itself to Upper India. +
A series of experiments and observations were conducted at the Indian
Museum throughout the greater part of the year 19(3 (as fully detailed in the
note in the Appendix Series) with a view to ascertaining whether it was possi-
ble by impregnating or soaking the bamboo with some preservative material to
protect it from the shot-borer’s attacks, It may be mentioned that incidentally,
in the course of these experiments, a large amount of information was obtained
on the life-history of D. minutus and of the reasons which lead to its being
such a pest within the area of its depredations,
The bamboos experimented with were some from a lot received at the
Government Telegraph Workshops in Calcutta from Northern India, ‘They
had been cut in the cold weather of 1902-03. As already explained in the
previous note, these bamboos were to be converted into field telegraph posts,
and in the hope of giving them some protection against the shot-borer pest, they
were subjected to a series of soakings in water, copper sulphate and Rangoon
oil, For over eight months untreated bamboos and those treated with cne or
more of the above solutions were kept under close observation, all the lengths
experimented with having been received direct from the Workshops, chosen at
haphazard by the Superintendent, As a result of the carefully recorded
observations throughout this period, it was proved that the untreated bamboos
_were invariably attacked by the shot-borer, D, minutus, within a couple of
months, 7.e., between March and May ; that soakings in water alone or water
followed by immersion in the copper sulphate solution were equally innoxious
to the beetles ; but that those bamboos which had proceeded the stage further
and had been soaked in the Rangoon oil were immune from suksequent attack
by the pest. It was shown that the insect passes through no less than five
generations in the year, different swarms of adult individuals appearing in
April, June, July, September and October, and that the attacks of one or more
of these generations with those of their resultant grubs would ordinarily have
reduced the bamboos, if untreated, to powder ; it was therefore held to have
been proved as a result of the experiments that the life of the bamboo had
been lengthened by at least a year as a direct result of the impregnation,
It has since been possible to trace the history of these treated bamboos, all
of which were converted into field telegraph posts, a stage further in their
career, and the evidence that has been obtained both by the use of the posts in
the field and, equally important, by their storage in an open shed without any
special protection being afforded to them in the Workshop yard, points
to the wonderful efficacy of the oil treatment, It is the purpose of this
supplementary note to give publicity to this fact, firstly, owing to numerous
enquiries as to the necessary treatment to be given to the bambocs having
been received from the Public Works Department, and, seccndly, kecause the
I Vide Depart. Not, Ins. wh. aff. For No, 2, 168,
222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
oil treatment for the preservation of bamboos may be said to have now passed
the rubicon of the “ Experimental Stage ’”’ and to have reached the arena of
practical utility,
To go back to the bamboos converted in 1903, Some of them were sent up
that year for service with the Tibet Mission, They were returned to store in
Calcutta about the beginning of the present year, and Mr, L. Truniger, C.LE.,
who was in charge of the Field Telegraph with the Mission, has stated that they
had fully answered expectations, Some of these returned posts were inspect-
ed by the writer in the yard at Calcutta towards the endof March last. Al-
though it was two and-a-half years since they were cut in the forests of Upper
India and close upon two years since they were treated with the oil, they
showed no trace of attacks by the Dinoderus beetle. It may be contended, and
justly, that throughout 1904 these posts had been at an altitude, greatiy above
that at which either of the shot-borer beetles could, or do, live, and that they
were thus safe from their attacks, This was so, but the same argument does
not hold good when we come to consider those converted bamboos which re-
mained throughout the year instore in Calcutta. An inspection of these has
shown that they have remained equally immune from the pest, Most are aware
how short is the life, economically, of the bamboo after it has been cut, and
many know the difficulties which stand in the path of the lance, the tent-peg-
ging and hog-spear purveyor. The results that have attended the treatment of
the 9,600 bamboos in 1903 are well worthy of the consideration of these latter,
for on present observations it has been shown that the impregnation with the
oil leaves the bamboo strong and serviceable two-and-a-half years after it has
been cut. Arrangements have been made to keep some of these posts under
continuous observation with the object of ascertaining the longevity to which
the treatment enables them to attain. That the Telegraph Department has the
fullest confidence in a discovery the full credit of which chiefly belongs to it, is
borne out by the fact that an additional 20,000 bamboos are at the time of
writing being put through the treatment and converted into field telegraph
posts. It may be stated that the recommendations of the previous note are
being followed, the bamboos being first soaked in water for five days (this is
very necessary for reasons previously given), allowed to dry for several days,
and then re-soaked in the Rangoon oil (crude petroleum), this latter, as used in
the Workshops, having the consistency of treacle,
That the use of the bamboo asa field telegraph and telephone post has a great
future before it has been proved by the Japanese in the present campaign,
The following note upon the subject appeared recently in the Pioneer™; “ Every
general of brigade in the field is ‘at the end of a wire’ which his divisional com-
mander controls and the generals of divisions are in touch by telegraph or tele-
phone with the corps commander. The engineers run wires after the columns
with marvellous rapidity, Firing is heard somewhere at the front, A detach-
ment of engineers emerges from head-quarters, pack ponies carrying bundles of
* Allahabad, Pioneer, October 24th, 1904.
A NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF BAMBOOS, 223
light bamboo poles, while coolies and carts follow them with coils of slender
copper wire. The poles, which have pointed ends, are quickly planted, the
wire spreads out as fast as men can uncoil it, and a field telephone is at work,”
As having a bearing upon the experiments and results attained in India,
Mr, Y. Hara, Chief of the Japanese Forest Bureau, was addressed with the object
of ascertaining whether the bamboo field posts used by his countrymen were
subjected to any treatment. His reply would seem to show that in this mat-
ter Japan is in the position occupied by India before the discovery of the oil
treatment, He wrote: “‘Inanswer to your enquiries with regard to a protec-
tion of our bamboos, I would state that although the method in preserving
bamboos in the field is not well known, there are three processes of treatment
generally adopted by our people—
(1) The season of cutting—September and October.
(2) The fumigation in sulphur,
(3) Application of both of these processes,”
224
(From “ The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” Seventh Series,
Vol. 15, No. 86; Feb. 1905.)
ON A NEW VOLE FROM KASHMIR.
BY
J, Lewis Bonwore, M.A,
The collection of voles sent home from Kashmir by Colonel AE. “Ward
contains three specimens of a most interesting new species allied to Microtus
nivalis, for which I propose the name ioe
- Microtus imztator, sp. 0.
Differs externally from J. nivalis only in its smaller size and slightly. nvesvuies
coloration, -
General colour above eenled greyish brown, each hair being dark at its
base, with a light subterminal portion and a black tip ; interspersed among
these are longer pure black hairs, The colouris deepest across the back and
paler on the flanks and cheeks, Underparts whitish, tinged with yellow ; hair
with dark bases. Feet greyish. Tail long and bicolor, brown above, white
below. Ears moderate, rounded, and clothed with short hairs similar in colour
to the upper parts,
The skull is slightly smaller and flatter than in true nivalis, but the brein-
case is rather more rounded atthe sides. The auditory bulle smaller, less
elongate, and well rounded, thus slightly compressing the basioccipital,
Teeth generally resembling those of MM. ntvalis, with two important excep-
tions. In the species under consideration the spaces are rather narrower and
smaller than in wivalis, the third molar of the upper jaw has four external
angles instead of three, and the posterior lobe of the same tooth has a slight
constriction on its inner edge, tending to form a fourth interior angle. In the
lower jaw the anterior narrow-shaped head of the first molar is not symme-
trical, but is elongated on its external side to form an oblong rounded space;
atendency towards this shape is found, so Dr. Forsyth Major tells me, in a
specimen of nivalis from Mount Hermon, but is never found among the
western forms, The anterior external space of the third lower molar is
similarly modified,
Dimensions—Head and body 105 mm. ; tail 45 ; hind foot 15 ; ear 12,
Stull.—Length of palate 12 mm.; length of nasals 8 ; length of molar series
6 ; width of brain-case above posterior roots of zygomata 13.
Habitat. —Tullian, Kashmir, Alt. 11,C00 feet.
Type.—B, M.5,1.5. 12. @ ad. Tullian, Kashmir. Collected by Colonel
A.H, Ward, 14th July, 1903.
In outward appearance, as well as in skull-characters, this vole is urdoubt-
edly allied to M. nivalis of Europe, which, however, has not hitherto been
found east of the Caucasus ; so that its discovery in Kashmir forms a consider-
able eastward extension of this group, Its smaller size, slightly browner colora-
tion, and dental characters enable it to be distinguished easily from the
typical nivalis,
225
REVIEW.
THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
MINING AND GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF INDIA,
Somehow the Bombay Natural History Society has always had very few
geologists among its members or, at any rate, among its literary contributors,
and very few references to Indian geology can be found in the pages of our
Journal except as concerns its indirect relation to extant organisms, This is
to be regretted, as a great deal of our space—some members, we fear, think a
disproportionate amount of our space—-is devoted to the accumulation of data
for the study of distribution, and the full value of the facts ascertained can
only be properly appreciated when they are studied in connection with th»
geology of the localities concerned,
For this reason we welcome the foundation of the Mining and Geological
Institute, as though at present principally a Bengal Association where we have
not many members, it will doubtless become more representative in time, and
by linking up science with commerce should have the effect of inducing many
people who have no particular scientific bent to take an interest in a fascinating
study which is badly in need of amateur assistance in this country,
Mr, Holland, the first President, is always worth hearing or reading, and we
call special attention to his address here because in ithe proposes for genera}
acceptance anew nomenclaiure of the principal epochs in Indian geological
history.
As regards the names themselves they all possess the merit of carrying with
them no reference to any particular theory, and therefore contain one of the
most essential elements of permanence, We think it rather a pity that the name
*“‘ Dravidian ” should be applied to purely extra-Peninsular series, This, how.
ever, iS 8 minor point,
With all that Mr, Holland says as to the impossibility of classifying Indian
rocks on the European system, of course we cordially agree, but as regards the
task of discovering the approximate equivalents in the two systems we would
have liked a little more emphasis laid on the fact that the existence of the
same fossils in different parts of the world is no sort of evidence by itself that
the rocks in which they occur are even approximately contemporaneous, any
more than the remains of a kangaroo in an Australian kutchra heap are
contemporaneous with early tertiary marsupial fossils in Europe, Indeed,
it is doubtful whether we can speak at all positively of the relative age of any
fresh water beds without a complete knowledge of the marine beds which
may lie between them and a rough idea of the distribution of land and water
throughout the globe at any particular epoch, and this, of course, we are a very
long way from possessing at present,
Also we cannot heip expressing our regret that Mr, Holland appears to hare
fallen into a habit rather common among geologists of speaking of theoretical
hypotheses as if they were proven facts.
29
226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
For instance, he speaks of that “ peculiar tropical weather product known
as laterite,” We do not know on what evidence this theory is given—the pre-
ference among the many which have been advanced to account for laterite—
indeed, it seems to us to be in the nature of things a theory for which there
can be no evidence, And, moreover, it should be borne in mind with regard to
the bauxite occurring in the laterite that all the other known deposits of
bauxite lie in the temperate regions, Many people with an equal show of
reason maintain that laterite is not a rock altered in sike at all, but a voleanic
deposit only differing in chemical composition from the basalt on which so
much of it lies,
But where we must join issue with Mr, Holland most strenuously is with
regard to his statement.
ee the old Gondwana Continent of which India, Australia and South
Africa are relics ...... de
This is one of the many references to allusions which have occurred in recent
years in the publications of the Geological Department to a vast Southern
continent sometimes, we believe, extended to include Patagonia also, and which
is little more than old “ Lemuria ” writ large.
In this as in several other references this continent is written of as though
its existence had been proved and was undisputed, and yet, so far as we know,
the only attempt at a detailed statement of the theory yet made is an article
called “ The Carboniferous Glacial Period ” by Professor Dr, Waagen, a trans-
lation of which was published in Vol. XXI of the Records of the Geological
Survey.
We cannot enter into a detailed discussion of it here, but to those who have
not read it we can confidently recommend it as containing some of the most
illogical and preposterous reasoning that has ever appeared in a scientific
Journal,
The Professor starts with the fact that bolder beds occur in South Africa,
India and Australia and that all these contain a number of fossils of common
species or at least common genera,
The number of these fossils is altogether less than a hundred, Yet from
this evidence he concludes that these deposits must have been contemporary
and that these at present isolated land areas must have been connected by
- land now submerged—apparently because if they were not connected by land it
is unlikely that the same fossils could have occurred contemporaneously in the
three areas. Yet he does not see that he is arguing in a circle, and he does not
see that the chance survival of an odd hundred forms as fossils out of a
' probable Mesozoic fauna and flora of several hundred thousand species cannot
' prove anything atall, The very utmost we can expect of them is a suggestion.
The Professor concludes absolutely inconsequently, “ The chief point is
always the proof of a glacial period which appeared on the Southern continent
during the coal-measure epoch, fox all the other conclusions are based on this
one fundamental fact, ”’
REVIEW. 227
It does not appear to us after reading the article that any of his conclusions
are based on this fact—or fancy—or, indeed, that the majority have any basis at
all. But since he has chosen to take his stand on this point, let us say at once
that nobody but a professional geologist now believes that there ever was a
secondary glacial epoch or a quaternary one either, and that no plain-think-
ing people ever will until it has been shown both that a glacial epoch
is astronomically, meteorologically and physically possible and that, if one did
occur, it could possibly do the things they are postulated to have done, bearing
in mind what the potentialities of a glacier are really known to be,
Hitherto all attempts to account for the occurrence of such periods have
absolutely failed, and no really honest attempt even has been made to prove that
glaciers could do what they are said to have done even if they had existed
and had been superior to the Laws of Gravity,
We have wasted a good deal more powder and shot on the Professor than
he deserves, because, so far as we know, his is the only detailed statement of
this Gondwana Continent theory yet made, although it has already become a
kind of fetish with some people,
But in the interests of plain-thinking, clear reasoning and true science, we
would appeal to Indian geologists to confine their attention to humbler matters
for the present and not to attempt to build up transcendental theories to
account for nothing and for which no evidence is forthcoming.
If Mr. Holland can make a better casefor his continent than Professor
Waagen, we should be very interested to read it ; but at the same time we would
very much rather that all theorising of this kind with no facts or next to
none behind it were left alone altogether.
It is just possible that two hundred years hence there may be sufficient
material collected to discuss the possibility of the former existence of a land
area in the Indian Ocean, south of Ceylon, At present there is no geological or
geographical evidence of such, and there are absolutely no phenomeng in the
animal or vegetable kingdoms at present known which require such a trans-
cendental explanation,
be. CyEReY,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No, J.—-PHARLS IN THE THANA CREEK (W. INDIA),
I see that Mr, Comber refers in his paper on “ The Economic Uses of Shells,”
printed in a recent number of the Society’s Journal (No. 3, Vol. XVI), to the
existence of pearls in the Thana Creek. When I was Assistant Collector in
charge of Salsette Taluka in 1903, the right to collect oyster shells at the mouth
of the creek near the village of Trombhe or Trombay was still a subject of
considerable competition, So far as I recollect, the price realized was three or
four times the amounts quoted by Mr, Comber, Presumably then either the
pearl oysters are now more plentiful in the creek or the value of the small
pearls has increased, The heaps of oyster shells lying about in all the villages
in the strip of country running down the Thana Creek between it and the range
of hills to the east are quite a noticeable feature,
E. L, SAUH, 1.C:S,
LARKANA, SIND, 1st October 1905.
No, II.—NESTING OF THE MALAYAN BANDED CRAKE
(RALLINA FASCIATA).
On the 29th June I found a nest of the Malayan Banded Crake with 5 eggs, a
note on which may be of interest, as the eggs were unspotted, and in this respect
unlike the remainder of the family except R. superciliaris, The eggs were
white, rather glossy, nest-stained, although only very slightly incubated, and
measure on the average 1°18” x “94”. The nest was a pad of dead bamboo
leaves with a few dry twigs placed on the ground under the thin cover of a small
bush, I had many attempts to secure the old bird—one including three drives, one
cast with a fishing net in the day time, twice shot at (once on the nest) and the
setting of noozes ; in spite of all these failures, I was lucky enough to get the old
male caught on the nest at night with a cast net ; probably the bird I missed on
the nest was the female. The power of the old bird in concealing itself was
extraordinary ; it seldom, as far as I know, ever ran more than 10 yards from
the nest when disturbed ; the undergrowth was not thick, and although once or
twice I had 6 or 8 men hunting for it, we could never find it ; it ranaway very
fast and seemed to disappear into the earth ; probably squatting half hidden in
leaves, etc, ; it took wing only once, the first time I fired at it, and then it was
some way from the nest and had not been actually drivenfromit, The locality
is roughly longitude 21°35’ north, latitude 94°-22’ east, and the nest was in
a small patch of bamboo tree jungle, rather dark, not very thick undergrowth,
in the bend of a stream which dries up in the hot weather, leaving perhaps a
pool or two, but was at this time a flowing stream, The nest was within 15! of
the edge of the water, and was probably only just above high flood level, The
surrounding country is hilly and the place isa small valley at the junction of
3 streams, where a few Burmans have squatted and cultivate a few acres of
paddy land when possible ; the particular patch of jungle was korcerirg the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 229
paddy fields, I send the skin to confirm my identification, but it has been un-
fortunately eaten by ants 10und the bill, the soft paris round the base of which
were bright red as described by Blanford,
P. F. WICKHAM (?. w. D,)
PakokKu Disrrict, UPPER BURMA,
13th August 1905,
[The above most interesting note has been sent io me by Mr. Wickham to-
gether with the skin of the male bird, which is undoubtedly that of a specimen
of R. fasciata, and the nest is probably the first authentic one of this species,
Herr von Nehrkorn has eggs which he states are of this bird (Cat. der
Hiersammlung, p. 201), and which he describes as being like those of fialius
aquaticus, These were taken in Java, I also have two eggs from Borneo, said
to be of this species, and which are just like very large eggs of Porzana fusca.
Ihave no doubt that both Nehrkornand my own eggs are not those of
R. fasciata. Mr, Wickham’s discovery shews that two species of Rallina, at least
this and superciliaris, lay white eggs.
E, L, STUART BAKER, F. Z,S., ete.
DIBRUGARH, 22nd August 1905.)
No, IIL—FOOD OF THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRACKER
(NUCIFRAGA HEMISPILA),.
I am sending one of fourteen nuts, all similar, taken out of the crop of a
Himalayan Nutcracker, which I shot about a month ago in Kashmir, I do not
think this bird’s crop would have held a single nut more! All the nuts were
whole like this one. The question is—was the bird going to digest them,
shells and all, or was it going to disgorge them, break the shells at leisure, eat
the kernels and discard the former ?
I can hardly think the first, but then if it were able to break the shells of
the nuts, why stuff up its crop in such an uncomfortable manner when nuts are
so abundant, and it could have eaten them on the spot ?
The native name of the tree to which the nut belongs is “ poh,” a jana of
bastard hazel, and I am sorry I do not know the scientific name. The nut
grows in clusters on the tree which is very common on the lower slopes of the
hills, It may be worth recording that I afterwards shot some nutcrackers with
their crops full of walnuts, In the latter case not only was there no shell, but
the nut had been carefully cleaned of all “ skin,” which, as every one knows, is
very bitter. The nuts were off wild trees growing in the jungle, the shells of
which are very hard, and how the birds cracked them I cannot say. I watched
them very carefully, but never saw a bird on the ground where it might have
picked up bits of nut discarded by rats, flying-squirrels, mice, &c.
F L, L. FENTON, Lr.-Cot.
Wapuwan Camp, Katurawar,
23rd Nov. 1905.
230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
No. IV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BUTTERFLY TALICADA
NYSEUS, GUERIN, AT KHANDALA—WESTERN GHATS.
As Mr, Aitken, ina previous number of this Journal (Vol. I, p. 218), has
remarked on the absence of this insect from Khandala and Matheran, it may
interest members to know that I took several in Khandala at the end of
October. I am not aware whether the species has been recorded from
Khandala since Mr, Aitken wrote his note, but from what I saw of the species,
I can well understand its having escaped notice. The insects are apparently
never seen abroad during the day; andI only came across them quite acci-
dentally towards dusk, one evening when out for a walk, when I| saw a small
swarm of them fluttering round and settling on a patch of a scented weed
which grows commonly near the bazaar. Being without my net, I could not
capture any at the time ; so next day I made a point of visiting the spot again,
There were none about either in the morning or during the day; but at
sunset there were a few there again, I saw none anywhere except at this
one particular corner, but I daresay further search at about the same time of
day would bring to light other resorts of this very curiously distributed insect,
G. W. V. pE RHE-PHILIPE.
October 31st, 1905.
[There is no doubt that Everes (or Talicada) nyseus is to be found generally
in the Konkan, and Mr, Comber recorded it from both Khandala and Matheran
in his List of Konkan Butterflies in Vol. XV of our Journal.
It is well under the circumstances, as Mr. Aitken has been quoted by others,
that the supposed limitation to its distribution should be proved to be unreal.
Mr, P. M. D. Sanderson has shown me specimens captured at Matheran also.
L. C, H. Youne,
Hon, Sec., Entom, Seecn.,
Bombay Natural History Society. ]
No. V—MEASUREMENTS OF BUFFALO (BOS BUBALUS) HORNS,
While at home in Scotland I saw in a house I was staying in (Taymouth
Castle, Perthshire) an Indian buffalo (Bos bubalus) head. It appeared to me to
be a very large bull, and, so far as I could ascertain from my host, it had been
shot in India 80 or 100 years ago by one of his ancestors.
Length of right horn ... wee ade oe he mee!
bei aids dk dette gens wie Re tine ee Sy
Outside sweep of horns across 9 Senulhand! eee 508 sina BRIS
Circumference of base.. a0 208 BoC aon ata Ou
Between tips... ain : 55 573"
Breadth between horns 1 ft. Fork ap mee measurement
( ? widest inside) ... au aut aoe ase OO
According to Rowland Ward’s ‘“ Horn nS ees ” the above is nota
record head, but it apparently comes third, both the others being in the British
Museum.
A. F. MACKENZIE, Masor,
Poona, 26th October 1905. 93rd Highlanders.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 231
[The above measurements are very good, but Burke in his “ Indian Field
Shikar Book” (published in 1904, but now withdrawn from publication) men-
tions eleven with longer korns, ‘The best head which we have in our Museum
measures: length of right-horn 543”, length of left-horn £4”, outside sweep of
horns across forehead 125”, circumference of base 19”, between tips 46”, widest
inside 56”. This head was presented to us by Mr. T. J. Campbell, LF.S., of
Assam,
W. 8. MILLARD,
Hon. Sec.
Bombay Natural History Society. |
No. VI.—THE PROTECTION OF WILD BIRDS IN THE
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY,
List of the Municipalities in the Bombay Presidency to which rules under
the Wild Birds Protection Act, XX of 1887, have been applied :—
BOMBAY CITY.
BomBay MUNICIPALITY.
Northern Division,
Ahmedabad District—Ahmedabad, Viramgam, Dholka, Mandal, Dhandhuka,
Dholera, Rampur, Sanand, Gogha.
Kaira District.—Kaira, Umreth, Mahuda, Dakor.
Broach District,—Broach, Anklesvar, Amod, Jambusar, Hansot,
Surat District—Mandvi, Bulsar.
Thana District—Thana, Bassein, Bandra, Bhiwndi, Kelva-Mahim, Kurla.
Central Division.
Ahmednagar District—Ahmednagar, Bhingar,
Poona District.—Poona City, Poona Suburban.
Satara District. —Malcolmpeth.
Southern Division.
Belgaum District,—Gokak, Saundatti-Yellama.
Dharwar District.—Dharwar, Hubli, Ranebennur, Byadgi, Gadag-Bettigeri,
Ratnagiri District —Dapoli.
SIND.
Karachi District—Karachi, Tatta, Keti-Bandar, Kotri, Manjhand.
Hyderabad District—Hyderabad, Matiari, Tando-Allahyar, Tando-Adam,
Nasarpur, Hala, T'ando Muhammadkhan.
Sukkur District -—Sukkur, Shikarpur, Ghotki, Garhi-Yasin, Rohri.
Larkhana District,—Larkhana, Kambar, Ratodero, Sehwan, Bubuk.
Thar and Parkar District.—Umarkot.
Upper Sind Frontier District —J acobabad.
No, VIL—THE NEST OF THE BROWN-BACKED INDIAN ROBIN
(THAMNOBIA CAMBAIENSIS),
With reference to the note in the Society’s last Journal (No. 3, Vol. XVI.,
page 513), by Major Arundel Begbie on the nest of the Brown-backed Indian
Robin (Thamnobia cambaiensis), the following may prove interesting :—
I found several nests of this species in Bareilly, N, W. P., during the months
of June and July 1902. On each occasion the nest contained portions of cast-
232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
off snake-skins worked into the lining, which invariably consisted of horse bair.
I do not remember noticing any defined pattern such as the cross mentioned
by him,
On referring to my rough notes on Indian Birds’ Eggs, which I obtained
during the two years I was stationed at Bareilly, I find the following :—
“ June 4th, 1902. Nest of Brown-backed Jndian Robin ( 7, cambaiensis) con-
taining 3 addled eggs, The nest, usual type, lined with horse hair, with five
pieces of cast snake-skin interwoven, was placed between the stems of the
leaves of a low palm-tree about 2 feet from the ground, ”
“ June 25th, 1902. Nest of 7. cambaiensis, containing 3 eggs, slightly incu-
bated. The nest, usual type, lined with horse hair, contained two small pieces
of cast snake-skin interwoven, and was placed ina hole ina tree 4 feet from
the ground. On this occasion the bird sat so closely that it allowed me to
remove it from its nest.”
The habit of working cast snake-skins into the lining of nests is menticned in
the 2nd Volume of Hume’s “ Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,” 2nd Edition,
with regard to this species, and also 7. fulicata.
STANLEY PERSHOUSE, 2nd Border Regt.
MIDDELBURG, TRANSVAAL, Attchd, 5th Mounted Infantry.
S. Arrica, 1st October 1905,
No, VIIT—LATE BREEDING OF TRE BLACK PARTRIDGE
(FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS).
It may be of interest to some of your readers to hear that we found
this morning, near Naini Tal, at an elevation of five thousand feet, a black
Partridge sitting on four eggs that appeared to be pretty hard-set, The nest
was placed in some low grass adjoining cultivation, and was rather a substan-
tial looking pad of dry grass. I have occasionally seen chicks lately hatched
in September, and imagine they have two broods, but this date (October 21)
seems most unusually late for eggs.
Naini Tau, 21st October 1905. 8. L. WHYMPER.
No, iX.—-REPORT ON THE DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN
RANGOON DURING AUGUST 1905.
The destruction of rats was continued with vigour during the month, and it
is to be hoped that the Municipality will not allow this most important work to
stop. The figures are—
Pazundaung... $58 ee Seo Me
Theinbyu ae Ae ae w- 1452
Hastern Division Bae Boe Bae eel Tl
Central Division 500 ae or 4,175
Municipal Office ao be sop | tets!
Western Division wee ae eee PA(SeAC!
Kemmendine ... 500 aa na Oe:
Dallay as: coe ood Dae Fares 9) 40)
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 233
Tne totals to date are—
February ae ee on w. 4,337
March ... ate ane ini roe 42,662
ABT. & sna wee sen wa -- 39,469
(Misys. ae oe oo -- 18,524
June ... aa sa ails --6 12,523
aly x, = sie hia sar resale ee
August tea as pa ia ho, 128
-
Total ... 142,985
———
The increase during the present month is due to the young families which are
now being caught,
In five divisions the catches since the 18th have been classified,and show
1,952 young rais against 1,554 rats over six weeks inage, In one division,
where the catches of other rodents were distinguished, it was found that there
were 57 young bandicoots to 81 old and 173 young mice to 126 old.
In another there were, of both classes combined, 113 young to 150 old,
Also during house cleaning many nests of rats have been discovered ; one rat
was found in the Laboratory to be pregnant, From the other rats brought in,
too, it may be inferred that one season of producing the young is during July
and August, This is so much evidence to decide the much-contested question
of the breeding time of rats.
If the Municipality will continue the classifying process, it will be discovered
if there is another breeding time in February and March.
Of the rats examined in the Laboratory, plague bacillus was found in 43 out
of 211, as follows :—
Pazundaung and Theinbyu ... 52— 6 infected.
Eastern ... oes oe ve 33— 4 ry
Central ... 8 aA sed 32— 6 f
Western isa ee ae va— 5 a
Kemmendine .., sa a 30—12 -
Kanaungto ee we nee 16— 3,
Wallape ese we re aoe 1b—0T
ribs, Gar
This shows a much smaller proportion of rats infected than last month. I
think testing a rat a day from each siation is quite enough for our purposes,
In Dalla, where the percentage is highest, plague is still persistent, but in
KXemmendine, where the proportion is high, plague is abating somewhat,
(Sd.) HARRY L. TILLY,
Officer in Charge of Plague Operations,
Rangoon, 4th September 1905,
30
234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
No. X.—NOTE ON TWO BLACK LEOPARDS IN THE KOLHAPUR
COLLECTION.
The leopards are male and female and are no longer young.
Their measurements are, as near as I can judge by measuring the bars of the
cage against which they leant,
Male, length 6 feet, height at shoulder 2ft. 2 inches.
Memalene .. 980. vis - A 3 1 8
Their colour is an uniform black, but in the sunlight a faint trace of spots is
visible on the sides, and lower down on the belly the hair appears of a deep
brown and the spots are more apparent ; they are not, however, five-finger-
tipped or circular broken rosettes but entirely black blotches without an-
bb bB)
nulation, The tongues are of that brilliant pink that one associates with the
mouth of a nigger minstrel, the palate of the male is also quite pink, but on
that of the female there are two small black spots, one 1gin x 1 in. and the
other } in, x #in. Under the tongue both are blackish, the female more so
than the male; the gums above and below the front teeth ard in which they
are set, are black. The eyes are the same as those of the ordinary leopard.
This pair has been 33 years in captivity in Kolhapur and have bred together
thrice, two cubs resulting on each of the first two occasions and one on the
third. Allthese 5 cubs were entirely black like the parents. The female is
now again in cub to the male.
The male was 24 years ago put to a female of the ordinary red spotted species
(Felis pardus typica), one cub was the issue, and he is now a full grown well
developed male nigh on 7 feet long ; he is neither ordinary coloured nor black
but a mixture, the markings on him being much larger and of a more vivid
black than that of its mother; there are no five-finger spots though there are
rosettes but the greater number of the spots are very large and solid black. Itis
an extremely handsome animal and noticeable, Its tongue, palate, &c., are pink.
I am inclined, for the above reasons, to think that these black leopards are
a distinct species ; the man who sold them to H. H. the Maharaja said they
came from Northern China, where all were of this kind. Those shot in Kanara
appear to be “sports,” for Iam told that in the case of one shot at Supa by
Captain Brewis it was noticed to have a black tongue. This male was
evidently the father of the black cubshct a few days later by Mr. Marjoribanks
at the same place and was found to be at the fuot of an ordinary coloured
female leopard. There is no trace of the female’s colour in ithe cross now at
Kolhapur. The Kanara black lecpards would, therefore, appear to ke true
cases of melanism, Mr, Rowland Ward observes that black leopards are
not entitled to be regarded as a distinct race, being only specially coloured
individuals, but asthe pairin Kolhapur have on every occasion bred yvrely
black cubs with no throw back to the original yellow, aud as, moreover, the
progeny of the black male with a yellow female bore special markings bearing
indications of its mixed parentage, it seems worthy of consideration whether
after all they are nota distinet race.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 235
Since writing the above I have seen the skin of the black leopard shot by
Mr, Monteath and set up by Mr, Rowland Ward, and Iam more than ever
inclined to think that the Kolhapur pair are a distinct species,
Mr, Monteath’s skin, even without a strong light on it, is of adark brown
colour and the spots on it appear to stand out in relief,
The Kolhapur pair, on the other hand, are of the same coal black (except on
the sides of the belly) as the ordinary domestic black cat.
W. B. FERRIS, Lievr.-Cor,
KoLuHapur, 23rd Novemler 1905,
No. XI.—THE STRAIGHT-HORNED ASSAM BUFFALO.
In response toa request from me, the Maharaja of Cooch-Behar has pre-
sented to the British (Natural History) Museum the skull and horns of a cow
of the straight-horned Assam buffalo (Bos bubalis macrcceros), The generosity
of the donor is specially notable, as this was the only fine specimen of the skull
of a cow of this rare and, I believe, now extinct buffalo in his Highness’s
collection, Mr, Ward has been commissioned to prepare a wooden model of
the specimen for the Maharaja, so that the animal may still be represented
amorg the Cooch-Bebar trophies, The specimen is the only one ofits kind
I have ever seen in this country, and when mounted will form an important
addition to the museum, which already possesses two examples of the bull of
the same race, namely, the huge pair of horns from the Sloane collection and
a complete skull and horns. The peculiar characteristics of the herns cf the
cow of the straight-horned race may best be realised by comparing the dimen-
sions of the new specimen with those of the skull and horns of a female of
the typical cireular-horned race, These dimensions are as foliow, those of the
new specimen being in the first column :—
Maximum span ..........6.48 WoansueeeRescarrendiives eS OLuakein toncee AEGp oie
Pip iotaptinter val fs atass-ceccssdcee.s cee AG) OH Seaeee 1ft, 113in-
Length of left horn on outer curve ............ 4ft, 10in. ...... 4ft, 73in.
RL.
(From “ The Field,” 5th August 1905.)
No, XIJ.—THE CEYLON CHITAL.
Although it is a well-known fact that the chital, or spotted deer of Ceylon,
carries much lighter antlers than the typical Indian Cervus axis found in the
Central Provinces, it does not appear that a detailed comparison has ever been
made between the two animals, Indeed, hitherto the Natural History Museum
has not contained a single example of the Ceylon representative of the species,
so that such a comparison has been impossible. Recently, however, I have
had the opportunity of seeing a fine series of heads and body skins of Ceylon
chital shot by Major F. W. Begbie, of the Royal Army Medical Corps, and
these specimens render it certain that this deer representsa well marked local
race. I should add that, at my request, Major Begbie has generously. presented
236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
one of the body skins to the museum, while Mr, Walter Reynolds, of Hawks-
Wick, near St, Albans (to whom they had been given by Major Begbie), has,
with equal generosity, presented one of the mounted heads,
Compared with the typical chital of India, the Ceylon specimens, all of
which are perfectly similar in general character, differ not only by the very
much more slender and lighter antlers, but likewise in several details of color-
ation. The ground colour of the whole skin is, for instance, a yellower and
purer fawn, while the white.spots on the body are smaller, and may be described
as flecks rather than spots. Onthe head the brown markings present a less
decided contrast with the fawn area, while the forehead is almost wholly brown
instead of showing chiefly a more or less well defined dark chevron between
the eyes, aS is usually the case in the large chital of the mainland. The
chevron, it is true, is present in the Ceylon animal, but its distinctness is largely
obscured by the dark patch in the middle of the forehead. Ceylon chital, I
am told, rarely have antlers exceeding 27in, in length.
Hodgson recognised two forms of chital in India, Avis major and Axis minor
or medius (for he uses both these names), the latter distinguished by its inferior
size and being a native of the southern provinces of the peninsula. The
smaller form, which has never been properly defined, has been assumed to be
common to Ceylon ; but there is no evidence that such is really the case, and
consequently (especially in view of the fact that the smalier mainland form is
still undefined) I regard the Ceylon animal as a distinct race, to which the
name Cervus (Rusa) axis zeylanicus might be applied, taking the mounted head
and the skin in the Museum as the types,
Of the small amount of interest attaching to such local variations I am fully
aware, but as it is the fashion to recognise and name them, I cannot but follow
the lead. In Ceylon, I am told, sportsmen attribute the small size of the
antlers of the chital to the lack of lime in the soil, This, however, can scarcely
be regarded as a vera causa, since there are, I believe, many sandstone districts
in India where these deer grow good antlers. Rather must we attribute the
diminution in the size of the antlers in the Ceylon chital io that general
dwarfing which is very common in island forms. If every possessor of a fine
series of heads and skins from a single locality were to follow the example of
Mr. Reynolds and Major Begbie, and present a specimen of each to the
Museum, not only would the national collection be largely increased, but we
should discover much more about the large animals of the British Empire than
is at present possible.
R. LYDEKKER.
(From “ The Field,”’ 3rd June 1905.)
No. XIIf.—SITES OF BIRDS’ NESTS.
It may be news to some of your readers, as it certainly was to me, that
Fhyacornis fuliginosus (The Plumbeous Redstart) sometimes builds in trees. Up
the Liddar Valley in Kashmir this summer on two occasions I saw them building
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 237
and afterwards secured the eggs ten or twelve feet up, the nest being placed like
a fly-catcher’s against the trunk of some fairly large tree near the water's edge,
At one camp there was a bird sitting on a nest placed on a ledge of rock as they
ordinarily are, and within twenty yards there was another pair building fully
fifteen feet up the trunk of a large tree.
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus (The White-capped Redstart) occasionally builds
in cavities in fallen trees, I saw two nests with young in such positions, They
are early breeders, the young were ready to leave, and in some cases had left the
nest by June 15th, I got some clutches later which were probably second broods,
as I saw one pair repairing an old nest on July 30, The nest is usually ina rocky
bank and is very thickly lined with hair and wool.
Cinclus kashmiriensis (The White-breasted Asiatic Dipper) appears to build
two fairly distinct types of nests: one kind is placed on the ground among short
grass by the water’s edge, an oven-shaped nest thatched with grass and with the
entrance very low down, looking like a tiny Kaffir hut ; the other kind is a round
ball (much rounder than any of Cinclus asiaticus’ nests that I have seen) as big
as a football and placed on a boulder in midstream without any attempt at con-
cealment although sometimes the boulder can be easily got at ; it is made of grass
and leaves and has the entrance in the middle. I saw several of both kinds, but
only got eggs from one nest.
Calliope pectoralis (The Himalayan Ruby-throat) occasionally builds a domed
nest; the first clutch of eggs I got was from such a nest after seeing many ordinary
undomed nests with young, It was ball of dry grass placed among short grass
and quite in the open, i.e., without any rocks or bushes about it, and although the
bird flew out at my feet I was so puzzled with the nest that I had to shoot the
bird to make quite certain, Afterwards I saw two nests with a sort of half-
dome, They use nothing but grass for their nests,
ii Fringillauda sordida (Stoliczka’s Mountain Finch) seems to build indifferently
in a crevice of rock, a hole in the ground like a rat-hole and fully two feet inside,
on a sheltered ledge of rock or under the shelter of a bank. The nest is of dry
grass lined with hair and wool, the full clutch appears to be four eggs,
S. L. WHYMPER,
Naini Tat, 4th November 1905.
No. XIV.—NOTE OF THE BURMESE BUTTON QUAIL.
Sitting in the P. W. D, bungalow here, on August 12, I was watching three
Button Quail, a male and two females, feeding under some trees within about
twelve yards of the bungalow, The male commenced “booming” (the only
word I can express it by) ; it stopped feeding, placed its head near the ground,
inflated itself, or appeared to do so to a certain extent, and “ boomed” eight or
nine times at intervals of about five or six minutes. The sound was very much
like that made by a bittern on a small scale, and very deep for sc small a bird |
I ccntinued watching them for nearly half an hour, and also heard others
during the afternoon, a short distance away, making a similar noise, I do not
238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11,
know whether they utter this sound when kept in captivity by the natives of
India, who keep them for fighting.—D. L, Keddie (Myawaddy, Lower Burma)
[There are several species of Button Quail distributed over India, Burma, and
Nicobars. We presume from our correspondent’s address that the bird to
which he refers is the Burm2se Button Quail (Turnixv blanfordi), found not only
in Burma but also in Assam and China, It is very like the large Button Quai
which is common throughout India, from the Himalayas to Travancore and
which is known to science as Turnix tanki, The Burmese bird, however, is some-
what larger.—ED. |
(From “ The Field” of 23rd September 1905.)
No, XV.—THE “ BOOMING” OF THE BUTTON QUAIL.
The note which appeared in your last issue on the “ booming ’’ note emitted
by Turnix blanfordi interested me greatly, for it is seldom one hears anything
about hemipodes in a wild state. I have kept several species of Turnix in
captivity, and succeeded in inducing two forms—the Indian T, tanki and the
Australian J. varia—to breed successfully ; I may, therefore, claim some
knowledge of these interesting quail-like birds, Your correspondent states
that he watched a male and two females feeding, and that the male commenced
to utter the “ booming ” note which is characteristic of this group, I may say
however, from careful observation, that itis invariably the female, the larger
and more brilliantly coloured bird, that ‘‘ booms,” She is the one that does
all the courting, while the male undertakes the entire duties of incubation and
the rearing of the young. It is evident, therefore, that the trio seen by your
correspondent consisted of one female and two males, I have published full
acconnts of the habits, under more or less natural conditions, of both Turnix
tanki and T. varia in the Avicultural Magazine (New Series, Vol. I., p. 317,
and Vol. ITI, p. 295). The way in which the female, after laying a clutch of
eggs upon which the male sits, goes off and recommences “ booming,” apparent=
ly with the object of calling another male, suggests that these birds, like the
tinamous, are polyandrous, and the fact of your correspondent seeing a female
with two males would seem to support this view.
D. SETH-SMITH.
(From “ The Field” of 30th September 1905.)
No, XVI_—PLUMAGE OF YOUNG MALE PINTAIL DUCK
(DAFILA ACUTA).
I notice very little mention is made in most of our books on the nestling
plumage of some of our Indian ducks, frcm which I gather notes on such
may be of interest. A duck shot at Fyzabad, United Provinces, on the 16th
November 1995 which I identify as a young male Pintail (Dajila acuta), presents
the following characters,
The bird is evidently this year’s nestling, and exhibits a good deal of down,
especially on the abdomen,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 239
The head and neck feathers are blackish-brown, finely margined rufous,
creating a fine mottling of these two colours, The lores present some chesinut
mottling. Hind neck, back, and upper tail coverts blackish-brown finely barred
and margined white, Many feathers have two or three distinct bars, but a few
on the sides are fine and densely vermiculated as in the adult male, Lower neck,
sides of neck, abdomen, and under tail coverts are white, mottled rufous yellow,
and some feathers at the side are finely vermiculated blackish-brown as in adult
males, Upper wing coverts uniform darkish grey, the greater secondary coverts
tipped cinnamon, Primary quills with outer webs blackish, inner drab with
blackish tip; shafts white; secondary quills, except innermost two, with outer webs
washed bronze-green, and broadly tipped white. The three outermost witha
cinnamon bar above the white, and fulvous white fine mottling on outer webs,
Inner webs blackish grey, mottled white towards tips. ‘The two innermost
quills are much longer than the rest. The outer web of the outer is black on
the outer side, and silvery grey on the inner side, The outer web of the inner
silvery grey. The inner webs of both blackish brown, Underwings coverts
greyish with very fine white profuse mottling, Axillaries waite moderately
mottled blackish-brown, No long tail feathers. The rectrices, which are just
appearing, are black edged white,
Bill bluish-grey at sides of base, otherwise blackish-brown, Legs ard fect
plumbeous-grey with blackish webs and nails. Hind toe narrowly lobed,
Length 21” ; wing 102”; tail13”: Stuart Baker (Bom, Nat, Hist. Jourl, Vol.
XII, p. £89) says the young male “ has the wing like that of the adult,” but is
otherwise coloured like the female, which observation appears to be sulstan-
tially correct,
F, WALL, Caprain, I.MS., C.M.Z.S,
FYZABAD, 17th November 1905.
No, XVII.—ALBINISM IN THE KAKAR OR MUNTJAC
(CERVULUS MUNTJAC).
The Prime Minister of Nepal has sent me a pure white fawn of the Barking
Deer said to have been caught on the 5th instant on the Sheogouri, a hill in the
Nepal Valley, where the other white deer about which I wrote in April or
May last (vide page 742, No, 4, Vol, XVI of the Journal) was found, This
latter deer—siill in the Nepal State menagerie—is now turning colour and
becoming pie-bald,
The new fawn is being brought up by hand and is doing well,
J. MANNERS SMITH, Magor.
THE Resipency, NEPAL,
14th November 1905,
No, XVIII.—FOOD OF PREDACEOUS FLIES.
With regard to Captain K, E, Nangle’s note about the food of predaceous
flies on page 747 of the last Journal (No. 4, Vol. XVI), I have twice seen this
240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
occur, both times in the same locality and at about 8 p.m, It was, however,
after the heavy showers of the hot weather, The flies were slightly smaller
than the common blue bottle fly and had dull red heads,
H. R.G, HASTED.
NARSIPATAM, VIZAGAPATAM,
4th December 1905.
No. XIX.—_MANGROVES AND PAROQUETS.,
In the common mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) of the sheltered shores
and tidal creeks in the Andamans, one may sometimes notice a patch of an
acre or so in extent, in which all the mangroves are apparently dead at the top,
or in other words “stag-headed.’’ Such patches are usually more or less
isolated from the main shore by shallow water. Various reasons, all more
or less unsatisfactory, have been adduced to attempt to explain what appeared
to denote an unhealthy condition, and it has been quoted in support of the
theory that the Andaman Islands are slowly undergoing subsidence. The
true explanation is, however, far simpler. .
Coming home late one evening I noticed that thousands of paroquets were
settling down for the night in one of the above patches and it struck me
as rather a peculiar coincidence that they should have selected this peculiar
patch of mangrove in preference to others apparently equally suitable for
roosting purposes.
I visited the place again a few days later just after sun-down and found,
as before, myriads of paroquets coming in from ail points of the compass to
what was evidently their regular roosting place. I slid my canoe quietly
in among the mangroves and having climbed up one of them to near the top,
where I was fairly well screened by leaves, awaited developments, The birds
had been alarmed at my approach and had risen into the air ina vast cloud
with a roar of wings resembling the breaking of a huge wave on the shore.
They soon returned however, and in less than a minute were dropping into
the trees all round me, and some in the tree in which I stood concealed,
within a couple of feet of my face. I remained motionless and they did not
seem to notice my presence. I had suspected that possibly the birds were
responsible for this leafless and apparently stag-headed condition and it was
therefore with considerable satisfaction that I noticed some of the paroquets
busy stripping off the leaves with their beaks, On a close examination, more-
over, it was evident that the upper branches were not dead but merely leafless,
The paroquets roosting in this patch were Paleornis magnirostris and P, fas-
ciatus, the former more predominating.
B. B. OSMASTON, L.F.S.
Port Brarr,
ANDAMAN IsLAnps, 12th Deecmber 1905,
Journal Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. VOL, XVII,
yy \ UOESe ~~ A) | ZI, By ib 76 iE
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SN
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RHODOPRASINA FLORALIS.
C- £. F. MANSON DEL A. larva. Cc 6 imago (upperside). A. P. CORTEZ & CO. LITH:
B. pupa (lateral surface). D Q _imago (upperside)
MISCELLANEOOS NOTES. 241
No, XX,-THE EARLY STAVES OF THE MOTH RHODOPRASINA
FLORALIS,
( With a Flate.)
Ambulyx floralis, Butler, Trans, Zool, Soc,, Lond., IX, p, 639, (1877).
‘Cypa floralis, Hampson, l.c., p, 72,n, 96, (1892), Dudgeon, Journ., Bombay
N. H. Soe., XI, p. 407, n, 96, (1898),
Rhodoprasina floralis, Rothschild, 1. ¢., p, 293, (1903),
Habitat.-—- Sikhim,
Elevation (vertical range,)—7,000 to 10,000 feet,
Time of appearance,—April and May.
Occurrence,—Very rare,
Larva green, covered with whitish coloured granules, a darker green stripe
on the dorsal surface together with a series of short orange coloured spines
from the head to the horn, on segments 1-4 is a sub-dorsal yellowish streak,
a small white spot on 4th segment edged with black and with a disc of yellow
near it, oblique lateral violet stripes edged with pale greenish-yellow below on
segments 4 to 11; anal flap covered with orange coloured spines, a white
streak on each side of head which is green, triangular and produced upwards,
thorn long, nearly straight, rough, green with the tip black, legs and claspers
pale yellow.
Length.—80 mm,
Time of appearance,—July and August,
Food Plants,-- Acer campbellii (Maple).
Pupa cylindrical, deep reddish-brown with a purplish suffusion, the antenna,
tongue, legs and wings being tightly compressed into the anterior part of the
case, The surface is slightly granulated. Cremaster stout, with a lump on
the dorsal surface.
Lenyth— ¢ 54mm, 9 60 mm,
Time of pupation.—August to April.
Situation,—Subterranean at roots of Maple.
C, E. F, MANSON.
RANGOON.
No, XXI.—OCCURRENCE OF THE MOTH DUDGEONA LFUCOS-
: TICTA IN CEYLON,
I am unaware if you keep a record of specimens from new localities, In
case you do, I am writing to let you know I caught a specimen of Dudgeona
leucosticla (656A) figured in Vol, XIII, No, 2, page 227,
My capture was in April this year at this place, about 4,000 feet,
W. VAUGHAN, F.ES.
COCOGALLA, MADULSIMA,
CEYLON, 12th December 1905.
31
242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIT.
No, XXTI—NOTE ON THE MALAY TAPIR (TAPIRUS INDICUS),
IN CAPTIVITY.
(With an Illustration. )
Local native name, “ Pan dukkar” (Anglicé, Leaf-eating Hog).
The Tapir is perissodactyle and has relationship with the rhinoceros, The
only parts of the world in which it is to be found are South and Central
America andthe Malay Peninsula. The Malay is differentiated from the
American species by its colour, size and habits,
There are two Malay tapirs (male and female), in the Kolhapur collection,
where they have been for the last 23 years thriving successfully. The female
is larger than the male, as the following measurements will show,
Male, height 3 ft. 1 in, at withers, 3 ft. 3 in. at back, length 7 ft, 5 in,
Bemales ys didigy cd iss, p; BaD Yerkes rf its Dak
Unlike the American species, which is of a monochrome of dark brown or
black, the Malay tapir is particoloured. The head and up to the withers,
front legs to back of shoulders and under chest, hind legs and as far as and
including ramp and arms, black; the saddle from back of withers to end of
spine and round and under the belly, grey. A sharp lime defines the parti-
colouring and there is a thin grey line round the top of the ovate erect ears.
‘The eye is small and of a greyish green colour, the tail a mere rudimentary
stump about one inch long,
The feet have typically perissodacty! arrangement of toes, the fore have five
case of which one is rudimentary, and the third is considerably longer than the
others, the hind have but three tues of which the middle is the longest.
Both jaws of both sexes are furnished with a full set of incisors, tusks and
molars. The canine teeth, which are very marked, are separated by a con-
siderable interval from the molar series which are allin contact, with quadraie
crowns.
The nose and upper lip are elongated into a flexible mobile snout with
nostrils situated at the end. The skin is thick and scantily covered with hair,
The period of gestation for the female is 9 months, at the end of which
period she seeks an isolated spot, makes a shallow excavation with her
feet, and brings forth her young, The Kolhapur pair have only bred once, and
on that occasion the female produced but one. The little one, at birth, weighs.
about 6 lbs., it is covered with longish hair of a dark red brown colour with
white oblong spots in longitudinal rows on the body, and round shaped and
promiscuously scattered on the legs and face,
The Malay tapir, unlike its American cousin which is stated to be nocturnal,.
shy and fond of shady places, sleeps through the night and wanders about
ali day, passing much of its time in the water in which it sports and dives and
seems happiest.
The female is always rather aggressive towards the male, but not towards
other animals or man, both are of a heavy bovine nature and allow themselves.
to be handled and driven about. They have the habit of very carefully and.
JOURN., Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc.
YOUNG, 2 DAYS OLD.
THE MALAY TAPIR (TAPIRUS INDICUS).
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,
iw)
=
Ww
slowly covering up their dung by kicking leaves and earth over it with the hind
feet ; if disturbed in this and driven away, they will return and finish the
operation. The only vocal sound they make is a very shrill squeak which would
sound appropriate in a small sucking pig but in nothing larger,
When in the act of copulation, which takes place in the daytime in the water,
the female gives off a series of these squeaks, while the male blows through the
snout, making staccato puffs like the noise of the escape of an oil engine.
The tapir is herbiverous, but in captivity is remarkably fond of boiled rice,
The ages of those in the Kolhapur collection are not known, but they show no
signs of decay.
Photographs of the male tapir, and of the young at the age of two days
accompany this,
W. B. FERRIS, Cotonet.
KoLHarur, 27th December 1905.
No, XXIII--NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN BIRDS
IN THE PLAINS OF N.-W. INDIA.
The following notes made this autumn on certain birds which, according to.
Oates and Blanford in the “ Fauna of India, Birds,’ are rare or unknown in
these parts, may be of interest :—
1. Round Rawal Pindi—In the park I came across a Crested Serpent-
Eagle (1217, Spilornis cheela) in full plumage, It was perched in a tree oyver-
hanging a small reedy pond.
The Dusky Horned Owl (1169. Bu5o coromandus) too, occurs there, and
several pairs of them apparently. One can hear its curious call most evenings.
I saw a Caspian Tern (1498, /Hydroprogne caspia) m immature plumage by
the Sohan river.
2. Salt Range.—During a few days’ leave (December 11th to 15th) in and
about the Salt Range I came across the Black-crowned Finch-Lark (880,
Pyrrhulauda melanauchen) fovr miles north of Lilla (Pind Dadan Khan Tahsil,
Jhelum District), Oates says of this bird, “has been obtained at Muttra, just
within the limits of the Punjab.” There were a good many about feeding in
the fields, &e.
Next day on the top of the plateau north of Sardi, I noticed a flock of
strange finches and shot one ; it turned out to be an Eastern Linnet (769, Acan-
this fringillirostris), The Black-throated Accentor (716, Tharrhaleus atrigularis)
is a common bird up there just like the hedge sparrow in habits, except
that it appears to be gregarious, On the way back below Sardi, I shot a P
Red-mantled Rose-Finch (757. Propasser grandis), I again saw the Black-
crowned Finch Larks, and shot a male to make certain,
On the march from Kohat to Rawal Pindi mancevyres Lieut, Keen shot a
strange bird on a tank five miles east of Khushalgarh on the Indus ; he showed
it to me, and asked me to identify it, It was an Eared Grebe (1616, Podicipes
nigricollis), an unmistakable bird, Blanford says of this species: “ This
244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
Grebe had been met with in India until lately, only at Karachi, and thence
westward along the Mekran Coast.”
Ihave just heard from Mr, Finn that he obtained a specimen alive in the
Calcutta bazar, so P. nigricallis may occur in winter throughout Northern India.
©, H. WHITEHEAD.
Kouat, 30th December 1905.
No, XXIV.-OCCURRENCE OF ZGITHALISCUS CORONATCS,
SEVERTZ, IN SIND.
I found this pretty little tit in the dense, well-watered Tamarix-Acacia
jungles of Andaldal in the Sukkur District, close to the Ruk Junction on the
North-Western Railway, in the month of February 1904, I saw several lots of
them, They go about in small parties, uttering a low, short “tweet” after
the manner of tits while hunting for insects amongst the leaves of the tama-
risks, hanging and clinging to which they seemed as much at home as an ordi-
nary bird does on twigs and branches, I shot two of the birds. They were 4
inches in length, with a wing of 2 inches, and a tail of 1,6 inches. ‘They were
evidently in somewhat immature plumage, with brown-grey upper parts and a
broad black forehead, the black passing broadly through the eyes and meeting
narrowly on the nape. The black was sprinkled with white; the cheeks and
throat were white ; the back strongly isabelline on the upper portion, fading
into very light isabelline on the rump; upper tail coverts dark brown,
broadly edged with hoary ; primaries and rectrices black-brown, broadly edged
hoary, somewhat narrower on the outer web than on the inner; the edging on
the middle pair of rectrices and on the secondaries broadest ; lesser wing
coverts the same colour as upper back ; the greater wing coverts dark brown,
edged very broadly with dark isabelline ; under wing coverts, axillaries, breast
and under parts white, tinged strongly isabelline on the middle breast. Legs
and feet dark slate ; bill dark horny except edges which were nearly white, and
the base of the lower mandible which was light slate cloured. The forehead
in both specimens was pure white immediately behind the black band, and in
one specimen merged into the grey of the occiput which itself became sullied
with black on the nape (all the head feathers, except those of the chin, had
black bases) where there was no distinct black band, the hind neck being
brownish-grey ; in the other specimen the nape was nearly pure black, followed
by a broad white collar, just tinged with grey in the centre of the hind neck,
this collar being continued from the white cheeks and breast, In the first
specimen eyen the forehead and ear covers showed some white edging to the
feathers, Neither of the specimens could be sexed as they were both damaged.
‘The food consisted of small moth larve and small insects,
Both the specimens were sent home to the British Museum, where one was
kept, while the other is at present in the possession of Mr. J. Davidson of
Edinburgh, formerly a member of the Civil Service of the Bombay Presidency
and a well-known ornithologist.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 245
The bird is, I believe, well known in other parts from Eastern Europ:
to Japan,
T, BR. BELL,
Karacayi, 10th January 1906,
No, XXV.—A LARGE DHAMAN (ZAMENIS MUCOSUS),.
I have found here, at Amalchuni, Mandvi Taluka of Surat, the complete cast
skin of a dh4man or rat snake, Zamenis (Ptyas) mucosus, which probably takes
the record, Itisin two pieces, and in its wrinkled state without stretching
reaches to 9 feet 9 inches, é.¢., snout to anus 7-2, tail 2-7,
F,. GLEADOW, IFS.
Camp Banpra, 8th February 1906,
[In our copy of Boulenger’s Reptiles (Fauna of British India Series) I
find entered against Zamenis mucosus in Mr, J. Mason’s handwriting, “I killed
a Zamenis mucosus in the rice fields alongside Mahim Station, which measured
11 feet 9 inches.” Mr, Mason was for several years custodian of our Museum.
W. %. MILuarp,
Hony, Secretary, Bombay Nat, Hist, Socy.]
No, XXVI.- HOW TIGERS KILL THEIR PREY.
s1r,—I have noticed a good deal of correspondence about the method in
which tigers kill their prey. I have taken considerable trouble to find out how
they kill large game, Some time ago I was asked to come and see a full-grown
bullock that had been killed by a tiger. On examining it I found the animal
had its neck broken, and there were claw marks on the nose and shoulder,
but nowhere else, There was no doubt that the tiger had jumped at the bull
and landed on the shoulder, and when the bull turned his head to gore the tiger,
he must have put his claw out and with a sudden jerk broken the neck. On
another occasion I went to see a young buffalo which had been killed by a tiger,
and found the same thing had happened, There were similar marks on the
nose and also on the near shoulder, which clearly indicated that this animal had
been killed in the same way, Malays who have actually seen a tiger killing a
buffalo told me they saw the same thing happen, also that in dragging off a
heavy carcase, such as buffalo or bull, that he gets most of the weight across
his shoulder, This must be fairly correct, as I have often followed a kill, and
the marks left indicated that only a portion of the animal was trailing along
the ground, I have known a full grown bull which ten men could not move
dragged for two miles by a tiger in heavy jungle, where roots of trees and
swamp had to be gone through. In no case have I seen the pug marks facing
the wrong way except when stopping to feed, which proves he must carry a
portion of the animal over his shoulder, The old idea of a tiger killing large
game by a blow from his paw is nonsense ; besides, in this country a tiger never
faces his prey, but attacks him on the flank, unless charged. Another curious
fact that may seem very like a fairy tale is that a tiger does not seem to mind
2146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
a small lamp being tied over a kill about 10 ft. high, but will come and feed,
I have known three occasions when this has been tried, and each time a tiger
has come to feed upon the carease,
F, 0. B, DENNYS,
SUNGKAI, PERAK, Assistant Controller of Forests.
Sir,—I was much interested to readin your last issue the communication
from your correspondent, Mr, F. O. B, Dennys, as to the manner in which tiger
kill their prey, since what he says concerning the method adopted by a tiger to
kill a heavy horned animal is precisely the same as that I have myself recorded
from personal observation in the case of a lion, Besides the specific case re-
ferred to, of which I wrote a full description in the course of an article on the
lion, published in the Badminton volume on Big Gume Shooting, I have examined
a good many other oxen, as well as buffaloes, which had been killed by a single
large male lion, and I always found that they had been seized in the same way
by the muzzle with one fore paw, and high up on the shoulder by the other,
Their necks were then dislocated, either by a sudden violent wrench, or by their
own weight in falling forward with their heads pulled in under their chests.
When, however, an ox or a buffalo is killed by a family of lions, the unfor-
tunate animal is usually mauled and bitten all over, and in such a case its pit-
eous and long-continued bellowings prove conclusively that its sufferings are
very great, and that the idea, therefore, that carnivorous animals always kill
their prey painlessly is quite a mistaken one. It has always puzzled me to ac-
count for the fact that a party of four or five lions usually kill an ox or a_buf-
falo slowly and very inartistically when there is a big male amongst them, which,
it he had been by himself, would have despatched his victim ina few seconds
of time by a wonderful combination of strength and skill.
Possibly when a party of lions, consisting of an old male, two or three females,
and some well-grown cubs, are hunting tovether, the eagerness of the younger
animals prevents the old lion from carrying out his best method of attack, or
else, perhaps, he stands aside at first to give the less powerful members of his
family a little practice in killing.
In the course of his interesting communication, Mr. Dennys says, “The old
idea of a tiger killing large game by a blow from his paw is nonsense,” and this
remark again accords exactly with my experience with lions, which, I believe,
never attempt to kill a heavy animal with “a crushing blow of the paw,” as has
so often been asserted. They use their claws to hold, and in so doing, and es-
pecially when trying to hold heavy animals in motion, often inflict terrible
lacerations ; but, to the best of my belief, they never strike heavy blows with
their paws, and, except when they break an animal’s neck by a sudden wrench,
always kill by biting.
When a lion moves the carcase of an ox or a horse, he holds it by the back
of the neck, and, lifting the weight of the head, and to a certain extent, of
course, of the fore quarters as well, drags it alongside of him. He holds small
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 247
animals in the same way by the back of the neck, and, walking along with
head half turned, trails their hind quarters on the ground beside him,
As I have pointed out, there isa very great difference in the way in which
‘an animal is killed by a single full-grown lion and by a party of these animals ;
but after reading Mr. Dennys’s letter I feel convinced that a tiger kills its prey
in precisely the same way as a solitary lion.
F, C, SELOUS.
(Lhe above appeared in the “ Field” of 23rd and 30th December 1905,)
No, XXVII.—NOTE ON THE MAGPIE ROBIN (COPS YCHUS
SAULARIS).
It may interest some of the readers of the Journal to hear of the conduct of
a Copsychus saularis, or Indian Magpie Robin, It found its way one morning
‘into our drawing-room, and in the course of its wanderings alighted on the
writing table which has at the back a small mirror let into the frame-work,
‘When the bird—a male—saw its own reflection, the first impulse was evidently
anger, for he dashed his beak against the glass, and scolded in an unmistake-
able voice. Then he moved away, but presently returned, and now was all
sweetness : he posed before the glass, and courted his reflection with a little
ripple of soft song, At intervals he peeped round the back, and seeing noth-
ing, took a flight round the room, only to return and re-commence courting,
Almost every day for a week the bird has come: he flies direct to the
table, and walking up to the mirror pays court to himself with undulations of
the body and the same little ripple of song, I have known a peacock that
admired itself in the glass. Is this admiration or is it courtship ? If the
latter, does it point to the conclusion that the bird, which evidently at first
knew its reflection to be that of a male, now supposes it to be one of the
opposite sex ? The courtship, as I say, has been‘going on for a week.
EK. C, CHOLMONDELEY.
Inpore, C. I., 18th January 1906.
No. XXVIII._OCCURRENCE OF THE BITTERN IN SOUTH INDIA
(BOTAURUS STELLARIS).
I am sending youthe legs and wings of what I take to be the Bittern
(Botaurus stellaris), I should be much obliged by your kindly letting me
know whether I am right about this” The bird was shot near Cuddalore,
about 120 miles south of Madras ; but Oates says that the bird is not found
in South India, so perhaps I am wrong in my identification.
C, E, RHENIUS.
CUDDALORE, 20th February 1906,
[The wings and legs are, undoubtedly, those of Botaurus stellaris, and thus
establishes the occurrence of this bird in South India for the first time.
EK. Comber,
Hony, Secretary,
Ornithological Section, Na‘, Hist, Soe.)
248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
No, XXIX.—SIZE OF BILL OF COMMON TEAL (NETTIUM
CRECCA).
On going through a series of skins of the Common Teal (Nettium crecca)
from India, I was surprised at the remarkable difference in size of the bill of
the Indian bird to that of its English representative. The bills of the
English birds are longer and narrower than those from India, the latter having
the bill shorter‘and stouter in form, I must say, however, I have examined
more skins from India than those from England, but the difference appears to
be very constant in those I have examined. The Indian bird, moreover, appears
altogether slightly smaller than the English one. The bills of the birds on an
average measure (in millimeters) :—
Adult @ (Bengal)—length 37”, breadth at tip 14”,
Adult @ (Hngland)—length 42”, breadth at tip 13”,
Adult 9 (Bengal)—length 32°5”, breadth at tip 13°5”,
Adult @ (England)—length 41”, breadth at tip 12”,
Though I myself am not an advocate for the making of sub-species, yet I
believe that if these differences are constant, then the Indian bird would,
according to many ornithologists, be entitled to at least sub-specific rank. I
have examined far too few skins to be able to forma decided opinion, but
points like this, I think, are worth recording, and the information I have given
must stand for what tt is worth,
GORDON DALGLIESH.
BASHING, SURREY, lst February 1906.
No, XXX.—NESTING OF THE WHITE-BELLIED DRONGO
(DICRURUS C4tRULESCENS).
Oates in describing the habits of this bird says very little as to its nesting:
and states that the eggs have not yet been described. I have found nests at
Ramondrug in Bellary District, and Horsleyhada in Cuddapah District. The bird
builds in much the same situations as Dicrurus ater (the Black Drongo). choos-
ing as a rule the fork of a branch some 20 or 30 feet from the ground, The
nest is much more substantial than that of the other Drongos, and is well lined
with fine grass, The eggs which are three or four in number average 1” by 7”.
They are pale salmon coloured, heavily marked at the wider end with pale red
and pale purple spots and blotches, which in some cases tend to coalesce in a.
circle round the top.
~ W. HOWARD CAMPBELL,
Gooty, February 1906.
No, XXXI—THE STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER (PELARGOPSIS
GURIAL) AT CAWNPORE.
It may be of interest to record that I shot a Pelargopsis gurial (the Brown-.
headed Stork-billed Kingfisher) over an open borrow-pit by the side of a railway-
here on the 8th December last and that I saw another over the same borrow-
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 249°
pit on the 4th January, The abnormal failure of the rains ih these provinces
explains the visit of birds which, as far as I can learn, have never been obseryed
in this neighbourhood before.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Mason.
CAWNPORE, 6th January 1906.
No, XXXIT—THE GREEN THRUSH (COCHOA VIRIDIS)
BREEDING IN BURMA.
At the beginning of June 1905 (I have not the exact date with me) I found
a nest, and obtained the old bird of Cochoa viridis (the Green Thrush), The-
nest was a large cup of moss, and contained three fresh eggs. It was obtained
in evergreen jungle on Thandaung, in the Toungoo District, Lower Burma, at
an elevation of about 4,000 feet,
J.C, HOPWOOD.
Kinpat, Upper Burma,
March 1906,
No, XXXTII—THE FALCATED TEAL (EUNETTA FALGS TA)
IN UPPER BURMA,
I recently saw a male of unetia falcata, shot by Mr, C. Elliot, Military
Police, on the Upper Chindwin, The falcate tertiaries were very apparent,
but the crest was inconspicuous, As far as I remember, it was one of the two
ducks which flew over Mr, Elliot whilst we were shooting on a small marsh,
The other one was not bagged.
J. C. HOPWOOD.
Kinpar, Uprer Burma,
March 1906,
No, XXXIV.—ALBINISM IN THE MALAY SPOTTED DOVE
(TURTUK TIGRINUS) NEAR KINDAT, UPPER CHINDWIN.
I recently saw a specimen of a dove which I have no doubt was Twurtur
tigrinus, showing a very strong tendency towards albinism, When flying with
other ordinary coloured doves, it looked quite white ; but when examined
through a glass, it was of a sort of pale whitish dun, rather darker on the
wings. ‘ihe villagers said they had seen it several times and that it was a
wild bird,
J. C, HOPWOOD,
Kiypat, Upper Burma,
March 1906,
No. XXXV.—THE VARIATION IN THE COLOUR OF THE EGGS
OF THE DARK GREY BUSH CHAT (OREICOLA FERREA),
T lately received an interesting letter from Mr. 8S. L, Whymper, asking
whether I had not made a mistake in the identification of some eggs which I
had sent him as belonging to the above species, as they were totally unlike the
eggs he had taken himself in India, and were very like those of O, Jerdoni he
32
250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
hhad received in exchange, and asking whether the eggs might not belong to
those of the latter. In 1902 I took two nests of O.ferrea in the Shan States
and was given another clutch of the same, the birds being identified beyond
doubt, These nests were taken over 5,000 ft., and,as far as I am aware
O, Jerdoni is only found in the plains of Upper Burma and not in the hills, and
has totally different nesting habits. At the time I noticed that my eggs did
not agree with the description in either the “ Fauna of British India” or
“ Oates and Hume’s Nests and Eggs,” and drew attention to the fact in the
Journal of that year, in which I compared them to the eggs of the English
Redstart, The other day I had the opportunity of looking through the
Catalogue of Eggs inthe British Museum, in which I saw that the eggs of
O. ferrea were described as being of two varieties, those from China being a
pale blue, and likened to those (I think) of the English Hedge-sparrow, whilst
those from India were spotted and of the usual Chat type. Besides the above,
I have seen and taken other eggs of O. ferrea in Burma, and they are all of
the same type, being either a pale spotless blue (not green) or the same colour,
with a few minute rusty-coloured specks, I think that there isno doubt that
the Chinese, Indian and Burmese birds are identical ; therefore the variation in
the colour of their eggs can only be due to different local surroundings, and
thus give rise to an interesting problem in the colouration of eggs.
In June 1905, I found a nest of the above, containing four eggs—two on the
point of hatching and two quite fresh, Since writing the above, I have received
a clutch of O. ferrea from Mr. Whymper, which are absolutely different to my
egos, and one would say belonged to a different species.
H. 4H. HARINGTON,
CAPTAIN,
RANGOON,
Ath March 1906,
25)
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 23rp NOVEMBER 1905.
A mecting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s rooms on the 23rd November 1905, H, E, Lord Lamington
presiding, His Excellency was accompanied by H. H. the Maharajah of
Kashmir, A large number of members were present,
NEW MEMBERS,
The election of the followmy 14 new members, since the last meeting, was
duly announced :—Mr, J, B, Leslie-Rogers (Bombay) ; Mr. D. Marshall (Pama-
ru, Nellore District) ; Mr, E, B, Cooke (Manmad) ; Lieut, L. G. Baker (Saba-
thu) ; Lieut, Rupert Simson (Umballa) ; Mr. H. F. Bush (Bombay); Mr. A. D.
McDonough (Murree) ; Lieut. B.C, Burke (Sangli, . M.C.); The Mess Pre-
sident, 44th Merwara Infantry (Ajmer) ; Mr. H. Gronvold (London, §. W.) ;
Lieut, R. D. McGeorge, I, M. 38. (Bellary) ; ast W. B.J. Scroggie, I. M. S.
(Fort eoeatt, Samana, N.-W.F. P.); Lieut, D, Steel, I. M. S. (Manipur,
Assam) ; Mr. 5. 8, Story (Bombay) ; and Mr, R. - Burnett (Sholapur).
Mr. W.S. ae d, the Honorary Secretary, said it was to be regretted that
there were not more new members joining the Society at the present time, but
this was probably due to its being so close to the end of the year. He hoped,
however, that the appeal in the new Journal, which was just being issued, would
bring in a large number of recruits, and the Journal itself—which ,has twenty
illustrations, and has cost some Rs. 3,500 to produce—would surely convince
members, if such was necessary, that they were obtaining the value of the small
‘subscription in that alone.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,
The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contribu-
tions since the last meeting :—
Contribution. Description. | Contributor.
|
MGR ARGiiiViscsseccssnesescenss --| Zamenss fasciolatus .......|Col. F. J. Jenken, R.A,M.C.
1 Lizard, alive, j juv. eeencosces Eublepharis hardwickiit ..\Lieut. BR. Rutherford,
R.A.M.C
1 Lizard ...cccccscercseevere.ee| Hemidactylus tried) uss... Mr. W. 8, Millard.
> Palm Squirrels... Sceeacencocey SCiUTUS PALMATUM seseveeee.e ~apt. W. B. Walker, R.A.
A collection of Moths S9q508 036 St. Joseph’s College.
from Darjeeling.
1 Krait from Jesulmir ......] Bungarus sindanus woo w- {COl. D. ff, Mnilen, I.M.S.
1 Bean Goose ...... cecenacccis | ANSE 89). osccecccacecccnses cece Lieut, ‘I. G. Sheppard,
R.G.A.
1 Skin of a Python from} Python molurus csrecsseseerees| Major Goodenough,
Udaipur.
Ant-Eater or Indian Pan-| Manis pentadactyla .........|Mr. W. F, Jardine.
golin*, alive,
SNAKE; AMNVE secc-secessverases Ty phlops ACUtUS ...cccccceeeeee| UE. FO. Annesley.
Green Tree-Snakes, alive. Dryophis mycterizans ......|Rev. F. Dreckmann, 8.J.
Snake from Matheran ... Lycodon travancoricus. ...|Mr. A.J. Broad.
Hoary-bellied Himalayan] Sciwrws locrvides............. .|Major J. Manners-Smith.
Squirrels.
eB
bombo
= Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens,
252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Contribution. Description. Contributor.
1 Snake from Matheran ...| Lycudon travancoricus ...... Major L. Childe, I.M.8,
1 Dhamao....... Bewecunecscnertae ZAMERIS MUCOSUS...000000--.0.| Major FE. Lee,
1 Palm Civet, juy.,alive ...) Paradoxwrus niges seer... Mr. D. J. de Souza,
ZeSWAKES) lensersersece ppocbonses Distira ornata and Platu-|Capt. F. Wall, I.M.8.,
rus laticaudatus. C.M.Z.S.
A number of interesting aoceon00 Mrs. Jackson.
Butterflies from Assam.
1 Great Crested Grebe ......| Podiceps eristatus sesere.0--2.{0n' ble A. E. Hill-Trevor.
Some marine shells from sonopodbe Lieut..Col. C. T. Peters,
Zanzibar, I.M.S,
1 Gadwall, juv ......:c...002- Chaulelasmus streperusecces. jaliaion H. H. the Maha-
1 Great Indian Bustard...... Eupodotis edwardsié .........|{ vajah of Bikanir.
Some specimens of clays poSSoc0ss Mr. L. C. H. Young.
from the Mysore laterite
peli shat trom Nepal 6.2) B19 3))......s.rscasecesecevess soe Major J. Manners-Smith.
1 Black-capped Kinzfisher.| Haleyon pileata ie. .........06 .|Mr. W, F, Jardine,
Minor contributions from Mr, J. W. Hawes, Colonel W. B. Ferris, Captain
L. T. H. Hutchinson, I.M.S., and Mr. F. G. Hutchinson.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Spolha Zeylanica, Vol. IiT., Part X, presented by the Colombo Museum ;
Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. I, Nos, 3, 4, 5
6, and 7, 1905, in exchange ; The Indian Forester, for August, September and
October ; Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1903,im exchange ;
Bulletin de la Societe Royal de Botanique a Bruxelles, 1904-05 ; Bulletin de la.
Societe Royal de Botaniqve de Belgique, 1904-05; Annals of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, Vol. X, Part IL.
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were read :—Pearls in the Thana Creek, by E. L. Sale,
IL.C.S.; Note on two Black Leopards in the Kolhapur Collection, by Lt.-Col. W..
B. Ferris, with photographs ; Report on the Destruction of Ratsin Rangoon .
during August 1905, by A. Tilly.
Mr, Comber in reading this paper said that it contained some valuable inform-
ation on that unknown subject the breeding time of rats—a most important
matter in these days—when rats were supposed to be one of the principal
mediums in carrying plague. It was hoped that the Bombay efforts at the
Parel Laboratory in the same direction would also contribute valuable mform-.
ation on this subject,
Capt. G, Lamb, I.M.S., read a paper on snake venoms and their antidotes, an
account of recent research, and in the course of his remarks demonstrated
with live specimens, the methods of extracting the venom from the Cobra and
the Daboia, and of working with it. He pointed out the differences which have
been shown to exist between the poisons of the different species, and gave a.
short account of the recent researches which have been made as regards the
physiological actions of the different poisons.
PROCEEDINGS. 253
He also mentioned that various sera nave now been prepared for some of
the poisons, amongst these the Cobra and Russells Viper (daboia) in India, He
emphasised the specificity of these sera, and pointed out how these observations
affect the serum treatment of snakebite.
His Excellency the Governor proposed a vote of thanks to Captain Lamb
and the other authors of the papers, and congratulated the Society on its
prosperity. The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to His Excellency
Lord Lamington for presiding,
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 25rn OF JANUARY 1906,
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s rooms on the 25th January 1906, Rev. F, Dreckmann,
8.J., presiding :—
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 52 new members, since last meeting, was duly
announced :—Life Member—Mr. H. F. E. Bell, 1.0.5. (Mundla, C, P.), Mem-
bers—Mr, A. W. W. Mackie, I.C.S. (Belgaum); Mr. A. Williams, I.C.8.
(Quetta) ; Lieut. H.S. May, R.E. (Bannu, N.-W. Frontier); Capt. J. H. Gloster,
I.M.S. (Amritsar) ; Capt. G, Irvine Davys, I.M.S. (Amritsar); Mr. G. Wiles,
1.C.8. (Godhra); Mr. H.D. Rendall, I.C.S. (Rajkote); Prof. P, F. Fyson
(Madras); fr. J. L. Reeve (Cawnpore); Capt. A.G. McKendrick, I.M.S.
(Kasauli) ; Mr. W. A. Wilkinson ( Madras) ; Licut, H. W. Kettelwell (Fyzabad);
Mr, W. L. Weldon (Bombay); Mr. H. R. Blanford, LF.S. (Pyinmana, U.
Burma); Mr. T. W. Forster, I.F.S. (Pyinmana, U. Burma); Rev. A. G. G.
‘Cowie (Cawnpore); Major H. A. L. Tagart, D.S.0. (Meerut, U. P.); Lieut,
D, H. Vanrenen (Lyallpur, Punjab); Lieut. G. R. S$, Logan Home (Deesa) ;
Major C,H, James, I.M.S, (Patiala, Punjab) ; fhe Principal, Rajkumar College
(Rajkote); Capt. F. P. Connor, I.M.5., F.R.C.S. (Manipur, Assam); Mr, M.
C. C, Bonig ¢Port Blair); Mr, D. M. Porteous (Poona) ; The Director, Pasteur
Institute of India (Kasauli, Punjab); Mr, R. A, Alexander (Papan, Burma) ;
Mr. D. L. Keddie (Papan, Burma); Mr. J. R. Drummond, B.A., F.LS.
(London) ; Lieut. J. E. Home (Rawal Pindi) ; Mr, C, J. Balding (Calcutta) ;
Mr, E. V. Ellis (Toungoo, L. Burma); Mr, J. Pile (Secunderabad) ; Major O. A.
Smith (Multan) ; (apt. C. McI. Ritchie, R.H.A. (Rawal Pindi); Mr. H. F.
Dawson (Madnapalli); Dr, C. ©. Caleb (Lahore); ‘The Director, Central
Research Institute (Kasauli); Dr. Gopal Ramchandra ‘‘ambe, M.A., B.Sc.,
L.M. & 8. Indore, C, 1.) ; Mr. J. 8S, E, Walker (Chumparun, Bengal) ; Mr, C. E.
R. Graham, 1.C.5. (Mandla, C. P.) ; Mr, F. W. Collings (Pakokku, U. Burma);
Mrs, B. M. Moberly (Hyderabad, Deccan); Lieut.$. L. Pallant, R.A.M.C.
(Jubbulpore, C. P.); Capt. J. W. Skipwith, R.E. (Kirkee) ; Mr. R. H. Camp-
bell, 1.C.5, (Waltair, Vizagapatam Dist.) ; Lieut.-Col, H. Hendley, M.D., LMS.
{Amniisar) ; The President, Committee of Management, Lahore Zoo (Lahore);
254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Mr, E, N. Bell, 1.0.8. (Pagan, U. Burma); Capt. G. B. Scott (Multan) ;
Lieut, R. KH. Bate (Multan) ; and Lieut.-Col, H. Carruthers (Madras),
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W.S. Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting :—
Contribution. Description. Contributor.
L SMAKE se.seccecsreee 2c ceeres| SUMOLES GTNENSIS .eoreeeee .-veo|Mr. A. F. Wagstaff.
2 Slow Loris (alive) from} Vycticebus tardigradus ...|Mr. E. W. Trotter.
Siam
Some Cocsons of thel Aftacus atlas .........creceeces Col. G. Hyde Cates.
Atlas Silk moth.
Some estuary fish from S00G02000 Mr. W. A. Wallinger.
Alibagh.
1 Hammer-headed shark ...| Zyg@na blochti ...c00++0r100.|Mr, W. L. Weldon.
T Mungoose .00...0- s.2s0000. LT er pest€s MUNGO sereeee caeoa| Mire ct, (oD Bell alata
A few marine shellsfrom| = .saseoove Dr, T. P. Thomson.
the Red Sea.
2 SQUIUTENS 22. ce sccccecerccceree Sciurus palmarum...«»......|Mr. H. Comler.
SEURGUNMES coooaassodon counodf = IO Do.
25 Bird skins trom Kumaon| ———aaesueeee Mr. S. L. Whymper.
District.
20 Bird skins from Bengal...) = == seeeeacee Mr, M. Mackenzie.
A few snails ...........c00- Pupa CveZGrds ....000-.000.00.|Capt. A, J. Peile, R.A,
fome fossils from Quetta] =| sssseeeee Mr. W. C. Clements.
District.
9 Snakes from Shan States. soscanadd Mr. 8. St. C. Lightfoot:
1 Indian Monitor (alive)...| Varanus bengalensis.........|Mr. G. HK. Bright.
1 Squirrel skin from Vizas} Sciurus andicus ‘‘var.”......\Mr. H. R. G. Hasted.
gapatam,
1 Indian Monitor (alive)| Varanus bengalensis......... Mr. C. F, Spencer.
uy.
4 aie no dagrocdsduadcacaconcys Mergus albellus ......s00-c000. Hon’ble A. E. Hill-Trevor.
1 Rock Horned Owl... ..... Budo ben7alensis ceccocrseers Col. W. Ferris.
1 Verditer Flycatcher ......| Stoparola meianops ...... -..|Major A. Begbie.
1] Snakes and 4 skins of, = = —— ceesvaeee Mr. E. W. Trotter.
Squirrels from Siam.
1 Palm Squirrel......coo..00. Seiurus PAlMNGTWM.....0006 e(Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S,
1 Palm Squirrel......... coore.| SCIUTUS PALMATUWIN....0000000e Capt. W. B. Walker, R.A.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vol. II, Parts Iand II, by Theo-
dore Cook, C.1.E., presented by the author ; Records of the Geological Survey
of India, Vol. XXXII, Parts 3 and 4, 1905; The Agricultural Ledger, 1905.
Nos, 4and 5; Extract des Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique,
Tome XLIX, 1905 ; Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XX XVII ; Lepidoptera-indiea,
Part LXXIII, by F. Moore, D. Sc., presented by H. H. the Maharajah of
Mysore ; The Palms of British East India, by Griffith (1850), presented by
I. H. Burkhill, M.A.; On the occurrence of Elephas antiquus (Namadicus) in
the Godavari Alluvium, by Guy E. Pilgrim, B. Sc.; The Indian Forester, Vol.
XXXI., Nos. 11 and 12; The use of wood pulp for paper-making, by S. Chas.
Phillipps, M.S.C.L. ; Notes on Snakes collected at Hakgala, Ceylon, by Capt. F.
Wall, I.M.8.; Plague Rats and Fleas, by Capt. W. G. Liston, I.M.8.; Depart-
ment of Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay, Bulletin No. 35, 1905,
PROCEEDINGS. 255
Sugarcane ; Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. I, No. 5 ; Report of
the Department of Agriculture, Bombay Presidency, for 1904-1905 ; Season and
Crop Report of the Bombay Presidency for 1904-1905 ; Annual Report on the
Experimental Farms in the Bombay Presidency for the Year ending 31st March
1905 ; The Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. I, Part 1.
PAPERS READ,
The following papers were then read :—
1, The Oology of Indian Parasitic Cuckoos, by E, C, Stuart .Baker, F.Z,S,
2. The Origin of Anonas, ‘ Anona squamosa L, Anona reticulata L.,’ by Col,
Fernando Leal, 3, On some new species of Silver Pheasants from Burma, by
Eugene W. Oates. 4. Sambur Horns, by J. D. Inverarity, 5, On the
Tenthredinide and Parasitic Hymenoptera collected in Baluchistan by Major
C. G. Nurse, by P. Cameron, 6, What is a Species? by L. C. H. Young, B.A.,
F.Z.8., &¢. 7, Notes and observations on Mammals collected and observed
in the Darjeeling District, India, by Gordon Dalgliesh. 8, The “ Pectinate
Organs ” of Trapa bispinosa, Roxb, (Water-chestnut), by Rev. E. Blatter, $.J.
9. Mangroves and Paroquets, by B, B. Osmaston, I.F.8. 10, Note on the
Malay Tapir (Tapirus indicus) in captivity, by Col. W. B. Ferris, 11. Poison-
ous Snakes of India and how to recognise them, by Capt, F, Wall, LMS...
C.M.ZS.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 15rH MARCH 1906,
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on the 15th March 1906, the Rev. F. Dreck-
mann, $.J., presiding,
The election of the following 32 new members since last meeting was duly
announced :—Captain H. Innes, I M.S, (Barisal, E, Bengal) ; Mr. G. T, Raikes
(Karachi); Major J, W, Jennings, R.A.M.C, (Lucknow) ; Captain C, E. Luard
(Indore, C. I.); Mr. W. 1, Palmer (Raheng, Siam); Major-General F, A.
Buckley (Landour, Mussoorie); Mr, B, Egerton (Hyderabad, Deccan) ;
Mr, F, C, Purkis (Rangoon); Mr. M, D. Parsons (Myitkyina, U. Burma) ;
Lieutenant W. P. C. Tenison, R.F.A. (Mian Mir); Mr, J, N, Fraser (Bombay) ;
Mr, J. M. Haymann (Cawnpore); Dr. Adolf Lehmann (Bangalore) ; Captain
O. FitzGerald (Fort William, Calcutta); Mr, C. C, A. Prideaux (P. O. Ling-
sugur, Deccan) ; Mr, A. P, Doll (Khairatabad, Hyderabad, Deccan); Captain
E, C. Doughty (Bellary); Mr, R, Parnell, L.F.S, (Lahore) ; Mr, H.G. Wyatt
(Lahore) ; Mr. W. F. Dew, J.P. (Ceylon) ; Mr. C, 0. Lowsley (Jacobabad,
Sind) ; Mr, W. Swain (Bhagalpore, E. I. Railway) ; Captain J. R. Tyrrell, LMS
(Ajmer) ; Lientenant-Colonel B, W. Marlow (Poona); Mr, P.M. Lushineton
(Mannantoddy, North Malabar) ; Mr. El. H. Marshall, L.R.C.S, Qndacy
Major J. L. Macrae, I.M.S. (Meiktila, Burma) ; Mrs, OC, 8, Stack (Poona) ; Mr,
P.G. Tipping (Sidnapur, Coorg); The Mess President, 85th Regiment
256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
(KS. L. I.), (Fyzabad); Miss F. E. Thomas, C.M.S. (Megnanaparam, Tinne-
velly District); and Mr.‘ Balkrishna Vinayak Wasudevji Agaskar, B. A.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretay, Mr. W. 8, Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting :—
Contribution. Deseription. Contributor.
1 Malformed head of In-| Gazella bevncttté cecessseesseeee |Capt. H. Pratt.
dian gazelle.
I Snake Guv ) from Singa-| Chrysopeleda ornata...... ese Do.
pore.
1 Hastern Wood-pigeon......| Palwmbus Castotis .ec..scceee|Mr. H. M. Rennell.
1 Head and feet of Grey] Amser f67:UWS.ceyececceecscccereeces Mr. BK. L. Sale, 1.C.8.
lag Goose.
‘8 White-winged Mynas...ce.| Slurnia nemorieola ..scscovee co}
1 Red-headed Trogon ........| Harpactes erythrvcephalus...| |
1 Green Imperial pigeon...| Carpophaga @Nb......csccevees + Mr. C. W, Allan.
1 Bengal green pigeon....... Crocopus phenicopter us... |
1 Ashy-headed green pigeon] Osmotreron phayrei os... 3
L SMEW ...crsccercceseeecceccoee.| Mergus Glvellus .......00e.c00ee. |Capt. Henderson,
_A specimen of Manganese} = =—=—easene aaecas Mr. H. A. Hay.
ore from Ramnadroog,
Bellary District.
°2 Bronzed Arongos ccerec.cee] CRAPLEIA EMEA corcereeveececeree Mr, R. Foulkes.
1 Viper GUV.)...0ccseccensences ELChtS CAVIiMAtA...000 veeoeceeees l
1 Snake (JUV.) ..cccccccceoves| LYCOMUN AULICUS sacoecceccasere Mr. W. Coen.
1 Snake (juv.)......-c-sccees oo] Coluber helen@eeesseeee. eveoes
1 Snake Guv. ae ay Gong ylophis Conicus.......0..»,|Major Winter, R.A.M.C.
.3 Eggs of the Goranign aan Pteroclurus ELWUStUS 0.00. eocces Mr. A. H. A. Simeox, LCS.
grouse.
2 Eggs of the Crimson} Xantholacma hoematoce- Do.
breasted barbet. phala.
3 Skins of squirrels from eenesmeeaare )
Singapore.
1 Skia of the Malay tree- LUPAIG FETLUGINED sevisserron,
shrew. ; ‘Capt. H. R. Baker.
Some Butterflies, beetles| =| saesereceene
from Singapore.
1 Flying lizard (juv.) ...02.| Draco maculatus serccrceseeeee |)
1 Great crested grebe ......| Podicipes cristatus....... pent
“8 Blue-breasted rial coon] LUCALfactOrMa Chinensis.... \ Capt. Barone) Con-
1 Spider from Manipur...... cagseatontas BO ea ae
BBS ard coketert -anscenee te cores] Lupodotis Cdwardsi........00 Mr, R, H. Heath, C.E.
1 Large brown flyin g| Pleromys oral ~..05... cece. Capt. Tancred.
Squirrel.
-1 Blue-bearded bee eater ...! Vyctiornis athertoni .........|Mr. H. G. Oliver.
-1 Phoorsa (juv.) ...... we conceal] HCHIS CATENGTG cosreerrnesene os oe Sunderao D. Naval-
car.
1 Skin of Hamadryad (123| Mata bungarus ....0«.....-c0000.|Mr. Geo. Knight,
feet).
1 Nicobar megapode.....++ Megapodius nicobariensis....|Mr. 8. H. Stevenson
R.ILM.
‘Mr, A. J, Broad.
Some 24 varieties of Sugar. 6Szseoccoree
cane tops from Mauritius
(Forwarded to the Director
of Agriculture, Poona).
Minor contributions from Mr. 8. EK. F. Jenkins, Dr. J. F. Goldsmith and Mr, M.
fi, Jardine,
PROCEEDINGS. 257
CONTRIBUTIONS TO LIBRARY,
The Indian Forester, Vol. XXXII, Nos. 1 and 2, 1906; Le Bambou son
etude sa culture, son Emploi; Annalen des K, K. Naturhistorischen Hof-
museums, Band XIX, No.4; Records of the Geological Survey of India,
Vol. XXXIII, Part I; Annual Report of the Imperial Department of Agri-
culture for ihe year i904-05 ; The Insect Pests of Cuotton in India, by H.
Maxwell Lefroy, M.A., F.Z.8., F.E.8.; The Canadian Entomologist, Vol,
XXXVIII, Nos. 1 and 2; Ktat Independant du Congo, Annales du Musee du
Congo; Recensio Critica autumatica of the Doctrine of Bird Migration;
Spolia Zeylanica, Vol, 11I., Part XI,
The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present
year :—
President—H, EH, Lord Lamingtou, G.C.M.G., G.C,LE,
Vice-Presidents—Mr, J, D, Inverarity, P.A., LL.B.; Rey. F. Dreckmann,
S.J.; Mr, E, H, Aitken. é
Managing Commit'ee.— Vet -Major G, H. Evans ; Mr. E, C. Stuart Baker,
F.Z.S.; Mr, E. Ernest Green, F.E,S, ; Lt.-Col, K, R. Kirtikar, I.M.8,; Lt.-Col,
H, D. Olivier, R.E., F.Z.S, ; Capt. F. Wall, T.M.8., C.M.Z.8,. ; Mr. H. P. Macna-
ghten ; Mr. G, M. Ryan, LF.S.; Col, W, B. Bannerman, I.M,.8, ; Mr. FE. Comber,
F.Z8.; Mr, T. B.D. Bell, 1.F.S.; Major A. Newnham, F.Z.S.; Major C. G.
Nurse, F.ES,;.Mr, L. C, H. Young, B.A., F.£.8.; Mr. J. McNeill, L.CS.;
Mr, John Wallace, C.E. ; Mr. F, Gleadow, I.F.S.; Capt. W. G. Liston, LMS. ;
Capt. G. Lamb, I.M.S.; Prof. G. A. Gammie.
Honorary Treasurer—Mr. N, C. Macleod (ex-officio).
Honorary Secretary—Mr. W.S. Millard, F.Z.S. (ex-officio).
ACCOUNTS FOR 1905,
Mr, N.C, Macleod, the Honorary Treasurer, placed before the meeting the
accounts for the year ending 31st December 1905, showing an income of
Rs, 18,166-9-8 and an expenditure of Rs, 15,362-0-9, and a cash balance carried
forward of Rs, 6,188-1-4, This balance was rather larger than usual but since
then Rs, 2,000 had been invested as representing the proportion of subscerip-
tions received from those who had" commuted their annual subscriptions by
becoming life members. No such investment had been made in 1905. The
accounts were accepted subject to the usual audit, and a vote of thanks was
passed to the Honorary Treasurer,
The Committee gave notice that they propose to alter Rule V. (Life Mem-
bership) making the sum payable for commuting the annual subscription
Rs, 200 instead of Rs, 150.
The Superintendent of the Victoria Gardens exhibited a quantity of stones
weighing about 2 lbs. 2 0z,, which had been found on post-mortem examin-
ation inside the stomach of a young cassowary. One of the stones was about
2 inches across and was found to be obstructing the intestine and this was
probably the cause of death,
3B
358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Major A, F, Mackenzie exhibited the four feet of a black-buck shot by Mr,
A. Hanckel near Sholapur, The feet were all malformed and in the opinion
of Mr, Sowerby (C.V.D.), the Acting Principal of the Parel Veterinary College,
the buck must have been ill or injured for some considerable time, possibly by
a former shot causing injury to the spinal cord and partial paralysis of the
hind extremities,
PAPERS READ,
Mr. E Comber read a paper contributed by Mr. E, W. Oates on “The
Species of Bean-geese,”’ which will be accompanied with a coloured plate of
the bills of the eight species that are supposed, or may possibly be found, to
occur in British India, He pointed out that the importance of the subject
from a naturalist’s and a sportsman’s point of view was evident from the fact
that of all our Indian birds the Bean-geese are in the most unsatisfactory state,
No specimens of Bean-geese are included in the enormous Hume collection of
Indian birds, and no recent writers have been satisfied with the material at their
command to say definitely what species of Bean-geese do occur in India. The
Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), which has always been included in
Indian lists, is really the most unlikely of all the species to occur, and Mr, Oates
supports his doubts on its correct identification with forcible arguments,
Mr. Oates is only satisfied that one species of Bean-goose, Amser middendorffi,
has actually been proved to have occurred in India, though further investiga-
tion will no doubt result in others being found,
Mr. Comber regretted that the appeal that was included in the Society’s
Journal of December, 1904, for the heads of Bean-geese for the purpose of
their correct identification had, after two cold weather shooting seasons, not
resulted in one single specimen of a Bean-geose’s head being received by the
Society, and he again appealed to members for as many specimens as possible
next season, so that this important question may be cleared up.
The following notes were also read :--“ On the Magpie Robin,” by Mr. E.C.
Cholmondely ; and “ A large Dhaman”’ (Zamenis mucosus), by My. F. Gleadow,
LES.
oe
S&S
—
Cana!
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
PAGE,
InDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, Plate XXIII. Tur common
TEAL (Weltion crecctt) ss. ...ssscereorcceroosesscenne ooeess res sevens Tontispiece,
A PopunaR TREATISE ON 1'H= Common Innran Snaxzs. Part III.
(With Plate II & liayram VIT.) By Capt. F. Wall, 1.1.8., 0.0.2.8,
ON THE TENTAREDINIDA AND Parasitic HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED IN
BaLucuistan By Mayor ©. G. Nursx. Part I]. By P. Cameron...
ON THE TENTHREDINIDA AND Parasitic HyMENOPTERA COLLECTED
By Major C. G. Nugsz In Kasumir, By P. Cameron ...... ae es
THe Kasuuir Termite (TesMopsis WRoucHTONI). By J. Desneux......
THe Poisonous Snakes or INDIA AND HOW ‘TO RECOGNIZE THEM.
Palte bi Pvc te Walia LMS, CNIS... osncp snenusarsstisetaeiaot 2
FLOWERING SEASON AND OLimate, Part I, (With 3 Plates). By
BE. Blaiter, Sale CO eH ewe HH SOK MHE SOS SSOS SHEERS ASH BHOTTHE SHE eee eeetee tae
Tae OoLocy or Inprian Parasitic Cucxoos. Part Il. (With Plate IT.)
vee ue Sulapiy DAKCTS HAGy coca cnasasex sacusebepaaer sercartecse oshaes
THE SNaKE AND ITS Naturau Foes. By Capt. F. Wall, 1u.s., c.M.z.s,
Some Hiyrs For BueInNeRS ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING NATURAL
Hisrory Specimens. Part 1V. By H. Comber, £.2.8,.. ...scccceoee §
Descrrprions oF InpIAN Micro-Lupiporrera. Part II. By E. Mey-
rick, B.A. F.RB.S., ie HieWeeniswenisadanyeew Bee tOt C8 eee st eeree eee seoteneeuese
Tar Common Borrerriiss of THe Puains oF Inpra. Part I]. (With
we ), by VC. H. Young; B.A., WER, EZ.Se «ss necemeepesasaee
Insect Lire IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT, BEING A SIMPLE ACCOUNT
OF THE MORK IMPORTANT. FAMILIES OF INSECTS WIPH EXAMPLES
OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO crops, Tea, Corres AND InpIGO
Concrrns, Frurr and Forest Trees sn Inpia. Chapter VII,
Part TV. By H.-P. Stebbings ren S, WcBg, WES. Wee dseesweeneepseuss
THe Morus oF India (SUPPLEMENTARY PaPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“Tare Fatwa or Barrisa Inpta”), Series II], Part III. By Sir
George Aampron, Bari. Z.8;, WES. sac..~ssres0 aneced aan csivicay wenennnes
BIRDS OF THE PROVINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU AND ADJACENT
Disinors. Lark Ti By ALB. Ward! sc cicecccsssssreuntacucemenstl ens
Norres oN ANDAMAN BiRDS, WITH ACCOUNTS OF THE NIDIFICATION OF
SEVERAL SPECIES WHOSE Nesrs AND EGGS HAVE NOT BEEN
HITHERTO DESCRIBED. Part II. By B. B. Osmaston, 1.9.S.......0.
A List of Brrps FouND IN THE Myrneyan Districr oF BuRMA.
Pari UD, by eC. Macdonald |... ace. +++: PE Bee ere
A List or PusBLicaTioNsS RELATING To INDIA FROM THE “ ZOOLOGICAL
ERGO R Sey AND MAO Aine. Sic ocivoa ans ai 5< ono aey denen alee sepreea pea ene
Nores oN THE GENUS 7atera WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SpEcIES. By
ie (OF Wroughton SOOT ESSE OSS IMH SOH CeSSH SST HHH SHEESH eee FSSHSSHeeeseevees
MisceLLaAnrous Notrs—
1. Breeding habits of the Great Crested Grebe (Podicipes cristatus).
By Gordon Dalgliesh TREO EEE TERETE SHES REESE HOOE THO SHEEE SED EHE HESS a, TH SHHETESESE HED
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—(contd.)
PAGE
MisceLtLAngeous Nores—conid.
Packs of Wolves in Persia. By J. W. Watson, Capt. 1.M.S...ccesescssseeeee
Urialin Persia. By J. W. Watson, Capt., 1.0.8. ...csccesservereoeceserere eres
A Panther placing its kill up a tree. By EH, Comber ...scceccecsreseceresene
Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By P. Hudson ...cccccore
A brown Crow. By A.C. Logan, 1.C.8......s:02...cccccessecsrercsecersscorserecsos
A brown and white Crow. By H, Blatter, 8.3. sssccessccsscrsecevocrerovesas eee
A malformed Black Buck Head. (With an illustration). By R. H.
Rattray, Lieut.-Col............. manpdenecd daneirebecieses chncavosescouse seenneeth omens
Fascination by Lizards. By St. George Gore, Col., R.E. oo .scseere-soceoeers
Occurrence of the Indian Red-breasted Fly-catcher (Siphia hype-
rythra) in Bengal. By Chas, M. Inglis .......... Dasoconoeed Raccesssonscecets
A note on the migration of the Common Indian Bee-eater (Merops
viridis). By D. Dewar, I.C.8. @eoessecorsosco os beenes000e Peceeoece @ecece.c, 000000
The boldness of Panthers. By F. Field ......s00...ecccecsavece sereoscereerne o08
The occurrence of the Scorpion Spider (Phrynichus) (Karsch) in the
Shevaroy Hills. By H. 8. Rivington, B.SC. sesccccscss-ssseeccccccececeeeer
The brown Wood Owl (Syrnium indrani). By S. L. Whympef cesecess.
Habits of the Tapir. By L. C. H. Young .......
Occurrence of Remiza ee coronatus in Kohat. By H. A. F.
Magrath, Major...cccsse ecponoeooeddae Sono
Flocking of Kites. By C. HE. C. Fischer ...
Notes on the *“ Shot borer ’’ in Bambcos. By N Norman F. T. Troup ......
Black Panthers. By W. B. Ferris, Col. ..
A remarkable Tree. By C. HE. C. Fischer cscccsccecsceoeca. cscoverece aeopenosc0c
Habitat of the Green Keelback (Macrophisthodon plumbicolor). By
OHS ©. HISCHe recs... ..-encesercssess
Bird weather reporters. By K. R. Bomangi, 1.C.S. .......ccscocsacoccesces-es
How Tigers kill their prey. By A.A. Dunbar Brander, 1.F.s...
The sense of smell of Tigers. By A. A. Dunbar Brander, LF-s.
eaGeoensearcscadeseceescc0s0s 008
CO eee ay
ee ceeoleorPeaggverslteseneeeD
0020000020 150 P28 COt Co LOR eLeRCC®
The Nesting of the Black-crested Baza (Baza pee By A. M.
Primrose cecovcsescee 4
@o-_peocceeccar eo Weeleennceocevees ese 80
The Nesting of the Black=sbacked Forktail (Henicurus aie
IB UaNES WHESPWED, — GoncgaosccooasncosoponoucceHonoasn oon6s 50005
The larva of the Firefly. By P. Gerhardt ....... a hasidssiccediecee cesta e een
A Whale near Bassein (Bombay Coast). By W. 8. Millara
A fortunate escape and recovery from Cobra bite. By R. W. Burton,
Waplitenens:seenneoeseseseen eooeees
An unusual displacement of the heart in a Whistling Teal. By W. 8B.
Bannerman, Lieut.-Col., 1.0.5. o»
222081 COLO DOO eer ecar DOSCODOT Ese: BOL0ereR0002000
On the Indian species of Bean-goose. By EH. C. Stuart Baker
002000008 e0 vec ore
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517
517
518
519
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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(concld.)
, PAGE
MIscELLANEOUS Notres—covreld.
82. The breeding of the cee Florican (Sypheotis bengalensis). By
BH. ©. Stuart Baker’ cveccccescossseosscnccqoseacsscocees
33. ‘The plumage of the Cock Ae Honeysucker (Arachnecthra asiatica).
AI@uerywb yO WEWar Cis. scccsccessccusecespevee ee ceetseccvcess res cvce veces» DAO
34. Some notes on Heterocera. By H. W. Kettlewell, Lieut. ...........s00.8. FAL
ae eme er eeeermerte 542
36. Cannibalism amongst Panthers and Tigers. By L. B. Montresor, Capt.,
R. F. A, ee esas aeeeee Pore erneeretPoreeresee eebeeres oF SO OeDO Se B See HHH eets soe Pear stresses 545
POCO O Heer reer e tease aeeEeeesee 538
35. Parasitesin Sparrow Hawks. By J. 8. Bogle, Capt.
37. The nesting of the Crested Honey Buzzard is oe By
H. IN Coltart 7” POOH O HT COC OFD OE EOO OTE ODOT Hee eH EO OSE E DIOR HS OO COEEIHEESOROEHD 545
38. The Sand Wasp Grice nee By 0. B. Boganell abr aosapeersicasters eer AO
39. Nesting of the Ibis-bill (Zbidorhynchus struthersi) and the Common
Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus), By 8. L. Whymper ......coerrersoee 54G
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETINGS held on 28th June and 16th Angust1906 ... 548
"~!O08TD UCTIISN
ya NOUN © Os sit
abpaboy OULO TY) Ussdy) i)2) proauddy 'H
20c 4stpy yey Aequiog usnop
NWOTICE.
THE COMMON TEAL (NETTION CRECCA).
The accompanying coloured Plate (No. XXIII) of Taz Common
Teat (Nxrrion orgcca) is in continuation of the series of Plates
already published in this Journal in connection with the paper on
“Typtan Ducks aNpD TaRIR ALLIES,” by Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker.
The description of Tas Common TEAL now figured will be found
on page 247 of Vol. XII of this Journal.
EDITORS.
JOURNAL
OF TAL
Sess | old wal caw eres RN og
Aatural History Society.
Vol. XVII. BOMBAY. No. 2,
il
A POPULAR TREATISE ON !HE COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
ILLUSTRATED BY CoLouRED P iates anp DraGrams,
By Captain F. Watt, I.M.8., 0.M.ZS.
Part T1I—Wiuth Plate ITI and Diagram VII,
(Continued from j,age 9 of this Volume.)
Tat DHamMaNn oR Common RatTSNskE (Zamenis mucosus®.
Nomeneluture. (a) Scientific —The generic name is from th .
Greek ¢x “great” and «evs “strength,” and the specific frcm the Latt,,
mucosus, “ slimy,” which I need hardly remark this snake no mora
deserves than any other of the suborder Ophatia. lt appears to be a
popular notion that a snake is slimy, and even in these enlightened
days writers of travels, ete., frequently expose their ignorance ky using
this ineppropriate adjective to them. Somes of our readers may b3
more familiar with its older gener-c title Péyzs, also a calumnious
epithet der.ved from the Grack, sux: a © sp iter.”
(4) Enjlish.—The name by wh’ch it is generally known is the “ com-
mon ratsnake,”’ but “ dhaman,”’ a name borrowed from the vernacu!ar, is
almost as frequently in use,
(c) Vernacular.—In Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi, all languages
derived from Sanskrit, it is called ‘“ dhaman,”’ the Sanskrit word baing
“dhavana.” It isalso cals som>times *‘dameen,
montion of this latter name*, and [ hive hear] it often. Woodrow in] is
? Russell makes
* Ind. Serp,, Vol, L plate XXV.
260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
book on botany mentions both these names ‘‘dhaman ”’ and ‘‘ dameen”’ as
being applied toatree, the Grewia tiliefolia, which is commonly grown
by the natives in Southern India about their habitations. Mr. A. M.
Jackson tells me “ dharmani”’ is the Sanskrit name for this tree and the
Cyclope:dia of India (Vol. 11, page 14) gives ‘‘damoni”’ as the Ooriah
name for it. From its wood, hafts are derived for various tools, and the
ainer bark furnishes bast which Birdwood says is used in Bombay for
naking ropes. The connection between the tree and the snake has been
suggestedto me by Father Dreckman, who says in Sanskrit “dharma”
neans a “ binding’’, either in the sense of duty or of wrapping one thing
round another. Those of us who have handled living specimens, must
frequently have experienced the force with which this snake wreathes
itself round one’s legs, or arms. On the Malabar Coast it is called
‘‘chayra.”’ The Tamils in 8. India call it ‘‘ Sarey pamboo,” but a Tamil
of the Tigala caste in Mysore told me locally (Bangalore) they called it
“ Jair potoo,’’ which I am informed signifies ‘‘centipede animal.” This
appears to be the same as the “ Jeri potoo” of Russell.* Ricet says the
Canarese name for it is ‘‘ Kere.’”? The Burmese call it ‘‘ Mywe’ let pat,”
which is literally ‘“‘hand-coiling snake,’ and according to Theobaldt
** Tim-bwi.”’
Dimensions. —The great majority of adults vary from 54 to 6% feet,
ut much larger specimens are to be met with. Evans and I obtained
cwoin Burmah measuring 7 feet 44 inches, and 7 feet 84 inches re-
<cpectively. One specimen brought to me in Trichinopoly was the
‘argest I ever saw in the flesh, v2z., 8 feet 2 inches. I measured the
slough of one just cast in the Bangalore Museum which was 9 feet 14
inches. Mr. Millard tells me of one killed near Mahim Station which
was 11 feet 9 inches. This was a veritable Goliath of its kind. I have
measurements in my notes of 54 specimens, and only 3 of these exceed
7 feet. I have notes of a host of others where the measurement is not
recorded, but it is certain that had they been large this would not have
been omitted.§
Physiognomy, and bodily configuration —The head is rather elongate.
The eye, large and lustrous, exhibits an iris speckled with gold, especially
densely at the pupillary margin and a pupil which is slightly ovate hori-
* Ind. Serp., Vol. I, plate XXXIV. tT Mysore, Vol, I, p. 188,
t Jour. As. Soc., Bengal, 1868, p. 46.
§ Mr. Pearless hasin a recent letter reported that he has cu four occasions killed this
snake in Ceylon exceeding 10 feet in length.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 26]
zontally. The nostril is large, and placed laterally. The neck is slightly
constricted. The body of soméwhat robust proportions is flattened in a
lateral direction (¢.e. compressed), and is from 34 to 4 times the length
of the slowly tapering, and cylindrical tail. —
Colour.—The prevailing hue on the head and body, including
the iail, is dorsally an olivaceous-green or olivaceous-brown. In.-the
anterior half or three-fifths of the body length this is uniform or nearly
so, but in the posterior part many scales are irregularly margined with
black, so as to form a reticulate pattern witha tendency to form
crossbars. Individuals differ in colour: I have seen some as yellow as
a batter pudding, and others of a hue as dark as sepia. The shields
bordering the lips, the scales at the side of the throat, and the scales
beneath the body, and tail are more or less margined posteriorly
with black ; in fact, these marks form a very characteristic trait in the
physiognomy. On the belly the regularity of these marks forci-
bly reminds one of a tape measure, but in individuals, they may he
absent in whole or in part. The belly is greyish-white, dirty-white or
yellowish, the latter hue often more pronounced about the throat.
The skin is blackish, mottled with fawn or whitish in irregularly
transverse streaks, but is usually not seen owing to the overlapping of
the scales. The overlapped margins of the scales, however, partake ot
this cutaneous coloration, and in young specimens light bluish-grey
irregular crossbars are usually conspicuous, especially anteriorly. In
young the prevailing colour is often more greyish or bluish than onc
sees in the adult, but the markings and general appearance are very
closely similar.
Identification Here I must digress, to emphasise a very interest-
ing and important peculiarity in this snake. The scales of snakes
counted across the back will be found, with very few exceptions, to be
arranged in odd rows varying from 13 in the Callophids, ete., to as
many as 75 in Python reticulatus. The exceptions to this rule which
concern us are Zavcys dhumnades and Z, nigromarginatus in which
they numbor 16 in the middle of the body, and Stoliczkata khasiensis
where they are 30.* Further, in some snakes the same number of
rows is maintained in the whole length of the body, but in others they
* In the two families Typhlopidae and Glauconude where the scales appear to be in even
numbers, if the median row onthe belly (which in these snakes is not specialised, but is
exactly like the rows of scales on the back and sides) is considered in its true light, viz., as
the analogue of the belly scutes, then the scales are in reality odd in number,
262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
reduce by 2, 4, 6 or even more rows from before backwards, but the
odd numbor is preserved ou the body—(Caution—-1 do not include the
tail), -with one notable exception, viz., the species under discussion,
Zamenis mucosus. In this the scales number 17 in the front of the
body, but reduce tv 14 or 12 posteriorly. This pvint in itself is suffi-
cient to distinguish this from all other snakes in ovr region.* Another
feature characteristic of this snake is the trivle loreal. (See |, fig. 1 B).
In almo ¢ all snakes possessing a loreal, this is a single shield inter-
posed between the preeocular, and the nasals. In a few species there
are two, but in this there are three normally, one anterior, and two
superposed behind. Occasional aberrant specimens may be seen with
only 2 loreals, or even with 4 or 5.
In colour, and markings which | have already represented as faulty
guides in the identification of all snakes, both the species of Zaocys al-
ready referred to, as well as Xenelaphis hexayouotus and Zamenis
korros, closely resemble it, and all aro of very similar proportions,
Aaunis —Thorea is scarcaly a situation, whether in hill or dale, forest or
maidan, arid, swampy or cultivated tract, tree, bush, or habitaticn in
which it may not take up its abode. It is quite at hcme in the yrex-
imity cf man, and is to be met with in the gardens of populated arcas
within our largest cities almost as plentifully as in the mere tierquil
quarters of the Cantonment. In such local:ties, in defer nce to nin’s
hostile inclinations, it is forced to retire during the day inio <cne se-
cure retreat, commonly taking up its abode in an ant-hill, drain or other
convenient hole in the compound, or even in the ovt-hcuses, or Ler ga-
low itself. Like other snakes it loves old masonry, and is often fluch-
ed from or seen retiring into the crevices and crypts furnished by old
walls or brick wells. In Rangoon with the aid ofa bicycle lamp te
illuminate tho gloom of th» [ttle galleries left for dramage purpuses
in the tuces of the fort walls I frequently found one coiled up, and pro-
voked it to a speedy exit. In the bungalow it may tenant the Lase-
mont, but not infrequently finds its way up into the roof where it my
reside above the ceiling cloth, and though few may derm it as such it
is certainly entitled to tho cons‘deration of a welcome friend. The late
Chaplain of Cannanore, the Reverend R. B. Redding, told me that once
when in conversation with a lady, upon whom he was calling, a
seumn ring was heard overheat on the c-iling cloth, and a rat fell
* In Zaocys the scales reduce, but they are maintained in even rows.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 263
through a hole on to the floor. It was closely followed by the head
and much of the body of a large snake, which, however, managed to
withdraw itself. It is more than probable that this was a rat-snake.
Removed from man’s immediate environment I believe it realises
there is no occasion for such prison accominedation as populous Iccali-
ties thrust upon it, and here it has free scope to indulge its diurnal
inclinations, In Cannanore snipe-shooting I very frequently encoun-
tered it in broad daylight leisurely pursuing its quest for luncheon, and
when not actually on the move I often found it coiled aslsep in the
paiudal vegetation, or beneath a bush. Again, on two or three ocea-
sions when stepping into paddy fields at dawn | have seen it coiled on
the heaps of decaying vegetable matter which represent the remnants
of last year’s crop, and weeds, suggesting that it had taken up these
quarters over-night,
Ii shows a decided partiality for the vicinity of water for reasons
very obvious when we cume to consider its dict. 1 will take readily
to water should occasion demand, and swims vigorously, ard well,
carrying its head above the surface for choice, but diving when the
necessity is urgent.
I have seen it at some height in a tree (ten or fifteen feet), also on
the roofs of houses, so that its scansorial abilities are not inferior to those
of most of its kind.*
_ It appears to be very fleet in its movements, but its speed is deceptive,
for on one occasion, when I chased one using its full endeavours to
escape, L found I had traversed 38 yards while the reptile covered 16.
lt measured 5 feet 94 inches.
Here | may remark that this snake enters into the dietary of severil
natives of India, who hold it in great esteem. A Tamil of the Tigala
caste in Bangalore told me his caste while despising all other snakes as
food, or medicine, relished the flesh of the dhuman which when cooked
was white, and fish-like. The taste he compared to that of chicken.
{t appears to enjoy a reputation in wasting diseases. | Fyzabad
recently a cooly cama, ard begged the body of one that had been sent
in to me dead-to eat. The Burmese and Karens eat it with avidity, but
are by no means bigoted with regard to the species of snake they eat.
The Chinese use it in medicine among other ophidian brethren, and I
doubt not eat it too. I saw-many preserved on the shelves of the local
medicine men in Hongkong,
* See addenda \1).
264 JOURNAL; BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Sloughing.—Miss Hopley* mentions one casting its'skin about once
‘a month on an average. This specimen was caged in Regent’s Park,
London, I believe. °—
Disposition.—It is undoubtedly when provoked a very fierce snake,
and if brought to bay will assume the offensive with great courage and
determination ; but this side of its nature is rarely exhibited, as, like
other snakes, it prefers to acknowledge man’s supremacy by seeking
swift escape when this offers. I have many times jumped into the
middle of its coils when I have seen it enjoying a siesta, but have never
been menaced, or struck at once, the reptile’s acknowledgment of the
rude awakening being mamifested by speedy disappearance. On ocea-
sion, however, and especially if reasonable chances of escape are denied
it, it will attack with great malice. Father Dreckman once chased
i specimen nearly eight feet long, and managed to place his foot over
the hole it was making for. Baulked in its attempt to escape, it coiled
itself up and jumped straight at his face. Luckily Father Dreckman
drew back his head in time to evade a blow in the face, but the reptile
fastened itself on to his shoulder with* such purpose that its teeth
penetrated not only his clothes, but actually lacerated the skin beneath.
On another occasion when the same observer was rendering assistance
to a hatchling which was trying to emerge from its egg, the vicious
little creature resenting interference bit him in the finger, and actually
drew blood. Mr. Hampton tells me that once when attempting to cap-
ture one he found in a drain it struck viciously at him, and inflicted a
wound beneath one of his eyes. In Bangalore I saw one belonging to
a sampwallah, strike most vehemently at, and bite a mongoose, also
one of the stock-in-trade. Mr. Millard tells me it is a difficult snake to
tame when fairly grown, and will attack freely when cornered.+
Nicholson{ remarks how it will fight for its freedom, and says it is
always a little uncertain to handle in captivity. Gunther§ says: ‘It
is of fierce habits, always ready to bite, and old examples brought to
Kurope never become tame.”
In Rangoon I had one brought to me which, it was reported, was
attacking a full-grown fowl. The few specimens I have had caged,
SRM Cen i Ch eee
* «& Snakes, ’’ p, 332,
ft See addenda (2).
{ Ind. Snakes, p, 133.
§ Rept., Brit. Ind,, p. 249.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 265
exhibited a very nasty temper, and struck out most maliciously at me
whenever I approached the glass of the cage: often two or throe
strokes were delivered in rapid succession, and with such force that the
creature must have hurt itself considerably. The stroke is delivered
upwards, as though to wound the face, a peculiarity also noticed by
Mr. Millard. When infuriated, prior to delivering its stroke, it retracts
the head and forebody into an 8, slightly erects itself and gives vent to
a peculiar sound which I have heard no other snake produce, and which
reminds me of a cat at bay. Cantor likens it to the sound of a vibrating
tuning-fork. During the production of this warning note the snake
compresses itself anteriorly (7e., flattens itself in a direction contrary to
that manifested by the cobra), the spine being arched about the neck,
and the throat markedly pouched.
Food.—The dhaman is very catholic in its tastes, devouring almost
anything that chance brings within its reach, but it displays a very
marked partiality to a batrachian diet, doubtless because toads, and
more especially frogs, are extremely plentiful, easily captured, and too
defenceless to offer much resistance. The possibility of taste influenc-
ing its selection may be dismissed, since flesh, however toothsome, must
fail to impart its relish when clothed in feathers, fur, or integuments,
Perhaps though, the texture of these vestments may gratify the mouth
or gullet as keenly as the flesh may conciliate the peptic glands.
When hunger presses it is stimulated to make full use of its courage,
vigour, and speed in shikaring the object of its gastric affections.
The incident of the rat falling through the ceiling cloth demonstrates
this. Blanford* mentions one he saw pursuing a lizard (Calotes ver-
sicolor) at full speed, which it caught, and then throwing its body over
its victim speedily devoured. This practice of holding down its prey
when troublesome to manage, or seized in a position unfavourable for
swallowing, is characteristic, and it can exert a very considerable
strength in this manner, Mr. Hampton tells me he has seen it hold a
rat down with its budy, pressing it tightly on the ground, and Mr,
Millard gives me a very striking example of this behaviour. He says:
«One of these which we were keeping in the same cage as our python
recently caught a rat (which was put in for food) by the tail. The
rat turned, and bit the dhaman severely, and the dhaman killed it
by holding on to the tail, and pressing the rat against the body
TTS got, AG, Soe Bena Vol REXEL, pare
266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
of the python and the floor of the eige. Severe pressure must
have besn brought to bzar, as the ret—a full-sized one— was dead
in 3 or 4 minutes.’
Here I may draw attention to the frontispiece of Lyddeker’s Royal
Natural History, Volume V., which shows this snake entwined ina
mst unnatural manner round a perpendicular bamboo stem, a large
part of its body tree, and holding a large rat with asercnity and
facility very unreal. I doubt whether this acrobatic performance is
possible for more than a few seconds apart from the manner in which
it is shown bolting its meal. It is regrettable ihut the inaccuracies
of a skilled artist should pass the censorship of su great a naturalist.
The quarry once captured is swallowed at once, so that in the case of
inoffensive creatures, such as frogs, it is no unusual circumstance for
them to reach the stomach sufficiently alive for their suppressed cries
to.be di-tinetly audible; and moreover remarkable as it may seem, when
rescued from their engulfment it isa fairly common. event for them,
after the lapse of some minutes, to recover sufficiently to hop away.
I have witnessed this on several occasions, and Kelsall has recorded
such an experience in this Journal.
Rats, though sometimes preyed upon, are not nearly so staple an
ar-icle of diet as suggested by its name Mr. Hampton tells me ihatin
cap‘ivity in Regent’s Park. London, he was familiar with this snake and
saw it seizing, and devouring good-sized rats with avidity, but that his
speci nens in Burmah, far from liking rats, seem to be afraid cf them,
preferring an exclusively batrachian fare. Lizards, birds and other small
vertebrates form a welcome supplement to its voracity. Recently, in
Fyzabad, a three-focter was found in a shrub attacking a nest of young
birds. It had already swallowed a gecko (Hemidactylus gleadovit), and
was in the act of devouring one fledgling. That it must be considered
both gourmand and gourmet may be inferred from the fellowing bills
of fare. A specimen brought to me in (annanore had caten a large
frog (Rana tigrina), a large toad (Bufo melanostéctus), and a halt-
grown lizard (Caloies versicolur) ; another lately acquired in Fyzabad
with a very tight-fitting waistcoat w.s found to contain a large toad
(Bufo andersoni), a lizard of the skivnk family (Ma’nza disszmiles),
and a young tortoise (Trionyx), and as though dissatisfied with
this 3-course luncheon, had endeavoured to include a large I zard |
probably of the genus Culotes, sinca some 5 inches or more of its
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 267
tail had been devoured. The spevimen alluded to above which bit
Mr. Hampton subsequently 0° gorged six frogs. Ferguson* comments
upon the gluttony of this species, and says its favourite food is a
medium-sized frog, of which a fair-sized snake will eat about twenty-
_ two at a meal.
Mr. Hampton says if at all hungry it will not disdain the meal
afforded by another snake, including even its cwnspeces. This ] knew
to be true and qu:te a common event in capt vity, which is vouched for
by Mr. Millard, Ferguson and cthers, but 1 think it is a rare exhibi-
tion of depravity in its natural state; however, Assistant Surgeon
Robertson told me he once cut open a large dhaman, and forvnd it con-
tained another dhaman, 3 feet 11 inches in length, in its stcmach.
Flowert mentions one eating a snake (Chryso;elea ornata), Mr.
Green tells me of one which disgorged several snakes of the genus
Rhinophis in its death throes, and Lightfoott has lately presented a
specimen to the Bombay Natural Histury Scciety preserved in the act
of swallowing a Psammophis condunarus. The stumach, as will be seen
if distended with a meal, lies more in frent of the middle point of the
body, than in some other snakes, notably the Krait, and Hemzbunyarus,
where it lies wholly behind this point.
Breedin;.—Ilt is the rule with snakes that the female exceeds the
male in length. Darwin, on the authority of Gunther, makes this state-
ment.§ Whilst fully agreeing with this remark, in this species I have
no doubt that the converse obtains. An average taken from .he largest
males and femules my notes record shows a dispamty decidedly in
favour of the male. Agzin, of specimens over 6 feet 6 inches, twelve
are mules and only two females. The longest female is 6 feet 74
inches. || Taough usually mot with singly, they are sometimes found in
pairs at times other than the breeding season. On January 5th, 1900, in
Rangoon, a mile and female were found coiled together beneath a
flooring. This date is one later than the normal hatching season. The
male was 6 feet 14 inches and the female 5 feet 84 inches. Again, in
Fyzibad a pair was found disporting themselves in a small pvol of
water some three or four yards across. The female, 6 feet 74 inches in
* Bombay Natural History Journal, Vol. X, p. 4.
t Proc. Zool Soc. 1°99, p. Gs4,
= Fombay Natural History Journal, Vol. XVI, p, 530.
§ Descent of Man, p. d38.
|| See addend a (8).
268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XVi..
length, contained eggs far advanced towards maturity. The male
measured 6 feet 93 inches. This latter incident implies a conjugal
attachment ona par with that of the higher animals, since sexual
gratification had not dissolved the marital tie.*
The following is a list of the breeding notes I have been able to
collect, arranged in tabular form :—
Fa |
Kegs a
z
Degree of P i 5
a maturity. o Locality. | Authority, | Reference,
Date. 3 Size. aa
5 2
Zi | o
=|
May 9 ? Inabdomina| ? |Bangalore .. |Nicholson .. ** Indian Sna-
| Kes”p. 127,
May Spaleee} ? Do... 2 Do, i Do. dsl Do.
20thJune’05| 14 | 12” long Do, _...| 6! 3" |Fyzabad__ ...|Self ...|Not recorded.
Do. so 20 Sin. Do. ...| 5/8” | Do. .. |Do., fee Do,
Cth July °05} 14 jizz, To .../5!72” | Do, ...|Do, ane Do.
UthJuly'05| 9 frase, Do. .../6713"] Do. . |Do. 50 | Dos
19thJuly’00| 12 2 Do. ...{6/31/ [Rangoon ...|Evans andi Do,
Self.
ist Aug.’04.) 13 |1,8//to 14,5! Do. ...|5’ 92/ |Cannanore .. Self taa| oe Nes Se
Jourl. Vol.
XVI,p. 301
14th Nov.’03.) 11 {Nearly ma- Do. ...) ? Do. _.../Do. ... |B. N. B.S.
ture, Jourl, Vol.
XVL,p. 300
September .. 12 212" |Hatched ..| ... |Bangalore .,..|Nicholson ,,.\‘ Indian Sna-
A kes” ,p, 127,
Do. og || IR ? Do. bod} cc ? Dreckman ...|Private letter
9th Dec. 99] 18 18” to 12”! Do, ..| ... {Rangoon ..|Evans and/B. N. H. 8,
long. Self, Jourl. Vol.
XIIL,p.189.
From the above it appears that the mating season is during the hot
weather, and that eggs are voided in August and September, and
hatch between September and December.
The periods of gestation and incubation are unknown to me.
The most juvenile mother, if one is to judge from measurement I
have records of, was 5 feet 8 inches, and I believe, therefore, that the
female is sexually mature at about 44 years of age.t Both sexes appear
* yee a idenda (4).
+ See addenda (5).
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 269
to grow about a foot a year, but as usual [ have to regret gaps in my
notes that prevent me speaking more positively,
The eggs are laid in adherent clusters, and deposited, I believe, in
holes in the earth. They are white, glossy, and parchment-like, with
the poles equally domed. In the clutch recorded by Nicholson one
ege measured 2" x 14”, The eggs from which young hatched in
Rangoon observed by Evans and me measured from 13 to 13" in length,
The youngsters we witnessed hatching in Rangoon measured from
144 to 154 inches. They found exit at any convenient spot, and some,
even when they had broken the shell sufficiently to admit of easy exit,
appeared to quit their cradles reluctantly, as they often peeped out,
or extended themselves to a considerable length, and then retired
sometimes for hours before evacuating them. ‘They were very active
even at this early age, and seemed to know instinctively whom to
regard as enemies, for they exhibited anger when molested ; and that
they can make good use of their teeth, Father Dreckman’s experience
related above seems to exemplify.
Those observed by Evans and me had tne navel perforate, and
through this I passed a bristle into the abdominal cavity. Nicholson,*
however, says they emerge from the egg with the navel closed. We
found two ventral shields usually perforate, and from 21 to 24 ventral
shields intervened between these and the anal shield.
Legends.—There are various legends connected with this snake.
In some parts it is addicted to sucking cows, and apropos of this it is
very remarkable that a feat so manifestly impossible when the snake’s
mouth is examined, should have received credence in many countries in
relation to several species of snakes. It would be impossible for a grasp
to be maintained upon the teat without driving home many of the
needle-pointed teeth, and inflicting an amount of pain no animal could
passively tolerate upon so sensitive a structure. Others attribute to it
the curious practice of putting its tail up the cow’s nostril, and
suddenly withdrawing it. What originated this strange belief, and
what possible end it might fulfil, is hard even to speculate upon.
Again, it is very generally believed among natives that the ratsnake
mates with the cobra, and is in fact the male cobra, and it is surprising
to me that even some educated English people seriously contemplate
such an ahsurdity, and still further so firmly believe it, as to attempt
““ Indian Snakes ”, p. 128.
270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV.
to ind’cate ths truth of their assertions. I have more than once
engagad ina haated discussion on this subject, but afier listening to
many assurances, the confession has been invariably elicited that the
sexes of the sunposad engiging parties had never been investigated !
I think tho most convincing argument in disproof of this fable lies in
ths fact that there are beyond dispute both male and female cobras,
and both male and female dhamans. One may assume they breed true,
sinea no hybrid, as faras J am aware, has ever teen recorded. The
possibility of a hybrid Iam not prepared tu doubt in face of the fact
that hybrids have been produced in captivity, the progeny of parents of
diff rant ophidian genera, but if the outrageous attachment between
Mr. Dhaman and Mrs. Cobra were true, our museums should be well
stocked with evidencss of their guilt. It is satisfactory to note, when
reflecting upon this alleged flagrant laxity of morals, that one never
bears even a whispered imputation breathed by these scandalmongers
against the characters of Mr. Cobra and Mrs. Dhaman.
The Ravd. Me. John appears to have originated the idea of an attach-
ment between the cobra and the dhaman, for Russell says, Mr. John
told him, speaking of the dhaman, that it was often found in company
with the cobra. The fact is these snakes are of similar habit, and seek
out similar quarters, but companionship is merely a matter of accident.
Russel.* says: The natives say it is not dangerous, but assert that
its bite occasions blindness in persons over forty! Avain he says the
Revd. Mr. John tells him that the sharpness of its scales sometimes. does
harm to rice grounds! cae
Distribution.—Ilts range of distribution is very extensive. It is found
throughout the whole Indian Peninsula, from Cevlon in the south to the
Himalayas in the north. On the west it extends through Raiputana,
and Sind to Afghanistan, and Transcaspia. In the east it ranges
through Burma, and the whole Malayan Continent to Southern China
and Formosa. In the Archipelago it has only been recorded from Java.
In almost every locality it is to be reckoned as one of the commonest
snakes, at any rate in the plains. In upland regions it becomes scarcer
as one ascends. It iscommon at moderate elevations (5,600 ft.), and
has been found up to 7,00) ft. (Sutlej Valley +) but is probably rarely
met with much above this altitude.
* “Ind, Serp.,” Vol. IT. p. 21,
} Stoliczka “ Jourl. As, Soc, Bengal,’ XXXIX, p, 185.
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Diagram VII.
T° Ventrat
A. §, Anterior sublinguals. Prf. Praefrontal.
F. Frontal. Po. Postocular.
I Internasal. P. 8. Posterior sublinguals.
L. Loreals. R. Rostral.
M Mental. s. Supraocular.
N. Nasal. ae Temporal.
Pa. Parietal. lto8 Supralabials.
Pra. Praeocular. I to VI Infralabials.
ZAMENIS MUCOSUS. (nar sizr)
INDIAN SNAKES. (waLL)
j
a
ra
; ‘
ti
ay da i :
E is
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 271
Blanford* remarks that it appears much less common in the Deccan
proper, west of Nagpur, than it is to the eastward.
Mescripiion.—Rostral, touches 6 shields, of which the anterior
nasal sutures are largest, and about 4 greater than the internasals.
Internasals.—A pair. The suture between them 4 to 2 that be-
tween the prefrontal fellows ; 4 the internaso-prefrontal suture.
Prefroutals.—The suture between them rather greater than the
prefronto-frontal suture. In contact with the internasal, posterior
nasal, two loreals, preocular, supraocular, and frontal. 2rontal—In
contact with shields, of which the supraocular sutures are the largest,
and twice or more than twice the parietal sutures. Length subequal
to supraozulars, Breadth subsqual to or rather greater than the supra-
oculars. Parvetals in contact with one postocular usually (rarely two).
Niusals—Two, lateral, completely divided. In contact with the Ist
and 2nd supralab-als. The nostril occupies the full depth of the suture,
and is siturted almost entirely in the posterior shield. Zoreals——Tluee,
normally 1-+4 (rarely 2 4 or 5). Preorwdars.— Two normally (rarely
ona), tha lower wedged between the 3rd and 4th supralabials. ’osto-~
Two. Temporals—Two; the lower touching the 6th and 7th
culurs.
supralab:als (sometimes the 5th also). Supralab‘als 8, the 4th and 5th
touching the eye normally (sometimes 9 with the 4th and 6th touch-
ing ths eys). Lufralaless 5 touch the anterior sublinguals (rarely «),
tho first forming a suture together about half the length of that
between the anterior sublinguals, The 5th and 6th touch the posterior
sublinguals, Tho sth is the largest of the series, and is as broad or
broader than the posterior sublinguals, and in contact with 2 scales
bshind Sea’es.—Two heads lengths behind the head 17 ; midbody 17
or 16; two heads lengths before the vent 14 or 12, All subequal
except the last row which is largest. A pair of apical facets at the apex
of each scale, Kvels anteriorly (two heads lengths behind head) none ;
midbody in from 0 to 6 or 7 rows ; posteriorly (two heads lengths before
vent) in 2 to 10 rows, Ahsorptiont—In this snake two steps occur,
the first in which the scales reduce from 17 to 16, and this is brought
* Jourl. As. Soc, Vengal, Vol. XXXIX, p. 372.
t I have already referred to the fict that in some snakes the same number of rows of scales
rersists throu -hont the body lengih; whilst in others it decreases Now the manner in
which this reduction is effected is one of much int rest from its variation in different spr cies,
and it is surprising to me that this feature should have been altozether overlooked by othet
herpetologists,
212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
about by the absorption cf the vertebral row into that adjacent to it
on the left side. This occurs about the middle of the body, usually
behind the midpoint, sometimes hewever in front of it, Very shortly
afterwards a further reduction takes place to14, and this is brought
about by the absorption of the rd row above the ventrals on koth
sides, into one of the adjacent rows (ze, the 2nd or 4th). Should
another reduction take place, as sometimes happens in the posterior
part of the body, the 3rd row is again absorbed into the one above
or below, and 12 rows are established. It rarely happens that the
first two steps occurring closely together as they do are reversed.
Supracaudals are ineven numbers. 6 rows in the middle of the tail,
and dwindling to 2 at the tip. Theabsorption of these rows follows the
rule, and the two uppermost or each side, keep on coalescing at each
step. Keels end where the rows count 6or 8. Apical facets are
present in all rows to the tail tip. Ventrals.—190 to 208 (Boulenger),
somewhat angulate laterally. Only a part of the last row of scales
visible on each side when the specimen is laid on its back. Anal
divided. Subcaudals 95 to 135 (Boulenger), divided throughout.
Our plate is excellent. The only remark I have to make is that
the chin is shown too receding, and is probably to be explained ly
some distortion from pressure against the glass in the speci
selected in the Museum.
ADDENDA.
Since writing the above I have acquired some additional information
with which I can supplement my original remarks.
(1) Mr. Millard tells me he once saw a large dhaman up a wild
date palm tree on Malabar Hill, Bombay, and from the excitement
shown by the small palm squirrels there was no doubt what it was
after. Recently in Fyzabad a specimen 6 feet 8 inches was brought
me which was discovered high up in atree, the attention of a passer-by
having been called to it, by the noisy demonstrations of several birds.
I found it contained two large chicks each 34 inches long in the
stomach, and a larger one 4 inches long in the gullet. They were
partially enveloped in their shells, which were of a uniform bright blue
colour. They appeared to me to be much too large for crowchicks, and
the colour of the eggs was not corvine.
Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist. Soc. Plate III.
Minterr
THE DHAMAN OR INDIAN RAT- SNAKE (Harmless)
Zamenis MuUucoOsus.
A PUPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 273
(2) Mr. Millard further tells me that in the Society’s cages in
Bombay large specimens are so restless when captive, and strike so
frequently at the wire netting, that they do not live long.
(3) This receives abundant confirmation from this year’s specimens.
I find from my notes that whilst I have had 14 males measuring
6 feet 6 inches and over, my largest female was only 6 feet 3 inches.
In fact only 4 females reached the limit of 6 feet.
(4) Another instance of this kind occurred this year. The baboo at
the Fyzabad Club on the 2nd July sent me word there were two snakes
in the garden close by. I went to investigate, but unfortunately a hue
and ery had been raised among the tennis chokras, and they had taken
shelter in some brushwood. The baboo told me that for many minutes
he had been watching two large snakes. which, as he expressed it, ‘‘ were
playing very nicely.” He described them as facing one another, and
swaying their erected bodies to and fro. J made no doubt that this was
a little love passage I had unfortunately missed, and I instituted a
search with the result that I observed one dhaman glide from the spot
indicated, and killed the other before it could escape me in the same
spot. This proved to be a male 6 feet 9 inches long. The next day at
the same spot the female was killed and brought to me, and I found
she contained 12 large eggs, one typ‘cal of the rest, measuring
14 inches, and therefore nearly mature. She was 6 feet 1 inch in length.
This again seems to show cohabitation long after impregnation, and if so
establishes a bond of union one would hardly expect to find among
reptiles. Another possible solution to this episode, however, may be that
the male was pressing attentions upon the female, which her condition
forbade her reciprocating and that in consequence she was really fight-
ing, and not playing. This was suggested to me recently by a similar
incident on the part of two buff-striped Keelbacks ( Tropidonotus
stolatus).
(5) Ihave had two gravid females this year, 5 feet 24 inches, ana
5 feet 54 inches, respectively.
(To be continued.)
274
ON THE TENTHREDINIDA & PARASITIC HYMEN-
OPTEKA COLLECTED IN BALUCHISTAN BY
MAJOR C. G. NULSE.
By P. Camzron.
lenient SJL
(Continued from page 107 of this Volume.)
IcHNEUMONID&,
TRYPHONINAZ.
Bassini,
Bassus letator‘us, Fab.
This. now cosmopolitan species, has been taken at Peshin in April and at
Quetta in May and June, It is probably con.mon.
Banchini.
Exetastes nitidus, sp, nov.
Black, the apical half of the 1st aldcminal segment, the whole of the
2nd and ?rd andthe biasalthree-fourths of the 4th, brightrcd ; ihe legs red ;
the coxee, basal joint of the 4 anterior trochanters, apical tl ird of hind tikia and
the hind tarsi, black ; the hind spuis fuscous ; wings hyaline, the s:igma fuscous,
the nervures black. Q.
Length 1! mm,
Quetia. May.
Face and clypeus strongly, closely punctured; the front and vertex as
closely, but not quite so strongly punctured ; the clypeus cl: arly separated,
obliquely projecting, Labrum rufous round the apex, distinctly, sparsely
punctured. Base of mandibles strongly punctured, rufcus behind the apex,
Mesonoium shining, impunctate ; the metanotum closely, rugosely. irregularly
reticnlated-striated ; the pleure closely, not very strongly punctured, Abdomen
smo:th and shining: the sheaths of the ovipositor black, ‘lhe tiansverse
cubital nervures unite in front; the recurrent nervure is received in the middle
of the areolet ; the disco-cubital is broken by a longish stump ; the transverse
median is interstitial, ‘] ibiz and tarsi thickly spinose. :
OPHIONINA.
Ophiouiné.
Ophion carinatus, sp, NOV.
Luteous, the eye orbits bioadly and the face ; ale lemon-yellow ; the pleura
tinged with yellow ; the sides of the middle lobe of mesonotum and the sides of
the lateral yell.w. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma pale tesiacecus, ike
nervures deep black; the transverse median nervure interstitial ; the stump of
a nervure nearly as long as the transverse cubital nervure ; the recurren’
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA UF BALUCHISTAN, 27
¢n
nervure is received almost, if not quite, opposite the commencement of the
basal abscissa of the radius, Metanotum closely minutely punciured, depressed
in the middle at the base ; behind the middle is an indistinct t:ansverse keel ; in
the centre of the apical third are 2 stout, parallel keels, united at the top by a
transverse keel, which curves down between them and then roundly upwards
at the sides ; on either side is a large triangular area, the narrowed cnd above,
Metasternal keel stout at its base ; surrounding the base of the coxe, isa
stouter, more irregular keel, The scutellum is long, na:row, dilated at the
base ; the keels do not extend beyond the lateral slope. The recurrent neivure,
in front, is bullated to near the middle ; there is a much shorter bulla on the
disco-cubital nervure, Temples nearly as long as the upper part of the eyes,
slightly narrowed behind, Front depressed in the middle, stoutly keeled. 9.
Le gth 17 mm.
Peshin. April.
This species differs from the 2 others described here in its larger size in the
large size and curved form of the stump on the disco-cubital nervure ; and
in the 3 arez on the apex of metanotum.
Ophion peshinensis, sp, nov.
Pale luteous, the head pale yellow ; mesonotum with 3 obscure fuscous lines ,
wings hyaline, the costa and nervures black ; the stigma testaceous, paler at the
base and apex ; metanotum closely, finely punctured, without any keels ; the
tarsi strongly spinose. @.
Length 11 mm,
Peshin, April,
The stump on the disco-cubital nervure is half the length of the basal
abscissa of the cubitus ; the recurrent nervure is received distinctly behind the
commencement of the latter ; the transverse median rervure is almost intersti-
tial, Front furrowed in the middle. Temples broad, roundly broadly nar-
rowed behind. Scutellum long, narrowed towards the apex. Depression
at base of metanotum narrow, curved.
Ophion quettaensis, sp. nov,
Pallid luteous, the head yellow; the antenne rufcscent; the mesonotum
with 3 pale fuscous lines ; wings hyaline ; the costa and stigma pale testaceous,
the nervures black ; behind the middle of the metanotvm is a transverse keel :
from its middle 2 keels run to the apex ; ihe basal depression is short, deep
and it becomes gradually ra:rowed from the base to the apex. ‘kere is a
broad, blackish stripe down the back of the 2nd and down the basal half
of the srd. The stump onthe disco-cubitil nervure is short ; the transverse
me lian is :eceived almost behind the transverse basal; the recurrent nervure
isreceived shortly, but distinctly behind tLe base of the apical abscissa of
ihe radius, ‘larsi sparsely spinose,
Length 12 mm,
Peshin, Ayril,
8
276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XV1/.
This is a paler, smaller species than peshinensis ; it is readily known from it
by the transverse keel on the metanotum and by the elongated area on the
apical slope.
Nototrachini.
Nototrachus rufo-orbitalis, sp, nov.
Black ; the eye orbits narrowly below, more broadly above dark rufous ;
behind extending on to the ocelli ; and on it, opposite the ocelli, isa yellowish
mark, The fore legs are fuscous tinged with yellow ; the 4 hinder black, their
knees yellow ; the hind tibiz are fuscous on the inner side, Wings hyaline, the
stigma and nervures blackish. @.
Length 7 mm, ; terebra 2 mm,
Quetta, May.
Face and clypeus shining, sparsely punctured ; the front keeled down the
middle, stoutly, irregularly obliquely striated ; the sides sparsely punctured ;
the vertex is smooth and shining. Pronotum irregularly, transversely striated.
Mesonotum stoutly, irregularly reticulated ; the middle lobe is broadly bor-
dered by dark rufous, Scutellum transversely striated, almost reticulated ;
the apical half is dark rufous ; the sides are stoutly keeled, the keels meeting
in the middle. Metanotum stoutly reticulated ; there is a smooth area, longer
than wide,.in the centre of the base. Pro- and mesopleure, except the upper
half of the latter at the apex, closely, stoutly, longitudinally striated, the
strie running into each other; the metapleure stoutly longitudinally striated-
reticulated, The upper part of the propleure is broadly rufous, Abdomen
smooth, bare, and shining.
Campoplegini,
Tranosema ? striata, sp.nov.
Black, shining, the mandibles, except at the apex, and tegule yellow ; palpi
pale testaceous, black at the base; legs fulvous, the coxze and basal joint of
trochanters black ; the knees and anterior tibia yellow. Wings clear hyaline,
the costa and stigma pale testaceous, the nervures black, Q.
Length 6 mm,
Peshin. April,
The upper two-thirds of the propleure, the basal half of the mesopleure
except below the middle and the middle of the petiole above are finely and
closely striated ; the metanotum is irregularly, more strongly striated and more
or less punctured. Face aciculated, opaque, the clypeus smooth and shining,
Hyes coarsely facetted, parallel, not converging above or below ; the malar
space short, not much longer than the antennal pedicle, Front and vertex
aciculated, Ocelli prominent ; the hinder separated from each other by about
the same distance as they are from the eyes, Metanotum strongly aciculated
or finely closely punctured ; it is areolated in the middle ; the petiolar is twice
longer than wide, narrowed gradually towards the apex, where it is half the
length of the base ; the areola is more than twice longer than wide and ob-
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF BALUCGHISTAN. 277
liquely narrowed at the base ; the apical slope is smoother and shining; it is
surrounded by a keel ; the spiracles are small, round, Abdominal petiole long,
longer than the 2nd segment ; the post-petiole is dilated and clearly separated ;
the spiracles are placed close to its middle ; the spiracles on the 2nd segment
are placed shortly behind the middle. The abdomen is smooth ; not compress-
ed, the middle not much narrower than the thorax ; the sheath of the ovi-
positor projects, but not beyond the dorsal apex ; it is broad, stout ; the last
ventral segment projects bluntly, Pterostigma thick, rounded behind ; the
areolet is 5-angled, narrowed in front, receiving the recurrent nervure in the
middle: the transverse median nervure is interstitial, The radial cellule is
short, widened and angled at the areolet; the apical nervures in the hind
wings are obsolete, Clypeus not separated from the face ; a large depression at
the sides ; its apex broadly rounded,
In the arrangement of Dr. Ashmead (Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., XXIII, 95)
this species runs into Zranosema, As, however, no complete description of that
genus has been given, it is possible that it may not belong to it ; in that case, the
species may form the type of a new genus,
Tranosema ? spilostoma, sp. nov.
Length 6 mm, Q,
Peshin, April.
Similar in size and colouration to 7'.(?) striata, except that the apical half
of the clypeus is reddish-fulvous, it differs otherwise in the thorax not being
striated, nor is the petiole ; the petiolar area is not so wide at the base com-
pared with the length ; the areola at the base is narrowed from the middle
instead of from the basal third and is not so distinctly closed at the base ; the
dilated part of the abdominal peticle is equal in length with the narrowed
basal part, while in 7. (?) striata the post-petiole is distinctly shorter than it ;
the transverse cubital nervures are united in front, while in striata they are
separated ; and the znd discoidal cellule is wider at the apex, compared with
the base ; in striata it is not much more than twice ; in spilostoma, fully 3 times.
Burylypa pilosella, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, the inner orbits to near the ocelli, the line obliquely
narrowed above, the outer entirely, the basal half of the mesonotum on the
sid2s, the line continued on the outer side to the apex of the tegule, scutellum,
the lower half of the mesopleure and the others almost entirely yellow; the
yellow bordered more or less with rufous ; abdomen red, the basal half of the
Ist, a line on the top of the 2nd, the apex of the 5th, the top and apex of the
6th and the 7th segments entirely, black, Four front legs yellow ; the middle
trochanters and base of femora marked above with black ; hind legs yellow, the
cox above, the femora above and below, the tibis above and below at the
apex and the apical joints of the tarsi, black, Wings hyaline, the stigma
testaceous, the nervures black ; the recurrent nervure interstitial, ¢,
Length 15 mm,
Quetta, May.
278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Antennal scape yellow, a black line above; the basal joints of flagellum
black, the rest brown. Head and thorax densely covered with long white pubes-
cence, Front in the middle rugosely punctured, more or less obliquely
striated above, the sides finely, closely, punctured ; there is a keel down the
middle, ‘I'he top, and the bottom more broadly, of the outer orbits are rufus,
Mesonotum shining, sparsely punctured ; the scutelitm is much n ole sircrg-
ly punctnred. Metanotum irregularly reticulated-striaied ; a smooth line down
the centre. Pleursz closely, somewhat strongly punctured, The apical seg-
ments of the abdomen are narrowly lined with yellow.
Barylypa interstitiulis, sp, nov.
Black, the face, clypeus, orbits narrowly except on the top, a triangular
mark on either side of the base of the mesonotum, tegule, scutellum, the
lower part of propleure at the base, a large oblique mark on the lower part of
the mesopleure at the base, a much narrower one at the apex below and a
large mark, obliquely narrowed above,on the apex of the metapleure below,
yellow. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th abdominal segments are rufo-testaceous. Legs
yellow, the middle cox at the base, the hind coxe, trochanters above, base
and apex of femora, a line on the inner side of the tibiz, on their outer side
at the apex and the greater part of the tarsi, black, the hind femora dark
red. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma pale testaceous, the nervures black,
antenne black, brownish towards the apex. @.
Length 9 mm.
Quetta. August.
Head and thorax closely punctured, the mesonotum more shining and
sparsely punctured ; thickly covered with white pubescence. Metanotum
irregularly longitudinally striated, more weakly and irregularly transversely
striated, the 2 striations forming irregular reticulations, Metapleure more
closely, rugosely punctured than the rest.
Barylypa rufo-lineata, sp. nov.
Head and thorax yellow, the vertex, occiput more broadly, 3 broad lines on
the mesonotum, the central extending from the base to the apex; the lateral
commences at the middle and reaches to the apex, the paris at the sides of
scutellums, base of metanotum, the upper part of pleurxe and the breast
rufous. Abdomen ferruginous, the top of the 2nd segment black. Four front
legs pale yellow, the femora rufous below; the hind coxe, trochanters and
femora rufous, the troch nters marked with yellow and black, their tibize
yellow on the onter side, blackish on the inner, the tarsi black above, dark
rufous below. Wings byaline, the stigma dark fulvous-testaceous, the nervures
black. Q.
Len. th 16 mm.
Antennal scape yellow; the flagellum rufous, marked with black at the base,
Head and thorax thickly covered with ].ngish white pubescence, Front strong-
ly punctured, obliquely striated below the ocelli, the vertex is less strungly
pnuctured. Mandibles yellow, the teeth black, rufous behind, Mesonotum
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF BALUCHIST AN, 279
sparsely punctured at the base, more closely and sircngly at the apex; its
apical slope is strongly, closely transversely striated, Metanctum coarsely
reticulated, the apical slope furrowed in the middle, Pro-a1d mesopleun
closely, strongly punctured ; the metapleure coarsely reticulated, Hecurrent
nervure interstitial, the transverse median received shortly beyond the trans-
verse basal,
Barylypa variornata, sp, nov.
Rufous, the face, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, an almost interrupted line on the
upper inner orbits, the outer narrowly above and below, broa:.Jy in the middle,
a large mark, longer than broad, on the sides of the mesonottm at the base,
scutellum, a large mark on the sides of the median segment, a large cne on the
base and apex of the mesopleurz and the greater part of the metapleure
yellow ; the vertex broadly, the occiput still more broadly, a mark, of equal
width throughout on the base of the mescnotum, between the yellow marks, a
small mark on the sides at the apex, the space at the sides of the scutellum, the
metanotum except the sides before the apex, the mesosternum, the base of the
metapleure and a line on the top of the 2nd abdominal segment, black, Four
front legs yellow; the middle femora rufous, black at the base, the hind
blackish ; the coxz and the greater part of the femora rufous; the bare of
the tibiz p:.le,
In the 2 examples I have examined the amount of black varies; in one
specimen there is no black on the occiput, nor on the apex of the metanotvm ;
and the hind legs are more largely marked with yellow. The punctuation on
the head and thorax is sparse ; the apex of the mesonotim is closely transversely
striated ; the metanotum is irregularly longitudinally striated, moie or less
reticulated in the laiger specimen, The recurrent nervure is inierstitial ; it is
bullated to below the middle, the wings in the smaller example are slightly
tinged with fulvous, Q,
Length 10-12 mm,
Quetta, June (the large example), August (the smaller).
Barylypa erythrocera, sp. nov.
Rufous, the eye orbits broadly, antennal scape, face, clypeus, mandibles
palpi, the sides of mesonotum near the base, scutcllvm and the pleuie largcly,
yellow, The apex of the hind tibix broadly and more narrowly on the inner
side above and the greater part of the hind tarsi, black, Wir gs hyaline, the
stigma pale testaceous, the nervures black ; the recurrent nervure interstitial. 9
Length 8 mm,
Que ta. August,
Face and clypeus closely punctured ; the front and vertex are much more
strongly punctured, Pro=a:.d mesothorax closely punctured, the pleursze more
strongly than the meso: otum ; the apex of the latter is transversely striated.
Metanotum smooth on either side at the base, the rest transversely reticulated,
depressed in the middle, the metapleure irregularly rugose,
23) JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Che wings are slightly tinged with fulvous, and highly iridescent.
The 5 species of Barylypa from Baluchistan may be separated thus :—
1 (4) The greater part of the head, thorax and apex of abdomen
black.
2 (3) Large (15 mm.) the pleure yellow, black above, the flagel-
lum of antennz rvfous, the basal two segments of abdomen
TPNH oganconsasnnocadocadcondduct cponooosoqdence eq acocc peddeuancaseqq900 pilosella.
Small (9 mm.) the pleurz black, with 3 yellow marks, the
antennz black, the basal 2 segments of abdomen for the
greater part blak .........cene-sssscsccsceerss:ereenereere cececcovess sees interstitials,
4 (1) The greater part of the body rufous,
5 (6) The mesonotum anc base of metanotum maculate with black.. variornata.
6 (5) The mesonotum and metanotum not maculate wit black,
7 (8) Large (16 mm.) the mesonotum yellow, with 3 rufous lines,
mesopleurz yel'ow, rufors above and belOWeee.s.cces-s00 «cee 7Ufo-lineata.
8 (7) (Small 8 wm.), the mesonot:m rufous, yellow laterally at the
base; mesopleurze rufous, with 2 yellow MarkS....ccocs ssseccee erythrocera,
~)
=
to
~—
Limnerium quettaense, sp. nov.
Black, the legs bright red, the 4 anterior coxe tinged with yellow. black
above, the hinder black ; mandibles and tegule pale yellow ; palpi rufo-test-
aceous. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures dark fuscous; the areolet
has a distinct pedicle, is somewhat larger than usual, 4 angled, developed behind
and receiving ‘the recurrent nervure in the middle. Q and @.
Length 7-8 mm,
Base of metanotum closely punctured ; the areola small, square, with thick
shining keels; the posterior median area is closely, strongly, regularly trans-
versely striated ; the lateral area is more strongly, irregularly, and more widely
striated ; below it becomes narrowed to a sharp point and does not extend
to the apex ; the apical slope is distinctly depressed. Face roundly dilated,
opaque, minutely punctured ; it and the clypeus are thickly covered with long
white pubescence ; front and vertex minutely, closely punctured, Abdomen
smooth and shining.
The basal lateral area is not clearly defined, nor is the apical distinctly sepa-
rated from it; the apical slope is more depressed than usual.
Limnerium forticarinatum, sp, nov.
Black, the legs, except the coxe, red, the hind tarsi, except at the base,
infuscated ; the spurs pale; the mandibles, except at the apex, and the palpi
yellow ; wings hyaline, the stigma fuscous, the nervures black; the tegule
yellow. @.
Length 6 mm.
Quetta. March and August,
Head alutaceous, the face, cheeks and lower outer orbits densely covered
with longish white pubescence, Pro- and mesothorax alutaceous, covered
with short white pubescence, the post-scutellum with a fovea on the sides at
the base. Metanotum deeply depressed at the base ; the areola large, distinct ;
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF BALUCAHISTAN, 281
the lateral keels stout, uniting at the base, becoming gradually roundly widened
to the apex, which is closed by a narrow, not very distinct, transverse keel ; the
keels of thé areola are continued round the outer edges of the apical slope ; from
the outer side of the base a less distinct keel runs to the central keel, uniting
with it near its apex, the metanotum is finely closely rugose ; the apical slope
is strongly, closely, transversely striated ; the strixs are somewhat twisted. On
the metapleure the spiracular region is bounded above and below by a stout
keel; beyond the spiracles this area bears somewhat stoutish, more or less
broken striz ; the median segment densely covered with longish white pubes-
cence, Areolet with a longish pedicle; the outer transverse cubital
nervure is longer and more roundly curved than the inner ; the areolet projects
below angularly ; the recurrent nervure is received distinctly beyond the
middle.
The median segment at the base is broad, clearly separated from the apical
slope, which is almost perpendicular. In L, quettaense the siope is gradually
rounded from the base to the apex, the segment thus appearing shorter ;
quettaense has not a distinct areola, the apical slope is more depressed in the
middle and not so strongly striated ; it is a larger species and the 4 anterior coxz
and trochanters are red, not black as they are in the smaller species, The
latter, too, has not a petiolar area as has the larger species, in which also the
areolet is larger and the recurrent nervure is received in its middle.
Limnerium parvicarinatum, sp, nov.
Black ; the antennal scape reddish yellow below ; the legs red ; all the cox,
the 4 anterior trochanters at the base narrowly, the basal joint of the hinder,
the apex of the hinder tibize and the hind tarsi except at the base narrowly,
black ; the 4 anterior tibiz and tarsi largely tinged with yellow; the base of
the hind tibiz and of the hind tarsi pale yellow ; wings hyaline, the nervures
and stigma black ; the areolet 4-angled ; the nervures meeting in front ; there
is a distinct pedicle, half the length of the apical nervure, which is largely
bullated below ; the recurrent nervure is received in the middle ; the transverse
median nervure is received shortly beyond the transverse basal, @.
Length 7 mm.
Quetta, June,
Median segment closely rugosely punctured, thickly covered with longish
white pubescence ; the apical slope depressed in the middle, coarsely irregularly
striated ; there is a broadly curved keel in the centre of the base. Upper
half of propleure closely rugosely punctured ; the lower half stoutly striated,
the strie clearly separated ; the meso- and metapleure closely finely rugosely
punctured ; the latter more strongly than the former, which, on the upper
apical half, is strongly longitudinally striated ; its lower part bordered by a
crenulated furrow, The upper part of the metapleure is closely, oblique-
ly, not very distinctly, striated, Face opaque, alutaceous, thickly covered
with white pubescence ; the clypeus obscurely punctured, the front and vertex
closely punctured. Mandibles black. Palpi pale yellow.
282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
The 3 species of Limnerium hore described may be separated thus : —
a Metanotum not «reolated, on!y a short, curved transverse keel at
the base ; the transverse median nervure not interstitial ... parvicarinatum.
b é - Metanotum more or less areolated, the transverse median ner-
vure interstitial.
Pedicle of areolet ha'f the length of the basal transverse cubital —
nervure ; the 4 anterior cox and trochanters reddish-yellow;
apical slope of metanotum irregularly, transversely, strong!y,
bnt not Closely, striated © ............seeree seeeee - ---cesscreesroreee-». Guettaense,
Pedicle of areolet longer than the basal transverse enbital nervure,
the 4 anterior coxz and trocha: ters for the greater nart black ;
apict! slope of metanotum closely regularly tran versely striated,
PHSISEPINCUVE, icenccscensstlees:c-co: ene sAeeersuscssccesesons Lovsaveuweseccore Jorticarinatum,
Paurolewis, gen, nov.
Wings without an areolet ; the recurrent nervure received shortly beyond the
transverse cubital, Radial cellule short, not reaching to the middle of the
apical margin of the wing; stigma wide, triangular. Cubitus and discoidal
nervures obsolete ; transverse median nervure interstitial ; 2nd discoidal cellule
at the base about one-fourth of the width of the apex, Apical rervures in
hindwings obsolete. Metathoracic spiracles round. Metanotum completely
areolated ; the areola twice longer than wide, the base narrowed to a point,
the apex transverse. Apex of clypeus rounded ; it is indistincily separated
from the face in the middle ; distinctly laterally by an oblique furrow. Meso-
pleure with acrenulated furrow above the middle. Abdomen not strongly
compressed. stout; the petiole long, its basal third narrowed, the ayical part
dilated ; it is smocth and has an elcngated ovipositor, Eyes bare, large ; malar
space as long as the antennal scape Claws simple. Basal joint of hind tarsi
about as long as the following 3 united.
There are 9 arere on the metanotum in 3 rows, besides the spiracular,
which is not closed on the outerside ; the petiolar is twice longer than the
wicth at the base ; it is narrowed to a point at the apex. Fore tarsi twice the
le:gth of the tibiz, Head transverse, narrowed behind ; wider than long.
There is no malar furrow. The areola of metathorax is closed all round,
In the Ashmeadian-Foersterian system this genus would come near Zaporus,
which has the claws toothed. The absence of the apical nervures in both
wings, the short radial cellule, long abdominal peticle sharply narrowed
at the base and transverse head, with short temples are probably characteristic
points of distinction.
Paurolexis flavus, sp. nov.
Pallid yellow, a conical mark in the depression above each antenna, 3 large
lines on the mesonotum, the larger being the central, a transveise mark: on the
base of the scutellum, a line round its sides and apex, a line, dilated in the
middle, on the base of the metanotum, a transverse mark at the top of the
mesopleural furrow, a longer at the lower part; 2 marks, above and below, on
the base of the prothorax and the greater part of the meso- ard metasternum
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF BALUCHISTAN, 283
black. The base of the abdominal petiole, a large mark, commencing behind
its middle and reaching close to the apex, the basal part narrow, not reachirg
to the sides ; a lime along the base of the 2nd segment continued along ihe
sides to near the ap« x ; from the centre of the basal strij e cne, of similar size,
runs down the middle to a large transverse band in the middle of the segment :
there are broad black bands on the base of the 3rd and 4th segments following
by broad brownish red ones; similar but much narrower bands are on the 5th
and 6th, Legs coloured like the body, the hind trochanters, femora and tibie
marked with black. Wings hyaline, iridescent, the stigma pale in front, fuscous
behind ; the nervures black, Q,
Length 7-8 ; terebra 3-4 mm.
Except the metanotum, which is distinctly, but not closely punctured, the
body is smooth, shining and almost bare; the posterior median area is
transversely striated ; its basal half is obliquely narrowed; the ! asal lateral
area is wider than long ; the central about 3 times longer than wide, the apical
not much longer than wide.
PIMPLIN&.
Pimpla nursei, sp, nov.
Black ; the legs bright red, the 4 anterior coxse black ; the knees pale yellow ;
wings hyaline, the costa and nervures black, the stigma fuscous, white at the
base ; the tegule whitish yellow. Q.
Length 12 ; terebra 10 mm.
Quetta, May.
Face shin'ng, roundly dilated in the middle, distinctly, but not closely
punctured, thickly covered with dark fuscous pubescence. Lakrem pale, Palpi
black. Thorax shining, closely, strongly punctured ; the base of the metanotum
is more stiongly, but not so strongly punctured ;in its centre is a shining
depression, about one half longer than wide and with raised sides ; the apical
slope is closely, somewhat irregularly transversely striated ; the upyer half of
the metap'eurs is stro: gly closely, the ]lcwer much more sparsely punctured ;
the two parts being separated below the spiracles by a keel. Abdcmen strcng-
ly and closely punctured ; the punctuation becoming gradually weeker ; the
apices of the segments are smooth and shining. ‘he tibie and tarsi are
thickly covered with white pubescence, which makes them appear paler than
the femora. The areolet is almost appendiculated, the nervures uniting
in front,
Lassunota baluchistonensis, sp, nov.
Head and thorax yellow, largely marked with black; the abdomen rufous ;
the base of the Ist segment broadly, its apex more narrowly and the apices of
the 2nd and 3rd segments still more narrowly, yellow. Legs—the 4 anterior
yellow, sufus:d with fulvous; the femora narrowly streaked with black ; the
hind legs rufous, the coxw and trccl.auters yelow, the former on the inner
side largely black, on the outer baral half with a large brownnark Wings
4
284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
hyaline, the apex with a smoky cloud ; the areolet shorier than the pedicle,
triangular ; the recurrent nervure received at the apex. 9.
Length 12 mm, ; terebra 10 mm.
Quetta, July.
Antenne rufous, the scape yellow below ; the basal joints of the
flagellum blackish. Head covered with a sparse, minute pale pile; the
centre of the front and a mark on the vertex wider than long, united
to a wider one on the occiput, black. Face closely, the front and vertex
more strongly, but not so closely punctured. Thorax somewhat strongly and
closely punctured ; on it the following parts are black: on the centre of the
mesonotum is a black line of equal width and about 3 times longer than
wide, a slightly broader line round the sides of the apical two-thirds and
round the apex, the sides of the scutellum, a large triangular mark on
the sides of the metanotum, extending shortly beyond the middle, its outerside
straight, the inner rounded ; the base of the mesopleura, an oblique line under
the tubercles, the apex, the line dilated above the middle, a curved line on
the sides of the mesosternum, the metasternum and the extreme apex of the
median segment, black.
The transverse median nervure is received very shortly beyond the transverse
basal, Tarsi spmose.
CRYPTIN A.
CRYPTINI,
Cryptus violaceotinctus, sp. nov,
Black, a large yellow mark on the apex of clypeus ; the femora, anterior
tibiz and the abdomen, except the petiole, red; the wings hyaline, tinged
with violaceous, especially at the apex. @.
Length 15 mm,
Quetta, April.
Face closely, strongly punctured, thickly covered with long white pubes-
cence, Clypeus shining, smooth, punctured in the middle ; the apex depressed.
The lower inner orbits have a pale narrow border.
Front furrowed down the middle, strongly obliquely striated, except on the
lower outer edge, where it is smooth and shining, Mesonotum somewhat irregu-
larly punctured ; the apical slope striated finely and closely in the middle, the
sides smooth. Metanotum closely rugosely reticulated punctured, the reticu-
lations more distinct between the keels. Propleure closely rugose, striated
in the middle. Mesopleurz rugosely punctured above; the middle closely,
obliquely reticulated-striated ; the lower part shining, impunctate, irregularly
aciculated. Areolet large, almost square, slightly converging in front ; the
transverse median nervure is received very slightly behind the transverse basal,
almost interstitial.
The middle tibiz are rufous below ; the parapsidal furrows deep, crenulated
closely, the calearia dark testaceous; the pubescence on the head and thorax
is dense, short, pale ; the 2 transverse keels on the metanotum are stout,
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF BALUCHISTAN, 285
Major Nurse has taken a Cryptus in Kashmir which is closely allied io the
above, The two may be separated readily,
Abdominal petiole red; apex of abdemen blue-black; anterior tibie
black Pree Titi il i) rere | eee Serre Gee eeders Ganee coreeneeesesegeres:+.-ssvee IMSL,
Abdominal petiole black, apex of abdomen red; anterior tibie red...... violaceotinclus
I give here a description of C. nurseé,
Cryptus nursez, sp. NOV.
Black, the basal 3 segments of the abdomen, the base of the 4th and the
femora red ; the apical segments of the abdomen tinged with blue ; the wings
hyaline, distinctly tinged with violaceous, the nervures and stigma black, 9.
Length 15 mm,; terebra 8 mm,
Kashmir—8—9,000 feet. June,
Face and base of mandibles thickly covered with long white pubescence :
the clypeus with longer black hair ; the face closely punctured ; the clypeus
more shining and more sparsely punctured. Front deeply excavated, strongly
transversely striated and with a keel down the middle ; the striz on the upper
half are stronger, more oblique and curved ; the inner orbits are bordered by
a pale coloured keel. Mesonotum shining, strongly but not closely punctured ;
th2 middle lobe at the base closely transversely striated, as is also the apical
slope. Scutellum sparsely punctured,
Metanotum closely rugosely punctured ; the space between the keels in the
middle irregularly, stoutly, more or less longitudinally striated, its sides closely
reticulated, strongest below at the tooth. Pleure closely, strongly rugosely
punctured ; the punctuation on the mesopleure runs into reticulation, Abdo-
' men smooth and shining. Areolet large, about one-fourth longer than wide,
angled below where the recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the
middle,
Phedrophadnus, gen, nov.
Areolet large, not much longer than wide, the sides not converging in front ;
ransverse median nervure received beyond the transverse basal ; transverse
median nervure in hind wings broken in the middle. Median segment short,
obliquely depressed at the base, strongly, closely striated ; there are 2 transverse
keels ; its spiracles longish oval, about two and a half times longer than wide.
Abdominal petiole long and slender, not dilated at the apex, the post-petiole not
being defined, Tarsi spinose, a number of spines at the anices of the joints,
the tarsi in the @ have the 3rd and 4th joints marked with white. The
antenne are of uniform thickness in the Q ; in the @ they are slightly
narrowed towards the apex. There isa distinct malar space ; itis nearly as
long as the antennal scape. Clypeus roundly convex, but not separated from
the face by a suture,
Comes nearest to Acrorienus-Linoceras, Taseh., which may be known from it
by the metathorax not being striated, Also to Bathycrisis, Cam.. from Ceylon :
that genus is easily separated by the interstitial transverse basal nervure, by
286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
the disco-cubital nervure being broken by a stump and by the transverse
median nervure in hind wings being broken distinctly below tke middle.
Phedrophadnus striatus, sp, nov.
Black, shining, the basal 4 segments of the abComen, the 4 anterior femora,
tibize and tarsi, the hind femora and base of hd tibie breadly, red ; the 10th
and 11th joints of the antennez white ; wings Lyaline, the stigma and nervures
black, Q and @.
Length 7 mm, ; terebra 1-5 mm.
Quetta, May and June.
Face and clypeus strongly, closely punctured : the inner half of the malar
space Opaque, coarsely aciculated, the outer and the temples smooth and
shining; the centre of the front strongly irregulaily reticulated-striated.
Temples very short, the occiput rounded. Pro- and mesothorax closely
punctured, the pleurz more strongly ihan the upper surface ; the lower half of
the propleur striated ; the scutellum is more sparsely punctured, particularly
in the centre, Base of metanotum cbliquely depressed ; the centre is almost
impunctate ; the sides closely punctured ; the space between the 2 keels is
strongly longitudinally striated-reticulated ; the apical slope has the sides
closely longitudinally striated-reticulated ; the centre more irregularly trans-
versely-obliquely striated, Abdomen smooth and shining, The palpi are for
the greater part testaceous,
The @ has a narrow elongated petiole like the Q ; it may be black at the
base to the middle. The stump of a nerve on the disco-cubital may be distinct,
indistinct, or absent,
Mesostenini,
Mesostenus tricarinatus, sp. nov.
Black, the sides of the face broadly, the clypeus except at the apex, basal
half of man libles, the inner orbits narrowly, a short rarrow line on the centre
of the outer, the scutellar keels; its sides broadly, the greater part of the
tegule and the tubercles, pale yellow ; the abdomen, except the base of the
petiole, red ; the legs red, the posterior deeper in tint iLan ike others; the
4 anterior coxz and trochanters whitish yellow except above; the hind coxe,
trochanters, apical third of tibiz, the basal joint of tarsi, base of 2nd and the
apical, black ; the rest of the hind tarsi white. Antenne black, the apical joints
brownish below, Wings clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. Q.
Length 6 mm.
Quetta, May.
Face and clypeus strongly punctured, thickly covered with white pukescerce.
Front closely rugosely punctured, the punctures intermixed with fine longi tudi-
nal striz ; there isa distinct keel down the middle - Veriex closely purctured
at, ani around, the ocelli; the sides shining, sparsely, finely punctured. Pro-
and mesothorax strongly, closely punctured ; covered with a white down,
Scutellum more shining and much less closely punctured. Metanotum with 2
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF BALUCHISTAN. 287
stout transverse keels ; the apical] more projectirg backwards in ihe middle ; the
base is strongly punctured, with a smooth shining space on either side of ihe
middle ; the space between the keels is much more closcly rugosely puncivied
and more or less reticulated ; the apical slope is stoutly transversely striated,
the strie being clearly separated, The melapleure are more closely, rugosely
punctured than the rest. Parapsid:] furr:.ws distinct. Abdomen smooth ; the
petiole long and slender, Hind coxe closely, strongly punctured. Areolet
narrow twice Jonger than wide ; the recurrent nervure received at the apex.
This is a AMesostenus sensu str.
ICHNEOMONINA,
Heresiarchini,
Fileanta rufo-cauda, sp. nov.
Black, face, clypeus, mandibles except at extreme apex, a parrow line on the
upper inner orbits, inner side of malar space, palpi, a line on the pronotum
tubercles, tegul, the basal two-thirds of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments
the basal half of the 4th, the 4 front legs; the hinder trochanters, base of
tibizs broadly and the hind tarsi, bright lemon-yell..w ; the antennal flagellum,
hind femora, apical two-thirds of hind tibie, the 4th atdominal segment
behind the black, and the 5th and 6th rufons; the apical segments lemon-
yellow as is also the antennal scape. Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with
fulvous ; the stigma fulvous, the nervures black. @.
Length 13 mm,
Quetta May.
Face and base of clypeus closely strongly punctured, thickly covered with
short white pubescence, the apex of the clypeus smooth, Front rugosely
punctured, more or less striated above; the vert x and occiput closely, distinctly
punciured, the latter closely stria‘ed above. Pro- and mesothorax closely,
strongly punctured ; the mesopleure more or less striated in the middle ; the
metapleure closely, strongly striated. Mctanotum closely strongly reticu'ated-
punctured ; the areol. more distinctly reticulated ; it is large, almost square,
slightly obliquely narrowed laterally at the base ; it is transverse there as also
at the apex; the 2 lateral are and the petiolar are clearly separated. There
are 3 arez on the apical slope. Areolet 5-angled, narrowed in front ; the
transverse median nervure is received shortly beyond the transverse basal ; the
disco-cubital nervure has a minute stump.
This species is not unlike F, balteuta, Cam., from Ferozepore ; the two may
be known by the differences noted below
The 5th and 6th abdominal segments black, the areola narrowed at the
apex, b sal lilf of petiole almost Sm:00iN ...secsceses-ceee-seeseeceenee eens Oalteata,
The 5th and 6th abdominal segn.ents rufous, the areola narrowed at the
base, basal half of petiole st ongly, closely, transversely striated ... rufo-cauda,
The post-petiole in rufo-cuudu is closely, strongly, longitudinally striated
in the middle ; the sides are punctured ; the punctures intermixed with striz ;
the base of the petiole closely, strongly, transversely striated. Gastroceli
288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV/T.
shallow, indistinct ; the base has a few longitudinal keels; the apex is
transversely striated.
BETHYLID,
Epyris rugicollis, sp, nov.
Black, shining ; the antenne, mandibles, the apex of the 3rd abdominal
segment narrowly and the whole of the following, red ; wings hyaline, the
anterior in front slightly tinged with fulvous, the stigma and nervures pale
fuscous, the parastigma white ; the posterior pair ciliated. 2.
Length 8 mm.
Quetta, June to August,
Head about one-third longer than wide, shining, bearing distinct, clearly
separated punctures, except between and at the sides of the ocelli; the hinder
ocelli are bordered by a deep furrow; the hairs are sparse, long and pale
fulvous, ‘Temples as long as the eyes; the sides of the occiput rounded.
Malar space almost obsolete. Mandibles sparsely covered with fulvous hair ; on
their upper half are 2 irregular rows of large punctures, Pronotum punctured
like the head; it is not quite so long as the latter ; the collar is distinctly
separated ; closely finely, rugosely, punctured. Mesonotum smooth, irregularly
punctured in the middie. Scutellum transverse at the base, gradually narrowed
to a bluntly rounded point ; it is smooth, sparsely punctured on the sides and
apex ;on the sides at the base is a deep somewhat oval fovea, longer than
broad, and oblique. Metanotum not quite so long as the mesonotum and
scutellum united; there are 5 longitudinal keels, the central of which is
prolonged to the apex of the segment ; outside the 5 isa less distinct, more
twisted one which converges towards the central ones at the apex and runs
through the striz ; between the keels are irregular transverse striz ; the sides,
outside the keels, are closely, regularly transversely striated as is also, from near
the top, the apical slope ; on the latter the upper striz are more irregular, Pro-
and mesopleure sparsely punctured, the latter more strongly than the former ;
on the latter is a distinct curved, crenulated furrow, commencing near the
top at the apex, curving back towards the base, then downwards to the middle
cox, Metapleure strongly closely striated. Fore femora largely swollen,
narrowed towards the apex ; apex of tarsal joints strongly spinose ; the femora
and tibiz are sparsely covered with white hair, the metatarsus is thickly covered
with white hair below, Of the apical alar nervures only the radius is indi-
cated, The transverse median nervure is roundly curved outwardly, the upper
part being more obliquely sloped than the lower; the radius extends half way
to the apex of the wing,
289
ON THE TENTHREDINIDA AND PARASITIC HYMEN-
OPTERA COLLECTED BY MAJOR C. G. NURSE
IN KASHMIR.
BY
P. CAMERON.
TENTHREDINIDA.
Rhogogastera bituberculata, sp. nov.
Olive green, the vertex, the front, the mark irregularly narrowed towards
the apex, it extending broadly behind to the middle of the eyes, the olive
coloured space behind being gradually narrowed on the innerside, the
mesonotum, median segment, back of abdomen, a broad, irregular mark
bordering the breast, a straight line on the upper three-fourths of the apex
of mesopleure, upper part of metapleure, antennz, their tubercles, the apex
of the hind femora, and the tibie and tarsi, black. Wings hyaline, the nervures
and stigma black, There is a short olive line above each antennz, a longish
triangular line on the apex of the pronotum,a longish triangular mark on
either side of the apex of the middle lobe of the mesonotum, the scutellum
except for a curved line on the base, the sides and apex of the 2nd abdo-
minal segment, a more irregular one on the apex of the 3rd, the sides and
apex of the penultimate segment narrowly, its centre broadly, the apical
segment and all the ventral surface are olive, Apex of mandibles broadly
black, Face smooth; the clypeus and labrum sparsely punctured. Basal half
>
of clypeus deeply depressed, its apex broadly, roundly incised ; on either side of
the top is a round, deep fovea. The antenne are bordered on the inner side by
stout projecting tubercles, broadly rounded at the apex. Ocellar region raised,
clearly separated from the centre of the vertex by a furrow, the latter being
bounded laterally by deep furrows, Mesonotum and seutellum distinctly
but not closely punctured ; the middle lobe of mesonotum deeply, widely
furrowed, Basal segments of abdomen closely punctured, Pleure and
sternum closely, somewhat strongly punctured.
The 4 anterior tibiz are only black above, Antenne stout, as long as the
head and thorax united ; their 3rd joint is nearly as long as the following two
vnited,
Taken at an elevation of 6,000 feet in May,
Athalia leucostoma, Cam,
Zeits, fiir Hymen, ii, Dipter., 1904, 108,
Probably a common species,
The Indian species of Athalia may be separated thus:
a, Hind tibie entirely black ......... wuts Gavezeco lentes proxima, Kl,
Bitaeeat vest black only at the apex,
1.—Abdomen spotted with black down the sides ; the
apex of hind femora black... 5... .. Phasddekd wa EASE Be nigromaculata, Cam.
290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVJJ.
2,—Abdomen and hind femora not spotted with black.
Antenne 13-jointed, mesonotum without black . . antennata, Cam.
Antenne 11-jointed, sides of mesonotum black... leucostoma, Cam.
Dosytheus kashmirensis, sp. nov.
Black, the pronotum, mesonotum, basal 5 segments of the abdomen and the
legs, except the apex of the hind tibiz and the hind tarsi, rufous, the red of
the abdomen tinged with yellow ; wings hyaline, highly iridescent, the anterior
tinged with fuscous ; the nervures and stigma black. @.
Length 6 mm,
May, at an elevation of 5-6,000 feet.
Head, except for a large triangular space on the sides of the vertex, closely
rugosely punctured ; the sides of the vertex sparsely, strongly punctured ; its
centre more closely punctured, clearly separated, Apex of clypeus broadly,
distinctly, roundly bilobate. Labrum closely punctured, dark honey-yellow.
Oral region fringed with long pale fulvous hair, Thorax strongly and clcsely
punctured ; the scutellum is more closely, rugosely punciured than ihe meso-
notum.
There is a form with the thorax entirely black and with the apical half of
the hind tibie black.
CHALCIDIDZ,
Chalcis ornatipes, sp. nov.
Black, densely covered with silvery pubescence, the tegule and legs lemon-
yellow ; the following parts of the legs black: the coxe and trochanters, the
basal half of the middle femora above, the basal half of the hind femora
on the inner side, their 12 teeth and an irregular roundish mark near the
middle on the outerside, black. Wings hyaline, the nervures black. 9
Length 6 mm,
5-6,0U0 feet, April and May.
Front and vertex closely, rugosely reticulated, as are also the cheeks
The centre of the face is irregularly reticulated ; there is a smooth plate
dilated below, in the middle ; this central part is clearly limited and becomes
gradually narrowed below, ‘lypeus smooth and shining ; it becomes gradually
roundly narrowed above ; on ihe inner side above is a row of not very distinct
fover, Pro-mesonotum and scute lum closely, strongly rugosely punctured,
the punctures running into reticulaticns. Apex of scutellum broadly bilobate ;
the part behird the lobes thickly covered with long pale fulvous pubescence,
Metanotum stoutly, deeply reticulated, without a distinctly defined areola ; on
the sides there is a short tooth near the base anda larger, broader, rounded
one in the middle, The second and following segments of the abdomen are
closely and strongly punctured and ihickly covered with longish fulvous
pubescence, Base of propleure above closely punctured — aciculated—striated,
smooth below ; on ih> bas: of ihe mesopleurz above is an elongated
fovea fuliowed by a round one; below are 2 pairs of similar fovese; the
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA OF KASHMIR. 291
part below these becomes gradually obliquely dilated and is covered with
deep round fovew ; the depressed apex on the upper half is irregularly, widely
striated ; the lower more strongly, closely and regularly striated, Metapleurz
coarsely, rugosely reticulated,
The teeth on the upper half of the hind femora are more closely pressed
together than the lower,
ICHNEUMONID,
OPHIONINZ,
Banchini,
Ephonites ruficornis, Cam,
Zeits, fir Hymen, ind Dipter., 1905, 77,
May, 5-600 feet,
The ¢ has not been described ; it only differs from the Q in the antenna
being longer, and in the usual differences in the abdomen, I am not certain as
to its exact systematic position, Nor am I certain if it will fit into any of the
established tribes, I believe its true position is in the Banchini,
Paniscini,
Paniscus montanus, sp. Nov.
Rufous, the orbits broadly, the face, clypeus and base of mandibles yellow ;
the wings hyaline, the costa and stigma testaceous, the nervures black, Face
broadly, distinctly projecting in the middle ; the upper half with a broad longi-
tudinal furrow ;it is separated from the clypeus by a broad, shallow furrow,
Apical half of mandibles black, Ocellar region black, Pro- and mesopleurz
closely finely punctured; the metapleure closely obliquely striated ; the spiracular
region, except at the base, somewhat more strongly obliquely striated. The
depression on base of metanotum is narrow, curved, smooth ; the rest is closely
strongly, transversely striated ; the apical slope is smooth, at the apex, above
striated ; its sides bordered by a stout keel, which curves round inwardly at the
top. The transverse cubital nervures almost unite in front ; the 2nd is largely
bullated below ; it is almost interstitial with the recurrent nervure, which is
broadly, roundly curved outwardly, from shortly below the top, Basal half of
metasternal keel roundly dilated, above marked with a few keels, The stump
on the disco-cubital nervure is minute. Q.
Length 17 mm,
P, longitarsis, Cam,, from Simla is paler, more yellowish in colour, the stri-
ation on the metapleure and spiracular region is much weaker and may be
almost obsolete, the apex of the metanotum is irregularly striated, not smooth ;
the face wants the longitudinal furrow.
5-6,000 feet, May.
Paniscus kashmirensis, sp, nov,
Length 14-15 mm, 9
May.
8)
292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Very similar to P, montanus but smaller ;the apex of the abdomen is infus-
cated ; the depression on the metanotum is wider and deeper ; there isno curved
keel bordering the smooth apex of the metanotum ; there is a distinct stump of
a nervure on the disco-cubital ; there is no furrow on the top of the face ; there
is no transverse division between the face and clypeus, The upper bulla on
the recurrent nervure is large, the lower slightly smaller ; there is a distinct
stump ofa nervure onit. The head is for the greater part yellow ; the centre
of the face is not clearly separated ; the clypeus is covered with long black
hair, the mandibles rufous, black at the apex. The black ovipositor is longer
than the apical 3 segments of the abdomen united. Metasternal keel wide,
narrowed at the apex, margined, the top with a few obscure striz,
CRYPTIN&,
Cryptus nursez, Cam,
(Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XVIT., p. 285.)
8-9 000 feet.
RVANIIDA:,
Gasteruption kashmirense, sp.nov.
Black, the base of the anterior tibiz narrowly, the basal half of the middle,
a short line on the apex behind and a short band near the base of the hind
tibie, white ; wings hyaline ; the nervures and stigma black. ¢
Length 14 m.m.
Kashmir, 8-9,000 feet, June.
Occiput transverse, sharply margined. ‘Temples rounded, not quite so long as
the eyes, Ocelli large, placed in a curve, the hinder separated from each other
by a slightly greater distance than they are from the eyes, The head is opaque ;
the face and clypeus are densely covered with silvery pubescence, The upper
tooth of the mandibles piceous, Thorax opaque ; the pro--and mesopleurz
irregularly and indistinctly reticulated ; the metapleurz, except above, widely
reticulated. Metanotum deeply, irregularly reticulated. Basal half of hind
coxe rugosely punctured above, the apical closely transversely striated.
Antennal scape twice longer than wide ; the 2nd joint is not much longer than
‘wide ; the 3rd is not twice its length and not much more than half the length
of the 4th. Malar space nearly as long as the 2nd and 3rd antennal joints united.
The 2nd cubital cellule is divided ; the lower cellule is completely closed at the
apex and below ; its apex is largely prolonged, almost as far as the apex of
the first cubital cellule.
This species, G. baluchistanense, Cam., and one or two undescribed Indian
species of Gasteruption sensu str, are to be recognized by the second discoidal
cellule being not only divided above, but closed below, the lower cellule in
most species projecting forwards to or even beyond the apex of the anterior
cellule, The nervures closing it may be bullated,
THE KASHMIR TERMITE,
TERMOPSIS WROUGHTONI.
By J. Dusnzux (BRUSSELS).
It will be remembered that in Vol, XV (1904) of the Society’s
Journal, page 445, I gave a brief description of 2 new Termite from
Kashmir, Termopsis Wroughton?, the first Asiatic representative of
the genus Termopsis.
As I then said, the few specimens received from Mr. Wroughton
were damaged when they reached me, and it was not possible therefore
to give from them a complete and precise description,
However, through the kindness of Mr, E. Radcliffe, of the Forest
Service, who has procured me fresh material of the Termite in question,
T am now able to describe it thoroughly.
Although I am preparing a monographic work upon the whole
family of Termitide, I think it necessary to give here a full description
of the Himalayan Yermopsis, as there are many details of structure
which could not be mentioned in the preliminary paper, and also as the
latter includes some erroneous statements owing to the bad state of
preservation of the specimens first examined by me.
The genus Termopsis (Heer) is characterized as follows :—
Imago with antenne of 27-28 segments; ocelli totally absent ;
epistoma not prominent ; pronotum nearly flat, narrower than the
head ; tibiz with lateral spines; tarsi of peculiar structure: of four
completely distinct joints, but in reality of fire joints, of which the 2nd
is but partly distinct from the first (see Fig. 3) ; a plantula between the
claws of the tarsi; cerci long, of 8-5 joints ; styli present in the male,
well developed; wings large, less than four times as long as broad ;*
subcosta present in the front wings ; radius strongly developed, with
several branches to the costal border ; media running about the middle
of the wing ; ¢ the membrana occupied by reticulated nervures.
Soldier, very robust, with large, rectangular, flat head. Eyes
present and small, or rudimentary. Antennz of more than 20 segments.
* The length of the wing being that of the membranous portion (not including the stump.)
+ The terminology of the wing-venation here employed is that of Comstock and Needham
now quite generalized. In my preliminary description of the Termopsis I made use of
Hagen’s old names of the veins, [ must thus give here their equivalents: costal border—Costa
of; Hagen, radivs=subcosta id., media=Mediana id,, cubitus=Submediana id. The true
subcosta was not considered by Hagen as one of the principal veins in the Termites.
294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Mandibles very strong, their inner margin furnished with teeth.
Pronotum narrower than the head, nearly flat. Cerci and styli are
long or even very long.
The workers appear to be larval in shape.
In all castes the tarsi are of the same structure, but a plantula is
present in the Imago only.
The genus Termopsis was established by Heer in 1849 for the
reception of several fossil species from the amber of Oeningen (Prussia).
In 1856, Hagen restricted Heer’s genus by showing that several of his
species had to be placed in Hodotermes, and in 1858, in the descriptive
part of his Monograph of the Termites, he described the first living
species, Termopsis anyusticollis, from California. At the same time
Hagen also placed in this genus, although in doubt, a peculiar soldier
from Central America formerly described by Walker under the name
Termes occidentts. Iam, however, convinced that this does not really
belong to Termopsis, a question which can be ultimately confirmed by
the discovery of the winged form.
It was therefore a matter of the greatest interest to me to sea that
there wa also a living Jermopsis in the Indian Region, and I was
most astonished that such a large and peculiar “ white ant” had
remained so long unknown.
Termopsis Wroughtont, Desneux, Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
XV, 1904, p. 445.
= Termopsts Radclifei, EH. Radcliffe, Indian Forester, 1904,
p. 412.
Winyed Imago.—Length of the body about 11 millimetres, to the tip
of the wings 25 mm. )
_ Head large, rounded, the upperside nearly flat, sometimes with the
centre very slightly depressed, rather dark reddish-brown, darker in
front; the Y-suture distinct.
Antennz long, longer than the head and pronotum, of 24 or 25
segments; the lst segment large, cylindrical; the 2nd smaller than the
Ist but always longer than the 38rd; the 3rd to 5th segments variable
in length : in some cases the 5rd is but little shorter than the 2nd, in
others it is much shorter, being broader than long ; the 4th is either
subequal to the 5th or longer, or shorter; the segments beyond the 5th
are more or less conical, differing but little in length, becoming more
slender towards the apex of the antenna.
THE KASHMIR TERMITE, 295
Eyes very large but not very prominent, close to the base of the
antennee, of quite unusual form amongst
the Termitid : the anterior border being
broadly .emarginated so that the eye
appears to be almost reniform (Fig. 1),
Fig. 1.—Termopsis Wrough= ,
toni, side view of Imago’s head, | Ocelli wholly absent.
Pronotum narrower than the head, nearly flat, the antero-laterai
angles somewhat depressed with the border raised ; nearly trapezoidal
in form, narrowed behind; anterior margin nearly straight, very
slightly emarginated in the middle, the sides slightly curved, the
posterior angles obtuse, the posterior margin nearly straight, obscurely
concave. The pronotum is reddish-brown, not so dark as the head.
Meso- and metanotum paler than either the pronotum or the abdomen,
yellowish ; broad, the posterior margins but little concave, nearly straight.
Anterior wing-stumps much larger than the posterior but not over-
lapping them and even not reaching their base;* the border nearly
straight. Wings large, less than 4 times as long as broad, the mem-
brana almost uncoloured, slightly yellowish, The following description
of the veins applies to the anterior wings: costal border nearly straight
becoming curved towards the apex; subcosta present but short, un-
branched, very close to the costal border which it reaches at some
‘ distance from the end of the stump; radius strongly developed, emitting
two long branches from the stump, the first one reaching the costal
border before the middle, the secund beyond the middle; the radius
emits further about 7 oblique branches towards the costal border in its
apical half, the end ones anastomosing.
While the radial veins are strong and coJoured yellow, the remaining
veins are faint and uncoloured.
Media slightly concave, the greatest distance between it and the ra-
dius being about the middle; it divides generally in its second half
(sometimes, however, before the middle), emitting 5 or 6 principal
branches to the posterior border.
Cubitus reaching beyond the middle of the posterior border, emitting
10 or 11 oblique branches, mostly unbranched, the 5 or 6 first ones
very close one to the other. the others more distant.
* In dried, shrivelled specimens, the .nterior ving stumps may seem to reach the hase of
the posterior ones, but this isnot the case in well-preserved specimens, nor consequently in
the living ones.
295 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vel. XVII,
The membrane of the wing occupied by a fine, distinct reticulation.
Length of anterior wing (without the stump) 20 millimetres, breadth
of the same, 5*8 mm.
Legs of moderate size; femora broad; tibize with distinct lateral
spines; tarsi of the typical generic structure, with a plantula between
the claws.
Abdomen yellowish-brown.
Cerci very long, much longer than in any other known termite, of
7 or 8 segments, the last segment often a little longer than the two
preceding ones together, The styli of the male are also the longest
- known, unsegmented, longer than (or at least as long as) the last seg-
ment of the cerci.
Soldier——Length with mandibles 17-20 millimetres.
Head large and robust, depressed, flat, somewhat longer than broad,
nearly rectangular, the sides being nearly straight and very slightly
converging anteriorly ; reddish brown, darker in front, this darker
~~. anterior portion of the head
being limited by the diverg-
ing branches of the Y
..... suture. The posterior border
Fig. 2.—TZermopsis Wroughtoni. Soldier the head is distinctly
(enlarged). sinuate as shown in figure 2.
The eyes are present, black, small, ovate, not at all prominent and
without facettee. These eyes, though well distinct, are of course at a
notably reduced stage.
Antenne long, of 23 or 25 segments (sometimes 22); the basilar
segment is large ; the 2nd a little longer than the 8rd, which is shorter
than the 4th; the 5 following ones about increasing a little in size
towards the apex; those beyond becoming more slender towards the
apex.
Labrum of moderate size, a little longer than broad.
Mandibles extremely robust, a little (in some cases very little) shorter:
than the head, black with the base often slightly reddish, the inner
margin of both the right and the left with very strong teeth of peculiar
irregular outline; the mandibles are nearly straight, with the tip in-
curved and acute.
Length of the head with mandibles 7-9°5 mm. ; mandibles
alone 8°6—4:5 mm.
THE KASHMIR TERMITE, 297
Pronotum narrower than the head, nearly flat, the anterior maigin
irregularly convex, the postero-lateral margins converging, the posterior
margin nearly straight. Meso- and metanotum as broad as the pronotum,
their posterior margins subconvex; metanotum shorter than the
mesonotum which is almost as long as the pronotum. ‘The meso-
thoracic and metathoracic epimera have the peculiar form of triangular
appendices, externally free, prominent lobes. These I erroneously
described in my former paper as wing rudiments, and, in fact, in the
shrivelled specimens I had then under the eyes they quite looked like
small alar lobes of the meso- and metanotum, but in well preserved
specimens it is at once evident that they are lateral pieces of the thorax,
peculiarly modified epimera. Legs
robust, femora broad ; tibiee with dis-
tinct lateral spines, tarsi without
plantule. Abdomen rather long,
Fig. 3.—Termopsis Wroughtont. :
Tarsus of a Soldier (much enlarged). yellowish grey.
The cerci are slender and of very great length, nearly as long as the
tibiee of the intermediate legs (sometimes a little longer, sometimes a
little shorter) consisting of 6 or 7 long segments, the last one the
longest. In some cases the cerci appear to have 5 segments only, but
there are then always traces of a division of the first one.
Styli very large, longer than the last segment of the cerci.
Amongst the specimens collected by Mr. Radcliffe, there are numer-
ous nymphs 11 mm. long, with more or less developed wing buds,
and also a number of specimens similar in shape to the nymphs,
10-11 mm. long, with distinct scars at the posterior borders of the
meso- and metanotum, as if the wing buds had been broken there.
These individuals are perhaps used as workers; their head is a little
larger than that of the nymphs.
All nymphal individuals have the peculiar lobed epimera at the meso-
and metathorax like the soldiers, but not the winged Imagos.
There can be no doubt that this species really belongs to the genus
in which I have placed bim, all the important characters are typical ; bu
on account of several peculiarities (form of the eyes in the Imago, wing-
stumps, etc.) I have recently established for him a distinct subgenus,
Archotermopsis (see Desneux, Termitide in ‘“ Genera Insectorum,”
XXV, 1904, p. 18.)
Habitat.— Kashmir: Valley.
298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Mr, E. Radcliffe has recently published in the “Indian Forester”
(1904, p. 412) some notes upon this Termite which, according to him
is common in Kashmir in old stumps of Pinus excelsa.
In this paper Mr. Radcliffe said he discovered the Termepsés in
question years ago, and this is apparently the reason why he changed
the name I had given to it (Wroughtonz) into Radcliffer.
This gentleman has evidently overlooked the fact. that once a name 1s
given to an animal it cannot be altered for such a reason,
299
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA AND HOW TO
RECOGNISE THEM.
By
Cart. F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
Part ILI.
(Continued from page 71 of this Volume.)
Nata tripudians—he Cobra.
Vernacvlar names.—According to Fayrer the spectacled or binocel-
late cobra is calied ‘‘Gokurrah”’ about Calcutta and the monocellate
variety, which exhibits a single spot on the hood subject to much
variation in size and shape, the ‘‘ Keautiah’”’. Both names appear to
receive further qualification according to variations in colour. I have
never heard these names in other parts of India, and it is probable that
they are peculiar to Bengal. The former is the common variety in the
Indian Peninsula, in which region the latter is decidedly rare according
to my experience, but the converse holds good in Burmah and further
East. In Bengal the distribution of the two forms seems to overlap,
and both are common. In Bengal I have heard ‘‘Nag samp” and
“Kala samp”? as frequently in use as in other parts of India. In
Madras it is called by the Tamils “ Nalla pamboo’’, and on the Malabar
Coast is known as “ Sairpoom” and “ Moorookan’”’. In Mysore it is
the “Nagara havoo’’, and according to Russell “ Nagoo” on the
Coromandel Coast. It is the ““ Mwé howk”’ of the Burmese.
Idensification—I have no doubt that to most people living in India,
the recognition of a cobra seems a very simple thing, and this is true
asarule. If the snake is seen alive at close quarters with the hood
expanded, its identification will hardly admit of a doubt. Still it must
be remembered that the hamadryad expands its hood to an almost
equal degree, and that certain harmless snakes, especially the Keelbacks
( Tropidonot?, and their allies), erect themselves, and flatten the neck,
though to a lesser degree. The spectacle mark on the hood of the
binocellate cobra, and the oval spot surrounded by an ellipse on the
hood of the monocellate or Burmese variety, are both of them quite
distinctive of this species, and if constant would make diagnosis invari-
ably easy. Many cobras, however, havs these marks so modified or
obscured that most people unfamiliar with this subject, would fail to
recognise them if reliance is placed on these alone.
6
300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIT
After death the hood is obliterated, and if the creature is stiff
cannot be readily demonstrated, and I have frequently under
these conditions known people express surprise when told that the
specimen is a cobra, shake their heads, and think they know better.
Again, I have seen the loose skin about the neck of a harmless snake
pulled out, and a hood claimed where none existed, so that one
must admit that in a few cases, at least, the cobra is not recognised,
and sometimesa harmless snake is mistaken for it. Nicholson’s footnote
on page 159 of his work on Indian snakes is a striking corrobora-
tion of my own experience. He says: “I have seen an Englishman,
“considered rather an authority on snakes, declare that a Péyas
“ mucosus (now Zaments mucosus) just brought to me was a cobra ;
“‘he even pointed out the poison-fangs.”’
be guided by these: faulty characters in diagnosis, mistakes are sure
So long as people continue to
to occur.
Now there are one or two very distinctive peculiarities about the
scales of a cobra which if looked for should place its identity beyond
question, These are as follows :—
The preocular shield touches the mternasal (see Pra. and Int, Fig.
16 B). In only one other snake is this relationship to be found, wiz.,
in Xylophis perrotet?, a small harmless snake peculiar to the hills
of Southern India. In this snake, though, the 3rd supralabial shield
does not touch the nasal.*
Between the 4th and Sth infralabial shields a small wedge-shaped scale
oceurs, the “ cuneate”? (see Fig. 16 B). Sometimes a second or even a
third similar scale borders the lower lip. This scale may easily be over-
looked, lying partly or wholly concealed, as it may do, by the over-
lapping of the upper lip, so that the mouth should be opened when
looking for it. It occurs in no other land snake. I have never even
observed it in the hamadryad, but it is seen in a few species of sea-
snakes. A head is rarely so broken that one or other of these points
cannot be made out on one side. If, however, the head is mutilated
beyond recognition there is one feature about the scales over the back
of a cobra which is peculiar to itself. It is the concavity in the arms
*This is 4 very easy point to determine if it is remembered that the shields immediately
behind the rostral (in land colubrines) are called internasals, and the shields touching the
eye in front the preoculars, In the single instance, where the prefrontal shield touches the
eye as in Fig. 19, it is obvious that this shield from its size and position has a prior claim
to be considered a preefrontal, and in such a case the preeocular is said to be absent,
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 301
of the bracket-shaped pattern which these form, and which I have
Fie. 1¢,—Naia tripudians (nat. size).
shown by thickened lines in Fig. 17. Besides this, I have placed
another drawing to illustrate what is seen in other snakes, the pattern
forming a chevron. This is perhaps rather a nice point which may
require a practiced eye to determine positively, but to an observant
enquirer there should be little difficulty, and with proper care the
character is a very valuable one.
Supplementary characters—Prefrontals touch the internasal, pre-
ocular, supraocular, and frontal. Temporals 2, the lower touching the
—
5th and 6th supralabials. Supralabéals 7. Anterior sublinguals touch
302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
4 infralabials. Postertor sublinguals touch the 4th and 5th infralabials.
Infralabials—The 4th and 5th are the largest of the series, and about
Crolale Val : Val cane
o Wi ry
\
Oat
earans
Watagensl
S
~—
y
Ht
fre. 17.—A. Scales on back of J.yecdon aulicus.
by s Naia tripudians,
subequal. Scales.—2 heads lengths behind the head 19-27 ; midbody
19 to 27; 2 heads lengths in front of the vent 15 usually (rarely 17).
Anal entire. Subcaudals divided throughout.
Distribution.—It occurs in one or other of its many colour varieties
throughout the whole of our Indian possessions from Burmah in the east
to Sind in the west and from the Himalayas to Ceylon and is always a
fairly common snake. It is an inhabitant of the plains, but it has been
recorded at altitudes up to 6,UU feet.
Poison.—Undoubtedly fatal to man, but by no means every case of
cobra bite necessarily will prove fatal ; on the contrary a percentage, hard
to determing, escapes with moderate or very severe symptoms, the dose in-
jected being less than the lethal. Fayrer records many fatal cases. In
8 of these cases stated to be due without doubt to the bite of a cobra, inall
of which no treitment was tried, the victims died in from 4 to 3 hours.
Dimensions.—Grows to 6 feet 54 inches, but 6 feet is a very excep-
tional length.
Colcur.—Very variable. It may be any shade, from buff or wheat
coluur to olivaceous, brown, or tarry black. These hues are uniform,
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 303
or more or less variegated. The hood may be without marks, or
adorned with a spectacle-like device, or an oval spot surrounded by an
ellipse, or various modifications of these.
Nea bungarus—The Hamadryad or King Cobra.
Identification.—A pair of large shields are in contact with one another
behind the parietals—see Oc., Fig. 18, and this alone will serve to
distinguish this from every other snake.* Even if the head is badly
mutilated I think this feature will be made out. In case, however, the
point is dubious, the snake will be known by the existence of the
following 2 characters which must co-exist. The shields under the
base of the tail are entire, whilst those towards the extremity are divided,
and the vertebral row of scales is similar in size and shape to the
adjacent rows.
Fic. 18.—Naisa, bungarus (@ nat. size).
Supplementary characters.—Prefrontals touch the internasal, posterior
nasal, preocular, supraccular, and frontal. Temporals-—- Two, the lower
touching the 5th, 6th and 7th supralabials. Supralabeals 7, Anterzor
sublinguals touch 4 infralabials. Posterior sublinquals touch the 4th
* In almost every other snike the parietals are succeeded by small scales. and in the rare
exceptions where occipitals are present, they do not touch one another (se Oc., Fig. 13),
304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
and 5th infralabials. Znfralabials—The 5th is the largest of the series
and touches 2 scales behind, Scales. —2 heads lengths from head 15 to
19, mid-body 15, 2 heads lengths in front of vent 15. Anal entire.
Distribution.—It is found throughout our Indian domains (with the
exception of Ceylon, and I believe Western Rajpootana, Sind, and the
Punjab) in suitable localities, that is, in jungles or their vicinity. It
occurs in the plains, and in hilly regions up to an altitude of 7,006 feet
at least.
Poison.—Undoubtedly fatal to man, but it is remarkable that a copious
literature on this renowned snake, which is known to frequently show a
most aggressive spirit, should furnish so few records of its bite. Theobald*
saw a snake-charmer bitten by one in Burmah die within a few minutes.
Evans} mentions a case of a foolhardy Burman, believing himself
snake-poison-proof, teasing one belonging to a Shan snake-charmer.
He was bitten in the hand, and soon afterwards died. The same
observer also records another instance of a Burman being bitten by one
in the base of the index finger, with the result that he died shortly
afterwards. He also furnishes another case in which this time the
victim was a bullock, which was bitten by a hamadryad which the bul-
lock cart passed over. The animal died soon afterwards.
Raby Noblet mentions one 10 feet 1 inch in length (identified by
Mr. Phipson) making an unprovoked assault on a cooly woman in
Assam, seizing her by the leg, and maintaining its hold for at least 8
minutes, when it was beaten off. She was treated by a “ Doctor
Babu” (treatment not specified), but succumbed in about 20 minutes.
The symptoms were local pain and swelling, vomiting, laboured
breathing, and prostration. Theobald§ records, on the information of a
Burman, an elephant being bitten on the trunk by a hamadryad whilst
browsing on some foliage, with the result that death ensued in about
3 hours. Rogers estimates that the virulence of the poison is very
little inferior to that of the binocellate cobra.
Dimensions. —The largest record I am aware of is that reported by
Phipson.|| The snake which was captured in the Konkan measured
15 feet 5 inches.
* Cat. Rept. Brit, Burma, 1868, p, 61.
+ Bombay Nat. Hist. Jourl., Vol. XIV., p. 413.
{+ Bombay Nat. Hist. Jonrl., Vol. XV., p. 358.
§ Cat. Rept. Brit. Burma, 1868. p. 61.
“| The Lancet, Feb, 6th, 1904, p, 349.
|| Bombay Nat. Hist. Jourl., Vol, IL., p. 245,
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 305
Colour—Young are jet black with white or yellow conspicuous
cross bars or chevrons on the body and tail. The head is crossed by 4
similar bars, usually complete, sometimes interrupted.
Adults vary a good deal. They may be yellow, olive-green, olive-
brown, blackish-brown, or black, usually with more or less distinct
yellowish or whitish cross bars or chevron: on the body, which are
narrower than the intervals. Light specimens are often more or less
variegated with black in the hinder part of the body and tail. Often,
too, the shields on the head and scales on the neck are bordered with
black. The belly may be nearly uniform, mottled, or barred, but the
throat is usually uniformly light-yellowish or cream-coloured.
Callophis bibrontt—Bibron’s Coral Snake.
Identification. —lt
may be told from all
others of this group
by the fact that the
prefrontal shield
touches the 3rd sup-
ralabial (Prf. and 3,
Fig. 19 B).
Sup plement ary
characters—Pre-
Frontals touch the in-
ternasal, posterior
nasal, 5rd supralabial,
eye, supraocular and
frontal. Temporal
one; touching the
oth, 6th and 7th
supralabials (and
sometimes the 4th
also). Supralabals7.
Anterior sublinguals
touch the Ist, the
drdand the 4th infra-
labials, Posterior sub-
Fig, 19,—Callophis bibronii (x 3). linguals touch the 4th
infralabial, Infralabials—The 4th isthe largest of the series, and
396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
touches 3 scales behind. Scales are 13 in whole body. Anal entire
Subcaudals divided throughout.
Distributton.—A rare species recorded only from the Western Ghats
of India.
Poison —Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Grows to 2 feet and over.
Colour.— Boulenger says *: “ Cherry-red to dark purplish brown
above, red beneath, with black transverse bands which are sometimes
continuous across the belly ; anterior part of head black above.”
Callophis macclellandti—Macclelland’s Coral Snake.
Identification.—
From others of the
group it can be
distinguished _ by
the following 3
characters co-exist- ~
ing :—The anal
shield divided (asin
Fig. 9 E); suprala-
bials7 ; anda single
temporal touching
only the 5thand 6th
supralabials. (See
Fig. 20 B.) |
Supplement ar y
characte: s— Pre -
frontads touch the
internasal,posterior
nasal, preocular ,
supraocular,frontal.
Temporal 1 touch-
ing the 5th and 6th
supralabials, Su-
pralabials 7. An-
terior subling uals
touch 4 infralabiais, Fic. 20.—Callophis. macclellandii (x3).
ee
* Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus,, Vol. III, p. 399.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF. JNDIA, © 307
- Posterior sublinguals touch the 4thinfralabial only. Infralabials.—The
4th is the largest of the series, and touches 2 scales behind. Scales 13
in whole body. Anal divided. Subcaudals divided throughout.
Distvibution—An uncommon species, ranging through Burmah t«
Assam, Sikkim, and Nepal in the north,
Poison.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Grows to 2 feet and over. .
Colour.—Reddish-brown, with or without black light-edged bars or
bands. Belly whitish with black spots between the bands when
present
Callophis trimaculatus—The Slender Coral Snake.
Identification.— Differs from others of this group in combining the
2 following characters. The anal shield is divided (see Fig. 5 E) and
there are 6 supralabials. |
Supplementary charac-
ters.—Prefrontals touch
the internasal, posterior
nasal, preocular, supra-
ocular, and frontal. Tem-
poral—One; touching the
5th and 6th supralabials.
Supralabials 6. Anterior
sublinguals touch 4 infra-
labials. Posterior sublin-
guals touch the 4th infra-
labial. Infra/abials.—The
4th is the largest of the
series, and touches 2 scales
behind. | Scales in 1%
rows in whole body. Anal
divided. Subcaudals di-
vided throughout.
Distribution. —An un-
Fic, 21,—Callophis trimaculatus (x6). common snake recorded
from 8S. India, Deccan, Kanara, Bengal, and Burmah.
Potson.—Nothing known.
Dimensions,—Of very slender form. Grows to 13 inches.
é
308 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIZ,
Colour.— Light yellowish-brown. Head and neck black. Tail with |
two black rings. Belly coral pink.
Callophis maculiceps--The Small-spotted Coral Snake.
Identification. —This and tbe next differ from others of this group in
having the a sal sh’eld divided (as in Fig. 5 H) and the temporal shield
touching the 5th, 6th anc 7th supralabials, The habitat will separate
one from the other.
Fig. 22.—Callophis muculiceps (x6).
Supplementary chararters—Prefrontals touch the internasal,
posterior nasal, preocular, supraocular, and frontal. Temporal—One ;
touching the 5th, 6th and 7th supralabials. Swpralabiuls 7.
Anterior sublingvals touch 4 infralabials. Postertur sublinguals touch
the 4th infralabial. Infralahials—The 4th is the largest of the
series, and touches 2 scales behind. Scales 13 in whole body. Anal
divided. Subcaudals divided throughout.
Distribution.—An uncommon snake restricted to the Burmese area
of our British-Indian Territory.
Poison.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Grows to 14 feet.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 309
Colour —Head and neck black. Body yellowish-brown above, with
a series of small black dots on each side of the spine. Two black bands
on the tail—one basal, the other subterminal. Belly coral pink. Tail
dappled black, and grey beneath.
Hemibungarus nigrescens-——The Common Indian Coral Snake.
Identification.— Like the last this differs from others of this group in
that the anal shield is divided, and the ls touches the 5th, 6th
and 7th supralabials. Its habitat will distinguish it,
: Supplement ar y
characters.— Py @-
Jrontals touch the
internasal, post-
erior nasal, pre-
ocular, supraocular,
and frontal. Sup-
ralabials 7. An-
terior sublinguals
touch 4 infrala-
bials. Posterior
sublinguals touch
the 4th infralabial.
Infralabials.—The
4th is the largest
of the series, and
touches 2 scales
behind. Scales in
13 rows in whole
of body. Sub-
caudal, divided
throughout,
Distribution. —It
is a hill species
confined to the
Western Ghats of
India including
Fra, 23.—Hemibungarus nigrescens (x3). the Nilgiris and
Anam: llays,
310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Poison.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.—Ii grows to 4 feet.
Colour.—Head and neck black except for a yellowish oblique occipi-
tal streak. Dorsally purplish-brown, reddish-brown, or red, with 3 or
5 longitudinal series of spots which in some specimens are confluent,
and form lines. Belly uniform red.
Group 4.—The Pit Vipers,
Identification.—(1) Tail round, (2) A conspicuous opening in the
side of the face between the eye and the nostril (the loreal pit)
(see Fig. 24 5).
‘This very distinctive character is peculiar to this subfamily of vipers.
In spite of the fact that many members of this subfamily (Crotaline)
attain formidable proportions, and almost all are endowed with remark-
ably large poison fangs, the numerous accounts of bites inflicted by
them to be found in scientific and other journals, concur in showing
that death is an exceedingly rare event. My own experience supported
by that of many of my friends, who have favoured me with letters
on this subject, entirely confirms the foregoing. A painful and
swollen condition locally and a very variable degree of constitutional
disturbance lasting in some instances for weeks passes on to complete
recovery.
These snakes are nearly all exclusively confined to hilly regions at
altitudes ranging between 1,500 to 10,000 feet. The characters of the
shields, and scales upon which the classification of nearly allied
ophidian forms is so largely based, are subject to very great ineonstancy
in the members of this group, so much so that it is with the greatest
difficulty one can frame a lucid and really practical key to identify the
various species. I have, however, examined and re-examined most
critically all the specimens in the British Museum, and have only made
allusion to those peculiarities which are most constant, and which seem
to me of real practical use in identification.
Key for Identification of Pit- Vipers.
HEAD WITH LARGE SHIELDS (see Figs, 24 and 26).
Scales midbody in 21 or 23 rows (see Fig, 7)... Ancistrodon himalayanus.
Scales midbody in 17 LOWS .ecccerecceecccccerceces » hypnale.
Scales midbody in 15 or 14 rOWS ...cccccccecees eee Lachesis maerolents,
HEAD COVERED WITH SMALL SOALES (see
Fig. 27).
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA Sil
SUPRAOCULARS UNDIVIDED (see So, Fig.
26), 2ND SUPRALABIAL DISTINCT FROM LOREAL
BIG (Sra WI Ad), sathwerw ate acesdte oes oe peree, Lacheais strigatus.
2ND SUPRALABIAL WITH A FURROW IN ITS
UPPER PART DIRECTED INTO LOREAL PIT
(see Fig 28),
MANY SMALL SUBOCULAR SCALES
(GBeraB 28) \ranasasecaccractaccesue recs -caneede sae e monticola.
AN ELONGATE SUBOCULAR
SHIELD (see So, Fig. 27),
SCALES 21 OR19 IN POSTERIOR
BODY (see Fig, 7).
Nasal aid 1st supralabial partially
or completely united (see Fig. 29).
Scales in midbody 29 rows (see
Bige Tees. ii cantoris.
ie e 27 to 23 rows, ‘ purpureomaculatus,
Nasal and 1st supralabial dis-
tineti(see Pig, 31,))...:..--.-.- P mucrosquamatus,
SCALES 17 OR 15 LV POSTERIOR BODY
(see Fig. 7)
Supralabials 7 or 8 (see Fig, 32) - jerdonis,
at 9 to 12 (see Fig.
33) ... 9 gramineus.
SUPRAOCULARS DIVIDED (see So, Fig. 34.)
Subocular touching 3rd supralabial (see So,
Fig. 34)... re trigonocephalus.
not _,, 4 fs (see So, Fig. iS anamallensis.
3)
Aneistrodon himalayanus—The Common Himalayan Viper.
[dentification.—The top of the head has the shields in front enlarged,
and the scales in the middle of the body are arranged in 21 to 23 rows.
These combined characters will distinguish this from the other pit-
vipers, and even if the head is badly mutilated short of dissolution, I
think the enlarged head shields will be generally clearly recognized.
Distribution.— It is confined to the Himalayan region, including the
Khasi Hills of Assam, ai altitudes between 5,000 to 10,000 feet, and is
exceedingly common in sume localities (Lidda Valley. Kashmir).
Poison.—In spite of its abundance I only know one authentic record
ofa bite inflicted by this species. A collector of Mr. P. W. Mackin-
non’s was wounded in trying to capture one recently near Mussourie.
312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
It struck at him, and scratched his thumb, but no ill effects, local or —
constitutional, supervened.
&
*
Fig. 24.—Ancistrodon himalayanus ( X2).
Dimensions.—Boulenger gives 2 feet 10 inches. Its usual adult
length is about 2 feet.
Colour.—Brown of various hues, sometimes nearly uniform, especi-
ally in light specimens, but more often mottied or variegated so us to
form bars, or a nondescript carpet-like pattern. Belly peppered
blackish and red, on a whitish ground,
Ancistrodon hypnale.
Identification —Like the last this species has large shields on the
front of the head, but differs in the scales, numbering 17, inthe middle
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 313
of the body, and both these characters will usually be detected even in
a badly mutilated specimen,
Fie. 25,—Ancistrodon hypnale (x3).
Distribution.—The hills of Ceylon, and the Western Ghats of India
including the Anamallays. It occurs at altitudes varying from 3,090
to 6,000 feet and is not uncommon in many parts. It is 2 very com-
mon snak3 in some of tha hilly districts in Ceylon( Hakgalla).
Poison.— Writers are not consistent upon this question. Tennent*
gays emphatically that a fatal issue does sometimes occur, but not
invariably. Gunthert says it is exceprionally fatal to man, and then not
before the lapse of some days. Dr. Davy knew a dog bitten by one
* Nat. Hist, of Ceylon, p. 296, + Rept. Brit, Ind., p, 395.
-314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
recover after severe symptoms in 48 hours, but a fowl bitten by the ;
same snake the next day succumbed after 4 days. ‘These effects on
small animals serve to show that the poison is not very virulent. Mr.
Drummond Hay has written to me of two cases of bite, both im cooly
women, One bitten on the ankle did not suffer in the slightest once
she had recovered from her fright, but whether she was treated or not,
I am unable to say. The other bitten in the hand became unconscious
and he thought when he saw her the same night would die, but with the
aid of stimulants had recovered by the next day. Ferguson* mentions
the self-related facts of a Mr. A. F. Sanderson who was bitten by one.
The seat of injury was the little toe. Puin was so acute as to prevent
sleep, and the limb swelled to the knee for 2 or 3 days, but he recovered.
He treated himself by ligature above the knee, cross cuts locally with
the application of carbolic acid, and strong pctations of brandy.
Dimensions.—Grows to 18 inches, but I have known females adult
at 114 inches, as shown by pregnancy.
Colour.—The prevailing colours are brown variously mottled or
variegated, but a longitudinal series of largish oval dark spots on each side
of the back is a constant characteristic. The belly is finely mottled.
Lachesis macrolepis—The Large-scaled Viper.
Identification.—One very distinctive feature makes the recognition
of this snake a very simple
matter. The scales of the
last row along the body are
smaller than in any of the
other rows. In all other
British Indian snakes the
scales in this row are sub-
equal to, or much larger
than, those lying above.
Distribution.— Confined
to the Pulney, Shevaroy,
and Anamallay Hills of
Southern India, where it
Fia@. 26.-—Lachesis macrolepis (nat. size). is plentiful at altitudes
varying from 2,000 to 7,000 feet.
* Bom. Nat. Hist, Journ., Vol, X., p. 9.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 3l5
Poison.—Jerdon* knew several cases of bite from this species, but
none proved fatal. The Rev. F’. Castels has informed me that he once
caused a fresh adult to bite a jackal, but the jackal did not seem to
mind, and suffered no ill effects.
Dimensions. — Grows to 2 feet.
Colour.—Uniform bright foliage-green above, lighter beneath. A
well-defined white or yellow line runs down the flanks, sometimes a
blackish supercilium, blackish marks along the spine, and blackish rings
ruund the tail, but these rapidly fade in spirit. Rarely specimens are
met with uniform olive-brown in colour.
Lachesis strigatus—The Horse-shoe Viper.
Identijication.—This is the only species in which the 2nd labial
shield is entirely distinct from the
loreal pit (see Fig. 27), and this alone
will suffice to establish its identity.
Supplementary characters: In-
ternasals—No scales are suffi-
ciently enlarged to deserve the
name. Supraocular. A single shield.
Nasal.—Not united to 1st labial ;
one or more minute scales are
intercalated between it and _ the
furrowed shield forming the inner
wall of the loreal pit. Subocular— FAAS ear Be AE
Not touching the 3rd labial. "“(nat. size).
Scales—Anterior usually 21, (rarely 19) ; midbody usually 21, (rarely
23); posterior usually 15, (rarely 17).
Distribution—The Western Ghats and the Nilgiri, Anamallay, She-
varoy, and Pulney Hills of Southern India, at altitudes from 3,000 to
8,000 feet. Gray mentions it as common about Ootacamund, and Jerdon
as not uncommon inthe wooded parts of the Nilgiris; but, judging
from the paucity of specimens in museums, anil the written testimony
of friends, it appears to me an uncommon snake everywhere.
Poison.—Jerdont mentions being bitten by one. A ligature speedily
applied, followed by suction, warded off any ill effects, Lut the skin
* Journ | Asiatic Sue., Bengal, Vol, XXII,, p. 525,
¢ Journal Asiatic Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXIL, p, 524,
316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVLi,
round the bite blackened in a minute or two, detached itself, and came
off in his mouth during suction.
Dimensions.—Grows to 14 feet.
Colour.—The prevailing colour is brown, mottled darker to form an
irregular coarse variegation. A pale buff or yellowish horse-shoe mark
on the nape. A dark streak behind the eye. Beneath light-coloured
mottled with darker hues.
Lachesis monticola—The Large-spotted Viper.
Identification.—This is the only species that has no subocular shield,
and this character will serve to
diagnose it.
Supplementary characters :
Internasals.—A pair, separated
by from 1 to 3smallscales. Su-
praocular.—A single shield.—
Nusal. Not united with Ist
IEE a labial ; no minute scales inter-
ase - calated between it and the 2nd
Pre <te ag labial. Subocular absent; 2nd
labial furrowed in its upper half,
and forming the inner wall of
the loreal pit. Scales.—Anterior
Fie, 28—Lachesis monticola (nat, size). usually 23, (rarely 25); mid-
body 23, (rarely 21 or 25); posterior 19, (rarely 21).
Distribution —The Himalayan region (from 2,000 to 8,000 feet) in-
eluding Hills of Assam, Burmah and Yunnan.
Pvison.—Stoliczka* mentions a cocly who was bitten by a small one
about 144 inches in length. He made him suck vigorously, and gave
him brandy, and no ill effects were noticed.
Dimensions.—Grows to 3 feet.
Colour.—-Light brown or buff, with large irregularly squarish patches
or spots of dark brown on the middle of the back, and a coarse mottling
of these two hues in the flanks. Crown dark brown with a buff
V bordered dark brown below. Belly yellowish, uniform in front,
obscurely spotted. or mottled behind.
* Journal Asiatic Soc.. Bengal, Vol. XX XIX.,p, 224.
THii POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 317
Lachesis cantoris—Cantor’s Viper.
Tdentification.— Most easily identified by the rows of scales in the
midule of the body numbering 29.
Supplementary characlers: Internasals.—A pair separated by one
small scale. Supraocular—A single shield. Nasal partially or com-
pletely united with Ist labial; no minute scales intercalated between
serosa
Fia. 29.—Lachesis cantoris (nab. size).
Note confluence of nasal (N) and Ist supralabial (1).
it and the 2nd labial. Subocular not touching the 3rd labial. 2nd
Labial furrowed in its upper half, and forming the inner wall of the
loreal pit. Scales—Anterior, 27 ; midbody, 29 ; posterior, 21.
Distribution —Peculiar to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Poison.— Stoliczka remarks on the small size of thé poison gland even
in specimens 8 to 4 feet long, and both he and Dr. Rink who visited
the insular groups above mentioned, where they found this snake
extremely abundant, elicited information from the natives showing that
they (the natives) did not regard the bite as fatal.
Colour—There are two varieties, the one bright green or dull
greenish with dark spots, «ften arranged alternately in five longitudinal
series; the other light, or dark brown, spotted with pale gresnish.
Usually a well-defined white line runs along the flanks, and ihe head
318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
has frequently a pale lateral streak. Belly whitish or greenish, uniform
or mottled.
Lachesis purpureomaculatus—Gray’s Viper.
Identification, —The nasal shield more or less united with the Ist
labial, and the scales in
the posterior part of
the body numbering 19,
when taken together
will distinguish _ this
from all the rest of the
group.
Supplementary cha-
racters ¢ Internasals.—
A pair in contact with
one another, or more
usually separated by one
small scale. Supraocu-
lar—A_ single shield.
Fic. 36.—Lachesis purpureomaculacus (nat. size). Nasal partially or com-
pletely united with the Ist labial; one or more minute scales interca-
lated between it and the 2nd labial. Subocular—Not in contact with
3rd labial. 2nd labeal with a furrow in its upper part directed into the
loreal pit. Scales—Anterior, 23 to 25; midbody usually 25, (rarely 23
or 27) ; posterior, 19.
Distribution.— Bengal, the Himalayas from probably the Sutlej in
the West, Assam, and Burmah, Andamans, and Nicobars. In India
it is not met with in the plains, but in Burmah occurs in hills and
plains alike. Hasbeen and is frequently confused with L. gramineus.
Poison.—Stoliczka’s observations with regard to the opinion of the
natives in the Andamans and Nicobars show that it is not regarded as
fatal to man.
Dimensions.—Grows to 4 feet.
Colour.—Three varieties are met with: (A) uniform foliage
green; (B) uniform purplish-brown, or purplish-black; (C) variegated,
purplish-brown and green. Usually a well-defined white or yellow
flank line. Beneath uniform greenish or whitish with sometimes
obscure mottling.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 319
Lachesis mucrosquamatus—The Formosan Viper.
Identification.--The scales in the posterior part of the body number
21 or 19, the nasal not united to
the Ist labial, and the presence
of a subocular the
diagnosis, but all three characters
must co-exist.
Supplementary characters: In-
ternasals——A pair separated by
from 2 to 4 small scales.
Supraocular—A_ single _ shield.
Nasal—Not united with the 1st
labial, one or more minute scales
intercalated between it and the
2nd labial. Subocular not touch-
ing the 3rd labial, 2nd labial
with a furrow in its upper part
establish
FIG. 31.—Lachsis mucrosquamatus
(nat. size).
directed into the loreal pit. Scales.—Anterior, 25 to 27; midbody,.23
to 27 ; posterior, 19 to 21.
Distribution — aga Hills and Assam, also Formosa.
Poison.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.— Grows to 34 feet.
Colour.—Brownish with 3 longitudinal series of blackish spots, the
vertebral series being the largest. Belly mottled brownish and white, or
uniform whitish.
Lachesis jerdonii—Jerdon’s Viper,
Fig. 33.—Lachesis jerdonii (nat. size).
Identification. —The subocular
touching the 3rd labial together
with 7 to 8 supralabials make
diagnosis certain.
Supplementary characters :
Internasals.—A pair, separated
by from 1 to 3 small scales.
Supraocular—-A single shield
preceded by an enlarged shield
peculiar to this species. Nasal
not united with Ist labial;
small scales may or may not be
intercalated between it and the
320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
2nd labial. Subocu/ar touches the 3rd labial. 2nd labial with a furrow
in its upper part directed into the loreal pit. Sca/es—Anterior 21
asually, (rarely 23); midbody 21, (rarely 19); posterior 17, (rarely 15).
Distribution.—Khasi Hills, Assam, Thibet.
Potson.—Nothing known, _
Dimensions.—Grows to 24 feet.
Colour.— Variegated greenish and black. Head black, ornamented
with yellow. Belly mottled greenish and b.ack.
Lachesis gramineus.
The Common Green Viper or Bamboo Snake.
Tdentification.—Scales 15 in the posterior part of the body, supraocular
a single shicld, suprala-
bials 9 to 12, the 2nd
furrowed in its upper
half, if co-existing will
serve to identify it.
Supplementary cha-
racters s Internasuls.—A
pair, in contact, or sepa-
rated by one or two small
seales. Supraoculars—
A single shield. Masal—
Sometimes united with
Ist labial, sometimes dis-
finct ; small seales may FIG, 33,—Lachesis gramineus (nat. size).
or may not ba intercalated Var ety from Western Ghats.
between it and the 2nd labial. Subocular may or may not touch the
8rd lab’al. 2nd labial with a furrow in its upper part directed into the
loreal pit. S-ales.—Anterior, 21; midbody, 21; posterior, 15.
Distribution.—Much the most plentiful and the most widely distri-
buted of our Indian P:t-Vipers. From the Malayan region it extends
through Burma, including the Andamans and Nicobars, to the Hima-
layan region probably as far west es the Sutlej River. It is found in
the Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, Nilgir's and other hills in the
Peninsula of India. It does not occur in the plains of India, but
affects an altitude of from 1,500 to 6,000 feet. Hast of Calcutta occurs
in the plains and hills alike.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 321
Potson.—Theo bite is rarely if ever fatal, but severe local effects and
constitutional disturbances are usually attendant. There is abundant
evidence to substantiate this assertion, among Europeans and natives
alike.
‘Dimensions.—Grows to 34 feet.
Colours.—Usually vivid foliage-green. More rarely yellowish, or
olivaceous or brown, sometimes obscurely streaked or barred with black.
A well-defined white or yellow flank line usually. Belly whitish,
plumbeous, greenish, uniform or indistinctly mottled.
Lachesis trigonocephalus—.The Green Tic.
Tdentification—The supraocular shield divided, and the subocular
touching the 3rd labial, if found
co-existing, serve to fix its iden-
tity.
Supplementary characters :
Internasals.—A_ pair in contact
with one another. Supraocular
divided. Aasal not united with
Ist iabial ; no small scales inter-
calated between it and the 2nd
labial. Subocular touches the
3rd labial. 2nd labial with a
furrow in its upper part directed
Fia. 34.—Lachesis trigonocephalus into the loreal pit. Scales. —
(nat, size), Anterior, 17 or 19; midbody
17 or 19 ; posterior, 13 or 15.
(T)
Ayn
Bs
SI)
ee,
ed
LD
3
Se
vay
KC
ss
Ds
Bes
ae
()
Distribution.— Peculiar to Ceylon where it is common in many
parts of the hills. It is known to the planters as the Green Tic
Polonga.
Poison.—Mr. Drummond Hay has informed me in a letter that he
once had a Nurasian conductor bitten by a full grown one in his
presence. The bitten hand swelled up at once, but by evening had
much reduced, and the following day the swelling had almost entirely
disappeared.
Dimnensions.— Grows to 24 feet.
Co'our.—F oliage-green, uniform, or with black blotchings, A black
streak behind the eye. Belly uniform greenish or yellewish.
322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Lachesis anamallensis—The Anamallay Viper.
- Identification.—Supraocular divided, and co-existing with this, a
subocular not touching
the 3rd labial,
Supplementary cha-
racters : Internasa!s.—
A pair separated by a
small ' scale. Supra-
ocular divided. Nasal
not united with Ist
labial ; small scales
may or may not be
intercalated between
‘it and the 2nd la-
bial. Subocular—N ot
touching the 3rd labial.
Qnd labial, with a
furrow in its upper
part directed into the FIG. 85.—-Lachesis anamallensis (nats size).
loreal pit. Scales.—Anterior, 21 ; midbody usually 21, (rarely 19) ;
posterior, 15 or 17. )
Distribution.— Confined to the Western Ghats and hilly regions
south ‘of the Krishna River, where it is quite common, at altitudes
ranging between 2,000 to 7,000 feet.
Poison.—Jerdon* has known several cases of bite, but none proved
fatal. Mr. Henderson has informed me by letter how he was once
bitten by one in the forefinger. The snake was half grown. He
sucked the wound, and cauterised it at once, and ‘‘ suffered very little
discomfort.” For some time afterwards he experienced a sense of
weight in this arm when it was held down. Fergusonf relates how
Baron Von Rosenberg was bitten by this snake in the foot. He did not
know he was bitten, and walked 10 miles before pain asserted itself.
He then found the member so swollen he had to cut the boot off.
After a night of pain and fever, a cupfull of blood and matter came
away, and it was several days before he could wear anythirg but a
* Journal, Asiatic Society of Benga!, Vol, XXITI., p. 520.
: + Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. X., p. 9.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 323
slipper. A year later the place swelled up again, became painful,
and discharged matter. Ferguson also mentions having met a hill-
man with a withered right arm which he (the native) attributed to a
bite from this reptile.
Dimensions.— Grows to 34 feet.
Colour.—Greenish variegated with blackish, or dark blackish-green.
Boulenger says olive, yellowish or reddish-brown. Flanks coarsely
dappled with buff. Belly greenish or yellowish.
Group 5-—Pitless Vipers.
Identification.—(1) Tail round. (2) Snout and crown covered with
small scales similar to those on the bark of the body*; see Fig. 37.
(3) Only a part of the last row of costals ts visible on either side of the
ventrals when the specimen is laid on to sts buck (see Fig. 5). (4) No.
loreal pit.
This group includes 4 species referable to 8 genera. They may be
identified as follows :—
A, Shields beneath tail similar to those be-
neath belly:(seaSC.; Fig. 9) B) .....ccccseee. Echis carinata,
B. Shields beneath tail divided (see SC., Fig.9 D)
(a) Ventrals with 2 ridges (see Val.,
ie A) were pace San vavstecenee iamcn tant Eristocophis macmahonii.
(b) Ventrals not ridged,
3 chains of large spots, one along
spine, and one on each side ...... Vipera russelli,
| chain of spots along spine, none
on the sides,
» _ lebetine.
Echis carinata—The Little Indian Viper.
The “ Kuppur” of Sind. ‘“ Phoorsa” of the Bombay Presidency.
“Afai”? about Delhi. The ‘Kallu havoo” of Mysore. “ Kattu
virian” about Madras ;and the “ Horatta pam, ” according to Russell,
on the Coromandel Coast.
Tdentzfication—The undivided state of the shields beneath the tail
will admit of no confusion with others of this group.
Supplementary characters : Supraocular not divided, Nasal touches
the rostral and the Ist supralabial. Zye.—Diameter exceeds its distance
—_—_————
* A few harmless snakes have the snout cov: red with.sm ill scales,—for instance, the Genus
Eryx, Bipistes too may be included with these. Tn all these, two or often many more rows
of costals are vis.ble from beneath (see Fig.-3).
9
324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
to the nostril, and is greater than its distance to the edge of the lip; 2
rows of scales between it and the
supralabials. Supralabials.—The
Ss 4th is the largest of the series
A i DD wis, oy s z
na os (varely the 38rd). Sublinguads
2 SIDS Sees touch 3 or 4 infralabials, and 2
caseea oes ¢
small scales behind. Jnfralabzals
4 (rarely 3), the 4th touching
2 scales behind. Scales in mid-
body 27 to 87. Ventrals not
ridged laterally. Subcaudals
undivided. During life its
<= _ peculiar habit of throwing its
body into a double coil, inflating
itself, and then rubbing one coil
against the other so as to pro-
duce a sound closely resembling
hissing, will in itself proclaim
its identity.
Distribution.— It occurs
throughout a large area of the
Indian Peninsula from Cape
Comorin to the Himalayas, but
being a desert form preferring
an arid sandy soil, it is distri-
buted chiefly in isolated patches
where it is frequently very com-
Fie. 36.—Echis carinata (x23). mon. Jerdon remarks it is
common throughout the Carnatic. I have found it especially so about
Trichinopoly. I believe it does not occur in the narrow tract between
the Western Ghats and the Malabar Coast, nor in Ceylon. To the
North-East its limits are not exactly known ; if it occurs in Bengal
it is scarce. To the North-West it extends through Rajpootana,
the Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan to Transcaucasia, and is extremely
abundant in these parts. Some idea of its prodigious numbers was
furnished by Vidal.* He says that in the Ratnagiri District (Kanara)
alone during 6 years Government rewards were paid on an average
reas rere
* Journal, Pombay Natura! History Soc.. Vol. V., p..t4.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. © 325
of 225,721 Phoorsas per annum! Later he remarks that when
the Government reward was raised teniatively from six pies to two
annas per head, 115,921 were paid for in 8 days (December 2nd_ to
10th, 1862). Again Candy in thesame Journal (page 85 ) says that in
Ratnagiri, in August and September, the Mhars go out with long sticks
to which forks are attached, and catch them in thousands for Govern-
ment rewards. It is an inhabitant of the plains, and becomes progres-
sively scarcer at altitudes ranging up to 8,000 feet, beyond which it is
rarely if ever found. Thus Nicholson shows* that of 1,225 poisonous
snakes collected in the vicinity of Bangalore upon which Government
rewards were paid in the year 1873, only one proved to be an Eehis.
Poison.—Very conflicting opinions have been expressed regarding the
virulence of Zehis poison, It is asserted by many that death is an ex-
tremely rare sequel to its bite, but I think there can be no doubt that
fatalities are much more frequent than many suppose. Vidal, whose
paper in the Bombay Natural History Journal ¢ is a most valuable con-
tribution to the literature on this species, states that he found records of
G2 fatal cases treated in the Civil Hospital at Ratnagiri in the year
1878. He estimated that about 20 per cent. of the cases of Echis bite
proved fatal, and remarks that the poison is slow, death occurring on
an average in 44 days, but that some cases lingered on for 20 days,
He says later that the Zchis is a far more potent factor than any other
venomous species in swelling the mortality of the Bombay Presidency.
He substantiates this assertion by the very significant observation that
in Hehis-ridden tracts the mortality from snake-bite far exceeds that
in districts where this snake is comparatively scarce. In a tablo
compiled from official returns for 8 years (1878 to 1885), for the
districts of the Bombay. Presidency, he shows that in the districts
of Hyderabad, Thar and Parkar, Karachi (Sind), and Ratnagiri
(Kanara), where the Hehis abounds, one man in 5,000 dies per annum
from snake-bite, whereas in the districts of Bijapur, Nasik, Ahmed-
nagar and Sholapur, where this snake is rare or absent, only one man
in 100,000 dies from snake-bite. Murray{ says ‘ this little viper is
very venomous ; although the action of its poison is not quite so quick
as that of the cobra, it is equally as potent, and numerous deaths
annually oceur from its bite.’ Dr. Inlach, Civil Surgeon at Shikar-
* «Tndian Snakes,” p. 173,
+ Vol. V., p. 64,
t “ Reptilia of Sind,” p. 47.
326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
pui* /Sind) says, “ A reference to police returns will show that in by
far the greatest majority of cases serious injury and death have been
caused by the bite of this species.” Again he avers “the Kuppur is
without exception the most deadly poisonous snake in Sind.” Mr.
Millard has informed me by letter of the case of an attendant in the Bom-
bay Natural Iistory Society’s Rooms who, in October 190.4, was bitten
by an Echis in the temple. He was taken off at once to hospital,
admitted that he felt no fear, but in spite of prompt treatment died
24 hours afterwards, —
In Delhi, in 1897, I knew, and many times saw a famous snake-
catcher called Kallan bring his week’s bag to the Civil Hospital where
he extracted the poison of cobras, kraits and “‘afais’’ for the Civil
Surgeon (Major Dennys, I.M.S.) who sent it on to the Government of
India. The poison collected, he conveyed his specimens to the Deputy
Commissioner for the Government rewards. Kach head had to bechopped
off, and when later he was counting these out for the satisfaction of an
official before payment, one Hchis head fastened itself on to his finger.
The dose of pvison under the circumstances must have been very
small, nevertheless most alarming symptoms rapidly supervened, and
Major Dennys told me that when he visited the man that night he
expected he would die, so grave was his condition. He, however,
recovered. One must not allow oneself to be misguided by the many
records in which dogs and other small animals have not succumbed to
the bite of this snake, and infer that man would probably be even less
affected. One can find numerous instances of small animals not
succumbing to the effects of bites of cobras and Russell’s vipers though
we know how fatal these poisons usually are.
Dimensions.—Grows to about 2 feet.
Colour.— Various shades from sandy to dark cedar. A more or less
distinct pals sinuous flank line always present. A pale mark on the
crown somewhat resembling the imprint ofa bird’s foot, Belly uniform
whitish, or dotted with light brown or dark spots.
Eristocophis memahonii—McMahon’s Viper.
Identification —The ventral shields are ridged on either side unlike
other species of this group, and this is the best means of diagnosis
(see Fig. 37 C.).
A
* ‘Trans, of the Bomb, Med. and Phys. Soc., Vol. IIL. p. 80.
THE POISUNOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 327
Supplementary characters: Supraocular absent, replaced by
Fig. 37.—Eristocophis memahonii (nat. size).
small scales. Nasal does not touch the rostral, nor the Ist supralabial.
Eye.—Diameter less than the distance between eye and nostril ; about
half the distance to tha labial margin; 5 or 6 rows of small scales
between it and supralabials. 4th supralabial not enlarged. Sublinguals
touch 3 infralabials, and 3 small scales behind. Jnfralabials 3, lage,
3rd touching 3 scales behind. Siales in the middle of the budy 23 to
27. Ventrals ridged laterally. Subcaudals civided.
Distribution —Very little is known on this point. Baluchistan, where
it was discovered by Captain McMahon when delimiting the Afyhan-
Baluch border, is prolably the fringe of its distribution, and it is prob-
328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV'11,
ably only to be found at this corner of our Indian possessions. - It is
a desert form inhabiting sandy tracts.
Poison.—Nothing is known.
Dimensions. —The largest specimen was about 2 feet.
Colour.—Reddish sandy brown, with white edged dark-brown spots
wlong the back.
Vipera russellit.
Russell’s Viper. The Chain Viper. The Daboia.
The “Tic polonga”’ of Ceylon. ‘“Kanardi virian” of Tamils in
Madras. ‘‘ Mandali”’ of Malabar. ‘‘ Mandalatha havu,’’ and according to
Rice “ Kolaku mandala”’ of Mysore. The ‘ Bora,” ‘‘Chundra bora,”
‘‘Siah chunder amaitar,”’ and ‘‘ Jessur”’ of Bengal according to Fay-
rer. The “ Katuka rekula poda’’ of Russell (Coromandel Coast? ).
The “ Gunnus” of Bombay. The ‘‘Chitar’” of Guzerat according to
Mosse. The “ Khad chitra”’ of Dantra District in the Bombay Presi-
dency according to Fenton. Iam told the “ Korail” of Sind. The
“Mwe-bwe” of Burmah. Probably also the ‘Cobra monil” of some
natives as suggested by Jerdon; literally ‘‘ Necklace snake’? in Por-
tuguese, and like other namesdating from the Portuguese occupation of
India, such as “ Biscobra,”’ its significance has become obscured, and
surrounded with mystery by the native mind.
Identification—The sublinguals touching 4 or 5 infralabials; the
subcaudals divided, and the 3 series of large dorsal spots when occur-
ring in the same specimen will establish the diagnosis.
Supplementary characters: Supraocular a single shield. Nasal
touches the rostral andthe Ist supralabial. Aye.—Diameter exceeds
distance of eye to nostril, and is subequal to its distance to the labial
margin in the adult; 2 or 3 rows of scales between it and the labial
margin. 4th supralabial the largest of the series. Sublinguals touch 4
or 5 infralabials and 2 scales behind. Infralabials 5 large normally, the
bth touching 2 scales behind. Scales in midbody 27 to 83. Ventrals
not ridged laterally. Subcaudals divided.
Distribution—Throughout the whole of the Indian Empire from
Ceylon to the Himalayas, and from the most eastern borders of
Burmah to the western limits of Sind. It is chiefly an inhabitant of
the plains, but is common in some localities from 2,000 to 4,000 feet
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA, 32)
and has been met with at altitudes up to 6,000 and 7,000 feet.* In most
<)
—
Fig. 38.—Vipera russelli (nat. size).
parts it is quite a common snake, but is especially so in certain
localities. Fayrert says itis very common in the Punjab. and that
at Umritsar in 1866 as many as 471] specimens were brought in for
Government rewards in one day! Mr. Millard tells me it is common
Kashmir 6,000 ft. (Stoliczka). Nilgiris 6,000 ft, (Hender-on, private letter). Pulneys
6,500 ft. (Revd, Father Gombert, private le\ter), Pulneys 7,000 ft, (Henderson, private
letter). Hakgalla, Ceylon, 5,700 it, (I have received specimens from Mr. Noch),
} Than tophidia. p, 35,
330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
near Bombay. Mr. Henderson in a private letter says it is fairly com-
mon at Kodai Kanal in the Pulneys. Father Gombert, SwJ., ina
private letter makes the same remark with regard to the Pulneys.
Stoliczka* says itis very common. in the south portion of the Kulu
Valley. I have found it common at Trichitopoly and Cannanore, and
Fergusont says it is common: in the low country at Travancore.
Tennentt says that at Trincomalee, Ceylon in 18/8, the J udge’s house
was so infested with this species that his family had to quit their
quarters, and Bassett Smith§ also remarks ‘on the number of this
species in the same place. Evans and I found it common in most parts
of Burmah, and in certain parts of that Province they are so numerous
that the natives wear grass shoes made with “‘ uppers’? when busy in
the crops as a protection against this snake, notably at Mahlaing,
Magwe, and Myo-thit in Upper Burmah. Theobald 4 remarks on the
commonness of the species in the Tharrawaddy District in Lower
Burmah, and about Rangoon. On the other hund, Nicholson|| shows
it is uncommon in the vicinity of Bangalore, where only 2 were brought
in for Government rewards out of 1,225 poisonous snakes in the year
1873. Again Murray** says it is not commonin Upper Sind. Blanford
+t makes the same remark of §.-is. Berar, and Mr. Millar writes me
it is rare about Darjeeling. He has only known one, viz., at Kurseong,
4,600 feet, in many years.
Poison.—Indubitably fatal to man.
Dimensions.—Grows to 52 feet, but specimens over 5 feet are very
exceptional.
Colour—Buff, or light brown with 3 longitudinal series of large
spots along the back. These usually consis of three zones a central
one of the same colour as the ground, a narrow dark zone, skirted by
a still narrower white or buff zone. Some of these spots in the median
series often confluent. The spots in the lateral rows are often broken
at their lowermost outline. Head ornamented with large dark marks,
and a conspicuous pink or salmon V with its apex on the snout.
Belly whiti h with dark semilunar seattered spots.
to eee
* Jourl. As atic Soc. of Bengal, V:1 XXXIX., p, 226,
+ Jour!. Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc., Vol. X., p. &
* Nat. Hir¢. of Ceylon. p. 296,
§ Jourl, Bomb. Nat Hist. Soc, Vol, XI, p. d46.
4 Cat. Rept., ‘ rit Purm., p. 64,
| ‘nd. Snak:s. p. 1738,
* The kept. of Sind P29
+} Jour], Asiatic Soc. of Bengal: Vol, XXXIX, p. 374,
331
THE POISONUUS SNAKES OF INDIA.
Vipera lebetina,
infralabials; the
subcaudals divided; and the absence of the large lateral spots on
the siles so typical of the last when occurring together, will suffice to
identify this from the rest of the group.
5
Identification.—The sublinguals touching 4 or
Fic. 89.—Vipera lebetina (nat. size).
10
332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Supplementary characters.-—Supraocular well developed or broken
up into small shields. Nasal touches the rostral and the Ist suprala-
bial. Hye.—Diameter about equal its distance to the nostril, about half
its distance from the labial margin ; 2 or 3 rows of scales between it
and the supralabials, 4th supralabsal the largest of the series.
Sublinguals touch 4 or 5 infralabials and 2 scales behind. Jnfralabsals.—-
5 large normally, the 5th touching 2 scales behind. Scales in middle
of body 28 to 27. Ventrals not ridged laterally. Subcaudals divided.
Distribution —An inhabitant of Northern: Africa and South-Fastern
Europe, it extends through Asia Minor eastwards so as to include
Baluchistan and Kashmir on the fringe of its distribution.”
Poison.— Nothing known, :
Dimensions.—Grows to 5 feet.
Colour, —Grey ‘or pale brown above, with a dorsal series of large
brown spots, often edged with blackish which may be confluent into an
undulous band, or with small dark spots or cross-bars, small dark lateral
spots, and vertical bars; a large V-shaped marking on the upper
surface of the head, and a V-shaped one on the occiput, may be pre-
sent ; a dark streak behind. the eye to the angle of the mouth; and
usually a dark blotch or bar below the eye; whitish beneath, powdered
; with grey-brown, with or without dark
brown spots ; end of tail yellow. All
the markings sometimes very indistinct
(Boulenger).
Azemiops fee—Fea’s Viper.
Identification.—(1) scales in midbody
17 (see Fig. 7). (2) 6 supralabials of
which the 3rd only touches the eye.
These two points when co-existing will
serve to differentiate this from every
other snake.
Supplementary characters — Frontal
unusually broad, about 3 times the
breadth of each supraocular. Nasal
touches Ist and 2nd infralabials only.
Fie. 40.—Azemiops fez sia
(after Boulenger). Loreal present. This is the only
poisonous snake with large shields on the head in which this shield
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. 493
ceeurs. Preeoculars 3. A very unusual feature. (Except the pit-vipers
[ know of only one other snake where these shields are 3, viz,
Lytorhyncius paradorus.) Temporals 2, The upper touching one
supralabial only, the 4th. ye with vertical pupil. Supraldbials 6, the
3rd only touching the eye. Sublinguals.—One pair only each in
contact with 2 scales behind. Infralabials 3 only.
Distribution—One specimen only known discovered by Mons, Fea in
the Kachin Hills of Upper Burmah. :
Poison.—Nothing known.
Dimensions.—2 feet.
Colowr.—Boulenger* says: ‘‘ Lower parts olive-grey with some
small lighter spots ; chin and throat variegated with yellow.” He further
remarks it is strikingly like a harmless colubrine in external appear-
ance,
* Fauna of Brit. Iad., Reptilia Batrachia, p. 419,
334
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE,
By
KH. Brarrsr, S.J.
Leet:
(With 3 Plates.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 28th June 1906.)
In popular and, sometimes, even in scientific books we find so many
different opinions as regards the flowering season in the tropics, that it
seems to be worth while to inquire into the real facts in order to trace
the laws by which the processes in the sexual sphere are governed.
There are writers who say that there is scarcely any periodicity in the
fluwering time in the tropics, whilst others speak of well defined periods.
In the following essay I shall not discuss all the factors which in-
fluence the development of flowers, but I shall confine myself to
discovering the relations which exist between the flowering season and
the climate. For this purpose I examined the floras of different
regions of India, Burma, and Ceylon, collecting notes which give infor-
mation as to the flowering period of the vegetation, and comparing
them with the metecrological data of the respective areas.
I shall begin with the Presidency of Bombay, the flora of which
has been described by various botanists in former years, and recently
by Th. Cooke in his “Flora of the Presidency of Bombay.” I
borrow the fullowing passage from the preface to Cooke’s Flora,
where the author gives a short description of the area covered by his
botanical explorations: ‘The Presidency of Bombay,” he says, “ in-
cluding Sind and Baroda (which latter State, containing 4,400 square
miles, though removed in 1875 from the administrative contrcl of the
Government of Bombay, is, for botanical purposes, included within the
limits of the Presidency) extends from 13° 5a! to 28° 47’ N. lat. and
from 60° 43! to 76° 30! EH. long., and contains about 196,000 square
miles, an area more than 1% times that of Great Britain and Ireland.
“To the north of the Tapti river, which passes the town of Surat,
stretches the flat alluvial and fertile plain of Gujarat, much of it
without a hill to break the monotony of the landscape for miles,
Sind, still further to the north-west, separated from Baluchistan by the
Kirthar mountains which sometimes rise to a height of 7,000 feet, is
much of it a plain of desert sand with occasional ridges of low sand-hills.
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 335
‘South of the Tapti river the country gradually becomes interspersed
with hills and further south the Western Ghats run parallel to the sea-
coast for about 500 miles, with a general elevation of nearly 2,0C0 fcet,
though occasionally hills rise to a height of 4,000 feet or more above
the sea level.
“ The low-lying plain between the foot of the Western Ghats and the
sea, interspersed with hills and with a heavy rainfall and a humid and
enervating climate, is known as the Konkan, while the Deccan is the
extensive elevated plateau beand tho Ghfts, interspersed with numerous
hills which are cither isclated or in short ranges, with a generally light
raimfall and a dry climate.’’!
How variable the climate of the area in question is, will Le best illus-
trated Ly meteorological statistics, which, at the same time, give an
exact basis for a comparison with the flowering times. The data, where
no special mention is made, are taken from H. F. Flanford.2
Rainfa'l recorded at 15 Stations.
a a : rll || ae) a F s 2 : :
cet es oe eS eb Sul ee Sale eens
Jacobabad, 26 years <eth O32 2| 31 7022) SO8th SO Lea esa 0:3 ae 01} Onl] 474
Kurrachee, 31 years oof Ort} 0-3) | 0:2] 012] “O2} 0:2) 31) zl 0-9} Ol} G2) O02] 78
Hyderab.d, 21-24 years ..] O%+] O-1] On] 02 o-| ural 2°81 32, 08 01} .. | 80
Deesga; 2)-31 years .. Sot OST Oso VO Gul a Ole 2221e. 918 es 3:3] O-8} Ul] .. | 25°5
Rajsot, 20-26 yearz.. ..| O12] O17 ee | 0-4) 5:4] 103] 6-7) 492] 0-8} O22] 0-3] 28:3
Surat, 18-24 year's .. ar we 5 0°2| 94) 13°8) 9:8} 7:3] Leal Oc1] O11} 42:3
Tanna, 19-20 years... etemeey |e OFN a¥.= he, O04 24°38) 36-2) 20-1) 12°8} 3:3] .. oo || eas
Bombay, 3:/-70 years «| O71} 22] 2. | «- | 05} £0°8] 247] 15-1! 108] 1-8] Os} Ovi] 74:4
Lanauil,13 years .. eh Oe Se Ol] Ol] 0°6} 28:1) 65-3; biel 23-8] 4:8) 04] 0 2) 163-9
Mahableshwar, 31-32 years} Os} 0-1; O-4} 0-9) let 47:2 ae 63°6} 329] 5:8) 11) O-s}261°4
Goa, 26-27 vears SAR ACG ee os O1 te 31°8} 34°1] 19:9) OG) 4:4) 11] O12} 93°8
Dbulia, 17-26 years.. mei| ee Orin (OrLitaeas) [teers Or4| 4b) 498 - 4:6) 20) 05} Od) 21°9
Poona, 44 years... tee ORZ@ vets 02} OG] 1:6) 56) 66) 41} 43) 41] O78; Ov] 288
Sh9 apur, 3+ years .. eel) ae 0-1} O38] O77} 12 46) 4:3) 6:0, 75} 37] O-7| 0°4| 29°5
Belgaum, 34-35 years elie OAH cos 05] 2:0 28 9-3) 15°2 +d 37) 4°7] 1:2] 0°83) 48°8
CFE eee oI SSS Sse Oe OOS Ss Oe Oe
Mean rainfall Pe e-| O16 = 015) 0:34) 0°77, 12-98) 21°62) 14°53
1 Cooke: Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, pages V-VI.
2 Blanford: A Practical Guide to the Climates and Weather of India, Ceylon and
Burma, Appendix I & III.
7°65) S51] 0 46) O-17)-..
336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Humidity recorded at 9 Stations.
cond a e
= a) o a ) =
ona ails ¢] | 8] 2| 2
S 5/ ad) 3 oS ° s/ 6] 2 |
By S| Sy sles Sissi Sl Si ei) 2s
SP ite Per elie cee (tel imi Mey ae oy fate | oes
5 i =| <j =| 5 m | <4 iva) o) 7 A
NS | NN | ———<— —_—_= SS |e |
Surat.. stevia eet oo ..| 53) 50} 51) 50) 59) 638 80) 79} vs} 67] 55) 55
Bombay 0 ae an s° 70 69 73 75 75 82 87 87 86 81 71] 70
Poona.. ee 50 oe do Al 33 29 31 42 69 79 79 77 58 46] 4)
Belgaum so Do oe 47 39 41 50 59 80 89 88 86 70 57] 50
Jacobabad .. oe a0 o: 45 39 41 38 36 42 53 58 55 46 45) 48
Hyderabad .. .. .. «.{ 50] 431 42! 43] 45] 53) 61) 65) 63] 4s] 48] 48
Kurrachee: .. ao ae ..| 57] 59) 67) 68) 74) g4| 78) 78) 76) 65) 56) 57
Deesa aA sie a6 ao 38) 31 31 28) 40 53| 74) 73 6%] 44] 35] 38
Sholapur .. os ie | 42) 384) 29 26, 34) 56) 65) 66; 70) 60] 52) 49
Mean humidity .. ee «.| 49-3] 44-1] 44:8) 45°4) 51:5) 64°1| 74] 74-7] 75:6) 59-6) 51-7] 50°6
Cloud Proportion recorded at 9 Stations.
Ba o a | x
iy ‘a . Q : ais
dll at see era tae } e/g] 2] &|8
Bee Ss ed Sa Sal oe ae les
f= = =) tad Lay a = oo a 2 = (3)
3 © i=* ss =] 5 =| = Sy ° =
5 | & ala} a/ 5] 5 al alo}!|] 4}a
Jacobabad .. Ss ae --| 241 3:21 3°3| 312] 1:4] LI] 22] 24) 09) O04] (91 18
Hyderabad .. a5 0 .. | 19} 26) ke} 13] O7 |] 15] 29] Bl] 1-7] O38 | OC] I]
Kurrachee .. pe ee «.| 26] 31 | 383] 23] 22) 45) 71) 63) 45] 1:0) 12] 21
Deesa ee xe me o.| 20} 292] 23117] ly] 45) 78) 75) 5°92] 16] LO! 16
Surat Ao 90 5 08/08] 09) 10] 16] 54] 80] 68) 60] 24] 07] 11
Bombay we ao | 15) 3] 18] 23] 41) 79 | FL] 88] 75] 4:3] 2:2] 18
Poona see as 0a 18 | 1:7] 2° | 24) 30) 76] 90) 87) 81] 49] 25 | 27
Sholapur .. ae ae 999} 19} 995] 32140] 71) 81] 81) 83] 5:9] 37] 30
Belgaum... ad 30 17] 15} 99 | 296 | 84) 7:71 88] 85) 7-7 | 55) 37 | 29
Mean cloud proportion .. ..| 19| 20] 23] 22] 24] 3] 701 67] 55 | 29} 1:9) 2-0
Se ee ee ee
Temperature recorded at 9 stations,
a & o Fa
ae ‘fi x rm 2
I 5 a). a FI 2 Fl :
sae; Byte | tom Peale. | Oe eae. | Shh: Bapes
3 ) [oy cS =] Bp 5 ) o o
i ; Be ec |stats PS EGS ei red (Si boca lf ie
ch | Se ee
11
Jacobabad ., 50 Na ..| 57} 62} 74) sal 93) gg], 842-95] sal 78) «= 64) 58
Hyderabad .. ae B06 os 65} 66) 78} 85) 91 91) 85): g6| 8&6 83 72] 64
Kurrachee .. a ae ‘ 65} 68| 76] 80] &5| s7l.*84l- 82} 82) - 80) 72) 67
Deesa .. ce a0 ae “| 67} 711 81} 88] «= 92} = So} S88] ~ ge} 682) «= 80} 74) 69
Surat... as eo He -.| zo} 72) 79) sal 86} 8s} 81) sil sij- -80| 75) 71
Bombay sc 50 26 .| 74/75] 79] 82! 83] 83} 81] 80) + 80}: 81) 80) 76
Poona.. its a a we 72} 7el s3i sel 85) «79) 75) 75) 75) 78} 7tl 72
Sholapur ie Ae ae “| gel 77] 83} og} Hl 82) 78] 78] 77] 077] 73) 70
Belgaum we 30 40 es 72 76 80 8) 80 74 7 70} «7/1 re 7 71
me
Mean temperature ... oS ..| 68 OL 73:7] 79°2| 84:1] 87:1] 85:2] 81:8] 806] 80:2) 79:0) 73°2)08°7
a
From these tables we may easily collect how variable are the condt-
tions for the sexual processes of the plant-life. Of all the provinces ci
India the vast plain of Sind is the driest, and, taken as a whole, the
hottest. Where the waters of the Indus do not exercise their beneficial
influence upon the vegetation, we find only an arid, sandy and stony
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE. 337
desert. This is especially the case in Upper Sind (represented in our
tables by Jacobabad), the dry regions of which are characterized by
great variations of temperature, whilst Lower Sind has a more mod-
erate and less arid climate. The dampest and most uniform climatic
conditions of India are found in the strip of low country which extends
from below the Ghats to the west-coast. Here the west wind
mitigates the intense effect of the tropical sun, and the Ghats protect
the plain against the desiccating winds of the Deccan. In this part
of the Presidency the annual mean temperature is almost the same
throughout, viz., 79° or 80°. During the summer monsoon the rainfall
is very heavy in the Konkan, but not as heavy as on the Ghats. “ The
climate of the Deccan, beyond 30 or 40 miles from the crest of the Ghats,
is, as a general rule, very dry, The driest portion of the Deccan isa strip
running north and south, parallel with the Ghats, and from 50 to 80
miles tothe east of them. As far south as the latitude of Poona, the
zone of country witha rainfall below 30 inches averages not more than
100 miles in width ; but to the south of this it extends right across the
plateau to the Eastern Ghats.’ !
After these climatic considerations I shall try to give as exact a statis-
tic account of the flowering periods as possible. The ‘“ Flora of British
TIndia”’ and other greater works on Indian vegetation cannot be of any
-use Where regional data are wanted, as it is quite evident, v.g., that the
flowering time ofa plant in the mountainous region of the Himalaya is
quite different from that of the same plant in the lowplain along the
west coast of India, The local floras of the Bombay Presidency are
not all of the same value as regards the special point of our investiga-
tion. The ‘tBombay Flora’ by Dalzell and Gibson (published in
1861) contains only scanty dates as to the flowering of plants. ¢ Of a
great number of plants no dates at all are given, of many others not
the whole flowering period is mentioned, but, as it seems, only that
month in which the respective plant was collected in flower.
In the Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol. XXV. Botany,
1886) Lisboa gives a good description of the timber-trees, food
plants, famine plants, oil-yielding plants, fibrous plants, etc., but the
flowering time is added to the description of the timber-trees only.
No information as to the time of flowering is found in Gray’s most
valuable “ Botany of the Bombay Presidency.’ As regards ‘“ The
Bei nek: 4. ha BERENS Blantord, page MR ye tp a kee
338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
‘Flowering Plants of Western India,” by A. K. Nairne, the author
himself says in the introduction to his volume: ‘‘ The same deficiency,
and for the same reason, will be noticed as to the time of year when
the different species flower.” The best and, to a great part, the only
information existing, we get from Cooke’s ‘Flora of the Presidency
of Bombay.” As yet only the first volume and two parts of the second
volume have appeared, including all the orders, following Flooker’s
classification from the Ranunculacee up to the Verbenacez inclusive.
For ths rest of the phanerogamic orders I made use of Woodrow’s
“ Catalogue of the Flora of Western India.” !
In the subjoined table we shall give the flowering times according
to months. The flowering period ofa plant does nut usually occupy
one month only, but several and, thus, the same plant may be found
in two, three, four, or more columns, the number in each column
designating the number of those plants which were seen flowering
during the respective month. As the vegetative processes are, for a
great part, different in woody and herbaceous plants, it may be said
beforehand, that there will be differences in the sexual processes too. I
shall, therefore, give separately the flowering periods of the wvody
plants comprising the trees and shrubs, and of the herbaccous plants
compri-ing the rest.
Whether further distinctions are to be made, we shall see in the course
of our investigation.
The following table will, in addition to the flowering time, contain
the mean monthly rainfall, humidity, cloud proportion, and temperature
of the Bombay Presidency, as given in the above tables :—
a Si ime fie ee
to << . +E s = 2
5 5 2 is B 2 r Se 5 & S =
= 2 = = = = =)
= Cy a = = 3 = t=} a o cS)
acs |) cee rs ss eS ize | Sc li a |) iS
| me | ee | | | | | —_—_—\o—
Mean rain‘all von O05 ~-| “J6) -O8} 15) -3') °7 [12 9¢] 21-62] 14:52) 7-6:] 2°51) 46] “17
Mcan humidity .. ob ..| 49:3] 44°] 44-8] 45:4) 51-7] 611) 74] 74-7) 75-¢] 59°C) 53 7) 506
Mean cloud proportion .. coll UD)) GRU) PRB) Ske BI Grell Ht) al) ai} 1:9] 20
Mean temperature... eo .-| 68:0] 737] 79°] 841] 87-71] 85%} 816} 80°] 8072] 79°C] 73 2) 687
Flowering timcs of the soe
plants 55 50 2 9 197
Flowering times of the herba-
ceous plants ono 2 136] 104 7) 48 33 58] 102] 1st] 20} 392) 325) 285
wr
1 Gf. Woodrow Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soe: XI. 118, XT. 265, XI, 420, XL. 635, XII
162, XIT, 354, XIT. 515, XII, 427.
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE. 339
As it is very difficult, even after a longer examination of this table,
to trace the different relations between the climatic factors and the
flowering period I add, in order to give a clearer idea, a graphic repre-
sentation of the table. (Plate I.)
If we compare in the first place the meteorological curves with the
curve representing the flowering times of the woody plants, there is
one prominent feature which strikes us most, viz., the coincidence of
the maximum of rainfall in July with the minimum of flowering times
during the same month. The clouds show their maximum at the same
time, and humidity is just a little below its maximum in July, whilst
temperature, after having reached its maximum in May, is going down
as rapidly as it had risen since March. The flowering times reach
their maximum in March, and, at the same time, humidity, clouds.
and rainfall are almost at their’ minimum. The meteorological curves,
except that of temperature, are continually rising in April, May, June,
and July, during which period the curve of the flowering times is des-
cending. In August the number of the flowering times is increased,
whilst the clouds are diminished slightly, and the rainfall considerably.
In September, again, the flowering times are less, and, though raintall-
as well as clouds are descending, we find humidity at its maximum,
After the month of September, the curve of the flowering times is rising
decidedly, whilst all the meteorological curves are descending. From
our curves we are not able to decide whether any greater influence
upon the flowering time is to be attributed to temperature. For the
explanation of the fact that the maximum of the flowering times does
not coincide exactly with the minimum total of humidity, clouds, and
temperature (as this evidently is not in March but in February,
though there is only a very slight difference between the two months),
we might adduce the reason that the temperature in February is not
high enough for a full development in the sexual sphere. Perhaps the
statistics of other regions might contribute towards the solution of the
question as to the influence of temperature upon the flowering season
in the tropics. This much, for the present, may be taken for certain,
that to the maximum of rainfall, clouds, and humidity, there corre-
sponds the minimum of flowering times of the woody plants, and to the
minimum of the hydrometers the maximum of flowering periods.
A comparison of the flowering times of the herbaceous plants with
the meteorological curves furnishes the following details : The minimum
11
540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
of flowering times is reached in May. Humidity, clouds, and rainfall
cannot account for that minimum, and still less so, if we see the curve
of flowering times descending since January. But as soon as we tako
into consideration that the temperature is rising during February, March
and April, and reaches its maximum in May, we cannot but suspect a
certain relation between temperature and flowering season. Whether
there exists such a relation actually, we must learn in the course of
our investigation, I think we might explain the same fact in this way.
We see a comparatively high percentage of flowers in December and
January, and a continually decreasing number in February, March,
April, and May, not on account of the rising temperature, but because
the rainy season still exercises its influence upon the flowering season.
stronger in December than in January, and stronger in January than in
February, ete. That this effect could be produced by humidity of the
soil only is evident, but just this humidity is to a great extent dependent
on the temperature, especially in regions like the Ghats and the Deccan,
which, owing to their special geological formation, are more exposed to
the desiccating influence of the sun. In this way it seems again, that
we are not allowed to neglect entirely ihe influence of temperature.
By the fact, however, that the curve of flowering times rises rapidly and
continually from May to October without a great change in temperature,
it is shown to evidence that the influence of temperature is so slight,
that we may wholly neglect it without incurring any inaccuracy.
How is it that the maximum of flowering times does not coincide with
the maximum of rain and clouds and approximately of humidity in July,
but with a very low rainfall in October? The fact is easily explained if
we bear in mind, that herbaceous plants (with the only exception of
many of those which are provided with bulbs, tubers, or rhizomes, e.
gr. Liliacez, Dioscureaceze, Taccaceeh, Amaryllidacese, Scitaminacee,
Orchidacese, Aroidaceze) have not got a store of reserve material which
enables them to develop flowers as soon as the outer circumstances allow
it, but that they have to grow first the vegetative organs (stem and
leaves), by means of which they are enabled to produce the necessary
material for the construction of the reproductive organs. It is, thus,
easily understood -why the greatest part of the herbaceous plants is
found flowering not at the beginning of the rainy season, but at a later
period. according to the time they need for the development of the
vegetative organs.
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 341
With regard to the orders just mentioned (Liliacese, Dioscoreaceze,
etc.), it seems to be an exaggeration to say that they behave like wuody
plants as to the special point of their flowering season.
It is true, many of them are found flowering during the hot seasun,
but still more during the rainy part of the year. Besides, the number
of flowering times, as above given, shows that herbs belonging to other
orders flower in the same way during the first half of the year. 1
add a table of the flowering periods of some orders which all are
possessed of tubers, bulbs or rhizomes.
» I >
£1 2 ise Pies
Orders. s & a ae E Z Fe} 5
a Vein eg ire ed As eed gig bases os) (ag ae
ce] » Su = = a =] on ~ °
5S is = < = 5 id < 2) =) =
Orchidacess SG ae ae 3 2 3 1] 13 6 1] 5 ti 2 1 4
Scitaminacez ate ae +e Be are ce 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
Amar\liidacew .. te ° oe é ac ac 4 4 1 1 1 1 1
T ceacese oe 30 50 ot Meo a : 30 BG we H ca 33 a
Diose: reacese . 5° ¢ oe 5 wa oe ate ag a0 2 ] 1 a:
Litiacem oe AR aie “ or i 55 i: 3 5 2 1 es ae Pe
Aroidacess .. as ae bal ee at a 2 i 4 5 4 2 5 re
8 6
Total o-] 338 3 | 3 31720} V3) 23) 16 feds
This table is, of course, not decisive, as just of these orders the data
available are very incomplete. It is, however, striking that we find so
great a number of flowers just during tae hottest month of May ; after
a dry and warm season. Continued observations must be made before
we can arrive at satisfactory results.
Highly interesting it would be to trace the relations which exist
Letween the climatic factors and the flowering season of plants belong
ing to different orders. The following table contains the flowering
periods of ths herbaceous plants of some orders :-—
; i a aa
° i ‘ 3 a 3 2)
Orders. Sag fog See ge 2 2/8/38] 8/48
5 x Oo} SS) oS s S 2 3
=A ieee a ae Nia (= (me = a eg
5 <3 = <q = 5 5 <q wa ° a S
Malvacess. .. a FIG SF) hala 3 3 55 1 oe img CH ao ed est!
Tiliaceem a ae re ee 56 aie me ee 7 2 1! 1
Balsaminacese E < oth, 2 1 1 lee . 2 6 8 1 4
Leguminosese ty 7 3 3 1 1 2 7 23] 46] 55 28] 19
Cucurbitacese ¥ 3 Vb hoa | feo cc MGs Dh fe DD. Hees ed 4 5 1
Umbellifere,, fe a 1 2 1 2 6 7 7 5 5 3 1
Compositzs .. “5 ste wee 20 1] 4 3 1 1 7 19 19} 20 24
Boraginacese ~ we a 4 1 SE aia oe : 3 2 8 4 5
Scrophulariaceze 45 4a 7 4 3) | ci oa es af 1 5 7 5
Graminacep.. oi ve Aq | 38 8 6 4 2 15] 39] 83] 656] 30
342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
This table shows distinctly the differences in the distribution of the
flowering periods between the plants of the various orders, and there
must, no doubt, be a reason why so many representatives of the Mal-
vacee, Leguminose, Graminacew, and especially of the Composite
are observed flowering during the dry season. Whether it is due to a
special anatomical structure of those plants, or to a certain adaptation to
insects, 1 am not able to say.
We now proceed to examine the flora and the climatic conditions of
another vast area, v7z., of North-West and Central India. Dr. Brandis’
object in writing his forest-flora was, ‘“‘to give an account of the
arborescent vegetation in the forest tracts of Panjab, the North-West -
Provinces, and of those forests in the Central Provinces which are
situated on the Maikal and Satpura range of mountains,” + Here,
again, the author himself may describe the geographical boundaries of
the flora. “The northern limit,” he says, ‘‘may be defined as the
avid treeless zone of the inner Himalaya ; while to the south the territory
is bounded by the open forestless plain which skirts the Maikal and
Satpura range from Bilaspur and Berar. The western limit is the
Panjab frontier along the foot of the Suliman range ; and eastward the
territory is bounded by a broken line, which follows the Nepal frontier,
first along the Kali river, and, afterwards, parallel with the foot of
the Himalaya, until it touches the great Gandak river. From that
point, a straight line drawn in asouth-south-westerly direction through
Benares to Amerkantak and Bilaspur may be regarded as the eastern
boundary. Between the British territory of the Panjab and the North-
West Provinces in the north, and the Central Provinces in the south,
intervene the large and important native states of Rajputana, Malwa, and
Bundelkhand, and as the arborescent vegetation of these States is very
similar to that of the surrounding British territory, they have been
included as far as possible. Most of the trees and shrubs of Sindh, and
of the forest tracts of Guzerat, in the vicinity of the Mhye river, and
south as far as the Mandevi forests on the right bank of the Tapti, are
noticed.
‘The northernmost point is the head of the Kaghan valley, drained
by a tributary of the Jhelam, in lat. 35° ; and the forest tracts furthest
west are the Belas, along the Indus in Sindh, in long. 68°.” 2
1 Brandis’ Forest-Flora of North-West and Central India. Introduction,
2 Brandis, l.c,
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 34
wo
Brandis divides the whole area into four great climatic zones. The
first includes the entire arid region of India, viz., South-Panjab, Sind,
the States of Buhawulpoor, Khyrpoor, Bikaneer, Jessulmia, and the
oreater part of Marwar, Here the rainfall is scanty and uncertain, and
the atmosphere is dry almost throughout the whole year, The second
zone includes the whole northern dry country. Comprising the plains
of northand north-east Panjab (except the Sub-Himalayan tract), Delhi,
Ajmeer, Gwalior, Bhurtpoor, Jeypur, and Meywar, it surrounds on the
north and east the arid region and forms a belt from 100 to 200 miles
wide. The normal annual rainfall is between 15 and 30 inches. A heavy
monsoon and rainfall of more than 60 inches per annum characterises
the western end of the north-eastern moist zone. It includes the coast
of Burma, Bengal, the Sub-Himalayan tract, but only a narrow belt
extends into the area of Brandis’ flora, comprising part of the Gorakh-
pur and the Northern Oud forests, the Siwalik tract, the Doons, and
the outer ranges of the North-West Himalaya. The fourth zone com-
prises part of the extensive intermediate region, which includes Contral
India, a large portion of the North-Indian plains, and that part of the
Himalaya which stretches between the outer moist belt and the inner
arid region of Tibet.
The best method to be adopted would be to describe the four zones
separately with their respective floras and climates, because, only in
this way we would be able to obtain the wished-for exact results, But
everybody acquainted with Brandis’ valuable book will understand that
it is a thing of impossibility to put together from the rich information
it gives the plants belonging to each zone, and even if possible, one
difficulty could not be overcome, v2z., to find out the exact period of
flowering in the different climatic regions. Of local floras, covering
parts of North-West and Central India, only two are known to me.
Murray described, 1881, “ Tbe Plants and Drugs of Sind” in one
volume, but no notes as regards the Howering season are given, The
other book by Duthie describes the flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain
and of the adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan tracts, which will be
treated of later on.
Thus, nothing is left, but to give as many meteorological statistics as
are necessary for a fair average of the whole area and to add from
Brandis’ flora the flowering periods, which are, as is generally admitted,
reliable, though not yet complete,
344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Rainfall recorded at 40 statzons.
| 5 5 g| 3
= Db he ae . 2 rs}
a 5 q — : f 3 g 3 = 2 5
I A z ZI a] g >| to] 2 ° SS v =!
Sy el S| Bie |B She eee eee
eile] 2/4) a2] 8] 4] <] « ~e) bs i) lt) eS
Quetta, 9 years Ais ae 16} iss} 2:4] 1:3) Or ‘1 "bh ‘6 2 1 50
Murree; 17 years .. 30 473] 5:6] 4:5] 3:6) 3:6) 374) 12°2] 13:1) 5:6) 1:7] 15] 24
Simla, 25 years... sk 2:8] 2:7] 3:0] 28) 4-7) 7°98} 1938] 181) GO} 1:4) -3) Id
Chakrata .. , 2°83) 2:7] 3:2) 1:7] 2:9) 7 5) 17 157} 56 aa s2] Ie
Ranikhet, 16 years.. 1:9} 20} 22) 1:3) 3:0) GO} 127] 11-6) GO} 11 °3] - 1°60
Pacamarhi, 16 years it) 3 “4 3) 6] 19 8} 28°38) 18:2) 151} 1:9 4 Bh
Chikalda 50 oe ers °b J “4 | “5 NS) Lies] 16-61 122] 46 “o} 613
Abu, 27 years 4 ) “4 o] i 10) 53] 22:2] 22-5] 9-1) 271 “2 2)
Newara Eliya On 40 5-6] 2:5} 3:0) 56} 8:9) 1l4es} i837) 94) 89} 10:5] 9:2) 7:9
Peshawar, 28 years... 1:6} 1:2] 1:8] 2:0) 0-7] Oc} 1:7] 26 “ 2 6 "6
Rawalpindi, 29 years 2-4] 2-0} 1:9] 23) 1:6] U7] Fay 782] 3-2 "6 : 1)
Sialkot, 29 years .. 1:4) 1:8) 1:9) 1:6) 1-2} 3:2] Ue? gl} 3-2 4 *¢
Lahore, 30 years .. 90 wai) ale ted 6 9} Tr} 7-4) 4:6) 24 6 <2 5
Ludhiana 27 to 31 years .. Les|) 121 ast 9} 1:2] Bz] Bit 65} 4:3] 1:2 uy ots)
Delhi. 34 to 36 years 50 10 5 7 “4 7} 34) 85) 68) 4:5 5 ] “4
Sirsa, 34 to 36 years a Hf 3 5 4] 6) 293] 37] 86] 2 BI G0 “3
Dera Ishmael Khan,25 years 4 z $ °B 4 é] Ls} 16) Gc) } 3
Mooltan, 25 years .. “a 3 5 5) 5 OI) 228) 1 O08} § 1 ‘J °3
Jacobabad. 26 years a 2 op} 3 “Al ‘yyoiat 14 3 oI ‘|
Hyderab id, 21 to 24years.. °2 *j ] g *] "41 2:8) 3:2 8 MW on
Kurrachee, 31 years se 6 Bie Or 2 ‘1 “o} Sly 618 9 “I ot 2
Bikanir, 9 years .. 56 Cay eo) dq 2} 16) lel 39) 937) 15 Di Papen) lta
Jeypore. 18 to 20 years .. 3 2 coi a 7] 33) Ot 6 38) 2 1 “4
Ajmere,24years .. a5 °2 3 “4 1) °7| 2°} 69) 73) 34 3 ‘1 3
Deesa,29to3l years ..{ 1] <2} 2} 1] -2] 20] 9] 8-5] 33] -a} ci] ..
Dehra. 37 to 3s years ie 2°2} 1-9} 6(1s4 °7} lto] 8 6} 250) 248) 9: *§ "6
Roorkee, 32 to 33 years .. 2:0} 1:4} 1:0 4) 1:2) S51] 12°68] 12:3) 51 6 “2 “4
Meerut, 37 to 39 years .. 1°0 7 oH 4 8} «3°6] 92) 72) 44 5 lj) 83
Agya. 37 to 39 years ue 5 3 2 | ce. 7] 2:9) 98] 6:7] 4°38 4). 2
Lucknow, 19 to 20 years .. 8} 3} 3} 1] 8} Sy] 108) 10 71} 14 o}
Allahabad. 37 to 39 years.. 8 “4 4 “2 *3) 46] lls} 9:6) 6G] 9:3 <2 3
Benares, 37 t0 39 years .. al 5) °4 2 *S} 65:0) 12e} 107] GFT on | ‘1
Neemuch, 19 to 20 years .. “1 2 We) 2) 5] 3:9] 112] 10-4] 55] yo} .. | 2
Indore, 19 years .. aie “4 3 “al 6} 6:8} 1U°4 «67:8 12 2 °2
Jhansi,26 to 27 years ws. 25} 22) ed 1 3] 40) 126] 04 2 a 2
Saugor, 29to 32 years... °6 5 <2 ce, (} 6:3! 16-8] 112) 73 1 4. 97
Sutsa.. on Bee bcs 7] 5] 8] 1] 4) 8) 1547 1s} 61
Jubbulpore, 41 fo 43 years. 6) °b 5) "2 5} 8b} 186} 3 8:
Seonic. ose) iwc ‘lee | aost/l sie] ee sol) eelae St ano-f 5-0) Toh a8-2
Akola; 25 to.26 years 50 °5 *] 4) td 2] 52] 7°} 67] 5-8
Meau rainfall =... se | 1:08] +94} -95] +77] 1:16] 4°35|10°73] 695] 4-87] 128] -45
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE. 345
Humidity recorded at 39 stations.
I
a 4 =)
# =|
=] eo
on a
a|3
Quetta.. 50 43) 87
Murree Su} «69
Simla .,. . on 9] 82
Chakrata 91} 83
Ranikhet . ie 86] 80
Pachmarhi .. ote 90] 2&3
Chikalda .. 92] 89
Mount Abu .. $7] 76
Newara Eliya 86] 86
Peshawar ., Syl 658
Rawalpindi... 72] 67
Sialkot as 71 66
Lahore ate Sis 61] 55
Ludhiana .. ae 70} = 67
Delhi .. ney AD 63 65
Sirsa .. 25 a 60} 56
Dera Ishmael Khan 62] 56
Mooltan.. aD 64 «62
JacobabaG ... a 58] | 55
Hyderabad .. ie 65) 63
Kurrachee .. aA 78) 70
Bikanir oe oe 61 58
Jeypore ae we 78) 67
Ajmere a ne 74, 68
Deesa .. oc : 73] = =79
Roorkee ae ae 76] = 72
Meerut 73) 68
Agra.. 73) 67
Lucknow .. ae 77| 72
Allahabad .. Ap 821 8¢
Benares te a3 82) 78
Neemuch .. wa 76; 72
Indore ae as 83) 79
Jhansi,, ee Ts 76) =7U
Saugor 4 EPS 83] 78
Sutna.. a5 or 77 72
Jubbulpore .. a $2) 79°
Seont .. abe ae 0; «676
74 75
Akola ., ae
Mean humidity .,
346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Cloud proportion recorded at 40 stations.
Sk om SF 8a SH ee Ot Fe ao Se PO NS AP BMH At SO MD a> Hin a
"IboX eek SHH SS SH ee dodgy cade Goce Gary Hes «GOD aD nO Go AN ow cE Z
Rae eee eee eee
é Ne 0H CTO DA SP Sn Se DO BO Om Act or eH NS wmMO oH ey No COR OH oe
19q MED9q cot Me AN AY bo mm AA AA An Be AG Ae AN ARM ae ON OS | | ee
i)
5 PP 19 AS TH OF DS AMD RN BE AS ao SS SPT D&S HH AH ear BO AM Eo if)
49Q WI9A0 NT AQ mam Ae Fe ibn Ae AY (>) = ay es : ok Ea) are tp alee [is S
Z wa oF OD — So NT OD DNS We Tre SP SPR SO aor iD OC mo cA tH AQ AIO 2S
1940300 NAN Aw Ae MA OH AO a] bn Nn m4 Z SB AN AN TH AN OA =
a
-s NX > fealc) wot om Sib =>. 10 on OLS 19> wwe ano Qi on Nw on} (—W-7) oO = Os o0)
“Taquiaydsg MW. bo Om Bo SH AQ AH dace oe a ee WH 5 bin bo AM bo rt) | Ch
oo _O wt VS Fe EN nT n> Oe Np Wa wm ba) =,
“qsnany =O wo - Ho oe RA ®t om hin aes Be oo oo en SS on FN 2S S08 Se Sie) | =
Q a nb om WO Oo oO At — OcGr) NS “0 one on 1h aoe oo os oO ak i~ 1 Cr)
cone es gat ; Nace se ~ : a = S Sas = Gen hae
Aine me COD wor HO LS oH HH SH AN AD Roe LS EX 565 SK RR HO HS La wd a
Sah eo Tomas eo en a nS Oh mmm nN Ot Sp omit ea
ae He 26 8S Sh HA AM AA ceo HH aH +e weds HSH md mh OH I HS | =e
—————
NT We Pw wS SS DO WN AS DM HE MO oO 1S aM ao CSA NN SS THD WH 1p
“ACL NY He mH AN HH NAD AQ AN AH AA AW Awe Ay HA SH AA AN RO OA rae
So Che HN SH SH YR WO PD wea cON Ts SO et Het St Leal: > oS SS) =
sr; tis We ca Aa iss deco ee Bins AM Mo wm AN Adm AR HA Ho Ax a NA fH Rp
SN ODT DO PP pe FO RH Nt HNO BB OT MD MOH Dy Oe LHoO mn oH st 5)
ore a wrt ON AHN Va Ba ei 0 fost hn me wD AN Aw ANN FA HA AA a AN CA
on
SS Se 22 SS Pt Ne 35 SS SS SS ae fe Ne sae ol so Se es me mn 2
“Krenagqaq WO KM TA Me co NH coe GOH AN MN mM AN AT MA NM AA An a AN ae a
. 0 ce -
1) — . tea)
Pa a
a wey saya
<8 85 S4 as
2° 3:1 el FS re) ia
=2 ef »& cq aa
SHH 4 sO wy bo
S5 88 s2 35 a8
= — Y
Ca BO FH of 4a
oe
Rawalpindi
Sialkote
Lahore
Ludhiana
Dera Ishmael Khan
Mooltan
Jacobabad
Hyderabad ,.
°
°
ee
\e
we
on
“
.
‘
.
.
°
oe Le]
i= a p=
c= ° o Os seroirn 1S)
BHeh A : °o cP e
fa 88 ge S38 (2 Ss Bo ws
I Cas He SH Oe g a tp
= 3 Qa . 3 (2)
Bie feet esl Sie uh GL Gre ate
1S) es 2
MA sd AA 4a 45 dm FE OG
Sutna.. ,
Jubbulpore ..
|
|:
Mean cloud proportion
Quetta
Murree as
Simla.. ws
Chakrata ..
Ranikhet ..
Pachmarli ..
Chikalda ..
Mount Abu ..
Newara Ellya
Pesiiawar ..
Rawalpindi ...
Stiaikute eee
Lahore “0
Ludhiana
Delhi., 0
Sirsa .. o
o-
Dera Ishmail Khan
Mooltan fs
Jacobabad ,.
Hyderabad ..
Kurrachee ..
Bikanir es
Jeypore
Ajmere re
Deesa.. =:
Debra ah
Roorkee a
Meerut oe
AQYa es :
Lucknow ...
Allahabad ...
Benares a
Neemuch
Indore
Jhansi e.
Saugor By
Sutna.. sc
Jubbulpore ..
Seoni .. se
Akola...
Mcan temperature ..
12
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE. 347
Lemperature recorded at 40 stations,
5 s :
aee ae a|4s|4
8 5 [s) o 4 A P
u = fo} um
g\s| Bd Bh g
ary <7 a | S vA bh
40 49) 50 67' 56) 46 58
ay 39] 49 65' 53] 49 56
4) 41) &0 61) 51 49 55
49 43 61 63 58 61 5
46] 4+] 57 66) 61) 55 €0
58] 662) 72 70} 67] 6 69
: 67) 75 68] 69) 6 70
58} 60) 69 69) 70) 64 68
67| 57] 6% 59) 59] 59 59
50] 52] 62 8l) 71] 58 70
49] 52) 61 60] 70} 57 60
52] 56] 66 83) 75} 62 63
54a] E 69 £5) 77) 64 75
52) 57 €8 83] 75) «63 13
59 62 74 €4) 7t 6s 77
56] 60] 7) 65) 75] 65 76
52] 56) 67 Si] 75] 62 Th
54] 58} 7% 87| 77) 66 76
Sal) 62. td 83) 78] 65 78
3] 66) 7¢ 86] 83) 7 79
65} Gb} 76 62; 80) 7 7
61} 64) 77 ST eal tl 80
6i] 64) 726 83) 78] 69 77
58} 6] 72 I 7a 66 74
67/ 7)| 81 82} 80} 74 80
55] 57] 66 78} 71] 62 7(0!
56] 60) 70 83} 75) 64 75
57] 62] 73 83] 76) 65 76
60] 65) 77 84} SO} 7 79
61] 66) 77 t5} 79] 6 73
61 66 78 83 78 68 7
Gli, (Gel 997 83) 75} 6 7
62] 65] 76 78) 76) 68 75
64] 67) 76 76} 74} 66 74
63] 64! 79 83), sli 73 79
63] 7] 78 77| =75) «69 76
61] 64) 76 81] 76] 66 76
62] 66] 76 7ul 74) «66 75
64] 68) 77 76} 73) 66 7
68} 73] 82 78] 77) 70 78
56°8}) 60°2) 70°3| 79°0) 84:6) 85:6 81°0] 79°7 78:5] 73°38] 641] 57°] 72-3
348: JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Giving once more the mean monthly rainfall, humidity, cloud pro-
portion, and temperature, and adding, besides the flowering periods of
the woody plants (the herbaceous plants not being described in Brandis’
flora), we obtain the following table for a comparison between flowering
time and climate :—
_Jintiary.
February.
September ;
Ocrober,
Novemter,
December
March
April
June,
July
Mean rainfall ~-| 1°08] *94) <95) <77) 1°16) 4°75} 10°72] 8-95] 4°87 1:2) °45)° -69
Mean humidity .. ap ve| DD7| FOA) 44°11) 38°4) 40%) 53:4) 72° | 74. | TOG) 53-9) 49°7| 53-7
Meun cloud proportion . 2°97) 3-On| 3°01| 2°67] 245) 401) €24] 6:07] 422] 1:0) 1:35] 2:23
Mean temperature.. 56-8] 60-21 70°31 790] Sat} #56! 81-0| 79-7] T8:5| 78° | ail 57-8
Flowering times of the “wooly
plants... vs : .| 83} 181) 255] 428) 286] 218) 14] 1:1) 63) 69) 66) 6&8
\
Plate II shows the same graphically.
A short examination of these curves leads to the same results, as did
our first graphic representation. The maximum of flowering times
coincides with the minima of humidity and rainfall, and with little above
the minimum of clouds during the first half of the year. The only
difference between the two regions with regard to the flowering seasen
is that, here, it is not the month of March which shows the maximum
of flowering times, but the month of April, This is, no doubt, due to
the high degree of humidity during January and February. Whilst the
curves of rainfall, clouds and humidity are ascending, the curve of tho
flowering times is descending. This is well shown especially in May,
June, andJuly. As soon as rainfall, clouds, and humidity are ap-
preaching their minimum in October, the number of flowering times
begins to increase.
I now pass to the examination of an area which was included in the
foregoing, viz., the Upper Gangetic Plain and the adjacent Siwalik and
sub-Himalayan tracts. It is worth being treated of independently,
because Duthie describes in his flora not only the weedy but also the
herbaceous plants. There has appeared as yet only one vclume, ccm-
prising the orders Ranunculacez to Cornaceee. ‘' The area dealt with in
this flora ,” says the author, ‘‘amounts approximately to 196,000 square
miles. It is bounded on the north and north-east by a portion cf the
main chain of the Western Himalaya, and on the east by Bengal.
On the south and south-west the boundary follows the watershed,
from which all the rivers west of.the Son, and flowing into- the
Piate |
Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVII,
Humidity
Shrubs & Trees
eee
Clouds
Herbs
Rainfall
fi HA
Tat
on
NI
1 Ce
Meet fi
———
Ho ec
nN inn
eA
hig
HN Ut
LMT TT
NAA
NAG
nN A A
Humidity
Shrubs & Trees
Henweratiire IZ
Herbs
Clouds
Rainfall
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE.
en
, i
‘ree
c
eS Fete
¥ eds eats
Plate Il
LT
“a
LTTE
HL
Leet
Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVII,
Humidity
Humidity
= Shrubs & Trees
Clouds
NGS ee ah
{Soe
Se
ae eee
——
Clouds
Shrubs & ee
Temperature
Rainfall
SS
eee ieee
a4
ae
emecranire
a
eee eats
(ie | Seal Se
eavaces ene:
\
Raintfal]
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE.
Piate Ill
Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVII,
Humidity
NT eo
Ht .
Humidity
eee
|---|
Ses
<a
——————
ened ee
Se
eo
=
pamerei
ra fa
Herbaceous pl.
raitall
Temperature
Clouds
i
Pe reed aes Sl
—-
eee
Ate)
elutes
fel
ma
Lu
a
aS
2S
ea
Ny
a
aS
Ce) ce aes
AC
ees
Clou
romertare
raintent
Herbaceous pl.
Woody plants
He TAT HIE
I ie rhe
bis
i ere
AULA CUT TA
eT
TALL
tilt
TN
LSC
ULNA DITP al HWE
ATIC CI
Woodv plants
Oct
Sept
Aug
July
June
May
Apr
March
Feb
Jan
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE.
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE. 349
Ganges and Jumna from these directions, ‘take their origin. The
watershed extends along the northern slope of the numerous groups
vf hills known collectively as the Vindhya mountains, and which
separate the Gangetic Plain from the Narbada Valley.”+ With re-
gard to the climate of the North-West Provinces the cool season comes
to an end in March. Strong hot winds setting in fromthe west last
well into May. As they are extremely dry, a humidity as low as 6 per
cent. has sometimes been recorded. Afterthe greatest heat at the end
of May or the beginning of June, the rainy season sets in during the
latter half of June. It generally does not rain for more thana day or
two at atime, and the rains cease usually in September, lasting gene-
rally a week or more longer in the eastern than in the western districts.
The cold weather falls begin towards the end of December and last
during January and February?. Here I add the statistics of. the
average monthly rainfall of 22 stations which lie within the area of
Duthie’s flora. :
Rainjall recorded at 22 stations.
6
B a = 3 L 3 =
——— 5 . 2 = E
ey siete et ie See cee
Ae MBN (a (ee ie ae = Pao sp Sods
s D S td 5 = (5) 7) Lg
ral ares || esi ica D | ea (alice | es iil (an |e or | 2a
Mussoorie, 23 t) 35 years 23 | 2-9] 2:9] 17] 2°83) 9:6 | 30° 1302] 991] 1:0 3] 11
Debra Dun, 37 to 39 years 22} 1-9] 4) 471164 86 | 25 | 24-8 | 9°3 +8 *] 6
Ranikhet, 15 year Jia --| 9} 20] 22113) 3:0} 60 |12°7 fire] os | 1-1 3] 1:0
Naini Tal, 36 to 38 years 3:0] 28] 25] 1:6] 3: | Le9 [259 | 95-0 1198 | 1:8 Oe es
Roorkee, 32 10 33 years .. 201 14) 10 Ad i2 | S21 [12-5 [123 | 51 “Bil, 82 “4
Meerut, 371039 years. TOM [eet adel An lesBh|eosOl 9228 eras: W420) 1525 1 3
Morad1b wl, 37 to 39 years S115 10) 8 31 1:0] 53 113-8] 99] 59 8 oy “4
Bareilly, 37 to 59 y ars .. Ro) "x ue 3 ‘9 | Gu {145 | 93] 67] 1x a1 "3
Agra, 87 to 29 yeirs es Bd lies 3 2 2 CP AVIS Ed bai Eee ees Sl Ne "2
Lucknow, 19 to 20 years 8 3 3 oh: 9 | 50 [108 J1y4 | 71] 14 ee 5
Cawnpore, 37 t* 89 years 7 tp feet (eae S5r il) SON LOee ees ules [eee | Sd 3
Allahab.d, 37 to 3) years Fie] (ena) | eats aed | eee 2 En ee aa Oa i a) PH Vitae
Dhansis 28 to27 years 2. sah cD |) 2) |) 2 3 | £0 (136 fi5 | 2] “B] .. | 2
Gorakhpur. 37 tu 39 years BO ew °5 A 3 a | PT ss is 828 |) So Cad Nilay |
Benare®, 37 to 39 years .- salle aot 5 4 22 *B | Su 12-8 [17 | 65 | 21 cil =i
Jeypore, 18 to 20 years .. ales Oe el | Pee Sra OO) | Gsb i) ont Py cite ce
Ajmere, 24 years Pale 23 AC le. ot 7) 25] 69 | 7:3] 34 SiH ey al “3
[ndere, 9 years .. Bs 4 coy Vas ‘1 “6 | 08 1104] 78 | 81] 12 2 2
Neemuch 1) to 2 years .. <i 2 1 = “By lead Meee PRO) OrON LOND re a
De hi, 34 to 36 years aA Bl) Dy a) Abele eee) Scan ee Dey ST cea Ng IR | Fess a ect “4
Saugor, 29 to 32 years as nol ota 5 2 “7, “60 i) Gra) 1068 fy 182 teed ed ‘4 “7
' Chakrata,; 18 years.. i Sa Se Syesenelere) O bo 7d lige hog GG) ie rey hea i yay
Mean rainfall ee] 10} 95] «°88)}) 6°49] 1:17) 5-70)13 86] 1201} 63i} 1°10) -14] 46
1 Duthie, Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the adjacent Siwalik and Sub-
Himalayan tracts, Vol, I Introduction.
2 Blanford, 1. c, pages 141—143.
350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV/1.
For the mean humidity, cloud proportion, and air temperature
‘I refer to the following stations mentioned in the tables of North-West
and Central India: Chakrata, Ranikhet, Delhi, Jeypore, Ajmere, Dehra,
Roorkee, Meerut, Agra, Lucknow, Allahabad, Benares, Neemuch,
Indore, Jhansi, Saugor,
The monthly average of all these stations is given in the following
table, to which I add the mean rainfall and the flowering times :-—
|
January.
February.
March.
April
May.
June,
July.
August,
September,
Oc: ber.
November.
December.
Mean humidity 55-7] 496] 4l-1} 33-4) 37-9} 53°) 7é6E] 7891] 73:3] 55:1] 48:4] 53-7) 54:8
Mean cloud proportion 2°58) 2°77] 2°47) 2°12] 2°18) 4°24) 713} 6:93] 4°76] 1°38] °88] 1-77) 3°26
57-1) 61:7) 72°3) 81°9] 867} 869) 81:1] 79°9) ~9:4) 74:6) 65:7] 591) 73:9
110) 95) °88) 9-49) 1°17) 5°70)13°85}12°91) 6°30) 110) 14) -46
Mean temperature
Mean rainfall
Flowering times of the
woody plants «| 382) 53] 988! 115] 96) 73) 53] 52] 42) 15! 30) $81
Flowering times of the
herbaceous plants : 28 27 6 6 6} 34) 38) 38) 34 8} 15) 27
<5
The same relations are shown graphically in Plate IIL.
It is not necessary to point out the conclusions which can be drawn
from these curves, as they are exactly to the same effect, which we
haye obtained from our former graphic representations.
(To be continued. )
351
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS.
By KE, ©. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.,
PART El.
(Wits Prate IT.)
(Continued from page 83 of this Volume.)
‘UCULUS POLIOCEPHALUS. (VAHI.)
The Small Cuckoo.
Cuculus poliocephalus. Latham, Ind, Orni., I, p. 214 ; Jerdon, Bb.
of L., p. 824 ; Fairbank, 8. F., 1V, p. 255 ; David and Wen.,..8.F.,
VIL, p. 78 ; Hume; Cat. No. 201 ; id.,8. F., XI, p. 71 ; Legge, B. of
Ceylon, p. 231 ; Vidal, 8. F., 1X, p. 54; David, 8. F., X, p. 299;
Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 124 ; Oates, Ibis, 1889, p. 359 ; ad., Humes,
Nests and Higgs, 2nd Eu., II, p. 382 ; Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 255 ;
Osmaston, Jour., Bom. N. H. Soc., XI, p. 472 ; Nehrkorn, Cat. der Hier,
p. 171; Blanford, A. of B.I., IIT, p. 208 ; Dresser, Pal Birds, I,
p. 471; Sharpe, Handl., I, p.158; Reid, Cat. Eggs B. M., LI, p. 114.
In the British Museum there are three reputed eggs of this cuckoo
which are described by Reid as of a regular, oval shape, smooth and
very glossy. They are white, spotted and speckled with umber-brown,
more thickly at the large end than elsewhere, and with a few underlying
pale-purplish markings. They measure, respectively, °75" by °55", °7" by
48" °75" by *54",. These eggsdo not at all agree with our authentic
Indian eggs, and may or may not be poliocephalus’s eggs. All are
Madagascar taken egos. There is a figure of one (Plate II, fig. 3) in the
catalogue referred to, and from this it is seen that not only in colouration
but in shape and everything else these eggs of the B. M. are unlike ours.
The first egg taken in India on record, and which from the light of
later discoveries scems to have been correctly identified, is that of
Brooks taken at Gulmerg, Cashmere, out of a nest of Phylloscopus
humii (Hume’s Willow-Warbler) on the 2nd June. Oates describes it
thus: “ It is an elongated, cylindrically ovate egg, nearly the same
size at both ends, which are both obtuse, pure white and glossy. The
nest contained three of the eggs of P. hum, which are only about
half the size of this egg, almost glossless and richly spotted with red.
“The egg measures 0°81 by 0°57 inch.”
The egg ascribed by Hume to Chrysococeya maculatus (The Emerald
Cuckoo) (F. B. I., ILI, p. 223), and described as a nearly uniform pale
452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL.
pinkish-choevlate egg is, from what we now know, undoubtedly an egg
of the praesent species. This egg measured *8" by °62" and was found
in the nest of Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps (Hume’s Babbler).
Mr. Osmaston, in Darjesling, found, on the 8th July 1903, a young
suckoo in the nest of the same little babbler which he ascribes to polio-
cephalus, Unfortunately, a hunt for traces of the egg was unavailing.
Col. Rattray and Mr. B. B. Osmaston in the same month of
1903, took oviduct eggs of this bird. To Mr. Osmaston, however, belongs
the honour of being actually the first, as his bird was shot a few days pre-
viously to Col. Rattray’s first bird. Thus Mr, Osmaston writes :—
“With regard to the poliocephalus which laid the pale pinkish-chocolate
ege in its death struggles in my hand, the bird was shot, on the Ist :
June 1903, at an elevation of 7,000, in fairly thick forest.”” Two other
egos, in every respect identical with that laid by the dying bird, were
obtained by the same collector from nests of Drymochares cruralis
(the White-browed Short-wing). The first is that referred to in this
Journal, Vol. XI, p. 472, and was taken by Mr. I. Gleadow whilst
nesting in the Tons Valley. The egg is described as of an uniform
chocolate colour, similar to one of Horornis pallidus (The Pale Bush-
Warbler), but lighter in shade and of course much larger. The egg
measures *78" by °60", and was taken in June, the 5th.
The third egg taken by Mr. Osmaston himself on the 15th June,
1903, was exactly similar to the other, but measured °84” by °58".. It
was taken at about 7,500! elevation, near Darjeeling, from the nest of a
D. cruralis, which was placed against the face of a vertical rock. This
egg and the skin of the bird which laid -a similar egg in Mr. Osmaston’s
hand were both sent me for inspection. The skin is without doubt that
of C. poliocephalus, and the eggs may be described as follows :—
In colour they are 2 beautiful pink-chocolate, more the colour ot
Cettia eggs than that of any other eggs known to me, but rather deeper
in colour, and, when very closely looked into, it is seen that there
isa very faint powdering with a deeper tint of the same colour. In
shape the eggs are long, perfect ellipses, equal at either end, and the
texture is very fine and close, the surface extremely smooth and like
satin to the touch. The shell is decidedly fragile.
In 1893 I took four cuckoos’ eggs in North Cachar, which, I now
think, must belong to this species; they are very much faded since they
were taken, but otherwise agree very well with Mr. Osmaston’s’ eggs.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 252
or
ys
Two eggs were taken in the nest of a fly-catcher of some sort—I think,
Niltava macgrigorice (The Small Niltava)—a third in the nest of NV.
sundara, (Rutous-bellied Niltava), and the fourth, which I have given to
Mr. Osmaston, was also taken in the nest of WV. macgrigorie. One
of my eggs is a perfect ellipse ; the others are very blunt ovals, the
texture, &c., being identical with those taken by Mr. Osmaston. The
evlour is a bright pale chocolate-pink, evactly like the eggs of Cettia
orientalis (Eastern Bush-Warbler), but when taken they were rather
darker. Ono ege when closely examined has a faint ring round the
larger end of minute purple-grey specks, all coalescing, with equally
minute specks of reddish scattered over the whole surface of the egg.
The second ege is similar, but has the ring rather better defined and the
reddish specks even more sparse and fine. The third ege shews no
specks unless examined under a magnifying glass, when this, too, shews
the same fine purple-groy powdering. They measure *82" by *56",
*84" by 57" and °79" by °59". They were all taken, in July 1893, at
an elevation between 4,000! and 6,000'.
Beggs similar to Mr. Osmaston’s have been taken this year, 1904, by
Gol. A. E. Ward, in Kashmir, who informs me that he has twice taken
egos of this type, and once the young cuckoo from the nest of
Pratincola maura (The Indian Bush-Chat).
Again Mr, C. Inglis has been so fortunate this year, 1904, as to secure
the rare rad ege of C. poltocephalus in the equally rare nest of Oligura
castaneicoronata, (The Chestnut-headed Short-wing), together with the
egos of the latter bird, and, in addition to this, captured the Gligura en
the nest with a butterfly net. .
The egg was taken on the 6th of July near Darjeeling at an elevation
of about 6,000’. It was compared with Mr. Osmaston’s eggs and found
to correspond exactly. This undoubted egg is now in my collection,
Mr. Inglis, with great generosity, having given it to me. It measures
"89" <6",
Very different in colour to these, but agreeing in all other respects, are
the eges taken from the oviduct by Col. Rattray who wrote to me late
in 1903: —“TI this year took no eggs of Cuculus poliocephalus from nests,
but on the 24th of June and 26th July I shot females containing oggs
ready for expulsion ; both were broken, but were easily seen to be in
colour a pure white without spots, corresponding with eggs taken by
Buchanan, Wilson and self in 1899.”
354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Col. Rattray took other eggs of this Cuckoo of the pure white type
from the nests of Acanthopneuste occipitalis (The Large Crowned Willow-
Warbler). These he describes as “ pure white and glossless ; the shape is
peculiar—a long narrow egg, very blunt at both ends, more like a cylinder
with rounded ends. Size 85" by ‘58". The nests were in amongst the
roots, in one case,of a fallen pine; how the bird got in I do not
know as I had to tear away a lot of roots and earth to get at the nest.”
An egg sent me by Major Buchanan as belonging to this Cuckoo agrees
with the above. It was taken from the nest of Acanthopneuste trochiloides
(Blyth’s Crowned Willow-Warbler), and in the forwarding letter Major
Buchanan informed me that he had taken another exactly similar egg out
of the nest of Lophophanes melanolophus (The Crested Black Tit).
Col. Wilson also very kindly forwarded three eggs for inspection, all
agreeing exactly with the above. They were all taken from nests of
Acanthopneuste occipitalis.
Similar eggs were taken by Mr. J. Davidson from the same fosterers
in Sonamurg.
Herr Kushel 2 epistola notes that ‘‘ the eges of Cuculus poliocephalus
are white with tiny specks of yellowish-brown.” He is uncertain,
however, of their identity, and adds, ‘‘ the eggs of C. polzocephalus from
Japan are dark-reddish-brown, as are the eggs of the foster-parents, Cetiza
cantans”’, a2 curious confirmation of Osmaston’s and Ward’seggs. [Since
the above was written | have obtained from Alan Custan, Yokohama, a
magnificent series of seven egos of this species, all of which were taken
from the nest of Cettza cantans, with whose eggs those of the Small -
Cuckoo closely agree in colour. They correspond in all details with
the eggs taken by Osmaston, Inglis, and Ward, but are rather richer in
colour on the whole.—H. C. 8. B.|
The 22 eges which have passed through my hands average °83" by
58". In length they varied between °78" and °92" and in breadth be-
tween ‘54 and °62". Others which I have not seen, but about which
their owners have been so good as to give me full notes, agree entirely
with the above descriptions. All the eggs appear to have been taken in
June and July, the latter end of June and July being the time in which
most were found.
Nehrkorn in his catalogue of eggs, in his own collection, describes eggs
sent to him from Madagascar as follows:—“ Weiss mit violetten und
dunkel-braunen ziemlick grossess Flecken, welche am stumpfen Ende
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS,..-. . 355.
einen Kranz bilden. 18-20 by 14-15.’”’ He does not give the nests. from
which they were taken, and the eggs, of course, do not agree in the least
with our Indian eggs. :
The Small Cuckoo during the breeding season is found principally in
the Himalayas from 4,000! upwards and in the Sub-Himalayan ranges
of Assam, where it descends a good deal lower ; thence it extends through
North Central China to Japan, where also it would appear to breed freely.
Curiously enough, it has not yet been recorded from Burmah, though it
must occur in that province, for it is found throughout the Malay Penin-
sula, Java and Borneo. Like saturatus this cuckoo would appear to be
more or less resident in the latter countries.
In the cold weather it may be found practically anywhere in India
and Ceylon, and is more than probable, as time goes on, it will be found
breeding in the Southern Hill ranges, as well as the Sub- Himalayas,
Its call is a dissyllabic note twice repeated, but it hasa variety of notes
and is a rather noisy bird, and, though some of its notes are more or less
musical, others are quite the reverse.
CucULUS MIcROPTERUS. (Gould.)
The Indian Cuckoo.
Cuculus micropterus. Jerdon, B. of L, I, p. 526; Hume, 8S. F., II,
p. 191; ¢., Cat. No. 203 ; Fairbank, 8. F., IV, p. 255 ;. Davidson and -
Wen, tbid., VII, p. 79 ; Ball, ibed., p. 207 ; Cripps, zbed., p. 264; Vidal,
ibid., 1X, p. 55 ; Bingham, zbid., p. 167 ; Butler, zbzd., p. 388 ; Legge, B.
of Gestion, p. 288; Davidson, 8. F., X, p. 359; Oates, B. of Burm.,.
II, p. 104; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 125; Davidson, Jour., Bom. N. H.
Soc., I, p. 180 ; Shelly, Cat. Birds B. M., XIX, p. 241; Nehrkorn, Cat.
der Hier, p. 170 ; Stuart Baker, Jour., Bom. N. H. Soc., X, p. 367 ;
Blanford, A. of B. I., III, p. 210; Dresser, Pal. Birds, I, p. 473.
Cuculus striatus, Tontad B. af L,I, p, 528.
This, the excessively common Buchitarke Bird, or Broken Pekoe Bird,
of Anglo-Indians, known to almost every man, woman or child, who has
passed a hot weather or two in India, is yet one of the few remaining
cuckoos about whose egg there is no absolute certainty. J use the word
absolute, for as yet no one has taken an oviduct egg or seen the egg laid ;
on the other hand, Col. Rattray has, I think, fairly well settled the
matter for us, and we may take it for granted that his eggs have been
properly: identified. In one of his earliest letters to me on.the subject .
13
356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
he writes, ** Cuculus mderopterus is the most common cuckoo in Murree,
and we took seven eggs this year, all but one in nests of Larvivora
brunnea (The Indian Blue-Chat). I will describe three I took,
“No. J, Murree, 27th May 1899.—One egg, fresh, in nest of
Trochalopterum lineatum (The Himalayan Streaked Laughing Thrush).
At first I put this down to canorus, but when we, in June and July,
went on finding blue eggs, we, knowing this was the only other large
cuckov breeding there, came to the conclusion it must be mcropterus.
“J found the nest of 7. lineatum building about ten days earlier,
and on the 24th thore were three eggs in it, all undoubtedly belonging
to the owner of the nest. On the 27th I passed again and, locking in, saw
two eggs only in the nest and two broken eggs outside and a lot of
blue-grey feathers on the bush. I examined the eggs and found one
smaller, thinner and clearer in shell and also of a much paler blue, so I
took both. Tho nest was on the ground in the middle of the roots of a
thick bush, and the cuckoo evidently lost some feathers going is he
ege is a pale clear blue and in size *83 by -70.”
Now the only cuckoos to whom the above blue-grey feathers could
have balonged are C. canorus, saturatus, poliocephalus and micropterus
and H. sparverioides, nisicolor, varius and nanus. H. nanus is not found
in Kashmir, so may be dismissed at once, C. saturatus and poliocephalus
have been shewn to lay totally different eggs. I shall shew that all the
Hawk-cuckoos are now also known to lay eggs quite different to this
one, so that it leaves only canorus and micropterus to be dealt with.
Now hitherto no authentic blue egg of canorus has been taken, and the
texture of this egg and others of the same kind is so totally unlike any
canorus ege that I do not believe for a minute they belong to that bird.
Again canorus appears to stop calling, and therefore presumably breeding
in June, whereas these eges were found well on into July.
Yet, again, mecropterus is even more common, than ce@norus, and if
a number of canorus eggs of the usual type are found, why sheuld none
of the micropterus be found ; if found, these alone can be the eggs.
Under the circumstances, and by elimination, I think Col. Rattray has
proved his case, and I, for one, accept these blue eggs as belonging to
micropterus until better arguments are advanced to show that they
are not.
After describing the above egg taken in the nest of Trochalopterum
lineatum Col. Rattray goes on to describe two other eggs, both taken in’
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 357
the nest of Larvivora brunnea, which were placed in holes, one in a.
rock and one ina bank. These holes were both so small that no cuckoo
could possibly have got in to lay the egg. so that these must have been
laid on the ground and then placed by the parent-bird in the nest,
Writing to me again after he had found oviduct eggs of canorus,
poliocephalus and saturatus Col. Rattray again shews that the blue eggs
can only have been those of micropterus, and forwarded to me no less
than six eggs of this bird, all taken in 1903. These are all of the same
type of the egg and were found on the 31st May and 5th of June.
Again, in 1904, Col. Rattray writes me that bis evidence is still of a
negative character. He adds, however, that at Murree, where C,
micropterus is much the most common, he found most blue eggs; in
Dangagali, where mzeropterus is rare and canorus is very common, he
found but one blue egg (of mcropterus), but three of the reddish type
of egg of canorus,
Col. Wilson has taken numerous eggs which all agree with those
taken above.
I have records of eggs taken in the nests of T’rochalopterum lineatum
(The Himalayan Streaked Laughing Thrush), 7. simile (The Western
Variegated Laughing-Thrush) and Larvivor brunnea and, on a single
occasion only, from a nest of Suya crinigera (The Brown Hill-Warbler),
Tarsiger chryseeus (The Golden Bush-Robin), and Niltava sundara.
Mr, J. Davidson, C.S,, has also given me a note on the eggs of this
bird, but his eggs do not seem to agree with those above noted, and I
fancy they will turn out to be Hrerococcyx varius (the Common Hawk-
Cuckoo), He says: ‘‘I cannot be absolutely sure of my eges of this
bird. I have only one taken by myself, which was found in heavy forest
in the Kanara District on 4th April 1894 in a nest of Crateropus canorus
(the Jungle Babbler). The egg is clearly a cuckoo’s, and the only
cuckoo I heard or saw within adozen of miles was this bird, and it
was not uncommon as one would hear three ur four ina morning’s
stroll.”
“It is a deep blue (not in the least like the pale blue of C. jacobinus
(The Pied Crested Cuckoo), but neither so large nor dark-blue as A.
varius which I have never heard in the neighbourhood. C. jacobonus
does not occur in Khandesh, except as a passing straggler. I have three
other similar eggs. Two ara from the Barnes’ collection—-one taken on
15th May 1895 without locality, sent to him by Mr. Murray, and one
358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XVII.
taken in 1903 by Mr. Irvine in Ranchi. I have another sent me from’
the same place by Mr. Irvine. I cannot vouch for their authenticity.”
Now I myself havea reputed egg of Cuculus micropterus from the
Irvine collection, and I have also oviduct eggs of Coccystes jacobinus
and Hierocoecyx varius, and I have not the least hesitation in saying that
my egg belongs to one of these ; and, as jacobinus only occurs as a rare
strageler in Khandesh, Mr. Davidson’s egg is probably that of AMero-
coccyx varius. Mr. Irvine’s egg is slightly darker than any of mine of
H. varius, but I have seen eggs of this bird quite as dark as the reputed
micropterusege. In size, shape and texture it agrees perfectly. Not one
of my authentic jacobinus eggs could possibly be described as pale blue.*
Nehrkorn describes the egg of this cuckoo as “ Fleich-farben mit-
markiton violetten und rost braunen flecken, welche fast nur am stumfen
End steken. 24-17 mm. (aus Nest von Buchanga atra) Sikhim.”
This is very probably the egg of Surniculus lugubris (The Drongo
Cuckoo), very improbably that of Cuculus micropterus.
Nineteen of the eggs which we suppose to be mzeropterus have passed
through my hands, and in ground colour all these are a very palehedge
sparrow green-blue, sume rather more blue, but varying very little in
range of colour. In depth of colouring they range from almost skim
milk blue-green toa colour nearly as dark as a hedge-sparrow’s egg.
Never, however, do they anything like approach the deeper colour of a
Coceystes egg, not even coromandus, much less jacobmnus.
Most of the eggs are quite spotiess, but a few are more or less marked.
One egg in my collection, which I owe to Col. Rattray, has a single dark
green spot near the extremity of the large end ; another has perhaps
half dozen such marks at the larger and one at the smaller end : in”
this egg the marks are far more blue than the ground colour. In Col.
Rattray’s own collection there are one or two eggs which are speckled,
always faintly, with pale reddish, or as the owner of the eggs calls it,
pale lilac. In one case these markings form a zone about the larger '
end, but in the others are speckled sparsely all over.
In shape these eggs are all rather broad ovals and, with two excep-
tions which are rather pointed, decidedly obtuse at the smaller end. In ’
no case have I seen a spherical or elliptical shaped egg such as the -
Coccystes or the poliocephalus type. ;
~~ © Dr, Coltart has had this year, on 24th August 1905, a nest of Garrulaw moniliger (the
Necklaced-Laughing Thrush) brought to him contaiming one of those eggs. It agrees with
Rattray’ 8, but is slightly darker than any I have seen of his,
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 359
The texture, however, is much as it is in the eggs of the birds just
mentioned, especially the latter, that is to say, it is very soft, smooth and
satiny to the touch, of very fine, close grain, and, though it possesses a
faint gloss, it is quite different to the hard China-gloss of some of the
Garrulax eggs. The shell is decidedly fragile for the size of the egg,
although the texture is so close.
Of the fifteen eggs whose measurements I have taken the average
is*92" full by *70" barely.
The greatest and the least length is ‘98"” and °87", respectively, and
greatest and least breadth *73" and °66".
The call of this fine cuckoo is perhaps one of the best known of bird’s
‘sounds in North-Eastern India and the other parts to which it extends.
lis two most popular names—“ Bo-kata-ko’’ in Bengali and the
“ Broken Pekoe” bird in English—are two of the best representations
‘of its call.
: . Naflang-kaiko (who stole the fish) in Cachari also well simulates the
four notes to which it gives utterance. The call is very melodious and
distinctly cuckoo-like in sound, but the bird reiterates it with so great
perseverance that it becomes very monotonous. In “ Stray Feathers”
Hume says that he shot the female calling Bo-kata-ko, but I have only
shot males making the call.
The Indian cuckoo has been found practically everywhere in India,
except the driest portions of the North-West, and it doubtless breeds
more or less over the whole of its habitat, ascending higher up during
the breeding season and migrating locally at this time from places where
there are no suitable forests or hills. It extends right away through
Burma into Malaya and again through Northern Burma into Central
‘Asia, China, Siberia and Japan, breeding in all these countries, though
the eggs thence which have been hitherto ascribed to this form are
exceedingly doubtful.
Genus Hirococcys.
As already pointed. out, the difference between this genus and the
typical Cuculus consists only of the difference in comparative length of
the inner wing quills. In Cuculus the secondaries in the closed wing
only extend to half the length of the primaries, whilst in Hierococcyx they
always extend to at least two-thirds the length of the closed wing.
The genus contains four species, three of which are more or less com-
mon where found, and the fourth, manus, is rare within our limits.
360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Kry to SPECIES.
A. No distinct dark cheek band from the eye.
a. Abdomen barred,
a." Wing always over 8°2" ......:esceerennes (abatblebicaaete sparverioides.
b.” Wing never as much as SiO» cae beaueseaeere eee varius.
b, Abdomen spotted or streaked, never barred......... nisicolor.
B. A distinct dark band, running through eye...... manus.
The above key only holds good as regards the abn, as young spar-
verioides and varius both have the lower parts spotted and streaked,
the spots becoming bars as the birds grow older. In young sparveri-
vides the chin is blackish, in young varus the chinis white or rufescent-
white like the rest of the lower parts, and in nészcolor the chin, throat and
upper breast are dark-brown, the feathers more or less narrowly
edged with rufous.
This will probably suffice to discriminate between nestlings found in
other birds’ nests, and is important in forming a clue as to which nests
we may expect to get different species of cuckoos’ eggs in.
H1gROCOCOYX SPARVERIOIDES. (Vigors.)
The Large Hawk- Cuckoo.
Hierococeyx sparveriotdes. Jordon, B. of I., I, p. 381; Hume, 8. F.,
III, p. 80; 1X, p. 72; id., Oat. No. 207 ; Armstrong, 8. F., IV, p. 511;
Hume and Dav., zbid., VI, p. 157 ; Ball, ibed., VU, p. 207; Scully, ebid.,
VIII, p. 256; Dav., ibid., X, p. 359; Oates, B. of Burm., U1, p. 108);
Oates, Nests and Hggs, 2nd Ed., II, p. 384; Shelly, Cat. of B. M.,
XIX, p. 232; Stuart Baker, Jour., Bom. N. A. Soc., X, p. 867;
Blanford, F. of B. I., III, p. 211; Dresser, Pal. Birds, I, p. 473.
As regards the eggs of this fine cuckoo Ccl. Rattray is again in the
enviable position of being the only man who has taken an egg ab-
solutely without doubt. Hesays: “ I cannot at all understand or confirm
the notes made by Miss Cockburn and Mr. Morgan as to this bird build-
ing its own nest, but agree with Mr. Hodgson, as I shot the bird yester-
day with an egg ready for expulsion. It was blue, like that of the egg of
Aeridotheres, but larger, not white. It corresponds exactly with an egg
[ found some years previously in the nest of Mytophoneus temmuncka
(The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush). I had heard these cuckoos’ calling
in this nullah for some days, and it was one of these birds flying up
from the bank that attracted my attention to the Myiophoneus nest
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 361
which contained three eggs of the owner and this one quite fresh. The
one from the oviduct was unfortunately too badly smashed by shot and
the fall of the bird to preserve or measure.
“Tha egg I have is, now much faded, a pale clear blue, glossy and a
good deal pointed at the smaller end. Size 1:18" by *80".
Thon, together with some eggs sent to me, Col. Rattray sent me the
leg of an embryo which he had taken from an egg exactly matching
those above described and which he had found ina nest of Trocha-
lopterum lineatum (The Himalayan Streaked Laughing-Thrush),
together with three eggs of the parent bird. The leg was undoubtedly
that of a cuckoo and could have oaly belonged to this species, so to Col.
Rattray belongs the honour of taking three eggs of the Large Hawk-
Cuckoo.
It is impossible in writing of this cuckoo’s eggs to pass over in silence
the accounts of Mr, Morgan and Miss Cockburn as given in Hume’s
Nests and Hges.
Mr. Morgan’s story cannot be analysed in detail as it is not given
in detail, so it is impossible to say more than that the account is
utterly unlikely and may be dismissed with the practical certainty that
Mr. Morgan must have been mistaken in the bird.
Miss Cockburn’s notes are, however, very full, and it is therefore
more easy to discuss her.opinions, As regards the first nest found the
evidence given is entirely that of native collectors, Now these men
found a nest in a clump of trees from which a supposed Hawk-Cuckoe
flew out. They watched it return to this nest and sit on it, and one of
the mon fired and missed it ; it again returned and was again missed,
Next day the nest was not visited, but on the following one the natives
again went and took the nest and eggs and shot a Hawk-Orckoo.
Now there is nothing to prove that the cuckoos either built the
nest or laid those eggs. Indeed on the first day it is quite possible that
the natives mistook the bird which sat on the nest and that it
was really a hawk, not a cuckoo at all, and this is all the more prob-
abla when we find that both nest and eges are described as being
typzca'ly those of a hawk of some kind. When the cuckoo was shot
nothing is said about its baing in or near the nest, merely that it was
“there,” trom whivh we may conclude that it was on the same or an
adjacent tree. Tha egys are described as being “ perfectly white
with a few touches of light brown on two of them; they were much
e
362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
incubated. The inner: skin of these'eges has a greenish-blue colour.”
This colour of the ege lining makes it almost a certainty that these were
hawk’s eggs of some kind.
Miss Cockburn’s next note merely refers to the finding of a similar
nest, empty, found lateron. ‘The nest is again described as a typical
hawk’s nest which “appeared to be a nest that had been used for
several seasons,” as is a custom with many of the Falconidce. Miss
Cockburn saw the bird near the tree, but the servant said he had seen
one of them sitting on the nest a few days before. Why a bird should
go and sit on her nest after the young were hatched and flown is
not easy to say, and this little toueh of evidence appears to be one
putin by the servant to help out his previous story, instead of which
it merely shews that his evidence is worth very little.
The times given—April-11th, three eggs hard set, and May 27th, the
young flown—again agree with the probable dates for a hawk’s breed-
ing arrangements, but are extremely early for a late breeding bird such
as all Hawk-Cuckoos seem to be.
I fear that this account must be relegated also to the fairy books.
Hodgson found young birds being fed by Trochalopterum nigri-
mentum (The Western Yellow-winged Laughiog-Thrush) and Jaops
nepalensis (The Hoary Bar-wing). 7
Col. Rattray very kindly lent me the egg he took from the nest of
Mytophoneus. It is a blue-green in colour like a pale egg of Garrulas
moniiger (The Necklaced Laughing-Thrush) or dark one of Dryonastes
rujicollis (The Rufous-necked Laughing-Thrush) ; it is paler also than
eges of Sturnopastor or Acridotheres. The shape is a long oval,
decidedly compressed at the smaller end, which is pointed. The
texture is unlike that of any other Indian cuckoo’s egg, and is inter-
mediate again between the eggs of Dryonastes and Garrulax. It is very
hard, fine grained, and glossy with innumerable, almost mycroscopic,
corrugations and some fine longitudinal furrows.
Dr. Coltart and I have a very large number of eggs in our collections
which, we believe, will eventually prove also to belong to this cuckoo
which are, roughly speaking, deep chocolate-brown in colour. If this
proves to be the case, it will be rather analogous to the pure
white and chocolate-pink eggs of Cuculus poliocephalus.
My reasons for believing them to be of this species are: first and
principally, by the process of elimination they can be no other cuckoo.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, ‘ ‘. ' 263
They are not the eggs of any Cuculus, Coccystes, Cacomantis or
Penthoceryx which we know, and they are too large for Chrysococeyw.
They are not nisicolor or varius amongst the Hawk-Cuckoos, whose oggs
not only do not agree in colour, which would not perhaps matter, but they
disagree totally in shape, grain and teature. In shape, texture and grain
they, on the other hand, do agree with Rattray’s eggs of H. sparverioides.
In 1894 I took one of these eggs from the nest of a Pellorneum
ignotum (The Assam Babbler), and shot a female H. sparverioides near
the nest. This egg is described in this Journal (X, p. 367), but knowing
as much of cuckvos’ eggs as we now do, I certainly should not have said
they were the same type as the eggs of nistcolor which are elliptical.
Since then as long as I was in North Cachar I continued yearly to
obtain a few of these same eggs, and now in Lakimpur Dy. Coltart and
I get a considerable number, mostly brought in by Nagas who get them
in the hills beyond British territory.
The very large majority of our eggs, I should think three out of four
are found in the nests of Arachnothera magna (The Larger Streaked
Spider-hunter), and I have myself taken nests of this bird containing
both cuckoos’ eggs and the eggs of the foster-parents.
In Jungs, 1896, I was marching over the Ninglo Peak, close on 6,000
feet, when I observed a Large Hawk-Cuckoo skulking about in some
scrub-jungle with stunted wild plantain trees growing in amongst the
other stuff. I shot the bird which proved to be a female, and afterwards
found within a few yards a nest of A. magna with supposed egg of this
bird and one of the owner.
Again the same yearand near the same Peak some Nagas found a
nest of A. magna containing an egg of the parents and two eggs of a
cuckoo, and they sazd that their attention had been drawn to the nest by
the way a pair of spider hunters were attacking a Hawk-Cuckoo skulk-
ing about in some brushwood under the plantain tree to which the
nest was attached.
Both Dr. Coltart and myself have repeatedly taken or had brought to
us, two eggs in one nest.
I have either taken myself, or had brought to me, eggs in the nests of
Aleippe nepalensis (The Nepal Babbler) (1), Ndiava macgrigorie (The
Small Niltava) (1), Arachnothera magna (12 about), Cyornis rube-
culoides (The Blae-throated Flycatcher) (1), Drymochares nepalensis
(The Nepal Short-wing) (3), Pellornewm ignotum (The Assam Babbler)
14
364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV IT.
(1), P. mandellz (Mandelli’s Spotted Babbler) (1), Stachyrhidopsis
rujifrons (Hume’s Babbler) (2), Stachyris nigriceps (The Black-throated
Babbler) (1).
In texture my eggs almost exactly resemble that of the blue egg
taken by Col. Rattray, but I have none with the same corrugations,
though some of mine have longitudinal furrows, such as his egg shewed.
In shape also my eggs agree well with his, a few of them being rather
blunter and shorter, but as a whole they are long pointed ovals with the
smaller end decidedly compressed.
In colour they range from a light tan-brown, through all shades of
olive-brown to a deep olive-brown, or rarely a deep olive-chucolate. In
siz they vary in length between *94" and 1:12" and in breadth between
68" and °75". Thirty eggs average 1:05" by °72".
As regards these brown eggs all that can be said at present is that
very likely they may be those of 7. sparvertovdes, but that there isas yet
no proof that they are, whereas, on the other hand, it is proved that that
bird lays blue eggs.
Dr. Coltart and I have also each got a blue egg in our collections,
taken in nests of Garrulax moniliger (The Necklaced Laughing-
Thrush), which msy be those of sparverioides; they are queer, long
allintical shaved eggs, of tha sam3 colour and texture as Col. Rattray’s
egos, having tha corrugation even more highly developed, but they are
quite different in shape: one of these is shewn in Pl. 11, Fig. 11. Tt
measures 1:4" by *78". Yet another ege which may be that of
sparvertoides is one brought in by Nagas, and which is exactly like a
large specimen of C. micropterus. It moasures 1°12" by -88", and was
found in the nest of Janthocincla rufigular’s (Rufous-chinned Laughing-
Thrush). Since this was written, Dr. Coltart has obtained a blue ege
of this Hawk-Cuckoo agreeing exactly with Rattray’s, except that it is
slightly darker and much more polished than his as might be expected
in a recently taken egg. ;
This fine cuckoo is distributed, according to Blantord, ‘‘ throughout
the Himalayas as far West as Chumba, ascending in summer to ele-
vations of 9,000 feet or more: probably scattered here and there over the
better wooded parts of the Indian Peninsula in the ecld season, but
only recorded from Raipur in the Central Provinces. Ccnmen cn the
Nilghiris in Southern India, but not observed in the Palnis, the Tra-
vancore Ranges, nor the Ceylon Hills. To the eastward this cuckoo
Nork,
INDIAN CUCKOO’S EGGS, PLATE IL.
Figure 15 should read Hierococcyx varius and figures 16 and 17
should be Cacomantis passerinus and not as given at the foot of the
plate. 7
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
BY
13
16. spells
E. C. STUART GAKER, DEL. J. GREEN, CHROMO-LITH
INDIAN CUCKOOS' EGGS.
1-4. Cuculus micropterus. 5-9. Hierococeyx nisicolor. 10-12. H. sparveroides.
13, 14, 15, 16. Cacomantis passerinus. 17. Hierocoeceyx varius.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 365
is found throughout the hills South of Assam and Burmah, ranging to
China, Japan, the Phillipines, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo,”
Its voice is not unlike that of the koel, but it is less harsh and
penetrating, and some of its notes are really quite melodious. One of
these latter has been described variously as Chuck-dot-dot or
Chuck-dol-dol, and this has a distinctly cuckoo-like sound about it.
Its favourite note, however, is one which runs up the scale in repetitions
of the sounds pi-pee-ah, pi-pee-ak, the emphasis on the second syllable,
until the bird has got as high as it can, when it re-commences again.
Liks most cuckoos, it is often very noisy during moonlight nights, and
it is then a perfect torment to would-be sleepers. Both these birds and
the kvel, doubtless from people not recognizing their notes as distinct,
are often called the Brain-fever Bird. The cry which I have called
pi-pee-ah is by them made into Brain-fe-ver, The True Brain-fever
Bird is, however, H. varius, first cousin to the present bird.
HigRococeyxy varius. ( Vahl.)
The Common Hawk- Cuckoo.
FTierococeyx varius. Jerdon, B. of L., I, p. 329; Adam, 8.F., I, p. 373;
Butler, sbid, III, p. 460; Bourdillon, cbid., LV, p. 392 ; Fairbank, ibid,
V,p. 397; Vidal, zbid, VII, p. 56 ; Ball, zbed, p. 207; Cripps, zed,
p. 264; Hume, Cat. No. 205; Scully, 8. F., VIII, p. 255 ; Legge, B.
of Ceylon, p. 240; Reid, 8. F., X., p. 27 ; Davison, sbid, p. 859; Barnes,
B. of Bom., p. 126 ; David, Jour., Bom. N. H. Soce., I, p. 182; Barnes,
ibid, 1V, p. 18; Oates, Nest and Eggs, 2nd Ed., il, p. 383; Shelly,
Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 234; Reid, Cat. Eggs B. M., II, p. 104; Blanford,
B. 1., 111, p. 213; Nehrkorn, Cat. of Eggs, p. 170.
Hierococcyx niso'des, Hume, 8. F. VII, p. 371.
Tho egg of the Common Hawk-Cuckoo is one which has long been
well known, oviduct egos having been taken by Bingham, Irvine and
Inglis, all these agreeing exactly with one another and also with those
reputed tv belung to this cuckoo taken from the nest of varius babLlers.
Mr. 8. L. Whymper writing to me from Jeolikote says: ‘‘ I got an
undoubted egg from the nest of Crateropus canorus (The Jungle Babbler)
in Bareilly as [ saw the bird go to the nest.”
Mr. T. R Boll saw a young HZ. varius being fed by a pair of Crate-
ropus somervilli: (The Rufous-tailed Babbler) and took undoubted eggs
from the nest of this babbler.
366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Mr. J. Davidson, C.S., writes : “I have three eggs of this bird in my
collection and have taken others ; of the three kept, two were taken in
the nest of Crateropus canorus on the 13th and 16th July, 1886,
respectively, at Kondebhari, Khandesh. The other was taken at Karwar,
Kanara, on the 12th April, 1889, in a nest of Crateropus griseus
(The White-headed Babbler).”’
The Common Hawk-Cuckoo seems almost, if not quite, aca to
deposit its eggs in the nests of either Argya or Crateropus, the species
baing apparently a matter of indifference. . :
The only other nest, as far as is recorded, from which its egg has
been taken, was one found by Partridge, a European collector of mine,
who shot the bird as it left the nest. The nest and egg were brought in
to me, but the real owner was neither shot nor identified. It appeared
to be the nest of Niltava sundara (The Rufous-bellied Niltava), but it
was of course impossible to say for certain. re
Oates in Hume’s Nest and Eggs describes the ege thus: ‘“ The eggs
are rather elongated, rather cylindrical ovals, very blunt at both ends.
The shell is fine and glossy. The color is a uniform rather dark
greenish-blue. They are larger, more elongated, and darker-colored
than those of C. jacobunus.”” Another egg is described in the same place
as a rather dark greenish-blue. dy,
The four eggs measured in Hume’s Nest and Hges varied between
-95" and 1:15" in length and between *75" and *82" in breadth.
The eggs in my own collection are of three distinct grades of color:
the most pale of the three is not very much darker than some of my
eges of Coccystes coromandus (The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo) and the
darkest is as dark as the darkest egg I have seen of C. jacobinus. I have
one egg taken by Mr. C. Inglis from the oviduct of a female shot in
Tirhoot (21st June, 1901), which is extremely bright in tint and rather
dark. This oviduct egg measures 1:2" by :79", whereas my largest
jacobinus’ egg measures *98" by *87", so that though shorter, the latter has
ereater cubic contents. My shortest varius, egg is *90" and the least
broad ‘70". Allmy eges, and indeed all other eggs which I have seen,
have varied in shape between elliptical and spherical, the large majority
are almost true broad ellipses, but I have seen one or two so broad as
to be almost spherical. The satiny texture is the same as that of
Coceystes : the grain is very close and fine, and the shell extremely stout
n proportion to the size of the egg.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS., 367
- Mr. E. H. Aitken remarks that the yolk in this bird’s ege is more.
highly colored than it is in that of C. jacobinus.
The illustrations of the eggs of A. varius and C. jacobinus in the B.
Museum Catalogue of Eggs are very good, but the measurement of the
former are possibly wrongly depicted, as the painting measures 1+2" by
“n6"
Ido not think that C. jacobinus’ eggs can be discriminated with any
certainty from those of Hierococcya varius, though the latter average
larger and perhaps average lighter.
Nehrkorn in his catalogue of the eggs in his collection describes the
egg as being “ dark blue-green flecked with fine specks of ruddy- brown
at the larger end.” This egg was taken from the nest of Crateropus
canorus (The Jungle Babbler) with the eggs of the foster parents.
The Common Hawk-Cuckoo is found all over India and Ceylon, being
a resident, though perhaps locally migrating, throughout its range. It
is found in Cachar, but does not seem to extend up the Brahmaputra
valley, where sparverioides is exceedingly common.
This is the true “ Brain-fever” bird, beloved of all sick Europeans in
India, though the Koel and the Large Hawk-Cuckoo are often so called
locally, especially where the Common Hawk-Cuckoo is absent.
‘Its note.is the same pi-pee-ah, pi-pee-ah as that of sparverioides, but
it is even more shrill and penetrating, and the bird itself even more
persistent. Night or day seems much the same to it, and when the
nights are very dark it awakes with the dawn and has double the energy
to expend on destroying the rest of every one within hearing.
H1gRococcyx NISIcOLOR. (Hodgson.)
Hodgson’s Hawk- Cuckoo.
Meerococcyx nisicolor, Jerdon, B. of I.,1., p. 330 ; III, p. 871 (Sup.);
Hume, 8. F. V., pp. 96, 347 : ed. ibid. XI, p.72 ; id. Cat. No. 206; Hume
and Davis, 8. F. VI, p. 157; Oates, B. of Burm., IT, p. 109 ; zd. Nests
and Eggs, 2nd ed., II., p. 383 ; Blanford, Fauna B. I., III., p. 214;
Stuart Baker, Jour. B. N. H.S., X., p. 366.
» Merococeya fugax, Shelly, Cat. B. M., XTX, p. 236, partem.
The only absolutely authentic egg of this species taken as yet is the one
which Mandelli took from the oviduct of a female on the 5th June.
This eg’ is described in “ Nest and Eggs” as ‘a broad oval, scarcely
at all pointed towards the small end and a little obtuse at the large end.”
368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY:NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII -
The color is a uniform olive brown, and round the large end there is
an indistinct zone of a darker shade: the shell is fine and smooth,
but there is very little gloss on the egg. It measures °89" by *64."
Dr. Coltart and I have taken and had brought to us a fine series of
cuckoos’ eges which agree, in many cases, in every single detail with the
above description and which we have no doubt ourselves are of those o
this Hawk-Cuckoo, a very common species both in Assam and in North
Cachar, ae
Prior to 1891 I had had some of these eges brought to me, but had
no idea to what bird they belonged. In that year, however, I came
across the egg myself and under circumstances which enabled me to
identity the egg as being, in all probability, that of H. nisécolor.
I was engaged one morning in hunting in some scrub and grass jungle
for the nest of a pair of Phyllergates coronatus (The Golden-headed
Warbler) which haunted the patch, and whilst so doing disturbed a cuckoo
from a tuft of grass close by where [ was hunting. On shooting the euckoo
I found it to be female Hodgson’s Cuckoo, and in the tuft of grass whence
she Asw I found a nest of Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons containing two eggs
of tha babbler and a third very much larger and totally different in
appearance. The description given by Mandelli would do equaily well
for my egg, but that mine is larger, measuring ‘96" by -63", The olive
browa is pale in tint and a clear, bright tone. The texture is fine and
smvoth with a faint gloss, and the shape is practically that of an ellipse.
It was taken on the 14th May, 1891, at Guilang, North Cachar.
A second egg, taken two years after, was found by a bird-skinner of
mine in the nest of Miltava macgrigorie at Gunjong, North Cachar, on
the 20th July. A female was brought in with the nest and egg which
Partridge, the bird-skinner, told me he had shot as it flew off the nest.
This egg isa good deal darker, much more brown and less olive, the
color is practically uniform, but when carefully examined shéws traces of
a ring of fine freckles of a darker color round the larger end. This egg
only measures °87" by °64". The texture and the shape is the same as
in that first described.
In the years 1891—1896 several more eggs were taken, all agreeing
with either one or the other of these two types or intermediate between
them.
In 1896 I took an egg from the nest of Cyornis rubeculoides, together
with three eggs of the fosterer, which differs in having the ground color
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOUOS. 369
far more green in tone and in having a distinct ring of reddish freckles
round the bigger end. -
On the 8th of May and 14th September two eggs were brought in to
me with nest and eggs of Arachnothera longirostris (The Little Spider-
hunter) and Niltava which are exactly alike one another and differ a little
froin all the others 1 have. The ground color is a dull olive grey or
stone color, and the whole surface is covered with freckles, smudges and
specks of dull reddish, the markings are numerous everywhere, but
more so towards the larger end. These eggs measure "91" by °61", and
‘91" by *60" respectively. They are the two dullest, most dirty looking
egos in my collection, One of these eggs is depicted in Pl. IL.,
Fig. 7. .
A rather common type of egg is one with a bright olive-green ground
color, sometimes very pale and never dark, with reddish specks and freckles,
sparse everywhere else, but forming a dense ring about the larger end.
Two such eggs taken on the 3rd June, 1903, frum tho nest of Cyornis
hyperythrus (The Rufous-breasted Blue Flycatcher) and on the 14th
May this year (1904) from the nest of Cyornis rubeculoides, measure
respectively, °96" by °62" and 1:01" by °61".
The only other egg calling for description is one taken on the 3rd
May, 1903, from the nest of Turdinulus exul (The Squamated Babbler),
which contained one egg of the fosterer and this one. It has the same
pale olive-green ground color as those last described, but it is thickly
blotched all over with freckles and small blotches of reddish brown. In
this egg there are faint indications of sub-blotches of purple grey, more
especially ina zone about the larger end. This is the only egg I haye
in which secondary markings are discernible, ‘This egg is shewn in
Bi, Vie 9. .
All my eggs are the same in shape, viz., long ellipses, and in one case
only is one end distinctly smaller than the other, The texture is the
same in all, but in one very sparsely marked egg there is a decided
gloss. The shell is about normal for its size, neither particularly fragile,
nor particularly stout. They average in size ‘91" by ‘62", the measure-
ments of the extreme are given in the eggs mentioned above.
Eggs have bern taken from the nests of Niltava sundara, Pellorneum
mandelli, Alcippe nepalensis (The Nepal Babbler), Alesppe phayrai (The
Burmese Babbler) and Drymocataphus assamensis (Austen’s Babbler)
in addition to those enumerated already.
370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11,
Hodgson’s Cuckoo is a bird of the north-eastern portion of India, only
being found east from Nepal through the Himalayas and the adjoining
plams of Assam, Cachar and Sylhet, through Manipur and Burmah
to the extreme south where it meets the similar form called fugar
which may be known by its larger bill.
_ Itsordinary note is a rather shrill copy of that of sparverioides and
varius, but it is not incessantly repeated, and does not ascend or descend
in scale as does the cry of both of those birds. It is very wild and shy,
and until one learns what its cry is like, and gets used to the flight and
habits of the bird, it gives one the idea that it is very rare, It is
during the breeding season rather a skulker amongst brushwood and
secondary scrub-jungle, doubtless when thus employed looking for the
nest of some bird in which to lay its egg. It is always silent when
thus employed, and itis only when perched high up in some lofty tree
or, occasionally, on the wing that it gives vent to its call.
Hrprococeyx NANus. (Hume.)
The Small Hawk- Cuckoo.
Hierococeyx nanus. Hume, 8. F., V, p. 490; id., Cat. No. 205
bis. ; Hume and Davis, 8. F., VI, pp. 157, 502 ; Oates, B. of Burm., II,
p. 110 ; Shelly, Cat. Birds B. M., XIX, p. 239 ; Blanford, Fauna B.
hss IQUE Soy 22205
Nothing is known go far of the oology of this cuckoo. It is a bird
very little known: indeed it is possible that even now we do not know
its adult plumage. It has only entered the limits of India in the
extreme South of Burmah and Tennasserim, and it is also known sa
Selangor and Northern Borneo.
GENus CACOMANTIS.
The genus Cacomantis contains, as far as India is concerned, two
species of cuckoo, much like, in general appearance, the genus Cuculus,
but very small, the wing measuring under 5 inches, whereas none of the
birds hitherto dealt with have wings as small as 52.
The two species may be separated from one another by these keys : —
A. Adults having upper parts ashy.
a. Abdomen grey or White ........sssereerserearre cer saseeres passerinus.
me b, Abdomen rufous .....ss00. ws sicerceren METULNUS, * .
B. The young with upper He Mowe anh rine
~ ¢, Crown and rump with practically no bars ...-e.ses-- passer inus.
merulinus.
d. Whole upper surface barred ..s.ce secree esresneessores
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 371
The nestlings, as far as I know, cannot bo distinguished until they
assume the plumage of the young noted above.
CACOMANTIS PASSERINUS. (Vahl.)
The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo.
Cuculus passerinus. Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 235.
Poly phasia regia. Jerdon, B. of I., 1, p. 333.
Cacomantis passerinus. Ball,S. F., VII, p. 207; Cripps, ébed., p. 265;
Hume, Cat. No. 208 ; Vidal, 8. F., IX, p. 55 ; Butler, ¢béd., p. 388 ;
Davison, zbid., X, p. 350; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 127 ; Oates, Nests and
Hges, 2nd Eud., II, p. 385 ; Shelly, Cat. of B. M., XIX, p. 277; Blan-
ford, Fauna of B. I., III, p. 216 ; Reid, Cat. Hogs B. M., III, p. 117.
Ololygon passerinus. Butler, 8. F., II, p. 461; Fairbank, zbid.,
IV, p. 255.
To Miss Cockburn belongs the honour of establishing without doubt
the identity of the egg of this small cuckoo: her notes are given in ex-
tenso in Oates’ Edit. of Nests and Eggs from which I quote parts.
“On the 17th September, 1870, the nest of the Common Wren-
Warbler (Prinza inornata) was found, which had two small eggs and a
third which was much larger, but of something the same colour,”
another similar nest of eggs taken a few hours later, and again a third
on the 22nd September, “‘ the same day one of my servants seeing a
Plaintive Cuckoo sit very quietly on a hedge shot it. On examination
it was found to contain one egg ready to be laid, of the same colour and
spots as those found in the Common Wren-Warblers’ nests. The egg
was unfortunately broken, but the pieces were sufficient to identify
those found in the little Wren-Warblers’ nests.’ After this Miss
Cockburn obtained more eggs and also a young Plaintive Cuckoo in
the nest of Prinia inornata.
Mr. Adams confirming Miss Cockburn’s discoveries informed Hume
that he “ had small boys collecting nests for him, and on two occasions
nests of P. zornata were brought containing an ege somewhat like
that of P. nornata, but much larger : in fact, exactly like that described
and sent by Miss Cockburn.”
Thompson records it as laying in the nest of Pyctorhis sinensis (The
Yellow-eyed Babbler) and Lantus erythronotus (The Rufous-backed
Shrike). This is curious, as the eggs of both these birds are much larger
than that of the cuckoo, and it is an almost invariable rule for cuckoos to
choose birds which lay eggs smaller than they do or, at least, as small,
15
372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Hume himself records the snaring of one of these birds on a nest of
Molpastes bengalensis (The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul).
Mr. T. R. Bell writes me :—‘ I have several eggs of Cacomantis pas-
serinus (The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo). I have seen Orthotomus feeding
young Cacomantis a fair number of times, and about the eggs of this
cuckoo baing ordinarily laid in Tailor-birds’ nests I have not the
slightest doubt. The cuckoos’ eggs are, as a rule, less blotched (being
nearly always spotted and not blotched) than those of the Warbler and,
of course, a great deal larger. I have four eggs of Cacomantis taken
from the nests of Orthotomus, and they are three of them white and one
bluish, of the two shades that occur in the Warblers’ eggs.’ These
notes are recorded from Kanara.
Mr. J. Davidson, O.S., writes in much the same strain :—‘‘I have
eges of this cuckoo taken at Karwar (24th June, 1894, 12th July, 1895,
20th July, 1895, and 10th August, 1895), and have seen many more.
All were taken in the nests of O. sutorius (The Indian Tailor-bird).
They are very similar to one type of the eggs of this bird, but are about
half as large again, white with a few reddish spots, mainly at the large
end, All the eggs which I have taken myself have the ground colour
white, but Mr. Bell tells me that he has taken several with the ground
colour blue. I have several times taken a white egg of this bird in a
blue clutch of Tailor-birds’ eggs.”
Mr. B. B. Osmaston was also good enough to lend me an egg of
this species taken in the nest of P. socéalis (The Ashy Wren- Warbler)
in Dehra Dun. Thisis of the blue type, and is the exact facsimile
of one of the eggs taken by Miss Cockburn and depicted in the Catalogue
of the Hggs of the British Museum. This is the egg I have shewn in
Plate IIL, Wig. 18. It measures *70" by *50".
Col. Rattray informs me that he has taken an egg from the nest
of Pericrocotus peregrinus (The Small Minivet), which is the exact
counterpart of the above egg and must belong to C. passermnus: it
measures *71" by °50".
An ege from the Irvine collection, but now in mine, agrees well with
Miss Cockburn’s eggs, but is rather smaller, measuring *73" by 54" ; the
eround colour is the same pale blue-green, but the markings consist of
raddish specks, spots, blotches and smears of pale reddish-brown, with
more sparse sub-markings of lavender and pale reddish-grey. In shape
it is not quite such a long oval as is usual,
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 373
I have not had the luck to take this bird’s eggs myself, but was given
one by Mr, E. C. Green on the 10th of June this year, 1904, together
with three eggs of P. inornata which he had taken that morning.
The ege was on the point of hatching, but I kept the remnants. In
colouration this is of the white type found by Mr. Davidson.
A fair series of these eggs have passed through my hands durin g the
writing of this paper, and, broadly speaking, the eggs may be said to be
of two types. Pure white, with sparse blotches or spots, nearly
always disposed about the larger end, where they may form an iJl-defined
ring. The other form is much the same, but has the ground colour a
very pale hedge-sparrow’s ege blue, and the spots seem, as a rule, to be
even more scanty and the ring, if any, even less defined. Irvine’s egg
is the only one I have seen that does not quite agree with the common
forms and that is described above in detail.
Typically the eggs are rather elongated ovals with a fine close grain,
smooth surface and, often, a decided gloss. They are rather stout in
proportion to their size. The eggs which have passed through my
hands have varied in length between °69" and :74" and in width between
46" and *54", the average of ten eggs being *72" by °52". Hume
describes the eggs as much larger, #.¢., varying between *78" by °81" in
length and °53" to °57" in width, so that my largest egg is smaller than
his smallest. The two eggs of Miss Cockburn’s in the British Museum
measure *78" by 55" and *76" by 51". The figure of this egg in the
B, M. Catalogue is very good, though the colour is perhaps a little dark
The range of the Indian Plaintive Cuckoo is thus given by Blanford:
The greater part of India, from the Himalayas to Ceylon inclusive,
rare in the North-West, and although found on Mount Abu, wanting
elsawhere throughout Rajputana and the Indus Plains. This cuckoo
vccurs in the Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim, ascending the hills te
the westwards up to about 9,000’ according to Jerdon, and its range
extends to Hastern Bengal, where it meets the next species. In the
peninsula of India it is chiefly found in forest regions, and is most
abundant in Bengal, Urissa, the wooded tracts of the latter, and on the
hills in the neighbourhood of the Malabar Coast.”
I found it not uncommon in Cachar, though merulinus was much more
so, and have both seen and heard it in Lakhimpur.
Hlliot describes its call as we-whew, whe-whe-e-ew. It is very much
like one of the most plaintive, complaining calls of the Common Dronge
374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11,
Shrike (Dicrurus ater). Itis a noisy bird in the breeding season, and
keeps up its plaintive cries for a long spell at a time, sometimes hidden
in the dense foliage of some extra well-covered tree, at other times seated
high up on the topmost branch of a tall and sparsely foliaged one.
It calls on moonlight nights, as well as in the daytime. Its dight is
direct and rapid, and it is a rather shy bird, not allowing a close approach
unless it thinks it is very well hidden.
(To be continued.)
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES.
By
YaPTAIN F, Watt, I.M.S., C.M.ZS.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 28th June, 1906.)
The position of the snake in the zoological world is a most unenviable
one. How numerous are its enemies will be seen from the fact that it
suffers destruction from almost the whole brute creation, beginning with
the most exalted man, and passing down the animal scale to creatures
as lowly as those included under the division Insecta, It would be
hard, indeed, to say from whom it suffers the greatest persecution, but
I will enumerate some of its enemies commencing with man, and
proceeding down the animal scale.
Crass— Mammalia.
Order.—Primates,—One of its most inveterate foes is undoubtedly
man, who evenin his most exalted state of civilisation learns almost
from the cradle to recoil from its dreaded form, and who from the time
that he acquires sufficient strength and courage unmercifully slaughters
innocent and culpable alike.
Love of slaughter.—One finds abundant illustrations of civilised man’s
wanton brutality in books of sport, travel and adventure. Mr. E. O.
Donovan is responsible for the following unabashed confession.* Speak-
ing of the ruins of an old city near Marma Khan Tepé near the Mergab
river which was infested with snakes, he says: ‘‘ We spent half an hour
hunting these up, and killing them with our whips, in consonance with
the invariable Turcoman custom.’’ Miss Hopley tells ust how a farmer
in Wales at the end of one September was removing a heap of manure
when he came upon a bed of snakes and slowworms, 352 were killed
with thousands of eggs in clusters. From this motive alone—the love
of slaughter—enormous numbers of snakes perish annually at the hands
of civilised man. Sceventific motives—Again, civilised man from
purely venial motives contributes to the yearly death-rate in his
scientific researches in the departments of zoology, comparative
anatomy, physiology, and toxicology, so that many hundreds of snakes
annually reach our numerous laboratories and museums. The depreda-
* @ The Merv Oasis,” p, 269,
t “ Snakes,” p. 167.
376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
tions, however, committed by civilised man are probably trifling in
comparison with those wrought by the uncivilised and savage, many
of whom display an even greater animosity towards these creatures and
are brought into more constant and closer association with them.
Food.--As food, snakes are even at the present day consumed by
some Huropean nations, and many other people habitually eat and
relish them. Speaking with Father John the Baptist recently in
Mussoorie he informed me that to his certain knowledge many of the
poor people in parts of Italy eat snakes, and consider them as attrac-
tive as eels, and vipers are said to be eaten by many people in the South
of France.* In an interesting article in Cassell’s Natural Historyt
mention is made of a traveller in America who sat at table before a
dish called “‘ Musical Jack” which had been prepared by some travellers
of another party under the same roof. It was prepared from rattle-
snake, and was evidently considered by them a great delicacy. It was
said to taste like chicken. Hartwigi too says that the American Indians
often regale on the rattlesnake. Sir T. Mitchell in his book on
Australia says he once tasted a boa constrictor himself, and describes it
as “very like veal, the flesh being exceedingly white and firm.” He
also states that the Australian natives eat snakes, and Buckland says §
“the flesh of snakes is not uncommonly eaten by the poor Bushmen,
and also by the Australian natives.”
The python especially seems to find favour as a tit-bit among many
people. The Burmans relish it, as do also the Karens, Evans ||
speaking of a python which had been killed on one of his expeditions,
says by the evening on his return he found it had been cooked by the
Burmans, Theobald] remarks upon the Karens eating its flesh, and
says that it looks white and tempting. A writer to The Field **
recording the capture of a python whilst incubating her eges in
Travancore, says that the hillmen there (Aryans) are reputed to feed on
pythons and their eggs. The Chinese eat this snake in common with
many other species, and I was told by a resident in Hongkong how on
* Museum of Natural History, Vol, IL, p. 39.
+ Vol. IV., p. 65.
t “ The Tropical World,” p. 316.
§ “ Curiosities of Nat. Hist,” First Series, p. 201.
|| Bomb. Nat. Hist, Jourl., Vol. XVI., p. 519,
4 Cat., Snakes, Brit. Burma, p, 37.
** Oct, 3rd, 1903.
THE SNAKE AND JTS NATURAL FOES. 377
one occasion when out shooting he encountered and shot a python on
the mainland near that island. The Chinese who were with him
cooked and made a sumptuous feast off it. Its name in the locality
“Hoang Zo,” meaning “ Aromatic snake,’ must, I think, refer to the
savoury smell its cooking flesh awakens in the Celestial’s nostrils,
F,im Thurn* speaking of the boa constrictor says that the Chinese
alone of all the inhabitants eat and relish the flesh of these snakes.
David Livingstone} says that the flesh of the python is much relished
by the Bakalahari and Bushmen in Africa, and that when killed and
cut up they carry away each his portion like “logs of wood over their
shoulders.” James Chapman{ speaks of once having killed a boa in
North Bechuanaland in which he found a hare, and remarks that the
Bushmen with him not only ate the hare, but the snake as well. OC. J.
Anderson§ speaks of large snakes which inhabit the swamps about Lake
Ugami, and says they are often destroyed by the natives, who devour
them with relish. Colonel H. Yulel} under the word Anaconda, which
he makes it appear is really the Ceylon name for the python, says: “ It
is added that the country people regard this great serpent as most
desirable food.’’
Many other snakes enter into ihe dietary of various folk. Evans
tell us that the Karens eat the flesh of the hamadryad and pronounce
it good. Phipson** again says he is informed that the Andamanese
eat the hamadryad. In Bangalore | interviewed a man of the Tigala
caste who told me his caste ate the Dhaman (Zaments mucosus), but
this appears to be the only snake they partake of. The head anda
portion of the body anterior to the vent are removed, the snake skin-
ned and cleaned, and then cut into pieces and cooked, and he compared
the flesh to chicken in appearance and flavour, Richards}+ mentions
among other Indian castes the Santhals (who I find are supposed to be
the indigenes of Chota Nagpur) and the Dhangars of the same locality
as ophiophiles. The Kols, too (a tribe inhabiting the same part of
India), according to Mervyn Smith,{t include snakes in their bill of fare.
* Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 134,
+ “ Journeys and Researches,” p. 145,
t “ Chapman’s Travels,” p. 292,
§ “Lake Ugami,” p. 452,
|| * Hobson Jobson,” p. 16,
§] Bomb. Nat, Hist, Jourl., Vol. XIV., p. 417.
** Bomb. Nat. Hist. Jourl,, Vol. II., p. 245.
tt ‘“ Landmarks of Snake Poison Literature,” p. 66,
ti ‘“ Sport and Adventure in the Indian Jungle,” p, 140.
378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
I am told that the Kanjars, a wild race of people inhabiting Oudh and
Rohilkhand, eat snakes, having decapitated and caudally amputated
the body. Mr. Mackinnon tells me the tribe known as Myhras, who
inhabit the Dun, devour snakes. David Livingstone* mentions a
common watersnake yellow, spotted dark brown, of a harmless kind
which the Bayeiye tribe in Africa ate and relished as food.
Cuviert informs us that the seasnake Pelamis bicolor (Hydrus
platurus) is eaten by the natives of Taheite, and Cantort speaking of
the same snake, says it is used as an article of diet in New Guinea, the
Molucca Islands, and Otaheite. Campbell§ speaking of the Andama-
nese credits them with including sea-snakes in their dietary. The same
writer|| says that the Botocudos, Puris, and Caraodos, wild tribes inha-
biting Western Brazil, eat snakes among many other animals, and again
the same writer™, speaking of the diet of the Californians, says they
prefer reptiles, insects and vermin to mammals and birds, and mentions
that they eat snakes with the exception of the rattlesnake.
Doubtless a whole host of other people conciliate their gustatory
nerves by practising ophiophagy.
Medicine.—Another motive which is responsible for considerable
diminution in their numbers is that arising from the medicinal virtues
attributed variously to their flesh, organs, or secretions. Probably the
mortality from this humane object is even superior to that incurred
either by man’s serpentivorous tastes, or love of butchery.
Vipers appear to have been especially valued for medicinal purposes
in many parts of Hurope even up to the recent past.
Both Pliny and Galen** praise the efficacy of viper flesh in the cure
“ of ulcers, elephantiasis, and other disorders arising from a corrupt state
“of the system. The flesh was served to the patient boiled like fish, as
“being more efficacious than when taken in the form of powder, or other
‘« dried state,’’ and the account goes on to say that Sir Kenelm Digby’s
beautiful wife was fed on capons fattened with the flesh of vipers.
* « Journeys and Researches,” p. 72.
+ Encyclop. of Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 153,
{ Jourl. Asiat, Soc., Bengal, 1847, p. 1057.
§ Brit. Medl. Journal, Oct. 14th, 1905,
|| Brit. Medl. Jourl., Sept. 16th, 1905,
{ Brit. Medl, Jourl., August 19th, 1905.
** « Encyclop, of Nat. Hist.”, Vol. IIL, p, 1210.
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES, 379
Richards* tells us that ‘‘ the flesh of vipers dressed as eels was strongly
‘‘recommended by Galen as a remedy for elephantiasis (leprosy) * * *,
“and the physicians of Italy, and France very commonly prescribed
‘the broth, and jelly of viper’s flesh for the same uses. It appears also
‘to have been given in England, for Mead observes the patient ought
“to eat frequently of viper-jelly, or rather as the ancient manner was
“to boil vipers, and eat them like fish; or if the food will not go down,
‘though really very good, and delicious fare, to make use, at least, of
“wine in which dried vipers have been digested six or seven days in a
“* gentle heat.’
The Mead referred to was a celebrated physician who made many
observations, and researches concerning snakes, and died as recently as
1754. The same writer further remarks that viper wine “ was actually
“an acknowledged preparation in the London Pharmacoupceia,” and
further that ‘* Charles II’s physician in ordinary, Dr. Thomas Sherley,
“recommended what he termed ‘ Balsam of Bats’ as a remedy for
“‘ hypochondria ; it was composed of ‘adders, bats, sucking-whelps,
“ earthworms, hog’s grease (sic), the marrow of a stag, and the thigh-
bone of an ox.”
Reinf speaks of the Japanese entrapping the poisonous Trgono-
cephalus blomhofic which they skin, and consume as a nerve strength-
ening food, This is a very common little snake in Japan, and China,
now known as Ancistredon blomho ffi.
Duhaldet mentions a snake in the Honan Province of China speckled
with white spots, the skin of which Chinese physicians steep in a vial
of wine ‘‘ which they make use of as a good remedy against the palsy.”
When I was in Hongkong, I saw in the Chinese medicine men’s
shops rows of bottles on shelves containing snakes of many kinds
preserved as in a museum. Steeping in the preservative were also
fragments of vegetable substances—bark, leaves and fruit—and this
horrible looking solution was decanted off as occasion required for the
treatment of various ailments.
Richards§ remarks : “ It is said that the flesh of the cobra was pre-
scribed in Bengal for wasting diseases.”? Theobald|| speaks of the
* ‘¢ Tandmarks of Snake Poison Literature,” p. 65,
7 ‘‘ Japan,” p. 187.
ft “ China,” Vol. 1, p. 102.
§ Loc. cit., p. 66.
|| * Catalogue of Snakes, Brit. Burma,” p. 37,
16
380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Karens using the gall-bladder of the python for medicinal purposes, and
that the ae is eaten by them and “indeed looks white, and
tempting.’
Carl Bock* makes mention of the Tee using the fat of the boa
constrictor (Python reticulatus ? ) in ointments, and says they eagerly
pursue the snake for this purpose. Anderson} has the following of
the African race the Namaques :—‘*‘ Many Namaques believe that the
“ ondara possesses certain medicinal virtues, therefore when they succeed
‘in killing the reptile” (probably from his description Python nata-
lensis), “‘ its flesh is carefully preserved. If person falls sick, a portion
“is either applied externally in the form of an unction, or given to the
“ natient in a decoction.”
In Chambers’ Journal{ a writer speaking of Brazilian snakes says,
anent the rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), ‘‘the fat of its entrails is
“said to be a sovereign remedy for rheumatism,” and ‘the Museum of
Natural History’’ § says that the fat of the Brazilian “ Cucuriuba ”
(Eunectes murinus) is melted down and used for various purposes, as In
rheumatic pains, sprains, etc. Only recently 2nd Grade Assistant
Surgeon Har Prasad, an intelligent and well educated native, told me
that he once had a case of insanity which he treated by the ordinary
methods in vogue in English practice, but with no beneficial results for
iwo months, at the expiry of which time the relatives begged him to_
allow a hakim to come in and adopt a native method of treatment.
Acceding to their request this man administered cobra poison mixed
with vegetable substances into a paste, which he smeared thickly all
over the scalp, with the result that a speedy cure was effected.
Fayrer|| quotes the following on the authority of a learned Kabiraje,
showing that cobra venom is extensively used by that caste as a thera-
peutic agent.
Physiological action —‘ It is warm, irritant, stimulating, a promoter
“of the virtues of other medicines, antispasmodic, digestive, a promoter
‘of the action of the secreting organs.”
Therapeutical action.—“ Used in the later stage of low forms of fever
‘when other remedies fail, it accelerates the heart’s action, and diffuses
““ The Head Hunters of Borneo,” p. 252.
t “ Lake Ngami,” p, 300,
{t Feb, 24,1894.
§ Vol. IT., p. 58.
|| ** Thanatophidia,” p. 148.
TAE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES. 38h
“warmth over the general surface ; clears the mind if coma supervene.
*¢ In the collapsed state of cholera, it is successfully used. Itisemployed
‘in dysentery, and some complicated diseases. Used in epilepsy arising
“from cold, relieving the patient from insensibility, and forgetfulness,
‘symptomatic of that disease. Some practitioners have written that
‘snake poison is used as an antidote in cases of snake- bite when the body
‘is cold, and the heart’s action is scarcely perceptible. Used in such a
‘state it accelerates the heart’s action, and causes a flow of blood to the
* distant capillaries in which circulation has ceased, and diffuses warmth
“over the general surface, etc.”
Young* gives the following curious recipe for snakebite which
the Siamese physicians advocate:—‘ A piece of the jaw of a wild
“hog, a piece of the jaw of a tame hog, a piece of the bone of a goose,
‘a piece of the bone of a peacock, The tail of a fish. The head ofa
“poisonous snake.”
Mervyn Smitht ailudes to the Chentsus, a tribe inhabiting the
Nallamalley Mountains of India, skinning two hamadryads which he
had shot, and remarks: ‘‘ The poison fangs, and glands, the palate, and
“the gall were carefully preserved for medicine. Diluted with gingelly
“oil, the poison is drunk in small portions, and is said to be a wonderful
“ preservative against all snakebites.”’
An Antidote in Snakebite. —This belief in the efficacy of certain parts
of poisonous snakes, and especially the poison as an antidote to snake-
bite, is widespread. Mead, already referred to, had the greatest faith
in vipex’s fat as an antidote in viper bite, and claimed that it was the
remedy used by the English viper-catchers from whom, after much
trouble, he obtained the secret.
Among other ‘cordial remedies’? which Richardst tells us were
recommended was the “ salt of vipers’, whatever this may mean. Many
tribes habitually swallow snake poison with the idea of acquiring im-
munity from snake-bite, and there seems little reason to doubt that their
belief is well founded as shown by experiment on the lower animals,
The Revd. J. Camphell§ speaking of the Hottentots in 8. Africa says
they will “catch a serpent, squeeze out the poison from under hi
* « The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe,” p. 124,
+ “ Sport and Adventure in the Indian Jungle,” p, 25.
t Loc. cit., p. 65,
§ Page 401,
382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIJ,
tzeth, and drink it.’ Fontana’s viper-catcher, called Jacques, was
reputed to swallow spoonfuls of viper venom.*
Frasert mentions the following well authenticated reports of this
practice with the avowed intention of acquiring a tolerance against snake
poison. One Alfred Bolton set himself to enquire how the natives in
Bushbmanland, Namaqualand, Dumaraland, and Kalakari obtained im-
munity from snake-bite, and ascertained that they are in the habit of
extracting the poison-gland of snakes, squeezing them into their mouths,
and drinking the contents. Dr. Knobel, of Pretoria, substantiates this
observation, and records having met a Bushman shepherd who said he
had been in the habit for years of eating snake-venom.
Other people appear to inoculate themselves with the poison to
attain the same object. M. D’Abbodiet says that the Vatnas of Mo-
zambique inoculate themselves with snake poison to preserve immunity
from snake-bite, and Calmette§ observes that a viper-catcher living in the
Jura allowed himself to be bitten by vipers once or twice each year to
preserve the tolerance he had acquired to their poison,
The Hisowy, a tribe inbabiting Western Barbary, says Dram-
mond-Hay, allow themselves to be bitten by serpents proved
to be venomous by a rapidly fatal experiment performed on a
fowl and that, at the conclusion of an exhibition, the man com-
menced eating, or rather chewing, a poisonous snake which, writhing
with pain, bit him in the neck and hands until it was actually
destroyed by the Hisowy’s teeth.
As an arrow dressing.—The poison of snakes is collected by certain
savages for quite another purpose, vzz., that of dressing their arrows,
and so dealing death to their foes or to wild beasts hunted for food; and
though this does not necessarily imply the destruction of the snake, it
is more than probable that where the quarry isa formidable one and
shows fight there is little hesitation in killing the creature. The
Scythians are reported to have poisoned their arrows with viper venom
mixed with human blood. Livingstone|| speaking of the Bushmen in
Africa says they poison their arrows with the piece of the Euphorbia
* Loe. cit., p. 75.
Tt “ Nature,” April 23rd, 1896, p.595.
it ‘* Academie des Seiences,” Feb. 24th, 1896.
§ Bomb. Nat. Hist. Journ., Vol. XI, p, 521,
|| *‘ Journeys and Researches,” p. 171.
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES. 383
arborescens all over the country, and in some parts the venom of ser-
pents is added to increase its virulence.
Mervyn Smith* says that the tiger slayers in Chota Nagpur poison
their arrows with cobra-poison and set them in traps to be sprung.
When wounded, the tigers go off and soon die, their movements being
watched by the hunters. Sims Wocdhead commenting upon a paper
which appeared recently by Chalmers} on the poison used by the Fra
Fras, a tribe inhabiting, | believe, Uganda, says: ‘‘ There appears to me
to be a probability that the venom is extracted from the heads of snake
before they are boiled with the powdered seeds and that this venom
may be added to the vegetable poison smeared on the arrow after it has
cooled.”
Trade purposes—Snakes are captured by many people in some
numbers for show purposes, and though the destruction so caused
may not amount to much, the captured snakes often speedily emaciate
and die, requiring the substitution of others. Indian jugglers always
have a few in their stock-in-trade, and are always ready to let the
mongoose that accompanies them worry them to death for a few
annas.
In addition, they are sometimes called in to rid some infested place
of snakes, and doubtless do in some cases justify their errand. ‘the
Psylli of Africa appear to perform a similar office. Figuier}
speaks of these people, and from his description they appear to be a
caste of Egyptians, since he says the arts they practise are inherited,
and he expressly states that outsiders who seek to become one of the
fraternity fail to acquire their arts. They are to be seen in Cairo
and Alexandria, and live by exhibiting snakes. They sometimes
appear in processions, and carry capacious bags in which their snakes
are secreted. These they take out and allow to entwine about their
persons, and, in order to excite popular feeling. even cause them to bite
their bodies. They claim to have acquired ascendancy over even
poisonous snakes, for they include the Egyptian cobra (Nata haje) in
their stock-in-trade. They also claim to be able to induce snakes to
leave their natural haunts, and then catch them, so that when a house
becomes infested with these creatures, the Egyptians frequently send
* «Sport and Adventure in the Indian Jungle,” p. 104.
+ Royal Army Medical Corps Journal, August 1905.
} ‘The Life and Habits of Animals,” p. 35.
384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVIT
for these people to rid the premises of these undesirable guests. The
Marsi of Italy are reputed to be immune to snake poison, and, I be-
lieve, practise somewhat similar arts ; but I can find no authentic de-
scription of these people to enlighten me on their habits.
In the arts—Many people question the use of snakes in the animal
world, and they may be surprised to learn that some at least are of use
for trade purposes other than the barter to which they are subjected
for show purposes. Wells* in relating an interesting experience of
his shows that the skin of the anaconda (HKunectes murinus) is used in
_ Espirito Santo for making riding boots, and he speaks of going to a
bootmaker’s shupt on one occasion and finding the skin of a snake
from which pieces had been cut at each end for the manufacture of
boots. The remnant measured 19 feet, and he was told the entire
skin measured 25 feet. Colonel Yulet also mentions this snake under
the names ‘‘ Sucuriu,”’ ‘ Sucuriuba,”’ and scientifically as Boa ana-
conda, and says its skin is used for boots, shoes, and other purposes.
“The Museum of Natural History’? mentions the skin of the same
snake being used for shoes, portmanteaux, ete. (p. 58).
Order.—Carnivora.— amily.— Felidee.—Instances of the Carnivora
feeding upon snakes are by no means uncommon. EHven His Royal
Highness the Indian tiger is evidently not disdainful of such fare when
occasion offers, for Inverarity§ records a remarkable illustration of this
in the following words :—‘ On opening the stomach of an old tigress
I shot last month, I found in it the tail end of a snake that the tigress
had bitten off and swallowed whole ; the portion swallowed measured 2
feet 3 inches in length * * * It appeared to me to be a rock snake.”
A specimen of the fishing cat (Felis viverrina) which Hodgson had
brought to him proved on investigation to have eaten a large snake.
That cats in a domesticated state kill snakes is very well known, and
not long since some interest was aroused on this topic in the columns
of “The Field.’’| Besides the many examples quoted therein, I can
add others. A friend of mine, Mr. Sitwell, told me he once saw a
cobra at Bankipore dying after being mauled by a cat. The cat was
still pawing it when he came on the scene, and he was told by others
* “ Three Thousand Miles through Brazil,” p. 167.
+ Loc. Cit., p. 171.
{ 18th and 25th June, 9th July and 13th August 1904.
§ “ The Great Thirst Land,” p. 147.
|| “ Hobson Jobson,” p. 16.
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES, 385
present had reduced it to this dying condition. Parker Gillmore* refers
to a cat in South Africa which he saw kill a snake which had entered
the drawing-room, having commenced operations by seizing it by the
head.
Family.—Viverride.—Among the Carnivora probably no creatures
commit such wholesale slaughter of snakes as the mungoose (Herpestes),
but whether all of the many species exhibit the same partiality towards
this flesh I am not able to say. I was lately informed on good author-
ity of a company of mungoose which was busily engaged in hunting on
a railway cutting which gave exceptional scope and opportunity for ob-
servation. They instituted a systematic search in the grass, and ap-
parently for snakes. One at any rate was flushed and promptly cap-
tured, and the little gang having collected tore it in pieces, and ate
the fragments, and immediately dispersed to renew their hunting.
The general behaviour of the party as described to me suggested a
family being instructed by their parents. Blanfordt describes these
little animals as ‘‘deadly enemies to snakes”, and almost every
writer on Natural History gives ample evidence of the ravages they
commit in the snake world.
Family.—Canide.—Dogs at any rate in a domesticated state are oc-
casionally known to develop ophidioclastic tendencies, and, this being so,
it is more than likely that their feral allies exhibit similar habits, though
I am not aware of any authentic instance. I have in my note-book a
cutting from a paper | took some time ago, omitting at the time to
note the paper and its date, but it was about ten years since. This
gives a very interesting account of a dog which was in the habit of
killing snakes, and with it was a reproduction from a photograph of
the dog standing over one of his dead victims. It was the property
of a Mr, J. Smith, of Nhill, Victoria, Australia, and the account says it
had killed about 55 snakes in one summer. It eventually succumbed
to bites inflicted by a poisonous species with which it engaged in
mortal combat. Bryden{ mentions a dog taking up a green tree snake
in his mouth and running off with it. Colonel Yule§ records a bull-dog
in the possession of a Staff-Sergeant at Delhi that used to catch cobras,
* Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Journ,, Vol. VII, p. 405.
y Fauna, Brit, India Mammalia, p. 121.
t “ Gun and Camera in South Africa,” p. 80,
§ **Hokson Jobson,” p. 173.
386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Family—Mustelide.—Blanford* includes snakes in the dietary of
the beech martin (Mustela foine), and Miss Hopley+ includes the
weasel and the badger in her list of serpentivores.
Order—Insectivore.—There are even instances of these quiet little
animals preying on snakes, for Buckland tells us that he demonstrated
by direct experiment that his pet hedgehog would eat the grass-snake
of Britain, and Miss Hopleyt also mentions the hedgehog in her list
of animals that devour snakes.
Order—Rodentia.—lIt seems difficult to believe that rats, and even
mice, occasionally attack and kill snakes, but such is undoubtedly the
fact. Miss Hopleyt mentions the rat as one of those that will kill
snakes, and I have on very good authority the following remarkable
testimony of murine ferocity directed against these reptiles. Assistant
Surgeon Robertson narrated to me how he once put a rat into one of
his snake cages as food for a large ratsnake (Zaments mucosus). - The
rat. hgwever, when brought to bay defended itself with great courage
and determination, and fought with its would-be master to such purpose
that “the snake it was that died.”? Its tactics consisted in its fixing
itself on the back of the reptile’s neck, and, having once obtained the
mastery, its ferocity and courage were stimulated to such a degree
that it fought and killed several other snakes caged with it. Con-
sidering it had earned its liberty, it was finally released. The Revd.
G. H. R. Fiskt tells an even more remarkable story. He had two
young ringhals (a poisonous 8, African snake, Sepedon heemachates),
one 10 inches long, the other 9 in a box. A mouse was put in for
them to eat, but when the box was next opened, the rodent was found
to be eating one ringhal, and subsequent observation proved that the
mouse made an onslaught on the other by fastening itself by its claws
on to the snake’s back, and then “ pecking” it with its teeth. It was
dragged round and round the box by the snake in its endeavours to
free itself, but managed to elude the snake’s repeated attempts to strike
it,
Order—Ungulata.— Family— Cervide.— Deer are reputed to kill
snakes by jumping upon them. Tennant§ mentions this on the
authority of the natives of Ceylon.
* Fauna, Brit. India Mammalia, p. 161.
+ @ Snakes,” p. 57.
} Proc. Zool. Soc,, London, 1887, p. 340.
§ Nat. Hist, of Ceylon, p. 295.
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES, 387
Family— Bovidee—Miss Hopley* includes goats among animals
known to destroy snakes, and it is significant that the word “ markhor ”
means ‘‘snake-eater’’ in Persian. Whether this noble beast has been
observed to eat snakes I cannot say, but the Encyclopzdia of India
alludes to this as a fable which is probably the case, the mountain
tribes believing that they can kill snakes by looking at them!
Family—Suide.—There is abundant evidence to prove that pigs are
among the most inveterate foes that snakes have to encounter.
Parker Gillmoret speaking of South Indiana and_ Illinois says that
rattlesnakes used to be very plentiful there. ‘‘ Their destruction was
principally accomplished by the introduction of hogs which greedily
feed upon these reptiles whenever chance throws them in-their way.
I; have several times had opportunities of watching a pig in an
encounter with one of these snakes which they worry as a Glever
terrier would a rat. The hog attacks the rattlesnake with such
energy, and rapidity that the assailed reptile has scarcely tittte. to
guard himself against the attack when he finds himself in the fatal
grasp of his too powerful foe.”’
Hartwig} again says the chief enemy of the rattlesnake is the hog,
and Simson§ remarks that he has seen pigs catch and eat snakes
Apropos ,this porcine habit “ The Cyclopedia of India’’|| has the
following, speaking of the Negro ophiolatry in the kingdom of
Whidah in Africa:—‘‘ The hog especially, which preys particularly
upon several species of these reptiles (snakes), and which is well
known to attack with impunity the most venomous of them, is
pursued in the Kingdom of Whidah as a public enemy ; the Negroes
seeing only in this valuable animal an enemy which devours their
god.” Miss Hopley{{ mentions the peccary among known destroyers
of these reptiles.
Crass—Aves.
The list of birds which are known to practise ophiophagy is a very
large one, and many of these, especially the larger raptorial species,
must inflict a very heavy mortality among the an guine population,
"6 Snakes,” p. 57,
+ “ Prairie Forms and Prairie Folk,” p, 156.
t “ The Tropical World, ” p, 316,
§ Letters on Sport in Eastern Bengal, p. 341,
|| Vol, V, p, 56.
q ‘ Snakes,” p. 57,
388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Order— Passeres,— Family — Corvidee.—Mr. Fitzgerald told merecent-
ly that he had once seen the tree pie (Dendrocitta rufa), or ashe called
it the ‘‘ Bobbalink,” killing a snake which probably from his description
was a Tropidonotus stolatus.
Order—Anisodactyli. Sub-order— Coraciee.—i have three records of
the common roller, or blue jay ( Coraczas indica), killing and eating these
reptiles. Grieves,* commenting on a paper on this bird which was
contributed by D. D., says: “ Cycling along a jungle path one day my
attention was attracted to one of these birds which was making a great
fuss and noise close to the track along which I was to pass, I
dismounted, and was fortunate enough to see a great batile in
progress between a blue jay and a small cobra, ‘The latter was
about 15 inches long, but it was certainly on its defence, and the
blue jay was the attacking party. The cobra was trying to get under
cover, but at every move the blue jay attacked it most ferociously,
apparently with both beak and claws. Then the cobra would rear
its head, expand its hood, and dart at the enemy. ‘The blue jay did
not flinch, but at the same moment flicked out its wing horizontally,
and off the cobra started again, only to be teased, and tormented. I
had been watching this battle for fully five minutes when my dog,
which had been roaming about the jungle, rushed up to the spot, and
scared away the jay. The second incident occurred in my own com-
pound. just a few weeks after the event referred to above. Out in
the compound one morning I saw a jay sitting on a low branch of
one of the trees struggling with something in its beak. On drawing
near I saw that the something was about 8 or 9 inches of snake.
The head had already disappeared, so that 1 cannot say how long the
snake might have been, or of what kind.”
On the 12th April last year (1905) Mr. Hose, the Deputy Com-
missioner in Fyzabad, told me he had that morning seen a roller in his
compound in the act of swallowing a small snake, and mentioned it as a
remarkable incident.
Sub-order—Halcyones.—A writer to The Field (June 25th, 1904)
besides mentioning two cats of his in Queensland that were in the habit
of killing snakes says: ‘‘ But what surprised me still more was to see
the laughing jackass or great kingfisher of Australia carry a snake
* « The Madras Mail,” 17th September 1904,
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES, 389
toa great elevation, and then drop it on to the hard ground, rendering
it helpless.”
Order—Striges.—Blanford* tells us that the rock horned owl (Bubo
bengalensis) lives on rats, mice, birds, lizards, and snakes, and what is
true of this owl is in all probability true of many others.
Order—Accipitres.—Sub-family—Gypogeranidee.—Many species of
this order include snakes in their dietary. The Secretary bird (Serpen-
tarius reptilivorous) is, { believe, included in the order, and has a world-
renowned reputation for destroying these creatures. It is said to dis-
able them by blows from its wings and feet, and is also reported to
earry them aloft, and kill them by dropping them. Le Vaillant, who
once killed one, found, on investigating its crop, that it had eaten
“eleven rather large lizards, three serpents of an arm’s length, and
eleven small tortoises, besides a number of locusts, beetles, and other
insects.””
Sub-family—Falconinze.—Among Indian birds of this sub-family that
are known to evince serpentivorous tastes are, according to Blanford,+
the Indian tawny eagle (Aquila vindhiana), the short-toed eagle
(Cercaetus gallicus), the crested serpent eagle (Spilornzs cheela),
Pallas’s fishing eagle (Haliaétus leucoryphus), the white-bellied sea
eagle (Haliaétus leucogaster), the rufous winged buzzard eagle (Bu-
tastur liventer), the pied harrier (Circus melanoleucus), Fielden’s hawk
(Poliohierax insignis). Mr. Mackinnon recently told me that on one
occasion he saw a Circaétus gallicus descend into some long grass where
it remained some time. Out of curiosity he walked it up, and shot
it as it rose, On opening its crop he found 7 snakes, one still alive.
They were all of the same species (one of the genus psammophis).
Aitken} says of the sea eagle (Aaliaétus leucagaster) that it lives
chiefly on sea serpents, and Cantor§ remarks that in two of this
species shot in the Gangetic Delta he found remains of sea serpents.
Kites are known to eat snakes at times. I have myself seen the
common pariah kite (Mélvus govinda) stoop into a marsh, and rise
with a snake wriggling in its talons, and it is probably this species that
* Fauna, Brit.Ind,: Aves, Vol. III, p, 286.
{ Fauna, Brit. Ind.; Aves, Vol. ITI.
t “ The Common Birds of Bombay,” p. 26.
§ Trans, Zool. Soc., London, 1840, p, 308,
390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Ferguson alludes to going off with a snake.* Swaysland} also attri-
butes anguine tastes to the kite. The Brahminy kite (Halcastur indus),
according to an article in the Cyclopedia of India,t is credited with a
similar habit, for it says: ‘‘ In the South of India, the accepted type of
Garuda is the common Brahminy kite ** * This bird pounces upon,
and carries off the cobra in its claws, and kills it.” Aitken§ has a
picture of a harrier descending upon a snake, It is no uncommon event
for sportsmen in this country to witness eagles, kites, and other pre-
daceous birds descend into the jheel, or marsh, and bear away a snake
wriggling in their grasp.
Order—Ratitee.—Hartwig|| ascribes serpentivorous habils to the
‘‘ American ostriches”’ or rheas.
Order—Gallinee.—The galline birds, like the accipitrine, contribute
very largely to the decimation of these limbless vertebrates. The
peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is well known to show a partiality to this
fare, and in Ceylon I have known people keep tame peafowls with
the idea of keeping their premises free from snakes. Bennett, who
lived in the south-eastern part of that Island, ascribed the paucity
of snakes in the jungle to the abundance of the peafowl whose
partiality to snakes, he says, renders them the chief destroyers of these
reptiles. Hume and Marshall record the cook on one occasion
removing a small snake about 8 inches long from the stomach of one of
these birds.
Tennent** says that snakes are frequently eaten by the common barn
door fowl in Ceylon, and opines, that the jungle species behave simi-
larly. Driebergt+ mentions having observed a pullet on one occasion
in Ceylon (Gokarella) pursuing a snake 12 to 15 inches long, which it
killed and swallowed, and though a novel experience to him he ascer-
tained from the resthouse-keeper and others that it is a common event,
und that the village poultry, asa rule, attack and make a meal of
them. Mr. P. Mackinnon told me recently that on one occasion in
a Bom, Nat. Hist. Soc, Jour,, Vol. X, p, 1.
+ “ Familiar Wild Birds,” p, 111,
t Vol, V, p. 229.
§ & The Common Birds of Bombay,” p. 15.
|| ** The Tropical World,” p. 321.
4 ** Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon,” p. 87,
‘a Nat. Hist, of Ceylon, p. 295.
+t Spolia Zeylanica, Vol, III, p. 202,
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES. 391
the Dun when sitting in a verandah he saw a small cobra close beside
him, which he rose to despatch when he saw a white fowl running to-
wards it. The fowl attacked vigourously, caught it by the back, and
repeatedly pecked it; subsequently, it swallowed it with no ill-effects.
What is true of the domesticated breed is probably and equally true
of the jungle species; indeed, Gunther* remarks that the jungle fowl
preys on young cobras.
Order—Gralle.— Family—Otidide. The great Indian Bustard
(Eupodotis edwardsi) is a serpentivore according to the authority of
Hume and Marshall}, who also give similar evidence against the
Bengal florican} (Sypheotis bengalensis).
Order—Limicole.—Webber§ is responsible for the following
incident which shows that the red-wattled plover (Lobevanellus indicus)
will put up a good fight against a snake, though in this instance the
reptile was not killed. He says: ‘‘ One day when riding an elephant
I discovered how useful the spur was. I saw one of these birds
engaged in mortal combat with a snake which was trying to rob her
nest * * The bird got the best of the battle, inflicting some
sharp blows on the serpent, which retired discomfitted.”’
Order—Herodiones. Wamily—Ibidide. [ can find no _ recent
evidence to show that the Ibis is an ophiophage, but Juvenal,|| speaking
of an Egyptian species, makes no doubt of it in his lines—
“Who has not heard where Egypt’s realms are nam’d
“ What monster gods her frantic sons have fram’d ?
“ Here Ibis gorg’d with well-grown serpents, there
“The crocodile commands religious fear,”’ etc,
Family—Ciconidee.—Hartwig] credits the Adjutant (Leptoptilus
dubius) with anguine tastes, and Ferguson** remarks that, in the
public gardens at Trivandrum, water snakes used frequently to come
into the cages of the waterfowl to devour the fish with which they
were provided for food and that they were often killed by the herons,
but the hair-crested stork (Leptoptelus javanicus) took a special
* Reptiles of Brit, India, p, 354.
f Loc. cit., p, 9.
t Loc. cit., p. 25.
§ “ The Forests of Upper India,” p, 211.
|| Satire, XV,
4 ‘The Tropical World,” p. 322.
** Bombay Nat. Hist. Jour,, Vol, X., p. 5.
392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
delight in watching for and killing them. The white-necked stork
‘ Dissura eptscopus) has similar tastes, for two English boys recently
told me that they once saw their cook, when cleaning a ‘“ beefsteak”
bird for the table, remove a snake from its crop.
Family—Ardeide.—Aitken* reports having seen the little egret
(Herodias garzetta) trying to swallow a snake, and Ferguson, just
quoted, makes reference to herons exhibiting similar tastes.
Crass—Reptilia.
We come now to another large class which numbers in its ranks
several whose partiality to a serpentine diet is well known.
Order —Squamata.— Sub-order—Lacertilia—Though lizards, like
frogs, constitute the snake’s especial perquisite in the zoological
market, the tables are sometimes turned, and the larger lizards
will assert their supremacy and practise ophiophagy, and, as will
be seen later, instances have been known where the frog, handi-
capped though it is in weapons of offence, has been known to
pay back some of the scores against its own kind by developing
serpentivorous habits. Ihave collected the following instances of lizards
dominating snakes. Mr. Gleadowt tells me he once saw a varan or
monitor lizard running off with a live snake, 3 or 4 feet long, in
its mouth, which it released on seeing him. He shot the snake, which
proved to be a cobra. Dalrymple{ records a big iguana in §,
Australia doing battle royal with a whipsnake. The Revd. J. H. R.
Fisk§ mentions a lizard in South Africa attacking and killing a
snake, and in the “ Museum of Natural History”? the following
appears:—‘‘ The Ammodyte, according to the testimony of M. Host,
appears to be a nocturnal species of serpent, and commits great havoe
amongst field mice, small birds, and many lizards. It falls a prey
itself, however, to one of that tribe of animals. The Scheltopusik
( Pseudopus pallasii) is one of its most redoubtable and bloody enemies.
Shielded by its cuirass of tilelike, hard scales, it is proof against
the fangs of the viper, attacks it with impunity, and devours it at leisure.”
Sub-order—Ophidiee.—Snakes, and especially certain species, are well
known to prey upon one another, and make no hesitation in commit-
* The Common Birds of Bombay, p, 181.
+ “In Epistola.”
{ “ The Field,” June 25th, 1904.
§ “ Proc. Zool, Soc,, London, 1883, p. 32.
|| Vol, II,, p. 48
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES, 393
ting cannibalism. The Hamadryad (Nata bungarus) has a particularly
evil reputation, feeding as it does, almost exclusively, upon snakes ; and
if its voracity in its native haunts approaches that during captivity, the
death-roll from this single species must be very considerable, for Miss
Hopley* informs us that one specimen in the London Zoo disposed
ofas many as 82 snakes in une winter, and a writer to ‘‘The Field”
(April 16th, 1904) says that a specimen, 84 feet long (by no means a
large one), in the Trivandrum gardens consumed as many as 44 rat-
snakes in one year. It is certainly notable that in the majority of
instances on record where this snake has been killed, it has been found
to have lately fed, and hazarding a guess I think I am well within the
mark when I say of all other snakes which are brought to me not more
> The kraits do not
than one in ten contains anything “ in gastro. ’
exhibit so voracious an appetite, but those that are killed that have
dined give abundant proof of their partiality to the flesh of their own
brethren, Many other snakes in a state of captivity prey upon one
another, but I do not think that this argues that they would do so in
their natural state ; and I am inclined to believe that with the majority
it is only when hunger presses sorely, that they devour one another.
I have collected all the instances I can find where ophiophagy has been
perpetrated in a state of nature among our Indian representatives,
which I append in tabular form,
Victor. Victim. Authority. Reference,
Naia bungarus ...|Bungarus fascia-|Primrose ...|Bomb. Nat. Hist, Jourl., Vol.
tus, XIT, p. 589,
Do. ...|Vaia bungarus ...|Evans »-. |[Bomb. Nat. Hist. Jourl,, Vol.
XIV, p. 416.
Do, ...|Naia tripudians |Evans ...,Bomb, Nat. Hist, Jourl., Vol,
XIV, p. 416,
Do, == Do. ...|Craddock ...|/Bomb, Nat, Hist. Jourl,, Vol
XIV, p. 148,
Do. ...|Python molurus 2 .,) Aitken .-.|(Bomb, Nat, Hist. Jourl., Vol.
XIV, p. 629,
Do. Sin Do. ...|MervynSmith|Sport and Adventure in the
Indian Jungle, p. 19.
Do. ...|Vot snecified ...|Branson _ ...|“ The Pioneer,” 4th Sep, 96.
Naia tripudians...|Dipsadomo rp hus|Wall ...[Bomb, Nat, Hist. Jourl., Vol.
trigonata, KY, p. 524.
Do, .-|Macropisthodon\Flower _ ...|Proc, Zool, Soc, Lond., 1896,
rhodomelas, p. 894.
Do. ...|Zamenis mucosus 2\Kinloch _ ...| In Epistola,.”
*¢ Snakes,” p, 566.
394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Victor. | Victim. Authority. Reference.
.../Bomb, Nat, Hist. Jourl., Vol.
Bungarus fasciatus|Tropidonotus pis-\|Hvans
XIV, p. 599.
cautor,
Do, ...|Not specified ...(Simson —...|Letters on Sport in Eastorn
Bengal, p. 246,
Do. Do. ...[Primrose ...|/Bomb. Nat, Hist, Jourl., Vol.
XIT, p. 589.
.-.(Cat, Snakes, Ind, Mus., p. 73.
...(Bombay Nat. Hist. Jourl.,
Vol. XV, p. 706.
Do, ...|Tropidonotus _...|Theobold
Bungarus candidus|Lycodon aulicus ...|Wall
Do. ...|Zamenis mucosus..\Phipson ...|Bombay Nat, Hist. Jourl.,
Vol. IX, p. 499.
Do, ..|Dipsadomor p h uw s\Traill ...(Bombay Nat. Hist. Jourl.,
gokool, Vol. IX, p. 499.
Do. ...|Zamenis mucosus,|Ferguson ...|Bombay Nat. Hist. Jourl,,
Vol Stout
Buungarus sindanus|Echis carinata ...|Boulenger ...|Bombay Nat. Hist, Jourl.,
Vol. XI, p. 74.
Do, ceylonicus|Vropeltides sp. ...|Gimther .../Rept. Brit. Ind,, 1863, p, 344.
Zamenis mucosus...|Zamenis . mucosus |Robertson ...|‘‘ In Conversatione.”
Do, ..(|ChrysopelealFlower .../Proc. Zool. Soc., London,
ornata. 1899, p. 684,
Do. ...\Psammophis con-\Lightfoot ...;/Bomb, Nat. Hist, Jourl., Vol.
danarus. XV, p. 347.
Do, -eo\Lthinophis sp. -..|Green ..-| In Epistola,”
Xenopeltis unicolor Zamenis mucosus.,.|Theobold ..jJourl. Asiat. Soc., Bengal,
1868, p. 37,
Do, ...|Lropidenotus sto-|Hvans & Wall|Bomb, Nat. Hist. Jourl,, Vol
latus, XIII, p. 352.
Genus Callophis... Calamaride ..|Gtinther .../Rept. Brit. Ind. 1863, p. 347.
Python molurus ...|Naia bungarus ..|Donaghy ...|‘ In Conversatione,” .
Ancistrodon hyp-Aspidura trachy-|Wall Spolie Zeylonica, Vol, IIT,
nale. procta. p. 147.
Driophis mycteri- Tropidonotus sto-|Primrose_ ...|Bomb, Nat. Hist, Jourl., Vol.
Zans, latus. XV, p. 347.
Dendrophis den-Chrysopelea\Flower ..|Proc. Zool. Soc., London,
drophilus. ornata. 1899, p, 680,
Psammophis con- Echis carinata ...\Jerdon .../Jourl, Asiat. Soc., Bengal,
danarus, Vol. XXII, p. 529.
Class Batrachia.
Order—Heaudata.
so defenceless as the frogs, to attack and actually overcome animals as
It is certainly a remarkable thing for creatures
well equipped for offence as snakes, but that this occasionally happens
must be admitted on so excellent an authority as Mr. HE. H. Aitken.
He mentions an instance* he witnessed of a bull-frog (Aana tzgrina)
in this country attempting to swallow a snake about 2 feet long, but
the struggles of the ophidian proved so violent that the batrachian
fell into an adjoining tank, and the end of the encounter was lost to
* Bob, Nat, Hist, Jour., Vol, IX., p, 500.
THE SNAKE AND ITS NATURAL FOES, 395
view, and to history. This episode does not stand alone, for Symonds*
speaks ofa bull-frog he once found with a dead snake, Psammophlis
crucifer, (South African) 184 inches long in its mouth and remarks
that the natural food of this snake is frogs !
Phyla Arthropoda.
Order—Arachnida.—Coming still further down the animal scale
we arrive at the arthropods, and I have two instances of centipedes
attacking snakes, both already recorded in this Journal.t In Mr.
Okeden’s case an excellent photograph shows the centipede (Scolo-
pendra) in the act of gnawing at the caudal extremity of the snake,
which appears to be twice the length of its devourer. In Mr. Cum-
ming’s case the centipede boxed with a Zamenis ventrimaculatus,
attacked it under provocation from its owner, and bit so malignantly
that the reptile shortly died.
Class Pisces.
Order --Selachoidei.imCantort remarks that from M. Peron’s observ-
ations, sharks appear to be the natural enemies of the marine serpents.
Division Insecta.
Order—Hymenoptera.— One reads in Natural History books of the
famous driver ants of South America which maneuvre through jungles
in military fashion, and attack and destroy all animal life that
they encounter, even to creatures of the magnitude of the largest
boas. Its humble eastern allies though not employing such metho-
dical tactics, nor acting on so extensive a scale, do occasionally attack
and overpower living animals including snakes. A very pretiy little
green keelback (Macrapisthodon plumbicolor) I had in captivity was
attacked, and reduced to a skeleton one night by ants. Ferguson$
records a similar experience, for which ants (Solenopsis geminata)
were responsible, their victim, a Aelicops schistosus, being literally
skeletonised.
When I began these remarks I had no idea the list of natural foes
to the snake would present so formidable an array, and provide mate-
rial for so voluminous a paper, but I feel sure that this list, long as it
is, could be very considerably supplemented by many of our readers.
* Proc, Zool, Soc,, London, 1887, p. 487,
+ Vol. XV., pp, 185 and 365,
{ Trans, Zool. Soc,, London, 1840, p. 308,
§ Bomb, Nat. Hist, Jour,, Vol. X, p. 6.
18
396
SOME HINTS FOR BEGINNERS ON COLLECTING AND
PRESERVING NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS.
By EH. Comper, F.Z.8.
(Continued from page 650 of Vol. XIII.)
leony OV
Note.—In recommencing this series of papers after 50 long an interval
as five years, I feel that a word of apology is perhaps appropriate. In
the first place circumstances intervened which prevented me from being
able to spare the requisite time for the preparation of the subsequent
parts, and in the second place I felt that so little response had been
forthcoming in the way of specimens contributed to our collections, except
of course of bird skins, of which we have a number of careful and
enthusiastic collectors, that it seemed hardly worth while continuing
the series on the last section of the vertebrates (Fishes) and on the
several groups of invertebrate animals, which apparently, with the single
exception of the Insects, fail to arouse any degree of enthusiasm amongst
the present younger generation of our members. However it has becn
urged on me that the papers were perhaps more generally appreciated
than I imagined, and that a few practical notes on the way to set about
collecting and preserving tke lower animals might at any rate induce a
few beginners to try their hands at ihe job. If the results justify this
hope, I shall be more than satisfied.
It is amongst the lower forms of animal life that the way is open to
any one, who will take a little trouble, to doa vast amount of really orig-
inal and useful work, not only in the way of bringing previously un-
known, or unrecognised, forms to the notice of naturalists, but of study-
ing and noting the habits and life histories of species already de-
scribed from their fully developed forms. Itis in this latter connection
that the true spirit of the field naturalist comes out, as distinguished from
the mere collector or museum expert, and I wish again to strongly im-
press upon the beginner the invaluable assistance of the note book, which
is too often ignored. The apparent insignificance of notes at the time
should never be allowed to deter a collector from entering them in
black and white in his note book, and even the roughest of sketches will
often help to recall details that would otherwise be forgotten in a short
time if merely entrusted to memory. In years to come it will be found
quite surprising how interesting these rough notes become, and how
SOME HINTS ON COLLECTING SPECIMENS. 397
much information can be picked out fromthem. Do not be put off by
the feeling that this or that must be known already: even if it is, there
can be no possible harm done to anyone if you have recorded and con-
firmed it yourself, and if it is not known, the note may be of the great-
est value to yourself and others.
FIsHEs.
The great class of Fishes, and the ‘closely allied Lancelots and
Ascidians, form the lowest group of vertebrate animals. So far as
the actual varieties of the fourteen hundred odd species that have been
described from British Indian waters are concerned, there are proba-
bly not a very great many more to be discovered, except amongst
those that inhabit the depths of the oceans around our coasts and
opportunities for obtaining such forms rarely come to the ordinary
collector. The fishes of our inland waters and of the shallower waters
of the coast have long ago been carefully collected and described by
great naturalists, first and foremost amongst whom stands the name
of Dr, Francis Day, whose great work, “‘ Fishes of India’’, will long
remain the recognised standard on the subject. Unfortunately the
cost of this book precludes its being available to many who commence
work upon fishes, but Dr. Day was subsequently responsible for the
two excellent volumes of the ‘ Fauna of British India’ series,
The opportunities for the field naturalist lie chiefly in the direction
of studying the life history, the breeding seasons and places, and the
migrations of our fishes—subjects that are of the utmost importance to
the economic fisheries of India. Compared with the progress of Euro-
pean and other countries in the way of investigation and protective
legislation of its fisheries, India is sadly behind the times, and this too in
spite of the fact that the industry is truly an enormous one, providing
employment for a large section of its peoples, and forming the main
source of food supply to a still larger number. That Government may
be moved some day to taking definite action in the matter ofthe fisheries
of the country is to be hoped for, and in this connection we hope
shortly to publish a most interesting contribution from one of our
members that will go far to show what valuable information can be
collected in a comparatively short time with only limited opportunities.
The back numbers of our journal are singularly lacking in informa-
tion on the subject of our fishes. What is possible in the «way of
collecting field notes about the commoner fishes is instanced by those
398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
portions of Mr. W. F. Sinclair’s series of papers on “The Waters of
Western India”, that appeared in the earliest volumes of our journal,
in which he includes some interesting notes on the fresh water, estuarine
and marine fishes of the Konkan. He truly made himself familiar with
all the animals that came before his ever watchful eyes and recorded
his experiences in a manner always readable and understandable by all.
Quite half the men one meets in India have been, or consider
themselves, anglers, and will tell you that they “used to fish at
home”; but few of them ever think about it out here unless
they have the opportunity some time of going to some recog-
nised mahseer river for a few weeks’ leave, for they apparently
fail to realise that in almost every corner of the country there is
fishing—and generally good fishing—of some sort. It is perhaps
because we have it almost at our doors and it is all entirely free without
any heavy rent for our friends, who ask us for a few days’ fishing, to pay ;
perhaps it is because out here one has to find out for oneself to a large
extent where and how the fish are to be caught; or perhaps it is
because so many are inclined to turn up their noses at anything else
but fly fishing. In any case there is no getting over the fact that fish-
ing, except for Mahseer, is not a fashionable amusement in India, and
that very little is made of the splendid opportunities for angling.
The angler is of course somewhat inclined to confine his attentions to
the few fish that give him the best sport, but he can still do a good deal
in the way of recording the habits and breeding seasons of the fish he
comes across.
So far as the actual collecting of specimens is concerned, one has
mainly to fall back upon the opportunities that are afforded by the
arrival of the native fishermen with their catches for the market,
more especially in the case of marine fishes. In the selection of
specimens for preservation it is necessary to confine oneself to very
moderate sized ones—say not more than 6 or 7 inches long, except in
the case of very slender fishes that can be doubled up in the preserving
medium—as otherwise the question of cost of preservative will prove a
serious difficulty. These small specimens should of course be supple-
mented, whenever possible, with notes of the measurements and weights
of the largest specimens observed. As almost all fishes are sure to
lose a darge part of their original colours after immersion for even a
short time in any preservatiye fluid, especially in the case of the more
SOME HINTS ON COLLECTING SPECIMENS. 399
brilliantly and delicately coloured ones, it is also very desirable to bring
out the note-book and record the colouration of the freshly killed
specimens. This can of course with advantage be supplemented with a
coloured sketch, rough or detailed, as the case may be, of the fish as
soon as possible after its capture. If the vernacular name can be
added, itis always useful as a means of simple identification of the
species to which the notes, &c., refer.
Before turning to the question of preserving specimens, 1 must
again refer to that of labelling, which is of the very first importance.
By all means give every specimen a reference number of its own on
the very first opportunity after it has come into your possession, and
enter all the particulars you can against the corresponding number in
your record book. The labelling of specimens that are destined to go
into the spirit jar is of special importance, as labels are liable to be
torn and lost when a number of specimens are immersed together and
subjected to the exigencies of travel. Really strong paper labels,
inscribed in hard pencil with full particulars, will do with
care ; but it is strongly recommended, as an additional precaution,
to use a small—say quarter inch square—label made of parchment,
inscribed in ink, which will not run if allowed to dry thoroughly,
bearing a number corresponding to the entry in the collector’s record
book, in whieh of course full particulars are entered.
Turning to the question of preserving, we have much the same
simplicity before us as in the case of the smaller reptiles and batra-
chians, so far, at least, as the moderate sized specimens are concerned.
The recognised medium is of course alcohol—as pure as it is obtain-
able—without the adulterations in the way of caoutchoucin or wood
naptha that are insisted upon by the Indian Customs authorities in
order to render the spirit undrinkable, even if redistilled. The methy-
lated spirit of the bazaar will, however, suffice temporarily for all
practical purposes if nothing better is procurable. Pure (95 per cent.)
alcohol can be ‘ let down,’ by the addition of water, to 70 or 75 per cent.
In order to reduce spirit of any known strength to the required strength
the following simple formula may be useful. Suppose your spirit
is of 95 per cent. strength, and you wish to reduce it to 70 per cent.,
you must take 70 cubic centimetres, or other units, of your spirit
and add enough water to make 95 cubic centimetres. With soft
specimens it is often advisable to put them first into weak spirit for a
400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
few days and then transfer them to stronger spirit, as this will toa large
extent prevent them shrivelling up, which they are apt to do in the
full strength spirit. After specimens have been in spirit for some
weeks they will be found to have become quite toughened, and in this
state they will stand transmission in a nearly dry condition for some
considerable time if wrapped up individually in cotton-wool that has
been soaked in spirit and squeezed nearly dry.
Itmust be borne in mind that any spirit used for fresh specimens will
gradually become weaker on account of the fluid and fatty matters
that are extracted from the specimens, and after a time it will sink
below a point where it is useful as a preservative, Unless it be re-
distilled, there is nothing to be done but throw it away.
Before placing fishes in spirit they should be washed with water so
as to remove the coating of slime, and a deep incision must be made
along the abdomen, if the whole of the viscera are not removed, so
that the preservative may quickly and effectively reach all parts of the
structure. Fishes with fragile scales, that are easily rubbed off—such
as the Herring family—should be put in separate bags, or wrapped in
a piece of muslin.
As mentioned in the previous part of this paper regarding reptiles,
&e., there are many considerable advantages in the use of formalin
instead of spirit as a preservative medium, and as more information
regarding its use is now available, I shall enlarge somewhat on what I
then wrote about it. Commercial formalin is really a 40 per cent.
‘solution of formic aldehyde, and now costs as little as 15s. per gallon in
London. In Bombay it is obtainable at Rs. 1-8 per 16-oz. bottle,
say Rs. 15 per gallon, but as it is used for preservative purposes in a
much diluted state, it is far and away cheaper than any alcohol, and is
in addition much more portable, as the required solution can be made up
on the spot with either fresh or salt water.
Formalin is now-a-days almost universally used by anglers for
preserving minnows and other small fishes that are intended for dead
spinning baits, and the recognised system for so doing is given in the
“ Fishing Gazette” as follows. —‘‘ Thoroughly clean the minnows from
“ all glutt by placing them in a colander and allowing the water to run
“freely over them from the tap, mixing them with very clean hands.
“ Have ready a clean, wide-mouthed bottle; place, say, 3 dozens init ;
‘¢ then add as much water soas to merely cover them, addinga teaspoon-
SOME HINTS ON COLLECTING SPECIMENS. 401
“ful of formalin. After lying in this for two or three days only,
“ take them out and wipe them with a dry cloth ; again clean bottle and
‘‘ place minnows with same quantity of water and one-half teaspoonful
“ of formalin, sealing up bottle airtight with wax.” A German corre-
spondent of the same paper recently explained that he kept his minnows
in the pure formalin for a week and then changed them to a 4 per cent.
solution for another week, after which he put them into an empty bottle
tightly corked with only a few drops of formalin. He found that they
kept in this dry form quite well for two years. From what I can learn
it seems doubtful whether the change to a fresh solution atter the first
few days is at all necessary.
On the use of formalin as a re-agent I cannot do better, I think,
than quote from one of the bulletins issued by the Smithsonian Institute
(United States National Museum) on the methods employed at the
Naples Zoological Station for the preservation of marine animals, trans-
lated from the original Italian, as the opportunities for practically
testing it have probably been greater there than anywhere else.
*¢ Formalin is a very useful liquid for keeping animals temporarily,
“ but not for preserving them permanently. Some pelagic animals—
“ for example. certain Meduse, Pterotrachaide, and Salpidee—may
‘“‘ remain in it for even two or three years without serious detriment,
“but if they are not transferred to alcohol by that time they begin
“‘ to disintegrate or decompose. Formalin therefore may be used on
‘“‘a voyage ora long journey when alcohol is scarce or not to be
“had. As a provisional fluid it is useful for many animals which are
“ not contractile, and especially for those which contain no lime spi-
“ cules, skeleton or shells. . . . In the case of large animals, such
“as fish, one must make an injection through the anus of a solution
“ of at Jeast 5 per cent. strength. For animals of some consistency,
“ like fish and ascidians, one should use a 2 to 6 per cent. formalin
‘« solution, the general rule being that the softer the animal the weaker
“the formalin. . . . It is not necessary to wash objects which
“have been in formalin before transferring them to alcohol,
“ Colours certainly are preserved for a Jonger time in formalin than
“in alcohol, but in time those which are fugitive in one disappear in
“the other also, The preservative medium has not yet been discovered
«“ which will permanently preserve the colours which are due to a _pig-
*“‘ ment in the skin or substance of an animal.”
Specimens of the larger fishes—such as sharks, rays, &c., that are
tvo big to be preserved in spirits must of course be skinned and as my
402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
personal experience of such work is extremely limited, I prefer to quote
the instructions that are issued by the British Museum authorities on
the subject. ‘ Scaly fishes are skinned thus:—With a strong pair of
‘“ scissors an incision is made along the median line of the abdomen
“‘ from the foremost part of the throat, passing on one side of the base
“ of the ventral and anal fins, to the root of the caudal fin, the cut
“ being continued upwards to the back of the tail close to the base of
“ the caudal. ‘The skin of one side of the fish is then severed with a
“¢ scalpel from the underlying muscles to the median line of the back ;
“ the bones which support the dorsal and caudal fins are cut through
“ so that these parts remain attached to the skin. The removal of the
“ skin of the opposite side is easy enough. More difficult is the prepara-
“¢ tion of the head and scapulary region ; the two halves of the scapul-
‘‘ary arch, which have been severed from each other by the first
‘¢ incision, are pressed towards the right and left, and the spine is
“ savered behind the head, so that now only the head and shoulder
“ bones remain attached to the skin. These parts have to be cleaned
“¢ from inside, all soft part, the branchial and hyoid apparatus, and all
‘‘ smaller bones being cut away with the scissors or scraped off with
‘¢ the knife. In many fishes which are provided with a characteristic
“ dental apparatus in the pharynx (Labroids, Cyprinoids), the pharyn-
« gial bones ought to be preserved and tied with a thread to the speci-
‘men. The skin being now prepared so far, its entire inner surface, as
“¢ well as the inside of the head, is rubbed with arsenical soap; cotton-
“wool or some other soft material is inserted into any cavities or
*¢ hollows ; and finally; a thin layer of the same material is placed be-
‘tween the two flaps of the skin. The specimen is then dried under a
“t slight weight to keep it from shrinking.”
Large scaleless fishes are skinned in the same manner, but as there
are no scales to be protected from being rubbed off, the skin can be
rolled up and packed-in spirit or formalin solution to save the trouble
of cleaning the head.
It is possible in dry climates to preserve even moderate sized
specimens entire by simply drying them, but as they only admit of
superficial and incomplete examination they are of little scientific value
and the method is not to ba recommended.
[ trust the foregoing notes may prove of assistance to some of our
younger or less experienced members and encourage them to make
collections as they get the opportunity.
(To be continued.)
403
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
BY
EK. Meyrick, B.A., F.RB.S., F.Z.8.
II.
(Continued fram page 153 of this Volume.)
XYLORYCTIDA.
Ptochoryctis ancistrias, n, sp.
OQ. 13-23 mm. Head whitish, sides brownish. Palpi pale ochreous,
terminal joint with anterior edge suffused with dark fuscous, Antennsw rather
dark fuscous, pectinations blackish. Thorax white, sometimes brownish-tinged,
Abdomen whitish, in @ with more or less developed ferruginous bands.
Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen
obliquely rounded ; 4 absent, 7 to costa; shining white, towards dorsum and
termen faintly ochreous-tinged ; a dark fuscous line posteriorly more or less
suffused with brownish, running from ? of costa to dorsum before tornus,
strongly rounded-angulated in middle so as to approach termen, more or less
obsolete or interrupted on angle, subsinuate inwards on lower half and be-
coming stronger and darker towards dorsum; sometimes a faint brownish
longitudinal mark in dise preceding this line; a more or less marked dark
fuscous marginal line round apex: cilia white, round apex with a dark fuscous
median line interrupted beneath apex, and tips fuscous-tinged. Hindwings
ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous-grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish,
Seven specimens, Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon, from January to May
(Pole, de Mowbray, Alston) ; the single Puttalam specimen is much the smallest.
This species differs from the othersin the neural characters specified, but
is otherwise nearly related, and does not at present seem to require generic
separation,
Ptochoryctis scionota, 0. sp.
@. 16-17 mm, Head and palpi white. Antenne white, ringed and
towards apex suffused with grey, pectinations blackish, Thorax white, posteri-
orly tinged with ochreous, Abdomen ochreous-whitish, Forewings elongate,
moderate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, oblique;
shining white, towards dorsum faintly suffused with pale ochreous: cilia
white, beneath tornus pale whitish-ochreous, Hindwings whitish, sometimes
faintly greyish-tinged; termen tinged with pale greyish-ochreous; cilia
ochreous-whitish, more ochreous-tinged towards tornus,
Three specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in April and August (Pole),
Ptochoryctis acrosticta, n. sp.
S$. il-15 mm, Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs white ; abdomen
in @ with several more or less indicated ferruginous rings ; tarsi indistinctly
spotted with grey, Antenne dark grey, towards base white, pectinations
blackish, Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex round-
19
404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
pointed, termen nearly straight, oblique; shining white; an almost apical
dark grey dot: cilia white, Hindwings whitish ; cilia white.
Seven specimens, Puttalam and Hambantota, Ceylon, in January, February,
and October (Pole).
Antithyra, 0.g.
Head smooth, side tufts somewhat spreading ; tongue developed, Antenne
4,in @ (?), basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately
long, recurved, second joint somewhat rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint
as long as second, acute, Posterior tibize rough-haired above. Forewings with
2,3, 4 tolerably parallel, 2 from near angle, 5 absent, 7 to costa, 8 absent,
11 from middle. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, termen not sinuate, cilia 1 ; 2
remote, 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 long-stalked.
Antithyra vineaia, 0. sp.
Q. 11-12mm. Head and thorax pale yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with dark
fuscous, Palpi pale yellowish, more or less sprinkled irregularly with dark
fuscous. Antenne pale yellowish, dotted with dark fuscous, Abdomen
elongate, dark grey, apex pale yeliowish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; light ochreous-
yellow, irregularly chequered throughout with undefined grey spots irrorated
with black : cilia whitish-ochreous, towards base yellower, on basal half with a
series of similar spots. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey.
Five specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February and March (Green). Larva
feeds on minute lichens and alge on stems of various trees ; at first in an hour-
glass-shaped case, but later constructs a supplementary tube extending in
a straight line in both directions, with lateral triangular pointed projections
disposed alternately at equal distances, all concealing valves through which
the larva can protrude its head for feeding or observation ; if disturbed at
one point, it re-appears at another: the entire case is temporarily anchored at
either end to the bark; when food is exhausted at one spot, the strands are
severed and the case shifted to another situation: pupation in the centre,
beneath the median pad (Green). Mr, Green has forwarded specimens of
these tubes, which are most remarkable examples of ingenuity and neat con-
struction ; the longest is 38 mm. in length, and has ten completed projections on
each side.
Epichostis, n.g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts somewhat raised; tongue developed.
Antenne 4, ing simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi
long, recurved, second joint thickened with appressed scales, slightly rough
towards apex beneath, terminal joint as long as second, moderate, acute,
Posterior tibie shortly rough-scaled above. Forewings with 2 from ;,3 from
before angle, 4 and 5 approximated, 7 to apex, 8 absent, 11 from beyond middle,
Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, cia $; cell
shorter than half wing, 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 approximated
towards base, .
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 405
Epichostis elephantias, 0,sp.
@. 15916mm. Head whitish-ochreous, middle of crown tinged with fuscous,
Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with lower 3 and a subapical ring fuscous,
terminal joint with base and anterior edge towards middle dark fuscous,
Antenna whitish-ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous
dorsally fuscous-tinged. Abdomen dark grey, apex whitish-ochreous, Fore-
wings elongate, narrowed towards base, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
termen slightly rounded, not oblique ; pale silvery-fuscous ; a moderately
broad whitish-ochreous costal streak from base to near apex, pointed posteriorly,
suffused with ochreous-yellow towards costa; two dark fuscous irregular
rounded-oblong dorsal blotches edged with whitish-ochreous, reaching costal
streak (outline of these blotches somewhat suggestive of that of an : lephant);
first extending on dorsum from near base to 2, second from middle to near
tornus ; a dark fuscous terminal line interrupted by whitish-ochreous dots on
veins: cilia pale whitish-ochreous, towards base more yellowish, with faint
pale fuscous antemedian shade. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia pale grey.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in April, October, and November
(Pole, Green, de Mowbray),
Myriopleura, n.g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts roughly spreading on crown; tongue
developed. Antenne 4, in @ serrulate, shortly or moderately strongly ciliated,
basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long. recurved, second joint
thickened with appressed seales, somewhat roughened towards apex beneath,
terminal joint almost or quite as long as second, moderate, acute. Posterior
tibizs rough-haired above. Forewings with 2, 3,4 tolerably parallel, 2 from
towards angle, 5 approximated, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex or termen, 11 from
middle, Hindwings over 1, oblong-ovate, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate,
cilia $-—3, 2 rather near angle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.
Type MW. psilotis, Meyr, I have formed this genus to include the two species
lately referred by me to Xylorycta, M. psilotis and M. paracyrta,as I have
now several species all showing the same characters. It is distinguished from
Xylorycta by the different position of vein 2 of forewings.
Myriopleura furfurosa, 0. sp.
62. 14-19mm. Head and thorax pale yellowish-ochreous, Palpi whitish-
ochreous, second joint more or less suffused with fuscous except apex. Antenne
grey, basal joint yellow-ochreous, ciliations short. Abdomen hght grey, sides and
apex whitish-ochreons, Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched,
apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; 7 to termen ; pale yellow-
ish-ochreous, in Q more whitish-ochreous ; discal stigmata cloudy, fuscous, first
very small and often indistinct, second larger and distinct: cilia whitish-ochre-
ous, Hindwings in @ fuscous, in Q whitish-ochreous, sometimes fuscous-
tinged ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, sometimes greyish-tinged,
Six specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in January, February, September, and
October (Pole).
406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Myriopleurs ssocentra, 0. sp.
@. 11-12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish-ochreous ; palpi
with lower 2 of second joint fuscous ; antennal ciliatious short. Abdomen grey-
whitish, apex whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moder-
ately arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, little oblique; 7 to
termen ; whitish-ochreous, tinged with yellowish; discal stigmata moderate,
dark fuscous or blackish, strongly marked ; series of cloudy dark fuscous dots
along posterior part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, Hindwings
and cilia ochreous-whitish,
Two specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in October and December (Pole).
CicoPHORIDZ.
Hypercallia catausta, 0. sp.
&¢. 12-13 mm, Head pale ferruginous-ochreous, Palpi moderately long.
pale ferruginous-ochreous, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antenne
dark grey, ciliations in g@ 4. Thorax ferruginouseochreous, more or less mixed
with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; ferruginous-ochreous, variably sprinkled
or irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous; a narrow basal fascia of dark
fuscous suffusion ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical slightly beyond first discal ;
a triangular spot of dark fuscous suffusion on costa at 3, and one on dorsum
towards middle; a subterminal line of dark fuscous irroration, forming a
suffused spot on costa before apex and usually one at tornus, otherwise very
variable in development, sometimes forming an entire almost marginal band ;
cilia pale ferruginous-ochreous, basal half more or less sprinkled with dark
fuscous, Hindwings in @ rather dark grey, in Q dark fuscous ; ciliain @ pale
grey, base yellowish-tinged, in Q grey or dark fuscous,
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and March (Pole), Varies
in depth of colouring and density of irroration.
Hypercaliia alseis, n. sp.
&. 12-13 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi long, ochreous-yellow, lower
half of second joint sprinkled or suffused with fuscous, Antenns dark
fuscous, ciliations 24, Thorax and abdomen dark bronzy fuscous. Forewings
elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;
dark fuscous; a rather broad inwardly oblique ochreous-yellow fascia near
base ; stigmata blackish, plical rather before first discal, these two resting on
posterior edge of anterior fascia, second discal placed in an undefined sometimes
interrupted ochreous-yellow transverse streak running from a spot on costa
beyond 2 parallel to anterior fascia: cilia fuscous, on termen pale yellowish on
apical half. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole).
Eonympha, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts spreading, tongue developed. Antennz
1,in @ filiform, simple basal joint moderate, with pecten. Labial palpi long,
reourved, second joint with appressed scales, somewhat rough towards apex
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 407
beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Posterior tibie
clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with 4 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7
to apex, 11 from before middle. Hindwings :, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 1;
4 absent, 6 and 7 rather approximated,
Allied to Pseudodoxia.
Honympha erythrozona, n. sp.
@. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous mixed with crimson,
face whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, slightly crimson-sprinkled,
Antenne and abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, costa moderate-
ly arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; deep yellow
ochreous; basal area suffusedly mixed with crimson ; three narrow irregular
oblique crimson fasciz, before and beyond middle, and near apex ; a crimson
line along apical portion of costa and termen ; cilia ochreous-yellowish, round
apex mixed with crimson. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous,
our specimens, Matale, Ceylon, from October to December (Pole),
Pseudodoxia chalcias, n. sp.
$ Q. 16-20 mm. Head ochreous-orange, Palpi pale orange-ochreous,
second joint dark fuscous except apex. Antenne bronzy-ochreous, towards
base dark fuscous. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous,
apex pale ochreous, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; ochreous bronze ; base narrowly
dark purplish-fuscous ; a suffused dark purplish-fuscous terminal fascia, rather
broad on costa, narrowed to a point on tornus: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings
more or less dark fuscous, sometimes bronzy=tinged; cilia bronzy-fuscous
sometimes darker-mixed, lighter towards tornus,
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole).
Pseud doxia sepositella, Walk,
(Gelechia sepositella, Walk, Tin, 630; Pseudodowia limulus, Durr. Ent. Mo,
Mag., 1895, 107.)
There is no doubt about this identification, which Mr. Durrant must have
accidentally overlooked. I have received a series of bred specimens from
Mr. Green, with examples of the cases; the larval habits have been already
published.
Pseudodoxia cretata, n. sp.
6¢. 3-16 mm, Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochreous white, second
joint of palpi externally suffused with dark fuscous except apes. Abdomen
whitish, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex roand-pointed,
termen very obliquely rounded ; 8 often absent ; white, more or less sprinkled
with pale fuscous and sometimes a few dark fuscous scales; a black dot on
base of costa; a fine black dash beneath costa near base; stigmata rather
large, black, plical beneath or hardly before first discal; a series of irregular
black dots along posterior part of costa and termen: cilia white, irrorated with
fuscous, Hindwings light grey ; cilia whitish-grey.
Four specimens (three bred), Peradeniya and Matale, Ceylon, in February,
408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Volt. XVII,
March, and November (Green, Pole). Closely allied to P. sepositella, but
certainly distinct by the white head and general colouring, and the position of
the plical stigma, which in P, sepositella is always obliquely before first discal.
The three bred specimens were reared by Mr. Green from larve feeding in
the same way as sepositella, and in cases of precisely the same form ; he sent
me the three cases, carefully labelled with individual numbers corresponding
to the specimens, and I see no difference in form; in both species the indi-
vidual cases vary much in colour and appearance, according to the nature of
the sand-grains and refuse employed in their construction, and one of the
cretata cases is elegantly marbled with dark grey and white.
Pseudodoxia zopheropa, 0. sp.
&Q. 12-14mm, Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous.
Abd. men fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,
termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; bronzy-fuscous, suffusedly irrorated
with dark fuscous ; stigmata obscure, dark fuscous, plical beneath first discal :
cilia bronzy-fuscous, Hindwings pale bronzy-fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous.
Six specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in February, November, and December .
(Pole).
Epicallima isopselia, n. sp.
é¥. 8-10 mm. Head deep shining bronze mixed with dark fuscous, sides
and face white, collar mixed with white. Palpi white, second joint suffused
with deep bronze externally except towards apex, terminal joint blackish.
Antennz blackish spotted with white, ciliations in @ 2, Thorax shining orange-
bronze, Abdomen dark bronzy-fuscous, Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;
shining bronzy-orange ; markings shining white, edged with dark fuscous
suffusion; a slender basal fascia not reaching costa, somewhat extended on
dorsum ; slender direct fasciz at 3 and %, second interrupted in middle ; some
irregular subconfluent spots round apex and termen: cilia whitish with a dark
fuscous apical line, basal half orange, towards tornus suffused with fuscous,
Hindwings lanceolate, cilia 2 ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia dark bronzy-fuscous.
Four specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February (Green, Pole).
Epicallima semaniris, 0. sp.
@Q. 9-11 mm. Head and thorax shining orange-bronze, forehead shining
white. Palpi orange, terminal joint dark fuscous, tip whitish, Antennz white
ringed with dark fuscous, ciliations 1. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate,
narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely
rounded ; deep orange ; markings white finely edged with dark fuscous irrora-
tion ; a short almost dorsal mark from middle of base ; a narrow somewhat
oblique fascia from before + of costa to middle of dorsum ; a rather large
subquadrate spot on costa at %, more or less confluent beneath with a pretornal
spot of purplish-fuscous suffusion ; a suffused purplish fuscous apical spot,
extended along termen: cilia orange-yellow, towards iornus sufiused with
purplish-fuscous. Hindwings narrow-lanceolate, ciliz 3 ; grey ; cilia light grey.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 409
Six specimens, Puttalam and Kurunegala, Ceylon, from July to December
(Pole).
Scalideutis, n, g.
Head with loosely appressed scales, sidetufts rather spreading ; tongue
developed. Antenna 3,in @ pubescent, simple, basal joint mocerately elon-
gate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, with appressed
seales, second joint not reaching base of antenne, terminal joint somewhat
shorter than second, acute. Posterior tibiz clothed with long fine hairs ahove.
Forewings with 2 from 4,7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from before middle.
Hindwings 1, very elongate-ovate, cilias ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent.
Allied to Borkhausenia,
Scalideutis escharia, 0. sp.
&@2. 17-20 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second
joint suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne grey. Thorax fuscous, posterior
extremity whitish-ochreous, Abdomen grey, apex whitish-ochreous, Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen
very obliquely rounded ; pale fuscous, finely irrorated with dark fuscous ;
spots of dark fuscous suffusion on costa near base and before middle, and a
larger dark fuscous spot on costa at %, costa between these and beyond last
often more or less broadly suffused with whitish-ochreous; stigmata blackish-
fuseous, plical rather beyond first discal, second discal very large, adjacent and
sometimes confluent with third costal spot ; sometimes an additional dark fuse
cous dot between and below discal stigmata ; sometimes obscure dark fuscous
dots round apex and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fus-
cous, Hindwings light grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous.
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and May (Pole),
Hithmia zelea, 0. sp.
@. 30mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-yellow ;
two irregular dots on crown, one on basal joint of antennze, three anterior and
two posterior dots on thorax blackish ; anal tuft very large. Forewings elon-
gate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather
oblique ; deep ochreous-yellow ; thirteen black dots, viz., one in middle of base,
two small ones beneath costa near base, one in disc at 3, one beneath costa
beyond i, one beneath fold at 2, one in disc above middle, five in a posterior
group in disc, and one on tornus ; a twice interrupted black streak along upper
half of termen : cilia ochreous-yellow, paler towards tips, on upper half of
termen wholly dark leaden-grey. Hindwings and cilia pale ochreous-yellow ;
on undersurface a subcostal furrow from near base to 2, covered by a deep fold
of membrane from beneath.
One specimen, North Central Province, Ceylon, 11 December (Pole). The
generic name Ethmia, Hb, (which I had overlooked) supersedes Psecadia,
Eihmia acontias, n. sp.
@. 17-21 mm. Head and thorax pale whitish-fuscous, a dot on crown, two
subdorsal on each side of thorax and two posterior blackish, Palpi whitish,
410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1 11,
submedian and subapical bands of second joint, and median band of terminal
joint blackish, Antennz grey, basal joint grey-whitish, with a blackish dot.
Abdomen grey, second segment and sometimes first and third with pale ochre-
ous-yellowish dorsal patches, apex ochreous-yellow, Forewings elongate, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; pale
whitish-fuscous, markings blackish ; a streak from base of costa to beneath
costa at 2, brown towards its middle ; an irregular streak along fold from base
to near middle, beyond apex of which lies a dot surrounded with whitish ; a
median longitudinal streak from before middle to termen beneath apex, its
posterior extremity bifurcate ; a series of irregular dots along posterior part
of costa and termen; cilia whitish-fuscous mixed with ochreous-whitish,
towards tips ochreous-whitish, with dark fuscous spaces at apex and middle of
termen. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, suffused with fuscous towards apex ;
cilia pale fuscous, on apical half and towards tornus wholly ochreous-whitish,
Hight specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in April and from September to January
(Pole).
EXLACHISTID &.
Hieromaniis fibulata, 0. sp.
Q. 13-14mm, Head and thorax yellow-orange, face shining white, Palpi
whitish-ochreous, Antennz whitish-ochreous, eyecap white. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Forewings very narrow-lanccolate, widest near base, thence
narrowed to acute apex ; yellow-orange ; dorsum grey towards base ; a black
spot near dorsum beyond }, centred with a white dot ; beyond this a larger
golden-metallic dorsal spot, partially edged above irregularly with black; a
variably developed fuscous terminal streak from apex to tornus, sometimes
wide towards costa : cilia fuscous, towards base tinged with orange-yellowish.
Hind wings and cilia grey.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in May and June (Pole, de Mowbray),
Stathmopoda masinissa, 0. sp.
&@. 17 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne whitish-ochreous, base of palpi dark
fuscous, Thorax dark purplish-grey, with a whitish-ochreous posterior dot.
Abdomen rather dark grey. Legs dark grey, middle tibiz rough-haired above,
posterior tibiz clothed with very large dense expansible brush of hairs above,
all tarsi whitish-ochreous, posterior pair spotted with dark grey, with project-
ing scales at jomts, Forewings linear-lanceolate, widest near base, thence
narrowed to acute apex ; dark fuscous-grey, faintly purplish-tinged ;a some-
what oblique whitish-ochreous mark from costa before 3: cilia fuscous-grey.
Hindwings dark fuscous, with a narrow longitudinal transparent patch in dise
from base to + ; cilia fuscous,
One specimen, Matale, Ceylon, in October (Pole).
4oloscelis theorts, n. sp.
OQ. 10-12 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, back of crown yellow. Palpi,
antenns, and abdomen whitish-ochreous. Thorax yellow. ‘Forewings narrow-
lanceolate, widest near base, thence gradually narrowed to acute apex; fuscous,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 411
becoming lighter and ochreous-tinged posteriorly ; basal 2 bright yellow,
except a spot of groundcolour on costa near base, dividing line nearly straight
or rather irregular, direct ; usually some very undefined pale yellowish suffu-
sion on costa about #: cilia pale brownish-ochreous, Hindwings grey ; cilia
pale brownish-ochreous,
Nine specimens, Puttalam, Peradeniya, and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in April,
May, September, and Ootober (Pole, Green).
Persicoptila ltbanotris, n, sp.
g. 14 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne whitish-ochreous, face white,
antennse spotted beneath with dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous suffused
with yellow-orange. Abdomen white, suffused with whitish-ochreous towards
base, beyond middle with yellow-ochreous lateral spots edged above with dark
fuscous. Legs ochreous-yellowish, apex of joints white, anterior and middle
tibise obscurely banded with dark fuscous, tuft of posterior tibie crimson-
whitish mixed with blackish, Forewings narrow-lanceolate; greyish-purple
irrorated with dark fuscous; base narrowly yellow-orange; a triangular
yellow-orange spot extending on costa from before middle to 3, and nearly
reaching dorsum ; costa suffused with yellow towards apex : cilia pale greyish-
ochreous tinged with purplish and mixed with dark grey, round apex and
on costa whitish-ocbreous partly suffused with yellow-orange. Hindwings
grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole),
Scythris chelota, n. sp.
OQ. 9-11 mm, Head, palpi, antenne, thorax and abdomen light greyish-
ochreous ; abdomen in @Q ochreous-white beneath, Forewings lanceolate,
moderately pointed ; 5 present; light greyish-ochreous, sometimes fuscous-
tinged, generally more or less strewn with whitish, seldom with a few dark
fuscous scales; sometimes a streak of whitish suffusion along fold ; plical and
second discal stigmata suffused, dark fuscous, sometimes indistinct: cilia
light grey or greyish-ochreous, base sometimes sprinkled with whitish, Hind-
wings %, cilia 3; 5 absent; grey ; cilia light grey, ssmetimes ochreons-tinged,
Nine specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, from July to September (Pole).
CoPROMORPHIDA.
Copromorpha metallitis, n. sp.
@@-. 15-19 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, thoracic crest
suffused with fuscous. Palpi fuscous irrorated with darker, apex of second
joint, and base and apex of terminal joint, ochreous-whitish, Antenne whitish-
ochreous mottled with dark fuscous, Abdomen whitish-ochreous, fuscous-
sprinkled. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen
slightly rounded, little oblique ; 2 from near angle, 3 and 4 closely approximated
towards base, 5 approximated at base, 7, 8,9 closely approximated towards
base ; whitish-ochreous mixed wiih purplish-fuscous ; costa finely strigulaied
with dark fuscous ; about seven more or less irregular transverse series of
small pale yellowish raised tufts edged anteriorly with dark fuscous and pos-
20
412 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11.
teriorly with metallic purple: cilia whitish-fuscous, mixed with darker, with
rows of pale points, Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated ; fuscous
paler towards base : cilia fuscous-whitish, with pale fuscous subbasal shade.
Five specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, in April and October (Pole).
Copromorpha effiorescens, 0, sp,
@. 17-19 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face with a fuscous frontal ‘ena
Palpi dark fuscous, apex of terminal joint whitish, Antenne whitish-ochreous,
suffusedly mottled with dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders and
crest fuscous, Abdomen whitish-ochreous mixed with fuscous. Forewings
elongate, narrowed anteriorly, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse,
termen somewhat rounded, hardly oblique ; 2 from towards angle, 3, 4, 5
closely approximated, 7, 8, 9 closely approximated ; fuscous (actually ribbed
with dark fuscous scales with pale bases) ; about seven irregular transverse
series of ochreous-yellow tufts, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous and poste-
riorly with metallic slaty-purple ; several yellow-whitish marks on veins at ¢
above and below middle: cilia light slaty-fuscous, with rows of pale points.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, 5 closely approximated to 4 ; fuscous ; cilia
pale fuscous, tips whitish,
Four specimens, Matale and Madulsima, Ceylon, in April and from October
to December (Pole, Vaughan). Very like the preceding species, but easily
distinguished by the different form of forewings, which are very obviously
broader posteriorly, whilst in meéallitis they are nearly the same width through -
out; the differences in neuration, darker colouring, and posterior whitish marks
in dise are also characteristic.
CHLIDANOTID,
I find it necessary to form this new family for the reception of the three
following genera, together with Trymalitis, described in my last paper and
there referred to the Phaloniadw, and also Archimaga, there referred to the
Plutellide, Vhe family is in factintermediate between the Phaiomade and
Epiblemide on the one hand, and the Plutellide on the other, and appears to
indicate the real genetic transition between these gronps ; it is therefore of
much interest, The family characters are as follows :—
Head rough or loosely haired ; tongue short or absent, Antenne about 3,
simple, Labial palpi ascending or porrected, second joint rough-scaled,
terminal joint pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings with 1 bifurcate,
2 from 3—3 of cell, 3 from or near angle, 8 and 9 stalked or coimcident, 11 from
beyond middle, Hindwings trapezoidal, lower margin of cell without basal
pesten of hairs; 3and 4 connate, stalked, or coincident, 5 parallel, 6 and
7 long-stalked, 8 free.
Chlidanota, u. g.
Head rough ; tongue apparently absent, Labial palpi moderate, porrected,
second joint broadly dilated with rough scales towards apex above and
beneath, terminal joint moderate, tolerably pointed. Antenne about 3, simple.
Posterior tibize with loosely appressed huirs. Forewings with 2 from before ?,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 413
3 from angle, much curved, 4 absent, 5 straight, 7 absent, 8 and 9 long-stalked,
10 from near 8, 11 from 3 of cell, Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, cilia 2; 4 absent
upper margin of cell bent upwards near angle,
Chiidanota thriambis, n. sp.
Q. 28 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders very narrowly fuscous.
Palpi white, basal joint and lower halfof second dark fuscous. Antenne,
grey. Abdomen light greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, apex round pointed, termen rather strongly emarginate beneath apex,
obliquely rounded beneath ; whitish, irregularly suffused with pale brownish,
and strigulated throughout with grey. partly mixed with dark fuscous; a grey
suffusion along costa from before middle to near apex, including some irregular
ferruginous-brown strigule ; two sharply-defined blackish-fuscous dorsal spots,
reaching half across wing, first at 4, forming an irregular narrow rectangularly
bent mark, its apex directed posteriorly, second rather broader, erect, anterior
edge angulated near dorsum, posterior nearly straight ; a round white arical
spot, marked with one or two minute blackish strigule towards costa anterivy-
ly, and a fine black curved line mixed with brown travelling just within
circumference on outer half, its lower extremity shortly produced directly
inwards ; some irregular black dots or marks on termen: cilia brown, darker
round apex, whitish-suffused on tornus and above apex. Hindwings fuscous ;
cilia light fuscous, becoming whitish-fuscous towards tornus,
One specimen, Ceylon (Pole),
Electracma, n, g.
Head loosely haired ; tongue short, Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending,
second joint with rough projecting tuft of scales beneath, terminal joint shorter
than second, loosely scaled, acute. Antenne 3,in @¢ simple. Posterior tibie
loosely haired above, Forewings with 2 from 2,3 from anglesmuch curved,
4 closely approximated to 3 at base, 5 remote, straight, 6 to apex, 9 absent, 11
from #, Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, cilia ¢ ; 3 and + stalked.
Electracma hemichroa, 0, sp.
AQ. 12-13 mm. Head fuscous, face white, Palpi white, somewhat fuscous-
sprinkled towards base. Thorax white, anteriorly suffused with rather dark
fuscous, Abdomen fuscous, suffused with ochreous towards base. Forewings
elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pojnted, termen abruptly and rather
deeply excavated beneath apex, rounded beneath; white; anterior half of
costa strigulated with blackish; dorsal half of wing strigulated with grey
mixed with blackish, with subtriangular erect dark blotches more or less mixed
with ochreous at 2 and 4; costal area on posterior half suffused with light
purple-grey, with five yellow-ochreous blackish-edged oblicue wedge-shaped
marks from ¢ sia separated by white costal spaces, second elongated to beneath
fourth ; a longitudinal streak of dark fuscous suffasion in disc posteriorly ; apex
cf{ wing forming a yellow=ochreous spot, bisected by a longitudinal white
blackish-edged dash; a black dot «dged above by a yellow-ochreous mark on
termen slightly above middle, and another yellow-ochreous mark lower down :
414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIU.
cilia whitish, suffused with pale fuscous except towards base, above apex white
with dark fuscous median and apical lines. Hindwings in @ tawny-fuscous,
in Q rather dark fuscous ; cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal line
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in June (Pole),
Metrernis, n.g.
Head loosely haired; tongue apparently absent, Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending, second joint with rough projecting tuft of scales beneath,
terminal joint rather shorter than second, acute. Antenne 3,in @ rather
thick, simple. Posterior tibie loosely haired above. Forewings with 2 from
before #, 3 and 4 long-stalked from angle, 5 straight, 7 absent, 8 and 9
stalked, 10 closely approximated to 8 towards base,11 from %. Hindwings 1 |
elongatestrapezoidal, cilia 1; 3 and 4 stalked.
Metrernis ochrolina, n. sp.
&@. 12-13 mm. Head brown, lower part of face and back of crown white.
Palpi white, towards base pale fuscous, terminal joint with a fuscous line.
Thorax white, shoulders fuscous-tinged. Abdomen pule greyish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched towards base, thence nearly
straight, apex round-pointed, termen concave beneath apex, thence obliquely
rounded ; white, ochreous-tinged except towards costa anteriorly ; dorsal half
more or less strigulated with fuscous, sometimes partly suffused with pale
greyish, with two indistinct dorsal blotches formed of suffused dark fuscous
strigx, first before middle, second broader, about #, with a whitish-ochreous
mark above its upper anterior angle; five golden-brown oblique marks on
posterior half of costa, first two giving rise to pale ochreous-yellowish lines
which run near costa almost to apex, fifth apical, separated beneath by a white
dash from a pale ochreous-yellow subapical dash which extends into cilia; an
indistinct pale yellowish longitudinal line in disc posteriorly ; a blackish dot on
middle of cermen, edged above with pale yellowish : cilia whitish, with two or
three indistinct grey bars on basal half, on upper half of termen fuscous-tinged
posteriorly, ab ve apex white with golden=-brown subbasal and ochreous apical
lines, Hindwings grey; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, with two faint grey
shades, darker round apex.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Alston, Pole).
PLUTELLID,
Pyrozela, n. g.
Head loosely haired ; tongue developed, Antenne +, in @ shortly ciliated,
basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascend-
ing, with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, pointed.
Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibis loosely scaled. Forewings with
l bifurcate, 2 from near angle or 2 and 3 stalked,7 to termen, 8 and 9 from
near 7,10 from #4, 11 widely remote, from before middle. Hindwings 1,
elongate-ovate, cilia #3 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5, 6, 7 parallel, 8 free,
Type P. xanthomima. Distinguished from Mieza and allied genera by
neuration of hindwings, To this genus belongs Méeza sanguinicornis, Wals., of
which I have a good series, and also two undescribed Australian species.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 415
Pyrozela xanthomima, n, sp.
SQ. 19-22 mm, Head deep yellow, sides of face crimson, collar deep
crimson, Palpi yellow, more or less suffused with crimson except towards apex.
Antenne deep crimson, basal joint yellow. Thorax deep yellow, anterior and
lateral margins deep crimson, Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique ; bright deep yellow,
markings deep crimson ; an irregular streak along dorsum from base to tornus,
curved upwards between middle and ?so as to leave a semioval dorsal spot of
ground colour, on tornus with ashort upward projection ; a thick inwardly
oblique spot from apical extremity of costa, reaching half across wing ; besides
these, in @ costal dots at base and %, a subcostal dot before middle, an
inwardly oblique mark in disc about 3,and a discal dot at 2,in Q a suffused
streak along basai fourth of costa, another from dorsal streak at + to costa
before middle, a discal spot at % connected with upward loop of dorsal streak,
and sometimes some additional variable suffusion connecting these markings
in an irregular network: cilia yellow, more or less crimson-tinged towards
base, especially in 2, above apex and beneath tornus deep: crimson, Hind-
wings and cilia pale whitish-ochreous, in Q somewhat crimson-tinged towards
apex and tornus,
Seven specimens (4 @,3 @), Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February, May, aud
November (Pole), This andthe following species are closely allied to san=
guinicornés, and as the general markings are similar and variable, and also differ
more in the sexes than in the species, they are somewhat confusing ; the three
species are however readily separated by the colour of the hindwings,
Pyrozela erythromima, n. sp.
&@ 2. 14-18mm. Head and thorax crimson, in ¢ suffusedly spoited with
deep yellow. Palpi yellow, sprinkled or suffused with crimson, Antennz
crimson, basal joint usually mostly yellow. Abdomen pale crimson, Fore-
wings elongate, somewhat narrowed anteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen nearly straight, oblique; in ¢ bright yellow, with a network formed
by four irregular very oblique crimson fascie (first almost dorsal, fourth not
reaching costa or termen) intersecting with a streak on basal fourth of costa
and three very inwardly oblique fasciz (thus usually leaving about eleven
spots of ground colour) ; in Q with similar markings, but the whole almost
obscured by general crimson suffusion of ground colour, except that the dorsal
and subdorsal spots are lighter or sometimes clear yellow : cilia crimson. Hind-
wings crimson, thinly scaled anteriorly ; cilia crimson,
Nine specimens (5 @,4 9), Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January, March, May,
August, and October (de Mowbray, Pole). Smaller and narrower-winged than
the other two species,
Comocritis pieria, 0. sp.
6 9. 14-19mm. Head, palpi, and antenne white. Thorax white, with
a grey dorsal patch and posterior spot. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, apex
white, Posterior tibiz clothed with long fine hairs. Forewings elongate, costa
416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
gently arched, apex and termen evenly rounded ; 7 to apex ; white ; a moderate
very undefined basal fascia of blue-grey suffusion ; a large yellow-ochreous
patch occupying posterior # of wing except a white marginal streak, edged
with blue-grey and finely streaked with blue-grey on all veins ; cilia white,
with a blackish-grey basal line round apex and termen. Hindwings light grey ;
cilia 3, white, with a faint greyish basal line,
Eleven specimens, all bred, Neboda, Ceylon, in March and April (Green)
Larva rather flat, at first reddish, afterwards creamy=white ; constructs flat
canopies and galleries of fine silk and comminuted fragments of bark on stems
of Hevea bras liensis Para rubber) ; feeds on lichens and alge growing on stem ;
when pupating, a flattened cocoon or case, with valvular opening, is formed
in a shallow depression beneath the silken canopy (Green). From specimens
sent, however, I should suppose that the bark itself is freely used as food. A
very elegant insect, allied uearly to C. olympia, but very much smaller.
Epistomotis, 0.g.
Head with appressed scales; tongue developed, Antenne 3, in @ shorily
ciliated, basal joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, second
joint porrected, with long projecting triangular apical tuft of scales beneath,
terminal joint longer than second, erect, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary.
Posterior tibiz loosely haired above, Forewings with 1 bifurcate,2 from
angle, very short, 3°6 tolerably parallel, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from before
middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia almost 1; 2 remote, 3 and 4 short-
stalked, 5 parallel, 6 absent.
Allied to Ce-ostoma, of which it is a development,
FEipistomotis penessa, 0. sp.
S@. 14-20mm, Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax fuscous mixed with
white, Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; brownish-ochreous or
fuscous, irrorated with white ; stigmata dark fuscous, suffused, discal more or
less distinct, plical linear, indistinct, very obliquely beyond first discal cilia whi-
tish, irrorated with brownish or fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous-whitish.
Twenty-two specimens, Puttalam, Ceylon, from August to January (Pole).
TINEID&.
Opostega frigida, 0. sp.
G9. 4-6 mm. Head and thorax white. Antenne whitish-grey, basal
joint white. Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle tibiw also bristly. Fore-
wings lanceolate ; shining white ; a narrow triangular or almost linear blackish
mark on costa at 2: cilia light ochreous-grey, greyer towards tornus, on costa
with an oblique blackish median line to apex of wing, before this white.
Hindwings and cilia grey.
Highteen specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February (Green).
Opogona lachanitis, n. sp.
@@. 11-15 mm. Head, antenne, thorax and abdomen shining dark bronzy-
fuscous, face and palpi glossy whitish-ochreous, thorax posteriorly edged with
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 417
orange suffusion ; palpistout, truncate, Forewings elongate, costa posteriorly
arched, apex acute, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; shining dark purplish-=
bronzy-fuscous.a broad suffused dull orange patch extending along dorsum from
base to beyond middle, towards extremity projecting triangularly upwards so as
nearly to touch costa : cilia rather dark bronzy-fuscous. Hind wings dark bronzy-
fuscous ; cilia rather dark bronzy-fuscous.
Twenty specimens, Puttalam and Peradeniya, Ceylon, in January, March
and from September to November (Green, Pole). Larva feeding in fungus-beds
of the common Termite (Green) ; this curious habit should be further investi-
gated. The flattened coxze and femora appear to form a protective plating
of the sternum, which is probably connected with this mode of life.
Monopis hemicitra, n. sp.
OQ. 15-20 mm, Head light ochreous-yellow, hairs in g forming a flat
projecting ridge over palpi. Palpi dark fuscous, apex pale, terminal joint
longer in 9, Antenne pale grey. Thorax dark fuscous, Abdomen pale
yellow-ochreous, Forewings elongate, costa strongly arched, apex pointed,
termen very obliquely rounded, more strongly in @ ; 2 and 3 out of 4,7 and 8
long-stalked or coincident ; blackish-brown ; several blackish-leaden raised
sealetufts towards submedian fold ; a large irregular trapezoidal pale ochreous-
yellow patch extending on costa from 2 to #4, narrowed downwards, with a
rounded projection on lower side reaching 2 across wing; discal impression
large, within this patch, not transparent : cilia blackish-brown mixed with dark
slaty leaden, Hindwings pale bronzy-ochreous, in Q suffused with grey ; cilia
light ochreous-yellowish,
Five specimens, PuttaJam, Ceylon,in November (Pole.) Very like monachella,
but abundantly distinct structurally by the different neuration (in monachella
2 is nearly or quite connate with stalk of 3 and 4, 6 and 7 are stalked,
8 separate), scaletufts on forewings, and facial tuft of & ; the costal patch
of forewings is broaderas well as yellower, and the projection on lower side
is less developed in monachella,
Nemotois scitulellus, Walk.
(Glyphipterys scitulella, Walk. Tin., 839 ; Nemotois corybantis, Meyr.)
I had missed Walker's type of this species,
418
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA
By
lL, CG. H. Younc, B.A;, F-E.S., F258.
PART JI.
(With Plate B.)
(Continued from page 519 of Vol. XVI.)
Genus HypoLimnas.
This genus contains two species, both abundantly and universally
distributed in our area and both of remarkabie interest on account of
the peculiar form of sexual dimorphism they display. That is to say,
while the males, which resemble each other rather closely, correspond
to the usual vanessid form of the allied genera, the females bear no
resemblance to them in shape or colour but instead mimic very closely
species of two other genera, Buploea core and Limnas (Danais
chrysippus, in no way related to them.
The reason why they mimic these two species is obvious because
the latter owing to their nauseous taste are protected from the natural
enemies of butterflies—lizards, birds, dragonflies and so forth. It is
also easy to understand why Nature, which is another name for Pro-
vidence, has ordained that the mimicry should only appear in the female
as the latter in fulfilling its ordinary functions has to fly slowly from
plant to plant and settle constantly to lay her eggs and is consequently
far more exposed to danger than the male.
As to how the mimicry was originally brought about however and
became perpetuated under the ordinary laws of heredity in one sex
only is a far more difficult problem of evolution to solve, and would
take too long to discuss here. The female of H.bolina, but for the
difference in shape might be considered only a melanised form of the
male and from the moment that mimicry began in the direction of
the present form would acquire a certain protection from a resemblance
however superficial to EH. core. The case of H.missippus however is
different, for the male and female are absolutely unlike and it is difficult
to understand, if the old adage natura saltum non facit be granted,
why any of the intermediate stages should have survived as more fit
than the presumed original type.
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATE B.
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 419
The two species may be readily distinguished as follows :—
@. Underside, ground colour brownish-black. bolina.
a 3 » tawny-ochreous., miésippus.
9. Upperside, mn »» brownish-black, bolzna.
i As Fr », tawny-ochreous. misippus.
H. bolina, L. $ Upperside glossy black. Forewing with an oval
shining blue, white centred, patch beyond the cell, the veins crossing
it black. Two conjoined white spots near apex and a submarginal series
of from 5 to 6 minute white dots. Hindwing with an oval central
patch as in the forewing but larger and a postmedian series of 4 to
5 minute white dots.
The cilia of both wings brown, white-tipped on the veins.
Underside brown; forewing with some minute white spots on the
costal vein near the base, 2 slightly larger on the upper margin of the
cell. The oval patch of the upperside represented by 3 slender white
streaks between the veins—or in wet season forms barely traceable. The
subapical spots of the upperside smaller and in wet season forms reduced
to small dots. The submarginal series of dots more prominent and a
marginal series of white patches between the veins generally only
prominent towards the anal angle where they are crossed by a brown
line.
Hindwing.—The central patch represented by a tolerably broad
white band, the veins crossing it brown. The patch, however, is very
variable and in wet season forms often hardly traceable. The post-
median series of dots more prominent and the space beyond them more
or less suffused with white between the veins and crossed by brown
subterminal and terminal lines.
2 Upperside glossy brown ; paler towards the outer margin. Fore-
wing with 2 suffused bluish spots on the costa above the cell and traces
of an oblique series between the veins beyond the cell, only the upper
two of which are as a rule traceable andin dry forms may be represent-
ed merely by two whitish spots without any blue sheen. Two sub-
apical white spots and a series of submarginal white spots, more
prominent towards the anal angle. .The space beyond them whitish
between the veins, more markedly so towards anal angle, and crossed by
terminal and subterminal brown lines. Hindwing with a post median
series of white spots and almost the whole of the space beyond them
suffused with whitish, crossed by brown subterminal and terminal lines,
21
120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The size of the white spots and patches and the extent and
brilliancy of the blue sheen in both sexes of this species are very
variable. The blue sheen is more prominent in specimens taken in
the wet season or from moist climates and is characteristic to a re-
markable degree of specimens from Assam. —
Expanse $ 23" — 3:8". 9 34" — 43"
Larva.—Rich dark brown, head lighter ; armed with 9 longitu-
dinal rows of finely branched spines, a single pair of larger spines on
the head.
Food Plant.— Hlatostemma cuneatum.
Plate B, Fig. 7 male, 7a female.
H.misippus, L. ¢. Upperside glossy brownish black. Forewing
a broad oval oblique white patch beyond the cell from vein 7 to below
vein 3, a subapical white spot. The area round both spots covered
with a blue sheen which however is often hardly traceable and is never
as brilliant as in the preceding species. Hindwing witha large rounded
white patch in the centre surrounded by a blue sheen as in the forewings.
Sometimes traces of a submarginal row of white spots.
Underside tawny yellow. The basal half of the forewing darker
and shading into dark brown along the costa and towards the anal angle,
3 white spots on the upper margin of the cell and one on the costa
beyond it, a broad oblique white patch and subapical spot corresponding
to those on the upperside ; a submarginal row of three or four white
spots, the spaces between the veins towards margin whitish crossed
by brown terminal and subterminal lines. Hindwing crossed by a
broad white band, edged with black on the inner margin between
veins 7 and 8 and a black quadrate spot towards the middle between
the same veins. A white spot surrounded by blackish towards anal
angle, vein 16 blackish and a black streak parallel to it from
anal angle to near base, a submarginal row of white spot, the spaces:
between the veins towards margin whitish bounded on either side and
erossed by three blackish lines.
Q Upperside rich chestnut. Forewing with the costal margin, apical:
third of the cell and the whole apical third of the wing black, crossed by
a white maculate oblique band consisting of 4 more or less distinct
quadrate spots between the veins, a small white spot on the costa
before it, anda large apical white spot sometimes divided into two.
or three with a small white dot beneath it. The space between the
COMMON ‘BUTTERFLIES OF-THE-PLAINS OF INDIA, 421
veins towards margin whitish crossed by a black subterminal line.
Cilia whitish between the veins. |
Hindwing with a blackish quadrate spot about middle of the costa
between veins 7 and 8, margin of the wing marked as in the forewing,
but the black subterminal line broader and more prominent especially
towards the anal angle.
Understde,—F orewing marked as on the upperside, but with 3 white
spots on the upper margin of the cell and the apical space beyond the
white band dull ochreous tawny. Traces of a submarginal row of white
spots.
Hindwing as on the upper side but duller ochreous, paler in the disc
a black patch preceding the precostal spot and a black patch beyond the
outer margin of the cell. A submarginal row of white dots. The
terminal, subterminal, and presubterminal black lines being prominent.
The above is the typical form of the female which is a close mimic
of the typical form of L. chrysippus. There are two other forms of
the female which are close mimics of the desert forms chrysippus
sometimes known as L. dorippus and L. alcippus. The remarkable
thing about them is that while they are of course the common form of
the female in areas where dorippus and alcippus are the usual form
of chrysippus they also occur in areas—the neighbourhood of
Bombay for instance where neither dorippus nor alcippus have ever
been found or are ever likely to be.
They both differ from the type in the white and black markings of
the apical area of the forewing being wanting. The area instead being
tawny. The alcippoides form has the whole of the discal area on
both sides of the hindwing whitish. Intermediate forms occur where the
outlines of the white apical marking of the forewing can be dimly traced.
Larva black, head and legs reddish-brown. Ten longitudinal rows of
branched spines, dirty whitish in colour ; two long thick branching
spines on the head. Food Plant.—Portulaca oleracea.
Size: 23" at 33",
Plate B, Fig. 8 male, 8a female.
Genus VANESSA,
The genus Vanessa will I suppose prove the most familiar of all
those dealt with in this series to English readers. It contains many
of our commonest and most prominent butterflies, the Peacock the
Red Admiral, the two Tortoiseshells and so forth. The species figured
422, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
here, the Painted Lady, is of universal distribution excluding of course
the arctic and antarctic regions, and is to be found all over India.
Another species V. indica is to be found in the Nilgiri, Palni and
Anamali hills as well as throughout the Himalayas and is practically
identical with V. atalanta, our Red Admiral, only differing in the red
band of the forewings which is less regular in outline and _ less brilliant
in colour. There are also three species of ‘ Tortoiseshell”? in the
Western Himalayas which are closely allied to our English V. urticee.
V. Cardui, L. Upperside Brownish orange, mixed with blackish
towards base. Forewing with the apical third black, an irregular black
spot across the middle of cell, another beyond it smaller and not reach-
ing the upper margin of the cell, a black patch at the end of the cell,
the angle between vein 2 and the lower margin of the cell filled up with
blackish and a quadrate spot between veins 1 and 2 beyond middle, an
oblique band of four white spots between the veins in the black apical
area and 8 smaller white spots beyond them. A marginal series of
whitish streaks between the veins preceded by suffused blackish spots
towards anal angle. Cilia pale between the veins.
Hindwing.—With the blackish mixed basal area larger and extended
{o include the whole costal area ; an indistinct waved dusky band from
it reaching across the wing beyond the cell, a row of five to six black
spots beyond it, a submarginal line of black streaks between the veins
and beyond it the veins broadly blackish.
Underside —Forewing brownish orange, basal area tinged with pink,
apical third greyish brown shading to whitish at apex. Spots much as
on the upperside. Hindwing olive brown mottled with whitish blotches
and crossed by yellowish lines. A submarginal series of ocellated spots
with blue or black centres, a subterminal line of black streaks between
the veins and terminal black spots on the veins as on the upperside.
The male and female do not differ except in size.
Larva.—Greyish-ochreous, greenish or brown. A blackish central
line and sometimes yellowish lateral lines. Seven longitudinal rows of
branching spines. Food Plant—in this country Artemzsia, Blumea,
etc.; in temperate climes, as its name implies, its most general food plant
is the common thistle though it will also readily eat nettles.
Size: 21” @ 23",
Plate B, Fig. 9.
(To be continued.)
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 423
EXPLANATION OF PLATE B.
Figure 7 Hypolimnas bolixa 3
bP] Ta 2? 2) 2
ioe) * misippus ¢
” Su ” ” .°)
9 Vanessa cardui.
424
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT,
BEING
A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS
WITH: EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS,
THA, COFFEE AND INDIGO CONCERNS, FRUIT
AND FOREST TREES IN INDIA,
BY
BK, P. STEBBING, F.1.8., F.Z.8., F.E.8.
Part IV.
(Continued from page 685 of Vol. XVI.)
Chapter VII.
OrperR V.—COLEOPTERA (BEETLES).
The Coleoptera or Beetles appear to be wingless Insects, but have
really four pairs of wings. The upper pair, which are called the
‘ elytra,’ are hard and horny and shell like, fitting accurately together “»
over the back, thus protecting it and the lower wings which are folded
beneath them and are membranous. in the mouth mandibles are pre-
sent, and the lower lip is divided along the middle. The metamor-
phosis is complete. Fig. 87 shows a beetle with the right elytra in the
position of rest, the left one heing held up, thus setting free the under-
wing. The larva is grublike and changes to a pupa in which all the
parts of the perfect insect are distinguishable, but are still white and soft.
Fig. 87.—A Coleopterous Insect. Heliocopris dominus (Sibsagar), The right elytra
is in the position of rest, the left one is elevated allowing the lower
wing to be spread out in position of flight.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT.
Plates II and III referred to in the text will appear in a subsequent
number.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA, 425
The beetles are one of the largest and most important of the Orders
of Insects as well as being one of the most injurious both in the field
and forest. Both larvee and mature insects bore into vegetable sub-
stances of all kinds affecting and often destroying the roots, stems,
flowers and seeds of plants.
Beetles are chiefly distinguished from other Insects by the solidarity
of their outer covering and by the peculiar nature of their first pair of
wings, which are not used as instruments of flight, but merely serve te
protect the hinder part of the body. Beetles are not found on the wing
as much as other Insects, and therefore, notwithstanding their enormous
numbers, they are not met. with so frequently as ants, bees, flies, etc.
The number of species at present known is probably about 160,000, or
thereabouts, and their habits are so varied that they can be found
everywhere when looked for. The general form varies much from flat-
spherica] to long-linear. The head is well developed, with a biting
mouth ; compound eyes are present, which are not uncommonly divided.
Ocelli (simple eyes) are rare. Antenne eleven-jointed or with fewer
joints. These latter are variable in shape and are of importance in
classification. The structure of the hard parts of the skeleton is of
importance since the classification of the species is entirely based upon
it. The pro-thorax is very free and is therefore capable of a considerable
amount of movement independent of the after part of the body. The
meso-thorax is much reduced. ‘The meta-thorax is largely developed in
winged forms. Fig. 88 shows the under surface of a beetle with the
different parts named. It is essential that the student of the Coleoptera
should make himself thoroughly acquainted with the nomenclature of
the different parts. The elytra frequently have a remarkable sculpture
the use of which is usually unknown. When the elytra are shut up,
they cover the greater part of the meso- and meta-thorax, abdomen, and
the lower wings. At the top there is a triangular portion called the
scutellum, which forms the upper part of the meso-thorax. The elytra
may leave a few of the lower segments of the body exposed.
These elytra are of such importance to the beetle that they are even
present in cases where there are no lower wings. When this occurs
they are often joined together down the central suture so as to form one
piece, although the line representing the junction is always present.
When a beetle flies, the elytra open slightly upwards, letting free the
lower wings (vide Fig. 87). In the common rose-chafer (the green
426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
metallic-looking flat beetle to be found upon roses), where the elytra are
joined together down the centre they are merely lifted up; when the
Fic. 88.—Undersurface of a beetle. CLegs and
antenna of one side and some parts of
mouth removed.) A, antenna; -B,
mandible; C,]abrum; D, ligula; H,
paraglossa; F, labial palp; G, inner
lobe of maxilla; H, outer lobe of
maxilla; I, maxillary palp; K,
mentum ; L, gena; M, gula; N, bue-
cal fissure; V, plates of ventral seg-
ments. 1, Prosternum ; 2, prosternal
episternum ; 3, prosternal epimeron ;
4, anterior and middle coxal cavities ;
5, inflexed side of pronotum ; 6, me-
sosternum ; 7, mesosternal episternum;
§, mesosternal epimeron ; 9, metaster-
num ; 10, posterior division of meta-
sternum or ante-coxal piece; 11, me-
tasternal episternum; 12, metasternal.
epimeron; 13, epipleuron or inflexed
margin of elytron; 34, ventral or
ambulatory sete ; 15, trochanter; 16,
posterior coxa; 17, femur; 18, tibia;
19, tarsus. (Modified from Leconte
: and Horn.)
elytra are absent, as occurs in some beetles ( Tenebrionide, &c.), there are
no lower wings present. The wings proper in beetles correspond to the
posterior or lower pair in other Insects. The nervures or veins in the
lower wing are broken up to allow of their being folded up under the
wing covers (c. f. left lower wing in Fig. 87). The number cf tarsal
joints present varies from 2—5, One may be hidden and is only seen
on dissecting. For classification purposes only those visible are counted.
Some of the tarsal joints may be bi-lobed ; they are set with a spongy
felt-work of hair to help the insects to: walk about on plants. Only 5—6
segments of the abdomen are visible. There is often a considerable dif-
ference in the sexes amongst beetles. There may be-either an increase
in size of the antenne in the males or an enlargement of the interior
tarsi; occasionally the number of joints of the tarsi vary in the two,
The only music produced is chirping or squeaking by rubbing two files
together. Phosphoretic organs are present in glow-worms and fire-flies,
These consist of masses of cells connected with a fatty body and are
freely supplied with air. The light produced is caused by the oxidation
of proteid matter. These organs are situated on the abdomen.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA, 427
The larva is grub-like, with a distinct head and jaws; sometimes
antenne and six legs are present. They have no special boring
apparatus and the sexes are distinct. They usually feed at night and
upon all sorts of substances. They are sometimes parasitic upon other
animals, but this is not usual. Owing to the difficulty in rearing
Coleoptera less is perhaps known about their life histories than of those
of other insects. In India until within quite recent years the infor-
mation on this subject was practically non-existent. As will be seen
from the figures in the following Chapters the larve vary considerably
in appearance. Fig. 89 shows several larval forms of this family.
a4
Fia, 89.—Coleopterous larva. a. Lachnosterna? sp, 6. Thanasimus himalayensis.
e. Sphenoptera gossypii.d, Elater sp. e. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis,
(Cerambycids) 7. Scolytus minor. g, Cyrtotrachelus longipes (Curcu-
lionide).
22
428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL -HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
The pupa is quiescent and often enclosed in a rough cocoon. It
is usually white in colour, Fig. 90 shows some forms of pupe.
The adult may live
without movement
near the cocoon for
some time after
emergence whilst its
outer layers of chitin
are slowly hardening
(this will be found
common amongst
Buprestide, Cer-
ambycede, and the
bark borers, Scoly-
tia, tot, Laie
beetle when found
in this condition in
the pupal chamber
is yellow or light
brown in colour,
Fic, 90—Coleopterous pups. (@) Dinoderus minutus changing to dark
(Bostrichide). (0) Sphenoptera gossypii. (c¢)
: Hoplocerambyx spinicornis. (@) Tomieus sp.
(Scolytide). () Calandra sculpturata (Curcu-
lionide). ges from the tree.
The initial classification of We beetles depends upon the number of
tarsal joints present on the feet. There are four great groups, and these
brown or black be-
fore it finally emer-
groups are again divided into series as follows :—
( Series, Lamellicornia—Antenne with the terminal
joints broader on one side so as to form a pecu-
liar club, the leaves of which are movable,
Pentammera—5 tarsal | Series, Adephaga or Caraboidea—Antenne fili-
joints present upon all the{ form or nearly so,
legs, | Series, Clavicornia--Antenne usually thickened
at the tip or knobbed,
| Series, Serricornia—Antenne usually serrate along
| their inner edge,
Heteromera—lst and f
2nd pairs of legs have 5} The families Tenebrionide and Cantharide only
tarsal joints; the third | will be considered here,
pair have 4 only, L
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA,” ~ 429
{ Series, Phytophaga—Head not forming a definite
longed beak
. Tet if Wun ee
‘cca ieg Hoge 4 Series, Rhynchophora—Head more or less
Joints: ti I ;
gS eeeernbon att Ps | prolonged in front to form a snout or beak
{| (rostrum).
’ Trimera—3 tarsal joints¢ The family Coccinellidz only will be considered
present on all legs, here,
Pentammera.
5 tarsal joints on all the feet.
Serres 1.—Lamellicornia.
Tarsi five-juinted ; antenne with the terminal joints, called lamellae,
usually three in number (sometimes more), broader on one side form-
ing a club, the leaves of which are movable, but in repose look like one
piece as they are held close together, Fig. 91 shows several forms of
antenne present in this series, The families Pasalide, Lucanide, and
Scarabwide are included here ; the form of the leaves of the club of
the antenne varies in shape in these three families. The larve live in
Fic. 91.—Types of Lamellicorn antenne. (a) Pleurarius brachyphyllus.
(+) Lucanus lunifer. (¢) Heliocopris dominus. (d@) Lach-
nosterna impressa. (¢) Oryctes rhinoceros. (7) Agestrata
orichalcea.
decaying vegetable matter, roots, or dung. They either live in the
ground or in the decaying wood upon which they feed. They have
a horny head, large jaws and three pairs of legs, and are thick clumsy
grubs with curved bodies, the last two segments being of larger size
than usual and often swollen out in a bag-like manner (Fig. 89a).
Many of them possess organs of stridulation.
Fam. I. Passalidee.
The upper lip is large and mobile and the mentum is deeply cut
out in the middle. The antenne curl upwards and the plates at
430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAYURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
the tcp are thus brought together. These beetles are usually shining
black in colour and are abundant in decaying wocd in tropical forests.
The larvee appear to have only four legs,
the first pair being short processes which
are used to produce sounds by scraping over
striated surfaces on the next pair, Very
little is at present known about these insects
in India. [have however a few notes about
some of the common species. Leptaulax
aie oe aentais CCrtalis (Fig. 92 left) is a beetle with
(Bhutan) (left). _Basilianus a black shining thorax and longitudinally
andamanensis (Andaman Is- . a c
lands) (right). ridged elytra. It is abundant in rotten wood
in the Assam Duars and submontane tracts of Bhutan. I have taken
it plentifully in rotting trunks of ‘ sal’ (Shorea), ‘ semul’ (Bombaz), ete.
Basilianus andamanensis is « large shining black beetle with heavily lon-
gitudinally striate elytra.
It is said to be common in
rotting wood in the Anda-
man Islands (Fig. 92
right). Pleurarius brachy-
phyllus (Fig. 93 left) has
been taken by the writer
in decaying stumps in the
Ootacamund Hill in 8.
India. Teeniocerus bicuspis 34
(Fig. 93 rzght) is a smaller #
5 oa a1 Fic. 93.—Pleurarius brachyphyllus COotacamund
species from Sikkim. Hills) (eft). Tzeniocerns bicuspis (Sikkhim) (raght).
Fam. II. Lucanide (Stag-heetles).
The stag-beeiles are well known owing to the enormous horns pre-
sent on the head. These horns are really greatly developed mandibles,
and are only present in the male beetle. Upper lip is small and the
mentum is not cleft. The antennal end consists of a fixed cone, which
is rigid and does not open and close (Fig. 914). The reason for or use
made of the extraordinary development of the mandibles in the male is
still in dispute. Very few close observations of the insects would appear
to have been made. The korns are at times as long as the rest of the
insect and are armed with formidable projections or teeth. The elytra
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 431
entirely cover the dorsal surface of the body. The male is usually
larger than the female. A curious point about these insects is the re-
markable variation in size found amongst individuals of the same spe-
cies. If a series of stag-beetles are compared this will be immediately
Fie. 95.—Lucanus lunifer (India), male. A numberof individuals showing the
remarkable variation in size.
noticed (Fig. 95). Five ventral abdominal segments are visible. The
larva has the last two segments of its body swollen up in a bag-like
432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
manner (Fig. 89a), and lives in decaying wood and roots, spending
several years of its existence in this stage. The pupal stage js a short
one, but the perfect insect may remain quiescent some time after
assuring the imago form before it becomes active.
According to Sharp there are at present between 500 and 600 species
of stag-beetles known, the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan regions
being richest in them. The common stag-beetle of India, to be found
all through the Himalayas, and along the tracts at the foot of these
mountains, is Lucanus lunifer of which Fig. 94 depicts the male and
Fig. 96 the female beetle. They are dark green in colour, the male
larger than the female.
In the outer Himalayas the mature beetles are to be found in June
and July. It is probable that they issue irregularly during the summer
months, as the writer has taken fully-developed larvee just pupating
and also mature beetles in July.
Some years ago Lucanid larve
were reported as tunnelling into
green living cak trees in Naini
Tal.* Owing to their queer
swollen bag-like extremities it is
extremely improbable that these
larve are capable of tunnelling
into green hard wood. It is
probabie if boring was done in
hard oak timber, that longicorn
larvee were responsible, and the
Fic, 96.—Lucanus lunifer—female. stag-beetles may have taken ad-
vantage of the galleries to lay their eggs in the ones whose edges
were rotting and thus becoming softer. The writer has found
numerous instances of decaying oak, ete., stumps being full of these
larvz, but no instance of hard green woed being infested. The grubs
take several years to reach their full growth, They then pupate ina
cocoon constructed of chips of wood.
Another common lucanid beetle in the Himalayas is Lucanus
cantoris. This insect is to be found in fallen and decaying trees in
the Himalayan forests in considerable numbers when searched for.
=) eaten, een eee pasos be eee ENTE
* Thompson—Report of insects destructive to woods and foreets, published by the
N.-W. Provinces Government (1868).
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 433
Towards the end of April at elevations of 5,000 feet the beetle has
been taken in decaying Betula cylindrostachys, Castanopsis tribuloides
and Symplocos thewfolia trees. Imagoes were also taken in July,
the beetle probably passing the summer in this stage of its existence.
It was subsequently found that the insect was common between the
elevation of 4,500 ft. to 6,000 ft. in the Hastern Himalayas. In the
Western, in Jaunsar, the beetle has also been taken at the end of
April at an elevation of 5,000 ft.
A third species of Lucanus, Z. meares?, is also to be found in the
Darjiling Himalayas. The insect was found cut out of the wood of
Symplocos thecefolia at elevations of 6,000 ft.
A brightly coloured lucanid is the bectle Odotonlabis cuvera, the
male of which is black with broad orange margins to the outer edge
of the elytra. It is figured in Plate III, Fig. 1.
Fam. III. Scarabseide—-(Chafers.)
In this family the leaflets of the antenne are freely-moveable plates
which can be opened and closed together at will by the insects
(Fig. 91 ¢). The number of visible ventral abdominal segments is
usually six or at the sides seven, never five as in the last two
families. The elytra (wing cases) usually leave one or two of the last
segments of the body exposed.
The beetles of this family are bulky insects, having a powerful pro-
thorax and front legs with flattened spiny tibie adapted for digging, as
shown in the insect Hoplosternus furcicandus,
a brownish silvery chafer from Sikkim, depic-
ted in Fig. 97, and better still in the case of
Scarabeus sacer (Fig, 99). At times the males
are armed with long horns of various shapes
growing out of the head and pro-thorax.
The larvé are often bulky grubs resembling
lucanid larvee in shape, that is the lower
4 extremity is enlarged in a bag-like manner
fieceisg A Ceane’ (Hop: and curved round (see Fig. 89a). The
losternus furcicandus) (Sik- fymily is an important one amongst insects,
kim) showing the largely : és 4
developed front tibie which About 13,000 species are already known.
d for diggin ur-
pines. ie ee Both grubs and beetles feed upon plants,
decaying vegetation and dung. Several sub-families are distinguished
434 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV1I.
amongst which we shall allude here to the CopripEs or Dung beetles,
MELOLONTHIDES or Cockchafers proper, DynastIpEs and CETONIIDES
or Rosechafers.
The CopripEs or dung beetles are the well-known beetles found
rolling balls of dung on the roads and commonly entering lighted houses
at night ; cumbersome bulky insects witha heavy lumbering flight.
They forma large group of beetles consisting of some 5,000 odd species.
Both beetles and larve have the power of producing a stridulating
noise by rubbing certain segments over one another.
By far the most interesting division of the Coprides are the Scara-
beini. Many species of this division have the curious habit of rolling
about balls of dung and earth. The species of this division possess long
hind legs which are used for this purpose. Fig. 98 shows the beetle
Copris reflexus pushing along a ball of
dung. This insect is to be found in
the North Khasi Hills in Assam. It is
on the structure of their legs that the
division is based. The Scarabeus
Khasi Hills), The bee is known to most people from its
tle is shown pushing Connection with Hgyptian mythology.
along a ball of dung. Many of the stone Scarabei found in
Fic. 9$.--Copris reflexus (North
Egyptian tombs represent some kind Scarabeini and it has been
thought that the ancient Egyptians held these insects as sacred on
account of their peculiar habits. Scarabcous sacer is a well-
known form (Fig. 99). It is not improbable that the highly educated
Fic, 99, Scarabeeus sacer (Gilgit). A left; Q right.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 435
and clever priests, as can be traced in so many of the ordi
nances observed by the different creeds throughout India, having
studied the habits of the insects and observed that they acted as
scavengers, forbade the killing of such useful animals and to ensure the
order being carried out caused them to be regarded as sacred. This would
be all the easier, owing to the fact that the actions of the beetles to the
uninitiated must appear exceedingly curious. It is said that the inhabit-
ants of the valley of the Nile thought the movements of these heetles,
when rolling their balls, were typical of the planetary and lunar revolu-
tions ; and that the sudden appearance of the beetles after a period of
complete absence (which, of course, though unknown to them was passed
as the egg, grub and pupa in the ground) was emblematic of a futura
life. Although the exact habits of our Indian representatives of the
group have not been as yet worked out, it is possible to give a
very fair idea of the life history of some of the common species to be
met with in the country. The beetles act as scavengers by breaking up
and burying the droppings of cattle. The female scarabzids divides
off a piece of the dung and forms it into a ball, the size of the latter
varying with the size of the insect forming it. The ball, however, is
usually of greater dimensions than the insect making it. There is a
common small scarabeid, a species of Copris resembling C. refleaus, in
the Dun below the Mussoorie hills which may be found congregated in
scores in cow droppings. It is not an uncommon sight to see several
beetles, 3 or 4 together, dragging along one ball. Whether they
subsequently feed upon it together or whether one or two only
ultimately devour it, I do not at present know. The ball is pushed
and dragged to a suitable locality, the hind legs, front legs and
head all being made use of to get it along and the insects dis-
play an amount of strength and patience in this work which are
almost incredible. On reaching the spot decided upon, the ball is
buried in a chamber which is dug out by means of the fat
spined tibiz of the front legs. The insect or insects then get
in alongside the ball and devour it. It is probable that they spend
several months in the beetle stage of their existence and that con-
sequently it is only towards the latter end of this period that the female
commences to prepare the ball which is to subsequently provide the
food for the offspring. She first digs out a chamber in the eround
and then fills it with dung. Observations would seem to show that
23
436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
different species affect the droppings of different animals and that the
beetles are not omnivorous in this respect in India.
When the chamber
is full the female deposits her egg or eggs (the number is always small)
in the portion which contains the freshest and softest material, for the
mandibles of the young larve on first hatching are soft and incapable of
i
\
Fr@. 100.—Gymno-
pleurussinnatus.
(Assam).
operating on hard materials. Having deposited her
eggs she closes up the chamber, In some features
of their life history these Insects are exceptional.
For instance the female beetle does not usually die
after depositing her eggs, as is the common rule
amongst Insect life. She remains alive and sees her
offspring develop and then, in some cases at any
rate, produces another generation. This is very
unusual although not without parallels in families
which we shall consider in subsequent chapters.
Amongst Indian Coprides may be mentioned the small Copris
refleaus, 2 small shining blackish beetle from the North Khasi Hills
in Assam (Fig. 98.)
Gymnopleurus sin-
natus (Fig. 100) isa
common cattle and
game dung coprid
of Assam.
beetle of this group
is the Elephant
dung beetle Helio-
copris mouhoutus
of which the stages
of larva, and beetle
are shown in Plate
IL., Figs. a, b. Con-
siderable discussion
has taken place over
this insect. Two
forms of the beetle
exist, one being an
India and the Malays.
A large:
Fig, 101.—Heliocopris dominus,
inhabitant of Assam whilst the other ranges throughout Burma, Southern
3d. (Assam).
Sharp considers the two forms identical under
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA, 437
the name of H. dominus* whilst Oberthur thinks there are two distinct
species, H. doménus in Assam and H. mouhoutus in Burma and the
Malays, an opinion the writer himself supports. These beetles feed on
elephant dung, rolling it into large balls which are intermixed with clay,
or they make large balls of the dung and surround them with large clay
wedge-shaped masses as shown in Fig. d, Plate II. In these latter balls
an egg is laid and the grub on hatching out feeds upon the ball of
dung. When full fed, by which time it has eaten all the material, it
pupates in the hollow which now exists in the clay mass (vide Fig. c).
The habits of these beetles still require further study, but the insect is to
"be found in the larval and pupal forms in January of the year, the
beetle probably issuing sometime during the rainy months.
Onthophagus
igneus (Plate ILI.,
Vig. 2) is a beautiful
little Coprid, with a
golden coppery head
ye and thorax and deep
A& blue elytra, found in
. Southern India.
Catharsius molos-
sus, Linn, of which
the @ and 9 are
Fic, 102.—Catharsius molossus (Burma), @ left; shown in Fig. 102
@ right, VS 2) Co mimo n
Burman coprid beetle. Leucophzlis crassa isa brown beetle covered
with a yellow pulverescence and is to be found round Darjiling. It is
depicted in Plate IIL, Fig. 3.
The MELOLONTHIDSS are probably as numerous as the Coprides or
nearly so as over 4,000 species are known and it is practically certain
that there remain many small Indian species to be described. The beetles
though varying in size are more or less squarish in build, of some shade
of black grey, brown or dull green ; the elytra always leave exposed two
seements of the body (pygidium) behind, which is not the invariable rule
amongst the Cetoniides, the last abdominal segment being often more or
less pointed. The male can berecognised from the female beetle by the
* Heliocopris mouhoutus and dominus by D. Sharp, Fasciculi Malayensis, Zoology, Part
II, N. Annandale and H, C. Robinson, University Press, Liverpoo}.
438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
larger plates (lamelle) on the antennz. ‘The grubs are straight when
young but curve ‘and end in the thick bag as shown in Fig. 89a as they
grow older, All the Indian ones at present known feed upon the roots
of plants and trees and are probably
a source of considerable loss throughout
India every year to ryot, planter and
forester alike. The larval life often ex-
tends over several years, the time being
spent by the grubs, except during the
winter months when they retire deep into
the earth and more or less hibernate, in
feeding voraciously and growing in size.
The pupal stage is short but the beetles
may remain a considerable time in the
ground after leaving the pupa before
emerging. This is to allow ofall the
outer chitinous parts hardening.
The Indian Museum collections con-
Fig. 103.—Lachnosterna impressa. tain some 150 odd Tndian species of this
Larva, pupa, beetle and
antenna (latter eén-
larged), that this number represents anything
group, but it is exceedingly improbable
like the number of species existing on the Indian Continent.
The Melolonthini include one of the best known and most destruc-
tive of the insects of this group, the Lashnosterna impressa or Indian
Cockchafer par excellence, a thickish brown beetle of which the larva,
pupa and beetle are shown in natural size in Fig. 103. The larve of
this beetle live in the ground and feed upon roots of all kinds so far as
present observations have shown. It moults its skin at intervals until
it reaches full size, but never comes to the surface. Thetime spent in
this stage is at present unknown, but it probably exceedsa year and may
be several.* The larva is the well-known ‘white grub’ of Planters in
whose nurseries it has long been known to commit considerable
havoc amongst the young plants. As anillustration of the damage this
insect is capable of it may be mentioned that in 1891 it appeared in vast
quantities in some of the Darjiling tea gardens and committed great
havoc amongst the young tea plants. In 1883 it did great damage to
"The European species Melolontha vulgaris spends more than 3 years in the grub stage
whilst the American species Macrodactylus subspinosus spends the greater part of a year
as a grub,
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 439
the public gardens at Darjiling where some 2,695,000 individuals were
destroyed. Lachnosterna serrata is common in Sikkim. It has red brown
elytra and is shown in Plate III., Fig. 4. A larger species, as apparent
from its grub, is common in the Himalayan Deodar forests where it is a
Fic. 104.—Serica assamensis (Assam Duars). @. beetle on tea leaf, natural
size, b. beetle enlarged. (X 4).
serious pest of young Deodar seedlings and plants. Amongst other
Melolonthidee species of
Serica, Adoretus, Anomala
and Holotrichia may be
mentioned as noxious pests.
Fie. 106,—Serica alcocki (Dehra
Dun). (xX 2).
Serica assamensis, a small
brown beetle, was sent from
a Duar’s tea garden to the
Indian Museum in 1899.
It commits the most serious
havoc in tea gardens eating
Fic. 105.—Serica caleutte (Calcutta). Cx 4), Up both leaves and the new
440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
stalks of the year. It was found to be an undescribed species.
Fig. 104 shows this insect (enlarged) and a tea leaf with beetles in site.
Serica calcuttce (Fig. 105) feeds upon rose leaves in Calcutta and Serica
alcocki (Fig. 106) defoliates Mallotus philippinensis in the Dun forests
of the Dehra Dun District (N. W. India).
Fig. 108.—Cyphochilus
candidus
(Sikkim),
Fic. 107.—Lepidiota bimaculata (Assam).
Lepidiota bimaculata (Fig. 107) is a large beetle with a green thorax
and brown elytra, from Assam, whilst Cyphochilus candidus is a large
silvery-white chafer common in Sikkim (Fig. 1(8).
Both Adoretus bangalorensis and A. caligznosus feed upon rose
bushes in South India (Bangalore), the latter species being widely spread
throughout India.
Figs. 109 and 110 show enlarged dorsal and side views of these
Fig. 109.—Adoretus bangalorensis (Bangalore). Cx 4).
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA,
=—— \
=f Pay [=
NY Mh
=
I
sa
ZA iA\ ty i
¢ |
Sed et
ee
AAs
= as SY | ses
= SaaS =e
a
Ss aa ii a ce
=
fIG. 111,—Adoretus cardoni (Cal-
cutta). ( X 2) a. dorsal, b. side
view, ¢. much enlarged antenna,
K'1e@, 110.—Adoretus caliginosus (India). ( x4).
beetles. Adoretus cardonit is another
chafer which feeds upon rose leaves in
Calcutta ;
well. A side and back view are shown
un) Hijo. ei
Huchirus macleai is a large insect
to the group EHuchirini
enormously prolonged
Tt is an inhabitant of
the N. HE. Himalayas and is shown in
Plate III., Fig. 5.
it also attacks Cannas as
belonging
which has
anterior legs.
442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVJTI.
The next group to be considered are the Rutelini, a division contain-
ing a number of pests. In June 1899 the Superintendent of the
Victoria Gardens, Bombay, noted that both the larvee and imagines of a
beetle, subsequently identified as Anomala dorsalis, were doing much
damage to the lilies inthe garden, ‘‘ They attack one particular kind
of Crinum only, viz., C. latifolium, They come flying in large num-
bers Jate in the evening and devour all the flowers most greedily, so
that in the morning there is not a single open flower left on any of the
plants. The larve are found eating the leaves, etc., of Hucharis lilies
and tuberoses.”” The attack was re- ;
ported again the following year. The
beetle responsible is shown enlarged
in Wig. 112. A variety of this beetle _
was named by Brenske A. dorsalis
var. fusca, Anomala viridis is a
largish bright green shining chafer
reported as stripping leaves off Alder
(Alnus nepalensis) trees in June
between 5,000-6,000 feet elevation in
the Darjiling Himalayas. Fig. 113
shows Holotrichia imitatria, a blackish
chafer from Sikkim and Fig. 114
HI. andamana, a shining yellowish
brown Moelulonthid from the Anda-
Fic. 112.—Anomala dorsalis (Bom-
mans. bay). ( X 2 ).
Mimela leet is a shining irridescent brilliant metallic green beetle with
Fic. 113.—Holotrichia imitatrix (Sik- Fie. 114.-—Holotrichia andamana (An-
kim). a. dorsal, 0. side view, daman Islands), a. dorsal, 6.
ec. enlarged antenna. side view, ¢. enlarged antenna.
INSECT LIFE JN INDIA, 443
coppery stripes and reflexions. It is to be found throughout India
(Plate IIL, Fig. 6). Another brilliantly coloured Rutelid to be found
in the N.-H. Himalaya is Popilea cupricollis, a beetle with coppery
shining elytra and dull coppery thorax, It is shown in Plate III.
Fig. 7. The above few notes will demonstrate how widely spread are
the Melolonthids over the great Continent and the importance, from an
economic point of view, of their study being carried out.
The Dynasripes include the largest of the beetles of this family
although numerically the group is the smallest, containing only about
1,000 odd species. The insects themselves are large bulky creatures, the
males often having enormous projections and horns on their heads and
pro-thoraces, the use of which is at present but little understood. It is
concluded that in some way they are defensive and offensive structures
used by the males in battling for the females but there is little authentic
proof for this rather obvious supposition. The fact that the males are
much larger than the females and that the armature is usually confined
to them seems to suggest that some sexual reason exists for the
peculiar projections. They possess powers of stridulation, these exist-
ing on the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments immediately below
the end of the wing cases which rub against them to produce the
sound. Members of this subfamily are common in India. Amongst the
most important, from the position it occupies as a ruinous pest in parts
of the country, is the well-known rhinoceros or date palm beetle
Fia. 115,—Oryctes rhinoceros (Bombay and South India). Larva and heetle.
(Oryctes rhinoceros) of which the larva and beetle are shown in Fig, 115. -
The grub is about 4 inches in length, large, stout, yellowish white with
24
444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
a brownish head, powerful jaws, 3 pairs of legs on the thoracic segments
and its posterior segments are curved round. The keetle is black, shin-
ing, massive and large with a prominent horn, which curves backwards,
on its head. Itis from this horn that it gets its name of rhinoceros
beetle. The wing cases are very convex above. There is a large
roughly heart-shaped depression on the front of the thorax behind the
head which, with the horn on its head, its general form and spined front
tibize, render the beetles easily recognisable and it is as well that this
should be so, for it is, as already stated, a ruinous pest. The insect in-
habits more especially the southern half of the Continent, being chiefly
confined to the areas in which the date palm, cocoanut, palmyra, &c.,
trees flourish, It has been reported as plentiful in the Konkan, Kanara,
Salem, Kistna and Godavery Districts and is also abundant in Calcutta
and lower Eastern Bengal. The palms above mentioned suffer severely
from this pest. The beetle seeks out the crown of the tree at night and
settles on the growing shoot and bores down into this, thus eating
through the folded young leaves so that when these expand they are
seen to be full of holes and to have a ragged appearance. In bad attacks
the leaf area is thus greatly reduced. It burrows down through the heart
of the cabbage, boring out a large tunnel in its operations and ejecting
from it a quantity of the fibre which remains protruding from the
entrance hole and is a certain sign of the tree being infested. If several
beetles attack the growing shoot the tree is sure to die. The beetle
lays eggs in dying or dead trees or in any adjacent refuse heaps. The
grubs on hatching out feed in these. It will be seen that it is therefore
absolutely essential that plantations should be kept clean of all refuse
and that all dead and dying trees should be cut out and burnt. The
grubs probably take more than a year to reach full size. The pupal or
tchrysalis stage is probably a short one and the insect does not feed in
his condition. The beetle is a clumsy lazy insect walking slowly and
rarely flying in the day time. It has a strong flight at night. It can
exist for several weeks without food of any kind. The insects prefer for
their operations dirty uncleaned plantations. Fupatorus cantori, of
which the $ and 9 are shown in Plate III., Fig. 2, is a large shining
black beetle with redbrown outer margins to the elytra. It is an
inhabitant of Assam. Chalcosoma atlas is another ‘large Dynastid
beetle common in India, It is dark green in colour with long horns.
Xylotrupes gideon, also from Assam, is shining black and the male
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA, 445
insect is armed with long horns on the head and thorax as shown in
Fig. 116 whilst the female is dull brownish black in colour and is hornless.
The Crto-
NIUDES, the
last sub-
family of the
Scarabee 1 dee,
are well
known owing
to the great
beauty of
their colour-
ation, they
being the
most highly coloured family. They are
known to most under the name of. rose
chafers or rose beetles, being commonly
found feeding upon and destroying the
petals of roses. Some 1,600 odd species
of this group are known. They are
particularly addicted to warm regions,
although a large number of species are
found inthe Old World. The beetles are
usually to be found active in brilliant
4 sunlight. The method of fight is peculiar
Vie. 116—Xylotrupes gideon in this subfamily; the elytra do not
(Assam), extend down the sides of the body,
so that, if they are elevated a little, the wings can be protruded; in
other words the elytra are lifted as one piece. This is the mode of
flight of most Cetonids,
In India the subfamily is represented by numerous species.
Cetonia maculata is a bronzy brown beetle
(Fig. 117) with white patches on the sides
of the thorax, elytra and base of head.
It is a common beetle in India. Rhom-
borrhina ruckeri is the Cetonid shown
Mie. ti7—-Cetonia. macalat, 12 Elate Lib, Fig. 8. It is an inhabitant
(India). of the Himalayas. Dicranocephalus wal-
446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. XVI,
lichw (Plate IIL, Fig. 9) is another N. H. Himalaya Spaniese It isa
greenish beetle of considerable size with
peculiarly curled elongate mandibles and
long legs, the anterior ones being espe-
cially lengthy. Mucronota penicillata
found in Assam (Fig. 118) is a Cetonid
with a curiously ridged triangular yellow
thorax and brown shining elytra with
yellow spots and yellow apices. Fig. 10,
ie Fie. 118.—Macronata peni-
in Pl. ILI., reproduces the large shining cillata (Assam).
green Cetonid beetle Agestrata orichalcea of Burma. In Assam another
4 very common shining green beetle of this
group 1s Heterorrhina hookert (Fig. 119).
This beetle is to be found very plentifully
in the forests at the foot of the Bhutan
Hills in the neighbourhood of the Sunkos
a ee ee Hehe and Reidak river and is probably distri-
; (Bhutan Duars). buted for a considerable distance bath to
the east and west of these rivers. It is most commonly found upon the
Khair (Acacza catechu)
trees which are at times
completely defoliated.
A common shining
blackish-brown Cetonid
of Bengal is Lomap-
tera puella (Fig. 120).
Another very common
Fig, 121—-Glycyphana
versicolor (India),
rose chafer beetle to be
found throughout India ,.., 12022 Homeprereneln
is Glycyphana verst- (Bengal).
color (Fig. 121), a small reddish-coppery Cetonid with green margins to
the thorax, elytra and also along the suture of the elytra, the upper
surface of the insect being covered with small white spots, especially
numerous on the elytra. This insect is common in Dehra Dun
throughout July and August when it feeds upon the petals of the
rose bushes.
(To be continued.)
447
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”
SERIES III, PART III,
By
Siz Georce Hampson, BaRt.,, ¥.2Z.8., F.E.S.
(Continued from page 183 vf this Volume.) —
Sub-family JTADENINA,
Genus Monima.
Type.
AGH Tete tUON a VOUZ.,. D4 2208 LSA) i aasceeheceannce ztaeserceo<auas miniosa.
Cuppanoa, Eubn, Verz., pi 220820) | ccerscses sonsscnosweeves stabilés,
Semiophora, Steph, Ill. Brit, Ent. Haust., II., p. 188 (1829). gothica.
Teniocampa, Guen. Ann. Soc. Hnt, Fr. VIIL.,p. 477 (1839), gothica.
Graphiphora Hiibn. Tent. ined, (nec Ochs.) ...... -2. sees gothica,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair
in front, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth, with corneous plate below it: eyes
large, rounded ; head and thorax clothed with hair only, the vertex of head
and tegule with rather ridge-like crests, the pro= and metathorax with loose
crests ; pectus and legs hairy ; abdomen with lateral fringes of hair and without
dorsal crests, Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from
upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from
cell, Hindwing-with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle
of discocellulars ; 6-7 stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only,
Sect, I. Antenne of male bipectinate with long branches to near apex, of
female with short branches.
1705. a. MoniMa ErizA, Swinh. A. M.N, H. (7) VII, p. 494 (1901).
@. Grey-brown with slight rufous tinge. Forewing with the orbicular
represented by an oblique black bar, the reniform by a V-shaped mark ; the
subterminal line broken up into black points, slightly smuous and incurved
in discal fold; some dark points on termen. Hindwing rather paler ; the
underside whitish irrorated with brown and with dark discoidal point.
Habitat—Kulu. Exp, 44 mill.
Sect. II. Antenne of male bipectinate with rather long branches, the apex
serrate, of female serrate.
A, Forewing with blackish or red-brown patch between
orbicular and reniform.
a, Forewing with dentate black marks before middle
of subterminal line ...... ...... POCO REBRME Rocuaeaccocsoned | yAZIGTGoN dated
b, Forewing without dentate black marks before
middle of subterminal line ..........s0--sseesssees roo | CUStaneipennis.
B, Forewing without black or brown patch between
HUpIEularand! MEMMOT MAE ne esse caee cau cisch \eneseusecscadeecerten: JErTOSWClOn
448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
1701. MoNIMA FASCICULATA,
1796, MONIMA CASTANEIPENNIS,
1705, MONIMA FERROSTICTA,
Sect. III. Amtenne of male strongly serrate and fasciculate.
A. Forewing with the subterminal line angled inwards
UTICA ONG arse. Ssniseree-ca saves) narceccessiesee -2-ceenccceseemeegnonenulase
B, Forewing with the subterminal line not angled inwards
in discal fold.
a Forewing with more or less prominent small dentate
black or brown marks before subterminal line... .... incerta,
b, Forewing without small dentate marks before sub-
bermiwal WMC ses. cecss seu sql paliceceepieewes velemestioneae nctine mmc OUI TICOMTE TEE
1920. MoNIMA NIGRORENALIS.
Fig. 114.—Monima incerta, @. 1.
1706. a, Monima INcERTA, Hiifn, Berl. Mag., ITI., p. 298 (1767); Staud, Cat.
Lep, pal., p. 201.
Noctua instabilis, Schiff, Wien. Verz., p..76 (1776) ; Esp. Schmett.
IV., pl. 151, f. 3; Hiibn, Eur, Schmett, Noct., f.
65; Dup. Lep. Fr., VI., pl. 81, £.3; Steph, Il.
Brit. Ent. Haust., 11., p. 140.
trigutta, Esp. Schmett., IV., pl. 147, £. 4 (1790).
3 contracta, Esp. Schmett , IV., pl. 151, £. 2 (1790).
43 collinita, Esp. Schmett., IV., pl. 152, £. 6 (1790),
Bombyx nebulosus, Haw. Lep. Brit., p. 120 (1803).
,, subsetaceus, Haw. Lep. Brit., p. 120 (1803),
,, Jsuscatus, Haw. Lep. Brit., p, 122 (1803),
,, angustus, Haw. Lep. Brit., p. 112 (1803).
Teniocampa evanida, But). A, M.N. H. (5), IV., p. 362 (1879).
39
us pallida, Lampa, Tidskr,, 1885, p. 72.
Ni pallida, Staud, Stett, Ent, Zeit., 1888, p. 32.
sf pallidior, Staud, Cat. Lep. pal., p. 201 (1901).
Head and thorax rufous more or less strongly mixed with grey ; palpi black
at sides; abdomen grey irrorated with brown, the anal tuft and ventral
surface tinged with rufous. Forewing grey, thickly irrorated and striated
with brown and more or less strongly suffused with rufous; an indistinct
subbasal line from costa tosubmedian fold, followed by a dark point in cell ;
antemedial line indistinct, slightly sinuous; orbicular and reniform large,
with whitish annuli, the former oblique elliptical, the latter: with its lower
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 449
part filled in with fuscous ; an ill-defined medial shade, oblique from costa
to lower angle of cell, then incurved ; postmedial line indistinct, dentate or
reduced toa series of minute dark striz on the veins, excurved from costa
to vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal line whitish defined by brown on inner
side, forming somewhat dentate marks at middle, angled outwards at vein 7,
and slightly excurved at middle; a terminal series of black points,
Hindwing whitish, suffused and irrorated with fuscous brown especially on
terminal area ; the underside whitish irrorated with brown, a black discoidal
spot and postmedial series of points on the veins,
Ab, 1 fuscata. Forewing almost uniform fuscous.
Ab, 2 paliida. Forewing paler and greyer.
Ab. 3 pallidior. Much paler, forewing grey-white ; hindwing whitish,
Ab. 4 evanida, Wike pallidior but larger, the subterminal line strongly defined
by rufous,
Habitat. EKurore ; W, Asia; W. Siperia; W. Tourxistan; E. SIperia;
JAPAN; PuNJaB, Simla. Hap, 40-50 mill.
Larva, Meyr, Brit. Lep., p. 72; Barrett, Lep. Brit. V.,p. 215, pl. 211 and
PAs tall
Green with numerous yellowish or whitish dots ; dorsal and spiracular lines
pale yellow or whitish; subdorsal line formed of pale dots ; head green. Food
plants: Oak, poplar, hawthorn, etc, 5°7.
1919, MOoNIMA CINNAMOMEA,
Genus PALPONIMA,
Type,
Palponima, Hmpsn. Cat, Lep, Phal. B, M., V., p. 4382 (1905), orthostoides.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely porrect, the 2nd joint extending
about the length of head and fringed with long hair below, the 3rd joint long
and dilated at extremity ; frons with roughened truncate conical prominence ;
eyes large, rounded ; antennz of male bipectinate with long branches to apex,
- of female ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with hair only, the latter with
triangular ridge-like dorsal crest ; tibie moderately hairy; abdomen with dorsal
crest on Ist segment only, Forewing narrow, the apex rectangular, the termen
nearly straight to vein 3, then oblique; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ;
6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from
cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle
of discocellulars ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base
only.
1704, PALPONIMA ORTHOSIOIDES.
Genus SIDERIDISs.
Type.
Sideridis, Hiibn, Verz., p. 232 (1827) ..........2066 Sondaieneo souncc evidens,
Nici tani. Viet... Ws 200 (LOO) wtdbeareaee-s coseveceacke eee vitellina
Hyphilare, Hiibn. Verz., p. 239 (1827) ........... masecesbaniemees albipuncta,
Crocigrapha, Grote, Can, Ent, VIT., p. 57 (1875)........0..00 mormani,
450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi short, obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint
fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd minute ; frons smooth ; eyes large,
rounded ; antenne of male typically minutely ciliated ; head and thorax clothed
with hair only, except a few scales on upper edge of patagia ; the prothorax with
spreading crest; tibie fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest on Ist
segment only. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen oblique towards
tornus ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from
10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins
3°4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below angle of discocellulars ; 6:7
from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only
A, Forewing yellow slightly suffused with rufous ............ vitellina.
B, Forewing white with a violaceous tinge ..............s:000: eximia.
1937 a, ‘SIDERIDIS VITELLINA, Hiibn. Eur, Schmett. Noct. ff, 379-589
(4827) ; Dup. Lep, Fr. VIL., p. 475, pl. 130, f. 4 ; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p, 193.
Head, thorax and abdomen yeliow tinged with rufous, Forewing yellow
irrorated with
rufous ; indis-
tinct oblique
rufous streaks
above and
below vein 1
before the an-
temedial line,
Sideridis vitellina, @ }. which is den-
tate, oblique from costa to submedian fold, then angled inwards on vein 1 ;
orbicular a small rufous spot ; reniform a rufous lunule ; postmedial line some-
what dentate and with minute dark streaks on the veins, slightly incurved to
costa and in discal fold, oblique below vein 4 ; subterminal line minutely waved,
angled outwards at vein 7 and slightly excurved at middle. Hindwing semi-
hyaline white, the veins and terminal area tinged with ochreous ; the underside
with the costal area slightly irrorated with rufous,
Habitat EUROPE ; ALGIERS; CANARIES; SYRIA ; W, TURKISTAN ; KASHMIR,
Scind Valley, Nubra, Rala, Narkundah ; Pungas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Lap, 40-44
mill,
Larva, Meyr. Brit, Lep., p. 69 ; Barrett, Lep. Brit. V., p. 168, pl. 204, f. 3.
Pale reddish brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral whitish lines edged with
brown ; spiracular line pale ; head reddish brown reticulated with black. Food
plants : Grasses. 10°5.
1937, b. SIDERIDIS EXIMIa, Staud. Iris, VIII., p. 319, pl. 6, f. 7 (1895) ; id.
Cat. Lep. pal. p. 161.
&. Head and thorax white with some brown hair; palpi pale red-brown ;
frons with brown bar above; tegule with diffused brown medial lime ;
abdomen paie yellow-brown mixed with grey. Forewing white, with a
slight violaceous tinge and irrorated with brown ; subbasal line represented by
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 451
a black striga from costa and a curved black mark below the cell, retracted to
base and followed by a prominent triangular spot ; antemedial line double, the
outer strong, curved and slightly waved, with slight brown shading on inner
side and more prominent shading on outer; claviform brown with its extremity
defined by black ; orbicular and reniform large, white with brown centres and
defined by brown, the former oblique elliptical ; medial line oblique frcm
costa to below cell, then dentate and inwardly oblique, the area between it and
postmedial line suffused with brown; postmedial line double, very slightly
waved, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then very oblique, the
area beyond it tinged with brown to the subterminal line which has minute
dentate black marks before it below costa and at middle, is excurved between
veins 7 and 2, and defined by white on outer side ; cilia pale brown. Hindwing
pale suffused with fuscous especially towards termen:and with an ochreous tinge
at base ; cilia pale brown, white at tips; the underside pale, thickly irrorated with
brown, a slight discoidal lunule, curved postmedial line, and traces of subter-
minal band.
Habitat,—TiseT: Punsas, Kulu, Exp. 34 mill.
Genus BRITHYS.
Type.
Brithys, Hibn. Verz., p, 226 (1827) secrecrecreeres stcoreneccssvassarenees encausta,
Cocytia, Treit, Schmett. Eur, X., ii, p. 29 (1834), nec. Boisd, Lep,
1B) so ince Ogee On SAB SEE C EEC EC OS ONDCE Cece CER OCHE nC Cre DoEnneo ance Joneraanna son pancratii,
Glotiula, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Tr. VI, p. 359 (1837) Beey cepsisices vee = pancratii,
1586. BriTHys CRINI, Fabr. Syst, Ent., p. 587 (1775), has precedence over
dominica, Cram.
Genus ASPIDIFRONTIA.
Type.
Aspidifrontia, Hmpsn. Ann. 8, Afr. Mus, II., p. 269 (1902) ...... semépallida.,
Proboscis weak ; palpi short, cblique, fringed with hair in front; frons with
large disk-shaped cor-
neous prominence with
raised rim and trun
cate conical centre ;
“ce, eyes large, round ;
Sy antenne of male cili-
ated ; head and thorax
Aspidifrontia aaylides. @ 1 clothed with: hair and
hair-like scales with some scales mixed, without distinct crests ; abdomen with
dorsal crest at base, Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ;
6 from upper angle ;9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11
from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent frem
middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the
cell near base only,
1679, b, ASPIDIFRONTIA AXYLIDES,
25
452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Genus PoLYTELA,
Type.
APboremino pale pink jeccesrapineeiceceslerathves tore sestinttaenasen orientalis,
B, Forewing blue black,
a, Forewing with apical yellow patch.
a}. Hindwing with the cilia yellow..........cccoercsssseee gloriosa,
bt, Hindwing with the cilia black ..........0.sssseseeer -. florigera,
b. Forewing without apical yellow patch .. ..... ........ chrysospila.
1587, PoLyTELA ORIENTALIS,
The species is found at Aden, and the locality Nilgris is probably an
error,
1588, PoLYTELA GLORIOSA,
1589. POLYTELA FLORIGERA,
5090. POoLYTELA CHRYSOSPILA,
Genus CERAPTERYX. Type.
Cerapteryx, Cur, Brit. Ent,, V., p. 451 (1833)......scse0r2e00. graminis,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi short, oblique, the 2nd joint fringed with
hairin front; frons smooth ; antennze of male bipectinate with moderate
branches to apex ; head and thorax clothed with hair only and without distinct
crests ; abdomen with dorsal crest on basal segment and lateral tufts of hair.
Forewing short, the apex truncate, the termen obliquely curved ; veins 8 and 5
from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole ; 11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell ; 5
obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomos-
ing with the cell near base only,
1699, CERAPTERYX ALBICEPS,
The unique type is a female,
Cerapteryz albiceps. Q +.
Genus DASYGASTER. Type.
Dasygaster, Guen, Noct. I, p. 201 (1852) ...resseccesseeree nsec hollandie,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with hair in front, the 3rd
joint porrect ; frons with small rounded prominence with corneous plate be-
low it ; eyes large ; rounded ; antennz of male typically with bristles and cilia ;
head and thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the pro- and metathorax
with spreading crests ; pectus and abdomen clothed with long hair, the latter
with dorsal crests at base and lateral fringes of hair, long in male, Forewing
rather short and broad, the apex rectangular ; veins.3 and 5 from near angle of
cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ;
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 453
11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent
from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with
the cell near base only.
Sect. III, Antenne of male with cilia and bristles ; claspers very elongaie.
hindwing with the termen strongly excised from apex to vein 4.
1924, DasyGASTER REVERSA.
Habitat,—Niueris ; CEYLON ; New GUINEA ; QUEENSLAND,
Dasygaster reversa, @ 4
Genus CIRPHISs,
Type,
Cirptis, Wilk.) XXXID, 6221865) 00.20... seen enome oes bere eared COStOIES:
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed
with hair in front, the 3rd short, porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ;
head and thorax clothed with hair and scales mixed, the pro-and metathorax
with spreading crests; tibie fringed with rather long hair, abdomen with
dorsal crest on basal segment, Forewing with the apex somewhat acute,
the termen obliquely curved, veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from
upper angle ;9 from 10 anastomising with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from
cell, Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle
of discocellulars ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only,
Sect. II, Antenne of male ciliated,
A, Mid tibiz of male with thick fringes of long hair and scales on underside,
a. Fore cox, femora, and tibiz of male with thick fringes of hair and scales,
a* Forewing with black spot above median nervure to-
wards end of cell .......0 aiebjaisishavesteln'al ot eae aviaciaccisne Sasciata,
6) Forewing without black spot above sain nervure
towardsremdl Of Gelli scaescscccesesensectechscsecss Re stires - §=nainica,
1934, CrrpHis FascraTA, Moore, P. Z, S. 1881, p. 341 ; id, Lep, Ceyl., III, p
7, pl. 144, £. 6.
Leucania nigrilinea, Leech, P. ZS. 1889, p. 482, pl. 50, f. 8.
1908. CirpHis NAINICA, Moore, P, Z, S, 1881, p. 337, pl. 37, f, 15.
Leucania griseofasciata, Moore, P, Z. 8. 1881, p. 339.
, irrorata, Moore, P. Z, 8, 1888, p. 409.
6. Mid femora of male with a fringe of long hair and scales.
1934,a. CIRPHIS INSULARIS, Butl, P. Z.8. 1880, p. 674; Hmpsn Cat, Lep
Phal. B. M. V., p. 486, pl. 91, f, 22.
Axylia irrorata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 341.
» albivena, Moore, P. Z, 8, 1881, p. 342.
454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous ; sides of palpi and frons black, tegule
with black medial line and black and grey tips; patagia with some black scales
on upper edge, metathoracic crest black, legs striated with blackish, Forewing
ochreous slightly irrorated with black, a slight black streak in base of sub=
median fold; median nervure and base of vein 4 more or less prominently white,
with a slight diffused black fascia above and below median nervure, then from
lower angle of cell oblique to termen at vein 6; antemedial line sometimes
represented by black marks above and below median nervure, orbicular and
reniform represented by black points or small spots in cell above origin of vein
2 and at lower angle; traces of a highly dentate postmedial line with two
series of black points on it, the inner in the interspaces, the outer on the
veins, oblique below vein 4, sometimes quite obsolete ; a terminal series
of black points, usually prominent ; cilia intersected with fuscous, Hindwing
white tinged with ochreous, the terminal area with brown ; a terminal series
of black points ; the underside with the costal area slightly irrorated with
fuscous,
Habitat—Formosa; PungaB, Kulu, Sultanpur, Kangra Valley, Simla ;
Mapras;%, EB. Borneo. Exp, 28-36 mill. 3
B. Mid tibie of male normal.
a. Coxm of male with fringes of scales and hair ; abdomen with paired
sublateral fans of large scales, the anal tuft large.
1911, CrIRPHIS LOREYI, insert (syns),
Noctua caricis, Treit, Schmett, Eur, X., 2, p. 91 (1835).
Leucania curvula, Wik., IX, 102 (1855),
and del, Leucanta tenebrifera and Leucania albistigma,
b. Legs of male normal.
al, Abdomen of male with paired ventral tufts of
long hair from base,
a2. Underside of wings of male clothed with
silvery scales.
a*, Hindwing of male on underside with the ex-
tremity of veins 8 to 3 clothed with
long downturned hair.
1890. a. CinPHIS LANIATA,
b’, Hindwing of male on underside without
downturned hair on veins 8 to 3,
a*, Forewing with dark streaks in interspaces
of terminal area.
a>, Forewing with the costal area paler
than ground colour.
a°, Forewing with black streak below
base of Cell.......c.seecsssccrceroersares inframicans,
b*, Forewing with rufous streak below
base Of Coll.c.scscccsessecssessarsereeres HUMEErG.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 455
6°, Forewing with the costal area concolorous...... decisissima.
b*, Forewing without dark streaks in inter-
Spaces of terminal area.
a°, Forewing with yellow spot with black
point on it at lower angle of cell......... subsignata,
b*. Forewing with minute white point at
owmenan cle ObiCelly socnecsececal cane) esacc simplex.
1893, CIRPHIS INFRAMICANS.
1892. CIRPHIS HAMIFERA,
1891. CIRPHIS DECISISSIMA.
1899, CIRPHIS:SUBSIGNATA.
1899,a, CIRPHIS SIMPLEX, Leech,, Trans, Ent, Soc. 1899, p. 130; Hmpsn. Cat.
Lep. Phal. B. M., V., p. 503, pl. 92, £, 7.
Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous tinged with rufous, the last with the
ventral tufts of male black. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufous and irrorated
with a very few black.scales ; the antemedial line represented by dark points on
median nervure and vein 1 ; a slight-pale point at lower angle of cell, and a dark
shade beyond the angle connected with a triangular shade from termen below
apex ; a curved postmedial series of black points on the ves. Hindwing
ochreous whitish, suffused with fuscous brown, except on basal, costal and
inner areas, underside of male suffused with silvery scales, except costal area of
forewing, a black postmedial point on costa of forewing and a terminal series on
hindwing ; female ochreous white irrorated with brown, some fuscous suffusion
on veins of forewing beyond middle.
Habitat,—C. Cuina, Chang-Yang, Kiukiang, Ship-y-Shan ; Assam, Khasias,
Fp, 32-38 mill.
b?, Underside of wings of male not clothed with
silvery scales.
a®, Forewing with dark streaks in the interspaces
of terminal area.
a*, Forewing with the white streak on median
nervure hooked on discocellulars,
a@°, Forewing with oblique pale fascia between
veins 5 and 2 beyond the fascia from
PUD ORs wep lage e veepsionige sisies cigein ants o's avis isle Siaivie se «. Ilxalbum.,
b*, Forewing without pale fascia between veins
5 and 2 beyond the fascia from apex ... albivenata.
b*. Forewing with the white streak on median
nervure not hooked on discocellulars.
a°, Forewing with the ground colour purplish
pink,
a°, Forewing with pale streak in lower part
of cell POGPOCESre00001 0 berecpesveccsea B6b60 peosboo rujipennis.
458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
b°, Forewing without pale streak in lower
paxtor celle. seve SEO aa ac eb ORuOERE Soa00G-00 duplicata.
6°, Forewing with the ground colour greyish.
a°, Forewing with the costal area pale de-
fined by brown below ......sessesseseeeee albicosia.
b°, Forewing with the costal area concolor-
DUT) sconcassanaasoonannonnos snddacHabooonoNsoaNEDeCS micaced,
b*, Forewing without dark streaks in the initer-
spaces of terminal area ..........0+ ateateent eae flavostigma.
1895, CIRPHIs 1-ALBUM,
1895. a, CIRPHIS ALBIVENATA, Swinh. Trans, Ent, Soc. 1890, p, 217, pl. 7, £. 7.
é@. Head and thorax violaceeus grey tinged with red-brown ; palpi fuscous ;
sides of frons with black bar ; tegule with three brown lines; patagia with a
few black scales near upper edge ; mid and hind tibie and tarsi streaked with
black: abdomen grey, dorsally tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft and ventral
surface with ochreous, the abdominal tufts grey and fuscous. Forewing purplish
grey, the costal and inner areas irrorated with fuscous, the costal edge brown ;
a black streak on base of median nervure and an oblique streak above inner
margin before middle ; a brown shade through the cell and thence obliquely to
apex, leaving a fine white streak in lower part of cell; the subcostal nervure
and veins arising from it, the median nervure and veins 4°3 streaked with white
defined by fine dark streaks, the interspaces with fine streaks, more prominent
and blackish above veins 4°32 ; an oblique pale fascia from apex to vein 3,
the area beyond it rather darker ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia inter-
sected with white. Hindwing whitish tinged with fuscous, especially on the
veins and towards termen ; cilia whitish; the underside violaceous white, the
costal and terminal areas irrorated with fuscous, a discoidal spot, postmedial
series of short streaks on the veins, and terminal series of points,
Q. More tinged with red-brown.
Habitat.—Sixxim; Assam, Naga Hills; Bourwa, Bhamo. Eup, 32-34 mill.
1918, CIRPHIS RUFIPENNIS,
1926, CrRPHIs DUPLICATA, Buitl. Ill, Het. B.M., VIL, p. 8 (1889) ; Hmpsn,
Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., V., p., 506, pl. 92, f. 11.
Leucenia prominens, Moore, P, Z, 8. 1881, p, 339 (nec WI1k.)
rufula, Hmpsn, Moths Ind.,, IT., p. 278 (1894).
1928, CrreHis aLBicosta, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1881, p. 338, pl. 37, f. 10.
Leucania nigrilineosa, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 103 (1882),
1928, a, CIRPHIs MicacEA, Hmpsn, Ill, Het. B. M., VIII, p. 67, pl. 144, f. 8
(1891).
Head and thorax grey-white with a slight purplish tinge ; tegule with three
brown lines; abdomen ochreous white mixed with brown, the ventral tufts
of male brownish and fuscous, Forewing whitish with a slight purplish tinge ;
the veins white defined by fine dark streaks, the interspaces of terminal half
also with dark streaks, the median nervure, except towards base, and veins
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 457
4:3 more prominently white; an oblique dark streak above inner margin
before middle ; the antemedial line represented by obliquely placed black points
below costa and in submedian fold, and one nearer base on vein 1, the post-
medial line by some points bent outwards below costa and oblique below
vein 4 ; an oblique pale fascia from apex to vein 2, the area beyond it rather
browner ; a terminal series of black points; the cilia intersected with white,
Hindwing semihyaline white, the veins and terminal area tinged with
brown ; the underside with the costal and terminal areas irrorated with
fuscous, a postmedial series of slight streaks and terminal series of points,
The Ceylon form has the thorax and forewing more suffused with red-brown,
the latter especially in and below cell and thence obliquely to apex,
Habitat,—BomBay, Mahableshwar; Mapras, Nilgiris; Cryton, Dichoya,
Exp, 30 mill,
1928, 6, CIRPHIS FLAVOSTIGMA, Brem, Lep. Ost, Sib., p. 52, pl. 5,£. 11
(1864); Staud, Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 193.
Leucania singularis, Butl, A, M. N. 8. (5), 1 p. 80 (1878); id, I,
Het, B. M. ITI., p. 22, pl. 28, f. 11.
Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with rufous and mixed with fuscous :
some black scales near upper edge of patagia ; abdomen ochreous dorsally
tinged with fuscous, the ventral tufts of male black. Forewing pale osheone
more or less tinged with rufous, especially in, below, and beyond end of cell,
and irrorated with black ; a black point at base ; an antemedial series of black
points connected by an obsolescent dentate line, oblique from costa to sub-
median fold, then angled inwards on vein 1 ; orbicular and reniform indistinct
yellowish, the latter with black poimt in lower angle of cell, and otis
streak on extremity of median nervure, some fuscous suffusion above and
below extremity of median nervure, thence curved upwards to termen below
apex ; a postmedial series of black points connected by a crenulate brownish
line, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4; traces of a sub-
terminal line excurved at middle and angled inwards at discal and submedian
folds ; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing, ochreous yellow, suffused
with fuscous except on costal area; the underside glossy yellowish white,
the costal area slightly irrorated with fuscous, a discoidal point, postmedial
series of short streaks on the veins, and terminal series of points,
The typical form from the Amur has the ground colour of forewing white,
the markings more ferruginous and contrasting, hindwing with more whitish
on costal and inner areas.
Habitat—AMURLAND; JAPAN; CoREA; C, CHINA; KasHuir, Goorais
Valley. Huxp. 36-42 mill,
b!, Abdomen of male normal.
a3, Forewing of male on underside with fringes of long hair and scales
on vein 1,
1933, CIRPHIS TANGALA.
b?, Forewing of male on underside with fringe of hair and scales on
vein 1,
458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
a*, Forewing with short whitish streak on extremity of median
nervure,
a*, Hindwing almost uniformly suffused with fuscous,
a°, Forewing with dark streaks in the interspaces of terminal
area,
a®, Forewing with black point in lower angle of cell,
a’, Forewing not suffused with rufous,. goniosigma.
b’, Forewing suffused with rufous ..... dharma,
b&. Forewing without black point in lower
AHBIG Ob CM ccmscecesarecounseeaeeeddere see rujistrigosa,
b®. Forewing without dark streaks in the
interspaces of terminal area......cc0000. tgnita,
b*. Hindwing whitish tinged with ochreous... formosana.
6%, Forewing with the median nervure finely
streaked with white,
a*, Forewing with dark streaks in the interspaces
of terminal area.
a>. Forewing with black streak in base of
below submedian fold,
a°, Hindwing whitish, the veins and terminal
area more or less strongly suffused with
brown,
a’. Forewing with short black streaks above
VEUIGED At Dicaek "cats “caciunputioesasecactece: . comma.
67, Forewing without black streaks above
MOMS S45) wceccdchesaavcscaeacvenseconnsnes bifasciata.
b®, Hindwing ochreous white ...... corseenars. roseilined,
e*. Elindwing pure white, csccacansoncnseesee) on polemusa.
6°, Forewing without black streak in base of
submedian fold,
a®°, Forewing with distinct blackish shade
below median nervure,
a’, Forewing with short dark streak from
lower angle of cell to the oblique pale
fascia from apex .......00e0 -. abdominalis.
b’, Forewing with the ane nae oe
termen extending to lower angle of
coll” sca. Gasesmnomen wessiavsiete aocevctaeencteaeneee lineatipes.
be, Forewing without distinct blackish shade
below median nervure,
a", Forewing with the postmedial line re-
duced to points......e0.000: Saeetddaeaeitcle compta.
b", Forewing with the postmedial line
WAVE | Ceccasesenimennenccenceteees daeucen woe megaprociis,
26
THE MOTHS OF INDIA,
b+. Forewing without dark streaks in the inter-
spaces of terminal area ... er... eceaetreeereereaees
e*, Forewing with white point at lower angle of
cell,
a*, Forewing with dark streaks in the interspaces
Of terMinal ALCA...ccreeree cereeren cs ceerearensseree
b+, Forewing without dark streaks in the inter-
spaces of terminal area.
a>, Forewing with the reniform absent,
a’, Hindwing white, the terminal area more
or less suffused with £USCOUS seccccoccrsseee
b°, Hindwing nearly uniformly suffused with
EUSCOUS .ecsee v2 + vecsecrecrecres ecesareesccvoeees
6°, Forewing with ee ree eeeeea by a
pale patch,
a°. Forewing with oblique dark streak from
BOBS cance aeceocoscce setae oenacees satgesecorneganose
b°, Forewing without oblique ane streak
FLOM! APCK sesccccecscccoc-atsosreceoanearsarssses
d®, Forewing without white aarit at lower ies of
cell,
a*, Forewing with the orbicular represented by
a dark spot,
a*, Forewing with the reniform represented by a
dark spot,
a°, Forewing without brown fascia beyond
lower angle of cell.......... Beceasetsmeneann's
6°, Forewing with brown fascia beyond lower
angleiok Celli: vw.sessonesc deere ee sk Sdavsinais “oe
6°, Forewing with the reniform absent........ noeccas
b*. Forewing with the orbicular absent or pale.
a°. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown,
a°, Forewing with the reniform represented
by a pale) path... ....-.cccssserssse0srm=nse
6°, Forewing with the reniform absent,....ecr
6°, Hindwing uniform fuscous,
argc? Forewing without rufous streak on median
nervure,
a’, Hindwing on underside with fuscous
suffusion on inner half of wing.........
b7, Hindwing on underside without fuscous
suffusion on inner half of wing .......+
b°. Forewing with rufous streak on median
TET VULC ssseecsecsenscesserecvoeteazeserres 100
459
sinuosa,
érreguiaris.
albistigma.
Fragilis.
unipuncta,
corrugata.
denticula,
pastea.
Yu.
senuusta.
modesta.
metaphea,
hypophea.
rubrisecta,
460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
1894, a. CIRPHIS GONIOSIGMA, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., V., p. 515,
pl, 92, £. 14 (1905),
4. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with reddish brown and black ; tegule
with black line near tips ; abdomen with large ochreous genital tufts, Fore-
Wing pale ochreous ; a reddish and black shade on median nervure and in cell
from base to postmedial line, at base extending to vein 1; a black point at
base of costa ; the antemedial line represented by a black striga from costa, a
streak on subcostal nervure, and an obsolescent line towards inner margin,
angled inwards on vein 1 ; a prominent white mark on extremity of median
nervure ; postmedial line represented by some black points on the veins, bent
outwards below costa, then obliquely curved to middle of inner margin, another
series of points beyond it arising from the same point at vein 7, angled at vein 4,
then oblique, and joined at vein 4 by a brown and black shade from termen
below apex ; the terminal area with brownish streaks in the interspaces and
white streaks on the veins; a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia
chequered black and white. Hindwing fuscous, ochreous towards base and
inner margin ; the cilia ochreous ; the underside ochreous irrorated with black
and suffused near the curved black postmedial line,
Habitat,—Cny.on, W. Haputale, Exp, 34 mill,
1894, b. CIRPHIS DHARMA, Moore. P, Z, 8. 1881, p. 338, pl. 37, £f. 17 ; Hmpsn.
Cat. Lep, Phal, B. M., V., p. 516, pl. 92, f. 15.
Head and thorax ochreous mixed with bright rufous; sides of palpi and
frons tinged with fuscous ; tegule with dark lines near base and extremity ;
patagia with some black scales near upper edge ; abdomen ochreous dorsally
tinged with brown, Forewing ochreous, more or less suffused with rufous
except on costal and inner areas, which are irrorated with black ; the veins
defined by rufous streaks, and the interspaces streaked with rufous ; a subbasal
black point on costa ; the antemedial line represented by black points on costa,
below cell, in submedian fold, and on vein 1, oblique from costa to submedian
fold ; the median nervure streaked with fuscous, a white streak on its extremity
slightly hooked on discocellulars, with a black point before it in lower.angle of
cell and a small black patch beyond it ; veins 4°3 slightly streaked with white ;
traces of a highly crenulate postmedial line produced to a prominent series of
black points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, and oblique below vein 4,
where it is met by an oblique shade from termen just below apex ; a terminal
series of black points, Hindwing ochreous guffused with fuscous except base
and costal area ; the cilia ochreous ; the under side ochreous, the costal and
terminal areas irrorated with black,:a discoidal lunule, indistinct sinuous postme-
dial line, with series of short streaks on the veins and terminal series of points,
Habitat.—Punsaz, Dharmsdla ; Stkuim; ANDAMANS, Exp, 40 mill,
1894, CIRPHIS RUFISTRIGOsA, Moore, Hmpsn. Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., V.,
p. 516, pl. 92,£.16. Del. Lewcanta rufescens and dharma.
1894. c. CIRPHIS IgNITA, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M,, V., p. 519, pl. 92,
£,18 (1905).
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 461
¢@. Head and thorax purplish red mixed with ochreous ; tegule with traces
of three lines; patagia with some black scales near upper edge ; abdomen
ochreous tinged with rufous. Forewing orange-yellow, suffused with purple-
red except below cell near base, in end of cell, on inner margin and terminal
area ; the costal area white sparsely irrorated with black, and with greyish
fuscous suffusion below it ; median nervure streaked with greyish fuscous, its
extremity with white, a greyish fuscous patch beyond the cell between veins
5 and 3 ; subbasal line represented by a black point on costa, the antemedial
line by an obscure series of points oblique from costa to submedian fold,
then angled inwards on vein 1 ; a postmedial series of points bent outwards
below costa, and oblique below vein 4, where it is met by an oblique shade
from termen below apex ; the veins of terminal area with slight pale streaks ;
a terminal series of black points. Hindwing ochreous suffused with fuscous
brown, the termen tinged with pink; cilia ochreous; the underside pale
ochreous, the costal and terminal areas tinged with purplish pink and irrorated
with fuscous, a discoidal spot and postmedial and terminal series of points,
Habitat.—AssaM, Khasis. Exp, 34 mill.
1894, d. CiRPHis FoRMosANA, Butl, P. Z, S$. 1880, p. 675 ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.
Phal, B. M;, V:, p. 518, pl, 92, £..20:
Leucania adusta, Moore, P. Z. 5, 1881, p. 335,
» semicana, Pag, Zoologica, XII, p. 75, pl. ii, £. 37 (1900).
Head and thorax ochreous tinged with rufous ; tegule with slight dark
tips ; abdomen pale brownish, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing ochreous
suffused in parts with flesh colour and sparsely irrorated with black ; the
veins defined by slight fuscous streaks, the interspaces of terminal half also
streaked with fuscous ; traces of an antemedial series of black points oblique
from costa to submedian fold, then angled inwards on vein 1; traces of
ochreous’ orbicular and reniform stigmata, the latter with black point in lower
part and short yellow streak below it on extremity of median nervure; a
postmedial series of black points bent outwards below costa and oblique below
vein 4, connected by traces of a highly crenulated line ; an oblique dark shade
from termen below apex ; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing whitish,
the veins and terminal half suffused with fuscous brown ; the underside with
the costal and terminal areas tinged with purplish pink and irrorated with
black, a postmedial series of short black streaks on the veins and series of
black points on apical half of termen.
Habitat —Formosa ; Punsas, Manpuri ; Sixuim ; Assam, Khasis ; TRAVAN-
CORE, Pirmad ; CeYLon, Pundaloya, W, Haputale ; SELANGORE ; BORNEO ; N,
GuINEA, Bismarck Arch, Exp, 36 mill,
1927, CrirpHis comma, Linn, Faun, Suec.II., p. 316,(1861) ; Dup. Lep. Fr,
VIL., p. 83, pl. 106, f. 1; Steph. Tl], Brit, Ent, Haust
IIL, p. 73; Staud. Cat, Lep, pal., p. 192.
Noctua turbida, Hiibn, Eur, Schmett, Noct., f. 617 (1827).
» congener Hiibn, Hur, Schmett, Noct., f. 618 (1827).
462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Leucania nigrofasciata, Hmpsn, Moths, Ind,, II., p. 279 (1894),
» rhodocomma Ping, Iris., XIII, p. 120, (1900),
Habitat,—Evrorz; Agmenta; Asta Minor ; W, SipeRia; W. TURKISTAN ;
Moneoua ; TizetT; BH, Siperia; PunJaB, Kulu,
Larva, Meyr, Brit, Lep., p. 69 ; Barrett. Lep, Brit., V., p. 163, pl. 203, 3.
Greyish ochreous to reddish brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale or
whitish, edged with dark brown and with a brown line between them ; lateral
and spiracular lines pale ochreous separated by a dark brown space ; head
brown marked with blackish. Food plants: Grasses, 8-4,
1927. a, CrrpHis BrrascIATA, Moore P, ZS. 1888, p. 410 ; Butl. Ill Het.
B, M., VIL, p. 51, pl. 126, f. 13.
Q,. Head and thorax ochreous white; tegule tinged with purplish pink
and with two slight dark lines; palpi, pectus and legs tinged with pink;
abdomen pale, dorsally tinged with brown, ventrally with pink. Forewing
rufous, the costal area pale ochreous to middle, the inner area to near tornus ;
a slight whitish streak on median nervure from before middle, the veins
beyond ihe cell slightly streaked with white ; a black point in lower angle of
cell, a more or less distinct postmedial series of points; a slight triangular dark
shade from termen below apex, cilia pink, Hindwixg ochreous whitish tinged
with fuscous, especially towards termen ; cilia pinkish at base. Underside of
forewing with the cell and area below and beyond it suffused with fuscous.
Habitat.— PUNJAB, Dharmsala, Lp, 36 mill.
1927. 6, CIRPHIg :ROSEILINEA; Wlk. Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool, VI., p. 179,
(1862) ; Hmpsn. Cat, Lep, Phal., B. M., V.,
p. 023, pl. 925 £26,
Leucania simillima, W1k. Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool., VI., p. 179 (1862).
Head and thorax grey mixed with pale brown and tinged with purplish
-red ; abdomen ochreous dorsally tinged with brown, ventrally irrofated with
black; the clasps of male with thick tufts of hair, Forewing ochreous
white tinged with vinous red, the costa irrorated with black; the veins white,
defined by purple-brown streaks; the interspaces also streaked with purple=
‘brown; a black streak below base of cell and an oblique streak above
inner margin before middle; a brown shade below median nervure; a
black point in lower angle of cell; a postmedial series of black points
bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4; a pale oblique fascia
from apex defined by brown above and below by a triangular brown shade from
termen below apex; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing ochreous
white ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with brown, the termen
sometimes with series of black points,
Habitat —N, Cuina ; Mapras ; TRAVANCORE, Pirmid; CryLon, Kandy ;
SINGAPORE; Bornuo, Lap. 30-34 mill,
1931. CIRPHIS POLEMUSA,
1903, CIRPHIS ABDOMINALIS, insert (syn.) Lewcania moore, Swinh, A, M. N,
H, (7) X,, p. 50 (1902),
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 463
1903. a. CIRPHIS LINEATIPES, Moore, P. Z.S. 1887, p. 335. Hmpsn, Cat.
Lep. Phal. B. M., V.,p. 525, pl. 92, f. 30.
_ Leucania percisa, Moore P, 4. 8, 1888, p. 410,
Head and thorax pale ochreous brown, head browner ; tegule with two dark
lines ; abdomen whitish tinged with ochreous, Forewing pale brownish
ochreous, sometimes tinged with purplish pink and irrorated with fuscous ; the
veins with slight whitish streaks defined by fine brown lines, median nervure
and vein 4 with stronger white streaks, the former defined below by a brown
fascia; a triangular brown shade from termen below apex ; a black point in
lower angle of cell; a curved postmedial series of black points on the veins and
a terminal series. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, especially on the veins
and terminal half; the underside with the costal and terminal areas slightly
tinged with brown and irrorated with fuscous, some black points on termen,
Habitat—Pussas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Simla, Dharmsdla; Assam, Khasis,
Exp. 34-38 mill.
1900, CIRPHIS COoMPTA,
1900. a, CIRPHIS MEGAPROCTIS, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep, Phal. B, M.,, V.,p. 532,
pl. 93, £. 10 (1905).
@ Head and thorax ochreous white; palpi blackish at sides; frons with
black bar ; tegule with two black lines and black tips ; patagia with some black
scales near upper edges; legs irrorated with black, mid tibie with two black
streaks, hind tibize with one, spurs banded with black ; abdomen ochreous
white, a sublateral series of small black spots, the ventral surface irrorated with
black, Forewing ochreous white, the costal and inner areas slightly irrorated
with black ; the veins white defined by fine fuscous streaks, the inter spaces of
terminal area also streaked with fuscous ; traces of an antemedial series of
points oblique from costa to the submedian fold, where there is a more pros
minent point, then strongly angled inwards on vein 1 and outwards above inner
margin ; a black point in lower angle of cell ; a postmedial series of black points
bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4, partially connected by a
crenulate line ; a very slight triangular fuscous shade from termen below apex ;
a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white, the veins and termen
tinged with brown, the underside with the costal area slightly irrorated with
black, a postmedial series of slight streaks on the veins and a terminal series
of points from apex to vein 2.
Habitat.—CryYton, Haputale, Kandy, Fwp. 30 mill,
1904. CIRPHIS SINUOSA,
1937, CIRPHIS IRREGULARIRS insert (syns.)
Leucania cenosa, Snell. Tijd. v., Ent, XX., p. 24, pl. 2, £. 13 (1877).
fe sepulchralis, Lucas, P, Roy. Soc. Queensl, XV., p. 149 (1900).
1937, a, CIRPHIS ALBISTIGMA, Moore, P. Z. S$. 1881, p, 337, pl. 37, £.9;
Hmpsn, Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., V., p. 543, pl. 93, £. 33,
Head and thorax grey to pale olive-brown mixed with dark brown; tegule
with two dark lines; abdomen grey, dorsally tinged with fuscous, Forewing
464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVITq
pale olive-brown to grey-brown, more or.less thickly irrorated with fuscous ;
the veins of costal area defined by fine brown streaks, hardly visible except in
the paler specimens, the interspaces also streaked with brown towards apex ; a
slight black streak below base of cell; a slight fuscous shade on each side of
median nervure, extending beyond the cell to the triangular brown shade from
termen below apex ; the antemedial line represented by obliquely placed black
points on costa and below cell; asmall, rather V-shaped white spot with
brown centre at lower angle of cell ; a postmedial series of black points bent
outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4, sometimes with traces of a
crenulate line before it; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing semi-
hyaline white, the veins, termen and inner area tinged with brown; the under-
side with the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown.
Habitat—Sixutm ; Mapras, Gooty, Nilgiris, Coimbatore. Exp, 52-38 mill.
1912, CIRPHIS FRAGILIS,
1913, CIRPHIS UNIPUNCTA, insert (syns.).
Spelotis punctulata, Blanch, Gay’s Chile, Ins. VII., p. 74 (1852).
Leucania adultera, Schaus,, Trans, Am, Ent. Soc., XXI., p, 232 (1894),
& del. Leucania adusta,
Larva, Cote’s Indian Museum Notes, ITi,, p. 135,
1:12”, Head glabrous, pale red; body pale yellowish-green , three dark
dorsal lines ; a black lateral stripe with pale yellow line below it and a series
of five black spots; prolegs pale green, Feeds in the heart of the millet
stalk and does immense damage to the ripening crop, Pupates in the earth
(W. H. Campbell)
1923, CIRPHIS CORRUGATA.
1905, CIRPHIS DENTICULA,.
1905. a, CIRPHIS PASTEA, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M., V., p. 550, pl. 96,
te 3) (OOH)
@. Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with dark brown; palpi brown-
ish at sides ; frons with brown bar ; tegule with three brown lines ; patagia with
some black scales near upper edges ; tarsi with dark rings ; abdomen ochreous
white, dorsally suffused with brown, ventrally irrorated with black. Forewing
ochreous white irrorated and striated with rufous and dark brown ; some brown
suffusion below middle of costa ; ozbicular represented by a small round brown
spot, the reniform by a large rather diffused lunule ; a diffused brown fascia
beyond lower angle of cell connected with a triangular shade from termen
below apex ; a curved postmedial series of black points with an ill-defined
brown shade beyond them; a terminal series of black points ; cilia ochreous
white intersected with brown, Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, especially
on terminal area ; cilia white with a brownish line through them ; the underside
white irrorated with brown, a black discoidal lunule and terminal series of
points.
Habitat Assam, Khasis, Exp, 36 mill,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 4.65
1906, CrrpHis yu. Guen, Noct, 1, p. 78 (1852).
Leucania exempta, Wik., XI., 710 (1857) ; Hmpsn, Ill, Het. B. Moc LX,
p, 90, pl. 161, f. 9,
» costalis, Moore, P, Z. 8. 1877, p. 603, plea} roll.
1909, CIRPHIS SEMIUSTA.
1910. CIRPHIS MODESTA, r
1910,a, CrreHis meTaPH#A, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., V., p. 552,
pl. 93, £. 32 (1905).
&. Head and thorax pale ochreous ; some black scales on upper edge of
tegule and patagia ; abdomen fuscous with ochreous segmental lines, anal tuft
and ventral surface. Forewing ‘pale ochreous slightly tinged with rufous and
irrorated with fuscous on terminal area ; antemedial line represented by a slight
speck in submedian fold ; a slight point in lower angle of cell; postmedial line
indistinct, crenulate and produced to dark points on the veins, oblique below vein
4, and incurved at discal and submedian folds ; an oblique shade from termen
below apex ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing dark fuscous brown ;
cilia ochreous with a brownish line through them. Underside of forewing suffus-
ed with fuscous except on marginal areas, a small dark spot on costa beyond
middle ; hindwing ochreons while irrorated with fuscous, the area below the cell
suffused with fuscous to near termen, a discoidal lunule with streaks before it
on median nervure, traces of a postmedial line, a terminal series of points,
Habitat.—Manpras, Palni Hills. Lup, 42 mill.
1910.6. CrrpHis HYPOPHHA, Hmpsn. Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., V,, p, 553, pl. 94,
£. 14 (1905).
@. Head, thorax and abdomen grey, tinged with pale red-brown ; palpi
tinged with black at sides; frons with lateral black bars ; tegule with medial
black line ; patagia with a few black scales near upper edge; fore femora
black above ; legs and ventral surface of abdomen slightly irrorated with black,
Forewing greyish slightly tinged with rufous and irrorated’ with black ;
subbasal line represented by a black point on costa, antemedial line by a series
of black points oblique from costa to submedian fold, then bent inwards ;
extremity of median nervure and lower discocellular whitish, with a black point
in lower angle of cell and a more or less developed black mark beyond the
angle ; a postmedial series of black points bent outwards below costa, incurved
at discal fold, and oblique below vein 4, a terminal series of black points.
Hindwing fuscous, paler towards costa ; some black points on termen ; cilia
ochreous white. Underside of forewing suffused with black except marginal
areas ; hindwing whitish irrorated with black, a discoidal spot, sinuous puncti-
form postmedial line and terminal series of points,
Habitat. Cryiton, Maskeliya, Ep, 34 mill.
1910,c, CIRPHIS RUBRISECTA, Hmpsn. Cat, Lep, Phal, B, M,, V., p. 553,
pl. 94,f. 15 (1905),
@. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with rufous; palpi tinged with
fuscous at sides; patagia with some black scales on upper edge ; abdomen
466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
ochreous dorsally tinged with fuscous, Forewing ochreous sparsely irrorated
with black, the inner half tinged with pale purplish brown ; a rufous streak
on median nervure ; a black point in lower angle of cell ; faint traces of two
postmedial series of points on the veins, oblique below vein 4 ; an oblique rufous
streak from termen below apex ; some black points on termen, Hindwing fuscous,
the cilia ochreous white, Underside ochreous ;.forewing with the cell and area
below it and beyond lower angle suffused with fuscous ; hindwing irrorated
with fuscous, slight fuscous streaks beyond lower angle of cell, some points on
termen,
Habitat,—Buutan. Exp, 40 mill.
Genus Boro.utia.
Type.
[Etaypolaey, Woody 12: 7A, Sie iste io, A385 Goconneannecdocungooobsnoscdod Jasciata.
Eurypsyche, Butl. Trans, Ent, Soc, 1886, p. 392 ......... secers LOULND.
Proboscis fully developed, palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint fringed
with hair, the 3rd short, porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; antennz
of male ciliated, thorax clothed with hair and scales and without crests ;
tibize moderately fringed with hair ; abdomen clothed with rough hair at base,
but without crests. Forewing with the apex somewhat acute, the termen
obliquely curved ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; vein 6 from upper
angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of
discocellulars ; 6°7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base.
Sect, II, Antenne of male minutely ciliated,
A, Palpi with the 3rd joint rather long and porrect.
1917, BoRoLIA ALBIVITTA,
Palpi with the 3rd joint short,
a. Forewing with white streak on median nervure.
a', Forewing with black streak below base of
Gelliecseecs REO INC Ga cencnansaseecratcieeeras ecstanen percussa,
6', Forewing without black streak below
base of cell,
a®, Forewing without black point in
lower angle of cell.
a®, Forewing with antemedial black
POMbOM VEU el een saccseneencnce aspersa.
b*, Forewing without antemedial
black point on vein 1........05 . venalba,
b?, Forewing with black point in lower angle
of cell,
a®, Forewing not irrorated with fuscous, étncana,
b*, Forewing irrorated with fuscous ... byssina,
b. Forewing without white streak on median nervure, /fasciata.
1898. BoroLia PERCUSSA, Butl, P. Z. S. 1880, p, 674.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, - 467
Leucania howra, Moore P, Z, 8, 1881, p. 307, pl. 37, £. 16,
. ‘3 basilinea, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1890, p. 220, pl. vii, £. 6
Habitat,—Formosa ; SIKHIM ; BENGAL, Calcutta ; Burma, Bh4mo
1901, Boroura aspprsa, Snell, Tijd, v. Ent, 1880, p. 42, pl, 4, f. 1,
Leucania homopterana, Swinh, Trans, Ent, Soc, 1890; p,- 219, pl.
Fo.
Havitat— Burma, Rangoon ; CELEBES,
1930, BoroLraA VENALBA, insert (syn, )
Leucania linearis, Lucas, P. Soc. Queensl. VIII, p. 85 (1894).
& del. L, lineatipes,
Habitat--Cuina ; Sikuim ; BENGAL, Barrackpur ; Ceyon :
QUEENSLAND. i
1936.a, BOROLIA INEANA, Snell. Tijd. v. Ent, 1880, p, 43, pl. 4, £. 2.
Head and thorax whitish tinged with pinkish ; abdomen ochreous white, with
~Sublateral series -of black
, points, Forewing flesh-pink,
leaving paler fasciz in discal
and submedian folds and
above vein 6; the veins
streaked with white and de-
: fined by fine, slightly darker
Borolia venalba, g 2 streaks, the interspaces of
terminal area also with slight dark streaks; a black point in submedian fold
below origin of vein 2, a point in lower angle of cell, a curved postmedial serics
and a terminal series. Hindwing semihyaline white, tinged with ochreous
towards termen, on which there is a series of dark points.
Habitat,—SIKHIM ; CELEBES, Hxp, 32 mill.
1902. BoRoLIA BYSSINA,
1925, Boronia FASCIATA,
7 AVA,
viii,
SINGAPORE
Genus MELIANA,
Type.
Melia, Curt, Brit. Ent. VI., p. 200 (1829), nec, Bilb. Crust.
SSO eaten i ae archi cists Gets Warales Unis pananwepindens Wenatiin vahneriaayat s Jlammea,
Metiana, Curt, Brit, Ent, VI., Index (1892) .............. eicicage flammea.
Neleucania, Smith, Pr. U.S, Nat. Mus. XXV., p, 203 (1902), niveicosta,
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, fringed with hair in
front ; frons with rounded prominence with corneous plate below it ; eyes large,
rounded ; head and thorax clothed with hair, with scales below it and without
crests ; tibiee fringed with very long hair; abdomen without crests, VF orewing,
with the apex somewhat acute, the termen rather obliquely rounded ; veins 3
and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 and 6:7
shortly stalked ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 8 anastomosing
with the cell near base,
37
468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11-
Sect, II, Antenne of male ciliated.
A. Forewing with short black streak in end of cell in
discal fold .......0000. Fee bac svonoceeeras BGooubonnoseicas vanda,
B. Forewing without black streak in end of cell in
discal fold,
a. Forewing with the white streak on median nervure
expanding into a spot at lower angle of cell...... vittaia.
b. Forewing with the white streak on median nervure
slender,
al. Forewing with slight dark streak in cell in
GISGAUONG eaeress seatee ceeiteteian eae eeleiece ss ssletel stele re. curvilinea.
b1. Forewing without dark streak in cell in discal
£0) Qi tutecetenetcareyttnas acs ce otietosneks Sdetiecelstedanetenpesttcs uniforms.
is
WHE: 2
3D om
e
Meliana vana, @ +.
1897, MELIANA VANA,
1896, MELIANA VITTATA,
1929, MELIANA CURVILINEA. Be ig -
1932, MELIANA UNIFORMIs, Sub-family ACRONYETIN#.
1659.2. AMPHIPYRA TRAGOPOGONIS, Linn, Faun. Suec., p. 316 (1761), Hiibn.
Kur. Schmett. Noct., p. 40.
A turcomana, Stett, Ent. Zeit, 1888, p. 32.
Head and thorax grey-brown sometimes with a reddish tinge, or the head
and collar with the scales tipped with white ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing
silky grey-brown sometimes with a reddish tinge or slightly irrorated with
white ; a black point in middle of cell and two on discocellulars, Hindwing
ochreous white suffused with brown and sometimes with a reddish tinge ; the
underside whiter, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a small
discoidal lunule,
Habitat—Eurore ; W. & C, Asia; Kasumir, Scinde Valley ; Pungan,
Sultanpur, Eup, 42 mill,
1717.d. Eupuext1a rasciata, leech. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1900, p. 68.
Head and thorax purplish red-brown, the scales sometimes tipped with
grey; tegule with black medial line; tarsi fuscous ringed with ochreous,
abdomen reddish-brown tinged with ochreous and greyish, the crests darker,
Forewing purplish red-brown, the ante- and postmedial areas suffused
with grey-white except towards costa ; subbasal line, double, waved, from
costa to vein 1; antemedial line double at costa, then waved and angled
inwards on the veins; claviform moderate, defined by black and sometimes
——-
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 469
filled in with fuscous; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former
round, the latter with some white in its outer part, two white points on its
inner edge and four or five on its outer; a medial striga from costa; post-
medial line indistinctly double, dentate, bent outwards below costa and incurved
below vein 3; subterminal line indistinct, greyish, excurved at vein 7 and
slightly dentate at veins 4°3; a terminal series of small black lunules and
sometimes grey points at the veins, Hindwing ochreous suffused with fuscous
brown, especially in female ; cilia ochreous with a dark line through them ;
the underside paler with dark discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line and
diffused subterminal line, more or less showing through to upperside,
Habitat—W. Cuina ; Punsan, Kulu, Sultanpore, Simla; SIKHIM TIBET,
Yatung, up, 38°42 mill.
1717,e. HUPLEXIA LEPROSTICTA, 0. sp.
&@ Head and tegule white and brown; thorax white with paired black spots ou
pro, meso-and metathorax, the last with some red-brown on their upper edge;
legs fuscous and white, the iarsi banded with black ; abdomen white irrorated
with brown. Forewing brown tinged with greenish and irrorated with black ;
indistinct double dentate black antemedial, medial, postmedial and subterminal
lines ; some rounded white patches with pale greenish centres ; a large patch at
base of inner area ; a patch on middle of costa conjoined to a discoidal spot ;
two patches on apical part of costal area the Ist largest ; a smaller patch near
tornus ; a postmedial series of white points, Hindwing pale strongly tinged
with brown on terminal half.
Habitat,--CnyYLon, Matele (Pole), zp. 40 mill. Type in B.M,
1722. a, HUPLEXIA NIVEIFERA, 0, Sp.
@ Head and thorax black and brown, the greater part of frons, vertex
of head, tegule, patagia and vertex of thorax white; pectus brown
irrorated with grey, the legs blackish, the tarsi ringed with white ; abdo-
men brown, Forewing olive-brown; a white patch at base of costa
traversed by two waved black lines and with a black spot on its lower
edge ; an oblique crenulate antemedial white line defined by black on each
side from subcostal nervure to inner margin ; the medial area mostly sufiused
with black ; the orbicular and reniform white edged with black, the latter
with black lunule on it, conjoined to some white spots on costa and the
former with an irregular white patch below it ; a crenulate black postmedial
line defined by white on outer side, bent outwards from below costa to vein 4
below which it is incurved ; a dentate subterminal line with the area
beyond it white with small blackish spots on it except towards apex and larger
spots at middle and above tornus ; a crenulate black terminal line ; cilia inter-
sected with white. Hindwing brown with paler patch below end of cell, traces
of a postmedial line angled on vein 4; a blackish streak on vein 2 and white
spot before termen ; cilia white at tips; underside suffused with grey with
black discoidal spot and diffused curved postmedial and subterminal lines,
Habitat.—Simua 7,000, (Pilcher), Ezp.40 mill, Type in B,M.
470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV It
1833.6. AmMyNA puLVEREA, Leech, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1900, p. 114.
Head and thorax cupreous red-brown or fuscous mixed with grey ; tarsi with
white rings ; abdomen greyish ochreous mixed with brown, Forewing cupreous
red-brown or fuscous brown irrorated with grey ;an indistinct waved grey
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; an indistinct waved dark anteme-
dial line defined by grey on inner side ; orbicular small obscurely defined by
grey ; reniform ill-defined, grey ; an oblique shade from lower angle of cell to
inner margin ; postmedial line indistinct, dark, dentate, defined by grey on cuter
side, bent outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; some
pale points on costa towards apex ; subterminal line grey defined by brown on
inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series
of minute white points. Hindwing ochreous brown or fuscous ; the underside
greyer with small discoidal spot and sinuous postmedial and obscure subtermi-
nal lines,
Aabitat—Br, EK, Arrica, Kikuyu, Eb, Urru; W. Curna, Ni-tou, Omei-
shan, Ta-chien- lu, Moupin ; KasHuir, Scinde and Goorais Valleys ; Punsar,
‘Simla, Murree ; Sixaim, zp. 26-32 mill,
1833, ¢, AMYNA.POLTASTIS. n, sp.
6. Head whitish, thorax grey-brown; abdomen whitish dorsally tinged
with brown. Forewing grey-brown with slight darker irroration ; the orbicular
and reniform indistinct edged by slight red lines, the reniform rather 8-
shaped ; traces of an antemedial line angled in submedian fold; an indistinct
postmedial line formed by a double series of points, slightly excurved from
costa to vein 3; an oblique subterminal line arising from apex, Hindwing
whitish tinged with brown, the cilia white.
Habitat,—PUNJAB Ferozpur (Nurse). Exp. 24 mill. Type in B, M,
1839, d. CALLOPISTRIA INSULARIS, Butl. A, M,N. H. (5) X,, p. 230 (1882).
Head and thorax clothed with olive or red-brown and fuscous scales
abdomen olive-brown banded with fuscous, legs rufous, the tarsi tinged with
white, the mid and hind femora fringed with blackish hair. Forewing olive
or reddish-brown suffused with fuscous, the veins streaked with white; a
curved whitish subbasal line from costa to submedian fold; a curved dark
antemedial line defined on each side by white and bent inwards to inner
margin ; orbicular small with blackish centre and whitish annulus, open above ;
reniform whitish expanding above and narrow below with a lunulate centre
defined by black ; a white and black bar beyond the cell between veins 5 and 3 ;
postmedial line double, on a white band, bent outwards, below costa, excurved to
vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa ; a white subterminal
band with some fuscous at middle, emitting a spur inward to postmedial band,
angled outwards to termen at vein 5, then forming a double line, the inner
angled inwards in submedian fold, the outer angled outwards on vein 1, cilia with
a fine white line at base and white tips, Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia
ochreous with a dark line through them, the underside whitish irrorated with
fuscous, a dark discoidal lunule and minutely waved sinuous postmedial line,
THE MOTAS OF INDIA, 471
The white markings of forewing sometimes tinged with pink or the ground
color yellowish-white with the markings olive ochreous and the hindwing tinged
with red.
Habitat—NatTat ; Burma, Hsipaw ; Borneo ; Puto LAut; New HeEprives ;
Sotomons, Alu, Duke of York I, rp. 24-380 mill,
1847, a, CALLOPISTRIA TRILINEATA, Wik. Journ, Linn, Soc, Zool, VI, p. 137
(1862) ; Swinh, Cat, Het, Mus, Oxon:
UES ple Dyck 0:
Penicillaria quadrinotata, Wilk, Journ, Linn, Soc,, Zool, VII, p.
65 (1864),
Plusia duplicilinea, Wik, Journ, Lin, Soc. Zool, VIT., p. 70 (1864),
Head and thorax bright rufous mixed with some white scales ; abdomen whitish
tinged with rufous, the dorsal crests rufous, Forewing bright rufous with a
slight purplish tinge and some blackish suffusion in parts; the veins with fine
whitish streaks ; subbasal line white, acutely angled outwards in cell ; an obliquely
curved whitish streak from submedian fold to vein1 before the antemedial
line which is double, blackish filled in with white and defined by white on
outer side, strongly angled outwards below cell and very oblique towards inner
margin ; reniform represented by an oblique rather Y-shaped white mark, its
arms slightly defined by brown and its foot extending to antemedial line and
with a white spot beyond it, beyond lower angle of cell ; postmedial line
double, black filled in with white and defined on outer side by white traversed
by a brown line, strongly bent outwards below costa and incurved below vein
4, some fuscous suffusion beyond it before the subterminal line which is repre-
sented by two oblique white striae below apex with a slight striga below it,
then an oblique streak from vein 5 to termen at vein 4 and another from
termen at vein 3 to submedian fold and a diffused mark towards tornus; a
slightly waved white line just before termen, angled outwards to termen at
veins 4°3 ; a dark line through the cilia. Hindwing white, the terminal area
suffused with reddish-brown ; a fine waved dark terminal line defined by
whitish on inner side ; the underside with slight discoidal lunule and curved,
minutely waved postmedial line.
Habitat,—Cryion, Pundaluoya, Haldamulla ; Borneo, Sarawak; Qurenss
LAND. Exp, 34 mill.
1877. Caradrina lineosa, insert CARADRINA ALBOSIGNATA, Olerth, Et, Ent.,
V., p. 72, pl. iv, f. 1 (1889), which has precedence.
1887, CARADRINA FASCIATA, insert (syn). Caradrina pretexta, Swinh,
A. M,N. H, (7) XV., p. 152 (1905).
Sub-family FRASTRIAN®,.
1968.b, DIPHTHERA IMRAY n, s.p.
2. Head white with some black on palpi and between antennee ; tegulze
green edged with black; patagia green with white spot on shoulders and
rufous tips; thorax, pecius and legs black and white; abdomen black
irrorated with white, the dorsal crests rufous, the anal tuft tipped -with
478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII
white. Forewing grass-green; a white spot at base below cell; a sub-
basal black mark on inner area followed by black and white spots on costa
and in cell and white streaks in submedian fold and on vein ! ; antemedial black
points on costa, below cell and on inner margin; claviform white ; orbicular
and reniform white defined by black, the former small, round, the latter with
black point on it and its lower edge excised ; a black medial line oblique
from costa to lower angle of cell, then incurved and expanding round outer
edge of claviform ; the veins beyond the cell streaked with white and with a
series of black points on them ; costa with black and white points towards apex ;
a subterminal black band with dentate white marks on it at veins 6°3°2; black
spots just before termen below apex and vein 6; cilia chequered black and
white, Hindwing black ; cilia black and white, Underside of forewing black
with white marks on costa and termen ; hindwing white irrorated with black
very thickly on costal area, irregularly waved medial and postmedial lines and
a diffused subterminal line.
Habitat,—TRavancore, Pirmad (R. 8, Imray), Exp, 38 mill, Type in B. M,
1769. ¢c, PERCIANA VIOLESCENS, nD. sp.
@. Head fuscous brown mixed with grey ; palpi white in front ; tegulz
tipped with white; pectus and legs white, the tarsi banded with brown;
abdomen fuscous brown with white band at base, the anal tuft ochreous,
Forewing fuscous brown ; two obliquely placed black points at base ; a white
point at middle of cell; a fine whitish postmedial line oblique from costa to
vein 5, then retracted to lower angle of cell, excurved in submedian interspace
and above inner margin and angled inwards on vein 1, with diffused violaceous
grey beyond it ; an indistinct waved subterminal line with two black points
on it below costa, excurved at middle, then incurved ; a series of dark striz
on costa towards apex and on termen, Hindwing pale fuscous brown ; the
underside paler with dark discoidal lunule and indistinct curved postmedial
line,
Hahitat,—TRAVANCORE, Pirmad (R. S. Imray); Bau (Doherty), Kap. 16
mill, Type in B, M.
197i,a, PERCIANA OBSCURA, 0. Sp.
@. Pale-brown strongly irrorated with dark-brown and fuscous ; abdomen
with the large basal tuft black. Forewing with a slight purplish tinge ; a
diffused oblique black medial band from upper angle of cell to inner margin,
the area beyond it suffused with black; an obscure pale postmedial line
obliaue from costa to discal fold where it is angled ; some pale and black
points on costa towards apex; a terminal series of black striz. Hindwing
fuscous.
Habitat —CryLon, Gampola (Mackwood), Exp, 26 mill. Type in B.M,
1981, BryYorHiILA KHASIANA, insert Euplexia repetita, Swinh, A,M.N,H.
(7) XV., p. 499 (nec Butl.)
1987, a. ERASTRIA FERRIMACULA. 0, sp.
Hindwing with veins 3:4 stalked in male,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 473
Head and thorax pale olive-green ; palpi at sides, antenne and forelegs
blackish ; abdomen olive-brown tinged with fuscous, Forewing pale olive-
green ; traces of a curved waved subbasal white line defined by a few blackish
scales ; a double, waved, oblique antemedial black line becoming whitish and
obsolescent on inner half ; a tuft of raised ferruginous scales in middle of
cell, anda tuft of black scales on discocellulars; orbicular and reniform
represented by diffused confluent white patches; medial line black, excurved
and obsolescent at middle ; postmedial line double, blackish filled in with
white, obsolescent except at costa, bent outwards below costa, excurved to
vein 4, then incurved, some black and white points beyond it on costa ; sub-
terminal line indistinct, irregular, whitish defined by a dark shade on inner
side, angled outwards below costa, excurved at middle and to tornus, a terminal
series of small bl&ck spots; cilia grey andfuscous, Hindwing fuscous brown ;
the cilia whitish with a dark line through them ; the underside whitish irrorated
with fuscous, a black discoidal spot with striga from costa above it, a curved
diffused postmedial line.
Habitat —Khasis. Eup, & 24, 9 28 mill, Type in B, M.
1988.a@. HERASTRIA C@NIA, Swinh, A. M,N. H. (7), VII, p. 471 (1901).
Head, thorax and abiomen whitish tinged with rufous; palpi blackish at sides,
tarsi banded with black; abdomen dorsally banded with black. Forewing whitish
largely suffused with rufous ; the antemedial line white defined by brown, ob-
lique from costa to submedian fold where it is acutely-angled, then angled
inwards on vein 1; the whitish area terminates on costal half obliquely at
middle of wing and is followed by a blackish patch extending on costa
to apex and down to vein 2, leaving the terminal area pale; reniform leaden-
grey with blackish centre and outline produced to short streaks on the veins
beyond lower angle of cell ; an indistinct oblique, minutely waved dark line
from lower angle of cell to inner margin, the postmedial line white, oblique
from costa to vein 7, then excurved and angled inwards in submedian fold ;
a white subterminal line, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved
at middle with short black streaks on its inner side on veins 4 and 3or on
3 only ;a terminal series of black points, Hindwing yellowish more or less
completely suffused with brown ; an indistinct dark discoidal point and
curved postmedial line, distinct and the latter waved on underside,
Habitat —Sikhim ; Khdsis ; Jaintia Hills, Emap. 26 mill,
2001. a. MALIATTHA MARGINALIS, WIk, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool,, Vil., p. 49
(1864); Swinh. Cat, Het, Mus, Oxon.,
Tapas, ple We fa9),
‘ stolasa, Swinh. A.M. N. H, (7) XV., p. 154, (1905).
Head, thorax and abdomen whitish tinged with rufous ; tarsi fuscous with pale
rings. Forewing whitish suffused with rufous, the basal area except towards
costa paler ; an indistinctly double, obliquely curved and slightly waved ante-
medial line ; postmedial line indistinctly double, sinuous, oblique from costa to
vein 7, excuryed to vein 4, then oblique and defined by white on outer side
474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
towards inner margin ; some black and white points on costa towards apex; a
more or less developed diffused oblique black fascia from apex crossing
the postmedial line ; a white bar on termen from below apex to vein 5; cilia
whitish mixed with fuscous. Hindwing fuscous; cilia whitish mixed with
fuscous, the underside whitish tinged with brown and irroraicd with fuscous,
Habitat Assam, Khasis; SARAWAK ; PuLo Laut; Java. Fap. 20-22 mill,
2013, HYELA FERVENS, 0, sp.
- Ochreous tinged with olive ; forelegs banded with fuscous, Forewing with
waved white ante- and postmedial lines excurved at middle, the former defined
on outer side by black scales, the latter on inner side and with white annulus
on its outer edge beyond the cell ; an incomplete white subterminal line angled
outwards at vein 7 and inwards at discal and submedial folds, excurved at
middle. Hindwing ochreous tinged with brown ; cilia ochreous with a brown
line through them, Undersid> suffused with fuscous ; hindwing with discoidal
spot and indistinct curved postmedial and subterminal lines,
Habitat,—Canara, Karwar (Bell) ; Mapras, Belgaum (Watson). Exp. 18
mill, Type in B, M. ;
2016.a. Mecanopes rnsocra, Wlk., XII, 788 (1857),
Acontia concinnula, Wik., XII, 789 (1857),
» pyralina, Wik., XII, 789 (1857).
Metaplioplasta sima, Wilgrn, Wien, Ent. Mon., LV, p. 17 (1860).
Acontia conifrons, Auriv Gifv, Ak. Férh., XXXVI (7), p. 66- (1879), -
_ LYarache porphyria (9), Butl. P. Z. S., 1898, p, 420.
Agrophila burmana, Swinh, A. M.N. H. (7), XV, p. 153 (1905).
&. White ; palpi and sides of frons tinged with fuscous, abdomen with
ochreous; fore and mid tibia banded with fuscous, Forewmg with two
waved fuscous antemedial lines with patches before them ou costa and inner
margin; medial and postmedial spots on costa; incomplete small black-
vinged orbicular and reniform stigmata; the terminal area blackish,
narrow at costa, angled inwards to just beyond the reniform at vein
6 and to origin of vein 2 below the cell; an indistinct double minute-
ly waved black postmedial line forming the inner edge of dark area at
costa, incurved below vein 4 and with slight dentate black marks on it
beyond the cell; an irregular interrupted subterminal white line ; a terminal
series of black points ; cilia white at middle and below apex. Hindwing yellow-
ish white slightly tinged with brown on costa and terminal areas,
@. Thorax suffused with fuscous; forewing fuscous brown with some
irregular white marks before the antemedial lines and two conjoined spots cn
costa beyond middle ; hindwing wholly suffused with brown.
' Habitat.—Sierra Leone ; Sokotra ; Br, EH, Africa; Damaraland ; N’Gamiland, C.
Colony ; Kutch ; Bombay ; Ceylon ; Burma, Beeling, Thayetmyo. Eup, 24 mill.
2025. a, TARACHTE ANORMALIS. n, sp,
2. Head and thorax clothed with red-brown, red, white and black scales ;
mesothorax with a pair of white tipped orange tufts ; pectus and legs, greyish,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 475
the latter banded with black above, the fore tibie rufous ; abdomen fuscous
irrorated with grey above, grey below, a pale rufous, dorsal tuft on 1st segment,
Forewing red-brown largely suffused with purple-red ; the costa with series of
dark marks ; antemedial dark spots above and below vein 1 ; orbicular indistinct
with some leaden-grey in its lower part ; reniform leaden-grey with pale annulus
and placed on a large patch of dark suffusion ; the postmedial line sinuous, bent
outwards below costa, excurved to vein 3, then incurved, a quadrate blackish
patch beyond it on costa and slight streak on each side of vein5; some black
points on termen and a larger spot at vein 5, Hindwing dark-brown; the cilia
ochreous with a dark line near base.
Habitat,--S, INDIA, Gooty (Campbell), £zp. 30 mill. Typein B.M,
2037, b. TARACHE PLUMBICULA. 0. sp,
@. Head and thorax brown mixed with dark leaden-grey ; palpiin front
and frons paler ; pectus and legs ochreous white, the tibis and tarsi banded
with black ; abdomen ochreous white irrorated and suffused with brown. Fore-
wing dark leaden-grey suffused with black ; a whitish patch at base of inner
margin ; traces of a double waved black antemedial line ; an obscure paler
oblique medial mark from costa to median nervure ; a reddish streakin and
beyond end of cell; a spot of the ground colour on a whitish patch on apical
part of costa ; a subterminal series of small dentate b'ack spots ; a terminal
series of black striz. Hindwing ochreous white suffused with fuscous towards
termen, widely on apical area; a dark terminal line,
Habitat,—CrEyuon, Matalé (Pole), ap. 26 mill, Type in B. M.
2045, a, XANTHOPTERA RUBRIFUSA. 0. sp,
@. Head and thorax reddish mixed with dark brown; psctus and legs
greyish and black, the tarsi black with pale rings ; abdomen ochreous with ill-
defined fuscsus bands, Forewing greyish mostly suffused with crimson, the
terminal half much darker, becoming paler again towards termen ; an indistinct
waved antemedial line ; traces of a dark discoidal lunule ; an indistinct waved
subterminal line excurved below costa and at middle; cilia crimson red,
Hindwing fnscous ; the underside greyer with small discoidal spot and indis-
tinct sinuous postmedial line,
Habitat,—Crxton, N. Central Province (Alston). Exp. 26 mill, Type in B. M.
2052. a. XANTHOPTERA NIcEA, Swinh, A, M.N. H. (7), VII, p. 470 (1801).
@. Ochreous tinged with red-brown; tegule with fuscous lines; some
fuscous on vertex of thorax. Forewing with the inner area suffused with
black ; numerous brown striz on costal area; an antemedial ochreous and
dark-brown patch above vein 1 and ochreous spot on inner margin; the
orbicular and reniform with greyish centres and black outlines, the former small
round, the latter large with its upper and lower extremities produced; a
black-defined commasshaped mark below end of cell ; the postmedial line indis-
tinct, minutely dentate, bent outwards below costa, slightly incurved in discat
fold and strongly in submedian fold ; the subterminal line pale, double, minute-=
ly waved, angled at vein 4, then oblique and filled in with dark brown running
28
476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/I,
as a Streak to termen at vein 4 ; a terminal series of black points, a small trian-
gular leaden-grey spot above middle and the terminal area leaden-grey
towards tornus, Hindwing dark reddish-brown ; the cilia ochreous ; the
underside ochreous tinged with brown towards termen ; a black discoidal spot,
a strongly crenulate curved postmedial line and a terminal series of points,
Q. Forewing with the inner area not dark ; a semicircular dark-brown patch
from costa at antemedial line to the subterminal line and extending to vein 2
below which there is a short black fascia ; a black spot between the orbicular
and reniform,
Habitat,—ANDAMANS, Port Blair. Exp. 36 mill,
2057, CosMIA TRANSVERSA,
é@. Hindwing with the costal half suffused with purplish fuscous,
OEYLON, Kandy (Mackwood),
2058. a. COSMIA BISIGNATA, 0, sp.
. Head and thorax ochreous ; palpi with black mark at side of 2nd joint ;
antenne brown ; fore aad mid tibie streaked with black; tarsi black ringed
with white ; abdomen white dorsally slightly tinged with brown, Forewing
pale brownish ochreous ; subbasal line represented by a black point on costa
and slight striga from cell; antemedial line indistinctly double, sinuous, with
black point at costa; reniform a rather S-shaped black mark with pale outer
edge conjoined to a rather triangular blackish mark on costa, and with traces
of a line from it to inner margin with fuscous point in submedian fold ; post-
medial line rather indistinct, double, excurved from costa to vein 4, then in-
curved, a quadrate blackish mark beyond it on costa ; sublerminal line pale,
slightly defined by fuscous on inner side, very minutely waved, ending at tornus;
a terminal series of black points, Hindwing white slightly tinged with grey
especially on terminal area ; the underside white, the costa] and terminal areas
irrorated with pale brown, a slight discoidal lunule.
Habitat,—Manpras, Bellary, Ramandrug, 3,000’ (Campbell), Kap. 32 mill.
Type in B, M.
2065. a, METACHROSTIS PECTINATA, 0. Sp.
Antenne of male bipectinate with rather long branches, of female serrate
and fasciculate,
Head, thorax and abdomen black-brown mixed with some grey. Forewing
black-brown overlaying greyish brown and with a purplish tinge ; the post-
medial area sometimes paler, a small black spot below cell near base ; an
indistinct curved antemedial line with slight orange mark on it in cell; a
small orange discoidal lunule with some darker shading between it and inner
margin ; postmedial line bent outwards below costa, slightly angled inwards in
discal fold and strongly incurved below vein 4 ; subterminal line formed
of small orange spots, slightly excurved at vein 7 and middle. Hindwing
fuscous brown,
Habitat.—CByion, Maskeliya (Pole), Kandy (Mackwood), Exp, 18-22 mill,
Type in B, M,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 477
2067, a. MetTacHRostis PAuRoGRAPTA, Butl. Trans, Ent, Soc, 1886, p. 403.
Q. Head and thorax grey-brown irrorated with black ; tegule with blackish
line and edged with black behind ; tibiee and tarsi blackish above with pale rings;
abdomen brown, Forewing brown suffused with greenish grey; iregularly
waved subbasal, antemedial, medial and postmedial black lines arising from
costal spots, the last three strongly excurved below cell; some obscure blackish
subterminal spots, the spot in discal fold most distinct; a terminal series of
points, Hindwing dark-brown with blackish terminal line,
Habitat —CEYLON, Clodagh ; AusTRALIA, Rockhampton. Exp. 20 mill.
2072, a, Me?racHRostis Lamia, Swinh. A, M.N, H, (7), VIII, p. 129 (1901).
6. Head, thorax and abdomen brown tinged with grey ; legs with grey
bands, Forewing grey: brown, an indistinct waved brown subbasal line from
costa to submedian fold with a diffused brown shade between it and the
waved antemedial line ; medial shade diffused, below the cell extending to
postmedial line ; a black discoidal bar defined by grey on outer side ; postmedial
line defined by grey on outer side, minutely waved, bent outwards at vein
6, angled inwards in discal fold and incurved below vein 4, a blackish patch
beyond it between veins 6 and 4; subterminal line indistinct, grey, slightly
angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle, with a slight brown shade
before it at costa and with back streaks beyond it, above and below vein 5; a
terminal series of small black and grey lunules; the costa with short grey
streaks between the lines, Hindwing fuscous brown; cilia greyish at tips; the
underside irrorated with grey, a small discoidal spot and curved postmedial line,
Habitat,—BurMa, Beeling, zp. 20 mill.
2076. a. METACHROSTIS ILLOSIS, n. Sp.
@. Head and thorax reddish mixed with black; pectus and legs ochreous
brown, the tibiz and tarsi banded with black; abdomen ochreous brown
suffused with black. Forewing greyish mostly suffused with fuscous brown,
leaving the terminal area and the postmedial area below vein 5 paler, the
medial area except towards costa reddish brown; a pinkish subbasal line from
costa to submedian fold with two slight black streaks on an ill-defined pale
patch beyond its lower extremity; an obliquely curved, slightly waved,
whitish antemedial line, pinkish at costa ; a narrow oblique reniform stigma
with whitish annulus, some black suffusion before it in and below cell ; post-
medial line dark, defined on outer side by pinkish on costal area and purplish
below vein 6, oblique towards costa, excurved at vein 6 and middle, then incurv-
ed and slightly waved, some black beyond it between veins 7 and 5, on which
it is produced to streaks, some pinkish points on costa; subterminal line
indistinct, pale, excurved at vein 7 and middle and with two slight black streaks
before it below costa ; a terminal series of small dark lunules with prominent
black point at submedian fold; cilia black at apex. Hindwing fuscous
brown; the underside whitish, irrorated, and the costal area suffused with
fuscous, a small discoidal lunule, sinuous postmedial line and diffused
subterminal line.
478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII, —
Habitat. —Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston). Hp, 26 mill. Type in B, M,
2077. MbrACHROSTIS HYPINOIDES, insert (syn.) 2840, c. Falcimala sagittifera
2083. a. Meracurostis FAUSTA, Swinh, A, M.N. H, (7) XI, p. 506 (1903).
@. Head and thorax brown mixed with fuscous ; abdomen reddish-brown
tinged with fuscous and with the extremity ochreous, Forewing olive ochre-
ous suffused with purplish fuscous to the postmedial line and irrorated with
some white scales ; an indistinct black subbasal line from costa to submedian
fold ; antemedial line double, slightly waved and filled in with olive ochreous ;
orbicular and reniform small with brownish centres and olive annuli defined
by black, the former round; postmedial line double filled in with white,
oblique from costa to vein 6 where it is obtusely angled, then inwardly oblique ;
a diffused apical brown patch, a spot on inner margin before tornus and some
slight suffusion at middle of termen. Hindwing pale fulvous yellow ; some
fuscous suffusion at base, a discoidal point and fine terminal line ; the under-
side irrorated with fuscous, a small discoidal spot, curved minutely waved
postmedial line and spot on termen near tornus,
Habitat.—TENASSERIM, Tandong, 4,000’. Eup, 22 mill.
2085, a. METACHROSTIS HEMIPHAA. 0, Sp.
Head and thorax greyish usually mixed with fuscous, or uniform rufous;
tarsi fuscous with pale rings ; abdomen dorsally brownish suffused with fuscous
ventrally whitish. Forewing with the basal half grey or brownish more or less
suffused with fuscous, the terminal half dark-brown shading into purplish,
towards postmedial line, then red-brown, a double straight subbasal line from
costa to submedian fold;a double straight antemedial line with black point
on its outer edge in cell ; a slight black discoidal lunule ; postmedial line brown
on a narrow grey band, oblique from costa to vein 7 and slightly incurved at
discal and submedian folds ; subterminal line pale grey, very minutely waved,
excurved at middle, then incurved; a terminal series of black points.
Hindwing fuscous, the cilia greyish at tips; the underside grey irrorated
with fuscous, a small discoidal spot, sinuous postmedial line and diffused sub-
terminal line,
Habitat—Mapras, Gooty (Campbell), Nilgiris (Hampson); CeyLoy, Colombo
(Mackwood), Hambantota (Pole), Hap, 24-26 mill, Type in B. M.
479
BIRDS OF THE PROVINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU
AND ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By
A. E. Warp.
Part II.
Fam, LANIIDA,
(469), Lanius lahtora,—The Indian Grey Shrike is found in Jammu.
(472), Lantus homeyeri-Homeyer’s Grey Shrike, This bird is recorded
from Gilgit.
(476). Lanius erythronotus—The Rufous-backed Shrike, Widely distributed ;
one of the common birds of Kashmir,
(478). Lanius colurio.— The Red-backed Shrike, Dr, Scully records this bird
at Gilgit,
(488). TLephrodornis pondicerianus—The Common Wood-shrike, <A single
specimen found in Poonch,
(495). Pericrocotus brevirostris —The Short-billed Minivet breeds in Kashmir,
(499), Pericrocotus roseus—The Rosy Minivet appears to be rare and is
apparently confined to Jammu and Poonch,
(500). Pericrocotus peregrinus.—The Small Minivet.
(505), Campophaga melanoschisia.— The Dark-grey Cuckoo-shrike, found on
Murree Road, Jammu, and Poonch,
Fam, ORIOLIDA,
(518). Oriolus kundoo—The Indian Oriole, breeds in Kashmir up to about
6,000’, I have seen these birds at an altitude of 7,500’,
Fam. STURNIDA.
(529), Sturnus humii—The Himalayan Starling is rarely found in Kashmir
in winter, but is very plentiful in the early spring and summer ; it breeds from
April to June from 5,000 feet to about 7,000 feet.
(532). Sturnus menzbieri—The Common Indian Starling migrates through
Kashmir in spring, and rarely stays to breed, but eggs have been taken in the
Lolab, &c.
(530). Sturnus porphyronotus,—The Central-Asian Starling. No records of
this bird breeding in Kashmir appear to exist.
(544). Temenuchus pagodarum.—The Black-headed Myna was abiaied in
Achhabal Reserve, June 5th.
(549), <Acridotheres tristis—The Common Myna.
Fam, MuscicaPipé,
(557). Muscicapa grisola.—The Spotted Flycatcher, Apparently confined
to Baltistan and Gilgit.
(558). Hemichelidon siberica.—The Sooty Flycatcher breeds in large num-
bers in Kashmir and generally constructs its nest under the bark of birch trees,
480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
(560). Siphia strophiata—The Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher is apparently
rare,
(562), Siphia albicilla—The Fastern Red-breasted Flycatcher, The eggs
of this bird were found in Dachgam valley (6,000’) on 28th May and the bird
identified by Mr, Stuart Baker,
(563). Stphia hyperythra.—The Indian Red-breasted Flycatcher, Several
specimens have been recorded from various parts of Kashmir and the adjacent
valleys.
(567). Cyornis leucomelanurus,—The Slaty-blue Flycatcher. Very plentiful ;
breeds in June and July.
(568), Cyornis superciliaris—The White-browed Blue Flycatcher is plenti-
ful,
(575). Cyornis rubeculoides.—The Blue-throated Flycatcher, I have not
found this bird breeding in any of the districts we are dealing with,
(579). Stoparola melanops.—The Verditer Flycatcher is not often met with,
but I have specimens from Kashmir marked April and May, mostly from
near Srinagar.
(588), Alseonaa latérosiris—The Brown Flycatcher, This bird is rare and is
probably not to be found west of the Chandra-Baga in Kishtwar.
(589), Alseonax ruficaudus—The Rufous-tailed Flycatcher. Widely
distributed ; breeds at considerable altitudes,
(592). Culicicapa ceylonensis,— The Grey-headed Flycatcher is rare, but is
recorded from the Lolab and Kashmir valley.
(598). Terpsiphone paradisi—The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. A well
known summer visitor,
(604), Rhipidura albifrontata—The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher is
rare,
(605). Rhipidura albicollis—The White-throated Fantail Flycatcher,
Fam. TURDIDZ.
(608), Pratincola caprata,—The Common Pied Bush-Chat. A few specimens
obtained,
(610). Pratincola maura.—The Indian Bush-Chat is plentiful and is found
up to 7,000’ altitude and perhaps higher ; in summer it generally breeds at about
5,000’ to 7,000’.
(615). Oreicola ferrea.—The Dark-grey Bush-Chat is fairly common,
(617). Sawicola albinigra.—Hume’s Chat is recorded from Gilgit. (Fauna of
British India, Birds, Vol. IT.)
(618). Sawicola picata.— The Pied Chat, I had a specimen which was. mark-
ed Liddar, Kashmir, 7,000.
(619). Saxicola capistrata——The White-headed Chat (doubtful).
(620). Savxicola opistholeuca.—Strickland’s Chat ; migrates through Baltistan
and is recorded from Gilgit.
(621). Sasxicola pleschanka.—The Siberian Chat ; breeds in Kashmir side
valleys.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 481
(623), Savicola vittata—The Black-backed HEared Chat; recorded from
Gilgit,
(624). Saxicola wnanthe,—The Wheat-ear Chat is recorded in the Fauna of
British India, Birds, Vol. II. I have not found this bird as yet.
(625). Sazxicola isabellina.—The Isabelline Chat has been found in Baltistan,
(626). Saxicola deserti..-The Desert Chat is rarely met with, and in the
spring only.
(627). Saxicola montana.—Gould’s Chat was obtained on the Fotu-la, Ladak
Road, May 31, and a single light-blue egg, 79” x 51”, found at Paugong Lake,
June 23rd, A fairly common bird in summer in Ladak ; next season I hope to
find out more about the nesting of the bird,
(628). Sazicola chrysopygia.—The Red-tailed Chat (doubtful),
(630). Henicurus maculatus.—The Western Spotted Forktail breeds in Kash-
mir in June and July, generally at about 7,000,
(637). Microcichla scoulert,—The Little Forktail is seldom met with.
(638). Chéimarrhornis leucocephalus,-The White-capped Redstart breeds
generally high up ; is common, Eggs found June and July.
(639). Ruticilla frontalis —The Blue-fronted Redstart is known to breed at
about 9,000’ and upwards in May and June,
(642), Ruticilla erythronota,—Kversman’s Redstart. Nearly all my speci-
mens were obtained in the early spring near Somagai.
(643). Ruticalla hodgsont.—Hodgson’s Redstart. A single specimen was
from Chusal, Ladak, where it was breeding,
(644). Rutécilla rufiventris,—The Indian Redstart. The eggs of this bird
have been brought down from Ladak by my collectors,
(645). Ruticilla erythrogaster—Giildenstadt’s Redstart, My specimens are
from Kashmir, obtained in the spring and from Ladak in summer,
(646). Rhyacornis fuliginosus.—The Plumbeous Redstart, A very common
bird in all the hill streams and rivers,
(648). Cyanecula wolfiiThe White-spotted Blue-throat is found in Ladak,
but is rare, A specimen obtained in the Ladak Road.
(647). Cyanecula suecica.—The Indian Blue-throat is common,
(651). Calliope jpectoralis—The Himalayan Ruby-throat. Breeds in
Kashmir ; a common bird,
(652). Calliope tschebaiewi—The Tibet Ruby-throat, This bird is to be
found near Chusal, Ladak. Capt, Leslie found what are supposed to be this
bird’s eggs on the borders of W. Tibet.
(653). Tarsiger chryseus——The Golden Bush-Robin not yet obtained.
(654). Janthia infilata——The Red-flanked Bush-Robin,
(657) Adelura cwruleccephala.—The Blue-headed Robin. The specimens
T have obtained are marked April, Kashmir,
(661) Thamnobia cambaiensis—The Brown-backed Indian Robin, Is
recorded from the Murree Road,
b (663) Copsychus saularis—The Magpie-Robin, Found in Poonch, Jammu,
482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
(666) Merula maxima.—The Central Asian Blackbird, Breeds m Kashmir
at high altitudes in May and June,
(673) Merula castanea—The Grey-headed Ouzel, I found numbers in
1904, at about 8,000’, This bird perches on the tops of the fir trees and is
hard to secure, During some seasons it is very rarely found. Breeds in May.
See Catalogue of Eggs, British Museum,
(675) Merula ruficollis The Red-throated Ouzel is occasionally found in
Kashmir in winter.
(676) Merula boulboul.—The Grey-winged Ouzel,
(677) Merula atrigularis,-~The Black-throated Ouzel is very common in
the lower jungles during the winter.
(678) Merula unicolor.—Tickell’s Ouzel is a very common bird.
(686) Crocichla citrina.—The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush. I haye no
specimen from Kashmir, but it doubtless occurs in the lower ranges,
(690) Petrophila erythrogastra,.—The Chesnut-bellied Rock-Thrush. This
bird most probably is to be found in Kishtwar, &c.
(691) Petrophila cinclorhyncha,—The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush is plentiful.
(693) Petrophila cyanus,—The Western Blue Rock-Thrush. The specimens
T have are from Kasgil and Baltistan and were obtained in the summer,
(694) Monticola saxatilis—The Rock-Thrush has been obtained once in
the Leddai Valley. The specimenis in the British Museum, I have others
from Baltistan found in the summer,
(695). Turdus viscivorus.—The Missel-Thrush breeds in the forests of
Kashmir and is plentiful during the winter in the lower valleys,
(696) furdus pilaris—The Fieldfare. I am assured this bird is to be found,
but I have never met with it in Kashmir or Jammu Provinces,
(698) Oreocincla damna.—The Small-billed Mountain-Thrush, I think
this bird cannot be common ; I have rarely seen it,
(701) Oreocincla mollissima——The Plain-backed Mountain-Thrnsh, Was
obtained near Somajai, January 19th, 1904,
(708) Cinclus kashmiriensis,—The White-breasted Asiatic-Dipper is common
at various altitudes, and is found throughout the country. It often breeds near
elaciers,
(709) Cinclus asiaticus.—The Brown Dipper. A very common bird, Ap-
pears to breed during the whole spring and early summer.
(711) Cinelus sordidus.—The Sombre Dipper. I have not found this species,
(712) Accentor nepalensis,---The Eastern Alpine Accentor. This bird is said
to breed in Eastern Ladak, It is found in Chin and in Baltistan and Gilgit,
I have not yet succeeded in tracing the line of migration and have never
observed it in Kashmir proper.
(713) Accentor himalayensis--The Altai Accentor. Large flocks pass
through Kashmir in the spring,
(715) Tharrhaleus rubeculoidis.- -The Robin Accentor. Very common in ihe
N. W. of Ladak in summer where it breeds in May and June, building in bushes.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 483
(716) harrhaleus atrigularis—The Black-throated Accentor is common in
Kashmir in the spring, evidently when migrating.
(717) Tharrhaleus fulvescens.—The Brown Accentor, Ihave the eggs and
a specimen from Chausa Ladak and also from the borders of Western Tibet.
(718) Tharrhaleus strophiatus,— The Rufous-breasted Accentor, This
bird was found breeding at 11,000'in June 28,in Kashmir; and migrates
through Kashmir in spring in flocks.
(719) Tharrhaleus jerdoni—Jerdon’s Accentor, Breeds in Soonamurg,
Leddar and Sinde Valleys in June and July.
FAM, PLOCEIDA,
(720) Ploceus baya.—The Baya. Is not found in the hills, being confined
to the plains of Jammu Province.
(723) Pleceus manyar,—The Striated Weaver Bird. I have not as yet
found this bird in Poonch or Jammu, Tt is not a visitor to Kashmir.
(734) Uroloncha malabarica,—The White-throated Munia.
(738) Sporeginthus amandava,—The Indian Red Munia. ‘My specimens are
marked “ plains of Jammu.”
Fam, HIRINIDINIDA,
(804) Chelidon urbica.—The Martin breeds in Ladak and I have eggs from
the lower hills besides those from Ladak,
(805) Chelidon hashmiriensis,—The Kashmir Martin, I have found this bird
breeding in July in Suru.
(808) Cottle riparia.—The Sand. Martin.
(809) Cottle sinensis—The Indian Sand Martin.
(810) Ptyonoprogue rupestris—The Crag-Martin, The eggs of this Martin
were obtained on the Shyok river north of Leh.
(813) Hirundo rustica.—The Swallow, a summer visitor,
(818) Hirundo smithii—The Wire-tailed Swallow is also a summer visitor,
(819) Hirundo fluvicola—The Indian Cliff-Swallow.
(822) Hirundo nepalensis,—Hodgson’s Striated Swallow. Ihave no specie
mens of this bird or of the preceding species,
(824) Hirundo rufula—The European Striated Swallow is apparently a
summer visitor to the distant districts of Gilgit and Baltistan.
Fam, FRINGILLIDA,
We have still a great deal to learn regarding the migrations and breeding of
this family, and information comes in slowly. As the Finches are very migra-
tory and visit distant parts, my collectors have, I regret to say, done but little;
it is not easy to get men to travel in Northern Ladak and Tibet, and during
my own journeys I was peculiarly unsuccessful in finding nests, Mr, Stuart
Baker has corresponded with me on this subject and been most obliging. Next
year if all goes well I trust I shall have more to report,
(743) Pycnorhamphus carneipes.—The White-winged Grosbeak, Of this
Grosbeak I have no record from Kashmir proper,
29
484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVL.
(741) Pycnorhamphus icterowdes—The Black and Yellow Grosbeak, This
is a very common bird, and is found in the spring in flocks, This year
(1905) the birds, owing to the heavy snows on the hills, stayed down until late
in June, but they generally move up to about 9,000’ early in May.
(744) Mycerobas melanoxanthus,—The Spotted-winged Grosbeak, I have
not yet got a specimen, but this bird is recorded from various parts,
(745) Pyrrhula:aurantiaca,-The Orange Bull-finch, I have not yet got the
nest, This hird is very plentiful and is found at all seasons in Kashmir moving
upwards in May.
(746) Pyrrhula erythrocephala—The Red-headed Bull-finch is certainly a
rare bird in Kashmir, but is recorded,
(753) Phyrrhospiza punicea—The Red-breasted Rose-Finch, A common bird -
in summer in the eastern part of Ladak and breeds in July at about 14,000 ft;
it is not found at Chusal, ;
(754) Propasser thura,—The White-browed Rose-Finch. A considerable
number pass through Kashmir in the spring, and may be seen in small flocks
pecking about under the bushes ; migrates to Ladak, but whether it passes into
Tibet to breed ITamnot sure. A bird was seen in Kashmir at 7,000! in
September.
(757) Propasser grandis—The Red-mantled Rose-Finch.
(758) Propasser rhodochrous.—The Pink-browed Rose-Finch, This bird is
not rare at high elevationsin summer and I have specimens from the lower
hills obtained in the early spring.
(761) Carpodacus erythrinus—The Common Kose-Finch is found in
Kashmir, Baltistan and Ladak,
(762) Carpodacus severtzovi.—Severtzofi's Rose-Finch, I am doubtful
about the only specimen labelled Kashmir, but this Finch is found towards
the Ladak boundary.
(764) LErythrospiza mongolica.—The Mongolian Desert-Finch, As far as 1
am aware this bird has not been found on the Kashmir side of the snowy
passes,
(765) Procarduelis nepalensis—The Dark Rose-Finch appears to be rare,
(767) Carduelis caniceps.—The Himalayan Gold-Finch as a rule migrates
over the Kashmir passes, but some few breed in the hills as low down as 7,000’,
(168) Callacanthis burtonii—The Red-browed Finch evidently breeds in
Kashmir, I have obtained it in summer in the Wadhwan and Leddar valleys,
(769) <Acanthis fringillirostris.—The Hastern Linnet appears to be rare,
(770) Acanthis brevirostris, —The Eastern Twite has been recorded from the
Indus valley near Gilgit and elsewhere in those paris.
(771) Metoponia pusilla—The Gold-fronted Finch, The only place where
I have found this bird breeding is in Baltistan, I have eggs from Suru,
(772) Hypacanthis spinoides—The Himalayan Green-Finch is a common bird
ranging up to about 8,000’.
(1714) Fringilla montifringilla.—Thse Brambling migrates through Kashmir,
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU. 485
(776) Passer domesticus.—The House-Sparrow.
(778) Passer hispaniolensis—The Spanish Sparrow. I found this bird in
the Nowboog valley in July.
(779) Passer montanus,—The Tree-Sparrow.
(780) Passer cinnamomeus,—The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow is a very common
bird breeding in May, June, and July at elevations up to 8,000!.
(782) Pertronia stulta,—The Rock-Sparrow is recorded in Fauna of British
India as a winter visitor to Gilgit. Found on the Indus in April.
(784a) Montifringilla mandellii— Mandelli’s Snow-Finch, The only specimen
I have obtained is from Ladak,
(784) Montifringilla ruficollis,—The Red-necked Mountain-finch, About
this bird Tam very doubtful, but it issaid to have been obtained over the
border beyond eastern Ladak,
(785) Montifringilla adamsi—Adams’s Mountain-Finch. I have never
obtained this bird in Kashmir proper, but have found it just over the Lagila
Pass and secured an egg 15 July—white, 85”x56”; this bird isto be found in
Ladak in summer,
(787) Fringillauda sordida,—Stoliczka’s Mountain-Finch breeds in Kashmir,
generally under stones ; the eggs are white,
(788) Fringillauda brandt?.—Brant’s Mountain-Finch, Whether by chance
or owing to scarceness, I have only one specimen found in June at about
16,000’ in Ladak,
(789) Emberiza schaniclus.—The Reed-Bunting, This bird I have not suc-
ceeded in getting inside our frontiers, but it is recorded from Gilgit,
(790) Emberiza fucataa—The Grey-headed Bunting, I have not obtained this
Bunting, and imagine it must be rare in Kashmir,
(792) Emberiza leucocephala,—The Pine-Bunting, A few are to be seen in
the early spring in most parts of Kashmir,
(793) Emberiza stewarti.—The White-capped Bunting is rarely to be seen.
(794) Emberiza stracheyi.—The Hastern Meadow Bunting is resident.
(795) Emberiza buchanani.—The Grey-necked Bunting is seldom to be
found even in the migrating season, which is in the early spring.
(796) Emberiza hortulana.—The Ortolan Bunting. I have no information
about this Bunting ; it is sazd to have been obtained,
(799) Emberiza melanocephala —The Black-headed Bunting is only found
when migrating. I have not yet seen it in Kashmir Proper,
(803) Melophus melanicterus.—The Crested Bunting,
(To be continued.)
486
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS,
WITH ACCOUNTS OF THE NIDIFICATION OF SEVERAL
SPECIES WHOSE NESTS AND EGGS HAVE NOT
BEEN HITHERTO DESCRIBED.
By
B, B. Osmaston, J.F.S.
Part II.
(Continued from page 163 of this Volume.)
1078. Chetura indica.—The Brown-necked Spine-tail,
Common near the top of Mount Harriet, Breeding place unknown,
1084, Collocalia francica,—The Little Grey-rumped Swiftlet,
Colonies of this swiftlet breed in caves by the shore on South Bulton, Niell,
Chiruja tapu and other islands. On March 18th I visited such a cave on the
South Cinque Island, The floor of the cave was just above high water level,
and the concave surface of the roof was about 10 feet from the ground, and
was covered with freshly-built nests, These nests are the best edible variety
of commerce, They are white, opaque and translucent, and consist of
inspissated saliva with little or no extraneous matter. They are more or less
half-cupshaped, and they weigh about half an ounce each, The cave I am
describing is a small one, only about 12 feet long by 6 feet broad, and it con-
tained about 100 nests, Most of the nests contained 2 fresh eggs. There
were a few large active crabs moving about among the nests in the roof, which
did not appear to interfere with the eggs, though possibly they may destroy
the freshly hatched young.
The eggs are long ovals, with little or no gloss,
Length 0:73” to 0°85". Breadth, 0°52” to 0°55”, Average of 20 eggs, 0°80”
x 0°54",
1085. Collocalia linchi,p—Horsfield’s Swiftlet.
This is the commonest swiftlet in the Andamans, being found almost every-
where. It breeds in vast numbers in the saw mills on Chatham, as well as
in various caves along the seashore, e. g. at Chiruja tapu. The nests are com-
posed of moss, consolidated with small quantities of mucilaginous saliva, In
the Chatham saw milis, however, moss is not used, but casuarina leaves and
sometimes cocoanut fibre instead, Neither the casuarina tree nor the cocoanut
palm is indigenous in the Andamans, The nests of this species are of no value
for commercial purposes On account of the large proportion of extraneous
matter they contain, The average weight of a nest is one-sixth oz, The eggs—
two in number—are laid chiefly in February and March,
Length, 0°61” to 0°75". Breadth 041” to 0°46”, Average of 24 eggs, 0°69” x
0-44”,
1094, Caprimulgus andamanicus—The Andaman Nightjar.
Not uncommon in suitable places, especially in dry hilly jungle. The note
of this bird isa “chuck, chuck, chuck , , , ” repeated fairly rapidly.
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS. 487
I found a single egg slightly incubated on April 9 lying on the dry leaves in a
patch of deciduous forest on Baratang Island, Another broken egg lay about
2 feet away in the ground, The parent-bird when disturbed flew yards away
and then kept moving about, raising her wings and opening her mouth,
I found another nest with two half-fledged young in a similar situation at
Stewart Sound on May 4, The egg is broadly elliptical, with a slight gloss,
The ground is pale salmon, with dull pinkish-brown spots and blotches and
underlying grey markings,
Dimensions of egg, 11” x 0°84”
1107. Cuculus micropterus—The Indian Cuckoo,
Common and noisy from April to June,
1120. Eudynamis honorata,—The Indian Koel.
Very common in the cold weather, arriving September-October, and leaving
in April, They do not breed in the Andamans,
1132, Centropus andamanensis.—The Andaman Coucal.
Common wherever there is thick cover. Noisy, especially in the evenings,
when they give their call of “ Hoop, Hoop,’ &c, They also have a curious
chuckling call, as well as a low grating one inaudible unless one is quite close,
They breed in July, building the usual large globular nest of twigs lined with
dry cane or palm leaves, which is placed in some dense shrub or thicket at
no great height from the ground. The eggs, generally 3 in number, are white
and glossless, bearing usually yellow stains which cannot be removed.
Length, 1:28” to 1°47”. Breadth, 1:06” to 115”, Average of 6 eggs,
AO eNO.
1137. Palcornis magnirostris—The Large Andaman Paroquet.
Exceedingly common everywhere,
1145, Paieornis fasciatus —The Red-breasted Paroquet.
Perhaps the commonest bird in the Andamans, Comes into Port Blair in
tens of thousands in December and January, devouring the paddy,
1148. Paleornis tytleri.—The Red-cheeked Andaman Paroquet.
Not so common as the last, but still very numerous, I found a nest in a hole
in an avenue tree (Padouk) 15 feet from the ground on 20th February. It
contained two fresh eggs.
1150. Loriculus vernalis.—The Indian Loriquet,
Exceedingly common, especially in Port Blair, feeding on fruit, especially
guavas. They lay their eggs at the bottom of holes in stumps, the eggs being
usuaily below the level of the ground. The nest cavity is lined with a layer of
green leaves, cut into segments. Four eggsare laid, which are white and glossy.
The average of 4 eggs gave 0°76" x 0°62”,
1152, Strix flammea.—The Barn-Owl or Screech-Owl,
I caught a full-grown specimen of this owl in a field, It is now alive in the
Calcutta Zoological Gardens.
1173. Scops balli.—The Andaman Scops Owl.
This owl is common everywhere, but thoroughly nocturnal and theref: re
rarely seen, I found a nest in a hole ina Padcuk tree with a single ficsh egg,
488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11,
the bird being captured on the nest, I retained her alive in captivity for 4
days in hopes she would lay other eggs, but with no success, I then let her go
at a distance of about 2 miles from the site of her nest and on another island.
About 3 weeks later on re-visiting the nest-hole I found it occupied again by
another (or the same ?) owl with two fresh eggs.
The eggs are of the usual Scops type, and the average of 3 eggs gives
ao x10",
4188. Ninoxw obscura.—Hume’s Brown Hawk-Owl.
A young bird of this species was brought to me in May 30. It fed on rats
and mynabs, and is now alive in the Calcutta Zoological Gardens.
1217, Spilornis cheela—The Crested Serpent-Eagle,
Very common, especially near mangrove swamps. I saw one capture an eel
about a foot long in shallow water.
1224, Haliaétus leucogaster—The White-bellied Sea-Hagle,
Fairly common throughout the Andamans, but not more than one pair is
found in any one locality. I have seen their nests on Craggy, Sir Hugh
Rose, and the South Cinque Islands. They are built on lofty trees and are
usually almost inaccessible without special climbing appliances,
1234. Circus cineraceus.—Montagu’s Harrier.
Common from November to March throughout the open country rovnd Port
Blair,
1237, Circus wruginosus,—The Marsh-Harrier,
Less common than the akove. Frequents marshes as at Nadahachang,
1248, Accépiter virgatus——The Besra Sparrow- Hawk.
Not uncommon near Port Blair, I found two nests, One on April 24 at
Baratang Island was situated in a dense and rather lofty mangrove forest,
the nest being at the top of a mangrove pole about 30 feet fromthe ground,
Tt contained one young bird and two eggs on the point of hatching. On April
27 1 found a second nest in a Padouk plantation near Gobang, It was
made of sticks just like a crow’s, but lined with green leaves and contained
3 incubated eggs. The nest had been built in a leafless tree and was most
conspicuous, Ihe eggs were dull white, boldly blotched, and occasionally
streaked with chocolate brown. One egg had none of the dark markings, but
was speckled and spotted all over with a light shade of brown.
Average of 8 eggs 1°44" x 1:21”.
1254. Falco peregrinus—The Peregrine Falcon.
I twice saw a peregrine seated on the same tree near Brigade Creek, She
had a large paroquet in her claws on the first occasion,
1276. Osmotreron chloroptera-—lhe Andaman Green Pigeon,
Common, frequenting the various kinds of fig trees in large or small flocks,
T could not ascertain when or where they were building.
1284, Carpophaga cnea—The Green Imperial Pigeon.
Very common throughout the extensive and lofty forest growth all over
the Islands. I foundanest on April 10 containing a single hard set egg.
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS. 489
The nest was the usual platform of sticks in a moderate-sized tree in the forest.
The egg measures 1°29” x 1:34”,
1289. Wyristicivora bicolor—'The Pied Imperial Pigeon,
Rare in the Andamans though common in Narcondam,
1290. Culenas nicobarica.—The Nicobar Pigeon,
This pigeon is not, I believe, so rare as: is generally supposed in the Anda-
mans, It frequents thick forest and is not easy to see. I shot one on Havelock
Island on February 1st.
1291. Chalcophaps indica.—The Bronze-winged Dove.
Common everywhere in syitable places. I found a nest in a low shrub in
thick forest on May 29. It contained a single fresh egg of a pale café-au-lait
colour,
1309. Turtur cambayensis—The Little Brown Dove.
This dove is reported as common in the Andamans, but [have not come
across it.
1311. Cnopopelia tranquebarica.—The Red Turtle-Dove.
Exceedingly common in and around Port Blair, breeding in April and May.
This dove was rare in Hume’s time (1873), but bas multiplied apparently with
the increase in area under cultivation.
1313. Macropygia rufipennis—The Andaman Cuckoo-Dove,
Not common but found widely distributed in high forest, The call of this
dove is peculiar, somewhat resembling that of Cuculus canorus, the Common
Cuckoo,
1375, Francolinus pondicerianus.—The Grey Partridge.
This partridge has been introduced into the settlement and has now become
naturalized in all the open country around, viz., Aberdeen, Protheroepur,
Garacharama and Bumtitan.
1390, Hypotenidia obscurior.—The Andamanese Banded Rail.
Very common in marshy meadows and reedy swamps. It does not readily
rise and has a slow heavy flight, I found a number of nests in tufts of grass
and rushes in swampy ground between June 15 and August 15. The nest is
merely a pad of dry geass usually well concealed in the rushes, Six eggs
appears to be the fullcomplement. They are slightly glossy and in colour pale
dun, spotted and blotched, chiefly at the broad end, with reddish brown or
bright chestnut and with some underlying greyish markings, One egg in each
clutch is usually coloured differently to the rest, being much paler, with less
red and more grey in the markings,
Length from 1°38" to 1°54”, Breadth from 1°05” to 1°16”, Average of 20
eggs, 1°46" x 1:09”.
1401, Amaurornis phanicurus,—The White-breasied Water-hen,
This bird is very common and exceedingly noisy, It frequents thick jungle
far from water as well as brushwood near streams and swamps, In the
evenings in spring it is particularly garrulous, emitting a most extraordinary
variety of improbable sounds, It is locally known as the “ Jangli murghi’”’,
49) JOURVAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII .
I found many nests in June and July containing, as arule,4eggsin«ach, They
were built sometimes in thick brushwood, and sometimes on the ground in
rushes and grass,
1429, sacus magnirostris—The Australian Stone-Plover,
One or more pairs of this fine plover frequent the shore of almost every
island, e. g. North Bulton, Niell, Sir Hugh Rose, Cinques, &c, I failed to find
their eggs, but they certainly breed in the spring.
1421, Dromas ardeola.—The Crab-Plover.
Not common in the Andamans. I saw a large flock of about tJ or 70 at
Rogolochang (Baratang Island) in April, and secured several by stalking
them in the shore after dark,
1425, Glareola orientalis.—The Large Indian Pratincole,
Rare. I shot one out of a pair, at the Vadakachang swamp, early in March,
1430, Strepsilas interpres.—'The Turnstone,
Fairly common. I shot 5 out of a flock of about 20 on North Bulton on
5th May, They were in fine rufous breeding plumage.
1439. Charadrius fulvus——The Eastern Golden Plover,
Fairly numerous in the cold weather, being found in grass lands and on
the banks of tidal creeks,
1442, Mogialitis geoffroyi.---The Large Sand Plover.
Not uncommon in Port Blair in the spring.
1454, Numenius arquata—The Curlew.
Common on muddy shores and along tidal creeks, generally solitary or in
pairs, and very wary. They come in about October and disappear in April,
1455. Numenius pheopus.—The Whimbrel,
Similar habits to the above, but less wary and more numerous, being often
found in small flocks of 3 or 4 to a dozen,
1460. Totanus hypoleucus.—The Common Sandpiper,
This is the commonest of our shore birds, being found almost everywhere
in suitable open, damp places. They are the first of the summer emigrants to
arrive and the last to leave. A few stragglers may usually be seen well on into
May, and by the middle of August they begin to return from their northern
breeding haunts.
1472, Tringa ruficollis—The Hastern Little Stint,
Shot at Nadakachang swamp in January,
1473, Tringa subminuta—The Long-toed Stint.
Shot at Nadakachang swamp in March in the same spot which had been
occupied by 7. rujicollis earlier in the year.
1484, Gallinago celestts—The Common Snipe,
A single specimen of this snipe was shot last season by Captain Howard-
Vyse.
1485, Gallinago stenura.—The Pintail Snipe.
Common in suitable places throughout the cold weather. They begin to
arrive in September and disappear in April,
NOTES ON ANDAMAN BIRDS. 491
~-1512, . Sterna melanauchen,—The Black-naped Tern.
Very common around the Andamans, frequenting the more sheltered
east coast during the S, W, Monsoon (May to October) and the west coast for
the remaining 6 months to avoid the north-easterly breezes. They breed
on small rocky islands off the east coast from May to July, laying one
or two eggs, which vary a great deal in colour, ‘The majority are
greyish in ground with numerous spots of dark or light brown, Some eggs
are much warmer in colouration, with reddish brown blotches, and some have
the ground colour of the egg yellowish-brown or pale-green instead of grey.
1554. Ardea manillensis—The Eastern Purple Heron.
Not uncommon in open swampy places, asat Nadakachang.
1561, Herodias garzetta-—The Little Egret,
' Flocks of these birds are often to be seen around Viper, Flat— Ee and to-
wards Namunagarh. I could not ascertain their breeding haunts.
15€4, Lepterodius sacer.—The Eastern Reef Heron.
Common on every rocky shore and island. They breed from April to June,
chiefly on rocky islands. The nest consists of a few sticks roughly put to-
gether and is placed in some low bush or between rocks on the ground, The
eggs, 2 or 3 in number, are pale blue and glossless,
1572. <Ardetta cinnamomea,—The Chestnut Bittein,
Common in fresh-water swamps, being found usually in pairs. I found nu-
merous nests between June 25 and August 15 containing 3 or 4 eggs almost
pure white or with the faintest conceivable green tinge. The nest is merely a
pad of rushes bent down to support the eggs a few inches above the water,
1589, Dendrocycna javanica.—The Whistling Teal.
Fairly common around Port Blair, but not so numerous as the Oceanie teal,
They breed throughout August and September, Three nests I have seen
have been placed on the ground in swamps, well concealed from view by rank
vegetation and creeping ferns,
About 10 eygs are laid, which are broad ovals and pure satis,
The average of § eggs gives 1°82” x 1°44”,
1598, Nettium albigulare—The Andaman Teal.
The Oceanic teal arrives in Port blair in large numbers towards the end of
May, where they remain until October or November,
In the winter months they frequent outlying fresh-water jheels such as
are found near Craggy Island, North Reef Island, Niell, the Brothers, Tem-
pleganjand other places, They breed, as far as my experience goes, invariably
im holes in lofty and often dead trees, and the eggs are pberetone very difficult
to procure,
A man brought me down 10 eggs from near the top of a huge Padouk tree
on August 4, They were nearly fresh,
They are rather long, elliptical ovals, cream coloured,and much discoloured
They varied in length from 1°86” to 2°02” and in breadth from 1°40" to
1:47”, the average of 9 eggs being 1°93" x 1°43”,
30
492
A LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN THE MYINGYAN
DISTRICT OF BURMA.
BY
K. ©, Macponatp.
Parr II,
(Continued from page 194 of this Volume.)
XXII,.—Famity Upupide.
1067, Uyupa indica.—The Indian Hoopoe,
Local name “ Taung-pi-sot ”, <A resident, although locally migratory bird,
In January the Myingyan cantonment appears full of them,—half a dozen
under every big tree,—yet in March scarcely a bird is to be seenthere, It
sometimes sereeches whenon the wing like a flushed snipe but louder and
harsher. J took two eggs from a nest at the bottom of Popa on the 9th June
and again four fresh eggs on the 28th May. The nest was in a hole of a tree,
about 10 feet from the ground.
XXIII.—Famity Cypselide.
1074, Cypselus subfurcatus—The Malay House Swift.
Local name “ Pyanhlwa meekya”. One or two colonies breed annually on
the cliffs of the Irrawaddy at Pagan and at Sale. At the end of February
1902 T saw no trace of the birds at their usual places, but my man brought me
many eggs at the beginning of April. The nests are made of straw, feathers,
grass, ete., cemented with saliva and sand, and placed in holes in the cliffs from
3 inches to 2 feet deep. The same holes in the cliffs are used year after year,
each successi: e nest being made further in and behind the preceding yeaz’s one,
the holes apparently deepened as required,
1076. Tachornis infumatus—The Hastern Palm Swift.
Local name “ Pyanhlwa”, Common,
1086. Macropteryx coronata —The Indian Crested Swift,
Only met with on Fopa where it is common and breeds, I came across a
fully fledged young bird on the 10th April.
XXIV.—F amity Caprimulgide,
1091. Caprimulgus asiaticus— The Ccn mcn Indian Nightjar.
Local name “Mye-wot”. Very common, Eggs from April till June or
July.
1096, Lycornis cerviniceps.— he Great Hared Nightjar.
I shot one bird on Popa in April.
XXV.—FamiLy Cuculide.
1104. Cuculws canorus,—The Cuckoo,
I found quite a number of cuckoos were flymg about the Myingyan old car-
tunment during the cold weather of 1901-02, Its stay is very short.
1113. Cacomantis merulinus.—The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo.
Quite common,
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICY. 40;
cD
co
1118. Coccystes jacobinus——The Pied Crested Cuckoo,
Common during the breeding season,
1119, Coceystes coromandus.—The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo,
Ishot aspecimen at Shawdawtaung on the 2nd June 1902, An ego I
took from a nest of Garrulax moniliger \he same day I think belongs to this
bird, They are occasionally met with throughout the district,
1120, Budynamis honorata,—The Indian Koel,
Common during the cold weather and noisy during the breeding season,
March and April.
1123. Rhopodytes tristis—The Large Green-billed Malkoha.
Common anywhere where there is thick jungle, In April these birds seemed
to be in pairs on Popa, but I never found the nest,
1130, Centropus sinensis,—'The Common Coucal or Crow-Pheasant,
Local name “Bot”. Occurs throughout the district, A nest with one egg
was found on the 1/th June. The nest was composed of green leaves lined
with straw, and was saucer-shaped; not globular,
1133. Centropus bengalensis,—The Lesser Coucal.
Ihave not killed this bird, but am satisfied that I have seen it fairly often in
pieces of thick jungle,
XXVI.—Famity Psittacide.
1136, Pualeornis indoburmanicus,—The Large Burmese Paroquet,
Local name “Kyet Taw”. Common all over the district. Breeds from
December to February and lays five eggs averaging 1°21” x 1:03” in size.
1138, Puleornis torquatus—The Rose-ringed Paroquet.
Local name “ Kyet Tama”. Very common throughout the plains, but do
not ascend Popa.
1140. Paleornis rosa.—The Eastern Blossomsheaded Paroquet.
Local name “‘ Kyet Lein”’’, I once noticed a flock of these birds at Wetloo
on the 9th January. They allowed me to approach close enough to make quite
sure that they were Blossom-headed birds, They are commonon Popa and
breed during March and April.
1142. Paleornis finschi.—The Burmese Slaty-headed Paroquet,
Local name “ Kyet Kala”. This isthe common paroquet of Popa, It is
rare, but not wanting, in the plains, It breeds after the usual manner during
January and February, Hight eggs measure on the average 1°06” x ‘98 ".
1145. Paleornis fusccatus.— The Red-breasted Paroquet.
Local name “ Kyet Yinni’”’, On the 20th May 19U0,a young bird of this
species was captured and given to me at Pagan, The black neck stripe was
broad and distinct from the first. The red breast began to appear only about
July 1901 and the following September the bird was in full plumage, I have
seen flocks of thousands of these birds on the slopes of the Chin Hills,
XXVII.--FAaMILy S-rigide.
1152. Strix flammea.—The Barr-Ow! or Sereech-Owl.
Local name “ Didot”. Fairly common over the district, I took 7 eggs fiom
494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
a barn-owl’s nest in November 1899, leaving none, but on going back to it 3 days
later found two more eggs in it. :
1157. Asio accipitrinus.—The Short-eared Owl.
Very common in the grassy “thamin” country round Kanna andthe Pin
Chaung, oo
1160. Syrnium indrani.i—The Brown Wood-Owl.
oe bird is to be found sparingly on Popa,
1164, Ketupa zeylonensis——The Brown Fish-Owl,
One of my collectors sent mea skin and two eggs of this bird ‘whieh he
procured on the Pin Chaung i in March 1903.
1169. Bubo coromandus.—The Dusky-horned Owl. ;
Blanford says this bird has not been recorded farther south than Manipur.
It is, however, fairly common in this district. A skin that I procured is in
the British Museum,
1180. Athene brama.—The Spotted Owlet.
Local name “ Zigwet’’. A perfect nuisance. Breeds in our houses and ‘the
trees in our gardens and everywhere else. The eggs, I have, measure on the
average 1°19” x 1:01”,
1187, Ninox scutulata.—The Brown Hawk-Owl.
A skin I sent to the British Museum was identified as this species. I got
it on Popa. igitc oe
: ; XXVIII.—Famity Pandionide.
1189, Pandion haliactus.—The Osprey.
Local name “ Linyon,” Seen occasionally on the Irrawady river or on the
jheels along its bank. I have not noticed it except in the cold weather.
XXIX.—FamiLy Vulturide.
_ 1191. Otogyps calvus,—The Black Vulture or Pondicherry Vulture,
Local name “ Lintahni” or “Lidani’. Always to be met with in a crowd
of vultures, but never common. Nests in Myingyan from January to April.
My eggs average 3:25" x 2°56",
1196. Pseudogyps bengalensis.—The Indian White-backed allies.
Local name “ Lintak-mwe’’ or “Ladamwe”. The commonest vulture of
this part ; eggs from November to February.
“I think Gyps tenuirostris is represented in the district, but am not certain,
1203. Aguila vindhiana.—The Indian Tawny Eagle.
Local name “ Wunlo”, Rare, The eggs were brought to me in Decemker.,
y 1207. Hieraétus fasciatus. —Bonelli’s Eagle,
Local name “Linyon”. The first bird of this species I obtained in Myingyan
I had identified by Colonel Bingham. Since then I find it is not rare. It
breeds on the largest trees, My eggs were all taken during January. sk
1212, Spizaétus limnaétus, Changeable Hawk-Eagle,
I shot a bird on Popa and identified it as of this species,
1217 Spilornis cheela.—The Crested Serpent-Eagle.
~& fairly common bird on Popa. I found: its nest with one egg each! time
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT, 495
on two occasions, On one oecasion the bird allowed itself to be~ taken: on
the nest. ei aie ae
1220, Butastur teesa—The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle,
Local name “Gyothein”, Common over all the district, The nest is-as
often i in a leafless tree asa thickly as one and usually from — to 30
feet from the ground, C
1223. Haliaétus leuer yphus. —Pallas’s Fishing-Eagle.
Local name “ Linyon” or “ Wunlo’”’, Common along the river bank, where
it breeds on the largest trees from November to January. In the throat of a
nestling I once found fully four inches of the tarsus of an egret unbroken and
projecting from its bill, The nestlings are covered with dense dark-grey- COVE,
1228, Haliastur indus.—The Brahminy Kite.
Local name “Sén-gaung”, “Sdén-gaung-pyu”. Common in the west parts
of Pe district, Breeds from January to March. ~
1229, Milvus govinda.—The Pariah Kite..
‘Loéal name “Sén”, Common, breeding from January to March,
1232, Hlanus ceruleus-—The Black-winged Kite,
Found near the Talokmyo and Tanaungdaing jheels, I took two eggs on
the 6th January and found a nest with three young birds, just able to fly,on
the 4th April, Both nests were about 15 feet from the ground: one in a thickly
foliaged tree, the other in a leafless one. sh
1236, Circus melanoleucus.—The Pied Harrier,
~ Common during the cold weather; a pird of the dry country.
1237. Circus eruginosus.—The Marsh Harrier.
Local name “ Thein”. Found near the jheels and tanks in the cold season..
1244, Astur badius.—The Shikra. a
Occurs, but is not common in the district, I have seen only three or four
bieds during five years and have never found the nest, .
1257. Falco jugger.—The Laggar Falcon.
Local name “Gyo-theing”, The only true falcon I have observed in the
district. It is, however, common and breeds freely on the high cotton trees near
the river and elsewhere from January to March, ;
1262. LErythropus amurensis——The Eastern Red-legged Talron
Ga bird obtained on Popa on the 5th April 1903.
1265. Ténnunculus alaudarius,—The Kestrel.
A rare bird in the cold weather.
XXX.—Famity Columbide.
1271. Crocopus phenicopterus.—The Bengal Green Pigeon.
Local name “ Ngu’”’. Common,
1278. Osmotreron bicincta.—The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon,
. A solitary specimen obtained on the 14th March 1901 on the border of the
Sagaing district near Kanna, bis
1284, Carpophaga enea.—The Green Imperial Pigeon,
_ Local name. “ Hnget-ma-nwa ”.—Also a solitary specimen shot on the 3rd
496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11/,
December. This turned out to be a wounded bird for whose appearance I
cannot account.
1292. Columoa intermedia.—The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon.
Local name “ Ko”. Flocks of these birds, much interbred with domestic
pigzons, are to be met with on the cliffs along the lrrawaddy river from Pagan
to Yenangyaung. They give good sport from a boat or from the top of the
cliffs as the bicds fly out from below. This latter I have found most difficult
shooting,
1304. Turtur orientalis —The Rufous Turtle-Dove _
Not a common bird by any means but distributed throughout the district.
On the nearly flooded islands in the river during August these birds were
numerous, but not in flocks, Ifound a nest with one egg on Popa on the
lith April 1902,
1308. Turtur tigrinus—The Malay Spotted Dove,
Local name‘ Gyo-lé-byauk ”, Very common, breeding ail the year round,
My eggs measure on an average 1°05" x 85”, being rounder than the usual dove
ege.
1310, Turtur risorzus—TVhe Indian Ring-Dove.
Local name “Gyo-lin-bya”, Very common over all the district, Breeds
principally during the latter end of the rainy season,
1311, Cnopopelia tranquebarica,—The Red Turtle-Dove,
Local name “Gyo-ni-bu”’, This at certain seasons is also a common bird,
Sometimes seen in large flocks, but I have never found the nest, nor have I
been able to procure the eggs from the natives. I have seen a purplish dove
or pigeon unknown to me on Popa, but have not been able to procure a speci-
men, He is likely to be Alsocomus puniceus, which I know inhabits the neigh-
bouring district of | akokku,
XXXI —Famity Phasianide.
1328, Gallus ferrugineus—The Red Jungle Fowl.
Local name “Taw Kyet”. Not very common and very difficult io observe.
I have seen the white ear-lappeted birds domesticated in the monasteries,
Hggs taken from March to June.
1854. Ezcalfuctoria chinensis —The Blue-breasted Quail,
I have procured this bird, a male and female, only once. This was in the
swamp near Yezon, on the 8th August and I think they were breeding then.
1355. Coturnix communts,—1 he Grey Quail.
I once only came across grey quail in the Myingyan district, but then secured
a bird with the rufous spots on the outer webs of the quill feathers, This was
at Sattein on the 16th December 19V1.
1356. Coturnie coromandelica.—The Rain Quail.
Local name “Ngon”, A common resident breeding freely from July to
September,
1374, Francolinus chinensis.—The Chinese Francolin.
Local name ‘‘ Kah", This is the only partridge of the district to my
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT, 497
knowleige. I have heard rumours of a wood partridge on Popa, but have
never seen the bird or any one who has. The Chinese francolin breeds during
the rains,
XXXIL—Faminy Turnicide.,
1382. Turnix pugnax,—The Bustard Quail,
Scattered sparsely throughout the district. My eggs were found in July.
Possibly 7’, blanford? is also in the district. It is found in Pakokku,
XXXIJI.—Famity Rallide,
1389. Hypotenidia striata.—The Blue=breasted Banded Rail.
This bird is quite common in the marsh at Yezon, although very seldom secn,
During the breeding season, which I found to be July and August, the nests are
plentiful in the bog as well as the surrounding rice fields, The birds sit very
close and absolutely refused to rise on the wing. One bird sitting on eig! t eggs
escaped between my legs as I tried to capture it on the nest, and although I had
5 or 6 men within a few seconds tramping the rice all round, it never again
appeared, The average of 17 eggs works out 1°3” x 1°02”,
1398. Amaurornis fuscus.—The Ruddy Crake,
Three eggs I took in the Yezon marsh from a Rail’s nest I believe to be those
of this bird, But I have never seen the bird and had no time to snareit, The
eggs measure on the average 1°15” 91”,
1401, Amaurornis ghenicurus—The White-hreasted Water-hen,
This is a rare bird in the district, I have come across it very seldom and have
never taken the nest.
1402. Gallinula chlcropus——The Moorhen,
Local name “ Batng dot”, I found this fairly plentiful in the Yezon marsh,
but never met with it elsewhere in the district. Nests ready for eggs were
found on the 11th August,
1404. Porphyrio potiocephalus.—The Purple Moorhen.
Local name “Menyo’’, A common bird in all the jheels, Breeds during
August and September,
1405. Fulica atra.—The Coot,
Local name “ Mé-nyo”, Very plentiful on all the jheels during tke cold
weather but then disappears almost entirely and I think does not breed any-
where in the district but may do so on Paunglin lake in the Minbu district,
XXXIV.—Faminy Gruide,
1410. Grus sharpiii—The Bu: mese Sarus,
Local name “‘ Gyo-Gya”. A rare and irregular visitor.
X¥YXV. Famity. Adicnemide.
1418, C£dienemus scolopax.—The Stone=-Curlew,
Common on the stony jungle which is so plentiful in the district, Appears
to breed in May and June.
1419, Hsacus recurvirostris.—The Great Stone-Plover,
Local name “ Kwe Kaw yit”, I have seen them singly and in small focks on
the sand banks of the Irrawaddy, but seldom I have taken their eggs in March,
498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
| XXXVI.—FamiLy Glareolide. ete
1425. Glareola orientalis.--The large Indian Pratincole, or Swallow-Plover.-
A colony of these birds appeared on the Tanaungdaing plains about March
1899 and 1900 and bred there, Both years I was unfortunate in not being
able to visit them during the egg time, but on the Ist June 1900 I picked up
a young bird in down, 'They have not re-appeared since, Stragglers are met
with all the year round. a
1427. Glareola lactea—The Small Indian Pratincole, or Swallow Plover,
Local name “ Thaung-din”, In large flocks on the sand banks of the river
and theedges of the jheels throughout the year. They breed on the sandbanks
in March, when hundreds of their eggs may be taken. I wonder if it has
previously been remarked how these birds come in over the jheels | near the
river to feed in the evenings. They are always the last diurnal birds one
sees when waiting for the flighting duck and when they Bais SADRERS it
is best to be at the “ ready”.
XXXVII.—Famity Parride.
1428. Metopidius indicus——The Bronze-winged Jacana,
Very common during the cold weather, but more or less disappears as the
jheels dry up. I have taken the eggs in Pakokku district and no doubt it
breeds in Myingyan as well.
1429, Hydrophasianus chirurgus.—The Pheasant-tailed Jacana.
The notes on the above species apply equally to this, If anything, Hydro-
phasianus is the more plentiful,
XXXVIITI. —Famity Charadriide,
“1432. Sar cogrammus atrinuchalis.—The Burmese Waitled Lapwing.
Local name “Titidu’, -A common and noisy bird and most disagreeable to
the still-hunter. Breeds in the stony jungle during April and May. <A series
of 13 eggs measure on the average 1°56" x 1 13,
1434. Microsarcops cinereus.—The Grey-headed Lapwing.
A winter visitor when it is common on the banks of the river.
1435. Hoplopterus ventralis—The Indian Spur-winged Plover.
“Local name “ Sit-talaing”’. Found in pairs and small flocks all over the dis-
trict. -Breeds-on the sandbanks of the Irrawady or in the dry beds of nullahs
during ‘April and May. The eggs are quite distinguishable from those of
Sarcogrammus and run smaller,
1439. Charadrius fulvus—— The Eastern Golden Plover.
Does not appear in great numbers, alihough small flocks are usually met
during the snipe shooting season. The 1st of September is the earliest date
I have noticed this. bird,
1447, ZEgialitis dubia.—The Litile-ringed. Plover.
The little ringed plover is a common resident, although its . numbers
diminish during the summer months, :
1451, Himantopus candidus.—The Black-winged Stilt,
ee plentiful during the cold weather. A few birds remain to breed. I saw
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT. 499
two young birds with their parents near Myingyan on the 10th July 1900 and
found a nest containing four fresh eggs on the Ist June 1901 at Kanna tank.
1452, Recurvirostra avoceta,-The Avocet.
Hach winter a flock or two may be seen on the sandbanks of the Irrawaddy
or Chindwin rivers,
1454. Numenius arquata,—The Curlew,
A common bird on the river during the cold weather and not ai all rare
during the summer, I have seen them onthe almost flcoded islands in the
Irrawady during July and August when they were almost invariably in pairs,
1456. Limosa belgica—The Black-tailed Godwit,
I have a note of having shot and identified one of two birds seen on Paung-
tin lake on the 14th May 1900, Paunglin isin the Minbu district adjoining
Myingyan. I shot one out of a flock of 6 or 7 birds on Yuabe jheel on the !1th
January 1903, ;
1460, Totanus hypoleucus.—The Common Sandpiper.
Local name “ Ye hnaung *. Common in the cold weather.
1461. Totanus glareolaa—The Wood Sandpiper.
Local name for all sandpipers is “ Yehnaung’’, This, with the next five
species, are all found in the district during the cold weather, but in what pro-
portional quantities I am unable to say,
1462. Votanus ochropus,—The Green Sandpiper.
LT have shot this bird and seen otherson the 11th August, These were
residents I believe.
1463. Totanus stagnatilis—The Marsh Sandpiper or Little Greenshank.
Vide No. 1461.
1464. WVotunus calidris——The Redshank.
Common during the cold weather. Its plaintive call is frequently heard at
night. :
1465, Totanus fuscus.—The Spotted Redshank.
Vide No, 1461.
1466. Totanus glottis——The Greenshank,
Shot and identified on the Kanna jheels, Probably plentiful. The call is
similar to that of the Redshank.
1469. Calidris arenaria.— The Sanderling.
Although said by Blanford to be a bird of the sea coast, I shot one among
some grey plover on the Irrawady near Myingyan on the 11th November 1902.
1472. Tringa ruficollis—The Eastern Little Stint,
Not in great numbers.
1473, Tringa subminuta,—The Long-toed Stint,
Idem No, 1472.
1482. Scolopax rusticula.—The Woodcock.
Mr, Carey has informed me that woodcock have been met with in the dis-
trict near Pyinzi, but I have not come across any myself,
1484. Gallinago eclestis,—The Fantail Snipe.
Local name “ Yengon”, Our snipe season here commences about. the
31
560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
middle of October and goes on to the end of March, some birds staying even
till May. During the season 1599 and 1900 I kept a taily of the different
species, and of 460 birds fantails were in the proportion of 30 to one pintail.
. The latter when brought to hand, and not draggled, were all noticeably larger
birds.
1485, Gallinago stenura,—The Pintail Snipe,
Vide No. 1484,
1487. Gallinago gallinula.—The Jack Snipe.
A rare bird. Mr, Prideaux shot three birds during the season 1898-99 and
I shot one only among 461 birds the following season, These are the only
ones I have seen, but a few others have no doubt been killed in the district.
14°8, Rostratula cupensis —The Painted Snipe,
Occurs, but is not common on our jheels, A few birds breed on the Yezon
marsh and I found a nest containing one egg there on the 11th August 1902.
XXXIX.—Famity Lavide,
1489. Larus ichthyaétus—-The Great Black-headed Gull,
Local name “ Labine’’, One large gull visits us during the cold weather
—I suppose of this species.
1496, Hydrochelilon hybrida.—The Whiskered Tern,
Local name for all terns is “ Zin-yaw’’. Met with on the jheels as well as on
the river principally during the cold weather.
1503. Sterna seena.—The Indian River-Tern,
Common throughout the year. Breeds on the sandbanks in the river
during February and March in company with other terns, swallow-plovers and
scissor-bills,
1504, Sterna melanogaster.—T he Black-bellied Tern.
A common resident ; breeds duri: g February and March,
1509, Sterna sinensis,—The White-shafted Ternlet.
I found a few birds breeding along with the river terns and got some
eggs, They are not very plentiful. .
1517. Rhynchops albicollis—The Indian Skimmer or Scissors-bill.
Common on the river and breeds with terns,
XL.—Famity Pelecanide.
1523. Pelecanus philippensis.—The Spotted-billed Pelican.
The only Pelican I have come across in the district. It may be found all
the year round, but does not breed anywhere I know of,
XLI.—Famity Phalacrocoracide.
1526. Phalucrocorax carbo.—The Large Cormorant.
This bird is not at all common, Ihave seldom met with it and have never
found it breeding,
1528. Phalacrocoras: javanicus.x—The Little Cormorant,
Exceedingly common and breeds in large colonies, sometimes in company with
herons, egrets and darters during the rains,
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT. 501
1529. Plo'us melanogaster.—The Indian Darter or Snake-bird.
Local name “ Dingyi’’. Very common along the river and in the jheels ;
breeds throughout the rains and on to November,
XLIL—Fawity Jbidide.
1541, Ibis melanoecphala,—The White Ibis.
I have seen this species onthe rivez and once on Yuabe jheel. They are
usually in flocks of 6 to 12, and if shot at, go straight away. I have not found
their nests,
1543. Inoeotis davisoni,—Davison’s Black Ibis,
Local name “ Ka-yu sot”’, Fairly common on the banks of the Irrawaddy
and neighbouring jbeels. Breeds on the lofty cotton trees during February
‘and March, ‘The n2st is comparatively small and a lot of the sitting bird is
usually visible from below, The egos are of two kinds, some pale unspotted
blue and others with the same ground colour but sparingly spotted with dull
red.
1544. Plegadis falcinellus.—The Glossy Ibis,
Is found occasionally on the same ground as J, davisoni. Breeds in large
colonies which I think J, daviso.é never does,
XLITI.—Famity Ciconiide.
1548 Dissura episcopus —The White-necked Stork,
Common in the cold weather, when it is met with in focks of from three and
four up to fifty or more, It breeds inthe district and I have taken the eggs
in February and March. These eggs were all white, more or less dirty, but no
bluish tinge.
1519, Xenorhynchus asiaticus.--The Black-necked Stork.
Local name “ Hnet kyaegyi”. Common throughout the year and breeds -
freely, making its nest usually on the topmost branches of the large cotton
trees along the bank of the river, This year one of these nests was blown
away ina storm the day before I was going to take the eggs which I felt sure
were there. The birds rebuilt the nesi and one was standing senliy on it as I
passed the other day again (November). I left them in peace, I found a nest
in which there was one egg on a low tree some 20 feet high standing in the
Paunglin lake.
1550. Leptoptilus duditus—The Adjutant,
Local name “‘ Don-zat’”’, A bird I shot at Sameikon had a Russell’s viper in
its stomach. The bird was eaten by the Burmans who dissected it. Not
common,
1552. Pseudotantalus leucocephalus—The Painted Stork,
This bird is common but I have not been successful in finding where it breeds.
I shot a young bird with its parents on Tanaungdaing jheel on the 17th August.
1553. Anastomus oscitans.--The Open-bill,
Seen in large flocks of from 40 to a hundred birds, 1n grey plumage during
January and assuming breeding plumage in March, I however have never
found it breeding,
502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
XLIV.—Famity Ardeide.
1554. Ardea manillensis——The Eastern Purple Heron,
I have seen this bird frequently in the jheelsat Talokmyo and Tanaung-
daing, but have never found the nest.
1555. Ardea cinerea—The Common Heron,
Local name “‘Nga-hit’’. Is common and breeds twice in the year. I have
at least taken eggs in March, July, August and September.
1559. Herodias alba,—The Large Egret.
Local name ‘‘ Byaing-ngan’”’, Fairly common, A large colony of the species
along with little cormorants and common herons were breeding at a village
opposite Kyaukye on the 7th August. I got 3 or 4 full clutches of their eggs
then quite fresh,
1560. Herodias intermedia. —The Smaller Kgret,
and
1561. Herodias garzetta.—TYhe Little Egret.
Both breed in the district during May, June and July.
1562. Bubuleus coromandus.—-The Cattle Egret.
Local name “ Byaing”’. Is very common and breeds atthe same time and
often in company with other kinds of egret.
1565, Ardeola grayi.i—The Pond Heron.
1 Local name “ Byaing.auk’’, -Common, although I have never found its nest,
1567. Butorides javanica.—The Little Green Heron,
I shot a young bird of this species near Myingyan in August which Mr, Comber
kindly identified for me, but I have seen no others,
1568. Nycticorax griseus—The Night Heron.
Quite common, although I do not know whether it breeds here or not.
1572. Ardetta cinnamomea,—The Chestnut Bittern.
Local name “ Yebot’’, which being translated means The Water Coucal,
no doubt owing to the similarity of the call.
This bird is very common and breeds in numbers in the Yezon swamp
during August, I think I have seen the yellow and black bitterns also in the
jheels here, but not having shot any I do not include them in my list.
XLV.—Famity Anatide.
1579, Anser ferus,—The Grey Lag Goose.
Local name “Ngan”. Usually arrives here, which must almost be its southern
terminus, at the beginning of November and leaves us early. I have not shot
one after Janaary, and [ find that every bird I have shot has been on a jheel,
whereas all the barred-headed geese recorded in my game book have been shot
on the sandbanks of the river,
1583. Anser indicus——The Barred-headed Goose,
This goose is commoner than the grey lag and remains with us longer, the 17th
of March being the latest date recorded in my game book. A, indicus is met
with as low down the river as Yenangyaung and may be farther,
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN MYINGYAN DISTRICT, 503
I once saw a dark goose in a flock of barred-headed and took it fora white-
fronted goose, but failed to bag it.
1584. Sarecidiornis melanotus——The Comb Duck.
Local name “ Mauktin”. Commonall the yearround. Colone! Keary told me
they bred at the foot of the Shan Hills some 20 miles east of our eastern bound-
ary, Captain Penny, 1I.M.S., and I weighed a very large male comb duck which we
shot at Paunglin on the 11th December 190) and he turned the scale at 6 |b. 2 oz.
1588. Casarca rutila.—The Brahminy Duck or Ruddy Sheldrake.
Local name “ Hintha ”, The Brahminy is the first of the migratory ducks to
arrive here in any numbers and very nearly the last to leave. He is the noisiest,
handsomest and least edible duck J know.
1589. Dendrocycna javanica.—The Whistling Teal.
Local name “Sisali’’. Common on Tanaungdaing and Tanokmyo jheels. I
shot a female on the 7th August 1902 with eggs in her about the size of a 16-
bore bullet,
1590, Dendrocyena fulva—The Large Whistling Teal.
‘Seem to be almost as common as its smaller relative during the cold weather
but E don’t know whether it breeds in the district or not.
1591, Nettopus coromandelianus,—'The Cotton Teal.
Local name “ Kalagat’’. Very common all the year round and no doubt
breeds, although I have not taken the nest.
1593. Anas pectlorhyncha.—The Spotied-billed or Grey Duck,
Local name “ Taw-be”. A resident bird. Egeys have been brought to me
in October and I came on a brood of ducklings only a few days oldat Panyo on
the 13th ecember 1902. 'This appears very late and I am inclined to think
that all water birds have to breed late here owing to the fact that the height
of the water in their breeding haunts is quite unsettled because of rises and
falls in the river until October. About the end of September the water begins
to fall in earnest and only then would it be safe for those birds that nest
on the ground or on the shrubs in the jheels to commence building, In Sep-
tember I found a clutch of 14 eggs of the present species deserted because a
sudden rise had inundated the nest. The eggs were fairly fresh and were blown
out and eaten by the Burmans with me,
1595, Chaulelasmus streperus—The Gadwall.
Very uncommon in Myingyan. Appears early but does not remain on our
jheels.
1597. Nettiwm crecca,—The Common Teal,
Birds in good plumage are not shot before January. . Very plentiful.
1599. Mareca penelope-—The Wigeon.
In December 1898 J shot a wigeon out ofa flight of Pimtail duck, but this
is the only time I have come across it,
1600, Dafila acuta.—The Pintail.
Does not appear in very great numbers and one is lucky if there are half a
dozen pintails in a bag of 30 birds,
504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
1601, Querguedu’a circia,—The Garganey or Blue=winged Teal.
Numerous, and supplies more birds to a day’s bag than any other variety.
‘They come in October and leave us in March or the first week in April.
1602. Spatula clypeata.—The Shoveller.
A fairly common mig~9nt,
1605. Nyroca ferruginea.—The White-eyed Duck.
This and the next two species are very erratic in their visits to us, Some-
times one or even two may fail to put in an appearance at all during the year,
O: the three, N. ferruginea is probably the most commen,
1607, Nyroca baeri,—The Hastern White-eyed Duck,
1609, Nyroca fuligula.—The Tufted luck.
1610. Clangulu gliuctun.—T he Golden-eye,
I shot a golden-sye in the district once, but the occurrence is not properly
authenticated as I unfortunately lost the skin.
1615. Podicipes cristaius.—The Great Crested Grebe.
Mr. Bertram Carey shot one of these birds near Myingyan about Xmas 1899.
1617. Podicipes atbipennis,—The Indian Little Grebe, or Dabchick,
Common, and breeds in most of the tanks and jheels. I have taken eggs in
December and January andalso in August and September, so I fancy they
breed twice in the year,
505
_A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO INDIA:
FROM
THE * ZOOLOGICAL RECORD,” 1903 anv 1£04.
The following list of publications has been compiled from the
“ Zoological Record ’’ for the last two years that are at present avail-
able, with a view to assisting those members of the Society who may
be workirg at some particular subject and who may not have access to
all the papers and periodicals relating thereto. The papers and notes
that have appeared in our own Journal have of course been omitted.
For the present it has only been considered necessary to include the
publications under the headings—General Subjects, Mammalia, Aves,
Reptilia and Batrachia, Pisces, Mollusca and Insecta, as so few of our
members are interested in the lower classes of animals. It is proposed
to continue the preparation of a similar list to the present one on the
a]
publication of future volumes of the “ Zoological Record.”
“ZOOLOGICAL RECORD,” 1903.
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 2
Vols. By J. Stanley Gardiner,
In the Andamans and Nicobars. By C, B. Kloss.
MAMMALIA,
On a new Rat of the Mus rufescens group from Simla. J. L. Bonhote.
Ann, and Mag, Nat. Hist. (7), XI, pp. 291-296.
Notes on Mammals observed in the Darbhanga district, Bengal. G. Dal-
gleish. Zoologist (4), VII, pp. 94-99.
Mammals collected Ly Dr. Abbott on the coast and is’ands of N.-W. Sumatra.
G.S. Miller, P, U.S. Mus., XXVI, pp. 457-84. (2 plates.)
Descriptions of 11 new Malayan Mouse-deer, G.S. Miller. P.Soc., Wash-
ington. XVI. pp. 31-44.
Seventy new Malayan Mammals. G, S, Miller. Smithson Collect, XLV.
pp. 1-73. (1% plates.)
On the species of the genus Rhinopoma. O, Thomas, Ann, Nat Hist. (7),
XI, pp. 496-99.
AVES,
A contribution to our knowledge of the Birds occurring in the Southern
Shan States, Upper Burma. C T. Binghem, Ibis 1903, pp. £84-606 (2 plates),
On some new species of Birds from the Mckong Valley. C. T. Bingham.
Bull, B. O. C., XIII, pp. 54-56.
On a new species of Suthora, C T..Bingham, Bull. B, O. C., XIII, p. 63.
British Bean Geeze, F, W. Frohawk. Zoologist, 19v3, pp. 41-45, (1 plate.)
506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
On a new Silver-Pheasant from Upper Burma, E. W. Oates, Ann, Nat.
Hist. (7), XI, p. 231.
On the Silver-Pheasants of Burma, E. W. Oates, Ibis, 1903, pp. 93-106.
Birds collected by Dr. Abbott and C. B. Kloss in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. C. W. Richmond. P. U.S. Mus., XXV, pp. ¥87-314 (1902).
Birds collected by Dr, Abbott and C. B, Kloss on the Coast and Islands of
N.-W. Sumatra. C. W. Richmond. P, U. 8. Mus., XXVI, pp.485-523.
On a new species of Suthora from Yun-nan. G. Riepon. Bull. B. O. C.,
XIII, p. 54.
On a new species of Proparus from Yun-nan. G. Rippon, Bull. B 0. C.,
XIII, p. 60.
On a new species of Gigithaliscus from Yun-nan. G. Rippon. Bull, B. 0. C..
XIII, p. 18.
An Ornithological Journey to Fars, S.-W. Persia. H. F, Witherby. Ibis,
1903, p. 501.
On Erythacus gutturalis in South Persia. H. F, Witherby. Bull. B, 0. C.,
XIII, p. 62.
On the nest of Lusciniola neglecta. H. F. Witherby. Bull. B. O, C., XIII,
p. 62.
On the eggs of Chettusia leucura. H. F, Witherby, Bull. B. O. C., XIII,
pp. 62-63,
REPLILIA AND BATRACHIA.
Remarks on the Herpetological Fauna of Ceylon. A, Willey. Spolia
Zeylonica, I., pp. 1-13, 81-89 and 116-117.
PISCEs.
On the more remarkable Freshwater Fishes of Ceylon. A. Willey. Spolia
Zeylonica, I, pp. 5-9 and 19-22.
On the Fishes of the Maldive Islands. C. T, Regan in J. 8. Gardner. Fauna
Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, I, pp. 272-281.
Mo.Luus¢a,
Additions to the genus Streptaxis, G. K. Gude. P. Malac. Soc., V., pp.
262-266, (1 plate.)
A elassified list of the Helicoid Land Shells of Asia. G. K. Gude. J. Malac.,
X., pp. 5-16 ; 45-62 ; 83-98 ; 129-136. (1 plate.)
Descriptions of 2 supposed new species of Cyathopoma (C. peile: and C. seren-
dibense). H.B, Preston. P. Malac, Soc., V., p. 340. (Fig. 9.)
A revision of the Columbellide of the Persian Gulf and N. Arabian Sea, J.
C. Melvill, J. Malac., X., pp. 27-31 (Fig. 9.)
Descriptions of 68 new Gastropoda from the Persian Gulf, &c,, dredged
by F. W. Townsend, J. C. Melvilland R. Standen. Ann, Nat. Hist., XIT.,
pp. 289-324, (4 plates.)
The genus Scala as represented in the Persian Gulf, &c. J. C. Melvill and
R. Standen, J. Conch, X., pp. 340-351. (1 plate.)
A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO INDIA. 507
Description of Marginella lateritia, n, sp., from the Andaman Islands, J.C.
Melvill and E. R. Sykes. P. Malac. Soc., V.,p, 410. (Fig.)
Collection of Molluscs, H, A. Smith in “Fauna and Geogr. of the Maldive
and Laccadive Archipelagoes,” Vol. II., pp. 589-630. (2 plates.)
INSECTA.
Notes of a tour in the North Canara District of India in search of mosqui-
toes, Hi, H. Aitken, Journal of Tropical Medicine, V, pp. 325-6, 541-2.
A revision of the Amblipodia group of butterflies of the family Lycwnide,
By G, T. Bethune Baker. Jour, Zool. Soc., London, XVII, 1=164,
Hymenoptera orientaiia, or contributions to the knowledge of the Hymenoptera
of the Oriental zoological region. By P, Cameron, Mem, Manchester Soc.,
XLVII, No, 14,
Descriptions of 19 new species of Larridw, Odynerus and Apide from
Barrackpore. By P. Cameron, Tr, Ent, Soc., London, 1903, 117-1832.
Descriptions of 12 new genera and species of Jchneumonide and 3 species
of Ampulex from the Khasia Hills, By P. Cameron, Tr, Ent, Soc., London,
1903, pp. 219-38,
On some new genera and species of parasitic and fossorial Hymenoptera
from the Khasia Hills, By P. Cameron. Ann, Nat. Hist., xi, 173-185, 266-72,
313-33, 363-71, 565-83.
Description of new genera and species of Hymenoptera from India, By
P. Cameron. Leitschr. Hym, Dipt., iii, pp. 9-16, 177-84, 298-304, 337-44,
Description of 10 new species and 9 new genera of Jchneuwmonide from India,
Ceylon, and Japan. By P. Cameron, Entomologist, XXXVI, pp. 283-41,
259-60.
Undescribed Oriental Rhynchota. By W. L. Distant, Entomologist, XXXVI,
pp. 1-2.
On a new genus of Tineid Moths, By J. Durrant. Indian Museum Notes,
Wie, Be 02.
On Coleoptera collected in India by Messrs, H. E. and H. L. Andrewes, By
H.S. Gorham. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, xlvii.
Description of a new Coccid. By HE. E. Green, Indian Mus. Notes, V., p. 63.
Remarks on Indian Scale Insects, By B. E, Green. Indian Mus, Notes,
V., pp. 93-103.
Description of the new genera and species of phytophagous Coleoptera
collected by H. L. Andrewes and T.R. YD. Bellin the Nilgiri Hills and
Canara, By M. Jacobi. Ann. Soc, Ent. Belgique, xlvii.
Insect Pests of Coffee in South India. By H. M. Lefroy, Bull. No. 2,
Dep. Agric., India, 19 pp.
Notes on the Insect Pests of forest trees. By L. de Niceville. Indian Mus,
Notes, V., pp. 103-212,
New species of Indian Aculeate Hymenoptera, Ann. Nat, Hist., xi, pp. 393-403,
511-26, 528-49,
New species of Indian Chrysidide, Entomologist, xxxvi, pp. 10-12, 40-42,
32
508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV.
Contributions towards a monograph of the Oriental Alewrodidw. By H. W.
Peal, Jour. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Ixxii, p. 61-98.
The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. By G. A. J, Rothney. Tr. Ent,
Soc., London, 1903.
New species of Lamellicorn Coleoptera from the Nilgiri Hills, By D, Sharp,
Ann, Nat, Hist., xi, pp. 467-73.
On the acquisition of alar appendages by the spruce forms of Chermes
Abietis-picew in the N.-W, Himalayas. By E. P, Stebbing. Jour, Asiat. Soc.,
Bengal, xxii, p, 57.
A note on the discovery of Thanasismus sp. prox sgricollis in the N.-W.
Himalayas. By E. P. Stebbing. Jour. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, xxii, p, 104,
A first note on the life history of Chermes Abietis-picew. By E, P, Stebbing.
Jour, Asiat, Soc., Bengal, lxxii, p.229.
The life history of Arbela tetraonis, Moore. A destructive insect pest in the
Casuarina plantations in Madras. By E, P. Stebbing. Jour. Asiat. Soc.,
Bengal, Ixxii, pp. 252-7,
Insect pests of the sugarcane in India. By E. P. Stebbing. Indian
Museum Notes, V, pp. 64-91.
Departmental notes on Insects that affect forestry. By E, P, Stebbing.
No. 2, Calcutta, 1903.
Heonomic Entomology, its study, aims and objects. By EH, P. Stebbing.
P. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1903.
Notes on the Culicide of Dehra Dun, By F, W. Thomson, Jour,
Trop. Medicine, vi., pp. 314-5,
The pests and blight of the tea-plant, By Sir George Watt and H. H.
Mann, Calcutta, 1903,
1904,
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the
Gulf of Manaar, with supplementary reports upon the marine biology of
Ceylon, W. A. Herdman and others. 2 Vols., with plates,
MaMMALIA.— N27,
AYES,
514.—On new species from the Southern Chin Hills, G. Rippon. Bull, B,
0. C., XIV, p. 83 and 84.
REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA.
Additions to the collection of Oriental Snakes in the Indian Museum,
N, Annandale, Jour, Asiat, Soc,, Bengal, LXXIII, p. 208-212. (1 plate.)
Descriptions of new Frogs and Snakes from Yan-nan, G. A. Boulenger,
Ann. Nat, Hist, (7), XIII, p. 130-134,
PIscus.
On a collection of Fishes made by Mr. John Graham at Yunnan Fu, ©, T,
Regan, Ann, Nat, Hist, (7) XIII, p. 190-194,
A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO INDIA, 509
Mouiusca,
273.—The Helicoid land Shells of Asia, Corrections and additions, G. K,
Gude, J. Malac., XI, p. 93-97.
272,—Note on Corilla erronella, Nev. G. K, Gude. J, Malac,, XI, p. 45
and 46,
238.—Descriptions of some new species and varieties of Cataulus from the
collection of the late Hugh Nevill, Esq. H. Fulton, Ann, Nat. Hist, XIII,
p. 452-and 453,
241.—On some new species of Melania and Jullienia from Yun-nan and
Java. H. Fulton. J. Malac, XI, pp. 51 and 52. (1 plate),
436.—Descriptions of 28 species of Gastropoda from the Persian Gulf, &c.,
dredged by Mr. F,. W. Townsend, J, C, Melvill, P. Malac., Soc., London,
VI, p. 158-169, (1 plate.)
438,—Descriptions of 12 new species and 1 variety of Marine Gastropoda
from the Persian Gulf, &c., collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend, J. C. Melvill.
J. Malac., XI, p. 79-85, (1 plate.)
440,.—Cypreide of the Persian Gulf, &¢., as exhibited in Mr, F. W. Town-
send’s Collections. J.C, Melvill and R. Standen. J. Conch, XI., p. 117-122.
433.—Descriptions of 23 species of Gastropoda from the Persian Gulf, &c.,
dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, J. C. Melvill. P,. Malac., Soc., London,
VI, p. 51-60, (1 plate.)
434.—On Berthais,a proposed new genus of Marine Gastropoda from the
Gulf of Oman, J.C. Melvill. P. Malac., Soc., London, VI, pp. 61-63.
579.—Natural History Notes from H. M, Indian Marine Survey steamer
“ Investigator,” Series III, No, 1, On Mollusca from the Bay of Bengal and
the Arabian Sea, E. A. Smith, Ann. Nat, Hist., XIII, pp. 453-473, (14
plates.)
502.—Descriptions of some new species of Cingalese and Indian Marine
Shells, H.B. Preston. J, Malac., XI, p. 75-78, (2 plates.)
INSECTA.
A new Alysiid from Ceylon, By W. H. Ashmead. Ent, News. Philad.,
Ve. LS,
Le Xylotrechus quadrupes et ses ravages sur les caféiers du Tonkin, By
L. Bouky. ©. R, Ac., Paris. CXXXIX, p, 932-4,
Descriptions of new species of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills, Assam,
By P. Cameron. Trans, Ent, Soc., London, 1904, pp, 103-133,
A new species of Bembex from the Khasia Hills (Bembex Khasiana). By
P, Cameron, ébid., p. 123.
Description of a new genus and some new species of Hast Indian Hyme-
noptera. By P, Cameron, Entomologist, pp. 306-9.
Deseriptions of new species of aculeate and parasitic Hymenoptera from
Northern India. By P,Cameron, Ann, Nat, Hist., XIII, p, 211-233.
On some new species of Hymenoptera from Northern India. By P, Cameron,
ibid., pp. 277-303,
510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII
Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera from India, By
P, Cameron, Zeitscher Hym. Dipt., iv., pp. 5-15,
Description of a new species of Juartinia from Deesa, India, By P, Cameron,
ibid., pp. 89-90.
Description of anew species of Athalia (Tenthredinide) from India, By
P, Cameron, ibéd., p. 108.
On some butterflies from Tibet, H.J. Elwes. Deutsche, Ent, Leitschr,
Iris., XVI, pp. 388-91.
On some new and little known butterflies mainly from high elevations in
the N.-E, Himalayas. By J. M. Fawcett, P.Z.S., 1904, ii, pp. 134-141.
Cold Weather Mosquito Notes from the United Provinces, N.-W. India.
By G. M., Giles. J, Trop. Med. Vll., pp. 1-22-49.
Cold Weather Mosquito Notes from India. Malariain Umritzar and its
causes, By G.M. Giles, zbid., pp. 83, 104, 120, 133, 149.
The Coccide of Ceylon, By E. EH, Green, Part III, London, 1904.
Notes on some Ceylon Butterflies, By EH, E. Green, Spolia Zeylonica,
ii, p. 75,
The Lac industry of Ceylon. Ann, Bot, Gardens, Peraden, i, Supplement,
The Tettigide of Ceylon, By J. L. Hancock, Spol, Zeylonica, ii, pp, 97-137,
Indian Beeswax (Apis dorsata, etc.). By D. Hooper, Agric, Ledger, 1904,
No. 7.
The Cicindelidew of Ceylon. By W. Horn. Spolia Zeylon, ui, pp. 30-44,
Another contribution to the knowledge of Indian Phytophagous Coleoptera,
By M. Jacobi, Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg., xlviii, pp. 380-406.
A monograph of the Anopheles Mosquitoes of India. By 8. P. James and
W. G. Liston. Calcutta, 1904.
Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe and notes on the migration
of butterflies in Ceylon. By N. Manders, Tr, Ent, Soc., London, 1904,
pp. 701-8.
Notes on the life history of Gongylus gongyloides,a mantis of the tribe
Empusides and a floral simulator, By C. E. Williams, Tr. Ent, Soc., Lond.,
1904, pp. 125-8,
The dragonflies (Odonata) of Burma and Lower Siam. 1, Subfam, Calop-
terygine. By HE. B. Williamson, P. U. S. Mus., XXVIII, No. 1389,
511
NOTES ON THE GENUS TATERA WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.
BY
R. C, WROUGHTON,
[Extract from a paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol, XVLI,
No, 101, pp. 474-499, with Notes on, and Descriptions of, the African and
Asian species of the genus.|
Section ITT.—Asra,
Tail dark above and below, with pale bands along the sides ; tufted,
A. Size large (175 mm.)
a. Mottled with black; hind foot 42 mm.,
upper molar series 7. (Syria.) ...... (28) tentura, Wagn,
6. Uniform colour ; hind foot 41 mm.,, upper
molar series 6°3, (HE. Persia.) ...... (29) persica, sp, n.
c. Mottled black ; hind foot 39 mm.,, upper
molars 6. (C, Persia.)........-..0.. .. (30) p. scansa, subsp, n.
d, Uniform colour; hind foot 38 mm,,
upper molars 5°5, (U. P. India.)... (31) indica, Hardw.
B. Size smaller,
a, Tail (200 mm.) and hind foot (45 mm.),
very long. (S. India)... se.cscs-eesee (32) cuviert, Waterh.
b. Tail normal,
a*?, Hind foot 41 mm,, skull breadth 23,
molars 6°5, (S. W. Persia.) ....... (83) Batlwardi, sp, n,
62. Hind foot 39 mm,, skull breadth 25,
molars 6°5. (S. W. Persia)............ (84) B. monticola, subsp. n.
e?, Hind foot 41 mm., skull breadth 22,
molars Go. (Ceylon) ies g cesce-se400 (35) ceylonica, sp. n,
Section III.—Ast1a.
The colour-pattern of the tail makes this a very compact yroup. Unfor-
tunately it is very badly represented in the collection. A small collection made
by Mr. Wocosnam quite recently, and presented to the museum by Col, Bail-
ward, has enabled me to recognize somewhat confidently the teniura of Wagner,
and thus to discriminate other Persian forms ; but although we have the type
of indica, the material from India is so very poor both in quantity and quality
that, beyond identifying Waterhouse’s cuvieri, a strongly marked species, I
have not ventured to base any conclusions on the specimens available for
study.
(28) Tatera teniura,
Meriones teniurus, Wagner, Schreb, Saiug., Supple. III., p. 471 (1842).
5. 10, 4. 28-29. Bund-i-Khel, Karun River, S. W. Persia (Col. Bailward),
Alt, 250’, ©
Wagner described Meriones teniwrus from Syria, We have no specimens
unfortunately from this locality, but experience in other genera seems to show
512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVIJ,
that there is little change in the forms westward from the Euphrates until the
Jordan basin is reached. Wagner’s description is too vague by itself to indi-
cate more than a large Tatera, He, however, gives the following dimensions,
viz, :—Head and body (measured along curves on a stuffed specimen) 8”-9”
(=230 mm.,), tail 7’-3’” (— 190 mm.) ; hind foot 1”-8" (42 mm.),.
The average dimensions of the above-named two specimens are—
Head and body 187 mm.; tail 190 ; hind foot 42 ; ear 29,
Skull: greatest length 47; basilar length 87; zygomatic breadth 26 ;
length of upper molar series 7 ; bull 12°5,
These specimens may, I think, be confidently accepted as representing typical
Lemiura,
(29) Tatera persica, sp. n.
6, 1, 2. 5-6, Seistan. (Seistan Arbitration Commission.)
A large Tatera, as large as or even larger than either tentura or indica.
The whole upper surface of a uniform pale sandy colour, with no apparent
black grizzling, though a certain proportion of the hairs on the back are
black-tipped ; an area above the eyes and the cheeks paler, giving the impres-
sion of a darker band from the snout over the crown between the ears; the
dark band above and below the tail showing more admixture of black than
the dorsal area, the terminal black “tuft” about one-fourth of the total
length of the tail, The skull strong and broad, and the upper-incisors very
stout and broad. Unfortunately the dimensions were not recorded by the
collectors, but I give the following as probably correct :—
Skull.
Eee ueeee ee) Gen an Quilon ile
Type —6.1.2.5 Adult—190 200 41 24 45 ? 2) 61 ?
651.26. Neves 190. S190.) 40s 25. Ao oe 25 1633 ?
Hab.—Seistan,
Type.—B. M. No. 6.1.2.5. An adult, Collected in September 1908.
(30) Tatera persica scansa, subsp. n.
4,6, 1, 8.—Kerman, Persia (Sykes), Alt. 5,700,’
Rather smaller than typical persica, Ground-colour much as in that species,
but a very marked black grizzling on the posterior dorsal area above the root
of the tail; the dark bands of the tail are also much darker than in persica,
and the terminal ‘‘tuft”’ occupies about one-third of tail-length. The skull
is broad as in persica, but neither it nor the molars are so stout, The emar-
gination of the anterior border of the infraorbital plate, which in persica is
represented by at mosta shallow arc, isin this specimen so deep that the
emargination becomes distinctly “C-shaped. That this character is constant
I am not, however, in a position to affirm,
The following are the dimensions :—
Head and body 180 mm. ; tail 193 ; hind foot 39; ear 26,
Skull: Greatest length 45; basilar length 35; zygomatic breadth 25 ;
upper molar series 6 ; bulle 12°5,
Hab,—Kerman, Persia,
NOTES ON THE GENUS TATERA. B13
Lype.—B, M. No, 4, 6.1, 3, An adult male. Collected by Mr, Sykes on
the Ist February 1903, and presented to the museum.
(31) Tateru indica.
Dispus indicus, Hardw. Linn. Trans, VIII, p, 279 (1807),
11g, “India” (Type.)
Hardwicke describes the colour as “bright bay mixed with pencil-like
strokes of dark-brown longitudinally disposed,” and gives the size as:—Head
and body 6°5" ; tail 7”; tuft for last 2” dark-brown. I put the normal dimen-
sions as follows :—
Head and body 180 mm,; tail 190; hind foot 38,
Skull: Greatest length 46; zygomatic breadth 23; length of upper
molar series 5°,
The skullis much broken, but suffices to show that it is more delicately
made and long and narrow as compared with those of the Central Asian
forms ; the upper molars, however, are fairly stout for their size,
(32) Tatera cuviere.
Gerbillus cuviert.—Waterh. P. Z.S. P. 56 (1838),
99.12.21.2. Moli Jeri, Tinniveli (Barber),
5,11.25.2, Ramnad Madura (Annandale),
These specimens I refer quite confidently to cuvieri, Waterhouse. They
closely agree with his description both in colour and proportions. The follow-
ing may therefore be taken as normal dimensions for this species :—
Head and body 165 ; tail 200 ; hind foot 45; ear 22,
Skull: Greatest length 44; basilar length 34 ; zygomatic breadth 23 ;
length of upper molar series 6 ; bulle 12,
The extraordinary length of the hind foot, considering the size of the
unimal, was relied on by Waterhouse to distinguish this species from indica,
and to thismay be added the proportionally very long tail, The upper
molars are fairly stout, but the incisors are much narrower than in any Asian
form that I have seen except ceylonica,
(33) Tatera Bailwardi, sp. n,
5,10,4,30, Bund-i-khel, Karun river, 8. W. Persia (Col, Bailward), Alt. 250/.
5,10.4,31. Shus, near Dizful, $8. W. Persia (Col. Bailward), Alt, 500’,
5,10.4.32, Ram Hormaz, near Awaz, 8, W. Persia (Col. Bailward), Alt, 500/.
53.1,6,83, Mound of Susa, Khuzistan, 8, W. Persia (Loftus).
50,10,.21.5, Huphrates Expedition,
This species differs from taniwra in hardly anything but size; in detail of
colouring I can detect but the very smallest differences ; the white patches on
the face are rather more marked in this species, forming an indistinct but
continuous line of pale colouring from the sides of the muzzle, over the eyes,
to the base of the ears. Its consistently smaller size in all details, however,
and the fact that the type specimen was taken at the same time and place as the
specimens which I have identified as tena, from which it is clearly distinct,
has determined me to give it a specific name,
514 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
The following are some measurements : —
—— Se
—
H&B, Tl. H4, Ear. Gl Bi, Zygb, Mol, Bulle
Type.—5.10.4.30. @. Adult ... 166 182 41 28 44 34 23 65 11°5
5,10.4.31. 9. Old ... 161 176 41 28 44 34 23 65 11°5
5.10.4.32, @. Adult ... 166 167 40 28 45 35 23 65 115
Hab,—-Bund-i-Khel, 8.-W. Persia,
Type.—B. M. No. 5°10°4°30, An adult male, Collected by Mr. Woosnam on
the 6th March 1905, and presented to the museum by Col, Bailward,
(34) Tatera Bailwardi monticola, subsp. n.
5.10.4.33. Mala Mir, S. W. Persia (Col. Bailward), Alt. 3,300’,
The same size as Bailwardi, of which itis apparently a high-level form.
Ground-colour much less rufous than in that species giving it a soberer
general colouration, The skull very broad and much stouter and the bullx
markedly larger. The following are the dimensions :-—
Head and body 164 mm, ; tail 177; hind foot 39 ; ear 28,
Skull: Greatest length 46; basilar length 35 ; zygomatic breadth 25 ;
length of upper molar series 6°5 ; bulla 12°5,
Hab.—Mala Mir, S.-W. Persia.
Type.—B. M. No. 5.10.4.33, An old female. Collected by Mr. Woosnam on
the 12th April 1905, and presented to the museum by Col, Bailward.
(35) Tatera ceylonica, sp, n.
52.5.9.31, g. Ceylon (Kelaart).
In colouration ceylonica differs but little or not at all from cuviert,—i.e,,
from the specimens which I have identified as that species, It is dark cinna-
mon-brown along the centre of the back (probably due to the black tips of the
hairs in that area), pallid along the sides, Above the eyes, and behind them
to the ears and the cheeks, dull white. The following are dimensions :—
Head and body 160 mm. ; tail 150 ; hind foot 41; ear 20,
Skull: Greatest length 44; basilar length 33; zygomatic breadth 22 ;
length of the upper molar series 6 ; bulle 11.
Hab.—Ceylon.
Type.—B. M. No, 52.5.9.31, An adult male, Presented to the museum by
Dr, Kelaart. :
Notwithstanding its colour-resemblance it is easily distinguishable from
cuviert by its extremely short tail and much shorter hind feet. The skull
is about as in cuviert, but the upper molars are finer and narrower than in
that of any other Asiatic form.
515
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No, 1—BREEDING HABITS OF THE GREAT CRESTED GREBE
(PODICIPES CRISTATUS).
Being one of the handsomest as well as the most interesting, perhaps, of all
water fowl, a few notes concerning the breeding habits of this bird may prove
acceptable to some readers of this journal. During the years 1904-05 I had
exceptionally good opportunities of watching a pair of these birds nesting, and
the following notes were made on the spot. The birds were first seen on April
i7th (1904) and almost at once commenced nesting. On the morning of the
19th I again visited the place and found the two birds swimming apart from
each other. After a short time they met and began to spar with their bills—no
doubt a pairing gesture. What I took to be the female bird then scrambled up
on a small islet and disappeared among the reeds, A pair of coots (Fulica atra)
were nesting on the same place and tried to drive what I took to be the male
bird away. Once they were successful, but aftera time the grebe became
master of the situation and drove the coots away. The way he drove off one
coot was distinctly ingenious. Diving some little distance apart, he suddenly
came right up under the coot and fairly “ torpedoed ” the coot out of the water.
The male bird then rested on the water near the islet, drying and preening its
feathers. When it wished to clean its breast, it would turn right over on its
back, with one leg sticking up in the air.
The female bird when she landed on the islet did not stand upright, but
dragged herself along on her belly, I did not revisit the place again until. May
Ist, and found the female bird sitting close. The male was swimming near at
hand and again drove some coots away that came too near the nest. On
September 2nd I saw the young birds in company with the parents (two in
number) which were very attentive to them and feeding them with small
fish. On September 11th Icould only see one young one with the old birds.
On October 30th Isaw only the young one, the old ones had left, This year
(1905) the grebes returned to the same place on February 25th, At first I only
caught sight of one bird which was in full breeding plumage. On looking
through my field glasses I saw it treading water, splashing with its wings, and
spinning round and round like a teetotum with crest raised to its full extent,
Presently with neck stretched in front of him (Isay ‘‘ him”’ for this was the
one I tookto be the male) he uttered a hoarse croak, and lay flat on the
water, flapping his wings vigorously. I saw ihen the cause of this
excitement, for coming towards him was another grebe also stretched along
the water in the same strange position as the first, The two met breast
to breast and chattered together and sparred with their bills. This
second bird was not like the first and still retained the winter plumage
and was probably an immature female, The two then swam in company
with each other and visited the nesting place of last year, This was,
however, covered with water, with the exception of a few stumps of wood and
33
516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11.
reeds, The male bird appeared, however, to recognise the place and dived
bringing up a bunch of weed which he offered to the other bird. The two
played with it for a little while, then left it, What made the grebe bring up
this weed ? For they do not feed on it; it is the stuff their nests are made of,
Could he have mistaken the time of year and thought the nest ought to
have been commenced? No, it was only perhaps a passing whim, or he
would not have finally left the weed. I am certain this young bird was not the
female of last year, and probably this action, on the part of the male, of lifting
the weed was to shew the female how and where to build the nest,
The cries of these two grebes sounded like ‘ erak erak erak erak ka ka’ and
at other times like ‘ak ah ak ah’ and ‘ er erak er erak ” mingled with a buzzing
sound. On February 28th I again visited the place and saw the grebes meet,
shake their heads, and indulge in the usual “ spar,’”’ When these birds are at rest
the head is drawn back between the shoulders, with the bill either straight in
front or else tucked under a wing, and usually one leg sticking out of the water.
They are constantly preening their feathers, and their breasts shine in the sun
as silver, especially that of the young bird, which is a brighter colour than the
older one, and has a purer white breast, The time these birds remained under
water after a dive, I noted, was from3to5 minutes, When diving they
either roll sideways under and disappear without a ripple, or in head first.
On March the 5th I saw the female grebe was much more advanced about the
head than she was a week ago, and showed a decidedly more bushy crest. It
is remarkable how birds of the genus Podicipidw come into breeding plumage
so early, They are frequently found thus long before winter is over, and a
friend of mine tells me he had seen and shot red-throated divers (Colymbus
septentrionalis) (nearly allied to the grebe family) in midwinter in full sum-
mer dress.
GORDON DALGLIESH.
GODALMING, SURREY,
2nd February 1906,
No, I.—PACKS OF WOLVES IN PERSIA,
While after Urial in August I came on a pack of i1 wolves, of which IL
managed to shoot 38, Isnot this very unusual at this time of year? The
Persians here say they have never heard of a pack of so many wolves in the
hot weather, There were only two pups in the pack,
J. W. WATSON, Caprt,, 1.M.s;
TURBAT-I-HYDERI, PERSIA,
4th October 1905.
[Presumably the wolves referred to belonged to the Europeun species, Canis
lupus, which extends down to Baluchistan and Western Sind. The occurrence
of so large a pack is certainly unysual ; and Dr, Blanford remarks that, “ as a
rule, they occur solitary or in pairs, but at times, and especially in the winter,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 517
they associate in packs, sometimes of large numbers,” The young are born
in spring or early summer.
E, CoMBER,
Honorary Secretary,
Mammal Department, Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc.]
No, III.—URIAL IN PERSIA.
While in the Kara Dagh and Hazar-Masjid hills on the Russian Frontier,
I saw the heads of several wild sheep, which seem to differ from Urial, as they
had an extra curl on them, 7.¢., they curved round and then outwards again,
I regret that I had no time to go after them, The heads seemed a little bigger
than the ordinary Urial and the horns were strikingly different,
Is there anything known of a separate species of sheep in N.-E, Persia ?
J. W. WATSON, Caprr., 1M,
TURBAT-I-HYDERI, PERSIA,
Ath October 1905,
[As regards the varieties of the Urial cr Sha (Ovis vignei), Dr, Blanford
does not separate the forms that have been described under the names of O.
cycloceras (Hutton) and O. blanfordi (Hume) specifically, The Sha of Ladak,
generally known as 0. vignei, is usually larger than the Urial of the Punjab,
Sind and Baluchistan, generally known as O. cycloceras, and the circle made
by its horns is wider. In the variety from Kelat and Baluchistan, to which
the name blanfordi was applied, the horns diverge throughout so as to form
an open spiral instead of each lying in one plane or nearly so, Thus the tips
of the horns are very much fartber apart than in the typical O. vignei, in
which the horns in diverging are curved round nearly in a circle,
EK. CoMBER,
Honorary Secretary,
Mammal Department, Bo, Nat, Hist, Soc.]
No. IV.—A PANTHER PLACING ITS KILL UP A TREE.
In the Field of 24th February there is an account, over the nom=de-plume
“ Dibra Singh,” of the shooting of a panther that is specially interesting on
one point and perhaps worth bringing to the notice of members of the Society.
_ It is best explained by quoting the writer’s words :—
“T retraced my steps towards camp, and when within 500 yards of my tent,
and close to the garden, the attention of the hawk-eyed shikari was drawn to
some vultures on a tree, On going up to the tree we were astonished to find
the body of a nearly full-grown chital stag in the fork made by the lowest
branch, about 8 feet from the ground. The trunk of this tree was absolutely
straight, but an examination of the trunk and of the ground beneath showed
that, however improbable it was, there remained no doubt that the stag had
been placed there by a panther, To remove the stag, build a machan, and
518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
tie up a goat to a stake rammed firmly in the ground wasa matter of-an hour
at the most, and by 3 p.m, I was seated in the machan, but this time without
a shikari,
“ About 4 p.m., something gray moved in a half right direction from the
machan, and on closer observation I made out the form of a very large panther
lying with his head on his paws watching the goat; but so exactly did the
colour of the skin match the ground that had it not been for the slight
movement of the tail I should never have noticed him, After a few minutes
he bounded towards the goat, which ran round the stake, followed by the
panther, which made a blow with his paw, missing the goat, On this he im-
mediately bounded back to his point of vantage, and after a few minutes
made another dash at the goat. This time business, not play, was meant, and
almost simultaneously with his seizure of the goat was the report of the
Paradox.
“On returning to the tree the goat seemed none the worse from the experi -
ence, having only two wounds, one on the top and one underneath the neck,
This on return to camp’ we found was due to the fact that most of the
panther’s teeth, both in the upper and inthe lower jaw, were missing. Un-
fortunately, the tape measure had been forgotten, so there was no possibility of
taking any reliable measurements, The panther was, however, exceptionally
large and powerful, as was to be expected from his having dragged the chital
up atree with a straight and bare trunk, and from the reports we had
received of the size and strength of the celebrated wadi-wallah.”
Have any of our members come across a similar occurrence ?
K. COMBER.
22nd March 1906,
No, V.—TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFORE
KILLING,
Reading Mr, Allan’s letter in Vol, XVI, No. 3, I thought an experience I had
might be of interest,
In December 1904 I was down the Tennaserim River in Burma on a shooting
trip. I had been out on the previous day and noticed tracks of buffalo, The
next day when I was out, after going some distance, we heard a tremendous
bellowing. On working up to the spot, which was in thick jungle, we saw a
tiger had tackled a large cow buffalo, he was then hanging on to her hind
quarters, the buffalo dragging herself along slowly, I got an easy shot at the
tiger and killed him. After finishing off the buffalo I noticed that both the
hind legs were hamstrung, the tendons beeng completely severed.
P. HUDSON,
The King’s Regiment,
NasrraBap, Raspurana,
25th March 1906,
JOURN., BOMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc., VOL. XVII.
MALFORMED BLACKBUCK HORN,
ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA,
pee
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 519
No. VI-A BROWN CROW.
An individual of Corvus splendens (The Indian house-crow) which resides
inand about the compound of Mr. Justice Woodroffe in Russell Street,
Calcutta, is light brown throughout, except for the ashy neck, which is light
ashy. The wings shine bronze in the sun, It is persecuted by the other crows.
A, C. LOGAN, 1...
CaLcuTta, 24th March 1906,
No, VII.—A BROWN AND WHITE CROW.
Isend youa specimen of Corvus splendens shot at Versova by the Rev.
L, Kraig, $.J., in spite of her disguise in brown and white, which she possibly
put on in order to escape the general extermination of her race in Bombay.
No doubt the most recent case of sudden adaptation to highly unfavourable
surroundings !
The eyes of the bird were quite normal, not showing the slightest shade of
pink, Bill and legs are brown, nasal bristles, crown of head, sides of face
ophthalmic region, chin, and throat light brown ; ear coverts greyish brown ;
hind head, nape, interscapularies white ; breast brownish white, abdomen,
undertail coverts and vent greyish brown but the feathers changing to white
at their bases ; lower back dirty white, rump greyish brown, uppertail coverts
darker brown, Lesser coverts brown, tips brownish white ; median coverts
lighter brown than the lesser coverts, brownish white tipped ; greater coverts
brown, externally and towards the tips nearly white ; primaries, secondaries and
tertiaries show different shades of light brown, externally and towards the tips
whitish, Undersurface of wings more uniformly ashy brown.
Hs E. BLATTER, 8.9.
St, XAVIER’s COLLEGE,
Bombay, 29th March 1906,
No, VIII,—A MALFORMED BLACKBUCK HEAD.
(With an Illustration.)
I send a photograph of a black buck horn that is curiously malformed, It
may be of interest as from enquiries made, no reason can be given for the
malformation, The animal was shot by Captain Mackenzie of the 13th D, C. O.
Lancers near Saugor and was well known there, Captain Mackenzie tells me
the buck was with a party of does and was very fat indeed. On examination
the testes shewed no signs of injury and were normal in size, The horn as
shewn in the photograph makes a complete turn, passing under the skin near
the eye, striking the bone of the horn at the base, and turned up splitting the
horn in its growth,
R, H. RATTRAY, Lievr.-Cot,,
22nd Punjabis,
JHELUM, 20th March 1906,
520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
No. IX,—FASCINATION BY LIZARDS.
I see that Major Rogers, lecturing on snake poisons at Calcutta, is reported
to have said that the idea that birds were fascinated by snakes was due to the
fact that the bird had already been bitten and the snake was merely waiting
for its collapse.
This recalls to my mind an incident which came under my observation many
years ago, I was encamped at Raiwala on the bank of the Ganges in the
Dehra Dun district. One day-while sitting near my tent under the shade of
the mango trees, my eye was attracted by a hoopoe which was going through
the most extraordinary antics. It would run forward, apparently peck at
something and then run back again; this it kept on repeating. I got up to
go nearer and see what was happening, I took my eye off the bird and
walked up to within some 20 yards of where it had been. It had now moved
into a slight hollow a few yards from the base of one of the old mango trees
and was then ina most extraordinary attitude. It was standing, but appar-
ently leaning back on its tail, and moving its head up and down opening and
closing its bill as if it was gasping for breath. Unfortunately it never occur-
red to me to see if there was any external cause for this, and thinking that the
bird had a fit I walked up toit, When I got close to it, away bolted a
large monitor (?) lizard into the hollow mango tree. The lizard, apparently
some 3 ft. long, must have been lying within 3 or 4 feet of the hoopoe. The
moment the lizard bolted, the bird flew off apparently none the worse. It was
clearly fascinated by the monitor. Naturally I have never ceased regretting
that I did not see the monitor in time.
St, GEORGE GORE, CoL., 8.5,
CAWNPORE, 3rd April 1906.
No, X—OCCURRENCE OF THE INDIAN RED-BREASTED
FLYCATCHER (SIPHIJA HYPERYTHRA) IN BENGAL.
To-day one of my men brought me ina fine male of this species, which he
shot near here, Oates in Vol. IT, Birds, Fauna of British India—gives the fol-
lowing account of the distribution of this bird :—“ Summers in Kashmir and
winters in Ceylon, This species has not yet been procured in the intervening
countries during the periods of migration,’’ I send this note as I consider
it interesting and of scientific value.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
BaGHOWNIE Fry,, DARBHANGA, 5th April 1906.
No. XI--A NOTE ON THE MIGRATION OF THE COMMON
INDIAN BEE-EATER (MEROPS VIRIDIS),.
Until I went to Lahore I was accustomed to look upon the common Indian
bee-eater as a permanent resident in most parts of the plains, with the excep-
tion of such places as Bombay and Calcutta, where there are not many suitable
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 521
nesting sites, This appears to be the general view of the habits of the bird,
Thus Dr, Blanford says of it:--‘‘ A resident in general, but locally migratory in
some places: thus it is said to leave the island of Bombay from April to
September.” Mr, E, H. Aitken writes in the same strain: “In Bombay it
is to be seen everywhere from the end of the rains till the beginning of the hot
season, but disappears in the interval. Yet it is not ranked as a migratory bird
and is not so in the usual sense, It only leaves us during the breeding season,
because it cannot find comfortable family quarters in our island,” JI am now
inclined to believe that this bird is a regular migrant. I arrived in Lahore on
October 19th, 1905, and from that day until March 8th, 1906, I did not set eyes
apon abee-eater, Since March 8th I have not seen less than fifty a day;
during the summer months bee-eaters are nearly as common as mynas. Resi-
dents of Lahore tell me that the bee-eaters always leave the place during the
cold weather, The bee-eater comes to Lahore to breed,
According to Colonel Cunningham bee-eaters-are only temporary residents in
Calcutta, They winter there, leaving with wonderful regularity at the begin-
ning of every hot weather, With regard to their arrival in Calcutta he writes :
“From a record of the dates of its occurrence during a period of eight years,
it appears that it took place five times in the second week, once on the fourth
day, once on the seventh day, and once in the third week of October, and from
a much more extended series of observations the thirteenth of the month comes
out as the normal date, These dates are to be taken as referring to the arrival
of the birds who propose to spend the winter in the place ; for in almost any
year small parties may be seen and heard passing high overhead for some days
before any come to settle down,” It would thus appear that the migration
from Calcutta is a regular one and not merely a going outside the city to breed.
The observations of Mr, Benjamin Aitken point to the fact that the Bombay
birds similarly migrate. ‘‘ With regard to the island of Bombay I have no
doubt whatever that the common bee-eater migrates as verily as the common
swallow or the grey wagtail. . . In my notes I have the 6th October 1865
and the 9th October 1866 recorded as the days of first appearance of the bee-
eater in Bombay in those years, The date of their disappearance in 1867 was
the 14th March.”
In many parts of India the common bee-eater is to be found all the year
round, From this, however, it does not follow that there is no migration in
those places, For example, the bee-eaters of Benares may leave that place in
March to go towards Lahore but their place may be taken by the birds which
have come from Calcutta. This point could be settled only by marking certain
birds, But hitherto very few observations upon the subject appear to have
been made. Do the bee-eaters, found in localities east of Calcutta, leave them
during the hot weather ?
What is the most westerly part of India, or the most northerly part, in which
there is an exodus of bee-eaters during the winter months? Are there any
parts of the plains of India where these birds are never observed? If any of
522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
the members of the Society can give answers to the questions may I express the
hope that they will not fail todo so? Moreover will those who dwell in the
various parts of the country watch in future to see whether any migration
takes place ? Until I came to Lahore I paid no attention to the subject of
migration of this species, During the eighteen months that I was in Madras I
never discovered any bee-eaters nesting, and suggested that possibly the species
left Madras to breed. As the common bee-eater is never abundant in
Madras it is quite possible that there was some migration which escaped my
notice,
Two other birds, which are exceedingly abundant in Lahore during the hot
weather but leave the place for the winter, are the Yellow-throated Sparrow
(Gymnorhis flavicollis) and the Purple Sun-bird (Arachnecthra asiatica),
D, DEWAR, I.C.S,
LAHORE, PunJAB, 12th April 1906.
No. XIL—THE BOLDNESS OF PANTHERS,
T send you an account of an adventure a friend and his wife, not to mention
the dog, had with a leopard which shows what bold beasts they are occasionally.
I give the account as written to me: “ ‘The evening before last, my wife and I
had quite an adventure with a leopard, We had gone to look at a small pool
in a river, and were riding back along the river bed, the jungle being some 80
yards away from the bank, Suddenly I spotted a leopard on the edge of the
bank looking at the dogs,, Ishouted to the dogs to come close up and immedi-
tely the leopard stood up, ‘Ikey,’ my new pedigree fox-terrier, saw him and
like a fool went for him. Nothing on earth would keep him off, Away went
the leopard across the open with the dog after him, and we close behind, At
the edge of the jungle the leopard turned and sprang at ‘Ikey’. Somehow or
other, to my great surprise, he missed, and the fool of a dog turned and went for
the leopard, who disappeared into the jungle with the dog close behind, I
swore and roared at ‘Ikey’ and finally to my surprise he came out again with
the leopard after him, For some time the leopard watched us from about 100
yards off but he dare not spring with me there and it was all I could do to
keep the dog from guing back after him, All this time my wife was keeping
the other dog ‘Topsy’ off and I told her to gallop off and call the dogs, To
our great relief they followed. The leopard came out a little way, but dared
not pass me into the open, and I did not leave till the dogs were well away,”
Unfortunately my friend had no gun with him, He sat up next evening
over a goat but the leopard did not show up,
Another instance of a leopard’s boldness, Some years ago a leopard being
reported in the hill here, I tied up a goat and sat up for it, but it did not
appear, At dusk I had the goat untied and we went down the hill together,
when I got on my pony, giving my rifle over to a chaprasi, the goat being led
by another. I was riding a bit ahead along the road when the man leading
the goat began shouting to me, On asking the cause he called out that the ~
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 523
leopard had tried to take the goat from between them. I rode back to
where they were standing when he told me he had felt the hot breath of the
leopard on the calves of his legs and turning suddenly he saw the leopard
erouch, He pointed out to me an indistinct object on the road side about 10
yards off. Hardly believing a leopard would be so bold, I got off my pony,
took the rifle and walked towards the object, when to my astonishment up
jumped a leopard and raced off to the hill. I fired a snap shot but of course
missed. He must have been watching the goat and us the whole time and
seeing his dinner being walked off, made a bold attempt to get it from between
the men,
Yet another instance,
Two sportsmen sat up over a goat one evening, At dusk the leopard came
down and killed the goat, Both sportsmen wanting the first shot fired ina
hurry and missed, the leopard went a short way up the rocks, stood and looked
at them, they fired and missed again and it then disappeared, They got
another goat, when down came the leopard a second time and killedit, It
being almost dark now they again missed their shots, The leopard took not the
slightest notice of the shots but calmly carried off the goat to its cave, I send
you these accounts as they may be of interest to some of the members of our
Society.
F, FIELD.
Gaya, BENGAL, 26th April 1906.
No, XIJI.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE SCORPION SPIDER
(PHRYNICHUS) (KARSCH) IN THE SREVAROY HILLS,
I wish to record the existence of Phrynichus in the Shevaroy Hills. This genus
is known to occur in Ceylon, Western India and Siam, but apparently has not
been previously notified in S. India, Several specimens have been found at
different times at an altitude of 3,0Q0—3,500 ft, ; the most recent was obtained
on April 14th. This specimen is apparently a young form of Phrynichus cunatus
(Pocock) which is well-known in Ceylon, I shall be pleased to forward it to
any expert in the Pedzpalpi for further examination.
H. S, RIVINGTON, B, Sc,
Curtput, Mapras, Aprii 1906.
No, XIV.—THE BROWN WOOD OWL (SYRNIUM INDRANI),
The following notes on the nidification of Syraiwm indrani may be of in-
terest to some of our readers. I found a nest cf the above bird in a deep
shady nullah here at about 5,000 feet elevation on February 21, 1906, It con-
tained two fresh eggs which measured 2°25” x 1°81”, The nest was merely a
hole scraped in the ground at the foot of some steep rocks and was placed
behind some scanty bushes. The birds were not at all shy and watched us
from such a short distance that there was no difficulty in identifying them,
and it isa bird I know well. Thinking she might lay more I put intwo fowl’s
d4
524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
eggs we had brought (as I had known of the nest for some time before the
above date) and she sat on these quite contentedly and actually hatched them
out, When we saw them, the chicks were apparently a day old and the owl
had provided two dead rats as suitable provision for them. Two days after-
wards I went to see how they were getting on, but the rats, the chicks and the
owls had all disappeared. I fancy the above sequence would fairly represent
the progress of this jungle tragedy.
T afterwards found another nest in March. This was placed in the hollow
of a fork of by no means a large tree standing on the edge of a shady nullah
but not itself well shaded, it was about ten feet up. The egg was much
smaller than the former ones, measuring only 1°94 x 1°69, I was attracted
to this nest by the male owl calling during the day-time,a low double hoot,
“ tu-whoo”’ describes it very fairly. It seems from what I have now seen that
the male constantly remains close by the nest, occasionally calling to his mate,
a habit which I hope may lead to the detection of more nests next year.
S.L. WHYMPER,
Nant Tan, April 1906,
No. XV.—HABITS OF THE TAPIR.
J was very interested in Colonel Ferris’ note on the habits of the Tapir in
captivity, more especially with what he wrote as to its curious habit of con-
cealing its excrement, which recalled at once to my mind the account given
in Wallace’s travels on the Amazon of the South American species,
He there states that the excrement of the tapir is never seen, which is ex-
plained by the Indians as due to the fact that the animal always takes to water
when obliged to meet a call of nature, further that when no water is avail-
able it will break off a branch of a tree using it as a rude tray and after strew-
ing leaves over the top will carry it for a considerable distance until it finds a
river or pool in which it can deposit it.
Perhaps some of our members in the Straits can give us some information
as to the habits on this point of the Malayan species in the wild state ?
Notes on the sense of modesty, which undoubtedly exists in many birds and
animals, are often so curious and extraordinary that they are well worth re-
cording,
L. C,H, YOUNG,
Bompay, 11th May 1906,
No, XVI—OCCURRENCE OF REMIZA (4#GITHALUS)
CORONATUS IN KOHAT,
I am not aware if the occurrence of the Penduline tit—Agithalus coronatus—
within Indian limits has been previously recorded or not, but if not then I
would wish to announce the fact of its discovery as a fairly common spring
migrant in the Kohat district,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 525
In April 1905, a party of strange tits was observed by me in Kohat, but un-
fortunately I failed to secure aspecimen, I however recorded in my note-
book a description of the bird, and trusted to meet with it the following year
and to obtain specimens for identification, But early this year I was ordered
away from Kohat, so I gave my friend Mr, C. H.T. Whitehead, 56th Infan-
iry F, F., a description of the bird and asked him to keep a sharp look-out for
it, Iam glad to say he was most successful, meeting with several flocks and
obtaining specimens, I am indebted to him for the identification and for the
pair of skins, g and 9, which are now being sent to our Museum.
The specific name suits this little bird well, He is even more tit-like in his
habits than “ Parus”’ and seems to be as happy hunting the leaves and bark
of his favourite trees upside down or hanging abdomen uppermost from the
slenderest of leaf stems, as in the normal position of birds in trees, His note,
which is constantly uttered when searching for food, is very similar to that of
the “‘ White-eye.”’
So far this rare species has only been noted on spring migration, the passage
taking place in Kohat in April,
H, A. F, MAGRATH, Mavor,
51st Sikhs F.F,
Fort LockHart, 18th April 1906.
[ The occurrence of this tit in Sind was recorded in the last number of our
Journal, page 244, by Mr, T, R. Bell,so that the above is not the first notice
of its being found within Indian limits, Its occurrence however in Kohat
and the notes on its habits are none the less interesting —Epg, ]
No, XVII.—FLOCKING OF KITES,
If I can trust my memory, not having the numbers with me in camp, twice
during the past year notes have appeared in our Journal on the unusual flock-
ing of kites, Perhaps a similar occurrence I witnessed yesterday and to-day
at this place may throw light on the matter, The bungalow here is in a well
wooded valley ina very small clearing, Yesterday morning I noticed some
70 to 10U ordinary kites (Miélvus govinda) on the ground within 30 yards of
the verandah and busy pecking up some food from an open :bit of turf. On
approaching the flock they rose and settled on a similar piece of ground on the
other side of the bungalow. I could at first see nothing to attract them, there
being only a few (not more than normal) black ants and a red bug or two about.
However after a little search I found round the woody stems of some small
plants dense masses of the shed wings of termites and turning these over I
found the termites had gone into the soil, but could easily be routed out as
there were many close to the surface, There had evidently been a flight the
night before after a heavy downpour of rain. At first there were only kites
but later a jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchus) and a “ Pharaoh’s chicken ”
(Neophron ginginianus) and a few common mynas (Acridotheres tristis) aud
later there were six Neophroen which kepé all the others at a respectful distance,
526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
This afternoon there was another flighting of termites, this time by daylight
and the kites were busy taking them on the wing. There seemed to me to be
more of them to-day and there were a few Brahminy kites (Haliastur indus) in
addition. It was a pretty sight to see these birds twisting and turning to
seize the termites in their claws, The latter were flying high as several of the
kites were busy a good 150 feet up. Thetwo kinds of kites were the only
birds feeding onthe termites to-day. As far as my observation goes it is
unusual to find kites grubbing in the soil with their beaks and no doubt they
prefer feeding on the wing as they did to-day.
I may mention here that kites find an easy livelihood around the silk
cultivation centres in the Kollegal taluq of Coimbatore; they gather in
large numbers to feed on the dead “silk worms” thrown out by the
villagers.
C, EH, C, FISCHER,
GEDDESAL, CoImBATORE District, 13th May 1906.
No, XVIII—NOTES ON THE “SHOT-BORER” IN BAMBOOS,
Having read the above in the last Journal, No. 1 of Vol, XVII, I pre-
sume to send these few linesin connection with these notes, as it would be
of interest, perhaps to others, besides myself, to have a scientific opinion on
what I am about to state,
The people of these parts—Kumaun—are fully aware of the attacks of
the “Shot-Borer” on Bamboos, Ringals (snow-bamboo as called by some)
and timber of the “ Chir” or Pinus longifolia tree, by the same or a similar
Borer ; but according to them such attacks are only made on Bamboos,
Ringals, or “ Chir” trees that have been cut, or felled during moon-light
periods, and not during dark night periods; by which is meant not night
cutting, but during the periods of moon-light or darkness, What the cause
of this effect is, if it is cause and effect, I cannot say, perhaps science can ;
but it isa fact, and I have a long and practical experience in all these three
materials. If there is anything in it, it may be of value to larger users of
them, to know, and have it explained ?
NORVAN F.T, TROUP,
KAUSANIE, ALMoraA, U. P., 22nd May 1906.
No, XIX.—BLACK PANTHERS.
In continuation of my note in the last Journal (page 234) on the black
panthers in the Kolhapur coilection and with reference to the controversy on
the subject of the colour of the tongue and palate of black panthers, I send
you a note on a black panther shot by Colonel Grantham of the 33rd Cavalry,
on the 12th May 1906 in the Dajipur jungles of the Kolhapur.State. The
panther was a male aged about 10 years,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, ~~ 527
Measurements,
Length taken on the spot between pegs ... 6 feet 7 inches,
Height from point of shoulder to flat of pad ... 2 ,, 4
Circumference of fore-arm 950 Sc wes OM
Fe Of neck =. toe eee sae el ehOOULb se .,
f ee jOwleed. vee oe Rerats ltearse Citeem age
Girth behind shoulders .., Sac ove .. 2 feet 32° ,,
From root to tip of tail... SEC ee see ns aan Once
Colour.
In open daylight, very dark brown approaching to black on head, back and
upper parts of body ; somewhat lighter on belly, chest, inside of thighs and
arms, The spots distinctly visible but not markedly peacock-eyed,
Eyes.— Normal colour.
Tongue.—Normal pink colour,
Mouth.— Roof, near the margins of gums and the sides of cheeks inside,
pigmented, otherwise normal pink,
Hairs of moustache.—Black.
Claws.—Normal, white.
On careful-dissection no trace of the usual rudimentary clavicles were found,
W. B. FERRIS, Cotonen,
THE ReEsIDENCY, KonHarur, 29th May 1906,
No, XX.—-A REMARKABLE TREE,
In the Gundila valley of the North Coimbatore District there is a
remarkable Champak (Michelia champaca) tree, which is held in veneration
and worshipped by the local Sholagas (hill men). It is known by them as
the Doddasampagai (big Champak), Owing to its sacred character the
Sholagas demurred to my approaching it with boots on, and I had to get it
taped by some of them, The girth at 10 feet (to avoid some large warty
protuberances) is 50 feet. Ata height of about 15 feet, the main trunk splits
into 11 large branches, the least of which is about 6 feet in girth and running
up to about 12 feet girth. These again split up into innumerable smaller
branches. The highest twig I estimated to be 70 feet from the ground.
Under its shade in September last I found the only specimens of that curious
fern, Ophioglossum recticutatum, that I have so far found in these hills,
C. E, C. FISCHER,
GonpiLa, NortTH COIMBATORE, 1st June 1906.
No, XXI—HABITAT OF THE GREEN KEELBACK
(MACROPHISTHODON PLUMBICOLOR),
Referring to the article on the common Indian snakes by Captain F, Wall,
LM.S., in Vol. XVII, No, 1 of the Journal, it may be of interest to record the
occurrence of Macrophisthodon plumbicolor in the hills of North Coimbatore,
528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
I have found immature specimens on three occasions, 1—In April 1905, a
half-grown specimen in the Burgur hills in bamboo jungle devoid of grass
at an elevation of 3,400 feet, 2—In April 1906, near Salamalai, elevation
3,000 feet, a small specimen on dry strong soil in scrub jungle devoid
of grass, 3—In May 1906, one specimen about 10” long at 4,100 feet
in high timber forest, but near a grassy clearing. The hill men (Sholagas,
etc.,) declare it to be poisonous and were amazed at my seizing the last
noted specimen by the tail and holding it suspended, The peculiar flattening
of the body referred to by Captain Wall was very striking not only when on
the ground but even when held suspended in mid-air,
This morning when packing up on moving camp, I removed some loose
newspaper sheets from a basket lid lying on the ground in a corner of the tent,
I thought I saw a leaf in the angle, but, furtunately, the tent being somewhat
dark, I was cautious and took it to the light when it turned out to be a coiled
Lachesis gramineus, evidently a young one, as it taped only 177,”, tail
29" (elevation 2,700 ft. ).
C, E. C, FISCHER,
LOKANHALLI, NoRTH COIMBATORE, 3rd June 1906.
No, XXIIL—BIRD WEATHER REPORTERS,
I heard iast week a prophesy about rainfall based on the habits of birds
which might interest some of your readers, Last year the birds are said to
have built their nests high up on the topmost branches of trees, This year
they have built low down in the most sheltered parts, the inference drawn is
that while last year they did not seek much protection, this season they expect
the fall to be heavy. I give this for what it may be worth, Let us hope
the little prophets will escape the fate of some of our weather reporters,
K. R, BOMANJI, LCS.
BIJAPUR, 10th June 1906,
No, XXIII.—HOW TIGERS KILL THEIR PREY,
As this old question with apparently undiminished interest on the part of
naturalists and sportsmen has again cropped up, perhaps the following remarks
based on personal observation will aid in determining the above mooted ques-
tion, From the several occasions on which I have witnessed the complete
stalk and death ofa buffalo at the jaws ofa tiger, it would seem that
there is no general rule that can be applied to the performance of these acts.
I have seen a tiger stalk-in, standing up like a pointer, with tail stiff and one
paw up, stand a second thus, and with 2 or 3 large strides, taken very rapidly,
up to the buffalo, dip his head under the buffalo’s chin, catch it by the throat
and pin it to the ground without either forefeet being raised off the ground
for purposes of assault, On the first occasion I saw this performance the
tiger pinned the animal’s head tightly to the ground, the tiger bemg down on
his fore=paws which were stretched out before him, and his hind quarters
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 529
up in a standing position. The buffalo remained standing for several seconds,
then fell over, and in so doing broke his own neck, I feel sure in many cases
the animal’s neck is broken in this way, by the fall of his own body, his neck
being fixed rigidly to the ground, On other occasions the tiger stalks up and
lies down concealed watching his prey for some minutes, then stands up
slowly and charges in at the gallop, rearing up on his hind legs and putting
one paw on the head ornose of the victim and the other on his shoulder
takes a mouthful of neck and bears him to the ground,
Both methods are quite common, and which has been employed can be told
from the marks on the victim and the prints on the sand,
Sometimes the tiger plays with his victim, but as the only occasion on which
I witnessed this performance the tiger was not allowed to kill ; the story can
add nothing to our knowledge of how he kills, It may be interesting to add
that when a tiger comes on a live buffalo suddenly, he generally gives
a“ whoof ” and bolts, Icanonly explain this by his associating buffaloes
with the presence of man,
The tiger sometimes kills his prey by a smashing blow on the head with his
paw, but the only occasions on which I haye known this done have been when
the tiger did not intend to eat and had killed for pure devilment, on such
occasions, when he has killed several buffaloes on one night, or has come along
a path, given the buffalo a pat and walked right off, never intending to stay in
the place, ‘The above refers to animals which have been tied up and which
the tiger can make tolerably sure of killing, and the circumstances are therefore
different from those in which wild game is killed, In the latter case the prey
is often moving, sometimes at full gallop and the tiger also is inrapid motion,
claws therefore enter more into his scheme of attack in such cases than they
do in the case of buffaloes, nevertheless I witnessed a tiger pull down a young
swamp deer by the throat without using any claw. Inthe majority of cases,
however, in “natural” kills the claws are used and itis not uncommon to
shoot animals which have the long tearing claw marks of a tiger on them.
On one occasion I shot a nilgai with two such brands on his rump and a large
piece of meat torn out of his round, One can picture the mighty rush and
the nilgai’s great strength tearing out the hold, Tigers in concert will attack
and hamstring bison, but this is exceptional, Ihave also noticed the un-
businesslike method several tigers have of killing their prey compared with a
single animal, of which Mr, Selous makes mention as regards lions, I think
this is due possibly to two causes, Firstly that several animals hunt their prey
rather than trust to a stealthy stalk and a sudden surprise and attack
and also that they may be conscious the animal cannotescape. This description
also as regards the method in which lions drag their kill only requires to
have the word tiger substituted for lion to make it an exact description of
the tiger’s method.
Perak is a long way from the Central Provinces and the conditions there
are very different ; in differing somewhat therefore from Mr, F, O. B, Dennys
as regards the habits of the tiger, it is quite possible that these habits are
530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
actually different. I entirely disbelieve, however, both from what I have
seen and from the indirect evidence of the dead body, that the tiger has any
scientific and conscious method of breaking the animals’ neck, he merely
makes a furious onslaught on the neck which frequently gets broken by
means of “unconscious ” force.
I should like to add a word of caution regarding the belief that the neck
is almost invariably broken, on the contrary it is more often not broken. I
think this belief has arisen from the matter having been so often discussed in
print and also the very cursory examination which often takes place resulting
in a false verdict of a broken neck, From a very large number of kills which
have been thoroughly examined, and excluding such cases in which the neck
has been chewed through, I have found that not more than 40 per cent. of the
animals’ necks are broken, It would be interesting if other sportsmen who
have made a study of this point would give their experiences.
A, A. DUNBAR BRANDER, LF‘S.,
Deputy Conservator of Forests,
Berar, May 27th, 1906.
No, XXIV.—THE SENSE OF SMELL OF TIGERS.
One frequently reads in books on sport of the keen sense of smell possessed
by tigers and the precautions which are necessary when hunting to prevent
detection on this account, Al] the evidence, however, which I have been able
to collect on this subject goes to show that the tiger’s sense of smell is of a very
low order, perhaps hardly equalling that of man. A tiger is frequently driven
up to a man either on the ground or in a tree and over ground which has been
thoroughly tainted with human smell without the tiger being in the least aware
of the presence of his hidden foe, Most sportsmen who have shot tigers must
have noticed this occur even when the wind was “all wrong ” and under
circumstances in which any other animal in the forest (panthers excepted)
would have been aware of the presence of man, It cannot be argued that he
is aware of man’s presence, and only indifferent to it, as on hearing or catching
sight of man the tiger frequently takes precautions accordingly. The same
applies when stalking on foot, I have several times come on tiger in the
forest which were quite unaware of my presence, Although within 40 yards
and under circumstances in which had they possessed even moderate powers
of smell they must have known of my approach.
Then again a tiger will approach his kill, and he frequently does this with
the greatest caution and suspicion, But a man may be hidden within 20 yards
without the tiger discovering him, Any one who has sat this distance over water
to watch deer must have noticed how the deer discover his presence again and
again even when the greatest precautions regarding “ wind” have been made
and which are usually entirely neglected when dealing with the tiger. The
tiger has undoubtedly a very keen sense of sight and hearing and I feel sure
that sportsmen, unaware how keen these senses are, have often attributed the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 531
discovery of their presence to the sense of smell, because they have considered
it incredible that the tiger could have seen or heard them, fome years ago I
had the good fortune to procure a young tiger which I reared under the most
natural circumstances and which used to run about loose in camp with the dogs,
The following experiments were often repeated. His food, say a pig’s leg,
would be taken away from him and hung up soas to be some7 feet off the
ground, and the tiger led under it and past it he seemed to be quite unaware
of its presence, Again when he had carried off his “ joint” to the surrounding
grass I have taken him off it and shifted the joint trailmg it along the grass,
The tiger would return to the exact spot whereit had been and then
proceed to hunt round in circles for it, he never ran up the scent and what
is more signifcant never attempted to, Wild tigers find a shifted ‘‘ kill” in
exactly the same way if it is out of sight, I consider that these experiments
prove that the tiger’s sense of smell is less thanthat of man, and a tiger has
failed to see me under circumstances which had they been reversed would have
enabled a man endowed with ordinary powers of smell to discover the tiger.
Now on considering the above facts in relation to the tiger’s character and
habits, they are exactly what one would expect to find. He does not use
his sense of smell nor does he require to possess this sense. His eyesight and
hearing are of the very first order and itis on these thathe depends for his
food entirely, His method of hunting is to prowl about until he hears or
sees an animal when he trusts to a stealthy approach and a suddenrvsh ; he
never hunts his prey except when accompanied by another tiger and then the
hunt is of the nature of a drive when one tiger tries to frighten the deer over
his companion already concealed, The fact of his quiet and slow method of
questing shows that he depends on his ears and eyes to find and not on his nose,
A wild dog, although carnivorous, has avery keen sense of smell, but he
regularly hunts his prey by scent, so one naturally expects to find this to be the
case, Deer also have a very keen sense of smell, and this is necessary to them
for their very existence, as ears and nose are their chief protections against
danger and attack. But again these reasons do not apply to the tiger as he has
no danger or attack to guard against,and he is not afraid of anything in the
forest and does not require to be continually on his guard ; his fear even of
man isa very limited fear and in no sense the same sort of fear that exists
among deer.
It would appear, therefore, that the tiger does not require a keen sense of
smell and that observed facts show that he is endowed with this only to a
very limited extent.
A. A. DUNBAR BRANDEBR, I, F. 8.
Bubtpana, Berars, May 27th, 1906.
No, XXV,-THE NESTING OF THE BLACK-CRESTED BAZA
(BAZA LOPHOTES),
The following note on the nesting of Baza lophotes in the Goma Reserve
may be of some interest to readers of our Journal,
35
532 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
My collector having told mea few days ago that he had come across two
nests of Baza lophotes being built, I went yesterday to the nearest one reported
(quite six miles distant) in order to see that my man was not mistaken in the
identity of the birds, though I had little doubt onthis score as Thad pre-
viously paid him Re. 1 for each specimen of this species he brought in, and a
Sonthal does not often make mistakes when money is to be had,
The nest was situated in a Sal tree at the side of the Government road run-
ning through the Forest (this is not a road that carries much traffic at any
time of the year, less so now when heavy rains are on), ata height of about
25 feet or 30 feet from the ground resting on two smallish branches growing
close to the trunk, in fact one side resting against the trunk, The nest from
below looked like a small edition of the Common Kite’s, being far from tidy,
and the boy who went up said it was lined with leaves (?), The female bird did
not stir until the boy was about four feet below the nest when she flew into
an adjacent tree, to which on ascertaining there were three eggs I followed her,
I bad with me only a Winchester Saloon rifle. At first the bird would not let
me get near but kept flying from tree to tree and back again towards the
nest,in fact even making one or two very feeble half-hearted swoops at the
boy who was coming down. Her cries, which were somewhat kite-like, soon
brought the male on the scene, and as the female now settled on a high thinly
foliaged tree, some 69 yards off, she gave me the opportunity of a longish shot
and I dropped her, but the bird most unfortunately, or rather as it afterwards
proved fortunately, got caught up by its wing and remained hanging high
up and quite out of reach. Ina short time the male came to the same tree,
under which in the meantime I had concealed myself in the undergrowth,
seeing the plight of its mate it soon flew down to the branch on which
it hung conparatively close to where I stood, and he, needless to say, was
promptly bagged A second shot at the dead bird luckily caused it to drop as
well and so I succeeded in securing the pair of these rather uncommon birds
and their eggs.
The crest of this bird when excited stands quite erect and thrown decidedly
forward, a most conspicuous feature when the bird is perched ona bare
branch. The crops of these two birds were full of grass-hoppers and the
remains of a br ghtly cvlored cicada with red underwings found in this
forest, so it is evident they must at times feed on insects, though, if my
memory serves me right, I believe I have also seen a small lizard taken from
the crop of one of my specimens, The eggs are of the type that have already
more than once been described in the Jouinal; mine are much stained with
yellow, probably frm the lining of the nest, if it was of leaves as the boy said,
As the other nest is a long way inside the forest I am sending my man to
take it,
A, M, PRIMROSE,
Mornat, T, E., TaMarnat P, O, GAuRIPUR, ASSAM,
16th June 1906,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 533
No, XXVI.—~THE NESTING OF THE BLACK-BACKED FORKTAIL
(UENICURUS IMMACULATUS),
(Contributed by JAMES MarTEN,)
On 15th May I found the nest of the Black-backed Forktail (Henécurus
immaculalus) in the extreme northern limit of the Pakokku district in Upper
Burma at an altitude of about 2,500 feet. It wasthe usual cup-shaped form,
made of moss and strongly built on the vertical face of a recess inthe bank
of a stream, and protected from sun and rain, It was ata height of about
5 feet fromthe bed of the stream, which at thattime of the year was
nearly dry. There were two fresh eggs, along with one of a cuckoo, of a
light blue ground colour with fine light brown dots, measuring 0°75!’ x 0°63”.
I have always seen these birds in pairs and only along small rocky streams,
They have a habit of flying ahead when one is walking along, and after having
escorted one for perhaps half a mile they disappear into the forest and return
to their starting point, They are rather shy birds,
No. XXVII—THE LARVA OF THE FIREFLY.
On the 10th May I found the larva of the firefly under a rose tree, I cannot
say whether it was feeding on the roots of the tree or on some other matter,
lt put me in mind of the larva of a beetle, which feeds on potatoes in
Europe, only that it is more fleshy and the skin less chitinous. The colour
is light ochreous, head and last segment darker. The head is small, so that
it tapers to a point at each end, When moving it uses the last segment to
push itself forward. I have kept it ina bottle with soil and roots of plants,
I have not seen it feeding, but it has been growing and is still healthy. In the
day time it keeps under the soil, but sometimes in the evening it comes out
and shows a brilliant light,
When glowing it lifts the last segments high up, so that the light is not
covered and when disturbed it bends them down sc that little or no light is
visible,
I hope to see it pupate and finally emerge.
P, GERHARDT..
Karua, 28th May 1906.
No. XXVIII.—A WHALE NEAR BASSEIN (BOMBAY COAST).
On the 11th April 1906, a large whale was washed ashore near Bassein
(Thana District), which from its size probably belonged to the species
Balaenopteria indica (The great Indian Fin-whale), Unfortunately information
was not obtained untilsome 14 days after,and then when a visit was paid
it was too late to obtain any details as to the external characters, which accord-
534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
ing to Blanford (Mammalia, page 567, Fauna of B, 1.) are unknown, The
rough measurements were :—
Length 63 feet.
Lower jaw 18 feet.
Length of fin 6 feet (this measurement is doubtful as parts had rotted
away. Other measurements give 8 feet and 9 feet 7 inches as the leng th.)
Decomposition was too far advanced to obtain any more measurements,
The skeleton has since been visited and the following information obtained:
Length of skull 14’ 4”,
Breadth of skull 7’ 6”,
Ribs 11 pairs,
Length of rib 8 6”,
Vertebras about 48 in number,
Length of Lower jaw 16’,
In view of the importance of obtaining full and correct information as to
the external characters and measurements of these whales, it is to be hoped that
our members residing near the coast will bear the matter in mind, and if
another opportunity occurs (and this is not the first large whale which has
been washed on our shores) some further information will be obtained.
Mr.S M. Edwardes, 1.C.S., and Mr, P. M. D. Sanderson kindly assisted in
providing the above information.
W.S. MILLARD,
Honorary Secretary,
26th June 1906. Bombay Natural History Society,
No, XXIX.—A FORTUNATE ESCAPE AND RECOVERY
FROM COBKA BITE.
On the 23rd June 1906, at 11 a.m.,a Muhan madan, aged 22, well built, well
nourished, came to me at my office with a dead cobra, which measured 4! 3”,
He had the end joint of the little finger of his left hand tied up with a dirty rag.
The tollowing facts were elicited:—On the previous day—22nd June— at
about 5p.m., the women and children in his house raised an outcry of
“snake, snake.” Rushing in he saw the ‘snake’s tail disappearing inside
the room, and seized it, when the snake came round like a flash and seized
the end joint of the little finger of his left hand. He instantly snatched the
snake away with his right hand and dashed it on the ground and then killed
it, He tied up his finger which was bleeding slightly, He got very little sleep
during the night, as his arm up to the shoulder was very painful. In the
merning, when he untied the rag, he found one fang of the cobra broken
off, and sticking in his finger, He threw it away, sv could not show it to me.
On examining his finger I found that there was a tear—or rather an incised
puncture—about half an inch from the end of the finger on the outer side,
The finger had been crushed on some former occasion and consequently the
skin, where the wound had healed, was very hard, almost bone-like to the touch,
en
ww
or
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,
Most fortunately for the man it was on this horny surface that the tooth had
struck, and this, together with the promptness with which the snake was
snatched away, no doubt saved the man’s life. There was considerable
tenderness of the spot to the touch when I examined it, The man complained
of not seeing properly, also of drowsiness, Things looked big, he said. On
‘examining his eyes I found that the pupil did not contract to the light or
expand when shaded from the light, His pulse was full. I foolishly omitted
to note the number of beats per minute,
Examining the cobra I found the left fang broken off short, The right
fang was entire. On cutting down to the poison glands I found the left gland
full of poison, and the right gland nearly empty. The man had not noticed
any poison scattered about his hand or elsewhere, There must have been
some ejected from the right fang, and this was no doubt unnoticed in the
natural confusion of the moment and afterwards,
R. W. BURTON, Carrain,
SECUNDERABAD, 24th June 1906, (Indian Army).
No, XXX.—AN UNUSUAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE HEART
IN A WHISTLING TEAL,
The specimen which forms the subject of this note was sent to Mr, Phipson
in November 1904 by Mr. W. Fisher, 1.F.S., who shot the bird near Palghar,
Tn a letter he thus describes what he found: “I was cutting it, and cut the left
side of the breast, and first thought it must be a cyst or other growth, Then
I noticed that the two arteries from it passed in between the‘ merrythought’’
and the main bone, I then opened the bird and there was no heart inside.”
Unfortunately, owing to lack of a convenient bottle and scarcity of spirit —
his own whisky being the only preservative he had available, Mr. Fisher sent
only the pectoral muscles and not the breastebove. ‘The specimen, which is a
very remarkable one, is thus deprived of much of its value from the scientific
point of view.
On receiving the specimen from Mr, Phipson, I at once wrote to Mr, Fisher
to ask for the breast-bone, but unfortunately it had been thrown out. He,
however, assured me that the breast-bone was “ normally formed and both sides
alike. There was no open split and I do not think a closed cne, The arteries
passed round the front of the br2ast-bone and through the aperture to the
inside where they connected with the lungson the inner side of the backbone,”’
On examination of the specimen, I was sure the case was one of ectopia cordis
such as one sees examples of, occasionally, in human embryos, To explain
how the heart came to be where it is, one must hark back to avery early
period of the existence of the bird, while it was still a chick in the egg. On
making a transverse section through a very young chickin the egg, one sees a
solid rod-like portion in the centre of the section called the notocord, and
above and below this, a canal, the upper smaller one representing the future
spinal canal, and the lower larger one the thoracic cavity? Now, if we have
succeeded in seeing this young chick in a sufficiently early stage of develop-
536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
ment, we will find that these cavities are formed by an uprising of the edges
of a furrow, which edges growing steadily, ultimately coalesce in the middle
line and form a closed tube inside which the various body-organs are pro-
duced Now should the edges of this groove be urrested during development,
they may not meet in front, and in these circumstances, one or other of the
contained orgins may escape, This is what must have happened in the case
of this teal, and it was for this reason that I was so anxious to secure the
breast-bone, for doubtless there would have been found evidence of the
existence of a fissure at an early period of life The reason why Mr. Fisher
did not notice this is probably because the original Loay cleft was filled in by
the subsequent formation of cartilage or fibrous membrane,
Believing that the specimen showed a rire condition, I took it home with
me last winter and submitted it to Dr. D. J. Cunningham, Professor of Ana-
tomy in Edinburgh University. He was much in’erested in the condition, and
asked his senior demonstrator to describe it, andthe following is taken from
his account published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (Vol XL.,
p. 803, :—
“The specimen as it came under my observation consisted of a fleshy mass
about 25 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 3 inch thick, consisting principally of
the great pectoral muscle, and some incisions had been made which subdivided
the specinien, In the very centre of the muscular mass was an oval cavity
measuring 3 of an inch in length by 3 inch wide, and lying in this hollow was
a strusture which there was no difficulty in recognising as a well-formed avian
heart, No fibrous pericardium was present, but the walls enclosing the cavity
were smooth and polished in character, and the surface of the heart was appar-
ently covered by a smooth epicardium. The heart itself appeared to be per-
fectly normal, and from its anterior end gave of* the great vessels, which,
however, had been cut short and could not be traced. As the sternum was not
present, I had no opportunity of examining its condition.”
The specimen, which is hardly suitable for the Society’s museum, has been
presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University of Kdinburgh, where
any one may examine it for himself. The condition is undoubtedly a rare one,
and we must thank Mr, Fisher for having sent it for examination. It is
interesting to note that the bird flew just as well as an ordinary normal teal.
Mr. Fisher says: “The bird with several others flew strongly and for his
kind, fast : they circled about some five minutes before coming in my direction
when I dropped a couple. ”
This is an example of the wonderful powers of adaptation nature shows, in
cases of deformity and arrested development, for, at first sight, one would say
it was impossible for a heart to perform its proper functions embedded in the
breast muscles, and exposed to injury from external violence,
W.B, BANNERMAN, Lt,-Cot,, Las.
PAREL RESEARCH LABORATORY,
Bomsay, June, 1906.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 537
No, XXXIL—ON THE INDIAN SPECIES OF BEAN-GOOSE.
In his very interesting article on certain species of Bean-Geese in the last
number of our Journal Mr. Eugene Oates has made some remarks which seem
to call for a reply from me.
His suggestions that I mistook specimens of the Small White-fronted Goose
(Anser erythropus) for the Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) of course
requires no answer, as Mr, Oates would bave seen had he re-read his own article,
for in this (p. 44, lme 5) he quotes me as writing ‘ nail black.’ Mr, Oates
knows the Dwarf Goose (A, erythr:pus) never has this, It is rather like accus-
ing a man ot mistaking a Blackbird for a Jay. Mr. Oates has, however,
shewn that all my birds but one were probably not bruchyrhynchus, but at the
same time I am quite positive as to their belonging to the section of Bean-
Goose, which have brilliant pink on the bills and equally brilliant pink feet.
It is true that my descriptions of the bills of my birds omitted any mention
of the black which was at the base of the bill. The reason for this was that
when my notes were written it was generally supposed that a pink-billed Bean-
Goose was to be found m India, and the key to this bird w.s that it had a
black nail to the bill and no black burs on the head, Given these two character-
istics the bird was a Bean-Goose, and as there was practically very little
literature on the subject and that little all referred to brachyrhynchus as our
Indian form, I accepted mine as being of the species and merely mentioned
what might be considered the defining points, viz, the pink colouration of the
bill combined with the black nail, That my description was sufficient to endorse
my finding,is shewn by Mr. Oates himself in his “ Manualof the Game-birds
of India’’ (Vol. IT, p, 67), in which he notes on my description of the supposed
brachyrhynchus “ his remarks and measurements fully sustain this identitication
of the species,” thus shewing that at that time he considered it ample for the
purpose of identification and laid no stress on the absence of mention of black
at the base of the bill.
As a matter of fact, thanks to Mr. Oates’ further researches, I cannot but
conclude that the identifications of all my birds, except the Cachar one, was
wrong after all, for though the bill agrees in colouration with that of brachy-
rhynchus, it is far too big for that bird, and I now consider that the bird shot
by Mr, Moore in Dibrugarh and the two obtained by my men in the same
district are all Anser mzddendorfi and my notes on these must now be read as
referring to this species and not to brachyrhynchus. As regards the goose shot
by my collector in Cachar, this must, I think, still stand as brachyrhynchus for
the bill at front only measured 1°6” and is much too small for that of midden-
dor ffi.
I cannot agree with Mr. Oates’ remarks as to the constancy of the size of the
bill in the various species of Bean Geese and am afraid that as bigger series are
obtained we shall get a greater variation in dimensions ; he already allows half
an inch variation in the larger species and there is the full half-inch difference
between the specimens of Middendorfi’s gcose shot in the Irawaddy and that
5388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
obtained by Radde on the Tunka River, The British Museum had a wretched
collection of goose-skins when I last saw it in 1903, and though it may have
more skins by now, I fancy it is still in want of many more before one can
consider it in any way representative and big enough to allow of final deduc-
tions being drawn from it,
M, Alpheraky’s book is a fine one, but even this appears to me to be, in great
part, more of a ground-work for future ornithologists to work on than a
definite final opinion on .the differentiations of the known species of geese he
treats of.
It would assist myself and other field ornithologists much if Mr. Oates
would give us a key tothe Bean-geese, By merely reading his artlcle, inter-
esting though it is, it is quite impossible for us to differentiate between the
species, a8 I find his measurements overlap constantly,
BE, C, STUART BAKER,
SHILLONG, ASSAM,
5th July 1906.
No, XXXII.—THE BREEDING OF THE BENGAL FLORICAN
(SYPHEOTIS BENGALENSIS).
There is so little known concerning the breeding of this grand bird that I
am very glad now to be in a position to record a certain amount of informa-
tion on the subject,
In the five years I lived inthe Dibrugarh District of Assam, in spite of the
offer of good rewards for the eggs of this bird, most unfortunately only two
were obtained the whole time I was there and these were found for me by @
Mikir Shikari in Sadiya, left by him én sitw and taken by me fearfully hard
set on the 3rd June 1904, These eggs were Jaid in an extensive patch of sun
grass which had been considerably fed over by bufialoes, and was consequently
neither very high nor very dense, and was intersected in every direction by
buffalo paths. I heard of two other clutches being seen whilst I was in this
district, one of which was said to have been seen in July, the other in March,
In the early part of February this year in the course of conversation with
a native gentleman it was mentioned that vast numbers of florican bred in
his district; one in Western Assam, and, in consequence of this information,
he arranged to depute forme some twenty or thirty men to try and obtain
a series of the eggs. In@pite. however, of the large number of men employed
on the work and the huge extent of country covered, the total number of eggs
procured was only twenty-four, of which one was smashed befcre reaching me.
The men put on to hunt for the nests declared that they were started in the
work too late, as the birds bred late in February, March and early April. One
man who began his search earlier than the rest was the most successful and
got a pair on the last day of February and another on the 25th March and
others in April, at the end of which month several other men began work,
Clutches were obtained on the 5th, 7th (two), 9th (two), and 11th. Nearly all.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 539
these were hard set, Then scattered pairs were obtained up to the 5th June,
all hard set except the two latest pairs which were quite fresh and were
probably second layings,
In every case the eggs were laid on the ground in the centre of patcbes of
sun grass or Uloo grass, generally of considerable size, far from human
habitation and almost invariably surrounded by dense jungles.
The nest is very hard to find, as the hen bird is very cute, and unless taken
very much unawares never rises until she has run some distance from the
nest, seldom less than 50 to 100 yards, so that after putting up the parent bird
it is a labour of some time and difficulty to find the eggs.
My Indian friend, who was so good as to look after the shikaries for me,
gives a very interesting account of this bird’s habits, which is well worth
quoting. He writes: ‘A florican lays only two eggs a year in the breeding
season (April and May), Dense forests infested with ferocious animals, scarcely
trodden by men, are the places where eggs are laid on the ground. The bird
takes great precaution to conceal her eggs and you can hardly find any eggs
within a quarter of a mile from the place where a florican is seen, She creeps
through the forest unobserved toa great distance to lay her eggs. A very
careful and extensive search is required to discover them.”
In shape the eggs are typically very regular ovals, the ends being equal, They
vary considerably in the proportion of the length to the breadth, but otherwise
remarkably little in shape, though a few eggs are somewhat pointed at one end
and, in two or three instances, they are pointed at both ends, In many cases
the extremes of variation are found in a pair laid by the same bird,
The colour is exceptionally constant, unlike that of the eggs of Syphesote
aurita (The Lesser Florican), which varies very much,
_ The ground is olive-green, in some rather brighter, in some rather more
brown, The markings consist of small freckles, splashes and blotches, generally
longitudinal, of brown and purple brown, rather more profuse at the larger
end of the eggs than elsewhere, but nowhere very numerous, In some, these
markings are all reduced to freckles and may then be very numerous and are
also, in such cases, very indefinite.
In no eggs are the markings very bold,
The average of twenty-seven eggs which I have seen is 2°41” x 1°75” and the
largest measured 2°76” in length and 1°85” in breadth and the smallest 2°28”
and 1°67",
When fresh the large majority of eggs are decidedly a bright green olive-
green, but very soon after being blown the eggs become pale and in a year or
two become an olive-brown, in which brown is distinctly the dominant colour,
The gloss, also, which is very highly developed in newly taken eggs, fades much
with time, but years after they still retain a very large proportion of this,
Although two seems to be the invariable number laid, I once heard of four
eggs being seen in a clutch; but these were not taken and the authentication is
not beyond all doubt,
36
540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
From the above notes it will be seen that when bird protection advances a
little further in this Province, the period during which the florican will have to
be protected will be from the 1st March to the 1st September or 1st October.
There is no doubt that the florican is polygamous and, courtship only lasting
a few days, once the eggs are laid the cock bird takes no more interest in that
particular hen, but goes off on the chance of having his addresses received
elsewhere, For this reason little harm is done if cock birds are shot up to the
end of March, and it would be a most excellent thing if, for some few years to
come, cock birds were allowed to be shot from 1st October to 1st April and
hen birds protected throughout the year,
FE, C, STUART BAKER.
SHILLONG, AssaM, 5th July 1906,
No. XXXIII,-THE PLUMAGE OF THE COCK PURPLE
HONEYSUCKER (ARACHNECTHRA ASIATICA.) A QUERY ?
I recently came upon the following passage on page 370 of Vol. I. of Jerdon’s
Birds of India, anent the cock purple Honeysucker ( Archnecthra asiatica) :—
“ After breeding the fine purple garb is doffed, all except a long stripe from the
chin to the vent, in which state it is the cwrrucaria of authors, and Col, Sykes was
quite right in stating that this was not the livery of the young bird. He,
however, unaware of the change of plumage, considered it to be a distinct
species, It has the upper parts dull olive-green ; beneath bright yellow ;
shoulders and central stripe beneath, brilliant glossy violet ; wings and tail
glossy, dusky or black, ”’
This passage considerably surprised me,as I have always been under the
impression that the cock never loses his purple plumage when once he has
assumed it,
Looking him up in Oates’s “ Birds ” in the Fauna of British India series,
I found no mention of this doffing of the purple livery. On the contrary Oates
states that it is the young male which has the broad stripe from the chin to
the abdomen,
Since this coincides with my ideas it would have settled the question for
me had I not happened to come across the following passage in Finn’s Birds of
Calcutta, second edition, page 63:— “The purple cock apparently thinks his
wedding garment too expensive to be worn the whole year round ; for, after
the nesting season, he doffs it, retaining only a purple streak from chin to
stomach as a mark of his sex. , . . I well remember one bird which came to the
museum compound after breeding to change his plumage ; he kept very much
to two or three trees, singing, apparently, from one particular twig, and even
when in undress he kept up his song.”
This seems to be a most circumstantial account of the alleged change in
plumage ; yet I cannot help thinking that Mr, Finn must have made a mistake,
In Madras, where I was last stationed, A. asiatica is by no means common, but
A, lotenia is, and I feel pretty certain that this latter species does not
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 641
doft its purple plumage when once it has assumed it, I must have seen dozens
of purple cocks during every month of the year, Although the purple Honey-
sucker visits Lahore (where Iam now stationed) in great numbers in the hot
weather, it only stays to breed, and will leave usin September. I am there-
fore, not likely, for some time to come, to be able to settle the matter from
personal observation. Can any of the members of the Society give information
on the subject ?
D, DEWAR (I.C,8.),
Lanore, 4th July 1906,
No, XXXIV.—SOME NOTES ON HETEROCERA.,
Perhaps the greatest charm in the study of Entomology lies in the number
of opportunities offered to the observer, be he savant or tyro, of adding some-
thing new to our knowledge of this subject,
It is therefore with the hope of being able, though a mere tyro, of providing
acrumb of novelty that I venture to narrate the following incidents in the
life history of probably most moths,
While quartered during the years 1904 and 1905 in the Mussooree Hills, I
reared from the egg large numbers of that handsome moth Acteas selene and
also collected among others several cocoons of Antherea roylei and Caligula
simla, All these three species have an expanse of from 53”to 7”, Their
cocoons however differ widely in structure; those of A, selene being of close
texture, impervious to light and having a single envelope; those of C, simla
being loosely, though stro: gly, woven and having the appearance of a roughly
made, fine-meshed net, while those of A. roylei have a double envelope and
are woven of the taughest possible silk. My cocoons numbering some 250, T
kept suspended in rows across the muslin curtains of a little room set apart
as a workshop,
During 1904 I was content to allow the moths to escape from their cocoons
unobserved and to then kill and set them without furtherado, The following
year, however, curiosity prompted me to try and discover how such an
apparently ill-adapted creature as a moth contrived to break through the
tough walls of its cocoon without injury, I enquired of two eminent natura-
lists of my acquaintance, one a well-known member of the Linnean Society,
and was told that the process was not exactly known but that it was believed
the imago exuded some secretion which dissolved the silken wall of its prison.
In the first week of September last year several moths hatched without my
being present at the moment, One day, however, while engaged in carpentering,
my attention was drawn by avery audible scratching to one of the dA. selene
cocoons suspended before the window in front of me, It was moving spas-
modically and I commenced to watch it carefully. The scratching was
regular and persistent and after 10 minutes orso Inoticed two tiny points
projecting through the apex of the cocoon, a3
Presently as the silk became more and more wornI was able to see the
struggling imago through it and it became evident that the exit .was being
542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/1.
effected by means of 2 sharp spurs seemingly attached to the shoulders of the
imago and which projected just above the level of its head. With a deliber-
ate backwards and forwards and rotary motion of its whole body the imago,
after resting at intervals fora minute or 60, had succeeded in completely
fretting through the apex of the cocoon and in a few more seconds was trailing
its abnormally long and unweildy body up the muslin curtain, It was interest.
ing to notice how that as the abdomen, which at the moment of exit was nearly
twice its ultimate length, gradually contracted, so the wings slowly expanded,
till at the end of an hour the insect had attained its normal proportions,
I subsequently observed the process of exit some score of times as did also
my wife and a brother officer who was my guest atthe time, In every case
was the process the same. The spurs, which are very hard and sharp, are
straight and are attached to the base of vein of the forewing on the upper
side, Owing to the hunched position of the imago just prior to its exit and
to the rudimentary condition of the wings, the spurs naturally project
just sufficiently above the level of the head to enable the imago, as it presses
upwards with its legs against the apex of the cocoon, to exert the necessary
amount of force without any pressure being brought to bear upon its head
and the delicate antenne,
As the wings expand so the position of the spurs, which are, by the way, of a
dark chestnut colour and about 1-32nd of an inch long, alters, till in the perfect
imago they can only be found by probing the dense plumage on the upper
side of the base of the forewing with a sharp point, Iam unable to state
definitely whether the spurs remain attached throughout the whole life of the
imago or become detached and fall off when the insect has become fairly
launched upon its aérial career, None of the specimens in my collection were
allowed to do more than flutter across the window of my little workshop,
Tt is also most interesting to note that I observed the imagines of both
A, roylei and C, simla employ precisely the same means of escape as those
of A. selene, the spurs in all three being identical, The two former, how-
ever, invariably emerged between nightfall and midnight, while the latter
did so by day between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m, and the whole process
never lasted less than 10 and rarely more than 20 minutes. I consider it very
probable that all cocoon-spinning Heterocera effect their release in the
same manner, and will be much interested to know whether any other
members of the Society have made similar observations with other species,
H, W. KETTLEWELL, Lievz,,
Fyzapap, 20th July 1906. 85th King’s L, I.
No, XXXV.—PARASITES IN SPARROW HAWKS.
I should be much obliged if some member of our Society could give me
some information about worms in hawks,
On the 19th of May, I caught a sparrow hawk which died five days subse-
quently, It was fed daily on three fresh sparrows, flies were very bad, but
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 543
though the majority of sparrows were given immediately on being killed, two
were kept a few hours in the shade before feeding time,
On the second day the hawk went off in condition unaccountably and died
on the 5th day, On opening the crop I found 12 or 15 worms, about 13 inches
long of a transparent pink colour, very like those sometimes seen in horse
droppings and I believe are known in dogs as round worms,
1, Could these worms have been brought by flies into the food or are they
more likely to have come in the water the meat was dipped into before feeding?
2, Is it possible that they could have incubated and grown in two
days when the falling off in condition was first noticed by me orisit more
likely they were in the hawk when caught ? She was in apparently perfect
condition both round and heavy.
The symptoms during the three days she was ill were—
1. Excessive thinness followed by weakness in the legs at times ; she
could not stand up for 5 or 10 minutes ; then a little strength would
appear to return,
2. A fixed stare in the eyes and disinclination to move the head from a
set position, even though the body was turned.
3. No appetite.
4, Food in the crop remained there many hours longer than it should
under ordinary circumstances in a healthy bird,
5. No pellet was cast on two occasions after castings had been given.
6. Droppings were not as frequent as they should have been, but colour
and consistency quite healthy.
7, On two occasions I thought I felt something foreign in the crop and
neck, which did not feel like meat undigested which no doubt was a
small collection of these worms, but at that time I had no suspicion
of the cause of the illness and did not know that hawks suffered
from worms,
J. 8, BOGLE, Capr.,,
Bung1, Kasumir, 26th May 1906, Q. O. Corps of Guides,
No, XXXVI.—CANNIBALISM AMONGST PANTHERS AND TIGERS,
The two following cases of, to my mind, undoubted cannibalism by the large
cats may be of interest :—
On 5th April last, I was out after panthers about 40 miles S. E. of
Hyderabad. A wood-cutter came in and reported he had seen a panther on
his kill, a goat, in some big rocks, We went out and got on to the ground
shortly after 4 p.m, and were pointed out a large mass of square boulders
within which a marker then reported the panther asleep.
I got round on to the flat top of one of these and looking down a crevice
could plainly make out the form of a panther lying on his left side about 12
feet below. I got a clear shot at him and thought I had killed him instan-
taneously as he never turned a hair, After throwing down bits of rock and
544 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
making quite certain he was dead, I sent a man down noting at the time that
this panther had apparently a nice taste in high kills, On hauling him up
by means of a puggari we found he had the distinct punctures of big teeth
in his throat and in addition the lower part of the throat was torn out and
eaten and he was also disembowelled—from his state he had evidently been
killed early the previous night, He was a small adult male and would measure
rather over 6 feet.
On looking about on the top of the boulders we found the jaw bones and
stomach of a goat. Below there was a narrow passage between the rock
leading to where the dead panther was found and in this was the distinct
track of a panther entering and leaving.
What had evidently happened was that the dead panther had been surprised
on his kill and in a dying state had fallen down between the rocks. His
murderer having finished off the goat got down to his body and had a good
square feed off him,
There was a low rocky ridge about 300 yards off across a little rice cultivat-
ed valley in which I thought the slayer might be lying, so about 5-30 p.m. I
got into a small tree commanding the route any animal coming back to the
big rocks must take.
I further picketed a kid close tome, About 6 p.m, I thought some animal
was on the move from the restlessness of some crows in the rocky ridge and
I suddenly caught sight of a panther, who had evidently just left some rocks
at the foot of the ridge, about 250 yards off, coming straight towards me
across a dry rice field, He was rather below the slight rise on which my
kid was and I could not see it nor had the latter ever uttered a sound. I let
him come quietly on just as I expected, and when he topped the little rise
about 30 yards from me he suddenly spotted the kid and was stalking slowly
up when I dropped him about 3 yards from it, which then saw him for the first
time. He was a short but very thick set male panther, measuring 6'-6" be-
tween uprights—he was not scarred or marked but he had one of the big
teeth in his lower jaw broken off quite short recently. I am certain he was
returning to his kill, the dead panther, and when shot he was about 15 yards
in a straight line- from where it lay. My old shikari said he had known no
case of this sort with panthers previously.
For my second case, a tiger, I will quote from a letter written to me from
a shooting camp in the Bandara District, C. P., im May 1904, which I had just
left. The first part of the letter describes a successful tiger beat and shoot and
I will quote from there: “ There lay the most magnificent beast—-the biggest
and heaviest G. J. has ever seen, and he has seen a good few,—heavy, hard and
fit as he could be and with hardly a sound tooth in his head, all the big
teeth being broken off quite short. It took some twelve men to move him
out and when they did I got two photos of him and was just taking a
third when a most fearful din rose from down below where the rest of the
heaters were drinking ; ‘ Sher—Sher ata’, and yells and shouts, There wasa
MISUELLANEOUS NOTES. 545
scatter ; [ threw away my camera, seized my rifle and did the best time on
record to the tree, and the men oiled up the cliffs in no time, There was noth-
ing left in that old nullah but the huge carcass of that tiger with cameras and
chaguls and all sorts of gear strewn round him, We had hardly got into
the tree when a man came back shouting ‘Morgayahai, purrahai’ and we
thought a man was killed. G. J. was just rushing down to the rescue when
they shouted ‘Sher morgaya’ and we went right down to the water
utterly incapable of understanding what could have happened.
“There lying in the water 20 yards from the.kill was a fine young tigress, evi-
dently killed by this old monster and partly eaten by him too. The old brute
was much bitten and clawed about. She had evidently been strangled over the
kill and just managed to get to the water while the old brute finished his dinner
and proceeded to eat her, He measured 9’-8" as he fell. We found a smooth
bore round lead bullet in his forearm which must have been there for years,”
I may say that G, J. mentioned above is a very well-known big game shikari
in the Central Provinces and not the man to make any mistake as to the facts
of this case of cannibalism,
This same big tiger has bothered us a good bit previously with his kills, as
we could find no teeth marks on them, due to his teeth being all broken off,
TRIMULGHERRY, DECCAN, L, B, MONTRESOR, Caprt., R.F.A.
23rd May 1906.
No. XXXVII.—_THE NESTING OF THE CRESTED HONEY BUZZARD
(PERNIS CRISTATUS),
The Crested Honey Buzzard (Pernis cristatus) has, I believe, always been
credited with sufficient self-respect and energy to build its own nest and lay
therein, That they do not always carry out the full contract is proved by the
following instance. A pair of these birds had been under observation of my
friend, Mr, N, L. Hervey, and myself for some weeks and had laboriously
completed a very nice nest high up ona Tamarind tree in a bungalow com-
pound. Fifty yards away ina Sissoo tree was a nest of the Shikra (Astur
badius) from which we removed two eggs on April 23rd. To our surprise and
for no apparent reason, on May 5th the Honey Buzzard suddenly deserted her
own capacious home and transferred her head-quarters to the deserted nest of
the Shikra, piling in her furniture, in the shape of green leaves and additional
sticks with a feverish haste, which was in marked contrast to the leisurely
manner in which she and her mate had built their own nest. On the following
day she laid a particularly handsome egg but to our lasting sorrow a severe
cyclone visited the district on the next day and it was blown from the nest,
Since sending in the above the Shikra has returned to her original nest and
has laid two eggs. The Honey Buzzards, presumably the same individuals,
have built again in the same compound, We are now anxiously awaiting the
next move.
SAMASTIPUR, T. S, Rainway, 14th June 1906, H. N. COLTART,
546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
No. XXXVIII—THE SAND WASP (SPHEX LOBATUS).
With reference to the notes made on page 680 of the B, N. H. Journal
Vol. XVI, about Sphex lobatus, I was very interested in watching one of these
sand wasps a few days ago. It ran about on the ground for about ten minutes on
this occasion, As soon as the sand wasp disappeared underground a large field-
cricket (Brachyturpes achetinus) came out of another hole and commenced to
make off, but Sphex lobatus seemed to become aware of this immediately and
was out and on to it before it had gone two feet away. The wasp then gripped
the cricket at the junction of the thorax and head while seated on its back
and stung it under the thorax which made the cricket quite helpless, The
wasp then proceeded to lay its eggs maintaining the same grip, but shifting its
tail up near the cricket’s head. I turned the cricket over twice but the wasp
deliberately turned it back again and gripped it as first before continuing to lay
its eggs. After a couple of minutes the wasp left the cricket and ran back to
the hole when it suddenly stopped and began to dig out a hole into which it
disappeared, and did not appear again for about three minutes when it came
out and closed the hole so arranging the sand that it was impossible to see that
the ground had been disturbed in any way. I dug up the hole but lost it and
could find nothing. A little later I watched another wasp of the same species,
It removed some sand and went back tothe cricket which it gripped by the
antenne and dragged it along towards the hole with the help of its legs
and wings,
This was apparently done to avoid injuring the cricket. Before it actually
reached the hole I took the cricket away as I was afraid I would not be able
to find it again, The wasp was in a great state of mind and spent sometime
looking for it, The cricket came to life again very soon after. Ihave had it
now for three days and so far it appears none the worse for its inoculation, I
also watched a small wasp treat a spider in exactly the same way but I do not
know the name of the wasp,
C. B. BEADNELL,
VeLLorE, N. Arcot District, 17th June 1906.
No. XXXIX—NESTING OF THE IBIS-BILL (/BJ/DORHYNCHUS
STRUTHERS) AND THE COMMON SANDPIPER
(TOTANUS HYPOLEUCUS),
On May 5, 1906, I found the Ibis-bill (bidorhynchus struthersi) breeding—on
the Bhaghirthi river—at about 8,000 feet. I got three clutches of eggs (four
in each), there being, so far as I could make out, only three pairs of birds
there, The nests, composed of small stones, were hollowed out and placed on
sand and shingle among boulders and were very like a large nest of the
Spur-winged Plover, I found two of the nests by watching the birds, but
the first one I found by taking back the tracks of a bird that was crouching
and running along in this manner and at once flew back when flushed, I had
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 547
to trace the tracks back well over a hundred yards before I came toa well
trampled spot and the eggs were at the side of it.
I sat down some way off to watch and the bird returned in about five
minutes (the eggs were very hard set) running almost straight to the nest and
‘stood over it bobbing her head like a plover, She then sat down alongside the
eg@s, not actually on them, and this seems to bea habit of theirs asI saw
another bird act in the same way when returning to its nest, The eggs in the
different clutches vary a good deal in size, but the largest are 1:95 x 1°45 and
ave shaped very like a Whimbrel’s eggs, The ground colour is greenish-
grey and they are spotted more or less all over bui chiefly at the larger end
with reddish-brown and pale purple, in colour and marking they are not un-
like some Tern’s eggs, All the clutches were very hard set and indeed one
would have hatched ina very few days. I was overjoyed at getting them,
as I do not think they have been recorded before.
While hunting for these eggs I also found a fresh clutch of the Common
Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucus) in quite a neat little nest of twigs and pine
needles under a boulder, Iam not aware if this nest has been recorded from
Indian limits before, though, of course, it breeds freely in Kashmir,
CamP, JEOLIKOTE, U.P., 8. L. WHYMPER,
May 10, 1906.
[The Society has curiously enough just received an egg of Ibidorhynchus
strutherst from Lieut, F, M, Bailey of the British Trade Agency, Gyantse, who
writes :—
“ The nest was situated on a stony island in the middle of the river here
(13,000 feet), The nest was made of small flat stones about 3 inch in diameter,
forming a perfectly smooth and flat surface. I unfortunately did not measure
the nest, The eggs, four in number, were laid with their points inward, This
nest was taken on 9th June when the eggs were hard set, Onthe same day I
saw two birds with two young ones each, On my approaching, the young birds
lay among the stones with their necks stretched out flat on the ground while
the old bird endeavoured to draw me off in another direction, uttering loud
cries, The young when crouching among the stones were very difficult to see,
and lay so still that they allowed themselves to be picked up before showing
any signs of life, The other three eggs were accidentally broken, so I have
not attempted to blow the remaining one,”
The egg which Lieut, Bailey has so kindly sent with those of other
valuable Tibetan breeding birds, is 52 millimeters by 39, Itis very hard set,
but I hope to be able to make some kind of specimen of it.
Among the others are two eggs of Tetraogallus tibetanus, the Tibetan
Snow-cock, the nidification of which was not known at the time of Hume
‘and Marshall’s “ Game Birds of India,”
H, MACNAGHTEN,
Hony. Secy., Birds’ Eggs Section,
22nd August 1906, Bo, Nat, History Society. ]
37
548 We . ’ fe
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 281Tu JUNE 1906,
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on Thursday, Lieut.-Col, W. B. Bannerman,
LMS., presiding,
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 81 new members since last meeting was duly
announced :—
Lieut,-Col, H. Thomson, I.M.S, (Madras) ; Lieut.-Col, C.F. Willis, LMS, —
(Satara); Capt. G. McPherson, I.M.S. (Godhra, Panch Mahals); Lieut, T. B.
Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S. (Ceylon); Mr. C. W. E. Cotton, I.C.S, (Vellore); Mr. H.
F, Salt, R.H.A. (Meerut); Mr. T. H. Mann (England) ; Mrs, O. 8. Mawson
(Bombay); Major A. 8. Buckle, R.F.A. (Karachi) ; Dr. J. D, Gimlette (Singa-
pore); Mr. H, H. Marshall (Mandalay) ; the Honorary Secretary, 58th Battery,
R.A. Mess (Ahmednagar) ; the Hon’ble Mr, C.8. Bayley, C.S.1., 1.0.8. (Hyder-
abad, Deccan); Major the Hon’ble D, Forbes-Sempill (Nowshera, Punjab); Mr.
H. J. Davies (Yenangyaung, Upper Burma); Mr, W. A, Cave (Colombo,
Ceylon); Mr. A. H. Sparling (Aligarh); Mr, F, P. Young (Sangli, S.M.C.) ; Mr.
M. H. Oakes (Gonda Dist.); Lieut. F, H. James (Santa Cruz); Capt. L. T. R.
Hutchinson, L.M.S. (Bombay); Mr. G. Ostermayer (Bombay); Lieut. R. B. M.
Wood (Bhamo, Upper Burma); Mr, R, N, Parker (Rawal Pindi); Mr, A. H,
Hammond (Bombay); the Hon’ble James W. Best (Balaghat, C. P.); Mr. J.
Wein (Bombay); Mr. G. Bettoni (Bombay); Mr, H. R. Greaves (Bombay); Mr
H. Jackson, I.¥.S, (Naini Tal); Capt, R. 8. Pottinger (Kolhapur); Mr, H. Kelsal
Slater, F.G.S, (Bangalore); Mr, 0. Allen Harker (Dhulia, Khandesh); Lieut, J.
F, Mackenzie, R.A.M.C, (Meerut); Lieut, E. W. C. Bradfield, I.M.S. (Pombay) ;
Professor K, Burnett (Hyderabad, Deccan); Capt. F. H. G. Hutchinson, I.MS.
(Belgaum); the Hon’ble Major Hugh Daly, C.S.I. (Indore, C I.); Mr. Lionel
Newcombe (Coorg, S. India); Capt. A. Murphy, IMS, (Bombay); Major J. W.
Dwane (Ranikhet) ; the Honorary Secretary, United Service Library (Poona) ;
Rev. Trevor Bomford, C.M.S.(Tarn Taran, Amritsar District, Punjab); Lieut,
A, H. Procter, I.M.S, (Amritsar, Punjab); Mr, Fred, Canning, I.¥.S. (Bahraich,
Oudh); Major H. Wigram (Srinagar, Kashmir); Mr, A. P. Percival, LFS.
(Balaghat, C. P.) ; the Hon’ble Mr, J, M. Douie, C.S.I., I.C.S. (Lahore); Mr.
W. B, Wilson (Calicut, Malabar Coast); Mr. John Whitehead, I.F.S. (Pilibhitt,
U.P.); Lieut. G, A, Panter (Sitapur); the Mess President, 1st Royal Sussex
Regiment (Umballa); Kumar Shree Vijayadevji of Dharampur (Dharampur);
the Director of Agriculture, Madras (Madras); Capt. 8. H. L. Abbott, IMS.
(England); Mr. W. B. Cotton, I.C.S, (Bombay); Lieut, A. C. Ingram, I.M.S,
(Dthala, Aden Hinterland); Mr. A. K. Weld Downing (Coonoor) ; Lieut, C.
H. Peto (Mhow, C.1.); Mr. W. Greer, I.C.S, (Ahmednagar); Mr. N. Ramsay
(Dunneedaw, Rangoon) ; Mr, 8, P. Williams (Meiktila, Burma); Mr. H. Nunn,
IL.C.S8. (Khandwa, C. P.); Mr. C, F. Bell, I.F.S. CAmraoti, Berar); Major F,
Lee (Poona); Mr, A, G, Hamilton (Insein, Rangoon); Mr, J. B,S, Thubron ,
PROCEEDINGS. 549
(Nasik); Mr. E. Kynaston (Yatiyantota, Ceylon); Major P. ©, Eliott-
Lockhart (Mardan, N. W. F. Provinces) ; Mr. E. M. Burn (Secunderabad) ;
Dr, J. N, Kilner, M.B. (Chinpina, Adra, Bengal) ; Mr, C. J. Irwin, 1.05,
(Seoni Chappara, ‘C. P.); Mr. F. C, Coventry (Seoni-Chappara, C. P.); Lieut,
L. S. Fenton (Bombay) ; Rev. Canon J. H. Beck, M. A. (Ahmedabad); Mr, R.
G. Gordon, I.C.S. (Ahmedabad); Mr. W, L. Crawford (Saklaspur, Hassan); Mr,
W. Stonor (Nagasamudram P. O.); Lieut, R, R. Phillimore, R.E. (Taunggvi, S.
Shan States, Burma); Mr, A. Butterworth, I.C.S, (Madras); Lieut, G, P. Cosens,
(Lucknow).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W.S. Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting :—
Contribution,
Description.
Contributor.
Chukor Partridge* (alive)
Some specimens of Man-
ganese Ore from C. P.
1 Woolly Hare .......006.
1 Indian House-Crow (par-
tial albino).
1 Barn Owl...,
Some Scorpions
Lanowli,
Pkoorsa juv. (alive) ...0
Suake (alive)
Nijgai skin and skull......
Palni Laughing Trush ...
Cricket..
Snake Guy.
Snakes from Kodaikanal.
Squirrel skins from Siam
Skull of the Indiaa Bush-
esrrevcescoca ave
Soave otecocorce
dau sundry ‘Wie
gards and Spiders from
Aden Hinterland.
8 Eggs of the Burmese
House Crow.
Snake skin
Large Cuckoo Shrike......
Seesee Partridges ........
Some Geological speci-
mens from Poona.
Ibn RCL sonoscosooso800oRN5 5006
Chameleon (alive).......
Nest and 2 egvs of the
White-bellied Shortwing
Eggs of the Himalayan
@208280¢ 010000 C00
Pee
eS
Jay.
Hgzsof the Spotted Dove.
Hggs of the Blackebreast-
ed Kalij Pheasant.
3 Hegs of the Puddy Crake
1 Kgg of the Common Snipe
and
some other Birds’ Eggs...
to bo as
| Séria flammed..
Caccabis chucar..es..»
e@oorvsven
Lepus oiostolws
COrvus SpPLENAeEN8 cose oss
ww. sD@n0c8
| BORIS CATINGEA cocccccveccsers
Lycodon sp... 5
Boselaphus camelaphus...
Trochalopterum fairbanks..
-.| Schizodactylis monstrosa .
UE conicus
Sciurus sp. sneceeseee po0ncede
Golunda ellioti
ELEMILA COTONALAceccrccecere
C. calearifer
CO1rVUS INSGOTENS sercocsaccvcees
ZAMENRIS MUCOSUS .occes00e 900000
Graucalis MACti .ss.0000% pos
Ammoperdix bonhami cow.
Lygosoma guenthere ser
Crameleo calcaratus .o-oe..
Brachypteryx albiventris...
Garrulus bispecularis ,...
Turtur suratensis....»
Genneus horsfieldtt vere. o0.
AMBAUOTNIS FUSCUS corer...
Gallinago calestis ...s00
cack cece
e@eccboveo0edsen
ooo
eeo-ce
@eece
...|Mr, G. Ostermayer.
Mr. T. W. Birkett.
Col. A. BE. Ward.
.|Rey. L. Kraig, $.J,
(Mr. R. G. Webb,
Col, T. 8. Weir, I.M.S.
Mr. C Beadon,
Mrs. C. Hudson,
Maj. P. Kilkelly, I.M.S.
Rev. W. Howard Campbell.
(Mr, H. W. Kettlewell.
_.|Capt. G. McPherson, I.M.S.
Rev. W. Howard Campbell.
...| Mr. W. S, Palmer.
Rey. F. Dreckraann, 8.J.
...|Maj. H. A- Magrath.
Lieut, H. R. Watson,
Maj. J. Elgee.
Dr. HE. H. Hunt.
Capt. R. Burton.
Mr. H. Seaburne May, R.E.
Prof. A. B. Kotewal.
Dr. E. H. Hunt.
Mr. P. J. Tomkin.
Rev. Howard Campbell.
1
+ Col. C. L. Wilson, R.A.
* Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens,
550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Minor contributions from Mr. H,R. Watson, Mr, A. J. Agabeg, Mr. C
Grenville Rollo, Mr. J. A. Jeffries,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bulletin (an outbreak of Cotton Pests
in the Punjab, 1905),
The Indian Forester, Vol, XXXII, Nos, 3 and 4.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XX XIII, Paris 2 and 2
The Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. I, Part II.
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, No, 1, Vol. I.
Entomological Series, Vol. I, No, 1. The Bombay Locusts, by H, Maxwell
Lefroy.
Transactions of the ee er Society of London, 1905,
Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. I., No, 10.
Spolia Zeylanica, Vol, 1i1., Part XII.
Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. I., Nos, 8, 9,
and 10, and extra number, 1905, Vol. II, Nos, 1, 2 and 3, 1906.
The Decennial Publications, Colors and Color patterns of Coleoptera,
Description Geologique de I’Ile d’Amben,
Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.
Catalogue of the Indian decapod Crustacea in the collection of the Indian
Museum.
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1904.
Annual Report of the Board of Scientific Advice for India for 1904-05,
The Agricultural Ledger, 1905, No. 6,
ALTERATION TO RULE V.
The Committee notified that in future Rule V. will read as follows :—“ Any
member may, on payment of Rs, 200, become a Life member, and will there-
after be exempt from any further subscriptions,”
EXHIBITS.
Mr, Comber exhibited a small collection of mammals from Japan that has
been presented to the Society by the Trustees of the British Museum in ex-
change for various contributions from the Society’s collections, It eonsists of
17 specimens of squirrels, mice, voles and bats from the collections lately pre-
sented to the British Museum by the Duke of Bedford, who has employed a
special collector to investigate the fauna of Eastern Asia, Mr, Comber ex-
plained that although these specimens are from a part of Asia that is outside
the strict field of the Society’s work, they are not only a useful object lesson to
members as to how such specimens should be made up nicely, but are particu-
larly interesting as showing how the practically European, and even English,
fauna extends to the furthest parts of the Palearctic region, as the squirrel,
represented by two specimens, proves to be not even specifically distinct from
the common English species, though it has been honoured with stb-specific
rank, As another similarly allied form, or sub-species, has keen recorded by
PROCEEDINGS. 551
Gray from Tibet, it behoves members of the Society, who may have the
opportunity to collect in Kashmir, Darjeeling or in Northern Burma beyond
Bhamo, to look out for such forms, In the same way the Micromys of
Japan is hardly distinct from the English Harvest Mouse, while the Red Vole
of the British Isles is closely allied to the species:of Evolomys, Correspond=
ing forms may at any time be expected to be found in the Himalayas and other
parts that come within the Palearctic area,
A WHALE AT BASSEIN,
The Honorary Secretary said since their last meeting, a whale measuring
some 63 feet in length, had been washed ashore near Bassein (Thana District),
but unfortunately the first notice he received was from a newspaper account
and from a letter from a Mr. Dias some fourteen days after the event, Al-
though a visit was paid to the carcass at once, it was too decomposed to obtain
any information of value as to the general external characters, This was greatly
to be regretted since the external characters of the great Indian Fin-whale
(Balenoptera indica)—to which species, from its size, this appeared to belong—
were absolutely unknown to science, If the Collector of the District had only
informed the Society in time, this information might have been obtained, but
although a local official had visited it on the first day, it was only to ascertain,
according to orders, if there was any treasure in its stomach! It was to be
hoped that if an animal of this description was found on our shores in future
(and this is not the first occurrence of this whale on the Bombay shores) some
of the members of the Society would be able to obtain the information desired,
WILD DOGS.
The Honorary Secretary asked members—particularly those residing in the
Central Provinces, United Provinces and Madras Presidency—to try and obtain
for them one or two good skins and skulls of Wild Dogs, He mentioned that
the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, had requested our Society to
try and obtain a specimen for mounting in their galleries, It would, of course,
be desirable that correct measurements (as many as possible) of the animal
should also be supplied, but no elaborate preparation of the skin is necessary.
Open from breast bone to vent and turn inside out and dry, leaving the feet
attached,
PAPERS READ,
The following papers were then read :—
i. A new Tortoise from Travancore, by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.
2. A-note on Podoces pleskei, Zarudney, by R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D.
3. On the Tenthredinide and parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Major
C. G. Nurse in Kashmir, by P, Cameron,
4, Some hints for beginners on collecting and preserving Natural History
specimens (Fishes), by E, Comber, F.Z.S.
5. Flowering Season and Climate, by Rev. HE. Blatter, S.J.
6, The Kashmir Termite, Termopsts wroughtoni, by J. Desneux,
552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
7. The Snake and its Natural Foes, by Capt. F, Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S8.
8. The Larva of the Firefly, by P. Gerhardt,
9. A singular position of the heart (Ectopia cordis) of a Whistling Teal,
by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THURSDAY, THE 16th August 1906.
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on Thursday, Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.MS.,
presiding,
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 27 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced :—
Capt. W. B. Greig (Bombay) ; Major W.C.C. Leslie (Chakrata) ; Mr. A.
Combi (Poona); Mr. R. E. Gibson, 1.C.S. (Hyderabad, Sind) ; Capt. F.C.
Rogers, I.M.8. (Mooltan) ; Mr. H. J, C. Turner, F.G.S8, (Fyzabad) ; Mr. C. A,
King (Coonoor P, O, Nilgiris) ; Capt. A. E. Wood, R.A.M.C, (Fyzabad) ;
Mr, J. B. Powell (Gaya, Bengal) ; Mc. Guy P. Boys (Allahabad) ; Mr, T, B.
Copeland, 1.0.8. (Oghi, Hazara Dist., N.W.F.P.); Mr. RB, T. F, Kirk, J.C,
(Ahemadnagar) ; Surg-General G. Bomford, C.L.E:, 1.M.S, (Simla) ; Mr, H, BR.
Holmes (Balaghat C.P.); Mrs, L.G.M. Barkley (Sunugalla, Ceylon) ; Mr,
James Green (Wallington, Surrey, England); Mr, G.S. P. Percival (Ramnad,
Madura Dist., Madras Presidency); Mr. W. V. Weston (Gonatea, Sainthea,
E.I, Ry.) ; Lieut.-Col. T,C. F. Somerville (Shwebo, Burma); Mrs, G, B.
Adamson (Bombay); Mr. A. T. Weston (Papun, L, Burma); The Mess
President, 1st Battalion, 10th Gurkhas (Maymyo, Burma); Major L, G,
Oliver (Thayetmyo, Burma) ; Prof, D, J. Dr. Capra (Intra, Italy); Monsieur
A, Polovisoff (Bombay); Mr. H. C. Macnee (Bombay) ; and Mr, Sutherland
Orr (Madras).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. 8. Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following :—
——_——.
Contribution. Description. | Contributor.
1 Phoorsa Cjuv.) from Sau-| Eehis carinata ...orsererere pute C. I. Brierley, I.M.S.
gor, C. P.
AGREE LO Nive keer eee eee \Mv, E. Comber, F.Z.S.
1 Viper from Kodaikanal...) Zrimeresurus striatus ss. | :
1 Lizard from Kodaikanal,| Salea anamalayand as... Bev. Blower! (Cong eell.
1 Cobra, juv. (alive) from] Maia trtpwdians........sereee Mr, Dn. Joss.
Bombay. | :
56 Bird skins (mineteen| — ——— eeereew Mr. K. C, Macdonald,
species new to our col-
lection) from Burma. -
90 Eggsand 8 skins of birds} =| eensuseee Major P. Z. Cox, C.1.E.,
from Persian Gulf. F.Z.8.
~ i I SH SEE
PROCEEDINGS.
Dee
Contribution.
1 Indian monitor (ju v.)
from Panch Mahals.
Ground snakes (alive)
from Karli (Deccan).
Snake (alive) from Mul-
tan.
Crocodiles’ eggs from
Kolhapur.
Snake from Poona.........
Birds’ skins from Cachar.
Lizard from Muscat ......
1 Snake from Loilem, 5S.
Shan States.
Birds’ eggsfrom Kashmir
A collection of birds’
egos from Assam.
1 Snake from Bhopal, C. I.
ts
Sooty Gulls from Astola
Island, Persian Gulf.
Large-crested Terns from
Astola Island, Persian
Gulf,
Indian Monitor (alive)
from Multan,
Indian Monitor
from Ahmedabad.
13 Skins of mouse-hare,
rats, &¢e., from Chamba,
Punjab,
A number of rats (alive),
(six species from the
Konkan, West India).
te
—~
(juv.)
Minor contributions from Mr,
Description.
553
Contributor.
Varanus bengalensis .........|Mr. EH. Marston.
Tropidonctus plumbdicolor...|Mr. P. Gerhardt,
Eryx johmit (juv.) ..crcrree
..|Major O. A. Smith.
Crocodilus palust rts reer. Capt. R. 8. Pottinger,
Lycodon aulicus.....eseree-..|Capt. G. McPherson, 1.M.8.
Bumeces schneideri ...
Mr. A. M. Primrose.
.|Major FP. Z. Cox, C.LU.,
F.ZS.
Coluber (Ablabes) porphy-\Mr. 8. H. F. Jenkins.
receéus.
evcvecsrce
Col. A. E. Ward.
Mr. HC. Stuart Baker.
Tropidunotus piscator .«.....H. H. Mahomed Nasrulla
Larus hemprichi s.+ DonnoDe
Stern CErGUu scscovecrecsreee a
Varanus bengalensts
Varanus bengalensis
Smith, Mr, F. Priestley, and Col. C, L. Wilson, R.A.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Lepidoptera Indica, Part 74, by F. Moore, D.S.C., presented by H. H. the
Maharaja of Mysore.
Khan.
Major P. Z. Cox, C.I.£.,
E.ZS8.
Major O, A. Smith.
Mrs. Duff.
Major G. 8. Rodon.
Capt. W. G, Liston, I.M.S.
F. A, Reddie, Mrs, Joyce, Lieut. H. H.
The Indian Field Shikar Book, 3rd Edition, presented by Mr, W, 8S. Burke.
Indian Forester, Vol, XXXII, Nos, 5 and 6,
Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
A Descriptive List of the Sea Snakes in the Indian Museum, by Capt. F,
Wall, L.M.S., C.M.Z.8.
Fauna of British India, Rhyncota, Vol. III, (Purchased.)
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Paloeontologia Indica, Series
XY., Vol. V., Memoir No, 1.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XXXIII, Part 4, 1906.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XXXIV., Part 1, 1906,
Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. 1V., Part XIII.
The Agricultural Journal of India, Vol, I., Part III,
554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Fourmis de l’Himalaya, par Aug. Forel,
Ficus Elastica, Forest Bulletin No, 4, 1906.
Annual Report of the Department of Land Records in the Bombay Presi-
dency for 1904-05.
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India by Edgar Thurston, Presented by
the Author,
A NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY IN BOMBAY 50 YEARS AGO.
Mr, Comber then asked permission to be allowed to say a few words about
a paragraph that appeared in the Bombay Gazette of 9th July last under
the heading of “ Fifty Years Ago,” regarding the formation ofa Natural
History Society in Bombay in the year 1859. He reminded the meeting that
the present Society was formed in September 1883, but from the extract that
was printed in the Bombay Gazette it would appear that there had been
a previous Natural History Society in existence in Bombay as its foundation
was definitely alluded to anda list of members given, numbering 25, Mr.
Comber then read the extract, from which it appeared that the original society
was more of the nature of a purely field naturalists’ club than a society of
working naturalists with a museum and premises on a more or less elaborate
scale and a journal that is practically unique as the production of a purely
amateur club,
The Society of 1859 appeared to have mainly devoted its attention to
excursions and subsequent dinners when “ all manner of curious things ”’ were
exhibited and discussed.
Mr Comber enquired whether any of the older members present had any
recollection of this former society, asit apparently was short-lived and no
records of it seem to remain.
EXHIBITS,
A small collection of otoliths or the earbones of fishes, amongst which
-were those of the Pomfret, Indian Salmon, Stonefish, Ladyfish, Surmai, &c.,
_ presented by Mrs. Joyce, was exhibited,
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read :—
1, Some historical notes on the development of the complete Flora of
the Bombay Presidency, by Rev. EH, Blatter, S.J.
2. Note on the Breeding of the Russel’s Viper (Vépera russellz) in capti-
vity, by Lieut.-Col, W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S,
3, Pelicans breeding in India, by C. E, Rhenius,
4, Some notes on Heterocera, by Lieut, H. W, Kettlewell,
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
PAGE
A Nove on Popocus PLESKEI, ZaRUDNY. (With oa Plaie,) By R. Bowd-
ler Sharpe, LL.D., «c.,
- Assistant Keeper, Department of Zoology,
British Museum SO 7R 58S) OLS a8 1D Sw Ol0L 81a. Bo ee oC€@di Ser gee CBr8sceF oes ae Beevesarveeses eeoe 555
ON A New Sencres or Grey Duck Porson HARINGTONI) FhOM
Buns, By Eugene W. Oates ....c.secseceesees nn eaatttp ate’ fy deests 2558
A New Yon oIse FROM TRAVANCORE. (With 2 Plates). By G. A.
Boulenver, F.B.S. ......+
eercereee COOAO CHOTLE E>. FEHFFGL08055 8O4 Creer FDI 8HRESE abe
AcTA py AGENDA BY THE BomsBay Boranisrs, By E. Blatter, 5.3. ... 562
ran PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED By Magor C. G. NurSE
» Tae Bompay Presipency. By P. Cameron ..............ceceees 578
A ov Worps iv Repty to Mr. E. W. Oates’ Paper on THE SPECIES
oF i. pil secon
Oy Bean-GEEsE, 8. A.
A SEW KraltT FROM eee
+60 COT ceesen terese €0OC OOF + ++ HOPES LAC GAR ETEDEDs 20 5S8
BTUUIITIMS HOMEBSO.U-0 oleveeaticcnaceaspecceonees 00S
(BUNGARUS WALLI). (With a Plate.) By
Gapt. F. Wall, 1.30,8., 0.0.2.8. ..-..ceseceesseees Feokseeai death see OS
SOME NEW ASIAN SNAKES.
C.M.Z.S. e2e8G8 1o~eeeeeevenne
A NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN
Nurse, Indian Army............
(With 2 Plates.) By cnn F, Wall LM.S.,
Beers eeeerr = aonodsoornsecanos Sab ar econcoes (01:z
Wiseonanuend BEE, “By J jor 0 G.
Kstvary Fisninc. Sume Remarks ON 11S DECADENCF, i ie mee,
IN THE Konkan. By W. A. Wallinger...... iste aan aes aide maaan ve» 620
Protective LEGISLATION FOR INDIAN FisHERIES. By EH, Comber... ... 637
Tae Morus or Inpia. SuPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“THE FauNA OF BRITISH Ispis Series III, Part III. By Sir
George Hampsen, Bart.,
THe OoLocy or Inpian Parasitic Cuckoos. Part HI. (With Plate
TEL) By HeCy Stuart: Baker: 8:2:8. i yautscncessneoseectavesass.aautunest GS
FLOWERING SEASON AND Cumate. Part II. Bea 1 Rest By
BRC Tal aGters Gilet eacsaphcis bae'alselde a imeidaneesseos ot perce pasvetecsies O97
THe CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITIS LEDA. a Tae Col N. Man-
GUTGEAE ASH WES ssh RS PETE sedans SeNes MAL wh oes 709
THe Fauna OF INDIA—INSECTA......... ce0ses0e Sor eiinioarsaie Seeaneemee tue woe C21
Braps OF THE PROVINCES
Disreicts. Part III.
OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU AND ADJACENT
By ASH: Ward! .i.\..c.c-002-1 3 ee wile ae, 728
DESCRIPTIONS OF InpIAN Micro-LEpiporpTERA. By HB. yon ek B.A.,
F.B.S., ¥F.Z.8. see see eCeriseece
Some BIRDS OF SINGAPORE,
eecee eoce oeee eeocrccce ese- 730
ae Major i. R. “Biker 781d ©. ltt 755
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—(contd.)
Page
An Enquiry into THE Parasitic Hasirs or THE INpDIAN Kort. By
D, Dewar, I.C.S., F.Z.S.secccssescecsceevesenccsseeecsenreescsssesserseceeseee COD
Brreps oF Tae Kuasta Hits. Part I. By E. C. Stuart ae F.Z.8.,
MBETOMUS Use enca tails les dos sels fsnisene dele'sonesalcieceealloh! cetlustistianielelelstemtemesimmtes
ON A NEW Race OF SCIURUS ee FROM “gi By I rene
Bonhote, M.A SOC OSSSOr eee FFFFSS FSF eas Foe Pee sos eSeSSs SHFtStoeesOne- + eBers . £96
ON A NEW Saenean are WorM Gite LEFROYI, sp. n.) FROM eee
DESTRUCTIVE TO THE Eces oF a Locust (AcriDIDM, sp.). By
Frank E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Zool. Society, Lond... 797
Ox a Cotnection of MamMats BroucHt Homr By THE TIBET
Frontier Commission. By J. Lewis Bonhote, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.8... 800
MisceLtLanrous Norrs—
1. Pelicans breeding in India. By C. H. Rhenius.........ccsccceecceeeeeerseces 806
2. Food of Predaceous Flies. By T. KR. Bell, LF.s. .......- Sapsoucomo fei DV7
3. Snake-bite inflicted a eh mephersoni. a eer F. Wall,
1.M.8., C.M.Z.S.. ate ace toesccene cociwccieovecccnescecnatceentstecse seqeneennete oneal Iii
4. Note on the eo of Russell’s Viper (Vipera eine in captivity.
By Lieut.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, M.D., B.8¢., F.R.S8.E., L.M.9. (Di-
rector, Bombay Bacteriologica] Es HorAtGesr) 2 seat ees maa ea 808
Recovery from a Cobra bite. By C. Grenville Rollo......... ssce- see. 81]
6 Occurrence of the Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichi) in the N.-W.
F, Province. By Major Walter Venour, 58th Rifles ....c.cscesscccorveee O12
ou
7. Anew species of Tree-Partridge (Arboricola batemani) from the Chin
Hills. (From the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club,
INCOME 0 Paap beokaonseaaececbandecd = opcanBoucaseeea Gn icace Sadovanececusncosone 812
8. A Mouse-Hare. By Major G.8. Rodon ...-e....0s.esseeseeseeee ee sine elaailetiaicniee 813
9. Locusts, Bears and Dogs. By Major G. 8. Rodons.....seee... sesecseee «» B15
10. A note ‘on an Hdible Puff-ball from the Thana District. By Jieut.-
Col. K. BR. Kirtikar, 1.0.8. Cretd.), P.LS, ssccecse. coscessecsecsas ce. csseessenses S16
11. Some notes on Birds’ Nesting in Tehri-Garhwal. By S. L. Whymper. 817
12. First hints on collecting Butterflies. By Lieut.-Col. N. Manders,
R.A.M.C. sas CODES erOCOEC SHES oo OSE CED tCeOSeOET SEE COP Ceeecvescecccocseeates Geteeore, CBtecctes $19
13. Reduction in the species of the Genus Oe By pine F.
Wall, 1.M.S., C.M.Z.S. care cceeneerse tesa. ceserereetereeaiesercesresessenseeaiers QOD
14. Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle ae nepatensis). By C. H. Donald......... 824
15. Marly arrival of Duck. By Chasi(M.Inigilis (2. vecssn--c-sceerecessuieeaee
16. The Boldness of Panthers. By Lieut.-Col. G. R. Rundle, RFA. ....0... 895
17. The Boldness of Panthers, By Capt. J. R. J. Tyrrell, 1M,S. ..... sseoseee 997
18. Further notes on Birds’ Nesting round re By pee R. M.
Betham, 101st Grenadiers SHH STESHHSFSOOH SE sSoOEFT SESH CHOSE SSE SSE SEEEEOBLe @s@Gecessen 828
19. Destruction of Mosquitoes and their Larve by Fish and Lime. By
Lieut.-Genl. H. Osbora, 1a.
eee B25
eenevsece Bare PRP OO OPP OCD oo CO COR Ber eeeresecs. cenees 832
*
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(condid.)
| PaGE
MisceLLANgous NotEes—conid.
20. Acclumsy killer. By C. H. Donaid...... »..... cas eooacHuouaoKaqosOqaCeneeEUuCe 832
91. A Bear’s killinatree. By C. H. Donald ............ see ses seers ANcOsCOROCRORHIE 834
22. A Panther placing its killupa tree. By L. V. Bagshawe.....-.eccsseees 835
23. Do bats capture and eat birds? By E. Ernest Greens...........secceee cocoe IBF
94. A white Muntjac. By S. H. Charrington ........ssescscsssssscscesces os evcees 836
25. Cause of fear shown by Tigers. By C. E. C. Fischer ...... qocsoseoo0bed sseoe 836
26. Note on Clania variegata, Snell. By T. R. Bell, 1.6.5..........00000 sestevcee 837
27. Abnormal antlers of the Chital or Spotted-Deer (Cervus avis). By
Mirentyd AL Biel, Wa sccesc.s-caccnccancast\accccccees nnsdgadd ex dossdonaonncncaode fAzl(G)
28. The Oology of Indian Parasitic Cuckoos. By Chas. M. Inglis ........... S4]
29. A strange foster-mother. By F. Young, Supdt., N.S. Survey csr. 841
30. Nesting of the Hobby (Falco severus) in India. By ©. H. Donald... 841
31. A live Takin (Budoreas taxicolor), (With an Illustration.) By Lieut.
EF. M. Bailey ......... oedaos sates elinebleisfasiarianete-ielssissaaictrsin cis dslcwaen eae meneeices 849
32. Breeding grounds of the Common Locust. By H. H. Aitken ...s0....00 843
33. The small Civet Cat in Sind. By BE. H. Aitken osc.......0esccereesreesers. S44
34, A malformed Blackbuck Head. By Col. W. B. Ferris ...... ......06 corse B44
35. Abnormal Sambar Horns. By F. Field .1.......0... cosceesscserercecessesseee S45
36. Malformed Sambar and Gaur Horns. By O. Scot Skirving ..... PCRS ONS S46
37. Note on the Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica). By Major 8. B, Prall,
T.M.S. csocearee Coser tOeseaserenncscrrercceseeeccsececccctasscey Dassacecoascocdacd tseneree 847
38. Breeding of the Common or Grey Quail (Coturnix communis) and the
Desert Lark (Alamon desertorum). By Major R. M. Betham, 1 01st
GTENAMIETS ce esessescsacsecosee- Beeenrne: cones eeeerareaeesescceeeenss cee cesestesessers SLR
39. The Large red Flying-Squirrel (Pteromys tnornatus) and Walnuts,
By (OL H. Donald ovesenee 000000 ere ccensesece +2: @BBCecccerds: ee asenc08 Berevererse- Crore 848
40. The Study of Birds. By EH. Comber ...oee......-.00:. pussatnisesneee seeenes over 84.9
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETINGS heid on 4th October and 13th December 1906 851
Atigaiee
“Taysela Ssvupyd :
“HONOHI-ONNOYWD NVISdad 43H
‘ep prosucsy
. TT oulo.1Y 7) 1 TaIdAx) "(©
D0G qSi}] YEN Ae Qu0g UNO (9
ERRATA,
In Part IL of Capt. Wall’s paper on “ THe Potsonous Snakes oF
INDIA AND HOW TO RECOGNIZE THEM,” published in the last number of
the Journal (No. 2, Vol. XVII), the following errata occurred :—
Page 303, Fic. 18, A, a small “ cuneate ”’ scale is shown between the
4th and 5th infralabials. It is not present in
Nata bungarus.
Page 303, Fic. 18, B, the occipitals (Oc) are shown as one large
shield znstead of two shields in apposition on
the median line.
Page 306, Fic. 20, B, & C, belong to Fie. 23 (Hemibungarus
nigrescens) whilst B & C of Fig. 23
(page 309) belong to Fic. 20 (Callophis
maclellandit).
Page 311, “So,” in lines 1 and 25, should be “8.”
Page 328, lines 28 and 29, “ labial margin” should be “ supralabials.”’
EDITORS.
JOURNAL
OF THE
= © avn ee oy
Natural History Society,
Vol. XVII. BOMBAY. No. 3.
—
A NOTE ON
PODOCES PLESKET, Zarudny.
By
R. Bowpier SHarrr, LL.D., etc.,
Assistant Keeper, Department of Zoology, British Museum.
(Wits «a Pare.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Soctety on 28th June 1906.)
- Through the kindness of the officers of the Bombay Natural
History Society, I have just received a specimen of a very rare bird
which was not represented in the British Museum. It is an example
of Podoces plesket, a species of Desert-Chough, described by Mr,
Zarudny, the well-known Russian traveller, in the ‘* Annuaire ” of the
St. Petersburg Museum, 1896, pp. xii—xviii.
In the British Museum are the types of three species of the genus
Podoces, viz., P. biddulphi, P. hendersoni and P. humilis, all of them
described by Mr. Allan Hume. Of the other species, P. panderi, we
have now seven specimens.
Having, therefore, representatives of all the known species before
me, I am able to modify my “ key to the species ” of Podoces given by
me in the “‘ Catalogue of Birds ” (Vol. IIT, p. 150) as follows :—
556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
1, Crown of head blue-black. 2.
— No black on crown. 3.
2. A cheek patch of black ; tail-feathers white, with black
shafts to centre ones. .. wee ese coe e- biddulphi.
— No black on cheeks, which are like the throat and
fore-neck ; tail-feathers entirely blue-black, eos hendersont.
3, Size larger ; wing 4°8—5-0 ; no white on tail ; wings blue-
black, with broad white tips to wing-coverts and
secondaries, 4,
— Size smaller; wing 3°5; outer tail-feathers mostly
white ; central feathers brown ; wings brown, coe humilis.
4. Upper parts lavender-grey ; a broad black patch on
lower throat ; underneath light pinkish, onc eo. panderi,
— Upper parts pale cinnamon; small triangular patch
of black on the lower throat ; under parts pale
cinnamon like the back... boc 3b ne --. pleskei,
Podoces plesket holds an intermediate position between the black-
headed species of the genus, P. biddulphz and P. henderson, being
of a similar cinnamon colour, but it is distinguished by the black patch
on the lower throat. This patch is smaller than in P. panderz, and
appears to be more longitudinal and triangular, whereas in P. pandert
it is broader and reaches across the top of the fore-neck. Iu colour,
however, P. panderi is quite different from P. pleskez, being a light
lavender-grey above and pink below, whereas P. pleskee is cinnamon
above and below.
The specimen examined by me was procured by Captam J. W.
Watson, I.M.S , at Kain, in Hastern Persia, in December 1903.
[Regarding the habits of this specimen Capt. J. W. Watson, I. M.S.,
has supplied the following notes :—
A NOTE ON PODOCES PLESKEI. 557
“‘T shot the fawn-coloured Chough in a nullah with small bushes
in itin January. The nullah was in the middle of a desert in Kain ;
the place, Mahomedabad. We turned a lot of bares out of this nullah
and were shooting them, getting over a dozen, I believe, and thesa
birds kept flying in front of us in pairs. I must have seen about
eight of them, and after the shoot was over I went back and shot the
specimen.”’
Again on 27th June 1906, Capt. Watson writes: ‘‘I happened to
pass the place in which I shot the specimen of the Ground-Chough.
I noticed a pair of them flying and hopping about, but, as they evi-
dently were breeding, I did not shoot one. I was on the march and
a very short search for their nest was unsuccessful. I think this bird
will always be found in the same or similar places, wz., in strips of
bushy jungle which run across the plain between Tighab and Kalata
Yusuff in Kain, north of Birjand. The birds run along the ground
and occasionally perch on the Asafetida plants, but I cannot say
whether the latter are the attraction to them although there are
a number of the plants on this desert. The bushes are Tamarisk and
full of hares.”"— Eps. ].
D58
ON A NEW SPECIES OF GREY DUCK
(POLIONETTA HARINGTONI) FROM BURMA.
By Eucene W. Oates.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on the
13th December 1906.)
Captain H. H. Harington has been for some time past re-arranging
the large series of Ducks in the Museum of Natural History, South
Kensington, and he has drawn my attention to the difference which
exists between the Grey Duck of India, or Spot-bill, and the Grey
Duck of Burma.
There certainly isa very constant and well-marked difference between
the two birds, and I therefore propose to separate the eastern species
by the name of
PoOLIONETTA HARINGTONT, Nl. Sp.
Similar to P. pecilorhyncha, the Spot-bill or Grey Duck of India,
but constantly wanting the orange coloured patches which adorn
the base of the upper mandible of that species. The bill is, more-
over, much smaller, measuring two inches from the point of the fore-
head to the tip of tne nail, against two and-a-quarter inches in
P. pecilorhyncha.
There arenow five specimens of this new bird in the Museum, but
they are all from the Shan States. Captain Harington, however,
distinctly recollects that the Grey Ducks he shot on the Irrawaddy had
the base of the bill entirely black, and were similar to the Grey Ducks
that he got in the Shan States.
The distribution of the two species will thus be :—
P. peecilorhyncha, the Indian Peninsula, Assam, Sylhet, Cachar and
Manipur.
P. haringtoni, the valley of the Irrawaddy river and the Shan States.
Major Byans informs me that he has shot Grey Duck near Toungoo, at
Tandawgyi on the Pegu river, and at Thatone. There can be little
doubt but that they were P. haringtonz.
The Chinese Grey Duck, P. zonorhyncha, has occurred several times
in Assam, and I have lately acquired for my collection two specimens
shot in that province and recorded in the Society’s journal.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF GREY DUCK, 559
The characters by which the Indian, Burmese and Chinese Grey
Ducks can be recognised may be briefly summarised thus :—
P. peecilarhyncha, the Indian species, has two large orange patches
at the base of the upper mandible; the whole lower plumage marked
with distinct round spots ; the speculum almost invariably of a metallic
green ; a double band of black and white above and below the specu-
lum; the outer web of the two long secondaries next the speculum
entirely white.
P. haringtont, the Burmese species, differs in no respect from the
Indian species, except that it entirely wants the orange patches on the
base of the upper mandible, and has a shorter bill.
P. zonorhyncha, the Chinese species, also wants the orange patches
at the base of the upper mandible ; the whole lower plumage is brown,
each feather with a paler margin, and there is nota trace of spots; the
speculum is almost invariably of a metallic blue; the white portion of
the double band above and below the speculum is very narrow ard
sometimes almost absent ; the outer web of the two long secondaries
next the speculum are mostly black, the white being of small extent
and confined to the outer margin of the web.
It may not be unnecessary to point out that all these three species
have a large portion of the tip of the bill of an orange colour. The
term ‘ Spot-bill’? has been applied to the Grey Duck of India, not on
account of this orange tip, but because of the orange patches at the
base of the upper mandible. Consequently, the term “ Spot-bill” should
not be applied to the Burmese species, as is often done by sportsmen
in Burma,
56)
A NEW TORTOISE FROM TRAVANCORE,
By
G. A. BouULENGER, F.R.S.
(With 2 PLatEs.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
28th June 1906.)
Shortly after leaving India, Mr. H. 8. Ferguson drew my attention
to a Tortoise which occurs near Trivandrum, along with the well-
knuwn Testudo elegans, and which agrees with it in the absence of a
nuchal shield. A shell which he brought me about a year ago indicated
a species more nearly allied to the Burmese-Siamese 7’. elongata, I
requested Major Dawson, Mr. Ferguson’s successor at the Trivandrum
Museum, to procure complete specimens, and throtgh his kindness I
have now received two living adult individuals, from which, together
with the shell above mentioned, I have drawn up the following
description :—
TESTUDO TRAVANCORIGA,
Shell much depressed once and two-fifths to once and three-fifths as long
as deep, with flattish or feebly convex vertebral region; anterior and post-
erior margins very distinctly reverted, slightly serrated ; shields concen-
trically striated ; nuchal absent ; supracaudal undivided, incurved or not;
first vertebral shield a little broader than long, the others much broader
than long and as broad as or broader than the costals. Plastron large
truncate anteriorly, deeply notched posteriorly; suture between the pec-
_toral shields shorter than, but at least three-fourths the length of, that
between the humerals ; suture between the gulars as long as or shorter
than that between the pectorals ; anals forming a very short suture ;
axillary and inguinal moderate. Head moderate ; a pair of large pre-
frontal shields, followed by a much larger frontal, which is broader
than long ; beak feebly hooked, tricuspid. Anterior face of fore limb
with large, unequal-sized imbricate scales ; no enlarged tubercles on
the thighs ; tail ending in a claw-like horny tubercle.
Carapace olive or reddish-brown above, the shields with a yellowish
central area surrounded by black blotches, which may extend over the
greater part of their surface ; plastron yellowish, with small black
blotches. Head yellowish, tinged with orange ; limbs olive, the large
scales yellowish ; iris dark-brown.
vourn. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
A NEW TORTO ISE FROM TRAVAN CORE. .Green del.et Chromo lith.
Testudo travancorica.
dourn.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
e).Green.del.et Chromo hth.
A NEW TORTOISE FROM TRAVANCORE.
Testudo travancorica.
A NEW TORTOISE FROM TRAVANCORE, £64
Length of shell 290 millimetres.
This new species may be said to be intermediate between Testudo
elongata, Blyth., which inhabits Bengal, Burma, and Siam, and 7.
forsteni, Schleg. and Miill., from Celebes and Gilolo, being on the whole
nearer to the latter, from which it is distinguished by the greater
extent of the median suture between the pectoral shields of the plastron,
whilst it differs from the former in the lesser extent of that suture, in
the absence of a nuchal shield, and in the much larger frontal shield.
Mr. Ferguson informs me that this Tortoise is very common in the
Travancore hills between 500 and 1,000 feet altitude, but not higher,
so far as he can remember.
562
ACTA ET AGENDA
BY THE
BOMBAY BOTANISTS.
By
EK. Brarrer, 8. J.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
16th August 1906.)
Did it ever strike you when perusing a Flora on Indian plants,
through how many hands each flower had passed and how often nearly
all of them had changed their specific, and not seldom their generic
names, till, finally, they had to be satisfied with the name they had
been given when first discovered by a botanist? W.Gray! gives an
example, viz. Cissampelos pareira, L., a common climbing plant of
the Konkan and Kanara jungles, which has been described under
18 different names by various collectors, and Allophylus cobbe, Bl.
possesses, according to Hooker’s ‘Flora of British India,”’ no iess
than 30 synonyms. It is evident that under such circumstances
the identification of a plant took a good deal of time, just on account
of the many authorities which had to be consulted before one
was able to find the right description; and Gray is not quite
wrong when he says: “Indian botanists have much to answer for ;
they have in this way not only introduced confusion into the old and
well defined genera, but they have also unnecessarily created new
groups and subdivisions which are of no practical value.”? He then
continues blaming our old botanists with regard to other points, and,
as it seems, not without reason. I think, however, that we could
advance as many reasons in their defence. Is it, for instance, not quite
natural that in such a big country as India, where-a great number of
naturalists were working at the same time and in different parts
of the vast area, many were ignorant of the work done by
others and, for this reason, selected the names for the plants they
had found from their own Latin or Greek vocabulary? There
arises at least one advantage from the whole list of synonyms :
the names of those will not be forgotten so easily who under the
1, Dr, W. Gray: “The Botany of the Bombay Presidency,” in the Bombay Gazetteer,
Vol, XXYV, p. 311.
2, Dr. H. Gray, I. c., p. 312.
ACTA ET AGENDA, 563
burning rays of the Indian sun spent their leisure hours and very often
their life in a noble scientific pursuit. In the same way we have a con-
densed history of Indian Botavy in the names of the plants themselves,
in the generic as well as in the specific ones. In many circles, how-
ever, this kind of nomenclature is very ill-favoured; they prefer a
Greek name, though it does not, very often, on account of its being
unintelligible, or having an obscure origin, give any more information
as to the character of the plant, than v.g. Woodfordia, Osbeckia, ete.
Weare not of opinion that every one who, without knowing it,
discovered a new plant, should be immortalized by a specific or so
much as a generic plant name, but nobody will object to honouring a
well-merited naturalist by calling a flower after his name.
Some twenty years back an Indian botanist wrote: ‘‘ When the
botany of this Presidency and its dependencies shall have been fully
worked out, and sufficient materials collected, it is to be hoped that
some person may be found competent to undertake the task of prepar-
ing on a new and enlarged scale, a comprehensive scientific guide to
the Bombay Flora.’ That time, which Gray was speaking of, has’
come, and we are going to see very soon the completion of Cooke’s
volumes, a long desired and comprehensive guide to the Flora of the
Presidency. In order to give due honour to those able and enthusi-
astic men whose hard labours are bearing valuable fruit in our days,
I consider it appropriate to make a short inquiry into the development
of the new Flora. After this, I think, it will not be out of place to
ask ourselves: What has been achieved up to the present day,
and what will be our programme for the future, in order to keep
up the good repute of the disciples of the “ Scientia amabilis ”’ in
India ?1
During the first half of the XVI century the physician Cristobal da
Costa came all the way from Portugal to make his botanical observa-
tions in India. His notes were made use of by C. Clusius in his ‘‘ Hxo-
ticorum libri decem.’’? Henry van Rheede, the Dutch Governor of
1. The following historical notes when not taken from the original, have been bor-
rowed chiefly from *‘ A Memoir on the Indian Surveys,” by Cl. R. Markham, London, 1878.
Very useful was also K.R. Kirtikar’s “ Progress in Natural History during the last
Century,” delivered before the Science Section of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society on the 19th January 1905.
2, C. Olusiug: “ Exoticorum libri decem,” (Antwerp 1563, and Rome 1605). C. Clusius
(the Latin for Charles de L’Ecluse) was born at Arras (1526) and died as Professor of Botany
at Leyden (1609),
2
564 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVT7I,
Malabar, undertook the famous ‘‘ Hortus Malabaricus.” The plants
collected by Brahmans between 1674 and 1676, were sent to Cochin,
where the missionary Matheus made the drawings. Hermann van
Doulp, the Secretary to Government at Cochin, translated the
descriptions of the plants from the Malayalim inte Latin. Up to
1703, 12 volumes, with 794 plates appeared at Amsterdam. A com-
mentary on this first great Indian work on plants by Buchanan
Hamilton is contained in the “Transactions of the Linnean
Society,”’1
William Roxburgh, born at Underwood in Scotland, proceeded to
India in the medical service of the Hast India Company. In the
early part of his career his attention was confined to the peninsula,
as he was stationed at Samulcottah from the year 1781, where he paid
particular attention to the cultivation of pepper. Into the plantations,
established for this purpose, he introduced the coffee, cinnamon,
nutmeg, annatto, bread-fruit tree, sappan-wood tree, and mulberry.
His valuable papers on the cultivation of rice, sugar, and pepper were
published in Dalrymple’s ‘‘ Oriental Repository.” He knew and
corresponded with John Keenig of Courland (in the service of the
Danish Government), a pupil of Linneus, who first gave an impulse
to scientific botany.2. Roxburgh made large collections of plants in the
Carnatic, but he had the misfortune to lose them all, with his books
and papers, in an inundation at Injeram. He, however, recommenced
making a fresh collection, and the Court of Directors sent him out a
present of botanical books. In the autumn of 1798 he was appointed
superintendent of the botanic garden in Calcutta which had been es-
tablished by Colonel Kyd. His superintendence extended to 1814, and
few men have laboured with greater zeal, assiduity, and success, though
he had very indifferent health. During one of his voyages Dr. Carey,
the celebrated missionary and orientalist, took charge of the garden and
published Roxburgh’s Catalogue of the contents of the botanic garden.
Of the 3,505 species described, 1,510 were named by Roxburgh. Be-
tween 1795 and 1816 his ‘‘ Plants of the Coast of Coromandel,”
in 3 vols., folio, with 300 coloured engravings were published by
the Hast India Company. The general descriptive work of the plants
of India called “ Flora Indica” was not published for many years
+, ‘Transactions of the Linnzan Society, Vol. XIII, XIV, XV.
2, Keenio’s Herbarium and MSS, are in the British Museum,
_ACTA ET AGENDA, 565
after his death1, In 1814 he went home and died at Edinburgh on
10th April 1815.
After Roxburgh’s departure, Nathaniel Wallich (formerly Nathan
Wolff) was the leading Indian botanist. He was a Dane, born at
Copenhagen on 28th of January 1787. As surgeon of the Danish
settlement of Serampore he was taken prisoner when that place was
captured by the English. But he was soon transferred from the prison
to the Government gardens at Calcutta, 1815. During the years of his
superintendence he added enormously to the collections. After a
botanical excursion to Nepal he started the publication of his
“Tentamen Flore Nepalensis illustrate.’? When he went to England
in 1828 he was able to take along with him a huge collection
of plants, owing to the fact, that he had employed a great number
of collectors in various parts of India. Wallich’s original herbarium,
which was presented in 1832 to the Linnean Society by the
East India Company, contains about 7,000 species and is a
standard work of reference.? During his stay in England
Wallich finished his ‘‘ Plante Asiaticee Rariores” in 3 vols, folio, con-
taining 300 coloured plates. It was published by the Hast India Com-
pany between 1830 and 1832. In 1833 we find Wallich in India
again, resuming his labours with unremitting zeal ; but ill-health obliged
him to go home in 1847, where he died in 1854.
One of the leading Bengal botanists was William Griffith, born at
Ham Common (Surrey). As assistant surgeon he accompanied Wallich
to Assam; he explored the tracts near the Mishmi mountains between
Sudiyaand Ava, made a journey from Assam to Ava, and down the Iva-
wadi to Rangoon, traversed 400 miles of the Bhutan country, joined the
Army of the Indus in a scientific capacity, went from Kabul to Khura-
san and succumbed finally to the fatigues and sicknesses due to ex-
posure during his long and restless journeys on the 9th February 1845.
“ Dr. Griffith,” says Markham, ‘‘ was unquestionably the most learned
botanist and acute investigator of the many that India can boast of.
The various papers communicated to the Linnean Society of London
1. An edition was commenced to be published at Serampore, by Carey, with additions by
Wallich, the first volume in 1820, and the second in 1824, A complete edition, in 3 vols.,
was published by Roxburgh’s son, in 1832, but without Wallich’s additions,
The “Hortus Bengalensis” isa list of all the plants described in Roxburgh’s “ Flora
Indica,” arranged according to the Linnean system with vernacular names, habit, time of
flowering, and references to the plates in Van Rheede’s * Hortus Malabaricus.”
2, A-set of Wallich’s Herbarium is at Kew.
566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV.
and other publications are models of scientific research, and his draw-
ings, microscopic analyses and descriptions of plants and their organs,
made chiefly during his travels, always in hot and often in malarious
regions, and preserved at the Royal Gardens of Kew, are evidences of
astonishing industry and great knowledge.’”’+ His intention was to pre-
pare a general scientific Flora of India. For this purpose he colleeted,
in the course of twelve years, 2,500 species from the Khasia hills, 2,000
from Tenasserim, 1,000 from Assam, 1,200 from the Mishmi country,
1,700 from Bhutan, 1,200 from the Naga hills, 1,000 from the neigh-
bourhood of Calcutta, and, besides, 2 great number from the Malay
peninsula and Borneo.?
When the Hast India Company’s botanic garden at Saharunpur had
been established, Dr. Forbes Royle was made the first superintendent.
In this capacity he was enabled to form a great collection of plants and
to make observations on other departments of natural history. On his
return to Hingland he published his great work, entitled “ Illustrations of
the Botany and other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan
Mountains.” (London, 2 vols., 4to, 1839).2 He was appointed lecturer
on Materia Medica at King’s College in London and died in 1858.
We must not forget in this place to mention the name of a young
French naturalist, viz., Victor Jacquemont, who was sent out to India
by the “Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle” in 1828. His travels from Cal-
cutta to Delhi, Cashmere, and Bombay are described in his journal,
which comprises 3 volumes folio, whilst the 4th volume contains the de-
scription of the collections. The 2nd volume of the “ Atlas” contains,
besides many zoological drawings, 180 plates, showing plants of dif-
ferent parts of India.? Jacquemont had a mind to travel from Bom-
1 For the fruits of these labours we are indebted to T. McClelland, who published in
Caleutta, between 1847 and 1854, 5 volumes 8vo., with a 4to. volume of illustrations: “ Pos-
thumous papers bequeathed to the H. H.I,C., and printed by order of the Government of
Bengal; being journals of travels by the late William Griffith, Hsq., arranged by John
McClelland, M.D.”’
“Dr, Hooker in 1858 rescued 12 or 14 waggon loads of chests of dried plantsfrom the
cellars of the India House, consisting chiefly of Griffith’s, Helfer’s,and Falconer’s collections,
and arranged and distributed them to the principal museums in Europe and America,”
(Markham.)
2 Royle’s further publications were—
“ On the Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine,”
‘¢ Hissays on the Productive Resources of India.” London, 1840,
“The Fibrous Plants of India,” London, 1845.
“ A Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.” London, 1847.
Victor Jacquemont: “* Voyage dans l’Inde pendant les années 1828 a 1832.” Paris, 1841.
ACTA ET AGENDA. 567
bay to the Caps Comorin and then to explore the coast of Coromandel,
but he became a victim of his untiring zeal, succumbing in Bombay to
the fatigues and the effects of the tropical climate on the 7th December
1832.
The most eminent botanist of the Madras Presidency at that time
was Dr. Robert Wight, of the Madras Medical Service (born at Milton
in Scotland on the 6th July 1796). As Director of the Botanic Garden
at Madras he published, together with George Arnold Walker-Arnott,
the ‘ Prodromus Flore Peninsulze Indie Orientalis, ’’ (Madras, Cal-
cutta, and London), comprising 2 volumes. This is, in Hooker’s opi-
nion, the most able and valuable contribution to Indian botany that
has ever appeared. Later on there appeared the ‘“‘Icones Plantarum
Indiz Orientalis” with 2,101 plates, and ‘‘ Spicilegium Neilgherrense.”’
In 1831 already he had published “Illustrations of Indian Botany ”
with 40 plates. Many papers besides appeared in the “ Madras Journal
of Science’? and the ‘Calcutta Journal of Natural History.’’ His
enormous collections of plants, chiefly from the hill districts, were pre-
sented to the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens of Kew. Wight died
In 1872.
Leschenault de la Tour, who accompanied Baudin on his voyage to
the Moluceas, Java, and Sumatra, appears to have been appointed
director of the botanic garden at :Pondicherry. He investigated some
of the southern provinces of the Peninsula, but the plants he collected
are chiefly from the Neilgherries, and are principally published by
De Candolle in his “ Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vege-
tabilis.” The Flora of the Neilgherries was also explored by George
Gardener, the director of the botanic garden at Peradeniya in Ceylon.
In 1828 John Graham, a native of Dumfriesshire, arrived in India. As
Deputy Postmaster-General he devoted his moments of leisure to hota-
nical explorations. In 1839 he was able to publish his ‘‘ Catalogue of
the Plants growing in Bombay and its Vicinity.” “‘ Considering the
means of communication,” says Cooke, “ that existed at that time, for
there were no railways, and travelling was difficult and tedious, one
cannot help being struck with admiration at the number of plants
brought together in this catalogue, all of which were, as Mr. Graham
states, personally examined either by himself or by Mr. Nimmo, and
most of which were correctly named.” It is much to be regretted that
he died at the early age of 34, on the 28th May 1839, at Khandala.
568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XVII.
Graham was the first to attempt a local flora of Bombay. That he
succveded in so high a degree, he owed to the work done by those
never tiring pioneers who had, years before, explored other parts of
Hindustan and occasionally also Western India; and I am sure there
has not been a single Bombay botanist up to the present day who
could dispense with the old classics of Indian Botany. Local floras are
cropping up everywhere at present to our great delight, and, no doubt,
many a hard hour they must have caused their authors, but never-
theless I feel convinced those florists are the first to admit how much
they are indebted to their famous predecessors.
Joseph Dalton Hooker, born on the 30th June 1817 at Halesworth
in Suffolk, forsook the practice of his medical profession for the more
fascinating pursuit in which his father, Sir William Jackson Hocker, has
so greatly distinguished himself. In 1839, on the occasion of the fit-
ting out of the expedition to the Antarctic Ocean under Sir James Ross,
Hooker was appointed assistant surgeon on board the Hrebus; but his
real object was to investigate the botany of the district through which
the expedition passed. The result was the publication of the ‘“ Fiora
Antarctica’? in which Hooker has not only figured and described a
large number of new plants, but by comparison of the species obtained
in this voyage with those of other parts of the world, has succeeded
in advancing greatly our knowledge of the laws which govern the dis-
tribution of plants over the surface of our globe. After having investi-
gated the plaats of temperate and cold climates, he could not rest till
he had seen those of tropical countries, His choice lay between the
Andes and the Himalayas, and it fortunately fell upon the latter (1848).
His route lay through districts not under British superintendence, and
his adventures, therefore, were numerous and his position occasionally
even, dangerous, having been for some time kept prisoner by the pre-
siding governor of a district in the Sikkim-Himalaya. In 1852 he
returned to England, and published his ‘‘ Himalayan Journals,”
in two volumes. ‘They are one of the most readable contributions to
scientific travelling during the last century. His first volume of a large
work, entitled ‘* Flora Indica,” gives a more perfect idea of his scientific
labours and affords the best evidence of the industry and intelligence
displayed during his three years’ peregrinations in the Sikkim and
Nepal Himalayas. When Hooker in company with Thomas Thomson
wanted to publish the ‘“ Flora Indica’ the Court of Directors refused
ACTA ET AGENDA. 569
to promote this great national work, though strongly memorialized by
the British Association ; yet the first volume appeared in 1855.
In 1872 the Secretary of State for India in Council, the Duke of
Argyll, gave instructions for a flora of British India to be prepared
under the supervision of Joseph Hooker. The gigantic work, con-
sisting of seven volumes, was completed in 1897.
Of the more recent floras on Bombay and Sind plants I must mention
‘“ Practical Remarks on the Plants of Sind ” published by J. E. Stocks
in 1848 ; ‘‘The Bombay Flora or short deseriptions of all the indigenous
plants” by Nicholaus A. Dalzell and Alexander Gibson, (Bombay,
1861 ) ; a “ Catalogue of the Economic Products of the Presidency of
Bombay, ” compiled by Assistant Surgeon Birdwood, (Bombay, 1862).
The botanical volume of the Gazetter of the Bombay Presidency
(Vol. XXV, 1886) contains ‘‘ Useful Plants of the Bombay Presidency”’
by J. ©. Lisboa, “ Botany of the Bombay Presidency” by W. Gray,
and a “ List of Gujarat Trees ”’ from materials supplied by G. H. D.
Wilson and J. G. McRae. The year 1894 brought us the
“Systematic List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Climbers of the
Bombay Presidency’? by W. A. Talbott The want of a forest
handbook led to the preparation of this work, the same want which
induced Beddome to write his “ Flora Sylvatica ” of Madras, Sulpiz
Kurz to publish the ‘ Forest Flora of British Burma,” and D,
Brandis to cumplete the “ Forest Flora of North-West and Central
India, ’’ which had been commenced by J. Linsay Stewart.
A good deal of work and an indispensable one for the writer of a
flora, especially if he is far away from the country whose plants he
is going to describe, has been done by various collectors in different
parts of the Presidency. Stocks collected plants in Sind, Schmidt in
Kanara, Law in Bombay, Dalzell in the Konkan, Sykes and Gibson in
the Deccan. It would be unjust not to mention here the work done by
G. M. Woodrow. His continued explorations of our country and his
extensive knowledge of plants enabled him to publish a nearly complete
catalogue of the ‘‘ Flora of Western India, ’’2
These are the men who by their labours directly or indirectly
influenced the development ofa scientific flora of the Bombay Pre-
sidency. It was a slow but uninterrupted progress, occupying a time
1 A new enlarged edition appeared in 1902.
2 In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vols, XI, XII, XIII.
570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
of over 250 years. What is now the result with regard to our botanical
knowledge of Bombay? We know, in the first place, what plants are
growing in this country and, though the present flora is notan exhaustive
one, there is “‘ every reason,” says Cooke, ‘“ that the plants which still
remain undiscovered are few.’’ This fact of our knowledge gives us a
clue for ascertaining whether our flora is poor or rich, whether it is
poorer or richer than those of other parts of India, of other countries
in Asia, etc. ; it shows us what plants prevail, whether the woody or
herbaceous, perennial or annual, evergreen or deciduous ones ; we know
what orders there occur, and how the occurring orders are represented
with regard to the number of genera and species; we have greater
facility to find out, which plants are endemic and which are not, and
where the latter ones occur beyond the boundaries of our area, and are,
thus, able to make conjectures as to the possible centre from which the
non-endemic plants began to migrate, till, finally, they settled down also
in our country.
We have, besides, full descriptions of each plant, which provide us
with plenty of information as to the peculiarities of the outer morpho-
logical form of the tropical plant. These, again, are extremely suggestive
for the botanist, to trace the various relations existing between a certain
plant-form and its special surroundings, viz., soil, humidity, rainfall,
moisture, clouds, temperature, etc., especially if he knows from other
sources, that the same plant strives as well in another geographical
position, though under entirely different conditions.
The flowering time is mentioned by Cooke in most cases, and the
notes on the occurrence of the single plants allow us to form a rough
idea of their distribution in the Presidency. It is not the author’s fault,
that so much information is not met with in his “‘ Flora ’”? which is so
eagerly looked for in floristic volumes by the botanist, and especially
in floras on tropical countries, e.g. about sprouting, defoliation, fruiting,
habit, ete. But to write a flora is not to write a novel; imagination is
of no value where definite notes on a scientific subject are not available
to the compiler.
Some time ago I spoke toa gentleman who is not a professional
botanist, but has a fair knowledge of our flora. He was so grieved
because all the plants had been already named, and as he was not
capable of working in plant physiology, and, besides, found cryptogamic
botany too difficult, he told me, that he did not know how to find
ACTA ET AGENDA, © ov
an object for his natural interest in the study of the vegetable kingdom
I think this gentleman is only a type of a great class, who would witk
pleasure devote all the leisure time that could be spared from their
necessary duties to their beloved science if they only knew in what way,
if they were shown a field of labour. To dothis is not so very difficult,
There are many botanical fields in the Bombay Presidency which have
not been cultivated as yet or only to a small extent, and I do not
hesitate to say, that the work, which is still to be done, is of greater
interest and of greater importance than which has been done upto now:
I mean the solutions of all those questions which are called now-a-days
collectively “‘ plant-geography ” in its widest sense. It ig notin the
least my intention to detract in any way from the merits of the work
accomplished by generations. I only want to say that the enumeration,
identification, and description of plants is not the final end of botanical
inquiry, but only a necessary step towards higher and more important
results.
Some years back I had the opportunity to speak to some well known
botanists at the South Kensington Museum. From their conversation
I could gather how much they regretted that with regard to plant-geo-
graphy scarcely any attempt had been made in India. A short perusal
of the botanical literature shows that the sketches of this kind are
very few.
Perhaps one of the oldest is that by M. G. da Silva, giving obser-
vations on the vegetation of Goa.4 Dr. Forbes Royle was the first
to attempt to show the characteristic features of the geographical
distribution of the plants of Northern India taking into consideration
elevation and climate and the flora of the adjoining countries. In the
same paper he made interesting remarks on the vegetation of some
Indian lakes.2 The preliminary essay to the first volume of the “‘ Flora
Indica” is well known. Cleghorn published an article ‘‘ On the sand-
binding plants of the Madras beach,’’? and D. Brandis wrote an accouni
on the distribution of the forests in India, for the ‘‘ Geographical Maga-
zine,” illustrated by a tinted map showing the amount of rainfall in the
1 Manoel Galvao da Silva; Observacées sobre a historia natural de Goa, (worked out in
1780, edited and published in 1862 by J. H. da Cunha Rivara).
2 Forbes Royle : *‘ General observations on the geographical distribution of the Flora of
India, and remarks on the vegetation of its lakes,” in “ Report of the 16th meeting of the
British Association, XV.,p.74.” (1846).
* In the London Journal of Botany, VIII. (1858).
3
572 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
different regions.! W. Gray was the first to give a detailed account
of the distribution of our indigenous natural orders throughout the
Presidency of Bombay with some general considerations on the flora as
a whole. In the ‘“ Forest Flora of British Burma” we find a short de-
scription of the distribution of forests in that Province. Kurz dis-
tinguishes “mixed” forests, ‘‘upper”’ and “‘lower mixed’’ forests.
There exist, besides, some plant-geographical papers by David Prain2
and ©. B. Clarke s and a very recent general paper on the Indian flora
by Jos. Hooker. * Also our Journal contains some valuable contribu-
tions. Th. Cooke wrote some notes on H. M. Birdwood’s “ Catalogue of
the Hill Flora of Matheran and Mahableshwar”’5 ; Woodrow described
the “‘ Plants of a Bombay Swamp”’®; and G. A. Gammie examined
‘The trees and shrubs of the Lonavla and Karla groves.”” The latest
and most interesting contribution received is from W. A. Talbot:
‘¢ The distribution of the forest flora of the Bombay Presidency and
Sind.”8 He distinguishes an evergreen forest flora of Malabar, which
shows a distinct Malayan affinity, a dry deciduous flora of the Deccan
with a predomination of African elements, and the flora of the Konkan
and the Western Ghats, which shows a mixture of dry deciduous
and evergreen forest.
How eagerly the naturalists in Europe are waiting for papers of
this kind, may be seen froma remark made by Engler, the greatest
living authority in botany, on an article which appeared.in the Journal
of the Botanical Survey of India (I, 1894): ‘‘ Considering,” he says,
“the scarcity of descriptions of the plant-formations in India, also notes
like G. Woodrow’s, ‘ on a journey from Haveri to Kumta,’ are of a
certain value.” °).
If anybody in the Presidency is able to respond to the wishes and
expectations of our Western colleagues, it is certainly the Bombay
Natural History Society. We have our members scattered all over
the country, many stationary for a longer or shorter time, others
A
1 « Qcean Highways, ” October 1873, p. 200.
2 Tn his “ Botanical Notes and Papers”, 1901.
In the Journal of the Linnzan Society of London, Vol. XXXV,
+ It is printed in the Gazetteer of the Indian Empire (descr, vol.)
5 Journal of the Bombay Natural Hist. Sec., Vol. X., p. 394-440,
6 Vol. XI. p.-88; XI.,p, 335.
7 Vol. XV, p. 279.
S In the “‘ Indian Forester, 1906, Vol. XX XII., Nos, 1, 2, 3.
» Engler: Die Entwicklung der Pflinzengeographie in den letzten hundert Fahren u
weitere Aufgaben derselben, Berlin 1899,
ACTA ET AGENDA. 573
leading a more nomadic life. A few of them are professional botanists,
the greatest part are not allowed by circumstances to make the science
they like so much their profession ; but all, without exception, are
capable of doing valuable work.
The following remarks are not intended to be a treatise on plant-
geography ; they are only short hints directed to those who are, on the
one hand, ready to contribute towards the completion of an important
scientific work, but, on the other, do not exactly know how to begin.
The Bombay Natural History Society wants to ascertain—
dy) the exact distribution of the single phanerogamic species in the
Presidency. Cooke in his notes on the habitat <f the plants adhered,
as he says himself, “ to the main divisions that Dalzeli and Gibson seem
to have worked to, viz., Konkan, Deccan, Gujarat, Southern Maharatta
Country and Sind, as being the most. convenient to follow.”’ Kanara,
on account of its possessing plants which solely occur within its area. has
been kept separate. All these geographical divisions, however, are vast
areas, and within these areas the conditions for the development of plant,
life is very often so varied, that we must not suppose that a certain
plant which was found in one place, is necessarily spread over the whole
area. Very often, besides, we do not even know to what main divisions
many plants are confined. A detailed account of their distribution is,
therefore, very desirable. For this purpose the Bombay Natural His-
tory Society requests of her members to send specimens from all parts
of the Presidency. Identified specimens are, of course, preferred ; but
if this should be impossible, a minute description of the flower added to
the specimen will be sufficient. We hope, thus, to complete at the same
time our herbarium, which as yet contains only the plants presented by
Woodrow. They represent about half of our phanerogamic flora, and
the absence of the rest is badly felt by those who want to use the collec-
tion for reference. Of the plants growing in Kathiawar, Cutch, and
especially in Sind, we have only a small number of specimens, though,
perhaps, the Sind flora is the most interesting feature in the vegetation
of the Presidency. Those who are willing to collect specimens, are
requested not to mount them, but to put them simply between two
sheets of paper ; newspapers serve the purpose very well. A note say-
ing whether the plant is common or not in a given place, is very useful.
(2) In order to give a valuable plant-geographical description of
our country we must know a good deal more of the cryptogamic
574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
flora than we do at present. The Ferns, we may say, are pretty
well known, but about their distribution we have still to learn very
much. The same may be applied to the Club mosses. For the
rest (Mosses, Liverworts, Algze, Fungi, Lichens) we know almost
nothing. K. R. Kirtikar, as far as I know, is the only one who has
contributed to our Journal some papers on this branch of botany.
A few notes on the collecting of cellular cryptogams might not be
superfluous.
In collecting Mosses less care is required than is bestowed on flower-
ing plants, It is not necessary that Mosses should be laid out and
pressed. It will suffice to preserve the specimens in small paper bags,
and to mark outside the locality and the date when gathered. There
should be added, whether the Moss was found on a tree, on a rock, or
on the soft ground. The same holds good for Lichens. As to the
collecting of Fungi and Alge I quote from the ‘Instructions for
> issued by the British Museum, as I am not able to give
Jollectors ’
more concise and clear directions.
‘Hard woody Fungi need no special preparation, beyond keeping
them in adry place. Most of these are found growing on trunks of
trees ; but when a terrestrial one is met with, it should be dug up with
care, since sometimes such forms spring from underground tuberous
bodies. It is not possible to make satisfactory specimens of soft
Fungi, such as Agarics and Phalloideze, in any but a dry climate.
Much the best plan in any damp climate is to preserve them in
fairly strong spirit or in formalin diluted with from five to ten
parts of water. A note of the colours should be made on the
ticket; and, if possible, in the case of an Agaric, the colour of
the spores should be observed. This is best done by cutting off the
pileus, and placing it for several hours, say overnight, on a sheet cf
paper ; and the spores cast during that period will be found to have
deposited a map of the gills on the paper. The colour may then be
noted ; and if possible the spore-cast should be preserved by painting a
thin film of gum on the reverse side of the paper, which should be thin.
The pileus should be placed where there is no draught while casting its
spores. In the case of Phalloidee, young and mature specimens should
be obtained when possible. Leaf Fungi are best preserved by pressing
and drying, and the name of the host-plant should be noted, or if
unknown then a specimen should be taken for identification, Mycetc-
ACTA ET AGENDA, 575
zoa should be dried, and carefully preserved from crushing by fixing
them in chip-boxes.”’
“In collecting sea-weeds, the best kind of receptacle is an ordinary
sponge-bag. A stout stick with a chisel end is most convenient, and a
cotton bag in a landing-net ring at the other end of it is useful in recov-
ering detached floating specimens. In preparing sea-weed for the
herbarium, great care must be taken in spreading each specimen with a
small camel’s hair brush on a paper mount inserted below it while
floating ina basin. The specimen should then be dried in the ordinary
way ; but a layer of muslin should be placed over the sheets of speci-
mens to prevent their adhering to the upper sheet of drying-paper. In
preserving minute Phyto-plankton, marine Diatoms, and the like, a fluid
preparation is best. Hither chromic acid 0°25 per cent. solution or
platinic chloride 0°5 per cent. solution is excellent as a fixing and pre-
serving fluid; but where minute calcareous organisms are involved,
formalin (5 per cent.) gives good results for them as well as for all the
other kinds, and is to be recommended for general use. Minute fresh-
water Algze are well preserved in carbolic acid (about 1 per cent.), or
in camphor water, or weak spirit where these are not to be obtained.
Such submerged plants as Myriophyllum, Utricularia, Nymphea,
Nuphar, and Nitella should be squeezed, and after the water has stood
for some time the upper part may be decanted and the sediment
preserved. Scrapingsfrom moist and dripping rocks yield good result.”
It is very desirable that of each species at least two specimens should
be sent to the Bombay Natural History Society’s museum, because we
want to keep one for our museum, whilst the rest will be sent to Europe
or to the Cryptogamic Botanist of the Botanical Survey of India for
identification.
The Bombay Natural History Society would, besides, like to get
answers to the following questions :—
(3) When do the plants begin to flower, when do they cease?
Though the flowering time is given of almost all the plants in Cooke’s
“Flora,” it will be very useful to have more data on this point, in
order to arrive at exact results with regard to the flowering season in
the tropics. The flowering season of the individuals of the same species
is, no doubt, different at different places of the Presidency, at different
elevations, in different soil, at different degrees of moisture and tem-
perature, and in different illumination, |
-576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
(4) When do the woody plants (shrubs and trees) begin to sprout
and when do the herbaceous plants make their first appearance ?
(5) When do deciduous woody plants begin to shed their leaves ?
During what period are they without leaves ?
(6) How long does the ripening of the fruits last, and how long
do they remain on the plant after the ripening ?
(7) Do all the branches of the woody plants bear flowers at the
same time? Is there any law in the seeming irregularity.
(8) Which plants grow only in one kind of soil? Which prefer
one kind to another one? And which are indifferent to any kind of
soil ?
(9) Which plants grow near the sea—
(a) on the sandy sea-shore ?
(6) on rocky ground ?
(c) insalt-water creeks and backwaters, which are subject
to the tides and action of salt water?
(ad) in salt swamps ?
(e) in the forests near the coast and on the banks of tidal
rivers, still affected by the salt water ?
(f) along the banks of creeks in alluvial soil, which is not
directly influenced by the salt water, being above high-
water mark ?
(10) Which plants form the dune forests ?
(11) Which plants grow on the banks of rivers, nalas, water-courses,
and which in river beds? Here it is essential to give the physical
characters of the bed, whether it is rocky, sandy, or muddy.
(12) Which are the plants of the evergreen forests?
(a) Immediately covering the soil there are seedlings mixed
with shrubs, undershrubs, and. herbaceous species.
(6) In the next zone there are small or medium-sized ever-
green trees 50-75 feet high.
(c) Then there follow great evergreen trees mixed sometimes
with deciduous trees, often 150 feet above the ground.
(ad) Climbing and epiphytic plants.+
(13) Which plants grow in the deciduous forests? ?
4 Of. W. A. Talbot, * The distribution of the Forest Flora of the Bombay Presidency and
Sind,” in the ‘‘ Indian Forester,” Vol, XXXII., No. 2, p. 56,
2 Of. W. A. Talbot, I. e. No. 3. p. 126, 181, 1338.
ACTA ET AGENDA, 547
(14) Which plants grow in moist deciduous forests?
(15) Which plants grow in dry deciduous forests ?
(16) Which plants are found on sandy soil, (sandy sea-shore
excluded) ?
(17) Which plants are found on rocks, walls, stony ground?
(18) Which plants grow in waste places, on rubbish, near houses,
villages, on garden paths, roads, ete.
(19) Which are the plants growing in swampy places which are not
affected by salt water ?
(20) Which plants grow in moist, damp places, e. g. on the margins
of the tanks ?
(21) Which plants grow in cultivated ground and gardens ?
(22) Which plants are found in lakes, tanks, wells, ditches and
flowing water ?
(23) Which plants surround the lakes?
(24) Which plants are found growing in the pasture grounds ?
(25) At what elevation do certain plants occur?
(26) Extremely welcome are botanical descriptions of smaller areas
giving e.g. the aspect of the vegetation of a valley, a ravine, a hill, a
swamp, a mangrove forest, etc., entering into the detailed description of
the respective flora, even if the area dealt with should not occupy more
than an acre.
(27) It is, besides, very useful to know the aspect of a bigger or
smaller area at different seasons of the year. Ina description of this
kind we must find named the plants which are flowering, those which
show foliage, and those which are devoid of flowers and leaves, etc.
These are the points which the Bombay Natural History Society
expects to be answered by her members. ‘The questions are short and
comparatively few ; but the complete answers will not be given in one
year and not in ten years; they will occupy a long time and demand
some labour of all those who intend to contribute materials towards
a useful and scientific discussion of the plant-geographical features of
the Bombay Presidency.
578
ON THE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED BY
MAJOR C. G. NURSE IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By P. CAMERON.
To make this paper more complete I have added, as an appendix, a
list of the Parasitic Hymenoptera described previously from the
Bombay Presidency. As will be seen, the catalogue is not an extensive
one.
BETHYLINZ.
Dissepyris pallidinervis, sp. nov,
Black, the scape, pedicle of antenne, mandibles, palpi, legs, tegule, the Ist
abdominal segment, the 2nd broadly laterally, at the base, more narrowly in
the middle and the apical segment more obscurely, red; fore wings slightly
but distinctly smoky, the hinder clear hyaline, the apices not ciliated; the
stigma, parastigma and nervures pale, the radius darker coloured at the apex.
Head opaque, more shining at and behind the ocelli, finely closely shagreened,
almost punctured and bearing small, shallow scattered punctures. Eyes large ;
the temples one-fourth of their length; malar space about as long as the
temples, shorter than the pedicle of antenne. There is no distinct keel between
the antenne ; ocelli in a triangle, the hinder separated from each other by a
distinctly less distance than they are from the eyes, Terminal tooth of
mandibles long, gradually narrowed, Occiput transverse, Pronotum not quite
so long as the head behind the antenne ; aciculated, sparsely punctured, the
punctures distinctly larger than those on the head ; the punctures on the head
are still larger, Metanotum irregularly, closely obliquely striated; it hears
5 keels in the middle; the central is stout, straight ; the inner 2 converge and
become weaker, more irregular towards the apex ; the outer are stronger and
curve roundly, broadly inwardly at the apex ; they are more widely separated
from the 2nd than that is from the central ; there is an indistinct longitudinal
furrow on the inner side of the outer bordering keel. Pro- and mesopleurz
finely, the metapleuree more strongly and regularly obliquely striated, The
pubescence on the legs is longish, white and moderately dense, The 2nd
discoidal cellule has the apical and lower nervures faint compared with the
upper basal, ‘The radius is not much longer than the stigma and parastigma
united ; the transverse median nervure is roundly curved ; its lower part being
opposite the apex of the transverse basal; it has not the upper and lower parts
straight, oblique and sharply angled where the lower abscissa leaves the upper,
as shown in Kieffer’s figure of D, rujipes (also from Bombay)—Ann. d. 1. Soc.
Scient, de Bruxelles, XXIX, pl.1,£12. The apices of tarsal joints are armed
with stiff longish spines ; the tibie not spinose, the hinder shorter than the
tarsi, the metatarsus below thickly covered with stiff hair; it is distinctly
shorter than the following 2 joints united, The sides of the metanotum at the
apex above bear a short blunt tubercle, before the terminal curve. Q.
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, ° 579
Length 6 mm,
Deesa.
Antennal scape as long as the following 2 joints united; thick; the 2nd
about 3 times longer than thick, as is also the last, Allied to D. rujipes, Kief.,
from Malabar.
CHALCIDIDA;
Chalcididine.
Celochalcis carinigena, sp. Nov.
Black, densely covered with long white pubescence, the apex of the 4 ante-
rior tibie and the greater part of the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings clear hyaline
the nervures black.
& Length 4 mm,
Deesa, January.
Head, pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum rugosely punctured. Cheeks
clearly longer than the eyes, keeled on the outer and inner sides ; the inner keel
indistinct on the top. Scutellum large, narrowed towards the apex ; the apical
teeth large, as long as wide, irregular, Metanotum with 3 arez ; the central of
almost equal width, extending from the base to the apex; the lateral are
wider, widened in the middle, the basal part rounded, the apical straight,
oblique. Propleure rugosely punctured; mesopleure with the basal half
smooth, finely, widely longitudinally striated ; metapleure rugosely punciured
with some round, separated punctures at the base, Basal segment of abdomen
strongly closely aciculated, bare, the others punctured, densely pilose. Legs
densely covered with short, white pubescence.
The apex of the scutellum is more distinctly bidentate than it is in C. cari-
nifrons, Cam, (also from Deesa), which has also the legs red for the greater part.
Euchaleis trichiocephala, sp. nov.
Black ; the legs, except the forecoxe, red ; the antennez red, the apical joint
black, the preceding 2 joints infuscated, the head, especially below, thickly
covered with longish silvery white pubescence ; wings hyaline, the nervures
black. 9,
Length 5 mm.
Deesa. January.
Front and vertex irregularly punctured. Malar space distinctly longer than
the eyes, which converge slightly above. Temples obsolete ; the eyes behind
projecting beyond the occiput, which is narrowed laterally. Mandibles reddish
in the middle. Pro- and mesonotum rugosely punctured. Scutellar teeth stout
narrowed towards the apex ; the space between wider than long, Metanotum
with a central area which is slightly narrowed towards the base, the apex
rounded ; in the centre are 2 indistinct transverse keels; at the sides, at the
base, are 3 arez, of which the central is much the larger ; the inner is 4-angled,
obliquely narrowed at the base, the 2nd is wider than long ; its apex is dilated
in the middle ; below, next to the central, is a large area, longer than wide
4
580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVILI,
and of equal width ; the sides of the segment have the upper half dilated, the
top projecting upwards into a blunt tooth, its lower edge also slightly
projecting, Propleurs covered with deep, round, clearly separated punctures ;
the base of mesopleure smooth, the base bordered by a row of round fover,
its apex by a crenulated furrow ; the rest of the pleure rugosely punctured-
reticulated, Abdomen smooth, shining ; the basal half bare, the apical thickly
covered with silvery pubescence. Sheaths of ovipositor distinctly projecting,
broad, Hind femora distinctly dilated near the top, the apex of the dilated
part with an oblique slope.
Antrocephalus varipilosis, sp, nov.
Black, covered with silvery pubescence ; the apex of the 4 anterior femora
and the 4 front tarsi dull red, the hind femora red ; the apical third of their
tibize of a duller red ; the tibize at the base behind suffused with red; wings
hyaline, slightly infuscated at the apex ; the nervures black. @.
Length 5 mm,
Deesa, October,
Head and thorax strongly, closely punctured Scutellar teeth short, broad,
inconspicuous, Post-scutellum about twice longer than wide, hollowed, with
broad margins. Areola on metanotum extending from the base to the apex,
slightly narrowed at the apex, the upper two-thirds hollowed, the lower
third rugosely punctured; the sides are distinctly margined ; above is a
small triangular area; the metapleure thickly covered with longish silvery
pubescence. Underside of femora with a white hair fringe; their basal half
black below. Flagellum of antennze opaque, covered with white down; the
scape shining, bare, narrowed at the apex. The silvery hair onthe sides of
the abdomen is mixed with golden. Tegule testaceous.
Oncochalcis nursei, sp. NOV.
Black, shining, with the following parts pallid yellow: the apex of the
4 anterior femora, more broadly below than above, an irregularly oval mark on
the apex of the hinder femora on the outerside, the 4 anterior tibie, the
posterior on the outer side, the 4 anterior tarsi and the tegule; the hinder
tarsi rufous ; wings hyaline, the nervures black; the temples, sides of
face, apex of scutellum and the metapleure densely covered with long, silvery
pubescence. Q
Length 5 mm.
Abu.
Flagellum opaque, covered with a white pubescence ; the antenne are inserted
shortly above the lower edge of the eyes. Front at the sides strongly, closely
punctured, the punctures running into each other; the vertex less strongly
punctured, The plate in the centre of the face, large, shining, broad below,
becoming gradually, roundly narrowed above, bordered by an obscurely crenu-
lated furrow ; the lower border with shallow, not very distinct punctures,
Basal half of mandibles closely punctured, the apical smooth and brown.
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. — 581
Clypeus broadly depressed, the apical margin raised, Propleurz shagreened, the
fore margin raised ; the smooth base of mesopleure with 4 fovex, of which
the 3rd is the larger and more irregular, the part below covered with round,
not very deep, punctures, the middle with a broad striated band, widest above,
the rest smooth, shining ; metapleure rugosely punctured, Pro-mesonotum
and scutellum strongly punctured; the pronotum more closely than the rest,
Metanotum coarsely reticulated ; on the basal half of the metapleure, on the
inner edge, is a curved oblique area, fully 4 times longer than wide and curved,
roundly inwardly on the innerside; the sides are broadly rounded, without
projections, Basal segment of abdomen shining, the sides weakly punctured ;
the others are strongly punctured, except at the base and apex. On the hind
femora are 7 large, clearly separated teeth (the basal more widely separated
than the others) and 3 smaller, closely pressed apical, Hind coxe smooth and
shining above, shagreened and pilose below, The areola is about twice longer
than wide, rounded and narrowed at the base, transverse at the apex.
This species may be known from marginata, Cam, and deesw, Cam, by the
pale, not bright lemon-yellow colour of the legs and tegule. The 3 may be
separated thus :-—
a. Middle of face without a smooth, shining, clearly defined
plate; temples very short, underside of hind femora
thickly covered with silvery pubeSCence.e..0cce---ccosescassae Aces, Cam,
6. Middle of face with a large, clearly defined smooth plate,
temples not very skort.
legs bright lemon-yellow, clypeus raised in the centre;
areola obliquely, sharply narrowed at the base...... marginata, Cam.
legs whitish yellow; clypeus broadly depressed ;
areola bluntly rounded at the base ..........c0-ssccees . nurset, Cam.
Chalcis megaspila, sp. nov.
Black, the tegule and the legs, except the cox, trochanters, the femoral
teeth and a large mark, longer than wide, on the middle of the outerside of the
hind femora ; the mark is slightly oblique, extends to the basal fourth and has
the base rounded: they have 12 minute black teeth, the basal less distinct and
widely separated ; wings hyaline, the nervures black. 9.
Length nearly 5 mm,
Abu.
Orbits, face and clypeus densely covered with longish white pubescence ;
closely rugosely punctured, the face more coarsely than the rest ; clypeus
smooth, except for a row of weak punctures in the middle ; the labrum smooth,
its sides raised, Mandibles closely rugose, smoother towards the apex, Tem-
ples distinct, moderately wide. Pro-raesonotum and scutellum closely rugosely
punctured, the scutellum more coarsely than the rest, the apex broadly biden-
tate, the lobes brownish, Metanotum deeply reticulated ; the reticulations in
rows; there is no areola; the sides broadly rounded ; roundly dilated below.
Basal segment smooth, shining, bare, the others closely, strongly punctured and
thickly covered with white hair, The 3 lower teeth on the femora are smaller,
582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
blunter and more widely separated than the others. Upper half of propleurz
shagreened, iregularly punctured ; the lower smooth, Base of mesopleur
smooth; the apex stoutly, closely striated, Metapleure strongly rugosely
punctured, The apex.of the hind coxe and the hind trochanters are rufescent,
This species agrees with C, ornatipes, Cam., from Kashmir in having the coxe
yellow, with a distinct black spot ; the spot in ornatipes is smaller and is in the
middle, not on the outer edge, and the pubescence has a golden tinge,
EVANIIDZ,
Gasteruption rotundicolle, sp. NOV.
Black, the basal half of mesonotum, the mesopleure except at the sutures
the mesosternum, the greater part of the metapleure and of the metanotum,
red ; the base of the 4 anterior tibiz and tarsi and a band near the base of the
hinder tibiz, much broader below than above, white ; the apex of the Ist and
the 2nd abdominal segments, dull rufous ; wings hyaline, the nervures black,
Prothorax long, longer than the mesothorax, cylindrical, not much widened
towards the apex, aciculated, @.
Length 12 mm,
Deesa. January.
Antenne black: the pedicle fully twice longer than wide; the 3rd joint
slightly shorter than the 4th, about as long as the scape. Eyes bare ; the ocelli
in a triangle ; the posterior placed behind the eyes, separated from them by
about the same distance as they are from each other, Temples long, two-thirds
of the length of the eyes ; obliquely narrowed ; the occiput transverse, Middle
of clypeus at theapex, with a semicircular depression ; the apex fringed with
golden hair, Basal half of mesonotum in the middle irregularly transversely
striated ; the apicalirregularly reticulated. Scutellum somewhat strongly, but
not closely punctured. Metanotum transversely reticulated, a smooth, shining
keel down its centre, Propleure closely rugosely punctured, more finely
below than above, the middle irregularly reticulated ; the meso closely rugose ;
below the middle coarsely aciculated ; the apex crenulated, the upper half with
a row of round fovez ; the metapleure irregularly reticulated at the base and
apex, the middle closely rugose, Hind coxe closely striated ; about 4 times
longer than thick, Basal abscissa of radius as long as the 2nd or nearly so.
The pubescence is dense and silvery.
This species comes near to G. orientale, Cam., which is also from Deesa ;
the 2 may be separated, as regards the males, thus :—
Eyes hairy, pedicle of antenne not much longer than wide, mesonotum
and scutellum entirely red; prothorax shorter than mesothorax,
UIGIE ou. se cuse| oaeeavesemersscasscne rece ROOREEO LOCH E Sac AeeO bots coca Aco cer.--coveee OFVENtALE.
Hyes bare; pedicle of eters more than twice longer than ride
mesonotum at apical half and scutellum black; prothorax as long as
mesothorax, slender ©0022 000 205022000 000000 100000 E0000 r—e+00 Peres cee vos ce 200008 UE UIESLa:
Gaster niption abuensé, 8p. nov.
Black ; the apices of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments aoeale ee
nous ; Atte base and outer side of the tibiz and the base of the tarsi broadly
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 583
white ; the mandibles, except the teeth, rufous; wings hyaline, the nervures
and stigma black; the head and thorax densely covered with silvery pube-
scence, calcaria minute, hardly as long as the width of the apex of tibia,
Collar as long as the temples, densely covered with longish white pile ; finely
rugose, a stout keel down its centre. Occiput transverse, margined ; it is not
quite so wide as the length of the temples; ocelli in a curve, the hinder
separated from each other by a distinctly greater distance than they are from
the eyes—by more than the length of the antennal scape. Basal 2 joints of -
antennal flagellum united, as long as the 3rd, which is longer (but not much)
than the 4th. Mesonotum opaque, covered with white pubescence; the
puncturation is distinct ; the punctures clearly separated ; the apex is flat in
the centre. Scutellum sparsely punctured laterally, the centre opaque, almost
impunctate ; the basal furrow is transverse, narrow, but distinct, Median
segment closely, rugosely punctured; towards the apex it bears round, separated
punctures. Pleurz alutaceous, densely covered with silvery pubescence.
Parapsidal furrows narrow, oblique. Pleure alutaceous, densely covered with
silvery pubescence. Q,
Length 11-12 mm. ; terebra 7 mm.
Abu.
The hind legs are unfortunately absent.
Evania deesaensis, sp, nov.
Black ; the antennal scape, the first joint of flagellum, the 2nd and base of 3rd
rufo-testaceous ; the fore legs testaceous, the middle femora and trochanters
almost fuscous; wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma testaceous, the
stigma darker coloured than the nervures, Face strongly obliquely striated, the
striz stout, clearly separated, converging towards the middle of the face below ;
the upper part of the face being quite smooth. Sternal process Y-shaped ; the
apical forks straight, oblique. @.
Length 4 mm.
Deesa, February.
Byes parallel ; the upper inner orbits bordered by 2 longitudinal striz, ot
which the outer is the more distinct. Ocelliina curve; the hinder separated
from each other by almost double the distance they are from the eyes, The
antennal pedicle and the following jot together are as long as the scape;
the 3rd is distinctly shorter than the 2nd and about the same length as the
Ath. Apex of pronotum transverse, with the sides rounded. Parapsidal furrows
deep, converging towards the apex; the space between them covered with round,
distinct, clearly separated punctures; the outer edge of the mesonotum
bordered by a narrow keel ; inside this is a stouter keel, which unites with the
parapsidal furrows, forming a triangular area. Scutellum rugosely punctured,
Median segment regularly, closely reticulated. Propleure filled up with 3 rows
of deep punctures. Upper half of mesopleurzee smooth, shining; the lower
covered with round, not very clearly separated punctures, Abdominal petiole
a little longer than the metanotum, stoutly, sharply, longitudinally striated,
584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Mandibles dark rufous, the teeth black at the apex. Palpi testaceous. Hind
cox sparsely punctured in the middle, Calcaria testaceous, the longer, hinder,
two-thirds of the length of the metatarsus. Radial cellule short, wide, the
apical abscissa of the radius nearly as long asthe basal 2 united. Transverse
median nervure interstitial, as is also the recurrent ; but the latter is angled
before uniting with the transverse cubital, The hinder trochanters are almost
half the length of the femora. Body and limbs (but especially the apex of
metanotum) covered with a white pile. Malar space nearly as long as the 2nd
joint of the flagellum—not half the length of the eyes. Temples wide, very
little narrowed.
BRACONIDE,
Braconine,
Iphiaulax spilocephalus, sp. nov.
Reddish testaceous, the antenne, head above the antennz, and hind tarsi,
except at base, black; the face, mandibles, except at apex and a line on the
upper inner orbits, interrupted, or at least narrowed in the middle, pale-yellowish
testaceous ; wings yellowish hyaline to the top of the transverse basal nervure,
fuscous beyond, hyaline in the 1st cubital cellule, extreme base of radial, small
cloud in front of the recurrent nervure and a narrower one bordering the 2nd
transverse cubital nervure. Abdomen ovate, as long as the thorax and
broader than it; there is no area on the base cf the 2nd abdominal segment,
which is, as is also the 3rd, closely, longitudinally striated; the 4th and 5th
closely, strongly punctured, the apical smooth ; the middle lobe of 1st closely
striated, the middle striz stronger, more clearly separate and pale golden in
tint ; the lateral furrows wide, the inner part obscurely striated. Suturiform
articulation wide, deep, crenulated, as is also the 2nd furrow ; the apical are
distinct, smooth. Head, thorax and base of abdomen densely covered with
longish pale pubescence, Stigma ochreous yellow, black at the base. 9 & @.
Deesa. April to October.
A variable species in size; a @ is 10 mm, long, with the ovipositor 4 mm, ;
another is 8; anda @ is only 7 mm. The species comes close to J, elizeus,
Cam., from which it may he readily separated thus :—
A broad continuous line on the upper inner orbits and the face ivory
white ; abdomen Icng, narrow; apex of hind tibiz and base of tarsi
DAC Mecectat <ses=ssaserccceclerceecreessiee Foseo soneeneEoONDEcUncsoerKD coono GIdaaMs, Crien..
A narrow short interrupted or narrowed line on the upper inner orbits ;
abdomen short, broad, ovate; apex of hind tarsi not black ...... spilocephalus, Cam.
Chelonine.
Chelonus indicus, sp. nov.
Black, the abdomen immaculate, the apex of the 4 anterior femora (the
middle narrowly), their tibis and tarsi, a broad band on the hind tibize commenc-
ing near the base and extending shortly beyond the middle, the basal three-
fourths of the hinder metatarsus and the spurs, whitish testaceous ; wings
hyaline, a broad fuscous cloud in the middle filling the radial and basal 2
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 585
cubital cellules ; the stigma and nervures fuscous ; the basal nervures paler
than the others, the stigma darker in front, Q.
Length 5 mm,
Ferozepore, March (Major C. G. Nurse),
Middle of mandibles rufous, Clypeus shining, closely distinctly punctured ;
its apical half depressed ; it is clearly separated from the face; the rest
of the head closely rugosely punctured, more or less striated ; the sides
of the vertex with distinct curved strie. Thorax closely rugose; the
middle of mesonotum irregularly longitudinally reticulated, striated, weakly
at the base, more strongly at the apex. Median segment longitudinally
reticulated ; deeply and strongly on the apical slope, which has, on the
sides above, a stout triangular tooth. Abdomen with the basal half strongly,
closely, irregularly, longitudinally striated, the strie becoming gradually
weaker ; the apex is alutaceous, covered densely with a close white pile.
Antenne over 30-jointed ; the apex is broken off. Palpi blackish, fuscous
towards the apex. The punctuation on the lower part of the mesopleure is
coarse and runs into reticulations.
Microgasterine,
Pseudapanteles leptothecus, sp. nov.
Black, densely covered with short white pubescence, shining, the apex of
anterior femora broadly, their tibie and tarsi, the basal third of the middle
tibiz, the middle tarsi and the basal third of the hind tibie, testaseous ; the
spurs paler; wings very clear hyaline, almost lacteous, the costa, stigma and
nervures almost white. Q
uength 4-5 mm.; terebra 2.mm.
Deesa. January.
Scutellum large, longer than wide, narrowed towards the apex, shining,
smooth, glabrous. Postscutellum longer than wide, bordered by 2 stout keels,
which hardly converge at the base. Metanotum smooth, shining, glabrous ;
the apical slope with an indistinct pyriform depression, First abdominal seg-
ment almost square, depressed in the middle at the base ; the other segmentsare
wider than long, transverse, smooth and shining ; the apical is covered with white
pubescence. Sheath of ovipositor broad, narrowed at the base. Pterostigma
large, widest in the middle, the basal slope rounded, the apical straight,
oblique. Pleural furrow wide, deep, covered with white pubescence which
gives it a striated appearance.
This species belongs to the genus Pseudapanteles, Ashm, which, however, is
not recognised as valid by Szépligeti, who sinks it in Apanteles, (Hal.) a!
Cf, Genera Ins. Braconide, p. 105.
Agathine.
Disophrys laticeps, sp. nov,
Luteous, the antenne, except the scape above, black, wings fuscous, the base
to the middle of the transverse basal nervure and a cloud, gradually narrowed
586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
posteriorly, between the base of the stigma and the apex of the areolet,
yellowish-hyaline ; the areolet square, of equal width ; the hind wing fuscous,
the basal third yellowish-hyaline ; stigma pale luteous, @.
Length 8 mm.
Abu, June,
Head as wide as the thorax; the temples roundly narrowed, the occiput
rouvdly incised; frontal laminz stout, Areola large, obliquely narrowed
towards the base and apex; the apical part the larger ; its knees not so stout ;
on either side of its base is a large, triangular area, its apex at the middle of the
areola ; from the apex a keel runs obliquely to unite with the keel bordering the
outer edge of the metanotum. Pro- and mesothorax punctured, the pleure
more closely than the upper surface ; the basal half of the mesonotum has 2
parallel furrows down the middle, Pleural furrow oblique, weakly crenulated,
straight. Basal segment of abdomen large, triangular, longer than it is wide at
the apex ; the large wide central part of equal width, separated by furrows,
This is a broader, stouter species than usual; the abdomen is also wider,
broader and more sessile at the base, it differing also in being clearly trilobate
there, There is no stump on the 2nd transverse cubital nervure, but it is
thickened in front. The lateral keels on the front are stout, high. The
hind coxe can hardly be called “short” as they are by Szepligeti (Gen. Ins,
Brac. 124), for Disophrys, being more than twice longer than wide and reaching
to the apex of the 1st abdominal segment, Hind claws simple.
ICHNEUMONID2.
Tryphonine,
Metopius pulchripes, sp, nov.
Black ; the head in front below the antennex, the upper inner orbits to the
anterior ocellus, the line obliquely narrowed above, mandibles, except the teeth,
palpi, a broad line on the apical half of the pronotum, the basal lateral edges
of the scutellum, a broad line on its apex, including the lateral teeth, post-
scutellum, tubercles, base of mesopleure to near the middle, a spot on the sides
of metanotum to near the top of apical slope, basal half of 1st abdominal
segment, basal third of 2nd, the 3rd from near the middle, the 4th from shortly
behind the middle, the base of the band trilobate, the lateral lobes larger than
the central; a band, half the size, on the apex of the 5th, its middle broadly,
squarely narrowed ; narrow bands on the apical two, similar bands on the
ventral segments; and the 4 front legs, bright lemon-yellow ; the hind cox
black, the trochanters and apex of femora narrowly yellow, the rest of the legs
bright red. Wings hyaline, the apex of the radial and the 3rd cubital cellule
smoky ; the stigma testaceous, the nervures black; the antennal scape yellow,
the flagellum brown, darker above, @.
Length 13 mm,
Abu. September,
Front and vertex closely finely punctured, striated above the antenne; the face
is more strongly punctured, especially in the centre; in front sparsely, behind the
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 587
eyes more thickly covered with longer white pubescence, Pro- and mesothorax
strongly, closely punctured, the mesonotum more strongly than the pleure ;
these are densely covered with white pubescence, Scutellum punctured like
the mesonotum ; its basal depression deep, with 3 stout keels, Post-scutellum
smooth, depressed in the middle at the base, Metanotum closely, rugosely
punctured ; its centre with 2 curved keels, converging at the apex, onthe top
of the apical slope; there is an indistinct kee] between them at the base.
Abdominal segmenis, except the apex of the Ist, strongly closely punctured.
This is a Metopins, s, str., the head being as wide as the thorax ; and the 2nd
joint of the maxillary Fal is greatly swollen.
M, rufus, Cam, (also from Abu), may be known by the rufous head and thorax.
Ophionine,
Campoplex nursei, sp. nov.
Black, a narrow short line on the lower side of the 2nd abdominal segment
at the apex, and the following, except irregularly above, rufous, the 4th and
6th with the top black mark larger thar on the others ; the forelegs, except for
a broad line on the base of the femora, the apex ofthe middle femora, their
tibize and tarsi and the hind tibiz except for a small black spot and a slightly
larger mark on their apex, pale whitish yellow, as are also all the calcaria ;
mandibles, except the teeth and the palpi pale yellow ; wings’ clear hyaline,
the nervures and stigma pale yellow ; the areolet large, the nervures almost
touching in the middle ; the recurrent nervure received in the middle. Q.
Length 12 mm.; terebra 1 mm,
Abu,
Sides of front, face, clypeus, mandibles, and outer orbits densely covered
with long silvery pubescence. Face and clypeus closely, rugosely punctured :
the front and vertex much more sparsely punctured. Thorax more strongly
punctured than the face; on the apex of the mesonotum the puncturation
runs into reticulation, and there is a striated space before the scutellum, which
is roundly convex and strongly, closely punctured, more or less striated, The
puncturation on the metanotum is close, more or less transversely striated ;
there is a weak curved transverse keel at the base, but no area; the base of the
metanotum is more finely punctured than the rest, Except at the base the
propleure are closely strongly striated; the mesopleure more strongly
punctured than the mesonotum, the punctures too are more clearly separated ;
behind the middle is a strongly striated band, the apex itself being smooth ; the
metapleure are more closely, finely punctured, smoother behind the spiracles.
Characteristic of this species are the yellow hind tibie.
Tarytia, gen, nov,
Wings without an areolet, the recurrent nervure received on the outerside
of the transverse cubital, almost interstitial. Parallel nervure broken shortly
above the middle ; transverse median nervure interstitial, apical nervures in
hind wings entirely absent, Clypeus not separated from the face, its apex
5
588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
broadly rounded. The mandibular teeth large, of equal size, diverging.
Metanotum irregularly areolated in the middle, the areola open at the apex ;
the spiracles small, oval. First abdominal segment clearly longer than the
second ; the post-petiole distinctly nodose. Ovipositor longish, Claws simple.
Hind spurs long, nearly as long as the 2nd tarsal joint, Antenne long, longer
than the abdomen, Malar space distinct, not furrowed. Hind coxe siout,
about two-and-a-half times longer than thick ; basal joint of hind tarsi nearly
as long as the following 3 united. Eyes large, parallel, not incised,
In tho arrangement of Szépligeti this genus would come near Agrypon, Foer.
(Gen, Ins., Ichn -Ophion., p. 6), The 2 may be separated thus :—
Spurs short; clypeus pointed, 2nd abduminal segment longer than the Ist... <Agrypon.
Spurs long, clypeus broadly rounded, 2nd abdominal segment shorter than
TO) JIS Roa5. Gh ococopdocopontbesocoocdedo: CAOseoocdannbddoacononosaccooodasconge6n6 teeverceeoie Tarytia.
Tarytia basimacula, sp. nov.
Rufo-testaceous, the head yellow, a triangular mark covering the ocelli, the
base of the 1st abdominal segment, and a broad stripe down the centre of the
basal half of the 2nd black ; the apical segments infuscated ; legs coloured like
the body but paler ; mesonotum with 2 broad yellowish lines; wings hyaline,
the nervures and stigma dark testaceous. Q.
Length 8 mm, ; terebra 2 mm,
Deesa. October.
Face and base of clypeus closely punctured, the apex of clypeus smooth,
Front and vertex closely punctured, more strongly than the face; above each
antenna is a longish deep fovea, the 2 distinctly separated by a broad keel,
Byes large; they have a greenish hue and do not converge above or below.
Ocelli large, glassy, pale coloured, placed in a triangle ; the hinder separated
from each other by a greater distance than they are from the eyes, Mesono-
tum closely punctured. Scutellum roundly convex. Metanotum rugosely punc-
tured ; the apical slope strongly transversely striated. Pleurz closely distinctly
punctured ; the base of the meso- and metapleurz with a large irregular orange-
yellow mark. Post petiole aciculated ; the 2nd dorsal segment closely, dis-
tinctly, longitudinally striated; the base of the Srd more weakly striated.
The transverse keels on the metanotum are indistinct.
Tarytia nigromaculata, sp. Nov.
Yellowish testaceous; the sides of mesonotum and the back of abdomen
rufous ; the head and the parts bordering the black line on the mesonotum
lemon-yellow ; the ocellar region, 2 broad lines on the middle of front, a large
mark, narrowed above, on the middle of occiput, a broad line on the basal two-
thirds of the mesonotum, the hollows at the wings, a broad mark, contracted
near the base, rounded at the apex, on the basal third of the metanotum in
the centre, the base of the 1st abdominal segment, more than the basal half of
the 2nd and the base of the 3rd, black. Four front legs pale yellow ; the hinder
rufous, the tibie and tarsi darker coloured than the femora, the cox and
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 589
trochanters pale yellow, a fuscous band near the base of hind tibix, a darker
band on the apex of tibiz ; the tarsi infuscated. Wings hyaline, the stigma
paliid testaceous, darker round the edges, the nervures paler ; antenne dark
brown ; the scape yellow, black above. @.
Length ¢ mm.
Deesa, October.
Face and clypeus finely and closely punctured ; the front and vertex some-
what more strongly punctured ; the former raised in the middle, this part
being rufous, Mcsonotum and scutellum closely, strongly punctured ; the
scutellum with a rounded slope from the base to the apex. The metanotum is
more strongly punctured ; the posterior median area, i.e., the apical two-
thirds is closely strongly striated, Pleurx, if anything, more strongly
punctured than the mesonotum, the punctuation becoming stronger towards
the apex. Abdomen smooth; the 2nd segment finely, closely, longitudinally
striated,
Tarytia flavo-orbitalis, sp. nov.
Rufo-testaceous ; the face, clypeus, orbits, mandibles, except at apex and
2 lines on mesonotum, pale lemon-yellow; the ocellar region slightly, the 1st
segment above, except aié the apex, the 2nd, base of 3rd and a slight spot 0,
the apical 2, black; antennz fuscous-black; the scape yellowish. Legs pal,
testaceous, almost white at the base. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigms
testaceous. Q.
Length 8 mm.; terebra 3 mm,
Deesa, October,
Face closely punctured, the clypeus only very sparsely punctured ; the front
and vertex more strongly punctured ; the bollows bordering the broad central
keel striated ; keel is broadened above. Mesonotum strongly, but not very
closely ; unctured ; the scutellum is almost smooth. On the metanotum is a
small petiolar area ; the areola is wide, bulges out roundly on the basal half ;
the posterior median area is not so wide and is slightly narrowed at the top
and bottom ; there is an indistinct keel on either side of the apex. Post-petiole
finely and closely, the 2nd segment more strongly and as closely striated,
Turytia cariniscutis, sp, nov,
Testaceous? (the specimen is discoloured ), a broad line on the basal
half of the 2nd abdominal segment above, the hasal half of the 3rd, the black
extended down the sides, and similar marks on the apical two, black ; antenne
fuscous, lighter coloured below, the scape yellow. Wings clear hyaline, the
stigma and nervures pale testaceous, @.
Length 8 mm.
Deesa. July.
The head unfortunately has got crushed; the face and clypeus are closely
punctured, Thorax closely, but not strongly punctured ; the propleurz smooth.
Seutellum closely punctured ; keeled laterally to near the middle ; the keel
590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11.
highest at the base, Petiolar area distinct, triangular, the keels broad, uniting
at the apex into one; areola wide, roundly narrowed at the base, slightly
narrowed towards the apex, it extends to shortly below the middle; the keels
then buige out slightly and run to the apex, this widened apical part being
shorter than the upper, which is weakly and sparsely striated, the lower,
strongly and closely transversely striated. The 2nd segment above is finely,
closely, the base of the 3rd more weakly striated. Genital valves broad, long,
largely projecting.
May be known from the other species by the scutellum being keeled beyond
the base and by the large, distinctly defined petiolar area,
This species also differs from the others in having distinct parapsidal furrows,
Zaporus ? argenteopilosus, sp. nov.
Black, densely covered with longish silvery pubescence, the antennal scape
except for a line above, mandibles, except at apex, palpi, the 2nd and 3rd
abdominal segments at the sides, the others entirely and the legs except the
coxe and trochanters, rufous; the 4 anterior legs of a paler colour ; tegule.
yellowish ; wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. @.
Length 9 mm. ; terebra 2 mm,
Deesa. June.
Head closely, somewhat strongly punctured, as is also the thorax; the
pubescence on the base of scutellum and on the sides of metathorax longer
and denser than elsewhere. Scutellum prominent, roundly convex ; the post-
scutellum densely covered with silvery pubescence. Abdomen smooth, shining,
the 2nd segment faintly aciculated. Base of hind femora and tibie and apex
of tibie black.
The metanotum is distinctly areolated ; the areola large, longer than wide,
closed at base and apex; the base transverse in the middle, with the sides
oblique ; the apex is roundly turned inwardly ; there are 2 large lateral aree,
the apical the larger; the apical slope is keeled round the edges; spiracles
oval, about twice longer than wide. Post-petiole distinctly dilated. Recurrent
nervure received distinctly beyond the transverse cubital which is longish ; the
transverse median nervure interstitial; the apical nervures in hind wings
obsolete, the transverse median nervure unbroken, Claws with at least 3 longish
spines. Clypeus not separated from face ; its apex rounded. Mandibles large,
the upper tooth longer and sharper than the lower. Labrum projecting, broad.
Radial cellule long ; narrowed at base and apex, widely, indistinctly angled at
the transverse cubital nervure. Abdomen dilately laterally on the apical half.
This may not be a Zaporus ; it comes nearest to that genusin the Foersterian-
Ashmeadian systems.
Nototrachus flavo-orbitalis, sp. Nov.
Head and thorax rufous, the face, except in the centre above, the orbits
broadly all round, a line on the sides of mesonotum, dilated roundly, inwardly
at the base, scutellum, except the basal slope and more narrowly at the apex, a
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 591
line on the lower part of propleurz, dilated at the apex, a small, triangular
mark below the tegulz, a larger one in the middle below, a still larger, triangu-
lar mark below the hind wings and the apical half of metanotum, the spot
narrowly dilated in the middle above, yellow ; the ocellar region and the front
broadly—the mark broadest above, a mark on the base of propleurx in the
middle, the scutellar depression and keels, the lower sides broadly, a spot cover-
ing the spiracles on metanotum and the abdomen, except the basal half of 1st
segment (which is dull red), black. Four front legs rufo-fulvous, the coxe
yellow ;the hind legs black, the coxe rufous, the femora largely rufous.
Wings hyaline, iridescent, not much longer than the head and thorax united; .
the stigma and nervures black. Antennse black, the scape rufous below. é.
Length 9 mm,
Deesa. February.
Face closely, the clypeus sparsely punctured ; the latter broadly black above,
narrowed below to a point which is bidentate ; the black central part of front
strongly, transversely striated and keeled down the middle, the sides punctured.
Vertex sparsely punctured laterally and between the ocelli, Mesonotum
reticulated, the base in the centre finely, minutely punctured, the sides trans-
versely striated; the outer edges with large, clearly separated punctures.
Scutellum coarsely punctured ; the lateral keels black, distinct. Base of
metanotum bordered by a transverse keel, smooth, with 2 keels in the middle ;
the rest reticulated and thickly covered with longish white pubescence,
Proplure smooth at the base, the apex above punctured, the rest stoutly,
longitudinally striated, Mesopleurz rugosely punctured ; more or less reticu-
lated, the top stoutly striated at the base, smooth at the apex ; the apex with
stout strie. Metapleure reticulated. Abdomen at least 3 times longer than
the thorax, very smooth and shining,
Pimpline.
Xanthopimpla maculifrons, sp. nov.
Luteous, the abdomen largely marked with rufous; the mesonotum with
3 rufous stripes, an elongated triangular spot covering the ocelli, an irregular
spot, broader than long, on the sides of metanotum at the base, 2 spots on
the 1st to 5th abdominal segments and 2 larger, more oval, spots on the 7th,
black ; wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black, the latter testaceous at
the base; areolet small, triangular, almost appendiculated, the recurrent
nervure received shortly beyond the middle, @.
Length 11 ; terebra 2 mm.
Deesa. June.
Areola large, 6-angled, the lateral angles at the middle ; the apex transverse :
it is longer than it is wide at the apex; tooth-bearing area large, 4-angled
slightly narrowed cn the innerside, Face strongly, but not very closely
punctured ; a longish depression, widest below, in its centre. Clypeal fovese
large, deep. Thorax smooth; the parapsidal furrows narrow, extending to
the middle, First abdominal segment about one-fourth longer than it is
592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
wide at the apex; the keels reach to the middle; the 2nd to 5th segments
strongly punctured ; the 3rd to 5th closely and regularly ; the 2nd with the
punctures larger and sparser and with a smooth space down the middle.
Antenne blackish above, brownish below on the flagellum, yellow on the scape
Apical third of hind tibie with short rufous spines, the lower part with more
than the upper, Ovipositor as long as the basal 3 joints of the hind tarsi united.
Xanthopimpla nursei, sp. nov.
Luteous, tinged with rufous, the head pale lemon-yellow, with a black mark
covering the ocelli and extending below close to the antenne, the mark he-
coming narrowed below ; 2 large oval marks on the centre of mesonotum on
the lateral lobes, a spot on the depression behind the tegule, 2 oblique, ovate
marks on the base of mesonotum, an irregular stripe across the middle of 1st
abdominal segment, its centre narrowed and irregular, transverse marks on the
2nd to 5th, those on the 4th and 5th broader and more regular; and 2 large
irregularly ovate marks on the 7th, black, Antenne brownish black above.
Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures black, Ovipositor as long as the basal,
4 joints of the hind tarsi united, Q.
Length 12 mm,, terebra 2 mm,
Parapsidal furrows deep ; indicated on the basal slope only. Areola large,
6-angled, narrowed at the base, as long as it is wide in the middle, before it
begins to narrow ; the lateral areze not much narrowed on the innerside. Except
at the base of the mesonotum in the middle, where it is weakly punctured,
the whole of the thorax is smooth and shining; the mescnotum is thickly
covered with whitish pubescence. Face closely, strongly punctured, the sides
more weakly than the centre ; the clypeus is not separated from it, Labrum
long, gradually narrowed to a point. First abdominal segment impunctate ;
the 2nd atthe base and middle smooth, the rest strongly punctured, the
punctures clearly separated ; the 2nd to 5th are closely, strongly punctured,
except at the raised apices ; the transverse furrow on the apex of the 2nd is
wider and with the punctures larger and deeper. Basal slope of 1st segment
strongly keeled on either side. Areolet small, triangular, almost appendiculated,
The middle of the face above and on the sides is bordered by shallow furrows ;
the face is as long as broad, Scutellar keels distinct from the base to the apex ;
higher at the base than at the apex. The 1st abdominal segment is one-half
longer than it is wide at the apex. Apex of tibiz with 2 rows of short spines.
The orange colour may be owing to discolouration,
CRYPTINE,
Cratocryptus rufipes, Sp. NOV,
Black ; the eye orbits on the innerside and below, the line on the lower part
dilated above, a squarish mark in the centre of the face, clypeus, basal half
of mandibles, the dilated basal part of pronotum, a line on the propleure, at
the base below, tegule, scutellum, the sides of metanotum at the apex broadly,
the mark extending narrowly on to the pleure a large, irregularly oval mark
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 593
on the base of the mesopleure in the centre, a triangular mark under the
hind wings, and the apices of the basal 2 abdominal segments broadly and
of the others more narrowly, pale yellow. legs red, the 4 anterior coxe
and trochanters distinctly, their tibie and tarsi less distinctly tinged with
yellow; the hind knees, apex of hind tibiz and the tarsi, black, Wings
hyaline, the stigma and nervures black, the areolet small, almost square, Q,
Length 7; terebra nearly 2 mm,
Deesa. October.
Antenne longer than the body, thickened towards the apex ; joints 9-13 for
the greater part white, Middle of front below the ocelli coarsely irregularly
reticulated-striated ; the part immediately below the ocelli stoutly, obliquely
striated ; there is a smooth line in the middle of the punctured part, which is
narrowed roundly below and does not reach to the antenne, Face and clypeus
strongly, closely punctured and covered with white pubescence. Pro- and
mesothorax strongly closely punctured, more or less reticulated ; the middle of
scutellum, except at the base and the apex, broadly impunctate. Base of meta-
notum strongly punctured, the punctures clearly separated, the sides between
the keels stoutly obliquely striated, more or less reticulated, the central part
smooth atthe base, the rest with large, separated punctures, the apical slope
closely, distinctly reticulated ; areola deep, shining, wider thanlong. Pleurz
and sternum opaque, closely, regularly, distinctly, but not coarsely punctured.
Basal 2 segments of abdomen closely, somewhat strongly punctured, the 3rd more
finely punctured, the others smooth, The metanotal teeth are not prominent.
The genus Cratocryptus, Cam, was described in the Journ. St, Branch Roy.
As. Soc, 1905, p, 142, on a species from Borneo, It may be separated from
that here described thus :—
Mesopleure immaculate, middle of face black, metanotal spines
distinct, hind tarsi white ..........2:sesssssee --- seesaeees cee ccse.c. oe Maculiceps Cam,
Mesopleure with a large yellow mark; middle of face yellow,
metanotal spines indistinct, hind tarsi blackees..... ccrcesss-000...00 TUfipess D. SP. .
Melcha nurse, sp. nov.
Ferruginous, a line on the inner orbits, the base of pronotum, post-petiole,
the 4th and following segments of the abdomen above, white ; the antennal
scape red, the flagellum black, with joints 9-11 white ; legs coloured like the
thorax ; the 4 anterior tibiz white behind ; the posterior knees, tibia and tarsi
black; the basal fourth of the tibie white ; wings hyaline, the stigma and
nervures black, the former with a white spot at the base. Q.
Length 8-10 mm. ; terebra 2 mm.
Deesa. February to December.
Face and clypeus closely, somewhat strongly punctured ; the front irregular-
ly obliquely striated above, the striz running into reticulations; there is a
stout keel down the middle; ocellar region rugosely punctured ; the orbits are
sparsely punctured. Mandibular teeth black. Palpi pale testaceons. Meso-
notum closely, strongly punctured ; faintly striated along the furrows ; the
594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII
scutellum faintly striated. Base of metanotum finely irregularly striated behind
the keel; the rest of the metanotum closely, strongly reticulated. Pro- and
mesopleure closely, rugosely punctured ; there is an oblique keel above the
middle of the former. Metapleurz closely rugosely punctured at the base ;
the apex stoutly obliquely striated, the strie intertwining. Base of post-petiole
strongly, but not closely punctured ; it has an oblique furrow on either side ;
the apex is much more sparsely punctured, smooth in the middle ; the 2nd, 3rd
and 4th segments are closely, strongly punctured.
A variable species as regards size; the hinder femora may be infuscated
towards the apex.
Friona octobalteata, sp. nov.
Black ; the face, clypeus, basal half of mandibles, orbits, except the upper half
of the outer, palpi, base of prothorax, scutellar keels, scutellums, the pleurz
below the hind wings broadly, the apical slope of metanotum with an A-shaped
mark of the same length projecting backwards from its centre behind, tegule,
tubercles, the base of the 1st abdominal segment to near the middle and the
apices of all the segments broadly, pale yellow. Legs yellow, tinged with fulvous;
the 4 anterior tarsi darker ; the hind coxe, trochanters and femora rufous, their
tibiee dark fuscous, broadly testaceous at the base, hind tarsi black, the apex of
the 1st, the 2nd, 3rd and base of 4th joints black, white. Wings clear hyaline,
the nervures and stigma black, the latter with a white spot at the base. @.
Length 11 mm,
Deesa. October (Major Nurse).
A stout keel runs down from the ocelli, the part bordering the ocelli stoutly,
obliquely striated. Raised central part of face closely, rugosely punctured, Pro-
and mesothorax smooth and shining, Metanotum, except at the base behind
the keel, irregularly, transversely, rugosely striated. There is a striated band
in the centre of the propleure; the meso- , as usual, closely, longitudinally
striated ; the meta- closely rugose, except at the base above, Areolet longer
than wide along the radius; the recurrent nervure is received at the base of
the apical third ; the transverse median received behind the transverse basal,
Ichneumonine.
Fileanta rufipes, sp. nov.
Black ; a broad line, narrowed above and below, on the upper inner orbits, a
line on the apical half of the pronotum, scutellum, a narrow line on the apex
of poste-scutellum, a line, dilated laterally, on the apex of the 1st abdominal
segment, a somewhat broader one on the 2nd and 3rd and the whole of the
apical 2, yellow ; the legs red, the apex of the hind tibiz and the hind tarsi,
black, the 4 front tarsi infuscated ; wings hyaline, very slightly tinged with
fulvous on the basal half ; the stigma and nervures black, antenne black, the
10th to 16th joints white ; the other joints infuscated below. 9.
Length 11-12 mm,
Deesa, June,
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 595
Face and upper part of clypeus strongly punctured, the punctures clearly
separated ; the depressed apex of the clypeus with a row of large deep punc-
tures, the smooth sides at the apex with some smaller punctures, Front and
vertex punctured closely, but not so coarsely as the face. Sides of clypeus at
the apex laterally, and the mandibles, except at the apex, rufous; the clypeal
fovee large and deep. Palpi pale testaceous. Pro- and mesothorax closely
punctured, the scutellum is not so closely punctures, Median segment strongly,
irregularly punctured ; the areola with the top slightly, roundly curved
downwards ; the apex much more deeply curved upwards; the sides slightly
bulging outwardly ; the inside stoutly, irregularly, longitudinally striated, the
strie intertwining ; posterior median area strongly, transversely striated, the
striz running into each other; the lateral aree stoutly, irregularly reticulated.
Apex of ist and the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments closely punctured ; the
base of post-scutellum with scattered punctures; there is a curved closely
finely punctured furrow on the base of the gastraccli. The stump on the
disco-cubital nervure is minute, on the recurrent nervure it is longer ; the
traNsverse median nervure is interstitial,
The sides of the apex of metanotum above are slightly marked with rufous,
the basal part of the 1st abdominal segment is largely rufous,
Eutanyacra alboannulata, sp. nov.
Black, the face, clypeus, basal half of mandibles, palpi,a line on the lower
third of the inner orbits, a line on pronotum, not reaching to the base, widest at
the apex, tegule, scutellums, a broad line on the apex of the 5th abdominal
segment, a broader one on the 6th, almost the whole of the 7th and the tubercles,
whitish-yellow ; the apex of the 1st abdominal segment—the line broadest in
the middle—and the whole of the 2nd and 3rd red ; the legs red ; the 4 anterior
largely marked with yellow, their coxe and trochanters yellow ; the hind cox
marked with yellow on the outer, with black on the inner side ; the apex of the
hind tibiz broadly—more than the fourth—and their tarsi, except at the base,
black. Antenne black above, the scape yellowish below, the base of flagellum
reddish brown below ; the middle with a broad yellowish white band. @.
Length 11 mm.
Abu,
Face and clypeus closely strongly punctured, thickly covered (as is also the
base of mandibles) with white pubescence ; the front and vertex are more
closely punctured ; they are not so densely pilose. Pro- and mesothorax closely
regularly punctured, shortly pilose, Scutellum roundly raised, more sparsely
punctured than the mesonotum. Base of metanotum smooth and shining in
the middle at the base, this part roundly narrowed towards the apex; the
areola open at the base, transverse at the apex, slightly roundly narrowed towards
the base, about as long as wide ; it has a few irregular strie; the lateral arez
are confluent ; the rest of the segment is closely, rugosely punctured ; the
spiracles are large, wide, oval, about 3 times longer than wide ; the keels rufous,
Recurrent nervure received near the base of the apical fourth of the areolet,
8
596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Post-petiole closely, sharply, longitudinally striated ; the 2nd and 3rd segments
closely punctured; gastracceli shallow, smooth and transverse at the apex.
Aedigus large, black, closely punctured and densely covered with black pubes-
cence, longest on the apex below; looked at from the sides the upper (and
larger) part is straight and oblique, the lower rounded ; the 7th ventral segment _
is broad at the base, the narrowed apical (and large) part becomes gradually
narrowed to a bluntly rounded point.
The following is a list of the described species from the Bombay
Presidency :—
Bethyline.
Mesitus indicus, Kieffer, Bull.d.1l. Soc. d. Hist. Nat. d. Meiz, XII, 89.
Bombay (Biro). i
Epyris montanus, Kief.,1.¢., 89, Matheran, 800 m, (Biro).
3) indicus, 33 39 90 te) +” 3)
er conjunctus, ,, ,, 90 Bombay, Malabar.
ye GE » » Ann. d, Mus, di Stor, Nat. di Genova, XLI, 408.
Epyris conjunctus, Kiet.
This species has been taken at Deesa by Major Nurse.
Propristocera percurrens, Kief,, Bull. d.1. Soc, d. Hist, Nat. d, Metz, III, 97,
Matheran, 800 m,
Propristocera levicollis, Kief.,1.c.,98. Matheran, 800 m.
Diapriide,
Trichopria indica, Kief., 1.c., 103, Matheran. 800 m.
CHALCIDID&,
Leucospisina.
Leucospis petiola, Fab.
This species is, there can be no doubt, identical with atra, Fab. and
guzeratensis, West. Cf, Schletterer, Berl, Ent, Zeit, XXXV, 224. It varies
greatly in size and colouration. It may be entirely black, or with only a short
line on the pronotum ; or it may be largely marked with yellow. In one
example are the following yellow markings:—the underside of the scape, a
broad transverse line, narrowed at the sides on the base of pronotum, 2 lines,
widened in the middle, on its apex, a line on the sides of mesonotum at
the tegule, the apical half of scutellum, the mark deeply, irregularly incised
in the middle at the base, an ovalish spot on the lower side of the propleure,
i broad oblique line below the hind wings, a longish conical mark on the base
of the hind cox, 2 conical spots, almost united at the base, near the base of
the 1st abdominal segment, a narrow line at the base of the 2nd segment, a
conspicuous line on the base of the 3rd, transverse and obliquely sloped at
the apex, the base dilated at the middle ; the apex of the 4 anterior femora,
the tibie and base of tarsi behind, a large conical mark on the base of the
hind cox above, a line on the base of the femora, broadly irregularly dilated
to the apex below and the upperside of the hind tibie, The base of the
ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA, 597
abdomen may be entirely black, or it may be largely ferruginous as in petiolata,
The coxe may be black, or almost entirely fer:uginous,
Deesa, July and August,
L, petiolata has been taken by Mr, G. A, J. Rothney at Barrackpore, where
he has also taken LZ. semérufa, W1k.
Chaleidine.
Chalcis responsator, Walker, Trans, Ent, Soc., 1862, 355,
Deesa. March to August, Probably a common Indian species,
Chalcis eccentrica, Cameron, Manchr, Mem, xli, 1897, 39.
Bombay.
Oncochalcis deesensis, Cam,, Zeit, f. Hymen, 1. Dipt., 1905, 285.
Deesa.
Oxycorypus pilosellus, Cam., The Entomologist, 1904, 110.
Deesa.
Antrocephalus fascicornis, Walker, Notes on Chalcide, 43,
Bombay.
A, tarsalis, Walk., l.c., 44.
Bombay.
A, divisicornis, Walk., 44.
Bombay.
A. ornatipennis, Cam., Journ,, Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc., 1900, 439.
Deesa.
Torymine.
Ecdamua indica, Walker, Notes on Chalcidiz, 55.
Bombay.
EvaANIIDA,
Gasteruption orientale, Cam., Manchr, Memoirs, 1888, 19,
Deesa, January to August.
BRACONIDA.
Tphiaulax elizeus, Cam,, The Ent., 1905, 107.
Deesa. October to February.
Bracon deesensis, Cam., Journ., Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc, 1900, 433.
Vipio smenus, Cam., The Ent., 1905, 107.
Deesa. March to August.
Lisitheria nigricornis, Cam., The Ent., 1904, 306.
Deesa.
ICHNEUMONIDA,
Metopius rufus, Cam., Zeit. f Hym. ii, Dipt., 1905, 281,
Abu,
Exochus appendiculatus, Cam., Journ,, Bomb, Nat. Hist, Soc., 1900, 430,
Deesa,
Lissonota xanthoria, Cam., |.c., 426.
Deesa.
Stictocryptus testaceus, Cam., Zeit. f£. Hym. in Dipt., 906.
Deesa, September.
598
A FEW WORDS IN REPLY TO MR. E. W. OATES’ PAPER
ON THE SPECIES OF BHAN-GEESH.
(Printed for Monsieur S, Alpheraky at St. Petersburg, 8th July 1906.)
Mr, Eugene W. Oates has, in the journal of the “ Bombay Natural History
Society ’’ (April 23, 1906), published a paper on the species of Bean-Geese with
a plate of drawings of their bills and a postscript, containing a very severe
criticism of my book “ The Geese of Europe and Asia”.
The Author says that I have by this work “ rendered the study of these birds
more difficult in future”. How far Mr, Oates is right in this his opinion I shall
try to shew in the following lines.
I shall speak of the species in the order Mr, Oates has placed them.
i, ANSER ARVENSIS, Brehm, (Bill. fig, 1).
To begin with, Mr. Oates seems astonished at the great size of the bill as
represented by Mr. Frohawk on the plate which accompanies his paper. Had
Mr, Oates read what I have said about this Goose in my book, he would have
seen that considerably larger bills in this species are by no means of rare
occurrence,
Mr, Oates acknowledges that this Goose is the Bean-Goose proper of Great
Britain, and I am glad, that in this case at least he agrees with what I have
said on the subject in my work, and what I knew to be the case some four or
five years ago,
I well remember that I had then written to Mr, F. W, Frohawk asking him
to have the kindness to settle, by a careful comparison of British-killed speci-
mens of Bean-Geese, the conclusion I had arrived at theoretically ; that is, that
at could not be the Melanonyx segetum, but the much bigger Melanonyx arvensis,
that was the common Bean-Goose of the British Isles.
At the same time I had sent Mr, Frohawk the details I had worked out to
surely discriminate between the two species. This Mr. Frohawk most oblig-
ingly did, and proved practically that my theoretical conclusions were correct,
That things stood so, can easily be seen from two papers (with illustrations
of the bills) by Mr, Frohawk ; one in the “‘ Field”, the other in the “ Zoologist "’.
I do not think that Mr. Oates could have arrived at the same conclusion by
himself, since he clearly says that he has never even seen the skin of a segetum,
Now to decide such a question, not knowing thoroughly both these Geese, and
this in numbers too, is, to my belief, an absolute impossibility.
The Author further says: ‘‘ Mr. Alpheraky would have us call the species
the “ Yellow-billed Bean-Goose”, but I do not think that many persons will
care to follow him in this,” This, at all events, is an unmerited reproach, as
never even had the intention of inventing a new English name for this Goose,
but simply adopted the one proposed for this species by Mr. Frohawk in one
of his above-mentioned writings. I find, however, that the name “ Yellow-
billed Bean-Goose’”’ is by far a better one than, for example, the one Mr, Oates
has found out for the next species, calling it the “European Bean-Goose,”
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE, 599
since, besides Melanonyx segetwm, there are several other RBean-Geese in Kurope,
and to call one of them ‘‘ Huropean”’ seems not to have been a “ happy thought”
after all.
2. ANSER SEGETUM, Gmel. (Bill. fig. 2).
Mr. Oates, never having seen a skin of this species, knows it only from
Naumann’s and Mr. Frohawk’s descriptions, I regret that he has not paid more
attention to what I have said about it in my book, for, surely, he would have
found there some details that he could not have found in either of the above-
named authors’ writings.
3, ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS, Baillon (Bill. fig. 3).
This common Goose in England seems to have been but very superficially
examined by Mr. Oates, for, as we shall see it latter on, speaking of the so-
called Melanonyx oatest, the Author has apparently quite overlooked the most
important of its specific characters,
On the other hand Mr. Oates does well in following my example, i.¢
expelling this species from the list of Indian Birds,
4, ANSER NEGLECTUS, Sushkin (Bill. fig. 4).
Mr, Oates thinks that this Goose may frequent some parts of India in
winter,—once more an opinion that bas been previously expressed in my book,
But it is true that his reasons for thinking so are widely different from mine,
as I did not, nor could know, that this Goose had been obtained by the late
H. Seebohm on the Yenissei river; a fact of great interest by itself. My
conclusion about this Goose probably occurring in India during the winter
months was based on the fact of its having been found wintering in Persia by
Mr, N. Zarudny.
5, ANSER MIDDENDORFFI, Severtz, (Bill, fig. 5).
That this Goose has been met with in India is a very interesting fact, though
one that was easy to foresee. The extremely small weight of the specimen
mentioned by Mr, Oates, and its very small bill tend to show that it was a very
young bird,
That Severtzoff’s name “ middendorfi” is to be kept for this Goose, instead
of “ sibiricus”’ as proposed by me, has been proved by Count Salvadori in the
“ This ” of 1905, and I at once accepted this correction (“ Ibis,” 1906, April),
although, I here once more repeat, Severtzoff made the description of maidden-
dorffi after typical arvenses, and he also has made a compleie set of blunders
respecting its geographical distribution,
6. ANSER MENTALIS, Oates (Bill, fig. 6),
Mr, Oates expresses his doubts as to the Mandshurian specimen, quoted in
my book, belonging to his mentalis. But it is as true a mentalis as is the typical
Specimen at the British Museum. That Stejneger’s bird, obtained on Bering
Island, is likewise a true mentalis, has been pointed out to Mr. Frohawk by me
about four years ago, and (if I remember right, as I think I do *), Mr, Frohawk
* Iam writing these lines in the country, where I have neither my book on Geese with
me, nor my correspondence with Mr. Frohawk concerning the different Goose-questious.
my. ith
600 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11,
then took my letter to Mr, Oates at the British Museum, where both these
gentlemen compared the type of mentalis with Stejneger’s drawing of the bill
of the Bering Island bird, and decided that I was right in this identification.
Still, although I am sure that the bill figured by Mr, Stejneger represents
mentalis, I cannot recognise,as Mz. Oates evidently does, in Mr, Stejneger’s
description of the two other specimens from the same locality the mentalis,and
I think that, most probaoly, both of them belonged to middendorfji,
Mr, Oates further says, that J have not devoted a single line to his original
description of mentalis, and s. 0, But J really think that I have said in my
book everything that is to be found in Mr, Oates’ original description.
That the white chin is of absolutely no value as a specific character in the
Bean-Geese, as also now thinks the Author, I have clearly shewn in several
places of my book.
T also believe having said that, personally, I do not think mentalis is anything
but a huge-billed geographical race of segetwm (or serrirostris, which is only
the Eastern form of segetum), but that the question is not to be settled before
a Sufficient number of specimens of this Goose can be carefully studied, I
also have given in my book all the pros and cons of the question, and if ever
it is proved that mentalis is really a separate species, I shall be the first to
con‘ess my error and to acknowledge the fact.
7, ANSER SERRIROSTRIS, Swinhoe (Bill, fig, 7),
Contrarily to Mr. Oates’ statement, this Goose is not only known from
Swinhoe’s description, but from the writings of several authors, It is true
that Taczanowski, Przevalsky, Schrenck, Maak, etc., have spoken of it under
the name of A. segetum, but all these segetum from Eastern Siberia and China
are most decidedly serrirostris, as is confirmed by the specimens in the
Zoological Museum of St. Petersburg and other skins from the extreme Hast
of Asia I have had the opportunity of studying.
In all these specimens the light parts of the bill have been noted (by the
collectors) as yellow or orange-colour, not in a single instance as pink or flesh-
colour,
Still, if Mr, Oates had really paid a little more attention to the book he
so severely condemns, he would have seen that I have mentioned three
specimens of serrirostris from the Anadyr river, in which the bills had the
light parts flesh-colour in life (but they are yellow now in the dry skins*),
I do not wish to say anything more about this Goose, as it shall soon be
done by Mr, Buturlin, who has had the opportunity, last summer, of
studying and collecting this Goose in its breeding grounds, and this too in
considerable numbers. It is better to wait for what Mr. Buturlin has to tell
us about the bird from personal observation than to continue to discuss the
question over only a few dry skins at our disposal.
* Mr, Oates’ plate represents the colour of tke serrirostris bill of the same tint as are
those of brachyrhynchus and neglectus, but we know that it could not have been copied from
a freshly-killed specimen.
THE SPECIES OF BEAN-GEESE, 601
8, ANSER OATESI, Rickett (Bill. fig. 8).
When I first saw Mr, Rickett’s description of this so-called distinct species,
I at once understood that something was wrong about it, “ Similar in size
and plumage to A, brachyrhynchus, but with a much larger bill and white
chin” is a very vague way of describing a Goose of this difficult group, And
so it proved to be the case,
At the time I was preparing my book I could not guess that another entire
skin of the bird had reached the British Museum, as Mr, Oates tells us the
fact only now, and that is why I placed the name as synonym to Melunonysx
neglectus with two ‘*??’’, Well, now that we know from Mr, Oates’ paper
and from the drawing of the bill on his plate what this Goose surely is, we
shall simply change its position, transferring it to the synonyma of J/el.
segetum, leaving ont the two now unnecessary “ ??”", The only thing that
could have saved Melanonyzx oatesi, would have been the fact of its really
having the plumage “ simélar to that of brachyrhynchus” which would neces-
sitate ashy-grey upper wing-coverts, a8 this last species has them, and which are
its most important specific feature. Now Mr, Oates, who has examined this
entire skin of the supposed new species of Goose, does not say a word about
the colour of its upper wing-coverts, which would have at once settled the
question of the validity or not of Mel, oatesi.
The bill on Mr, Oates’ plate represents a typical, though somewhat heavy-
billed specimen of Mel, segetum which, ut the same time is not, as Mr. Oates
supposes, about the same size as arvensis, but a much smaller bird.
I have seen both species freshly killed, lying side by side, and could aiways
surely distinguish them by the difference in size at a distance, not even
having to look at the differently-formed bills, But what Mr. Oates seems to
have completely overlooked, is that brachyrhynchus had so very pale ashy-grey
wing-coverts, or he would not have found that Mr, Rickett’s short description,
containing the “ similarity ” of plumage with brachyrhynchus was sufficient,
As, however, in scientific matter prudence is of the greatest importance, I
here declare that, in case this Goose (oatest) has really the wing-coverts ashy-
grey (a highly improbable thing) it must belong to a separate species from
segetum, though with exactly the same bil] as in this last.
And now I come to ask the impartial reader to decide if I am as guilty,
as Mr, Oates will have it, of having “ rendered the study of the Geese more
difficult in future” by my book on the “ Geese of EKurope an! Asia.’”” Except-
ing the two facts :—that neglectus has been found by Seebohm on the Yenissei,
and that méddendorfi has been obtained in India, which were not known to
me, I fail to find a single statement in Mr, Oates’ paper that has not found
its place in my work.
POSTSCRIPT,
Mr, Oates considers all the species of Geese he deals with in his paper, under
the heading “The Bean-Geese,” 4s a separate group of the sub-family
Anserina. This is quite obvious, and in this he is perfectly right. But why
602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
then does he not accept the scieutific name Melanonyx, proposed for these
birds by Mr, Buturlin ? I think that a word about the reasons of his not
accepting the genus Melanonyz would have proved of interest to systematists.
My idea is, that Mr. Oates does not give us his reasons, simply because such
do not exist.
603
ON BEAN-GEESE
BY
S. A. Bururum, F.M.B.O.U.
In No. 1, Vol. XVII. of the “ Journal of the Bombay Natural His-
tory Society,’ Mr. Eugene W. Oates has published an interesting paper
on the.spasies of Bean-Geese, with a coloured plate, stating, that his
paper may be defective in some respects from lack of material and
information. Having not long ago devoted considerable pains to a
study of this difficult group in the field and cabinet, may I be per-
mitted to add here some notes on it?
Mr. Oates figures (Fig. 7) and describes the bill of Anser serri
rostris, Swinh. as being pinkish-red on its pale parts. Now, I hav
shot A. serrirostris—indeed scores and scores of it—in the valley of
Kolyma, N. E. Siberia, from their first arrival, 22nd May 1905 (fully
three weeks before the fathom-thick ice of the great river began to
move) to 23rd September, when cold, snow and ice drove the last one
away to milder climates. I have seen numbers of them alive caught
by natives when moulting, and always recorded the colours on the
spot. They all have the pale preapical band of the bill yellow (shades
of chrome-yellow), as they were quite correctly figured in Mr. Alphéra-
ky’s work ‘“‘ The Geese of Europe and Asia” (London, Rowland Ward,
1905, pl. 23.) In the case of some of the birds, shot through the head
or upper part of neck, this colour changes to pink, sometimes so soon
as about an hour after death. This fact may account for Swinhoe’s
statement (Swinhoe’s papers are duly recorded by Mr, Alphéraky).
I may add that among A. serrirostris, as among other Bean-Geese,
some few specimens have some white on the chin. itis plainly an
individual feature, having nothing to do with age or sex. The bird is
rightly considered by Mr. Alphéraky as a subspecies of A. segetum Gm.
as intermediate specimens occur, with bills about 60—63 m/m. (2°37-
2°48 inch) long and 34 m/m. (1°35 inch) high at base, and depth of
lower mandible about 9°5-10°5 m/m. (0:37-0°41 inch). Such specimens,
when ‘unsexed, can be identified only from the labels (locality).
Anser carneirostris, Buturlin,—This is another local race of A. segetum
differing not in form, as A. serrirostri's, but in colouring of bill. While
the typical form (and eastern heavily billed race) has legs and pale parts
of bill chro ne-yellow (not uncommonly somewhat orange tinged), A.
7
604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
carnetrostris has only the legs of the said colouring, and the band of the
bill is pinkish flesh-coloured. The head is also somewhat darker. The
bird breeds on Novaja Zemlia (where A. neglectus and A. arvensis also
breed, but no typical A. segetwm) and it was lastly procured on migra-
tion in Ufa Government (west: of Ural range). :
Anser middendorfi, Severtz—A specimen of this eastern or Mid-
dendorff’s race of Common Bean-Goose is said to have been obtained at
Myitkyina on the Irrawaddy, a g with wing 18 inch, bill 2°75 inch,
with traces of golden fulvous on head. It is scarcely doubtful that this
Myitkyina bird is a typical A. arvensis, Brehm, Adult males of
A. arvensis not uncommonly have bills longer than 2°75 (70 m/m),
and wings much longer than 18 inch. Such specimens I met with,
not only on Novaja Zemlia, but in the western half of Russia also
(lake Ilmen, Novgorod Government). But never have I seen an
adult bird (with the yellow on the bill developed) (@ or even 9) of
the eastern bird (A. middendorfi, Auct.) with culmen shorter than
73 m/m (2°87 inch.), and the males ordinarily have it much longer,
and wing longer than 18°5 inch. I may add, that the breeding range
of typical A. arvensis includes Central Siberia, where (as also in
Turkestan) A. middendorfi, auctorum, does not occur. Shades of head-
feathering have no diagnostic value.
As to the name of the eastern race (or perhaps quite a good species)
Mr. Oates states “ Mr. Alphéraky has bestowed a new name on this
goose on the ground that we do not know to which species of Bean-Goose
Severtzoft’s name A. middendorfi applies.’ It is almost unneces-
sary to say that Mr, Alphéraky says nothing of the kind. Every
careful reader of Mr. Alphéraky’s capital work can see (p. 105), that
this author studied all the Bean-Geese of Severtzov’s collection, includ-
ing the types of A. middendorfi, and found them all to be ordinary
A. arvensis. I may add, that this was only to be expected, as no one
has ever met with true Middendorff’s Bean-Goose ( ze. with the bird
described and figured by the great voyager) in Turkestan. Seeing that
“ A, middendorfi ’”’ of Severtzov is a plain synonym of A. arvensis, Mr.
Alphéraky had only one course left: to give a new name (szbiricus) to
the-Hast-Siberian bird, A. grandis of Middendorff (nec Pall), A. mzdden-
dorfi of authors (nec Severtzov!), If the late Dr. Severtzov, in
giving a new name to his Turkestan specimens of A. arvensis, acted
under a false impression that they were identical with East-Siberian
ON BEAN-GEESF., 605
birds figured by Middendorff, this error in judgment dees not alter the
facts which are easily ascertained by a study of the original specimens.
Thus A. sibiricus, Alphéraky, is the only correct name for this eastern
bird,
Anser oatest, Rickett.—This bird was described in 1901 from one
unsexed specimen as being similar to A. brachyrhynchus, but with
much larger bill (and white chin, as often is the case in this group).
Now Mr. Oates (Fig. 8) figures its bill yellow, as Mr. Rickett ‘‘ has a
recollection that the pale part of the biil was yellow in life.” Later
another specimen (sex not stated) was sent to the British Museum, but
all that is said by Mr. Oates about it is that it has wing 17°2 inch (as
against 16°4 of the first) and bill 2°5 inch (against 2°3). Mr. Oates
thinks that this bird requires no further description, and though its bill
resembles that of A. segetum, being somewhat longer and higher, the
length of wing, in Mr. Oates’s opinion, will suffice to separate the two
species.
As to myself, though somewhat acquainted with Bean-Geese in
general, A. oatesz after this description rests as mysterious as ever.
First of all, a recollection of the colours of birds one has shot once or
twice several years ago, is ordinarily somewhat a vague thing. Then.
it is not quite clear, why the bird was compared, not with A. segetum,
but with A. brachyrhynchus, if its bill* was yellow-ringed as in A.
segetum. Further, as A. brachyrhynchus differs strongly from A.
segetum in some details of feather-colouring, it would be interesting to
know, to which of them Mr. Rickett’s specimen is nearer. In A.
brachyrhynchus the upper wing coverts on primaries and (larger series)
on secondaries are light lavender grey; in A. segetwm the primary
coverts are dark lavender grey, in contrast with brownish larger
secondary coverts,
Further still, the length of wing—-being 16°4—17:2 inches in two
unsexed specimens—cannot suffice to separate these birds from A. seaetum.
Mr. Oates freely admits that he has never seen A. sevetum. I have
seen and shot them on Kolguev Island, and still have some specimens
(from Kolguev and Pechora) in my private collection ; and can state,
that adult specimens have wings from 410 m/m (16°15 inch) upwards.
Last but not least: differences between A. oatesi and A. serrirostris
surely deserve further descrivtion. Not a word is devoted to this
* And legs also? Surely its legs “ require further description,” as many other points.
606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
point. The bill figured in Mr. Oates’s paper (Fig. 8) as that of A.
oatesi is, however, plainly that of A. serrirostris, Among females A.
serrirostris, collected by me in Kolyma’s valley, several have bills
point by point identical with the figure 8 of Mr. Oates’s plate, and no
longer wings. As A. serrirostris was frst described from China, and
in several of my Kolyma birds I found on dissection old iron shot of
Chinese shooters, it is only to be expected, that Fohkien birds belong to
this species, being small individuals of it.
As to the first specimen, its bill is somewhat small for a fully adult
specimen of A. serrérostris. But, then, it is here the place to state, that
eastern specimens of true A. segetum also visit China, as pointed out by
Mr. Alphéraky.
As to myself, I am by no means quite sure, that the so called .A.
oatesi has a yellow billand is consequently identical with the eastern race
of A. segetum (= serrirosiris). After all it may turn out, that my
A. carnetrostris goes as far east as China to pass the winter, and having a
pinkish-banded bill, (though orange-yellow legs,) could be described as
similar to A. brachyrhynchus, but with a larger bill. In this case the
name oatest must stand, having priority (‘‘ carnetroséris’? was published
13th April 1901). But fuller description of the existing two specimens
is needed. :
Mr. Oates devotes some space to a criticism of Mr. Alphéraky’s ae
on Geese, stating that it is only.a Monograph of Russian Geese, that
information given is from Russian sources, that full synonymy is not
given, etc. Asa matter of fact, in Mr. Alphéraky’s work all species
and subspecies of all true Geese (subfam. Anserine) of the Old World
are fully treated of; full synonymy is given (though references—very
rich indeed—are mostly devoted to works having something new or
noteworthy in them: the author thought it was of no use to follow the
much abused system of endless copying from the Catalogue of British
Museum, etc., of long lists of papers, if even nothing more than a
“* nomen nudum” of a species can be found there).
Mr. Alphéraky, knowing well most European languages, utilised for
his work all valuable information that is to be found in works of most
Kuropean, Indian, and American ornithologists. If he adds to it also
all information from ‘‘ Russian sources’? how can this addition detract
from the value of his work? Surely it is a somewhat peculiar point of
view,—the more so as out of twenty-two. species of Geese treated in the
ON BEAN-GEESE, 607
work above named, only two do not breed in-the Russian Empire, and
only nine do breed in Europe or Asia outside of Russian limits.
Mr. Alphéraky’s ‘Geese of Europe or Asia” is till now the only work
that gives means to discriminate, without a large library, between all
species and subspecies of Old World. Geese. Fur instance, though
differences between such sharply distinct species as A. segelum and A,
arvensis were justly pointed out more than half a century ago by the
greatest ornithologist of all lands, Naumann,—these birds were nearly
always confounded together, especially in England. Mr, Oates himself
(1899, “A Manual of the Game Birds of India,” II, p. 74-75) treats
them both under one name “ A. fabalis.”” And only Mr. Alphéraky,
after fifty years of confusion, rediscovered their distinctness. Mr. Fro-
hawk’s papers on these birds, mentioned by Mr. Oates, are confessedly
only results of Mr. Alphéraky’s investigations (cf “‘ The Field,” 1902,
No.-2597 ).
. -Wesenserc, Estuonta, Russia,
16th August 1906.
608
A NEW KRAIT FROM OUDH (BUNGARUS WALLI).
By
CapraIn EF, WALL, 1M.8., C.M.Z.8.
(Wira a PrarE.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 24th January 1907.)
Our Indian. fauna has just been enriched bya remarkably hand-
some and large Krait which I have had the good fortune to discover
in Fyzabad.
Fyzabad, I may mention, seems to offer peculiar attractions to the
Common Krait (B. cundidus) which I have never known nearly so
abundant in any other locality. Since the 17th of June this year (the
day before the rains broke) up to the date of writing (August 29th),
I have had 47 of this species brought in to me !
On August 6th I had a small Krait brought me in the morning, which
attracted my attention at once by its colouration and markings. A
closer investigation showed me that there were several other peculiarities
which convinced me the species was one new to science. At the Club
in the afternoon I was pursued by an urchin who produced another
specimen which, to my satisfaction, I found to exactly accord with the
morning one, and after getting home while dressing for dinner the
same boy brought me a third, identical in the peculiarities first noted.
Thusin one day I acquired three specimens of a snake hitherto unknown !
I may mention that the day’s bag exceeded 100 snakes of all kinds!
These three Kraits were all small.
Since this I have obtained 8 of the same species, and though I
believe it a breach of ethics for any naturalist to call a species after
himself, the fact that this is the first new snake I have discovered in 114
years’ hard collecting, may be pleaded as sufficient excuse for com-
memorating the event and attaching my own name to it.
Description. Rostral, broader than high, touches 6 shields, the
sutures made with the internasals are twice those made with the Ist
labials, and two-thirds those with the anterior nasals. Internasals, a
pair; the suture between them rather less than half the suture between
the preefrontal fellows, three-quarters the internaso-preefrontal suture.
Prefrontals, a pair ; the suture between them about twice the preefronto-
frontal suture ; each touches the internasal, postnasal, preocular,
supraocular, and frontal. Frontal, touches 6 shields, of which the
dourn. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
dJ.Green delet Lith.
NEW INDIAN SNAKE.
Bungarus wall.
A NEW KRAIT FROM OUDH. 609
parietal sutures being rather the largest, and the preefrontal rather the
smallest. Length, about half the parietals. Supraoculars, breadth
about three-fifths the breadth of frontal, length about. three-fourths
frontal. Nasals, divided ; touching the 1st and 2nd supralabials
Preocular, one.
Eye, jet black, in life, not revealing the pupillary shape. Postocue
lars, two. Temporal, one anterior, touching the 5th and 6th suprala-
bials. Supralabials, 7; the 2nd unusually narrow, decidedly more
so than any other in the series; the rd and 4th touching the eye.
Anterior sublinguals, rather longer than posterior. Posterior. sublin-
guals, touch the 4th only of the infralabial series. Infralabials, 4 ; the
4th largest, nearly twice the breadth of the posterior sublinguals, and in
contact with 2 scales behind ; the suture between the first about half the
suture between the anterior sublinguals. Scales, 2 heads lengths behind
head 19, midbody 17, 2 heads lengths before vent 17. Vertebral row
considerably enlarged, at midbody the breadth exceeding the-length
of a scale. Last row fairly enlarged. Ventrals, 203. Anal, entire.
Subcaudals, 55, all entire. Configuration, the body is decidedly com-
pressed. Colour, black with a greyish tinge. Body striped with
a series of close-sat white arches, which are about equidistant, fading
anteriorly and composed ofa chain of white dots. The head is black
above, the upper lip yellow, fading to white at the margin. No trace
of preeocular white spot. Belly rather a yellowish white, unspotted.
Mottled plumbeous beneath the tail. This description is taken from
a large adult. The other specimens agree in every respect with the
following exceptions :—
Scales,
Sex, Length. (2 Heads lo Heads : Suboiue Rostral.
lengths} Mid- |leneths ee
behind | body. | before
head. vent.
Ventrals
7 17 17 IF 202 | 54 |Heightexceeds breadth.
52 i
g
Q 1 6" Age” | ae tre | 98 Ditto,
(Sy, |g Ti Br eda ree meg Veal realized [ee let) ea Ditto,
a Ar ail 19 tae te ie ous |S Ditto,
a gr 3" 197 | 27/9 1a ||) 208 12 53 Ditto.
a 3 5a" | 19. | at | 1% | 207 |: 55 Ditto.
a 42113" |. 19 | 19 | 17 | 202) 51 Ditto,
3 Wee Als Wig olet gale 202. lune Ditto.
610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Identification. The family resemblance of the members of this group
is ‘very striking and no single species: presents a greater number, or
more pronounced distinguishing characters than this new species, not
even B. fasciatus. It is probably more nearly allied to JB.
sindanus than others of the genus. B. sindanus is the only other of the
genus that has its scales in 17 rows.* From sindanus this species
differs in the following ways :—(1) the length of the frontal is about
half the parietals (in stndanus about two-thirds); (2) the 2nd
supralabial is remarkably narrow, decidedly more so than the ad‘acent
supralabials (in sindanus the first four supralabials are equally broad ;
(3) the vertebrals are broader, thus in midbody they are distinctly
broader than long ; in séndanus they are longer than broad ; Mr. Green
has taken great pains to show this accurately, by making tracings from
- the types of each, which are shown side by side in the accompanying
Plate, that marked “‘a’’ is strdanus ; (4) the ventrals—198 to 207—
are fewer (in sindanus they are 220 to 237); (5) colour—the white
arches are finer, and not arranged in pairs (in séndanus they are
decidedly broader, less interrupted, and disposed in pairs); there is no
white preeocular spot, (whereas in s¢ndanus a more or less distinct spot
is present); the tail is mottled beneath at the tip (in szndanus it is pure
white) ; (6) the distinctly compressed body is remarkable, and is not seen
in any of the other Kraits. Points 1,2, 5 and 6 enumerated above as
typical of stndanus are the same in sindanus and candidus, so that in these.
respects wall: also differs from candidus. The three young specimens
were all obtained by the same urchin on the 6th of August, who says
whilst digging he disturbed a whole nest of young snakes some inches
below the soil. The objection to this story is that they came in at
considerable intervals during the day, the first at about 11 a.m., the
second at about 6 p.m., and the third at about 7-30 p.m. The large
adult was said to have been found some four feet high in a big tree.
For those who may find my statement of over 100 snakes in one day
hard to credit I would point out that I have been generous in the
matter of rewards this rains, and that just now the whele country is
*Tam aware that Mr. Boulenger (Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, Vol. III,
p. 359) says in his description of B. candidus, the rows are rarely 17 ; but this was written
at a time when a specimen in the British Vuseum collection with 17 rows was included with
this species, but was subsequently recognised by him as distinct, and exalted to the rank
of a species under the name B. sindanus. I believe there isno instance of B. candidus
known with 17 rows of scales,
A NEW KRAIT FROM OUDH, 611
flooded for miles. Across the river, where there are patches of ground
here and there not submerged, creatures have congregated in swarms,
including such large beasts as wild pig and nilghai. A private in the
regiment here, who had been out shooting on islands left in the flood,
told me on that day that these places were crawling with snakes, and he
brought me 17 in support of his statement.
From my waking moments when I was dimly conscious from the
buzz of subdued conversation in my verandah that snakes were await-
ing me, up till 8 o’clock when I retired to dinner, fresh arrivals bearing
snakes alive and dead made their appearance almost every five minutes
in the day, and although ‘‘ the bank broke, and the shutters were up”’ at
about 4 p.m., still they came. It was the red-letter day of my lite, and
no miner striking the richest reef could experience a greater degree of
enthusiastic joy than was elicited from me the entire day. At intervals
I emerged to interview those waiting, and the scene was a remarkable
one, Boys of all sizes and men were to be seen bearing specimens of
every size, in every stage of vitality, and in every manner. Here
a solitary little specimen with its head bashed to pulp borne by
a brat, nearly as diminutive, there one of formidable proportions
in the hands of a man, liking the job none too well, but attracted
by+ “‘ bakshish’’, Here a batch of half-a-dozen tied into a bundle with
grass or rags, the proceeds of a partnership including two or three
urchins, there another partnership with a collection of 15 corpses
jammed into an empty kippered herring tin. Here a small collection
in the rose of a watering pot, stopped up with a plug of mud,
evidently imprisoned with some degree of life, judging from the
disappointment manifested by the partnership concerned when the
three occupants were shaken out dead; there an active six-footer
liberated from a cloth on tothe floor by some impatient fellow in
order to wrest my attention from less worthy objects. Here a wrig-
gling object, suspended from a bamboo, held at the remotest distance
from the bearer, there again, others more or less alive, attached by
their bodies to lengths of grass, rush or strips hastily ripped from cloth-
_ ing, and displaying an activity commensurate in the first place, with
the extent of their injuries, and in the second with the amount of stimula-
tion meted out by small boys treading violently on their tails in order
to warrant the eager announcement ‘‘jeta haz, Sahzb,”’ and merit the major
reward. ‘The spectacle will linger vividly in my memory all my life.
8
612
SOME NEW ASIAN SNAKES.
By
Caprain F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.ZS.
(Wrra 2 PLATES.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 24th Jan. 1907.)
LYCODON FLAVOMACULATUS.
This snake is interesting from the fact that though hitherto unde-
scribed it is not, as one might infer, recently discovered. On the con-
trary more than one specimen has been preserved in the Bombay
Natural History Society’s collection for several years labelled as
Lycodon jara. It was only when one of these examples came under
the notice of Mr. Boulenger at the British Museum that this iden-
tification was disputed, and since this time there has been much
perplexity regarding these specimens. Mr. Boulenger considered the
one he saw merely a variety of Lycodon aulzcus.
Last year Mr. Millard sent me two specimens to identify, and 1
unhesitatingly pronounced them colour varieties of L. jara, being led
into the same error as he and others by the key to the genus Lycodon in
Mr. Boulenger’s catalogue of snakes in the British Museum (Vol. J.,
t 848-9) which could lead one to no other conclusion. The de-
scription, too, in that work accorded perfectly with the specimens
referred to me, except in colour, a point I deem of little importance in
itself, and always vastly inferior to scale characters. One has only to
refer, for instance, to L. aulicus to see how multiform may be the
colour and markings of a single species.
Recently another fine living example of this species reached the
Society’s rooms from Mrs. C. Hudson, of Dharwar, and this I took to
the British Museum for identification. With Mr. Boulenger I
examined the type and other specimens of ZL. jara, and agreed with
him that they were different from this specimen. I was also able by a
comparison with the specimens of ZL. aulicus to point out differen-
ces between them-and this specimen, and to convince that authority
that this is. a distinct species.
From Z. aulécus it differs thus :—(1) the ventrals are not angulate ;
(2) the nasals touch only one supralabial (the 1st), whereas these shields
in aulicus almost always touch the 2nd also; (3) the minute posterior
nasal; (4) colour.
Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
dJ.Green delet lith.
NEW INDIAN SNAKES.
1. Lycodon flavomaculatus. Pate Tropidono tus xenura.
SOME NEW ASIAN SNAKES. 613
From jara the most obvious difference lies in its very distinctive
colouring. In addition to this, however, is the fact that in flavemacu-
latus the postnasal shield is very small, decidedly smaller than in jara.
The scale characters of the two appear to me otherwise identical.
I have now examined 6 specimens of L. jlavomaculatus, which
exactly agree. Five of these belong to the Bombay Natural History’s
collection and were obtained from Sangli (S. Maratha District),
Kirkee, Poona, Nasik, and Dharwar, all places on the Western Ghats
inside the Bombay Presidency. The 6th example was in the Fyzabad
Museum until recently, bat has now been presented to the British
Museum. There is no record of habitat.
Description.— Rostral in contact with 6 shields, the sutures made
with the anterior nasals being twice those made with the internasals.
Internasals, a pair ; the dividing suture about two-thirds that between
the prefrontal fellows, subequal to the internaso-prefrontal suture.
Preefrontals, a pair ; the dividing suture about one-third greater than
the prefronto-frontal suture ; in contact with the internasal, loreal,
preocular, supraocular, and frontal. Frontal, in contact with 6 shields,
all sutures subequal, or the supraocular rather longest ; length about
one-third greater than supraocular ; breadth about twice supra-oculars.
Nasals, in contact with one supralabial only (the first). Loreal, one,
twice as long as high; in contact with internasal; not entering eye,
Preocular, one ; not touching frontal. Postoculars, two. Temporals,
two; the lower in contact with 6th and 7th supralabials (sometimes
5th also). Supralabials, 9; the 3rd, 4th and 5th touch the eye.
Infralabials, the 6th is the largest of the series, twice as broad as the
posterior sublinguals, and in contact with 3 scales behind ; the 5th and
6th touch the posterior sublinguals ; suture between the Ist $ or subequal
to the suture between the anterior sublinguals. Ventrals not angulate,
165 to. 182. Anal, divided. Subcaudals, 53 to 62 pairs. Scales, 2
heads lengths from head 17 ; midbody 17; 2 heads lengths before vent
15. Smooth. Colour, glistening jet black, with a series of buttercup
yellow roundish vertebral spots, opposite which whitish bars descend
and: broaden to form a reticulation in the flanks. The vertebral spots
involve about 2 scales, and the intervals 4 or 5. No occipital collar.
Head black with white lips. Under parts pearly white. The living
specimen after being put into spirit lost its brilliant yellow in about
three days, the spots being then as white asthe flank bars. It was 13%
614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
inches in length, and all the other specimens I have seen are of about
the same dimensions.
This is the second new Lycodon I have had the Rerioth of describing
within a year, and the total number of species now known to inhabit
our Indian territory amounts to 11.
Without wishing to commit myself too positively I think the follow-
ing characters, if found co-existing, will identify the Lycodon group— -
(1) Seales in midbody in 19 or 17 rows.
(2) Seales two headslengths before vent 2 rows less than in
midbody.
8) Pupil vertical.*
(4) Three labials touching the eye.t
Key to the Species of Lycodon,
A.—NO LOREAL,
(a) Labials 8
SaonagHon) ScaSaucoMaetbaLensourty Hoossees Nelateccmae mackinnoni,
(0) Labials 9 . se Tan pt Ae ais FAC UHR Bevo aineelee atropurpureus,
B.—ONE LOREAL WHICH DOES NOT TOUCH THE
IN tERNASAL,
(a) Seales in midbody 17,
SDA DIAN SU Sane iostieca sawsseneecseecnes ax toesheioseas tenaeny CUSCUO Lae
pe mela ISRO 122 Svea sacasesesecenmeniete st ses spaetees eerie . travancoricus,
(6) Scale in midbody 19.
Peiabials Ol: scasdckecas sce
== Labials 9 as “S
C.-ONE LOREAL WHICH TOUCHES THE INTER
NASAL—
(@y WeAloveills (3) Boossoroaee 5) c1cnceon
(6) Labials 9
* Nasals touch 1st and 2nd labials ; preocular
usually touches frontal o.........eccee sss seecvarences aulicus.
=" Nasals touch Ist labial only ; prbocelit does. not
touch frontal
o Brown with a pair of white spots on each scale... jara.
oo Black with vertebral series of yellow spots ...... jflavomaculatus.
D.—LOREALS TWO, .......20...-c0s0a-ee
QBS HOgCOUDOONbONAR =SbacNse000n ae oh GMMNMDIRD.
carinatus,
BAO O CH COCR DE DE DOS BOCOCHCOEE Cs a GL MAMI Se
SSN ace oy re .-. anamallensis,
eS le RAT eee ENR Rtg BEDS Dt Sg SED ee nc
* The pupil can never be discerned in the Lyccdons during life, but the earliest post mor-
tem change to be observed which may be revealed in a couple of hours, or even less,is a
ste dily increasing opacity of the lens, whereby the shape of the pupil becomes obvious. Im-
mersion in spirit brings about the same change more rapidly.
During life, or in a freshly killed specimen, this jet-black condition of the eye added to
points 1 and 2 given above will suffice to declare the genus, for in all other scakes with the
same optical peculiarity, the scales at a point 2 heads lengths before the pent, are disposed
in the same number of rows as in midbody.
t Except L. a/ropurpureus in which the 4th and 5th on'y touch the eye. ‘This taken with
the first 3 conditions enumerated will suffice to distinguish it from allour other Indian
enaxes.
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc.
B, Frontal, Po. Postoculars.
L. Loreal. R. Rosiral,
I. Internasals, 5. Supraocular.
N. Nasals, Te Temporals.
Pa, Parietals, 1-9 Supralabials.
Pra. Pracoculayr. J-VI, Infralabials.
Prf. Praefrontals,
LYCODON FLAVOMACULATUS (x8),
SOME NEW ASIAN SNAKES, . 615
The following scheme should assist the identification of the species,
—in fact I think is even preferable to that usually adopted in a key.
s a 4 s S <
2 Fl ace dal de olen 8 Bu
a By Zh g 24 g
Subcaudals. | 2 et | oe oe s Ba %& |Name of Species,
wae fot | 8 | a4 4 26 ee
om|alas & s> ss = 5a
as |S | a8 S S ap '] ao S bp © 80
Be Sl Ss a a | =| a aed Ra
on fo} or s gs >) ‘=| s Cz =
jon] | uw ia) & <q nm Ay
Allentire ..| 19] 1] No. 9 | 3rd, 4th | Yes. 1 list & 2nd.| No. |carinatus.
& 5th.
Allpaired ..) 19] 1] No. | 8 Do. Yes 1 |Ist & 2nd.| No. |gammieds,
Do. --| 17} 2] Yes. 9 Do. Yes. 1 lst. Yes. |anamailensts.
Do. a0 17| O| — 8 Do. Yes. 2 Ist. No. |mackinnent.
Do. coll dA) @) Hee 9 |4th & 5th.) Yes. 1 55:50 No. |atropurpureus.
Do. --| 17] 1] No, 8 | 8rd, 4th | Yes. 1 jist & 2nd.| No. |/asctatus.
& 5th.
All paired or} 17] 1] No. 9 Do. Yes. 1 1st & 2nd Usually.|travancoricus.
some entire, i usually.
Allpaired ..' 17; 1 | Yes 9 Do, Yes. |l or 2 jist & 2nd Usually.|aulicus.
usually.
Do. ais 17 | 1) Yes. 8 Do. No. 2 lst & 2nd.| No. | strtatus.
Do. So 17 | 1] Yes. 9 Do. No. 2 Ist. No. |flavomaculatus.t
Do, oe 17} 11} Yes. |9—10 Do. | No. 2 Ist, No. |jara.t .
Here I may remark that many people appear to expect a key to
direct them unerringly in every case to the object of their enquiry,
but the disciple of Darwin on a little reflection must see how impossible
it is to fulfil such expectations, for it is only through variation that
the evolution doctrine can be accepted. Whether the variation is
retrograde —a reversion to an ancestral type,—or progressive—a
* A caution must here be offered to the novice, to count these ehields very carefully. It is
very easy to omit counting the last, and to prevent this the mouth should be well opened
to show the extreme limit of the gape. Again it is often easy to overlook the contact of the
3rd with the eye, and it will be seen by a glance at the scheme how either of these mistakes
will misdirect the enquirer. WY
+A most critical examination of these two species side by side reveals to me no other
shield difference tut that already referred to in connection with the postnasal. Recourse had
better be had therefore to colour only. In flavomaculatus the jet black ground with the
white flank bars, and reticulation, and the brilliant yellow vertebral spots are very striking
and characteristic, In jara the ground colour is brown, and each scale has 2 pair of small
whitish (Theobald says yellow) spots at its apex. It is doubtful whether habitat will help
in discriminating between the two; for although the only authentic localities where flavoma-
culatus has been met with are confined to a moderately elevated rezion in the Bombay
Presideney, the fact that there was a specimen in the ‘Fyzabad Museum, though its
habitat is known, suggests a wider distribution. Jara has been met with in Malabar,
the Anamally Hills, Sikkim, Himalayas, Ganjam, Calcutta, Pegu and recently the Bombay
Natural History Society has acqu'red its first specimen, the habitat being Tiodaria (Kurseong)
on the Darjeeling-Himalayan Railway.
616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
deviation towards a new type, the effect is the same, and certain
individuals must occur which depart in some way or other from the
accepted normal type. This being so, any key however well con-
structed will fail to correctly indicate certain individual specimens.
In framing keys one endeavours to select characters which are found
to ba most stable in individuals of the same species, so as to minimise
the chances of misleading.
TROPIDONOTUS XENURA, spec. nov.
The habitat of this very interesting snake is not recorded. That it
belongs to this genus I have little doubt, though it differs from all the
other known species (80 in number) Huropean, Asian, African,
Australian and American in having the subcaudals entire. The
entire anal too is a character only as yet known in one other of the
many Asian species, viz., J. pealiz, Another very unusual feature
about this snake is in connection with the supracaudals. These scales
in snakes where the subcaudals are in pairs are arranged in even rows.
I know of no exception to this rule. On the other hand in snakes
such as the genera Bungarus, Aspidura, Achalinus, etc., where the
subcaudals are entire, the supracaudals are arranged in odd rows, and
even in those snakes where a combination of entire and divided subcau-
dals exist, as Bungarus bungaroides, Naia bungarus, Ancistrodon acutus,
etc., 1 have always found the supracaudals arranged in odd rows
corresponding to the entire subcaudals, and even rows corresponding to
the divided subcaudals. In this snake however the supracaudals are
arranged in even rows though the subcaudals are entire. -
DPescription—Rostral, in contact with 6 shields, of which the anterior
nasals form larger sutures than the internasals. Internasals, a pair ;
the suture between them subequal to that between the prefrontal
fellows, subequal to the internaso-prefrontal suture. Prefrontals
a pair; the suture between them subequal to the prefronto-frontal
suture ; in contact with internasal, postnasal, loreal, preeocular, suprao-
cular, and frontal. rontal, touches 6 shields, of which the supraccular
sutures are longest and about 4 longer than those formed with the
parietals. Supraocular, length subequal to frontal ; breadth 2 frontal.
Nasals, divided; in contact with 1st and 2nd supralabials. Zoreal, rather
longer than high. Preocular, one ; not touching frontal. Eye, pupil
uncertain. Postoculars, 3. Temporals, 2; the lower touching the 7th
SOME NEW ASIAN SNAKES, ; 617
and Sth supralabials. Supralabials, 9, the 4th, 5thand 6th touching the
eye. Anterior sublinguals, much smaller than posterior. Posterior
sublinguals, touch the 5th and 6thinfralabials. Infralabials, 6. The 5th
and 6th largest, and subequal. The 6th broader than the posterior sub-
linguals. Scales, 2 heads lengths behind head 19; midbody 19 ; 2 heads
lengths before vent 17. Allstrongly keeled except the last row anteriorly.
Ventrals, 162, not angulate. Anal, entire. Subcaudals, entire, 25
counted but the tail is very incomplete. Colour, blackish-brown with
whitish sputs mottling in the flank. Many labials bordered posteriorly
with blackish-brown. Belly with a pair of roundish lateral blackish-
brown spots on each ventral.
TROPIDONOTUS BAILEYI, spec. nov.
Of this snake Lieut. F. M. Bailey has sent me two specimens. One
I take to be an adult and measures about 2 feet 6 inches; the other
appears to be a hatchling, as the navel is very obvious. It measures 114
inches. Both were obtained in Thibet at an altitude believed to be about
14,000 feet. This is a very remarkable elevation at which to find
snakes living. The only other instance, of which I am aware,
where a snake has been captured at an approximate altitude is that
reported by Dr. H. Gadow * who found a rattlesnake (Crotalus
triserzatus) in the mountains of Mexico at height of 12,500 feet.
Mr. Bailey was informed by the natives, one of whom he sent
to procure these specimens, that they live in the sides of a hot
spring, and are never found as far as half a mile distant. They are
reported not to enter the water, and can be obtained in winter
and summer alike. It appearsto be common. Both specimens were
captured about the 15th May this year. I believe it is unusual for
the young of snakes to hatch in the spring in temperate climates, as
this appears to have done, the autumn is the season when the eggs
are deposited, and young born.
Description —Rostral, touches 6 shields, of which the anterior nasals
make much the largest sutures, 4 or 5 times the length of the
internasals, which are much the shortest. Jnternasals, a pair ;
the suture between them 2 to # that between the prefrontal
fellows; 2 to $ the internaso-prefrontal suture. Prefrontals, a pair;
the suture between them 4 greater than the prefronto-frontal suture ;
in contact with internasal, postnasal, loreal, preocular, supraocular,
* Proc. Zool. Soc., London, June 1905, p, 226,
618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11.
and frontal. Frontal, touches 6 shields, of which the supraoculars
make the largest sutures, about 4 larger than the parietals. Supra-
ocular, length subequal to frontal; breadth $ frontal. Nasal, divided,
in contact with the ist and 2nd supralabials. Loreal, one, length
exceeds height. Preoculars, two, the upper larger not touching the
frontal, lower above level of supralabials. Hye with round pupil. Post-
oculars, three. Temporals, three, the lowest smallest, and touching
the 6th and 7th supralabials ; the median touching the 7th supralabial.
Supralabials, 8; the 4th and 5th touching the eye. Anterior sublin-
guals, larger than the posterior. Posterior sublinguals, quite separated ,
in some specimens subdivided into two, in contact with the 5th
and 6th infralabials (4th and 5th on _ right side in larger speci-
mens). IJnfralabials, 6, the 6th largest, and rather broader than the
posterior sublinguals. Scales, 2 heads lengths, behind head 19 ;
midbody 19; 2 heads lengths before vent 17. All keeled except last
‘row. Double apical facets very indistinct, but undoubtedly present.
Ventrals, 203 and 204; notangulate. Anal, divided. Subcaudals, 111
and 108. In the adult L03rd to 106th, 108th to 110th are entire, the
rest divided ; in the young 23rd to 25th, 81st to 85th and 88th to 90th
are entire, the rest paired. Colour, olive green, with five series of
indistinct spots dorsally, most pronounced in the forebody, and in the
young specimen fading behind, except the vertebral series which remains
quite evident. Last 8 rows with dusky mesial lines and the last row
bordered above and below with whitish. A dusky postocular streak,
and dusky posterior edges to the labials. Belly bluish-grey, each
ventral black basally. The young specimen is darker than the adult,
and the body is very depressed.
Since writing the above I have received more than 20 more
specimens of this species from the same source which agree with the
above. Ventrals vary frcm 201 to 221. The subcaudals from 91
to False
ae
Journ. Bombay Nat Hist.Soc.
t)
ina >
he
so73
d.Green del.et lith.
NEW SNAKE PROM THUBET.
Tropidonotus baileyi.
619
A NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN WAX-PRODUCING BER.
By
Masor C. G. Nurses, Inpian Army.
About two years ago Mr. J. H. Burkill, Reporter on Heconomic
Products to the Government of India, sent me for identification some
specimens belonging to two species of Dammar-bees. One species proved
to be the common Melipona iridipennts, the other is smaller than any
described Indian species, and I propose to name it after Mr, A. M, F.
Caccia, of the Indian Forest Department, who obtained the specimens.
The delay which has taken place in the publication of the description
is owing to my manuscript having been somehow mislaid since I left
India.
MELIPONA CACCIA, n. sp.
Smooth and shining ; a well marked carina between the antenne.
Head and thorax brownish-black ; abdomen dark red, especiaily dark
towards the apex, where it is almost black in some specimens,
mandibles, scape of the antennee, tegule and tarsi light red; flagellum
of antennee and tibie darker red ; clypeus and front with short grey
pubescence : thorax and abdomen with a little sparse pubescence of the
same colour: wings clear, hyaline and iridescent.
Length.—2—2°25 mm.
Habitat.— Hoshangabad, Central Provinces.
ESTUARY FISHING,
SOME REMARKS ON ITS DECADENCE, AS AN INDUSTRY, IN
THE KONKAN, WESTERN INDIA,
BY
W. A. WALLINGER.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 4th October 1906.)
The average District Officer, who has his regular and ever increasing
amount of work to do in this country, finds himself with very little spare time
for the detailed study of any Natural History subject. I have seen it some-
what thoughbtlessly stated, in a responsible newspaper, that these Officers
ought, in consequence of the opportunities and time at their disposal, to
contribute more than they do at present to scientific knowledge. The con-
ception of the writer as to the amount of “spare time” available is, it is to
be feared, in a vast majority of cases, only too inaccurate. It is necessary to
make these few preliminary remarks in justice to myself, for while no
energy has been spared to try to arrive at impartial truths, I am bound
to admit that [ have not been able to spare the time necessary to make
this paper sufficiently exhaustive and accurate to be, in the strict sense
of the term, of scientific value. Nevertheless there are some leading
facts—and facts are always of some value—in connection with estuarine
fish and estuary fishing on the coast in the immediate vicinity of the enormous
Bombay Market ,which, after three years experience and attention, seem worth
cecording—if only as a basis for further investigation. I feel the more em-
boldened to address this Society ona subject which has been of peculiar
interest to me, in that many of the deductions arrived at are, toa great ex-
tent, supported by the writing of such an eminent ichthyologist as Dr, Day.
[ can only hope, in the absence of a better exponent, that I may have sufficient
ability to state the case, as it appears to me, with enough care, judgment and
moderation to carry some hittle conviction. My object is to raise interest in
fish preservation in the true ultimate interests of an enormous class of men,
and of the consumer, It is necessary to disabuse many, of the unfortunately
popular idea that, as the fishing industry has gone on for generations, there is
nothing to stop it now. ‘This is a very dangerous standpoint to take up.
Fishes require conservation and the thoughtful and educated consideration of
man, not, it is true, so urgently as the trees and forests of the country, but
even more urgently, I submit, than its fauna.
It is better, more politic and infinitely safer, even in the absence of direct
evidence to the contrary, to assume that harm is being done, than to quietly
rest contented under existing conditions. I have a feeling that some very
eminent authority must have expounded this more or less elementary hypothe-
sis, but I have not been able to locate it. That there is to-day an enormously
interesting and profitable field for further enquiry into the subject of the life
history of the large species of Indian estuary and fresh water fishes cannot be
ESTUARY FISHING [IN WESTERN INDIA, 621
questioned. The little that is actually known suffices to show this. The life
history of such well known and valuable edible fish as the Salmon and Sea-
trout in Europe, is, thanks to the minute enquiry of such men as Dr. Frank
Buckland and others, a matter of common knowledge amongst pisciculturists.
Day—that wonderful authority on Indian fish—devoted his time and inex-
haustible energies more, a8 an ichthyologist, to the matter of a careful
identification and geographical distribution of the species, than to a study of
their habits which was not within the province of his finest work. His
“ Report on the Fresh Water Fisheries of the Indian Empire” published in
1873, however, contains a masterful appeal, on ample data, in favour of
fish legislation, submitted under the orders of the Secretary of State for India
to the Madras Government. :
Thomas’ fascinating work “The Rod in India” undoubtedly contains—
when we look to the fundamental character of the work, which was intended
mainly as a guide to anglers—a very considerable amount of accurate informa-
tion. The copy of his official report written in 1870 and quoted in Chapter
XXV shows how earnestly he strove to impress the importance of guarding
the fishing industry.
Dr. Gunther’s “‘ Introduction to the Study of Fishes’’ published in 1880
contains a purely scientific nomenclature.
I.—The prima facie case,
Before entering into specific instances of the harm done, and before indicating
the precise species which appear to me to have suffered, it is not only desirable,
but strictly relevant, to consider the subject from a broader standpoint. Is
it likely that the ignorant “ Koli” and ‘‘ Agri” fishermen on the Bombay Coast,
if not elsewhere, have done harm? Do these poor ignorant people consider
the life history of fish, and having done so, is there any indication of their
having combined in the cause of preservation ? ‘That such consideration and
combination is absolutely necessary, I shall presently show. It must be
evident to members of this scientific society that very little intelligence and
forethought can have been brought to bear by a class of men who have not
ouly been handicapped by gross ignorance for generations, but by a desire to
make the most out of the creeks to which they unfortunately turn their
undivided attention during the rains, for the reason that at this time of the
year sea-fishing is all but impossible. In other words, therefore, unless there
have been natural obstacles, of which we are not aware, the chance, prima
facie, of barm having been done is as great here as it has been found to be
in other parts of the world, where the fishing, for sporting as well as for
industrial purposes, is, as we shall presently find, often protected by a special
and elaborate legislature.
One has only to wander amongst the Konkan Creeks to learn from the older
residents that the decrease of the fish supply—of some Species more partic-
ularly—is getting more and more pronounced. The universal nature of
this outcry may be considered enough to warrant a more detailed examination
v
622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
into the true condition of things, It may as well be admitted at once, and at
this stage, that it is because I have failed so signally to catch fish on my rod
and line that I originally felt impelled, asit were, to go into this matter
somewhat more closely. With me the subject is, it may possibly be thought by
some, a trifle delicate. In any case there is no advantage in dilating on it.
We have next to see how far this prima facie case is actually supported, not
only by the universal nature of the outery, already given prominence to, but by
a somewhat detailed and impartial examination of (1) the precise methods of
destruction adopted and by (2) as complete an examination of the species of
fish that are known to stock these waters as is possible.
IT,—Vartous Methods adopted in taking Creek Fish in Kolaba,
I find that there are as many as 14 common types of nets used in Kolaba, all
with a local nomenclature. There are three kinds of night and day lines, and
three traps, making a grand total of 20 implements! Of this total, however,
in so far as the creeks are concerned, we need only refer to and describe the
following nets. The traps will be referred to generally, and the night lines may
safely be ignored. It is necessary to enler into a close study of some of the
nets, however, in order to correctly appreciate tne truth of the preliminary
conclusion which has been arrived at, and in order to make my description
still clearer, I have had small working models prepared for the inspection of
the members. Thanks to the great kindness of Col. Bannerman, I. M.S.,
(the well-known Plague expert) and of Dr, Rowland (also of the Plague
Research Labora-
tory) Iam enabled
to publish photo-
graphs of some of
these models, as well
as of one or two of
the nets in use.
These illustrations
will, I feel sure, ren-
der my descriptions
clearer,and far more
interesting than they
could otherwise
Photo A, have been.
(a) Stake Nets,
1. Bhoksi (GfHat).— This stake net, »s used on this coast, is, without excep-
tion, the most comprehensively destructive arrangement conceivable. The
net resembles a iruncated cone, with an oval entrance. This entrance between
stakes varies from 53’ to 33! according to the size of the water to be dealt
with. Thus a net with an entrance 52’ would be nearly 20 feet in length and
with an entrance of 33’ it has a length of close on 135 feet or, say, 45 yards,
ESTUARY FISHING IN WESTERN INDIA, 623
Its depth varies in like manner with the nature of the water. A net of 19’
entrance was, I found, 26’ deep, so that the largest are said, with reason, to
attain 40’. The net is sunk down the stake by heavy weights known as
“Walia” (atfeat ) so that the bottom lies touching the mud, while the top is
as close to the surface of the water as possible. As the stakes get covered with
barnacles very quickly, there is a special device to prevent its sticking on the
way down known as “ Khora”. The net is entirely worked by the tide and is
taken in a little before slack water. In the making of these nets regular
rules are laid down, as regards the number of the meshes at the entrance. The
largest have 750, which figure is adhered to, to the end. The mesh at the
entrance would be, in this case, ae diameter. But the point is that
those at the end of the largest net are no larger, thanks to the expertness of
the makers, than those at the end of the smallest. In fact at the apex the nets
often resemble a mass of knots so closely tied together that it is no easy matter
for the in-rushing water to escape. The various gradations of mesh which go to
form “ Bhoksi” have a regular set of names starting with ‘‘ Moor’’ and ending
with ‘‘Khola.”’ The illustration shows 2 horizontal bars; they had to be
inserted to support the model, but are not actually used as the two vertical
stakes are driven firmly into the bed of the Creek, (See Photo A.)
(5) Large Wall Nets,
Photo B.
2. “Para” (Fq),—A long wall net used bya class of “ Kolis” called
“ Dalni” during the rains at sea and at no inconsiderable risk to themselves,
There are not many “ Kolis” who indulge in this sporting occupation ; when
they do, the “ Matchva” selected is manned by about 20 men, each one
being allotted a given position from which he is not permitted to move.
This net when used in the Creek is a true draw-net (Seine). It requires at
least three men, and often six to eight men, with boats, are employed, according
to size, The net is only 8’ in width or depth ; but a large one often measures
180 yards in length. The meshes are here again barely }#’’ in diameter.
Floats are fixed at very short intervals to make the top of the net rigid, and at
either end of the net there are bamboo poles 8 feet in length. Cften the
bottom of the net has small pieces of lead attached as sinkers ; but this is not
624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
apparently considered indispensable. The vetis brought round in a huge circle
to the shore, and often results, owing to the size of the mesh, in enormous
catches of fry.
The above photo con-
veys 2n idea of this net
in use. It will be no-
ticed that the side stakes
have been discarded,
owing probably to the
shallowness of the water,
(See Photos B & C.)
3. ¢ Jal” (Hloi.—
This drift or traimmel
net is of great length
when used at sea. Itis
attached at one end to a
boat which is permitted
to drift without let or
ESTUARY FISHING IN WESTERN INDIA. — 625
hindrance and is taken in-about every 2 hours. In these circumstances, it is
a net with a large 6” to 9” mesh.
When used in the Creek the two ends of this net require to be anchored; ’
The larger ones are 165’ in length and at every 53 feet (or 1 “ Wamb”) a
float, called “ Bhendi,” is required. Along the bottom, stones are fixed as
sinkers. The net is about 1{() feet in depth and has meshes which vary from 2”
to 6” according to size,and it is interesting to note that the weight of stones
along the bottom is regulated in accordance with the nature of the fish the
owner wishes to try to secure. If he is intent more particularly on ‘“* Rawas” or
Bamin ( Polynemus plebeius ), the stones are of less weight, so that the net makes
a floating wall near the surface. If intent on “Jetara” or Nair fish (Lates
calcarifer ), etc., the wall is made to sink to the boitom, Owing to the greater
size of the mesh, thisis the least destructive of the nets used on this coast.
(See Photo D,)
4, “ Pagta’’ (qqmet.) Exactly similar to “Jal”, but on a smaller scale
and used in practically the same way at low tide only. The maximum mea-
surements are :-—
Length 100 feet.
Depth 95 ”
Size of mesh 3/—1”
(c) Small Miscellaneous Nets,
Photo E,
5. “Kandala” or “ Vaura” (atetet—arr. ) Used more in the Thana
District. It is practically a repetition of “ Para” ona very small scale, The
twine used is barely thicker than ordinary thread and the -meshes are pro-
portionately minute. (See Photo EB.)
626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
6. “Ase” (311y). Practically an ordinary English landing net without its
handle, of similarly fine make, used in small pools of water to extract misguided
fry.
7. “Zila” (after), The same as the last but with a handle. ©
Se
salt
——
Acs CAer)
NIL
ene
Photo F,
8. “Gholwa” (Great). The common draw net used by 2 men usually about
10’ in length with bamboos at either end and a depth of as much as 12’ to
prevent the escape of fish when the net is suddenly lifted out. The meshes
are usually very small, seldom exceeding #”. (See Photo EF)
Photo G.° a
ESTUARY FISHING IN WESTERN INDIA. 627
9. “Pag” (tt). The well-known circular cast net with lead sinkers, in the
use of which the native is so expert. The mesh never exceeds 3”,
The outward appearance, particularly of the stake nets just described, is
well known to all who are familiar with the Bombay coast. But this familiarity
conveys no conception of the extent to which these stake nets are actually
used, There are, for instance, usually three and often five lines of stakes
for the use of the “ Bhoksi”’ net, from the mouth of the Revdanda Creek at
Korlai to the entrance of Ramraj Creek, a distance of 3 miles and 3 furlongs,
so that the entrance to this Creek—one of the finest in the Konkan—may ke
said to be effectively barred. Now, it is a peculiar and unfortunate thing
with migratory fish—as indeed it is with many wild animals in the case of
paths—that a majority take a more or less definite line in ascending and
Photo H.
descending a Creek. This line is not always at the deepest point, nor is it
always across,as one might think, the shortest cut, But the particular linei
which the majority of fish prefer to take, for reasons best known to themselves
in a broad Creek, is perfectly well known to the local fishermen, and it is
towards these points that they naturally concentrate their energies, The
“ Kolis’” are very zealous in the matter of the retention of positions for
staking the Creek’s length within their village limits, These positions have
been recognized among them from time immemorial, and the right, I find, is
almost invariably hereditary, The owner is at liberty, however, to sell his
10
628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
position, one of which, in the Revdanda Creek, realises within my knowledge
only Ks. 30 to 40 for 8 monthy’ right to use the “ Bhoksi”. This low price
alone shows how poor the fishing has become, particularly when it is recollect-
ed that about 100 yards of splendid water is covered. (See photos G & H,)
III,—Specific instance of decay.
1. The Savitri river rising in the vicinity of the Mahableshwar Range and
flowing through the Mahad Taluka and Janjira territory, empties itself into
the sea at Bankot. This river or Creek is tidal as far as Mahad, 30 miles from
its mouth, and there is evidence to show that the fishing industry along its
banks was, at one time, of considerable importance. There are, to start with,
several fishing settlements along its length to-day, terminating in the one at
Dasgaon. Being, as I have said, very interested in the question of estuary
fishing, I made enquiries as to the state of the Creek in this respect, and very
soon learnt that, from a fisherman’s standpoint, this enormous stretch of
water is now, let us call it, a‘‘ Paradise Lost’, One has only to turn to
the settlement at Dasgaon itself, to see that the families have almost
abandoned fishing and taken up cultivation instead. I learnt that the de-
crease in the fish supply has become more aud more apparent during
the last 8 or 10 years. There are, to the best of my knowledge, 2
factors alone which have contributed to the bringing about of this deplorable
result. The first of these is the reckless netting with meshes small enough to
catch fry an inch in length (I have, alas! seen them of this length at Dasgaon)
which has gone on no doubt unchecked for generations, and the second is per-
haps the partial silting up, more particularly of the mouth of the Creek,
brought about by the almost complete denudation of the hills along its entire
length, This latter cause, however, cannot be said, I think, to play a very
important part in the diminution complained of,in so far as true wigratory
fish are concerned, for the reason that Shepherd’s steamers are still just able
to get into Bankot at high tide, and where they go large fish can follow.*
Here we, therefore, have an instance of partial extermination of all kinds of
fish on a scale large enough to warrant especial attention, while making all
allowance for possible misrepresentation and consequent error in deduction on
my part.
2. Ihave now to refer to the decrease of several species of fish in every
Creek of the Kolaba District, and the remarks probably apply to the Konkan
generally, if not to the coast of Western India as a whole. There are several
species of fish which, as far as is known, never leave the Creeks at all, and
there are many which habitually ascend (a) either at certain times of the year
or (6) with more or less regularity all the year round. In my list of fishes,
later on, I have made an effort to differentiate broadly between migratory and
resident fish, helped by the best local knowledge procurable. In this former
class is to be included the fish “Bamin” (Polynemus plebeius) rendered more
* Note—Shepherd’s steamers have, I hear, ate recently ceased going into Bankot, the
bar being considered no longer safe.
ESTUARY FISHING IN WESTERN INDIA, 629
famous as a sporting fish, than he ever was, by the writings of Mr, Gadsden to
this Society.
Bat there is one other almost equally well known sporting fish, “The Cock
up’’ or “ Nair” (Lates culcarifer), a fly taker, and many more which have, unfor-
tunately for themselves, to ascend the Creeks in order to spawn. Next to the
Pomphret and Bamin (well known locally as Rawas—(@lq) ) the ‘ Nair fish”
are rightly esteemed the finest eating of any fish along the coast. The enquiries
made certainly tend to show that the numbers of these migratory fish are
decreasing. I need hardly say that they are comparatively seldom caught in
the Bankot Creek. The reason for this decrease is again, I believe, not very far
to seek, if any reliance whatsoever is to be placed on the testimony of fisher-
men, and on the observations I have myself been able io make from time to
time. Like the Salmon, these estuary fish ascend the various Creeks not only
in order to spawn, but in regular and ordinary pursuit of their food,
which consists to a great extent of the fish locally known as “ Sheg” (a kind
of Mullet) and “Noit” (Boleopthalmus boddaerti). The process of spawn-
ing in almost all instances is stated to take place with, I think, accuracy
between June and August, when, be it noted, the native fishermen, in their
hundreds, unable to put to sea, concentrate all their energies on estuary
fishing.
In times of flood, when nature points to additional safety, the larger fish
are no doubt able to, and do, to some extent avoid the vast array of trapping
engines already mentioned: for that enormous numbers of fry are caught and
destroyed, is merely a matter of fact; I have personully identified the fry of
a large number of these migratory fish taken in the Alibag and Kevdanda
Creeks and have, in fact, 20 specimens before you secured in these Creeks
alone, and I have repeatedly seen the little things caught in the higher reaches
during the last 3 touring seasons.
Now, it has already been demonstrated that the size of the mesh, which is the
all-important factor, depends, in the Konkan Creeks, more on the experiness of
the maker than on any other recognised factor. Ina word, the meshes are as
small as it is found possible to make them. If we follow this statement to
its conclusion, we shall find that on every one of these nets of the “ bhoksi”’
pattern being drawn twice in 24 hours (except during about eight days in each
month), they invariably contain a mass of little fry which have, to all intents
and purposes, been needlessly and heedlessly slaughiered, If the catch is a
satisfactory one (the matter depends a good deal on the state of the market),
the drowned fry are now cast away, notin tens and twenties, but in their
thousands. Without taking too sentimental or too alarming a view of the
position, the simple facts stare us in the face that (a) there are scores, nay
hundreds, of nets of various kinds with minute meshes on every Creek of any
length, (6) that the process of slaughter described with the flow or stream net
takes place, with the regularity of clock work, twice in 24 hours, day after day,
and (c) that albeit, at other times of the year, Creek stake fishing is
630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV//,
not so extensively resorted to as in the rains, it nevertheless does proceed
uninterruptedly for 12 months. The wonder, therefore, is that there are,
after all these years, any fish left all, I have already shown that in one Creek,
within my knowledge, the diminution appeared to me to be very considerable
and that in others, notwithstanding the well known prolific character of fish,
there isa decided diminution, which must moreover he proceeding in geome-
trical progression. There is a spot on the Revdanda Creek, about 6 miles
below the Taluka Town of Roha, which was once and is even now famous
for “ Rawas’’ and “ Jetara ’’ (“ Bamin” and “ Nair” fish). I visited this spot
three times at the right moments in order to see them on the feed, a procedure
which, when they are plentiful, is, we find in “ Thomas’ Rod,” a remarkable
sight. On one of these three occasions my wife and J saw two fish. We
caught nothing, and further comment seems hardly necessary. It wil] not
surprise some of my listeners here aud readers hereafter, when I state that
almost everywhere the “ Kolis ” of Kolaba, when approached on the topic, have
a pleasing method of transferring all responsibility in the growing failure of
the supply from their own immediate shoulders to that of their Creator,
and that in some aggravated examples they do not scruple to hold the “British
Raj” itself responsible for this evil! The process of reasoning in both
cases may, in the circumstances, be said to be more than usually obscure.
LV —Catalogue of Creek Fish.
Ihave been at some pains to try to ascertain the precise species that live
in the Konkan Creeks, as far as can be said, permanently, and those that visit
them only from time to time. In this matter, much assistance has naturally
been secured from Day’s Fishes of India, kindly lent to me by our Society, as
also from Mr. Sinclair’s excellent locai article in the Kolaba Gazetteer, which
if not exhaustive, I beg leave to refer to in respectful and appreciative terms.
It was not my original intention to try to give a complete list of fish, but as my
interest in the subject deepened, I have devoted more and more time to try to
make it so, A complete list is hardly necessary perhaps for my present pur-
poses, in that what is desired is a list of the larger edible fish, on the sustained
supply of which, the creek fishing industry—not to mention the consumer—is
actually dependent. Nor is it necessary to enter into a minute scientific
definition of each of the specimens I have before you, They have been identi-
fied, and what is wanted is information regarding them, showing more particu-
larly what I have been able to learn as to their suitability as food, and the size
they atiain when mature, For, after all, these are the only two factors of
importance from the fishing industrial standpoint. My list of the large fish is,
it is believed, almost complete and that of the smaller may be three quarters
so, Some day I hope to make both absolutely complete. Asa matter of fact,
both the large and the small fish are aln ost all edible and some are most
highly esteemed. As many as twelve species are commonly found at the
dinner tables of the European residents of Bombay ; the several varieties
of Mugil and Polynemus are perhaps the most highly esteemed. My statement
ESTUARY FISHING JIN WESTERN INDIA. 631
of the weight or size of the various fish, when mature, varies in some cases
from that given by Day. Usually the difference is not great, and where it is
so, it is to be hoped, that it may not be considered very presumptuous on my
part to deviate from so great an authority, Weights must vary, after all, in
various localities, under varying conditions, As to the question of the precise
habits of any species, it has not been possible for me to learn much, I find
that in the fundamental questions as to whethera given fish in the list is
strictly migratory or practically resident, that my independent information
fortunately agrees, in the main, with Dr, Day.
Perhaps the most remarkable and striking thing about this list is the very
large variety of large migratory and resident fish, which our Konkan estuaries
are shown to hold, It contains as many as 8 separate species which are locally
known to grow to over 40 lbs. and I have already said that this list is not quite
complete. ‘There are 8 species which attain 6 lbs, and over, This catalogue
of fish capable of growing to a great size, if given the opportunity, cannot but
be looked upon with satisfaction, It means that the estuaries can be kept
filled—aye to over-flowing—with sizable fish, with reasonable foreth ought,
in a surprisingly short space of time. Some of the migratory fish appear to
ascend the Oreeks for the sole object of spawning, At any rate, their stay is
of very short duration, and is usually restricted to the month of July,
Others, it has already been shown, ascend and descend with considerable
regularity irrespective of the operation of spawning. It is conceded, as an
undoubted fact, that large fish when about to spawn will seek, by instinct, small
water in order, as Thomas aptly says, “to suit the puny strength of their tiny
fry.” Thus it is that during the rains the rice fields bordering on the creeks are
considered by these poor misguided, but helpless creatures, as the very thing for
their requirements, They little realise the complete nature of the trap in
which they have securely left their progeny. The bamboo cruives at the outlet
of practically every rice field are so well known that I have not even considered
it necessary to prepare a model, I cannot help adding here, what will be evi-
dent presently, that the use of this form of fixed engines was prevented by
Jegislation, in parts of England, as long ago as the 15th century. How the
natives of this country can be so short sighted as to permit this dreadful folly
to-day, passes all comprehension, Thus, not only are the fry which escape
into, aud are hatched in the Creek itself slaughtered, but those in their natural
breeding grounds, The presence of great numbers ot fry of the larger fish, in
the larger waters of the Creeks themselves is capable, it appears to me, of a
perfectly logical and simple explanation. Many a large female with her mate
ready to spawn is not able, at present, to make her passage up to the shallows
without obstruction. If they both successfully evade the various fixed engines
set. fer their capture they can often have but little time to carefully select
their ground for the operation, And thus it is that the ground chosen, being
often unsuitable, the fry are washed down into the main creek at spring tides
or during the frequent heavy floods, and are killed there instead,
632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
V.—Protective Legislation.
It appears to me of great interest and significance to follow, for a few mo-
ments, the course of legislation in the matter of fish, in England, Scctland and
Wales, without troubling about the rest of Europe. In fact, my fe: ling is that,
by doing so the objective value of this paper may perchance be increased.
I must express my great indebtedness to the Bombay Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society for having lent me the necessary books of reference, It may
surprise some members present— as it did me—to hear that a penalty for
taking salmon from “the Nativity of our Lady unto St, Martins day” was fixed
as early as the 13th year of Edward I. reign, Thereafter I find that—
(1) The use of large nets fastened to stakes, anchors or boats across
(2)
(3)
(4)
rivers and estuaries (the very thing that is done so extensively in the
Konkan to-day) was prohibited by 2 Henry VI.,1423, as being “a
cause of as great and more destruction of the brood and fry of fish
as be the wears, kydels, or any other engines.” Such nets were
therefore only permitted to be pulled by hand in the 15th century
throughout, as far as I can ascertain, the United Kingdom,
A very elaborate Act was issued by Queen Elizabeth, called “an Act
for the preservation of spawn and fry of fish” which applied “to
England, Wales, Berwick, and the marches thereof.” It forbade
the taking of salmon and trout out of season, regulated the length
at which fish might be killed, the size of the mesh and:of each net,
the kind of net that might be used, with suitable penalties,
The earliest mention of an Act to protect those fishes which were
recognised to go into estuaries to spawn (besides salmon) was passed
in James I,1605, It prohibited the setting up of any new wear
along the seashore or in any haven, harbour, or creek, or within 5
miles of the mouth of any creek, the use of any draw or drag net
under 3” mesh within the same limits.
With the same objects in view, George I. passed an Act in 1714
increasing, huwever, the size of the mesh to 33” and forbidding the
use of one net behind the other even though of legal mesh—(we
have seen that there are unlimited rows of nets in the Kolaba
Creeks, without moreover any restriction as to size of mesh).
There were repeated amendments of these Acts all through
the following reigns, for instance.
The Salmon Fishery Act of 13861, Vic. C. [X., amended the laws relat-
ing to the salmon fisheries in England only, and prohibited all
poisoning of waters, fishing with lights and spears, using fish roe
as bait, using a net with a mesh of iess than 2” from knot to knot,
placing fixed engines in a river, a fishing wear wit] out a free gap,
the taking of unseasonable salmon the young of salmon, the wilful
disturbing of any spawning bed (such as the Konkan rice fields) and
any attempt to catch salmon when spawning. This act also fixed
ESTUARY FISHING IN WESTERN ¢NDIA, 633
an annual closed season and a weekly closed season ( “ between the
hour of 12 of the clock at noon on Saturday and the hour of 6
of the clock on Monday morning’’).
Thus the estuaries and rivers of the United Kingdom may be said to
have been protected by legislation, centuries ago.
(6) It was little thoaght that the advance of civilization in the special
form of immensely destructive engines— a form which it is recog-
nized that civilization often has, unfortunately,a tendency to take
—would ever render it necessary for mankind to move in the in-
terest of the fisheries at sea. For, it must be recollected that,
except in the case of some species of deep-water sea fish, the spawn
of almost all varieties, unlike those in the estuaries and rivers
of the world, float. Thus, it came to be considcred—quite
right)y—and could be considered at present as regards the sea fish-
e1ies of India —quite rightly—that no special protective measures
were necessary. It was the introduction of the steam-trawler on
the coast of England and elsewhere that rapidly caused a revolu-
tion in the fishing industry which threatened to do enormous harm.
(2) In 1883 Hulland Grimsby “included 20 steam and about
1,000 sailing trawlers”; seven years later (1900) the
number of steamers had increased to no less than 869, while
the number of sailing trawlers had fallen to 4.
(6) The Encyclopedia Britannica contains, under the head “ Fish-
eries,” a most excellent article. The history of sea-fish legisla-=
tion may be said to have started with a commission given to
Messrs. Buckland and Walpole in :878 to “enquire into the
alleged destruction of the spawn and fry of sea fish, especially
by the use of the beam-trawl and ground seine’, but it was the
Royal Commission of 1883 which “ resulted in the institution of
fishery statistics’ for the United Kingdom.
(c) In 1886 a Fishery Department of the Board of Trade was orga-
nized under the Salmon and Fresh-water Fisheries Act of that
year.
(d) Practically the whole coast line of England and Wales has now
been divided into local fisheries districts, to which the Acts of
1888, 1891 or 1594 are made applicable, as local circumstances
require.
(e) I have not been able to ascertain what the results of the Inter-
national Conference of Kepresentatives of North Sea Powers
at Christiania in 1901 (?) were.
The latter portion of the above short historical] reference to this subject is
included merely in order to try and show, that, even where the conditions, as
at sea, are so clearly and wonderfully favourable to uninterrupted propagation,
it was nevertheless found ultimately necessary, not only in the British Isles, but
634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
in many parts of Europe and America, to devise means to husband the fishing
resources in the true interests of the industry. “Security for the labourer’
says Jeremy Bentham; “ security for the fruits of labour ; such is the benefit
of laws ; and it is an inestimable benefit.”
Thus there seem to me reasonable grounds to assume that if there were a
true “public opinion ” in this country, the present condition under which
estuary fishing is conducted, would not be tolerated for long. If the
educated natives of India would give this matter their thoughtful considera-
tion, and use their influence rightly, they might do much good.
635
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637
PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION FOR INDIAN FISHERIES.
By
EK. ComBer.
The interesting paper on the Estuarine Fisheries of the Konkan that we
have had contributed by Mr. Wallinger tempts me to rescue from what is
probably, by this time, well nigh oblivion, an article that appearea in the
Field of 2nd and 9th May 1903 over the initials “W. M.” on the Inland
Fisheries of India, in the hopes that by doing so it may possibly give the nail
another tap on the head towards driving it home, and assist thereby in forcing
the Government of India to realise its duties to the industries of the country
by seriously undertaking the very needful legislation for the protection of one
that is of the most importance to the population as a whole.
Let me admit that I am entirely ignorant of the identity of the author of this
article ; but I believe that all who read it will admit that he at any rate had
studied, and thoroughly understood, his subject. That it is nearly forty years
since Dr. Day was specially deputed to draw up a scheme with a view to insti-
tuting special and necessary legislation for the better protection of the fisheries
of the country, is surely proof enough that what was recognised as of sufficient
importance then has not yet been done in even an unsatisfactory and tentative
manner.
It is to be sincerely hoped that whenever Government are aroused to take
in hand this question they will be able to see their way to do so in a more
complete and sat:sfactory manner than was the case with the so-called “ Game
Laws,’ which are now nominally in force, and was also the case when the
Fisheries Act of 1897 was made law.
THE INLAND FISHERIES OF INDIA.
I.—Derstructive AGENCIES.
There are few problems of greater interest and importance awaiting treat-
ment in India at the present time than the question of the inland fisheries of
that country. This problem found no place on Lord Curzon’s published list
of questions demanding early treatment, but there is reason to hope that the
further experience cf India which the Viceroy has now gained will have
convinced him of the necessity of moving in the matter. It is true that
already Lord Curzon has performed three times his allotted task, and that
there yet remain for him many serious and far-reaching reforms. But, on the
other hand, it may be urged that the question of the fisheries is far more
important then has hitherto been recognised, and that the need for early
action in the matter is very real. For more than thirty years the question
has been merely nibbled at by the Indian Government, and throughout that
time a marked progressive deterioration in the fish supply of Indian waters
has been noted by competent observers. Yet it is the case that very little
of a practical nature has been done during all that time. If the question
638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,. Vol. XVII,
is to be shelved until such time as some future Viceroy may care to take it up
there is no saying what immense permanent injury may not be done to Indian
fisheries. The question, indeed, is one which no longer admits of further
delay, and it is particularly desirable that it be dealt with by Lord Curzon
himself, for the present Viceroy’s splendid administration in the Hast has
been largely due to his unique power of getting things done, of pushing papers
through the secretariats and of inspiring even the most routine ridden of
subordinates with something of his own strenuous enthusiasm. There is reason
to believe that, once Lord Curzon took the matter in hand, a few practical and
commonsense measures would take the place of thirty years of apathy and
indecision.
So long ago as 1869 Dr. Day, the author of the standard work on Indian
fishes, was placed on special duty for the purpose of drawing up a scheme for
the better protection of Indian fisheries. ‘Two years later he issued a report
dealing with the protection of fish in the Nort-West Provinces, in which he
strongly advocated the introduction of a Fisheries Act. But this report and
recommendation shared the fate which so frequently befalls similar documents
in India, and for years nothing whatever was done in the matter. By 1883 the
question had again forced its way to the front, and was considered by the
agricultural conference assembled at Delhi in that year. Various proposals,
including one or two draft schemes of legislation, had been put forward by
local administrations in the years immediately preceding, and these were duly
considered by the Delhi conference. The members unanimously recommended
that—(qa) the use of dynamite or other explosives for the destruction of fish
should be prohibited ; (6) poison should also be prohibited ;(¢) fish ladders
should be provided on weirs or other river works; (d) fixed obstructions and-
engines in rivers should be regulated ; (¢) stock pools should be protected. The
members of the conference differed as to the expediency of regulating the size
of the mesh of nets, and also as to prohibiting or regulating the baling out of
rivers or streams for the purpose of catching fish. But the labours of this
conference were, for the time at least, largely in vain. Five years elapsed
before even a draft Fisheries Bili was prepared by the Government of India,
and it was nine years after the conference and twenty-eight years after Govern-
ment had depnted Dr, Day to report on the matter before a Fisheries Act was
eventually passed into law. This Act was very far from being what ali com-
petent experts would have liked to see it. It prohibited the use of poison and
dynamite in rivers, but practically left everything else to local administrations,
to whom power was given to frame such minor rules under the Act as might
seem necessary. No machinery was introduced for the proper working
of the Act. It was nobody’s business in particular to see that its pro-
visions, scanty as they were, were carried out. It was even left to the
discretion of local governments whether they should adopt it at all.
The result of legislation of this sort may be imagined. It was something
rather worse than useless. It has not stayed in the slightest degree the
PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION FOR INDIAN FISHERIES, 539
process of wholesale destruction of fish in Indian rivers, but the fact of its
having become law means, apparently, that the question is looked upon as
closed by responsible authorities, and when this attitude is assumed it is
difficult indeed to get anything done. The Act has, indeed, been practically
inoperative throughout its brief existence. It has proved a mere dead letter.
Inquiries recently made elicited the facts that in some provinces of India it had
not been adopted at all, that in others it was nominally in force, but that
nothing else had been done, in others it was in force, but no sub-idiary rules
had been drawn up, while in the one or two cases where rules did exist they
were chiefly of a local character, and not of general application to the rivers of
the provnce. In many cases district authorities were even ignorant of the
existence of a Fisheries Act.
Such is the position to-day as regards the protective measures so far
adupted by the Government of India, It may be of interest to recount
briefly the evils fron which Indian fresh water fisheries chiefly suffer and then
to indicate the most desirable remedies, Dynamite and poison are apparently
deemed the most destructive agencies by the Government, since they alone
are expressly prohibited by the Act of 1897. Itis very doubtful whether
they really come first, but they are,at any rate, most potent causes of the
depletion of many Jndian rivers. Dynamite is largely used in India, as else-
where, in railway construction work, for road making ix hilly districts, for
clearing sites, and so on. It is unfortunate that the labourers usually employ-
ed on work of this sort, and who thus have extensive opportunities for the
theft of high explosives, should generally be hiil-men whose homes are on the
banks of some of the chief spawning and breeding waters in Northern India.
There is little doubt that engineers and others responsible for construction
work have heen very lax in the past in the matter of sufeguarding their ex-
plosives, but there is every reason to believe that the leakage is no longer so
great as it was. Still enormous damage has beer done in some rivers by the use
of explosives, notably in those tributaries of the Indus in the neighbourhood of
Attock. Twenty years ago these streams were renowned for the head of
fish they contained. To-day, and for years past, they are practically empty.
It is probable, though, that poison does far more damage than dynamite and
kindred substances in the matter of fish destruction, It is far more easily
obtained, in the first place, and requires no skilled knowledge to use. Every
bazaar will have on sale substances which can be used only too successfully
for poisoning fish. An enormous amount of damage,indeed, is done in many
hill streams by a poison which costs nothing, inasmuch as it grows on the hanks
of the streams which are to be operated on. A decoction of the leaves of a
certain shrub which is common enovgb in the Himalayan valleys is very
frequently used for poisoning all the fish in an extensive pool. At certain
periods of the year the fish ascend the rivers very much in the same manner as
salmon, In the event of there being insufficient water to unable them to get past
some natural obstruction thousands of fish will congregate in the pool. Such an
640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
accumulation is the chance which the fish poisoner waits for. He lowers into
the head of the pool his earthenware pot containing a decoction of poisonous
leaves, and then all that is necessary is to wade into the shallows at the end of
the pool and gather up the sickened and stupified fish which the crrrent floats
down to him. It will readily be understood that when this sort of operation
is being carried on at a score of different points on a hill stream it is a matter
for wonder, not that there should be a decrease in fish, but rather that any
should remain.
But perhaps even more destructive than the poisoner is the native who works
on the actual spawning grounds and nurseries for young fry. These are petty
streams in the little side valleys of the hills. The largest fish may be seen
forcing their way through the shallowest of water in order to reach some quiet
pool with shelving bank, which instinct tells them is the most desirable
spawning ground, These spawning fish, when the water is low and clear,
are generally secured by the men waiting for that purpose, either by
netting, clubbing, spearing, or poisoning. Some manage to escape, and may
accomplish the spawning operation successfully and even get back safely
to the main stream ifa good spate happens to occur opportunely. To get
back when the stream is low and clear is almost impossible, for such small
streams are frequently dammed for either irrigation or power purposes. In
each case the water is compelled to pass through a narrow channel, and in this
will be placed a series of nets or large baskets, which render the passage of any
fish, large or small, out of the question. In baskets such as these myriads of
immature fry are captured, incalculable damage being thus done to the fi: hery
To those who have not seen the actual operations in progress the elaborate
methods of the professional fish slaughterer will appear almost incredible. It
is a very frequent practice, for instance, to turn aside a stream altogether from
its natural course in order to leave all the fish below a certain point high and
dry or confined in petty pools, whence they are readily taken out. Not merely
fish and fry are thus captured, but millions of eggs are left out of the water,
and so never come to maturity.
Another method of fish destruction is usually employed against the mahseer,
As is well known, this grand fish prefers the rocky rivers and streams at or
near the foot of the hills, and at one period of the year he ascends the rivers
in large numbers. With the coming of autumn, however, he begins to fall down
the streams towards the plains, Some fish, though what proportion is not
clear, are found far down in the sluggish water well away from the hills, but
a large number remain to hibernate in the deep, rocky pools just within the
hills, The term “hibernate” is used advisedly, as there is no doubt that,
as a rule, these fish pass the winter months at the bottom of these pools in a
more or less unconscious condition. The water at such times is usually very
clear, and shoals of monster mahseer may easily be seen from some vantage
point high above the stream. They lie close to the bottom, and even when
watched for hours, do not appear to move, A boat passing over them they
PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION FOR INDIAN FISHERIES, 641
heed not, even a stone does not move them. Such fish readily fall a prey to
the professional fishermen. They are too heavy, asa rule, for such nets as
he possesses, so that, if neither dynamite or poison are employed, the most,
approved method in such cases is clubbing. A gang of men enter the
water and drive the fish to the shallows above or below the pool. Here, the
river being at its lowest, it is a simple matter to knock the fish over with
clubs. It was by these methods that one of the best reaches in the Poonch,
most famous of Indian rivers, was almost completely denuded of fish a few
Winters ago, so much so, indeed, that even the native administration of
Kashmir was at length compelled to take measures to preserve the few
remaining fish.
Such area few of the methods of destruction adopted. The result of
those methods is every day becoming more apparent. The decrease in the
fresh water fish supply, which was noticed thirty years ago by such authorities
as Day and Thomas, has continued to become more marked until now from
almost every part of India the same story is forthceming. Famous rivers well
nigh destitute of fish, fewer fish on sale in the markets, higher prices for those
offered. And. looking to the methods employed, and which have been briefly
described, can there be any wonder that the supply so steadily diminished ?
Tt may be said that from time immemorial the natives of India have been
accustomed to catch their fish in the manner indicated. This looks plausible
enough at first, but will not stand examination, The principal breeding
grounds for the river fish of Northern India are the streams within the hills.
Now, before the roads and railways which we constructed had opened out
Upper India, there were probably few places more difficult to get to
than the small side valleys of the Himalaya. Consequently, the profession
of fisherman hardly existed within the hills in those days. Men killed
large numbers of fish, no doubt, by the primitive and expensive methods
already described ; but there was no outside market for these, and consequently
only an occasional slaughter was necessary in order to supply the scanty local
demand. But to-day all this is changed. Roads and railways have brought
many of the breeding grounds within easy reach of lucrative markets. Fish
are caught during a winter’s day, a dozen miles or so by camel brings them
to the railway, and in six hours they can be on sale in the bazaars of Lahore
or Amritsar. The demand for fish is increasing too. Whether this is due
to an increased standard or comfort in living which some observers have
remarked, or whether the spread of the ubiquitous Bengali—a fish-eater par
excellence—is responsible for this it is difficult tosay. But the fact remains
that the high prices offerig tempt men to pursue the business of fish slaughter
ever further and further afield. Gangs now not infrequently exploit streams
far remote from their own homes, greatly to the annoyance of the local
natives. Some of the streams near Rawal Pindi were thus cleared of fish a
few years ago by a horde of professional netters from Jhelum. Similarly,
the streams in the native state of Sirmur, near to Simla, were for years
642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
annually invaded by some scores of netsmen from the Kangra valley until the
taking over of the waters in question by a private concern compelled these
men to return to their homes. These are but a few instances of what has
been going on for years in many parts of India, especially Northern India.
From almost everywhere the same reports come regarding the marked decrease
in the stock of fish and the very much increased activity of the professional
fish slaughterer,
II.—PrRoTECcTIvE AGENCIES.
Many years ago the Government of India deliberately recorded its opinion
“ that the importance of maintaining to the fuliest extent one of th- most
considerable foud supplies of the country was so great as to justify legislation.”
After long years that pronouncement has been followed up by the promised
legislation. Is it sufficient ? and has “ one of the most considerable food
supplies of the country” been “ maintained to the fullest extent ?’ These are
questions which deserve to be fully and carefully considered, and to which
unfortunately, only one answer is possible, and that most decidecly in the
negative. The legislation has mainly been ineffective because it has never
really been given afair chance. When salmon laws came first into operation
in this country they were found to be ineffective because there was no muachi-
nery to work them and put them into force, And it was not until the Govern-
ment of the day had at last recognised that legislation alone, without machi-
nery to put into force, was perfectly uscless, that the salmon laws afforded
any protection whatever to the fish. It ought to be obvious enough that any
legislation so handicapped must altogether fail in its object. Of what use, for
instance, would elaborate laws regulating factories, steam generators, and
explosives be if there existed no machinery whatever to enforce them. Or, to
adopt an Indian parallel, what sort of an inc: me would the Government
-monopoly of salt and opium bring in if there were no preventive service ?
The matter is surely plain enough. The good, though belated, intentions
of the Government of India, as indicated in the Fisheries Act of 1897,
have almost entirely failed to be realised simply bceause it has been
nobody’s business to set that Act in motion. The already overworked district
officers have no time to study fishery questions. Local administrations have
been apathetic because to a large extent ignorant of the evils which have been
going on, and because, too, they have had at hand no one competent to give
them expert advice on the subject. In a word, what is necessary is the
appointment of a fisheries inspector, whose business it will be to carefully
examine into the causes of the very marked depletion in the fresh water fish
supply, and advise Government as to the remedial methods to be adopted.
Now, this proposition, simple and obvious though it appears, is one which has
not as yet been received with much enthusiasm in official quarters. It is true
that inspectors of fisheries have been found to be necessary by practically every
civilised country in the world. But in India, no doubt rightly enovgh, there is
always somewhat of a disinclination to create any new agency which may
PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION FOR INDIAN FISHERIES, 643
perhaps, in time prove oppressive to the people. The example of the working
of the forest laws is often quoted asa case in point. There is apparently a
fear that the creation of any machinery, however modest, for efficiently
working the Fishery Act would mean the letting loose on the people of a
horde of rapacious native underlings, eager, like most of their kind, for
extortion and blackmail, and ever ready in the perpetration of every descrip-
tion of petty tyranny and oppression. But these fears are surely either
altogether unfounded or very much exaggerated. It would be possible to
protect Indian fisheries to a very large extent without an army of native
assistants. It has already been pointed out that it is the greater accessibility
of the rivers to the markets, thus leading to an enormously greater drain upon
their fish life, which is largely answerable for the depletion uow so largely
prevalent. I is not, therefore, absolutely nece-sary to patrol the banks of
every river by means of armies of watchers, If only the markets themselves
are carefully watched they will readily afford a great deal of inforn ation.
They will tell us, for instance, whether fish have been poisoned, whether fry,
immature, or spawning fish are being killed whether the close times, if any, are
bein s observed, and so on. By watching the great markets in this way it will
soon be possible to see where and by whom the regulations considered neces-
sary locally are being broken. And in the framing of these local regulations the
fishery inspector would naturally be consulted by the loca! authorities, He
would carefully examine into the conditions on the spot, diagnosing the
disease from which the river was suffering, and prescribing an appropriate
remedy. The use of dynamite or poison might be indicated ; he would take
steps to discover the culprits and procure their conviction, ‘The absence of
all but large fish from a stream which ought to maintain a giod stock of fry
and smaller fish would evidently point to tixed obstructions, the use of ille-
gally small mesh nets, and so on, In extreme cases he might even advise that
the most drastic section of the Act be put in force, and all taking of fish be
prohibited for a prolonged period. A system of licensing fishermen, such licen-
ses costing merely a nominal amount, might aJso be introduced with advan-
tage. Questions of acclimatisation, of spawning times, and other fish pro-
blems still to a large extent undecided might be systematically taken up, and
an enormous amount of most valuable evidence thus accumulated. All this
might be done at a very tr fling cost, but the benefits to be derived from a
common-sense fishery policy in India wouid be immense—so great, indeed, that
the question surely deserves greater and more sympathetic attention than has
hitherto been bestowed on it.
Let any one take a population map of India. He will then be able to see
at a glance that the broad belt of fertile plains running parallel to the
Himalaya and on either bank of the Ganges constitute some of the most
densely-populated districts in India. Immediately north of this heavily-pe« pled
tract lies a very thinly populated zone of hill country, the Jower spurs and
valleys of the Himalaya. Now, at the present moment the few inhabitants
12
644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
of this latter tract are, to a large extent, destroying the fish food of the
millions in the plains beyond, Many of the principal edible fishes ascend the
rivers for spawning purposes, and it is within the hills, or in the country
immediately at their feet, that the greater part of the damage to fresh water
fisheries is done. A thousand fry wantonly slaughtered here for the sake of
a copper or two or a few handfuls of rice means the loss of many thousands
of potential full-sized fish to the netsmen in the plains below. It is not sought
to in any way restrict or curtail the supply of fish to the people of India, but
rather to enormously increase it by taking a few obvious precautions. By
slightly curb:ng the very savage and primitive method of the fish slaughterer
within the hills it will be possible to increase the eventual yield of the nets
in the plains below a thousandfold Fish is a very favourite article of food
with the natives of India. It is, indeed, of perhaps more widespread use in
that country than any other substance. The staple foods of the people vary
greatly. In one part rice is universally used, im another wheat flour, ina
third millets or pulses. But fish is everywhere eaten when it can be obtained.
Consequently, any measures which seem to hold out even a promise of
increasing this very important food supply surely deserve the fullest con-
sideration, Hitherto in this paper the rivers of Northern India have been
chiefly referred to. But there is a great opening for future fish supplies in
the intelligent stocking of the numerous storage tanks which have been
constructed of late years as famine relief works. In a very interesting
account Mr. Thomas has shown what extraordinarily favourable results may
be obtained from even small stocking schemes, such is the reproductiveness
and quickness in arriving at maturity of certain species of Indian fish. By
judiciously stocking some of the mors promising of these tanks a very large
stock of fish might be created. But to carry out work of this sort intelligent-
ly and systematically some special machinery and some uniformity of plan is
required. It is a task which might well be undertaken by an Indian in-
spector of fisheries.
It has sometimes been said that the cry for the better protection of Indian
fisheries is a mere selfish cry raised by, and in the interests of, a limited
number of English anglers. ‘There could not he a greater error, The interests
of the angler and of the legitimate netsman are identical. The recreation
ef the one and the livelihood of the other are both being seriously affected
by the wholesale fish slaughter gomg on continually in the hill streams—
the nurseries and breeding grounds of many species. The sporting point of
view may be ignored, for it is insignificant when compared with the economic
aspeet of the question, an aspect which has hardly as yet been afforded serious
consideration by Government. Meanwhile, every year sees the general con-
dition of Indian rivers growing worse, and it is earnestly to be hoped that
the question will be thoroughly gone into before Lord Curzon’s term of
office expires.
W. M.
G45
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”
SERIES II, PART III,
By
Sir GeEorGE HAMPson, BART, F.Z.8., F.E.S.
(Continued from page 478 of this Volume. }
Sub-family HRASTRIANA,
Genus NEACHROSTIA, nov.
Type N. brunneiplaga.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned to vertex of head, thickly scaled ;
the third joint short ; frons smooth, rounded ; antennz of male ciliated ; meta-
thorax with recumbent crest ; abdomen without crests. Forewing with vein
3 from well before angle of cell; 4°5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7°8
stalked shortly in female ; 9 absent; 10°11 from cell, Hindwing with veins 3°4
coincident ; 5 almost obsolete from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 shortly stalked ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
2098,a. NEACHROSTIA BRUNNEIPLAGA, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 500
(1905).
&. Head and thorax brown almost entirely suffused on dorsum with black
Z and. tinged with
grey; palpi black
eycept at tips; ab-
domen pale brown
irrorated with fus-
cous, Forewing pale
ochreous brown
Neachrostia brunneiplaga. @ 3. irrorated with
rufous ; the basal area black bounded by a waved line; the antemedial area
with a glaucous tinge ; the antemedial line represented by a black striga from
costa and brown striz in and below cell; a medial line, black towards costa,
then brown, incurved in submedian interspace ; a small black discoidal lunule ;
a black patch on costa from middle to near apex, slightly tinged with grey ;
an indistinct postmedial line excurved at middle and incurved in submedian
interspace and with traces of another waved line beyond it ; some faint diffused
fuscous subterminal patches ; a terminal series of black striz; cilia irrorated
with black, Hindwing pale brown with a faint fuscous tinge; cilia ochreous
at base ; the underside pale irrorated with fuscous, a black discoidal spot and
diffused curved postmedial line,
Q. Forewing with the antemedial area pale ochreous.
Habitat.—AssaM, Khasis, xp. 18 mill.
646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIII.
2101.d, NARANGA MACROPLAGA, 0. sp.
Q. Head and thorax ochreous white with an olive tinge ; palpi fuscous
except towards tips ; fore tarsi ringed with fuscous; abdomen white slightly
tinged with fuscous, the crest on basal segment black. Forewing pale ochreous,
sometimes tinged with olive and with slight fuscous irroration ; subbasal line
represented by a slight oblique striga from costa ; some fuscous scales on inner
area before the antemedial line which is obsolescent on costal area and highly
angled on median nervure, then defined by whitish on inner side and waved,
defining an olive patch extending from cell to inner margin defined above by
black scales and on outer side by the postmedial line which is obsolescent
towards costa, inwardly oblique to vein 4, then excurved, defined by whitish
on outer side ; an oblique diffused fuscous fascia from termen below apex; a
terminal series of black points. Hindwing pale suffused with fuscous; cilia
white with a fuscous line through them,
Habitat—CryLon (de Mowbray), IZxp. 20 mill, Type in B. M., |
Genus RivuLa insert Motina, Wik., XXVII., 12 (1863). Type wqualis.
2103. ¢. RIVULA CYANEPUNCTA, 0. sp.
6. Head and tho:ax red-brown, the patagia with some purple scales and
metathorax with white spot ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen fuscous brown,
Forewing rufous with an olive tinge with series of silvery purplish points and
striz ; a point at base of costa and a short streak below the cell ; an antemedial
series of points and striz oblique below costa angled inwards in cell, then
oblique to vein 1 and with a point further from base on inner margin ; the
reniform represented by a rather T-shaped mark on its upper and inner sides
and some points on its outer; a postmedial series of points and striz very
strongly bent outwards below costa and angled inwards in discal and sukmedian
folds ; an irregular subterminal series of points and small white spot on costa.
Hindwing fuscous, the cilia pale rufous; the underside with the inner half
whitish, a slight discoidal lunule and curved postmedial line,
Habitat—Buvuran (Dudgeon), Eap.24 mill. Type in B. M,
2106. a, RivuLa barbipennis insert Molina AQUALIS, W1k., XXVII., 12 (1853),
which has precedence.
2106. 6. RIVULA NIVELPUNCTA Swinh. A. M.N. H. (7), xv. p. 154 (1995),
@. Legs of male normal.
Head and thorax reddish brown, the metathorax with white spot ; abdomen
fuscous brown, the anal tuft ochreous white, Forewing reddish brown; sub-
basal white points on costa and below cell; an antemedial series of points
angled inwards in cell and submedian fold ; reniform represented by a white
lunule with series of points beyond it ; a postmedial series of white points bent
outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then strongly incurved ; some white
points on costa towards apex ; a subterminal series of white points, Hindwing
whitish, the inner and terminal areas strongly suffused with brown; the
underside whitish, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a slight
discoidal lunule and curved postmedial line,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 647
Habitat—Buuran, Assam, Khasis; CeyLon, Puttalam, Haputale ; SINGAPORE.
Exp. 16 mill.
2106.c. RIVULA FURCIFERA, n, 8).
@. Pale ochreous ; palpi brown ait sides, the fringe of hind tibia brown at
tips. Forewing with red brown patch from cell to inner margin extending from
base to near termen and conjoined to a spot in middle of cell and oblique dis-
cocellular band extending to costa ; a subbasal brown point, some slight marks
on costa and a diffused patch of scales on terminal area below apex. Hind-
wing suffused with fuscous brown.
Huabitat—CryYton, Pundaloya (Green), zp, 24 mill. Type in B, M.
2106. d, RiVULA PLUMIPES, n. sp.
@. Tibi fringed with long hair, the hind tibis with immense tufis of
hair, black on inner side, and meeting large tufts of long black scales from
medial segments of abdomen below; thorax with tufts of ochreous and black
hair from below base of wings ; hindwing with the inner margin fringed with
long hair,
Head and tegule grey; thorax red-brown; abdomen ochreous, Forewing
grey-brown suffused with red-brown on inner half; the grey area witha
purplish tinge and slight dark irroration, the inner margin with some fulvous at
middle ; black points in cell near base and before middle ; an antemedial series
of very short black streaks, acutely angled on median nervure ; a large brewn
discoidal ocellus with two black spots on it, the upper one larger, and some
black points on its outer edge ; a postmedial series of very short black streaks,
very strongly bent outwards below costa, then very oblique, incurved below
vein 4; an apical b!ack spot and terminal series of points, Hindwing fus-
cous brown, the hair on inner margin ochreous ; the underside paler with dark
irroration, a slizht discoidal lunule,
Habitat.—CrYLON, Maskeliya (J. Pole), Exp, 26 mill. Type in B, M.
2133, a. HUBLEMMA ALSTONI, 0. sp.
@. Forewing with the termen strongly excurved at middle and excised
above and below middle ; hindwing with the termen excurved at middle and
excised at submedian fold,
Black ; abdomen with some whitish on basal segment. Forewing with traces
of black antemedial line with slight whitish mark on it above vein 1; an
indistinct black medial line oblique from costa to median nervure, then
incurved ; traces of a postmedial line with diffused white patch on it from
costa to vein 7, a white point beyond it at vein 4, and angled inwards
at submedian fold; a diffused white mark on apical part of costa; a
black terminal line, Hindwing slightly mixed with grey especially cn costal
area and disk; traces of waved ante- and postmedial lines ; a black terminal line,
Habitat,—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston). Ewp, 24 mill. Type in B. M.
2136, a, ZaGIRA BIPARS, n. sp.
6. Head and thorax fuscous, the scales tipped with grey, the head with
some ochreous ; thorax ochreous ; abdomen dorsally fuscous ; pectus, legs and
648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
ventral surface of abdomen fuscous mixed with ochreous, Forewing with the
costal area broadly ochreous from inner margin near base to subterminal line,
irrorated with fuscous and becoming fuscous at costa; the rest of wing deep
black to postmedial line, then fuscous black ; postmedial line pale, incurved,
from the costal ochreous area to inner margin ; a black streak below extremity
of the pale costal area and two small triangular marks on its outer edge; a slight
greyish subterminal line, incurved below vein 4; some ochreous point on ter-
minal half of costa and a terminal series, Hindwing with the basal area deep
black ; an irregularly waved medial line with greyish suffusion before and
beyond it ; the terminal area fuscous black; a sinuous postmedial series of
greyish ochreous points, the one in discal fold placed onasmall black mark ;
a terminal series of ochreous points, Underside of forewing with the basal
half of costal area suffused with ochreous and with dark discoidal lunule,
an oblique subterminal series of whitish points ; hindwing with the basal half
suffused with whitish,a dark discoidal spot and line from it to inner margin ;
a sinuous subterminal series of white points,
Q. Thorax and costal area of forewing tinged with pale rufous,
Habitat, —Assam, Khasis; N, Kanara, Karwar (T.R. Bell). Hap, 36 mill.
Type in B. M.
2139, b. ZuROBATA ALBISCRIPTA insert (syn.) Agabra spotha, Swinh, Cat.
Het. Mus, Oxon. IL., p. 37, pl. 1, f. 16. Nilgiris,
2139.4, ZUROBATA DECORATA, Swinh, A. M. N, H., (7), xi., p. 505 (1908).
Head and thorax white mixed with some fuscous especially on palpi and fore
tibise ; a spot on frons and basal joint of antenne crange ; abdomen white,
the dorsal surface red-brown except first two segments. Forewing red-brown,
some purplish grey with black points on it at base of costa ; an antemedial
white band with a black lunule on it below the cell, angled outwards and prc-
duced to streaks on subcostal and median nervures and with a fine oblique
streak from its outer edge in cell to upper angle of cell, a fine discoidal line
connecting the ends of streaks ; postmedial line oblique and white from costa
to vein 6, then indistinct and inwardly oblique;a fine white subterminal line
slightly excurved below costa and strongly at middle, the area beyond it suf-
fused with white from below apex and vein 5; a fine white line at base of cilia
which are white at apex and vein 5. Hindwing red brown; the base white:
a fine oblique sinuous white line from lower angle of cell to inner margin’
forking in end of cell; a subterminal white line angled outwards to termen
at vein 5.
Habitat —Buutan ; Siam, Muek-Lek. ap, 20 mill,
2145. CorGATHA COSTINOTALIS del. Capnudes minor,
2145.a. CorcaTHa minor, Moore Lep. Ceyl. IJI. p, 212. pl. 174, f. 11.
&. Bright red-brown ; palpi black at tips ; vertex of head white, Forewing
with white subbasal, antemedial, postmedial and apical spots with the costa
between them black and two white points on it towards apex ; traces of a waved
antemedial line; a black discoidal point; an indistinct curved postmedial
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 649
series of points ; a series of black points in the inter spaces just before termen,
and a terminal series of striae on veins, Hindwing with small black discoidal
spot ; an indistinct curved postmedial series of points ; a series of black points
just before termen and a terminal series of striz on the veins,
Habitat.—-CEYLON ; BoRNEO, Sarawak, Lxp. 18 mill.
2145. b, CokGATHA ATRIFALCIS, 0, sp.
Hindwing falcate, the termen angled at middle; hindwing with the termen
rounded.
®. Pale brownish ochreous slightly irrorated with black, Forewing with
the costal edge blackish towards base; an antemedial black point just
above median nervure and one on discocellulars; two oblique medial lines
from cell to inner margin filled in with fuscous ; two oblique postmedial lines
from vein 6 to inner margin filled in with fuscous; a double series of
obscure fuscous subterminal spots; a series of fuscous points just before
termen ; the cilia of lobe black; the point just before it white and black,
Hindwing with double oblique medial line, the inner strong, black; an indis-
tinct double subterminal line, slightly excurved at discal fold; a series of
fuscous points just before termen,
Habitat—CryYton, Wattegama (\ackwood), Hap. 30 mill, Type in B. M.
2145,c, CORGATHA DIPLOCHORDA, 0. sp.
Q. Pale brownish slightly irrerated with black; headand tegule fulvous,
Forewing with antemedial black point in cell and three on discocellulars ; a
double oblique medial line from cell to inner margin; a double oblique post-
medial line from vein 5 to inner margin; an indistinct double subterminal
series of fuscous spots; a series of black points just before termen, the
terminal area tinged with rufous. Hindwing with black point at lower
angle of cell; a double oblique postmedial line; a double subterminal line
slightly excurved at middle; a series of black points before termen ; both
wings with fine terminal line,
Habitat. —AssaM, Khasis, Jap, 24 mill. Type in B, M.
2145, d. COoRGATHA TRICHOGYIA, n, sp,
6. Femora and tibie fringed with hair, the mid and hind tibize with
extremely long hair.
Purplish red-brown ; palpi and frons black ; antennz with some white on
basal half of shaft above; legs ochreous, Forewing with subbasal, ante-
medial and medial black spots on costa ; antemedial points on median nervure
and vein 1; a large discoidal spot ; some pale points on costa towards apex;
a terminal series of black points, Hindwing with black discoidal point ;
traces of a curved postmedial series of white points ; a termiual series of black
points.
Habitat,—CryYLton ; Pundaloya (Green). Exp. 18 mill, Type in B, M,
2146. c, CoRGATHA ALBIVERTEX, n. sp.
6. Red-brown; palpi and frons blackish; vertex of head pure white ;
metathorax and segmental bands on abdomen blackish, Forewing irrorated
650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVJ1,
with black; waved black antemedial, indistinct medial, postmedial and
subterminal lines, the postmedial bent outwards from below costa to vein 4
and slightly angled inwards in discal fold ; a discoidal point and a terminal
series. Hindwing irrorated with black; traces of an antemedial line ;
a discoidal point ; a postmedial minutely dentate line angled outwards at vein
4; a subterminal waved line and a terminal series of poiats,
Hulitat,—Cry on, Puttalam, Matéle (Pole), Eap, 20 mill, Type in B.M.,
1407. d. TOLPIA MELANOSTICTA, 0, sp.
&. Head and thorax grey mixed with fuscous ; palpi blackish except at tips ;
tarsi banded with black; abdomen fuscous, Forewing grey-white irrorated
with fuscous ; subbasal line strong, black, oblique from costa to submedian
fold ; antemedia! line double, waved, with black patches on outer side at cesta
and submedian folds ; an indistinct medial line on costal and inner areas with
black mark beyond it on costa ; a sinall elliptical white discoidal spot defined
by black ; the terminal area with three very ill-defined waved lines crossed by
two short black streaks in discal fold, the upper rather nearer termen, and two
small black marks in submed.un foid; a terminal series of black points,
Hindwing fuscous brown ; the underside a with discoidal bar aud curved
postmedial line,
Habitat —Mavras, Palnis (Campbell), Exp. 20 mill, Type in B. M.
1407. ¢. ToLPla LEUCOPIS, n, sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen dull brown ; tarsi with pale rings ; tegule darker,
Forewing pale brown suffused and irrorated with dark-brown ; subbasal line
represented by a black point on costa; ante- and postmedial lines waved, with
black points at costa; a small whitish discoidal spot defined by black; the
terminal area rather darker with ill-defined sinuous whitish subterminal line ;
a terminai series of black points, Hindwing pale fuscous ; the underside with
discoidal spot,
Habitut,——PuwtnsaB, Dharmsala (Hocking); Assam, Margherita (Doherty) ;
Mapras, Palnis, Kodai Kanel (Campbell) ; CxyLon, Hambantota (Pole). Exp,
12 mill. Type in B. M.
1407. f. ToLPIA MYOPS, n. sp.
©. Head and thorax red-brown; abdomen pale brown with the dorsal
crest at base black, Forewing red-brown more or less strongly suffused with
fuscous ; the subbasal, ante-medial, postmedial and subterminal waved lines
very obscure and diffused; a small white discoidal spot surrounded by
blac scales; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing yellowish white
suffused with brown or fuscons towards termen; the underside with dis-
coidal spot and interrupted diffused postmedial line.
Habitat—Cry on, Puttalam, Bogawantalawa (Pole), Exp. 18 mill, Type
in B, M,
1407.9. TOLPIA PLUMBIFUSA, 0. sp.
@. Head and thorax leaden fuscous ; abdomen fuscous, Forewing leaden
fuscous sparsely irrorated with black, ill-defined antemedial, medial and
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, O5t
restmedial rufous bands; anfindistinct subterminal line angled outwards at
vein 7 and excurved at middle, Hindwing pale fuscous,
The specimen from Sikhim is reddish-brown, the head and tegule dark ;
forewing with the leaden fuscous suffusion confined to the basal costal area,
the medial and terminal areas,
Habitat—Sr1xuim (Pilcher); Cryton, Maskeliya (Pole). /ap. 14 mill,
Type in BLM.
1407. h. TOLPIA BILINEATA, 0, sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen brownish tinged with fuscous ; abdomen with
black basal crest. Forewing pale brownish suffused and irrorated with foscous;
the ante-, the inner medial and postmedial areas more or Jess distinctly paler;
subbasal line dark, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line dark angled
outwards on median nervure ; postmedial line curved from costa to submedian
fold where it is angled inwards, then oblique to inner margin ; a small whitish
lunule at lower angle of cell with dark points beyond it ; an ill-defined sinuous —
grey subterminal line defined by fuscous suffusion on each side; a terminal
series of dark strie. Hindwing pale yellowish more or less strongly tinged with
brown on terminal area ; the underside with black discoidal spot.
Habitat.—CrYLON, Maskeliya (Pole), W. Haputale, Horton Plains (Mack-
wood), xp. 16-18 mill, Type in B, M.
1407, ¢. ToLpia BIPARS, nN. sp.
Palpi ochreous, black at sides ; head and thorax white, antenna black ; tegule
ochreous ; patagia with leaden grey patches; legs black and grey ; abdomen
ochreous dorsally suffused with fuscous, Forewing with the basal area white
irrorated with a few brown scales ; a black-edged leaden grey patch at base of
costa ;a curved black line bounding the basal area witha broad leaden grey
band beyond it extending to the red-brown medial line; the terminal half
leaden grey and white with waved rufous postmedial line and indistinct sinuous
subterminal line; a few large black scales on the rufous lines, Hindwing
yellowish white suffused with fuscous brown, especially towards termen ; the
underside with discoidal spot and traces of postmedial line on costal area.
Habitat—CEYLON, Bogawantalawa (Pole), Hep. 14 mill. Type in B, M.
2161.a, MuicRa#scHUS ATRICINCTA, 0, sp.
a. Head, thorax and abdomen pale brown slightly tinged with crimson ;
vertex of head and base of shaft of antenne white. Forewing pale brownish
flesh colour irrorated with crimson and a few dark scales; the costal and
terminal areas black, expanding at apex; antemedial line crimson with a
white point at costa, waved, a slight discoidal point ; postmedial line crimson
with black points at the veins and white point at costa, dentate, obliquely
excurved from costa to vein 4, then strongly incurved, some white points beyond
it on costa ; cilia orange, Hindwing pale brownish flesh colour irrorated with
crimson and a few dark scales ; a discoidal crimson lunule and curved waved.
postmedial line ; terminal black band ; cilia orange, Underside greyish.
Habitat —CEyY1on, Maskeliya (Pole). Lxp. 16 mill, Type in B, M.
13
652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV1J,
2162 a. MICRASCHUS OINISTIS, n. sp.
&@. Head, thorax and abdomen vinous red and whitish; shaft of antenna
and a band between their bases white. Forewing whitish tinged with vinous
red and irrorated with fuscous ; an indistinct antemedial line from cell to inner
margin; an oblique line from costa to lower angle of cell; a diffused blackish
discoidal spot ; traces of a postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 4, then
incurved ; the terminal area slightly darker with traces of a pale waved sub-
terminal line ; some dark points on termen, Hindwing purplish red ; the post-
medial line-represented by a white bar on inner margin ; cilia whitish at tips.
Habitat—Cryton, Kandy (Pole), Yatiyantota (Green), Hap. 14 mill.
Type in B, M.
2164, c, MICR#SCHUS PURPURASCENS, 0. sp.
&@. Deep purplish pink ; palpi, frons and forelegs brown ; vertex of head
and shaft of antenne above pure white ; ventral surface of abdomen and anal
tuft yellow. Forewing with traces of an antemedial line; an indistinct post-
medial line very oblique from costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, the
area between the lines rather darker; the costa except at base and between
the lines white. Hindwing with postmedial line oblique from costa to vein 3,
then incurved, the area beyond it rather paler; both wings with the termen
and cilia orange yellow.
Habitat,—Cryion, Kandy (Pole). Hap, 16 mill, Type in B. M.
2164.d. MickR#sCHUS POLIORHODA, 0. sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with purplish crimson, the vertex
of head pure white, Ferewing grey irrorated with purplish pink; some
ochreous points on costa ; traces of a pink antemedial line ; a slight dark dis-
coidal lunule ; a faint medial line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; a
minutely waved postmedial line oblique from costa to vein 6, incurved below
vein4 and excurved at vein1; traces of a subterminal line ; termen purplish
pink; cilia yellow. Hindwing grey irrorated with purplish pink; a small
black discoidal lunule ; a rather diffused postmedial line defined by whitish
on outer side; an indistinct minutely waved grey subterminal line ; termen
purplish pink ; cilia yellow.
Habitat,—_CrYLon, Gampola ( Mackwood ), Kandy (Pole). zp. 14 mill.
Type in B. M, ©
STICTOPTERINAE,
2298.a, GyRTONA NAMA, Swinh,, A. M.N, H. (7), vii., p. 492 (1900),
@. Head and thorax red-brown and black with a few white scales ; a white
stripe on frons and vertex of head ; tibise and tarsi fuscous ringed with white ;
abdomen fuscous, the anal tuft ochreous at sides. Forewing dark purplish
grey with numerous waved lines; a more distinct medial line angled in and
below cell; the tufts of scales below middle of cell dark; the reniform
defined by tufts of white and dark scales ; the postmedial line distinct, double,
strongly bent outwards below costa and below vein 4 very oblique, two black
marks and white lunules on it below costa followed by an apical white
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 653
V-shaped mark and with a white spot beyond it at vein 5; some white points
on costa towards apex and a terminal series ; cilia chequered rufous and black,
Hindwing dark brown, the interspaces of basal half hyaline ; cilia pale with a
brown line at base.
Habitat Assam, Jaintia Hills. Exp, 30 mill,
SARROTHRIPINA,
2222. a. BLENINA AQUISOIDES, Swinh., A. M,N, H. (7), xv., p, 156 (1905),
Head brown, the vertex white ; thorax brown mixed with white, the tegule
brown at base white at tips; tarsi with white rings; abdomen brown, the
ventral surface whitish, Forewing white suffused with dark brown except on
basal and apical areas; the medial area suffused with purplish fuscous
irrorated with irridiscent scales except on costal area ; subbasal line represented
by a dark striga from costa ; traces of oblique antemedial] and medial lines from
cell to inner margin ; postmedial line slightly waved, oblique from costa to vein
6,excurved to vein 3, then inwardly oblique; some black points on costa
towards apex ; an ill-defined irregularly dentate subterminal line, angled out-
wards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; termen brown ; cilia chequered white
and brown, Hindwing pale brown, the costal area whitish, the underside
whitish tinged with brown, especially on the veins and terminal area.
Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Exp. 32 mill.
2223. a. BLENINA FuMOSA, Swinh,, A, M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 157 (1905).
Q. Head and thorax dull sap-green suffused with brown, tegule black at
base and with brown medial line; abdomen dull brown. Forewing pale
purplish brown largely suffused with sap-green and irrorated with blue-black
scales, the medial area suffused with black; an indistinct waved subbasal
line from costa to vein 1 ; an indistinct oblique antemedial line, waved below
the cell ; postmedial line indistinct, waved, slightly bent outwards below costa
and angled inwards in submedian fold, where there are two slight oblique black
streaks beyond it ; subterminal line indistinct, minutely waved, slightly angled
outward at vein 7 and excurved at middle, then angled inwards and with short
black streak beyond it. Hindwing blackish brown with oblique sinuous pale
postmedial band ; termen at middle pale rufous with some black points on it ;
cilia pale rufous with fuscous line through them, Underside of both wings pale
rufous, the basal half suffused with fuscous, the terminal half with black, a
sinuous ochreous brown postmedial band.
Habitat— AssAM, Khasis. Hap. 46 mill.
Genus APOTHRIPA, Noy.
Type A, iphida.
Palpi upturned, the 2nd joint not reaching vertex of head, the 3rd moderate ;
antenne of male ciliated. Forewing with veins 3, 4 stalked,5 from above
angle of cell; 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8,9, 10 stalked ; 11 from cell,
Hindwing with veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 from angle of cell ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell to middle,
$54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
2236. c. APOTHRIPA IPHIDA, Swinh,, A, M. N. H. (7), vii., p. 490 (1901).
@. Head and thorax rufous mixed with white ; pectus, legs and abdomen
: whitish, Forewing
purplish red tinged
with fuscous to-
wards base; the
costal area whitish,
tinyed with olive
except towards
Apothripa iphida, @ base; the inner
area whitish to beyond middle ; a white spot at base of costa; a dark subbasal
spot on inner margin; the antemedial line indistinct on ccstal half, oblique
from costa to median nervure where it is angled ; a dark discoidal lunule ; the
postmedial line very oblique towards costa, then indistinct, below vein 3 white:
and acutely angled inwards in submedian fold, a dark spot on its inner side at
inner margin ; an indistinct subterminal line. Hindwing white, the veins and
terminal area tinged with brown.
Habitat. AssaM, Jaintia Hills, Eup. 24 mill,
2249. b, DILOPHOTHRIPA LOBATA, 0, Sp.
&. Hindwing with the tuft below costa thin and whitish, the tornus with
large rounded tuft of cilia forming a lobe, but no tuft on upperside.
Head and thorax dark brown mixed with grey ; abdomen whitish tinged with
reddish brown, Forewing grey sufiused with reddish brown ; an oblique whitish
band on costal half between the subbasal and antemedial lines, the costal half
beyond the latter suffused with fuscous ; subbasal line oblique, waved, whitish
from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line very slightly waved, oblique
from costa to below cell, then erect, defined by grey on outer side; two ob-
liquely placed black points on discocellulars ; postmedial line minutely dentate,
oblique from costa to vein 7, slightly incurved in discal fold and strongly below
vein 3, defined by grey on inner side ; a grey subterminal line angled outwards
at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points defined by
grey. Hindwing brown with a reddish tinge, the iuft at tornus fuscous at tips.
Habitat Kuasis, Exp.18 mill. Type in B, M.
2449.¢, DILOPHOTHRIPA ALOPHA, 0. 8p. .
&. Hindwing with thick brown pencil of hair below costa, the cilia at
tornus slightly thickened but not lobed.
Head and thorax dark brown mixed with grey ; abdomen whitish tinged
with brown, Forewing whitish suffused with fuscous grey, leaving an oblique
whitish band on costal half between the subbasal and antemedial lines, the
costal half beyond the latter fuscous; an obliquely excurved slightly waved
sub-basal line, with a fuscous patch before it at base ; antemedial line slightly
awved, oblique from costa to below cell, then erect ; two obliquely placed
black points beyond it in submedian interspace and twe on discoceliulars ;
postmedial line minutely dentate, oblique from costa to vein 7, slightly incurved
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 655
at discal fold and strougly below vein 3; a grey subterminal line defined on
each side by fuscous, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle; a
terminal series of black pots, Hindwing grey suffused with brown.
Habitat, TENASSERIM, Mergui (Doherty), zp. 20 mill, Type in B, M,
2249,d. DILOPHOTHRIPA BRACHYTORNA, 0, sp,
@. Hindwing with thin whitish pencil of hair below costa, the cilia slight-
ly thickened at tornus but not lobed.
Head and thorax fuscous brown slightly mixed with grey ; abdomen pale
brown. Forewing fuscous brown mixed with grey ; an oblique minutely waved
‘subbasal line, defined by grey on inner side; the antemedial line obliquely
curved, slightly waved and defined by grey on outer side ; two obliquely placed
black points beyond it in submedian interspace and two on discocellulars ;
-postmedial line minutely dentate, oblique from costa to vein 7, slightly in-
curved at discal fold and strongly below vein 3, defined by grey on inner side ;
subterminal line grey, somewhat dentate, angled outwards at vein 7 and ex-
curved at middle, a terminal series of black points, Hindwing grey-brown, —
Habitat—Canara, Karwar (T. R. Bell). Exp. 18 mill, Type in B.M.
2253, SARROTHRIPA POLIOPH@A, n. n,
Sarrothripa nolalella, Hmpsn, Moths,, Ind., IT., p. 388 (nec WI1k.).
Habitait,—AssaM, Khasis ; Bompay, N, Canara ; CeyLon, Dickoya,
ACONTIAN,
2186.¢. METAPTYA ENDOPLAGA, 0. Sp.
@. Head and thorax whitish tinged with pale brown and slightly irrorated
-with fuscous ; palpi behind and sides of frons blackish ; metathoracic crest tipped
with blackish ; fore tarsi blackish with pale rings; abdomen white dorsally
tinged with brown, Forewing white tinged with rufous and slightly irrorated
with fuscous; a blackish patch on the lobe of inner margin ; traces of a curved
antemedial line ; two faint discoidal points; postmedial line rather diffused,
brown defined by whitish on outer side, excurved from costa to vein 4, then
‘incurved ; subterminal line represented by a series of dark points, excurved
below costa and at middle, then incurved ; some dark points on costa towards
apex. Hindwing brownish white with slight dark postmedial line ending in
a black point on inner margin, the terminal area suffused with fuscovs.
Habitat,—Manras, Bellary, Ramandrug, 3000’ (Campbeil), Lap. 22 mill,
‘Type in B. M.
Under Pseudocalpe insert. Type.
ARcyoPHorA, Guen. Noct, IJ. p, 378 (1852), which has
precedence ... : ... longivalvis,
Setoctena, Wilgrn, Wien, Ent. Mon., VIT., p, 144-(1863)... ledereri.
Eusxestis, Led. Hor, Soc. Ent, Ross., VI., p. 88 (1869) ... mesogona.
2655. a. ARCYOPHORA BOTHROPHORA, 0. sp.
@. Antennz with long bristles and cilia ; forewing on underside with fan
of scales at upper angle of cell; veins 6°7 somewhat approximated and form-
ing ridges with a narrow groove between them for half their length.
656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Head and thorax brown tinged with purplish fuscous; pectus, legs and
abdomen pale ochreous, the fore legs tinged with fuscous. Forewing reddish
brown suffused with purplish fuscous ; an oblique rufous antemedial line with
ill-defined dark spot on its outer side in cell, and outwardly defined by blackish
towards inner margin ; a slight obliquely curved rufous postmedial line defined
by blackish on inner side; a punctiform blackish subterminal line, slightly
angled outwards at vein 7 and incurved at discal and submedian folds; cilia,
dark-brown with slight whitish tips. Hindwing ochreous white, the veins and
terminal area tinged with brown.
Habitat,—Cryion, Uva, 3500! (Alston). Hap, 22 mill, Type in B. M,
1510, HARIAS CHROMATARIA,
Larva dark slate grey with dull white dorsal line obsolete towards head:
and anal somite; a sublateral whitish line from 1st to 5th and 10thto 12th
somites; the 2nd to 11th somites with subdorsal transverse orange oblong
patches each bearing two black spots on their upper edge and one black spot
on their lower. Head and legs fiery. Food plant the rolled up young leaves:
of Salix babylonica.
Pupa in a close fitting cocoon with conical projection at anterior end where
it opens for moth to emerge, formed of brown cilia (Dudgeon),
2211. a, LABANDA VIRIDALIS, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 156 (1905).
Head and thorax sap-green mixed with fuscous, tegule with tufts of
ochreous white hair below ; pectus and legs brownish white, the apex with tufts.
of ochreous hair, the tarsi fuscous banded with ochreous ; abdomen whitish
thickly irrorated with fuscous, greenish towards extremity, the dorsal crests
dark, of male very long and slender, Forewing sap-green irrorated with white
anda few black scales; the basal area, the middle of costal area, the postmedial
area to vein 4 and the apical part of costal area suffused with black ; subbasal
line waved, from costa to submedian fold, on a diffused green band ; an
oblique waved antemedial line with some white between it and the dark basal.
area ; a prominent black discoidal lunule ; postmedial line minutely dentate,.
oblique from costa to vein 4, then inwardly oblique and angled inwards in
submedian fold ; some white points on costa towards apex ; subterminal line
oblique from costa to termen below apex and defined by white above, a small
dentate black mark below vein 7 and larger mark below 6, then interrupted,.
waved and angled inwards in submedian fold; a terminal series of blackish.
points ; cilia chequered fuscous and brownish, Hindwing dull brown,
_ Habitat Assam, Khasis ; Mauacca, Dinding I. Hap. 28-32 mill.
2328.a@, TYMPANISTES FLAVESCENS, Swinh., A.M. N, H.(7), xv., p. 158 (1905).
@. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with olive brown ; abdomen pale red,
the ventral surface whitish, Forewing ochreous irrorated with pale red, the
costal area greenish irrorated with fuscous; an ill-defined antemedial line:
oblique from costa to median nervure when it is angled, terminating at sub-
median fold ; a discoidal point ; a dentate postmedial line, bent outwards below
costa, angled inwards in discal fold and incurved between veins 4 and 1 ; a
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 657
dentate subterminal line angled inwards above vein 7, bent inwards between
veins 6 and 4 and below vein 3; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing
yellowish white, the inner half suffused with pale red,
Habitat.—Khasis. Exp. 40 mill,
2334, a. CAREA DIONE, Swinh,, A. M.N. H, (7), xv., p. 159 (1905).
Head and thorax purple brown, the vertex of head, tegule and patagia
suffused with dark olive green ; pectus and legs pale ; abdomen pale purplish
brown, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing pale purplish brown suffused
with olive green, especially at base, on medial area from costa to vein 2 and
on apical area; oblique olive lines from costa before middle to middle of
inner margin and from vein 6 beyond middle to inner margin towards tornus ;
cilia rufous except towards tornus, Hindwing whitish tinged with pale red
the inner area slightly with fuscous,
Habitat. Assam, Khasis, Exp, @ 38, 2 40 mill.
Genus PLAGIOGRAPTA, nov.
Palpi upturned, slended, the 2nd joint reaching vertex of head, the 3rd long ;
antenne of male almost simple ; tibise with the spurs long ; abdomen long and
slender. Forewing long and narrow ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6, 7
from upper angle; 8,9, 10 stalked from before angle ; 11 from cell; the reti-
naculum bar-shaped. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 on a long stalk ; 5 from angle
of cell ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with cell to middle.
2342, a. PLAGIOGRAPTA MACRODONTA, 0. Sp.
Head, tegule and front of thorax white, the rest of thorax and abdomen
grey-brown. Fore-
wing grey-brown ;
a broad white fascia
from base through
the cell, its edges
rather irregular, a
very oblique ante-
Plagiograpta macrodonta. & 3 medial white line
from it to inner margin; a white streak on median nervure continued to
termen above tornus and giving off an oblique medial line to inner margin and
a streak on vein 3 to termen joined by oblique streaks from upper angle of cell
and costa beyond middle crossing a streak from upper angle of cell to apex; a
fine subterminal white line straight from costa to vein 3, then bent inwards to
the streak running to above tornus, Hindwing fuscous brown.
Habitat—CanaraA, Malmani (T. R. Bell). Zap. 24 mill. Type in B. M.
CATOCALINA.
2516 a. OPHIUSA PALLESCENS, W1k., Journ. Linn Soc., VII., p. 179 (1864),
Lagoptera violetia. Pag. Abh. Senck, Ges, 1897, p. 449, pl. 20, f. 13.
Head grey-brown ; thorax pale grey; abdomen pale ochreous, the ventral
surface tinged with red-brown. Forewing pale violaceous grey irrorated with
658 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
black, the costal edge brownish ; an indistinct highly sinuous antemedial
brown line; orbicular represented by a black point; reniform small, dark
brown, produced to an oblique point above ; an indistinct oblique medial shade
beyond the cell bent inwards to costa and outwards to inner margin ; postme-
dial line indistinct, waved, excurved from costa to vein 6, then oblique and bent
outwards to inner margin; an indistinct minutely waved subterminal whitish
line, excurved below costa and at middle, stronger towards inner margin, with a
dark brown patch before it between vein 7 and 5 and some brown suffusion
beyond it from below apex to vein 3; a subterminal series of black pointy.
Hindwing ochreous whitish, the inner area brownish ochreous, the termen
whiter ; a black subterminal band with waved edges, very broad towards costa,
narrowing to a point and indistinct towards tornus; terminal area tinged and
irrorated with brown towards tornus. Underside of forewing with black dis-
coidal bar and postmedial line with diffused black beyond it except towards
costa ; hindwing ochreous brownish with slight dark irroration, an indistinct
dentate postmedial line on costal half and series of black points just before
termen.
- Habitat—Khasis ; Singapore ; BoRNEO, Kuching, Sarawak. Hazp. 90 mill,
2348. a. CETOLA RUBRICOSTA, 0, sp,
é@. Antenne bipectinate with moderate branches, the apical part serrate,
Head purplish rufous; antennee ochreous; tegule and thorax black brown;
patagia ochreous suffused in parts with purplsh rufous; pectus and legs
purplish rufous ; abdomen ochreous ; the dorsal crests on basal segments blackish,
the medial segments subdorsally and ventral surface suffused with purplish
rufous. Forewing ochreous; the base slightly tinged with pink; the costal
area and upper part of cell suffused with purplish red to near apex towards
which it becomes much darker and with some black streaks below costa, an
indistinct highly dentate subbasal black line from costa to submedian fold; an
indistinct double antemedial line from cell to inner margin, angled outwards
in submedian fold and inwards on vein 1; the inner margin tinged with olive
except towards base ; orbicular and reniform whitish tinged with purplish
pink and defined by blackish above, the former rather elongate elliptical, the
latter somewhat bilobed below and with some olive suffusion below it and in
lower part of cell before and between orbicular ; postmedial line indistinct,
pale, strongly bent ontwards below costa and oblique below vein 4, angled
inwards in submedian fold to the antemedial line, some white points beyond
it on costa; an oblique olive shade from termen below apex interrupted
by two whitish streaks with some dark scales on them; an oblique olive
shade from termen at vein 4 to submedian fold with some slight whitish and
dark subterminal mark on it ; a slight double olive lunule at termen, Hindwing
semi-hyaline white; the apex and vein 7 towards termen tinged with purple
brown; the inner area and cilia ochreous ; a terminal series of slight ochreous
points.
Habitat—Crvyion ; N, Central Province (Alston), Hep, 46 mill.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, ; 659
“2 2526, a. « HYPaTRA RUINOSA, Swinh., A. M, N. H, (7), xv., p. 159 (1905).
Head and thorax @ark red-brown, slightly irrorated with ochreous ; pectus
pale; tarsi with ochreous rings; abComen fuscous brown, the crest at base
rufous, the ventral surface whitish, Forewing rufous more or less suffused
with purplish fuscous, especially on basal and terminal areas ; subbasal line
black-brown, waved, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line indistinct
except at costa, oblique, waved ; traces of an obliquely curved, waved medial
line ; postmedial line strongly angled outwards below costa, strongly incurved
between veins 6 and 4 and with black-brown patch in its sinus, then oblique
waved, forming a small spot below vein 3 and double below vein 2 ; subtermi-
nal line minutely and irregularly waved, forming a series of small spots ; some
ochreous points on costa towards apex ; a fine waved terminal line with series
of ochreous points in the interspaces. Hindwing dark brown ; an oblique
double postmedial line, more prominent and filled in with rufous above and
below submedian fold ; cilia with two white patches near apex and one near
tornus ; the underside fuscous brown with obliquely curved medial line with
some black spots on it,
Habitat, ANDAMANS ; SINGAPORE ; BoRNEO, Kuching. Hap, 42-48 mill.
Mominz.
P. 435. Moma aracitis, Swinh. Cat, Het. Mus. Oxon. II.,p. 101, pl. ili,
£1,—M. cavitiator, WIk., from Mexico, not India,
PLUSIANZ.
2672, Prvusia labifera insert Apamea seLEcTA, Wlk, XXXII, p, 646, which
has precedence.
Noctuin#,
P, 354.—Under Dinumma insert (syn.) Ortheaga, Wlk., XXXIII, p. 927
(1865). Type combusta.
2167,a. DrINuMMA comBusTA, WIk,, XXXIII, p. 928 (1865),
Head and thorax fuscous brown irrorated with grey; pectus, legs and
abdomen grey tinged with fuscous, the dorsal crests blackish, Forewing pale
red-brown slightly suffused and irrorated with fuscous, the patch at base of
costa and medial area hardly darker; an oblique waved antemedial line; a
slight dark discoidal mark ; postmedial line slightly waved, oblique from costa
to vein5 where it is angled, then inwardly oblique; traces of a pale sub-
terminal line incurved to costa; small black spots before termen at veins 6 and
2with slight metallic blue points above and below them, Hindwing pale
fuscous brown ; a fine pale line at base of cilia.
H :bitat,—Ceyton, Uva 600; Java. Exp. 26-34 mill.
2193. 6, Homopes rrRETITA, Swinh., A, M,N. H. (7), xv., p. 155 (1905).
Head and tegule purplish red ; thorax yellow and fiery red mixed ; abdomen
yellow suffused with fiery red at base, purplish red towards extremity ; pectus,
legs and ventral surface of abdomen yellow. Forewing orange irrorated with
red-brown; the costal area purplish red; some silver scales below base
of costa ; the lines arising from just below costa, red irrorated with silvery
14
660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 41.
scales, the antemedial and medial lines incurved to costa, the postmedial line
double, the outer line without silver scales, oblique from costa to vein 6 and
slightly incurved at discal and submedian fold; subterminal line with more
prominent silver strize on it, defined by fiery red on inner side incurved to
costa and produced to minute dark streaks on the veins ; a series of fine black
lunules just before termen and a fine waved terminal line ; cilia purplish red.
Hindwing orange irrorated with red-brown; the antemedial and postmedial
lines irrorated with silver scales, arising from below costa, the former oblique-
ly curved, the latter double, waved, the outer line without silver scales ; sub-
terminal line with more prominent silver:spots, defined by fiery red on inner
side and produced to short streaks on the veins on outer ; a series of fine black
lunules just before termen and a fine waved terminal line. Underside yellow,
the forewing except inner area and the costal and terminal areas of hindwing
suffused with red.
Habitat —AssaM, Khasis ; SINGAPORE, Lap. 32 mill,
2421. Polydesma vetusta belongs to Homoprera, Sect IIT.
2432, POLYDESMA BIFORMIS,
Larva 1:3"—1°5", Head glabrous, red ; body black irrorated with white and
covered with grey hair; a very broad dorsal white stripe interrupted at 5th,
7th, 11th and 12th somites by thick tufts of buff-colored hair ;a series of red
lateral tubercles with a narrow white stripe below them with fine crenulate red
line on its upper edge; prolegs all present, reddish ; when mature the buff
hairs become black and there are grey lines on the dorsal stripe. Forms a.
cocoon among leaves (W. H. Campbell).
2432. a, PoLYDESMA PRASINA, Swinh., A.M.N. H. (7)., xii, p. 99 (1903),
@. Head and thorax bright apple-green mixed with a few brown scales ;
antenne brown with pale ridges of scale above ; palpi brown ; the extremities
of 2nd and 3rd joints pale; pectus and legs pale and brown, fore femora and
tibiee with tufts of green hair, the tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen ochreous:
white irrorated with brown, the dorsal crests green, the anal tuft fulvous.
Forewing bright apple green ; an irregular triangular brown subbasal patch on.
costa extending to submedian fold ;a rather indistinct waved antemedial line
angled inwards on median nervure ; orbicular a small round whitish spot ;
reniform indistinctly defined by white ; an irregular triangular brown patch on
middle of costa ; an irregularly waved postmedial line with a diffused waved
band of brown scaling before it from vein5 to inner margin; a minutely
waved subterminal line, incurved from costa to vein 4, then oblique and angled
inwards on veins 2 and 1, a large patch of diffused dark scaling beyond it on
apical area, some subterminal marks anda small patch in submedian fold; a
waved terminal line; cilia brown mixed with green, Hindwing fuscous, the
inner area paler, a subterminal and series of slight white mark cilia ochreous:
white with a dark line through them ; the underside pale suffused and irrorated
with fuscous, a slight discoidal lunule and diffused postmedial and subterminal
bands,
THE MOTPHS OF INDIA. 661
Habitat.—AssaM, Jaintia Hills. Hap, 44 mill.
2450.6. MELIPOTIS ANKARA, Swinh., A. M. N. H.(7), vi, p. 311.
@. Ochreous grey irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with waved ante-
medial dark line ; a discoidal lunule with spot on costa just before it ; a waved
postmedial line bent outwards from below costa to vein 4 and arising from
a costal spot; a diffused sinuous subterminal band with a large black spot just
beyond it on costa and a small spot at vein 4 ;a fine crenulate terminal line.
Hindwing ochreous white ; the basal area tinged with fuscous ; a narrow medial
fuscous band and a broad terminal band.
Habitat Quetta, Eup, 40 mill,
P. 481. Under Catreputa insert IpicaraA, Wlk. Journ, Linn, Soc, VIII,
p. 172 (1864) for Sect. I. C,
2465, CaTEPHIA Thicophora insert Idicara OLIVACEA, Walk. Journ. Linn,
Soc. VIL. p. 172, which has precedence,
CEYLON ; BorNeEO,
2544a, BocuLa rRroTa, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), vii., p. 496 (1901).
@. Head and thorax pale rufous ; abdomen fuscous, Forewing pale rufous;
an indistinct oblique waved antemedial line, an incurved medial line ; a small.
black discoidal spot, an indistinct minutely dentate postmedial line angled out-.
wards at vein 7 and above 1; the terminal area black, its inner edge oblique
towards apex, then excised, then angled inwards on vein 7, then curved to
tornus, Hindwing black-brown, Underside suffused with black; hindwing
with discoidal spot ; both wings with some pale points on termen,
Habitat —ANDAMANS, Port Blair. Exp, 36 mill.
2546. b. BocuLA PLECOPTERIDIA, 0. sp.
¢@. Antenne ciliated ; abdomen normal.
Red-brown ; palpi tinged with fuscous. Forewing with dark brown antemedial
point on costa, a small medial spot and a postmedial lunule with faint traces of
the rufous sabterminal line arising from it, excurved between veins 6 and 4,
then incurved. Hindwing with traces of rufous and dark brown subterminal
line towards tornus ; the underside greyer with indistinct medial and sinuous
vostmedial lines.
- Habitat —Bompay (Davidson), Ezp. 30 mill. Type in B, M.
2563 a. ACANTHOLIPIS CRENELATA, N. sp.
6. Palpi with large tuft of hair on 2nd joint above ; frons with large tuft ;
tibize With thick fringes of hair, the hind tarsi fringed with long hair above ;
wings with the cilia highly crenulate ; forewing with the termen angled at vein
4 ; hindwing on underside clothed with androconia between veins 7 and 2,
Head and thorax bright rufous; palpi and frontal tuft dark brown ; abdomen
brown tinged with rufous, the ventral surface and hind legs pale ; wings bright
rufous sparsely irrorated with black. Forewing ;with indistinct waved ante=
medial line bent outward below cell ; traces of a medial waved line; two dark.
discoidal points ; postmedial line minutely waved and with dark and white
points at the veins, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved
662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL’ HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
and excurved again above inner margin; an indistinct waved subterminal
line ; a series of black points just before termen and a crenulate terminal line.
Hindwing with black point at lower angle of cell ; traces of a sinuous medial
line, dentate postmedial line with dark and white points at the veins, a series
of black points before termen and a crenulate terminal line ; underside greyish
with dark discoidal lunule and sinuotis postmedial line.
Hahitat—TRAVANCoRE, Pirmid (R. 8. Imray), xp. 44 mill. Type in B, M.
PYRALINA,
CLEDEOBIA MOLBAVICA, Hap. subsp. with the ground color black-brown.
2564. a. ACANTHOLIPES RETRACTA, Nn. sp.
@. Head and thorax grey mixed with some black; palpi blackish at sides ;
tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey mixed with fuscous brown. Forewing
grey irrorated with black-brown ; a subbasal black-brown spot on costa and
small spot below the cell ; an oblique antemedial band from costa to submedian
fold expanding somewhat at extremities and with slight line from it to inner
margin; a triangular spot on middle of costa ; the postmedial line bent out-
wards below costa, angled inwards in discal fold and produced as a short fascia
to discocellulars, incurved below vein 4 and with a diffused line on its inner
side; some black strie on costa towards apex; a dentate subterminal line
angled inwards in discal and submedian folds; some brown suffusicn on
terminal area from apex to vein 4; a terminal series of blackish strie, Hind-
wing fuscous brown, the cilia pale at tips ; the underside pale, the costal and
terminal areas irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal lunule,
Habitat,—Cryton, Haputale (Mackwood), fp. 30 mill, Type im B, M.
2564.6, ACANTHOLIPES BISIGNATA, 0, sp.
@. Head and thorax and abdomen ochreous white irrorated with brown ;
tarsi ringed with fuscous. Forewing ochreous white irrorated with brown; a
conical brown antemedial patch on costa with traces of a line arising from it
excurved below cell and angled inwards on vein 1 ; a semicircular brown medial
patch on costa with brown oblique line arising from it, incurved in discal fold ;
a black point at lower angle of cell; a curved series of dark points on the veins
also arising from the costal patch.; some black striz on costa towards apex;a
pale minutely waved subterminal line defined on each side by brown and
incurved at submedian -fold; a brown patch on apical half of terminal area
extending:to inner side of subterminal line ; a terminal series of small black spots.
Hindwing pale’ ochreous suffused with brown, especially on terminal area ;
the underside whitish, the costal area irrorated with brown,a black discoidal
spot, curved postmedial series of points, traces of a subterminal line, a terminal
Series of small black spots.
Habitat.—Cryton, Haldamulla (Mackwood). Hap. 26 mill. Type in B. M.
P. 533. Under THERMESIA insert Sect. Tiruvaca, Swinh., A. M.N. H. (7),
vii., p. 497 (1901) type.
Subcostalis, Forewing of male with the membrane in, beyond, above and
below cell distorted, vein 2 strongly curved downwards, the lower angle of cell
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 663-
produced, veins 3,4,5 approximated for some distance ; hindwing with the
basal half of costa lobed, Neca
- 2592. a, THERMESIA BUTLERI, Leech, Trans. Ent, Soc., 1900, p. 570.
é@. Head, thorax and abdomen rufous ; palpi except at base and frons black-.
brown ; legs fuscous irrorated with grey; pectus and ventral surface of
abdomen orange fulvous, Forewing rufous irrorated with black and tinged
with purplish grey towards apex; an indistinct waved antemediai line ;
a black point in middle of cell and white point ringed with black above lower
angle ; medial line indistinct, waved, strongly excurved round end of cell;
postmedial line indistinct, bent outwards below costa, then oblique; a
prominent oblique rufous line from apex, defined by purplish grey on inner
side and approximated to the postmedial line below vein 6, a series of slight
fuscous spots beyond it and some fuscous suffusion at middle, Hindwing
rufous slightly irrorated with black ; an oblique rufous postmedial line cefined
by purplish grey on imner side; traces of a subterminal series of diffused
fuscous spots. Underside orange yellow irrorated with brown; forewing with
fuscous point in cell ; both wings with fuscous discoidal point slightly waved
oblique postmedial line and diffused subterminal line,
@. Greyer ; forewing with discoidal lunuie defined by fuscous.
The Khasi form has the area beyond the subterminal spots of hindwing
yellow.
Habitat—_W. Cuina, Chow-pin-sa, Kwei-chow, Omei-shan ; Assam, Khasis
Exp. & 64, 2 56 mill.
2601. THERMESIA RIVULOsA insert (syn.) Acuntholipes quadripuncta, Swinh.,
A, M,N, H. (7) ix, p. 423 (1902),
2606. a. PLATYJA MINUTIPUNCTA, Swinh,, A, M. N, H. (7), vii., p. 497 (1901)..
Dark brown shot with purple especially on forewing ; tarsi ringed with
white. Forewing sparsely irrorated with grey-white scales ; traces of a subbasal
white line from costa to submedian fold ; the antemedial line represented by
o
white points on costa, median nervure, and vein 1; white points in middle
and end of cell and a small spot at upper angle and medial white points on
veins 2 and | ; a postmedial serics of points excurved below costa, then oblique
and with a grey reniform spot on its inner side from vein 3 to below 2; a
terminial series of points, Hindwing with curved postmedial series of white
points obsolescent towards costa and a terminal series; cilia white at tips,
Underside of both wings in male velvety black with indistinct postmedial
series of points, of female brown irrorated with white with the series of
points distinct.
Hubitaut— Assam, Jaintia Hills; StIncaPorE, Lp, 60 mill.
2611. CRITHOTE HORRIDIPES, WIk,
. Head and thorax reddish brown with darker irroration, the back of head
and tips of tegule black; abdomen brown tinged with fuscous, Forewing
with the basal half reddish brown tinged with fuscous on costal area ; ante=
medial line oblique, curved inwards to costa with a black patch on its outer-
664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
edge from cell to inner margin strongly excurved above vein 1 and edged
with white ; a black point in middle of cell; the terminal half fuscous black,
deep black, except on costal area, towards the medial white line which is
oblique from subcostal nervure to submedian fold; postmedial line, sub-
terminal and terminal whitish points as in male, Hindwing brown suffused
with fuscous,
2649. a, CALPE NUBIFERA, N. sp,
@. Head and. thorax ochreous mottled with brown; palpi tinged with
fulvous; abdomen ochreous. Forewing brownish ochreous thickly mottled
with dark olive-brown ; traces of three oblique lines on basal area; a more
distinct diffused very oblique medial line; an oblique pale ochreous sub-
terminal line arising from termen just below apex and strongly excurved at
middle. Hindwing ochreous tinged with rufous brown especially towards
termen,
Habitat._S. Invia, Rajahmahendri (Bird.) Ep, 32 mill, Type in B, M.
Under Mrcoprna insert Bathanta, WIk. XXXIIT,, p. 82 (1865), Type bistgnata
for Sect, VI.
2706. b, MECODINA CERULEOSPARSA, 0. Sp.
@. Head and thorax dark olive-brown irrorated with blue-white; tarsi
black ringed with white ; abdomen fuscous mixed with grey. Forewings black-
brown with an olive tinge ; a slight blueish white subbasal line from costa to
submedian fold, with some blue-white irroration between it and the fine
sinuous antemedial line which is angled outwards below costa; a white point
in middle of cell ; a medial band of blueish white irroration followed by an
indistinct waved and curved black medial line ; postmedial line blueish-white,
excurved from below costa to vein 4, then incurved and angled outwards at vein
1, a band of blue-white irroration before it from costa to vein 6 and patches
beyond it below costa and from vein 3 to inner margin ; a sinuous subterminal
line strongly incurved and obsolescent near vein 3 and with pale brown spots
on it at discal and submedian folds and slight marks above the former, the
area beyond it irrorated with blue-white from costa to vein 5; cilia with some
white at tips, Hindwings fuscous ; a fine white medial line with some white
irroration beyond it towards tornus ; an indistinct brownish subterminal line
except towards costa, slightly defined by blaczizh on inner side ; a fine pale line
at base of cilia ; the underside with the basai nalf suffused with white,a dark
antemedial line bent outwards at middle; a minutely waved white medial
line, an interrupted sinuous subterminal line,
Habitat—Assam, Khasis, ap. 34 mill, Type in B. M.
2708. Will stand as Mecopina PLacipA Hmpsn, (nec. Moore).
2717. MECODINA precipua, insert BwthantaBIsIGNATA, Wlk., XX XIITI., 983
(1865) which has precedence and ctypansa bocanidia, Butl. A.M. N. H. (5),
x. p. 231 (1882), = the turbida form.
PsRAk; S1AM; Rornzeo; PuLto Laut; Java; Timor; New GuvINEA;
DvuKE oF York I.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 665
2725, a, ZETHES ENIGMARIA, Swinh,, A. M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 161 (1905),
Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous, the ventral surface mostly ochreous,
Forewing ochreous entirely suffused with greyish fuscous, the costal area
greyer ; subbasal line represented by a dark striga from costa; antemedial line
waved, bent inwards to costa ; orbicular and reniform round ochreous spots
defined by fuscous, the former small, the latter with dark lunule in centre ;
medial line indistinct, excurved round reniform; postmedial line excurved
from costa to vein 4, then incurved, some greyer suffusion beyond it on costal
area followed by two ochreous points; subterminal line indistinct, minutely
waved, with some ochreous beyond it at apex and above tornus and before it
above middle. Hindwing ochreous, the basal and postmedial areas and a patch
on middle of terminal area fuscous ; the basal area bounded by a waved line,
the postmedial by a waved line on inner side and a dentate line angled out.
wards at middle on outer; a fine slightly waved terminal line. Underside
ochreous irrorated with fuscous ; forewing with some dark suffusion beyond
postmedial line except on costal area and a dark mark on costa with two pale
points on it before apex; hindwing with oblique antemedial line, discoidal
bar and postmedial band.
Habitat,—AssaM, Khasis. ap, 32 miil.
2734. HGNASIA COSTALIS.
@. Forewing with the costal area suffused with black ; the subterminal line
of both wings dark.
2737. ZEVTHES NIGRILINEA insert (syn.) Zethes ochrodes, Swinh., A. M.N. H.
(7), 1i.; p. 115 (1899).
2740. b, ZETHES MULTIPLAGA, Swinh,, A, M,N, H, (7), vii. p. 498 (1901).
2. Brownish white irrorated with dark scales; vertex of head with two
small olive green spots, Forewing with indistinct waved subbasal line with olive-
green spot below costa between it and the double waved antemedial line ;
a dusky medial line angled outwards in cell round the olive-green somewhat
triangular spot in end of cell, a pale sinuous postmedial line angled outwards
below costa and with small olive-green spots on each side of it between veins 7
and 2; a waved dusky subterminal line defined by white on inner side and
dentate inwards below costa and at discal and submedian folds; a series of
black points before termen and a crenulate terminal line. Hindwing with pale
incurved antemedial line with olive green band beyond it between the cell and
inner margin ; an irregularly dentate dusky subterminal line defined by white
on inner side and with olive-green spots before and beyond it near tornus;
a series of dark points before termen and a crenulate terminal line.
Habitat.—AssaM, Jaintia Hills, Exp, 38 mill.
2741.a, ZETHES CASTANITIS, n, sp.
6. Chestnut with a yellow tinge; head and thorax suffused with white; palpi
in front, tarsi andextremity of abdomen dark brown and white. Forewing
with slight whitish suffusion on costa; an oblique dark subbasal striga from
costa ;a waved antemedial line angled outwards below costa ; orbicular small,
666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
round, grey with slight dark centre and defining line ; reniform a narrow dark
lunule with greyish centre ; medial line waved, bent outwards round end of cell 5
postmedial line indistinct, waved, bent outwards below costa and excurved at.
middle, the costa beyond it dark with white points; a nearly straight grey and
white subterminal! line from just before apex to just before tornus ; cilia dark
brown with greyish line through them from vein 3 to tornus, Hindwing with
waved antemedial and medial dark lines; the postmedial line grey defined on
each side by black, nearly straight from apex to tornus but dentate on outer
side at veins 6, 4, 3; a terminal black line from vein 3 to tornus; cilia brown
and grey, yellowish white in the excisions towards tornus. Underside yellower,
Habitat.—AssaM, Silchar, Exp. 40 mil, Typein B, M.
2769. a. DIOMBA PAGANA, Swivh., A.M.N.H. (7), vil., p. 495 (1901).
@. Mid tibis with tufts of long reddish hair from base ; wings with the
termen crenulate.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown mixed with grey; pectus and
ventral surface of abdomen grey; wings fuscous brown suffused with grey.
Forewing with diffused black patches on basal area and on costal area at
middle and before apex; traces of a curved antemedial line and of a waved
postmedial line angled at vein 4, then oblique ; a series of points before termen..
Hindwing with diffused antemedial black patch and a series of points before
termen ; the underside greyer; a discoidal spot with line from it to inner
margin; a postmedial line on inner area and traces of a diffused subterminal.
band.
Habitat —AssaM, Jaintia Hills. Fep. 40 miil.
No, 2781. Diomra (Raparna) MULTIFASCIATA,
@. Foreand mid tibiz thickly clothed with rough hair, hind tibie smoothly
scaled ; four legs with a tuft of long ochreous hair from joint of coxa and-
femur and mid legs with a tuft of long pink hair from outer side of femero-
tibial joint,
2772, a. RAPARNA MARGINALIS, Wlk., XX XIII., 802 (1865).
Rhodaria formosalis, Wik., XXXIV., 1284 (1865).
Head and tegula crimson; thorax and abdomen ochreous. Forewing
ochreous ; crimson costal fascia ; a crimson fascia on inner margin not extending
to base ; terminal area crimson, broad at inner margin, narrowing to a point
below apex. Hindwing pale ochreous, the terminal area suffused with fuscous:
in male, wholly suffused with fuscous except at base in female.
Habtiat.—CEYLON, W. Haputale (Mackwood) ; AusTRALIA, Hzp. 26 mill.
2782. a. RAPARNA PURPUREO-RUFA, n, sp.
&. Dark purplish red, palpi and wings irrorated with black, the former
with the tips of 2nd and 3rd joints white ; antenne brown, ringed with white
towards base ; tarsi ringed with white, abdomen fuscous with whitish segmental
lines, Forewing with indistinct subbasal and antemedial pale lines defined by
black, angled below costa, then oblique and minutely waved; two black-edged
whitish discoidal points ; the postmedial line with an obliquely curved pale-
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 667
mark from costa, strongly angled at vein 7, then oblique, dark edged with grey
scales and bisinuate ; two white points on costa towards apex; an irregularly
sinuous subterminal line with some grey scales on it and strongly excurved at
middle ; a series of black points just before termen, Hindwing with two black
discoidal points ; an oblique grey medial line with dark mner edge and fine
black line through it ; a series of black points just before termen; both wings
with fine grey line through the cilia. Underside largely suffused with grey.
Habitat —CryY.on, Pundaloya (Green), Exp. 28 mill, Type in B. M,
2785, AVITTA SUBSIGNANS insert (syn.) Aviétta surrigens, Wik. J, Linn.
Soc. ; Zool, VIL., p, 81 (1864),
HYPENTN#,
Genus CODONODES, nov,
Palpi upward, sickle-shaped, about four times length of head, the 2nd joint
smoothly scaled, the 3rd naked ; antenne of male with cilia and bristles ; tibie
with the spurs long, abdomen with dorsal crests, Forewing with veins 3 and
5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 7°8°9 stalked, 10°11 free, Hind-
Wing with veins 3°4 shortly stalked, 5 from above angle of cell ; 6°7 from upper
angle,
2792.a, CODONODES RECTIGRAMMA, 0, sp,
Head and thorax reddish-brown mixed with grey; tarsi with pale rings,
abdomen dull brown.
Forewing whitish
suffused with red-
dish brown, deepen-
ing at costa; a
slight grey subbasal
line from costa to
Codonodes rectigramma @ 3. submedian fold an-
gled outwards below costa ; a straight oblique brown antemedial line defined by
whitish on outer side and with a brown point on its outer edge in submedian
fold ; a brown and grey discoidal bar ; postmedial line defined by whitish on
outer side, excurved below costa, then oblique, slightly excurved and with
brown point on its inner edge in submedian fold ; subterminal line whitish,
angled outwards to termen at vein 4, then incurved and:with irregular black
marks on its inner side from vein 6 to inner margin ; a terminal series of black
points and a blackish patch at tornus,
Habiiat—Si1xuim (Dudgeon), Canara, Karwar (T.R. Bell). Eup. @ 22,
9 24 mill, Type in B, M.
2803, a. ADRAPSA ATRATALIS, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 501 (1095),
P curiosalis, Swinh. A, M. N, H. (7), xv., p. 162, 2 (mec, @).
Fuscous black, slightly irrorated with white ; tegule reddish brown at tips
in male ; tarsi with pale rings, Forewing with slight waved white antemedial
line ;a white discoidal lunule ; a minutely waved white postmedial line, bent
inwards to costa and angled ‘inwards in submedian fold; subterminal line
15
668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
white and prominent at costa, then merged in a quadrate white patch from
below apex to below vein 5, then reduced to points ; cilia chequered with white
on apical half, Hindwing with waved white medial line from vein 5 to inner
margin ; an interrupted waved white subterminal line from vein 6 to tornus ;
cilia fuscous and whitish, the underside strongly irrorated with white, waved
dark antemedial, medial and subterminal lines, the two latter defined by whitish
on outer side.
Habitat—W. Cur1na, Chow-pin-sa ; Assam, Khasis. Hap. 46 mill,
2804. a. ADRAPSA CURIOSALIS, Swinh,, A. M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 162 (1905),
@. Palpi with tufts of hair on inner side of 2nd and 3rd joints, antennz with
bristles and cilia, the basal half of shaft fringed with hair above ; fore femora
with large tuft of hair from base.
Fuscous black, slightly irrorated with whitish ; tegulz tipped with ochreous.
Forewing with slight subbasal striga from costa ; a sinuous antemedial line; a
white point in middle of cell and elliptical discoidal spot; an indistinct post-
medial line defined by paler color on outer side and angled outwards below
costa and at vein 4; a minutely waved subterminal line, white and distinct on
costal half, angled slightly outwards at vein 7, incurved and forming a white
lunule at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 with an ochreous white patch
beyond it from below apex to vein 5; cilia chequered fuscous and ochreous
white, Hindwing with minutely waved medial and post medial lines defined
by whitish on outer side ; cilia chequered fuscous and ochreous ; the underside
thickly irrorated with white, a white :discoidal bar, the lines more distinctly
defined.
Habitat—AssaM, Khasis, Exp. 36 mill,
2825. BLEPTINA PRUNOSA, Antenne of male with large tuft of scales on
middle of shaft,
2827. BLEPTINA OCHREISTIGMA. @. Palpi not recurved or tufted with
hair ; antenns with a tuft of scales on middle of shaft; fore tibie without
sheath.
2834, 6. MASTIGOPHORUS PLACIDA. Moore. Lep. Atk., p. 194.
©. Head and thorax dark red-brown ; abdomen fuscous brown. Forewing
dark red-brown suffused with purple-grey ; a minutely waved antemedial line ;
a blackish discoidal lunule on traces of an oblique medial line; a minutely
waved oblique postmedial line slightly excurved at middle; an indistinct
irregularly waved subterminal line with paler brown marks on its inner edge,
Hindwing dark brown, the inner area suffused with purple-grey ; indistinct
minutely waved medial and subterminal lines,
Habitat—Sikhim, Exp. 40 mill.
2840.d. FaxciMaLis piacta, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), xv., p. 163 (1905),
Head and thorax ochreous whitish; palpi to near end of 2nd joint and
at extremity of 3rd, sides of frons, tegule and base of patagia dark brown;
fore tibize and the tarsi with dark bands ; abdomen ochreous tinged with fuscous.
Forewing pale ochreous; a triangular black-brown patch at base of costa;
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 669
antemedial line angled outwards below costa, then oblique; the medial areg
suffused with brown and with an oblique black-brown wedge-shaped patch
from the costa to angle of postmedial line with a rather conical black discoidal
spot on it ; postmedial line very oblique to vein 4 where it is angled, obliquely
curved to vein 3, then retracted to below angle of cell ; seme black and white
points on costa towards apex ; a whitish subterminal line, incurved below vein
4, crossed by a wedge-shaped black shade from termen below apex to above
angle of the postmedial line; a terminal series of small black ypots; cilia
fuscous with whitish points. Hindwing pale fuscous ; the underside whiter with
traces of diffused postmedial and subterminal bands.
Habitat Assam, Khasis, Exp. @ 20, 9 22 mill.
2848. a. HYDRILLODES SUBFLAVALIS, n. sp.
@. Palpi with the 2nd and 3rd joints slightly fringed with hair in front,
the 3rd joint long fringed with hair behind ; fore femora and tibia fringed with
hair on inner side ; abdomen with protusibls lateral tufts of hair from base and
large anal tuft ; fore and hindwings on underside with the base clothed with
long yellow hair, on latter extending to lower angle of cell and on inner
margin to near tornus.
Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous, the last with some ochreous. Forewing
fuscous ; an indistinct waved dark antemedial line arising from a pale point on
costa ; traces of a medial line with pale point at costa ; a small black discoidal
lunule ; postmedial line slightly defined by grey on outer side, waved; a fine
minutely waved whitish subterminal line, slightly excurved at vein 7 and mi.idle ;
a terminal series of black points; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwing
pale fuscous ; a dark discoidal lunule ; indistinct curved postmedial and sub-
terminal lines ; a fine white line at kase of cilia ; the underside whitish with some
dark irroration, the discoidal lunule black, the lines distinct and diffused.
Habitat—Cryton, N. C. Province (J. Pole). Exp, 24 mill. Type in B. M.
2858. 6b. NODARIA PRODUCTA, Nn. sp.
Purplish-brown ; abdomen with slight dark segmental lines. Forewing irro-
rated with black scales; the veins with slight dark streaks; a short subbasal
line angled below costa:; the antemedial line angled below costa, then slightly
incurved ; a discoidal striga ; the ‘postmedial line very oblique from costa to
vein 5 where it is acutely angled, then retracted to below end of cell at vein 2
where it is obtusely angled, then bent outwards to inner margin ; a strong slight-
ly incurved line from apex to inner margin before tornus ; a fine terminal line.
Hindwing irrorated with black ; a slight discoidal striga ; a fine postmedial line
obtusely angled at vein 5 then sinuous ; a strong subterminal line defined by
whitish on outer side and obtusely angled at vein 2; a fine terminal line.
Habiiat.—Cryton, Pundaloya (Green), Puttalam (Mackwood), Exp. ¢ 28,
Q 32 mill. Type in B.M.
2875, a. CATADA COSTIPUNCTATA, J. sp.
6. Pale ochreous ; palpi with the 1st and 2nd joints and frons black; fore
tibie blackish, joints of legs with black rings; abdomen irrorated with black ;
670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
wings strongly irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with black points on costa and
large ante and postmedial spots; a prominent discoidal spot ; the termen with
waved black line, and two excisions below apex. Hindwing with discoidal black
spot and terminal series of lunules. Underside of forewing largely suffused
with black.
Habitat—CryLon, Pundaloya (Green), Exp, 14 mill. Typein B. M.
2877. b. CATADA NIGRIPUNCTA, 0. sp.
&. Ochreous; head irrorated with black and red scales ; palpi with black
bands at extremity of 1st and 2nd joints and at middle of 3rd ; tegule and
metathorax with patches of black and red scales ; abdomen dorsally irrorated
with a few red scales, black points on 2nd, 4th and 6th segments and a larger
spot on terminal segment. Forewing irrorated with a few dark scales below
costa ; five black points on costa ; a diffused spot above base of inner margin ;
traces of waved antemedial, medial, and postmedial red lines and of a blackish
subterminal line with two black spots before it below costa and a large round
spotat middle ; a terminal series of black points and spots on termen and cilia
at apex and middle. Hindwing with traces of antemedial, medial and post-
medial waved red lines and of a black discoidal point; an indistinct waved
blackish subterminal line ; a terminal series of black spots.
Habitat.—Cryten, Matelé (Pole). Hzp.16 mill. Type in B. M.
2885. a. CATADA HEMIPHAA, N. sp.
@. Head and thorax dark brown mixed with grey ; pectus and legs whitish,
the tarsi black tinged with white ; abdomen grey irrorated and suffused with
fuscous and with dorsal black crests on 2nd and 3rd segments, the ventral
surface whitish. Forewing grey, the basal area suffused with black-brown
deepening to the medial line which is white, slightly sinuous and oblique from
costa to above vein 1 ; traces of a waved subbasal line and oblique antemedial
line; the terminal area irrorated and suffused with fuscous ; a slight pale dis-
coidal lunule, some whitish points on costa towards apex ; an indistinct pale
sinuous subterminal line with some dark suffusion before it towards costa; a
fine black terminal line ; cilia fuscous with a series of white points. Hindwing
fuscous brown; the underside grey thickly irrorated with fuscous leaving an
pchreous white patch from below end of cell to near termen.
Habitat.—Mavras, Bellary, Ramandrug, 3,000! (Campbell). Exp. 20 mill.
Type in B. M.
Genus, ARZOPTERON,
A. Frons black or dark brown.
a, Forewing with oblique white postmedial line from below
COStA TO INMET MALGIN ceerecrsarseercercerearenroercores vearesccere ef OSCIQI08,
b. Forewing without oblique white postmedial line.
al, Forewing with the costal and postmedial areas pure white.
G7, Forewing white .........:cesscrecsceseereccercerscscerccrccscereere nivalis,
b2, Forewing largely suffused with rufous ..........- stwodabe' Say probeuca.
b1, Forewing with the costal and postmedial area grey.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 671
a*, Hindwing suffused with bright rufous except terminal
BINGE) GeqcenucOnOdonn <pebcnirohlip wear ce=panttbess Pes ccigis's See ee . pictalis,
b?, Hindwing not suffused with rufous..s.....sececcereesssees griseata,
B. Frons concolorous,
a, Hindwing without discoidal tuft of fulvous scales ......gontophora,
b4, Hindwing with discoidal tuft of fulvous scales............canthopis,
2887. 6. AR#OPTERUM NIVALIS., n. sp.
&. White; palpi and frons tinged with fuscous, Forewing with subbasal
and antemedial black points on costa, the latter with a faint obliquely curved
brown line arising from it; a black discoidal point with another above it on
costa with the faint brown postmedial line arising from it, bent outwards
below costa, then waved ; a series of black points on costa with a brown spot
before them above the discal fold ; cilia brownish. Hindwing slightly irrorated
with brownish ; a brown medial band with black spot at costa and point at
inner margin ; faint traces of a curved postmedial line ; cilia brownish.
Habitat,—_Cryton, Peradeniya (Green). Kap. 10 mill, Type in B.M.
2887. c. ARMOPTERON PROLEUCA, 0. Sp.
Head and thorax white; palpi and frons brown, the former banded with
black ; abdomen red-brown, Forewing pure white more or less suffused with
red-brown and fuscous except on costa and postmedial areas ; the costa with
series of red-brown marks with white points on them ; subbasal line represent-
ed by a black point on costa ; the antemedial line oblique, waved, more or less
interrupted ;a black discoidal lunule with striga on costa above it;a waved
postmedial line incurved below cell; subterminal line only defined by the
area beyond it being fuscous except at apex, angled outward at middle;a
terminal series of black points. Hindwing white at base, then fuscous, with a
black discoidal spot, to the postmedial black line which is incurved to costa,
then white ; the terminal area pale rufous irrorated with fuscous and with in-
distinct sinuous white subterminal line,
Habitat —BENGAL, Calcutta (Atkinson); CEYLoN (Pole). Hap. 12 mill.
2887 d. ARZOPTERON GRISEATA, 0, Sp.
Head and tegule white; palpi and frons black; thorax grey ; abdomen
fuscous, Forewing grey irrorated and suffused with brown ; subbasal line re-
presented by a black point on costa, the antemedial line by a black point on
costa and an oblique sinuous more or less complete brown line ; arather V-shaped
black mark on discocellulars with a black and orange mark above it on costa
and an oblique line from it to inner margin; subterminal line indistinct, grey
with a blackish patch with white points on it before it on costa, incurved at
discal fold where there is a blackish mark before it, again incurved at subme.
dian fold, the area beyond it rather darker, a terminal series of black points,
Hindwing grey, suffused and irrorated with brown; a black discoidal point with
gome blackish suffusion near it; an ill-defined sinuous black postmedial line; a
very indistinct sinuous grey subterminal line with area beyond it rather darker ;
termen fulvous yellow with a series of black points; cilia brown and grey.
672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Habitat—Cry.Lon, Peradenyia, Nawala Pltiya (Green); Hambantota,
Puttalam (Pole), Hap, 10-11 mill. Type in B, M,
2887.¢. ARMHOPTERON GONIOPHORA, 0. sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with brown, the last tinged with red-
dish brown. Forewing grey irrorated and suffused with brown ; the subbasal
line represented by a black point on costa, the antemedial line by a triangular
brown mark on costa with oblique somewhat sinuous line from it to inner
margin ; a black discoidal spot with triangular brown mark above it on costa and
oblique line from it to inner margin ; an indistinct postmedial line obliquely
curved from costa to vein 3 where it is sharply angled, then incurved; subtermi-
nal line grey defined on each side by brown, obliquely curved from costa to
vein 4,incurved at submedian fold; a terminal series of dark-brown points.
Hindwing grey suffused with red-brown and irrorated with fuscous ; a black
discoidal spot with diffused black between it and inner margin ;a sinuous black
postmedial line ; the terminal area darker with a terminal series of black points.
Habitat —Cryion, Nawalapitiya (Green), Hambautota (Pole). Hap. 12 mill.
Type in B. M.
2887. f. ARAOPTERUM XANTHOPIS, 0. sp.
8. Head and thorax whitish slightly tinged with rufous ; abdemen with
the basal segment whitish tinged with rufous, the terminal segments black, the
anal tuft white. Forewing leaden grey partly suffused with black to the post-
medial line ; the basal inner area whitish; an indistinct curved, waved, black
antemedial line; a black discoidal point with diffused band from it to inner
margin ; an outwardly oblique postmedial line, slightly angled inward at vein 3 ;
terminal area whitish with some blackish points on costa; a conical fulvous
subterminal patch on costa ; some terminal dark points. Hindwing with the
basal area whitish with some black subbasal scales on it, the rest of wing
leader grey with diffused black band on its inner edge; a small fulvous dis-
coidal tuft of scales ; a diffused black subterminal band,
Habitat—Cryion, Haldamulla (Mackwood). Exp, 12 mill, Type in B, M.
2894.6. TALAPA BIRTHAMA, Swinh., A. M,N. H, (7), xv., p. 161 (1905).
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen grey irrorated with fuscous ; palpi blackish
towards base, forewing ochreous greyish irrorated with fuscous brown; the
costa and medial area except below costa suffused with brown; a velvety black
triangular subbasal patch between cell and inner margin, bounded by the
sinuous yellowish antemedial line which is obsolete in cell; excurved and
brown defined by yellowish on inner side at costa;a black point in middle of
cell ; an inverted comma-shaped white mark on a rounded black patch at lower
angle of cell ; traces of a waved medial line ; postmedial line angled outwards
below costa, then oblique, sinuous, black and prominent, some brown suffusion
beyond it extending to apex and to termen at middle; a faint waved whitish
line just beyond the postmedial line and a similar subterminal line incurved near
discal and submedian folds and with oblique black streak beyond it from apex
and spot before it above vein6; a waved brown terminal line. Hindwing.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 573
fuscous brown ; the underside greyish thickly irrorated with brown, a discoidal
lunule, faint, curved medial line and more distinct postmedial line shewing
through to upperside,
Habitat—Assam, Khasis. zp. 36 mill.
2903. Should stand as MARAPANA RUBRIPUNCTALIS.
2903. a. MARAPANA MINORALIS, n. Sp.
Differs from M, rubripunctalis in being smaller, Forewing with the postmedial
line very minutely waved; hindwing with the postmedial line sinuous, not
waved ; both wings with the lunules at base of cilia black, not crimson,
The medial and postmedial areas of forewing are sometimes suffused with
rufous or the medial area has a black patch on inner half.
Habitat—CrYLon, Maturata, Puttalam, Uva (Mackwood, Green, Pole,
Alston), Eup. 18-20 mill. Type in B. M.
2903.6. MARAPANA LACTIGUTTA, 0. sp.
&. Head, thorax and abdomen purplish red-brown mixed with some black ;
palpi and frons mostly black ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish;
anal tuft rufous, Forewing purplish red-brown ; a black patch at base of costa
enclosing a spot of the ground colour, a small spot on inner margin; a black
spot with white centre at middle of cell with a black patch above it on costa;
an ill-defined quadrate patch on discocellulars ; positmedial line black, diffused,
with some white lunules on its outer edge and prominent patch in submedian
interspace, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ;
subterminal line very indistinct, pale, with black patch before it at costa and
slight black spots on its outer edge, angled outwards at vein? and excurved at
middle; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing with some fuscous
suffusion at middle forming a very ill-defined band; an indistinct curved
postmedial series of dark points and a prominent terminal series.
Habitat —CEYLON, Maskeliya (J. Pole). Exp. 24 mill, Type in B, M,
2905.a. MARAPANA OLIVESCENS, 0. sp.
@. Head and thorax whitish mixed with olive-green; abdomen whitish
ochreous, sometimes with some blackish dorsal marks. Forewing whitish tinged
with ochreous and pink and on costal area with olive-green ; an obliquely
curved olive-green antemedial band from subcostal nervure to inner margin ;
an obscure dark-edged whitish discoidal lunule with black point at lower angle
of cell and traces of a waved line from it to inner margin ; the postmedial
line pale, oblique, and with olive green above it from costa to vein 4 where it is
strongly angled, then obsolescent ; an indistinct pale lunulate subterminal line,
strongly angled at vein 5 and with black streak from its angle extending into
cilia ; a series of short black striz just before termen ; some black points on cilia
below apex; the termen excurved below apex and sharply angled at vein 4.
Hindwing purplish pink with slight dark discoidal spot ; traces of a sinuous
postmedial line ; the termen crenulate with a fine dark line.
Habitat—WyYnab (Cardew) ; CEYLON, Corigama (Mackwood). zp. 30 mill.
Type in B. M.
674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
' 2913, a. RHYNCHINA FERREIPARS, 0. sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown, Forewing purplish grey ; the post-
medial line very sharply angled below costa where it is joined by a whitish
streak from apex, then whitish and oblique to middle of inner margin, the area
beyond it and the apical streak ferruginous with obscure diffused waved sub-
terminal fuscous line, Hindwing fuscous brown ; the cilia pale.
Habitat.—Cuina, Ichang; Bompay, Nasik (Davidson) ; Madras, Belgaum
(Watson). Exp, 22 mill, Type in B. M.
2915.a. RHYNCHINA PALLIDINOTA, 0. sp.
Q. Head and thorax whitish ; palpi with dark streaks on second joint ; fore
and hind legs fuscous; the tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen whitish tinged
with fuscous. Forewing greyish fuscous ; a creamy-whitish patch on base of
inner area extending to middle, traversed by an oblique rufous line with a
fuscous spot beyond it on inner margin and another rufous line near its outer
edge ; reniform stigma white, the orbicular indistinct with some raised black
scales on and round it; the postmedial line indistinct, obliquely curved from
costa to vein 3, then bent inwards to below middle of cell and erect to inner
margin, its inner half with blackish streaks and tufts of scales ; the apical part
of costa whitish with slight dark streaks and some brown suffusion below it ;
traces of a subterminal line, angled at middle and with prominent dentate
white and blackish marks on it towards inner margin ;a fine dark crenulate
terminal line. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown and with a dark terminal
line,
Habitet,—Sixuim, 7000’ (Pilcher). Hap, 34 mill. Type in B. M.
P. 76. Under Hyprna insert Aphypena, Swinh., A. M. N.H. (7), viii.
p. 21,(1901), Type dissimulans and Anepa, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), xv.,
p. 502 (1905). Type oxydata,
2935. HYPENA ICONICALIS insert (syn,) Bomolocha similis, Swinh., A.M. N, 18 (5
(7), viii., p. 20 (1901) and Bomolocha herpa, Swinh,, A. M.N, H. (7), Viii., p. 20
(1901).
2941.6, HyPENA PHECOMALIS, Swinh,, A. M.N. H. (7), xv., p. 164 (1905).
Dark brown ; the hair of frontal tuft, tegule and dorsal crests of abdo-
men grey at tips. Forewing with the postmedial area paler; an indistinct
waved antemedial line ; a dark spot in middle of cell; a brown postmedial line
angled at vein 5, then incurved and slightly sinuous with diffused dark brown
band on its inner side, traces of another line beyond it excurved between veins
6 and 4, then incurved and sinuous; a subterminal maculate line with some
grey scales on its outer edge, excurved below costa, at middle, and above inner
margin ; a triangular terminal dark shade from apex to vein 2 extending to
inner side of the second postmedial line; a series of grey points before the fine
dark terminal line, Hindwing fuscous brown with fine dark terminal line and
pale line at base of cilia. Underside irrorated with grey ; forewing with two
dark subapical points ; hindwing with small discoidal lunule and curved post-
medial and subterminal lines,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 075
ab, 1. Forewing with the antemedial line on inner side, the postmedial
and subterminal lines on outer side defined by violet blue.
Habitat.—Assam, Khasis, Exp. 42 mill.
2955.a. HYPENA CAMPTOGRAMMALIS, n. sp.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown slightly mixed with grey.
Forewing red-brown to the postmedial line ; the costal area slightly irrorated
with black; the terminal area dark-grey brown irrorated with blackish ; the
antemedial line indistinct, rufous, irregularly sinuous and angled outwards in
submedian fold ; small tufts of black and grey scales in middle and end of cell ;
an oblique streak of diffused black scales from median nervure at origin of vein
2 to postmedial line in submedian fold ; the postmedial line rufous defined
by grey on outer side sharply retracted to costa from vein 6, then oblique and
with minute black dentitions in submedian interspace ; an indistinct dentate sub-
terminal line with dull rufous beyond it and two slight subapical black marks
on it; a series of whitish and black terminal striz ; cilia blackish. Hindwing
fuscous brown, with fine black terminal line ; a discoidal lunule on underside.
Habitat—Cryton, Haputale (Mackwood), Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M.
2955, b. HYPENA SINUISIGNA, 0. Sp,
@. Dull grey-brown, Forewing with traces of antemedial line with tuft of
black scales on it below the cell and angled above vein 1; a pale streak in
submedian fold to the postmedial line ; a small tuft of. black scales in middle of
cell and a somewhat V-shaped discoidal mark, the ground color blackish
below end of cell and from thence to termen below apex ; the postmedial line
indistinct oblique sinuous, onan indistinct greyish band; a sinuous ochreous
oblique streak from apex to near upper angle of cell, diffused towards costa
and with slight dark marks above it ; a terminal series of grey and black striz.
Hindwing fuscous brown with fine dark terminal line; the undorside whitish
tinged with brown towards costa.
Habitat—CrEYLoN, Haputale (Mackwood), Exp. 30 mill. Type in B. M.
2955. c. HYPENA RIVULA, 0, sp.
Q. Head,thorax and abdomen dark grey-brown; pectus, legs and ventral
surface of abdomen whitish. Forewing dull reddish brown slightly irrorated
with black ; a diffused dark discoidal mark ; postmedial line formed of black
striz defined by greyish on outer side, arising from costa towards apex, oblique,
sinuous, excurved at middle ; a subterminal series of black points excurved at
middle. Hindwing dull reddish brown thickly irrorated with fuscous; the
underside paler,
Habitat—Manras, Bellary, Ramandrug, 3,000’ (Campbell). Lap, 26 mill.
Type in B,M,
2964.a. HYPENA /NESCENS, 0, sp.
Brown mixed with grey; abdomen dull brown, Forewing with the basal
half bronze green suffused with olive-brown scales ; a waved olive-brown ante-
medial line ; a black point in ceil; a somewhat waved, slightly oblique olive-
brown medial line defined by white on outer side ; the terminal half purplish
16
676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
grey suffused with brown, especially before the irregularly waved subterminal
line, which is incurved below vein 3, and obliquely from termen below apex ; a
series of white points on apical half of costa and termen, Hindwing dark-
brown with a fine dark terminal line ; the cilia grey at tips. Underside of fore-
wing with subapical white point; hindwing grey irrorated with brown; a
brown discoidal point and curved postmedial and subterminal lines.
One specimen has the medial line of forewing excurved at the discocellulars
and more waved below the cell ; a black point at lower angle of cell.
HAabitat,—CEYLON (Mackwood), Clodagh (Pole), Kup, 26 mill. Type in B. M.
2980, b. Hypena popa, Swinh, A. M,N, H. (7), ix., p. 180 (1902).
Head and thorax violaceous grey tinged with brown ; tarsi fuscous with pale
rings ; abdomen grey irroated with brown, the dorsal crests dark. Forewing
violaceous grey tinged with red-brown and sparsely irrorated with black ; an
indistinct curved antemedial line sometimes reduced to a striga from costa
and points on the veins; a small white spot in middle of cell ringed with
brown; a dark discoidal point; a strong slightly oblique brown postmedial
line usually with a more or less distinct fine line just beyond it followed by a
series of minute dentate dark marks slightly bent outwards to costa and
excurved at middle; a terminal series of black points and slight lunule
above tornus; cilia with black mark at apex and two or three between the
angle at vein 3 and tornus. Hindwing fuscous brown with terminal series of
small dark lunules and fuscous marks on cilia; the underside grey tinged
with brown and irrorated with dark-brown, a discoidal spot and postmedial
line showing through to upperside.
Habitat —S1kuim ; Assam, Khasis ; PENANG ; PERAK ; Formosa. Eup, 30-34
mill,
2988.a, Hypena TUuMA, Swinh,, A. M,N, H, (7%), viii., p. 21 (4901).
Palpi with tuft on outer side of 3rd joint at base and no tuft on inner side.
Head and thorax reddish brown mixed with black; abdomen fuscous, the
dorsal tufts tipped with black. Forewing purplish suffused with chestnut to
the postmedial line ; the antemedial line rufous, slightly angled outwards below
costa, then very oblique to submedian fold at middle, then acutely angled
inwards on vein 1; the medial area blackish above vein 2 with the tuft in
middle of cell and a diffused spot in end of it blackish ; postmedial line black
defined by purple on outer side, erect and angled outwards in discal and sub-
median folds ; the terminal area fuscous with a curved whitish mark from
apex with two small black and white dentate marks above it and a series of
less prominent similar marks between it and inner margin; some white points
on costa towards apex and a terminal series of black and pale points. Hind-
wing fuscous brown with fine dark terminal line.
Habitat—AssaM, Jaintia Hills; SINGAPORE ; BorNEO, Exp, 36 mill.
3008. d. PROLOPHOTA PERSTRIATA, 2. sp.
6. White; palpi blackish at sides ; abdomen tinged with brown and with
fulvous medial band. Forewing with black streak from near base through the -
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 677
cell and discal fold to termen, interrupted by a point in middle of cell and
slight discoidal bar ; some yellow brown suffusion on terminal half, three sub-
terminal black points towards apex and one above tornus. Hindwing slightly
irrorated with brown ;a black discoidal point ; a yellow-brown medial band,
angled below costa and with black line on its outer edge except towards costa ;
some brownish suffusion on terminal area and three diffused black spots at
apex, discal fold and above tornus.
Habitat—Cryton, Hantone (E. E. Green). Exp.10 mill. Type in B. M.
3016. a. RH#SENA CHLOROCROTA, 0. Sp.
Q. Ochreous; palpi strongly irrorated with black ; forelegs streaked with
black. Forewing with patch of purplish silvery and fuscous scales at base ; a
streak of similar scales above median nervure and a discoidal patch with the
black-edged reniform on it; a blackish streak in cell and discal fold to the
subterminal line ; an olive-green patch in end of cell; an olive-green streak
beyond upper part of cell and an oblique series of short streaks before a
purplish silvery obliquely curved postmedial line from vein 6 to submedian
fold ; an irregularly sinuous black subterminal line from vein 6 to inner
margin, oblique between veins 4 and 2, with some olive-green on its inner side
and fuscous irroration beyond it; some olive-green on termen and a crenulate
black line just before termen ; cilia greenish chequered with black-tipped grey
scales. Hindwing suffused with fuscous on terminal area,
Habitat—Kanara, Karwar (Davidson), ap. 30 mill. Type in B. M.
673
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS.
By HE. C. Stuart Baksr, F.Z.8.
Part III. (Wirs Prats III.)
(Continued fram page 374 of this Volume.)
CACOMANTIS MERULINUS. (Scop.)
The Rufous-bellted Cuckoo.
Cacomantis threnodes. Hume and Dav., 8. F., VI, p. 158 ; Hume,
ibid. VIL, p. 207; XI, p. 72 ; zbid., Cat. No. 209 ; Cripps, 8. F., VII.
p. 265 ; Bingham, #bid., IX, p. 167 ; Oates, B. of Burmah, II, p. IT.
Cacomantis merulinus. Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 268 ; Oates,
Fauna of B. L, III, p. 218 ; Nehrkorn, Cat., p. 171.
Polyphasia tenuirostris, Jerd., B. of I., I, p. 335.
Cacomantis rufiventris. Armstrong, 8. F., LV, p. 312.
Information as to the breeding of this cuckoo is scanty and very
conflicting... Fielden took the eggs of a cuckoo from the nest ofa
tailor-bird in Thayetmyo, Burmah, and, as passerinus is not found there,
these are almost to a certainty those of merudinus.
Nehrkorn describes eggs in his collection as “ cream-white, with deli-
cate red brown and violet specks which form a ring at the larger end,
20 by 15 mm. (from the nest of Pycnonotus aurigaster).” His eggs
came from Java.
Herr Kuschel in a letter to me writes :—‘‘ The eggs of Cacomantzs
merulinus resemble very closely those of Surniculus lugubris (The Drongo
Cuckoo), but they are rather smaller and not so profusely spotted as are
the eges of the latter. I have received egos of this species with nest eggs
of Pyenonotus, Henicurus leschenault? (Leschenault’s Forktail), Stopa-
rola indigo, Abrornis trivirgata and Megalurus palustris (The Striat-
ed Marsh-Warbler).”’
The eggs Herr Kuschel calls Surnikulus lugubris is like a rather stumpy
egg of Cuculus saturatus. I doubt extremely whether either Herr Kus-
chel’s or Herr von Nehrkorn’seggs are properly identified. [have myself
one egg which I believed to be that of C. merulinus, which was taken
from the nest of Copsychus saularts (The Magpie-Robin), together with
two eggsof the foster-parent bird. It is exactly like a large egg of Prinia
tnornata, and agrees fairly well with Miss Cockburn’s description of the
eggs of C. passerinus. This latter bird is, however, very rare here,
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 679
whereas C. merulinus is very common. The egg is a cuckoo’s egg of
some kind, and is not that of any of the cuckoos, the eggs of which one
knows at present unless it is that of merulinus. This egg which I have
figured in Pl. III, fig. 1, has a blue ground colour and is sparsely blotch-
ed with large blotches of vandyke-brown and inky-brown and_ others
underlying these again, and still larger, of inky-grey and purple-grey.
The blotches are confined principally to the smaller end, but this is, of
course, an abnormality which occurs occasionally with all birds’ eggs.
In shape it is very broad oval, the smaller end very obtuse. The
shell is very fine and smooth, but has no gloss. It measures *71" by °61",
and was taken at Margherita on the 20th April, 1902.
The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo is the Eastern representative of the Plain-
tive Cuckoo, and is found all over Hastern Bengal, Assam and Burmah ;
it is resident in all these provinces and very common, Hume obtained
two specimens, probably stragglers only, in Raipur.
In habits, &c., it is like the Plaintive Cuckoo, and its voice resembles
that of that bird, but is less seldom used and perhaps less high-pitched
and shrill.
Genus PentHoceryx. (Latham.)
The genus Penthocery« contains a single Indian species which is very
closely allied to the genus Cacomantis. It differs in the adults, always
heing barred above, in the tail feathers narrowing towards the tip and in
having a proportionately stouter, blunter bill.
Blanford remarks that this genus is nearer to Cacomantis than to
Cuculus, and this must be so when one comes to consider it, for the
young are, to all intents and purposes, one and the same generically, and
it would therefore follow that Cacomantis is probably a merely highly
developed form of Penthocerya which has not. yet acquired a true
Cuculine adult plumage.
PENTHOCERYX SONNERATI. (Latham.)
The Banded Bay Cuckoo.
Cuculus sonnerati, Jerdon, B. of I., I, p. 325; Fairbank, S. F.,
IV, p. 255 ; Hume and Davidson, zbid., VI, p. 156; Hume, idzd., VII,
p- 207 ; zd., Cat. No. 202 ; Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 233; Vidal, S. F.,
IX, p. 54; Butler, ib¢d., p. 388 ; Oates, B. of Burmah, X, p. 107; id.,
Hume’s Nests and Eggs, 2nd Ed., II, p. 382; Barnes, B. of Bom.,
p- 125; Shelly, Cat. of B. M., XIX, p. 262.
680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Ololygon tenutrostris. Hume, 8. F., II, p. 472; abéd., ILI, p. 80.
Penthoceryx sonnerati. Blanford, Fauna of B. L., III, p. 219; Reid |
Cat. Eggs B. M., III, p. 115, Plate I, fig. 2.
From Hume’s Nests and Eggs we have one note to the effect that
fragments of an egg extracted from the oviduct of a female of this
species, shot in the Nailgherries on the 19th May, 1874, “are pal. bluish-
green and quite spotless.” I cannot find out who shot this bird. It is
probably, however, that this record is a mistake, as Mr. Davidson, I.C.8.,
has also an oviduct egg which is totally different.
It is also recorded that eggs, believed to be of this species and
taken from the nests of Otocompsa fuscicaudata (The Southern Red-
whiskered Bulbul) are “moderately broad ovals, distinctly pointed
towards the small end. The shell fine, smooth and with a faint gloss.
The ground colour white or merely so, with ever so slight a pinky tinge.
They measured 0°83" and 0°81" in length by 0°62" and 0°61", respectively,
in breadth.”” This agrees with Reid’s description in the British Museum
Catalogue and may refer to the same eggs. One of these is fairly shewn
in Pl. II, fig. 3, of the Third Vol. of the B. Museum Cat. These eggs
were taken in Coorg, S. India, on the 18th July.
Mr. J. Davidson, as already noted, appears to have the only oviduct
ege of this species in existence. He writes me on the ovlogy of this
cuckoo as follows :—
“ Of this bird I have one egg extracted from a shot bird. It is from
the Barnes’ collection, and the bird was shot on Ist June, 1893, near
Mhow, by Mr. J. A. Kemp. It isa fairly large egg for the size of the
bird, ground colour lilac, with numerous small pink spots scattered
all over it. I noticed this bird at the Khondabari Ghat in Khandesh in
the rains, and it was very common in all the more open parts of Kanara.
I have four eggs which, I believe, belong to this bird. Two were taken
from the nests of O. fuscecaudata in Kanara (9th February, 1890, and
16th March, 1893). They much resemble the egg extracted, but are
slightly smaller ; the ground colour is of a brownish-pink, and neither in
shape nor markings did they resemble the bulbul’s eggs with which
they were found.
“The others were taken from the nest of Dumetza albiqularis (The
Small White-throated Babbler), one on 31st August, 1885, in the
Khondabari Ghat, Khandesh, and the other in the Nassik Dangs on
IstJune, 1887. One is similar in size to those just described, the other
OUrMN. OombDaVy at. 1St. 0c. i bs
J Bombay Nat. Hist.S PL. III
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E, ©. STUART BAKER, DEL. J. GREEN, CHROMO-LITH.
INDIAN CUCKOOS' EGGS.
1. Cacomantis merulinus. 2, 3. Chrysoeoecyx xanthonotus. 4. C. maculatus.
5. Penthoceryx sonnerati. 6,7. Coceystes jacobinus. 8, 9. Surniculus lugubris.
10. Coceystes coromandus. 11, 12,14. ? 13. Eudynamis honorata.
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 681
little smaller ; the ground colour is paler and browner, and the markings
are faint lilac and dull brown.
“¢ Now, on the other hand, the only birds I have ever seen feeding
young sonnerat? were Jora typhia (The Common Iora).”
One of the above eggs was very kindly given me by Mr. Davidson,
and is said by him to closely resemble the oviduct egg. This I have
shewn in Plate III, fig. 5.
The ground colour is a cream, with the faintest tinge of brown, but I
think the brown impression is given by the markings rather than the
ground colour. These, the markings, consist of numerous small blotches
and specks of a rusty red-brown, with others of the same character
underlying them of a pale lilac-grey. Both markings are rather numer-
ous everywhere, but, perhaps, more so towards the larger end. The
texture of this cuckoo’s egg is like that of Cuculus canorus, but finer
and more fragile, with the surface more glossed. In shape it is also like
the eggs of the Common Cuckoo, being a broad, blunt oval, but little
compressed towards the smaller end. It measures °76" by °63",
and is, I gather :from -what Mr. Davidson says, the smallest of his
egOS.
Mr. T. R. Bell has been kind enough to furnish me with some notes
of this little cuckoo : “I have an egg, Tam sure, of Penthoceryx, but
not having seen it laid, so to speak, am not in a position to say that it is
so without any doubt. Half a dozen times at least I have seen Joras
(typhia of course) in the act of feeding a noisy, fledged, young Pentho-
cerye twice, and in consecutive seasons, just outside my bungalow:
the other times in the jungles. In an Jora’s nest we got one egg that I
am nearly certain must belong to a Banded Bay Cuckoo, as it is far
larger than an Jora’s, is of a different shape (more equal at both ends),
and isnot at al] blotched, though rather finely spotted round the larger
end, with similar coloured spots to those of the Jora egg: a sort
of grey-purple. I have no Jora eggs without some blotches, at least,
besides spots; and from what I have seen of young Penthocerya the
fact of their being fed by Joras and no other birds seems to make fairly
certain that my eggs must belong to the latter genus.”
Penthoceryx sonnerat? has two distinct cries—one exactly like that
of Cuculus micropterus, except in a much higher key ; the other like that
of passerinus, with this difference that it (sonnerat?) always stops in
the middle of the second or third repetition.
682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
This bird is extremely common in Ceylon and the South of India, but
becomes much more rare further North, especially to the West. It is
met with in small numbers throughout Bengal and, perhaps, rather more
plentifully in Assam, though even there I have found it rare; it extends
through the Shan States, Northern and Southern Burmah, and is com-
mon again in the South of that province, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo and Java.
GmNus CHRysococoyx (Boie).
This lovely genus cannot possibly be mistaken for any other genus of
Indian cuckoo for the upper parts in all stages, but that of the nestlings’
first plumage, is more or less metallic. Both species of the genus are
also far smaller than any other Indian cuckoo.
Key to Species. .
Upper parts glossed with metallic violet...,........canthorhynchus @ ad.
Upper parts glossed with metallic green....e..0........-+0.maculatus @ ad.
Head more or less light rufous, mantle green...... maculatus @ et, juv.
Head not rufous, mantle tinged with copper-bronze........ canthorhynchus
@ et. juv.
The nestlings, when a fair size, may be distinguished generally by the
fact that wanthorhynchus has the head and neck rufous, with longitudinal
streaks, whilst maculatus has the head rufous, with the chin and throat
barred.
CHRYSOCOCCYX XANTHORHYNCHUS. (Horsf.)
The Violet Cuckoo.
Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus. Hume, Cat. No, 211 bis.; éd., 8S. F.,
IX, p. 248 ; XI, p. 75; Oates, zbid., X, p. 193; ¢d., B. of Burm., I,
p. 114; Blanford, Fauna of B. I., III, p. 221.
Chalcococcya sxanthorhynchus. Hume, 8. F., I, p. 191; dbéd., U1,
p. 81; Hume and Davidson, tbed., VI, pp. 161, 506; Shelly, Cat.
B. M,;, XIX, p. 289.
Chrysococcya limborgi. Tweedale, 8. F., VII, p. 319; Hume, Cat.
No. 211 qguat.; Bingham, 8.F., IX, p.168; Oates, B. of Burm., I,
p. 116.
Chrysococcya malayanus. Hume, Cat. No. 211 ter.; id., 8. F., XI.
p- 76.
With the exception of my own observations and those of the late
Mr. H, A. Hole, I have no note on the oology of this cuckoo.
The first egg I received of this bird was from Mr. Hole who found it
ina nest of Turdinus abbotti (Abbot’s Babbler), together with two eggs
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 683
of the foster-parent. This egg was sent me marked by mistake as C,
maculatus, and as such I recorded it in our Journal (IX, p. 368). Mr,
Hole, however, wrote tv me and ‘said that the only birds haunting the
nullah in which he took the nest were several wanthorhynchus and that the
ege he believed to belong to that bird and not maculatus. Both
the Violet Cuckoo and the Hmerald Cuckoo were very common in
Jellalpur, Cachar, whore this was taken, but at the time it was taken no
Emerald Cuckoos were about.
This egg is a most lovely cream-pink in ground colour, and is marked
with irregular blotches, spots and a few short broad lines of deep red-
brown, many of the dark spots being surrounded with a paler tint of the
same colour ; there are also numerous underlying spots of pale lavender
and lilac. About the broad end the markings of all kinds are numerous,
about the smaller end they are scanty. The surface is very smooth and
glossy, but has not the silky surface of eggs of Coccystes, Hierococcye
varius or Cuculus poliocephalus. Tho shell is neither noticeably stout
nor fragile, the grain is very fine and close.
A second egg taken from the nest of Turdinulus roberti (Roberts
Babbler), which also had two eggs in it of the owner, is much like the
above, but wants the deepest coloured markings and has practically no
lines. The freckles, specks and blotches are numerous all over the egg,
but mostly at the larger end. This egg was taken on 6th J une.
19038.
Thess eggs are very much like in detail the eges of Penthoceryx, but
whereas the eggs of the Banded Bay Cuckoo strikes one always as being
very brown eggs, the first thing that strikes one about the eggs of the
Violet Cuckoo and Emerald Cuckoo is the brilliant pink of their genera]
tone.
My eggs measure *76" by *58", 80" by °59" and °78" by °59". Two
are blunt ovals, but slightly compressed towards the smaller end ; the
third is narrower and more pointed.
During the season 1905, I was fortunate in obtaining several speci-
mens of this Cuckoo’s eggs, in every case in the nest of Alcippe
nepalensis (The Nepal Babbler). Dr. Coltart obtained three specimens—
one in one nest and two in a second. All three of these agree fairly
well with those I have described above, but the latter two are far less
dominantly pink, and the markings are more profuse and more speckly
in their character than in any of the three shewn in Plate III.
17
684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HAISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11,
They are very much like one type of Aleippe eggs, but pinker and
different in texture and, again, did not agree with their fostero eggs,
These three eggs average ‘75" x *56", and agree in shape and tex-
ture with those already described.
The fourth ege was taken by Dr. Gregerson in the Ist August, also
in the nest of Alcippe nepalensis; this egg I have not seen, but ke
describes as agreeing exactly with fig. 4 in Pl. III, whereas the Alsippe
eges were of the pure white type, with a ring of purple scriggles round
the large end. The Cuckoo’s egg was fresh, the others hard set.
The Violet Cuckoo is confined to the East of the Empire, through-
out Assam, in parts of which it is quite common, especially Cachar and
Dibrugarh, the whole of Burmah and Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, Jaya, the Andamans and Nicobars, It is said to be rare
everywhere throughout its range, and there is practically nothing on
record about its habits, voice, &c. Mr. Hole told me that he could not
distinguish between the notes of the two little cuckoos of this genus,
hat they kept much to the tops of the lofty trees on high ground,
except the females who might sometimes be found skulking in brush-
wood in nullahs and broken ground at the foot of the mountains. The
call of both species, he said, was a loud, shrill, but not unmusical, whistle
of three ascending notes. Unlike most cuckoos, he did not find them
shy, but they were hard to procure on account of their selecting the very
highest trees to hunt for food. They were very fond of haunting
Bombaz trees when these were in flower.
CHRYSOCOCCYY MACULATUS. (Gmel.)
The Emerald Cuckoo.
Chrysococeyx hodgsoni. Jerdon, B. of I., I, p. 388; Davidson, S.
eo. 200.
Lamprococeyx maculatus. Hume and Dav.,8. F., VI, pp. 161, 503.
Chrysococeye maculatus. Hume, Cat. No. 211; id., 5S. F., LX,
p. 248; zd., XI, p. 74; Bingham, dd., 1X, p. 167 ; Oates, B. of
Burm., II, p. 113; Stuart Baker, Jour. Bom. N, H. Soc., X, p. 367;
Blanford, Fauna of B. I., III, p. 222; Reid, Cat. Eggs B. M., III, p. 117-
Cuculus maculatus. Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 238.
Chalcococcyx maculatus. Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 291; Oates,
Hume’s Nests and Eggs, 2nd Hd., II, p. 387,
There are a good many notes recorded about the supposed eggs of
this beautiful little cuckoo, but every single note, as we know now
- THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 685
refers, it would seem, to Cuculus poliocephalus, Mr. J. Davidson has
two reputed eggs of this bird in his collection—one which Barnes got
from Major Moon, taken near Darjeeling, and a second taken in Natore,
Sikhim, on the 22nd June, 1885, The latter egg was taken from the
nest of Horornis fortipes (the Strong-footed Bush-Warbler), and Mr,
O. Moller, who procured this egg, told Mr, Davidson that he had taken
similar eggs from the nests of Tridura lutewventris (The Brown Bush-
Warbler), Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps (The Red-headed Babbler) and Tesia
cyaniventris (The Slaty-bellied Short-wing), all above 5,000!.
Both eggs are said to be “‘a sort of brick-dust-red, but this is owing
to very close mottling on a reddish ground. ”
I think there can be no doubt that these are poliocephalus eggs.
Again, the eggs described in Hume’s Nests and Eggs as belonging to
this cuckoo seem, without doubt, also to belong to polzocephalus. Both
egos were found in the nests of Stachyrhidopsis rujiceps,and are described
as “a uniform pink, with a certain chocolate tinge in it, and with, when
closely examined, a few very minute, pale, claret-coloured specks, scarce-
ly darker than the ground . . . . Jt measures 0°8" by 0°62".”
This description, of course, exactly agrees in. every detail with the egg
laid by poltocephalus in Mr. Osmaston’s hand.
It is probably one of these which is described by Reid in the Catalogue
of Eggs. This is also shown in Pl. II, figure 8, but is mistakenly made
an oval egg instead of an ellipse and is also not pink enough.
Although Ihave no oviduct egg of the Emerald Cuckoo, yet I have
one, the evidence concerning which satisfies me as to its identity, al-
though it cannot be accepted as altogether complete.
On the 10th August, 1891, at Gunjong, North Cachar, and quita
lose to my bungalow, a Naga found a nest of the Black-throated Bab-
bler (S. nigriceps), at the entrance to which he seta noose of mithna
hair and went away. About an hour afterwards when he returned he
found an Emerald Cuckoo caught in the noose, and he at once brought
up nest, egos and cuckoo to my bungalow. Examining the first, I found
it contained three eges—two of the Stachyris and a third totally differ-
ent. This in ground colour isa very pale but bright pinkish-cream. It
is blotched, freckled and spotted with red-brown, some very dark, others
paler and more washed out. There are also a few short, scriggly lines of
deep umber-brown, which are almost entirely confined to the larger end.
The secondary markings consist of blotches and specks of pale neutral
686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
tint and pinkish-grey. - All the markings, which are fairly numerous, are
-more so at the larger end. In shape the ogg is a blunt oval, but not at
all elliptical asare the eges of poltocephalus. The texture is fine and
close and the surface smooth and glossy, but not silky to the touch, as are
the eggs of the cuckoo just mentioned. This egg measures '82" by -60".
T took another ege, which, I believe, isan Emerald Cuckoo’s, on the
- 10th of May, 1892. I found it in a nest of Orthotomus sutorius (The
Indian Tailor-bird), together with three eggs of the owner. When first
found the Tailor-bird had laid but two eges ; the following day it laid
another egg, and I took the whole nest and its contents. The day when
found I shot an Emerald Cuckoo in the patch of grass and scrub in which
the Tailor-bird’s nest was situated, but at some distance from the nest
itself. This egg isa blunt facsimile of that above described as regards
shape, texture, &c., but the whole tone of the egg is less bright, and there
are no lines on it. With the exception of a few large, smudgy blotches,
the markings are also somewhat smaller. It measures *78" by 63".
Mr. Hole also sent me two eggs which he considered were of this bird,
one of which he took from the nest of S. nigriceps and one from that of
S. rufifrons (Hume’s Babbler). They measured *79" by °61" and *80" by
61”, and were in colouration intermediate between the two described
already. They were both taken in July, 1892, at Jellalpur, Cachar, and
Emerald Cuckoos were shot haunting the proximity of the nests.
The eggs are very large for Cuckoos’ eggs, in proportion to the size
of the bird, the bulk being as much as it is in the eggs of poltocephalus
and saturatus, birds of, perhaps, between three or four times the cubic:
contents of the tiny Emerald Cuckoo,
The range of this bird is much the same as that of the Violet Cuckoo,
but it extends further West, having been recorded as far as Kumaon in
that direction. It also strageles into Hastern Bengal.
It used to be wonderfully common during the breeding season at
Jellalpur, in Cachar, in the broken ground running along the foot of the:
hills, and Mr. H. Hole had a marvellous series, all collected at that place.
He informed me that he used to find them frequenting Bombae and other
lofty trees, hunting for insects and constantly on the move, darting from
one perch to another incessantly and twisting about in every position,
every now and then giving vent to their musical whistle. Thoy seemed
to be sociable birds and consorted much with bulbuls and other birds, and
often two or three, or even more, Chrysococeyx might be found together.
|. THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 687:
Other birds shewed no dislike to their company and had dee no
knowledge of their evil nesting habits.
This cuckoo has a comparatively large powerful foot, hence its acti-
vity when in trees.
Genus Surnicurus (Lesson.)
India contains one species of this curious genus which can be mistaken
for no other cuckoo found within our limits, though it may be, and
almost certainly is, frequently mistaken for Decrurus ater (the Black
Drongo). It isblack, with the exception of a few white spots and patches
which are hardly noticeable unless the bird is extremely close. It has a
long forked tail, like the drongo, and imitates that bird also in its flight.
SuRNICULUS LUGUBRIS. (Horsf.)
The Drongo Cuckoo.
Surniculus dicruroides. Jerdon, B. of I., I, p. 336.
Surniculus lugubris. Hume and Dav., 8S. F., VI, pp. 159, 502;
Ball, ibid., VII, p- 207; Hume, Cat. No. 210; 7d.,S. F., TX, p. 248 ;
XI, p. 75 ; Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 243; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 128 .
Oates, B. of Burm, II, p. 112; Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 227 3
Blanford, Fauna of B. L., III, p. 223; Nehrkorn, Cat. Hier., p. 170;
Reid, Cat. Eggs B. M., ILI, p. 104.
There is nothing absolutely authentic on record about this Cuckoo’s
eggs beyond the fact that Davidson saw some King-Crows feeding a
young one, and Mr. T. R. Bell also informs me that he has noticed one
being fed by Dicrurus ater, the Black King-Crow. He has also
found eggs in King-Crow’s nests which he thinks must belong to this
Cuckoo, though he has no certain proof that they are so. He describes
the eggs as ‘‘ the same size as those of Dierurus ater, in whose nests
they were found, and are similar: the-shape is also slightly abnormal,
tending to both ends being equally obtuse.”
An egg sent me by Col. Rattray to examine agrees well, as far us I
can tell, with Mr. Bell’s eggs. It is a pale cream in ground colour, with
spots and blotches of Indian red and dark red-grey or purple.
There are also a few large secondary marks, consisting of smears of very
pale yellow-brown. The markings are mostly confined to the larger
end, but form no ring or cap there. The texture is rather close, and the
surface is hard and smooth witha fine gloss: the texture is rather
coarser than that of the ege of the Common Cuckoo, and the shape
688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
is also much the same, ie, a stout, obtuse oval, but in no way
elliptical.
This egg was taken from the nest of Dicrurus longicaudatus (The
Indian Ashy Drongo) at Murree on the 28th May, 1899, and a Drongo”
Shrike was shot a few days afterwards near the place. The nest
contained three Drongo eggs, totally different to the supposed Cuckoo’s.
Col. Rattray wrote to me concerning this egg: ‘* Whilst out with
Major Wilson I sent my man up toa nest of D. longicaudatus. While
he was taking the eggs, I shot one bird and the male kept flying round
when Major Wilson called my attention to a second, but rather smaller,
bird, something like a Drongo, which kept coming up, but which I failed -
to shoot. The supposed Cuckoo’s egg was absolutely fresh, whereas the
others were more or less incubated. A few days after, near the same
place, I shot a Drongo-Cuckoo.”
This eg¢ measures *91" by °69", and is, in proportion to the size of the
bird, if genuine, the largest Cuckoo’s egg there is, as far as India is
concerned. | | |
Although not proved, it is more than likely that this egg and Mr.
Bell’s are genuine Drongo-Cuckoo’s.
Nehrkorn describes a totally different egg in his Cat. der Hiersamm-
lung. He writes: ‘ Cream-white with reddish-brown blotches and
freckles which form a ring at the larger end ; the egg was taken in the
nest of Suya crinigera (The Brown Hill-Warbler), which had three
Suya’s eges to which it bore a close resemblance: 19°5 by 14 mm.”
Herr Kuschel, who also kindly gave an egg, writes: “ You yourself
know the ege of Surniculus which I have sent. I have received eggs of
this species, together with the eggs of foster-parents taken from the nests
of Pycnonotus aurigaster, Henicurus leschenault? (Leschenault’s Fork-
tail), Megalurus palustris (the Striated Marsh-Warbler) and Lantus.”
_ The egg sent to me, and shewn in Plate IIT, fig. 8, isa very pale
yellow-cream colour, so pale that unless put against anything really
white, it appears white itself. It has fairly numerous, tiny blotches and
specks of reddish-brown, with secondary ones of pale lavender and purple,
scattered sparsely over the whole surface and forming an indefinite’
wide ring round the larger end. The egg is very nearly an ellipse, but:
not quite ; for, though both ends are equally obtuse, one is slightly larger
than the other. The texture is that of the eggs of Cucitlus poliocephalus’
and saturatus to which it bears a strong family likeness. It is “not’
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 689
in any way like Mr. Bell’s or Col. Rattray’s eggs, either in shape, colour
or texture, and one type must, Iam sure, be wrong. It measures °75"
by °57", and was taken from the nest of Henicurus leschenault? in Java,
on the 14th June, 1889. .
This cuckoo is distributed throughout Ceylon, Southern, Central and
Eastern India: it extends as far West at least as Nepal and probably
much further. Mr. Bell tells me that it is common below the Ghats in
Kanara, and wherever observers have gone who have known the bird and
its habits and calls, it has been reported as more or less common. It is
so in Ceylon, Southern India, Hastern Bengal and Assam at all events,
and most probably is so also in the intervening countries, but se
close is its resemblance to the Common Black-Drongo that it escapes
observation.
It extends through Burma to Borneo and Java and the Malay
Peninsula. ;
Its flight is varied, sometimes dipping, much as it is with the King-
Crows, at others quick and direct. Its call isa most human whistle of
six notes running up in scale, and this it gives frequent utterance to both
by day and on moonlight nights. I have also heard one utter a double
plaintive note like whee-whip, much like a call indulged in by Dicrurus
ater in the breeding season. Indeed, had I not been standing close
under the cuckoo as it was in the act of calling, I should have thought it
was the Drongo.
Genus Coccystzs (Gloger).
The two fine species of cuckoo which form this genus may be
at once distinguished from all others by the crest, the central feathers of
which are a considerable length. The tail also is long in proportion and.
the rectrices very wide. The plumage is rather lax, and the bird appears:
much larger in life than when made into a skin.
er Key to Species.
Wings dark-brown with a white band igs a. jacobinus,
Wings bright chestnut and black _... ne --. coromandus,
_ CocoystEs sacoprnus. (Bodd.) .
Ke The Pied Crested Cuckoo.
Coceystes melanoleucus. Jerdon, B. of L., 1 Soe
Coccystes jacobinus. Hume, 8. F., I, Pa Va MiGs vad., Cates
No. 2125; Butler, 8. F.,.V, p, 327; abid., VII, p- 181; Davis. and
690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Wen., ibid., p. 79; Ball, zbéd., p. 207 ; Cripps, zbid., p. 265 ; Legge, B.
of Ceylon, p. 246 ; Davis. 8. F., X, p. 360; Oates, B. of Burm., II,
p. 118; id., Hume’s Nests and Eggs, IT, p. 388; Barnes, B. of Bom.,
p. 129 ; Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 217; Stuart Baker, Jour. Bom,
N. H. Soe., X, p. 368 ; Nehrkorn, Cat. Hier., p.170; Blanford, Fauna
B. I, III, p. 225 ; Reid, Cat. Eggs B. M., III, p. 108.
The oges of this species are well known, several oviduct eggs having
been obtained by Mr. A. G. R. Theobald, who was apparently the first
to obtain one, Col. Marshall, Mr. Davidson, Col. Bingham, Mr, E. H.
Aitken and Mr. Charles Inglis.
An oviduct ege I owe to the last mentioned was taken from a female
shot on the 10th June, 1902, at Baghownie Factory, Darbhanga, This
egg is rather curious, in that it is the only one I have seen which in any
way approaches an oval in shape. If carefully examined, however, one
end of this egg is seen to be distinctly smaller than the other. Of the
numerous other eges I have seen of this species all have varied between
true ellipses and spheroidal eggs. It measures ‘94" by *70". This is
also the most narrow egg I have any record of.
I have an egg taken by myself from the nest of Aledppe nepalensis at
Gunjong, North Cachar, on the 15th May, 1892. This egg measures *95"
by °85", and is the broadest and most spheroidal egg I have any record |
of. A second egg taken from the nest of same foster-parent measures 93"
by °80". In the first instance I saw the cuckoo glide off the nest into the
bushes, and shot her, so that there can be no doubt as to the ownership.
In the second case I saw a jacobinus close by the nest, but missed her.
Mr. Davidson’s oviduct egg was taken from a bird shot on the 19th
August, 1888, and Mr. Theobald’s from one shot on the 18th of the
same month,
The eggs are nearly always laid in the nest of either Argya or
Crateropus. Tho only exception I can find are the two I have mentioned
as being taken in the nest of Aleippe, twu taken by my collectors from
the nest of Garrulax moniliger (The Necklaced Laughing-Thrush), eggs _
taken by Miss Cockburn on the Neilgherries from the nest of Trocha-
lopterum cachinnans (The Nilgiri Laughing-Thrush), and the egg
recorded by Barnes as having heen taken from the nest of Jora tiphia
at Baroda by Capt. Sadler. The huge blue Cuckoo’s eggs in the tiny
nests of Alcippe looked very ridiculous, and it seems ineredible that the
birds could have been so imposed upon as to be induced to hatch them.
\ THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS, 6950)
Eggs have been taken from the nests of Argya malcolm: (The Large
Grey Babbler), A. caudata (The Common Babbler), A. earlii (The
Striated Babbler), Crateropus canorus (The Jungle Babbler), C. griseus.
(The White-headed Babbler), C. stréatus (The Southern Indian Babbler),
C. somervillii (The Rufous-tailed Babbler) and C, la (The
‘Ceylonese Babbler).
In colour the eggs are much the same in pat as the eggs of Argya
malcolm2, that is to say, a rather dark green-blue, a good deal darker
than what is known as hedge-sparrows’ egg blue, The colour varies very
little in intensity. Typically the eggs are broad ellipses, both ends being
perfectly equal, and abnormal eggs tend towards spherical, culminating
in the spherical egg taken by myself and already remarked upon.
- The surface is remarkable for its extreme smoothness, which is even
greater than it isin poliocephalus and saturatus eggs. The texture is
very fine and close, and the surface often highly glossed, but, though the
shell is thick and strong, it is not hard and is decidedly porous.
- The eggs which have passed through my hands and those which are
recorded already in various other places, besides those of which I have
received notes from the owners, vary in length between °9" and 1:01" in
length and between *7” and *85” in breadth. I have only records of cne
ege exceeding °98" in length, and I am rather inclined to think that this
was coromandus, though it is rather dark in colour for that bird’s egg.
This cuckoo is practically found throughout India and Burma, its
Eastern boundary being the Irawaddy River. It does not extend further
South in Burma than Upper Pegu, but is common in Ceylon. Outside
India it is obtained throughout Southern and Central Africa. Its flight
is slow, but fairly direct. It haunts indifferently the loftiest of trees,
secondary growth and small saplings or mere scrub jungle. Its call isa
very loud metallic double note, too harsh to be called a whistle. In the
early part of the season, kefore its voice has fully formed, its cries are
particularly harsh and disagreeable, and the second note, which should be
the same in tone as the first, often gues off at a tangent. Later on in the
year, though it becomes more noisy than ever, its notes are rather musical,
CoccysTES COROMANDUS (Linn),
The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.
Coccystes coromandus. Jerdon, B. of I., I, p. 341 ; Hume, 8: BE ELE,
p. 82; ibid., XI, p. 76; ¢d., Cat. No. 213; Hume and Davis, 8. F.,
18
692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
VI, p. 162; Legge, B. of Ceylon, p. 249 ; Scully, 8. F., VIII, p. 257 ;
Vidal, ebid., LX, p.55; Oates, B. of Burm., II, p. 117; id., Hume’s
Nests and Eggs, 2nd Ed., II., p. 391; Barnes, B. of Bom., p, 130;
Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 214; Blanford, Fauna of B. I., III, p. 226 ; |
Stuart Baker, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc., X, p. 369; Nehrkorn, Cat. der
Hier., p. 170 ; Reid, Cat. Eggs B. M., III, p. 103.
The first oviduct ege of this bird was taken by Mr. Valentine
Irwin from a female shot in Tipperah. This is the ege@ described by
Reid in the B. M. Cat., and is now in the collection of the British
Museum, but I cannot find any record of the date on which it was shot.
Mr. Mandolli and Mr. Hume himself also obtained oviduct eggs. The
bird was extremely common in Cachar some years, and here in
Dibrugarh it is equally common, and a very large series of eggs, many
authentic without doubt, though not oviduct ones, has passed through
my hands.
On the 31st May, 1890, I noosed a Red-winged Cuckoo on a nest of
Garrulax moniliger. A noose had been set on the nest, which contained
three eggs, for the parent bird ; but while we were watching, the cuckoo
slipped on to the nest, and was caught by the head and one wing by the
noose. Whilst struggling to escape she broke one of the Garrulax eges,
but to my delight laid one herself in the nest.
I got no more eggs in 1891, but in 1892 these cuckoos swarmed in
North Cachar, and I got eggs in numbers. On the 30th May I shot a
Red-winged Cuckoo as it loft a nest of Garrulaw moniliger. This nest
contained two cuckoos’ eggs, but one was congealed and bad and must
have been laid long prior to the second one. On the 17th I got
another ege in the nest of Garrulax pectoralis (The Black-gorgeted.
Laughing-Thrush). This was the only egg in the nest, the parent bird
was not shot, but there can be no doubt as to its identity.
On the Ist June a Cachari brought in a nest of Copsychus saularis (The
Magpie-Robin) with three Copsychus eggs and one egg of this cuckoo.
He also brought in a female coromandus which contained the remains of
an ego ready to bo laid, but completely smashed by the slug which had
killed the bird. On the 17th June yet another egg was taken from
the nest of a Garrulaa moniliger.
After that I took other eges of this cuckoo in North Cachar, all in
nests of Garrulax moniliger and pectoralis, except one in the nest of G.
leucolophus (The Himalayan White-crested Laughing-Thrush).
THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS. 693:
In Dibrugarh the Red-winged Cuckoo is even more common than it
was in Cachar, and Dr. Coltart and I have both collected fine series of
its eggs. These have been found principally in the nests of Garrulawe
moniliger or pectoralis, more often the former than the latter, but we
have also eggs from the nests of Garrulaw leucolophus, TIanthocincla.
rufigularis (The Rufous-chinned Laughing-Thrush) and Garrulax pen
(McClelland’s Laughing-Thrush), |
All our eggs are almost the same in colour, or were when fr st taken,
for they soon fade, and the only difference is a very slight one in degree
of depth of blue. They are practically much the same in colour as a
medium egg of Garrulax moniliger, a good deal paler than the eggs of
C. jacobinus, but the same kind of blue. The texture, shell and grain are
in every respect the same as it isin the egg of C. jacobinus, and it is quite
possible to tell by touch alone the eggs of Coccystes coromandus from.
those of the Garruline birds in whose nests they are deposited.
In shape the eggs average far more spherical than do those of jacobi-
nus, and spherical eggs are the ordinary form and elliptical eggs the
abnormal. The most r aliical egg I have measures 1°18" by -90", and
this was taken from a nest which contained another cuckoo’s egg of the:
usual spherical type.
My eggs vary in length between 1:00" and 1:18" and in breadth
between ‘80" and *96", the average of 30 being 1:06" by °90".
Mr. Mandelli’s oviduct ege was obtained under such curious circum-
stances that his, or rather Mr, Hume’s, remarks are worth quoting =
“ A nest, containing four fresh eggs, was obtained by Mr. Mandelli which
was placed on the branches of a very large tree, at a height of 25 feet
from the ground. A fifth egg was extracted from the oviduct of the
parent bird. All the five eggs are precisely alike and like others that
I have myself extracted from the oviduct of this species. I cannot, how-
ever, for a moment believe thai it really belongs to the cuckoo.”
It is curious the bird selected the same nest in which to lay all five eggs.
Capt. Fielden found this bird frequently being fed by quaker
_thrushes, and took an ege once from the nest of this latter bird.
Blanford thus describes the habitat of the Red-winged Cuckoo: “This is
a very rare bird in India. Jerdon states that he saw it in Malabar and the
Carnatic dnd that it has been found in Central India (Chutia Nagpur).
There are skins in the Hume Collection from Madras, Trichinopoly, and
the Neilgherries. The only other recorded occurrence I can find is at
694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Sawant Wadi, where Mr, Vidal obtained a specimen. This species
appears to be rather common in Ceylon. It is found at the base of
the Himalayas in Nepal and further East, in Assam, Hastern Bengal,
Tipperah, the Garo Hills, and throughout Burmah, being common in
Pegu, and its range extends to the Malay Peninsula, Southern China,
the Phillipines, Borneo and Celehes.” _
In Assam, especially to the East, and in Cachar it is very common.
Above 2,500 feet it is, however, seldom met with.
Oates says that it is strictly arboreal, but I have frequently seen it in
bush and scrub jungle, though it perhaps prefers forest trees. In
habits, voice, &c., it does not differ from C. jacobinus. It is not shy,
though rather retiring in its habits.
Fielden speaks of their “usual magpie-like chatter, ”’
and also says
that they have a “harsh, grating, whistling scream. ”’
Genus Hupynamis (Vig. Hors.).
This genus is one, according to Blanford, of the Sub-Family Phoeni-
cophaincee which is distinguished from the Cuculéne by its wholly bare
tarsus. The other genera and species of the Sub-Family are non-
parasitic, non-arboreal birds of lax full plumage and poor powers of
flight, and I personally think that Hudynamis can with justice be allied
no more with the Phenicophaine than with true Cuculine.
EUDYNAMIS HONORATA (Linn.).
The Indian Koel.
Eudynamis orientalis. Jerdon, B. of L, I, p. 342.
Eudynamis honorata. Hume, 8. F., I, p. 373; thid., IV, p. 463;
Butler, zbed., II, p. 182; Ball, zbed., p. 208; Hume, Cat. No. 214;
Scully, 8. F., VIII, p. 257 ; Legge, B. of Ceylon, .p. 251; Reid, 8S. F.,
X, p: 27 ; Barnes, B. of Bom., p- 180; Oates, Hume’sjNests and Eggs,
2nd Ed., II, p. 892 ; Barnes, Jour. Bom. N. H. Soc,, IV, p. 19 ; Stuart
Baker, dézd., X, p. 370; Shelly, Cat. B. M., XIX, p. 316 ; Blanford,
Fauna of B. L, III, p. 228; Reid, Cat. Eggs, B. M., III; p. 121.
Eudynamis malayana. Hume, 8. F., II, p. 192 ; sbid., XI, p. 77;
ad., Cat. No. 214 bs; Hume and Dav.,8.F., VI, p. 162 ; Oates, B. of
Barm.,. I, p. 119.
The habits of the Koel are far too well known to require much said
about them. They lay their eggs in the nests of the common crow
(Corvus splendens), as a rule, in India and in that of Corvus énsolens
THE OOLUGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS; | ‘695:
(The Burmese House-Crow) in Burma. Occasionally the nest of
Corvus macrorhynchus (The Jungle Crow) is made use of, but this bird
breeds so early that it is seldom the Koel finds that the jungle crow
‘has her'nursery ready late enough to suit her convenience.
Capt. Haringten has twice obtained Koel’s eggs from the nest
of the Magpie (Pica ructzca) in Burma, but I have never heard of its
egg being found in this bird’s nest in the Himalayas.
As many as five Koel’s eggs have been once taken from the same
_crow’s nest, rarely three or four eggs and often two eggs from one
nest, Sometimes these appearto be the eggs of one bird, at other times
they vary so much that they are certainly the product of different birds.
The eggs beara rough sort of resemblance to crow’s eggs, but are
smaller and broader in proportion. The ground colour is any tint of
green or greenish-yellow, sometimes stone colour, and they are densely
marked all over with blotches, freckles and spots of dark reddish-brown,
They average about 1°19" by °92". |
The Koel ranges throughout India, Ceylon and Burma, and is
unpleasantly common everywhere but in Sind, where it is very rare, and
in the West Punjab, where it is uncommon. It ascends the hills up to
about 2,500 feet, above which it ceases to persecute.
Outside India, it extends to Western China, throughout the Malay
Archipelago, the Andamans, Lacadives and Flores.
Its most common cries are ko-7/, generally turned into youre-dl by
Europeans and continuous shouts of who-are-you. By some people
this bird has been called the Indian Nightingale (these have probably
lived in Sind), and by others its music has been called ‘‘ An intro-
ductory poem to Hades.” It is always noisy, but more particularly
so by night when it is moonlight. It is everywhere pushing and
forward, but, perhaps, more especially so in the compounds of houses
containing sick persons. Its breeding season lasts from the end of
April to the end of August : in March it practises its voice and gets its
throat into working order, and in September its voice breaks, gradually
ceases, and the world has rest for a few cold weather months.
BRIEF RESUME OF KNOWLEDGE TO DATE oF CucKoo’s Ooxocy.
Cuculus canorus. Common form well known. Blue eggs doubtful.
Cuculus saturatus. Oviduct eggs taken by Brooks and Rattray.
Typically elliptical, very smooth and fine grain, pure white, minutely
speckled and dotted with black or dark-brown,
696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Cuculus poliocephalus. Oviduct egg taken by Osmaston. As saturatus
but uniform chocolate-pink,
Oviduct eggs taken by Rattray the same, but pure white.
Cuculus micropterus. In all probability pale blue, rarely faintly
marked. Fine silky texture. Shape broad oval.
Mierococeyx sparvertoides. Oviduct egg. Rattray. Pale blue.
Long oval. Stout, hard texture, glossy and not very fine. Possibly
also chocolate-brown.
Ferococcyx varius. Oviduct eggs. Blue texture like satin. Shape
elliptical or spheroidal.
Hierococcyx nisicolor, Oviduct egg. Mandelli. Olive-brown or
olive-green, sometimes marked with reddish. Texture fine and silky.
Shape elliptical.
Hierococcyx nanus. Nothing known,
Caccomantis passerinus. Oviduct eggs. Miss Cockburn, Eggs
like large Orthotomus eggs, of both blue and white varieties,
Caccomantis merulinus. Possibly like large eges of Prinia inornata
and of Orthotomus,
Penthoceryx sonneratt. Oviduct egg. Kemp. Brownish-pink
ground, speckled and freckled with reddish-brown. Texture and shape
as in canorus,
Chrysococcy« xanthonotus.| Probably, as above, but with general
a maculatus. | tone, far more pink and less brown.
Surniculus lugubris. Probably white to pale-pink in ground, blotched
with reddish, &c., texture hard and close, sometimes glossy, shape
broad oval.
Coccystes jacobinus. Oviduct eggs. Dark blue-green, Texture
extremely fine and silky, surface smooth. Shape broad, elliptical.
Coccystes coromandus. Oviduct eggs: pale blue-green. Texture as
jacobinus. Shape spheroidal.
Eudynamis honorata, Well known. General tone green, blotched
reddish.
697
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE,
By |
H. Brarrer, 8.J.
Rarv TT,
(With 4 Plates.)
(Continued from page 350 of this Volume.).
We pass over to Burma, This is, however, not the present British
‘Burma, which we are going to examine, but only that narrow strip
along the Bay of Bengal which is covered by Kurz’s flora. This
flora is, like Brandis’, a forest flora, and treats as such of the woody
plants only. An excellent description of the climatic conditions in
that region is given by Kurz in the introduction to his flora, from
which I quote the following passage :—
“Although Burma extends from lat. 11° to 25°, still by far
the greatest portion of it is situated within the influence of the
monsoons, and hence the seasons are divided into a rainy and dry
season. The former commences about the end of May and breaks
up about November, with a temperature ranging from 70-75°
in the morning to 90-95° in the afternoon. The rainfall varies
greatly according to the provinces. The dry season divides into
a cold one from November to February, with a temperature of
57-60° in the morning to 85-88° in the afternoon, with a minimum of
52-54° ; and a hot one commencing towards the end of February
and continuing to the middle or end of May, showing a temperature
of 70-74° in the morning to 95-100° in the afternoon. The maxima
observed range from 104-106°, while the minima go down as far as
69 Fahrenheit. Rain is scanty during the whole dry season, being
restricted to one or a few showers, which usually oceur in March,
but heavy dew in the cold and haze in the hot season act beneficially
upon vegetation generally.’’!
The meteorological tables? I am going to add will be a useful
illustration to Kurz’s general remarks.
(1) Kurz, Forest Flora of British iis tah ee aE on, A ee
(2) For these tables Iam indebted to the kindness of Mr. N, A, Moos, Director of the
Meteorological Observatory at Colaba.
698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
— Rainfall recorded at 7 Stations.
a ee . .
eerie eee
cc S &s a
a iy = 0) a fe as rie eget fe oat et a [lee = B| 3
Ee] Ae coed Pats ewe io cal SI Miers pe Veet er eS E I te.)
ar) Fy = <q =| 5 | 5 = | fo) F, A
| [iain | ees
Akyab, 29 to 8lyears .. =e sil 22 “5; «61°86; 12°2) 51°6 51°0 35°6) 23°0 12:4) 3:9 6
Thyet Myo, 17 years is Solos me Git “7|| —1Br3 |e 79s eo) 85 7°58) 4:8) 2-8) oe
‘founghouy 17 years ate ae ee Os US|) G62 VAL olebs ly VL eSie | ed eel leeesn
Shwegyin, 14 years ae ollie vas o) 3) 2°3) 10°9| 30:0 338] 32°5 Lit 101) 2-0 si
Rangoon, 17 years 70 50 "2 “ly “1; 1°78} 10°9) 18:4 21°38! 186 16-0 81] 3:4 ‘1
Mou!mein, 37 years is Co encia ‘l] *1} 3:8; 19°7| 884 43°99) 43:0 393] S*4| 15 1
Tavoy, 29-30 years ob oC 2 6 ‘7; 4:0; 166) 39°9 46-0! 41:9 33 7 al oe ‘1
| | I
—— res | —_ pay a _——— _
Mean rainfall ate as ue STi Pushes olmen lt, 11-74) 28:51, 31°64 28-74 pul 8°83) 24! 17
Humidity recorded at 8 Stations,
5 Por Pa :
Bb] vile etl ed ea ee
eee g E 3 = : oO : 2 5 2 z z |
eligi || 213 CS Si eile Sileeueoae
Se | et SS en) eal ce ee eee aes
Akyab nO oc ee | 86:5] 823} 81°5) 79°5] 84°1] 92:5) 93:7] 93-9] 92°2] 90°5) 89:4] 87-2) 87-8
Thyet Myo... Be. «» | 741] 65:9} 59°2| 62:4) 72-4) 82°5| 84-5] 85-3] 83-9] 84:2] 784) 76:6) 75°83
Tounghoo .. ae -» | 88:0] 83:5] 74:3] 73°3) 82:5] 8y°7| 9251] G23] 0 5) 888) 84-2] 82-6) 860
Bassein ae we «| S71] 86:7} 84°4) 75-0} S6°1| 92°3) 93-5] 93°5} 92:7] 91° | 86-4] 8476) 88°2
Rangoon .. sia .. | 825] 85.3] 84:9] 80:3] 85-0) 92-7) 93-8] 94-4) 93-5] 915] #66] £2°6) 88:0
Moulmein .. 60 «-| 4°6] 84°3| 80°3] 78°5| 87:9} 91:8] 93:4] 93-9| 924) 85:2] 83-1] 82:5) 86°7
Tavoy hs 35 ««| 8696] 88*1} 84°5] 82°5| 87-5! 91°7| 92°] 99:9] 92°5) 87 5] 80°8) 80-61 387°3
Mergui wa ua ee | SL°l} 32:5] -80°8} 81°4} 87-7] 90°7| 922) 92:3) 92°2)-87°3) 78:2) 74 4) 85°1
ee fe ee ee | | |
Mean humidity .. ee | 81:3] 82-3) 78:7] 77-1 Be ie 91°49) 92°3\ 91-2] 88°6] 83-9] 82-1
'
A |
Cloud Proportion recorded at 8 Stations.
g = nH =
mB Fe es Ss >) 2 3, |
Av x 3 2 | = : o B a 2 2 & Pe
el al2) 6) 2/2) es] 2) 2] 31 2) els
erat gerd ete etal esl) dal) mel om rei ena
Akyob 4. so) eo wel av eel) Heeb eli GsOh| GO) sisal O:0 Hi. SM mong el Savile tas mins
ThyetMyo .. .,. «| | °6| ‘6 | 1:1] 5:1) 8:3] 81 | 87 | 75} 57 | 26) 17 | 4-2
Tounghoo a aes ..| Ll | 13 | 2°91 | a8] 69] 89] 93 | 938] BZ] 55] 45) 23 | 52
Bassein ., zz Be ..| 18] 2°0 | 2:0] 3:5] 60] 80] 88) BL] 69} 52] 34) 29 | 4:9
Rangoon B ie 15] 12] 20] 31] 7:0} 8:8 })-90 | 92 | 70] 56] 3:2) 2:3 | 50
Moulmein oe 5 1:3))] Ls3 5 SOR PASO eS) | aD anes CrOn | ate) OCR eoT seb enlPAsg
Tavoy .. a’ Lie 20] 24] a4] 431] 68] 7A) 82] Bt] 75] 48) 40) 27 | or
Mergui .. Ae es 3'0))}08°6. |) Bed} eG Gio) Gece Gol engl 49] 43 | 3-4 153
Mean cloud proportion «e] 195 | 1-7 | 2:1] 8:5 | 65 | 8:2 | 84] BH] 74] 53) BT] 25
EE A SE LE ET TS
i iS
“MN eG Rt new! Dw
SLVWIID GNvY NOSVAS ONIYSMO14
upe 92q AON
[[BlUeYy
oe | i SS remey
spnorg 7 Ros ae Se ee
Ne a
SPO)
Apu fT =
I11] C1IdU9 J, = SBN i [. Mgrs i Saar eS IANJEIIAUA I,
sjyaeld Apoosy R SMe ay
_( yp Sjaeld Apoof,
AP prun [fT
i See oe
AI 23d
IAX ‘ION. ‘30S “3SIH "ION ADquiog ‘usnor
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 699
Temperature recorded at 8 Stations.
: & adie
5 a is
By] R PM eho iies
q Ss & | x r=
gil : : RE | este farses Saale
ot isis | 24 See hm eee 8 |g
ss = a S 5 5 5 © S fo |] o
S]/e1a}a]/ea] a] 5] a] ayo] a] Ip
Akyab 89-5] 72°8| 79-2] 83:4] $5-{ 82 2| $1-3] §1-1| sa | gi-6| 775] 71°7| 79-9
Thyet Myo 68:2) 73-5] 81-9] 87-y| 87-z| 831] 81:8] 81-7] 82%] +1:1| 76-4| 70:0) 74-5
Tounghoo 7u:0| 74:7] 81-9] 867) 5-3} 81:3] 80-1] gil] Si-:| Blea] 77-4] 71" | 79-5
Basgein 72 8| 771) 827) 85°4) 84:9] 81:41 805} 80:3) 20 80%] Tel] 7 798
Raogoon 747) 77°3| 81-2] 85°) 82°2) 79:5] 78: | 787) 79-3} 80-0] 788) 75°0) 79-9
Moulmein 75°9| 79°2) 83-6] 85°0] 83-2] 79°8| 78x} 788) 79-} sued) 79-0) 75 «| 79-9
Tavoy.. .. .- «| 76:0] 786] 82:0] 836] 824] 799| 789| 785] 7%-7| +00] 774] 75 | 79-2
Mergui.. ele oe --| 76°6| 7970} 81°8} 82:3) 821] 79°5| 78°7] 786] 781) 75:0] 77:8] 75 8) 79-1
Mean temperature ... «| 72°9] 76°5} 81°8] 86 84 | 80-1] 79:8] 79°7] S2°6] 83:0] 77:7] 73°7
If we repeat the mean monthly climatic data of Burma and add the
flowering times as observed in the same country, we get this table.
| Me cote bates
-| Bb 5 lire desi ees
Bl og = |) gs = || 3
— 2 | 2] ; ape eel Gee
5 e 9° = . o a =I ® ze o 7)
S| 2 a a Pa S| & th 4 = & o
a S ea ss 3 S 5 a 3) Re} a)
me | = <4 a2/* |] 5] 4 ea ©) | a We
Mean rainfall 36 ee ~.| (O% ‘24| 925) 2°12 11-74 | 285 | 31°6 | 28°7 [26-1 | 88) 24) 17
Mean humidity are ao .-) 8193 | 8293 | 78°7 | 77°71 (845 1904 | 919 | 92-3 | 91-2 | Bn | 859 | B21
Mean cloud proportioa .. o-| 195] 17] Bi | 3°5 | 65 82| 84] 85] 74) 53) 37 | 25
Mean temperature 49 ..(72°9 | 76°5 {81-8 | $6 | 84 | £01 | 79°8 | 797 |&2°6 | 831 | 77-7 1737
Flowering times of the woody
plants 30 30 oe ..-| 190 | 330 | 514 | 466 | 340] 182 | 102 | 122 | 188 | 149 | 153 | 136
Plate IV gives a graphic representation of the foregoing data.
The main features of these curves are essentially the same, and there is
nothing of greater importance that could be deduced fromthem. A
comparison, however, of the graphic representations of Bombay and
Burma on the one hand, and of North-West and Central India and the
Upper Gangetic Plain on the other, exhibits a striking difference be-
tween the two, which needs an explanation. In Bombay and Burma the
minimum of flowering times of the woody plants coincides with the
maxima of the hydrometeors in July, whilst in the other regions the
minimum of flowering times is reached in October; that means more or
less three months after the maxima of rain, clouds, and humidity. When
trying to account for this remarkable fact we must not forget that near-
ly the whole of Bombay and Burma are situated within the trc pics,
whilst the greatest part of North-West and Central India and of the
Upper Gangetic plain belongs to the temperate zone, which is marked by
much greater variations of temperature. Though we seemed to neglect
temperature when discussing Bombay, it was not our intention to
19
700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI1,
imply that temperature is superfluous; on the contrary, everybody
knows how necessary a condition temperature is for the development
of plant life, not only in the temperate zone, but also in the tropics.
What we wanted to say was only this: Temperature in the tropics is
usually so uniform throughout the whole ycar that its influence does not
cause any great disturbance in the course of vegetable lifeas determined
by the action of rainfall, clouds and humidity. Temperature is, thus, asit
were, hidden behind the hydrometeors. The further we go northwards
starting from the tropics, the more distinctly marked is tae influence of
temperature. Thus we see that in North-West and Central India,
and in the Upper Gangetic Plain, the curves of the flowering times,
after having reached their maxima, are strongly influenced in their
course by the temperature ; not so in Bombay and Burma. The curves
of the flowering times show at every point their dependence upon the
hydrometeors, whilst they are not affected at all by the temperature,
A good illustration of how the flowering season is determined by the
temperature in extra-tropic regions, is the vegetation of Simla. I
collected the data from the “ Flora Simlensis’’ by Colonel Sir Henry
Collet. In this flora those plants are described which can be seen in
Simla and on excursions from this town to Mushobra, Mahasu, Shali
Peak, Fagoo, Narkunda, Huttoo, Baghi Forest, Sutle] Valley down
to the hot springs near Suni.
“The climate of the district exhibits considerable variations at
different elevations and exposures. In round numbers there is a total
difference of 8,000 feet in elevation. From observations near Simla,
at about 7,000 feet, the mean temperature of January, the coldest
month is 40°°6 Fahr., and of June, the warmest month, 6791, whilst
for the year it is 54°86. The lowest temperature recorded, 26°°6,
occurred on two days in February 1882. Snow falls from December
to March, and not infrequently lies for several weeks. The period of
greatest rain is from June to September, with an average of 52in.,
whilst the fall for the whole year is 70in. There is a considerable
decrease in the rainfall northward ; at Kotgarh, for example, it is little
more than half that of Simla.” +
The data as to the flowering season given in the ‘“ Flora Simlensis”
are nearly complete, and we would, therefore, be able to get accurate
results, if some meteorological observations made in the surroundings
4 Collet: Flora Simlensis. Introduction. E
Plate V
Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVII,
louds
Humidity
Woody plants
aintall
=F.
| TU
na
Peer
need i
qt [|
Pen ‘aM
UA
UA
S)
Dec
ie
eer)
emeetea|
Sa a
——
ia ieee
ee
=
eae
eee
foe eeceae
Si es eel ee!
oe
a
ENE e|
Ea ze
\ |
—K \ |
NG
Ra
Soe ees)
TITS
he ee ell
|
i SI
nn a SUM
CTA TT
NA
HAA
June
Apr
March
Feb
Clouds
Humidity
Rainfall
Tempera fee
Woody piauts
Herbaceous pl./san
Jon\Herbaceous pl.
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE.
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 701
of Simla were at our disposal. But that is not the case, and we have
to be satisfied with those of Simla :—
ie 3 |
> u 2 2
ee} Geil ha) eel : eer e Salen |S
Ss he o om | o BS =] oe ro) 5) oO
al«a a ee eee: | = ola 2 e o
oy ‘> cs a, = 3 s 5 a 3) ° o
e| =| a] 4) a) e] 2] 4 el || So || Fa i ei
Mean rainfall wee ae --| 2°8 | 2°7 | 390 | 2°8 | 4:7 | 7-9 |19°3 }182] 69] 1:4 3) 41
Mean humidity = moll. tts) 56 63 51 49 64 88 91 82 53 50 47
Mean cloud proportion .. --| 50 | 5°0 | 5:0 | 46 | 4:1 | G1] 85 | 8:6] 62 | 1:0) 1:5 | 3°5
Mean temperature . 41] 41 59] 58] 64| 67] 64) 63] 61] 56| 49] 45
Flowering times of the “woody
planis 30 76 | 154 | 171 | 146 | 107 | 160 96 66 18 13
Flowering times of the hherba-
200 25 10
ceous plants a .-| JL] 11] 49 | 139 | 212 | 297 | 396 apes
For the graphic representation, wide Plate V.
As is shown by these curves, the maximum of flowering times of woody
plants falls, compared with our former tables, very late in the month
of May ; whilst the flowering times of the herbaceous plants reach
their maximum very early, in August already. After August a rapid
decrease in the number of flowering times takes place, and in November
the sexual processes come nearly to a stillstand. Though the maxima
of the flowering times of the woody plants as well as of the herbaceous
plants are confined to the period of four months, and, as it were, con-
centrated towards the middle of the year, their respective dependence
upon rainfall, clouds and humidity are clearly shown, nevertheless.
Before we are going to examine the flora of Ceylon, I should like
to turn to another part of Peninsular India, to Northern Ganjam.
Fischer has given a valuable catalogue of the plants of that region in
the “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,”! which will
soon, as we hope, be followed by a complete flora. The notes as to the
flowering season are scanty, and probably, in most cases, only that
month is given during which a plant was seen flowering when collected.
The catalogue refers “‘ only to the two northern taluqs of the plains—the
Berhampur taluq near the coast and the Gumsur talug from 30 to 70
miles from the sea. The elevation of this tract is from 0 to 8,000 feet.?’2
Of Ganjam itself no meteorological statistics were available. I made,
therefore, use of the observations made in Cuttack, as there is nota
very great difference in the climatic conditions between this station
and Ganjam.
4 Journal B.N, H.S., Vol. XV, 4, page 587. Vol. XVI, 3, page 472.
2 Journal B. N. H.S., Vol. XV, 4,"page 587,
702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
In spite of these imperfections, the main features of the following
table confirm our former results :—
- | | K Pod :
ia | 2 . o 5
bm m | | 2 be 2
--—-— el) aa eel) es 2| g#| $| BI 3
i=) ue ° — Q ) Bb 5 o ry 5) >
o a = my Be qi tes, tn Ss. = = 5
= o or i =| i=) = a (3) c o
5| me] al 4 ai et{rt{ < a|o 4| a
| | | }
| | |
Mean Yainfall aie 40 Oe *4! *6} Ld) 195) 3:2) 10°7| 12°6) 11° 2, 9°38) 5°8) 1:0, <5
Mean humidity .. Bis ag 65) 63| 62] 62) 6:5) 74) 81 8]|, 82| 75! €8! 66
Meun cloud proportion .. ..) 1:7} 1-9] 293) 3:0) 3°8) 6:6] 7'5| 7:0] 68 4°2| 2°3) 1:7
Mean temperature.. 72 76 83 838) 89 86 83 83 83 81 75| 70
Flowering times of the “woody | | '
plants 29| 17 33, 9 ae Ly SI rs 2 5| 17) 14
Flowering times of herbaceous | | | |
plants :.. ee ee ..| 33) 14 a) 9 7 om 33] 43) 39) 27) 38) 40
\ |
The most striking illustration of how little the flowering season in
tropical countries is determined by the temperature is furnished by the
flora of Ceylon. Trimen, in his ‘‘ Handbook ofthe Flora of Ceylon,”
gives sugh a good and concise sketch of the climatic regions of that
island, that I think it best to reproduce here his own words: “The island
may be divided into three regions, distinguished by varying amounts of
rain and temperature, and marked by characteristic differences in their
floras. And, though, it is of course the case that there are no abrupt
lines of demarcation, yet it is also the fact, that the great proportion of
our species are restricted to one or two of these climatic regions, only
a few vecurring throughout the area. These regions are :—
“1. The Dry Region.—This is by far the most extensive, occupying
nearly four-fifths of Ceylon in a continuous area, and comprising the
whule of the Northern, North-Central, and Hastern Provinces. The
whole is included in the ‘low country,’ and for the most part is con-
siderably below 1,000 feet, but a few isolated rocky hills rise out. of the
plain, of which the following are the highest :—Ritigala 2,506 feet, Ko-
kagala 2,241 feet, Friar’s Hood 2,148 feet, Westminster Abbey 1,829
feet, Gunner’s Quoin 1,736 feet, Yakdessa. The rainfall nowhere
exceeds 75 inches per annum, and falls mostly between October and
January during the north-east monsoon. Portions of this region about
Mannar on the north-western coast and Hambatota on the south-eastern
have a rainfall of under 30 inches, which all falls in a short time, so that
they possess an almost desert climate with a long period of drought.
“2. The Moist Low-Country Region.—Though occupying less than
one-fifth of our area, this is by far the best known, the richest, and the
most interesting part of the island. It comprehends the whole of the
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 703
Western Province, the greater part of the Southern and Sabaragamuwa
Provinces, a large portion of the Central Provinces, and small tracts
in the Uva and North-Western Provinces. The upper limit of this
region is fixed, where it passes into the montane zone, at 3,000 feet.
The rainfall over this region varies from 75 up to 200 inches per annum,
and is well distributed over the year, falling in both the north-east and
south-west monsoons, and especially in May and June during the latter
season. <A short dry time occurs during some portion of the first quar-
ter of the year, and often again in August and September, the rest of
the year being more or less rainy.
‘3. The montane region of Hill Country.—This includes all the
country above 3,000 feet elevation and occupies about one- twelfth of
the area. It lies wholly in the moist region, z.e., the rainfall is nowhere
less than 25 inches per annum. In most parts the fall is much greater
and in some localities in the Adam’s Peak Range reaches 250 inches
or even more, mostly falling during the south-west monsoon. The hill
country occupies a large portion of the Central Province and of the
Provinces of Uva and Sabaragamuwa, and very small parts of the
North-Western and Southern Provinces, the whole mountain mass
being thus situated S.-W. of the centre of Ceylon. ”71
There were no meteorological statistics available for the montane
region of the hill coantry and we can, therefore, examine only the
‘Dry Region”? and the ‘‘ Moist Low-Country Region.”
The data for the “ Dry Region ” are these :—
| | ; }
| .
| | : & : :
es ee re sea loeeanlen Sule
a | Sela jos 2) 2] 8] 8] g
AN Seae =) Ss oS = | : o : > £ > @ G
S mw Sadly Bb si) fe) b
Sa eS ee VS Cael seller ih oe toeglono tooo
& | fe =| | < P= 5 5 | 70) ro) 4i}a
i} |
re oe Batticaloa .. 81 | 3:3 32] 15 | 20/ 12] -8| 98] 23] 5-5 [12-9 | 1597
Bee ** ) Jafina ) 23) 15 12] 21) 23) 10) 7] 12] 28] 93 j148] 99
= |
Mean rainfall | 52) 24 22] 1-8! 215] 17 | +75] 20 | 2-55] 7-4 ]13-85] 12°8
|
Clouds .. Batticaloa, | 69 | 599 54) 56] 59] 6°83} 68] 68] 65 | 67 | 7:2 6°8
oes Batticaloa 8s; 85 95 | 94] 82] 79] 79} g2| 83] 87] 89 | ge
Humidity -- ) Sarena ei | 77 79] 82| 85| 86] 85| 86 | 87| 86] s8| e7
Mean humidity .. .. ../845| 81 82] 83/835 |:25| s2! 84] 85 |se5 | 885] go-5
Temperature Hes a ..|24°9 125°7 26°B | 28°1 | 286 | 28-4 |28°3 | 27-9 | 27-7 197-0.) 35-7] 24:8
Celsius .. Udafina .+| 25°3 |26°2 28-1 | 29% | 29°3 | 28°7 |28-1 | 27°9 |a7-8 Ja7-4 | 26-1] 252
|
' Mean temperature, Celstus «.|25°1 | 25:9 Pie 28°8 | 28-9 | 28°5 | 28°2 | 27:9 | 27-8 }27-2 | 25:9) 25-0
a SE ST CS BE IR SY SR AE A
+ Trimen: a handbook of the Flora of Ceylon,
704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
“ Moist Low-Country Region. ”
November.
December.
he
©
2
|
2
fo?)
ea)
Bb B my °
a Bek ssite se alter ‘ @ ral
SST ee cme MTR peI NS (lied | 8
3 ‘> Sr eu S 5 5 5 3
eo ively iit | tai stalled lo)
| |
{ Colombo .-| 324) 9 | 57 | 93 | 181] 76 | 6:5 | 4:8] 48] 1261133] 67
Rainfall .. ae
(Galle .. ..| 43 | 34 | 4:9 | 92 | 114] 80 | 5-4] 5:7 | 7:5 | 1255 | its | 6-4
Mean rainfall we e ..| 37 | 26 | 53 | 5D | 122) 78] 5:4] 5:2 | 61] 12 | 194] 65
‘Golombo ..| 4°99 | 4:1 | 490 | 9:2 | 6:8 | 74 | 68 | 7:0 | 68] 68] 63 | 5-6
Clouds .
{Galle .. ..| 5:6 | 4:9 | 5:0] 6:0] 6:7 | 7:0] 65 | 66] 65] 67] 7-0 | 5°6
Mean‘¢cloud proportion .. «| 53 | 45 | 45 | 5-7 | 67 | 72) 66 | 68 | 66) 67 | 66 | 56
Colombo ..| 781 77 | 77) $0] 81] 83] 82] 83] 81] 82] 82] 80
Humidity oe
Galle .. .-| 89) 87 | 86] 86] 88] 91} 90] 91] 91] 91] 91] S0
Mean humidity .. es --| 83 | 82 | 81] 83/| 84] 87] 86| 87} 86] 85 | 85] 85
fa a} . IG: 976 . . 7. . “ Oy i . . 6
oe «| 26-1 | 26-7 | 27°8 | 28-3 | 28-1 | 27°83 | 27-0 | 26:9 | 27-1 | 26°8 | 26-5 | 26-2
Celstus "(Galle . —.,| 25°38 | 26°] | 27-1 | 27°6 | 27-4 | 26°7 | 26-3 | 26-4 | 26-4 | 26:2 | 25:9 | 255
|
Mean temperature Celsius | 25°7 | 26°4 | 27°74 | 27°9 | 27°7 | 27°0 | 26°6 | 26°6 | 267 | 26°5 | 26°2 | 25°8
i
To the description of nearly every plant the flowering time is added,
but, as the author himself confesses, the months given, being correct
‘as far as they go, cannot be regarded as at all exhaustive.’ In the
following tables I kept the flowering periods observed in the ‘“ Dry
Region ” separate from those of the ‘‘ Moist Low-Country Region.”
It is useless to give the flowering times of the ‘‘ Hill Country”, as for
want of meteorological statistics we are not able to compare them with
the climatic conditions.
3
“ Dry Region.’
: = 5 5 z 3
b wi <2 bl 2 Q
Es 2 || Bl) wep |e | 3 ace elles
=) m S = © SS SS iS 2 )
go] 2 = I le a = op = b S
=) > GI =. 3 s s oo o c o
Sl Ene x a] 5 S| al a}| OC] 4 A
| | ne | | | ee |S OO
Mean rainfall we aya 62] 24] 2:2) 1G} 2°15] Ll] °75) 2:0] 9-5) 74) 18-8] 12°8
Mean cloud proportion ..| 6°9] 5°9) 5:4]: 56] 5-9 678] 6°8 68] 6:5} 6&7] 72] 68
Mean humidity .. oo .»| 34°5| 81°] 82°0] 83:0] 83°5 ‘ 8°5] 86°b) 88°65
Mean temperature., ee ee| 25°1] 25°9] 27-4] 28°8] 28°9 ‘| -2 | 27:9] 27°8] 27:2) 25°9
Flowering times of the woody
plants es ae ce .-| 116} 164) 159). 120] 89 114} 120} 107
Flowering times of the herba-
ceous plants ee le -.| 237] 267) 213] 139] 126 162
The same is given graphically in Plate VI.
Plate vi’
"Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVII,
TMnfall
NT
Woody plants
Temperature
~
RQ,
”m
S}
S
o
S
aS
S
si
Humidity —
Clouds
Y
ae
Inn
ae 5
ee
1Y ESS
TT ET TNC TTL
TACT TL
LN TET
eee
ot eee
Na
PORT
Ht
crc ny
A A
qeepnacents pl.
Woody plants
Temperature
Humidity
Rainfall
Clouds
WU ANNAN
Hl
ana
March
FLOWERING SEASON -AND CLIMATE
Plate VII
Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVII,
cH el
scene
~
Sag) ouiperuiite
Temperature
umidity
plauts
Clouds
Es
eensezal
/
AS
ax
IS
Mumidity—
Clouds
<
Na te
\
Herbaceous pl.
—
Herbaceous pl.
Rainfall
PS
EEN
Rainfall
EI OVAI CSIR mr
ae
i
e.
a
Gat
By
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE. 705
‘* Moist Low-Country Region.”
° = he
B s me) & x | 2 g
pend Selsey ee | es sal Bs Bye Sy 8 |e
P/E] ae (El 2| 5) 2| 2/212] 2] 8
Sea Sea) Sa Set lS lea ae
Mean rainfall no 50 =f 3-7] 2:6] 5:5] 9-2] 12-2} 7:8] B64) 5:2) G1] 125) 12°4] 6:5
Mean cloud proportion .. ..| 5:3] 4:5] 4:5) 5°7] 6:7) 7:2) G6) 6:8) G6} 6:7) G66) 56
Mean humidity .. i vA &3} 82) Bt 83 84) 87) 8é] 87] 86) 85} 85] 85
Mean temperature i «| 25°7| 26°4| 27-4] 279) 27-7] 27:0) 26°] 26°6] 26°7| 26:5] 26-2| 25:8
Flowering times of the woody
plants as <e 157} 223) 287) 247) 149) 108) 113) 113] 161) 87 84) 114
Flowering times of the her-
baceous plants .. ec
251] 275) 236) 177) 156) 157) 180) 185) 205) 161) 162) 216
The same is given graphically in Plate VII.
Let us first have a look at the graphic representation of the climate
and the flowering periods as observed in the ‘‘ Dry Region” of Ceylon.
The flowering times of the woody plants show two distinct maxima, one
in February and the other in August. The first one corresponds to the
minimum of humidity, to little rainfall and low cloud proportion, whilst
the second one is distinguished by similar relations. The influence of
the hydrometeors is especially well shown during the last four months
of the year, where the curve of the flowering times takes always the
opposite direction when compared with the curves of the hydrometeors;
it is descending when the curves of rainfall, cloud proportion, and humi-
dity are ascending, and it is seen to be ascending as soon as those of the
hydrometeors are descending. The curve of flowering times of the
herbaceous plants follows more or less closely that of the woody plants,
From climatic conditions alone I am not able to explain this fact.
There is one difference, however, between the flowering times of the
woody and those of the herbaceous plants. The latter reach a compara-
tively high percentage in December and January already, ie., during
and immediately after the maxima of humidity and rainfall, whilst the
woody plants attain their maximum in February only, after a consi-
derable decrease in the hydrometeors.
Very much the same relations with regard to the flowering season and
climate hold good for the “ Moist Low-Country Region.” The bene-
ficial influence of dryness on the processes in the sexual sphere of the
woody plants is well shown in Marchand September. The curve of the
flowering periods of the herbaceous plants does not go down so much
706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVJ1J.
comparatively during the rainy season, and reaches its maximum not a
long time after the heavy. rains,
Before we leave our subject I should like to make a short remark ona
certain opinion expressed in many books of travels. Not selaom we find
the statement that in the tropics there is no period of rest in the sexua!
sphere, that the vegetation bears blossoms throughout the year. This
is trae if understood in the way that there is no season without flowers.
This fact can easily be collected from our tables. But the statement is
not correct if it implies that the single plants generally develop flowers
during the whole year. There are, no doubt, plants which can be seen
flowering without interruption, but their number is a limited one,
though perhaps, as it seems, not quite so limited as stated by many
botanists. When examining the floras of the different regions, I found
a surprisingly small number of plants which are mentioned as flowering
throughout the whole year. Cooke and Woodrow, v.g., give 18 woody
and 15 herbaceous plants for the Bombay Presidency, Brandis 14
woody plants for North-West and Central India, Duthie 5 woody and 3
herbaceous plants for the Upper Gangetic Plain, Kurz 30 woody plants
for Burma, Collet 7 for Simla, Trimen 36 woody and 102 herbaceous
plants for Ceylon. It is not surprising to see that there are so few in
the Upper Gangetic Plain and in Simla but for the rest, the numbers
seem to be too small; and they would, no doubt, by longer and
repeated observations be raised considerably. There is, on the one
hand, no doubt about the fact, that each plant is characterized by -
special periods, during which it develops a fulness of flowers, but there
are, on the other hand, also seasons, during which flowers are developed
not on the whole tree, but on portions of it, on certain branches or
twigs. This fact can be observed by everybody at any season of the
year. It would be interesting to inquire into the reasons why, v.9.,
just this branch produces flowers, whilst its neighbour is in a state
of rest.
With respect to the question touched above, viz., eae herbs
possessed of tubers, rhizomes, etc., reveal the same relations to climate
as woody plants do, I shall add ae more examples, which might help
to form an opinion that comes nearer the truth, than too general
statements usually do. Of Simla I give the flowering times of the
plants belonging to the orders Liliaceze, Dioscoreacee, Orchidacer, and
Scitaminacez ; of Darjeeling, of which I add the necessary meteorolo-
FLOWERING SEASON AND CLIMATE, 107
gical statistics the flowering periods of 65 orchids are given, which are
described in a valuable article of the ‘‘ North Point Annual,??!
“og SS | & a 4
a) Tj .
— Bese retin ae eu asieere
2/516! 2] 3] 2] 4] &) $/ 8] €] 8
Gi D S a) Ss 5 5 = & | 5 o| 3
me | Ee oc os ee ete Sp aoa © ea ey
By —— — — Be RIB es SS ert
Simli, flowering time .. | 1 1 8) 16] 20; 21] 36) 15 5; 3
( Flowering time te od 2 yp Se Weare UB Be ie ral 6 4 4
20 | Bainfall .. nO ac oo 2) 4 H) | 11 13 24 28 | 26 22 Cf leer | ]
=|
ae Clouds .. oo ae «| 5°97 | 59} 593] 6° | 72) 87) 87) 8% | 81) 5:9) 44] 43
aa :
Ss | Humidity 40 nO col Yi) 163 Ie AE ay 84; 91} 92] 92) 91] 98] 75 | 73
(Temperature .. -.. ..| 41! 44 20 | 65 95) 621 631 63 | 61 | 57] 50.) 4a)
These numbers of the flowering times do not seem to be in favour
or the statement that the plants with bulbs, etc., follow the can:e laws
with regard to the flowering season as are cbserved Ly the wey
plants. The table just given shows, v. g., the maximum of flowering
timas in August, in the same month in which the heibaceous ylants
generally reach their maximum. In Darjeel’ng, too, the rainy season
develops more flowers than the comparatively dry part of the year.
Just now I found mentioned in a book, that the flowering pericd of
the individual plant is much longer in the tropics than in the temperate
zones. In order to see how far that statement was reliable, I put to-
gether the flowering times of 100 herbaceous plants of Germany, be-
longing to the Papilionacez, and compared them with the flowering
times of 80 herbaceous plants of the same order, growing in the Bcm-
bay Presidency. The total of the flowering times in Germany was 263
months, in Bombay 179. The mean flowering time for one plant is,
therefore, 2°6 months in Germany and 2:2 months in the Rumbay Presi-
dency. Similar relations I detected in the herbaceous plants of the
orders Ranunculaceze, Malvacez, and Umbelliferee, the mean flower-
ing times of which are :—
|
Order. | Bombay. | Germany.
Ranunculacee . a Mi sie nee a" | 15 2:2
Malvaceze ee aes ee Nie ae eel 25 2°9
Umbelliferze iitaAin tay hac god on eee | 20 2-6
1 Miller in“ North Point Annual,” No, X,, January 1905, page 97.
708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
That the woody plants in the tropics are flowering during a longer
period in the tropics than in the temperate zones, needs no further proof,
and we might, therefore, restrict the statement, that the flowering
periods of the individual plants are longer in the tropics, to the woody
plants, while the herbaceous plants are in bloom during a more or less
equal period in both the regions. Our table, of course, is not decisive
on account of the limited number of orders we examined, but it shows
at least that too general statements are not always reliable.
In our previous investigation we paid special attention to the
minima and maxima of the flowering times in the different regions,
and, so far, we did not find the slightest difficulty in explaining their
relation to the minima and maxima of the climatic factors. Thus, v.9.,
it is not surprising, that the woody plants reach the maximum of their
flowering periods during the dry season, but I am not able to explain
adequately the comparatively great number of flowering times during
the rainy season. Purtially, no doubt, it is due to the change in the
climatic conditions, and, for the rest, we might say, that the presence
of certain insects during the rainy season caused various adaptaticns,
the effects of which are shown in the apparent lawlessness of the
flowering seasons.
This, however, as well as the other questions, we touched above,
need further investigation, and satisfactory results can be achieved
by prolonged local observations only. I noticed repeatedly that
a certain plant was in full bloom at Khandala at a given time,
whilst the same plant was flowering in Bombay a month or two later.
Even a very limited area, as, v.g., Khandala, exhibits differences as
regards the flowering period of the same plant, when growing at the
bottom or on the margin of a ravine. Similar differences may be
noted in two sp2cimens of the same plant, but of different age, and,
again, between individuals of the same species, but growing on different
soil, under different surroundings, and in different illumination. Before
all these circumstances are registered and taken into account, it is
impossible to form any precise opinion as to the various and complicated
relations between the climate and the flowering season.
769
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITIS LEDA.
BY
LieutT.-Cou, N, MANDERS, F.Z.8., F.E.S.
It is difficult, when writing on this fascinating subject, to refrain from indulg-
ing in equally fascinating theories regarding the why and wherefore certain
species of butterflies vary according to the season of the year, In some cases,
particularly among African butterflies, these changes are truly wonderful, and it
is quite easy to understand why, when examining examples of seasonal variation
from that continent, so many insects now known to be the same species were
formerly regarded as distinct and were so described. My object, however, at
present is simply to record the facts I have observed with regard to one species
only, and my experiments connected with it.
The genus IMelunitis has always been a puzzle both to systematic and field
entomologists, The extraordinary variations on the under surface to which all
its members are liable, have led to a most extensive synonymy, and the causes
which induce those variations are not yet by any means definitely settled,
I have hesitated whether to put on record the results of my experiments of the
last two years, but as it is a fascinating study, and one which, so far as I see,
will require observations and experiments far more extensive than any I can
hope to undertake, I give them in the hope that my failures will help others
to avoid many pitfalls and assist them toa right conclusion regarding a very
important biological problem, I am not concerned for the moment as to the
correct specific name of the insect under discussion, it is known in this island as
Melanitis leda, and as there is only one species, its identity can easily be estab-
lished. It is a species not found in India, but has the same habits and varies
in the same remarkable manner as the Indian species, I may recapitulate the
chief facts regarding its seasonal variation. The specimens found in the rains,
which are known as the “ wet’’ season form, have well marked and well deve-
loped ocelli (I am referring in this paper to variation of the underside only},
the general ground colour being dark grey evenly and minutely striated with
darker grey. The “dry” season form varies in ground colour from a pale
rufous to a deep vinous purple, sometimes almost black, sometimes again pale
green with darker spots and blotches ; there is a partial or total disappearance
of the ocelli, usually these are represented by white dots in the pupils of the
ocelli, there is alsoa median line or fascia resembling in sume respects the
midrib of a leaf; but what is perhaps chiefly remarkable, especially in the
female, is a prolongation of the forewing below the apex, and a slighter prolon-
gation of the hindwing at the anal angle. Every variation (known as “ Inter-
mediate”) can be found between the extreme forms. I hope Mr. Young will
fizure some of these forms when dealing with the Indian allies of this insect in
his papers on the Butterflies of the Indian Plains, If the seasonal forms were
confined to their respective seasons, the problem would be a simple one ; but
this is far from being the case. Mr, de Nicéville many years ago bred both
710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
seasonal forms of J/, tsmene from the same batch of eggs. Mr. Green (Spolia
Zeylanica, Vol, I1., Pt. VI., Aug. 190+) has captured the two seasonal forms and
intermediates on the same day, and so doubiless have many other entomologists,
De Nicéville says that both forms of Jf, leda occur in Sumatra all the year
round, In Java the dry season form is also to be met with during the rains.
I have long been under the belief that the cause of these variations
was to be found not so much in wet or dry conditions but in heat and cold, and
I may give one instance out of many which induced this belief. The Lycznid
Tarucus theophrastus in the Punjab has a well marked rainy and dry season
form, the latter differs so materially from the former that it was considered
by Butler to be a distinct species tu which he gave the name TZ, alteratus, this
form occurs in the autumn, throughout the winter and spring. The seasons in
the Punjab are very well marked—intense heat in summer and very cold in
winter. About ’Xmas it is frequently wet, at least this was the case at Kawal
Pindi where I collected many specimens.
I regret, owing to my note books being in England, that I am unable to give
exact dates regarding the capture of these two forms, but I think my memory
is fairly correct.
In Ceylon at Trincomalee 7, alteratus has never, so far as I know, been
collected, certainly I have never seen it myself, though I have specimens
approaching it, The climate of this part of Ceylon is extremely kot and dry
all the year round witk the exception usually of December, very occasionally
November or January, when heavy rains—20 or 30 inches—fall [If 7. alteratus
is due to dryness alone. it ought to be the dominant form in Ceylon; but if it
is due to cold, as I believe it to be, one can understand its absence. There isa
general consensus of opinion that the terms “ wet’’ and “dry ” seascnal forms
are misnomers, but they have the virtue of convenience,
The life history, as it occurs in Mauritius, is briefly as follows: There is a
succession of broods throughout the year. In the cold weather the larvee
cease fe:ding or only feed when the sun is shining brightly, and the pupal
stage is decidedly prolonged, In the hot weather, é.e., in January, this stage lasts
usually for a fortnight, but at the commencement of the cold weather, April
and May, some pupx may hatch out at the ordinary time or remain over for a
month or longer. The female lays freely in confinement, the eggs being laid
close together usually, but not invariably, on the underside of the leaf. The
larvee feed on grasses, sugarcane being a great favourite, I have fed mine on
bamboo planted in kerosene oil cans and on this they thrive well, but curiously
enough they by no means do so on sprigs of bamboo placed in water in the
breeding cage ; at half growth they gradually cease to feed, the resulting but-
terfly,if any, being dwarfed, The larvw when hatched invariably make for the
underside of the leaf and lie together in smal] colonies—head to tail—until akout
a third grown, Up to this time they are uniformly green with black heads,
but when half grown they assume more distinctly the satyrid shape, and change
to bright apple green with darker dorsal and spiracular lines. The duration
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITIS LEDA. 711
of the larval stage under ordinary conditions is about a month. They pupate
either on the stalk of the leaf or beneath it,
They are subject to innumerable enemies, Ants are extremely ford of their
eggs, and will also carry off the larve; a green and particularly obnoxious
spider fastens itself on to the anal orifice and sucks the unfortunate larva dry,
The immature forms of the preying A/antis hide themselves among the plauts,
and very speedily reduce their numbers. It is better, therefore, to keep them
on growing plants of the food plant, and protect them by placing them over
water and surrounding them with muslin ; to save them from their numerous
foes is a task which has taxed my energies to the utmost,
The pups are at first bright translucent green, changing, as the butterfly is
being formed, to an opaque whitish green, particularly about the wing covers ;
it is oaly 24 hours before emergence that the colours of the butterfly begin to
show, they rapidly becom? more visible in clearness of outline and intensity of
colouring, the white apical spot bing very conspicuous six hours before emer-
gence, It is remarkable in the hot weather how very little the pups vary in
their time of emergence, One may be almost certain that pupw reared under
the sam2 conlitions will hatch out together.
The pupal stage lasts a fortnight,—the life history from the hatching of
the egg to the emergence of the butterfly in the hot weather beirg appr: xi-
mately six weeks,
The few hours before emergence is the critical time for the butterfly, and
owing to my high mortality in future eyperiments, I intend removing the pupx
from artificial to Latural conditions on the first sign of the brown coluuring
matter being formed.
My first endeavour was to ascertain the definite relation between the seasonal
forms and meteorological conditions, and for this I was happily situated, The
observatory is at Curepipe, and all the insects recorded were caught in the seme
lane within 200 yards of the observatory. The meteorological conditions under
which they were born and bred are therefore exact. I may state an objection
which may be raised regarding the tables below, aud that isthat an insect caught
early in the month can scarcely be affected by the climate of the end of ihe
month, This no doubt is true, but I have gone on the supposition that the
seasonal changes take place in the last few days of pupal life, and as I was
careful to take fresh specimens (Melanétis soon tatters itself), the meteorological
data for each specimen can easily be worked out, and it will be found also that
tha results are the same for each specimen as I have given for the total number
for the whole month,
I have kept female specimens of Melanitis alive in captivity for three
weeks, but the males for a much shorter time, most of my captures were of
this sex, and I should put the life of a male M/elunilis as not much more than a
fortnight, and in really good condition as inside of a week,
The following mateorological observations were taken at Curepipe, 1,860 feet
above sea level, at Yam. and 3pm. The insects were taken within 200 yards
ofthe observatory, W=“wet” form, D=“dry” form, I=“ intermediates,”
712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISfORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII-
JANUARY 1905. FEBRUARY 1905.
aE | | fy a, | PF + Hone
g 5 = Melanitis leda q 2 - Melanitis leda
= a | 3 captured. M I g a captured,
ee ciae | ee| Sisters 9 Pecos
= = cS a cs S 4 os
A 2 a pa A a a an
! \ !
1| 67 | 74 | 210 | LO), sae tlgese
2} 68 | 75 21) 6) 78 on
3 | 70° | 74 ‘70 3 | 688 | 81:3 03
4| 68 71 78 4] 6) §1 te
5 | 71 798 | 1°69 5] 69 | 813
6 | 69 | 75 231 6 | 63 1:5 3
7 | 68 17 "29 7 | 675 | 77-3 68
8 | 67 76 1°35 8 | 68 79 "10
9 | 67 78 “70 9 | 69 76°8 | 1:07
yo | 67 89 230
13 | 69 79:2 15
14 | 69°38 | 772 *35
15 | 6 °3 | 78 "36
16 67 82 ne All wet season forme 16 68°8 80:6 28
w7| 7 | 73 | 706
1g | 72 75 “90
19 | 72 69 125
20 | 70 80 *33
24| 71 795 | +38
|
|
|
|
|
|
hos wet season form,
|
|
|
|
|
ee eee eee Oe eee
=
=
Cc
x
os
ro
}
|
|
27 | | 27 | 69 78°53 |.
28 | > No | recor|d. 28} 6: | 80% }| 02
29 |
|
al 5)
Date.
o oN Fo FP Oo Se
10
Minimum.
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITIS LEDA, 713
69
MARGH 1905.
Bu ah ©: Melanitie 1eda
5 3 | Captured.
3 | 4
80 | 1°50 | )
g0 | 15 |
76 | -09| |
77 | 32] |
eel
GIP) ee |
fe a
79 | 2°88
79 | +55 | |
79| -08 |
78 | 85
76 | +28 |
77 | 1:57
81| +30 |
78 | 1°70 |
79 | 04! Sau wet season form.
72| -02| |
79| 18 |
72 | 1°83 |
72| +58 |
75 | 1-06
78| 40 | |
Poe eee |||
BLN so |
HEA ee |
74
75 | +03 |
72 | 1°35 |
71 | 240 |
73 | 1:32 | J
Date.
con NN Oo oO Se WO DO &
a en 7
SO Cn)
14
Minimum.
67°8
65°8
63°5
63°8
67°5
66°5
65°5
66°3
66°5
63°3
63-8
64:2
603
63°56
61-5
61°8
64:8
65 2
64:3
63°8
60°3
APRIL 1905,
Maximum,
78°8
ie)
748
73°3
76
73°3
80
798
768
79°3
72
42°3
71
72
745
72°8
73°5
Rainfall
Melanitis leda
captured.
}
|
|
|
|
l
|
|
rAll wet season form,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
MAY 1905. JUNE 1905,
Melanitis leda
captured.
Melan'tis leda
Captured.
Maximum,
Minimum.
Maximum,
Rainfall,
| Rainfall.
Date.
573 | 73°38 Dd.
a ao ee wo wD
62°35 | 70 2 43
53 69 45) W. 4. D. 5.
56 72°8 yy
57 76-8 | 10 | W, 2, Worn, 1.3. D, 7.
52°3 | 72°38 | sO
&3 66°5 *A5
523 | 68
52 70
53°8 | 68°38 *29
55°3 | 67°2 ‘17
555 | 69 STAs nails 2. a Dance
55°5 | 70 74
31 | 54 736) S078 Wey le loko Dene
Fe : 12 | 582] 753 121, | Ds /2.
13 | 63 75°5 oe 13 | 53% | 748
14! 618 | 74 | 19 14| 56 | 72 29
a ed
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES
JULY 1905.
OF MELANITIS LEDA,
Date.
wo ww
AUGUST 1905.
| | |
g d = Melanitis leda cn | g g = | Melanitis leda
Sees! poe captured, i cetipce al ei Captured,
r= 4 a bef S| is =
2 le Z | e|2|2 |
| i
|
€0 | 69 | °26 1] 567 | 67°81} -038
583 | 683 | 53 Bi coeg: || asic || Jos) |), i) 1D)
64 | 69 | 05 Bi Ba | Gs 40
578 | 71 -30 4| 625 | 64°85] ..
5G-o a2 A G8 |) Ga i) ae!
54:5 | 70 6) 47 | 67:5
57-3 | 67 | 2:90 7| 613 | 69 | -29
GD || (23) BM) tbs 1D. P, 8} 62 | 655 | °33
54 7 ue ; 9| 61:3] 719] +49
57 69 | +86 10 | 585 | 68°3 | +18
53 | 63:3] +23 11] 595 | 72 | 40 | D.2
54 69 bb TO) |) BR |) We. OG
57°3 | 693) .. 2p 13} 55 | 72°3 | :38
57-8 | 69:8] 20 14| 54:8 | 72°7
60 | 698] 93 | 11 D. 3. 15 | 63°5 | 70-4] .,
54 | 658| :10 16} 55:2 | 71°9 :
55°68 | 65 1:20 17] 60S | 72°3 a6 Rela Dil;
572 | 67 | °37 1g} 583 | 738] ..
585 | 73 | 26 |] 11 OD, 6, 19] 59 | 674] 1-15
52°38 | 7095 | .. 20 | 59°38 | 68 55 /1.2. Ds
517 | 69:3 | *19 21 | 57:3 | 689 | -03
534] 685] .. 92) 588 | 679 | 1-26
55 68 be 23] 595 | 697 | +45
55°5 | 70°3| -85 | W, 1. Worn, D. 4. 94| 61 | 878! *18
557 | 65:3) “15 25 | 57:5 | 676 | +12
572 | 68-4] ‘08 26 | 53 71 | 208
60 | 684] -30 27 | 53:2) 7 26 IDS
58 | 68 | :25 98 || 58:7 | 68:5) -25) |) DP 1,
51 | 665 | °18 29 | 527 | 677 | *02
62 65 *12 |; W. 1, Worn, 1.1. D, 2, 30 | &3re 68 65
53 61 | -44 | D.2. 31] 53 63 03 | DL
i
71
Pd
cs)
716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, AV:
ee RY
SEPTEMBER 1905. OCTOBER 1905.
| 8 | 2 | = | Melanitisteaa Bo | Bal se Melanitis Leds
q a 3 captured, > g g eS captured,
#)/a)8 | 4 Sa B pe ie
as | Ss | a Sylora Bh lec:
= i ae Baca.
|
1| 51:5} 67:3) .. 1| 60] 693) L-19
2| 47-2) 697] .. 2| 585 | 74:2 | <4
B 54 | 71°5 s 3 | 544] 75:3
4| 552 | 71:8 Ale 66h ot: 4l vse
5 | 562 | 70-7 Bel) medial (egies
G| 56 los | .. | BUN) WRB || co Ml Wo Gs uh
7| 57) 740 | 1°85 7| 61 | 72:8
Sl Ue en 7p Mae 8| 60| 735 | 07
9 | 62:3 | 765] 59 9| 62| 74] -12
10| 59| 72| 7438 10 | 62:3 | 75:8 | -36
te 58 eS "Gal ee 11623.) 76) 43
12| 578| 75] -18 12 | 615 | 75:2 | -05
13| 56) 74:2 13 | 61:5 |. 748 | +39
14| 564 | 74] °17 14} 69 | 743 | +20
15 | 57°3| 73 15 | 61) 7A:
16| 67:7) 73:9| .. 1G ey lavarsn line
17 | 57°2 | 75:4 17 | 608 | 73) -03| w.1.1.2. D. 2
1g | 572 | 745 | +08 18 | 61:5 | 75:5 | -06
if) | He WB oo ie Re Dy 19| 59] 73:2| +42
20 | 61:3 | 74:6 | 2°60 20 | 603 | 72°99} 05) p, 3
21| 61°38 | 748 21 | 61:5 | 742 | -29
SOM MGS Yb Bal So. cl teas AOD: 22} 60:5 | 74:8 | "11
23) 66| 738| .. 23] 554 | 764 | -05
24| 59 | 744] .. 24 | 534) 76] ..
95 | 59:8 | 753 25 52 | 75°8 W. 4. 1. 1. D, 4.
26] 59:2] 738] .. 26 | 50°6 | 77:8
27 | 55°3 | 75°8 B74 vote © agile suena ie
28 | 554] 748] .. aN GEN eae) g-
29] 55 | 744] +25 29| 56| 78] -26
30 60 | 703 ‘35 | W. 2.1. 1. 0. 4. 30 | 59°3 73 | °02
31] 58] 72 | +38
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITI§ LEDA. 717
NOVEMBER 1905.
Minimum.
Maximum,
Rainfall,
4 | 60 74 .
5 | 58 71 03
55°2 | 788
7 | 56 76 an
24 | 635 | 78 a)
25 | 65°5 | 77 24
26 | 63°5 | 75 05
27 | 64 17 24
28 | 63°77 | 75 62
Melanitis leda
captured,
W. 4. D. 2.
Wisr co lvule
Date,
Minimum,
DECEMBER 1905,
Maximum.
Rainfall.
Melanitis leda
captured.
I. J.
W. 3. 1.6 D1.
als
W.1.
W.5, 1.2.
W. 6,
118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 11,
Summary 1905.
Maxim- ‘
Mean AN Figbest| Lowest a | Raine |Wet ek "
Month. a8 Mean, reading.|veading nine I] fail, days. Insects captured.
January (24 any 76:9 | 691] 78.) 89 67 | 72} oes | 22 | All “ wet.”
February «+ 79°3 | 6S8°6 | 733 | 823 64 lOve Te 82 22 Ditto.
March ie FG 67 7PES ely ER 63 9 | 28" 79 26 Ditto.
April a6 ..| 755 | 647] 701} 82 60°3 10°38 | 12/28] 22 Ditto,
May re +1 724) 583 65° | 76 51°83 13:3) () G85 ie 26 PW.d Ts. Dia.
June ie moh PAIRS?) HD 63°9 | 76 51° 15°8 6" 43 167 Wet, LG Dias,
July 20 | 68 558] 619) 73 61 NECA TUE ee | BRS | SWS DIE UA re LD)
August .. ..| 691! 57 | 63 | 73:8 47 17°: | 0”383| 20] Ww. OL4- DJs
September .| 73:4 | 57 65:2 | 765 | 3472 16°74 gbaiil OI iG I Ge WH
October <. ..! 743] 579] 66L| 78 ' &6| Ié4| 4/59] 19] W. 1), 5. DD,
November .. ...) 75:3 | 598] 67°5| 79°8, 538 15d | 1a"49 |] 20] W. 9, I. 5. DA,
December .. e-| 76°9 | 64°32 708] 85:2; 58 19°7 | 6i"-62 16) 9Ws be deo sels
1 | |
Conclusions.
On the hypothesis that the seasonal form is determined in the last few days of
pupal life, we may draw the following conclusions from the above observations :—
1, When the mean temperature falls below 70° F., the “dry” forms ap-
pear, and the lower the mean the more numerous they become,
2, When the temperature is lowest, the “dry” forms are most numerous,
and conversely. As an instance, July, the coldest month, mean +68°—61°9,
shows the greatest number of “dry” forms, though there were £3 wet days
and a rainfall of 16°77 inches. February the hottest month, mean + 79°3—
68°6, shows no “ dry” forms, though the rainfall was only 7°92 inches,
3. Itis not therefore a dry or humid atmosphere that produces a ‘‘ dry ”’
r “ wet’ form, but a low or high temperature.
The following experiments were undertaken with a view to testing whether
the hypothesis is sound, that the seasonal forms are dependent on changes in
the pupal state. For this purpose pupz within twenty-four hours of their
last ecdysis were placed under the following conditions, The modus operandi
I will give more fully subsequently ; at present it would confuse the issues,
sys Average tem-| Average Number of
Concha) perature days in pup pups OSE,
ri ae Cah | 4 ‘
Dry cold a 40 F, 20 | 12 \*I. d, 1, W. i. Remainder died.
Moist cold at 40 20 4 All cripples. D. i. I. ¢. 3.
Dry heat a “5 = 8 All dieu immature,
Moist heat ...| 95 | 7 10 W.2.1 w.2, L.d.2 Kemainder died,
| | |
hs Dr. Dixey Teg ik eed the Tntermediate forms ah Intermediate wet and Intermedi-
ate dry, and the sub-division is a usefulone, In order to simplify matters I combined the
two under one heading in the first t:bles, but in these latter experiments the sub-divi-ion is
imperative, There is, of course, no hard and fast line between the twe intermediates and each
individual must use his own standard. My ownideas areas follows. By Intermediate dry
I mean an insect (Velanitis) with pronounced median fiscia: subap.cal and basal fasciz
distinci, Ground colour, more or less uuiform not miuutely striated, Oce!lated spots
clearly warked, but iis absent or incefinite. Outer margin of win below apex more or less
but still distinctly falcate. Interm diate wet, fascia indistinct or almost absent, ground
colour uniformly coloured and minutely striated. Ocellated spots c.early marked, the iris
present, but indefinite, Outer margin of wing almost even, especially in the male,
THE CLIMATAL CHANGES OF MELANITIS LEDA, 719
Owing to the heavy mortality among the larve far fewer pupe were available
than I could have wished, and these were still further reduced by the abnormal
conditions they were placed in. I am aware that no definite conclusion can be
drawn from the above table, but so far as it goes, it supports the hypothesis
rather than negatives it. My last and still more disappointing experience was
with my effort to ascertain whether the change occurred during the larval stage
or not, For this purpose I divided over sixty larve into two batches, putting
one-half on one bamboo plant growing in a pot and the remainder on another,
Both plants were kept on the same verandah, but whereas one was given a full
share of sunlight and no water approximating as near as I could to dry season
conditions, the other was kept entirely in the shade and was copiously watered
every morning. Owing to the excessive mortality above detailed, the results were
meagre in the extreme, and I can only hope to repeat them at some future date.
The pup were kept separate in adjoining breeding cages.
The following are the results :—
Conditions, Number. Days in pupa. hie Results,
Wet... ie 3 — 10 32 Idied. 9 D. @D
Diyieescre-.| 6 1 Gal Gal 2 DVO? Dg D
| BD FAG S| 2 Q D.
The number of females is remarkable’; there was also a very notewcrthy
similarity of colouring among the “ dry” female specimens, all of them being
of a very pale reddish ground colour with well marked fasciz, On the other
hand the “wet” female was of a deep purple brown, the most heavily marked
specimen I have ever seen. The three males were very similar to each other,
the ground colour being pale greenish brown. The insects taken at large*at this
time were nearly all dry forms of varying shades and colouring, -While it is
impossible to draw any definite conclusions from such meagre results, yet I
think there are grounds for believing that though these forms are dependent
on heat and cold, yet the diversity of colouring may be due in some measure to
the condition of the food plants.
I have nv intention of theorising on this subject, but I may lay some stress
on the fact, for the benefit of those so inclined and who are unacquainied with
tropical countries, that there is nothing in the appearance of an evergreen
tropical jungle which favours one season form more than another, In those
parts of the world such as Mauritius, Ceylon, Java and Sumatra the leaves and
decaying vegetation under bushes and trees (the haunts of A/elunitis) is precisely
the same whether the weather is wet or dry, Even in cyclonic weather, when
there is a deluge of rain, the debris at the roots of bamboos and other tropical
shrubs is frequently perfectly dry, and presents no differences from that found
in the height of the dry weather. In such districts as the plains of India or
S. Africa, there is a vast difference in the appearance of the country at different
seasons of the year, and it is readily comprehensible how one seasonal form is
720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
benefited to the exclusion or diminution of the other ; but in evergreen jungle
this'is not so, If the climate of Mauritius underwent some considerable change
by the wholesale destruction of the forests, the dry season form would in all
probability predominate and perhaps permanently supplant the wet, and this
would not be due to natural selection but merely the effect of those obscure’
processes which are grouped under the comprehensive term climate,
The methods [ have adopted in the above experiments are, briefly, as follow.
For the dry cold and dry heat processes a glass jar was obtained and the air
having been exhausted by the ignition of a little rectified spirit the pup were
suspended from the lid, which was then securely fastened down and glued
round the edges,
For the moist cold a piece of muslin was tied over the jar to prevent the
moisture from the melting ice coming in direct contact with the pupe, but
this was frequently not sufficient, as I often found beads of moisture on them.
The jars containing the pupe for cold conditions were kept in an ice box sur-
rounded by ice with a self-registering thermometer. For the moist heat
no covering was used in order to allow the heated moisture to escape, and for
the suspension of a thermometer, a little water was kept at the bottom of the
jar aud was heated by a lamp beneath the water bath on which both jars, the
dry and moist, rested. I should be grateful for any hints which would tend
to reduce my high mortality in another series of experiments,
- [ Note.—It is to be hoped that Colonel Manders will make some further experiments, as in
those which he has so far conducted he has been so singularly unfortunate that it ic difficult
to draw any conclusions therefrom.
In.a climate like that of Mauritius one would naturally not expect any very sharp demar.
cation between the seasons of prevalence of the two forms.
The raicfall is heavy and well distributed throughout the year so that there is no marked
dry season, and the “ wei” form is evidently far the most numerous in eight months of the
year, Colonel Manders attributes the increasing numbers of the “dry” form in the rewain-
ing four months to the fact that trese are the cold months,
To a stranger, however, it would seem that in a country where the mean temperature does
not vary nearly sv much as that of Bombay there can be no very marked cold season either,
unless the lower temperature is accompanied by a lowering of the relative humidity as in
our case, It would be interesting to have the figures of the mean average humidity for ee
different months, I have tried to obtain them in Bombay without success.
In one respect, however, I think Colonel Manders is making rathera bold assumption and
that is in supposing that the seasonable changes take place in the last few days of
pupal life. J. would be inclined rather to attribute them to the relative amount of sap nu-
triment and pigment in the food plant of the larva,
So far as my own observations on the companion Indian species, M. ismene, are concerned,
I should say that near Bombay the insect is only really common except in Octwber and early
November when it is often excessively abundant both by day and night.
These —or at any rate the fresh specimens—are all of the “ dry ” season form, October, I
need not say, is one of our hottest months, In the monsoon I have only observed the
ocellated form.
It isa pity that more of our members do not undertake similar experiments to those made
by Colonel Manders, and it is to be hoped that the relation of his experiences may
encourage others to do so.
: L, C. H, YOUNG,
Hon. Sec.,
Entomological Dept., Bo. Nat, Hist Society.] _
721
THE FAUNA OF INDIA—INSECTA.
The latest addition to’ this series is Mr. Distant’s “ Rhynchota,”
Volume LIL, containing the Aquatic Bugs, the Cieadids and Fulgorids,
which the student of Indian entomology will find as useful as its prede-
cessors. It is, however, an extraordinary commentary on the state of
Indian entomology, and reveals in a striking manner the almost abso-
lute lack of interest taken in insects, excepting butterflies, by residents
‘in India. As usual, we went through the Volume to prepare a list of
species recorded from localities not in the hills, that is recorded from
‘localities in the plains, which are typically Indian. The result is
simply amazing; if we except such useless records as “ Bombay,”’
“N, Bengal”? and the like, which may mean Mahableshwar and
Darjiling, a total of thirteen species will be found, according to this
Volume, outside of such localities as Simla, Mussoorie, Darjiling,
Ootacamund and Ceylon. Two conclusions may be drawn; itis an
extraordinary exception to find any person—not a professional natu-
ralist—collecting in India at all (such an exception is Mr. Mackinnon, of
Mussoorie), and all collecting naturalists go to the hills and do not
collect in the plains. Yet we have been frequently told that residents
in the plains do not collect because the insects are worthless. The
truth is we do not know what they are, and, while this is the state of
things, every insect, whether described or new, common or rare, is of
value as showing what the fauna of the plains really is. We believe
that if members of the Bombay Natural History Society realise this fact,
the almost utter ignorance of our real Indian fauna would disappear as
soon as the collections of ‘* plains” insects were worked out. Appeals
for insects of special groups have been frequently made and probably
produce little result ; possibly it will be of more value to point ont the
groups in which work can be readily done which will be of value in later
volumes of the Fauna. Every possible specimen of the earwig tribe is
wanted ; these are not uncommon, are quite harmless and inoffensive,
and if put into a box and posted to my address with a slip giving date,
locality and collector’s name, will be set, pinned, labelled and sent on.
The same applies to grasshoppers of all sorts, to cockroaches, to the pray-
ing mantids ; an excellent method for keeping and sending them is to
roll paper round a pencil, ruler or other object of the desired bore, eum
up the paper and so make a cylinder, into which the insect slides. We
722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
may include beetles, and have no hesitation in saying that the common
beetle that comes in at night to the dinner table is worth putting in a
box and posting. These are the chief things required, which any
member of the Society could supply in large numbers. To the budding
naturalist may we suggest the systematic collection of these groups, or
of flies (Diptera) or the common bugs (Hemiptera). Supplementary
lists of the Hemiptera will appear, and an effort should be made to add
locality records from the plains. We have not suggested collecting
Micro-lepidoptera because this is a special business, but of the ordinary
beetles every member could send in a hundred and more easily. We
may add that we shall be glad to give duplicates of every species sent
in to the Society, properly pinned, etc., as well as duplicates of all others
we can spare, and that every assistance in the way of information will be
supplied.
H. MAXWELL-LEFROY.
Pusa, Benga.
723
BIRDS OF THE PROVINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU
AND ADJACENT DISTRICTS,
By
A. BE. Warp.
Part ILI.
(Continued from page 485 of this Volume.)
Fam, Moract.iiva.—Wagtails and Pipits,
(826). Motacillu alba,—The White Wagtail is rarely met with,
(829), Motacilla personata,—The Masked Wagitail, breeds at elevations of
about 6,000’ to 8,000’ in Kashmir and probably in Baltistan.
(830). <Motacilla hodgsoni—Hodgson’s Pied Wagitail is common and breeds
in Kashmir.
(831). Motacilla maderaspatensis—The Large Pied Wagtail,
(832). Motacilla melonope.—The Gray Wagtail, breeds in Kashmir at various
high altitudes, Eggs found as late as June 28 at 7,000’.
(835). Motacilla beema.—The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail, breeds in parts of
Ladak, Ihave not found the eggs in Kashmir proper, butit is said to breed
there,
(833). Motacilla borealis—The Indian Grey-headed Wagiail.
(836). Motacilla fieldeggi.i—The Black-headed Wagtail. I have not as yet
found this bird on its breeding grounds, but it migrates through Keshmir,
(837). Motacilla citreola.n—The Yellow-headed Wagiail, This Wagtail breeds
in Kashmir, but sparsely ; it migrates through in considerable numbers.
(838). Motacilla citreoloides—Hodgaon’s Yellow-headed Wagiail. The eggs
have been obtained in Ladak and in Kashmir, Numbers of these birds migrate
over the Logila and other passesin June,
(841). Anthus maculatus——The Indian Tree-Pipit (doubtful).
(844). Anthus similis—The Brown Rock-Pipit.
(847). Anthus rufulus—The Indian Pipit, I have no specimens of this bird
or of A, similis from within Kashmir boundaries, but both must occur in the
lower hills,
(845). Anthus striolatus.—Blyth’s Pipit.
(848), Anthus campestris.--The Tawny Pipit (doubtful).
(849), Anthus ceroinus—The Red-throated Pipit,
(850), Anthus rosaceus.—Hodgson’s Pipit, breeds at high elevations in June
and July in Kashmir, and is plentiful particularly near the upland tarns.
(851). Anthus spinoletta,—The Water-Pipit.
(853). Oreocorys sylvanus.—The Upland Pipit.
Fam, ALAuDID#,—The Larks,
(855), Otocorys penicillata,—Gould’s Horned Lark, found in summer in
Ladak and Gilgit.
22
724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV Il.
(856), « Olocorys longirestris—The Long-billed Horned Lark, I have spe-
cimens from Moulbekh-Ladak Road obtained in May from the foot of the
Kherdong Pass and an immature bird, July 8, from Leh,
(857). Otocorys elwesi—Elwes’s Horned Lark, This like the preceding
species is freely common in Ladak, In the summer, when it breeds, I have
the eggs from Baltistan but without date.
(859). Melanocorypha bimaculata,—The Eastern Calandra Lark, The only
specimen secured in Kashmir was obtained Dec, 27,1903, near Srinagar, It
is plentiful in some of the Northern districts,
(862), Alauda arvensis,—The Sky-Lark is found in most of the districts
we are dealing with, varies greatly in size, and in the depth of the brown
colouring of the upper plumage. Breeds generally in May, at various altitudes
ranging from the main valleys to certainly over 10,000’,
(861). Alauda gulgula-—The Indian Sky-Lark, Does not appear to come
to the Kashmir hills, but is reported from the flat country within the bound-
aries of Jammu, ete,
(862). Calandrella bractydactyla —The Shorit-toed Lark (doubtful).
(864). Calandrella tébetana.—Brooks’s Short-toed Lark. I have the eggs of
this bird taken on the Ladak Road in May.
(865). Calandrella acutirostris—Humes’ Short-toed Lark, said to summer in
Gilgit.
(878). Ammomanes phenicuroides.—The Desert Finch Lark.
ORDER Pict. Fam, Picip#,—Woodpeckers and Wrynecks,
(916). Gecinus squamatus—The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied Green
Woodpecker, is widely distributed. The eggs are often six in number, and are
laid in May or April.
(950). Geeinus occipitalis—The Black-naped Green Woodpecker, Generally
breeds later than the foregoing species and has a wide range.
(951). Gecinus chlorolophus.—The Small Himalayan Yellow-naped Wood-
pecker is rarely found and probably only in Kishtwair and Badrawar and the
extreme western boundaries of Kashmir,
(960). Hypopicus hyperythrus—The Rufous-bellied Pied Woodpecker. 1
have rarely seen this bird within the District under observation,
(961). Dendrocopus himalayensis——The Western Himalayan Pied Wood-
pecker. Ascends to considerable altitudes and is a common bird in Kashmir
and ‘Baltistan, and generally lays its eggs im April. I found the young well
grown on May 16th, 1904. ;
(963). Dendrocopus sindianus—The Sind Pied Woodpecker, I think it is
safe to enter this bird in our list, although I have not personally observed it
actually within Kashmir territory,
(967). Dendrocopus macii—The Fulvous-breasted Pied Wocdpecker,
Whether this bird is to be found or not, I am doubtful, The specimen in the
museum did not apparently come from Kashmir,
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, yeenns ey, Raia
(969). Dendrocopus auriceps,—The Brown-fronted Pied Woodpecker is rarely
found,
(986). Brachypterus aurantius,—The Golden-backed Woodpecker.
(1003), Lynx torquilla—-The Common Wryneck, This bird is fairly plent:
ful in Kashmir and Baltistan where it breeds.
OrxpdeR TyGopactyLi. Fam. INDICATORID®,—Honey Guides,
(1004), Indicator xanthonotus—The Yellow-backed Honey-Guide. I have
never succeeded in finding the nest of this bird, which is to be met with in the
Jhelum Valley and probably in Poonch,
Fam, CApPrtoNnip#.—Barbets,
(1006), Megalema marshallorum.—The Great Himalayan Barbet is fairly
common in the lower ranges, but does not seem to visit the main vale of
Kashmir, I have found it at Tret-Murree Road,
(1012). Cyanops asiatica—The Blue-throated Barbet. So far I have only
found this Barbet in the Chenab Valley.
(1019). Xantholema hematocephala.—The Crimson-breasted Barbet is very
rarely found and apparently only in the plain and lower slopes of the Panjab
ranges, :
ORDER ANISODACTYLI, Fam. CoraciaDa:.—Rollers,
(1022). Coracias indica.—The Indian Roller, A few specimens have been
obtained in the Jhelum Valley and on the outside ranges.
(1024). Coracias garrula.—The European Roller generally arrives in the
main valley in May and stays till November if the weather is not severe,
Fam, Meropip®.—Bee-eaters.
(1026), Merops viridis——Common Indian Bee-eater. The name Kashmir is
often applied to the whole of the Maharajah’s dominions, hence the specimens
in the Hume collection may have come from the Jammu province. I have
not seen this bee-eater in Kashmir.
(1028), Aerops persteus.—The Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, This bird is said to
migrate through parts of the provinces we have under review, but I have never
seen it in any part of Kashmir or Jammu.
(1029). Merops apiaster—The European Bee-eater. One of the commonest
birds in summer, it assembles in flocks in April and breeds in June, laying its
eggs in holes and in banks on the dry plateaux,
Fam, ALCEDINIDZ.—Kingfishers.
(1033), Ceryle varia.—Indian Pied Kingfisher. A very common bird on
the main rivers at altitudes up to about 6,000’.
(1034). Ceryle tugubris—The Himalayan Pied Kingfisher. I have not found
this Kingfisher in Kashmir proper, but it is fairly common in Kishtwar.
(1035). Alcedo ispida.—The Common Kingfisher is abundant in Kashmir
up to about 6,00u’. ;
(1044), Halcyon smyrnensis—The White=breasted Kingfisher, My spe-
cimens are from Poonch,
726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11.
Fam. Upuprip&®,—Hoopoes,
(1066), Upupa epops——The European Hoopoe generally migrates from
Kashmir in the autumn ; now and again a bird or two may be seen in winter ;
it is widely distributed in summer, ascending to considerable altitude.
ORDER Macrocuires Fam, CypseLip®.--Swifts and Spine-tails.
(1068). Cypselus melba.—The Alpine Swift.
(1069), Cypselus apvs—The European Swift is met with in summer, The
nests of both this and C, melba are hard to obtain as they are lodged in cliffs.
(1072), Cypselus leucomyx.—Blyth’s White-rumped Swift.
(1073). Cypselus afinis—The Common Indian Swift.
(1077). Chetura nudipes.—The White-necked Spine-tail. I enter this bird as
it is reported from the Kishengunga Valley,
Fam. CAPRIMULGID£.—Nightjars.
Note.—The list of these must be considered tentative. What specimens ]
have procured are from Kishtwar and the extreme boundaries,
(1089). Caprimulgus mahrattensis.—-Syke’s Nightjar. This bird I expect can
be found on the plains below the Pir-Paiyal range.
(1091). Caprimulgus asiaticus—The Common Indian Nightjar. See note.
(1092), Caprimulgus europeus,—The European Nightjar breeds, it is said, in
Gilgit. Ihave never come across this bird in Kashmir proper.
(1095). Caprimulgus indicus—The Jungle Nightjar. I expect this
Nightjar is confined to Poonch and Jammu.
ORDER CoccyGEes, Fam, CucuLip#®,—Cuckoos,
(1104). Cuculus canorus,—The Cuckoo.
(1105). Cuculus saturatus—The Himalayan Cuckoo, I found the egg of this
bird in a bush chat’s nest in June and have many specimens from altitudes up
to about 8,000’ from several districts,
(1106), Cuculus polocephalus—The Small Cuckoo is obtained in May, June
and July and about 6,900’ tv 7,000’ and in the last mentioned month at higher
altitudes.
(1107). Cuculus mécropterus,—The Indian Cuckoo. I am not certain about
this bird being found, We have a specimen in the Museum, but there is un-
certainty as to the locality from whence obtained.
(1108). Hierococeyx sparverioides—The Large Hawk Cuckoo (doubtful).
(1114), Penthocerya sonneratii—The Banded Bay Cuckoo, Mr,S. Whymper
kindly sent me a specimen he shot in July 1905 in the Liddar valley. This is
the only one I have heard of as being secured in Kashmir,
(1118). Coccystes jacobinus,—The Pied Crested Cuckoo is not very plentiful,
but LT have a specimen dated 29th May from Kashmir, and have seen others
near Martan ruins and other paris of the vale.
(1120). Kudynanis honorata.—The Indian Koel,
(1129). Taccocua leschenaulti—_The Sirkeer Cuckoo is rarely met with and
only on the outer ranges.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 727
(1130), Centropus sixensis—The Coucal is confined to the lower ground on
the Indian side.
Orper Psitracrt, Fam. Psirracipa#.—Parrots,
(1135), Palwornis nepalensis.—The Large Indian Paroquet. We may expect
to find this bird on the extreme east of the Jammu Province.
(1138). Paleornis torquatus.— The Rose-ringed Paroquet.
(1139), Paleornis eyanocephaius.—The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet is
found in the lower hills, and in the Lolab, Kishtwar, &c.
(1141). Paleornis schisticeps.—The Slaty-headed Barcenet A common Hird
in Poonch and Lolab, &¢., in summer, A good many birds come up the side
valleys to about 7,500’ in the autumn, attracted, no doubt, by the food available.
ORDER STRIGES. Fam, STRIGIDAZ.—Owls,
aa Strix flammea.—The Screech Owl,
Fam, ASIONIDA,
(1155). <Aséo otus.—The Long-eared Owl is fairly plentiful.
(1157), Asio accipitrinus,—The Short-eared Owl is found in the low cout
(1158), Syrnium nivicola,—llimalayan Wood Owl, This bird is, I think, less
common than the next species,
(1159). Syrnium biddulphi—Scully’s Wood Owl. I have found a good
many eggs in the State Game rukhs in Kashmir, and this owl is found in Gilgit
and Baltistan. Most eggs are taken in April and May.
(1160). Syrnium indrani.—The Brown Wood Owl.
(1161), Syrnium ocellatum.—The Mottled Wood Owl. We have a specimen
which was sent to the museum as having been shot in Kashmir and I had
another marked Jammu,
(1165). Ketupa flavipes —The Tawny Fish Owl is uncommon,
(1167). Bubo ignavus—The Great Horned Owl, Sparsely scattered over
a large extent of country.
(1168). Bubo bengalensis—The Rock-horned Owl is common; it lays its
eggs in March and April, An oviduct egg was obtained in May.
(1173), Scops giu.—The Scops Owl.
(L174), Scops brucii,—The Striated Scops Owl recorded from the outlying
districts towards Gilgit,
(1175). Scops spilocephalus——The Spotted Himalayan Scops Owl.
(1178), Scops bakkamaena.—The Collared Scops Owl.
(1179). Scops semitorques.—The Plume-foot Scops Owl,
(1180). Athene brama.—The Spotted Owlet.
(1182), Athene bactriana,—Hutton’s Owlet.
(1183), Glaucidium cuculoides.—The Large-haired Owlet,
(1186). Glaucidium brodiei—The Collared Pigeon Owlet, ;
ORDER AOCCIPITRES, Fam, PANDIONID&,
_ (1189), Pandion haliacétus—The Osprey is not common, but it is met with
in various parts of Kashmir.
728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Fam, VULTURID®[.—Vultures.
(1190), Vultwr monachus——The Cinereous Vulture is rarely met with, A
specimen was obtained in December at Manasbal, Kashmir,
(1191). Otogyps calvus,—The Black Vulture is far from common,
(1192). Gyps fulvus—The Griffon Vulture breeds in colonies in the igh
cliffs in March and is resident in many districts.
(1193). Gyps himalayensis—The Himalayan Griffon is widely distributed,
Most of the eggs I have are dated March,
(1194). Gyps indicus.—The Indian Long-billed Vulture. Up to date I have
not secured a specimen, and I am very doubtful whether this bird is to be found.
(£195). Gyps tenutrostris—The Himalayan Long-billed Vulture does not
appear to ascend into the hills, but is found on the outer slopes and plains
of the Punjab range.
(1196), Pseudogyps bengalensis—The Indian White-backed Vulture is rare.
(1197). Neophron percnopterus.—The Egyptian Vulture breeds occasionally in
Kashmir and in the side valleys.
Fam, FALCONIDA.
(1199). Gypaéius barbatus.—The Bearded Vuiture can be seen in nearly all
the mountainous country, This bird breeds in Kashmir and generally lays in
February and March, I have taken mouse-hares out of specimens shot, and on
one occasion this vulture took a wounded chukor which was crouched on a
rock, A very large egg measured 3°7” x 2°75",
(1200). Aquila chrysaétus—The Golden Eagle is a very rare bird,
(1201). Aguila heliaca.—The Imperial Hagle is not often to be seen ; those
obtained were killed in the winter in Kashmir.
(1202), Aquila bifusciata—The Steppe Eagle is abundant.
(1203). Aquila vindhiana.—The Indian Tawny Eagle.
(1207). Hiéeraétus fasciatus.—Bonelli’s Hagle, This Hawk Eagle was breeding
in Kishtwar on cliffs in March ; it is not plentiful.
(1208). Hieractus pennatus——The Booted Eagle was obtained in Kashmir in
March.
(1210). Lctinaétus malayensis—'The Black Eagle is met with in the winter
but I cannot remember having ever seen it during the summer months,
(1211). Spizaétus limnaélus.—The Changeable Hawk Hagle was included in
my list which was made out some years ago, but I am rather inclined to doubt
the correctness of the locality assigned to the specimen.
(1213). Spizaétus nepalensis,—Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle is a fairly common bird.
(1216). Circaétus gallicus.—The Short-toed Eagle,
(1217). Spilornis cheela.—The Crested Serpent Eagle is entered on the
strength of a single specimen,
(1223), Haliaétus lewcoryphus.—Pallas Fishing Hagle,
(1225). Haliaétus albicilla—The White-tailed Sea Eagle. The only place I
have seen this bird was on the shores of the Walar Lake.
J
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU. 729
(1227). Polioaetus humilis—WHodgson’s Fishing Eagle, This bird breeds in
Kashmir and-is common in the valley.
(1229), Milvus govinda.--The Common Kite.
(1230). Milvus melanotis——The Large Indian Kite is common in Kashmir
and the neighbouring valleys.
(1234). Circus cineraceus——Montagu’s Harrier is to be found inthe autumn
and winter months,
(1235), Cireus cyaneus——The Hen Harrier can often be seen in winter, and
then generally flying low in the vicinity of villages and on the bare country,
(1237) Circus eruginosus,—The Marsh Harrier is very plentiful on all the
swamps, A bird was brought to me in June and what was supposed to be its
egg, but I am doubtful, for it was too large.
(1238). Circus macrurus.—The Pale-Harrier (doubtful),
(1239), Buteo ferow—The Long-legged Buzzard breeds in the hills round
Kashmir, but seldom below 9,000’ altitude,
(1240). Buteo leucocephalus—The Upland Buzzard is recorded on two
occasions,
(1241). Buteo desertorum.—The Common Buzzard,
(1243). Astur palumbarius—The Goshawk is rare.
(1244). Astur badius——The Shikra, I have seen very tew.
(1247), Accipiter nisus—The Sparrow Hawk is resident,
(1248), Accipiter virgatus.—The Besra Sparrow Hawk, I am not very clear
about this bird.
(1254). Falco peregrinus.—The Peregrine Falcon is far from uncommon.
(1257), Falco jugger.—The Laggar Falcon.
(1255), Falco peregrinator,—The Shahin Falcon. Now and again specimens
have been secured close to Srinagar.
(1259). Faleo milvipes—The Shanghai Falcon, I expect this bird will be
found in the northern district.
(1260). Falco subbuteo.— The Hobby breeds in the higher hills,
(1261). Falco severus—The Indian Hobby was shot in August 1902 in the
Liddar Valley, Kashmir.
(1263). salon relgulus—The Merlin is widely distributed in the winter
months,
(1261), salon chicquera.—The Red-headed Merlin is rarely to be found,
and I suspect the museum specimens were obtained from the Punjab.
(1265), Tinnunculus alaudarius—The Kestrel.
(1256), Tinnunculus cenchris—The Lesser Kestrel (doubtful).
(To be continued. )
730
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
BY
K. Myrick, B.A, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
TET,
(Continued from page 417 of this Volume.)
Besides previously mentioned contributors, 1 have received material
through the kindness of Major C. G. Nurse and Colonel C. Swinhoe,
and also some obtained by native collectors in the Khasi Hills, a por+
tion of which is included in the present instalment. as well as some
sent by the Calcutta Museum, mostly collected by Mr. G, C. Dudgeon.
Sixteen genera and sixty-one species are described as new.
PTEROPHORID®,
Exelastis, n. g.
Face smooth, Palpi moderate, slender, ascending, pointed, Tuibie slender,
smooth, Forewings cleft from 3—%, segments narrow, pointed, sometimes
broader in Q ; 2 from near angle,3 and 4 stalked from angle, 5 and 6 very
short, 7 from near upper angle, 8 and 10 stalked, 9 absent, 11 from near angle,
Hindwings cleft firstly from 3, secondly from near base, segments very narrow,
pointed, without scale-tooth in dorsal cilia; 2 remote, 3 and 4 stalked from
angle, 5 and 6 absent,
Type E. atomosa, Wals. To this genus I also refer liophanes, Meyr., hitherto
included in Marasmarcha.
Exelastis atomosa, Wals,
(Aciptilia atomosa, Wals., Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond, 1885, 885.)
The larva feeds in pods of Cajanus indicus, and has been bred: freely by Mr.
H, Maxwell-Lefroy. In this species the forewings are deeply cleft and the
segments shorter and broader inthe 2 thaninthe @—an unusual circumstance,
ORNEODIDE,
Orneodes ochrozona, n. Sp.
é @. 19-22 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark
fuscous, Palpi long, whitish-ochreous, second and terminal joints each with
two bands of dark fuscous irroration, second joint with projecting scales above
and beneath. Forewings light yellow-ochreous; costa with about twelve short
whitish strigule edged with dark fuscous ; apex suffused with blackish ; basal
third of wing irrorated with dark fuscous ; median and subterminal zigzag bands
of dark fuscous irroration, margined by whitish lines edged with dark fuscous,
obsolete on costal lobe ; apex of each lobe with a black dot, Hindwings as
forewings, but costal lobe marked like the rest, median band nearer base.
Bhotan, in June ; several specimens in collection of Calcutta Museum, to
which I amindebted for examples, Near sikkima, Moore, but that is a grey
species,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 731
EPIBLEMID,
Chrosis ephippias, 0. sp.
@ @. 11-16mm,. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, sometimes partially
tinged with brownish-ochreous, Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreons,
Forewings elongate, rather broader in @, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen straight, somewhat oblique ; whitish-ochreous, strewn with brownish-
ochreous strigule which are finely sprinkled with black ; costa more sharply
and darkly strigulated throughout ; basal patch very obscurely indicated,
edge obtusely angulated in middle ; upper half of central fascia dark-brown,
truncate beneath, posterior edge with a strong acute projection above trunca-
tion ; rest of central fascia represented by an elongate dark-brown discal
mark at 2, its anterior end sometimes curved and connected with costal half,
anda brown blotch with two upward diverging lobes on dorsum towards
tornus ; a triangular brown spot in disc towards apex ; a small dark brown
apical spot: cilia ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with fuscous, with dark fuscous
subbasal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked, rather dark fuscous; cilia as
in forewings,
Puttalam and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray, Green, Vaughan) ;
Bombay (Young) ; from July to April, twenty specimens,
Proschistis, n. g.
Palpi moderate, porrected. Antenne in ¢ strongly fasciculate-ciliated (3),
Thorax with small posterior crest. Forewings in @ without fold, termen
sinuate ; 7, 8,9 approximated at base. Hindwings with 3, 4,5 approximated
at base, 6 and 7 approximated towards base,
Allied to Zucosma.
Proschistis zaleuta, 0. sp.
6 &. 18-25 mm, Head and thorax dark fuscous, irrorated and thorax some-
times partly suffused with whitish, Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate,
slightly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little
oblique; white, sprinkled with dark fuscous and strewn with dark fuscous
strigule, veins except posteriorly obscurely suffused with dark purplish-leaden;
costa spotted with dark fuscous ; basal patch indicated by coalescence of dark
fuscous strigule, but undefined ; central fascia dark fuscous, narrow, irregular
and uadefined on upper half, broad and strongly marked on lower half; a
subquadrate dark fuscous spot on costa towards apex, whence proceeds a narrow
striga to tornus, sometimes confluent with a narrow transverse spot before
middle of termen: cilia fuscous, irrorated with white and indistinctly barred
with dark fuscous, Hindwings and cilia fuscous.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Alston, de Mowbray, Green) ; from July to Sep-
tember, twenty specimens,
Platypeplus tetracona, n, sp.
& Q. 24-29 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous, sprinkled with
dark fuscous, Abdomen light fuscous, Brush of posterior tibize whitish in
&, shorter and ochreous-tinged in 2, Forewings elongate, considerably dilated,
23
732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
costa rather strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly rounded, nearly
vertical ; ochreous-whitish, more or less strigulated variably with ochreous,
ferruginous, or dark fuscous ; triangular dark fuscous dorsal blotches indicat-
ing posterior portions of basal patch and central fascia, respectively ; basa] patch
otherwise indicated by dark striz, little defined, outer edge irregular ; rest of
central fascia deep ochreous, dark ferruginous, or dark fuscous, moderately
broad, reaching from costa 3 across wing, then posteriorly with an abrupt
upwardly oblique elongate lobe extending above the triangular dorsal blotch,
but clearly separated from it; a broad similarly coloured triangular apical
patch : cilia ochreous-whitish, suffusedly mixed with fuscous or dark fuscous,
except towards tornus, Hindwings and cilia fuscous,
Maskeliya, Ceylon (de Mowbray, Alston, Pole); in February, March, and
October, seven specimens,
Excosma orophias, n. sp.
@ &. 21-24 mm. Head and thorax grey, mixed with dark grey and whitish-
ochreous, sometimes suffused with ferruginous; crest of thorax strong, bifid.
Antenne and abdomen rather dark grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, some-
what oblique ; dark purplish-fuscous, very finely irrorated with whitish, some-
times ferruginous-tinged, costa finely strigulated with dark and pale; dorsal
area more or less suffused with whitish, its outline running from costa near
base obliquely to fold, then forming a triangular projection upwards before
middle, beyond this running upward in a straight line to apex, edged above:
with darker suffusion posteriorly, terminal area sometimes clearer whitish
sometimes suffused with deep ferruginous; dorsum suffused with blackish
towards base ; a transverse-linear white mark in disc at 24; several minute
black dots on termen, and a larger blackish dot before tornus: cilia whitish,
ferruginous, or dark grey, variably intermixed, but always with small dark
preapical and pretornal spots, Hindwings with 3 and 4 sometimes short-
stalked ; fuscous, darker towards termen; cilia fuscous-whitish, with two
fuscous shades,
Simla (Nurse), Khasi Hills ; in August and September, seven specimens,
Sporocelis, n. g.
Palpi moderate, porrected, Antenne in @ shortly ciliated. Thorax with
posterior crest, Forewings in @ without fold, termen subsinuate, surface with
raised tufts ; 7, 8,9 approximated at base. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate,
5 parallel, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards base,
Probably an early form in the line of development of Zucosma,
Sporocelis marmaropa, Nn. sp.
@ Q. 16-18 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, partially finely sprinkled
with whitish, Abdomen fuscous, sprinkled with darker. Forewings elongate,
dilated,.costa gently arched, bent at ?, apex obiuse, termen subsinuate, oblique ;
rather dark fuscous, strewn with blackish strigule, costa suffused with
blackish ; small scattered tufts of raised scales in disc ; basal, antemedian, and
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 733
subterminal bands of purplish-leaden strie interspersed with irregular white
dots and scattered scales ; a larger white mark in disc beyond middle: cilia
purplish-leaden, mixed with dark fuscous, Hindwings rather dark fuscous ;
cilia fuscous.
Maskeliya, Ceylon ; in May and August, three specimens (de Mowbray,
Pole),
Epiblema ancyrota, n. sp.
@. 22-25mm, Head and collar light brownish, Thorax grey-whitish,
shoulders spotted with black, two dark grey dorsal dots, Abdomen grey,
Forewings very elongate, narrow, gradually dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, termen subsinuate, little oblique, rounded beneath, costal fold strong,
reaching from base to middle ; silvery-grey, closely irrorated with white, and
strewn with more or less distinct dark fuscous strigule ; a broad dark brown
suffusion, mixed with purplish-leaden, extending over costal half of wing from
near base to 3, then suddenly contracted and continued as a narrow and less
defined costal suffusion to apex ; posterior half of costa with pairs of short
whitish strigule ; an irregular dark fuscous spot in disc at 3, resting on edge
of dark costal suffusion ; a curved black linear mark from angle of costal
suffusion at 2; a series) of six or seven short black linear marks before
termen ; a smal] dark fuscous apical spot: cilia grey, irrorated with white,
suffused with white towards base, on upper part of termen suffused with
brown towards tips. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; fuscous, becoming dark
fuscous posteriorly ; cilia fuscous, with pale basal line.
Maskeliya, Ceylon; in January, March, June, and August, five specimens
(Pole, de Mowbray).
Cydia porpota, a. sp.
&@ ¢. 13-15mm, Head and palpi whitish-fuscous, second joint of palpi
tufted beneath, terminal very short. Thorax whitish, suffused with pale
fuscous, except posteriorly, Abdomen light fuscous, Forewings elongate,
rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, faintly
sinuate in middle, somewhat obliquely rounded beneath ; whitish ; costa
suffused with fuscous, and obliquely strigulated with dark ferruginous-brown
and whitish ; dorsum suffused with fuscous and strigulated with darker fuscous ;
some scattered fuscous or dark fuscous strigule in disc anteriorly ; a small dark
fuscous spot beneath fold at 4, indicating angle of basal patch ; a narrow,
undefined, fuscous and brown fascia from : of costa to before tornus, almost
interrupted beneath costa, broadest on lower half and somewhat marked with
black posteriorly ; a moderate round brown or fuscous spot towards apex,
marked with about 6—8 variable black dots ; a ferruginous-brown stria from
costa before apex to termen above tornus, preceded and followed by silvery-
leaden striz from costa ; a small ferruginous-brown apical spot : cilia fuscous,
irrorated with white, with a white tornal patch, Hindwings wit 13 and 4 long-
stalked ; grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with two grey shades,
Mhow, in June ; four specimens (Swinhoe),
734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Cydia clydonias, n. sp.
6 2. 22—24mm, Headand thorax light fuscous, irrorated with fuscous-
whitish, Abdomen fuscous, Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat
dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, little oblique,
rounded beneath ; fuscous, all scales finely tipped with whitish, sometimes
with faint darker strigule ; costal edge dark fuscous with pairs of obliqae
whitish strigule ; a rather oblique more or less dark fuscous irregular streak
from 4 of dorsum, reaching half across wing, sometimes almost wholly obsolete ;
a very oblique more or less defined fuscous mark from middle of costa,
extremity curved up to near costa at 3; an icregular fuscous spot in middle of
disc, partially marked with black and edged with whitish, two upper angles
produced into elongate lobes, so as to form a crescent concave above, sometimes
partially obsolete ; a strongly upcurved fuscous mark, edged with black and
then with whitish, from near posterior arm of this spot to middle of termen,
always well defined, from anterior extremity of which proceed one or two
darker strigze to tornus ; a small blackish-fuscous apical spot: cilia fuscous,
towards tornus whitish-fuscous, Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate ; fuscous,
darker towards termen ; cilia fuscous, with darker sub-basal line,
Wellawaya, Ceylon (Green) ; Muok-lek, Siam (Swinhoe) ; in November and
January, Seven specimens.
Laspeyresia tricentra, 0, sp.
6 Q. 11-13 mm. Head and thorax rather dark fuscous, closely irrorated
with ochreous-grey-whitish. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, lightly
dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little oblique ;
rather dark fuscous, finely irrorated with ochreous-grey-whitish, with indis-
tinct darker transverse striz ; a series of short oblique dark fuscous strigz
from costa, alternating with bluish-leaden-metallic strigee which rise from
pairs of pale costal strigule, becoming longer posteriorly ; a very faint hardly
paler slightly leaden-tinged subtriangular blotch on middle of dorsum ; ocellus
laterally margined with leaden-metallic, marked with three somewhat elongate
black dots touching posterior edge: cilia fuscous, irrorated with whitish.
Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia pale fuscous, with dark
fuscous basal line,
Maskeliya, Peradeniya, and Puttalam, Ceylon; Travancore, Mhow
Bombay, Poona (Pole, Green, Swinhoe); ten specimens, Larva feeds in stems of
Crotalaria (“ Dekkan hemp” ) (Green), This is tbe insect recorded in
Swinhoe’s Catalogue (No. 4768) as Dichrorampha subsequana, Haw., an erro-
neous identification. I have seen Swinhoe’s original specimens ; there is no
reason to suppose that the true subsequana occurs in India, and it should be
removed from the list,
TORTRICIDA,
Oxygrapha dictyodes, 1, sp.
6 @. 16-18 mm, Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, Forewings elon-
gate, oblong, costa strongly arched towards base, slightly roughened with
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 735
scales towards 4, faintly sinuate in middle, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate,
oblique ; fuscous, finely and densely irrorated with white, appearing pale
grey ; veins and numerous transverse strigule fuscous, forming an irregular
network ; five slender transverse fuscous strie mixed with black slightly
raised scales, first marking edge of basal patch, angulated in middle, second
and third marking edges of central fascia, second slightly curved, third irre-
cular, fourth from % of costa to tornus, fifth from costa near apex to near
middle of termen ; costa sometimes with a triangular grey or fuscous suffu-
sion, extending from second stria to fifth : cilia grey, sprinkled with whitish,
with blackish-grey subbasal line. Hindwings light grey, faintly strigulated
with darker ; cilia as in forewings.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in August, January, and February ; five specimens
(Pole, de Mowbray, Alston),
Oxygrapha loxoscia, n. sp.
&@ @. 14-16 mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous, tinged with purplish.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous-grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, hardly
dilated, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, apex round-
pointed, termen slightly sinuate, oblique ; ochreous or ferruginous, in lighter
specimens obscurely strigulated with fuscous, in darker specimens with indis-
tinct purplish-leaden transverse strige ; scattered minute black dots of raised
seales ; an oblique undefined fuscous shade from 2 of costa to middle of
dorsum : citia ochreous, between apex and tornus light ochreous.-yellowish, on
tornus suffused with grey. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish, in Q suffused
with pale grey posteriorly ; cilia ochreous-whitish, in Q greyish-tinged.,
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in October ; six specimens (Pole, Alston),
Tortriz encausta, 0. sp.
@ 23-25 mm, 9 32-34 mm. Head and thorax light brownish-ochreous,
Palpi very short, with appressed scales, subascending, Abdomenin ¢ greyish-
ochreous, in Q yellow-ochreous, Forewings moderately broad, in @ narrowed
anteriorly, in Q sub-oblong, costa towards base in @ gently,in Q strongly
arched, thence in @ nearly straight, in 9 sinuate, apex obtuse, termen in é
hardly sinuate, little oblique, in Q strongly sinuate beneath apex, bowed
beneath, vertical ; brownish-ochreous, with fine scattered grey or dark grey
strigule, chiefly towards margins, often more or less suffused with light
purplish-fuscous ; basal patch represented in ¢ by a very dark green trapezoidal
blotch resting on dorsum towards base, reaching half across wing, in 2 by a
small irregular dark green transverse mark beneath costa at 3; in & upper
half of central fascia very dark green, irregular, becoming brown on costa, in
Q this mark is broken up and much reduced, rising on costa nearer base at Be
three small semi-oval dark brown marks on posterior half of costa: cilia pale
brownish-ochreous, tips brown, except towards tornus, Hindwings in a
fuscous, towards costa posteriorly sometimes slightly tinged with orange, and
strigulated with darker ; in 2 light ochreous-orange, towards dorsum some-
times slightly infuscated, posteriorly strigulated with fuscous, terminal edge
736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
sometimes fuscous ; ciliain ¢ fuscous, in 2 light fuscous,
Peradeniya, Maskeliya, Gampola, Ceylon, from May to January ; fourteen
specimens (Pole, Green, Alston),
Ulodemis, n. g.
Antenne in ¢ shortly ciliated, with dorsal notch in stalk near base. Palpi
rather long, porrected, Thorax without crest, Forewings with 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to termen, Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 closely approxi-
mated at base, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked.,
Apparently allied to Pandemis,
Ulodemis trigrapha, n. sp.
2. 20-23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown, forehead in @ with
blackish spot. Abdomen bronzy-grey. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa an-
teriorly moderately arched, posteriorly slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen in
& almost straight, somewhat oblique, in Q somewhat sinuate, hardly oblique,
rounded beneath ; brown, more or less strewn with blackish-grey strigule, in
Q sometimes hardly perceptible ; three obscure slender whitish oblique trans.
verse lines, nearly straight and tolerably parallel, indicating edge of basal
patch and margins of moderate central fascia, which are hardly darker than
ground colour: cilia brown, tips pale. Hindwings in @ with subdorsal
groove containing expansible hair-pencil; grey; cilia light grey, with darker
basal line.
Bhotan (3,000 feet) in April, May and August ; three specimens (Dudgeon).
GELECHIADA,
Thyrsostoma, n. g.
Head smooth ; tongue developed. Antenne 3?,in @ moderately ciliated (1),
basal joint very long, without pecten, second joint also elongate, about half
basal, its apex angularly prominent above. Labial palpi long, recurved, second
joint with very long fine expansible fringe of hairs beneath, terminal joint as
long as second, thick, tolerably pointed, Maxillary palpi rudimentary, Pos-
terior tibie with three tufts of scales above. Forewings with 4 absent, 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to costa, 9 absent, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings 3, very
narrowly elongate-trapezoidal, acutely pointed from 3, cilia 4; 2-5 parallel,
6 and 7 approximated towards base.
Apparently related to Aristotelia.
Thyrsostoma glaucitis, D.sp.
@. 12-13mm. Head and thorax shining white. Palpi white, apex grey-
ish. Antenne white, stalk grey above. Abdomen pale shining silvery-grey,
basal half dorsally greyish-ochreous, Forewings linear-lanceolate, widest near
base, gradually attenuated to acute apex ; grey with pale metallic-blue reflec-
tions ; a narrow inwardly oblique whitish fascia at 4 ; an ill-defined irregular
whitish discal spot at 2: cilia light grey. Hindwings and cilia grey, towards
base paler and ochreous-tinged,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, in June; two specimens bred “ from mango leaf”
(Green).
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 737
Pachnistis, n. g.
Head with appressed scales ; tongue developed. Antenne 3, in @ rather
thick, serrate, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long, re-
curved, second joint considerably thickened with appressed scales, terminal
joint rather longer than second, stout, compressed, acute. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Posterior tibie clothed with rather short rough scales, Fore-
wings with 1b furcate, 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
costa, 9 absent, 11 from middle, Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse,
termen slightly sinuate, cilia 3; 3 and 4 connate, 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7
stalked.
Allied to Protolechia,
Pachnistis cephatochra, u. sp.
6. 15 mm. Head pale whitish-ochreous, Palpi whitish-ochreous, second
joint dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint with two or three dark
fuscous scales. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen rather dark
fuscous, paler-mixed, Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; rather dark fuscous, sprinkled with
light greyish-ochreous : cilia light fuscous, sprinkled with darker. Hindwings
fuscous, paler towards base ; cilia light greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with
fuscous,
Bhotan (4,500 feet), in July ; two specimens (Dudgeon),
Tiriza, Walk,
This uame supersedes Macrotona, Meyr.; I have recently obtained the type-
species from Borneo,
Tiriza trigonopis, 0. sp.
@. 21-24mm. Head and thorax glossy whitish-ochreous, shoulders fuscous,
Palpi ozhreous-whitish, second joint fuscous except at apex, terminal longer
than second, Antenne ochreous-whitish, thinly ciliated (13), Abdomen pale
greyisb, apex whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly
arched, subsinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, oblique ; light
fuscous or brownish, suffusedly mixed with whitish-ochreous ; a suffused dark
fuscous spot on base of costa; an elongate-triangular dark fuscous patch
extending in disc from near base to 3 ; an undefined dark fuscous dot beneath
costa just beyond this; a small triangular dark fuscous spot in -dise
at 3 ;a pale line, preceded by darker suffusion, from 3 of costa to + of dorsum,
slightly indented above middle: cilia ‘whitish-ochreous, with a pale fuscous
antemedian shade, Hindwings whitish-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
Simla, in May ; two specimens (Nurse).
Lecithocera plocamandra, nu. sp.
@@. 15-16 mm, Head and thorax fuscous, face paler, frontal fillet white,
Palpi whitish-fuscous, terminal joint anteriorly dark fuscous, Antenne white,
Abdomen greyish-ochreous, anal tuft yellowish-ochreous. Posterior tibie in
é@ with large expansible tuft of very long pale ochreous-yellowish hairs from
base above. Forewings elongate, narrow ; costa gently arched, apex round-
738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
pointed, termen nearly straight, oblique ; 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to termen; light
fuscous: cilia pale fuscous, tips more whitish, Hindwings in ¢ beneath
with large expansible tuft of very long pale ochreous-yellowish hairs from
base of dorsum ; light fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia as in
forewings,
Sikkim (1,800 feet), Bhotan ; in May and July, three specimens (Dudgeon),
Brachmia arcifera,u, sp.
& @ 9. 14-15mm. Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, sides of crown
with a whitish-ochreous line. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint longer than
second, ochreous-whitish in front. Antenne ochreous-whitish, spotted with
fuscous beneath, Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen concave, ‘oblique; 2 and 3 long-
stalked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to termen ; dark purplish-bronzy-fuscous ; stigmata
blackish, plical and first discal confluent, edged posteriorly by a slightly curved
ochreous-whitish line from? of costa to middle of dorsum, second discal
obscurely edged with whitish and with an additional similar dot beneath it ; an
ochreous-whitish dot on costa at 4: cilia fuscous, base obscurely paler,
Hindwings and cilia fuscous,
Bhotan, in June ; two specimens (Dudgeon).
Thymiatris, n. g.
Head with loosely appressed hairs ; tongue obsolete, Antenne 3, in @ moder-
ately ciliated (1), basal joint elongate, stout, without pecten, Labial palpi
rather long, recurved, second joint with rough projecting scales beneath,
terminal joint shorter than second, rather loosely scaled, pointed, Maxillary
palpi rudimentary, Anterior tarsi thickened with rough projecting scales
throughout ; posterior tibiz rough-haired above and beneath, Forewings with
1b long-furcate, 2 from +, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex, 10 remote, 11 from be-
fore middle. Hindwings considerably over 1, trapezoidal-ovate, termen not
sinuate, cilia ¢ ; 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked,
Allied to Brachmia.
Thymiatris melitacma, n. sp.
&. 42-44mm. Head and palpi pale ochreous, palpi suffused with dark
fuscous towards base. Antenne dark fuscous towards base, pale ochreous above.
Thorax whitish, irrorated with fuscous, Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous.
Forewings very elongate, narrow, gradually slightly dilated, costa almost straight,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique ; ochreous-
whitish, irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous, costa and subcostal veins
suffused with dark fuscous ; two cloudy dark fuscous dots placed transversely
in disc beyond 3; traces of a cloudy darker angulated subterminal line; an
ochreous-yellowish streak mixed with fuscous round apex and termen to near
tornus: cilia whitish-ochreous, tips and an antemedian line ochreous-fuscous
mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish-ochreous, cilia with an
interrupted fuscous subbasal line.
Khasi Hills ; two specimens,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 739
XYLORYCTID Ax
Afolanthes, n, g.
_ Head with appressed scales, side-tufts erect and meeting above crown; tongue
developed, Antenne 4, stout, flattened, in @ simple, basal joint short,
without pecten, Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint thickened
with scales, somewhat rough towards apex beneath, terminal joint much shorter
than second, thick, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary, Thorax with
posterior crest, Posterior tibie rough-haired above. Forewings with anterior
costal scale-projection ; 1b furcate, 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 7 and 8 stalked,
7 to termen, 9 closely approximated to 7,11 from middle. Hindwings, 1, tra-
pezoidal, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, cilia 2 ; cell shorter in @, less than
half wing, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 stalked,
upper margin of cell curved upwards, but not connected with 8,
Type dz. callidora,
Holanthes callidora, n, sp.
OQ. 21-24 mm, Head and thorax brown, mixed with ochreous and
whitish. Palpi ochreous-brown, terminal joint fuscous, somewhat sprinkled
with whitish, Antennz and abdomen fuscous, Forewings elongate, moderately
broad, costa gently arched, with broad scale-projection before middle, apex
obtuse, termen rather oblique, in @ nearly straight,in Q more rounded; deep
orange-ochreous, more orange towards costa ; a narrow white median longitu-
dinal streak from near base to middle, edged with grey ; space between this
and costa broadly suffused with white, towards costal scale-protuberance white
mixed with leaden-grey ; a dark red-brown streak along dorsum from near base
to 2, edged with purplish-grey suffusion, and posteriorly dilated into a triangu-
lar spot edged with white ; a transverse discal mark at 2 and some irregular
suffused spots betweer veins beyond and above this pale yellow ; an oblique
white mark beneath costa towards apex and two or three dots beneath it,
preceded by some red-brown suffusion ; between this and apex some leaden-grey
suffusion beneath costa; an irregular interrupted white streak along termen:
cilia ochreous, mixed with darker and whitish. Hindwings pale greyish-ochre-
ous, with fine scattered dark fuscous hair-scales, especially towards tornus ;
cilia ochreous-whitish, towards tornus with fuscous subbasal shade.
Khasi Hills ; three specimens (Swinhoe),
Ajolanthes rhodochrysa, n. sp.
&. 18-19mm. Head pale ochreous, Palpideep ochreous mixed with fuscous ;
subapical ring of second joint and basal, median, and apical rings of terminal
joint whitish-ochreous. Antenne ochreous-fuscous, Thorax deep orange-
ochreous, Abdomen grey, Forewings elongate, moderate, costa anteriorly
moderately, posteriorly gently arched, with broad scale-projection before
middle, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; deep orange-ochreous
suffused with yellow, and partially tinged with crimson; an oblique spot of
crimson suffusion in disc towards base ; a broad curved oblique whitish fascia
from costa before middle, suffused with yellowish posteriorly, becoming broken
24
740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
up in dise and not reaching dorsam ; beyond this a narrower fascia of purplish-
crimson suffusion, edges irregularly dentate and marked with dark fuscous,
obsolete towards dorsum, an acute median projection of posterior edge followed
by some whitish suffusion ; a pale crimson streak mixed with white round apex
and tornus: cilia deep yellow, obscurely barred with yellow-whilish, above
apex suffused with orange on basal half, Hindwings pale grey, darker towards
tornus ; cilia whitish-yellowish,
Khasi Hills ; two specimens,
Paradoris, n, 1.
I propose this name for the genus described by Heinemann under the name
of Euteles, which is preoccupied in Coleoptera (1834).
Paradsris anaphracta, n, sp.
@- 12-13 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, slightly sprinkled with fuscous, Palpi
fuscous irrorated with blackish, apex of second joint white, terminal joint
whitish with a few dark fuscous specks, Antenne fuscous. Thorax ochreous-
whitish sprinkled with fuscous, shoulders narrowly dark fuscovs, Abdomen
pale ochreous, more or Jess suffused with fuscous, Forewings elongate, rather
narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;
ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous, thinly sprinkled with fuscous; a
small blackish spot on base of costa ; stigmata blackish, plical somewhat beyond
first discal, second discal connected by a slightly incurved blackish streak with
dorsum before tornus, followed by an undefined band of darker irroration from
3 of costa to tornus; undefined spots of blackish irroration round apex and
termen : cilia ochreous-whitish, Hindwings grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous,
Bhotan (4,500 feet), from May to July ; three specimens (Dudgeon),
Ptochoryctis rosaria, 0. sp.
AQ. 23-24 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen snow-white, Palpiand an-
tenne grey. Forewings elongate, moderately broad, costa moderately arched,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded, shining snow-white ; a sub-
marginal series of seven black dots round apex and termen: cilia white. Hind-
ings and cilia white.
bhutan, in April and May ; two specimens (Dudgeon).
Trypherantis, nu. g.
Head with appressed scales, side-tufts loosely raised; tongue obsolete, An-
tenne #,in @ moderately ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten, Labial
palpi long, recurved, with appressed scales, terminal joint somewhat shorter
than second, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiz clothed with
rough hairs above, Forewings with 1b furcate, 2 from 4, 4 and 5 approximated,
7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 9 absent, 11 from about middle. Hindwings over
1, ovate, cilia + ; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 short stalked,
Apparently allied to Ptochoryctis,
Trypherantis atelogramma, n, sp.
@. 24-26 mm, Head, palpi, and antenne ochreous-whitish, base of palpi
fuscous, Thorax and abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, pos-
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 741
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rather ob-
liquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous; all veins marked by rather irregular
lines of blackish irroration, broadly obsolete towards base and ceasing abruptly
near other margins, streak of transverse vein more or less dilated ; an inter-
rupted blackish line round apex and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, with an
obscure interrupted fuscous antemedian line, Hindwings whitish-ochreous ; a
terminal series of fuscous marks ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
Bhotan, Sikkim, in May and June; three specimens (Dudgeon),
Epimactis, n. g.
Head loosely haired ; tongue developed. Antenne 4,in @ strongly ciliated
(2), basal joint moderate, without pecten, Labial palpi long, recurved, second
joint with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, slender, acute.
Maxillary palpi rudimentary, Posterior tibiz clothed with long hairs above.
Forewings with 16 furcate, 2 from towards angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex, 1
from middle. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal-ovate, cilia 4; 4 absent, 3 and 5
approximated at base, 6 and 7 stalked.
Allied to Myriopleura and Trichernis.
Epimactis monodoxa, n, sp.
62. 19-23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen whitish-
ochreous, slightly yellowish-tinged, Forewings elongate, costa moderately
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded; whitish-ochreous,
yellowish-tinged, towards dorsum slightly tinged with brownish ; discal stigmat
fuscous, first minute, second moderate, round: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hin@
wings in @ light grey, in 9 whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
Bhotan, in June ; four specimens (Dudgeon).
CH COPHORIDA,
Lactistiea, n. g.
Head with loosely appressed hairs; tongue obsolete, Antenne 3, in @
strongly ciliated with fascicles (3), basal joint stout, without pecten (?). Labial
palpi moderately long, recurved, second joint much thickened with dense rough
projecting scales beneath, almost tufted anteriorly, terminal joint shorter than
second, moderate, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Abdomen rather
elongate. Anterior tibie and tarsi thickened with dense hair-scales, posterior
tibie and tarsi sometimes greatly elongated. Forewings with tufts of
raised scales in disc ; 1b furcate, 2, 3, 4 closely approximated from angle, 7 and
8 stalked, 7 to apex, 11 from before middle, Hindwings, elongate-ovate, cilia
i; 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 parallel.
Type ZL. geranodes, This curious genus is perhaps related to Chimabache,
Lactistica geranodes, n. sp.
g. 47mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen grey mixed with
dark fuscous. Legs dark grey, anterior pair mixed with whitish and blackish,
posterior tibie very elongate, tufted with scales towards apex above and
externally, posterior tarsi greatly elongate, half as long again as tibie, at apex
with tuft of scales above, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa almost straight,
742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, oblique ; rather dark fuscous, sprinkled
with white and irrorated with black; posterior edge of cell marked by an
oblique white line ; a submarginal series of white interneural marks round post-
erior third of costa and termen, followed by terminal spots of blackish suffusion,
extremities of veins between these light reddish: cilia dark fuscous, with a
white spot beneath tornus, Hindwings rather dark fuscous, with traces of a
submarginal whitish line round apex and upper part of termen ; cilia white,
with dark fuscous subbasal line.
Khasi Hills; one specimen, The great development of the posterior tibie
and tarsi is a very singular feature.
Lactistica demotarcha, 0. sp.
g Y. 59-60 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, with a blackish mark on middle
of crown. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint mixed with dark fuscous, terminal
joint with dark fuscous median band, Antenne whitish ochreous, rounded-
dentate. Thorax whitish-ochreous, with a dorsal stripe mixed with brown and
blackish. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins whitish-ochreous, preced-
ed by ferruginous rings, aud tuft whitish-ochreous, Anterior and middle tibiz
ochreous mixed with reddish, black, and whitish, with expansible tuft of black
scales towards apex, anterior tarsi roughened with whorls of scales, all coxe
with patches of black scales, posterior legs normal, ochreous-whitish spotted
with blackish, tibie long-haired above. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish-
ochreous, partially faintly pinkish-tinged, irregularly irrorated with ochreous-
brown, especially towards termen; a blackish dot on base of costa ; stigmata
raised, mixed with black, plical and first discal small, plical beneath first discal,
second discal large, roundish, a similar spot on fold obliquely before second
discal ; a submarginal series of white dots or marks preceded by black irroration
or suffusion round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous
mixed with blackish. Hind-wings and cilia whitish-ochreous,
Khasi Hills ; two specimens,
Eulechria phebas, n. sp.
@. 15-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-yellow. Antennz pale
yellowish, towards apex ringed with dark fuscous, Abdomen grey, apex
yellowish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex
roundpointed, termen nearly straight, very oblique; rather deep ochreous-
yellow, posteriorly slightly brownish-tinged; base of costa narrowly dark
fuscous ; stigmata black, plical obliquely beyond first discal, a small additional
black dot beneath second discal: cilia yellow, Hindwings grey; cilia whitish=
ochreous,
Bhotau (4,500 feet), in June ; four specimens (Dudgeon),
Mylothra, n. g.
Head loosely haired, sidetufts raised; tongue apparently rudimentary,
Autenne 4,in ¢ filiform, simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labia}
palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense scales, somewhat rough
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 743
beneath towards apex, terminal joint as long as second, moderate, acute
Maxillary palpi rudimentary, Posterior tibiz clothed with long hairs, Fore-
wings with 15 furcate, 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
apex, 11 from middle, Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia almost 1; 3 and 4
connate, 5-7 tolerably parallel.
Allied to Pheosaces.
Mylothra creseritis, n, sp.
6. 19-20mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, edge of shoulders
infuscated. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous.
Antenne fuscous, Abdomen whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen
obliquely rounded, whitish-ochreous, very finely and thinly sprinkled with
fuscous ; stigmata and a pretornal dot very faintly indicated by similar
irroration, plical beneath first discal: cilia whitish-ochreous, Hindwings pale
grey irrorated with dark grey; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, with two faint
fuscous shades.
Quetta, in June and July ; two specimens (Nurse),
STENOMIDZ,
Agriophara argoplaca, n. sp.
@. 25-23 mm, Head whitish-ochreous, sides of face more or less infuscated,
crown posteriorly brownish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint infuscated,
towards base dark fuscous. Antenne fuscous, ciliations 7, Thorax pale
fuscous, Abdomen light greyish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ;
2 from angle of cell ; dark bronzy-brown, becoming whitish-fuscous iowards
dorsum and termen ; a broad white patch extending along costa from near base
to 7, and reaching nearly half across wing, posterior edge inwardly oblique and
Somewhat concave; an interrupted dark fuscous terminal line: cilia pale
fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish-fuscous,
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March, June, and October; three specimens (de
Mowbray, Pole).
Agriophara encryphias, 0. sp.
6 Q. 23-24 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown fuscous-tinged. Palpi
whitish, second joint fuscous except towards apex. Antennx grey. Thorax
fuscous mixed with whitish. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, moderately
broad, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse,
termen somewhat oblique, slightly rounded ; 7 to termen; white, with some
scattered fuscous scales, costa ochreous-tinged, dorsal half suffused with light
fuscous; very small fuscous spots on costa at 2 and 2, giving rise to indistinct
oblique series of fuscous dots on costal half of wing ; cloudy subtriangular
spots of dark fuscous suffusion on dorsum before middle and at 3; a terminal
series of minute dark fuscous dots: cilia whitish, tinged with fuscous towards
tornus, Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish with grey subbasal line.
Khasi Hills ; two specimens (Swinhoe),
744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
ELACHISTIDAE,
Stathmopoda heaatyla, un, sp.
&Q.18-20 mm, Head yellow-ochreous, face paler, Palpi whitish-ochre-
ous, base dull bronzy-grey. Antenne pale ochreous, ciliations in a 6.
Thorax yellow-ochreous, with three anterior leaden-grey spots, Abdomen
whitish-grey, Posterior tibiw and tarsi at apex of joints with grey spots and
exyanded whorls of yellow-ochreous scales. Forewings linear-lanceolate,
wilest near base, attenuated to acute and slightly curved apex ; deep ochreous»
yellow ; three round metallic leaden-grey spots in disc, first almost basal,
second at 4, third at %: cilia pale greyish-ochreous to grey. Hindwings linear,
cilia 8 ; pale grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous or greyish.
Maskeliya and Madulsima, Ceylon, in April, July, and October; four speci-
mens (Pole, Vaughan),
Stagmatophora arachnitis, 0. sp.
&@. 14-17 mm, Head and thorax ferruginous-ochreous, face whitish,
sides of crown slenderly white, Palpi whitish, second joint ferruginous
except apex, terminal joint longer than second, with base and two bands
blackish. Antenne white, with blackish annulations connected by a blackish
line, Abdomen grey, basal half golden-ochreous. Forewings lanceolate,
apex slightly curved; 7 and 8 out of 6; ferruginous-brown ; very slender
white lines finely edged with black as follows, viz, an irregular line from
beneath base of costa to 4+ of disc, nearly meeting at an acute angle an oblique
white mark beneath fold, a line along fold from base to beyond middle, a line
along costa from near base to 3, where it forms a transverse white posteriorly
black-edged mark reaching nearly half across wing, and an irregular angulated
line from beneath costa at 2 through disc almost to apex of this mark; a sub-
triangular leaden-grey-metallic laterally black-edged spot beneath this mark,
separated from it by a light ferruginous-ochreous spot ; some irregular marks
between this and apex, and an elongate apical spot light ferruginous-ochreous,
surrounded with fuscous suffusion ; a transverse black mark from costa at #,
edged posteriorly with whitish: cilia ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous
towards base, beneath tornus greyer, Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January, February, May, and July ; six specimens
(Pole).
Stagmatophora notochorda, n. sp.
&Q. 10-13 mm, Head, palpi and antenne ochreous-whitish, terminal joint
of palpi with dark fuscous anterior line except towards base. Thorax light
reddish-brown, with broad ochreous-whitish dorsal stripe. Abdomen pale
ochreous, Forewings narrow-lanceolate, 7 and 8 out of 6 ; light brown, slightly
reddish-tinged ; a fine costal streak from near base to 3, a fine median line
from base to %,a broad dorsal streak (sometimes partially broken up with
ground colour) from base to tornus, and fine streaks on veins posteriorly
ochreous-whitish ; undefined marks of black irroration on upper edge of dorsal]
streak ot 4 and beyond middle, first sometimes strong, oblique, and sometimes
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 745
other scattered variable short marks of blackish irroration beween veins: cilia
pale ochreous-grey. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey.
Puttalam, Ceylon, from November to February ; six specimens (Pole),
Limnecia proclina, n. sp.
Q. 14-15 mm. Head dark bronzy-fuscous, face more or less mixed with
whitish ochreous. Palpi whitish, second joint with four, terminal joint with
three longitudinal blackish lines, Antenne whitish, ringed and lined with
blackish, Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, more or less mixed with whitish,
Abdomen rather dark grey mixed with whitish-ochreous and whitish. Forewings
lanceolate ; dark bronzy-fuscous or blackish ; a moderate oblique whitish fascia
partly suffused with ochreous-yellowish about +, dilated on dorsum; an ochre-
ous-whitish dot on middle of costa, a small spot on dorsum a little beyond it,
and a small spot on costa at 4, more yellowish on margin ; some minute white
marginal dots round apex : cilia light grey sprinkled with blackish, with a large
whitish-ochreous tornal patch. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February, March, June and October; five specimens
(Pole).
PLUTELLIDAE,
I propose to transfer the groups of Gracilaria and Zelleria to this family,
reserving discussion for the present,
Gracilaria thriambica, n, sp.
@.13 mm, Crown of head yellow, face white, each witha transverse
crimson band, Palpi crimson, terminal joint of labial white, becoming ochre-
ous-yellow towards apex. Antenne ochreous-grey, basal joint yellow, above it
a crimson ring, Thorax crimson, posterior half white, Abdomen light grey,
beneath white with dark grey rings. Legs ochreous-whitish ringed with dark
grey, anterior and middle femora and tibie yellow banded with crimson.
Forewings elongate, very narrow, parallel-sided, short-pointed ; crimson ;
markings bright yellow, partially edged with black ; an oblique fascia near base,
a curved oblique mark from costa before 4, four approximated oblique wedge-
shaped marks from costa between 2 and 3, a rounded spot on dorsum about
middle, and another more trapezoidal on tornus ; a black longitudinal streak
in disc from beyond middle to 4 ; a transverse series of three yellow-ochreous
dots towards apex, costal preceded and followed by white marks, median
followed by a round black preapical spot: cilia pale grey, round apex
yellow with basal third crimson, Hindwing grey ; cilia light grey.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January ; one specimen (Pole),
Coriscium hieranthes, 0. sp.
6 Y. 10-11 mm, Head white, crown yellowish-tinged, collar pale crimson.
Palpi pale crimson, terminal joint of labial yellowish-white. Antenne light
ochreous, basal joint yellowish-white. Thorax crimson, posterior third white,
Abdomen grey. Legs yellowish ringed with dark grey. Forewings sublinear,
slightly narrowed posteriorly, shortly round-pointed ; crimson ; markings
pale yeilow, finely edged with blackish ; a dot on costa near base, a curved
745 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
oblique mark from costa at +, four approximated oblique parallel-sided marks
from costa between #4 and 3, and four semi-oval equidistant dorsal spots ; a
round almost apical fuscous spot, centred with black, and edged beneath by a
white mark : cilia grey, at apex yellow with basal third crimson, above apex
with a dark grey hook, Hindwings and cilia rather dark grey,
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in August ; two specimens (de Mowbray),
Conopomorpha isochorda, n. sp,
& ¢. 6-7 mm, Head and thorax greyish-bronze, face white, Palpi white.
Antenne grey ringed with white, beneath white. Abdomen grey, Forewings
linear, pointed ; bronzy-grey ; costal edge whitish ; a series of oblique cloudy
pale ochreous strige from dorsum, becoming obsolete towards costa ; a fine
whitish line from tornus to near apex ; a dark grey prxapical dot, extreme apex
ferruginous-orange : cilia ochreous-whitish, basal third light shining rosy-purple,
edged by a deep violet line, Hindwings grey ; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish,
Peradeniya, Ceylon ; twenty specimens (Green). Larva mines in young
leaves of ebony, Diospyros emblyopieris (Green). Owing to the extreme
slenderness and delicacy of the wings the neuration proved very difficult to
ascertain, but in a denuded specimen the forewing appeared to be as follows :
1b simple, 2 from +, 4 and 5 approximated from angle, 6 and 8 long-stalked, 6 to
termen, 7 absent, 9 and 10 from near 8, 11 absent.
Zelleria petrias, 0. sp.
& Q. 20-21 mm. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous, more or less
mixed with fuscous, Palpi fuscous, mixed with whitish-ochreous towards
apex of joints, Antenne grey. Abdomen grey, apex ochreous-whitish,
Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute, somewhat
produced, termen sinuate, extremely oblique ; 4 and 5 separate ; light grey ;
four longitudinal series of minute black dots, first subcostal, not reaching
beyond middle, others fairly complete ; an oblique spot of blackish-grey
suffusion above dorsum at 2, and some undefined dark fuscous scales in dise
at middle and 2: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, on costa mixed with dark grey,
at apex witha blackish basal dot, Hindwings light grey, with a small trans-
parent basal patch ; cilia whitish-ochreous-grey,
Simla, in April and May ; two specimens (Nurse),
Yponomeuta melanaster, v. 8p.
& Q. 20-24mm, Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax grey ; thorax with
two black dots on shoulders, four on back, and one on posterior extremity.
Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique ; ochreous-grey ; 17-21 moderate round
black dots scattered throughout disc, viz., two near base, four in a subdorsal
series, three or four in a subcostal series, three approximated in a curved trans-
verse series above fold at 4, one or two on fold posteriorly, and a group of from
three to six towards apex: cilia ochreous-grey. Hindwings with lanceolate
transparent basal patch ; dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with darker basal shade.
Puttalam, Ceylon, in December and January ; two specimens (Pole).
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 747
Pyrozela casita, 0, sp.
@. 17-18mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax shining white, Abdo-
men grey-whitish, Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,
termen nearly straight, oblique, shining white ; extreme base of costa blackish ;
a transparent patch and longitudinal groove beneath between cell and vein 12
near base, 11 bent at base to make room for this: cilia white. Hindwings and
cilia whitish-grey.
Bhotan, in September ; two specimens (Dudgeon),
Pyrozela argophenes, 0. sp.
6 Q. 15-18mm. Head, antennzx, and thorax white, Palpi white, apex of
second joint sometimes tinged with fuscous. Abdomen light grey. Forewings
elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely
rounded ; shining white; an oblique streak of dark fuscous irroration from
middle of dorsum, reaching nearly half across wing; a short fuscous mark
along dorsum before tornus ; sometimes a few scattered fuscous scales in disc,
and on costa towards apex: cilia light brown, outer third dark fuscous.
Hindwings grey, paler towards base ; cilia grey-whitish, with grey basal line.
Khasi Hills ; five specimens,
Pyrozela tridelta, n. sp.
6 @. 20-24 mm, Head yellow, back of crown red. Palpi yellow, second
joint mixed with red, Antenne pale yellowish, towards base reddish-tinged,
thorax yellow, anterior margin and posterior half except extremity crimson,
Abdomen pale crimson, Forewings elongate, - somewhat dilated, anteriorly
gently, posteriorly strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;
2 and 3 stalked; crimson-fuscous, becoming bright crimson on margins cf
wing or of markings ; markings clear yellow ; a triangular blotch extending on
costa from ; to 3, and reaching nearly half across wing; a bent streak from
near dorsum towards base to near apex of costal blotch; two small spots near
dorsum towards middle, first sometimes obsolete; an oblique streak from
lower angle of cell to dorsum just before tornus ; an irregular marginal streak
round posterior fourth of costa and apex to below middle of termen: cilia
yellow, on lower part of termen crimson-fuscous, Hindwings pale crimson ;
cilia pale crimson, at apex pale yellowisb.
Khasi Hills ; twelve specimens,
Pyrozela anticlina, n. sp,
& ¢. 18-19mm, Head yellow, lower part of face and a dot on crown
red, Palpi red, apex pale yellowish, Antenne yellow, Thorax yellow, collar
and posterior margin crimson-red, Abdomen light ochreous-rosy, Forewings
elongate, costa moderately arched towards base and apex, nearly straight
towards middle, apex rounded-obtuse, termen oblique, slightly rounded ; rather
light crimson, deeper on margins, dorsum more or less orange ; costa narrowly
yellow from about 7 to $; an outwardly oblique yellow bar from z of dorsum,
reaching nearly half across wing, and a similar inwardly oblique bar from
before tornus; a yellow dot above middle of dorsum: cilia yellow, on lower
25
748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
half of termen crimson, Hindwings and cilia light ochreous-rosy, costal cilia
pale yellowish. q
Sikkim and Bhotan (1,800 feet), in May ; two specimens (Dudgeon),
Cerace sardias, n, sp.
Q. 33-40 mm. Head and palpi blackish. Antenne black, spotted with
white, Thorax purple-blackish with scattered yellow scales, Abdomen purple-
blackish with lateral series of thick yellow bars. Forewirgs elongate, costa
strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, very oblique ; 6 to costa;
bright yellow ; extreme base purple-blackish ; a narrow irregular-edged deep
purplish fascia, mixed with black and strewn with small bluish-leaden-metal-
lic spots, from beyond middle of costa to dorsum before tornus, including a
yellow dot on costa and dorsum ; apical area beyond this fascia wholly deep
red, strewn with bluish-leaden-metallic dots : cilia purple-blackish, Hindwings
bright yellow ; apical third purple-blackish, anterior edge straight ; cilia pur-
ple-blackish, round tornus and dorsum yellow,
Khasi Gills ; three specimens (Swinhoe).
Simethis sandaracina, n, 8p.
&. 16-18mm,. Head dark grey, irrorated with white. Palpi white, sprin-
kled with dark grey. Antenne white, ringed with black. ‘Thorax dark grey,
suffused with red-brown and sprinkled with white. Abdomen dark
fuscous, sprinkled with whitish, apex ferruginous, Forewings elongate-trian-
gular, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather oblique ;
red-brown, posterior 3 of costa broadly suffused with ferruginous-ochreous ;
exterior half of dorsum broadly suffused with dark grey ; a short fine white
line from costa near base ; an irregular fine white line from 4 of costa to before
middle of dorsum, irrorated with dark grey except on costa ; a very indistinct
fine irregular line of grey irroration from a white spot on costa beyond middle
to 2 of dorsum, followed on costa by a patch of dark grey irroration ; a sub-
terminal line of grey irroration from beneath apex to tornus: cilia dark red-
brown, tips white on subapical and submedian patches. Hindwings orange-
ochreous, partially suffused with ferruginous ; costa rather broadly dark fus-
cous, dorsum rather broadly suffused with grey; cilia grey, suffused with
white round apex and with red-brown on termeu.
Simla, in August and September ; two specimens (Nurse).
Brenthia catenata, n. sp.
9. 8-9mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, Palpi
whitish, second and terminal joints with basal and subapical dark fuscous rings.
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen
little rounded, slightly oblique ; dark fuscous; four (subbasal, first, median,
and second) irregular curved transverse shades of fine whitish irroration, median
forming part of a transverse-oval discal spot outlined with whitish irroration ;
a small blue-green-metallic spot on costa at 3; a slender partially interrupted
whitish subterminal line, curved parallel to apical part of costa and termen ; a
series of black spots round apex and termen, centred with violet-silvery-metallic
‘
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 749
dois: cilia fuscous, with two dark fuscous shades, between which is a whitish
shade, Hindwings dark fuscous ; an oblique oval spot in middle of disc outlined
with whitish ; a subterminal whitish line, more or less interrupted below
middle; a violet-metallic line between this and termen; cilia as in forewings, —
Poona, in December ; four specimens (Swinhoe),
Glyphipteryx tetrachrysa, u. 8p.
& Y.9-12mm, Head and thorax ochreous-bronzy, Palpi ochreous-whitish
second joint with two oblique black bars, scales projecting beneath towards
apex, terminal joint with a black lateral line, Antenne dark fuscous,
Abdomen grey, Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, oblique ; light ochreous-bronze ;
markings silvery-white edged with dark fuscous, véz,, a streak from base to
near dorsum before middle, an oblique streak from 4 of costa reaching to
fold, a slightly bent transverse streak fiom 2 of costa to beyond middle of
dorsum, a slightly inwards oblique streak from costa beyond middle reaching
nearly half across wing, a slightly incurved transverse streak from beyond
2 of costa to before tornus, a sometimes interrupted streak from § of
costa to termen beneath apex, and a short streak across apex ; between the last
two streaks and the preceding transverse streak a black tornal patch extend-
ing nearly to costa, upper portion crossed and obscured by several longi-
tudinal irregular pale ochreous streaks, lower portion marked with four
small round golden-metallic dots, of which three are marginal and one above
aud between the two anterior of these: cilia whitish, basal half ochreous-
bronze edged with dark fuscous, with a whitish indentation on termination
of metallic streak, Hindwings dark grey, lighter anteriorily ; cilia grey.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and February ; six specimens (Pole),
Automacheris, n. g.
Head loosely hairy on crown, face smooth; tongue developed. Antenne
2,in @ simple-basal joint elongate, sumewhat dilated, with pecten of scales,
Labial palpilong, recurved, second joint with appressed scales somewhat angular-
ly dilated beneath at apex, terminal joint as long as second, with appressed scales,
acute, Maxillary palpi obsolete. Anterior tibie and tarsi dilated with rough
scales, posterior tibiz with appressed scales, Forewings with tutts of scales on
surface ; 2 from towards angle, 2-10 approximated, parallel, 7 to apex, 7 and 8
closely approximated, 11 from before middle, Huindwings 1, elongate-lanceo-
late, cilia 13; 2 remote, 3 and 4 connate, 5-7 nearly parallel,
Allied to Cerostoma,
Automuckeris epichlora, n. sp.
fg @. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax whitish, sprinkled with pale ochreous,
Palpi, antennz, and abdomen ochreous-whitish, palpi with a few fuscous specks,
Forewings elongate-lanceolate, apex caudate, subfalcate ; ochreous-whitish,
sprinkled with pale ochreous scales, sometimes tipped with fuscous, especially
posteriorly, with a few minute black specks; three transversely placed pairs
of small black dots, at about 3, before middle, and at 4, lower dot of each pair
750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
subdorsal, preceded by a tuft of scales, upper dot of first two pairs discal, of
third costal: cilia whitish, more or less speckled with dark fuscous round apex,
with some minute black dots at base, a median dark line round apex, and some-
times a median series of undefined dark dots, Hindwings and cilia whitish,
Khasi Hills ; five specimens.
TINEIDA,
Opogona amphicausta, n. sp. .
@. 11-12 mm. Head dark purplish-fuscous on crown ; face, fillet, antenne,
and palpi whitish-ochreous. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous, Abdomen light
bronzy-grey. Posterior tarsi with whorls of projecting bristles at joints.
Forewings lanceolate ; bright brassy-yellow ; base and apex rather narrowly
dark purplish-fuscous ; a small dark bronzy-fuscous dorsal spot before tornus,
sometimes almost obsolete: ciliafuscous, Hindwings dark grey ; cilia fuscous,
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and February ; two specimens (Pole),
Agriothera, n. g.
Head densely tufted on crown, face smooth; tongue developed. Antenne
over 1, basal joint rather large, dilated with scales, Labial palpi rather long,
slender, smooth-scaled, slightly curved, porrected, terminal joint shorter than
second, pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiz clothed with long
hairs above and beneath, Forewings with 1b furcate, 2 from angle, 7 to
costa, 8 absent, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings 1, subtrapezoidal, apex
pointed, produced, termen sinuate, cilia 4 ; 4 absent, 5-7 parallel, transverse
vein very oblique inwards.
A griothera melanacma, Nn, sp.
@. 13mm. Hairs of crown white, posteriorly greyish=tinged, in centre dark
etey, face whitish, sprinkled with grey. Palpi dark grey, terminal joint white.
Antenne and thorax grey. Abdomen pale grey, Forewings elongate, narrow,
costa gently arched, apex pointed, produced, termen concave, very oblique ;
bronzy-fuscous, irrorated with dark fus:ous, towards costa mixed with grey-
whitish ; an irregular white streak beneath middle from base almost to termen ;
lower edge with an abrupt indentation before middle ; margin of apex and
upper half of termen black, preceded by a curved white mark in apex, and some
irregularly arranged white scales before this ; cilia whitish, with dark fuscous
antemedian shade, and subapical shade round apex, Hindwings grey, thinly
scaled, except towards termen ; cilia pale grey, tips whitish.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in July ; one specimen (Pole),
Endophthora phepsalias, n. sp.
d. 9mm. Head yellow-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, base and apex of
terminal joint whitish, Antenne 1, grey, Thorax golden, Abdomen grey,
Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
termen extremely obliquely rounded, 6 and 7 stalked ; bright golden, toward
costa suffused with dark bronzy fuscous ; six short white oblique strigule on
posterior half of costa ; about twenty-five small white dots irregularly strewn
in disc ; about twelve small white dots along dorsum and termen, mostly
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 751
accompanied by small raised or projecting black dots: cilia pale whitish-golden,
Hindwings and cilia grey.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and May ; two specimens (Pole).
Decadarchis, Meyr.
Head densely rough-haired, tongue obsolete. Antenne 4, in @ simple,
sometimes with subbasal notch, basal joint moderate, thickened with scales:
Labial palpi moderate, slightly curved, subascending, second and terminal
joints with dense tufted fringe of very long projecting scales beneath, terminal
joint short, Maxillary palpi long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibie clothed
with long hairs above and beneath. Forewings with 1 b furcate, 2 from about
4,3 from angle, 6 absent, 7 to custa, 8 absent, 11 from before middle, apex
turned up in repose. Hindwings 1, ovateslanceolate, cilia 1 ; 2-4 parallel, 5
and 6 stalked, 6 to costa, 7 parallel,
I am now able to re-constitute this genus as a good and natural one, well
characterised by the peculiar palpi. Besides the type D. simulans, I refer to
it the Australian mystacinella, Walk., and the three following species,
Decadarchis platydelta, n. sp.
& &. 18-27 mm, Head white. Palpi white, externally somewhat mixed
with dark fuscous, Antenne whitish-grey. Thorax white, with a fuscous
curved mark near posterior extremity, Abdomen whitish or pale grey. Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex acute, termen sinuate,
extremely oblique ; white, with a few scattered ochreous and brown scales ; two
flattened-triangular dark fuscous dorsal blotches, not reaching half across wing,
first extending from near base to before middle, second larger, extending from
beyond middle to tornus, enclosing a spot of whitish suffusion ; an irregular
dark fuscous apical dash, sometimes incomplete: cilia white, with two dark
fuscous lines more or less obsolete except round apex, tips suffused with
brownish. Hindwings grey, paler towards base ; cilia whitish-grey, more or
less suffused with white round apex,
Ceylon (North Central Province), in November ; four specimens (Pole),
Decadarchis antimicras, n. sp.
©. 14-22 mm, Head white, Palpi white, externally somewhat mixed with
dark fuscous. Antenne whitish, sometimes tinged with dark fuscous. Thorax
white, with a curved fuscous mark before posterior extremity. Abdomen
whitish, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex acute,
termen sinuate, extremely oblique ; white with scattered dark fuscous scales ;
two triangular dark fuscous spots on dorsum before middle and before tornus,
not reaching half across wing ; small oblique dark fuscous spots on costa at 4, 4,
and 3; a small dark fuscous spot in disc at 4, sometimes connected with apex
of first-dorsal spot ; an elongate dark fuscous spot before middle of termen,
and another at apex ; dorsal and posterior area sometimes much suffused with
fuscous: cilia white, sprinkled with dark fuscous, above apex with two dark
fuscous lines, Hindwings grey, lighter towards base ; cilia whitish-grey, more
or less suffused with white round apex,
752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/I.
Peradeniya, Udagama, and Matale, Ceylon, from October to February ;
four specimens (Pole),
Decadurchis gephyrias, n, sp.
Sf. 12-18 mm, Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, shoulders dark
fuscous, Palpi dark fuscous, apex of second and terminal joints whitish,
Antenne ochreous-whitish, rinsed with dark fuscous, Abdomen ochreous-
whitish, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-
pointed, termen hardly rounded, extremely oblique; pale whitish-ochreous,
with a few scattered dark fuscous scal.s ; a broad dark purplish-fuscous stieak
mixed with black from base of cost: th ough middie of disc to apex, connected
by broad bars with costa about + and 3, so as to enclose three semi-oval costal
blotches of ground colour, central much largest a: d containing a small undefined
blackish spot on middle of costa: cilia ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with dark
fuscous, round apex with dark fuscous basal line, Hindwings grey, darker
towards apex ; cilia grey or whitish-grey.
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in May ; two specimens (Pole),
Pyletis, n. g.
Head rough-haired ; tongue developed. Antenne <~, basal joint moderate
thickened with scales, Labial palpi moderate, porrecied, second and terminal
joints clothed with long rough projecting scales beneath, terminal joint short.
Maxillary palpi moderate, porrected, loosely roughescaled. Posterior tibiz
clothed with long hairs above, Forewings with 1 b furcate, 2 from 4,3 from
angle, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from before middle, Hindwings 3, linear-lan-
ceolate, cilia 2 ; 2-4 parallel, 5 and 6 stalked, 6 to termen, 7 parallel,
Pyletis ophionota, n. sp.
Q. 13-19mm, Head and palpi blackish-fuscous, hairs of crown whitish-
ochreous above. Antenne whitish-ochreous, basal joint blackish, Thorax dark
fuscous, with broad whitish-ochreous dorsal stripe. Abdomen pale ochreous,
Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute, termen slightly
sinuate, extremely oblique ; blackish-bronze; a fine whitish ochreous streak along
dorsum and termen throughout, upper edge five or six times irregularly sinuate :
cilia whitish-ochreous with some scattered blackish points, on costa blackish-
bronze except extreme base. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous,
becoming paler and sometimes whitish-ochreous towards upper half of termen.
Matale and Puttalam, Ceylon, in April and October ; five specimens (Pole).
Crypsithyris, n. g.
Head densely rough-haired ; tongue obsolete, Antenne 1 or over 1, in ¢
simple, basal joint moderate, with pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, por-
rected, second joint beneath somewhat roughly scaled towards apex, with
several long bristles, terminal joint shorter than second, pointed Maxillary
palpi long, filiform, folded, Posterior tibie clothed with long fine hairs,
Forewings with round discal impression in cell ; 1 b simple, 2 from angle, 4 and
5 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9absent, 11 from beyond middle, on discal
impression. Hindwings %, lanceolate, cilia 2; 2-7 parallel, or 5.and 6 stalked,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.. ~ 2758
upper margin of cell mostly obsolete, sometimes transverse vein absent between
3 and 7, then 4 and stalk of 5 and 6 also becoming obsolete anteriorly.
Type C, mesodyas, Allied to Mouopis, of which it has the discal impression
of forewings, but not the characteristic stalking of veins 3 and 4 ; the long
antennz are also a distinguishing point. Besides the following, amandatella,
Walk,, and fissel/la, Walk., described under Tinea, are referable here,
Crypsithyris orchas, 0, 8p. :
Q. 12-14mm,. Head pale yellow-ochreous, Palpi whitish-ochreous, suffused
with dark fuscous except towards apex, Antenne light fuscous. Thorax
whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, Abctlomen whitish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed,
termen very oblique ; pale ocbreous-yeliowish, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an
‘oblique cloudy dark fuscous mark from base of costa ; discal impression semi-
transparent ; a transverse cloudy dark fuscous spot from dorsum beneath
discal impression, not quite reaching it ; a similar larger spot from middle of
costa, passing just behind discal impression and reaching its lower edge ; some
undefined small cloudy dark fuscous spots round apex and termen: cilia
ochreous-yellow, at base with a few dark fuscous scales, Hindwings with
transverse vein absent between 3 and 7,5 and 6 stalked ; light grey, apex yel-
lowish-tinged ; cilia pale yellowish.
Maskeliya and Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February, May, and July; seven
specimens (Pole, Green).
Crypsithyris mesodyas, n. 8p.
AQ. 9-10 mm, Head whitish. Palpi white, externally dark fuscous ex-
cept towards apex. Antenne pale fuscous, Thorax whitish, irrorated with
fuscous. Abdomen grey, FYorewings elongate, narrow, costa moverately
arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish, variably
irrorated with ochreous-brown and towards costa with dark fuscous; an
oblique cloudy brown subbasal fascia ; discal impression semitransparent ;
two round cloudy spots of ochreous-brown suffusion, irrorated with dark
fuscous beneath and beyond discal impression: cilia whitish, with rows of
brown and dark fuscous points. Hindwings with transverse vein entire ; dark
grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish, sometimes suffused with grey towards hase,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, from March to May; twelve specimens (Green),
Larva ina portable case, feeding on lichens under rock-ledges and on tree-
trunks (Green) ; case consisting of a broad elliptic-oblong arched upper roof
(12 mm. long, 5 mm. broad), with four neat round holes arranged midway
between corners and centre, and a slighter and less extensive floor beneath
this, constructed of silk covered with lichen-grains and refuse, colour varying
from grey-whitish to greyish-ochreous ; the lateral connections outside the
perforations are often worn away.
Crypsithyris hypnota, n, sp.
Q@. 13 mm, Head whitish-ochreous, sides of face mixed with fuscous,
Palpi whitish-ochreous, irrorated with fuscors, except towards apex,
754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Antenne whitish-ochreous, ringed with:fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, irro-
rated: with fuscous, shoulders with a dark fuscous spot, Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed,
termen very obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous, irrorated with fuscous and
dark fuscous ; base suffused with dark fusccus ; a streak of dark fuscous
suffusion along fold from base to beneath discal impression ; discal impres-
sion semi-transparent, followed by a round cloudy spot of dark fuscous suffu-
sion : cilia whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, Hindwings with
transverse vein entire ; grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, mixed with pale
grey towards base,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February ; one specimen (Green), Larva case-bear-
ing, feeding on lichens under rock-ledges (Green) ; case tortoise-shaped, con=
sisting of a broad oval arched upper roof (13 mm. long, 10 mm, broad) of
silk covered with sand and refuse, whitish-grey mixed with brown and black,
and a less extensive lower floor of whitish silk,
755
SOME BIRDS OF SINGAPORE,
By
Masor H. R, Baker, 73rp C_ I.
The following list has no pretension to completeness. It comprises only
those birds which I myself noticed or shot during my few leisure hours, in
addition tothe names of a few “ cribbed” from the local museum where
the specimens are labelled as having been obtained on the island, but which I
did not secure or notice myself. Doubtless numerous other species escaped
my notice in the almost impenetrable jungles and dangerous swamps. For
those unacquainted with Singapore I may mention that the island is some 28
miles broad from east to west and 14 miles from north to south and is
separated from the mainland by the narrow Straits of Johore.
The island, for collecting purposes, may be divided into three parts :—
(a) The jungle, which is in most places impenetrable.
(6) The clearings, usually on rising ground, which are either planted with
cocoanuts or pineapples, or are formed into gardens by the Chinese.
(c) The swamps, which are mostly too dangerous to venture into.
The climate is damp and muggy, due to the amount of rain which falls at
all times of the year ; this of course’accounts for the extraordinary greenness
of the whole island, and this in turn accounts for the great difficulty expe-
rienced in finding any but the commonest birds’ nests, unless by a fluke ;
there is.so much and so thick shrubbery and undergrowth that egg-collecting is
an almost hopeless task, Where possible in the following list I have taken
the numbers from the “Fauna of British India”, otherwise from the
Catalogue of the British Museum,
4, CORVUS MACRORHYNCHUS,-—The Jungle Crow.
Strange as it may seem to a resident in India, this bird is not an inhabitant
here. During my four years’ stay in Singapore, I only saw one solitary in-
dividual and that must have been a straggler all the way from Penang, where I
believe some birds were introduced from India years ago.
160. Turpinus aBBorri.—Abbott’s Babbler,
Common but shy and retiring ; its note is frequently heard in the dense under-
growth, but the bird itself is not often seen. I found it breeding during March
and April; nest cup-shaped, of dry leaves and twigs, placed near the ground
inalow bush, The eggs were pinky-white, even after being blown, and were
spotted and clouded with pinkish-brown ; their average lencth °88”, breadth °62”,
177, MixoRNIs GULARIS.—The Sumatran Yellow-breasted Babbler,
This small babbler is fairly common in gardens and clearings,
243, ANGITHINA TIPHIA,—The Common Iora,
Very common everywhere.
298, PycNonotus ANALIs——The Yellow-vented Bulbul,
One of the commonest birds on the island; breeds from March to May or
June; nest of the usual bulbul type, ditto the eggs, This bird has a very
26 f
756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVJJ,
pleasing “ rippling” song which it utters chiefly at dawn, and which is unlike
the notes or song of any other bulbul that I have met with.
299. Pyc, FINLAYSONI,—Finlayson’s Stripe-throated Bulbul.
Common in Malacca where IJ noticed a pair building in February, but not
often seen in Singapore,
307, Pyc, pLumMosus.—The Large Olive Bulbul.
Common on the outskirts of the jungles.
398. Pyc, sIMPLEx.—Moore’s Olive Bulbul,
Common. I found it breeding during May; nest and eggs of the usual
Bulbul type.
310, MicrkoPUS MELANOCEPHALUS.—The Black-headed Bulbul.
Though common on the mainland, it is by no means so on the island.
364, ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS.—The Eastern Great Reed-warbler.
Not common.
374, OrTHoTouus suToRIUS—The Indian Tailor-bird,
Very common everywhere,
375, ORTH. ATRIGULARIS.—The Black-necked Tailor-bird.
Rare,
376. ORTH, RUFICEPS.—The Red-headed Tailor-bird.
Rare.
381, CISTIC 1LA CURSITANS.—The Rufous Fan-tailed Warbler,
Common in the swamps,
463, PRINIA FLAVIVENTRIS.—The Yellow=bellied Wren-Warbler,
Fairly common,
481. LaNIUS CRISTATUS.—The Brown Shrike.
Common in gardens and clearings,
483, LAN, TIGRINUS—The Thick-billed Shrike.
Not so common as the previous species.
485A, HEMIPUS OBsCURUS.—The Malay Pied Shrike.
Fairly common on the mainland ; somewhat rare on the island.
503, PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS.—The Ashy Minivet,
A winter visitor I believe, 2 only saw it on two occasions, both during the
winter months, and on both occasions it was in a small flock of a dozen or so,
flitting from tree to tree at a rapid rate and keeping high up amongst the
topmost branches ; I was only able to shoot one specimen before the flock had
vanished out of sight.
509, CAMPOPHAGA TERAT.—The Pied Cuckoo Shrike.
A very common winter visitor.
514, ORIOLUs INDICUS.—The Black-naped Oriole.
A rare visitor,
518, O.KUNDOO.—The Indian Oriole,
Another rare visitor,
SOME BIRDS OF SINGAPORE. 787°
527, CALORNIS CHALYBEIUS,—The Glossy Calornis,
One of the commonest permanent residents, Breeds during the early part
of the year (probably more than one brood) ; nest in holes of trees or in roofs
of houses ; eggs deep-blue.
536, STURNIA SINENSIS.—The Chinese Myna,
A common winter visitor.
538, STUR, MALABARICA,—The Grey-headed Myna,
Name taken from specimen in museum,
539, STUR. NEMORICOLA,—The White-winged Myna,
Name taken from specimen in museum,
542, AGROPSAR STURNINUS,—The Daurian Myna.
A common winter visitor,
588, ASLEONAX LATIROSTRIS.—The Brown Flycatcher.
Common in gardens and clearings,
606. RHIPIDURA JAVANICA.—The Java Fantail Flycatcher,
Very common along the roadsides.
610. PRatINcoLA MAURA,—The Jndian Bushchat.
I believe I am right in claiming to have shot the first and only specimen of
this bird ever seen on the island,
663. COPSYCHUS SAULARIS,—The Magpie-Robin,
A beautiful singer ; very common everywhere. I once saw a caged cock
bird in the possession of a Chinaman ; but whether the species sings in captivity
I do not know,
664, CITTOCINCLA MACRURA.—The Shama,
Another fine songster, a permanent resident in the jungles, Jt is an in-
quisitive bird: one has only to go to some piece of jungle which they frequent
and begin to imitate their whistling to have all the birds within hearing
attracted to the spot, no doubt with the dual object of finding out who is the
intruder and of driving him away if possible,
727. UROLONCHA ACUTICAUDA,—Hodgson’s Munia,
Very common,
731, Uro. teucogastra,—The White-bellied Munia,
Also very common.
735, URo. PUNCTULATA.—The Spotted Munia,
Very common,
779. PASSER MONTANUS.—The Tree Sparrow.
Very common everywhere. Curiously enough P. domesticus is not found
on the island.
814, HiruNDO GUTTURALIS.—The Kastern Swallow.
Very common; apparently a permanent resident though I did not observe it
nesting,
833, MOoTACILLA BOREALIS,—The Grey-headed Wagtail.
A very common autumn visitor,
758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
839, LiMONIDROMUS INDICUS,—The Forest-Wagtail.
Found sparingly in gardens and thin jungle during the winter months,
847, ANTHUS kUFULUS.—The Indian Pipit.
A very common permanent resident.
881, CHALCOSTETHA PECTORALIS.—Maklot’s Sun-bird,
This lovely sun-bird is found sparingly in certain localities.
896. ARACHNECHTHRA HASSELTI.—Van Hasselt’s Sun-bird.
Rare ; I only noticed 2 or 3 specimens in four years,
897, CINNYRIS PECTORALIS.—The Yellow-breasted Sun-bird,
Very common everywhere, Breeds during January and February, Nest
of the usual sun-bird type, suspended from a twig or dried frond of a fern,
usually at no great height from the ground, Eggs 2; greenish-white, peppered
all over, but chiefly with a cap at the large end, with greenish-grey.
903, ANTHOTHREPTES MALACCENSIS.—The Brown-throated Sun-bird.
The commonest sun-bird on the island ; it chiefly frequents cocoanut groves
where it may be seen searching for food amongst the leaves and cocoanutis ;
probably it builds its nest high up in these same trees, which may account for
my not having found one.
912, DicmuM CRUENTATUM.—The Scarlet-backed Flower-pecker,
Somewhat scarce ; i usually found it feeding in the vermilion blossoms of a
certain tree (name unknown to me) which is much grown in gardens and
along the roads.’
913, Dic. TRIGONOSTIGMA,—The Orange-bellied Flower-pecker.
Decidedly rare ; found in the same places as No, 912.
949, GECINUS VIRIDANUS,—The Burmese Scaly-bellied Green
Woodpecker.
Name taken from specimen in Museum,
957. CALLOLOPHUS MALACCENSIS.—The Banded Red Woodpecker.
Common,
975, LyNGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS,—The Burmese Pigmy Woodpecker,
Common everywhere. I took a nest of two hard-set eggs on 23rd March
1904,
980, MiGLYPTES GRAMMITHORAX.—The Fulvous-rumped Barred
Woodpecker.
Fairly common,
992, QCHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTICRISTATUS,-~Tickell’s Golden tacked
Woodpecker.
Name taken from specimen in Museum,
1025, EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS,—The Broad billed Roller.
Fairly common inthe more open parts of the island.
1027, MeEnops PHILIPPINUS.—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater,
Fairly numerous round the swamps,
1035, ALCEDO IspipA.—The Common Kingfisher,
Fairly common.
SOME BIRDS OF SINGAPORE. 759
1037, AL, MENINTING.—The Malayan Kingfisher.
This tiny kingfisher is not at all common. It is very easily mistaken at
first sight for No. 1035.
1040, Cryx TRIDACTYLA.—The Indian Three-toed Kingfisher,
I only saw one specimen which had flown into a house at night and had
been captured.
1044, Hatcyon sMyRNENsIS.—The White-breasted Kingfisher,
Common everywhere.
1045. Hat, prneata.—The Black-capped Kingfisher.
Found sparingly up the backwaters.
1047, SAUROPATIS CHLORIS,—The White-collared Kingfisher.
Very common, Its noisy scream is heard alike in gardens, far from any water
and along the shores of the sea or rivers. I believe it nests in holes in trees.
1071. CypsrLus suBFrURCATUS.—The Malay House Swift.
Hxceedingly common. Breeds in vast colonies, apparently raising at least
two broods a year; the nests are placed under the eaves of houses, or under
verandahs, sometimes in huge clusters; the eggs, 3 or 4,are glossless white,
much elongated and pointed at the small end,
1093. CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS.—Horsfield’s Nightjar
Very common in gardens and clearings. Breeds during February, March
and April, the 2 eggs being laid, as usual, ina mere depression in the ground,
under some bush; the eggs are pale salmon or stone colour, faintly spotted
with light brown and pale purple.
1102, HARPACTES DUVAUCELI.—The Red-rumped Trogon,
Name taken from specimen in Museum.
1113. CacoMANTIS MERULINUS.—7T he Rufous-bellied Cuckoo,
A very common winter visitor; its notes, heard from early dawn to late at
night, rise regularly up the scale after this fashion:—CBC,DCD,EDE,
&c,, till the bird seems unable to go higher and stops; at other times it
commences on a high note, and comes down the scale note by note increasing
in speed as the lower notes are reached,
1115, CHRyYsococcYxX XANTHORHYNCHUS.—The Violet Cuckoo.
I should say very rare ; I only saw and obtained one specimen.
1120, EupyNamis HomARATA.—The Indian Koel.
The only specimen I saw was shot by a friend in his garden and given to me,
1125, RHOPODYTES SUMATRANUS.—The Sumatran Green-billed Malkoha.
Found sparingly in the jungles,
1133, CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS.—The Lesser Coucal.
Common on bushy waste-land and such like places,
1212, SpizaETus LIMMAETUS.—The Changeable Hawk Eagle.
I only noticed one specimen which I secured,
1220. BurastuR TErsA.—White-eyed Buzzard- Eagle.
Fairly numerous, I shota specimen on 17th December 1905 which had
evidently just killed a Turnix. pugnaz which it was carrying in its claws.
169 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
1222. Butastur INDICUs—The Grey=faced Buzzard-Eagle,
Name taken from a specimen in the Museum,
1224, HaLraETus LEUCOGASTER,—The White-bellied Sea-Eagle,
Very common; large numbers haunt the harbour in company with Milvus
govinda and Haliastur indus.
1228. HatrAstur INDUs.—The Brahminy Kite,
Very numerous,
1229. Mrtvvs Govinpa.—The Common Pariah Kite.
Also very common, It is extraordinary, but i never saw the nest of this or
the previous species ; yet they are certainly permanent vesidents,
1247. AccIPITER Nisus.—The Sparrow-Hawk,
Common,
1248, Acc. virncatus.—The Besra Sparrow-Hawk.
Also common,
i251. Baza LtopHotes,—The Black-crested Baza.
Name taken from a specimen in the Museum.
1265. TiNNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS.—The Kestrel.
Common.
1279. OsMOTRERON VERNANS.—The Pink-necked Green Pigeon.
Exceedingly common everywhere. Breeds from March to May or June;
the usual nest and eggs. These birds roost in enormous numbers on the small
mangrove-covered islands which are dotted about the north of the Johore
river ; here sportsmen betake themselves in July and August, and stationing
guns round an island await the flighting in the early morning and evening; in
this way bags of several hundreds of birds are sometimes made.
1284, CarpPoPpHAGA ®NEA.—The Green Imperial Pigeon,
Name taken from a specimen in the Museum,
1289. MyrisTicivora BICOLOR,—The Pied Jmperial Pigeon.
Only a few frequent the island, and these fly, so high and keep so much to the
tops of the highest trees that they are rarely shot at, much less killed.
1291, CHALCOPHAPS INDICA,—The Bronze-winged Dove.
Name taken from a specimen in the Museum.
1308, Turrur TIGRINUS.—The Malay Spotted Dove.
Very common in all gardens and open places, Apparently breeds throughout
the year ; nest and eggs of the usual type.
1315, GEoPELia sTRIATA.—The Barred Ground-Dove.
Very common, As its name implies, it is generally seen upon the ground, on
roads, &c,, It is a favourite cage-bird with the Malays.
1354, ExCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS.— The Blue-breasted Quail.
Very common in the open, “ lallong’-covered waste-land, and indigo plant-
ations, From the examination of a bird shot by myself on 17th December
1905, I fancy this species breeds here during the cold months,
1355. CorurRNIx commuNIs.—The Grey Quail.
Name taken from a specimen in the Museum,
SOME BIRDS OF SINGAPORE. 761
1382, Turnix puaNAx.—The Bustard-Quail,
Very common in grassy places,
1389, HyPoT#NIDIA STRIATA.—The Blue-breasted Banded Rail,
Common enough in the swamps, but owing to its skulking habits is not often
noticed,
1396. RALLINA FASCIATA,— The Malayan Banded Crake,
Name taken from a specimen in the Museum.
1398. AMAURORNIS FUSCUS.—The Ruddy Crake.
Name taken from a specimen in Museum,
1401, AMAUR, »PHENICURUS.—The White-breasted Water Hen.
Common everywhere where there is a pond or tank,
1403. GaLLICREX CINEREA.—The Water-Cock,
Common in bushy, swampy places, Said to be excellent eating,
1425, GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS.—The Large Indian Pratincole,
Found in fair quantities during the winter months on the sandy portions of
the shores of the Johore Straits,
1439, CHARADRIUS FULVUS,—The Eastern Golden Plover,
A common winter visitor,
1441. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA.—The Grey Plover,
Name taken from specimen in Museum,
1445, AMGIALITITIS VEREDA,—The Eastern Dotterel.
Name taken from specimen in Museum,
1446, ANG. ALEXANDRINA,---The Kentish Plover,
As above.
1454, NuMENIUsS ARQUATA.—The Curlew,
An uncommon winter visitor,
1455. Num, pooPus.—The Whimbrel.
Found in small flocks during the winter months on the mudflats of the tidal
rivers,
1460. ToTaNnus aYPOLRYCUS.—The Common Sandpiper,
A common winter visitor.
1461, Tor. GLAREOLA.—The Wood Sandpiper.
Name taken from a specimen in Museum.
1454. Tot. CALIDRIS,—The Redshank.
Common winier visitor ; frequents the mudflats of the rivers,
1485, GALLINAGO STENURA.—The Pintail Snipe.
It is scarcely worth while going out snipe-shooting, except for exercise ; one
rarely gets more than 3 or 4 couple a day unless one has permission to shoot
over certain preserved and prepared grounds where bags of 20 or more couple
are sometimes made, It is perhaps worthy of note that I never came across
a specimen of the “ fantail,” either in Singapore, Johore, or Malacca where
there is fairly good shooting,
1488, ROSTRATULA CAPENSIS.—The Painted Snipe,
I did not see any, but a well-known local Sportsman assured me he had
occasionally shot one on the island,
762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
1503, STERNA SEENA.—The River Tern,
Occasionally seen in the harbour aud up the rivers,
1562. BusuLcus coromANpDus,—The Cattle Egret.
Although so numerous just across the water in Johore territory I only once
saw a single specimen on the island,
1565, ARDEOLA GRAYI.—The Pond Heron.
Common, of course, on the mainland, but seldom seen on the island.
1567. Borortpes JavAnica,—The Little Green Heron,
Name taken from a specimen in Museum,
1571, ARDETTA SINENSIS—The Yellow Bittern,
As above,
1572. ARD, CINNAMONEA,—The Chesnut Bittern,
Common in all swampy places.
The following birds are not included in the “Fauna of British India” -Birds:-—
Brit, Mus, Cat, IIJ,.—DissrmMURUS BRACHYPHORUS,
Common in jungles and gardens,
B. M. Cat. VII. MA uacopTERUM AFFINE,
Common,
B. M, Cat, [X.—AiTHOPYGIA sIPARAJA,—The Siparaja Sun-bird,
This lovely little bird is found very sparingly both on the main island and on
the adjacent ones,
B. M, Cat, XITI.—AMADINA mMAYA,—The White-headed Munia,
The commonest munia on the island, It breeds during March and April ;
nest and eggs of the usual type.
B. M, Cat. XVI.—Cua#rura GIGANTEA.—The Giant Spinetail.
A visitor, found in large numbers in certain localities ; always flies about the
tops of the hills, never over low ground, I once saw a great number flying
around the Government Rest-house on the top of Bukit Timah Hill; the rate_
at which the birds were flying was amazing.
B,M, Cat, XX,—PAL#ORNIS LONGICAUDA,
The common parrot of the island as well as of the mainland,
B, M. Cat, XX.—LORICULUS GALGULUS,
Also very Common ; a great cage-pet among the Malays.
B. M, Cat. XXII[.—PorzaNa CINEREA.—The Grey-breasted Gases)
Common in all swampy places, though not often seen owing to its shyness.
B. M. Cat, XIIT.—Mounia oryzivora.—The Java Sparrow.
I fancy an importation ; large flocks now frequent the neighbourhood of the
rice mills, but are not often seen elsewhere. Incredible numbers are trapped
and sold by bird dealers to the steamships, when no doubt they appear on the
dining-tables as “ rice-birds,” or may be as “ quails on toast’’,
B, M. Cat. XVII.—Merors suMATRANUS.—The Sumatran Beeeeater.
Very common ; frequents dry grassy wasteland.
SOME BIRDS OF SINGAPORE, 763
Very common everywhere, taking the place of Carine brama of India
and Burma, It evidently breeds during January and February, for I was
given a fluffy nestlingin February 1904, which I fed on meat and bits of small
birds ; I gave it away afterwards to the Volunteer Sergeant-Major who, when I
left in 1906, still had it ; it had become quite tame and was in splendid plumage,
B, M. Cat, XIX.—EupyYNAMIS MALAYENSIS,—The Malayan Koel.
Name taken from specimen in Museum,
B, M. Cat, XIX,.—CAcoMANTIS THRENODES.
Name taken from specimen in Museum,
B, M, Cat, XVI.—LyNcorNIS TEMMINCKI.
Very common out in the country ; flies very high in the air as a rule, looke
ing like a large bat, It has a peculiar cry which it utters incessantly when
on the wing, resembling “tiptee-bow,”’ “tiptee-bow”.
Besides the foregoing, I also secured or saw the following in Malacca, or
Johore ; and I daresay several of them inhabit Singapore Island.
7. CORVUS SPLENDENS,—The Indian House Crow. (Mal.)
Like its cousin, C. macrorhynchus ; I only saw one solitary specimen which was
no doubi also a straggler,
227, ZOSTEROP AUREIVENTRIS.—Hume’s White-Eye, (Joh,)
Secured by a friend, Breeds during April and May ; nest of fibres and fine
roots, cup-shaped, hangs from twigs of small bushes, Eggs 2, pale-blue,
244, ANGITHINA VIRIDIssiIMA.—The Green Iora. (Mal.)
Appears to be as common as dg, tiphia.
293. TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPHALUS,—The Yellow-crowned Bulbul. (Mal.)
The largest bulbul found in the Straits. Appears to be locally distributed ;
I only found it in certain thin jungle a few miles outside Malacca town. It
is easily tamed and taught to whistle and talk, and is therefore in great demand
as a cage-bird,
721, PLOCEUS MEGARHYNCHUS,—The Hastern Baya, (Mal.)
Very common about the paddy fields.
908. ARACHNOTHERA MoDESTA.—The Grey-breasted Spider-hunter,
(Joh.) Procured by a friend,
910A, ARACH. FLAVIGASTRA,—The Great yelloweeared Spider-hunter
(Mal.)
Somewhat rare.
940, CYMBORHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS.—The Black-and-red Broadbill,
(Mal.)
Common in jungle districts. Breeds from March to May, Nest large
globular, with hole at side, of twigs and grass; usually suspended from the
extremity of the branch of a thorny bush. Having a canopy over the
entrance, the nest looks like that of a gigantic sun-bird. Eggs white, thickly
spotted with rusty red.
B. M. Cat. II.—Scors LEmpiat,
27
764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
1005, CaLorHAMPHUS NAYI,—The Brown Barbet. (Mal.)
Probably common, though I only saw a few specimens,
1087, MAcropreryxX LONGIPENNIS.—The Malayan Crested Swift,
Procured by a friend in Johore.
1088. Mac. comata.—The Tufted Tree-Swift,
Also procured by a friend in Johore. .
1124. Ruoropyres DIARDI,—Diard’s Green-billed Malkoha. (Ma).)
Common in wooded districts,
1127, RHAMPHOCOCCYX ERYTHROGNATHUS, (Mal.)
Also common in wooded districts,
1128, RHINORTHA CHLOROPH#A,—Rafiles’s Green-billed Malkoha, (Mal.)
As above,
1269, MiIcROHIERAX FRINGILLARIUS.—The Black-legged Falconet, ( Mal.)
This tiny faleonet is common in wooded districts ; it is generally seen
perched on the topmost twigs of some dry tree or branch, from whence it
pounces upon its prey—beetles, &c,
1281. TRERON NEPALENSIS—The Thick-billed Green Pigeon. (Joh.)
Quite common.
1327 bis, PoLyYPLECTRUM BICALCRATUM.—The Peacock Pheasant. (Mal.)
Tonly secured one specimen, a hen, which was bought from a Chinese
fowl-seller and given to me; it had presumably been lately caught and was
evidently injured, for it died a few minutes after changing hands.
1328. GALLUS FERRUGINEUS.—The Red Jungle Fowl. (Mal.)
Plentiful in the jungles, but difficult to get at. I have no doubt the bird
was found on Singapore island in former days, but owing to the ruthless
manner in which every species of furred or feathered game was and is
slaughtered, it is many years since the last “ Ayam hitam” disappeared off the
island.
B. M. Cat. 1V.—GRAvCcALUs SUMATRENSIS. (Joh.)
Presented to me by a friend.
B. M, Cat. XIX.—Messsucco puvavceLi. (Mal.)
I only procured one specimen, a young male. The length of the rictal bristles
in this species is remarkable.
765
AN ENQUIRY INTO THE -PARASITIC HABITS
OF THE INDIAN KOEL.
BY
D. Dewar, L0.8., F.Z.8.
Although the koel (Eudynamis honorata) is so common in India, there are
several points regarding its nesting habits which need clearing up ; accordingly
I, long ago, determined to seize the first opportunity which presented itself to
conduct an investigation. The opportunity came when, at the end of May this
year, I went to live with Mr. Kelly, Assistant Principal of the Aitcheson
College, Lahore. Mr. Kelly’s bungalow is situated in the midst of the exten-
sive and well-wooded grounds of the college, Both crows and koels abound,
and the former build in the loftier trees.
The questions which I set myself to answer were the following :—
1, Does the hen koel first lay her egg upon the ground and carry it to the
nest in her beak, or does she sit in the nest and lay it ?
2. Does she take away or destroy the crow’s eggs that are already in the
nest ?
3, Does the young koel, like the common cuckoo, eject its foster brethren ?
4, Is the incubating period of the koel shorter than that of the crow ?
In order to illustrate the uncertainty that exists upon this subject I quote ©
what various Indian ornithological authorities have to say regarding these
points :—
Hume writes of the koel in the second edition (1890) of The Nests and Eggs
of Indian Birds :—“ Mr. Blyth recorded the following remarks in regard to the
“egos of this species:—‘ The egg is certainly so often found alone that there
“can be little doubt that the koel destroys the eggs of the crow at thetime her
“own is deposited; but it is doubtful whether the young koel is endowed
‘with the instinct of ejecting any companions it may have, and it would seem
“that it has not that propensity ; but the fact remains fo be systematically
“observed. Mr, Firth informs us that he has never found more than one koel’s
“ego in a nest,’
“ My experience differs in some important particulars from Mr, Blyth’s, In
“the first place I deny that koel’s eggs are generally found alone ; in thirty cases
“‘ of which I have notes there is no single instance of the egg being found alone,
“Tt is not the eggs that are destroyed, but the young crows that are got rid of,
“probably by the young cuckoo ; I have found the latter in a nest with three
“young crows all freshly hatched, and a week later have found the young crows
“* missing’ and the young cuckoo thriving. In the next place I have frequently
“found two koel’s eggs in one nest,”
Mr, William Jesse in a paper entitled “ The Birds of Lucknow,” contributed to
the bis in 1903, states: “I have found 2 koel’s and no crow’s eggs in a nest,
“3 crow’s and 2 koel’s, 4 crow’s and 1 koel’s,and so on. Reid records 1 koel’s
“and no crow’s (3 times), :1 hard-set crow’s and 2 koel’s, 3 hard-set crow’s and
766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
“1 koel’s, 1 fresh crow's and 3 koel’s. Reid argued that this went to prove
“that the female koel ejected the crow’s eggs from the nest while depositing
“her own. I have an open mind on the subject, but I have never found
“ broken eggs underneath a nest from which koel’s eggs have been taken.”
The plan I adopted was to mark down all the crow’s nests in the neighbour-
hood, send my climber up every morning, provided with a tin half full of |
awdust, Every time the man visited a nest he lowered the contents in the
tin can to me, and I marked each egg, inscribing on it the number of the nest
and the date on which I first saw the egg. By so doing I thought I should
soon be in a position to see whether the koel ejected or destroyed any of the
eggs it found in the nest, Unfortunately the Punjabi boy is very inquisitive
and it was not long before I attracted considerable notice. The result was
that some of the servants’ children, who lived in the compound, took to
climbing the trees and tampering with the nests, hence a great part of my
labour was lost, I shall detail in full what happened (or. what I believe
to have happened) at each nest, and shall then set forth my inferences, and
leave the reader to judge for himself how far they are justified.
Early in June I noticed that the crows were beginning to build, and, having
located some nests, sent my climber up every day to see how they were
progressing. But the effect of this was to make the crows desert the nests
visited and commence others. There was, in consequence, nothing left but
to wait until we saw a crow sitting. The crow is a very close sitter and begins
to incubate the moment she has laid an egg, so that I had only to look each
day to see whether any crow was sitting to find out whether she had com-
menced to lay. I then sent up my climber. The crow, having once laid, did
not desert, I may here say that the crows took my climber’s presence very
calmly. In nearly every case the sitting bird flew away the moment he set
foot upon the trunk, and did not return until he had climbed down. Only
two crows made any attempt to attack him when in the tree,
I kept a careful daily record of my doings, but a full reproduction of this
would prove very tedious ; I have therefore decided to take each nest in turn
and briefly recapitulate what happened,
TI numbered each nest in the order in which I discovered it, but shall not
take them in this order, I shall deal first with those that were tampered with,
as by so doing the reader will be in a better position to understand my infer-
ences, For this reason I lead off with nest No. V. .
Nest NuMBER V.
On June 14th, after I had finished my round of inspection, Isent my
climber to see whether he could find any more nests in the compound, An
hour later he returned with the following story :—
“TI saw a crow’s nest in a tree standing by itself. I climbed the tree and
found one crow’s egg init, I then went on to look for other nests, On my
way back I saw the crow sitting on the nest, and noticed a hen koel ina tree
near by. In another tree there was a cock koe], While I was looking at him
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, 767
he flew to the tree in which the crow was sitting and called kuil, kuil, The
sitting crow left the nest and ‘went for’ him, He flew off, followed by the
crow. Immediately the hen koel flew to the crow’s nest and.laid an egg in
it. Iam certain she laid an egg (although I did not again climb the tree),
because she had her mouth open and her whole body underwent contortions
as though she were trying to squeeze something out, After about a minute
she left the nest, carrying in her beak a crow’s egg which she smashed, If
you go to the nest you will find in it a koel’s egg instead of the crow’s. I did
not climb up the tree to see, but came running to you, sahid.”
Ascertaining that the nest was only some three hundred yards from the
bungalow, I at once went to the tree and sent my climber up. In the nest he
found and lowered to me one crow's egg and one koel’s egg !
It was therefore obvious that either the crow had returned and laid
another egg between the time when my climber saw only one and the time I
inspected the nest, or the man was not telling the truth when he said he saw
the koel fly off with an egg in her beak. I cross-examined him carefully and
he then admitted that he might have made a mistake about the egg being
in the koel’s mouth, but he was quite positive about the rest of the story,
which I am inclined to believe, I had no pencil with me, so could not mark
the eggs.
The next day (June 15th) I visited the nest and found only the koel’s egg
in the nest ; that of the crow had disappeared. What had become of this?
No traces of it were to be seen on the ground. Hither my climber had been
playing tricks, or the koel had returned and removed the egg, or some person
had climbed up the tree and taken the egg, The first alternative I dismissed
as most improbable, for I had promised the man a handsome reward if
the experiments turned out well ; he was a chaprassi in my office, which was
three miles away, and I had taken him in my dog-cart to office the previous
day, so that if he had removed the egg he must have done so in the afternoon
and have walked six miles to do so. I am inclined to think that the koel
returned and removed the egg, In other cases which I shall record it has
certainly done so. I believe that the koel tries to remove an egg at the time
that it deposits its own, but frequently it is not given time to do so; when this
is the case it makes an attempt to return and do so subsequently.
On the other hand, the tree was outside the compound, near a temple, and
some men had seen my man up the tree, But my subsequent experience
showed me that it is the small boys who are the trouble and not the grown-ups.
For these reasons I am of opinion that the koel removed that egg,
On the 16th June the nest contained the koel’s egg plus one crow’s egg. On
the 17th it contained the koel's egg and two crow’s eggs. While my man was
up in this tree a small boy had come out of the temple and stood watching me.
Thinking to make the best of a bad job I explained to him what I was doing
and showed him the difference between the egg of the crow and that of the
koel. He appeared interested,
768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
On the 18th the nest contained the koel’s egg and only one of the crow ; that
of the 16th had disappeared, It is probable that the small boy and his
friends removed it! I then told my climber to twine branches round the
stem of each tree he climbed, so that it would be impossible for any one to
swarm up it without leaving traces, This he did.
On visiting the nest on the 19th it was evident that some one had been up:
the tree, and we found the nest empty. That was the end of that particular
experiment,
Before leaving the account of this nest I should like to say a few words.
regarding the incident of the cuckoo laying its egg in the nest, which my
climber declares he witnessed, I was most anxious to see the koel lay its egg
and spent much time in watching likely nests, but never saw it do so, I,
however, did see what was probably an attempt on the part of a koel to deposit
an egg. A hen koel was sitting in a tree quite close to a crow’s nest that
contained one ege, Presently the cock koel came up, and made a noise; the.
owners of the nest “ went for’’ him and he flew off followed by them, But the
hen koel continued to sit upon her branch, her body motionless, and moved her:
head as if looking anxiously round. After the koel had been sitting thus for
about ten minutes one of the crows returned to the nest and looked into it.
It then flew away again. The hen koel now flew to the tree in which the nest
was situated and perched on a branch a few inches above it, I believe she
was about to enter it, when suddenly a crow appeared and attacked the koel,
She flew off followed by the crow. I waited for a quarter of an hour, but
neither bird returned, I should add that no koel’s egg was subsequently found
in that nest. On another occasion I saw a cock koel come into a tree in which
there was a crow’s nest containing three crow’s and one koel’s egg. He began
to cry kuil, kuil, and the crow “went for’’ him but did not follow when he
flew off,
T am of opinion that the koel experiences considerable difficulty in getting
her egg into the crow’s nest, Sometimes the crows refuse to be drawn off
by the cock koel, at others the hen is not quite ready to lay when the crows
are enticed away ; the crows must frequently return and surprise the hen koek
on the nest before she has had time to complete the operation.
Nest Numser VI,
On June 14th my climber reported one crow’s egg in the nest,
On the 15th I inspected the nest and found one crow’s egg plus one koel’s,
On the 16th there was in the nest a second crow’s egg, that is to say, in all two
crow’s eggs and one koel’s,
On the 17th the crow’s egg of the previous day had disappeared, so that
the nest now contained one crow’s egg and one koel’s, I am inclined to think
that this egg was removed by a koel. It is true that a cultivator was working
at a well near by with his oxen and saw my man ascend the tree, but it was a
difficult one to climb and it is unlikely that the old man would have risked
breaking his limbs for the sake of destroying an egg, On the 17th an
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, 769
additional koel’s egg was found in the nest, so that it now contained two koel’s
eggs and one crow’s egg, I naturally put myself the question : are both these
egos laid by the same koel? And Iam inclined to think that they were. In
the first place the tree was isolated and at some distance from any other trees
in which crows were building, Secondly, the disappearance of the crow’s egg:
looked as though the koels were paying some attention to the nest, ‘The third
and perhaps the most convincing reason was the nature of the koel’s eggs,
Koel’s eggs have an oily surface and it is accordingly difficult to mark them
with pencil; these two, however, took the pencil more readily than most of the
other koel’s eggs I have come across, Further, they were both of the same
shape and similarly marked. {
On the 18th the two koel’s eggs and the crow’s egg were still in the nest, but.
on the 19th this last had disappeared, so that the nest now held only the two
koel’s eggs, For the reason given above I am inclined to think that the koel:
removed this egg, I may add that later we came upon a crow’s nest which
contained only two hard-set koel’s eggs, and it is unlikely that any human being
had climbed up the lofty tree in which this nest was situated and removed the
crow’s eggs that were in it when the koel visited it.
No further eggs of either crow or koel were laid in this nest (No, VI), which
I continued to visit almost daily. On the 28th June one of the young koels
hatched out and on the 29th the second appeared, These two young koels
lived together in the nest quite amicably, and on July 20th they had both left
the nest and were sitting on a branch in the tree that contained it.
I was then inclined to think that they were both females, as their plumage:
was much barred, but in one case the bars were white and in the other chest-
nut red, I shall return to this point later, when talking more particularly of
the plumage of the koel nestling. The observation of this nest shows that
more than one egg may be laid by the koel in the same nest, that the koel
does sometimes destroy the eggs it finds in the nest, and that the destruction
does not necessarily take place at the same time as the koel’s egg is laid, It also
shows that when there are two young koels in the same nest the stronger does.
not eject the weaker (or at any rate does not always do so) as happens in the
case of the common cuckoo. I may add that there is no hollow in the back of
the koel nestling, and that it does not appear to be sensitive when brought
into contact with a foreign body or with another young bird. Neither koel
seemed to object in the least to having the other placed on top of it.
Nest NUMBER X.
On the morning of June 22nd my climber told me that he had’seen a crow
sitting in a nest outside the compound. I went to the tree and sent bim up
to ascertain what there was in it,as he had not been up before reporting to
me, While he was climbing up I noticed a broken crow’s egg lying on the
ground nearly directly underneath the nest, This egg must have been
pitched, or have fallen, out very recently, since there was still uncoagulated
albumen in the shell, and the ants had not yet found it.
770 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII:
Unfortunately the tree was in an exposed place, so that on the 26th we
noticed that the arrangement of branches, which, being taught by experience,
we now always made, had been disturbed, showing that some one had been up
the tree, The koel’s egg and one of the crow’s eggs had been taken. I only
mention this nest on account of the broken egg we saw lying on the ground,
which was probably the handiwork of the koel.
Nest Numser IV,
On June 14th this contained one crow’s egg, by the 15th a koel’s egg had
been added, On the 16th the nest contained two crow’s eggs and one koel’s,
On the 17th there were three crow’s eggs and one koel’s egg inthe nest. But as
the small boy whom I suspected of stealing the eggs in Nest Number V had seen
my climber at this nest, I feared that it would only be a matter of time before
this was robbed and so seriously contemplated removing the koel’s egg to a safer
nest, As, however, I had no proof of the guilt of the small boy in question and
did not want to disturb things if possible, I allowed the koel’s egg to remain in
it, I inspected the nest daily from 19th to 21st June and always found the three
crow’s eggs and the single koel’s egg, so decided not to inspect daily until it
should be time for the eggs to hatch out, as I wanted to attract as little atten-
tion as possible, On the morning of the 28th the young koel was coming out
while the three crow’s eggs were still unhatched. On the 29th the young koel
had hatched out while the three crow’s eggs were unhatched, nor had they
hatched out on July Ist.
But on visiting the nest on the evening of July 2nd I found that the young
koel had disappeared and the crow’s eggs that I had first seen on the 14th and
16th had hatched out, while the crow’s egg of the 17th was still unhatched.
What I had feared had happened. The small boy had taken the young koel
and thus brought this experiment to an abrupt termination, However, it
shows that the young koel. did not eject any of the crow’s eggs although he
was in the nest over forty-eight hours with them, It further shows that the
koel’s egg hatches out more quickly than that of the crow, and I may here say
that in all the nests I have examined’ where there are both crow’s eggs and a
koel’s egg the last has invariably been the first to hatch out.
It will be noticed that in this case the parent koel did not destroy or remove
any of the three crow’s eggs that I discovered and marked in the nest, But
three isa very small clutch for the crow, and although I found an egg on the
14th, and another on the 16th and a third on the 17th, J found-no new crow’s
egg on the 15th, the date on which I discovered the koel’s egg ; it is therefore
quite possible that an egg was laid by the crow on the 15th which wag
ejected by the koel before I set eyes upon it. I may here say that in no one
of the nests inspected by me did I find that both a crow’s egg and a koel’s egg
had been added on the same day.
Nest Number VIII,
On June 17th I found one crow’s egg in this nest, on the 18th a second, on
the 19th a third, and on the 20th a fourth, On visiting the nest on the 21st
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, 771
I found only three crow’s eggs in the nest, that which had appeared on the
17th was lying broken on the ground under the tree, There were no signs of
any one having been up the tree, which was in the compound within twenty
yards of my bungalow, so it seems more probable that a koel had made an
attempt to lay in the nest but had been frustrated, and that in the scuffle that
took place between the koel and the crow an egg had fallen out of nest. This
is, of course, all pure surmise, It is, however, worthy of note that I had seen a
cock and a hen koel hanging around this nest the day before, On the 22nd
there were still the three crow’s eggs in the nest. I now played koel in this
nest, removing those eggs which had been first seen by me and on the 18th and
19th respectively, and replacing them by two koel’s eggs which I had found
in a new nest under the following circumstances.
I had come upon a fresh nest with a crow sitting on it, the nest was in a low
tree, and in a tree close by were a cock and a hen koel, both very excited. As
they appeared to have designs upon this nest I decided to stay and watch,
After a minute or two the two koels flew off, calling excitedly. My climber
ran after them, but as it was very hot, and the sun was powerful, I remained
where I was, I heard the cuckoos making the most tremendous noise in the
distance, Jn about five minutes my climber came running up in a state of
great excitement, and told me he had seen the hen cuckoo lay an egg in a
crow’s nest, of the existence of which he had previously not been aware, the
cock had drawn off the crows, then the hen had rushed to the nest, and in less
than a minute he had seen her leave it with an egg in her mouth, He was
quite positive of this, He saw her fly withit to a tree near by. Without
waiting to see what then happened he had come running to fetch me, He
brought me to the tree which was a couple of hundred yards from where I had
been waiting, and on swarming up he found that the nest contained two
koel’s eggs only. As there was quite a crowd watching him swarm up the
tree, I decided to take away the koel’s eggs and put them in nest number
VIII, as being a safer place for them! Thus it was that I played cuckoo in
nest number VIII ;substituting two koel’s eggs for two crow’s. In marking the
two koel’s eggs I accidentally made a small hole in one witha pencil. Blood
issued from it, showing that the egg was not fresh, hence, although the climber
may have seen the koel fly away with a crow’s egg in her beak, it was im-
possible that he had seen her lay an egg, since both appeared to be hard set.
I stuck a piece of a fowl’s egg-shell over the hole and had both the koel’s eggs
placed in nest number VIII, so that it now contained two koel’s eggs and one
crow’s, The next day the three eggs were all right, The crow had apparently
not noticed the substitution. I had been a successful cuckoo.
On the 24th the egg which I had patched up with the chicken’s egg-shell
had hatched out. The newly hatched koel is black all over and devoid of
feathers, It thus differs from the beginning from a young crow which is, when
it first issues from the egg, pink. The young koel, although less than a day old,
was very lively ; when it was lowered to me it opened its mouth wide and raised
28
772 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
itself on its legs, lifting its fore limbs right off the ground by way of asking for
food. The other koel’s egg and that of the crow were still in the nest. I put
these up against the young koel and on top of its back (which is not hollowed
out like that of Cuculus canorus), but it did not seem to mind in the least. On
the 26th the second koel’s egg was splitting and the young bird ready to emerge,
Meanwhile the young koel was growing apace, Its rectrices and wing feathers
had begun to show as bristles about one-sixth of an inch in length, I again
tried it with the crow’s egg, but it was not in any way sensitive as is the
common cuckoo,
On June 27th I found only it and the crow’s egg, The koel’s egg had dis-
appeared. Ido not think that it was ejected by the koel that had hatched
out, for, as I have said, this did not seem at all to mind contact with the egg.
I believe that when the crow flew out of the nest the egg had adhered to
its feathers, having become sticky owing to the fact that some albuminous
fluid had oozed out preparatory to the appearance of the young bird. Young
pigeons are, I am informed, often lost in this manner.
On the 28th the young koel and the crow’s egg were still in the nest, I
again tested the sensitiveness of the koel to the egg and found none, I may
here remark that the koel is considerably smaller than the crow, so that even
were the former sensitive as is the common cuckoo, it probably would not be
strong enough to eject the crow’s egg until it was several days old, From the
29th June to July 1st I was away, but Mr. G, A. Pinto, of the Accountant
General’s office, very kindly had a look at all nests for me during each day of
my absence, On my return both the koel and the crow’s egg were in the nest,
On July 3rd I again experimented to see whether the koel was sensitive ;
I placed the crow’s egg on its neck, then on its back and finally on its wing, but
it did not seem to be aware of the presence of the egg,and made not the
slightest attempt to remove it, The bird was very quiet and timid, The
quill feathers had attained a length of nearly an inch and gave the bird the
appearance of a young porcupine. The eyes were black.
On July 4th the young koel alone was in the nest, the crow’s egg was lying
broken on the ground beneath the tree ; but it was clear from the appearance
of the branches that some person had been up the tree. I again tested to see
whether the koel minded contact with a foreign object, but it did not appear
to do so, The feathers had just begun to emerge from the sheath and the tips
were slightly tinged with red, I continued to examine the young bird daily.
By the 7th quite 3 of an inch of each tail feather was protruding beyond the
sheath. With the exception of the tip, which was becoming more reddish,
all the remaining feathers were black. The eye had become a smoky brown.
I find the following entry, anent the young koel, recorded in my diary of
July 8th:—“ The young koel now looks quite presentable. Its tail is two
inches long, The feathers of the neck are glossy black, the remainder are
brownish black, some of them (i.e, those which were the first to appear)
having rufous tips. There is now little doubt that the young bird is a cock,”
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, T75-
By July 10th the young koel had become as large asa myna, Its breast and
abdominal feathers and its under tail-coverts were tipped with rufous, but.
from above very little rufous was visible. On July 12th the young koel was
almost ready to leave the nest. When my climber tried to catch hold of
him he jumped out of the nest and fell, but managed to clutch with his large
and powerful claws a branch, and hung there, head downwards, until the climber
secured him, I then made him perch on the'side of the tin can, he assumed.
the characteristic koel attitude, and might have been mistaken for an adult
cock but for his brown eye, short tail, and the fact that a few of his feathers
were tipped with a rufous band.
On the 14th the young bird was sitting on a branch of the tree near the
nest, The climber managed to secure it, Its earlier feathers still had rufous
tips, but these had become less distinct. Having examined the bird I put
it on the lower branch of another tree to the disgust of its foster parents.
When I returned later on it was sitting on a higher branch of the same tree.
T did not see it again.
This example shows that the description which Blanford gives of the nest-
ing plumage is inaccurate.
Nest Numeer II,
On June 13th this contained one crow’s egg, on the 14th a second crow’s egg
had been laid. On the 15th we found, in addition to these two crow’s eggs, @
koel’s egg. On the 16th another crow’s egg had been laid, and on the 17th yet
another, so that the nest now contained the koel’s egg laid on the 15th and the
four crow’s eggs laid on the 13th, 14th, 16th, and 17th respectively.
The nest was visited daily and there was no change in its contents up to the
29th, If therefore the koel did eject a crow’s egg it must have been one laid:
after my visit on the 14th, and this must have been taken out by the koel
before my visit on the 15th, so that I never saw the egg at all.
On the evening of June 29th the young koel had emerged from its egg, as-
had two of the crows(on the 28th June not one of the eggs had hatched out),
so that the nest now contained a young koel, two crows and two crow’s eggs,
By the 30th one of these had hatched out, so that there were three young crows.
in the nest, The same state of affairs prevailed on July 1st ; by the 2nd all the
eggs had hatched out, so that the nest now contained a young koel and four
crow nestlings, I visited the nest daily and watched the growth of the brood
with interest, On July 5th the eldest of the crows was just beginning to
show wing and tail feathers as tiny bristles, whereas the wing and tail feathers.
of the koel were nearly half an inch in length, The crow’s eyes were still
closed, but those of the koel open. The neck of the crow nestling is long and:
the head hangs down. The koel’s neck is short and it holds its head well back
between the shoulders. The crow has a mouth very much larger than that of
the koel, with great fleshy flaps to the edges of the mandibles. These the koel
lacks, Nevertheless the biggest crow, although not nearly so far advanced, was
considerably bigger than the koel. I tested the sensitiveness of this young koel
774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
and found that it did not mind in the least contact with foreign bodies, or
with its fellow nestlings,
On July 6th we found, from the fact that the branches we had arranged
were broken, that some one had been up the tree, and one of the young crows
had disappeared, The nest now contained the koel and three crows. I was
most annoyed since the tree in which this nest was situated grows on the lawn
in front of the bungalow in which I was living. It was therefore apparent
that some of the servants living in the compound had taken the young crow.
A protracted inquiry, in which the police were called in, elicited the fact that
the son of the sweeper of the Principal of the College had swarmed up the
tree and taken the young bird! The boy confessed. Had hebeenan English
boy I should have boxed his ears and thus settled matters then and there ; but
I knew that if I dared to lay hands on a native boy, there would probably be a
tremendous uproar; that telegrams would, as likely or not, be sent to the Viceroy,
that Messrs. Keir Hardie and other pillars of the Empire would ask questions
in the House of Commons, and that I should run the risk of being informed
that, in the opinion of the Secretary of State, I had“ failed to maintain the
high traditions of the Civil Service’; so, although the boy was only about
ten years old, an enquiry had to be held, and (the boy’s guilt being proved)
I gave the father the choice of three alternatives—of having his boy prosecuted
criminally for “ mischief,’ of being dismissed by his master, or of giving his
son a shoe beating. He, as I expected, chose the last alternative, which was
carried out in my presence to the tuneful accompaniment of the culprit !
I mention this ridiculous incident because it shows the difficulties under
which my experiments were conducted and because there is a sequel, of which
more anon,
I may say at once that there was no further tampering with this nest, and
the young koel and three remaining crows grew up amicably together and left
the nest in due course,
By July 8th the young koel looked quite presentable. His tail (it was a
cock) was two inches long, the feathers of his neck were glossy black, the
others were brownish black, some of them having reddish brown tips. These
were not nearly so conspicuous as they were in the young koel in nest number
VIII,
In both these cases it was only the first feathers to appear that had the
lighter bars at the tip. Those that subsequently appeared had no reddish brown
tips. The following entry occurs in my diary of July 12th anent this nest :—
“The koel is in a very dirty condition, The young crows have evidently
been sitting upon him (I used the word literally), and some of them have left
their cartes de visite on his plumage. The websof the wing feathers of the
two bigger crows are just beginning to emerge, but their eyes are not yet fully
open,”
We thus see that the young koel does not object to very close contact with
its foster brethren, and that it develops very much more rapidly than they do.
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, 775:
Tt was born less than twenty-four hours before the two larger crows, yet its
eyes were open on July 5th, while theirs were still half closed on July 12th,
As the koel grew older the terminal bars on the tips of his’ wing and tail
feathers grew fainter and, by the 18th July, they had completely; disappeared ;
by this date the koel looked ready to leave the nest while the crows were
still in a very backward state, On July 20th the young koel was still in the
nest. I then left Lahore for nine days, On my return on the 30th, the
young koel was sitting on the tree outside the nest and looking very little
different from the adult male koel, the two elder crows were sitting near the
nest and the smallest crow was still inside it,
When there are only koels in a nest they soon fly away when once they are
able to leave the nest. In cases, however, where there are crow nestlings
as well, the koel hangs about the nest tree to be fed by the foster parents.
until the young crows are ready for flight ; then they all depart together,
Nest Numer I,
On June 13th this nest contained one crow’s egg. By the 15th a second
had beenadded, On the 16th the nest contained three eggs. In this nest I
now put a large fowl’s egg, for I was anxious to prove what I have for so long
contended, that the theory that cuckoo’s eggs are “ mimics,” those of the host
is not tenable, I had previously in England put sparrows’ eggs in swallow’s
nest, and a robin’s egg in a blackbird’s nest. This time I was determined to
put my belief toa very severe test. I chose the most intelligent of the birds
and put in its nest a white egg at least three times the size of its own blue
eggs splotched with brown, Within ten minutes of the deposition of the fcwl’s
egg the crow was sitting upon it in the most matter-of-fact manner. I may
mention that I had previously put a fowl’s egg in a nearly completed crow’s
nest, wondering whether the presence of this egg would fire the hen to iay in
the nest without bothering to give this latter the finishing touches, The crows
ate up that egg. Evidently the incubating instinct at that stage of the pro=
ceedings was not sufficiently strong to overcome the ordinary intelligence of
the bird. On the 17th I returned to the nest and found not only my fowl’s
egg safe and warm, but an additional crow’s egg, There were now five eggs
in the nest—four legitimate ones and the fowl’segg, Onthe 18th the nest
contained a fifth crow’s egg and the fowl’s egg was still in the nest, On the
19th all six eggs were in the nest. The crow must have had difficulty in cover-
ing them all. I then learned from the Khansamah who had furnished me with
the fowl’s egg that this was a fresh one from his village, so I determined to
leave it in the nest for twenty-one days and see whether a young chicken
would appear.
On the morning of June 18th the six eggs were all intact and it was evident
that the fowl’s egg was incubating,
On the evening of July 2nd I inspected the contents of the nest and found
that the crow’s eggs of the 16th and 15th June had yielded young ones,.
The other three crow’s eggs were still in the nest, The egg of the 13th had
776 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
‘been damaged by me some days previously, so that I was not surprised that
it had not hatched out. On July 4th J found that the crow’s egg of the 17th
had hatched out; and on the 5th the egg of the 18th yielded a young bird,
so that there were now in the nest four crow’s nestlings, the addled crow’s
-ege of the 13th and the chick’s egg.
On July 6th the movements of the young chicken inside the fowl’s egg
‘were apparent, and as the full twenty-one days would be completed on the
morning of July 7th I went to the tree on that day wondering whether I
‘should see a young chick in the nest, But I found the fowl’s egg lying
broken on the ground with a fully formed young chick inside, the ants had
just discovered it but had not yet damaged it. The branches that we now
always arranged had been disturbed ; it was thus evident that some one had
‘swarmed the tree. Two of the young crows had been taken away, so that
the nest now contained two young crows and the addled crow’s egg. I was
naturally indignant at this prank, which had followed so closely on the
removal of the young crow from nest number II, A small boy, whom I had
appointed to watch, informed me that this time the culprits were the sons
-of the dhobi and the sweeper of the Principal of the College. These had each
four rupees deducted from their pay as a punishment in order to teach them
not to molest me in future, I took the young chick which was fully
formed and have it preserved in spirit and shall be glad to present it to the
Bombay Natural History Society as a curiosity if the Society cares to have
it, There may even yet be an economic future for the Indian crow as an
incubator,
On July 9th I took a young paddy bird (Ardeola grayii), three days old,
out of a nest and put into this nest (No. I) which now contained only one
young crow ; the parents may have thrown the addled egg out of the nest, but
I do not know what happened with the second crow. WhenI visited the nest
the next day there were no signs of the young paddy bird although the
young crow was stillin the nest. The crows had evidently, somewhat to my
surprise, ‘“‘spotted” that the young paddy bird was a stranger and done it to
‘death, I had expected that they would feed it, since the parental instinct
was So strong.
I may here add that I put a golf ball in a crow’s nest containing two eggs and
the next day found the crow sitting on the ball! But when I replaced the
two crow’s eggs in another nest by two golf balls the crows deserted.
On August 7th I placed a fresh fowl’s egg in the nest of a crow containing
‘two crow’s eggs, subsequently three more crow’s eggs were laid and the crow
sat upon all six, After the young crows had emerged, the crow still continued
to brood the fowl’s egg, I was away from Lahore on August 28th, but my
climber went up the tree and found that the fowl’s egg had just hatched
out ; the young bird was moving about in the ‘nest. Contrary to my orders he
left it there. A few minutes later the crows began cawing very loudly and
excitedly ; he again ascended the nest to secure the young chicken ; when he
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, 777
got up he found that this was in a dying state ; it had been savagely pecked by
the scandalised crows. He removed .it, and it shortly afterwards died in his
hand, He preserved it in spirit.
Since making the above observations I have been’reading Leverkihn’s Fremde
Etter in Nest, and I find that some German observers have performed similar ex-
periments with various species of crows. The results of their observations may
be of interest.
In 1788 Kéhne replaced four crow’s eggs by four of the smallest fowl’s eggs
he could find, which he coloured to make them resemble crow’s eggs. He
saw the crow sitting daily, On the 22nd day he noticed that she was sitting
on the outermost branch of the tree and regarding the nest apparently with
astonishment. Then Kéhne noticed a young white chicken (a cock) running
about under the tree, the other three chickens were in the nest. Kohne repeat-
ed the experiment next year with similar results.
Brehm placed a pebble stone in a crow’s nest which she sat upon along with
her egg.
Mathes placed fowl’s eggs in a crow’s nest and states that when the first
chicken appeared and began to cheep, the crow fled in terror and did not again
return to the nest.
Shramm substituted three fowl’s eggs for five eggs of Corvus cornix, the
crow promptly ate them up. He then colovred his fowl’s eggs to resemble.
-crow’s ; the crow hatched these out, but devoured the chickens immediately
upon their appearance. He performed a similar experiment with magpies ; but
they reared up the young chickens.
Leverkiithn relates several instances of owls and birds of prey hatching out
-fowl’s eggs and rearing up the chickens. According to him a kite in the Zoo
at Zittan laid forty-one eggs between 1851 and 1868, for these sixty-nine
fowl’s eggs were substituted, and of these fifty-three were hatched out and
the young successfully reared.
. Nest Number IX,
On the 19th June my climber discovered this nest, it then contained one
-crow’s egg and one koel’s, On the 20th a second crow’s egg was added, on the
21st a third, and a fourth on the 22nd, so that the nest now contained one
‘koel’s egg and four crow’s eggs. No change took place in the contents of the
nest until the 28th, when the young koel hatched out. On the 29th a crow
hatched out, and to my astonishment a second crow emerged on 30th, 7-,,
ten days after the egg was laid. By July i8th the third crow had hatched
out and the fourth by July 2nd, so that these eggs appear to have incubated
in ten days instead of fifteen or sixteen, the usual time. Hither the crow laid
‘special patent fast-hatching eggs or someone must have been playing the fool
with the nest by putting in it day by day eggs from another nest four or five
-days after they were laid. I do not know whether the period of incubation
can be materially shortened by very close sitting. Thus on July 2nd the nest
contained a young koel and four young crows. On July 5th I visited the nest
778 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
and found in it the koel and two crows, one young crow was found lying dead
on the road, and there was no trace of the other, I think that the aforesaid
sweeper’s son can, if he should choose to do so, explain what became of the
crow. Iam quite certain that the koel was in no way responsible for the
disappearance of the one bird or the ejection of the other.
On July 8th the nest still contained the koel and two crows, I take the
following extract from my diary of that date :—‘“ The crows are much more
vociferous than the young koel, which is very quiet and appears to be
exceedingly timid. It is, however, much more advanced than the crows, its
feathers being a long way out of their sheaths, while all the feathers of the
crows still have the form of tiny bristles”’ On July 9th it was apparent
that the koel was a hen, as her plumage was largely barred with white.
On inspecting the nest on July 18th, we found that the koel had left the
nest while the crows were of course still in it. The koel was sitting on a
branch within a yard of the nest,
On the 20th, when my chaprass: swarmed the tree, the young koel took fright
and flew to the next tree, where it got caught in by its wings between two
branches, but managed eventually to right itself, Meanwhile the parent crows
swore lustily at my climber and tried to attack him,
When I returned from the Hills on July 30th the young koel was still sitting
in the tree, and both the young crows had left the nest and were in the tree.
When the young koel caught sight of us she flew quite strongly to a neigh-
bouring tree. The fact that the young crows were unable to fly, kept the koel
in the neighbourhood of the nest.
Nest Numeer III.
This contained one crow’s egg on the 14th June, and an additicnal egg was
added daily until the 18th, but on that day instead of there being five eggs.
there were only four, the one laid on the 16th having disappeared between the-
morning of the 17th and the morning of the 18th. This disappearance of a
crow’s egg in nests in which there was no koel’s egg happened several times).
and I do not believe that in most cases they were removed by human agency.
Hither the egg may cling to the feathers of the sitting bird and thus be taken
out of the nest, or there may be a scuffle with a koel iv the nest, which causes.
an egg to fall out, or a tree-pie or some other creature may have caught the
crow napping and breakfasted off one of the eggs, I may here say that, thanks.
to the ants, all traces of a fallen egg are removed from the ground within half
a day of its fall.
On June 28thI founda nest containing a young koel and a crow’s egg,
and, as the nest was some way from my bungalow, I took out the young koel:
and put it in nest number III, which now contained only three eggs, that which
I had found in it on the 14th having disappeared, The crows did not appear
to resent the sudden arrival of the young stranger, for it was all right the
next day and being well fed. On July Ist the young koel was going strong
and the crow’s eggs were still in the nest, I did not inspect on the 2nd July
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL, 779
and on the 3rd one of the crow’s eggs had hatched out, one of the others was
broken and in it a dead crow fully formed. This we removed. On July 4th
there was no change in the contents of the nest, the young koel being now in
what I may perhaps call the porcupine stage. On the 5th and 6th there was
still no change in the contents of the nest ; the white tips of the koel’s feathers
were now showing. On arriving at the tree on the 7th it was at once obvious
that some one had been up it. This person had removed the crow nestling and
the egg, so that the nest now contained the koel alone, On July Yth it became
apparent that the young koel was a hen. On July 16th she had left the nest
and was sitting on the tree. We saw no more of her after that.
Nest Number VII.
This contained on June 15th one crow’s egg. On the 18th it contained
two, three on 20th, and four on 22nd. But on the 24th the egg laid on the
18th had disappeared, so that the nest now contained only three crow’s eggs,
On July 8rd the egg of the 15th hatched out. On that day I put into
the nest two young xoels, two and three days old, taken from another distant
nest containing two young koels and one crow. We had had this nest under
observation for a couple of days and when we first came upon it the crow’s egg
was still unhatched, As the nest was too far off to enable me to inspect it |
daily, I removed the two young koels to nest number VII, so that it now
contained two koels, one crow, and two crow’s eggs.
On July 5th the egg of the 20th yielded its chick and the egg of the
22nd did likewise on July 6th, so that the nest contained two koels and threc
crows. There was no alteration on the 7th, but when we visited the nest on
the 8th the two smatler crows had completely disappeared, and as the arrange-
ment of branches which we left appeared to be undisturbed, it is most unlikely
that any person had removed those young birds. I am not able to explain
their disappearance. On July 9th the nest still contained one crow and two
koels ; the first was the biggest of the three, but not so far developed as the
larger koel. He and the younger koel were very clamorous, When lowered,
the young koel raised itself, flapped its fore limbs, opened its mouth, and
squeaked, By the 16th the crow was far bigger than either his two foster
brothers, but not nearly so far advanced. Both the koels were considerably
barred, the bars of one being white and those of the other rufous,
The bird with the white bars had several of these in each of her tail feathers
while the tail feathers of the other bird were only tipped with rufous, hence
I was of opinion that the latter wasa cock. But of this I am now not so
sure, for when I retnrned from the Hills on July 30th, both of the koels had
left the nest and flew away when the chaprassi ascended the tree, He
declares that they were both hens, Unfortunately I did not obtain a
sufficiently good view of them to express an opinion on this point,
I shall return to this matter later. On the 30th the young crow was still in
the nest, but as the climber ascended the tree it fluttered out and dropred, but
managed to catch hold of a branch in its descent and thus save itself.
During
29
780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
my absence from Lahore there had been a most violent dust-storm which blew
down half the tree in which this nest was situated.
Nest NoumsBer XI.
On June 23rd I discovered this nest in a low tree. The nest was very difficult
to get at, as it was built on a slender branch. It contained five eggs, all crows.
On the 25th we noticed that one of these had disappeared. On the 28th I placed
in the nest a koel’s egg, which I took from a distant nest. On July ird one crow
had hatched out. ©n the 5th we found that the koel had emerged. on the 6th
another crow, and on the 7th all four crows had hatched out, so that the nest
now contained four crow nestlings and one young koel. On July 20th all five
birds were in the nest. But when I returned from the Hills on July 30th the
nest contained only the koel and one crow. The others were almost certainly
flung out of the nest during the severe storm which I mentioned when speaking
of nest number VII. This nest (number XI) was attached to very slender bran-
ches and must have been subjected to violent oscillations during the severe storm,
Nest Numper XII.
On June 23rd this contained one crow’s egg, a second had been added by the
25th, and a third by the 27th. On the 28th I placed a koel’s egg in the nest.
On July 6th the young koel emerged. None of the crow’s eggs had
yet hatched out. On July 9th I noticed that one of the crow’s eggs had got
spoiled, it had init a hole nearly large enough to enable me to insert the
blunt end of my pencil. The young koel, although nearly three days old, was so
small that it could easily go inside a crow’s egg. On July 10th the three
crow’s eggs were still in the nest, so that the parents had sat for some days
upon an egg wi'h a large hole in it. On this date I placed in the nest a paddy-
bird’s egg which was nearly incubated, as I wanted to see whether, if the
youngster was hatched in the crow’s nest, the crows would feed it.
On the 12th I found in the nest the paddy-bird’s egg, the koel, and a newly
hatched crow. The damaged egg and another egg had disappeared. No human
being had been up the tree. The crows had probably noticed the hole in the
egg and turned it out as well as another egg, for some reason best known to
themselves. On July 13th the young paddy-bird could be heard cheeping
inside the egg.
On July 14th the koel alone was in the nest, the young crow and the paddy-
bird having completely disappeared. There were no signs of any one having
climbed up the tree. The crows must, I think, have been disgusted at the
appearance of the paddy-bird and turned both it and the young crow out in
their wrath. It is, I think, unlikely that the young koel turned out these
eggs and the young birds, for,as I have said, the koel nestling does not
appear to mind the presence of others, and it was not until it had been hatched
for eight days that the nest was finally emptied of everything but itself.
Uaving chronicled what took place in each of the twelve nests J had under
observation, it is necessary for me to offer, in conclusion, a few general
remarks on the facts which the enquiry has brought to light.
PARASITIC HABITS OF THE INDIAN KOEL. 781
Firstly, as regards the plumage of the nestling. Its skin is invariably black
and in each of the twelve koel nestlings, whose early life-bistory I follcwed,
the earliest feathers to appear were not pure black but were tipped with
white or a kind of reddisb fawn colour. The nestlings that had the white
tips to their feathers were undoubtedly females, for all their subsequent
feathers were barred. But Iam not at all sure whether the converse is true,
viz,, that all birds whose earliest feathers are tipped with reddish fawn are
cocks. In two cases the first wing and tail feathers to appear were alone thus
tipped, so that before the young cuckoo left the nest it was almost as black as
the adult. But many of the birds which had reddish tipsto their feathers
were subsequently barred to as great an extent as the undoubted females.
Were these hens or very much barred cocks? Iam inclined to take the latter
view, since even in the two undoubted cocks one was more conspicuously
barred than the other. If this is correct then the test of the sex of a nestling is
not so much the extent of the barring of the feathers as the colour of the bars.
There were three undoubted cocks among the birds on which I experimented,
that is to say, three that were black almost all over when they left the nest and
four undoubted hens, 7.¢., that were very heavily barred with white when they
left the nest. In addition to these there were two much barred birds with
reddish bars; if these were hens, then of the nine young koels whose early
history I followed no fewer than six, or two-thirds of the whole, were hens,
If, however, these birds were cocks, then four of the nine were hens and five
cocks. “gain, as we have seen, one of the koels in nest VI had white bars and
the other reddish ones. I have already given reasons for thinking that both
eggs were laid by the same hen, and it seems unlikely that these should give
rise to two females each differing markedly from the other in appearance.
The next point which these experiments bring out is the easiness of the
path of the cucxoo, A nesting bird seems to cast intelligence to the winds.
The crows sat upon a fowl’s egg, upon a sea-green paddy-bird’s egg, and on a
golf ball, apparently without noticing that these differed in any way from their
own eggs. Again, the a‘dition or subtraction of an egg or two was sot noticed,
Further, when I introduced a young koel into a nest containing eggs only, the
parent crows at once set to work to feed the young koel, as though they were
quite accustomed to young birds, being thus introduced into the nest!
I consider it proven that the koel undoubtedly destroys or tries to destroy
some of the crow’s eggs it finds in the nest. My idea is that, given the
opportunity, the koel will destroy all the crow’s eggs. Unfortunately there
was so much tampering with the nests that came under my observation that
the evidence on this point, and indeed on most points, is not so conclusive as I
could wish. However, I have no reason to think that nest number VI was
tampered with by human beings, yet all the crow’s eggs disappeared. Then
there is the nest we found containing only two kvel’s eggs which were nearly
incubated. Lastly, there was the incident of the broken crow’s egg on the
ground under nest number X.
782 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Equally clear is it, in my opinion, that the young koel does not eject either
crow’s eggs or his fellow-nestlings. In the case of nest number II three young
crows and a koel were reared up and fledged, in nest number VI two young
koels, and in nest number IX a koel and two crows. It is true that many eggs
and young crows disappeared but in nearly every case this disappearance can be
otherwise accounted for. I think that I have said sufficient regarding the young
koel’s lack of that peculiar irritability which characterises the common cuckoo.
It is possible that the young koel may sometimes turn a crow nestling out of
the nest, but this is, I believe, always the result of accident. At the best a
crow’s nest is an unsafe nursery.
Then there can be little doubt that the incubatory period of the koel’s
egg is «] ghtly shorter than that of the crow ; as I have already said, in every
nest that I have examined the young koel has always been the first bird to
hatch out, and in some cases the koel’s egg had been laid after some of the
crow’s eggs that were being incubated along with it.
Some ornithologists declare that the adult koels keep an eye upon their
young while these are in the nest and feed them as soon as they leave it. I
saw no signs of this, although I watched for it. I do not think that this
feeding takes place as a general rule ; as, if it did, the koel, which leaves the
nest so much earlier than the crows, would not wait about the nesting tree,
as it does, until the crows are ready to fly.
In conclusion, I should like to mention two points regarding the nest and
eggs of the crow.
The first of these is the varying rates of laying of different birds. Thus in
nest number III the five eggs were laid within as many days, while in nest
number VII the first egg was laid on June 15th, the second on the 18th,
the third on the 20th, and the fourth on the 22nd. That is to say, four eggs
were laid in eight days.
Then I noticed that there is a great deal of variation displayed in eggs of
the same clutch, not only in marking but in colour, shape and size. In one
clutch of four eggs each differed so greatly from the others that, unless I
had myself taken all the four eggs out of the same nest, I should have not
believed that one bird could have laid them.
Lastly, the crows about Lahore seem to be very catholic in their choice of
materials with which to line the nest. The lining most commonly seen
consists of a mixture of horsehair, dried grass and soft bast-like substance.
One bird used pine needles, another hard twigs, and a third soft grass only.
Khas (pulled out of some tattie) is a very favourite lining. A few nests were
lined with feathers, chiefly those of green parrots and “ blue jays.”
One bird lined its nest with a mixture of feathers, dried leaves and bits of
blue silk thread. Another nest was lined with hairs that once graced the tail of
a roan horse.
783
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS.
BY
H. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
Parr I.
The Khasia Hills, considering their extent and elevation, contain a
great variety of country and should therefore contain also a correspond-
ing proportion of birds; but, as a matter of fact, the Khasias are such
universal slaughterers of all life that birds are not as numerous as
one would expect.
All round the foot of the Hills, both towards Gauhatty and the
Surma Valley, the dense, tropical woods contain much bird life, but
this is not of great interest, as the fauna is much the same as that
found elsewhere in the surrounding districts.
Towards Shillong one passes through immense stretches of grass
land at an elevation of 3,500 to 5,000 feet and, about five miles from
Shillong itself, one enters the pine forests. To the extreme east of
the district there is yet another phase of country, rolling grass-covered
hills covered with scattered oak forests, the same in fact as that to
the east of the Kopili in the North Cachar Hills, but propertionately
even less broken up.
Towards Cherrapoonji and its vicinity are many huge cliffs which
afford breeding places to several interesting birds, principal amongst
which is the local Swift, Cypselus acuticauda, and the fine striped
Swallow, Hirundo striolata. H. dauricu also breeds here, but this is
much more of a domestic form than sétralata, and haunts the villages,
breeding in the Khasias’ houses.
The local and most interesting birds are the Long-tailed Wren,
Urocichla longicaudata, found in all suitable bush-covered ravines at
sufficiently high elevation, and the local form of Laughing-Thrush,
Dryonastes subcerulatus. This bird, I regret to say, seems to be far
more rare than it was 23 years ago when I first visited the Khasia Hills.
At that time although the bird was very rare, one could always get
a certain number of specimens. This year, though I have had men
specially deputed to hunt for the Babbler, it is with the greatest diffi-
culty I have managed to get any.
A curious feature of the bird life here is that, though divided from
the Himalayas by the Brahmapootra, several true Himalayan forms
784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
are here plentiful which are found nowhere else in the Assam Hills
south of this river. Thus in North Cachar, which is nothing but
a continuation of the same hills as these, Mesza argentauris is
extremely common, and Liothrix lutea, only a straggler in the
Khasia Hills, exactly the reverse. Again we have Tribura breeding
plentifully in the Khasia Hills, but quite rare in North Cachar
Hills.
Thus on the whole the latter hills are far more Indo-Burmese in their
avifauna, whereas the Khasia Hills are truly Himalayan. The list
which follows, is admittedly a rough one and will, I trust, be very
much enlarged before long. It is compiled from the collections made
by Hume, Godwin-Austen and others, and small collections made by
my men in 1886, 1887, 1889, 1894, 1895, 1896, and again in 1905,
1906.
OrpER PASSERES.
Family CORVIDA.
Subfamily Corvin»,
4, Corvus MACRORHYNCHUS.—The Jungle-Crow.
Common at Shillong and near villages.
7. Corvus sPLENDENS.—The Indian House-Crow.
A straggler near the plains, but has not as yet ascended to Shillong or any
way up the hills,
14. CissA CHINENSIS.—The Green Magpie.
Common in the south and again in the Jowai Sub-division,
16. Denrocritra RurA,—The Indian Tree-pie.
Common below 2,000 feet.
18, DENDROCITTA HIMALAYENSIS.—The Himalayan Tree-pie.
Common above 2,000 feet, at which height both forms are found in about
equal numbers.
19. DENDROCITTA FRONTALIS.—The Black-browed Tree-pie.
A rare straggler only, although so common in the adjoining hills of North
Cachar.
26. GARRULUS BISPECULARIS.—The Himalayan Jay.
Recorded from these Hills. I have received a single specimen with egg
from Lyetkensaw, 5,500 feet elevation.
Subfamily Parinz,
31. Parus aTRicEPs,—The Indian Grey ‘Tit.
Common.
34, PARUS MONTICOLA.—The Green-backed Tit,
Very common everywhere, entering gardens in great numbers during the cold
weather and haunting the pines,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA GILLS, 785
36, AIGITHALISCUS MANIPURENSIS.—Hume’s Red-headed Tit.
Common and very confiding, seems to go in flocks, as I saw nearly a dozen
together in my garden, hunting restlessly for insects in the pines, Disappears
from Shillong in the breeding season.
41. MacHLOLOPHUS SPILONOTUS.—The Black-spotted Yellow Tit.
On the higher ranges only above 4,000 feet where it is very common. It
breeds very early about Shillong and I procured full fledged young ones early in
April. Here it always places its nest in holes in rocky barks, or in stone walls.
Subfamily PARADOXORNITHINZ,
51, PARADOXORNIS FLAVIROSTRIS.—The Yellow-billed Crow-Tit,
Rare and very local, haunts reed-beds and ekra bordering streams, also bam-
boo jungle and occasionally long grass,
52, PARADOXORNIS GUTTATICOLLIS.—A usten’s Crow-Tit,
Rare ; replacing the previous bird at the higher levels. This form is far
less given to frequenting grass and bamboo jungle, and I have found it in thin
forest and bush jungle, It breeds principally in bamboo jungle,
56, SUTHORA POLIOTIS.—The Ashy-breasted Crow-Tit,
Obtained at Cherrapoonji.
59. SUTHORA ATRISUPERCILIARIS,— The Black-browed Crow-Tit.
I found this bird not uncommon on the higher reaches of the Kopili river,
All Crow-Tits go in fairly large flocks and are far more like the smaller
Crateropodide than the Titmice in their habits, and will eventually be moved
to that family.
60, SC#ORHYNCHUS BAKERI.—Baker’s Red-headed Crow-Tit.
Series of this bird obtained in North Cachar have been shown by Hartert
to be ditterent to the western forms and have accordingly been named by him
as above. The two forms extend throughout North Cachar, Manipur, Khasia
and Naga Hills as far as the extreme east of Assam,
61, ScORHYNCHUS GULARIS.—The Hoary-headed Crow- Tit.
Family CRATEROPODIDA,
Subfamily CRaTEROPODIN &,
62, DRYONASTES RUFICOLLIS.—The Rufous-necked Laughing-Thrush,
Very common, but chiefly so at low elevations,
66, DRYONASTES SUBCERULATUS.—The Shillong Laughing-Thrush,
Not common, one of the very few birds hitherto only obtained in the
Khasia Hills. It is curious to note that birds of this form which I procured
in North Cachar seemed more true cwrulatus than subcwrulatus.
69, GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS.—The Himalayan White-crested Laughing- |
Thrush.
Commou.,
72, GARRULAX PECTORALIS.—The Black-gorgeted Laughing-Thrush,
Rare, and seems to keep to the higher ranges, whereas the next bird descends
right into the plains,
786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
73. GARRULAX MONILIGER.—The Necklaced Laughing-Thrush.
Very common,
74, GARRULAX GULARIS,—McClelland’s Laughing-Thrush.
I obtained this bird on the Kopili River. Rare.
80, IANTHOCINCLA RUFIGULARIS.—The Rufous-chinned Laughing-Thrush.
Recorded by Blanford from the Khasia Hills.
81, IANTHOCINCLA AUSTENI.—T he Cachar Laughing-Vhrush.
Obtained by Godwin-Austen in the Khasia Hills.
84. TROCHALOPTERUM CHRYSOPTERUM.—The Eastern Yellow-winged
Laughing-Thrush.
Another local bird not as yet obtained outside the Khasia and adjoining
North Cachar Hills. it is fairly common in some parts and I have seen
specimens from a large number of localities.
87. TROCHALOPTERUM PHGNICEUM.—lhe Crimson-winged Laughing-
Thrush,
Common.
92. TROCHALOPTERUM sQUAMATUM.—The Blue-winged Laughing-Thrush.
Very rare. I have seen specimens near Shillong and others again from
Cherrapoonji. F
102. GRAMMATOPTILA AUSTENI.—Austen’s Striated Laughing-Thrush.
A straggler only.
103. STACTOCICHLA MERULINA.—The Spotted-breasted Laughing-TLrush,
Rather rare, A specimen was procured by one of my collectors in 1892. I
have seen no others until this year when I obtained two females on their nests,
104, ArGYA EARLII.—The Striated Babbler.
Common,
109, ARGYA LONGIROSTRIS.—The Small Rufous Babbler.
Rare and an inveterate skulker,
110, CraTeRopus CANORUS.—The Jungle Babbler.
Not rare near Gauhati.
116, POMATORHINUS SCHISTICEPS.—The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler.
This is the common form of Scimitar Babbler on these hills.
124, PomMarorRaINcus PHAYRII.—Phayre’s Scimitar Babbler.
Common in many parts, more especially towards the east and south-east.
[t is numerous about Shillong,
125. PoOMATORHINUS RUFICOLLIS.—The Rufous-necked Scimitar Babbler,
Rather rare.
129. PoMATORHINUS ERYTHROGENYS.—The Rusty-cheeked Scimitar
Babbler,
Recorded hence, but I have seen no specimens,
130, POMATORHINUS MACCLELLANDI.—McClelland’s Scimitar Babbler,
The commonest form near Shillong.
131. PomaroruiNnus Hypoteucts, The Arrakan Scimitar Babbler.
Common near the plains of Sylhet and Cachar, not ascending the Hills to
any height. Has a very deep and sonorous hoot.
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 187
Subfamily ‘TIMELINZ.
134. TIMELIA PILEATA.—The Red-capped Babbler.
Common near the plains and ascends the grass covered plateaus up to nearly
6,000 feet, *
137. GAMSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS.—The White-headed Shrike Babbler.
Not yet recorded hence, but must occur, as it is exceedingly common across
the Kopili river, in the adjoining hills of North Cachar,
139. PycTorHIs SINENSIS.—The Yellow-eyed Babbler.
Common in suitable localities, It keeps much to grass plains and bamboos,
breeding in the former,
142. PELLORNEUM MANDELLII.—Mandelli’s Spotted Babbler.
Common wherever there is bamboo jungle, but it also frequents scrub
jungle and forest land as well.
143, PELLORNECM MINUS.—Sharpe’s Spotted Babbler.
I was surprised to find very typical specimens of this Babbler at Cherrapoonji
where I procured several specimens on their nests, The same bird is also
found at Shillong.
147. PsLLORNEUM FUSCICAPILLUM.—The Brown-capped Babbler.
Rare ; found in grass lands near water or swamps ; a great skulker and very
shy.
151, DRYMOCATAPHUS TICKELLI.—Tickell’s Babbler,
Hume obtained specimens both of this and the next bird in these Hills.
152, D&yYMocATAPHUS ASSAMENSIS.—Austen’s Babbler,
This is the common form to the east of Assam, but in North Cachar I only
obtained tickellz.
154. CoRYTHOCICHLA STRIATA,—The Streaked Babbler.
Found near the plains, a rare bird and very retiring,
160. TurpiINnvs aBBorTti1.—Abbott’s Babbler.
Common near Sylhet, in the ravines which run through the broken land at
the foot of the Hills, Though a skulker is not shy,
163, ALCIPPE NEPALENSIS.—The Nepal Babbler.
Common, going about in large parties and fluttering about more like fly-
catchers than babblers.
165, ALCIPPE PHAYRII,—The Burmese Babbler.
Nearly as common as the last, but is found in smaller parties,
169, STACHYRAIS NIGRICEPS,—The Black-throated Babbler,
Common, Occurs as high as Shillong where I have taken its nest.
170, STACHYRHIs CHRYS#A,—The Golden-headed Babbler,
Fairly common, above some 3,000 feet. Is found in rather large parties,
173, STacCHYRUIDOPSIS RUFIFRONS.—H ume’s Babbler,
Quite common—Blanford’s statement to the contrary notwithstanding,
176, MIXoRNIS RUBRICAPILLUS.—The Yellow-breasted Babbler,
Rare, in most places, but common to the ‘extreme east where there are
suitable bamboo jungles,
30
188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
179, ScHa@NIPARUS MANDELLII,—Mandelli’s Tit-Babbler.
Rare, except to the extreme west. I have taken its nest and eggs in Shillong.
181. Sirriearus crineREUs.—The Dusky-green Tit-Babbler.
Rare, I saw a flock of these small babblers frequenting some scrub jungle,
amongst pine forests, overhanging the Sweet Falls at Shillong.
182, SITTIPARUS CASTANEICEPS,— The Chestnut-headed Tit-Babbler,
Not very uncommon at Cherrapoonji,
Subfamily BracHYPTERYGINE
For the sake of convenience I am retaining Oates’ classification, but there is
no doubt that the majority of the birds in this subfamily belong elsewhere,
and I merely note against each, in brackets, the position the bird should
really take in my opinion.
187, MyrorHonEus TEMMINCKI.—The Himalayan Whistling Thrush.
Common about all streams and is found in Shillong itself, (Turp1p2.)
191, Larvivora BRUNNEA.—The Indian Blue Chat.
Very rare, (TURDID®.)
198. DRrRYMOCHARES NEPALENSIS.—The Nepal Short-wing.
Common in some parts. (TURDID®.,)
201. TEsta CYANIVENTRIS.—The Slaty-bellied Short-wing.
Widely distributed but common nowhere. This tiny bird is more like a
mouse than a bird in its actions, running up and down branches, twigs, etc , and
only taking to flight when very closely pressed. Has a loud shrill note uttered
at intervals of a minute or two. Haunts wet ravines in preference to drier
jungle, and feeds much on small spiders.
202. OLIGURA CASTANEICORONATA.—The Chestnut-headed Short- ae
Very rare.
Subfamily SIBIINA.
205, LiopTiLa GRACILIS.—The Grey Sibia,
A rare bird and very locally distributed. Keeps principally to tall tree
forests.
298, LioprinA ANNECTENS.—Blyth’s Sibia,
Rare, found only at above 4,000 feet,
211. ACTINODURA EGERTONI.—The Rufous Bar-wing.
Same as the last bird.
216, STAPHIDIA CASTANEICEPS.—The Chestnut-headed Staphidia,
Common where found. A very active little bird. Has a curious habit of
soaring twenty or thirty feet into the air and then sinking down with out-
stretched wings to the lower bushes.
219, Siva stRiguLA.—The Stripe-throated Siva,
A western form only occurring here as a straggler,
221, SIVA CYANUROPTERA.—The Blue-winged Siva.
Common, but doubtfully resident, This bird is found in large numbers in
these and the adjoining Hills as late as May, but after that it becomes scarce,
and few, if any, remain to breed under 6,000 feet,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 789
225, YUHINA NIGRIMENTUM.—The Black-chinned Yuhina.
Rare,
226, ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSA.—The Indian White-eye.
Common in parts, Is sometimes seen in gardens in Shillong,
231, IxuLUs occIPITALIS.—The Chestnut-headed Ixulus.
Common at high elevations in broken forests.
232. IXULUS FLAVICOLLIS.—The yellow-naped Ixulus.
More rare than the last, but found in similar country,
234. HERPORNIS XANTHOLEUCA—The White-bellied Herpornis,
Scattered in small numbers widely over the district.
Subfamily LiorHRIcHIN«».
235, LioTHRIx LUTEA.—The Red-billed Liothrix,
Not uncommon about Shillong and the higher hills where I have taken its
nest frequently,
237. PTERUTHIUS ERYTHROPTERUS.—The Red-winged Shrike-Tit.
Very rare, This bird was comparatively common in North Cachar and it
may be more common than supposed in suitable country. It is, however, a
conspicuous bird unlikely to escape notice.
239, PTERUTHIUS MELANOTIS.—The Chestnut-throated Shrike-Tit,
Equally rare.
243, ANGITHINA TIPHIA.—The common Jora.
Common below 2,000 feet.
247, CHLOROPSIS AURIFRONS.—The Gold-fronted Chloropsis,
Very common. Very easily tamed and a beautifulsongster, In captivity feeds
principally on fruit, but is also an insect eater and takes grasshoppers greedily,
249, CHLOROPSIS HARDWICKII.—The Orange-bellied Chloropsis.
Very common and like the last often kept as a cage bird by Khasias.
250. CHLOKOPSIS CHLOROCEPHALA.—The Burmese Chloropsis.
Not common, but I have seen a fair number obtained by Mr. H. A. Hole at
the foot of the Hills near Sylhet.
254, IRENA PUELLA.—The Fairy Blue-bird,
Fairly numerous in suitable localities in heavy tree forest, generally at low
elevations.
255. MxkLANOCHLORA SULTANEA.—The Sultan-bird,
(This bird really belongs to the subfamily Parinz,) Common towards
North Cachar. I have taken nearly full-fledged young in early April,
261, PsAROGLOSSA SPILOPTERA.—The Spotted-wing,
(This species is a true Myna and should be included in the EULABETIDZ.)
Common, I do not think this starling breeds here, but it may do so in the
higher Hills to the east.
Subfamily BRACHYPODINZ.
263. CRINIGER FLAVEOLUS.—The White-throated Bulbul,
Very common in tree and scrub jungle below 2,000 feet, uncommon above
that. A conspicuous, noisy bird, keeping much to strict jungle and low forest.
790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
269. HYPSIPETES PSAROIDES,—The Himalayan Black Bulbul.
Common,
272, Hemrxus FLAVALA—The Brown-eared Bulbul, —
Found on well wooded ranges at the higher elevations only.
275. HEMIXUS MACCLELLANDII.—The Rufous-bellied Bulbul.
On the higher ranges only where it is not uncommon.
277, ALCURUS STRIATUS.—The Striated Green Bulbul.
First recorded by Hume from these Hills.
279. MoLPasTEs BURMANICUS.—The Burmese Red-vented Bulbul,
A straggler only, Many birds are however intermediate between this and
the next,
282. MOoLPASTES BENGALENSIS.—The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul,
Very common.
237, XANTHIXUS FLAVESCENS.—Blyth’s Bulbul.
Rare, but widely scattered.
288. OTOCOMPSA EMERIA.---The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.
Common near the plains, rare higher up.
290, OTOCOMPSA FLAVIVENTRIS.—The Blackecrested Yellow Bulbul.
Commou in parts, especially where there is forest with plentiful under-
growth.
292, SPIZIXUS CANIFRONS.—The Finch-billed Bulbul.
Peculiar to these and the adjoining Hills of Cachar and Manipur, A rare
bird throughout its range and, as far as I know, seldom working much below
5,000 feet. I have taken its nest some half dozen times near Shillong.
296, JoLe vIRESCENS.—The Olive Bulbul.
Rare, haunting well wooded ravines, at low elevations, Mr, H. A. Hole pro-
cured this bird several times at Jellalpur just at the foot of the Hills.
310, MiIcRoPUS MELANOCEPHALUS.—The Black-headed Bulbul.
This and the next bird, probably one and the same species, are not un-
common in the cold weather at the foot of the Hills near Sylhet-
311, MICROPUS CINEREIVENTRIS.—The Grey-bellied Bulbul,
Associates with the last. Both species haunt lofty trees in forest country,
descending to scrub jungle in the breeding season. They have a very melodi-
ous whistle,
Family SITTIDA.
316, SITTA CINNAMOMEIVENTRIS.—The Cinnamon-bellied Nuthatch,
Procured by Godwin-A usten,
324, SiTTA FoRMOsA.—The Beautiful Nuthatch.
Recorded hence by Blanford. In North Cachar, where it was extremely
rare, I only found it on the highest peaks, but its eggs were brought to me here,
taken at 5,000 feet.
325, SiTra FRONTALIS.—The Velvet-fronted Nuthatch.
Fairly common. I have seen no Nuthatches in the pine forests which are
singularly destitute of all bird life,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 791
Family DICRURID,
326, DiIcRURUS ANNECTENS.—The Crow-billed Drongo.
A straggler only.
327. Dicrurus ATER.—The Black Drongo,
Common.
329. DICRURUS NIGRESCENS.—The Tenasserim Ashy Drongo,
The gray Drongo of these Hills is nigrescens, not cinerceus as recorded by
Oates. It is fairly common and is found both at the highest elevation and
down in the plains.
334, CHAPTIA HNEA.—The Bronzed Drongo.
Common up to 2,000 feet.
335, CHIBIA HOTTENTOTTA,—The Hair-crested Drongo,
Common in parts. Wherever there are Cotton trees (Bombax) Drongos of all
sorts congregate and on the lower portions of the Gauhatty-Shillong road, where
these trees are numerous, I have seen all seven species in a morning drive.
339, BHRINGA REMIFER.—The Lesser Racketstailed Drongo,
Common,
340. DissEMURUS PARADISEUS—The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo, or
Bhimraj.
Common.
Family CERTHIIDA.
344, CERTHIA DISCOLOR. The Sikhim Tree-Creeper.
The Tree-Creeper, which is to be found in the forests of the highest ranges,
may be this or manipurensis. I saw a pair of Tree-Creepers in pine forest at
Shillong, but though they were tame enough they kept high up in the trees
and it was difficult to get a good sight at them, I think they were discolor,
354, URoOcCICHLA LONGICAUDATA,—The Long-tailed Wren.
Confined to the Khasia Hills, Nothing was known about this bird’s habits
or nidification, It has been found in Shillong and Cherrapoonji, and I had
three of its nests with eggs brought to me this year,
356. PN@PYGA SQUAMATA,—The Scaly-breasted Wren,
This and the next bird, which are extremely closely allied, are, curiously
enough, both found in these Hills, Terrible little skulkers keeping much to
ravines in evergreen forest at considerable elevations,
307, PNapyGa PUSITLA —The Brown Wren.
Not rare.
Family SYLVIIDA,
360. WLOCUSTELLA CERTHIOLA,—Pallas’s Grasshopper-Warbler,
Procured at Cherrapoonji.
363, ACROCEPHALUS STENTOREUS.—The Indian Great Reed-Warbler,
In 1889 I purchased a specimen of this species which had been trapped in
these Hills. A. ortentalis is also sure to be found here,
371, TrRiBuRA THORACICA.—The Spotted Bush- Warbler,
A straggler from Sikhim.
792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
372, TRIBURA LUTIVENTRIS.—The Brown Bush- Warbler,
A rare resident, I have had several nests brought to me this year, These
agree exactly with others of this genus,
373, ‘TRIBURA MANDELLII,—Mandelli’s Bush-Warbler,
Taken in Shillong, I have procured two specimens both trapped on their
nests,
374, OrTHOTOMUS sUTORIUS.—The Indian Tailor-bird.
Very common,
375, ORTHOTOMUS ATRIGULARIS.—The Black-necked Tailor-bird.
Specimens of Tailor-birds procured by my men at Lyetkynsew all proved to
be of this species and it probably is not rare at the higher elevations,
379, CISTICOLA TYTLERI,—The Yellow-headed Fantail-Warbler,
Common in grass lands,
380, CIsTICOLA VOLITANS.—The Golden-headed Fantai!-Warbler.
A Malayan bird occurring on the Kopili Kiver on both banks, Very local,
but by no means rare in that one place,
381, CISTICOLA CURSITANS.—The Rufous Fantailed- Warbler,
Extremely common wherever the country is suitable. The nest is a
favourite one for Cuculus canorus to deposit its eggs in. They look very
ridiculous nearly filling up the tiny nest.
382, FRANKLINIA GRACILIS.—Franklin’s Wren-Warbler.
Common,
383, FRANKLINIA RUFESCENS.—Beavan’s Wren-Warbler,
Common.
389, MEGALURUS PALUSTRIS.—The Striated Marsh-Warbler.
Common near the plains, and breeds all round the foot of the Hills in the
Assam Valley, but is rare in the Surmar.
393, ARUNDINAX AEDON.—The Thick-billed Warbler.
Common near Sylhet,
405, PHYLLOscoPUS AFFINIS,—Tickell’s Willuw-Warbler.
Very common in Shillong gardens in winter, it is pussible, that some stay to
breed,
414, PHYLLOscoPpUS PULCHER.—The Orange-barred Willow-Warbler.
Has been found in these Hills.
415, PHYLLOSCOPUS PROREGULUS,—Pallas’s Willow- Warbler.
A winter migrant,
417. PHyLLoscopvs sUPERCILIOSUS,—The Crowned Willow-Warbler.
Very common, possibly resident,
419, PHYLLOSCOPUS MANDELLII.—Mendelli’s Willow- Warbler.
Resident but rare, Undoubtedly many other Phylloscop: and allied War-
blers occur in Shillong as migrants, but I can find no further records,
424, ACANTHOPNEUSTE MAGNIROSTRIS.—The Large-billed Willow-
Warbler.
Recorded,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 793
428. ACANTHOPNEUSTE OCCIPITALIS.—The Large Crowned Willow-
Warbler.
Common, This little Warbler, which is a facsimile of the smaller billed
P, superciliosus, swarms in the cold weather in every garden,
A, viridunus, A, tenellipes and others are also sure to occur,
431, CRYPTOLOPHA AFFINIS.—The Allied Flycatcher-Warbler,
Not common,
434, CRYPTOLOPHA XANTHOSCHISTA.—Hodgson’s Grey-headed Fly
catcher-Warbler.
Very numerous, This is yuite one of the most common Warblers in the
cold weather and unlike most birds seems to find something to eat amongst
the pines which it frequents,
435, CRYPTOLOPHA JERDONI.—Brooks’s Grey-headed Flycatcher-
Warbler.
This bird has also been recorded from the Khasia Hills, but the specimens I
have obtained have all been of the previous form, The two are very closely
allied and, I think, may have been mistaken for one another,
436, CRYPTOLOPHA POLIOGENYS.—The grey-cheeked Flycatcher-War-
bler,
Recorded by Oates from Cherrapoonji.
437, CRYPTOLOPHA CASTANEICEPS,—The Chestnui-headed Flycatcher-
Warbler.
A male of this species was taken with the nest at Cherrapoonji this year,
438, CRYPTOLOPHA CANTATOR—Tickell’s Flycatcher-Warbler,
Oates has seen specimens taken in Shillong. I obtained both this and the
last in North Cachar,
446, NeoRNIS FLAVOLIVACEUS,—The Aberrent Warbler,
Recorded by Hume.
448, HORORNIS FORTIPES.—The Strong-feoted Bush-Warbler,
Fairly common, Resident and breeds. Its nest is hard to find, but the
owner calls attention to its situation by its loud call on entering and leaving it,
458. Suya CRINIGERA.—The Brown Hill-Warbler,
Very common in suitable parts,
460. Suya KHasiaNA.—Austen’s Hill-Warbler,
Extremely common in scrub jungle and grass lands,
Prinia flaviveniris, P, socialis will certainly also be found in the Khasia
Hills as they are common in North Cachar,
Family LANIIDZ,
475, LANIUS NIGRICEPS.—The Black-headed Shrike.
Common and resident, Haya really beautiful song and is not Sparing of it,
477, Lantus :EPHRONOTUS,—The Grey-backed Shrike.
Very common, Non-resident,
481, Lantus cristatus.—The Brown Shrike,
Common in winter. Breeds fairly frequently.
794 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
485, HemMipus CAPITALIS.—The Brown-backed Pied Shrike,
I have seen specimens this winter and taken fully fledged young.
486, TEPHRODORNIS PELViCUS,—The Nepal Wood-Shrike,
Very common in parts, especially near North Cachar,
490, Pericrocorus speciosus.—The Indian Scarlet Minivet,
This bird and the next one here more or less intermix ; definite specimens cf
either may be obtained, but nearly all are intermediate,
491, PeERICcROCOTUS FRATERCULUS,—The Burmese Scarlet Minivet.
495, Pertcrocorus BREVIROStRIS—The Short-billed Minivet,
Common near the plains and ascends as high as Shillong where I have seen it
in my garden,
498. Pericrocorus soLaris, The Yellow-throated Minivet.
Common on the higher ranges and I have seen large flocks in Shillong itself.
499, PrRICROCOTUS ROsEUS.—The Rosy Minivet.
Fairly numerous in suitable parts,
505. CAMPOPHAGA MELANOSCHISTA.— The Dark-grey Cuckoo-Shrike,
A pair of these birds frequented the compounds on Secretariat Hill in
Shillong.
510, GraucaLus MAciIT.—The Large Cuckoo-Shrike.
Common in forest lands. I saw one in Government House compound where
bird interests are keenly protected, but pine foresis are not suited to it, If
not seen, its vicinity is always made public by its loud harsh cries, It is usually
found in small parties.
Subfamily ARTAMINA,
512. Axrramus Fuscus.—The Ashy Swallow-Shrike.
Very common, Frequently occurs in Shillong itself,
Family ORIOLIDA,
514. Orioxius InDIcUs.—The Black-naped Oriole.
A rare migrant,
515, ORLOLUS TENUIROSTRIS—The Burmese Black-naped Oriole,
A rare resident.
521. ORIOLUS MELANOCEPHALUS,—The Indian Black-heod d Oriole.
A common resident, I have heard its mellow whistle in the Government
House compound, but failed to get a glimpse of it,
522, ORIOLUS TRAILLII.—The Maroon Oriole.
Resident, but nowhere common,
Family EULABETIDA,
524, EULABES INTERMEDIA.—The Indian Grackle,
Common at low elevations,
527, CALORNIS CHALYBEIUS.—The Glossy Calornis.
Common and resident, but I have never taken its nest,
Family STURNIDA,
538, STURNIA MALABARICA.—The Grey-headed Myna.
Common,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 195
549, ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS.—The Common Myna,
Common,
552, AI THIOPSAR FuscUS.—The Jungle Myna.
Common near the plains. On the Gauhatty-Shillong road this myna may
be found at every halting stage, where it feeds on the remains of cattle food
and spilt rice and grain,
555, STURNOPASTOR CONTRA.—The Pied Myna.
Common near the plains,
(Vo be continued.)
31
796
ON A NEW RACE OF SCIURUS LOKRIODES
FROM BURMA.
By
J, Lewis BONHOTE, M.A.
(From “The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” Vol, 18, No, 107, p. 338.)
Asmall collection of mammals, recently brought home from Rangoon by Capt.
A. Mears, contains four specimens of a squirrel closely allied to S, lokriodes,
Hodgs., but so distinct as to be entitled to subspecific rank. I propose for it
the name
Sciurus lokriodes mearsi, sub sp, 0.
Similar in size and general characters to S, lokriodes, but much paler and
greyer than examples from the typical locality. General colour above greyish
green, rather darker on the back and paler on the flanks, and especially over
the thighs, Tail ringed with black and grey and with no black tip, Hars
covered with short fulvous hairs, Underparts dull white, purest on the chin,
duller on the body, onthe inner side of either thigh is a patch of pale orange,
and similar patches, though of a paler tint, are situated on the inner side of the
arms and at the root of the tail, while in some specimens the yellowish tinge
tends to cover the whole of the underparts between the limbs,
The skull shows no marked differences from that of S. lokriodes except in
being slightly smaller, but in its general characters it closely resembles that of
the typical race.
Dimensions (of type in flesh) : —
Head and body 185 mm.; tail 172 ; hind foot 40; ear 19.
Skull: greatest length 46°5; length of palate from henselion 20; zygomatic
breadth 27° 5; greatest breadth of brain-case 20; length of nasals 15; length of
molar series (alveoli) 10.
Huab,—lL. Chindwin, Burma.
Type —B, M. 6.7,5,10 (0 ad.). Collected by Capt. Mears at Chinhyit, L.
Chindwin, on 16th January, 1906.
‘he very much greyer general colouration of this race will enable it to be
easily recognized.
797
ON A NEW ENCHYTRAID WORM (HENLEA LEFROYI,
sp. N.) FROM INDIA—DESTRUCTIVE TO THE EGGS
OF A LOCUST (ACRIDIUM, sv.).
By
FRANK EH, BEDDARD, M.a, F.8.8., Prosector to the Society.
(Received October 5, 1905.)
(Extract from the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1905,
Vol, 12, p. 562.)
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., of King’s College, Cambridge, was so good as to
forward to me recently a tube of small white worms for identification and
study. These had been sent to him from India by Mr, H. Maxwell-Lefroy,
Entomologist to the Government of India who discovered that they attacked
and destroyed the eggs of a locust belonging to the genus Acridium when the
ground in which those eggs were deposited is moist.
Dr. Harmer directed my attention to the fact that they were Oligochztous
worms ; they prove to be a species of the family Enchytreide, and were in a
good state of preservation for microscopical examination, The family, as is
‘well known, occurs in damp earth as well as in water; it is not so purely
aquatic as are some of the families of the “ Microdrili,”
The species appears to be new, and presents a certain number of characters
which in combination render its inclusion in any already defined genus difficult.
I shall, however, describe its characters before proceeding to discuss its system
atic position.
The species is small, 3-4 mm. in length and, as already mentioned, white,
The sete are curved and of the usual Enchytreid form; they are, however,
rather few in number in each bundle, though present upon all the segments of
the body, with the exception of the first and apparently the twelfth (in the
mature worm with a clitellum), The lateral bundles possess two sete, and the
ventral bundles three ; very occasionally I observed three set in a dorsal
bundle, This arrangement. extends from end to end of the body.
The number of segments in a large specimen is 27.
I could detect no dorsal pores,
The clitellum and other external characters call for no remark,
The alimentary canal shows certain characters which assist in the placing of
the species, Peptonephridia are present and of very small length, though I am
unable to give any details concerning them. The ‘oesophagus appears to pass
without any break into the intestine ; I can find no demarcation between these
‘two sections of the gut. Behind the clitellum the gut is of course much wider
than it is in front of that region of the body. Furthermore, I can discover no
“ceca or pouches of any description appended tothe gut. Itis a simple tube
without outgrowths. The septal glands of this species extend back as far as
the sixth segment, in which the last pair occur; in front of this pair and in
segments iv, and y. are equally prominent pairs of septal glands,
798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
The dorsal blood-vessel is anteclitellian in origin and does not seem to be
connected at its point of origin with any dorsal diverticulum of the gut such as.
exists in Buchholizia. It arises in the eleventh segment. I could see no “ heart
body.”
The exact origin of the dorsal vessel is rather difficult to locate exactly in this
very minute Enchytreid. I fix the eleventh segment as the point of emergence
from the intestinal plexus, since the vessel is very much broader here than in
the dorsal region of the blood-plexus posteriorly* and stands out more from
the walls of the gut. The vessel is,in fact, in this segment quite twice the
width that it is anteriorly to the point in question, Commonly, for example
in Henlea nasuta,the dorsal vessel is much wider at its emergence from the
intestinal plexus than it is anteriorly,
This is confirmed by an examination of a series of transverse sections from.
which it was evident that the dorsal vessel stood away from the walls of the
intestine in the anterior part of the clitellum; it was indistinguishable
posteriorly.
Concerning the reproductive organs, it may be observed, in the first instance,
that the position of the various ducts and pouches is perfectly normal, The
external orifices of the atria are very conspicuous upon the ventral surface
of the twelfth segment, in line or nearly so with the ventral sete of that
segment, These setz are, however, absent, and there are no penial sete of
any kind, The testes and the ovaries occupy their usual segments, i.¢,, xi and
xii. Concerning the exact form of the sperm-duct funnel I am unable to give
jetails ; but I have identified them and satisfied myself that they are of the
usual enchytreid pattern.
The spermathece offer characters of obvious systematic use. They open
on the one hand into the csophagus in the fifth segment, and on the other
by a muscular duct on to the line dividing segments iv. and y. I could not find
any diverticula, There are but a single pair of spermathece,
In the above description I have only been able to dwell upon a certain
number of facts which are of systematic importance in the group. Of impor-
tance in determining the genus are: (1) the presence of four bundles of
curved sete on all the segments of the body, save the first and the twelfth ;.
(2) intraclitellian origin of dorsal vessel ; (3) absence of any diverticula to:
cesophagus ; (4) simplicity of spermathece and their communication with
cesophagus,
Of the thirteen genera allowed by Michaelsent, 9, viz., Achwta, Michaelsena,
Mesenchytreus, Chirodrilus, Buchholtzia, Enchytraus, Stercutus, Marionina, and
Lumbricillus, are excluded by these characters, Though I did not find any
* It must be borne in mind that Pierantoni (‘Studii anatomici su Michaelsena
macrochaeta, Pierant,” Mitth, Zool. St. Neapel, xvi. 1903, p. 40%) traces a distinct.
dorsal vessel in the intestinal plexus posteriorly to the region where the former is said to
commence, But this does not affect the point of emergence,
+ Oligocheta,in ‘Das Thierreich’ (Berlin, 1900).
NEW ENCHYTRAID WORM FROM INDIA, 799
dorsal pores, it is clear that the present species cannot be safely referred to the
genus Fridericia, which is so distinctly characterised by the peculiar paired
character of its sete. There remains only Henlea and Bryodrilus, from which,
however, the species described in the present paper differs in several points.
With genera described more recently than those included in Michael]sen’s
eomprehensive work just quoted, e.g. Hydrenchytraust, I cannot identify this
semiparasitic Enchytreid from India,
It is true that four species, viz., Marionina glandulosa, Enchytreus minimus,
E. parvulus §, aud E, turicensis, possess, as does the species dealt with here, two
sete in each lateral, and three in each ventral bundle ; but I do not regard
those European species as identical with the present Indian form.
In the meantime I place the species in the genus Henlea, where the charac-
teristic glandular pouches of the gut are occasionally absent (e.g. Henlea
dicksoni), in default of living material and a more exhaustive examination, I
propose to name it after Mr. Lefroy, who first directed attention to the species,
ft Bretcher, Rev. Zool. Suisse, ix., p. 208.
§ This worm is described by Friend (Irish Nt. XI. 1902, p. 110), though not sufficiently tc
permit of any certainty.
800
ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS BROUGHT HOME BY
THE TIBET FRONTIER COMMISSION.
BY
J. Lewis BoNHOTE, M.A., F.LS., F.ZS,
(Received August 9, 1905.)
(* Teut-figures 52 d& 53.)
(Extract from the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1905,
Vol. 7L., p. 302.)
The collection of mammals brought home by the Tibet Mission, and
collected by Captain H. J, Walton of the Indian Medical Service, although
not large in numbers contains several specimens of great interest, and there
can be no doubt but that the region is full of mammalian treasures only
waiting time and opportunity for their discovery.
Of the eight species of which examples were brought back, two—Mécrotus.
waliont and Cricetulus lama—are new to science, while the large red Fox of the
country is sufficiently distinct to be entitled to subspecific rank, In addition
to these, I have been enabled for the first time to examine the skull of
another Fox, Vulpes ferrilatus, described 63 years ago, but of which the skull-
characters have hitherto remained entirely unknown, This skull shows
features of great peculiarity, and proves the validity of ferrilatus as a species, a
matter hitherto considered doubtful by some writers.
In addition to the specimens collected by Captain Walton, the British
Museum is indebted to Col. Waddell for two or three skins, an account of.
which has also been incorporated in this paper,
FELIS MANUL Pall,
Felis manul Pall. Reise Russ. Reichs, III., p. 692 (1776) ; Blanf., Faun, Br
Ind., Mamm., p. 83 (1891).
a. @. Yamdok Lake, alt, 15,000’, 28th Sept. 1904,
This specimen, the only one procured, was brought home by Col, Waddell.
VULPES VULPES WADDELLI. ;
Vulpes vulpes waddelli Bonhote, Abstr. P. Z. 8. No. 22, p. 14, Nov. 21, 1905.
a. Khamba Jong, alt. 16,400’, 8th Oct. 1903.
b. Phari Jong, Upper Chumbi Valley, 11th Jan. 1904 (coll. Waddell).
General colour above reddish-fulvous, the median dorsal area from the-
occiput to the root of the tail being bright red, shading to pale buff on the
flanks and hindquarters. The head rufous; the ears moderately large and
pointed, being clothed with long white hairs on the inside and short black ones.
externally, Feet rufous along their margins and white or grey in the centre,
Tail long, woolly, and very bushy, tipped with white; each hair being pale
* Text-figures net reproduced,
: tA sketch-mip giving all the localities in which this collecton was procured is published:
in The Ibis (1905), p. 57, pl. ii.)
COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM TIBET. 801
fulvous at its base, with a long, black, terminal portion, Underparts pure
white.
The skull does not show any special characters by which it may be dis-
tinguished from that of the typical form, It is stout and well built, being
short and broad in the muzzle and rather swollen in front of the orbits, but
otherwise it shows no features of note,
Dimensions of type (in flesh), Head and body 25 in,; tail 16 in.; hind foot
6in, Height at shoulder 14°75 in, Weight 8 lbs,
Skull._—Greatest length 145 mm.; zygomatic breadth 72; width in line with
ant, root of pm, 4, 37-5, (Further skull dimensions are given under the next
species. )
Aabitat—Khumba Jong, Tibet, alt, 16,400’.
Type.—B, M. 5, 4,6, 1, Collected 8th October 1903, by Captain Walton.
This race may be readily distinguished from JV. v. flavescens by its much
brighter coloration throughout, and especially by the deep red median dorsal
area. In the true flavescens the back is much more uniform in colour, the
median dorsal area being but very slightly darker than the surrounding parts
and of a more brownish yellow, the red tint being entirely lacking, |
The local name is ‘‘ Wamo.”
VULPES FERRILATUS (Hodgs.),
Vulpes ferrilatus Hodgs. J. A. 8. B., XI., p. 278, pl.; Blanford, Faun, Br,
Ind., Mamm., p, 155 (1891); Mivart, Mon, Can., p, 121 (1890),
a, Karo-La Pass, alt, 16,600’, 30 miles HB. of Gyangtse.
The only specimen procured is a typical example of V. ferrilatus, but in
very bad fur, This species may always be recognized by the underfur, which,
besides being close and woolly, is fulvous to the base. The peculiar and
woolly character of the fur throughout is quite sufficient to distinguish’ -
from all other species,
Captain Walton writes : —“ The small fox does not, I feel pretty sure, occur
near Khamba Jong, all the foxes seen there being of the large species (V. v.
waddells, ante), Isaw other foxes almost certainly of this species between
Karo-I.a and the neighbourhood of the Yan Dok Cho (Lake Palti),”
Accompanying the skin is a very fine adult skull (text-fig. 52), which, so far
as I am aware, has never before been described, This skull is quite unlike
that of any other species of Fox, and is characterised by the extreme slender-
ness and elongation of the muzzle and the great length of the upper canines,
The brain-case and zygomata, on the other hand, do not show any signs of
lateral compression or elongation, but are fairly normal in their dimensions and
breadth. The supraorbital processes are stout and well developed, and the
brain-case gradually widens out from immediately behind these processes and
reaches its greatest breadth in line with the posterior roots of the zygomata.
On the under side we may note the narrowness of the soft palate and
the tendency of the pterygoids to approach each other posteriorly, The
bull are more elongated and less rounded than usual, The dentition, which
802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
is normal, except for the great length of the canines already noted, calls for
but little comment, The spaces between the premolars are large in correla-
tion with the length of the muzzle, and the first upper molar is relatively
small.
V. ferrilatus, V, v. waddelli.
Dimensions :— mm, mm,
SAPEHCESE TOU OLN. 0.5 .0npinseanennearerts tesa 155 145
BASAL TON GTA ....0...cseaceecnes sete se eens 138 130
Palatal length . bes tnrsew s epeces 78 71
Length from aah HA of alate i
PasOCCISUAL Uivessy evces<n-casccncseas icine 60 59
Length from last incisor to ant, root
of 1st premolar (alveoli)....0..-+ -..0 19 16
Length of premolar series ... ........00 48 39
Breadth of brain-case immediately be-
hind “Ssupraorbitals c. ciscsecsseses as os 26 23
Greatest breath of brain-case... ........ 50°5 49
Zygomatic breadth ..........secccssesees “ 84 72
Breadth of muzzle at ant. root of 2nd
PICHIA GL savansaanatemetenesiclcecencunecemecea sts 19 23
Length of upper canine along its anterior
BULLE OUD senate caters aca an anionic wages secdanieevesssnans 29 20
This comparison of dimensions will show more clearly than any description
the main features in which this skull differs from that of the more typical
“ Vulpes ’’; and in spite of the doubt of Mivart* there can be no question that
Ferrilatus not only is a good species, but is more differentiated than any
other species in the region,
The only other skull of ferrilatus known is a very young one collected by
Mr. Hodgson ; it is, however, too young to show any of the specific characters
enumerated above.
PUTORIUS ALPINUS (Gebler).
Mustela alpina Gebler. Mem. Soc, Imp, Nat. Moscou, VI., p. 213 (1823).
Putorius alpinus Blanford, Faun, Br, Ind., Mamm., p. 168 (1891).
a, @ ad. (in spirit), Gyangtse, alt. 12,900’, 1904.
b. & Khamba Jong, alt, 15,500’, 11th September 1904.
CRICETULUS LAMA,
Cricetulus lama Bonhote, Abstr, P.Z.S., No. 22, p. 14, Nov. 21, 1905.
a. & ad, Lhasa (skinned from spirit),
b. @ ad. Lhasa (in spirit),
The Cricetulus referred tof as “the little white mouse” is represented in
the collection by two spirit-specimens, one of which has since been skinned,
It appears, although closely related to Cricetulus ph@us, to have been hitherto
undescribed,
* Oc. cit, ante. + Percival Landon; Tibet, App, by H, J, Walton (1905).
COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM TIBET, 803
Size about that of C. pheus. General colour above pale fulvous grey, greyer
‘than in C. pheus.
Each hair is slate-grey at its base, fulvous for about } of its distal end and
-with a black tip. Over the head and fore part of the body the fulvous por-
tion of each hair is the more conspicuous, but on the hinder part of the back
‘the dark tips predominate and a faint dark median dorsal line may be traced.
The underparts are pure white, the hairs being slate-grey at their base, The
line of demarcation between the upper and under parts, although abrupt, is
‘very uneven in outline, The feet are but scantily clothed with hair and are
white, The tail is moderately long and stout, well clothed with dark-brown
hairs above and white hairs below ; the tip is white,
The whiskers are for the most part black with a white tip, some shorter ones,
however, being entirely white.
The skull resembles somewhat closely that of C. pheus, but is slightly larger
-and the brain-case more inflated and rounded, The chief points of difference
when viewed from below, are the greater width of the basioccipital and the
much flatter and smaller bullze in the new species, Above there isa_ slight,
although very constant, difference in the hinder margin of the parietals, which
are practically straight in outline ; whereas in C. phaus there is a sharp turn
backwards when about two-thirds of their length from the middle line.
Dimensions (of type when in spirit)—Head and body 87 mm; tail 40; hind
foot 17; ear 16. .
Skull—Greatest length 28°5 mm.; basal length 24 ; palatal length from hen-
selion 12 ; interorbital breadth 5; greatest breadth of brain-case 12°5 ; width
of basioccipital at anterior end of auditory bullee 3.
Habitat,—Lhasa, Tibet.
Type.—B, M. 5, 4, 6,4. Collected at Lhasa, Tibet, by Capt. H. J. Walton,
IMS,
The darker colour of the hinder part of the back combined with the general
much greyer coloration, and in addition the somewhat longer and stouter tail
form characters by which this species may be distinguished from C, pheus.
The animal, according to Capt. Walton, was extremely common, and was
swarming in one of the shrines of the Jo Khang Cathedral at Lhasa.
Microtus (PHAIOMYS) WALTONI.
Microtus (Phaiomys) waltoni Bonhote, Abstr, P.Z.S., No. 22, p, 14, Nov.
21, 1905.
a @ ad. Lhasa, Tibet.
Slightly smaller in size than Ph, blythi, to which it is by skull-characters
closely allied, though widely differing in colour, General appearance above
fulvous grey, slightly greyer over the anterior part of the body; below very
pale buff, Hach hair is slate-grey from its base and for the greater part of its
length, with a fulvous subterminal portion and dark tip, On either side
between the limbs, the dark tips are absent, leaving a clear fulvous patch,
Interspersed in the fur are a few thin black bristles. The feet are whitish,
32
804 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
both palms and soles are 5-tuberculate. The tail is bicolor. The ears small
and sparsely covered with hairs similar in colour to those on the rest of the
body. Mamme eight in number, four pectoral and four inguinal,
Skull,—The dental characters are practically identical with those of Ph,
blythi. The skull itself is very similar in general outline, but slightly smaller ;
this is especially noticeable in the bull, which do not stand out so prominently
from the rest of the cranium,
Dimenstons of type (from spirit) —Head and body 98 mm; tail 30 ; bind foot:
Vi ear 10°5.
Skull.—Greatest length 28 mm.,; basilar length 245; zygomatic breadth:
16°5; interorbital breadth 4; length of nasals 7; diastema 8°2; palatal length:
15,; length of molar series (text-fig. 53), (alveoli) 7.
Habitat —Lhasa, Tibet.
Type.—B.M. 5,4, 6,5. @Q ad. Collected by Capt H. J. Walton, I.M.8,
This interesting species cannot well be confused with any other, as the skull-
characters clearly prove it to belong to the subgenus Phaiomys, and its colour
is quite unlike any of the other species of that group.
LeEpus o1ostoLtus Hodgs.
Lepus oiostolus Hodgson, J. A. 5, B., IX., p. 1186 (1840) ; Blanford, Faun. Br.
Ind., Mamm., p. 452 (1891).
a. Khamba Jong, Oct. 1903.
Apparently the common Hare of Tibet, two more skins having been brought
home by Col. Waddell. Capt. Walton states that this hare, which, as a rule,
avoids cultivated land and frequents bare and rocky hillsides, was very
common at Khamba Jong and also at Tuna at the head of the Chumbi Valley..
Jt was, however, much scarcer, although still occurring between Gyangtse and:
Lhasa,
OCHOTONA CURZONIZ Hodgs.
Lagomys curzonie Hodgs. (nec Stoliczka) J. A.S. B., XXVLI., p. 207 (1858) ;-
Blanford, Faun, Br, Ind,, Mamm,, p, 457 (1891); Bonhote, P.Z.S, 1904,
Vol. II., p, 214.
a. @. Yamdok Lake, 14,800’, 29th Sept, 1904.
b. c. No particulars,
d, ad. in spirit. Tuna,
The specimen from the Yamdok Lake had evidently just assumed its new
winter pelage, the other two skins being in old and worn fur, Tuna, where
the spirit-specimen was procured, is only a few miles north of the Chumbi
Valley, the type locality of the species,
Capt, Walton writes of this species:—“ They are exceedingly common at
Khamba Jong, Tuna, and in all the open bare country from Tuna to Gyangtse
as well as between Gyangtse and Lhasa, They, however, become less common
as one approaches Lhasa,-probably because the country is more cultivated,
They avoid cultivated fields for the most part, and were always commonest in
bare sandy country. They do not hibernate at all, and on any sunny day in
COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM TIBET. 805
the middle of winter they might be seen sunning themselves at the entrance to
their burrows, I dug up a few burrows during the winter. The tunnel runs
more or less vertically downwards for 1 or 2 feet and then somewhat horizon-
tally for 4 to 6 feet. The passage is dilated at irregular intervals in some two
or three places, At these spots and at the end of the burrow, which is also
dilated, there is a certain amount of coarse grass collected to forma kind of
nest, The ground in many places is honeycombed with these burrows, which
sometimes communicate with one another close to the mouth, but, asa rule,
they are quite distinct. I never heard the animal utter a cry of any sort.”
806
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No, IL—PELICANS BREEDING IN INDIA.
As Blanford says tbat “of late years no authentic account of Pelicans
breeding in India has appeared” (vide p. 336, Vol, IV, Birds, Fauna of British
India), [ consider I am extremely fortunate in having discovered a place in
South India, where the Spotied-billed or Grey Pelican (Pelicanus philippensis)
breeds regularly. As i have no doubt this will interest some of our members,
TI send an account of my experience,
I heard of the place quite by accident. My informant told me that there
was a place close to where I was encamped, where Pelicans and several other
Kinds of birds built on trees in the middle of a village.
I had often come across places in the Kurnool, Vizagapatam, and other
Districts, where colonies of Storks, Egrets and Heruns built on trees in and
around villages; so was a bit doubtful as to whether my informant was not
mistaking one of the larger Storks for a Pelican. _The village was not
far off my line of march and I determined to pay it a, visit, Jam glad I
did so,
_ The name of the village is Kundakolam in the Nanguneri Talug, which is in
the extreme south of the Tinnevelly District, I got to the village at about 9 a.m,
and I shall never forget the sight! There were about a dozen large-sized
tamarind trees in different parts of the village, and each tree was as full as
it could hold of nests and birds. The leaves of the trees were stained white
with the droppings of the birds and presented a very strange appearance. I
visited the place at a very good time (8th June) for all the young birds were
fully fledged and were able to come out of their nests. There were birds in all
stages of immaturity, and I had no difficulty in examining them through a pair
of field glasses. The villagers told me that several varieties of birds built
there ; the young of the smaller kinds however had grown up and had left
their nests for good. There were only two kinds left—the Spotted-Billed
Pelican and the Painted Stork (Pseudotantalus leucocephalus). From the
vernacular names of the other birds referred to by the villagers, I recognized
the Pond Heron (Ardeola grayi), the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus) and
the Night Heron ( Nycticorax griseus ).
To return to the Pelicans and Storks, it was very amusing watching the
young birds—especially the young Pelicans. There were little babelets whose
only object in life appeared to be to prevent their huge bills overbalancing
them ; then there were great hobble-di-hoys who seemed to think it no end of
fun opening their bills windwards and allowing the wind to bulge out their
salmon-coloured pouches, There were also birds who had just learnt to fly
and they kept on making trial trips from one tree to another and back again.
The young of the Painted Stork may be a pretty bird with his pencilled
plumage, but he is a noisy brute and seems to spend most of his time trying
to let every one for miles around know how hungry heis.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 807
The villagers look on these birds as semi-sacred and will not allow any one
to disturb or molest them, so they return to build there year after year, and
have done so for years past.
C. E. RHENIUS.
Tuticorin, 10th July 1906,
No. I1—FOOD OF PREDACEOUS FLIES,
I was under the impression that the fact that the Asélé kill other insects
—in much the same way as Falcons kill other birds—was well known, but as.
there appears to be some doubt on this subject I give below some instances of
their predatory habits.
Many years ago, when in Kanara, I noticed an inch-long yellow Asilus
frequenting the denser forest tracts in open situations, One day I saw one of
them fly from the top of a dead stalk of grass at a three-inch long dragon-fly
and collide with it, The result was, much to my surprise, the immediate col-
lapse of the latter which fell to the ground at my feet, The Asilus flew back
to its perch, whether owing to my presence I know not. The dragon-fly was
just kicking when I picked it up and expired nearly at once.
Another time I captured one of this same species of fly immediately after
it had caught a large Cicada, many times heavier than itself ; and it had its
proboscis buried in the prey. I have still got the pair in my collections in
Karwar.
I have often seen the smaller Asili hawk butterflies and occasionally
diptera and suck them dry. A fact worth noting is that they will, with per-
fect equanimity, hawk their own species ; and it isa matter of frequent occur-
rence to see a female sucking a male. One has only to watch these flies re-
gularly and the most sceptical person will soon be convinced of their preda-
ceous and cannibal habits,
I have many species, perhaps eight or twelve, in my collections and all of
them were caught in the act of hawking or sucking other insects, My species
vary from an inch-and-a-half (the big yellow one first mentioned above) to
delicate little green-eyed specimens of four or five millimetres in length caught
in the desert places of Sind.
T, R. BELL, L¥.s.
BELGAUM, 27th July 1906.
No. III—_SNAKE-BITE INFLICTED BY MELA NELAPS MCPHERSONI.
I have just received another specimen of Melanelaps mephersoni, the poison-
ous snake I described as new, last year. This specimen, like the first one, was
procured in Dthalla, Aden Hinterland, and I am indebted to Lieut. A.C. In«
gram, I.M.S., for it. It is of about the same size as the first specimen, and agrees
with it very closely, I note the following differences however. The 4th
supralabial only touches the eye. The anterior sublinguals touch 4 infrala-
bials. The ventrals are 239, and the subcaudals 31. The scales, 2 heads-lengths
808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
behind the head, are 25 ; midbody 23; and 2 heads-lengths before the vent 21,
I also notice, what I omitted to note in the first specimen, tbat the supra-
caudals, which are arranged in odd rows, show considerable enlargement of
the vertebral row as is the case in the kraits where the subcaudals are entire.
Mr. Ingram has added much to the interest of this snake by having inter-
viewed an Arab who had been bitten by it about 53 hours previously, I
quote from his letter: ‘“‘ There were marks of two very small punctures on
the inner side of the proximal joint of the right thumb * * * The thumb,
hand, and wrist were very slightly, but perceptibly swollen at that time.
There was no discolouration, and there appeared to me to be no effect beyond
this either locally or systematically. He said that the pain had been very severe
very soon after the bite, and had radiated right up the arm to the shoulder
and neck, and that there was a swelling in the armpit at first which had sub-
sequently subsided, The only treatment he had used was garlic locally, and
internally.” The next day all the pain had gone. It would be unwise to
infer from this case that the snake is not mortal to man, for even bites from
our most poisonous species such as the cobra yield very variable results, the
effects being sometimes trivial though there may be every appearance in the
local wounds to anticipate the worst consequences,
F,. WALL, Capratn, I.M.S., C.M.Z.8.
FyzABAD, 24th July 1906.
No, IV.—NOTE ON THE BREEDING OF RUSSELL’S VIPER (VIPERA
RUSSELLI) IN CAPTIVITY.
On three occasions lately Kussell’s vipers have produced young in the cages
of the Laboratory and it may be worth while to record particulars of these
occurrences,
On the first occasion, the viper was received from Howrah on the 9th of
April 1904, and gave birth to 25 young on the 7th of June 1904, These were
very active and the floor of the snake-room appeared alive with wriggling
forms when the door was opened in the morning. A few egg-cases were
noticed in the mother’s cage split longitudinally like a bivalve shell.
The second viper was caught in the compound of the Old Government
House in which the Laboratory is situated on the 6th Decmber 1905, and
on the 21st June 1906 gave birth to nine eggs, four of which contained living
Vipers.
The third viper was received from Wardha on the 31st of March 1906, and
on the 9th of July 1906 gave birth to 15 eggs, seven of which contained living
“vipers,
The second of these vipers happened to be ina glass-sided case, so the
extrusion of the eggs and subsequent exit of one of the vipers therefrom was
witnessed by Corporal J. Scott, European Assistant in the Laboratory. We
witnessed the other eggs being extruded, but they did not contain vipers,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 809
When first seen, three young :vipers were already free in the case, but the
birth of the fourth from the egg was clearly seen and was described by Corporal
‘Scott as follows :—The oval egg split open in the long axis just “like a mussel-
-ghell” and disclosed the young viper coiled up in the midst ofa glairy mate-
rial like white-of-egg, The tail
was in the centre of the coil and
the head in the outer ring at one
side as in the illustration, Almost
_ Immediately, the head moved out-
wards like a watch-spring uncoil-
ing, and the young viper moved
off over the gravel in the case
freeing itself in this way from the
glairy matter surrounding it in
the egg, The tail was somewhat
sharply bent on itself, and did not
Section of egg laid in the Society’s rooms showing embryo straighten out till the viper had
of Vipera russellit in situ. got several inches from the egg,
‘The young reptile was enveloped ina thin grey papery skin which it soon
got rid of by wriggling about over the gravel covering the bottom of the
cage.
Vipera russellit with four young, photographed a few days after their birth. Bottle
contains 3 unfertilised eggs. Photo by C. R. Avari, Bo, Bact, Laby., Parcl, 1906.
The eggs that were subsequently laid were extruded at intervals of 15
‘minutes or so, but none contained embryos, One was opened but was semi-
solid all through and had probably not been fertilised, as no trace of an
810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
embryo was found, In colour they were distinctly orange, and not dead white:
as the eggs of Bungarus ceruleus are. (3 eggs shewn in bottle.)
As faras I know this is the first time that the actual birth of a Russell’s
viper from the egg has been recorded, and the question arises.—Is this the
actual normal sequence of events, or an abnormality due to confinement in.
a Case.
The breeding season, judging from these three events, is in the months of
June and July in Bombay when food is plentiful on account of the onset of
the monsoon, The period of gestation must be a long one, for the second
viper had been ina cage by itself for over six months before the birth of the
young ones. The young ones which were beautifully marked and about 9
inches long were kept alive by feeding with milk administered through a
pipette with a rubber ball at the end such as one fills a fountain pen with.
The poison gland does not appear to be active at birth, for with two vipers
the experiment was tried of allowing it to bite a mouse the day after its birth,
and then at weekly intervals thereafter. In one case, the mouse bitten by a
viper a fortnight old died, in another case not till the viper was three weeks
old did a fatal result follow the bite.
In going through the Society’s Journal, the following reference bave been
found :—
In Volume XII, page 765, Mr. Cholmondeley, writing from Indore on ist
July, reports examining a Russell’s viper which contained 63 mature young
from 9 to 10 inches long,
In Volume XIV, page 614, Mr. Millard notes that a Russell’s viper in one
of the Society’s cages, gave birth to 33 young ones on the 20th June, No
mention is made of eggs.
In Volume XV, page 134, Lieutenant Mosse reports having killed a Russell’s
viper at Mahissa, Guzerat, on 5th March, containing 55 eggs, 3 or 4 of which
were not fully formed. In none was there any trace of embryo.
In Volume XV, page 729, Mr. Miller of St. Joseph’s College, Darjeeling,
records the receipt of 10 eggs of Lachests monticola from Kurseong, from
two of which the young ones issued while being examined by some of the
Fathers of the Seminary there. This viperine snake then is oviparous.
In Volume XVI, page 374, Captain F. Wall, has a note on the breeding of
Russell’s viper with a record of one sent from the Parel Laboratory contain-
ing one embryo measuring 93 inches and which he thinks would probably have
been born in November. With this exception, all the Indian ones were, he
notes, born in the months of May, June, July or August.
It may be taken as settled then that the time when the young vipers are
born is during these months, é
I have not been able to find any record of the duration of gestation.
That the Russell’s viper, at least in captivity, is sometimes oviparous, is, from
the above, beyond doubt, and I have been unable to find any observations
showing that any one has seen the actual birth of eggs or young in this
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 811
reptile. Finally it appears that these young vipers are harmless for the first
fortnight of their existence.
W. B, BANNERMAN, Lt,-Cou., M.D., B.Sc., F.R.S.E., L.MS.,
(Director, Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory,)
J.P. Pocua, Lb. M. & 8,, Senior Asst, Surgeon,
(In charge of the Venom Dept., Bombay Bucteriological Laboratory.)
PaReEL, BomBAyY, 16th August 19U6.
No. V.—RECOVERY FROM A COBRA BITE,
The following incident came under my personal observation and I com-
municate it to you in the hope that it will be of some interest to your Society,
Some time in June last—to be exact—on the 20th, my dogs attacked a cobra
which had found a resting place in a ““dummy” hole in my garden, One of the
dogs—a bull terrier—in unearthing the reptile got bitten in the upper lip; the
snake had in its apparent rage clung with some strength to the lip and it gave
the dog no little difficulty to free itself, The cobra was despatched and
measured a little over 4 feet 3inches, It was jet black in colour,
I immediately set to work and after having the dog’s lip washed with watez,
applied a strong solution of vinegar and table salt. I kept up the application
rigorously for about ten minutes or more, During this time the dog frothed
copiously from the mouth and exhibited signs of considerable weakness. At
one time the dog appeared to me all but dead. I persevered however and
after five minutes brisk application was glad to find that the dog shewed signs
of recovering, I immediately gave her a cup of milk which she drank with
relish, To prevent her from becoming drowsy, I kept up a brisk run with
her for some 45 minutes, I could think of no better cure than this, so
retired for the night, the attack having occurred at about 9-20 p.m,
Next morning and fora few days after, her face was very much swollen,
The swelling however disappeared by the end of the week and she recovered
completely,
And here I might mention that on the day of the fight the dog was two
weeks pregnant. I thought at the time (my supposition has since been
confirmed) that the excitement and above all the snake-bite would have some
effect on her unborn pups, What I relate now explains the effects,
The day before yesterday, Thursday, at about 4P.M., she gave birth pre-
maturely to four pups, They came away singly at intervals of from six to
‘Seven hours and each time with an extensive discharge of some dark-green
matter. The discharge continued till yesterday morning when the ordinary
after-flow of birth occurred.
She is ten years old and how she has survived through all this terrible time
Tam at a loss to understand,
And now occurs what seems to me to be the most direct effect of the snake
-poison.
Another terrier of mine (a dog) a great friend of the slut’s and who shared
“with her the honours of the fight, somehow happened to lick up a small
33
812 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
quantity of this dark-green discharge. He did this yesterday morning and
died from its effect last evening, In his death struggles which pointed con-
clusively to a death by some virulent poison—he expelled all the dark-green
stuff he had swallowed in the morning,
Perhaps there is some other solution to the bull-terrier’s life having been
saved from the effect of the cobra bite and to the terrier’s untimely death
from swallowing what was an evident poisonous discharge, not to mention the
effect on the pregnant condition of the slut.
C. GRENVILLE ROLLO,
AJMERE, RAJPUTANA, Ith August 1906,
[It is not an unusual event for animals to be bitten by our deadliest snakes
with serious, trivial or no ill effects, The bitch in question evidently received
a sublethal dose of poison and would have lived without any treatment. That
practised we know would not have been of the least avail if the dose had been
a lethal one. We can offer no explanation for the death of the dog.—
EDITORS. ]
No. VI—OCCURRENCE OF THE CHEER PHEASANT (CATREUS
WALLICH]1) IN THE N, W. F. PROVINCE.
I wish to record having obtained a specimen of the Cheer Pheasant at Durg
Galli in the N. W.F. Province on the 25th July. I believe this pheasant has
not been recorded so far west as this before, and in the “Fauna of British
India, Birds,” the range is mentioned as from Chamba on the west.
I heard of these birds here last year from a shikari, but could not get a
specimen, and again this season I heard of them, I have heard them calling
often from a small hillock opposite my house, and on several occasions tried to
get them, but without success, This evening I heard them again shortly before
sunset and being busy sent my man after them. I did not see him shoot but
heard the shot fired and he called out at once from across the khud that he had
hit one. In about half an hourhe brought it in as it had fallen a long way
down the khud among jungle and scrub and then had to be chased for some
distance, The bare sides of the face were of a crimson colour, This bird was
shot at about 8,000 feet above sea level. The native name for it is ‘‘ Rehar,”
WALTER VENOUR, MaJor, 58TH RIFLEs,
DurGa GALLI, HAzARA DistRIct, 25th Juiy 1906.
No. VII—A NEW SPECIES OF TREE-PARTRIDGE (ARBORICOLA
BATEMANI) FROM THE CHIN HILLS. .
(From the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, No, CX XIII.)
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant described a new Tree-Partridge from the Chin Hills,
which he proposed to call :—
ARBORICOLA BATEMANI, sub sp. n,
@ Adult, Closely allied to A, torqueola, from which it is distinguished by hav-
ing the entire sides of the neck chestnut, spotted with black, In A, torqueola, a
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 813
short band of chestnut and black feathers commences behind the ear-coverts,
and terminates half way down the neck, the remainder of the neck being
black and white, like the throat. Wing 5:9, tarsus 1°7,
The type specimen was obtained by Mr. A, C, Baseman at Tiddim, near Fort
White, Chin Hills, on the 3rd of December, 1905, and was forwarded to Mr.
E. W. Oates, by whom it was presented to the British Museum, The present
form takes the place of A. torqueola to the south of Manipur, and has been
procured at Falam by Mr, P. F, Wickham, while a number of examples have
been forwarded by Colonel G. Rippon from Mt. Victoria,
No, VIIIL—A MOUSE-HARE,
Colonel A, HE. Ward will have already made the readers of this Journal
familiar with the scientific names and descriptions of several of the varieties
of the small animal, found high up in the Himalayas, and commonly known as
the mouse-hare, In the interest of the few, who care for such small game, I
send this note about one I recently captured in a remote part of the Chamba
State, West Himalayas, One afternoon in May, while watching for bears, I
saw among some large blocks of rock above a stream a small animal dart
across from below one block to another, I thought at first it was a rat; but
when it shortly afterwards reappeared I noticed it had no tail and I then felt
certain it must be what I had long been looking for—a mouse-hare. The spring
was unusually late, and as the hill sides were generally snow-covered, I could
awe
814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
not previously discover mouse-hares anywhere, although I was told they were
fairly common, As they live above 10,000 feet among piles of stones, their homes
must be many feet covered in snow during the whole winter and part of spring
Whether they hibernate like the brown bears, or store food for this gloomy
period of their lives, Idonot know. The natives I have questioned on
the subject all state that they store food for the winter, I found the piles of
stones where they lived so extensive and the blocks so heavy, that I was
unable to see their actual nests so as te ascertain if there was any store of
food, Some little time after I had seen this mouse-hare, I encamped not far
from the place where I first saw it, and on the chance of catching it, I seta
rat trap, one of those wire traps with a spring doorat one end, To the usual
hook for attaching bait, I suspended from one end a wide flat piece
of tin, and tied across this, grass, strawberry leaves and flowers, in
the hope that if the mouse-hare entered the cage, his weight on the
tin platform would disengage the hook from the catch and so spring
the door behind. For two days the trap was apparently not visited, and
neither did I see the mouse-hare anywhere about the stones, I began to fear
it must have moved elsewhere. However on the morning of the third day on
visiting the trap I found one inside. So far as I could judge, from its size and
colour, it was the same one I had previously seen. It appeared to take its mis-
fortune very quietly, and had evidently made a good meal off the straw-
berry leaves and flowers. I carried it back to Camp and after a short time it
became quite tame. I fed it with various grasses, Alpine flowers, strawberry
leaves and strawberry berries. At first it would not eat any grain bui after
some time it took to “ gram ’”’ and also occasionally eats cabbage, carrots and
onions. As I was obliged till I obtained a wire cage, to keep it in the trap, I
was unable for a considerable time to try and catch another one alive. When
at last I was able to remove it into a cage, and so free the trap, vegetation had
become so general that they were not to be tempted for the sake of food to
enter the trap, although I set it in various places where I saw the animals.
I, however, caught severalina “kill” trap, The “out of sight” rat trap I
found most useful for obtaining specimens in good condition. I also use the
trap for obtaining Voles. I have rarely seen two mouse-hares together and
never any young ones. These hares are said to make a peculiar piping call,
which can be heard to a great distance, but I have not heard them make any
noise. My servant tells me, he once heard the one I caught make a whistling
call. In the part of Chamba where I was encamped there appear to be two
varieties so far as colour goes ; one a dark rabbit grey and the other of a bright
rufous or bay colour. The former are smaller in size than the latter. The one
I caught and kept alive is of the bay coloured variety, but it was not so generally
rufous when first captured. I refer to the general colour, I believe they
change the colour of their coats a good deal according to the season of the
year, The hair is exceedingly fine, straight and shiny. Although the weather
was still very cold there was no sign of any underwool in the hair, as one might
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 815
expect in all animals which have to endure intense cold for many months. I
found the two varieties in respect to colour in separate nullas, though not far
apart. The one I have, takes its imprisonment most contentedly, eats well and
sleeps a good deal with its eyes open. It is most active and greatly delights in
jumping over and circling a small bar that I fastened across the cage, When
sleeping it often lies stretched out onitsside, It appears to sleep more by
day than at night, It is most cleanly in its habits, and keeps its cage free from
all dirt. When eating it often places one foot down on the food. It frequent-
ly cleans its face with its fore feet, moving them rapidly up and down.
Although I have often placed dry grass in the cage it has never attempted to
make a “form” or nest. It appears to dislike strong sunshine, always retreating
from it to the covered part of the cage. In size it was about seven inches in
length when first caught, but has grown a little since then, The largest I
obtained was eight-and-a-half inches in length; it was of the bay coloured
variety. é
The young, usually four in number, are born towards the end of August and
early in September. There is little difference in size between the adults of
both sexes.
CuampBa, Pongas, July 1906. G. 8. RODON, MaJor.
No. IX—LOCUSTS, BEARS AND DOGS,
While shooting in Chamba, in the spring of this year, the district I was in
was visited by immense swarms of locusts, which apparently came from the
South-West, They remained for over a month, Although I constantly watch-
ed, I never saw them eating anything. During the day they flew continuously
up and down the valleys. I noticed them as high as 13,000 feet. Every now
and then some would fly to the ground and remain motionless for a consider-
able time apparently resting, afterwards rising and resuming their to and
fro flight, Towards evening all would settle down on bushes, grass,open stony
Slopes in numbers, strange to see, on snow slopes. I saw none settle on trees.
The nights were then very cold, the thermometer often registering frost, and
numbers of locusts were found dead in the mornings; especially all those
which had settled for the night on snow. Those on bushes and grass appear=
ed benumbed, but as the sun rose and warmed them they revived and. again
started on their daily flight. On several occasions in the early morning, I saw
through a glass brown bears, eagerly hunting up and down the snow slopes for
the bodies of the locusts, and apparently eating allthey found. Shepherd dogs
also appeared to hunt up and eat the dead locusts. Sometimes slight snow fell
during the night which covered the locusts and the bears scratched them up,
My shikari, who lived in the village not far off, assured me that both bears and
dogs died from eating locusts ; he further said that on previous occasions when
locusts had come to the district he had afterwards found the remains of bears
which had died and he personally knew of several dogs which after eating locusts
816 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
had got ill and died. Other villagers had the same story. I had previously be-
lieved that they were good for food, and that several of the low caste tribes
made a fry or a curry of their bodies ; possibly if really poisonous, the cooking
renders them wholesome ? For what special purpose these swarms of locusts
should come far into the interior of the hills and close to the very high snowy
ranges is difficult to understand. They can scarcely come for the purpose of
laying eges. No young locusts are ever seen and although the wheat and
other hill crops were above ground none were touched; and asI previously
mentioned, I never saw them eating anything whatever, I would add that all
the locusts I saw were of a pink colour. I was informed that they rarely visit
the district.
CuamBa, August 1906. G. S. RODON, Magor.
eee
No, X.—A NOTE ON AN EDIBLE PUFF-BALL FROM THE THANA
DISTRICT.
I place before the Society to-day a dried specimen of an edible Puff-ball
very commonly found in the Thana District, such as at Thana, Andheri,
Goregaum and adjacent fields, The specimen placed before the meeting is
very uninviting for culinary purposes, But when fresh-gathered, within
twenty-four hours after gathering, it can be cooked and served as a table
delicacy, in no way inferior to the French and English mushrooms served at
table.
To students of Cryptogamic Botany the following note sent to me by
Mr. C.G. Lloyd from Paris where he is now studying the Fungi of France, will
be of interest, Mr. Lloyd is a distinguished American Cryptogamist
and his opinion therefore is worth quoting, In his letter, dated the 6th
May 1906, he writes to me thus:—‘ The Puff-balls that you packed
so carefully have reached me in good condition, They are Calvatia
bilicina, Berk. and Mont., a species that grows probably in every country
in the world, These are the first I have received from India though
the plant is known from Ceylon. In North and South America, Africa,
the West Indies it is a very common species, It occurs in Europe but
is more rare, chiefly in the Southern Countries, It is not known from England.
Like all common plants it has a great many synonyms, “ Fragilis” and
“ cyathiformis ’ are the best known, The older Botanists place it in the
genus “ Lycoperdon,” but it belongs to the genus “ Calvatia”’ of the present
day, which differs from Lycoperdon in having a peridium that breaks into pieces
and does not open by a definite mouth, The species is easily known as the
only Calvatia witha lilac coloured gleba, The spores in your specimen are
mostly 6 «~. in diameter, A few small ones measure 5 «%. I hope you will
continue to send such specimens as you can find. The Puff-balls of India are
very scantily known, While it is probable that you will not find many
novelties because these plants are of wide distribution in the world, it is of
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 817
more interest to learn their geographical distribution. You have a few srecie
in India that as far as known are endemic, The most of your plants, as is the
case in every country, will prove to be species that occur in other countries,
But from the few scanty collections of the “ Puff-balls” of India that have
reached Europe, we can form no opinion of what your common species are,
Lam working now a Monograph of the ‘‘ Bird Nest’ Fungi, and although I
have studied all the material that has reached Europe, I will only feel justified
in recording two species from India. You may have a dozen, In fact there are
not a few others but the material is so scanty. I would express no opinion as
to their identity.
It may seem selfish on my part to ask those who I have not even the pleasure
of a personal acquaintance to trouble in picking up “ Puff-balls,” but I feel that
the permanent addition to knowledge will result, justifies the request.” Here
end Mr, Lloyd’s remarks and here ends this note of mine,
K, R. KIRTIKAR, Lr,-Cou,, 1.M.s, (retd.), F.L.8.
ANDHERI, SALSETTE, 8th August 1906,
No. XI.—SOME NOTES ON BIRDS’ NESTING IN TEHRI-GARHWAL,
The following notes on some nests and eggs that have not, I believe, keen
hitherto described may be of some interest, They were all taken in Tehri-
Garhwal this year, mostly at an elevation of from 11 to 13,000 feet.
Nucifraga hemispilan=—THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRACKER,
The nest of this bird has of course been described before, but I have not
seen a description of the eggs, I obtained one very hard-set egg on May 16th
in a rather curious way; seeing some crows rifling a nest and a pair of
Nutcrackers protesting against the outrage, I sent up a man and he found one
egg had slipped beneath the lining of the nest and had so escaped the crows’
notice, though their bills had made two holes init. It measured 1:44%°99
inches and was very pale green spotted and speckled with olive brown and pale
ashy purple ; the markings were well distributed but most numerous at the
larger end, The bird was quite common, but all other broods appeared
to have hatched out by this date.
Aigithaliscus niveigularis,—THE WHITE-THROATED TIT,
This Tit 1 found by no means uncommon at about 11,000 to 12,000 feet.
Several parties of young were about and three nests with young were found,
and I was inclined to think it was too late for eggs, but on June 14th one was
seen carrying a feather, and the nest was soon discovered. It was placed in
the fork of a willow about six feet up, a globular nest resembling that of the
Red-headed Tit but larger ; it was profusely lined with monal feathers, many
of them quite large ones, over three inches jong, with hard stiff quills ; not at
all a comfortable lining one would have thought for such a small bird. I took
four fresh eggs from it on June 26th ; they are white, rather feebly spotted at
the larger end with brownish red, and show no trace of the zone of colour that
818 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
is so marked in the eggs of the Red-headed Tit. Some of the nests were from
28 to 30 feet up intrees, i secured several specimens of the birds, both
old and young.
Anorthura nepalensis—THE NEPAL WREN,
I take this to be the species or rather race of Wren inhabiting those parts, as
although neither pale nor dark rufous it is decidedly inclined to dark and the
hind toe and claw is large, measuring °6 of an inch, Two nests were
found with eggs and three with young birds, all in crevices of birch trees,
from 20 to 30 feet up, a decidedly different situation to all the nests
of the Kashmir WrenI have seen or heard of, The nests were large and
domed, made of moss, grass and leaves and very thickly lined with feathers,
the eggs white with a few red specks, I was unfortunately unable to
preserve a specimen of this Wren, asallI secured were too much shattered
by shot, my collecting gun having struck work.
Phylloscopus pulcher—THE ORANGE-BARRED WILLOW-WABBLER.
Two nests only were found of this bird, with four and three fresh eggs on
June 23rd and 26th. They were very untidy round balls, made of oid man’s
beard, moss and dry grass, and lined with feathers, some of which were left
sticking out of the entrance hole and were placed about ten feet up in the
forks of willows. The nests were so ragged that I was doubtful of their
being new, and no birds were about when first found ; however, I went after
some days a long distance to look them up again and was well rewarded, as I
do not think ‘the nesting of P. pulcher has been recorded before. These
were the only birds of this species positively identified, but Iam inclined to
think they were only just beginning to breed and probably more nests would.
have been found later, but I had to leave on June 26th. The eggs are spotted
and do not differ much from those of Phylloscopus proregulus,
Acanthopneuste plumbeitarsus,—MIDDENDORFE’S WILLOW-WARBLER.
Two nests only with the birds were secured and they have been identified
as the above by Mr, BE. C. Stuart Baker, The bird is very like A. viridanus
but is slightly larger, and has traces of a second wing-bar even in the abraded
Summer plumage. It builds a domed nest on the ground like viridanus, but in
slightly different situations, and the nest is not nearly so neatly made as that
of wridanus, The bird appears to be more ofa tree haunter, flying straight
up from the nest into trees, whereas viridanus (of whose nests I saw at least
fifty) on leaving the nest always shot straight down along the ground into
bushes. The eggs in both the above nests were pure white, andit has occurred
to me that the cases previously reported of A. véridanus laying unspotted
white eggs may possibly be referable to plumbeitarsus, the two birds being very
much alike in the worn summer plumage. Acanthopneuste viridanus was
exceedingly common, and I saw over two hundred of its eggs, but never saw
an unspotted one,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 819
Oreocincla dixonti—THE LONG=-TAILED MouNTAIN-THRvUsH,
This bird was only observed on one occasion when it was shot over its nest.
The nest contained three fresh eggs,and was placed about four feet up in
tangle willows broken down by the snow, a very favourite situation for all the.
thrushes there. The eggs measured 1°16x'99 of an inch and were green,,
thickly marked all over, though mostly at the larger end, with two shades of
reddish brown ; they showed none of the fine mottling of the eggs of O, dauma..
S. L. WHYMPER.
JEOLIKOTE, 16th August 1906.
No. XII.—FIRST HINTS ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES.
I should like to make a few remarks on Mr, Young’s paper on “ First hint
on Collecting Butterflies,’ which appeared in a recent number of the Journal
(p. 114, of this Vol.). Iam pleased to see that some remonstrance has already
been made regarding the changes of nomenclature which Mr, Young is endea-
vouring to introduce into our Indian butterfly fauna ; I trust without success,
I confess I do not understand Mr. Young’s reply to his critics given in the
third paragraph of his article. He states that his “articles are not intended
for people who have been collecting butterflies for thirty years, but for begin-
ners only,’ and then he promptly uses a nomenclature which a beginner
will find lands him in hopeless confusion when he studies the works of
the older entomologists, Mr. Young further states in the same paragraph,
** All I endeavour to do is to givea nomenclature which is not likely to be
upset in our time,” One naturally asks why upset the present nomenclature:
which has lasted some very considerable time and fulfils its purpose.
Doubiless the answer will be that the law of priority must be obeyed ; and
this opens up a very large question. I suppose the English butterflies have
been studied for a hundred and fifty years, yet incredible as it may seem the
nomenclature of these sixty odd butterflies is not yet settled. Scarcely a year
passes without one or other of these unfortunate insects undergoing a change:
of name. In such a small number this, though exasperating, is not fatally
confusing, but if the same interference with the names of Indian butterflies, num-
bering some hundreds of species, is permitted we shall end in an entomological.
Babel. The object of strict adherence to the law of priority isto fix the
nomenclature; this, so far as the English butterflies are concerned, it has signally
failed to do, and it is a question to my mind whether a law so painfully ineffect-
tive should not in some way be strengthened. It has failed for two main reasons,.
first the confidence with which each investigator in this line of research intere
prets the vague descriptions and inaccurate drawings of old authors, and second-
ly.the ill-considered zeal with which these same gentlemen change the name of
an insect before definitely proving that their proposed change is due to their
having traced the insect to its veritable first description. Mr. Young states
that his own labours being the latest modern research will fix our Indian
34
$20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
nomenclature for our time at any rate. I regret Il have not the same con-
fidence in Mr. Young as he has in himself,and if I may judge by what has
happened and is happening to the British butterflies at the hands of men with
all Mr. Young’s acumen and powers of research, I am not at all satisfied that his
nomenclature will be final, but rather the beginning ofa series of revisions
which will land us in the same bog as that in which English butterfly collect=
ors are still struggling.
I agree with Mr. Young so far that our nomenclature requires revision, but
only to a limited extent, and I would suggest that a committee of members
of the Society be formed to settle the names of our Indian butterflies once and
for all, taking as the basis for their labours the works of Kirby, Moore,
de Nicéville and Bingham. The result should be looked upon by the members
of the Society as final, and by this
means check will be put on the efforts
of zealous but incompetent reformers.
I should like to take this opportunity
of describing a method of setting insects
which differs materially from Mr.
Young’s, and I wish to do so not because
J have personal predilection in its
favour but because as it is the method
adopted by professional setters, by the
Natural History Museum, South Ken-
sington, and by the majority of the
possessors of extensive collections, such
as Rothschild, Godman, Elwes and
others, it may be considered the best.
Ii was shown me many years ago by
Mr. Elwes.
‘The setting boards are the ordinary
flat boards for continental setting shown
in Mr. Young’s woodcut ; they can be
obtained from any dealer in entomolo-
gical apparatus. Long continental pins
are used for the very purpose Mr,
Young condemns them, namely, that
the label beneath may be easily read
aud that there should be a sufficient
length of pin above the thorax to
enable the insect to be held by the
fingers if forceps are not available. The
pin being passed through the thorax in
the usual way is pushed through the
cork in the groove until the point just
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 821
touches the wood beneath ; by this means all the insects on that board and
indeed all insects of the same size will be on the same height of pin, thereby
improving greatly the appearance of the collection, Instead of narrow strips
of paper some ordinary tracing paper, or better still in the tropics, architects’
tracing paper should be obtained. Two strips, the length of the board,
should be cut one for each side, varying in breadth according to the size
of the insects, but all the insects on one board will be nearly of the same size.
The transparency of the paper enables one to see at a glance if the insect is
properly set. I need not further describe the process as the woodcut given
here will, I think, be sufficiently explanatory.
One decided advantage of this method is the greater number of insecis that
ean be accommodated on the setting boards. There is no difficulty with regard
to collecting boxes and cabinets for high set insects, all that is necessary is to
state one’s requirements to the dealers who are quite accustomed to this
method of storing insects.
Iam further constrained to make a few remarks on Mr, Young’s methods of
killing butterflies or rather his method of bringing them home for subsequent
dispatch, Idoso not because I wish to criticise Mr, Young’s methods adversely
but to save the young collector for whom he is writing from considerable
mental perturbation when he endeavours by following Mr. Young’s methods to
inveigle a lively Charaxes into a glass bottomed box. I doubt the possibility of
such an entomological feat and doubt whether an Ornithoptera, measuring some
Six Inches in expanse, could by any means short of hydraulic pressure, be com-
pressed into a pill box of ordinary dimensions. But perhaps I am hypercritical!
Iam personally an advocate for a judicious use of either of the three methods
mentioned by Mr, Young according to circumstances. All large and medium
size insects can be disposed of by the first method which if skilfully adminis-
tered causes the victim less pain, I imagine, than suffocation in a killing bottle.
The killing bottle is useful for the smaller insect, more particularly the
Hesperide for which I consider it imperative. One great advantage of this
method is that the capture being rendered insensible can be examined at leisure
and if not required can be discarded with the certainty of its recovery, pro-
vided, of course, that it has not been kept in the bottle toolong. The glass
bottom boxes are particularly useful for females we may wish to bring home
for breeding purposes, butit is to be remembered that many butterflies are very
restive in boxes and frequently damage themselves irremediably. After the
victim is defunct I pin it sideway through the thorax with the finest available
pin and subsequently re-pin it for setting, There is no difficulty in removing
the fine pin provided a piece of damp sponge is kept in the collecting box.
One tip I learnt from my Lepcha collectors in Sikhim was that if one’s collect-
ing box becomes full one can economize space by using very fine long continen-
tal pins ; the first capture is pinned sideways and pushed close up to the pin’s
head, the next close up to it and so on, and by this means some half dozen or
more butterflies can be impaled on the same pin ; at first it looks disastrous but
822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII..
if the insects are kept fresh they are easily removed. It is a good tip to
remember that a butterfly removed from the killing bottle within a few hours
of death and found stiff will generally be found relaxed after twenty-four
hours in the bottle ; some butterflies, Terias for instance, have been known to
change colour if kept too long in bottle.
N. MANDERS, Lrt.-Co1., F.z,s., F.E.8,, &c,
Mauritius, August 1906,
[Colone! Manders will no doubt expect some rejoinder from me to his rather
scathing criticism, but I confess I am quite at a loss to understand his
reason for bringing up all this heavy artillery to bear on the sentence of mine
which he quotes, All I stated was that a popular article was not the proper
place for a scientific discussion as to the relative claims of two names for one
Species, whether a change was proposed in consideration of the law of priority
or any other,
I cannot believe that Colonel Manders really disagrees with me in such a.
contention and must only suppose that he misunderstood my meaning.
As to the wholesale changes he accuses me of introducing into Indian.
nomenclature I would like to know what they are.
The only specific name that I have used so far—and almost the only one that:
I intend to use—in this series which differs from those used by de Nicéville-
is the substitution of A. hyberbius, Johan. for A, niphe, L,
In doing so I am only following Mr. Moore and Colonel Bingham, whose:
writings out of those named by Colonel Manders are the most easily accessible
to Indian readers, and I have no doubt that had the synonomy been demon=
strated at the time de Nicéville wrote, he would have accepted it also,
It was in fact remarks made to me as to this change which led me to write
the passage cited.
In the only other article on the subject of nomenclature which I have con-
tributed to this or any other periodical in India—I mean the list of the Society’s
collection that was printed two or three years ago—I do not think, speaking
from memory, that I made half a-dozen changes on the score of the law of
priority and not one of them as the result of my own researches,
In truth I take very little interest in the interminable and often futile
discussions on the subject of the law of priority in the scientific Journals of
the day, and have never adopted any synonomy which has not been accepted
by many others besides myself,
I am aware of course that, in the catalogue referred to, I frequently
amalgamated a number of forms which have been at various times separately
described and named but which I did not think worthy of specific rank, and
though of course we may differ in details here and there—and in the light of
subsequent experience I might myself be disposed to alter my own opinion in a
few cases—the majority of Indian Collectors whom I have been able to consult
agree with me in so doing. However since Colonel Manders has not attacked
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 823
me on this point I need say nothing further beyond the fact that I am
prepared to back my opinion, and I hope in any case I have said enough to
prove that though possibly an “incompetent” I am certainly not an “ over-
zealous ” reformer,
I do not think I need say much in reply to the remainder of his paper in
which he suggests alternative methods of setting and so forth, As I pointed
out in my paper it will take the young collector a long time and much patient
experience before he will be able to set any insect well and not having any
experience of Colonel Mander’s method I cannot say whether he would learn
quicker in that way than mine, The chief superiority so far as I can gather
which he claims for his method is that it insures the insects being all set at the
same height on the pin. Ido not think this is necessarily assured unless the
setter has already acquired some skill, in which case he will be able to achieve
the same result by the method I described.
As to collecting methods, the efficacy of a glass-bottomed box depends of
course on its size with reference to the insect it is expected to contain. I have
personally never had any difficulty with a Charaxes nor with an Ornithopteron,
It is of course not necessary to put an Ornithopteron into the box with its wings
expanded.
Occasions will arise no doubt when a collector will come across an insect of
a larger size than he had expected or was looking for and for which conse-
quently he might have no suitable box with him. In such cases he may have
to pinch it and pin it to the inside of his topi.
Personally I would rather run the risk of this than permanently encumber
myself with a collecting box.
September 1906, L. C. H. YOUNG]
Ina communication I lately made to the Society regarding Mr. Young’s
paper “ First hints on collecting butterflies” I suggested that a:Committee of
Members should be formed to revise the nomenclature of our Indian butter-
flies, taking the works of Moore, de Nicéville and Bingham, as the basis for
their labours, I desire to withdraw this suggestion.
I have since received the “ Fauna of British India,” Butterflies, Vol. L,,
Bingham, and if the subsequent volumes attain the high scientific position of
the first, and there is no reason to suppose they will not, it needs no suggestion
of mine to make this work the standard for our nomenclature,
N. MANDERS, Lrt.-Cot., z.a.m.c,
MAoRITIUs, September 15th, 1906.
No, XIII,—REDUCTION IN THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS
POLYODONTOPHIS,
SUPPRESSION OF P, SUBPUNCTATUS,
A few weeks ago I sent to the British Museum a snake of the genus Polyo-
dontophis 1 found preserved in the Fyzabad Museum which perplexed me, com-
bining as it did the characters of P. subpunctatus and sagittarius, The main
824 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
point of distinction between these two hitherto recognised species lay in the
differences in the supralabial shields,
The specimen in question had 8 supralabials on the left side with the 4th and
5th only touching the eye, thus agreeing with sagittarius, whilst on the right
side these shields numbered 9, with the 4th, 5th and 6th touching the eye, a
condition characteristic of subpunctatus.
I have just had a letter from Mr, Boulenger, who thinks that the two forms.
can no longer be considered distinct, and should therefore be united.
Sagittarius being the older name has the prior right to be retained to desig=
nate the species, and subpunctatus as a species is therefore abolished,
F, WALL, Caprt., 1.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
FyZaBaD, 12th August 1906.
No. XIV.—HODGSON’S HAWK-EAGLE (SPIZAETUS
NEPALENSIS).
The description given by Blanford, on page 352, Vol. III, in the Fauna of
British India, of the crest of the Hodgson’s Hawk-Hagle, S. nepalensis is apt to:
be misleading and confounded with the Crested Hawk-Eagle (S. cirrhatus).
He mentions that the crest of S. cirrhatus is black, tipped with white
except in very old birds, but makes no such exception with regard to S, nepal-
ensis, Whereas the characteristic is common to both species, each losing the
white tip with age.
It is in reality a very minor detail, as a glance at the feathering of the tarsi
is in itself sufficient to separate them, but as the crest is such a prominent
feature of all, except one, of the Spizaéti, it is apt to arrest attention, and a
man who is a stranger to either species, obtains an old specimen of S, nepal-
ensis and seeing no white tip to the crest, would probably take it for granted,
it was S. cirrhatus without looking further, unless he knew that both species
lost the white tip.
Blanford also states that the crest in the young of S. nepalensis is “often
small or wanting,” but this is not the case, asa rule, and he must have procured
all his specimens during the moulting season, to arrive at such a conclusion.
Some years ago I sent three young birds, two alive and one stuffed, to Bombay,
and the Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society will be able to
testify to each of them possessing ample crests, One of the two live specimens
was an eyess taken from the nest, little more than a ball of fluff, and the
second was a young tiercel, caught after it had left its nest and parents, and the
third bird I shot after it had left the nest, but remained with its parents.
This year I have been able to examine some eight or nine first year birds, and
each and all had the usual crest, of from 3 to 4 inches in length.
Blanford also entertains a doubt as to the nidification of this eagle, for he
says: “ It breeds in India only, so far as is known, in the Himalayas from.
January to early in May.”
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 825
_ Why there should be any doubt about it, I am unable to guess, as this is by
no means a rara avis, building all over the Himalayas, in suitable localities,
from 6 to 8,000 ft. above sea level, I have found its nest in the hills north of
Simla, in Tehri Garhwal, and at least half a dozen up here; though unfor-
tunately never with eggs and always with only one youngster, though it is said
to lay two eggs.
Tt almost invariably builds on a large deodar, and selects a tree which, though
surrounded by dense forest, at a little distance, is itself in more or less a
“clearing ”’ with a few dead trees near it, on which the parents love to perch.
A broad “nullah””’ with heavy jungle on either side and cultivation some
distance below, is an ideal site for its nest. The change in plumage from the -
nestling to the second year is considerable, but from that onwards gradual, the
markings remaining very nearly the same and only the colouring becoming
darker. The irides too, undergo a change, from the bluey grey of the nestling
to bright yellow in a bird from one to two years old, thence to a bright golden
in the haggard, which ultimately turns orange in a very old bird,
The Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle is one of the most tractable of all eagles, and
when tamed, makes quite as affectionate a pet as a goshawk, I have a
haggard in my possession now, after her fourth moult, which was flying to the
fist, from over a hundred yards, the twentieth day after her capture, and that
without one single night’s waking.
In conclusion, I may add that she has already lost the white tip to her crest,
C. H. DONALD.
BHADARWA, KasHmir, 14th September 1906,
POSTSCRIPT,
With reference to the black crest of Spizaétus nepalensis referred to above, my
eagle has now begun growing one-crest feather with a white tip,7.¢., she now has:
three feathers entirely black and one with a white tip, showing that they lose
the tip gradually and feather by feather. One second year bird has no crest
at all, which is odd, as she appears to have finished her moult for the year
otherwise, but of course it may come yet.
WAZIRABAD, PuNJAB, 145th December 1906. C. H,. DONALD.
No, XV.—EARLY ARRIVAL OF DUCK.
On the 23rd of this month, whilst out walking, a pair of Red-crested Pochards.
(Neita rujins) flew over my head, They were both females. Weare surround-
ed on all sides by floods, and pelicans are very numerous,
CHAS, M, INGLIS.
ANARH Foty., LAHERIA SERAI, DARBHANGA, 27th August 1906,
No, XVI.—THE BOLDNESS OF PANTHERS.
PANTHER HUNT IN A BUNGALOW.
From time to time one occasionally hears accounts of tigers ard leopards
taking shelter in houses and villages, but I think the episode which happened
826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
here on Friday, June 22, in the middle of the day and inside my bungalow,
which is in the most central part of Jubbulpore, is quite unique, and may prove
of interest,
About 1 p.m. I was sitting writing in my verandah, when my wife came out
from a side of the bungalow which we only use for visitors, and sdid that she
had seen the tail of a panther protruding from behind a very large coil of
matting which was standing on its end in a corner of the room, As one of my
N.-C, 0.’s has a full-grown panther as a pet, I naturally concluded this rather
undersirable visitor had broken away from his chain and had taken up his
abode for the day with me, so I promptly sent off a message for the owner to
come up and reclaim his lost property. The R.F.A. lines are only a few
hundred yards off, so a reply was soon received that the pet panther was on
his chain. In the meantime I satisfied myself without doubt that the beast
behind the coil of matting was a panther, and, hastily sending another
messenger to the barracks for a brother officer, I prepared the ground by re-
moving all the furniture from the adjoining room and closing the doors of the
room in which the panther was apparently soundly sleeping, the noise of our
voices and the moving of the furniture having no effect on the sleeping brute,
Taking a rifle myself, and arming my wife and the battery rough rider, who
had unexpectedly turned up, also with rifles, we decided on shooting him in the
room, and in the event of his bolting out of the house by the only route we
deemed he would most probably take, my wife and the rough rider stood out-
side, prepared to give him a warm reception.
Opening the door just sufficiently to get my rifle through, I fired through the
grass matting roll at the spot which I thought most likely to be fatal to the
panther. The crack of the rifle was followed by a whough and a growl, and
out came the beast straight for the door behind which I was standing. Luckily
it closed the right way, for I had barely time to step behind a big pillar in the
room before tke angry beast passed me within a foot or two, having succeeded
in forcing an exit by springing against the door, which rebounded. I had just
time to see he was badly wounded in the stomach and appeared completely
non-plussed. How he missed noticing me I cannot tell ; it is only attributable
+o the fact that the animal was bent on seeking his own safety, and was
thoroughly startled at finding himself in such strange surroundings, as he im-
mediately proceeded to bolt into an adjoining room, thus giving me a chance to
clear out of the house and to reconsider the situation, I felt sure the beast
was too badly wounded to take to the open, especially as the rumour of its
presence had collected a crowd of natives, who wisely kept well in the back-
ground ; but as there were ten rooms on the ground flour, in any of which he
could take cover, I postponed pursuing the animal until the arrival of
St. Macan, who now appeared, armed with a Paradox. Each room in turn was
carefully reconnoitred, the blood tracks being very copious, showing exactly
where he had gone, In one room a halt had been made opposite a large mirror,
which the panther must have seen his image, as the presence of a very large in
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 827
pool of blood showed that the:animal had sat down, Eventually, after search-
ing all but one spare room, we found him in the latter, again taking shelter
behind a coit of matting, This time there was a window in the room, some
14 ft. off the ground, so by climbing on the roof a good view of the beast was
possible, A ladder was procured, the roof was surmounted, and a glance
through the window or skylight showed me my friend, sitting in the corner,
ready to make a spring, Unfortunately, he saw me before I could get my
rifle up. Taking fright, he bolted out, this time passing through the house and
close to St. Macan, who fired at him ashe passed under a bed, and againa
second later as he went through the door, Neither shot proved fatal, except
to certain portions of the furniture! But they had the effect of driving him
out of the house, badly wounded, across the tennis court into the mess com-
pound, which is just opposite my house, Here he tried to take shelter in the
cookhouse, but, failing to get in, he turned towards the servants’ quarters,
scattering the numerous occupants and their belongings, such as fowls and
dogs, in all directions,
Just at this moment an inquisitive sweeper emerged from his house to see
what the commotion was. Quickly spotting him, the panther made for the
man as fast as his wounds permitted. iA race ensued between the two, which
onlookers reported as having its humourous as well as its serious side. Too
feeble to do harm, the beast merely made two or three clutches at the man’s
clothes, and then, turning into an outhouse, he was polished off with a shot
from a °577, Thus an hour’s exciting sport was brought to a close with the
inevitable photograph ! On examination the panther prcved to be a female
about three years old, in very poor condition, which was accounted tor by the
presence of an old bullet wound of some weeks’ standing, the result of which
had in all probability driven the unfortunate animal to wander into canton-
ments in quest of food,
Within a radius of six miles of Jubbulpore panthers are common, and within
the last 10 years one was killed under a culvert in the brewery, and a three-
quarter grown tiger cub was alsu accounted for in a nullah on the present golf
links, The animal must have walked thiough the open doors at night, and hid
in the hope that nightfall would again of'er a chance of escape.
G. R, RUNDLE, Lirvr,-Co1., p.F.a
JUBBULPORE, C.P., 24th June.
(The above appeared in the ‘ Field ” of the 18th August 1906.)
No, XVIL—THE BOLDNESS OF PANTHERS,
Apropos of ‘‘ The boldness of panthers,” the following may be of interest,
A short time ago a friend of mine—B—was watching for a panther, He was
sitting concealed behind a screen on one side of a nullah and a goat was tied on
a rock on the opposite side, a distance of about twenty yards. At about 5 p.m,,
when still yuite light, he saw a panther coming towards the goat from one side,
When it was a short distance from the goat, B, who was using 4 single 303
35
828 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV1/,
fired but missed, The panther took no notice of the shot but moved closet
to the goat when B again fired and missed again. This time he saw the
bullet strike the ground just beyond the panther, it having passed over her
back, She still took no notice and continued moving slowly towards the goat.
B then fired a third time and killed her, The panther proved to be a small
female, and as she had killed and eaten a goat the previous night, she cannot
have been very hungry. B was using a single shot ‘303 and cordite powder,
J. R. J. TYRRELL, Capr,, 1...
AJMERE, 26th October 1906. ’
No, XVIIT—FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS’ NESTING ROUND
QUETTA,
In continuation of my notes which appeared in Vol. XVI, No. 4, page 747
et seq, I will add this year’s experience.
There is a large scope for egg collectors in these parts, Ihave donea
certain amount, but have been handicapped by professional duties, and not
knowing the localities which the birds haunt, The season is of shori duration;
nesting commences about the middle to end of March, and few eggs can be
obtained after the middle of June. If one could arrange to get these three
months to oneself and also knew the best places to go, 1am sure a lot of
eggs of species new to India would be added to one’s collection, I regret to
say I leave Quetta this fall, so will not have another season here.
Coccothraustes humzi. Humn’s HAWFINCH,
My last year’s experience was repeated through. The bird seems to commence
to lay about the last week in April, and to finish by the end of May, few eggs
being found before and after these dates, I found several nests this year in
vineyards. These are cut down annually as they commence sprouting ; the
stumps are clothed in leaves, among which the birds build their nests, By
searching a vineyard thoroughly, one can obtain any number of nests. 5 to
6 eggs is the usual complement, though I have found as many as 7 on occa-
sions, and at other times 4 incubated eggs.
Sasicola isabellina. uu IsaBELLINE Cmat,
Mr. Stuart Baker on the nidification of Indian Birds, page 283, a copy of
which he has kindly sent me, quotes Colonel Rattray as having taken the eggs
of this bird, As his account of the nest and the colour of the eggs is so
totally different to my experience, I have sent two birds, which I take to be
Isabelline Chats and to which the note below refers, to Mr. Baker for his
opinion as to what they are.
This bird, whatever it may be, is very common round Quetta in the spring.
Jt sticks to the plains and does not go up into the hills, Though so plentiful,
I have not met with much success, as they are most astonishingly cunning.
To begin with, they nest down natura! holes, which have the appearance of
ordinary rat holes, and give no indication that they are occupied, I do net
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 829
think the birds excavate them themselves, though they may enlarge the nesting
chamber whichis usually some 2 feet in, The holes are not asa rule straight
but wind, and side passages or channels run from the main passage. In these
it is not unusual to find toads and beetles when digging up the nest, They are
early breeders and commence operations about the last week of March. The
only way to find the nest is to watch the bird building or feeding the young, I
have never succeeded in finding a nest in any other way. The nest is a conglo-
merate mass of hair, roots, wool, cotton, rags, feathers, etc., in the centre of
which is a depression, nicely finished off, in which the eggs are deposited, 5 is
the usual complement of eggs, although I have got 6 on occasions, They are of
a very pale blue, absolutely unspotted, and of oval shape. The dates of taking
are given below: 1-4-06, building. 11-4-06, young. 12-4-06, 5 incubated eggs,
13-4-06, 2 nests. 5 and 6, fresh eggs, 164-06, young. 17-4-06, 5 incubated eggs.
26-4-06, 4 fresh eggs, 30-4-06,4 fresh eggs, After this I got no more eggs,
though I came on birds feeding nestlings. I rather think there are two broods
ayear, IfTI find ] am mistaken in the identity of the bird,I will make it
known.
Merops apiaster, THE EUROPEAN BEE-HATER,
My remarks of last year apply to this. I noted that the nest holes all faced
east and attributed it to their desire to remain cool. I have another suggestion
to put forward, and that is a telegraph wire runs along the entire length of the
breeding ground, on this the male perches, and from it he can see the entrance
of the nest. If these faced west he could not do this,
Hypolais rama, SyYKES’ TREE WARBLER,
I visited the same locality as last year on 14th May, and found numerous
nests, Nothing fresh to add.
Saxicola picata, THE Prep Cuart,
I noticed them building on the ist April and took my first clutch on the 12th,
Normal number of eggs 5, most taken in one nest 6, The nesting habits of this
bird are very similar to those of Thamnobia, that is the Brown-backed and Black
Robins, except that they do not haunt houses, The birds are very plentiful
round Quetta ; the favourite nesting sites are holes in steep river banks or unger
rocks and stones in the hills, The nest is of the usual robin type, made of roots
bent and lined with hair, wool and any soft material that may be handy. I
found numerous nests from early in April till about the third week in May,
after which only young were found, The eggs are of a light blue colour F
speckled with dull brick red ; one clutch, however, was spotless,
Anthus similis, Tus Brown Rock Prrir,
Plentiful outside Quetta from about 6,000 feet upwards, The first nest
T took was on the 19th April and contained three fresh eggs: most number 5,
usual number 4 iu one nest. The nest is of the usual Pipit type, built under a
tussock cr rock, usually well concealed, more occasionally not, Breeding season
830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
extended probably according to height above sea,’ Last clutch taken 18th
July. Obtained several clutches,
' Pica rustica, THE MAGPIE.
Common ;on the hills in the district, but does not frequent Quetta or its
immediate neighbourhood, At Ziarat itis much in evidence. I found nests
there early in May, but birds had not laid, Captain Winter kindly sent me
some from there later in the month,
Sitta tephronota, THe Hastern Rock NuTHATCH,
Quite plentiful round Quetta ;its nest is not difficult to locate once one
knows its baunts and habits, I did not obtain many eggs this year, several of
the nests found containing young. The first nest I took on the 2nd April. I
will endeavour to describe it, The site was under an overhanging rock which
looked as though it had been eaten ont by the action of water. In the shelter
of this it was built, An enormous plaster of mud formed the foundation, which
was quite 30 inches by 18. The middle was worked out into a retort shape,
very like the nest of the cliff swallow (Hirundo fluvicola), in the centre ef which
was the entrance to the nest proper. The mud was of the consistency of hard-
bake ; I was unable to break the nest, but gained admittance by scraping with
a clasp knife. Ihe chamber of the nest was most capacious, and was filled up with
some very soft materiul, resembling puttu or hair’s down. Most of the nests
were within hand reach und faced east, I presume because, at this time of year,
the prevailing wind is from the west and very cold. I got 7 slightly incubated
eggs, and on visiting the nest again on the 22nd took 8 fresh ones, The nest was
repaired a third time, but I left it unmolested ; there were undoubtedly eggs as
the bird was en the nest, On every occasion of taking a nest a bird was on il,
The male I presume gives the nest away. He usually hangs round the
neighbourhood, uttering his unmistakable cheery call, and returning, at intervals,
to the nest. Idonot know whether the same nest is occupied in successive
years, but they undoubtedly repair and re-occupy a nest that has been broken
into. Some of them go in for decorating their homes by plastering feathers on
them. Most of the birds lay in April, the nests found in May contained young.
Seven would appear to be the usual complement of eggs, I never found a nest
against a tree for the simple reason that there were no trees in the haunts I
found them.
Gyps fulous, THE GRIFFON VULTURE.
I got one hard set egg on the 5th April from a nest on a cliff,
Tinunculus alaudarius, THE KEsTREL,
A resident at Quetta and not uncommon, I obtained three clutches this
season, The nests, if such they can be called, the eggs being Jaid on the bare
ground, were all situated in holes and on ledges in the perpendicular banks of a
river, As these were only some 30 feet high, they were easy of access I
obtained my first clutch of 5 on the 12th April, I had noticed a pair haunting
a particular locality, where there was a suspicious looking hole. On flinging a
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 831
clod of earth at this, which fortunately struck the entrance and broke up, out
flew madam, I did not take long to get the eggs, which were quite fresh. I
then got 4 eggs from a ledge, they were exposed to the heavens with no pro-
tection, The third clutch was taken on the 24th May. On this occasion the
eggs were laid some way in. The female sat very close, in fact I had nearly
given up hope when out she came,
Sylvia jerdont, THE EASTERN ORPHEAN WARBLER.
I found this bird common round Quetta in the spring, more especially from
7,090 feet and upwards,and it breeds freely. Unfortunately I made this discovery
too late, otherwise I could have got many clutches, The first nest I came on
was on the 13th May; to my great disappointment it contained three young just
hatched and one egg hatching, However, my mourning was soon turned to joy
as J came on another nest, shortly after, containing 4 fresh eggs. In the same
locality, on the 20th May, I found a nest with three young and one addled egg,
and in another locality, much higher, I took 4 incubated eggs on the 18th June
and 4 fresh eggs on the 21st idem, besides finding many nests with young,
The nest is placed in a low bush and is not difficult to see, It consists of bents
and twigs and is lined with hair and fine material, cobwebs being used outside,
It is a compact neat cup, well made, The bird is a close sitter,
Lanius phenicuroides, Tur Rurovus SHRIKE,
This bird is abundant on the hills near Quetta and comes down very nearly
to the plains surrounding it, It is curious how it should have come to be over-
looked, There is no doubt about its identity as I shot a specimen, which went
home to the British Museum, It frequents the low thorn bushes, common on
the hills, I took my first nests on the 13th May, which contained 4 and 5 fresh
eggs and my last on the 21st June, but these latter were at a much higher
altitude. The nest is the usual massive cup-like structure common to all shrikes,
bits of rag being utilized where obtainable. The site is usually the centre of a
low thorny bush, A few nests were found on road-side trees ; these were placed
where branches unite with the main stem, and were from 10 to 14 feet from the
ground, WereI remaining here another season, I am sure I could obtain as
many clutches as I desired. Five would seem to be the complement of eggs,
though | have taken six occasionally, The eggs are of the usual shrike type,
but of two varieties, one with a salmon pink ground, the other greenish. The
former is the commoner.
Sylvia afinis, THe INDIAN LEssER WHITE=THROATED WARBLER,
Apparently a few of these little birds remain to breed. I found one nest on
the 13th May, containing 4 incubated eggs and another on the 31st, with 4
young. ‘The nest was rather a flimsy structure of twigs, lined with bents and
a little hair, They were both placed in low thorn bushes but not difficult to see,
Ptyonoprogne rupestris, THe Crag Martin,
Fairly often seen flying about the cliffs of the valleys near Quetta. I took
four fresh eggs from a nest on the 31st May. It was attached to a rock some
832 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
12 feet from the ground, was saucer-shaped, made of mud and lined with fine
grass, roots and feathers,
Anthus trivialis, THe TREE Prrit,
A few are to be found round Quetta, I got two nests on the 21st June, one
containing three incubated eggs, the other two young just hatched and a third
just coming out, The nests were placed ina hollow on the ground, well
sheltered and nicely lined with flower-down and other soft material.
Emberiza stewarti, THE WHITE-CAPPED BUNTING.
Found in numbers round Quetta, but somehow I was very unsuccessful with
them, I only got one clutch of three eggs, on the 29th June, my man shooting
the bird, He informed me the nest was situated on the ground,
R, M. BETHAM, Masor,
The 101st Grenadiers.
Querra, 6th October 1906.
No, XIX.—DESTRUCTION OF MOSQUITOES AND THEIR
LARVA BY FISH AND LIME,
It is well known that in all tropical countries stagnant water, wherever
found, is a sure breeding place for mosquitoes. Not long agoI occupied a
house, in the Punjab, which was infested by these pests. On searching for their
breeding place I found it in an open cistern which had been built to contain
water for the garden, The cistern was about eight or nine feet long by five
broad, and five deep, and the water in it was quite brown from the mosquito
larve it contained, To destroy these, I placed in the cistern about fifty or
sixty of the little silvery fish named “Chilwa” (Cheela argentea) which I
netted in a neighbouring stream, In a week or so these fish had completely
cleared the water of larve, and not only that, but every mosquito which sat
on the water for the purpose of depositing its eggs, was instantly devoured.
The Chilwa is a surface feeder, and is one of the most eager fly takers in
India, A mosquito hovering over the surface of the water even, is jumped at
and unerringly secured dt a distance of an inch or so before it can settle.
This fish is easily procured all over India, In the Deccan, and in the South
of India it is known by the name of “ Roopchal.”’ If these little fish were
introduced into patches of stagnant water, which cannot easily be dramed, and
protected, there would be an end to Anopheles in that neighbourhood,
I made a further search in the same compound to discover, if possible, more
breeding places. I soon found these in two rows of fifty water gurrahs, which
had been placed on each side of the house as fire buckets, for the house had a
thatched roof, A good handful of lime in each gurrah, well stirred up, not
only immediately killed all of the mosquito larve, of which there were
hundreds in each pot, but most effectually prevented the mosquitoes from using
the gurrahs as breeding places again, After this my house became quite free
from mosquitoes,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 833
I think the Chilwa fish should certainly be used as mosquito destroyers, in
the way I have described, but they should be protected from net, men, and
anglers, for they are easily caught with the simplest tackle,
For the destruction of mosquito larve in gurrahs, fire buckets and such like,
a good handful of lime is more efficacious, in its action, and certainly cheaper
than kerosene oil, The lime water would not readily evaporate, whereas
kerosene oil is volatile, costly, and requires frequent renewing. In the case of
fire buckets lime would be harmless, but water mixed with even a small
quantity of kerosene oil would probably increase the flames, instead of quench-
ing them.
I was led to try the Chilwa experiment, by having often observed these fish,
which I know to be surface feeders, fly takers, and destroyers of all sorts of
animalcule, rising at and taking mosquitoes, especialiy about sunset when these
insects swarm, and with regard to the lime, it is a matter of common knowledge
that fish, and minute animal life cannot exist for a moment in lime water,
H. OSBORN, Lievrt.-GEnt,, LA.
Naaear, Kuiuv, Punsas, 3rd October 1906,
No, XX.—A CLUMSY KILLER,
Ata time when the various ways adopted by the Felidae of killing their
prey is attracting so much attention, it perhaps would not be out of place to
describe the modus operandi of Ursus torquatus (The Himalayan black Bear)
as witnessed by me on one occasion,
I was out in quest of pheasants and on crossing a ridge, heard a lot of
shouting and yelling, mingled with the bellowing of a luckless cow, Thinking
a panther had arrived on the scene, I handed my shot gun to my shikari and
taking my rifle, rushed down the hill as fast as I could go and on reaching the
“nullah” saw ared cow struggling along, some distance below, with some-
thing black hanging on to its quarters, Guessing what it was, but not daring
to fire, for fear of hitting the cow, which would have been a crime, almost
equal to murdering a man, in a Hindu State, I rushed on. I lost sight of the
cow and her assailant round a bend, but caught them up very shortly after
and found the cowlying on its side, struggling and bellowing and the bear
gnawing away at a hind leg.
I had turned the corner and almost ran into the bear, which was more
surprised than I was, and giving vent toa startled “ wouf” half stood up on his
hind legs. I did not wait to consider but let off both barrels into his chest
knocking him over backwards, practically dead. I then turned to the wretched
cow and found she had one leg broken and two huge pieces of flesh taken
from her flank, while her stomach and quarters were lacerated and pouring with
blood from scars and holes made by the bear’s claws and teeth, Fortunately
for the poor cow, which. otherwise would have been permitted to linger on in
agonies, till loss of blood or starvation released it from its pains, the village
was only half a mile distant and the cowherd, who had arrived on the scene,
834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
said he would run down and tell the owner and so gave me and my Maho-
medan shikari time to despatch it by twisting its neck round and bringing the
back of an axe down behind its ears
Out of about a dozen fresh kills by bears that I have seen, only one, and
that a fine big buffalo, was mauled about the neck and shoulders, otherwise all
must have been killed ina similar manner to the one above described, viz.,
caught by the quarters and literally torn to pieces when the bear got his
victim down.
In some cases I believe the stomach is torn out, but of course I could not tell
whether this had been done before or after death, though I have seen a pony,
which ultimately escaped, frightfully torn between the thighs and all about the
stomach,
One enormous old patriarch, which I was fortunate in bagging a few months
ago, was a notorious cattle killer but a very clumsy operator, as he appeared to
maim more than he ever killed. This was perhaps owing to his very blunt
teeth, which were really only enlarged stumps, and he also lacked one eye and
was simply skin and bone, with a coat more like the cattle he killed or
mangled, with huge scars showing through the thin hair. In spite of his poor
condition, he weighed 450lbs and had a girth of 45” round the chest and
altogether was the thickest set bear I have ever seen, though not a long one.
Females with cubs generally do more cattle-killing than any others, but some
old males, when once they take to it, are regular fiends, It is evident a bear
was never intended for killing animals from the filthy job he makes of it, very
different from the bloodless business that a tiger’s or panther’s is. U. arctus
(The Brown Bear) is a much cleaner killer, but then of course he restricts his
depredations to goats and sheep, which he can kill with one blow of his power-
ful paw. Ihave only seen two fresh kills by brown bears and neither had a
tooth or claw mark on them, though shepherds have told me that sometimes
he carries them off alive, as they hear the sheep or goat bleating as he goes, I
have never heard of a brown bear attacking cattle though he does not hesitate
about eating a cow or a buffalo if he finds one dead. Both kinds are cannibals
as well,
BHADARWA, KasHMIR, 12th October 1906. C, H. DONALD.
No, XXI.—A BEAR’S KILL IN A TREE,
With reference to Mr, Comber’s query on page 518 of this Vol., the follow-
ing experience which I had a few years ago, may be of interest, Khubber
of a bear having killed a bullock being brought, I started off to try my luck, as
of all animals I think a bear on his kill is the easiest to bag, for if away from
a village, he seldom troubles to leave the kill at all, but, after his feed, lies up
within a few yards of it. On this occasion I was annoyed to find, on approaching
the place, half a dozen men with dogs making a frightful row, so swore at the
man for bringing me on what I felt sure would be a wild goose chase, as no
animal would stop with such a hullabaloo going on, He however appeared as
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 835
eonvinced to the contrary and said that they had made more row when he had
caught the bull, but the bear would not budge and charged when they got
near, Subsequent events proved him right and the bear an uncommonly nasty
customer, We eventually got into a dense scrub jungle where it was impossible
to see more than a couple of yards ahead and crawled along on hands and knees,
I took 2 men with me and also had 2 dogs, a setter and a spaniel, on the chain
behind. After we had gone about 20 yards I heard the well-known half
snuffle or half grunt of an angered or frightened bear, Both my companions
did record time back the way they had come and not liking the idea ofa
charge in such a place I followed suit, going backwards with both triggers full
cock, I then decided to take the setter in with me as he had accompanied me
on many bear shoots and leave the bipeds behind. I kept the dog to “ heel”
till I got to the place whence I had heard the bear and then seut himin, He
went in all his hair on end and growling, but had not gone two yards when back
he came ard the bear after him. However I was ready for him and dropped
him almost at my feet with a bullet in the head. He was ahuge beast in his
prime and in perfect condition and coat, The villagers soon arrived and
hunted about for the kill which was finally discovered in the fork of a dry oak
about 8 ft, off the ground, Why he should have taken the trouble to drag the
bullock, the ordinary sized rat one sees in the h IIs, up the tree when there was
such good cover down below, I cannot think. I have shot several bears on kills
and have found they usually eat the entire animal when they have killed
it and do not attempt to drag it at all. I never heard of one taking his
dinner into a tree before or since and it would be interesting to hear if any
other sportsman has seen or heard of a similar occurrence.
Buaparwa, Kasumir, 12th October 1906. C. H. DONALD.
No. XXII.—A PANTHER PLACING ITS KILL UP A TREE.
In reply to a letter in the Journal of September 20th regarding a
panther placing its kill up a tree, I came- across a similar case about five years
ago of a panther taking a Gyi (barking deer) on toatree. The tree was, I
think, a Tamarind, short bole and big fork, growing on the bank of a stream
over which it was leaning. J was walking up the bed of the stream and passed
right underneath without noticing it, and the men behind shouted tome. I
turned round in time to see the panther disappearing. The kill was quite
fresh, and the panther was evidently still at his meal on the fork of the tree
when I passed underneath, The height above the bank must have been about
eight or nine feet, but not perpendicular asin the case under reply, and the
distance above my head was about four feet more.
Kinpat, Urrer Burma, 31st October 1906. L. V. BAGSHAWE.,
No, XXIII.—_DO BATS CAPTURE AND EAT BIRDS ?
It is a common morning occurrence to find, on the floors of verandahs, un-
ceilinged rooms and out-houses, the remains of small birds (principally Zosterops,
36
836 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Cinnyris and sundry ‘ Flower-Peckers’) that bave been devoured during the
night, I have never observed the remains of insects or of any other animal
associated with those of the birds, This work is usually, in Ceylon, credited to
rats ; but, from the conditions under which the remains are fourd and from the
excreta associated with them, I am inclined to the belief that it should be
attributed to bats of some kind. The fragments are dropped from positions
that would be more convenient for bats than for the rodents, namely, beneath
bare rafters well away from the walls of the building.
The excreta associated with the remains are very different from the compact
pellets usually voided by rats, They are small, irregular, narrow and tapering
at each end, of a soft moist consistency, and contain many fragments of bones.
Ihave not succeeded in surprising the animal (whatever it may be) at its
meal. It is evidently a late feeder, The remains are seldom—-if ever—found
before midnight in my bungalow, though this may possibly be due to the
presence of lights up to that time.
The destruction of small birds by these nocturnal assassins is considerable.
I have gathered up the wings and feathers of three or four birds each morning
for several months in succession from a single room, The bat (if bat it is)
must systematically search the bushes in which the birds roost,
Suspicion rests upon bats of the genus Megaderma, the two species of which
(lyra and spasma) both occur in Ceylon. The dentition of Meyaderma is said
(Fauna of British India, Mammalia, p, 294) to differ from that of the insecti-
vorous bats ; and Megaderma lyra is known to prey upon smaller bats, frogs and
other small vertebrates, though no special mention is made of birds, Vespertilio
murinus, also, is reported to kill and devour smaller bats kept in confinement
with it ; but this bat does not occur in Ceylon. I should be glad to hear if any
observations on the possible bird-eating habits of bats have been made in India,
Royau BotTanic GARDENS, PERADENIYA, HK, ERNEST GREEN,
CrYLON, October 1906,
No, XXIV.—A WHITE MUNTJAC.
Whilst out shooting on August 25th in a South India jungle I came upon a
white muntjac or barking deer only about fifty yards from me, As Iwas not
far from a road I thought at first that it must be a tame goat which had stray-
ed, and whilst debating in my mind what the animal could be it gave two short
barks and disappeared in the jungle. We tracked it for some way and twice
put it up, but being in very thick jungle I was unable to get a shot at it,
Mortrra, Inp1iA, S. H. CHARRINGTON.
(The above appeared in “ The Field” of 29th September 1906.)
No, XXV.—CAUSE OF FEAR SHOWN BY TIGERS.
Capt. Montresor’s note on “ Cannibalism amongst 4 . :
tigers”’ (Vol. XVII, No. 2, page 543) emboldens me to write on a subject that
has long interested me and that is as to the cause of fear in tigers, Everyone
who has spent any time in the jungle tracts of India must be familiar with the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 837
fact that tigers as arule exhibit fear, or perhaps more correctly extreme caution
when they hear any sound, the origin of which is not at once apparent, and that
the slightest sound is sufficient to cause a tiger feeding on or approaching a kill
to disappear like a flash. There must be some reason for this, and I have put
the question repeatedly to sportsmen and naturalists, I have never had a
satisfactory elucidation and until recently no plausible explanation presented
itself to me. Many have advanced the natural fear of man in animals, but
this does not seem to me to solve the matter but rather beg the further
question, ‘‘ Why should tigers fear man ?”
It has however lately occurred to me that one enemy a tiger has to fear, is
another and more powerful tiger or even a weaker one with the advantage
of surprise on its side, This would be specially so with females (being generally
smaller and weaker) and with young ones,
The females would probably impart caution to their young and these would
probably retain the habit of caution in after life,
The need for caution would be greatest when feeding, for being in movement,
though slight, the tiger would be more visible, the noise in feeding would
attract attention and also cover the noise of a stealthy approach, and finally
the temptation to attack would be greater.
Now Capt. Montresor’s note shows that the fear of such an attack must be a
very real one and I therefore venture to offer this suggestion, Possibly it has
been made before, but if so not to my knowledge or to that of the many I
have consulted,
CoIMBATORE, 16th October 1906. Cc, E. C, FISCHER.
No. XXVI—NOTE ON CLANIA VARIEGATA, SNELL,
The caterpillar is a worm-like cylindrical one with a large head of which the
vertex is covered by the straight margin of segment 2 ;
Larva. this segment 2 is covered dorsally by a hard shiny chitinous
shield and is long ; segment 3 is rather broader than segment
2 and telescopes over its hinder margin as does segment 4 over that of segment
3also ; the body is broadest at middle and decreases to anal end which is
strongly down-curved, the anal flap or last segment being semi-elliptical in shape,
large, convex and slightly pointed in the centre of hinder margin. The head
is round, quite smooth, moderately shiny, with an erect hair or two about the
eyes and one on each side of clypeus apex; this clypeus is angular; the
colour of head is horny white, marbled with dark brown on clypeus and cheeks
and in a central line over vertex. The spiracles are large with raised edges,
oval, the colour of the body, The surface of the body is somewhat shiny on
segments 2-4and dull, elsewhere is strongly ridged or wrinkled transversely ;
there is a shiny, smooth, oval, slightly raised surface over each spiracle; there
are some longitudinal irregular impressed lines and a few small tubercles at the
hinder margins of the segments on the transverse ridges ; segments 2--4 are
smooth and unridged, of horny consistency, coloured like the head with a sub-
838 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
dorsal marbled dark-brown line which is broken up into minute spots on the
front half of segment 2 ; these lines coalesce with a dark brown dorsal line on
segment 4and a lateral diffused brown band ; the rest of the larva is black-brown,
reddish on segment 11 dorsally and lighter laterally on all segments. There
are some fine erect hairs in two rows on segment 2 and some about the spiracles
of that segment ; a sub-dorsal and supra-spiracular hair on all other segments,
The prolegs are all small; the true legs large, horny white, mottled with
brown ; the labrum and antenne white, jaws black, L. 36mm.; B, 9mm.
Feeds on Casuarina equisitifolia, Cassia, Acacia arabica, &c., &e,
The pup of the male and female are very different though both enclosed
in the stick-cocoon, otherwise the larval case. The male
Pupa. pupa is an abnormal looking noctuid one with very short
wings, very swollen antennz, broad at the base and more
swollen on the outside margin than on the inner ; the wings only reach segment
7/8; the head is small and bowed and has a broad dorsal carination which
comes to a point in front ; the vertex is in a plane at 90° to longitudinal axis of
pupa ; segment 2 is in a plane at 45° to that axis and both margins are bent
back towards thorax to form a point or angle in the dorsal line and there is a
prominent carination along the dorsal line ; the thorax is considerably convex
and the dorsal line slopes from its apex to segment 2 and segment 4, its hinder
margin is a semi-elliptical curve ; the thorax is rather long ; the abdomen is
circular in transverse section and bent down at the end where there are two
short points; the pupa is broadest across segment 2-3 and highest at thorax
apex. ‘Ihe body surface is somewhat shiny, especially on thorax, and is
transversely wrinkled ; the veins of wings are prominent ; there is a jaggedly
toothed ridge on front margins of segments 10 to 12, not reaching the spiracles,
Spiracles of segment 2 not visible ; the others are raised, broadly oval, shiny
with an open slit dividing them into two unequal parts. Colour is dark red-
brown, lighter on abdominal segment margins, very dark on segments 1-3 and
wings. L. 15 mm,;B. 4mm.
The female pupa is a cylindrical body with a blunt point at the anal end and
no vestige of what could ordinarily be called a head ; the front part is, ventral-
ly, a mass of corrugated skin and, dorsally, segments 1 and 2 are not visible or
distinguishable ; segments 1 to 5 are all contracted together ; the surface of the
pupa is wrinkled transversely and has some deep irregularly-shaped pits in the
lateral abdominal region ; the middle 5 segments are very large and distinct ;
the spiracles are broad, flush, oval, The pupa is broadest at segment 11 and
diminishes towards head. L. 19mm.;B. 9 mm.
The larva makes a cocoon of sticks placed side by side parallel to the body and
quite cylindrical in shape, the sticks being often of slightly
Habits, unequal length, the inside being thickly coated with silk
which holds the structure together. The inside lining is
produced beyond the mouth of the stick-case and this free portion is used to
attach the whole structure to the twigs, branches, &c., where the insect lives ; the
°
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 839
mouth of this free part can be drawn in and closed by thelarva like a cloth bag
with a string to close it let in all round ; the front legs are used for closing,
LARVAL CASES OF THE MOTH CLANIA VARIEGATA.
¢$
As the larva grows it enlarges the case by gnawing off new lengths of stick
(always, nearly, dead pieces) which are let in between the others symmetrically
for which purpose the web or lining is cut by the insect’s jaws gradually the
whole length down between two of the existing sticks, The web lining is of
extraordinary toughness and is extremely difficult to tear. The larva never
comes out of the cocoon or case but only protrudes the first four segments for
feeding or building purposes ; it holds on to the twig, &c., by its true legs and
thus moves about case and all, When full grown and about to pupate the case
is attached strongly by the free part of the inside lining and closed; the larva
then turns its head towards the bottem end, and pupates, The pupa works its
way out throngh the bottom end when ready to burst and forces itself three-
quarters way out of the case in which position the male emerres. The female
imago stays in the case, protrudes her end segments through the bottom of the
case and is in that position fertilised by the male ; she never comes out, being
soft-bodied and apterous, The female imago is a whitey-yellow grub with no
distinct head, no legs, a few feathery golden-yellow scales about segments 2-5
(which segments together are only about equal in lergth to one of the central
abdominal segments) and dor ally about segment 12 ; the scales of segments 2-5
are disposed laterally and ventrally, the dorsal portions of those segments being
840 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
shiny bare, and bright yellow-orange in colour ; the middle segments are very
large and dirty white in colour, L. 40mm, for male cocoon and 50 mm. for
female.
Clania variegata is one of the few moths that has only one brood a year here,
The larva pupates about November and the imago may emerge about the
month of April; but this depends upon the moisture in the atmosphere, A
few emerge at odd intervals after February,
The male moth is a very strong flier and comes only rarely to light,
Karwar, 20th October 1906. ek T. R. BELL, Lr.s,
No, XXVII.—ABNORMAL ANTLERS OF THE CHITAL OR
SPOTTED DEER (CHRVUS AXIS).
I send herewith 4 photograph of an abnormal head of a cheetal shot by me
recently in the Mandla jungles, C. P., on the 30th of April last.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 841
The off antler measures 293”, the middle antler 30” and the near (additional)
antler 203”, There are three distinct pedicles, three burrs and there was skin
in between all the three antlers. It wil) be noticed that the additional antler
has two tines and the lengths of the three brow antlers are, off 103”, middle
103”, near 63",
The body of tue animal was exceptionally large :—-
Length from tip of nose to roov of tail along curves ... 733”
Height at shoulder... = 300 ant seolaule
Girth behind foreleg Boe ee sae vee 40"
J. A, FIELD, Lievr., rz,
JUBBULYORE, C, P., 5th November 1906,
No, XXVIII.—THE OOLOGY OF INDIAN PARASITIC CUCKOOS,
In No, 2 of Vol. XVII Mr, Stuart Baker mentions my obtaining an egg of
Cuculus poliocephulus in the nest of Oligura castanetcoronata, It was, as he wrote,
obtained on the 6th of July but the elevation given is not correct. It was
found ab Tonglu which is 10,000 ft, high.
CHAS, M. INGLIS.
BAGHOWNIE Fry., DARBHANGA.
26th October 1905.
No. XXIX.—A STRANGE FOSTER-MOTHER.
My wife has a pet pigeon (female), the male bird having disappeared some
two years ago, She lays some two eggs about every six weeks or two months
and patiently sits on them, but of course in vain.
A few weeks ago my wife was given two quite young grey palm squirrels
which she placed in the cage with the pigeon, which proceeding the bird
naturally strongly objected to. A few mornings ago however my wife went to
the cage as usual to feed them, and seeing only the pigeon, hunied high and
low for the squirrels, but not finding them she returned to the cage and when
she disturbed the pigeon she found much to her surprise a squirrel under each
wing and the eggs under her, Ever since then the squirrels always sleep under
the pigeon’s wings. When I went into my wife’s room a few minutes ago one
of the squirrels was comfortably settled under a wing of the pigeon.
F, YOUNG.
KoLHaPtr, 31st October 1906,
No, XXX.—NESTING OF THE HOBBY (FALCO SEVERUS)
IN INDIA,
Dr, Blanford in the “ Fauna of British India, Birds,”’ Vo), II], page 423, says
that the nest of the hobby has not been taken in India, so it may be of interest
to some of the readers of the Journal to hear that I found a nest in Hursil in
Tehri Garhwal, about 30 miles from the source of the Ganges, at an elevation
842 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
of about 8,500 feet, with four half-fledged youngsters in it, in July, andzagain
two young ones were brought to me by a villager here last September, show
ing that Falco severus does breed in India,
C. H, DONALD,
BHADARWA (KAsHMIR STATE), 19th May 1902.
[The above note was kept back, and subsequently mislaid, as there was some doubt at the
time as to whether the H bby referred to was F. severus or F, subbuteo, Vhe author has
since ascertained that it is the former that breeds regularly in the Himalayas and writes that
he came across two nests this year with fully fledged young, Mr, K, C. Macdonald recorded
the first authentic account of the nesting of this bird in Vol, XVI, p, 518 of our Journal,
EDITORS. ]
No, XXXI.—A LIVE TAKIN (BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR),
(With an illustration.)
Tam sending you a photograph of a young male Takin (Budorcas taxicolor)
in the hope that it may prove of interest to the Society,
BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR, JUV, ¥
This animal was given by the Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan to Mr. J, C, White,
C.LE,, Political Officer, Sikhim. It died the day after the photograph was
taken,
F, M. BAILEY, Liecr.
British TrRavE AGENCY, GYANTSE (TiBET), 30th October 1905.
[Regarding this same animal Mr, R, L, Lydekker wrote as follows to the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 843
Field of 13th October 1906 with an accompanying reproduction of another
photograph :—
“'The photograph of a young takin (Budorcas taxicolor) from the Sikhim
district has been kindly given me by Mr, Claude White, Commissioner of that
province, It is of great interest, as being the first photograph of this curious
ruminant ever taken; while the animal it represents is, I believe, the first
example of its kind ever seen alive by a European, The animal was captured
by natives and brought to Mr, White’s camp, where it lived for some time, and
appeared so healthy that strong hopes were entertained of the possibility of
transporting it to England, Unfortunately, it died suddenly, it is supposed
from having eaten the aconite which abounds in some parts of the district,
When the photograph was taken, the young takin was believed to be less than
a year old, the horns being mere straight prongs ; nevertheless many of the
characteristic features of the species are shown, especially the shaggy coat, the
thick, clumsy limbs, and the comparatively short, rounded ears,
From the small size of the latter,as compared with those of the scrub-
dwelling serow, it is natural to suppose that the takin is an inhabitant of open
country. This, Mr. White informs me, is actually the case, the creatures
going about in pairs (or threes) on the open zone of the mountains immediately
below the snow level. Itis reported to be extremely fierce in disposition—
much more so than even the serow—and that the natives are frequently
wounded, if not killed, when they stalk the creature, So far as Mr. White is
aware, no European has ever seen a live takin in its native haunts, much less
shot one. This, I presume, is due to the country it inhabits being inaccessible
to sportsmen.
One of the two skins recently presented by Mr. White to the British Museum
{mention of which has previously been made inthe Field) shows that the
female takin has four teats, thereby agreeing with the serows, gorals, and
musk-oxen, This serves to confirm the view that these four groups of rumi-
nants are nearly related. From the serows and gorals the takin and the musk-
ox differ by the extreme shortness of the cannon bones—a feature shared with
the Rocky Mountain white goat, which may be regarded as another member
of the same assemblage serving to connect the takin and musk-ox with the
serows and gorals, Very important is the fact that in the caverns of Cali-
fornia occur remains of fossil ruminants which are probably more or less intere
mediate between some of the living groups.”
EDITORS]
No. XXXII.—BREEDING GROUNDS OF THE COMMON LOCUST.
There has been so much speculation about the breeding grounds of the
migratory locust (Acridium ;eregrinum) that it may be worth while to record
the fact that it has been breeding this year among the low hills, and also I am
37
844 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
told on the plains, in the immediate vicinity of Kurrachee, I first came across
mobs of hoppers on the 28th of September, They covered a space of 5 or 6:
feet square and were all proceeding more or less in the same direction, tumbling
over each other, I brought some home and kept them until they got their
wings, which they did from 24th September onwards, after the third moult,
They were less than 3 of an inch long when I got them and had probably cast
their skins twice. If they were a fortnight old then, and Ido not think they
can have been more, their larval life had lasted six weeks, I may mention that
there had been heavy rain on 27th August and Ist and 8th September, which
perhaps hatclied the evgs,
KuRRACHEE, 16th November 1906. EK, H, AITKEN.
No. XXXIII—THE SMALL CIVET CAT IN SIND,
It may be worth noting even in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society that the little Civet Cat (Viverricula malaccensis) has been found in
Sind. Blanford says that it occurs in all India, except Sind, the Punjab and
the Western parts of Rajputana, and Murray does not mention it in his Verte-
brate Zoology of Sind, although he describes some more noticeable animals of
the occurrence of which in the Province I can find no record, My suspicions
about the Civet Cat were first aroused by an account I received from a native
of a wild cat which he called Mushki Bilo (to convert any common Indian
word into Sindhi you put an O to the end of it) and of which he said that the
fragrance was so permanent that, if a dog killed one, its mouth was scented
for some time after, I set inquiries on foot in all directions until I had satis-
fied myself that a civet of some species was known about Sukkur and central
Sind, At last Ifound that Mr. D. G. Ommanney, Districi; Superintendent of
Police in Hyderabad, had killed one near that city. He was kind enough to
send me the skin to see, which left no doubt, It was a fine specimen of V,
malaccensis, Its proper native name is Khathori or Kashturi (the same word
as Castor) Bilo.
KuRRACHEE, 16th November 1906, Kk, H, AITKEN,
No, XXXIV.—A MALFORMED BLACKBUCK HEAD,
The description at page 519, Vol. XVII (No, 2) of the Society’s Journal, of a
malformed blackbuck head, reminds me of one I personally came across some
years ago, to be exact, on 27th March 1887,
It was near Songadh in Kathiavad and my shikari said he saw a buck lying
under a solitary tree in an open plain, The distance was too great for my vision
even with glasses, but I had faith in my shikari and promptly started for the
tree.
The last 300 yards I accomplished painfully in the attitude of the serpent of
the Scriptures after the fall, leaving portions of my anatomy on my trail.
When I reached the vicinity of the tree I much marvelled that the buck,
who was on the other side, concealed, did not become aware of the fact of my
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, B45
proximity, and I half thought I had been pursuing a myth, On peering round
the trunk of the tree, however, I saw a very emaciated buck with one crumpled
horn (the right) who uttered a feeble ‘ biaa’ but made no effort to get up.
On closer inspection I found that the horn had grown in a curve right round
and penetrated the centre of the eyeball which it had destroyed, and continued
its growth inward towards the brain, There was a large sloughing wound, with
caries of the bone, about 3 inches in diameter, and the poor beast was in the
Jast extremity of weakness and on the verge of death, I put it out of its pain,.
aud on examination found that the right testicle was much atrophied and dis-
lorted while the scrotum showed the cicatrix of an old wound,
KouaaPur, 18th November 196, ~ W. B. FERRIS, Cot.
No. XXXV.—ABNORMAL SAMBAR HORNS,
As it may be of interest I send you a photograph of a couple of abnormak
sambar horns,
That on the right was shot in Assam ; the other was killed by a tiger in the
Western Dn»,
Gaya, 30th May 1906, F, FIELD,
846 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
No, XXXVI—MALFORMED SAMBAR AND GAUR HORNS.
The illustrations given below and in the accompanying plate are further
interesting examples of malformation in horns,
The Sambar (No, 1) is especially so as it shows a third horn growing on a
separate pedicle. It was shot by me some 20 years:ago here at Koppa.
The young bull bison (No. 2) with the malformed head was shot some
20 years ago by a native shikari,
No, 3 is the head of a bull bison shot by Mr, F, I. Parton at Koppa.
All the illustrations are from excellent photographs which were most care
fully taken by Miss Brett.
O, SCOT SKIRVING.
~ Koppa, Mysore’ Piovixcz, July 1906.
wJOURN.. Bom. NAT, HIST, Soc.
a ll ll A ll I er
Se ee ae ec ET ES PO aE Oe
i ae ORL CUI IE NES OS
No. 3.
MALFORMED GAUR HORNS.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 847
No. XXXVII—NOTE ON THE ARABIAN GAZELLE (GAZELLA
ARABICA),
For some four or five years now I have kept a small herd of these pretty
little animals in the large compound of the Aden prison. They have bred
regularly from the first year, but the deaths which take place in the herd from
one cause or another prevent the numbers rising inconveniently.
This gazelle resembles closely the Indian chinkara, but is on the whole
smaller and lighter built : there is a patch of brown colour on the bridge of the
nose which is absent in the head of a chinkara from Deesa which I have by
me: the horns are like the chinkara’s, both male and female, They make
charming pets, and my herd all come to a whistle every morning for their corn,
and I am in the habit of asking people in to see them arrive at a gallop as soon
as they hear the whistle.
The bucks are very pugnacious, and the present master of the herd has
killed two rivals this year, a great loss, as both were fine bucks and had been
reared in the prison, In both cases the base of the skull was fractured, The
does conceal the fawn when first born in a depression in the ground. Both
bucks and does are in the habit of scraping deep soup plate-like hollows in the
ground in which they lie at night, and the whole herd have a great preference
for spending the night near the military guard at the prison gate or close by
the beat of the warders on night duty in the interior of the prison.
The young fawn lying in a depression as described is almost certain to escape
ordinary observation, With chin extended on the ground and ears flattened to
the side of the neck, it will allow you to handle it freely for the first few days
of its life, but after about the fourth day will spring from its form and make
off like a hare. The mothers seem to distinguish very definitcly between
strangers and those whom they know, as they will allow any of the prison
staff to approach and handle the fawn without any further demonstration
than a few snorts, With strangers and dogs it is necessary for the party to
earry light whips, as the little antelope charges right home and the horns of the
doe are as sharp as spears,
One of the old does when she has a new arrival and has hidden it will wait
about the prison gate jealously inspecting arrivals, and if they shew any inten-
tion of approaching her treasure, she charges at once, Even with me this doe
is yery savage at such times, though, as a rule, she will feed from my hand.
Every morning at daybreak the herd takes a long gallop round and round
the compound, They gallop one behind the other, the buck being, as a rule, the
last. I have noticed that when alarmed and ga!loping away they erect a ruff of
hair on the buttocks. Is this meant to assist their comrades in following them
in rapid flight by rendering them more conspicuous ?
The early morning gallop is interesting. It is always done daily, and there
must be some reason for it beyond pure lightheartedness, Is it possibly the
custom of these animals when wild to leave their sleeping ground in this way
to avoid beasts of prey ? They seldom seem to move at night.
848 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Besid»s the antelopes, my little collection now includes some Arabian chukor,
the co:ks of which pay atteution to the fowls; it also includes several wild
hares which are kept in a large pen with some tame rabbits,
S. E, PRALL, Majsor, I, m. 8,
ADEN, 10th November 1206,
No. XXXVIII,_BREEDING OF THE COMMON OR GREY QUAIL
(COTURNIX COMMUNIS) AND THE DESERT LARK
(ALG@MON DESERIORCN),
Last Christmas I met Mr. Lowsley, of the P, W. D., who is employed in
looking after the Sind Irrigation Canals, at a shoot in Upper Sind, and asked
him if he would kindly get me a clutch or two of Black Partridge (Francolinus
vulgaris) eggs, which he promised to do, Towards the end of April of the
present year, he sent me a clutch of nine eggs, which he said were those of the
partridge, On opening the box I saw ata glance that they could be nothing
else than Quails’ eggs, and on inspecting them came io the conclusion that they
were those of the Common or Grey Quail (Coturntx communis), To make sure
I sent some of them to Mr, Stuart Baker, who confirmed my judgment, Mr,
Lowsley did not see the nest ix situ, the eggs being brought to him by a boy,
who reported having found them while cutting grass, The exact place where
they were taken is unknown to me, but I believe it was in the Jacobabad
District, As little or nothing is recorded regarding the nidification of this
bird, I report my experience for what it is worth,
When in Karachi last cold weather, I located the Desert Lark (Alamon
desertorum) in the sand wastes in the near neighbourhood of that place, I
asked Mr, Barnes, of the Commercial Bank, to try and obtain some eggs for
me in the season, which he very kindly did, He aud Mr. Bell, 1.F,s., went out
together and, I believe, found several nests. Mr, Barnes informs me that the
bird makes a nest in a bush and: ot on the ground like other larks, He took
some nests for me along with the bushes in which they were situated but
unfortunately they got destroyed before I saw them. ‘The eggs of the bird
are not of the lark type at all, those I have look more like eggs of the Wire-
tailed Swallow ( Hirundo smithi:) in marking, though of course they are larger
and not so oval in shape. ‘lhe ground colour is china white, and three appears
to be the complement of eggs.
R. M. BETHAM, Major,
Karacul, 15th November 1906. (101st Grenadiers).
No, XXXIX,--THE LARGE RED FLYING-SQUIRREL (PTEROMYS
INORNATUS) AND WALNU'IS,
It may be of interest to those who took part in the controversy last year
as to whether the holes bored in wild walnuts are attributable to the action
of nutcrackers, woud-peckers or rodents, to learn that I have lately had ample
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 849
opportunities of seeing for myself, and can now safely back my original theory,
that flying-squirrels (Pteromys sp.) are the culprits,
I have a tame one, which is hard at work on a table beside me, as I write,
-and I send for the inspection of the Members, the result of three or four
nights’ labour to enable them to judge for themselves, whether the boring in
these nuts is similar to that of those sent by General Osborn in the first
instance, the holes in which were assigned to the agency of the Himalayan
Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila),
It takes the squirrel between one and two hours steady gnawing to make
‘the hole, and then it gets at the kernel with its lower incisors, working the nut
‘round and round in its paws, while the teeth are busy inside.
It has a curious trick of concealing each nut after it has finished with it
under a piece of cloth or paper, but only walnuts are thus treated and no other
‘kind of food ; cake, bread, fruit and everything else is simply left where it
‘happens to have finished with them, but every particle of walnut, however
small, is carefully hidden away, and then seemingly it forgets all about its
‘treasures, as an hour or two later it will be quite ready to start on a fresh one,
‘but never thinks of returning to the old one unless it runs up against it by
mistake, when it will take a few bites and then again carefully hide away
-what remains in a different spot,
As an engaging pet the flying squirrel would be hard to beat, with one draw-
‘back, and that is, it gets most lively at a time when everyone else wants to sleep:
C. H. DONALD,
BHADARWA, Kasumir, 12th November 1906.
[ The walnuts sent by Mr, Donald though of a thinner shelled variety than
those sent originally by General Osborn, have exactly the same shaped holes in
them, and we think this evidence finally settles the fact that the holes in these
‘walnuts were bored by Flying Squirrels and not by the Himalayan Nutcrackers.
EDS.]
No, XL.—_THE STUDY OF BIRDS.
I have often been told by our younger or more inexperienced members, who
‘are anxious to take up the study of the birds of their neighbourhood, that they
find great difficulty in understanding the descriptions of them in books owing to
the fact that they are not familiar with the technical designations of tho
‘different tracts or groups of feathers. They understand of course the wing or
the back,.but when the description relates to the “ secondaries, ” “ primary
coverts,” “scapulars,” and such like, they fail to follow the meaning of it.
Many, who would otherwise derive much amusement from ornithology, are
consequently deterred from following up their desire to become acquainted with
the birds they come across by reason of the impossibility of identifying them,
Eha’s excellent little book, “ The Common Birds of Bombay,” will go far to
help the beginner, as technical description is entirely avoided, but for those who
wish to go a step further it is necessary to learn the terms by which the various
feathers are known, and this with a very little study is not a complicated matter
850 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Diagram of a Bird, to illustrate the terminology of the Plumage and Limbs.
1. Forehead, 19. Scapulars.
2. Crown. 20. Primaries (the earlier or outermost 9
3. Nape or occiput. or 10 quills of the wing).
4, Lores (spice in front of eye). 21. Secondaries (wing-quills springing
5. Supercilium. from the radius and ulna).
6. Cheeks. 22. Tertiaries.
7. War-coverts. 23, Lesser wing-coverts,
8. Upper mandible or maxilla. 21. Median wing-coverts,
9. Lower mandible. 25. Greater wing-coverts.
10. Culmen or upper profile of maxilla. 26. Primary wing-coverts.
11, Commissure or line of junction of the 27. Winglet or bastard-wing.
two mandibles. 28. Upper tail-coverts.
12, Rictal bristles or vibrissex. 29. Tail-feathers or rectrices.
13. Chin. 3). Under tail-coverts.
14. Threat. 31. Tarsus.
15, . Breast. 32. Hind toe or first toe or hallux.
16, Abdomex. 83. Inner or second toe.
17. Back. 34, Middle or third toe,
18. Rump, 35. Outer or fourth toe.
For the purpose of assisting members we reproduce a clear and simple
diagram of a bird giving the names of the feathers generally used in describing
the plumage. The figure is taken from the preface of the four volumes of the
“Fauna of British India, Birds,” by Mr. E, W. Oates and the late Dr.
Blanford,
Bompay, 30th November 1906, E, COMBER.
851
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 41a OCTOBER 1906.
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on 4th October 1906, the Revd, F, Dreckmann,
S.J., presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 23 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced :—
Rev. M. B. Carleton, M.D, (Subathu, Punjab); Mr, 8. R, Hignell, 1.C.S,
(Daltonganj, E, I. Ry.); Mr. W. D. Hall (Bombay); Mr. W. H. Brady
(Bombay) ; The Mess President, 32nd Pioneers (Ambala); Lieut.-Col. C. J.
Bamber, I.M.S. (Simla); Mr. A, L, Hetherington, B.A., F.C.8, (Rangoon) ;
Mr, J. K. Williams (Nasik) ; The Honorary Secretary, Officers’ Mess, R.F.A.,
Hyderabad (Hyderabad, Sind) ; Capt. J, G. Berne, R.A.M.C, (Jubbulpore, C.P.);
Mr, B, D, Richards (Bombay); Mr. E. Priestly (Thana); Major A. W.
Newbold (Kohat) ; Lieut. J. Catto, M.S. (Manipur); Capt. T. W. H. Jones
(Poona) ; Mr, R, Barton Wright (Sivaganja P, O., Madura Dist.) ; Mr, Perey
C. Evans (Bindgei, Lankat, Sumatra); Capt. R. Steen, LM.S. (Gyantse,
Tibet); Mr. J. E. H, Hasted (Madras); Mr, 8, W. Smyth (Kindat, Upper
Burma); Mr. Wm, Skilling (Mussoorie); Lieut, W. H. Ralston (Tientsin,
North China) ; and Capt. N, W. Mackworth, I.M.S, (Tientsin, North China),
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. .
The Honorary Secretary, Mr, W. 8. Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following :—
Contributors and
Contributions. | Description. Locality.
A small collection of otoliths awalceates Mrs. 8. Joyce, Bombay.
or earbones of fishes.
1 Sea Snake ... noc ..-| Lnhydrina valakadien ...|Mr. C. E. Rhenius, Kame
nod, Madura District,
8 Snakes... 00 «.| Za0cys nigromarginatws, Ly- }
codon aulicus, Simotes sp.,
Polyodontophis collaris,|' Maior A. Begbie, Cal-
|
Sc. cutca.
32 Bird skins 500, eed eee Sacane I
1 Snail shell.. | Achatina fulica ee a9
1 Skin avd skull of the Hi-| Paradocurus grayi.. .. Mr. G. B. Scott, Naini Tal,
malayan Palm Civet
Quy). : :
A number of fresh water) j= __—_-wseeesee M. £. Dalgliesh, Tirhoot,
and Marine Shells. Bengal and Japan.
5 Eggs of Tibetan Partridge.| Perdia hodgsonie ... oe
1 Egg of Ibisbill ... | Loderhynchus stuthersi
2 Eggs of Bevertzoff's Rose Carpodacus severtzo ffi Be
Finch. ‘Lieut, F. M. Bailey,
2 Eggs oF beautiful Rose| Propasser puloerrimus — ws | Gyantse, Tibet,
ncn.
2 Tibetan Snow-Cock oo| Tetrz0galius tibetanus
5 Eggs of Eastern Twite ...| Acanthis hrevirostris ral
|
38
852 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Contributors and
Contributions, Description. Locality.
1 Russells Viper ... eo.| Vipera russell, mon
1 Tre Shake” rae eos D vias mub imaculata 500 } Captain 0." Donoghne,
2 Common Kraits (Burma| Bungarus candidus ‘ ee (arene
variety) f ! Ge ieee as Col Monks, 1.M.5.),
8 Banded Kraits ... -..| Bung s7us fasciatus... ab ei nE
1 Krait and other snakes ..| Bungarus walli... Capt. F, Wall, I.M.S.,
Fyzatad.
1 Common Wryneck | Inyx to-quilla SOE |My. L. H. Savile, Bombay.
1 Green Keelback Snake ...) Micropusthodon plumbicolor Capt G. McPherson,
1.M.8., Poona.
1 Snake and 10 Lizards .. seadeu ss La HR. Watson, Aden,
5 Russell's Viper (alive) ...| Vipera russclli 5 ...|Mr, K. R. Rane, ‘Andheri,
: Saisette.
1 Tree Viper (alive) vee] Lachesis gramineus ..|/Mr. P. Gerhardt, Karla,
Deccan.
1 Cricket ... oar ...| Schizodacty/us monstrosa...|° apt. Cobden.
Malformed Sambvr and noncacanc Mr, C.E.C. Fischer I.F.S.,
Chital Horns, North Coimbatore
Forest.
1 Snake (alive) one -e.| Tropidonotus piscator . |My. K. R. Rane, Andheri,
: Salsette.
2 Burmese Pheasants ee.) Calophasis burmannieus ...| }
1 Burinese S lver Pheasant. | Gennwus lineatus ... hoe
2 Arrakan Hill Partridges...| Arboricola intermedia .. | >Mr. B. W. Oates, Burma,
1 Burmese Hill Partridge...) Arbericola rufigularis sub-| |
sp. tickella
1 Brown-breasted Hill Par-| Ardvrieola brunneipectus ...| }
tridge.
1 Ground-snake (juv). eee Macropisthodon plumbicolor|Mr. T. Mathias, Poona.
A few Land Shells... ace peaesaiies Lt, Rk. Hill, Kashmir.
1 Cobra (alive) ase «| Maia tripudians ... (Mr. <A. 4H. Sherring,
Bombay.
1 Indian Monitor (alive) ...| Varanus bengalensis sa. |Mit. SH. OP.) GParenipe:
Basse 'n Fort.
8 Lizards... eee ...| Ophiops beddamii ... w(|Rev. EK. Blatter, S.J,
Kkandal'la
2 Mice (alive) cee vee conssceee Mr. E, Comber, Nasik.
Minor contributions from Mr, A. E, Lowrie, Licut. H. F. Salt, R.H.A,,
Mr, O. Stefiner, Mr. S. E, F. Jenkins, Mr, A. B. DeSouza, Capt, H. Orr, Capt,
M. F. Foulds, R.A.M.C., Mr, F. Gleadow, Capt. E. C, Maddock, I.M.S., Lieut,
H. R. Watson, Col. W. B. Bannerman, IM.S., Mr. W. F. Jardine and Mr, F,
Prevost,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Agricultural Ledger, 1905, No. 7, and 1966, No. 1 ; Flint Implements of the
Fayum, Egypt, by H. W. Seton-Karr, from the author ; Memoirs of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, Vol. I, Nos, 1 to 15; Pioceedings of the Agricultural Con-
ference held at Bombay ; Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines in India for
1995; Circulars and Agricu'tural Journal of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Ceylon, Vol. IIT, Nos, 16, 17 and 18; Annual Report of the Indian Museum,
Industrial Section, for 1905-1906; Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, Vol. II, Nos, 4, 5and4; The Canadian Entomologist,
Vol. XXXVIiI ; Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute,
PROCEEDINGS. 853
1905 ; Report on the Administration of the Government Museum and Conne-
maa Public Library, 1905-1906; The Indian Forester, Vol, XXXIJ, Nos, 7
and 8; New Mollusca, from the Persian Gulf, ete., On Malluvium ; Memoirs
of the Department of Agriculture in India, Vol. I, Nos, 1,2 and 3; A Note on
the Life History of Hoploceramby spinicornis ; Noteson the Malayan Pigs ;
The Mammals of Engano Island, West Sumatra; Mammals collected by
Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Karimata Islands, Dutch East Indies, and Contribu-
tions from the United States National Herbarium, Vol, X, Parts I and II.
PAPERS READ.
Some remarks on the decadence of Estuary Fishing, as an industry in the
Konkan, by W. A. Wallinger.
The Rev. F. Dreckmann, in moving a vote of thanks to Mr. Wallinger who
had so kindly come down from Dharwar to read this paper, said how this Society
from a scientific point of view hoped with Mr. Wallinger that Government
may shortly find it possible to introduce some legislation to protect the small
fry and soprevent the danger of the extermination of species of fish which
is at present apparently threatened. Such legislation is at present in force in
England and on the Coniinent of Europe, which from time to time has pre-
scribed that the meshes of nets must not be smaller than a stipulated size,
The thanks of the Society are also due to Mr, Wallinger for the excellent
miniature examples exhibited of the nets at present used by the Estuary
fishers in the Kolaba District and for the specimens of fishes which he had
collecied and were now on the table before them,
The following papers were also read:—A note on an edible Puff-ball from the
Thana District, by Lieut.-Colonel K, R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Ret.), F.LS.;
Some new birds’ nests from Tibet, with notes from Colonel A. U, Ward and
Lieut. F, M, Bailey, by H. Macnaghten, B.A, ; A Mouse-Hare, by Major G. 8.
Rodon ; and Locusts, Bears and Dogs, by Major G. 8. Rodon.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 13tTa DECEMBER 1906.
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on the 13th December, 1906, Mr, John Wallace,
C.E., presiding. ;
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 26 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced :—
Mr, N. E. Marjoribanks, 1C.S, (Madras) ; Mr. A. W. Marshall (Bombay) ;
Major J. Shakespear (Manipur); Capt, F, W. Barrett (Muttra); Mr, C. I.
Ainslie (Bombay); Major R M. Lowis (Umballa); Lieut, J, C. Pickersgill-
Cunliffe (Diyatalawa, Ceylon) ; Mr. J. Gerard Bendien (Bombay) ; Mr, O. C.
Ollenbach (Dehra Dun, U.P.); Mr. E, 8, Drury (Thayetmyo, Burma); Mr.
854 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Edward D, Haffenden (Mandalay, Burma); Mr. D. C. Boles (Meerut); Mr,
J. A, Field, R.E. (Jubbulpore, C, P.); Major H. 8. Wood, 1.M.S. (Calcutta) ;
Mr, F', A, Grant (Thayetmyo, Burma); Capt. Robt. A, Lloyd, LM.S, (Jhelum
Punjab); Khan Shree Fatehdin Khan, Chief of Manavadar (Manavadar,
Kathiawar) ; Mr. J. R, Martin, 1.0.8, (Sukker, Sind) ; Mr, O, Steffen (Bombay);
Mr. H. Uehlinger (Bombay) ; Lieut,-Col. H. E, Banatvala, I.M.S, (Khandwa,
C. P.); Capt. W. H. Cox, I.M.S. (Santa Cruz); Mr. H. H. G. Mitchell
(Madras); Mr, N. V. Holberton, I.F.S. (Youngoo, L, Burma); Mr. R. W. M.
MacMillan (Rajahmundry, Godavari Dist.) and Mr, J.B. Merser Adam, B.F'S,
(Pyinmana, U, Burma),
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr, W. {$, Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following :—
,
]
Contributions. | Description. Contributors.
1 Shikra, 4 ooo} Astur badius... = ....Capt. W. D. Keys, I.M.S8.
siere fresh water shells «| Lomnea auricularia ...(Lieat. R. Hill.
1 Phoorsa (ulive) ... oe} Hevix carinata O00 “od )) . :
1 Sand Snake C00 000 uaa eae 36 see Medes One eee
1 Mud Turtle tee one woes Mr. &. G, Hutchinson.
1 Longeeared Bat ... «-.| Plecutus auritus coc ...|Capt, R, Skeen, I.M.S.
1 Tree-frog (live) ... oon Mr. C. M. sykes.
1 Chukor Partriuge, albino.| Caccabis chucar sts «-(Oapt. B, R Nicholl.
1 White-collared Ouzel ...| Merula albicineta ... | : ¥
1 Grey-headed Ouzel ...| Werula castenea cod Mini Bond
3 EKzegsofthe Kathmir Wren | Anorthura neglecta... Pre |
2 Eggs of the Skylark -..| Alauda arvensis —«s. ...| }Col. A. E, Ward.
4 Eves of Tickell’s Willow| Phylloscopus affinis ... pele
Wren
1 Scx of Butterflies... 00 3 COO Lieut, L. 8. Fenton.
2 shark’s jaws Aca 286 aac ie Lt. S. H. Stevenson,R.1.M.
2 Fiyirg Fishes weld ee-| Exocatwus bahiensis oo. ...(Mr. W. &. Jardine.
TGemunGlive)* ... | Lemuriie sam. cc ...(Mr. W. R Scroggie.
2 Snakes (Aden Hinterlana) paetaeens lieut. H. R, Watson.
2 Rats (A en) ne ..| Tatera sp ass .. Major S. Prall, 1.M.S8.
1 Snake (alive) (Mooltan)... Lytorhynchus paradoa ws ...|Major U, A. Smith.
1 Green T ee Snake (alive .| Dryopiis myctcrizans »»./Revd, F, Dreckmann, S.J.
A number of Moths... oss awe Mr, HE. E. Green.
1 Bat.. oe ost «| Megader ma Lyra oes ...|Mr. A, M. Primrose.
Some Batterdice aus age eeesulitinal Uae eel toa Satenise sree Mrs. Jackson.
1 Pho ograph of youneTakin Budoreastaxieul 7... — ...{Licut. F. M, Bailey.
1 Green Keelback Snake| Macropisthodon plumbicolor\Col. W. B. Bannermann,
(alive). I,M.S.
2 Mouse-Hares ae see} Ochotona macrotis ... seall
1 Mvuse-Hare eae coe! Ochotona BUrttUs — ae eesti
1 Tibetan Hare ... we | Lepus tibetanus ss 20¢ PEL 2
1. Hare skull7. mee ... Lepus viostolus Scat eee
2 Bats... 200 ous cel" giRih-S. Hy a decahares | Baya. F. Dreckmann,
2 Mice sane ocens a restetees Sie
2 Wild Dogs’ skins.. eee Cyn dukhunensis os . |Mr. A. P. Percival, I.F.S.
2 Green lree Vipers (alive). LO hesi8s gramentus ce ...| Vir, P, Gerhaidt.
4 Skulls of the brown Bear. Ursus arcrus.. src eae tM CG. H. Donald
1 ean of Hodgson’s Hawk- Spizerus nepalensis... aed Wc pass gc
agie,
* Sent to the vichone cn dens.
PROCEEDINGS, 855
Contributions. | Description. | Contributors.
8 Bats (skins woe —s eee| Megadermalyra sw
1 Bat (skin) os vee -eo| Seotophilus sp. b aie, A.M. Primrose.
Stenodactylus orientalis ..
Alsophylaw tuberculatus ..
Gymnodacty!us scaber
Cy nnodactylu« hachhnesis...
Gy mnodactylus stoliezkac .. i
Gymnodactylus Rhasiensis..
Agamura cruralis |
Agamura persica
Aonatodes indicus ...
Hemidactylus turcicus ||
Hemidactylus persicus
Hemidacytlus givanteus
Hemidactglus platyurus . |
27 Lizards, new toourcol-{ | Gehyra mutilata .. .| } The Trustees of the In-
lection. Gecko nonarchus -..|{ dian Museum (in ex-
Phelswmr aniamanense ...|| change).
Draco teniopterus ... veel
Otocry ptis bivittata a
Gonye-phrlus subcristatus. |
Acanthosaura major |
Sapalura variegota i
Japalura plan*dorsata
Salea horsfieldii
Colotes jubatus |
Calotes crisatellus ...
Calotes gigas
Calotes mystaceus
vi
_————S = ——_—— sh
io}
Some Fishes, Shells an
Marine specimens,
1 Rat (alive) sec ..| Wus rattus var. ioe ea || Engr, Lieut. §. H. Ste-
1 Common Monaul Pheasant Loprophorus efulgens venson, R.1.M.
1 Great Himalayan Barbet.) Vegalemarshallorum L
2 Himalayan Snail Sheils...| H-licarion sp. 205 bee al) t,-General W- Osborn.
ches or spotted deer| Cervus avis ... 295 --.|Mr. J. Lee Stewart.
orns
Some Butterflies from asodoc006 Capt. W. H. Evans, R.E.
Chitral.
Minor Contributions: Col. G. H, Hyde Cates, Mr.G. D. Eykyn, Mr, F. A,
Prevost, Col, W. B. Ferris, Mr, H. O, Shoubridge, Mr, W. L. Palmer, Mr. J. M,
Tarachand and Mrs, A. H, A. Simcox,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO LIBRARY.
Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vol. II., Part 3, by Dr. Theodore Cooke,
C.1.E.,from the Author; Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXXVIII, No. oh
Annales du Musee du Congo, Tome I, Fascicule 11; Three Bulletins of the
Haarlem Colonial Museum, Useful Indian Plants, 1894, 1895-6—from J. G,
Bendien, Consul for Netherlands; Agricultural Ledger, No. 2, 1906; The
Indian Forester, Vol. XXXII, No. 9: ; Bulletin, Madras Goveninene Musenin,
Vol, V, No, 2; The Agricultural Journal of India, Vol, I, Part IV ; Indian
Insect Pests, by H. Maxwell-Lefroy, from the Author; Records of the Geo-
856 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
logical Survey in India, Vol. XXXIV, Part 2; Administration Reports of the-
Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, 1905, Fart IV ; Bird Notes and News. Vol. II,
Nos, 2 and 3; The Mammals collected by Dr. W. L, Abbott in the Rhi»-linga
Archipelago, by G, S. Miller ; Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Potanique de-
Belgique, Annee 1904-05; Department of Agriculture, Bombay, Bulletin:
No, 27; Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Vol,I, No. 4;
Note on the Chilgoza Forests of Zob and Takht-i-Suliman Forest Bulletin,
No. 7, by E. P. Stebbing ; Notes on the Influence of Forests on the Storage
and Regulation of Water Supply, Forest Bulletin, No. 9, by $, Eardley
Wilmot.
EXHIBITS.
Mr, H. 8. Symons exhibited a snare which was used by the natives for-
snaring quail. It was obtained at Aligaum near Poona,
Lieut, P. Beaumont (South Lancashire Regiment) exhibited an exception--
ally fine Chital or spotted-deer head which was greatly admired, The horns
measured 38 inches in length, 303 widest span (outside) and 253 from tip to-
tip. The stag was obtained in April last by Mr. Beaumont in the Central
Province jungles,
PAPERS READ.
1. Importance of a knowledge of the Biting Flies of India, by Col, W. B..
Bannerman, I.M.S,
2. Ona new species of Grey Duck from Burma, by E. W. Oates,
3. Destruction of Mosquitoes and their larve by Fish and Lime, by General:
W. Osborn,
4. Do bats capture and eat birds ? by E.E, Green, F.ES., &c.
5, Abnormal antlers of the Chital (Cerrus aris\, by Lieut. J. A. Field, R.E..
6. Alive Takin (Budorcas tazicolor), by Lieut. F, M. Bailey.
7. Breeding grounds of the Common Locust, by EB. H. Aitken.
ss 0 SE fe Ore ey eae oe :
7 i SNUBTTSEPULSULOIOS sndowyen
“UW sob NO ase O Ocean
WOTiCE.
THE COTTON THAL (WETTOPUS COROMANDELIANUS),
The accompanying coloured plate (No. XXIV) of the Catton Teal
(Nettopus coramandelianus) is in continuation of the series of plates
already published in this Journal in connection with the paper on
“ Indian Ducks and ther Allies” by Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker.
The description of the Cotton Teal now figured will be found on
page 192 of Vol. XI of this Journal.
EDITORS,
‘SS
JOURNAL
OF THE
tay Cr) PVA ES AN
Aatural Mistory Society.
Vol. XVII. BOMBAY. No. 4.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
ILLUSTRATED By CoLOURED PLATES AND DraGRams.
By Masor F. Watt, 1.M.S8., C.M.ZS.
Part IV—With Plate IV.
(Continued from page 273 of this Volume.)
TROPIDONOTUS PISCATOR, THE COMMON POND
SNAKE OR CHEQUERED KEELBACK.
Nomenclature. (a) Screntzjic.—The generic name is from the Greek
“ tropis”? a keel, and ‘“‘notos” the back, in allusion to the ridges
formed by the keels on the costal scales which, though a very character- _
istic feature, is by no means one peculiar to this snake and its allies,
‘ 29
The specific name “ pescator”’ of Latin origin is not to my mind
appropriate, since it seems to imply the practice of some art by which
it is able to capture fish. Though aquatic in habit, its diet is usually
batrachian ; and though it does evince piscivorous tastes sometimes, it is
in no way better endowed with the capability to catch fish than is any
other water-snake, It is difficult therefore to see in what respect it
resembles the fisherman. It certainly prefers the exercise of its nata-
tory powers to imitating the patient inaction at the water’s brink so
commonly manifested by those who favour the piscatorial art. Its older
and better known name ‘
1
‘ guincunciatus” from the Latin “ quincunx ”
858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV11.
is more fitting, for the commonest varieties bear spots or blotches
arranged in longitudinal lines, so that those of one series alternate with
those of the adjacent rows. The creature is thus beset with quincunxes
(like the 5 on dice), and when the spots and intervals are alike in
size, a veritable chess board pattern is the result.
Vernacular.—The more I strive to acquire the native names for
snakes, the more hopeless it becomes. It is rarely that any two
members of a crowd will give the same name toa snake, and it is
almost as certain that the professional snake-catcher, with a huge local
reputation, will call a snake by one name to-day and another to-morrow.
In Cannanore the common types of this snake were called ‘‘ Neer Kolee”’
and “Neer Mandallee”’, the former meaning ‘‘ water-fowl’’ and the
latter ‘‘ water spotted snake’; but I was never able to discover by
what means the one was discriminated from the other. The former
was usually applied to small specimens, and the latter to large examples,
especially the boldly spotted ones. In most languages it is simply
called water-snake, as, for example, the Burmese ‘‘ Yé mywé’’, the
Tamil ‘‘ Thanee pamboo ”’, the Canarese ‘‘ Neeru havu”’ and the Hindi
“ Pani ka samp’. Doubtless, these names are applied also to many of
the Homalopsids.
The Canarese also call it ‘‘holay havu” or stream-snake, and
Russell’s various colour varieties are ‘* Dooblee ’,
‘‘ Naugealled Keaka’’, “ Neeli Kea”, ‘‘ Dora”, and “Ourdia”’. (See
addenda. )
Dimensions.—Nicholson* records a specimen 4 feet 3 inches, and
‘¢ Paravoodoo’’,
Blanford+ another of the same length. These are exceptional, for I have
the measurements of 55 specimens, and the largest taped 3 feet 10%
inches. My notes refer to a host of other specimens in which the
Jength is not noted on account of their meagre proportions, Of the
55 specimens referred to above, only 10 exceed 8 feet in length.
Phystognomy and bodily conjigurateon.—The head is ovate, rounded
from side to side, and the front narrow. The nostrils by their slitlike
form and superior position approximate to those of the true fresh-water
snakes (Homalopsids) and marine snakes (Hydrophids), as do also
the eyes which are set with a decided inclination upwards ; but the tail
has not peen modified to a corresponding degree towards the true
* ‘¢ Indian Snakes, ” page 90.
+ Jourl., Asiat. Soe., Bengal, XXXIX, page 371.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 859
aquatic type as one might expect, in adaptation to its natatory pro-
clivities, but preserves the rounded contour typical of the terrestrial
forms. The eye is moderately large, the iris flecked with gold or golden
green, and a dense zone of gold demarcates the pupillary margin, and
reveals the rotund conformation of the pupil. The neck is constricted
sufficiently to be evident. The body closely ridged by the carination of
the costal scales, is robust, rounded, and reduces in girth decidedly
before the vent. The tail is ample in both sexes, being one-fourth tu
one-third the total length, and tapers gradually, the dorsal ridges
being preserved almost to its extreme tip.
Colour.—The colour and markings of this snake are exceedingly
variable, as a glance at our plate will, in some measure, serve to
indicate.
The ground colour may be dull green, olive-green, olive-brown or
brown of almost any shade, light or dark.
Some specimens are uniform, or almost uniform, in colour, but the
majority show some chequering, and usually of black which may
occur in specks, spots, or blotches, and vary from a few marks confined
to the sides of the neck and forebody, to a wholesale distribution
chequering the entire body and tail. These marks are usually
arranged quincuncially in 5 or 6 longitudinal rows, and the blotches in
some examples are confluent, and so large that black becomes the
prevailing colour.
Some specimens are decorated with a similar draught board pattern,
but sombre hues replace the black, and sometimes buff or whitish tints
form the most conspicuous chequering,
Again, some are specked, spotted, or blotched with red which may
vary from salmon or rose pink to a brilliant scarlet like sealing-
wax.
This lively ornamentation is as capricious in its distribution as the
black above alluded to, and may vary from a few marks on the side of
the neck and forebody to a profuse adornment of the whole dorsum.
All these decorative hues are almost entirely confined to the basal hali
of each scale, and especially to their margins, where the scales overlap
one another, so that they are seen to their best advantage when the
snake under excitement dilates itself.
The crown of the head is similar to the dorsal ground colour
and two black oblique streaks are almost always in evidence proceeding
860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII;
from the eye (Giinther says they are inconspicuous or absent in some
specimens from Nepaul and Ceylon). The anterior passes as a
subocular between the 5th and 6th or 6th and 7th supralabials to the
margin of the lip. The posterior crosses the temporals, and the
8th supralabial to the gape or beyond. A more or less distinct black
chevron, or a modification of such, is usually borne upon the nape.
Ventrally the colour is usually uniformly dull white or yellow, but
many specimens, and especially those heavily blotched with black
dorsally, bear black subterminal transverse bars, more or less complete
on each scale. Where the ventrals meet the ultimate costal row in the
flanks, may be seen a black, pink, or brilliant crimson streak. The
throat and forebody are sometimes bright yellow or orange.
These brilliant colours are not seasonal, though Stoliczka * inclines to
this belief, nor are they the prerogative of either sex. I have satisfied
myself that they are preseut in the hatchling. To the best of my belief,
T have only met with these gaudily attired specimens on the Malabar
Coast of India and in Barmah. Our artist has shown the markings in
the two bottom figures too regular, so that they are more suggestive of
the conventional or wall-paper style of decoration than that bestowed
by Nature. So numerous are the colour varieties of this species that it
is most perplexing to know how best to describe and group them,
Russell ¢ figured no less than 7 examples, all of which he named
differently and evidently considered distinct. Similarly, Daudin
described as 5 different snakes, specimens which at the present day are
merely considered varieties of a single species. Boulenger t recognises
8 varieties, but includes all those from our Indian Region under one
heading. At the time he wrote (1893) the British Museum collection
contained only 17 specimens of this snake, and it is not surprising
therefore that our most notable varieties escape mention, I have seen
and examined, at the lowest computation, fully 200 of this species, and
from many and distant parts of the Empire, and propose the following
grouping of our numerous varieties :—
(a) Unicolor.—Without dorsal marks. Blanford § mentions such a
specimen from Ajmere which he described as uniform olive-grey.
* Jourl., Asiat, Soc., Bengal, Vol. XL, page 431.
+ Indian Serpents,
t Cat., Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. I, page 23).
§ Jour],, Asiat. Soc,, Bengal, Vol. XLVIITI, p. 126.
Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc. Plate lV.
J.Green del. Neb eabeae Gee
: THE CHECKERED WATER SNAKE (Harmless)
Tropidonotus piseator.
lin a ok a he.
sf x q
”
"i
”
*
-
*
‘
‘
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 861
I would place Boie’s Melanozostus* here which he describes as
“ olivaceo pallide fuscus,”” making no allusion to dorsal marks or spots,
This cognomen has reference to the black ventral bands, which may
or may not be present in this type. I have seen many uniformly
coloured, and think such specimens are to be found everywhere.
(6) Lateralis— Without marks in mid-dorsum, but variously mottled,
marbled, or spotted in the flanks. Fig. 2 of our plate shows such a
specimen. Blanford f alludes to two males he obtained in the Central
Provinces, which he describes as ‘‘ olive without any dark mark, but
with a row of well-marked buff spots down the sides.’? It is in
my experience a common variety which, I believe, is to be found
everywhere.
(c) Punctatus.—With small black or blackish spots. Russell {
figures one such specimen, but I have usually seen them with the spots
arranged quincuncially, and not irregularly scattered as in his specimen.
Giinther’s § variety ® would, I think, come into this category. It is
common everywhere.
(d) Quincunctatus (Schlegel)—With large black spots, often as
large as the interspaces, or even larger, but arranged quincuncially so as
to form a regular chess-board pattern. Fig. 1 in our plate shows a
good example. Nicholson’s { variety ‘‘* ”’ and his figure on Plate XIV
refer to this type. It is one of the commonest varieties and to be
found, I think, everywhere.
(e) Anastomosatus (Daudin).—Marked with a network pattern.
Daudin || thus describes it: ‘‘ Supra cinereo flavescens, maculis parvis
rotundis ingris lineis obliquis junctis, et reticulatus.” With this
T would unite the ‘ braminus ” of the same author, the only difference
heing that in the latter the spots are contained within the meshes of the
reticulation, whereas in the former the spots are at the junction of the
lines, and leave empty spaces. Russell ** shows both these types in his
large volume. Gitinther {+ describes it under his variety ° as
* Tsis, p. 206.
+ Jourl., Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Vol, XXXIX, p. 371.
{ Indi-n Serpents, Plate XVa, Vol. II.
§ Rept. of Brit. Ind., p. 261.
{ Indian Snakes. p. 90.
|| Nat. Hist. Rept., VIL, p. 140.
** Loe, cit., Plates XX and XXXIII, Vol. I.
tt Loe cit., p.261,
862 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
follows :—‘ The spots are, as it were, dissolved into a network of black
lines with intermixed white dots.”
(7) Obscurus.—Obscurely spotted, dappled, or chequered with sombre
hues. Blanford * thus describes a specimen I refer to this type : *‘ Almost
uniform brown, having the dark spots nearly quite obsolete,” I feel
disposed, too, to place Giinther’s + flavipunctata here. It is a common
form.
(9) Mortuarius (Daudin).—Quincuncially marked with sagittate
black and cinereous grey marks. I am not sure that I have seen this
type, but Russell { figures a good illustration.
(hk) Umbratus (Daudin).-—Heavily blotched with black without
quincuncial arrangement. Daudin thus describes it :—‘‘ Colare atro
maculis dorsalibus obsolete flavescentibus.”’ With this I would include
the same author’s dora. I see no difference between them. Russell §
gives three good examples of the type. Blanford 4 alludes to a female
he captured in the Central Provinces which wasevidently of this variety.
I think Gimther’s || variety 7 from Ceylon should be included here, as it
only differs in the tendency to form transverse bands. The type isa
common one.
(2) Ornata.—Specked, spotted, or blotched with pink, orange, or
vermilion. A good example is shown in Fig. 3 of our plate. Giinther**
mentions it as his variety *. Nicholson tf alludes to it as his variety
b. Anderson {{ mentions it from Yunnan. Stoliczka §§ refers to it too,
as does also Theobald 11. Giinther says it occurs in almost every part
of India, but I think I have only met with it on the Malabar Coast and
in Burma, and Theobald remarks that the bright colouring, he thinks, is
more developed in Burmese specimens than in these from Bengal. I
obtained a modified example in Cannanore which demands special
remark as the adornment was not in spots. The specimen was uniform
* Jourl., Asiat, Soc., Bengal, Vol. XX XIX, p. 191.
+ Loc. cit., p. 270.
t Loc, cit., Plate XXVIII, Vol, I.
§ Loe. cit., Plates II], V and XIV, Vol. II.
4 Jourl., Asiat. Soc,, Bengal, Vol. XXXIX, p. 371
|| Loc. cit, p. 260.
** Loc. cit., p. 259
tt Indian Snakes, p, 90.
tf Ann, Zool, Yunnan, p. 821.
§§ Jourl., Asiat. Soc,, Bengal, Vol. XL, p, 431,
/] Cat., Rept., Brit. Burma, 1868, p, 47.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 863
olive-green in the median dorsal region, but the flanks were ornamented
with a deep continuous band of brilliant sunset crimson. These
lively hues fade so rapidly in spirit that it does not surprise me that
Boulenger makes no special reference to them.
(j) Tytler?—Distinguished by longitudinal white, black-edged lines
anteriorly. Both Blyth * and Theobald + allude to it, the latter under
the title Strzolatus. It appears to be peculiar to the Andamans.
Distribution. (a) Geographical.—I am not aware of any locality m
our Indian Dominions below, say, 3,000 feet, except Sind, where it does
not exist plentifully, and in most parts it must be conceded the distinc-
tion of being the commonest of all species. To the East it extends
throughout the whole Malayan region, continental and insular, to
Southern China, and Formosa. To the West its range appears to cease
before Sind, since Murray does not mention it in his Vertebrate
Zoology of that region.
Local.—It frequents the neighbourhood of water, and abounds in
rivers, jheels, marshes and pools. During the hot weather, or in
localities where the nature of the soil is arid and open, it is little in
evidence, but clings to its favoured element. As soon as the rains burst,
it becomes disseminated broadcast, and may be found wherever the
vegetation offers convenient hiding at some distance from water, and it
occasionally strays into the bungalow.
Breeding.— The Sexes.—Females average a greater length, and have
shorter tails than males.
The shortest female to demonstrate her fertility, of which my |
notes bear record, was 2 feet 7% inches, and was obtained in Cannanore.
This length, I think, establishes the sexual maturity of this species
at 4 years of age. This agrees with the age I have estimated in some
other Indian snakes, but the observations of Lenz on snakes in Kurope
led him to suppose they were sexually matured at 3 years of age. As
this is an interesting point, I furnish my reasons for this statement.
Taking the month of July, which I select because my notes in this
month furnish me with the largest material upon which to make deduc-
tions, it will be seen from the annexed table that the lengths of many
specimens which are closely approximate, leave gaps which seem clearly
to demarcate the broods of successive years.
* Jourl,, Asiat. Soc,, Bengal, 1863, p. 88.
} Cat., Rept. Asiat. Soc. Mus., 1868, p. 55.
864 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Table showing length of specimens collected in July. (See Addenda.)
Number, Length. Locality. Year.
6 83” to 108” Fyzabad 1905,
2. 1!-3" to 1-42" Burma 1899.
3 1/-32" to 1-5! Cannanore 1904,
2 1/-83” to 1'~103” Burma 1899,
1 1/-9" Fyzabad 1905,
1 eae Burma 1899,
1 2-53" Cannanore 1904,
1 2!-33" Fyzabad 1905,
4 2-72" to 2!-93" Burma 1899,
The rate of growth will thus be seen to be about 4 to 6 inches a year.
Season.—The sexes seek one another’s society for mating purposes
during the cool season. Father Dreckman wrote to me of a pair he
found “in copula ’’ in the month of October at Khandalla, and my own
female was captured under similar circumstances on the 3rd of January
in Rangoon. The period of gestation in this specimen proved to be
55 days, the eggs being deposited at intervals between the 9th and 23rd
of March; 14 of the 24 eggs, however, were voided between 9 and
11 a.m. on the 55th day (March 9). The protracted period of deposition
I attribute to the enfeebled health of the parent consequent upon her
captivity. Another specimen I captured at Cannanore close upon term
discharged all her 57 eggs within a few hours,
On both occasions the eggs were extruded into water, and sunk in
that element. The females were both found coiled above them, and
Nicholson* mentions having noticed the same behaviour, but repudiates
any idea that this was an attempt to incubate them, for the parent
continued to remain so after the ova had shrivelled. I am of
opinion that the mother probably incubates her eggs in a state of
nature. Begbiet found 24 eggs of this snake in a big grass nest at the
end of an adit bored in a canal bank, but I think the nest was prob-
* « Indian Snakes,” p, 128.
+ Bombay Nat. Hist. Jourl., Vol. XVI, p. 516.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 865
ably a water rat’s which the reptile chanced upon, and appropriated to-
her own use. Notes of this character are of the utmost interest and
importance. Information on the habits of snakes is extremely hard
to elucidate.
Eggs. —Those I obtained in Cannanore were all much alike in size,
shape, and tension, but those I acquired in Rangoon varied consider-
ably. Some were tense, others flaccid, and they varied much in size,
as may be inferred from their weights, which ranged from 1 drachm
28 grains to 2 drachms 37 grains. These variations were probably
the result of impoverished health. Normally they are soft and white
without gloss. When voided they are evidently surrounded with a
glutinous pellicle, for they adhere firmly at any points where
chance has placed them in apposition. The poles are isomorphous,
the shape elliptical, and tension much like that of a ripe grape. In
length they vary from 13,5 to 154 inches, and in breadth from 33 to
1 inch.
Period of incubatton.—How long these eges take to hatch I have
been unable to ascertain, as all attempts tu incubate them have proved
futile.
Depostion.—They are laid in the months of January, February and
March usually, but Major Evans tells me he has killed some examples
ego-bound as late as April in Burma. (See Addenda.)
Young.—When hatched, the young measure about 7? to 8 inches,
or about one-sixth the length of a large adult.
This is one of the most prolific snakes I know, and ranks with the
pythons and the Russell’s viper in this respect.
Blanford describes a pair which he dislodged from beneath a large
stone ina stream, ‘They had evidently made their home there, and he
remarks that they showed a disinclination to quit the spot. It is re-
markable that though they were evidently cohabiting, the female was
in an advanced state of ege-bearing, and this is on a par with the case
of the two rat snakes alluded to in my last paper. This with other
cases of a similar kind leads me to think that snakes possess a mutual
love and attachment in no way inferior to that exhibited by many
warm-blooded animals which preserve their conjugal relationship long
past the term of sexual gratification. A history of the events known
to me relative to the breeding of this snake is herewith appended in
tabular form.
2
866 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Table of Breeding Events. (See Addenda.)
Stage of Development. | No. | Date, | Locality. | Authority.
Sexes “in copula’’...| ... | October ... | Khandalla (West- | Dreckman.*
ern Ghats).
Do. Ss 3-1-00 ... | Rangoon tse |) SCLE,
Impregnated follicles, | ... | 14-11-03... | Cannanore alin DO:
Do, 320 geal a tlomdelie eee Do, =. | Dor
Do, Gaal |i See bleed Ue Sse Do. sa u() Do;
Ova “in abdomina”... | 85 ? ... | Central Provinces. | Blanford. +
Do. sraiee!) 4-1-04 ... | Cannanore Jewel Seles
Do. Fae Loe 29-1-00 ... | Rangoon ... | Evans and self,
Do. eee el 1-2-00 ... Do. 45 Do.
Do. .-- | 36 | 1 to 16-3-00 | Mandalay as Do.
Do, ... | 47 | 20-2-06 ...| Fyzabad wail) OLE.
Ova deposited cap RAD) 2 ..*| Ceylon in. | Dennent, a:
Do. v. | 24 | 9 to 23-38-60 | Rangoon bee HELE
Do. .. | 57 | 14-1-04 ... | Cannanore sel Ox
Young hatching .../| 24 | 14-5-05 ... | Cawnpore ... | Begbie. §
Hatchling killed ...| ... | 23-3-04 ... | Cannanore von Sele:
Do. ae ?-6-99 ... | Rangoon ... | Hvans and self,
Tdentificatton.—The foregoing remarks on colour should convince one
that this will not aid the identification of this snake, especially too when
it is a fact that several of the other species of the genus are singularly
like some of the many colour varieties of this species.
There is no single scale characteristic peculiar to this snake upon
which to rely in determining its identity, so that a combination of
features must be looked for to indicate the species. First of all the
rows of scales at midbody must number 19; next 2 supralabial shields
must touch the eye; the anal shield must be divided, and there must
be a pair of internasal shields. Should these 4 points co-exist, its
identity may be considered established.
Disposition. —With the exception of the Eehzs, I think it is the most
vicious snake I know. It is ever ready to bite, and strikes with great
determination and rapidity, fastening itself with such tenacity that
I have known it necessary to prize apart the jaws to disengage its hold.
Even hatchlings exhibit this ill-temper, and I remember well on one
occasion being bitten several times before I effected the capture of an
8-inch baby. (See Addenda.)
* In epistola,
t Jourl., Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXXIX, p, 371,
J '* Ceylon,” p. 197.
§ Jourl., Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc.,, Vol. XVI, p, 516.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES, 867
Sometimes, but by no means always, this snake, when irritated, erects
itself, and while dilating its body, very markedly flattens its forepart
in cobra fashion. It is strong and active, and its movements brisk and
rapid on land and in water. This is one of the snakes that I have seen
actually jump clean off the ground. Apropos of this remarkable feat, I
interrogated a Bangalore sampwallah with a view to ascertaining the
identity of a snake made mention of in a Canarese Dictionary as
“ Haramandalatha havu” or jumping snake, which I thought might prove
to be the hamadryad. To my surprise and satisfaction, however, the
next day he reproduced a “‘ piscator ” which he assured me was the
jumping snake, and he was most assiduous in provoking the snake
to exhibit its saltatory powers for my benefit, but though I have seen
this snake jump and actually clear the ground, I cannot say that I did
so on this occasion. However, it erected itself in an amazing manner,
and, literally, threw itself forward in a manner that could only be
described as a series of jumps.
Food.—\lts main diet is batrachian, usually frogs being ingested,
doubtless because they are so plentiful and so easy of capture. Fish,
however, are frequently taken. (See Addenda.) I have found as many
as 8 or 9 tadpoles in the stomach ofa young specimen. They seem to feed
voraciously, and in Cannanore on several occasions one was brought
to me wriggling at the end of a tish hook which had been baited with
a frog by native urchins. I have never seen one attempt to constrict
its victim, nor does it wait till they are dead ; but ifadvantageously
seized, it commences to swallow at once, so that the frog, when this
happens to be the unfortunate, continues to squeal piteously for some
time after engulfment.”
Description —Rostral.—Touches 6 shields, making 6 sutures, of
which those formed by the anterior nasals are twice or nearly twice the
length of those made by the internasals, Jnternasals. (See Addenda.)—
A pair. The suture between them equal to or nearly equal to that
between the prefrontal fellows; subequal to the internaso-pre-
frontal suture. Preefrontals. (See Addenda.)—A pair. The suture
between them rather larger than the prefronto-frontal. In contact
with internasals, pustnasal, loreal, przocular, supraocular, and
frontal. Frontal-—Touches 6 shields, of which the supraoculars
make sutures fully twice those formed with the parietals ; breadth
subequal to the supraoculars; length rather more than supra-
868 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
ocular. Masals two, the slitlike nostril meets the dividing suture at an
angle to form a y, and is thus contained wholly in the anterior shield.
In contact with the 1st and 2nd supralabials. Zoreal one, as high as
broad. Preoculars one. Postoculars 3 normally (rarely 2 to 5),
Temporals—Two anterior, the inferior touching the 7th and 8th supra-
labials. Supralabials 9. The 4th and 5th touching the eye. Anterior
sublinguals smaller than the posterior. Infralabéals 7. 5 touch the
anterior sublinguals; the 5th, 6th and 7th touch the posterior. The
6th is the largest; the 7th pentagonal, and in contact with 3 scales
behind ; the suture between the Ist is one-third to one-fourth that
between the anterior sublinguals. Scales—2 heads lengths from head
19, midbody 19, 2 heads lengths before vent 17, The step where the
19 becomes 17 occurs behind the midpoint of the body, and the 4th row
from the ventrals disappears, being absorbed into the row above or
below. Keels are present on all scales but the lowest 2 to 5 rows
anteriorly, and 1 to 2 rows posteriorly, and end after the supracaudals
have become four. ‘They are present in all the supracaudals at the hase
of the tail. Apical facets present in pairs. The last row is the largest,
and the vertebral row is not enlarged. Ventrals—Rounded 125 to 150
(Boulenger). Anal divided. Subcaudals 70 to 90 (Boulenger), paired.
Dentition.—In a specimen recently acquired this is as follows ;—
Right side-—Maxillary 22. Palato-pterygoid 12 + 26. Mandibular
25.
Left side.—Maxillary 23. Palato-pterygoid 13 + 27. Mandibular
24,
These numbers include, of course, the gaps in the various arrays,
which are seldom perfect at any one time. This is the only correct way
of numbering the teeth, for as one drops out, its place is soon re-occupied
by another from the reserve tracts. These are very interesting. One
runs along the base of each row, and contains a very large number of
teeth of various sizes lying luosely attached in the mucous membrane,
the largest closest to the teeth they are destined to replace. The
maxillary and mandibular tracts lie along the inside of their dental
series, but the palato-pterygoid along the outer aspect.
The teeth are all vertically compressed and convex on two faces, which
meet to form ridges, so that in section they are exactly like a deep lens.
The ridges lie laterally in all the teeth excepting those situated at the
back of the maxillary and mandibular arrays where the teeth are turned
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 869
on their own axes so that the ridges lie anteriorly and posteriorly.
The teeth in the maxillary series are directed backwards, and present «
slight inclination inwards. The palato-pterygoid are directed straight
backwards, and the mandibular at first directed backwards, gradually
acquire a strong inclination inwards. Further, the maxillary array is
isodont in its greater length (?.¢., has teeth of equal size). A few ot
the most anterior are, however, progressively smaller, and the two last
occurring after an interval are very much enlarged. These enlarged
teeth have been already figured in the second of these papers (Vol.
XVII, facing page 2), and are in this species intermediate between
those shown in figs. 1 and 2 of that paper. The palato-pterygoid
series are isodont, as are also the mandibular, excepting a very few
in the extreme forefront, which are shorter.
(To be continued.)
ADDENDA,
Since writing the above I have the following remarks to add :—
(1) Willey says it is called “ Diya polonga” in Ceylon (Spol.
Zeylan. April 1906, p. 233).
(2) My notes in Fyzabad last year are wonderfully similar for this
month. Of specimens actually measured, I had 16 varying from 94
to 124 inches, 2 measured respectively 1'-3" and 1!-52", 2 others
were 1/-94" and 3'-02", and 1 was 2!-44",
(3) Lam able to confirm this so far as Assam is concerned, for I
have had 6 females heavily eggbound this month (April) containing re-
spectively in abdomina 39, 44, 51, 53, 21 and 34 eges of dimensions
showing that they would very shortly have been discharged.
(4) In the administration report of the Government Museum,
Madras, for 1896-7 I notice a female laid 36 eggs in captivity on
the 26th of February 1897.
(5) Apropos this remark I quote from last year’s experiences in my
note-book 19th July 1906—‘ I have had two hatchlings to-day, and
both moved very rapidly, did their utmost to escape me, struck out
viciously and repeatedly at a stick, and both literally jumped so as to clear
the ground without doubt more than once.” Again 20th July 1906—
“Another hatchling to-day jumped, and was most ferocious, I got
badly bitten in my endeavours to grasp it, Its incessant contortions,
870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
great activity, and the antics it indulged in to avoid capture, including
jumping, made it a most difficult snake to manage.”
(6) I notice Annandale (in Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, Vol. 1, No. 10, p. 195) says: ‘‘ Their food consists wholly
or chiefly of fish, and they do not, asa rule, molest the large tank
frogs (Rana tigrina) which may sometimes be seen sitting side by side
with them on stones in the water.’ This statement has caused me
to refer tomy notes again. I find 5 specimens last year in Fyzabad
had fed : two of these contained a single frog each, another a single
toad, another two frogs (Rana tégrina), and another one frog and
three toads, so that these records support my former observations.
(7) Mr. EH. E. Green writes to me that he recently obtained a
specimen with the internasals confluent into one shield.
(8) Ihave once seen four prefrontals in a single row across the
snout.
gil
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES AS
TRANSMITTERS OF DISEASE TO MAN
AND ANIMALS.
BY
Lizur.-Cotonst W. B. BaNNERMAN, M.D., B.Sc., I.M.S.,
Director, Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society
on the 15th December 1906.)
The importance of knowing something about biting flies is manifest
when one realises that many tropical diseases are conveyed from one
man to another, and one beast to another by means of their bites. For
instance, it has been common knowledge since the days of David
Livingstone that in Africa a destructive disease among horses and cattle
was due to the bites of the Tsetse-fly (Glossina morsitans). A few
years ago Colonel David Bruce, R.A.M.C., discovered the cause of
this disease to be a parasite (Trypanosoma bruce?) living in the animal,
which parasite was sucked up by the Tsetse-fly along with its meal of
blood, and transferred by it to the body of the next animal it attacked.
This parasite belongs to the Protozoa, the lowest order in the animal
kingdom, and lives in the blood of the wild game in South Africa. In
them it appears to cause no disease, but when transplanted by means of
the biting fly to domestic animals it produces a fatal dissase, which
becomes so prevalent that it was found impossible to keep farm stock in
the affected regions until all the wild game, which acted the part of
reservoirs of the parasite, had been destroyed. Later still the same
observer found that a parasite, in all respects similar to this Tsetse-fly
protozoon, was the cause of the fatal disease of human beings in
Uganda known as Sleeping Sickness. In the blood of patients suffer-
ing from this disease exists a minute eel-like organism (Trypanosoma
gambiense) furnished with a fin-like membrane along the back and a
flagellum in front, which ultimately makes its way into the cerebro-
spinal fluid and produces the well known symptoms of this terrible
disease, It has been discovered that the trypanosome is taken up by a
Tsetse-fly (Glossina palpalis) asit sucks the blood of a patient, and
that it then may be transferred by the fly to the blood of a healthy
individual should such happen to be bitten by it within a shoit time
afterwards. It was further discovered that Sleeping Sickness wes
872 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV/1,
found in epidemic form only where the Glossina palpalis was present,
and that patients removed to an area free from this ‘Tsetse-fly did not
prove the starting point of an epidemic. In other words, where
no ‘Tsetse-flies were present, there no cases of Sleeping Sickness
were found.
Now this has a very special interest for the Bombay Presidency, for
the trade between the West Coast ports and Hast Africa is growing
rapidly, and it is certain that sooner or later cases of Sleeping Sickness
will be imported. Is it likely that such cases will prove the starting
points of an epidemic in India? The answer will depend on the pre
sence or absence of flies in India capable of transmitting the disease from
one person to another. Are there any Tsetse-flies in India? No one
knows, and it is most important to find out.
With this object I wrote in January last year to the Superintendent,
Indian Museum, Calcutta, Nat. Hist. Section, to enquire whether Tsetse-
flies or their allies existed in India. He replied, “I can only say that
Stomoays and Glossina are not at present known to occur in India,
Very little however 7s known about Indian Diptera cutside the recent
work on Culictde, they have been little collected, and they are only now
beginning to attract the attention of collectors.” In February 1905
I applied to the Entomologist with the Government of India who very
kindly sent mea note which, he said, ‘practically gives all I know
of the Indian species.” Under the head of Tabanide he mentions
‘“ Chrysops dispar, F., recorded as attacking cattle in Baluchistan, and
said to be common in India generally. In Bigot’s Catalogue of
Hastern Diptera (Journal, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LX, p. 265),
seven species of Chrysops are yecorded as occurring in India, with
3 species of Pangonia, 2 species of Awmatopota and 29 species of
Tabanus.”’ As regards the Muscid@ he says, ‘‘ Bigot gives no species
of Stomoxys from India, but one from Ceylon (St. calcztrans). I
should imagine this will be found also in India. Glossena he does not
quote from the Hast at all.”
Mr. Lefroy also kindly sent his Fieldman to Bombay to hunt for
biting flies, but as the hot season had just set in he did not succeed in
finding any, Subsequently he wrote to me that he had found Stomoays
and several species of Tabantdw in Assam, and he sent a lot of
pup by post for the purpose of making experiments. These, however,
unfortunately all hatched out in transit and arrived dead. In
BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES TRANSMITTERS OF DISEASE, 873
September 1905 the Fieldman was kindly again placed at my disposal,
and on the very morning of his arrival discovered Stomowys in the
Laboratory compound. Since then we have found Stomowys calcitrans
common in Bombay during the damp months after the monsoon,
though it disappears at other seasons.
Since then Mr. Lefroy has issued a Circular for the use of the Civil
Veterinary Department describing what ought to be done in regard to
the investigation of Biting Flies in India, and I cannot do better than
quote from it.
“« The Investigation of Biting Flies in India.
“There are three main points in this inquiry which require to be
worked out from the entomological side before much progress can bo
made in determining how far insects transmit diseases in India: these
are (1) the identity of the flies that bite cattle, horses and man ; (2) the
life histories of these flies ; (3) their distribution in India,
(1) Biting-flies belong to several distinct groups; excluding mos-
quitoes (Culéczd@) and the smaller biting-flies (Psychodide, Chironomi-
dee, etc.), there are the Hippoboscide (Horse-flies), Muscede (Tsetse,
Stomoxys, &e.), the Tabanide (Gad-flies).
“‘ Of these, the Indian Hippoboscide so far collected or sent in are
now being classified in Germany ; a named reference collection of these
will soon be available in India; of the Muscidcee, Stomoxys calcitrans
or a closely allied species is known, as well as a very peculiar form
only once found, which will be sent to the British Museum for classi-
fication as soon as possible. It is probable that others remain to be
found. The Tabanide are a very large group, of which many have
been collected, and it is hoped these may be named at the British
Museum almost at once, The life histories of these insects are yet little
known, but any measures of checking them as well as an understanding
of their distribution must depend upon this knowledge. The life history
of one Tabanid is known to conform to that of the group in general as
known elsewhere, the life history of Stomorys is known; and there is
little doubt that the Hzppoboscide in India have the same absence of
larval stage as they have elsewhere. No more is known at present,
and it will be impossible to rear flies artificially for purposes of experi-
ment until more is known.
“Of distribution, very little is known accurately ; the Stomoxys of
Quetta is not known to be the same as that uf Assam; the Tubanidee
874 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
are common in forest lands, but the distribution of no one species is
known.”
From the point of view of the Sanitarian then it is most important
that we should get to know something about the biting-flies of Bombay
and India generally, but the Veterinary Department also have a very
direct interest in the question, for there is a disease of horses, camels
and cattle quite common in India called Surra which is caused by a
trypanosome (7. evansi) exactly like that causing Sleeping Sickness,
and no doubt spread by some blood-sucking fly. It has not yet been
definitely decided what fly is implicated in the spread of this disease
but it is quite within the bounds of possibility that a fly that can spread
Surra might be capable of transmitting Sleeping Sickness as well.
This disease called Surra is very destructive to horses and ponies in
Cavalry regiments and must cost the Government many thousands of
rupees annually in this way.
It is of great importance then that an effort should be made to find
out which particular fly is the cause of the spread of this disease and for
this purpose we require to know (a) the seasonal prevalence of Surra in
each place where it exists ; (b) whether any particular fly is present
at these seasons and absent during the rest of the year; (c) whether
there exist for Surra, “fly-belts’’ similar to those described in Uganda
in the case of Sleeping Sickness. It is pleasing to be able to record
that the Bombay Government are fully alive to the importance of this
matter and have sent out a circular asking Forest Officers and others to
assist in the collection of biting flies. Here I think our Society by
means of its widespread membership may be able to render valuable
help in collecting flies and reporting on their seasonal prevalence, and
also on the seasonal prevalence of Surra. Itis fortunate for us that we
-have only Surra to study and not the dread Sleeping Sickness, and
long may this endure, but till we know something about the Diptera of
India we can never say with certainty that it is impossible for this
disease to take root among us.
Within the last few days the discovery of Glossina tachinoides has
been reported from the Dthala valley in the Aden Hinterland by
Capt. R. Markham Carter, I.M.S.,* where he found it first on the banks
of the Tiban river in belts of Tamarisk, Babul and Euphorbia jungle.
* Brit. Med. Journal, 1906, Vol. IL, p, 1393.
BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES TRANSMITTERS OF DISEASE. 875
Tt was identified as the above species by Newstead of the Liverpool
Tropical School.
This is the first time that a Tsetse-fly has been reported outside of
Africa, and though this is not the species that is responsible for the pro-
pagation of Sleeping Sickness, yet it gives rise toan uncomfortable
feeling that perhaps a similar discovery may be made in India.
876
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES.
By
H. C. Sruarrt Baker, F.z.5.
(In continuation of the paper on “ The Oology of Indian Parasitic
Cuckoos”’ from page 696 of thes Volume.)
CUCULUS CANORUS.
The Common Cuckoo.
In my original article on this bird I said that Cashmere was the
home of the Cuckoos par eacellence, but when I wrote this I had not
stayed in Shillong for a hot weather, and I must now retract what I
said, for, asa home of Cuckoos generally, I do not think there can be
any place to compare with the Khasia Hills. During the present season
I have taken and had brought to me no less than 59 eggs of Cuculus
canorus and have made notes on 56 of these, with the result that much
must be modified that I have already written in the article referred to.
About the 25th March this year (1906) the Cuckoo began to call, and
within a week a dozen birds might sometimes be heard calling together,
their melodious notes resounding in every ravine and on every hill
alike. This went on steadily throughout April and May and the early
part of June. About the middle of this month their cries lessened con-
siderably and often the notes were discordant, and, by the latter part of
the month, most birds who still continued to call had their voices
cracking.
They were, however, to be constantly heard up to the 28rd, then
they ceased almost entirely. though a casual bird would be heard at
long intervals up to the 28th June, and the last Cuckoo call heard was
on the 3rd July.
The following table shows the nests selected by the Cuckoo in which
to place its eggs, the dates on which they were got, and the size of the
Oo OS a
381.—Cistico’a cursitans. Inches,
1 vas oar ee OI ea 3-5-06
2 Oe scua) 31-5-(16
3 Oyen seem Gi) 2-6-06
4 : 50d eam) 2-6-06
A ses “RR eeu Sad 11-6-06
6 esc $02 ox aU 12-6-06
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES. 877
inches,
7 ee os waa le °K C64 16-6-06
Sea oe ode se0 93 > 64 16-6-06
9 bas dae een GOO) xe Tle 1636206
10 sae ERs Hy 4a hs, 166-06
et Eh ne Soe SU Ge las) 16-6-06
12 sae ats se Oy ee OT 16-6-06
13 sla rue aap “SONS KE "66 16-6-06
14 nae ret Veen Oc 269) 20-6-06
15 “00 eve cen Giolla Game clk 21-65-06
16 O00 a conc O eae Oks ORG (6
17 Ac he fae Oana) 24-6-06
18 wae wot oe PESO, Oe 5-7-06
19 vad Sas gon, GB SK SS) 9-7-06
20 she aS. Bho aoe) <9 19-7-06
846.—Anthus siriolatus.
1 Bos) NT Se HOS 20-5-06
2 ae OILS * <r 635) 22-5-06
3 94 x ‘66 28-5-06
4 930 os 64 31-5-06
5 WS Ss Boo 11-6-06
6 456 Senne eee ela Ole 22-6-06
7 Sa PPM ea rate. epee Oke, 25-6-06
8 Sesto Ate Old 1-7-06
9 ba iv repel Ol woe. atl 3-7-06
10 ves ae cece oll) ip ca gto! 47-06
847.—Anthus rufulus,
1 eereee ve eure oie See aL 9-6-06
2 ae aes Peal abe Oo 16-6-06
3 Se fe ead) pay uote aa) 17-6-06
460.—Suya khasiana. :
1 ior pan 270) 30-5-06
2 a ss WO 11-6-06
3 "30 Xx . °65 12-6-06
4 BTS SO ET 15-6-06
5 C010) Bee < ania) 30-6-06
6 600 Ae Fage oo Oren xe CO) 30=6-06
7 oF iF reset ht OX RA OE 10-7-06
458,—Suya cringera,
if BoD So et ae OO 24-6-06
2 i ‘sie dees eg) BS Ae 25-6-06
124.—Pomatorhinus phayrii.
1 ee Re ei OON SQ) aoe 17-4-06
2 aoe se Zacy OOM n ee Om 17-4-06
878 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
475.—-Lanius nigriceps. inches.
1 ae sua ee Oo 866 1-7-06
2 ies was vw» {04 x, “64 147-06
594.—Niltava sundara.
1 eas eas ee. a, as 20-4-06
379.—Orthotomus sutorius.
1 -= 5 ng ee Od teks SOD 24-4.06
466.—Prinia inornata.
1 she ee ee 0 eee On 12-7-06
142.—Pellorneum mandeblii.
1 ied eae me moos xX oo 10-6-06
235.——Liothrix luteus.
1 ae wee aoe: OA: Se aio 15-6-06
372.—Tribura luteiventris.
1 bas ay ten. SOO Mine etd 25-6-06
130.—Pomatorhinus maclellandi.
1 see sae coe ML Oe <a 00 9-6-06
From this it isseen that the tiny Fan-tail Warbler, Cisticola cur-
sttans, is the favourite foster-parent, and the others range thus :—
Cisticola cursitans ... 2 ee aoe oak sian 20
The Rufous Fan-tail Warbler,
Anthus striolatus and rufulus anh se aH ise Ese
Blyth’s Pipit and the Indian Pipit.
Suya khasiana and cringera Ben ti Sea Na:
Austen’s Hill Warbler and the Brown Hill Workin,
Pomatorhinus maclellandi and phayrit ... wee 500 hari ss)
Maclelland’s and Phayre’s Scimitar Babler.
Lanius nigriceps ee oor sos SAR inate seh lai
The Black-headed Shrike, Liothria luteus. The Red-billed Hill Tit.
Orthotomus sutorius. The Tailor bird. Prinia inornata. Common
Wren Warbler. Pellorneum mandellii, Mandelli’s Tit Babbler.
Tribura luteiventris. The Brown Bush Warbler. Each one egg.
Of course the little Fan-tail swarms in these Hills and their nests
may be found in every patch of suitable grass land, which is no doubt,
in part, the reason why the Cuckoo selects its nest, but anything more
curious than the sight of one of these tiny nests containing a huge
Cuckoo’s egg on the top of two or three of the Warbler’s own tiny
productions is hard to imagine.
On one occasion I found two eggs in such a nest, leaving practically
no room for the Warbler to get in and out. Of course when
the young Cuckoo is hatched, he first turns out the eggs of
his adopted parents or their children, if these are already hatched,
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES, 879
and then sets to work to grow fat at their expense. In a week he
fills the nest and in three he has destroyed all its shape and symmetry
and sits encased in a sort of basket-work of grass, and as he distends
more and more he eventually bursts the walls altogether and rests on a
pad of grass attached to the surrounding blades. I have had two young
Cuckoos brought in to me about three quarters grown in the remains
of such nests and they looked, as I have already said, as if they had
had baskets plaited over them. How such tiny birds as the Fantail
Warbler and allied species can rear such a voracious giant, seems in-
credible, but I must say that both the youngsters brought in to me were
extremely fat, speaking volumes for the energy and devotion of their
little fosterers. .
The Pipits’ nests undoubtedly rank next in demand, and must be very
great favourites, as neither rufudus nor striolatus are very common
here; yet of the fourteen nests of the latter and six of the former,
which I have taken this year, no less than 13 have had Cuckoos’ eggs
in them.
Both Austen’s Hill Warbler (Suya khastana) and the Brown Hill
Warbler (S. erinigera) are extremely common in the Khasia Hills,
perhaps even more so than the Rufous Fantail Warbler (Cistzcola
cursitans), but though I must have seen some 250 nests of the Suyas,
there have been Cuckovs’ eggs in only 9 of them against 20 in the
Cisticclas’ nests.
This is very curious, as the nests are much of the same kind, é.e. small
grass purses, and I should have thought that the Fantail Warbler was
the better concealed of the two.
Other birds’ nests seem only to be taken as a ps aller when the
favourite ones are not available.
Both Niltava sundara and Stoparola melanops are quite common
birds and one would have thought them very suitable fosterers, yet one
egg in a nest of the former is all we have found.
The result of this year’s work has in one respect confirmed what was
said in my previous article to the effect that we must take it for granted
that the Cuckoo lays its eggs on the ground and then places it in the
nest selected for its reception. In no case have I found a nest in any
way damaged by the Cuckoo, and often the only way it was possible
for the eggto have been deposited in the nest without considerably
spoiling it would have been in this manner.
880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Twice only during the year have we taken two eggs of the Cuckoo
in the same nest, and, in both cases, the two eggs were so much alike
that it is almost certain they must have been laid by the same bird.
Of the 59 egg
found in a nest without any eggs of the fosterer. On the other hand,
s taken this year, in six cases only has the egg been
we have often found fresh Cuckoos’ eggs with hard set ones of the
foster-parent, showing that the Cuckoo must have found and left some
at least of the eggs belonging to the owner of the nest when depositing
its own eges.
At the same time it is more than probable that they often destroy
one or more of the eggs before depositing their own, as I have gene-
rally found that when nests contain a Cuckoo’s egg the eggs of the
fosterer number somewhat less than a full clutch.
The measurements of the eggs taken this year endorse very closely
my average given for previous years, but increase the length by ‘01",
as these eggs average ‘93" x °67" against *91" x °67", making a
total average for close on 100 eggs of 92" x *67". No less than 8
egos measure one inch or more in length out of this year’s lot, but on
the other hand one of them is smaller than any I have previously
taken, measuring only *80" x °61". No egg has exceeded in breadth
that taken by Colonel Rattray and only one has equalled it, this
being a very large egg measuring 1:04" x ‘75, the largest egg both
ways | have ever seen. In regard to colouration I have this year
taken many types which are quite new to me, the following of which
are the principal. The first type is, ground colour a very deep
yellow pink, more or less profusely spotted, speckled and blotched
throughout with indefinite markings of reddish-brown. In nearly all
the eggs of this type the markings are most numerous towards the
larger end, where they sometimes form a ring or cup, never very well
marked.
These eggs grade into the common cream-coloured type with defi-
nite spots and specks, which are so commonly found in this country.
The darkest forms are extremely like eggs of Bringa and some of
Dicrurus.
Another type, of which I have some half a dozen specimens, has the
ground practically white, perhaps with the faintest tinge of pink, and
the markings consist of well-defined, tiny specks of deep reddish brown,
with here and there a small blotch and more rarely a scriggly line or
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES, 881
larger blotch. The marks are always, in this type, disposed in a dense
ring round the larger end and very sparse elsewhere.
Somewhat similar.to this isa type in which the tint isa blue green
instead of pink, but the markings are even more definite though smaller,
and have many minute lines and scriggles mixed with the spots and
specks. They are disposed in the same way as in the last type.
The most curious type of all is one having a stone-green ground
colour and marked with purple red fairly profusely everywhere, but
more so towards the larger end, where they may form a ring or cup.
T have alsoan egg which was taken in the nest of Lrothrix luteus
and which by itself would have been taken for an egg of a Petrophila.
The only other conspicuous type is also a single egg, pure white with
a few very faint but rather large blotches of pale red.
In shape my eggs vary from the rather squat oval, already described
by me in this Journal, to a long graceful oval; undoubtedly, however,
my last 50 are proportionately far longer and more gracefully shaped
than the first 50 which passed through my hands.
To the list of birds already noted in my article as acting as fosterer
we must add :—
1, Pomatorhinus mactellandi. Maclelland’s Scimitar Babbler, Baker,
2. Pomatorhinus phayrii. Phayre’s Scimitar Babbler. Baker,
3. Pellorneum. mandellii. Mandelli’s Tit Babbler. Baker,
- 4. Liothria luteus. The Red-billed Liothrix. Baker.
5. Cisticola cursitans. The Rufous Fan-tail Warbler. Baker,
6. Suya khasiana. Austen’s Hill Warbler, Baker.
7. Orthotomus sutorius. Tailor bird, Baker.
8. Prinia inornata. The common Wren Warbler. Baker.
9. Tribura luteiventris. The Brown Bush Warbler, Baker,
10. Lanius nigriceps. The Black-headed Shrike, Baker.
11. Anthus sirtolatus. Blyth’s Pipit, Baker.
Making a total of 31 Indian birds in whose nest the Cuckoo’s egg has
been taken.
CUCULUS SATURATUS.
The Himalayan Cuckoo.
I have practically nothing to add to what has already appeared about
the oology of this bird, although it is extremely common in these Hills,
commencing to call here very early in April and continuing up to the
end of June. It is curious that so few of its eggs should have been
brought in, as it is quite as common as canorus (The Common Cuckoo)
4
882 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII:
and haunts every ravine in the vicinity of Shillong, The main reason
for the want of success is probably that whereas canorus frequently
selects nests of birds who build in conspicuous places, saturatus seems
almost invariably to select the nests of birds which build in holes and
hollows, in ravines and dark places. A ravine, with rocky banks, which
runs past my bungalow was haunted continually for three months by
many of these birds and in this I found two eggs which I put down to
the Himalayan Cuckoo. The first of these was taken in the nest of
Stoparola melanops (The Verditer Flycatcher) on the 17th May.
This egg is of the same general type in shape and texture as those I
have already described, but in colour is a very pale pink with a sort of
flush of darker pink at one end anda very few tiny specks of black
scattered here and there over the whole ege.
The three Flycatcher’s egos were strongly marked specimens, broad
ovals, with well defined smaller ends, quite different to the supposed
Juckoo’s egg.
An egg taken in the nest of Pomatorhinus rujicolles (the Rufous-
necked Scimitar Babbler) is exactly like those already described, but
the markings are of briglit reddish. This was taken on the 3rd June
in a ravine near that above mentioned.
The second egg taken in that ravine was found on the 17th June in
a nest of Neltava sundara (The Beautiful Nillava) built in a hole in
some rocks just below my bungalow. I had known for some time that
the birds were building there and also that some Himalayan Cuckoos
were taking a great interest in their work, but I quite failed to find the
nest. It, however, was eventually found by one of my chaprassies
placed under a rock actually on the ground, whilst I had carefully
searched the many suitable hollows in the rocky scarp above. It con-
tained one Viltava’s egg, one pure white with a speck or two of black
like the normal eggs of the Himalayan Cuckoo, and a third egg which
I can put down to nothing in particular, but which is probably merely
an abnormal egg of the Flycatcher itself. Colonel Rattray has alse
been so good as to send me a beautiful typical egg of this bird taken in
the nest of Janthza rufilata together with two eggs of the foster-parent.
CuUCULUS POLIOCEPHALUS.
The Small Cuckoo.
Since I finished my article on this little Cuckoo 1 have obtained
considerably more information about it.
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES, 883
From Japan I have received no less than 14 of its eggs from Mr,
Alan Owston, taken in every instance in the nest of Cettza cantans.
These eggs vary very little in depth of colouration, all being of the
type obtained first by Osmaston, and Owston tells me that he has never
heard of a white egg of this Cuckoo. From Mr. Masson, of Darjeeling,
who has been so good as to collect for me during 1906, I have received
four most lovely eggs all taken in the nests of an Horornzs—two prob-
ably pallidus and two probably brunescens. These are also of the
same type as Osmaston’s, but are of a brighter, more chestnut brick-
red than any I have previously had pass through my hands. Masson’s
eggs were taken on the 3rd, 20th and 24th of June and 3rd July,
respectively. j
A most interesting note sent with the first of these eggs is worth
reproducing. He writes: ‘1 found a nest of Horornis in the morn-
ing which then contained two eggs of that bird, but, as I noticed a
Cuckoo hovering about the nest, I did not interfere with it. In the
afternoon I returned to inspect and found this rufous egg, which I now
send you, in addition to the two which were there in the morning; it
cannot be a Horornis ege, as not only is it much brighter and redder
in colour but it is considerably larger.”
From Garwhal I have received very valuable information from Mr.
S. L. Whymper, who has also generously given me one of the eggs,
about which he writes: “As you are interested in Cuckoos I write to
tell you that I found to-day (June 20th) a really remarkable coloured
. egg of one of these birds. It is purple, exactly the colour of that egg
of Horornis palledipes you sent me. It wasina nest of Phylloscopus
afinis which I had marked down about a hundred yards from my hut
and which contained three eggs of the rightful owner—white ones, not
spotted. I think the Cuckoo must have made a mistake and thought
the nest was that of Horornis pallidus, which is quite common lower
down.’ On the 26th Mr. Whymper again writes: “I think we have
made a discovery, that purple egg is the egg of Cuculus poliocephalus.
We found the nest of Pnepyga squamata with three eggs in it, but not
having my gun with me, and wanting the bird itself, I left them until
the following day. When I went back the next day to the Wren’s
nest, there were only two Wren’s eggs in it and one of these
purple eggs, the Cuckoo who put it there evidently thinking exchange
no robbery.”
884 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
“T shot the Wren onits return and then thinking it just possible the
Cuckoo might return, left my man with the gun to watch, and within
ten minutes he shot a Cuculus poliocephalus alongside the nest. Of
course this is not proof, but it comes near it.”’
‘‘T should mention that since the 20th, when I found the first nest, I
had discovered that C. poltocephalus was about, and had shot one to
make certain, although its call is so unmistakeable.”’
The egg sent me by Mr. Whymper is quite different in colour to
any others I have seen,— in fact it is, just as he says, almost exactly the
same in colour as a rather pale Horornis egg, perhaps a little redder
and less purple than most of the latter. Itis a rather clumsy egg,
nearly elliptical in shape but very squat, with one end somewhat
larger than the other, but both equally obtuse. It is faintly mottled
with a darker shade of its own colour. In size it measures *8" x ‘61".
CuUCULUS MICROPTERUS.*
The Indian Cuckoo.
No oviduct egg has as yet been got of this bird, but all the evidence
obtainable confirms Colonel Rattray’s identification of this bird’s eggs.
I have had a few more sent me and have taken one myself this year.
About Shillong itself mzcropterus does not occur at all, and in the fine
series of canorus eggs obtained this season round the station there has
not been a single blue egg, but as soon as my collectors worked the
ravines where mzcropterus was common and canorus, if not altogether
absent, at least very rare, they obtained a blue Cuckoo’s egg in a nest
of Niltava sundura together with three eggs of the fosterer.
ArERococCcYxX SPARVEROIDES.
The Large Hawk Cuckoo.
During the past season (1906) I have been fortunate in obtaining
no less than four blue eggs of this Cuckoo. The eggs were obtained,
* Mr. J. D. D. LaTouche in the /éis for January 1907 has the following remarks on an
egg of this bird taken from the oviduet :—“* A female which I shot on May 26th, 1901, had an
egg ready for laying in the oviduct; unfortunately it was smashed to bits by the shot. In
colour it was pinkish white, with round specks and spots of rich red and deep carmine about
the larger end, the rest of the shell having only a few isolated spots. The general appear-
ance,sofaras could be judged from the fragments, was somewhat like some eggs of
Buchanga laccogenys.”
This description does not correspond well with our supposed blue eggs of micropterus, but
does not necessarily mean that the blue eggs are not those of that bird. We have equally
startling differences proved to exist in the types of eggs of C. poliocephalus, and, again, the
wonderful variations in the eggs of Caccomantis are quite as remarkable,
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES, 885
two in nests of Leothrix luteus, one in that of Lantus crestatus, and one
in the nests of Suya khastana, the latter containing also four eggs, of
the rightful owner, of the blue type.
One of the eggs was sent to Colonel Rattray and compared with his
authentic eggs, with which it agrees well, but none of the four taken
here have the same curious corrugations and furrows that Colonel Rat-
tray’s eggs have ; these, however, may be abnormal, and I do not place
much weight on their being present or absent. The texture is the
same—close, fine, and hard, with a considerable gloss, and is absolutely
different to that of the supposed eggs of mecropterus.
It is interesting to note thattwo out of the four eggs brought to
me were said by the Khasias to be Sparrow Hawk’s eggs, and I find
that in their language both the Sparrow Hawk and the Hawk Cuckoo
are called by the same name. A skin of the latter when shewn to the
Khasias who brought the eggs was at once spotted and called a hawk.
In one case the finder swore that he saw the Sparrow Hawk (?) on the
nest and only frightened it off as he went to take eggs.
Sparveroides never seems to come up as high as Shillong ; but in the
lower country, where these eggs were obtained, they are quite common.
The eggs were taken between the 29th May and Ist July. Three
measure 1:01" x °74", -97" x °73" and :95" x °78", but the mea-
surements of the egg sent to Colonel Rattray were not noted. The
third ege is a rather squat oval, the other two longer and well pointed
towards the smaller end.
! HrgRococcyx VARIUS.
The Common Hawk Cuckoo.
Dr. Coltart sent me in July a most remarkable set of 10 eggs found
in a nest of Crateropus canorus, of which only one egg was that of the
Babbler and the nine others were all Cuckoo’s eggs, either of Coccystes
jacobinus or of this Cuckoo. It is impossible to say with any certainty
to which they belong, but the majority of them, at any rate, are proba-
bly eggs of the Hawk Cuckoo.
They were not laid by one bird, as they vary extremely in shape and
size, though not in colour.
CACCOMANTIS PASSERINUS.
The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo.
Since my notes on the bird’s oology were compiled, a great deal of
interesting matter has been added to our knowledge.
886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Professor Burnett, of Hyderabad, Deccan, has found many eggs in
nests of Prinia socéalis, and in some instances, has left the eggs to be
hatched, and watched the young bird until old enough to identify.
The following most interesting account was written by him for the
Journal and then generously handed over to me together with
some eggs :—
‘There is a very common parasitic Cuckoo in this neighbourhood
which answers, as far as one can judge from its habits and appearance
on the wing, to the description of Caccomantis passerinus given in the
‘Fauna of British India,’ except in this respect, that its eggs, instead
of being ‘a pale blue, blotched and speckled towards the large end
with reddish brown and purple,’ are normally of a pink or terra-cotta
colour and are unmarked by blotches or spots. This difference in
colour might be accounted for by their having been deposited, when-
ever I have happened to find them, in the nest of Prenta soczalzs with
its deep copper-coloured eggs. Last nesting season I found in my own
and neighbouring gardens seven of the Cuckoo’s eggs. Three I took,
one was robbed, another was eaten by ants, and the remaining two
hatched out. Both the young birds, however, came to an untimely end
—one within three days of its being hatched, through some unknown foe,
the other when almost full grown through a cat which managed to get at
it in spite of a cage which had been specially made for its protection.
“ At other times I have come across three instances of Prinea
soctalés feeding young Cuckoos of the same kind when full grown.
In two of these cases the Cuckoo was able to fly quite well and
appeared capable of looking after itself though ready enough to accept
the ministrations of its very small and fussy foster-parents. In the third
case the young Cuckoo had been placed in a wicker-cage in a verandah,
and the foster-parents passed backwards and forwards through the bars
of the cage.
“‘ The circumstances under which the seven Cuckoo’s eggs referred
to above were found, certainly seem to confirm what has now, I believe,
become the generally accepted view, viz., that Cuckoos lay their eggs
on the ground and then carry them to'the nests of the birds they
victimize.
“ Prinia socials in this neighbourhood affects both the types of nest
it is known to build, ze., the tailor-bird type and the purse type. In
neither of these could Caccomantis passerinus lay an egg.
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES. 887
‘* Tt seems not unlikely, too, that the fact that Prinza socialis is so fre-
quently made the foster-mother, is not simply due to propinquity nor a
mere matter of convenience. It may well be that a hen Cuckoo reared
in the nest of a Prinza soctalts goes of ‘propria persona’ as Chaucer,
himself a bird lover, would say, to the nest of Prinia socialés to get her
own young fostered.
“The young Cuckoo used to be held up to universal contempt for the
base ingratitude which he was supposed to show in ousting his fellow-
nestlings from the common home. It seems, however, more likely that
it is the foster-parents who make away with their own young to pro-
vide more room for the fosterling. Their instinct tells them that there
cannot be room for all, and it is the weakest that have to suffer. The
wonderful correctness of their instinct is fully borne out by the way in
which the stitches of a tailor-made nest burst one by one before the rapid-
ly increasing bulk of the young Cuckoo, even when only half grown.”
The above was written on the 5th of May 1906 and referred to the
previous year’s work,
In October 1906 Professor Burnett again wrote to give me some
more information on the same subject.
He says: “I have only found two nests myself this year containing
Cuckoo’s eggs, though several cf my neighbours have found them. I
did not disturb these, as I wished to bring one up if possible, and have
so far succeeded as to have one now nearly three weeks old ina cage .
in my verandah, He is fed by the foster-parents through the bars,
but of course they wont be able to continue doing this for ever. Mine
is not the only bird, as-the Agent of the Hyderabad branch of the
Bank of Bengal has also one, and there was a third which has escaped.
“ All the eggs of Caccomantis passertnus found this year were of
exactly the same type and in the nests of Prinia socialis, none being
taken here in Orthotomus or P. inornata as far as I have heard.
“‘ According to my observations, again, this year the Cuckoo has
usually deposited her eggs in a nest already occupied, but I cannot say
for certain about this, as most of those I have seen were found by other
people. Also it is the foster-parent who turns out her own young.
They have to make room and turn out within 24 hours of the Cuckoo
being hatched. Finding them on the ground we put them back three
or four times in two nests, but it was no good; they were regularly
turned out again.” |
888 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
This young bird died when about seven weeks old and was then
sent to me for identification, and is undoubtedly Caccomantis passerinus
in adult plumage and of the curious phase which has the underparts -
concolourous with the back, but paler.
The skin is incomplete and the under-plumage more or less absent,
so that whether the whole or only parts of the under-plumage was grey
or not, it was impossible to see.
The following notes by Mr. T. Florence, of the Bank of Bengal,
Hyderabad, further confirms Professor Burnett; he writes: ‘“ Nest
of Prinia soctalis found 11th July 1906 contaming four eggs. Three
of these eggs were of Prinia soctalis while the fourth was a Cuckoo’s,
Caccomantis passerinus. The Cuckoo’s egg was half as large again as
the other and of a lighter colour, except at the large end, where the
colour was about the same as the Prinia socialis egg. Two of the
eggs were hatched on the 15th July. I did not visit the nest on the
16th July, as it was a very wet day, but on visiting the nest on the
17th July the young Cuckoo was the sole possessor of the nest. I
could find no trace of the other birds or eggs.
“The Ouckoo left the nest, full fledged, on the 4th August.”
Again on the 22nd August he writes: ‘The Cuckoo left the nest
on 4th instant and I sent the notes te Bombay on the 6th, up to which
time I had not seen it since leaving the nest. 1, however, saw it on
several occasions after that with the two foster-parents in attendance
and feeding it.
“‘The last day on which I saw them together was the 14th instant, and
I am quite satisfied it was a Caccomantis., Mr. Stubbs, one of the
accountants at the Bank, saw it on the 15th. I found another nest of
Prinia socialis with a similar egg, but unfortunately the nest was robbed,
probably by a lizard.”
Four eggs were sent me by Professor Burnett, out of which one
is that of Prinza soctalis—abnormal certainly, but identifiable by its
texture, which is quite different to that of any Cuckoos,
The three bond fide Cuckoo’s eggs are of three types.
One isa very dull, muddy-coloured egg of the type described in
detail in my former notes as having been received from the Irvine
collection. The ground isa very pale greeny-grey stone colour suffused
with reddish at either end and profusely speckled with minute dots of
reddish, which tend to form a ring at the larger end. This egg gives
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES. 889
me the impression that it is a form intermediate between the common
types already described and the terra-cotta eggs which form the
normal type in the Deccan. The second egg has a beautiful pink
ground thickly covered with terra-cotta and reddish speckles and blotches
which coalesce in a thick ring at the larger extremity. This ege nearly
approaches the normal Deccanegg, of which my third is a representative,
This is a beautiful terra-cotta with a darker ring of the same as in the
other eggs.
The three eggs measured, respectively, °72" & °52," °74" x +53” and
71" x ‘51"; in texture, shape, &c., they agree with the eggs already
described.
From Belgaum Mr. T. R. Bell has been so good as to send me yet
another series of three eggs, all laid in the nest of Césticola cursitans.
Two of these have a white ground and one a blue ground, and agree
well with the eggs already described. They measure °72" x °51,!!
ol Sebo and 69" x¢ “51!
Professor Burnett’s suggestions open up three most interesting points
in connection with the eggs of parasitic Cuckoos.
First is the question whether the colouration of the egg has any rela-
tion to the colour of the egg of the foster-parent selected.
To commence with, we have the broad fact that our Cuckoos which lay
blue eggs—that is, Hierococcyx varius and the genus Coccystes—practi-
cally invariably deposit their eggs in the nests of such birds as them-
selves lay blue eggs. All over India fosterers of this description are
available in considerable numbers and there is no need for further
adaptation, and accordingly we find there is none, and no one has ever
taken an egg of the above Cuckoos of any other colour but blue; of
course there are rare exceptions to the usual fosterers selected, such as
the egg of Coccystes jacobinus found in the nest of Garrulaa leucolophus,
but these exceptions are too few to have any influence either on eggs or
parent.
As regards the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), it is difficult to
say definitely that adaptation is going on, for we find every type of egg
laid almost indiscriminately in the various fosterers generally accorded
the honour of bringing up the young bird.
Here in the Khasia Hills the fosterer most often selected is the little
Fantail Warbler ( Cistzcola cursitans) and certainly the most common
type of egg is like a gigantic edition of the Warbler’s egg. On the
=
uo
890 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV JI,
other hand the fosterer next often chosen is the Pipit (either rufulus or
striolatus), and although I have taken one Cuckoo’s egg which might
have been mistaken for a Pipit’s, so clearly did it resemble those of that
bird, this is the only one of that type I have seen in these Hills.
It is possible that the want of discrimination displayed by the Com-
mon Cuckoo as to where it should put its ego, has resulted in the mar-
vellous variety of types and colours found init. At the same time it is
possible that the egg is more or less adapting itself to local require-
ments in those localities in which any one fosterer greatly predominates.
To accord with this it’is, however, necessary to presume that Cuckoos are
regular in their migratory habits and visit the same breeding range one
generation after another. i
Authentic eges of the Himalayan Cuckoo | (Cuculus saturatus) re-
semble the fosterers most often selected.
The small Cuckoo (Cuculus poliocephalus) lays two types of eggs
which may be called a pink type anda white type. Now it appears
that the white type is never found in Japan where the Cuckoo -
invariably places its ege in the nest of Cetiza, a Warbler whose eggs
only differ slightly in size, shape and texture and not atall in colour-
ation from that cf the Cuckoo. Here in India records show four eggs
of the pink type laid in the nests of Horornzs and one in the nest of
Oligura, both genera laying eggs which somewhat resemble that of the
Cuckoo.
In Cashmere, where the fosterers selected are generally such as lay
pure white or white faintly spotted eggs, the white type is the dominant
one and the pink type is rare. Mr. 8. Ll. Whymper has lately taken
this type {wice in the nests of fosterers laying white eggs, but these eggs
were found in a place adjacent to which Horornis was very plentiful,
and we may justly assume that Horornis is the popular fosterer there.
Of course also, both of Mr. Osmaston’s eggs of the pink type were taken
in nests of the white-browed Shortwing (Drymoichares cruralis) which
lays pure white eggs, but here again it has since been found that
Warblers of the Horornts group are the favourite fosterers.
On the whole, therefore, it may be taken as probable that the small
Cuckoo lays eggs which adapt themselves to their surroundings. The
Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus) lays very pale blue eggs and select
most often fosterers, suchas Trochalopterum linatum and Larvivora
brunnea, which also lays blue eggs. Here the colour of the Cuckoo’s
——
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES. 891
eggs would certainly seem to have adapted itself to that of the type of
fosterer’s egg with which it is generally found.
Of the genus, Herococeyx, the Large Hawk Cuckoo, which in the
Hastern Hills places its egos in the nest of the Large Spider Hunter
(Arachnothera magna), in perhaps four cases out of five has an egg
which very closely resembles that of its foster-parent and is rough-
ly speaking an olive brown. But this bird in the Khasia Hills and
also in the Himalayas would seem to place its eggs in the nests of birds
of the Garrulax group, Myzophoneus or others which lay blue or blue
spotted eggs, and accordingly we also find that it has develoyed a blue
egg which resembles the olive type in nothing but shape and texture.
The Common Hawk Cuckoo (Merococcya varius), as already said, has
arrived at complete adaptation and invariably places its deep blue eggs
in nests of fosterers which lay the eggs of a similar colour.
As regards the Small] Hawk Cuckoo (Fierococcyx nisicolor) it appears
to deposit its eggs, as a rule, in the nest of birds which lay eggs hy no
means conspicuous and which do not differ greatly in colouration from
its own egg, but our knowledge at present does not enable us to say
that it has any predilection for any particular foster-parent for its
young.
We then come to the genus Caccomantis, Professor Burnett’s friend,
and here are confronted by one of the most remarkable instances of
what appears to be adaptation. Normally the bird in the South of
India, Belgaum and Kanara, where it is most common, and also in the
Nilgiris, lays its egos in the nests of the Fantail Warbler (C%stzcola
cursitans), the common Tailor-bird ( Orthotomus sutorius) and the Indian
Wren Warbler (Prinia inornata). Now all threo of these species lay
eges which are white or blue in ground colour and are more or less
spotted ; accordingly the Cuckoo has developed an egg of the same
description which is an enlarged facsimile of the Tailor Bird’s eggs and
not very strikinvly different from those of other birds. In the Deccan,
however, the Plaintive Cuckoo has deserted these fosterers and relies
on the Ashy Wren Warbler (Prinia socialis) to bring up its young ;
accordingly the egos seem to be in the course of adaptation to its
requirements, and whilst some are intermediate in colouration between
the normal Southern Indian egg and the terra-cotta type, and appear
to show incomplete adaptation, the majority are of a terra-cotta colour
which is inconspicuously different from that of the eggs of the Prinia,
892 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Knowledge as to the eggs of other species of Indian Cuckoos is not yet
sufficient to allow of generalization,
On the whole, therefore, Indian Cuckoos would appear to adapt
themselves more or less to producing eg
those of the birds they select as foster-parents to their young. How this
os which to some extent resemble
adaptation is evolved is difficult to guess at. We see birds sitting in
complete happiness on eggs at least four times as big as their own pro-
ductions and as little like them in shape and colour as it is possible to
conceive. Why, then, the necessity for adaptation ? Presumably it
must be admitted that here and there birds are possessed of superior
intellect sufficient to enable them to see the differences between their
own eggs and the imposters, and on seeing such differences destroy the
latter. In this way such Cuckoo’s egos as approach most nearly in
colouration to those of the foster-parents would survive, whilst those
which greatly differ would gradually be eliminated.
In Professor Burnett’s first article quoted, he says he thinks it more
probable that the foster-parent turns out the young than that the
young cuckoo itself does this. It has, however, been practically
ascertained for certain that it is the young Cuckoo who is the culprit,
and he has been seen more than once in the very «act of ejecting his
anfortunate fellow nestlings. Moreover, the young Cuckoo has been
especially built by nature to perform this act of ejectment and has his
back suitably formed and is given powerful legs and thighs as a nest-
ling, though the latter develop but little afterwards. As to his opinion
that the Cuckoo generally deposits its eggs in a nest already occupied,
this is probably correct. In many instances this year the Cuckoo’s egg
has been found deposited on the top of the fosterer’s, and though the
Cuckoo’s egg has sometimes been found to be fresh whereas the others
showed more or less signs of incubation, the reverse has been ex-
tremely rare.
CACCOMANTIS MERULINUS.
The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo.
I have had two very remarkable eg«s sent 1o me which I would attri-
bute to this bird if they are Cuckoo’s eggs at all.
These two eggs and another of the same description were taken in
May this year (1906) in the Gooma Reserve, Goalpara, Assam, and
were all found in the nests of cHMthopyga seherzw, the Himalayan
Yellow-backed Sun-bird. The eggs, which were sent me—one by
ADDITIONAL CUCKOO NOTES, 893
Mr. A. M. Primrose and one by Mr. Charles Inglis—are very much
alike, and are certainly quite unlike the seheriw eggs with which they
were found, but I have taken eges of seherrw myself in Hungrum and
elsewhere which exactly resemble these supposed Cuckoo’s eggs.
All three nests contained two Sun-bird’s eggs in addition io the
third different egg. The Sun-bird’s eggs have pure white grounds and
are fairly profusely and boldly blotched and speckled with dark grey-
brown with other spots underlying of rather pale grey. They are
clear, smart looking eges, whereas the supposed Cuckoos are quite the
reverse. The latter have very dull yellowish white grounds with very
profuse but smudgy markings of light sienna brown, a few of the
blotches being rather darker and more grey. They measure
66" x °46"and °62" > ‘47" and are much larger than the Sun-bird’s
egg, which only measures on an average '55' x *44"; at the same time
T have specimens of this Sun-bird’s eggs in my collection quite as large
as these supposed Cuckoo’s eggs.
CoccYsTES JACOBINUS.
The Pied Crested Cuckoo.
[have received the following interesting account from Mr. J. Lind-
say Hervey, of Dharbanga, about the depositing of an egg of this
Cuckoo in the nest of the Jungle Babbler (Crateropus canorus) :—
‘T first noticed the Babbler’s nest on the morning of the 27th June
1906; it was situated about ten feet up on a guava tree in the garden
here and well concealed in a thick clump of leaves, The Babbler was
sitting tight and the nest contained two eggs, unmistakeably Babbler’s,
both these eggs I marked with a pencil and put back into the nest. I
again visited the nest next morning and found that a third egg had
been laid, this egg L also marked. I then retired a little way off
(about fifteen yards) to another guava tree and began watching a pair
of Orthotomus sutorius that were hopping about among the leaves and
evidently selecting a nesting site. When I had been watching them
about five minutes I heard two or three Babblers making a great noise
in the tree under which was the Babbler’s nest ; turning round to see
what caused the alarm I saw a Coceystes jacobinus seated ona twig near
the nest and ths Babblers hopping about around it chattering in great
excitement : the Cuckoo then hopped on to the nest and the Babblers
made off. Breathlessly I watched what would happen next, and a
second or so later the Cuckoo flew down to the foot of the tree where
894 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
I lost sight of it in the long grass, but almost immediately afterwards it
again flew up to the nest and remained about a half minute and then
flawaway. I thon walked up to the foot of the trea and looking down
to where the Cuckoo had settled 1 saw to my astunishment an egg on
the ground. On examining it [ found that it was one of the Babbler’s
egos that I had marked. Leaving the egg on the ground | got up to
the nest and found to my delight that there were three eggs in the
nest, two of them the marked Babbler’s eggs and the third this large
round one unmarked and undoubtedly a Cuckoo’s. On removing the
nest one of the Babbler’s eggs unfortunately got broken. I cannot
say whether the Babbler’s egg was removed first and then the Cuckoo’s
ego put in, or vice vsrsa.”’
I have taken a considerable number of eggs of this Cuckoo this year,
and in addition to the fosterers already mentioned must be added (1)
the Chestnut-bellied Rock Thrush (Petrophila erythrogastra), (2) the
Eastern Yellow-winged Laughing Thrush (Trechalopterum chrysopte-
rum), (3) The Black-headed Shrike (Lantus nigriceps) and (4) The
Orange-headed Ground-Thrush ( Geoczchla citrina).
CoccysTES CORAMANDUS.
The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.
I have taken the eggs of this fine Cuckoo this year (1906) in the
nests of the Rufous-chinned Laughing Thrush (Zantho-cincla rufigularis)
twice, the Yellow-winged Laughing Thrush, and a Scimitar Babbler
(Pomatorhinus maclelland?).
895
THE FLORA OF ADEN.
By
BK. Brarrer, S.J.
Aden is the only part of Arabia which, regarding its flora, has been
explored in a somewhat satisfactory way. As early as 1846 Edgeworth
paid a short visit to Aden and collected 42 plants, which, later on, he
described in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In 1847
J. D. Hooker starting on his expedition te the Himalayas came to Aden,
anda second time in 1851 when he returned to England in company with
Dr. Thomson. Each time he collected as much as a short visit allowed
him to do. In 1860 Thomas Anderson, of the Bengal Medical Service,
published his * Florula Adenensis” in the Supplement to Vol. V. of
the ‘‘Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society.” He had
made two excursions in Aden when on his journey to England in
1859. The material collected during his explorations along with the
plants gathered in former years by J. D. Hooker, Colonel Madden,
and the German traveller Schomburgk, enabled him to describe 94
species. Since that time our ‘‘ Bombay Libraries”’ keep deep silence
about any further finds in Aden; the same blank we notice in our
Herbaria, and it is only a few years ago that the ‘‘ Bombay Natural
History Society” was presented with an excellent collection of
Aden plants by Col. W. 8S. Birdwood, who had spent some years in a
military capacity at Aden. His specimens are almost throughout
complete, admirably prepared, and well preserved. When I had
already finished a list of the plants contained in Birdwood’s Herbarium,
I came across a recent contribution to the flora of Aden by K.
Krause?. In his catalogue we find, of course, the plants mentioned
by Thomas Anderson, and, besides, some 86 species which partly had
been published in various journals, partly are preserved in the Botani-
cal Museum of Berlin. Amongst the latter, there is a collection made
by T. M. Hildebrandt in 1872 when he started from Aden on his
journey to Somaliland, another one by Ellenbeck in 1899, and a third
one by W. Busse in 1903. Schweinfurth visited Aden three times, w7z.,
in March 1881, December 1888, and in November 1889. The results
1K. Krause, Beitrece zur Kenntniss der Flora von Aden. (Sonderdruck aus Engler’s
Bot. Jahrbiich., Vol, XXXYV, Heft 5.)
896 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVJJ.
of his travels are contained in the Bulletzn de V Herbier Borssier.
In 1884, 1885 and 1886 the French traveller Deflers collected a good
many plants in Aden and Little Aden. There appeared a list of the
species collected by him in the Bulletin de la Société Botanique de
France, 1885 and 1887. Krause, making use of the publications as
well as of the herbaria, gives in his “ Beitreege” the names of 178
plants, of which 8, however, are found only in Little Aden. Weare
much indebted to Birdwood, as his herbarium enables us to give a more
complete catalogue of the interesting flora of Aden.
After having enumerated the species we intend to add some biologi-
cal and plant-geographical notes. (An asterisk before the name of a
plant means that the species has not been examined by me.)
MENISPERMACES.
1. Cocculus lezba, DC. Syst. veg. I, 529.—Cebatha et Leawba,
Forsk. Fl. 2xg.-arab. p. 171-172.—Menispermum leeba, Delil. Fl, xg.
ill. 30. dese. t. 51. £. 2. 3.—Menispermum edule, Vahl. Symb. I. 80.—
Cocculus ellipticus, DC. Syst. veg. I. 526. Cocculus glaber, W. & A.
Prodr. p. 13.
Distris.—Gujarat, Sind, Panjab, Afghanistan, Middle and 8.
Arabia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Nubia, Egypt, Senegambia, Cape Verd
Tslands.
2. Cocculus sp.
For want of sufficient material I have not been able to specify this
plant.
CRUCIFERA.
3. Farsetia longisiliqua, Dene, Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. IL. IV.
69.—I consider this plant to be identical with /. stylosa, Anders. Journ.
Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 1, and Mathzola stylosa, Hochst. et Steud. in
Schimp. Pl. Arab. Fel. n. 860.
Distris.—Arabia, Socotra, Erythrea, Nubia, Egypt.
4. Diplotaxis pendula, DC. Syst. II. 630; Prodr. I. 222.—
Sisymbrium pendulum, Desf. Fl. atl. 2. p. 82. t. 156.—Sesymbrium
hispidum, Vahl, Symb. I. 77.— Diplotawis harra, Boiss. Fl. Or. I. 388.
—Diplotanis crassifolia, DC. Syst. II. 629.—Diplotawis hispida, DC.
Syst. IL. 630.
Disrets.—Arabia, Persia, Palestine, Egypt, Abyssinia, Northern
Africa, Sicily, Spain.
THE FLORA OF ADEN. 897
CAPPARIDACEA.
5. Oleome quinquenervia, DC. Prodr. I. 239.—Cl. penta-
nervia, Ait. Cat. Pl. and Sind. Pl. p. 9.
Disrris.—Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Sind.
6. Cl. papillosa, Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. I. 382.—Cl. gracilis,
Edgew. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVI. p. 1212.—Cl. scaposa,
DC. Prodr. I, 23°.—Cl. ehrenbergiana, Schweinf., Fl. Athiop. 68.—
Cl. radula, Fenzl. in Flora 1844, p. 312.—C/. cordate, Ehrbg. ined.
in herb. arab.— Cylindrocarpus cordata, K1. ined. ibid.
Distrre.—Kordofan, Nubia, Abyssinia, extending through Arabia
to N. W. India, Socotra,
7. Cl. brachycarpa, Vahl. in DC. Prodr. I. 240.—-Cl. orni-
thopodioides, Forsk. F1. veg.—Arab. Cat. N. 402.—C1. vahliana, Fres,
in Mus. Senckenb. II. 110. Ait. Cat. Pb. and Sind Pl. p. 9.— C7. ruta,
Cambess, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. p. 19, t. 19. Ait. Cat. Pb. and Sind. Pl.
p. 9.—Cl. diversifolia, Hochst. et Steud. in Schimp. Fl. Arab. Fel. n
762.— Cl. parviflora, R. Br. in Salt Voy. Abyss. p. 65.
Distris.—Kordoian, Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia, N. W. India
8. Cl. paradoxa, BR. Br. in Salt. Voy. Abyss. App. 65.— Cl.
venusta, Fenzl. in Flora 1844, p. 312.—Cl. muricata, Edgew. Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVI. p. 1212.—Dianthera grandiflora, Kl. in
Peter’s Reise nach Mozambique, Bot. I, 161. Cl. grandiflora, Ehrbg.
ined. in herd. arab. et abyss.
Disrris.—Kordofan, Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia.
9. Cl. pruinosa, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 3.
Distrris.—Aden (endemic).
10. Cl. brachystyla, Defl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XXXIV, p. 65,
— Cl, hispida, Ehrbg. Herb. arab. ined.
Distris.— Ketumbal, Shugra, Somaliland.
11. Cl. polytricha, Franch. in Morot, Journ, de Bot. I. 41,
—Cl. hispida, Defl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XXXIV. 64.
DistRr1p.—Aden, Saihut (Mahra-coast),
12. Dipterygium glaucum, Dene. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 2.1V.
67.—Pteroloma arabicum, Hochst, et Steud. in Schimp, Fl. Arab. Fel,
n. G1,
Disrris.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Arabia, N. W. India.
Birdwood has a specimen which he considers to be specifically
different from the above species. It grows on sand, whilst )). glaucum
6
898 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
is found near rocks. There are marked differences between the two
plants with regard to branching and foliage, but fresh specimens are
required in order to decide the question.
15. Meerua thomsoni, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 5.
Dierris,— Aden (endemic).
14. M. crassifolia, Forsk, Fl. eg.-arab, p. 113. Aschers. et
Schweinf. Fl. d’ Eg. p. 48.—M. uniflora, Vahl. Symb. I. p. 36; DC.
Prodr, 1, 254.
Disrrie.—Palestine, Egypt, Nubia, Lybia, Kordofan, Arabia, Sene-
gambia.
15, M. ovalifolia, Cambess, in Jacq. Voy. Bot, 1844, p. 28, t.
24.—M. arenaria, Hook f. and Th. in Fl. B. I. I. 171. Trim. FI.
Ceyl. 1. 58.—Niebuhria oblongifolia, Royle, I. Him, Bot. p. 73.
— Capparis heteroclita, Roxb. Fl, Ind, IL. 570.
Drsrr1p.—W. India, Arabia.
16. Cadaba rotundifolia, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 68; DC.
Prodr. I. 244.— Stremia rotundifolia, Vahl. Symb. 1. 19.
Disrrrm,—Nubia, Abyssinia, Erythrea, Kordofan, Socotra, 8. Arabia.
17. C. glandulosa, Forsk. Fl. eg-arab. p. 68.; DC. Prodr, I.
244,.—Stremia glandulosa, Vahl. Symb. I. 20.—C. monopetala,
Hdgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVI. p. 1212.
Drsrr1e.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Arabia.
18. C. longifolia, DC. Prodr. I. 244.—Stremia longifolia, R.
Br. in Salt’s Abyss. App. 64.—C. scandens, Pax in Hngler’s Bot.
Jahrb. XIV. 301. ;
Disrris.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Sennaar, HErythrea, 8. Arabia.
19. *C. farinosa, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 68; DC. Prodr. I.
244,—Stramia farinosa, Vahl. Symb. I. 20. Streblocarpus Fenalii,
Parl. in Webb. Fragm, Fl, Atthiop. p. 24.
Distris.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Usambara, Arabia, Sene-
gambia,
20. Capparis galeata, Fresen. in Mus. Senckenb. II. 111.
—C. spinosa, L. var. galeata, Hook. f. & Thoms. in Fl. B. L. 1. 173.—
C. cartilaginea, Dene. in Ann. Sc, Nat. ser, 2. ILL. 273.—C. uncinata,
Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVI. p. 1213.
Disrris.—Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Socotra, Zanzibar, Arabia, Sind.
21. *C. decidua, (Forsk), Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Natuerl. Pflan-
zenf, Ill. 2. p. 231.—Sodada decidua, Forsk.-Fl. wg.-arab, p. 81,
ee
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 899
—C. aphylla, Roth. Nov. pl. sp. p. 238; DC. Prodr. I. 240.—-
C. sodada, RK, Br. in Denh. Trav. p, 255.
Disrrr.—Darfur, Heypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Socotra, Arabia, Punjab.
RESEDACEA.
22. Reseda amblyocarpa, Fresen. Mus. Senckenb. I. 108. DC,
Prodr, XVI. 580.—R. lurida, Muell-Arg. Monogr. Resed., p. 152,
tab. 7, fig. 106.—R. quartintana, A. R. Tent. fl. Abyss. I. 13.
Distris,—Abyssinia, Erythrea, South Arabia.
POLYGALACEA.
23. Polygala erioptera, DC. Prodr. I. 326.—P. triflora,
Anders. Journ, Linn. Soc. V. Suppl, p. 6.—P. oligantha, A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. I. 38.—P. arabica, Edgew. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
XVI. p.1213.—P. trregularis, Defl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XXXII. 346.
DistR1B.— Cape Verd, Senegambia, Kordofan, Abyssinia, Erythrea,
Nubia, Heypt, Arabia, Punjab, Bengal.
24. *P. thurmanniana, Chodat, Monogr. Polygal, p. 346.
Distris.—Aden (endemic).
CARYOPHYLLACE.
25. Polycarpzea corymbosa, Lam. Tab. Encyce. et Method. II.
129 (1800).— Achyranthes corymbosu, L. spec. 296.—Lahaya corym-
bosa, “chult., Syst. V. 404.—Polycarpea indica, Lam. Journ. Hist.
Nat. IL. 8.—Polycarpeea eriantha, Hochst., Rich. Fl. Abyss. I, 308.—
Polycarpea fullaz and P. humifusa, J. Gay, mss. in Herb. Kew.
Disrrip.—tTropical Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.
26. P. spicata, Wight, ex Arnott in Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 99.—
P. staticeeformis, Hochst. et Steud. ex Fenzl in Gen, pl. 163. Webb.
Frag. Fl. Ath, 40.
Distris.— Hgypt, Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia, Sind, Gujarat.
27. *P. fragilis, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 24, tab. 24, fig. 1, DU.
Prodr. III, 374.
Disrris.—Northern Africa, Egypt, Nubia, Arabia.
28. Spherocoma hookeri, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V.
Suppl., p. 7, tab. 3—Psyllothamnus beevori, Oliv. in Hook, le. pl.
ser. III, V. p. 77, tab. 1499.
Distrip.—Aden, Soturba.
29. Gypsophila montana, Balf. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb, XL
p. 501, var. diffusa, Bailf.
Disrris.—socotra, Somaliland, Yemen.
900 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
30. *Cometes abyssinica, R. Br. in Wall, Pl. as. var. I, p. 18,
tab. 18.—C. apiculata, Dene. Ann. Se. Nat. II. p. 244.—Ceraton-
ychia nidus, Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVI, p. 1215.
Disrr1p.—Heypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Erythrea, Arabia.
PORTULACACE.
31. Portulaca quadrifida, L. DC. Prodr. III. 354.
Distris.—Upper and Lower Guinea, Abyssinia, India.
MALVACEA.
32. Abutilon fruticosum, Guill. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. [. 73.—
A. denticulatum, Planch, in Herb. Hook.—A. microphyllum, A. Rich.
Tent. Fl. Abyss. I. 70.—Sida kotschyi, Hochst. mss.—S. gracilis, R.
Br. in Salt’s Abyss. App. 65.—S. denticulata, Fresen. in Mus, Senc-
kenb. I, p. 182.
Disrris.—Canaries, Trop. Africa, Palestine, Arabia, India, Ceylon.
33. Hibiscus micranthus, L. Mant. p. 308; DC. Prodr. I.
453.—H. rigidus, L. f. Suppl. 310.—H. clandestinus, Cav.—ZH.
ovalifolius, Vahl. Symb. I. p. 50.—H. intermedius. Hochst. in Schimp.
Pl. Abyss. n. 2211,—H. parvifolius, Hochst, 1. ¢—H. versicolor,
Schum. et Thonn. Pl. Guin, $11.—Urena ovalefolia, Forsk, Fl. eg.-
arab. p. 124.
Drsrris.—Tropical Africa, Arabia, India, Ceylon.
34. H. welshii, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 8.—
Cienfugosia welshii, Guerke, Herb. Berol.
Distris.—Aden (endemic).
STERCULIACEHA.
35. Sterculia arabica, Anders. Journ. Linn, Soc. V. Suppl.
p. 9.—S. triphaca, R, Br. Pl. Jay. n, 228.—S. abyssinica, R. Br. in
Salt’s Voy. Abyss. App.
DistRIB.—socotra, Yemen, Hadramout.
36. Melhania denhamii, R. Br. in Denh. et Clapp, Voy. App.
233.—Brotera bracteasa, Guill. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. I. 80, t. 17.—
Melhania kotschyz, Hochst. Pl. Nub,—WM. bracteosa, Boiss. Fl. Orient.
1. 841.—Cardiostegia kotschy?, Presl. Epimel, Bot, 249.
Disrrip.—Tropical Africa, Arabia, Beluchistan, Sind.
TILIACEA.,
37. Grewia populifolia, Vahl. Symb. I. 33. DC. Prodr. I.
511.—Chadara tenax, Forsk, Fl. eg.-arab. p. 114.—G. betuleefolza,
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 901
Juss. in Ann. Mus. IV. 92. pl. 4, f. 1—G. reticulata, Hochst. Pl.
Schimp. Abyss.—G. rebestefolia. Hochst. Pl. Schimp. Abyss —G.
membranacea, Rich. Fl. Abyss. I. 90.
Disrrip.—Tropical Africa, Senegambia, Mauritius, Bgypt, Arabia,
Persia, Sind, W. India, Ceylon.
383 Corchorus antichorus, Reuschel, Nom. Bot. ed. 38, p,
158.—-Antichorus depressus, L, Mant. p. 64; DC. Prodr. I. 504.—
Corchorus microphyllus, Fresen. in Mus. Senckenb, JI. 156.—C.
humalis, Munro, Hort. Agrensis, App. p. 25.—Jusstcea edulis, Forsk,
FE], wg.-arab. p. 210.
Disrris.—Tropical Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan, Sind, Deccan.
39. C. trilocularis, L. Mant. (1767), p. 77. DC. Prodr. I, 504,
Distris.—Tropical and 8. Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan, Sind.
LOC OlMGOLIMS ele Spe lls (letod)) pad 9.) Covlerociae eles oan
Drsrrre.—All tropical regions.
ZYGOPHYLLACEA.
4). Tribulus terrestris, L. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 387; DC. Prodr.
I. 703.7. albus ; Poir.; DC. 1. 703.—7. humifusus, Schum. et
Thonn. Guin. Pl. 215.—T. hotschyanus, Boiss. Diag. Ser. I. 111.—7.
mollis, Khrenbg. in Schweinf. FJ. Athiop. 29.—T. exeructans, Wawr.
et Peyr. Sert. Beng. 17,--T. lanuginosus, L. Sp. Pl. p. 387.
Disrris.—Tropies of the Old World, Southern Europe, Australia,
Sind, Deccan.
42. Zygophyllum simplex, L. Mant. (1767), p. 68; DO.
Prodr. 1, 705.—Z4. purtulacoides, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 88.
Disrri.—Tropical and $8. W. Africa, Egypt, Palestine, Nubia,
Arabia, Sind.
43. Fagonia cretica, L. Sp. Pl. (1753), p. 886. DC. i rodr, I.
704.—F. arabica, L. Sp. Pl. p. 386.—F. glutinosa, Delile, FI.
Mgypt. 86. t. 28 —F, latzfolia, Delile, 1. c—F. parviflora, Boiss.
Diag. Pl. Or. Ser. I. fasc. VIII, 121-224.—F. kahirana, Boiss. 1. ¢.—
F. thebaica, Boiss, 1. ¢.—F. armata, R. Br. in Salt’s Abyss. App. 64
—F, mysorensis, Roth. Nov. Sp. 215.
Distrip.—ioth shores of the Mediterranean, in extra-tropical
Africa, warmer dry parts of Asia, Western N. and 8. America.
44, ¥F. parviflora, Boiss. Diag. Pl. Or. Ser. I. VIII. v. 124,
var. brevispina, Schweinf. Bull. Herb. Boiss. VII. App. Il. p. 5.
Disrri.—Nubia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Arabia, S. Persia.
902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV1/,
45. F. glabra, Krause, Beitr. z. Fl. v. Aden in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb, XX XV. Bot. Felt 5. p. 42.
Disrris.— Aden (endemic).
BURSERACE.
46, Balsamodendron opobhalsamum, Kth. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
II, 348.— Commiphora opobalsamum, Engl. in DC. Prodr. LV. i6.
var. gileadense, Hingl. in DO. Prodr. LV. 16.—Amyris opobalsamum,
Forsk. Fl. wzg.-arab. p. 79.—Balsamodendron gileadense, Kth, Berg.
in Bot Zeit. 1862, 163.—B. ehrenbergianum, Berg. 1. ¢.
Distrisp.—Nubia, Arabia.
RHAMNACEHA,
47, *Zizyphus spina Christi, Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. 1105; DC.
Prodr. Il. 20.—Rhamnus nabeca, Forsk. Fl. xg.-arab. p. 204.—Z.
africana, Mill, n. 4.—Z. napeca, Lam. dict. ITI. p. 820.—Z. jujuba,
Defl. (not Lamk.) Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
Disrris.—Hgypt, Lybia, Nubia, ES Arabia, Socotra, Punjab,
Senegambia.
48. Zizyphus lotus, Lam. dict. IL]. p. 316.—Rhamnus lotus,
L. Sp. 281.
Dzisrriz.— Both shores of the Mediterranean, Palestine, Arabia.
VITACEA,
49, Vitis quadrangularis, Wall. Cat. (1528) 5992.—Cussus
quadrangularis, L. Mant, p. dt — DC. Prodr. IL. 628.—C. tetraptera,
Hook, f. Fl. Nigrit. 263.—C. edulis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot.
IX. (1857), p. 248.—C. triandra and C. bifida, Schum, et Thonn.
Guin, Pl. 81.
Disrrip.—H. Africa, India, Ceylon, Java, Malaya.
MORINGACES.
50. Moringa aptera, Gaertn. Fruct. Ii. 315. DC. IL. 478.—
Hyperanthera, Forsk, Fl, eg.-arab., p. 67.—M. arabica, Pers. Syn. I,
460.
Disrris.—LHgypt, Nubia, nee Kerdofan, Sennaar, Arabia,
LEGUMINOS.
51. Crotalaria lupinoides, Hochst, in Herb. Kotschy Pl. Nub.
n. 41.
DistTRis.
Heypt, Nubia, Hrythrea, Kordofan, Yemen.
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 903
52. C. leptocarpa, Balf. f. Proc. Roy. Soc. Hdinb. XXXI.
p. 66, tab, XIV. —C. dubia, Balf. f, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. XI. p. 508.’
Disrrrs.—Socotra, Somali-coast.
53. *C. schweinfurthii, Defi. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XXXII. p. 348.
Disrrrs.—-Aden (endemic).
54. Argyrolobium arabicum, Jaub. et Spach, ILL. Pl. Or. I.
p. 115.— Cytisus arabicus, Dene, Ann. Se, Nat. ser. II, IV. p. 78.
Distrrs.— Yemen, Island of Neymen in the Red Sea.
55. A. roseum, Jaub. et Spach, Illustr, I. 116.—~-A. kotschy:,
Boiss. Diagn. V1. 32.—Cytisus roseus, Comb, in Jacq. Voy. Bot.
IV. 35. t. 40.—A. ornithopodioides, Jaub. et Spach. Ann. Se. Nat.
perl: MEX. a,
Distrrp.—N.-W. India, Beluchistan, Persia.
56. Indigofera paucifolia, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 127, t. 37, fig. 2 ;
DC, Prody, I, 224.—I. eryihrantha, Hochst. in Schimp. Hb. Abyss.,
n. 2178.—I. oblongifolia, Forsk. Fl. eg -arab. p. 187.—I. argentea,
Roxb, Fl. Ind. IL. 374.—T. heterophylla, Roxb. mss.
Disrris.—Java, Ceylon, India, Beluchistan, Arabia, Abyssinia,
Nubia, Kordofan, Socotra, Senegambia.
57. I. parvula, Del. in Caill. Voy. 38, t. 3, fig. 1.
Disrris.—Abyssinia, Nubia.
58 I. semitriiuga, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 137; DO. Prodr.
Il. 230.—J. burmannzz, Boiss. Fl. Or. IL. p. 189, et Suppl. p. 172.—T.
somalensis, Vatke Oester. Bot. Zeitschr. XXVI. p. 201.
Distrie.— Abyssinia, Nubia, Kordofan, Sennaar, Erythrea, Eeypt,
Arabia, Sind.
59. I. arabica, Jaub. et Spach, III. Pl. Or. V. p. 89, tab. 479.
Distris.— Yemen, Hadramout.
60. I. argentea, lL. Mant. Il. p. 245 ; DC. Prodr. I]. 224.—7.
glauca, Lam. Eneyel. WI. 246.—T, articulata, Gonan. Il.et Obs. 49.—
I, tinctoria, Forsk., Mgypt. 138.
Distrr.—Kordofan, Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Arabia, Sind, W.
India.
61. Tephrosia apollinea, Link., Enum. Hort. Berol, II. 252,
DC. Prodr. U1. 254.—Galega apollenea, Del. Fl. d’Eg. 144, t. 53, fio. 5,
Disrris.--Hgypt, Nubia, Lybia, Abyssinia, Socotra, Arabia, Belu-
chistan.
62, T. pogonostigma, Boiss. Fl. Or. Il. 193.—T. arabica, Steud.
904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Nom. Bot. ed. IL., II. p. 666.—Poganostigma arabicum, Boiss. Diagn.
PlsOr ser. TU p: 39,
Distris.— Yemen, Erythrea.
63. Taverniera glauca, Hdgew., Journ. age Soc, Bengal, XVI.
p. 1214.
DisrR1B.—A byssinia.
64, Alhagi maurorum, Desv.; DC. Prodr. LI. 352.—A. mauro-
rum has a silky ovary, whilst A. camelorun has a glabrous one ;
cf, Prain in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. V. 66 (1898), p. 377.
Disrrip.—Nubia, Egypt, Syria.
65. Rhynchosia minima, DC. Prodr, II. 386, var. memnonia,
Cooke. Fl. Bombay Pres. I. 389.— &. memnonza, DC. Prodr. LI. 386.
—R. pulverulenta, Stocss in Kew Journ. Bot. LV. 147.— Glycine
memnonia, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 100, tab. 38, fig. 3.
Distrip.—Sind, Arabia, Tropical and 8. Africa.
66. Poinciana elata, L. Mant. p. 16. DC. Prodr. II, 484—
Caesaipinia elata, Sw. Obs. 166,
Drsrrip.-~Nubia, Abyssinia, Hrythrea, Arabia, India
OW et. Spe
68. Cassia obovata, Collad, Hist. Cass. 92, t. 15, A.—C. senna,
L. Sp. Pl. 532. (ex parte)—C. obtusa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 31.—Senna
obtusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Il. 844.—C. burmanni, Wight in Madras
Journ. VI. t. 5.—C. aschrek, Forsk. Fl, eg.-arab., p. 86.
Disrrrpn—W. India, Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, Nubia, Erythrea,
Abyssinia, Kordofan, Sennaar, Senegambia, Angola.
69. C.holosericea, Fresen. in Flora I. 54. Senna ovalzfolia,
Batka. Monogr. Senn. t. 4.—C. pubescens, R. Br. in Salt, Abyss, App.
64.—C. schimperi, Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. IL, Il. p. 807.—C. cana,
Wenderoth in Linnea, XII. 22.
Distrrip.—Tropical Africa, Arabia, Sind.
70. C. angustifolia, Vahl., Symb. Bot, 1. 29.—C. lanceolata,
Wall. Cat. 5318, Royle Ill. t. 37, W. & A. Prody. 288.—Senna
offictnalés, Roxb. Fl. Ind. If. 346.
Distrre.—Tropical Africa ; found also in India, but not indigenous.
71. *C.adenensis, Benth. Trans. Linn, Soc. XXVIL. p. 553.—
Senna hookeriana, Benth. Monogr. Senn. p. 52.—Cassza lanceolata,
Defl. Bull. Soc. Bot. France.
Disrris, —Aden, Hadramout.
THE FLORA OF ADEN. 905
72. Acacia eburnea, Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. p. 1081 ; DC. Prodr.
II, p. 461.— Mimosa eburnea, L.f. Suppl. 437.
Distrris.—Hast Himalayas, Punjab, Ceylon, Afghanistan, Arabia.
73,.* A.edgeworthii, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl.
p- 18.—A. erzaloba, Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. p. 1215.
DistRis.— Yemen.
74. A.hamulosa, Benth. Lond. Jour, Bot. I. p. 509.—A. asak,
Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. p. 1077.
Distris.—Erythrea, Yemen, Hadramout.
75. A.spirocarpa, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. n. 658 et in
A. Rich. Tent. Fl, Abyss. I. p, 239.
Distris.—Abyssinia, Nubia, Sennaar, Kordofan, Erythrea, Arabia.
76. A.nubica, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1842, 498.—A.
aucheri, Benth. in Lond. Journ, Bot. 1842, 498.—A. pterygocarpa,
Hochst., Benth. in Journ. Bot., 1846, 96.
Distr.—Abyssinia, Nubia.
77. A.arabica, Willd. Sp. Pl IV. p. 1085. DC. Prodr. II.
p. 461.—MUimosa arabica, Lam.—M. nilotica, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab.
p-Ixxvi. A. vera. Willd. Sp. Pl. IV, p. 1056.
Disrriz.—Ceylon, Western India, Punjab to Behar, Arabia, Syria,
Egypt, Nubia, Lybia, Abyssinia, Trop. Africa, Natal.
78. A. mellifera, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. I. p. 241.—Mimosa
unguis catt, Forsk.—Fl. eg.-arab. p. 176.—M. mellifera, Vahl.
Symb. III. p. 103.—Inga mellifera, Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. p. 1006.
Distris.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Erythrea.
COMBRETACEA.
79. Terminalia sp. Ellenbeck (Krause).
LOASACEHA.
80. Kissenia spathulata, R. Br.in Herb. Mus. Br.—/ssenza
capensis, Hndl. Gen. Pl. Suppl. LI,, p. 76.
Distriz.~- Yemen, Hadramout, Somaliland, Namaland, Damaraland.
CUCURBITACE, —
81. Cucumis prophetarum, L. Cent. Ameen.’ Acad. IV. 295;
DC. Prodr. ILI. p. 301.—C. arabicus, Delile, in Cat. Hort. Monsp.
—C. anguinus, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 168.—-C. amarus, Stocks.
Distris.—Sind, Beluchistan, Arabia, Abyssinia, Nubia, Egypt.
82.* C. pustulatus, Hook. in Oliv. Fl. trop. Afr. II. p. 544,
Disrris.—Somaliland, Abyssinia, Hrythrea, Yemen.
7
905 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
83. Corallocarpus velutinus, Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. PI.I.
831. &£chmandra velutina, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. p. 100.
Distris.—Tropical Africa, Persian Gulf, Sind.
84, *C.glomeruliflorus, Schweinf. mss. Sammlung arabisch-
eethiopischer Pflanzen (Kraus).—ARhynchocarpa courboni Defi, in
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XXXIT. p. 349.—Phialocarpus glomeruliflorus,
Defl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. XLII, p. 304.—Corallocarpus Giijef,
Schweinf. in Herb. Berol. (Krause).
Disrrip.— Yemen.
85. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. Linnea XII. 414,.— Cucu-
mis colocynthis, L. Sp. Pl. ed. I. p. 1011.
Disrris.—India, Ceylon, W. Asia, Arabia, Africa, Spain.
: FICOIDEA.,
86. Trianthema crystallina, Vahl. Symb. I. p. 32; DC.
Prodr. III. 352,—Papularia crystallina, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 69.
—T. triquetra, Rottl.— 7. sedifolia, Visian. Pl. eg. t. 3.
Drstr1s.—Tropical Africa, Asia, Australia.
87. T. pentandra, L. Mant. 79.—T. obcordata, Wall. Cat. 6837
F.—P. govinda. Wall, Cat. 6838.
Distris.— Western Asia, Africa.
88. Orygia decumbens, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 103, DC.
-Prodr, III. 455.—Glinus trianthemoides, Heyne in Roth. Nov. Sp. 281.
‘Glinus mucronata, Klotzsch in Peter’s Reise nach Mossamb. Bot. 140,
t. 25.—Portulaca decumbens, Vahl. Symb. I. 33.—Talinum decumbens.
Willd. Sp. Pl IL. 864.—Azonotechium triantemordes, Fenzl, in
Ann. Wien. Mus. I, 354.
DistRiB.—F rom the Punjab and Sind to Mysore and Coimbatore,
Beluchistan, Arabia, Africa.
89. Mollugocerviana, Seringe in DC. Prodr. I. 392.—i.
umbellata, Seringe, l.c.—Pharnaceum serviana, L. Sp. Pl. ed. I. p. 388.
Disrri.—Asia, Africa, Australia.
90. Limeum indicum. Stocks ms.ex T. Anders. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. V. Suppl. 30.
Distrr.—Nubia, Arabia, Sind, Punjab.
UMBELLIFERA,
91. Ptychotis arabica, Anders. Journ, Linn. Soc, V. Suppl.
p. 21.
Distr1s.—Yemen,
THE FLORA OF ADEN. 907
RUBIACEA.
92. Oldenlandia schimperi, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V.
Suppl. p. 21.— Kohautia ceespitesa, Schnizlein in Fl. XXV., Beibl. 1.
n. 10, p. 145.—Kohautia schimperi, Steud. et Hochst. in Herb.
Schimp. Arab. 879.-—Hedyotis schimperi, Presl,in Drege Pl. Cap.
exsicc., and Bot. Bem. p, 85 (1844)—Kohautia arabica, Hochst.—
Oldenlandia retvorsa, Boiss. Fl. Or, III. 12.
Disrris.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Zansibar, Socotra, Arabia,
Beluchistan.
COMPOSITA,
93. Vernonia atriplicifolia, Jaub. & Spach. Ill. Pl. Or. IV.
p. 94, t. 359.—V. spathulata, Schultz. Bip. ex Aschers. in Schweinf.
Beitr. Fl, Mthiop. p. 162.—V. arabica, Dene. ex Boiss. Fl. Or, III.
154.—Chrysocoma spathulata, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 147.
Distrip.—Nile-Land, Arabia,
94. Iphiona scabra, Dene. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. II, I. p. 263.
DC. Prodr. VI. 475.
Disrrrp.—Soturba, Shores of Red Sea, Egypt, Arabia.
95. Pulicaria glutinosa, Jaub, et Spach. Ill. Pl. Or. tab. 348.—
Platycheete glutmosa, Boiss. Diag. Pl. Or. ser. I, XI. p. 5 et Fl. Or, III.
208.—Varthemia arabica, Anders. Journ. Linn, Soc. V. Suppl. p. 22.
Distris.—South-Arabia,
96. Dicoma schimperi, O. Hoffm, in Engl.—Prantl Natuerl.
Pflanzenf. IV. 5, p. 339.—AHlochstetterta schimperi, DC. Prodr. VII.
p. 287.
Distris.—Nubia, Arabia, Sind.
97. Launva lactucoides, O. Hoffm. in Eng).— Prantl. Natuerl.
Pflanzenf. LV. 5, p. 370.— Heterachena massaviensis, Fresen. in Mus.
¢
Senckenb. III. p. 74—Brachyramphus lactucoides Anders. Journ.
Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 23.—Lactuca massaviensis, Schultz. Bip. in
Herb, Schimp. Abyss. II. n. 1045, IIL. n. 1462.—Sonchus massaviensis,
Schultz. Bip. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Athiop. p. 160.—Zollehoferca
massaviensis, Boiss. Fl. Or. IIL. p. 825.
DistRiB.—Somaliland, Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia.
98. L.nudicaulis, Less, Synops. p. 139.—Wicrorhynchus nudz-
coulis, Less.; DC, Prodr. VII. 180.—M. fallaz, Jaub. & Spach. II],
Pl. Or. t. 276.—Zollikoferta nudicaulis, Boiss. Fl. Or. III. 824.—
Chondrilla nudtcaulis, Linn. Mant.273.—Lactuca nudicaulis, Murray. —
908 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
L. obtusa, Clarke Comp. Ind. 261.—Prenanthes patens and P.
dichotoma, Wall. Cat, 8258, 3275, F.—P. obtusa, Ham. in Wall. Cat,
3276.—P. procumbens, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ILI. 405.—Brachyramphus
obtusus, DC. Prodr. VII. 177.
Disrris.—From Bengal and Behar to the Punjab, ascending the
Western Himalayas to 8,000 feet ; in Kumaon, Sind, Deccan, Afghanistan
and westwards to the Atlantic.
99.* Lactuca sgoreeensis, Schultz. Bip. in Flora 1842, p. 422.—
Brachyramphus goreensis, DC, Prodr. VIL. p. 177:—Sonchus gore-
ensis, Lam. dict. III. p. 367.— Sonchus ciliatus, Perr.—Microrhynchus
octophyllus, Hochst. in Kotschy Pl. Nub. n, 406.
Distrip.—Abyssinia, Kordofan, Hrythrea, Yemen.
PLUMBAGINACHA.
100. Statice axillaris, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab, p. 58. DC. Prodr.
XII. 663.—S. bovet, Jaub. et Spach. Ill. Pl. Or. I. p. 157, t. 86.—S.
lanceolata, Edgow. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. p. 1218.
Distris.—Nubia, Abyssinia, Hrythrea, Somaliland, Socotra, Yemen.
101. *St, cylindrifolia, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 59 ; DC. Prodr.
XII. p. 664.
Disrris.—Hrythrea, Socotra, Yemen.
SALVADORACEA.
102. Salvadora persica, L.Sp. Pl. ed. I. p. 122; DC. Prodr.
XVIL. p. 28.—S. wighttana, Planch in Thw. Enum. 190.— S. indica,
Wight. Ill. 11. 229, t. 181.—S. crasstnervia, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl.
Abyss. n. 2218.— Cissus arborea, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 32.—Embelia
grossularia, Retz Obs. TV. 24.
DistriB.—From the Punjab and Sind to Patna; in the Circars and
North Ceylon, S. Persia, Arabia, Syria, Trop. Africa.
103. Salvadora oleoides, Dene. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 140, t. 144.—
S. stocks, Wight Ill. Il. 229, and Ic. t. 1621.—S. indica, Royle, Il.
319.—S. persica, Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc, V. Suppl. p. 30.
Disrris.—Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Gujarat.
APOCYNACES.
104. Adenium Obesum, Roem. et Sch. Syst. LV. 411.—Nerzum
obesum, Forsk. eg.-arab, descr. p. 205.—Pachy podium obesum, G. Don.
gen. syst. gard, [V. 80.—Cameraria obesa, Spreng. Syst. I. 641.
DisrrrB.— Yemen,
THE FLORA OF ADEN. 909
105. *Adenium arabicum, Balf. f. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.
XXX, p. 162.
Distrip.—- Yemen.
Is 105 not identical with 104?
ASCLEPIADACEA,
106. Glossonema boveanum, Dene, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. II,
IX. p. 8385; DO. VILI. p. 554.—Gamphocarpus paucrflorus, Hochst.
et Steud. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss, n. 920.—Petalostema chenopodiu, R.
Br. in Salt, Voy. Abyss. App. p. 64.
Disrrrs.— Upper Egypt, Nubia, Erythrea, Abyssinia, Yemen.
107. Calotropis procera, R. Br. in Ait. Herb. Kew, 2. ed. p. 78;
DC. Prodr. VIII. p. 585.—C. wallichit, Wight, Contr. p. 53.—C.
hamiltoniz, Wight, Contr. p. 53.—C. heterophylla, Wall. Wight Contr.
p- 54.-—C. procera, Willd. Sp. Pl. I. p. 1263; Del. Frag. Fl. Arab.
Petr. p. 13.—Asclepias gigantea, Li. ex. synon. Prosp. Alpini.— Apocy-
num syréacum, Clus. hist. 2, p. 87.—A. patula, Auch. exsiceat. n. 1500,
Kotschy, exsicc. n. 939.—Asclepias gigantea, Forsk, Fl. eeg.-arab.
p- 108.
Distris.— Western and Central India, Ava, Persia, Tropical Africa.
108. Steinheilia radians, Dene. Hiud. Asclép. in Ann. Se. Nat.
ser. II., ix. p. 389.— Aselepias radzans, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 49.
DistRiB.— Yemen.
109. Caralluma forskalii. K.Schum. in Engl.—Prantl, Natuerl.
Pflanzenfam, 1V. 2. p. 277.— Boucerosia forskaliz, Dene. Prodr. VIII.
648.— Stapelia quadrangula, Forsk. Fl. wg.-arab. p. 51. t. 6.
Disrris.— Yemen.
110. *C. adenensis, K. Schum. in Engl—Pranil, Natuerl.
Pflanzenfam. LV. 2. p. 277.—Boucerosia adenensis, Defl. Mém. Inst.
d’Eg. III. 270.
Distris.— Yemen.
BORAGINACEA.
111. Hchiochilon fruticcsum, Desf. Fl. Atl. L. p. 67, t. 47.—
Lithospermum divaricatum, Sieb. Herb. Paleest.
Distrip.—Northern Africa, Heypt, Palestine, Arabia.
112. Heliotropium strigosum, Willd. Sp. Pl. I. p. 743; DC.
Prodr. TX. p. 546.—H. fruticosum, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 38.-—H.
parvifolium, Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. p. 1216.—Z.
910 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV11,
bicolor, Hochst et Steud. in Schimp Pl. Abyss. n. 569.—H. tenutfolium,
R. Br.
Distriz.—Australia, Malaya, India, W. Asia.
113. Heliotropium zeylanicum, Lam, Encyel ILi, p. 94.—
H, paniculatum, Heyne in Herb. Rottler.—Tourneforiza subulata,
Hochst. in DO. Prodr, IX. p. 528.—A. subulatwm, Hochst. Herb.
Nub. n. 103 and in DC. Prodr, LX. p. 523.—Tournefortia royleana
and edgeworthii, DC. Prodr, 1X. 527, 529.—T. zeylanica, Wight.
Ill. t. 170.-—Messerschmidéa hispida, Benth. in Royle Il. 360.
Distrip.—W. India, from the Punjab to the W. Deccan Peninsula,
Arabia, Tropical Africa.
114. Heliotropium pterocarpum, Hochst. et Steud. in
Schimp. Pl. Abyss. n. 835 ; DC. Prodr, IX, 552.
Distris.—Socotra, Hrythrea, Yemen.
115. Heliotropium ophioglossum, Stocks. Aitch. Cat. Fl.
Punjab, p. 94.—A. stylosum, Franch. Sert. Somal. in Mission Révoil,
p. 45, t. 4.
Distris.—Sind, Beluchistan, Arabia, Somaliland.
116. *H. lignosum, Vatke in O6ester. Bot. Zeitschr, 1875,
PekGve
Distris.—S. Arabia, 8. Persia.
117. *H. adenense, Guerke, Herb. Berol. (Krause).
Distrip.—-Aden (endemic).
118. Arnebia hispidissima, DC. Prodr. X. 94.—Anchusa
hispidissima, Sieb. H. zg.—AStrobila hispidissima, G. Don. Gen, Syst.
IV. 327.—Anchusa asperrima, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 7, n. 210.—Dioelea
hispidissima, Spreng. Syst. veg. I. 556.—Lchiochilon hispidissimum,
Tausch in Fl, 1829, 643.—Lithospermum hispidissimum, Lehm. Ie. t.
39.
Distris.—Nubia, Kordofan, Abyssinia, Egypt, Arabia, Sind, Upper
Gangetic Plain, Rajputana.
CONVOLVULACH A.
119. Gonvolvulus glomeratus, Chois. DC. Prodr. IX. 401.—-
C. arabicus, Hochst. in Schimp. exsice. IT. (1843) n. 784.—Ipomea
auricoma, A. Rich, Tent. Fl. Abyss. II. 67.
Disrrts.—Abyssinia, Erythrea, Socotra, Arabia, Beluchistan, Sind,
Punjab.
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 911
120. Convolvulus sericophyllus, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc,
V. Suppl. p. 25.—C. somalensis, Franch. Sert. Somal, p. 43.
Distr1B.—Somaliland.
121. Ipomeea biloba, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. 44—D. maritima,
Br. Prodr. 486.—J. pescapre, Roth. Nov. Sp. 109.—-Convolwulus pes-
capre, Linn.—C. martiimus, Lam. Eneycel. ILI. 550.—C. bilobatus,
Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14, and Fl. Ind. I. 485—Batatas maritima,
Bojer Hort. Maurit. 225.
Disrr1.—Seashore of both hemispheres throughout the Tropics.
122. Breweria latifolia, Benth. in Gen. Pl. Il.—Cressa
latifolia, Anders, Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. 25.—Seddera latzfolia
Hochst. et Steud. in exsice. itin. n. 884 and Fl. 1844, I. Beil. p. 8, tab.
5; DC. IX. 440.—Brewerta evolvulotdes, Vatke in Linnea 1843,
p. 528. :
Distr. —Punjab, Sind, Socotra, Arabia, Hrythrea, Nubia, Abyssinia.
SOLANACEA,
123. Lycium europzum, L. Syst. Pl. ed. II. p. 28.—Z.
indicum, Wight. Ic. t. 1403.—L. mediterraneum, Dunal in DC.
Prodr. XIII. p. 523.—L. sevum, orientale, and persicum, Miers. Ill.
S. Am, Pl. II. 95, t. 64. fio. B.—LZ. intricatum, Boiss; Dunal in DC.
Prodr. XIII. p. 525.—L. arabicum, Schweinf; Boiss. Fl. Or. IV. 289.
Distris.— Mediterranean region, Arabia, Socotra, W. India.
SCROPHULARIACE,
124. Linaria macilenta, Dene. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. IL. ii. p.
2522 WC: Prodrs XM. 271:
Distrris.— Erythrea, Yemen.
125. Schweinfurthia pterosperma, A. Braun, in Monatsber.
Keen. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin 1866, p. 872, t. 1.— Orontiwm arabi-
cum, Hhrenbg. ex Herb. Schweinf.—Anarrhinum pedicellatum,
Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. 26.—Schweinfurthia pedicellata,
Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. LI. p. 934.—Antirrhinum pterospermum, A.
Rich, Tent. Fl. Abyss, p. 115.
Distr1B.—Somaliland, Nubia, Erythrea, Socotra.
126. Anticharis glundulosa. Aschers. in Monatsber. Akad.
Wissensch. Berlin 1866, 880.—Dzéstemon glandulosus, Ehrbg. et
Hempr. ex Aschers, Monatsber. Akad, Wissensch. Berlin 1866, 881.—
Anticharis arabica, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 27.
912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Disrris.--Sind, Arabia, Socotra, Somaliland, Hrythrea, Abyssinia,
Nubia, Upper Egypt.
127. Lindenbergia sinaica, Benth. Scroph. Ind, p. 22. DC.
Prodr. X. 377.—Bovea sinatca, Dene. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. II. ii.
Peg 2o5-h)
Disrris.—Heypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Somaliland, Arabia, Socotra.
128. Campylanthus junceus, Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soe.
Beng. XVI. p. 1217.
DistRip.—Yemen.
ACANTHACEA.
129. Ruellia patula, Jacq. Misc. Bot. II. 358. T. Anders. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. [X. 460.—Ruellia erecta, Roth. Noy. Spec. 308.—
Dipteracanthus patulus, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 82. and DC.
Prodr. XI. 126.—D. erectus, Neesin Wall. Pl. As. Rar. IIT. 82, and
Cat. 7186.— Petalidium patulum, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 185.
Distrip.—Ceylon, Deccan, Sind, Rajputana, Bundelkund, Arabia,
Abyssinia, Ava.
130. Blepharis edulis, Pers. Syn. Il. p. 180.—Ruellia cilzaras,
L. Mant. p. 89.—Acanthus edulis, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab., p. 135,
t. 42.—Ruellia persica, Burm. Fl. Ind. p. 185, t. 42, fig. 1, Acanthus
tmbricatus, Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. p. 1217.—A.
delilliz, Spreng. Syst. II, 819.—Acanthodium spicatum, Del. Fl. d’Heg.
p. 97, t. 33, fig. 3.
Disrris.—Punjab, Sind, Beluchistan, 8. Persia, 8. Arabia, Somali-
land, Kordofan, Abyssinia, Nubia, Egypt.
VERBENACHA.
131. Bouchea marrubiifolia, Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI. p.
558.—Chascanum marrubizfolium, Fenzl. in Kotschy Pl. Nub. n. 32.
Disrris.—Sind, Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia, Kordofan.
132. *B. pterygocarpa, Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI. p. 558.—
Chascanum letum. Fenzl. in Kotschy Pl. Nub. n. 230.
Distris.—Yemen, Erythrea, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Nubia.
LABIATA.
133. Ocimum gratissimum, L. var. suave, J. D. Hook. FI,
Br. L. iy. p. 60°.—O. suave, Willd, Enum. Hort. Berol. 629 ; Benth,
in DC. Prodr. XIJ. 25.—O. urtiecefolium, Roth. Catal. Bot. IIT. 52.—
O. mentheefolium, Hochst. in Schimp. Herb. Abyss. n. 1860.
Distris.—Tropical Africa, Madagascar.
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 913
134. Lavandula setifera, Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl.
p. 29.
Distrip.— Yemen.
135. Orthosiphon pallidus, Royle mss.; Benth. in Hook. Bot.
Misc. III. p. 70; DC. Prodr. XII. 50,—9O. vertecdlatus, Heyne in
Herb. Rottl—O. znoderus, Koen; Roxb. Ic. in. in. Herb. Kew.—O.
ehrenbergit, Vatke in Linnea XX XVII. 3816.
Disrris.—North-Western India; from Kashmir and the Punjab to
Behar and Travancore, Beluchistan, Arabia, Socotra, Erythrea, Abys-
sinia, Nubia.
NYCTAGINACE A.
136. Boerhaavia verticillata, Poir. Dict. V. 56; DC.
Prodr. XIIf. 454.—B. scandens, Whrbg. exs. Pl. Sinai—B. stellata,
Wight Ic. t. 875.—B. dichotoma, Vahl. Enum, Pl. I. 290.—B.
repanda, Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. p. 22.—B. grandiflora, Rich. Hohen. in
Schimp. Pl. Abyss. n. 2309.
Disrear.—Carnatic, Travancore, Mysore, Konkan, Gujarat, Kathiwar,
Sind, Western Punjab, Salt Range, Arabia, Hrythrea, Abyssinia, Nubia,
Egypt, Morocco, Senegambia,
137. B. elegans, Chois. in DC. Prodr, XIII. 453.
Distr1p.—Punjab, Sind, Beluchistan, 8. Arabia, Nubia.
AMARANTACEA,
138. Asrua javanica, Juss. Ann. Mus. XI. 131; DC. Prodr.
XIII. 299.—A., tomentosa, Forsk, Fl. eg.-arab. 122.—A. ceegypiiaca,
Gmel, Syst. 1026.—A. bout, Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. VI. 206.—
A. incana, Mart. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. XII. (1826), 291.—
Achyranthes alopecuroides, Lamk.—A. javanica, Pers. Syn. 1. 259.—
A, incana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 671.—Jllecebrum javanicum, Ait. Hort.
Kew, 289.—Ivresine javanica and persica, Burm. Fl. Ind. 212, t. 65.—
Celosta lanata, L. Sp. Pl. 298.
Distr1s.—Java, Ceylon, India, Arabia, HE. and W. tropical Africa,
Cape Verd Islands.
139. Saltia papposa, Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII. p. 825.—
Achyranthes pap posa, Forsk Fl. eg.-arab. p. 48.
Distris.—Hadramout, Yemen.
CHENOPODIACEA.
140. Sueeda monoica, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab, p. 70; DC. Prodr.
XII. 2. p. 156.-—S. nudzflora, Thwaites Enum, 246.
8
914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Distrrip.—South Deccan, Ceylon, Arabia, Somaliland, Abyssinia,
Erythrea, Lybia, Nubia, Upper Egypt.
141. §. vermiculata, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab, p. 70, and Ic. tab. 18,
fig. B.—S. mollis, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 57.—Salsola mollis, Desf. Fl.
Atl. I. 218.—S. globulifolia, Poir. Dict. VII, p. 298.
Distrip.—Canaries, Nubia, N. Africa, Arabia.
142. S. fruticosa, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 70.—Salsola frutecosa,
L.—S. indica, Wall. Cat. 6946, C.—S. lana, Edgew. in Hook. Journ,
Bot. IL. (1840) 286.
Distris.—N.-W. India, Arabia, N. Africa, America.
143. Traganum nudatum, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 57.
Distrrp.—Algeria, Egypt, Suez, Lybia, Nubia, Arabia.
144. Halopeplis perfoliata, Bunge ex Aschers. et Schweinf. Fl.
Aithiop. p. 289 et ex Ung. Sternb. in Cesati, Passer, et Gibelli Comp.
F]. Ital. p. 329.—Salicornia perfoliata, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab., p. 3.
Distrip.—Ooast of the Red Sea.
145. Salsola botte, Boiss. Fl. Or. LIV. p. 960.—Caroaylon
botte, Mog. in DO. XIII. 2, 179.—Halothamnus botte, Jaub. et
Spach esr C226 ps OU te lado:
Distrip.—S, Arabia.
146. §. forskalii, Schweinf. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1896. App. Il. p.
160.-—Carazylon imbricatum, Mog. in DC. XIII, 2177.—Salsola
embricata, Forsk. F]. vg.-arab. p. 57, n. 90, and Ie. t. 8, fig. C.
Disrris.— Nubia, Hrythrea, S. Arabia.
147. Anabasis ehrenbergii, Schweinf. in Boiss. Fl. Or. IV.
p. 970, and in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 1896, App. Il. 161.
Distris.—Nubia, 8. Arabia.
ARISTOLOCHIACEA.
148. Aristolochia bracteata, Obs. Bot. fase. 5, p. 29, n. 80.—
A. bracteolata, Lam. Encyel. I. 258.— A. mauritiana, Pers. Enchir, I.
527.— A. kotschyt, Hochst. ex. A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, II. 2837.—A.
maurorum and abyssinica, Klotzsch in Monatsber. Berl. Akad. 1859,
598.—A. crenata, Ehrbg. ms. in herb. Berol.
Disrrrs,—Ceylon, Deccan, Bundelkhund, Sind, Arabia, Abyssinia,
Sennaar, Trop. Africa, Sandwich Islands.
EUPHORBIACEA.
149. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, L. Sp. Pl. 982.—P.
andrachnoides, Willd. Sp. Pl. IV ; 575,—P. obcordatus, Willd. Enum.
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 915
Hort. Berol. Suppl. 65.—P. javanicus, Poir. ; Spreng. Syst. ILI. 21.—
P. anceps, Herb. Heyne.— P. Jinearis, Herb. Madr.—P. malabariecus,
Herb. Wight.—P. niruri, Wall, Cat, 7894.
Disrrip.—Australia, China, Java, Ceylon, drier parts of India, 8.
Ayabia, Somaliland, Kordofan, Hrythrea, Abyssinia, Nubia, Angola,
Guinea, Senegambia, Cape Verd.
150. Jatropha spinosa, Vahl. Symb. I. 79.— Croton spinosus,
Forsk. Fl. xg.-arab., p. 163—J. aculeata, Muell.—aArg. in DC. Prodr.
XV. 1083.
~ Disrri.—S. Arabia, Coast of N. Somaliland.
151. Ghrozophora obliqua, A. Iuss. Tent. Euph. 28, DC.
Prodr. XV. 749.— C. tinctoria, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV. 749.—
C. oblongifolia, A. Luss. 1. «.— Croton obliquus, Vahl. Symb. I. 78.—
C. oblong?folius, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 189.—C. argenteus, Forsk. Fl. 2g.-
arab. p. 75.—C. tinctorium, Wall. Cat. 7716, G.
Distris.—Punjab, Kashmir, Sind, 8. Arabia, Socotra, Somaliland,
Kordofan, Abyssinia, Lybia, Nubia, Egypt.
152. Euphorbia arabica, Hochst. et Steud. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss.
mao WC. brodrs NV aa:
Distris.—Yemen, Abyssinia, Nubia. :
iiesa dh. cuneate, Vahl. soymb.) Mi py oss DCT ay par:
Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 35.—. fruticosa, Hdgew.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. p. 1219.
Disrris.—Somaliland, Erythrea, Yemen.
154. KE. schimperi, Presl. Bot. Bemerk. p. 109; DC. Prodr.
XV.-—E. tirucalli, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. p. 112.
Disrrie.—Somaliland, Socotra, Arabia, Abyssinia, Nubia.
155. E. systyla, Edgew. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI, p. 1218.
Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 85; DC. Prodr. XV. 98.
Disrris.—Coast of N. Somaliland, Tehama.
156. BE. granulata, Forsk Fl. eg.-arab. p. 94; DC. Prodr. XV.
33.—E. forskalti, var. Band G, I. Gay in Webb. Phyt. Canar. III.
242.— Fi. fragilis, Dene. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. Il. (1834), 241.—
E. arillata, Edgew. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. p. 1218 ; Anders.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. p. 34.—E. egyptiaca, var. indica, Boiss.
in DO. Prodr. XV. 35.—E. thymifolia, Wall. Cat. 7710 E.—Aniso-
phyllum forskali, Klotzsch et Garcke in Bot. Reise. Pr. Wald. Bot. 25.
Var. glabrata, Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV. 34.
916 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Disrrie.—Punjab. Rohilkhund, Malwa, Sind, Afghanistan, 8. Persia,
Arabia, N. Somaliland, Kordofan, Nubia, Egypt, Canaries, N. Africa.
157. E. adenensis, Defi. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1X. p. 67.
Distris.—Hadramout, Yemen.
158. HE. polyenemoides, Hochst. in Kotschy Pl. Nub. n. 184.
Distrip.—-Usambara, Kordofan, Abyssinia.
URTICACEA.
159. Forskohlea tenacisssima, L. Mant. p. 72; DC. Prodr.
XVI. 1. 23555.—F. latzfolia, Retz. Obs. 51.—Caidbeja adherens,
Forsk. Fi. eg.-arab. p. 82.
Distrie.— Western Punjab, Sind, Afghanistan, Arabia, N. Africa,
Teneriff, $. H. Spain.
160. F. viridis, Bhrbg. in Wedd. Monogr. Urt. p. 587 ; DC.
brudr, Vly 2a0° 8
Distrp.— Socotra, 8. Arabia, Abyssinia, Erythrea, Soturba.
GNETACEA.
161. Ephedra foliata, Stapf, Arten der Gatti. Hph. in Denkschr.
der Mathem. Naturwiss. Classe d. Kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. (1889),
AO ds
Var. Giliata, Aitch. Fl. Kurum Valley, 187.—£. foliata, Aitch, Bot.
Afghan Bound. Comm. 112.—E. peduncularis, Boiss. FH]. Or. V. 717.
Disrrrp.— Western Punjab, Sind, Afghanistan, Turkestan, 8. Persia,
Syria. .
AMARYLLIDACEA.
162. Pancratiun tortuosum, Herb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. LV.
(1840), p. 98.—P. tortifoleum, Boiss Diag. Pl. Or. ser. I. XIII. 18.
Distrrip.—Nubia, Arabia.
163, P. maximum, Forsk. Fl. xg.-srab. p. 72.
Disrrip.—-Nubia, 8. Arabia.
LILIACEA.
164. Albuca yerburyi, Ridley Journ. of Bot., 1884, p. 370.
Disrrr.—Aden (endemic).
COMMELUINACESA.
165. Commelina albescens, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr, Fl.
Ethiop. 210.—C. striata, Wall. Cat. 8981 (in part).— C, schimpertana
and multicaulis, Hochst. in Schimp. Herb, n. 1242 and n. 2268.
DisrR1.—Sind, Beluchistan, Arabia, Trop. Africa.
THE FLORA OF ADEN, O17
NAIADACE#.
166. Cymodocea ciliata, Ehrbg. ex Aschers, in Sitzungsber.
Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1867, p. 3.— Thalassia ciliata, Koen. Ann. Bot.
II. 97.—Posidonia serrulata, Thw. Enum. 333.— Zostera ciliata, Forsk.
Fl, xeg.-arab. p. 157.
Drstrr1Bp.—Indian and Pacific Oceans.
167. C.serrulata, Aschers. & Magn. in Sitzungsb. Ges. Nat.
Fr. Berl. 1867, p. 3.—Postdona serrulata, Spreng., Syst. I. p. 181:
Distrr.-—Indian and Pacific Oceans.
CYPERACE.
168. Cyperus conzlomeratus, Rottb. Deser. et. Ic. Pl. p. 21,
t. 15, fig. 7—C. jeminicus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. Pl. p. 25, t. 8, fig. 1.—
C. pungens, Boeck. in Linnea, XXXV. 537—C. proteznolepis, var.
pumila, Boeck 1. ¢. 523.
Disrris.—Sind, 8. Persia, Arabia, Hrythrea, Abyssinia, Nubia,
Egypt, Senegambia.
169. C.effusus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. p..22, t. 12, fig. 3.—
C. proteinolepis, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 15.—C. conglomeratus, var. effusus,
Boiss. Fl. Or. V. 8369.—C. conglomeratus, var. major, Boeck. in Linnea
XXXV. p. 544.—C. densus, R. Br. in Salt Abyss. Append. 62.
DistriB.—Sind, Arabia, Erythrea, Abyssinia, Upper Egypt.
170. C. faleatus, Nees et Ehrbg. in Bek. Cyp. I. 150.—C,
cruentus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. p. 21, t. 5, fig. 1, 4.
Disrrip.—8. Arabia, Hrythrea, Nubia, Upper Egypt.
GRAMINE.
171. Paspalum pennatum, Hook. f. Fl. Br. I. VIL 16.—
Panicum pennatum, Hochst. in Fl. XX XVIII. (1854), 197.
Distrirp.—Sind, Beluchistan, Arabia, Abyssinia.
172. Panicum colonum, L. Syst. Hd. X. 870.—P. arabicum,
Nees ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II. ii. 251, Syn. Gram. 63.—P. brizozdes,
L. Mant. I. 184.—P. cesium, Nees in Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech.
Voy. 235.—P. confertum, Herb. Rottl. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8687, B—
P. dalton, Parlat. ex Webb in Hook. Niger Fl. 185.—P. hematodes,
Presl. Fl. Sic. 1. 43.—P. numidianum, Presl. Cyp. et Gram. Sic. 19.—
P. tetrastichum, Forsk. Fl. eg-arab. p. 19.
Distrrs.—All warm countries.
173. P.turgidum, Forsk, Fl. zg-arab, p. 18. Del. Fl. d’Heg.
Ill. 51, t. 9, fig. 2 ; Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Asthiop, p. 301.
918 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Disrris.—Central India, Sind, Beluchistan, Arabia, Socotra,
S. Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia.
174. Tricholeena teneriffee, Parl.in Webb. & Berth. Hist Nat,
Canar. Il]. 425.—P. micrantha, Schrad. in Sch. Mant, Il. 163.—
Panicum plumosum, Presl. Fl. Sic. I. 48.—P. saccharoides, Trin.
Gram. Panic. 245.—P. tenerife, R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl, p. 39.—
P. villosum, Presl. Gram, & Cyp. Sic. 18.—Saccharum tenerife, L. f.
Suppl. 106. |
Distris.— Western Punjab, Sind, Arabia, N. Africa, Canaries, Sicily.
175. T.leucantha Hochst. in Schimp. Fl. Abyss. n. 1818.—
P. leucanthum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. II. 372.
Distris.—Erythrea, Yemen.
176. Setaria verticillata, Beauv. Hssai Agrost. p. 51.—S.
nubica, Link. Hort, Berol. I. 220.—S. respeciens, Hochst. ex Mig. FI.
Ind. Bot. ILI]. 467.—P. adherens, Forsk. eg.-arab. 20.—P. vertical-
latum, L. Sp. Pl. ed. IL. 82.—P. viride, Desf. Fl. Atl. I. 58.—Pen-
nisetum respiceens, A. Rich. Tent, Fl. Abyss. IL. 379.
Disrris.—lemperate and tropical regions.
177. §&. Viridis, Beauv. Hssai Agrost. 5).—S. villosa, Beauv.
—P. cynosuroides, Scap. Fl. Carn. ed. II. i. 50.~ P. psilocaulum,
Steud. Syn. Gram. 50. P. viride, L. Syst. ed. X. 870.— Pennisetum
viride, R. B. Prodr, 195.
Distrip,—Temperate and subtropical regions of the Old World.
178. Pennisetum ciliare, Link. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1. 213.—
Cenchrus ciliaris, L. Sp. Pl. 802.—Pennisetum enchroides, A. Rich. in
Pers. Syn. Pl. 1. 72.— Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Hochst.-et Steud. ex
Boiss. Fl. Or. V. 445.—Panicum vulpinum, Willd. Enum. Hort.
Berol. i031.
Disrris,— Warmer regions of the Old World.
179. Andropogon foveolatus, Del. Fl. d’Eg. p. 16, t. 8
fig, ¥.—A. strictus, Roxb. Fi. Ind. L, 260.—A. orthos, Schult.
Mant. Il. 455.—A. monostachyus, Spreng, Pugill. Pl. Nov. I. 9.—
A. ramosus, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8802.
Drsrris.—Coromandel, Circars, Central Provinces, Chota Nagpore,
Bengal, Punjab, Sind, Arabia, 8. Persia, Hrythrea, Abyssinia, Nubia,
Egypt, Cape de Verd Islands, Canaries.
180, Aristida adscensionis, L. Sp. Pl. ed. I. p. 82.—A.
cerulescens, Desf. Fl. Atlant. I. 109, t. 21, fig. 2—A, curvaia,
THE FLORA OF ADEN, 919
Nees ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. I]. 392.—<A. gigantea, L. F.
Suppl. 113.—A. paniculata, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. 25.—A. pumila,
in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. II. iv. (1835) 85.
Distr1p.—Most warm countries.
181. A. plumosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. Il. 1666.—A. brachypoda
and forskahlzi, Tausch. in Fl. (1836) 506 ; Boiss. Fl. Or. V. 495.—
A, lanata, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. 25.—A. raddiana, Savi in Mem.
Moden. (1837) 198; Steud. Syn. Gram. 143.—Arthratherum plumo-
sum, Nees. Fl. Afr. Austr. I. 182.
Distris.—Western Tibet, Kurdistan, Afghanistan, Turkestan,
Persia, Syria, Abyssinia, Egypt, N. Africa,
182.* A. caloptila, Boiss. Fl. Or. V. 497,
Distris.—Egypt, Arabia, 8. Persia.
183. A. hirtigluma, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. IL. ii, p, 231.—
A. ciliata, Steud. et Hochst. ex Steud. Nom. Pot. ed. II. i. 131.—4A.
paradistaca, Hdgew. in Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. XVI. 1219.—
Arthratherum hirtiglume and pogonoptilum, Jaub. & Spach., Ill. Pl.
Or. IV. 52.—A. schimperi, Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 178.
Distris,—Punjab, Peshawar, Sind, Arabia, Hrythrea, Somaliland,
Abyssinia, Nubia, Egypt, Tunis.
184, Sporobolus glaucifolius, Hochst. in Fl. XXV. (1842),
I. Bieb. 123.—Vilfa scabrifolia, Hochst. ex Edgew. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. VI. (1862), 196.—Agrostzs barbata, var. senegalensis, Pers. Syn.
L7G:
DistRr1n.—Punjab, Sind, Trop. Africa.
185. S. spicatus, Kunth. Revis. Gram. I. 67, Enum. Pl. I.
210.—Vilfa spicata, Beauv. Agrost. 16.—Agrostis spteata, Vahl.
Symb. I. 9; Del. Fl. Mgypt. 20, t. 10, f. 1—A. verginica, Forsk.
Fl. zg.-arab. 20.
Distrip.—Deccan, Arabia, Egypt, Trop. Africa.
186. S. sp.
187. Pynodon dactylon, Pers. Syn. I. 85,
Distrisp.—All warm countries.
188. Pappophorum brachystachyum, Jaub. et Spach. Ill. Pl.
‘Or. IV. 84, t. 824—P. vincentianum, Schmidt ex Duthie, Grass. N.-W.
India 35.
Disrris.—Punjab, Rajputana, Arabia, N. Africa,
189.—Eragrostis ciliaris, Link. Enum. Hort. Berol, I. 192.
920 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Var. brachystachya, Boiss. Fl. Or. V. 582.—#. arabira, Jaub.
Spach., Ill. Pl. Or. IV. 31, t. 822.—Z. rzparia, Nees in Herb. Royle.
Distr1B.—In all tropical countries.
190. HE. cynosuroides, Beauv. Agrost. 71, 162.— Poa cynosu-
rotdes, Retz. Obs. LV. 20; Del. Fl. Aigypt. 159, t. 10.—Leptochloa
bipinnata, Hochst. in Fl. XX XVIII. (1855) 422.— Cynosurus durus,
Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. 71.
Dysrrip.—Plains of India, Sind, westward to Syria and N. Africa.
191. HE.major, Host. Gram. Austr. IV. 14, t. 24.— E. powoides,
Trin. in Mem. Acad, Petersb. ser. VI. i. (1831) 404.—Poa fleauosa,
Roxb. FI. Ind. I. 339.—P. multiflora, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. 21.—Briza
eragrostis, L. Sp. Pl. 70.
DistriB.—Ceylon, India, 8. Europe, tropical and sub-tropical Asia.
192. HE. mucronata, Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. ILI. p. 1186.—
Uniola mucronata, L. Sp. Pl. ed. IL. p. 104.—Desmazeria uniolzolides,
Deflers Voy. en Yemen, p. 220.—Triticum repens, Thw., Enum, Pl.
Zeyl. 376.—Halopyrum mucronatum, Stapf. in Hook. Ic. Pl.
Disrrip.—Ceylon, India, Arabia, E. Tropical Africa.
193. Adluropus villosus, Trin. ex C. A. Mey, Verz. Pfl. Cauc.
18.—A. mucronatus, Aschers. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Atthiop,
297.—A. niliacus, Steud. Nom. ed, II. I. 30.—A. arabicus, Steud.
Nom. ed. II. 50.—Calotheca arabic, niliaca, and repens, Spreng,
Syst. Veg. I. 347, 848.— Festuca mucronata, Forsk. Fl. eg.-arab. 22.
Disrris.—Deccan Peninsula, Ceylon, Punjab, Sind, Arabia, Afghan-
istan, Persia, Reg. Casp., Reg. Mediterr.
194. <A. littoralis, Parl. Fl. It. I. 461.
Disrris.—Arabia, Egypt, N. Africa.
195. Tetrapogon villosus, Desf. Fl. Atlant. II. p. 389, t. 255.—
Chloris villosus, Pers. Syn. 1. 87.—C. tetrapogon, Beauv. Agrost. 158.
Distris.—Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, 8. Arabia, 8. Persia, Hrythrea,
Abyssinia, Egypt, Morocco, Canaries.
196. Hleusine egyptiaca, Desf. Fl. Atlant, 1. 85.—E. mucro-
nata, Stokes Mat. Med. I. 150.—Dactyloctentum cegyptiacum, Willd.
Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029.— Cynosurus egyptius L. Sp. Pl. 72.—
Cenchrus egyptius, Beauv. Agrost. 157.
Disrrrsp.— Warm regions of the Old World, introduced intothe New.
(To be continued.)
VOURNAL, BOMBAY “NAT. HiSi SOC; PLA TEMG
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.
92)
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.
By
L. C. H. Youne, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8.
PAR Li.
(With Plate C.)
(Continued from page 423 of this Volume.)
We now come to a different section of the family—the Apaturine—
by far the most difficult from the systematic point of view that we
shall have to deal with in this series and one of the most difficult
in the whole of the Lepidoptera.
In the tabulation of genera given above I have differentiated
4 genera—Charaxes, Cupha, Cyrestis and Apatura. But there
is really only one strongly marked division—that which separates
Charaxes fromthe remainder, In subdividing the latter it is necessary
to rely upon characters of secondary importance. In the great genus
Apatura in which, as constituted here, there are at least seventy-five
Indian species and possibly many more, there is of course considerable
structural variation. Unfortunately, the species follow each other in
such close sequence, and the variation has occurred in such similar
directions along each parallel line of development that it is impossible
to subdivide by characters that correspond to the abvious superficial
relationships.
Genus CUPHA.
This genus contains about a dozen Indian species, all of which
are some shade of dull orange-yellow, with darker and lighter
markings and having a more or less oblique, ill-defined, macular,
pinkish-mauve band crossing both wings on the underside.
Only one species is at all generally distributed in Peninsular India,
viz., C. phalantha—a species which, as already mentioned, bears
a remarkable superficial resemblance to a Fritillary.
Cupha phalantha, Drury. Male and female. Orange-yellow,
with the following brown-black markings on the forewing, The
outline of a square spot in the middle and an irregularly shaped one at
the end of the cell (the centres being hardly darker than the ground
colour), 3 spots beyond and 3 spots below the cell between the veins,
9
922 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII:
2 transverse rows of from 4 to 7 spots each, beyond the middle, sub-
terminal waved lines, dentate and more or less confluent towards
the apex, and a marginal row of spots on the veins. On the
hindwing, a few indistinct markings on the disc, a row of 5 or 6
beyond middle, and terminal and subterminal lines and marginal spots
as in the forewing.
Underside much paler, the spots and lines of the upperside im-
perfectly indicated by brown linear markings. The spots in and
at the end of cell, the space immediately beyond it, and the costa
to beyond middle more or less suffused with pinkish-mauve.
The inner row of spots beyond middle margined outwardly by a
pale pinkish band, and the area beyond it more or less suffused with
pinkish-mauve, except towards the apex of the forewing.
Larva,—* Cylindrical, moderately thick, very smooth, with an oily
gloss, and bears six longitudinal rows of sharp branched spines. The
head is unarmed. The colour varies from dark-brown to pale
yellowish-green, with a white or yellowish spot at the base of each
spine. It feeds on one or more species of Flacourtia.”? Davidson and
Aitken. Journal, B. N. H.8., Vol. V, page 269.
Expanse.—2" to 24".
Genus CYRESTIS.
The species illustrated here, commonly known as the map butterfly,
is of a very striking and peculiar appearance. In structure, however,
it closely resembles the preceding and those which immediately follow,
and the other species of the genus are far less remarkable.
Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisd.—Of very slendery and delicate appear-
ance. Head and thorax pale olive-brown, with 3 longitudinal darker
stripes. Wings white, more or less suffused along the costa and apical
half of the outer margin of the forewing and the inner margin of the
hindwing with olive brown. Three very fine and irregular dark brown
lines crossing both wings, sometimes branching, 2 before middle and
1 beyond it, a stronger line beyond these outlined outwardly on the
hindwing and on the lower third on the forewing with slightly
metallic slatey-blue. Between this and the three incomplete olive-
brown to dark-brown subterminal lines there are on the forewing 3
brownish spots towards apex with white centres and 3 yellowish-
brown spots with white centres and sometimes dark purple towards
the anal angle, while on the hindwing this space is more or less
COMMGN BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 923
suffused with ochreous-yellow. Anal angle of the hindwing yellow,
marked with pinkish and slatey-blue lines.
Larva.— Slender-cylindrical and smooth, with 2 long curved, diver-
gent filaments or soft horns on the head, a single stouter sword-
shaped one on the back at the 5th or 6th segment curved back-
ward and serrated on its inner edge and another on the last segment
curved forwards and serrated on its outer edge. Colour fine reddish-
brown, with a broad green band on the side from the 5th to the last
seement. Feeds on F’cus tndica, Davidson and Aitken. J., B. N. H.
S., Vol. V, page 351.
Expanse.—2" to 24".
Genus APATURA.
The best way of subdividing this large genus is by the markings
of the underside. In the cell of the forewing there are normally
to be found the following spots—a subquadrate spot at the end of the
cell, another about the middle, and traces of a third near the base.
These are very clearly shown in A. garuda (vide Plate C, 17, 17a).
These spots are not always so clearly marked, and in those species in
which the outer margin of the cell is incomplete, the lower half of
the spot at the end has, as it were, overflowed and become distorted
in shape. In practice, however, they can always be traced, and on
this basis the genus may be subdivided as follows :—
1. Species in which the spaces between the spots
and beyond the cell are white or pale yellow,
the dark spots being reduced and almost
linear nae se st aoe we» (Neptis.)
2. Species in which the spots are well developed,
the spaces beyond them being of the generally
ground colour of the wing or hardly paler .... (uthalza.)
On Plate C 8 species of each section are figured.
Ce Ar Nencis:
Apatura leucothooe, L.—Dark brownish-black. Forewing: an
elongate white spot, filling the greater part of the cell, showing suffus-
ed traces only of the median spot, a triangular white spot beyond the
cell. A curved band of six to seven quadrate spots beyond it between
the veins, but having no spot between veins 4 and 5, a subterminal row
of white spots more or less broken in the middle and sometimes traces
of pale lines before and beyond it: cilia whitish black on the veins,
924 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL, HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Hindwing with a broad white band across the disc, a narrower
macular band beyond it, and traces not always present of pale lines
on either side of it.
Underside shining orange-brown, the white spots and bands as in
the forewing outlined with brown. The pale wavy lines referred
to always distinctly shown,
Expanse.—1" to 24", A very variable insect of wide distribution,
The outer row of white spots of the forewing and its continuation as a
macular band on the hindwing is sometimes hardly traceable. (Plate
C., fig. 12.)
Larva.~-Cylindrical, pale green, asmall dark lateral spot on 6th
seoment ; head, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 12th segments armed with fleshy ~
spines, those on the 4th longest ; face and tips of spines pinkish. A
promiscuous feeder.
Apatura perius, L.—Upperside very similar to the last, from
which, however, it can be readily distinguished by the outer margins of
the median spot in the cell, being always distinctly traceable and by
the presence of a spot between veins 4 and 5 beyond the cell.
Wings broader, outer margin highly waved.
Underside paler yellow, the macular band beyond the cell preceded
by a row of black spots in a greyish suffusion.
Expanse.—2" to 24", (Plate C, fig. 14.)
Larva.— Cylindrical, pale green, yellowish-brown beneath, spiracles
and head black. Thickly covered by 2 subdorsal and 2 lateral rows of
brownish spines. eeds on species of Glochidion.
Other species not figured which the beginner might meet with in
a first season are, (1) A. jumbah, Mre., very similar to leucothoe,
but the outer macular band of the hindwings always absent on both sides.
Underside rich golden brown, with a pinkish suffusion. (2) A. inara,
Dbld., with only a small quadrate white spot at the end of the cell
on the upperside, some suffused orange spots towards apex of
forewing, and the outer macular band of the hindwing represented
by a narrow orange band, (3) A. cama, Mre., with no spot in the
cell on the upperside and without the orange band on the hindwing
possessed by the last species.
Apatura hordonia, Stoll. Saeed to leucothoe in form and gene-
ral superficies, but the white markings replaced by bright yellow, the
bands of spots have lost their macular character by fusion and become
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 925
broad yellow bands, the actual extent of the yellow area being very
variable. The outer row of spots in the forewings is lost except in a
few local forms, in which the yellow area has been curtailed, and there
is room for a pale narrow subterminal line.
Black, forewing with a broad yellow fascia along the middle of the
wing from base to beyond middle more or less indented along the
upper margin of the cell at the end and about the middle, a broad
transverse yellow fascia across the apex, and another from vein 4
to the middle of the inner margin, a narrow terminal yellow line.
Hindwing with a broad yellow transverse band across the middle
of the wing and a narrower one beyond it.
Underside much paler, the markings less distinctly indicated. The
ground colour, especially near base, thickly irrorated with pinkish-grey.
Expanse.—1" to 19." (Plate C, fig. 13.)
Larva.—Appears to occur in two forms, and has been described
in our Journal by Messrs. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Vol. X, page 250.
Tt feeds on Acacza and Albizzca,
A, Huthalia,
Apatura nais, Forst.—Bright reddish-orange. Forewing with a
large subquadrate black spot at the end of the eell with indications
of a reddish centre. A large black patch beyond and below it
from base of vein 4 to 2, obscurely defined on its inner margin. A
broad macular transverse band from the middle of the costa to vein
4 beyond middle, a subterminal blackish line sometimes joined by
suffusion along the veins to the broad black-brown margin. Cilia white,
broadly blackish on the veins. Hindwings with a black triangular
fascia on the costa before the middle, a macular band of spots beyond
middle and broad blackish margin. The extent of the black-brown
markings varies, and is much reduced in dry season forms.
Underside pale pinkish-orange, suffused over the basal and apical
thirds of the forewing, and the whole of the hindwing with pinkish-
brown, Terminal and median spots in the cell prominent pinkish-
red with black margins. A pale chrome transverse band before apex
of forewing and a median irregularly shaped band of the same colour
on the hindwing. A subterminal row of brownish-black spots
across both wings, each spot with a pale suffusion beyond it. Two
reddish-pink dark outlined spots in the cell of the hindwing and
some pink markings near base.
926 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
-- Lupanse.—2}" to 24", (Plate C, fig. 16.)
Larva.—Light green with a dorsal row of large purplish-brown
spots, and ten pairs of very long much branched green spine
extended laterally. Feeds on mango and other trees.
A very distinct insect which cannot be mistaken for any other.
Apatura garuda, Mre—Anal angle of hindwing acute, produced
toa point. Dullolive-brown. Outlines of the median and terminal cell
spots and traces of the basal one very distinct dark brown. Traces of
a dark spot, sometimes two, below the cell, An indistinct curved dark
line from the costa beyond the cell to vein 4 and then straight to middle
of the inner margin and continued on the hindwing. The space beyond
it paler, sometimes whitish between veins 4 to 7, A wavy suffused dark
subterminal line on both wings. A quadrate outlined spot in the cell
of the hindwing, another at the end of the cell, and sometimes one
above it.
Underside similar, but paler, especially towards base and outer
margin, all the markings much more distinct, the pale spot beyond
middle,developing into a macular band of white spots as far as vein
2 and traces of 2 white spots on the costa beyond near apex.
Q@. Similar to the male, but the wings fuller and more rounded, the
pale markings beyond the cell in the forewing always forming a
white macular band at least to vein 4,
Expanse.—23" to 3", (Plate C, 17 male, 17a female.)
Larva.—-Cylindrical. Bright green with a dorsal yellow line. Ten
pairs of long delicate much branched green spines extended laterally.
The insect reposes along the midrib of the leaves, and the spines
are so placed as to simulate the veins of the leaf. Feeds on mango,
cashewnut trees, etc.
Apatura camilla, Mre—Male.—Apex of forewing and anal angle
of hindwing acute, the latter produced. Glossy velvet black, paler
towards outer margin and with two to three white spots before apex.
Underside rich iridescent brown, the cell spots distinctly marked
with reddish-brown centres, a pale triangular mark on costa about
middle and 3 white spots between the veins before apex, a macular
subterminal line of dark spots in a pale suffusion. Hindwing as
forewing.
Female.—Apex of forewing truncate and anal angle of the hindwing
rounded. Dull yellowish-brown. Cell spots of both wings distinct
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 927
darker brown, an irregular waved line from the middle of the costa
across both wings darker brown, the area within it more or less
suffused with brown, the area beyond it paler. A wavy brownish
suffusion beyond this, containing in the upper half of the forewing
4. white dotlike spots, and on the hindwing a dark brown spot
between veins 2 and 3. Indistinct wavy subterminal and terminal
lines. Underside similar to the upper, but the markings more distinct
with patches of mauve suffusion on the subterminal] line.
Cilia of both sexes whitish between the veins.
Eupanse.—1 }" to 2". (Plate CG, 15 male, 15a female.)
Larva.—Slender, tapering at each end, greenish, pale yellow on the
back except the dorsal line, a yellow spiracular line on each side. The
head, 2 branched spines on the second segment and 2 simple ones
on the anal seement black.
There is another species exactly similar to this, but without the
white spots on theforewing (Apatura parisatis Wstw.) found in
Assam and N.-H. India.
A species more akin to A. garuda which the beginner might also
very probably come across is A. lubentina, G.
This is a most beautiful insect, of a deep dark ivy-green colour,
glossy and almost iridescent in some lights with a vermilion black out-
lined spot in the cell of forewing and 2 outer rows of vermilion spots
on the hindwing. In the male there is a row of small bluish-white
spots beyond the middle joined by another row from the apex which
in the female are replaced by a broad macular transverse band of
quadrate bluish-white spots.
The larva feeds on the common parasitic plant known as the Indian
mistletoe which so often grows onthe mango trees.
928
NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR AND
ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By
Cot. A. E. Warp.
Since my Jast communication, which appeared in the Journal of
April 23rd, 1906, a certain amount of progress has been made. Once
again I have sent to Ladak, and hope that a fairly thorough search has
brought to light what can be obtained from that district.
No new discoveries were made amongst the Mouse-hares, but several
Ochotona aurita were got. One of these came from the Nubra valley.
Mr. Bonhote is writing a note on this rodent, and we may definitely
consider that it is not connected with macrotés, which is the large-eared
Mouse-hare. (Page 457, ‘“‘ Fauna of British India.’’)
The specimen of aurita from the Nubra differed slightly in colour
from those from the shores of the Pangong, being lighter.
A list of Mouse-hares was given in my last notes.
Of the subfamily Criceténe, to which the voles and hamsters belong,
the following have been collected :—
Microtus brachelix— Widely distributed in Kashmir.
fertilis—Apparently rarely found.
imitator— Do.
blythi—Found in Baltistan and Ladak,
stracheyt—F ound in Ladak.
Crteris phoeus—Found at Shushal, Ladak.
Microtus brachelix inhabits, as a rule, the lower ranges up to about
9,000', and is very common at about 7,000’.
M. fertilis and M. imitator have only been found at altitudes of
10,000! to 11,000’.
M. blythi from 13,500! to 15,000'.
M. stracheyi lives at still higher elevations ; the specimens came
chiefly from about 15,000!.
The little grey Hamster, in Ladak at any rate, does not seem to live
at an altitude less than about 13,000’; probably, in the Gilgit district
it may be found lower down.
Amongst the rats we have—
Mus nitidus from Poonch.
NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR, 929
Mus vicerex.—The common rat of Kashmir and parts of Poonch,
&c.
Nesocia hardwickit from Poonch.
Nesocia bengalensts.—The Indian Mole-rat inhabits the fields in
Kashmir.
Mus mettada.—The Soft-furred Field-rat is not often secured.
Regarding the Mice I have still nothing definite to write, and the
same remark applies to the Shrews.
Of Hares, Lepus tibetanus, the Afghan Hare, appears to be plentiful
in the Nubra valley, and L. ozostolus, the Woolly Hare, comes from
Shushal and other places in Ladak.
Of the Uustelide, the following have been collected :—
Mustela flavigula.—The Indian Marten.
Mustela foina.—-The Beech Marten from Baltistan and Kashmir
proper.
Putorius caniqula.—The White-nosed Weasel; this is evidently
the common weasel of the N.-W. Himalayas.
Putorius alpinus.—The Pale Weasel is common in the Nubra,
and found occasionally in the Ladak Road in the Indus Valley.
Other weasels will probably be obtained during future research.
Of the smaller Cats, a live specimen of Felis manul, Pallas’ Cat,
was purchased in Leh ; it came from the Nubra.
Other Cats are Felis chaus, the Jungle Cat, and Felis torquata, the
Waved Cat.
If I receive any further information from the British Museum
about the mice, or in the event of finding any interesting animals not
as yet included in my notes, I will again venture to write.
930
“WHAT IS A SPECIES ?”
BY
R. 8. Hous, F.1.8., F.E.S.
1, The introduction of the word species into natural history as the unit of
classification is due to Linnzus, but there appears to be considerable difference
of opinion as to the exact meaning which he attached to the word.
In the Origin of Species Darwin notes: “Nor shall I here discuss the
yarious definitions which have been given of the term species. No one defini-
tion has satisfied all naturalists ; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he
means when he speaks of a species,’”’* Clearly, then, an accurate idea of the
conception of a species, as generally entertained by naturalists from the time
of Linnzeus to that of Darwin, is not to be found in the literal inter-
pretation of the famous Linnean or of any other definition.
2. From what we know of the knowledge possessed by aboriginal and
Savage races, may we not safely infer that the principal facts regarding
natural history on which the Linnean definitions of species and variety were
primarily based, and which must have been accepted as true from a very early
period, were as follows :—
(1) Numerous distinct kinds (or species) of plants and animals exist, which
can be readily distinguished by appreciable differences or characters,
(2) Cultivating plants and breeding animals shows that, throughout the
Natural Kingdom, “like begets like”, that, with plants, as with animals,
although the immediate offspring of any individual usually differ slightly
from their parents and each other, they, on the whole, invariably
resemble their parents and each other very closely, As the distinguish-
ing marks of each species are thus transmitted unchanged from parents
to their immediate offspring, the species appears to be fixed and constant.
(3) As organisms which are known to be closely related invariably resemble
each other closely, it is inferred that organisms which are very much
alike must be nearly related,
3. Must we not look to these ideas for an explanation of the fact that, in
the early days of natural history classification, a distinction was made be-
tween the so-called Artificial and Natural Systems, and also of the fact that the
system was called natural which resulted in all those organisms being placed
in the same group which, on the whole, resembled each other more than they
resembled any other organism, and which were therefore considered to be very
closely related? May we not account for the species being selected by the
early systematists as the most convenient unit for classification in natural
history by the fact that it was recognized as the smallest unit which could be
readily distinguished from all other units, and which appeared to be fixed and
constant, the individuals included in the species being able to propagate their
like from generation to generation ?
i. * Origin of Species, 6th Ed,, p. 30.
WHAT IS A SPECIES ? $31
4, That the essence of the Linnean conception depends on such ideas is
also shown by the following quotations from well-known botanical works :
“Tt is believed that with the general advance of science . . . it is at
once more philosophical and more practically convenient, as well to the general
botanist in the higher branches of the science, as to the more superficial
amateur, to retain for the meaning of a species the limits affixed by the original
principles of Linneus . . . . A SPECIES comprises all the individual
plants which resemble each other sufficiently to make us conelude that they are
all, or may have been all, descended from a common parent, These individuals
may often differ from each other in many striking particulars . . but these
particulars are such as experience teaches us are liable to vary in the
seedlings raised from one individual, When a large number of the indivi-
duals of a species differ from the others in any striking particular, they
constitute a VARIETY , . A variety can only be propagated with certainty
by grafts . . orany other method which producesa new plant by the
development of one or more buds taken from the old one . , A real species
will always come true from seed,’’* And, again:
‘“‘ Linneeus laid down that each species consists of similar individuals which
are related together by their origin, and which are the unaltered descendants
of «4 common ancestor or pair of ancestors, It does not affect the value of the
definition that Linnzus considered these ancestors to be creations of the ‘ injfi-
nitum ens’; but it is very important that he recognized existing organisms as
the continuation, the rejuvenated portion of one and the same living being, so
that the species is not a figment of the human mind, but is something
which actually has an objective existence, . . Each species has its special
features or characteristics, and all individuals possessing these specific marks are
said to belong to the same species, Specific characteristics are hereditary, and
are transmitted unaltered to the descendauts, There are, however, some
plant characteristics which are not inherited, but which may appear or not
according as the individual developsin this or that place. . . They form
the foundation for the existence of the variety, according to Linneus,’’}
5. From the above we might be led to infer that modern naturalists are
generally agreed regarding their conception of a species, but in point of fact
nothing is further from being the case, as will be gathered from the two
following quotations :—
(a) “The systematic species are the practical units of the systematists and
florists, and all friends of wild nature should do their utmost to preserve
them as Linnzus has proposed them, ” ¢ and
(0) “My friend, Professor H, Ray Lankester, . . is inclined to think
that we should discard the word species not merely momentarily but
altogether, Modern zoology having abandoned Linnzus, conception of
* Handbook of the British Flora, by George Bentham, 1866, pp, 6, 7 and 11.
+ Natural History of Plants, by A. Kerner, Eng. Ed., 1895, Vol. II, pp. 486-487.
t Species and Varieties, their Origin by Mutation, by Hugo De Vries, 1905, p. 12.
932 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
‘species’ should, he considers, abandon the use of the word. In his
opinion the ‘ origin’ of species was really the abolition of species, and
zoologists should now be content to describe, name, draw, and catalogue
forms, Furthermore, the various groups of forms briefly defined above
should be separately and distinctly treated by the zoologist, without
confusion or inference from one to the other, The systematist should
say,‘ I describe and name certain forms, a, b, etc.;’ and then he or
another may write a separate chapter, as it were :—' I now show that
the forms ab, ac, ad (form names) are syngamic ;’ at another time he
may give reason for regarding any of them as related by epigony.”*
6. Itis not clear why Prof, Lankester considers the Linnean conception
untenable, but apparently he considers this a necessary consequence of the
abandonment of the Linnean doctrine of special creation, Such an attitude,
however, appears to be hardly justified by the facts,
It is surely a remarkable fact that Linneus and the systematists who
followed him recognized that the highest ideal which systematic botanists
could strive to attain was the elaboration of a natural system of classification
with the species as its unit, and which, as Darwin himself says, was in reality
“founded on descent with modifications,” He says: ‘‘ With species ina
state of nature, every naturalist has, in fact, brought descent into his classifica-
tion, for he includes in his lowest grade—that of species—the two sexes ; and
how enormously these sometimes differ in the most important characters is
known to every naturalist, . 5 The naturalist includes as one species
the various larval stages of the same individual, however much they may
differ from each other and from the adult, as well as the so-called alternate
generations of steenstrup, which can only in a technical sense be considered as
the same individual , . . As descent has universally been used in classing
together the individuals of the same species . . . may not this same
element of descent have been unconsciously used in grouping species under
genera, and genera under higher groups, all under the so-called natural system ?
I believe it has been unconsciously used; and thus only can I understand the
several rules and guides which have been followed by our best systematists{.”
Professor Poulton also in his abovementioned address remarks : “ As regards
the work done by the systematist, we find that Darwin did not agree with those
of his friends who thought that a belief in evolution would entirely alter its
character.” Thus he wrote to Hooper, September 25th, 1853:—“ In my own
work [ have not felt conscious that disbelieving in that mere permanence of
Species has made much difference one way or the other ; insome few cases (if
publishing avowedly on the doctrine of non-permanence) I should not have
affixed names, and in some few cases should have affixed names to remarkable
varieties,”’$
* Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London, 26th Jan. 1904, p. xc.
t Op. cit., p. 346.
f Op. cit., p. 349.
§ ld. c. pp. Ixxxviii—lxxxix,
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 933
This surely indicates that the pre-Darwinian systematists, however incorrect
may have been the definitions of a species framed by them, did not essentially
differ from Darwin as regards what they, in actual practice, recognized as a
species, Is it not possible that both Darwin and one of the earlier systematists,
when considering whether two forms should be ranked as distinct species or as
varieties, might finally have solved the problem in essentially the same way,
viz., by considering whether, or not, the differences between them were such
as experience had proved, or as might by analogy be inferred, to occur among
the immediate offspring of a single individual ?
Do not the above considerations force us to the conclusion that a species is
an actual entity, the character of which is independent of any theory of
evolution ?
That this is so can scarcely be more strikingly demonstrated than by the
fact that both Darwin and De Vries recognize the Linnean conception of a
Species as a practical unit for natural history classification. Seeing that the
vast majority of what are universally accepted as species are now, in nature,
found to be fixed and constant, just as was the case in the time of Linneus,
this is no more than we should be naturally led to expect,
Was it not with the object of emphasizing this all-important fact that
Linnzus, in his famous definition, describes, species as remaining unchanged
since they were created by the “Infinitum Ens” ?
But by thus emphasizing the characteristic fixity of species he obviously
attempted, not only to define a species, but to define as well how and when
each species originated—an altogether different thing,
7, It isto be regretted that many modern definitions appear to rather in-
crease than to diminish our difficulties in arriving at a clear conception of this
well-styled “elusive’’ term. Some authors propose to distinguish species, as
morphologic, physiologic and so on, according to the basis of discrimination, It
is not clear, however, on what purely morphological ground the male and female
of many organisms can possibly be included in the same species and the same
difficulty would occur in the case of those organisms which assume entirely
different forms at different periods of their life history, e.g., Puccinia graminis.
Moreover, if this is not done, by destroying the base on which our natural
history classifications depend, we must necessarily alter the whole character
of such classifications, which, to say the least, would be a very drastic measure,
The following, again, is extracted from one of the most recent standard works
on Physiology:—
“Tt has long been recognized that a species has no definite boundaries
but is a conventional expression for a cycle of forms grouped around a type~
centre™,”
This seems to imply that while modern naturalists exercise their individua]
discretion in laying down the precise boundaries of species, they are agreed as to
the main principles to be followed in doing so, A comparison of the opinions
* Physiology of Plants by Dr. W. Pfiffer, Eng, Ed., 1908, Vol. IL, p. 911,
934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
quoted above of two such eminent naturalists as Prof, Ray Lankester and
De Vries, however, can hardly be held to justify such a conclusion.
8. Before proceeding further it may at once be asked whether the accurate
defining of the word species is, or is not, of great practical importance.
That it is of the greatest importance can, perhaps, be best shown by assuming
that we abolish the term and the conception of species and adopt the only
other obvious basis for classification, viz., the degree of resemblance or differ-
ence between individual organisms ; in other words, let us adopt the suggestion
of Professor Ray Lankester to “ describe, name, draw, and catalogue forms,”
Then so long as organisms retain their power of reproduction, since no
individual organism ever exactly resembles another, there would, in the first
place, be no limit to the number of names which would be required ; secondly,
only an exceedingly minute fraction of the total number of forms existing
on the earth at any given period could ever be possibly described ;
while, thirdly, these descriptions would be useless for the purpose of
identifying living forms after the death of the individuals to which
they particularly refer, z.¢., they would be useless to our successors,
and practically useless to ourselves, The undoubted fact that, within
certain limits, all organisms breed true, appears thus to afford the only basis
for, a natural history classification which shall be of practical value. By
discovering within what limits each different kind of organism breeds true,
i.e, the characters which are always transmitted to its immediate offspring, we
can alone hope to obtain and be able to define a unit, viz., the species, which
so far as we Gan see 1s permanent, and which, in consequence, can be recog=
nized and studied by our successors, Also, by only giving a separate name
to each such unit, instead of to each distinct form, the number of names which
will be required is enormously reduced.
Moreover, until this unit, the species, has been accurately defined, our
classifications cannot be considered to be established on a sound basis, for,
until this is done, it is obviously impossible to decide whether, or not, we are
unnecessarily increasing the number of names and wasting labour in describing
unstable, ephemeral forms.
9, Granted it is advisable to define a species, the question remains, is it
possible ? Seeing no reason why this should be impossible, I have drawn up
the following tentative definitions and explanatory notes, which, while em-
bodying what are believed to have been the central ideas of the Linnean
conception, are thought to be also fairly in accordance with modern know=
ledge, It is hoped that their criticism will indicate what principles are capable
of general acceptance. For the sake of brevity I have taken my illustrations
in the explanatory notes from botany, but it is believed that the main
principles embodied in the definitions are also applicable to zoology.
10, Before giving the definitions, a point which, although of the greatest
importance, is frequently overlooked, must be noted, viz., that a distinction must
be made between organisms which live and are developed in a natural state,
ae
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 935
or wild, and those which are living in a state of domestication or cultivation.
Non-attention to this point is, undoubtedly, responsible for much of the con-
fusion which surrounds the word species, Plants which, in the garden, breed
true and give the impression of being constant forms and of constituting
good species are not found as wild species in a state of nature. This may
sometimes be due to their inability te survive in the struggle for existance to
which they are exposed in nature, while, in other cases, if growing wild, their
characters might undergo fundamental changes owing to their being fertilized
by other wild plants. In any case, it must be recognized at the outset that
the main object of natural history classification is to enable us to rapidly
become acquainted with the principal groups of plants and animals indigenous
in various countries, and it must be recognized that the species and its sub-
divisions refer to groups of plants as they exist and are found in nature.
The following definitions then refer strictly to groups of organisms which
exist wild in nature ; similar terms may, of course, be used for analogous
groups of cultivated plants or domesticated animals; but if so, in order to
avoid confusion, they should be invariably distinguished by the adjective
artificial, thus “artificial species’ as opposed to “ natural species.”
Dern, 1.—A SPECIES is the smallest group of organisms ewisting wild in nature
which can be readily distinguished from all other groups owing to the fact
that the individuals composing it all possess in common certain well-
marked characters (= specific characters) by which they can be dis-
tinguished from all other organisms,
The individuals also which compose the species are, when developed
normally in a state of nature, always able io transmit their specific
characters unchanged to the majority of their immediate offspring.
DEFN. 2,—A SUB-SPECIES és a group essentially similar to a species, but subordinate
toit. The characters separating any two individuals belonging to different
swb-species not being so great as those which separate indzviduals belonging
to different species,
Deen, 3.—A VARIETY és a group of organisms subordinate to a species. The differ-
ences between any two varieties of the same species are not constant, i.e.,
they are not always transmitted unchanged from the parent to the majority
of its immediate offspring.
Dern, 4.—A RACE ts a variety of considerable fixity. The characters distinguish-
ing the individuals which compose it from those constituting the rest of the
species are frequently (e.g., in certain localities, or under certain conditions
of euistence), but not always, transmitted from the parent tothe majority
of its immediate offspring.
Note 1,—The sub-species corresponds to the French petite espice, and is in all
essential characteristics identical with a species, Owing to the enormous
number of-forms to be dealt with, a Flora, whose object is to help as far as
possible those who wish to quig¢kly acquire a knowledge of the principal types
of plants indigenous in a very extensive area, must avoid minute detail, and
936 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
hence, in such large Floras, only the more distinct and easily recognised
species can be described at length, while the sub-species can only be very
briefly dealt with, or are perhaps merely mentioned by name, At the same
time it must be remembered that the sub-species are important units which
must be described in detail in small local Floras, Every species and sub-species
must receive a distinct name, while races and varieties will not be named,
These will merely be designated by letters or numbers, (This is, of course, not
in accordance with many modern Floras, in which no distinction is drawn
between sub-species, races and varieties, all sub-divisions of the species being
indiscriminately termed varieties.)
Note 2,—The male and female forms of some organisms differ widely from
each other, while an organism may present an entirely different appearance
at different stages of its life-history or at different seasons. However great
such differences may be, all forms of one and the same organism must, of
course, be included in the same species.
Note 3.—There is no logical ground for restricting the use of the term
heredity to the phenomenon of sexual reproduction only, or for considering that
organisms which can only reproduce themselves asexually are therefore unable
to constitute a true species, The words “ always able to transmit ’’ in defini-
tion I while indicating constancy under varying conditions of existence are
also intended to imply that, while organisms capable of both sexual and
asexual reproduction cannot constitute a species if they only transmit their
essential characters truly by asexual reproduction, organisms only capable of
asexual reproduction are not thereby precluded from forming a true species,
Note 4—As regards a decision of the question whether, or not, particular
organisms constitute a species, sub=species, variety or race, the fact that they
are hybrids is of no significance. These words merely define groups of
organisms as they exist, and are not concerned with the question as to how
these groups originated,
Note 5—The words “ always able et seg.’ in definition 1 may be considered
to preclude the possibility of one species arising from another, and therefore
not to be in accordance with modern ideas of evolution. Under the theory of
descent with slow modification, however, there can never be an appreciable
difference between the specific characters of parent organisms and those of the
majority of their immediate offspring, hence the parents and the majority of
their immediate offspring would always be included in the same species, as is
proposed in the present definitions. If, on the other hand, we seek the begin-
nings of new species in the sudden variations known as mutations, or in
such variations as may arise by the crossing of unlike forms, we have
to consider two distinct questions: (1) the status of the parent organisms
and (2) the status of their immediate offspring. So long as the parent
organisms are always able to transmit their essential characters truly to the
majority of their immediate offspring, they constitute a species, if, on the con-
trary, they are only able to produce a preponderance of new forms with new
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 937
specific characters, they no longer constitute a species, and cannot obviously
long continue to exist in nature, The new forms must similarly be considered
on their merits, Ifthe individuals of such a form are found to occur in
nature, possessing definite characters distinguishing them from all other organ-
isms, and if they are always able to transmit such characters truly to the
majority of their immediate offspring, they constitute a true species, otherwise
they do not. It must, of course, be remembered that as a species is a group
of organisms, a single individual can never constitute a species, but it may form
the begnining or foundation of one.
Note 6—The fact that certain organisms can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring does not necessitate the combination of such organisms in one species
or vice versa, This is shown by the fact that illegitimate unions between the
different forms of flowers occurring in one and the same undoubted species,
in dimorphic and trimorphic plants, produce very little fertile seed, while
the plants raised from such seed are sterile, just as is so frequently the case
in illegitimate unions between forms belonging to different species.
Note 7,—Attention has been paid during recent years to the cultivation of
plants and the breeding of insects for long periods with the object of observ-
ing the kind and amount of variation which occurs among the offspring of one
and the same individual, and of obtaining an idea of the process of evolution
which has produced the forms now existing in nature, If, during such oper-
ations, among the offspring of an individual belonging toa natural species
(A) a form is sooner or Jater found to occur which appears to exactly resem-
ble another form which occurs wild in nature, and which has been classed as a
distinct species (B), this in itself is no proof that (B) has directly descended
from (A) in nature, for the organisms kept under observation have developed
under artificial conditions, and it is conceivable that, in nature, (B) has arisen
from a distinct species (C), under the influence of different conditions of exist-
ence through a different series of variations. Moreover, even if proof has been
obtained that a certain group of individuals has descended from another
group, this alone would not be a sufficient reason for combining them as one
species, for, in the progress of time, the intermediate forms which once united
the two groups may have disappeared, causing them to occur in nature as
distinct species, separated by well-marked and constant differences.
Note 8—For the correct classification of forms as species, sub-species, races
or varieties a knowledge of the life-history, as well as of the appearance
of the seasonal forms of individual organisms, and of the kind and amount of
variation which may occur among the immediate offspring of one and the same
individual, in nature, is essential,
The systematist, however, must rely for his determinations mainly on mor-
phological characters, coupled with his knowledge of the development and yvaria-
tion of the few forms which have been studied, His conclusions therefore
must be liable to error, Ifthe present, or similar, principles are accepted
however it will be possible to obtain proof whether, or not, his conclusions are
11
938 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
correct. Errors which have been committed can then be subsequently correct-
ed, and this will ensure our classifications being built on a sound and
reliable foundation, In the case of plants, for instance, such proof
will be obtained from observations of the individuals raised from
seeds or brood-bodies (under which term may be included all reproduc-
tive bodies arising asexually), these having been gathered from plants
which have developed wild ‘in nature. In accordance with the suggestions
now made, these observations will be confined to such individuals, #.¢., to the
immediate offspring of plants growing wild, The posibility of any character
which may be regarded as fixed and constant in nature being affected by the
artificial conditions of existence under cultivation is thus avoided. Moreover,
any factor which, in nature, is capable of producing an hereditable variation,
é.¢,, pollination by neighbouring plants, will, of course, have taken effect before
the seeds or brood bodies are matured, and the result will become manifest in
the young plants produced from such bodies, As only a brief period will thus
be required for each experimental culture, a large number of experiments can
be carried through in a short period and results quickly obtained.
Some doubtful points may indeed be settled by a very few experiments,
Thus in a case where two groups of forms have been classified as distinct
species—if individuals of one group are commonly found in considerable
numbers among the immediate offspring of individuals of the other group, the
two forms are at once shown to belong to one and the same species,
Other points, such as to whether forms can be considered sufficiently constant
to be ranked as undoubted species, é.¢., whether their distinguishing characters
are fixed and constant under varying conditions of existence, require of course
extensive series of observations. In such cases attention must be paid
to the conditions under which the parent plants are existing in nature, such
as, for instance, the presence of other plants by which they may have
been fertilized, and hence the reproductive bodies must be gathered
from individuals living in different localities, Then, again, the effect on
the young plants of temperature, light, available moisture, soil, air currents and
other factors which are known to affect the development and form of plants
must be noted, and it must not be forgotten that the effect produced by any
factor is probably dependent to a great extent on the particular stage of the
plant’s life-history during which it acts, the plant being more susceptible at
some times than at others. Another important point to be remembered when
studying the effect of various factors is that no real distinction exists between
considerable variations occurring suddenly and slight variations which may be
gradually accumulated and fixed, A high temperature, for instance, acting
for a short time may cause a change which is only produced after a long
period by a lower temperature,
11. Finally, it may not be superfluous to add that, for successful classifi-
cation, the naturalist in the field must, as far as possible, work in combination
with the naturalist in the museum or herbarium, The latter, for instance,
—
WHAT IS A SPECIES? 939
receive great help in his determinations froma study of the geographical
distribution of various forms. He must also pay attention to such characters
as enable the field naturalist to recognize various forms when living, in
nature,and not alone to those which are usually available in museum or
herbarium specimens, It would probably be diticult to find two species of
trees belonging to the same genus so distinct and so easily distinguished in the
forest as Terminalia arjuna, Bedd. and Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A.; yet sys-
tematists working with herbarium specimens find it difficult to separate them,
Cultural experiments in the case cf trees require, of course, a considerable
time, but more attention should be paid to the kind and amount of variations
observable on one and the same individual tree which would aid the systema-
tist in his selection of specific characters. Attention should also be paid,
especially in the case of evergreen plants, to variations observable on one and
thesame individual at different seasons, Many evergreen parasites, such as
Leranthus, when growing on deciduous species, for instance, would probably
show considerable seasonal variations.
In experimental cultures particular attention would, of course, be paid to
what may be recognized as “ doubtful specific characters.’”” Many which are
usually included under the term habit may be so described, and which are
known to be dependent to a great extent on the conditions under which the
plants have developed, such as are, for instance, implied by the words annual,
biennial, perennial, herb, undershrub, shrub, tree, erect, prostrate, climber,
etc. Many curious undershrubs are known, ¢.g., species of Premna which are
separated chiefly on account of their habit from other species which are trees
or large shrubs. Again, many species are known to occur both as erect trees
or shrubs and also aschmbers, but Butea superba, Roxb, is separated from
Butea frondosa, Roxb,., mainly on account of its climbing habit,
940
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By
G. A. GAMMIE, F.LS.
Part IV. (Wire Prartz III.)
Continued from page 37 of this Volume.)
9, ERAJUS:
An epiphyte. Stems clustered, pendulous, leafless after bearing
flowers in the first season’s growth. Leaves two ranked. Flowers
white, in a close, terminal raceme, bracts nearly as long as the flowers,
persistent, sepals and petals subequal, lip joined to the base of and
embracing the foot of the column, anther incompletely 4-celled,
pollinia 8, attached by fours to a large granular viscus.
i, Paasus arsus, Lendl., Fl; Br. Ind.,; p. 81é.
Stems usually not more than a foot long, leafy throughout in the first
year. Leaves soft in texture, blueish beneath, oblong or linear lanceo-
late, long pointed. Raceme 2 to 8 flowered, bracts up to 2% inches
long, narrowly boat shaped, acute; sepals and petals up to 34 inches
long, pure white, lip shovel-shaped, white with purple or red: veins, side
lobes narrow elongate, ciliate, mzdlobe broad, toothed, crisped and ciliate,
disk with five crested ridges.
Distribution,—Localized on the Northern Konkan Ghais. Flowers during the
rainy season.
Plate I1L.—Phajus albus, Fig. 1. Part of plant in flower. Fig. 2.
Lip (enlarged). Fig. 3. Column (enlarged). Fig. 4. Anther cap
(enlarged). Drawn by Mr. R. K. Bhide. The reproduction of the
purple lines on the lip is coarse and unsatisfactory and does injustice
to its real beauty.
3. Phajus albus, Lindl.—(Native name unknown), This beautiful epiphyte
does not appear to be prevalent largely in the Konkans, Though Nairne
cites “the Konkan” as its habitat, he does not specify whether it is found in
the North or the South Konkan, Hooker, however, says that it is found on
the Matheran Hill, probably on the authority of Mr. H.M, Birdwood. But
in Mr, Birdwood’s Catalogue of the Flora of Matheran and Mahableshwar
(2nd Ed., 1897) against this plant the remark is:—“Mahableshwar, Rare,
(Fairbank),” Matheran is not mentioned at all. I have not met with this
orchid inthe Thana and Ratnagiri Districts, Nor has my friend and old fellow-
student Dr, Dalgado of Savantwadi, found it either in the ‘‘ Wari Country”
or in Goa, Near forty years ago, Dr, Narayan Daji, G.G. M.C,, of Bombay, had
‘Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate IT]
PHASUS
Part of plant in flowe ig. 2. Lip (enlarged
Column (enl: d 713 . Anther eap (e
Fig. 5
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 941
the plant sketched, It was obtained from the Thana District, but the exact
locality is not mentioned by him. But it is a proof positive that the orchid
grows somewhere in the Thana District, I throw out this hint for future
collectors.
Hooker notices that the plant is very variable in size of flower and colour of
lip. Well may it be so, considering the variable heat and moisture of the rainy
season, during which the plant shows its floral beauty. The flowers appearing
as they do in the rainy season, on raceme terminating the leafy stem fall very
gracefully. This graceful fall, Williams happily names as “ nodding,’ As a
rule the flowers, though not numerous, are yet showy of bright white petals,
with the midlobe wavy fringed delicately at the margin and crimson streaked
in the body; the lip is shovel-shaped as Hooker terms it,
This orchid is evidently a child of the Highlands through India, Itis now
referred to by Williams to genus Thunia, of which there is no mention made
in Hooker’s Flora of Br, India, To have thus dissociated Phajus albus, Lindl,
from Hooker’s genus Phajus is, I think, botanically correct. I say so because the
species of Thunia are so readily distinguished from those of Phajus that there
can be no doubt of the two genera being distinct. Williams observes that in the
manner of growth and habit there are striking differences between the species
of Thunia and Phajus, respectively, Thus, for instauce, says Williams, the
orchids of genus Thunia “have’ terete leafy stems which grow in fascicles ;
their leaves are deciduous; and their terminal drooping clusters of flowers are
provided with large membranous bracts. The structure of the flowers closely
resembles that of Phajus.
For the purpose of distinguishing the differential details between genus
Thenia and genus Phajus we have the high and unquestionable sanction of
Reichenbach, They are as follows :—‘‘ Thunias havea terminal inflorescence on
the leafy shoots, whereas Phajuses have their inflorescences and theiro fascicles
of leaves apart. Thunias have fleshy membranous leaves, Phajuses have plait-
ed ones, Yhunias have persistent, Phajuses deciduous bracts, Thunias
have four, Phajuses eight pollen-masses, Phajus flowers get blue when dried,
Thunia keep white or get brownish, ”
(V.8.—Here is a wrinkle for orchid collectors! K.R.K.) “You can make
cuttings of Uhunias as of a Draceena, try it with Phajus!” So says Williams.
(V.B.—The interjection “!” means:—‘‘ Don’t try; you are sure to fail in
propagating the plant, if you try ‘ cuttings’’’—K, R. K.)
This orchid is well worth introducing in the Konkan to a larger extent, as I
believe that though it is a native of the hills, it is capable of growing in the
lowlands of the Konkans.
Hooker’s arrangement of the species of genus Phajus is based on the position
of the scape, but he is doubtful whether such an arrangement will hold good.
It is best therefore to refer Phajus albus, the species under description, to genus
Thunia,
(K. BR. K.)
942 JOURNAL, OMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
10. JOSHPHIA.
Epiphytic, stemless, tufted herbs ; root fibres very stout, Leaves
radical, rigidly coriaceous. lowers very small, on the branches
of panicled spikes, sepals broad, subequal, concave, connivent, petals
narrower, lip adnate to the base of the column, erect, fleshy, concave ;
lateral lobes small erect; midlobe small, entire, papillose, with a basal
culus uniting the side lobes. Column erect, broad, nearly as long as
the sepals, shortly two winged above, foot 0; anther acuminate,2-celled ;
pollinia 4, oblong, subcaudate, attached to the rostellum by a viscus.
1.—JosEpata LANcEOLATA, Wight. FI. Br. Ind., V., 823.
Leaves petioled, linear oblong or lanceolate subacute, young clothed
with hyaline sheaths. Scape 4 to 12 inches slender and its branches
stiff ; bracts short, ovate appressed ; flowers 4 inch broad, white tinged
with purple ; sepals obtuse.
Inflorescence like that of a Statice. Wight, on Jerdon’s authority,
mentions the curious fact of the persistent continuously flowering
spiltes. :
Distribution —W estern Ghats from the Konkan to Travancore ; Ceylon,
Ido not know this plant and have copied the foregoing from Sir J, D,
Hooker’s description in the Flora of British India,
lik PROLMIDOLTA
Pseudbulbs densely clustered, ovate, dark green. Leaf solitary,
thick and stiff, distinctly veined. Raceme from the base of the pseudobulb
long stalked and pendulous, bracts semi-circular, closely two ranked,
sepals concave, lateral joined at the base, petals flat, lip 4-lobed column
winged, pollinia 4, subglobose, free or cohering in pairs by a viscus.
1.—PHoipota imBRicaTa, Lindl, Fl. Br. Ind., V., €45. Dalz.
and Gibs., p. 262.
Pseudobulbs, up to 3 inches long, obtuse, somewhat angled.. Leaf 6
to 12 inches long, elliptic lanceolate. Aaceme about a foot long, bracts
closely arranged, dorsal sepal orbicular, lateral boat-shaped, keel winged,
petals linear oblong faleate, Izp 4-lobed, side lobes broad rounded,
terminal lobes 2, smaller.
Distribution —On the Belgaum and N. Kanara Ghats and the Konkan,
flowering in August,
Recorded also from the Tropical Himalaya, Khasia Mountains, Chittagong
Burma, Andaman Islands, and Ceylon.
(Lo be continued.)
945
BIRDS OF THE PROVINCES OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU
AND ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By
CoLtonEL A. E. Warp.
Part LV.
(Continued from page 729 of thes Volume.)
OrvER CoLumMB#. FAM, CoLUMBID®,—Pigeons and Doves,
(1272). Crocopus chlorogaster.—The Southern Green Pigeon. If this bird
is to be obtained it will be in Jammu Province, but the specimens we have in
the museum are without locality.
(1283), Sphenocercus sphenurus——The Kokla Green Pigeon, during the breed-
ing season is abundant in Kishtwar.
(1291). Chalcophaps indicuw-The Bronze-winged Dove, I expect the spe-
cimens recorded by Adams were from Poonch and the outer ranges of the
Punjab Mountains, There are none in Kashmir proper.
(1292). Columba intermedia,—The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon.
(1293). Columba livia—The Blue Rock-Pigeon, This is the common pigeon
of Kashmir,
(1294), Columba bay iain —The Blue Hill-Pigeon, is plentiful on the Ladak
Road, at high altitudes of the side valleys ae Kashmir, and in most of the
norhern paris.
(1295). Columba eversmanni.—The Eastern Stock-Pigeon is rare and pro-
bably migrates across our frontiers.
(1296). Columba leuconota.—The White-bellied or Snow Pigeon, breeds in
Kashmir at altitudes of about 10,000’ and upwards and extends far into the
hills ; during severe winters it descends to about 7,000’, but leaves for higher
ground directly the weather is less severe,
(1297), Dendrotreron hodgsont.—The Speckled Wood-Pigeon. A single bird
was noted in the Liddar, June 1880 and again in 1904. In Kishtwar it is
fairly common, it breeds in that district in June at about 8,000 feet.
(1298). Palumbus casiotis—The Hastern Wood-Pigeon is very plentiful in
the spring in the Murree hills; large flocks are to be seen in the autumn in
Poonch, and it is’found in Kashmir,
(1305). Turtur ferrago—The Indian Turtle-Dove dwells in ike wooded
districts where it is common.
(1307). Turtur suratensis.—The Spotted Dove,
(1309). Turtur cambayensis—The Little Brown Dove.
(1310), Turiwr risorius—The Indian Ring-Dove.
(1311). -nopopelia tranquebarica.—The Red Turtle-Dove is rarely tobe
found,
ORDER PTEROCLETES, FAM. PTEROCLIDA—Sand-Grouse,
(1316), Péterocles arenarius—The Large Sand-Grouse.
944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
(1317). Pterocles fasciatus.—The Painted Sand-Grouse is like the preceding
sand-grouse only to be found in the province of Jammu,
(1320). Pleroclurus alchata.—The Large Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse, I have not
seen this bird in the Jammu province but it probably occurs; it is not known in
Kashmir,
(1321). Pteroclurus ewustus——The Common Sand-Grouse is found in the
Jammu Province,
(1323). Syrrhaptes tibetanus,—The Tibetan Sand-Grouse is found in flocks
jn Ladak, and the eggs were taken by Capt, W. Leslie on the eastern borders
of that district on 22nd, 23rd and 25th June.
OrveR GALLINS. Fam, PHASIANIDE.—The Game Birds.
(1324), Pavo cristatus—The Common Peafowl, confined to the lower
ground.
(1328). Gallus ferrugineus—The Red Jungle-Fowl, confined to the outer
ranges,
(1333). Catreus wallichi—The Cheer Pheasant is found in Kishtwar and
the hills in the Jhelum valley but not in Kashmir proper,
(1334). Pucrasia macrolopha.—The Koklas Pheasant is common, The
variety biddulphi is noted from Western Kashmir (Fauna of B.I., Birds,
Vol, IV).
(1336). Genneus albicristatus—The White-crested Kalij Pheasant is not
found in the Kashmir vale but is abundant in the Murree Road, Kishtwar, &c,
(1342). Lophophorus refulgens——The Monal is common ; the Bronze-backed
Monal is at present only authenticated from Chamba, but is said to occur in
Badrawar.
(1345). Tragopan melanocephalus——The Western Horned Pheasant has
become very rare in Kashmir, but is found in Poonch and Kishtwar, &c.
(1355). Coturnix communis—The Common or Grey Quail visits Kashmir
valley, and the eggs of this bird have been taken near Manarbal ; of course this
quail is also a visitor to the plain portions of Jammu, &c,
(1356). Coturnix coromandelica.—The Rain Quail isa rare visitor but has
been known to nest in Kashmir,
(1357). Perdicula asiatica.—The Jungle Bush-Quail is confined to the outer
boundaries and does not visit the main valley.
(1358). Perdicula argunda.—The Rock Bush-Quail, If this bird is eventually
found it will be in Jammu,
(1362), Aboricola torqueolana—The Common Hill-Partridge. Ihave been
informed that this bird has been found but have no specimens,
(1370). Caccabis chucar.—The Chukor is found almost throughout the
whole of the country we are dealing with, the Ladak bird is light in its
colouring,
(1372). Francolinus vulgaris—The Black Partridge. Common in Poonch
and Jhelum valley below Uri, but does not come into the main vale of Kash-
mir.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU. 945
(1375), Francolinus pondicerianus——The Grey Partridge is confined to the
plains.
(1377). Perdix hodgsonie.—The Tibetan Partridge isa rare bird, but has
been obtained near the Panjong Lake, and the eggs were taken near Tsaka
Ladak on the 8th July, the nest contained 13 eggs,
(1378). Tetraogallus himalayensis—The Himalayan Snow-Cock is common
at high altitudes in Kashmir and Baltistan, &c.
(1379). Tetraogallus tibetanus—The Tibetan Snow-Cock. This bird is
found to the eastward of Ladak, the eggs were obtained at Troakpu-Kurbu
close to the borders on 20th June at an altitude between 16,000 and 17,000
feet,
(1380). Lerwa nivicola—The Snow-Partridge, I enter this bird in the list,
as it issaid to have been found within the limitsof Kashmir and Jammu
territories,
ORDER GRALLZ, FAM, RALLID@, (Rails, Crakes, &c.)
(1887). Fallus indicus——Indian Water-Rail,
(1388). Rallus aquaticus—The Water-Rail breeds in the Kashmir valley,
nests have been found in the swamps in the main valley on several occasions.
(1391). Cre« pratensis—The lLand-Rail appears to be very rare, but
undoubtedly does visit Kashmir,
(1392). Porzana parva.—The Little Crake breeds in Kashmir,
(1393). Porzana pusilla.—The Hastern Baillon’s Crake,
(1398). <Amaurornis fuscus—The Ruddy Crake breeds in Kashmir, some-
times on the edges of the rice fields,
(1402). Gallinula chloropus.—The Moorhen,
(1404). Porphyrio poliocephalus—The Purple Moorhen is a rare visitor to
Kashmir. The only specimen I have myself secured was in December at
Sudnora near the Wular Lake.
(1405). Fulica atra,—The Coot,
Fam Gruip&. (Cranes),
(1409), Grus antigone.—The Sarus has been seen in the valley of Kashmir
on two occasions,
(1411). Anthropoides virgo—The Demoiselle Crane is a winter visitor.
Fam, OTIDIDZ,
(1413). Otis tetrax.—The Little Bustard. A single specimen was obtained
neat Hajan-Kashmir in December.
ORDER Limicona. Fam, @pIcNemipa.—(Plovers, Snipes, &c.)
(1418). C£dicnemus scolopax.—T he Stone-Curlew,
Fam, GLAREOLIDZ.— Swallow Plovers.
(1425). Glareola orientalis—The Large Indian Pratincole or Swallow-
Plover.
(1427). Glareola lactea—The Small Indian Pratincole appears to be
seldom met with in Kashmir, but is reported from the Wular Lake.
12
946 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
FAM, PARRIDA,
(1429). Hydrophasianus chirurgus——The Pheasant-tailed Jacana is a sum-
mer Visitor, rarely found in the side valleys but common on the large swamps
of Kashmir,
Fam. CHARADRIIDH,
(1431). Sarcogrammus indicus —The Red-wattled Lapwing. A few of these
birds are met with at elevations of about 5,000’ to 6,000’ in Kashmir, and now
and again elsewhere.
(1436). Vanellus vulgaris—The Lapwing or Peewit is a winter visitor,
(1437). Chettusia gregaria.—The Sociable Lapwing now and again can
be obtained.
(1440). Charadrius pluvialis——The Golden Plover is far from common. In
my list when first “drawn up I included also the Eastern Golden Plover, but
have not yet got a specimen.
(1441). Squatarola helvetica.—The Grey Plover,
(1443). dyialitis mongolica—The Lesser Sand-Plover, I have not met
with this bird in Kashmir, but it breeds in Ladak and probably is to be obtain-
ed in Kashmir,
(1447). £gialitis dubia.—The Little Ringed Plover.
(1450). Hamatopus ostralegus.——The Oystercatcher has been seen near
the Wular Lake.
(1451). Himantopus candidus—The Black-winged Stilt breeds in Kashmir,
(1452), Recurvirostra avocetta.—The Avocet.
(1453). Ibidorhynchus struthersi—The Ibis-Bill, This bird breeds in the
islands of the mountain rivers. I have failed to get the eggs, but have
obtained the young.
(1454). Numenius arquata,—The Curlew.
(1455). Numenius pheopus——The Whimbrel has been shot at Hokarsar,
Kashmir, in December.
(1456). Limosa belgica.—The black-tailed Godwit. This bird is said to pass
through Kashmir during migration.
(1460). Zotanus hypoleucus— The Common Sandpiper, breeds in Kashmir
in June.
(1461), Totanus glareola.—The Wood Sandpiper.
(1462). Totanus ochropus.—The Green Sandpiper.
(1464). Totanus calidris—The Redshank, 1s fairly common in the winter
and spring.
(1465). Totanus fuscus—The Spotted Redshank, A few specimens can be
obtained in the winter,
(1466). Totanus glottis—The Greenshank.
(1468), Pavoncella pugnav.—The Rufi and Reeve. I have shot a few
specimens on the marshes of Kashmir in winter.
(1471). Yringa minuta.—The Little Stint.
(1475). Tringa acuminuta.—Asiatic Pectoral Sandpiper, is a very rare visitor.
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 947
(1478). Tringa alpina.—The Dunlin,
(1482). Scolopax rusticulaa—The Woodcock, breeds: in Kashmir and
Kishtwar,
(1484). Gallinago ccelestis—The Fantail Snipe. A few breed in the
swamps of Kashmir and the eggs are easily obtained. I have found this snipe
breeding in Ladak.
(1486). Gallinago solitaria.—The Himalayan Solitary Snipe, is common in
the winter, most leave before the end of March. My collectors declare they
found the eggs of this snipe, whatever they were they were broken to pieces
when brought.
(1487). Gallinago gallinula.—The Jack Snipe.
(1488). Rostratula capensis—The Painted Snipe, is a permanent resident in
the valley of Kashmir.
ORDER Gavia. Fam. Larip#.—Gulls and Terns.
(3490). Larus ridibundus——The Laughing Gull, is plentiful in the winter in
Kashmir.
(1491). Larus brunneicephalus——The Brown-headed Gull occurs in Kashmir
in winter, and in the highlands of Ladak in summer,
(1495). Larus cachinnans—The Yellow-legged Herring-Gull.
(1496). Hydrochelidon hybrida—The Whiskered Tern.
(1503). Sterna seena.—The Indian River-tern.
(1506). Sterna fluviatilis —The Common Tern.
ORDER STEGANOPODES, Fam. PHALACcROCcORACIDA.—Cormoranis, &¢,
(1526), Phalacrocorax carbo,—The Large Cormorant,
(1528). Phalacrcecorax javanicus,—The Little Cormorant.
(1529), Plotus melanogaster.—t he Indian Darter, Late
OrvER Heropiones, Fam. Ipinip#,—Ibis, Storks, Herons, &c.
(1541), Ibis melanocephala.—The White Ibis,
Fam, Crconiip&,
(1547). Ciconia nigra—The Black Stork is found during the early spring in
Kashmir.
(1549), Xenorhynchus asiaticus—The Black-necked Stork, There is a
specimen in the Museum in Srinagar which was shot either in Jammu or
Kashmir,
Fam, ARDEA.
(1555). Ardea cinerea.—The Common Heron, Large numbers are found
all over the main valley.
(1559), Herodias alba.—The Large Egret,
(1560). Herodias intermedia.—The Smaller Egret,
(1561), Herodias garzetta—The Little Egret. Breeds in Kashmir.
(1562), Bubuleus coromandus.—The Cattle Egret. Breeds in Kashmir.
(1565). Ardeola grayiThe Pond Heron breeds in Kashmir.
(1568). Mycticorax griseus.—The Night Heron breeds generally in May and
June in Kashmir.
948 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
(1470), Ardetta minuta.—The Little Bittern breeds in Kashmir.
(1574), Botaurus stellaris—The Bittern is not common, and I have never
come across it in the summer months,
ORDER ANSERES, Fam. ANATIDA.—Swans, Geese, Ducks.
Amongst the thousands of ducks shot in Kashmir, now and again we must
expect to find exceptional visitors, but I think the list includes practically all
that have been obtained, except perhaps Erismatura leucocephala,
(1577). Cygnus olor—The Mute Swan is a rare visitor both to the Kashmir
and Jammu Provinces.
(1579). Anser ferus— The Grey Lag Goose visits Kashmir during the
winter in thousands,
(1580). Anser albifrons—The White-Fronted Goose, Fairly plentiful during
certain winters, but rarely seen during others.
(1581). Anser erythropus—The Lesser White-Fronted Goose is very rare, in
fact the only recorded specimen was shot on the Wular some years ago.
(1583), Anser éndicus.—The Barred-headed Goose breeds in large numbers in
Ladak. Iam assured this goose has been shot on the Kashmir swamps,
(1588), Casara rutila.—The Ruddy Sheldrake visits Kashmir in the winter
and breeds in Hastern Ladak in the early summer, but personally I have never
Seen it in that district in large quantities,
(1592). Anas boscas.—The Mallard. A few stay in Kashmir during the
summer and breed in the large swamps,
(1595). Chaulelasmus steperus—The Gadwall,
(1596). Nettiwm formoswum.—The Clucking Teal, I enter this bird on the
strength of a single specimen shot on the Mir-gund.
(1597). Nettiwm crecca.--The Common Teal. I have never succeeded in
finding eggs of this bird in Kashmir although my collectors have searched for
many years, but I have seen this teal in June and July in the valley,
(1599). Mareca penelope——The Wigeon is fairly common in winter,
(1600). Dajile acutan—The Pintail, Most pass through Kashmir in Sep-
tember and October ; a few remain, and during February and March this bird
is numerous in the shallow marshes.
(1601), Querquedu/a circta.—The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal is common
in September, October, February and March in Kashmir,
(1602). Spatula clypeata.—The Shoveller.
(1604), Netta rufina,.—The Red-Crested Pochard, Large numbers are to be
seen in winter, but chiefly in February.
(1605). Nyroca ferina.—The Pochard or Dun-bird,
(1606), Nyroca ferruginea.—The White-eyed Duck is very plentiful and
breeds in Kashmir,
(1608). Nyroca marila.—The Scaup is‘now and again to be obtained in the
winter,
(1609). Nyroca fuligula.—The Tufted Duck. Numbers are seen on the
Wular, and on the Jhelum below Baramulla, particularly in March,
BIRDS OF KASHMIR AND JAMMU, 949
(1610). Clangula glaucion.—The Golden-eye has been shot in the Wular
Lake and on Hokar Ser.
(1611), Hrismatura leucocephala.—The White beaded Duck is not very plen-
tiful, but is a yearly visitor to Kashmir,
(1612), Mergus albellus—The Smew. I found this bird breeding on the
Shyok river, and have frequently seen it on the Wular Lake.
(1613). Merganser castor.—The Goosander, I have shot this bird in the
Wular, and seen it in the Indus,
(1614). Merganser serrator—The Red-breasted Merganser is rarely to be
found,
(1615). Podictpes cristatus—The Great Crested Grebe, Rajah Sir Amar
Singh sent me a specimen last year obtained by him in Kashmir,
(1616). Podicipes nigricollis—The Kared Grebe. Doubtful.
(1617). Podicipes albipennis—The Dabcbick is resident in Kashmir.
950 .
ON THE BEAN-GEESE.
By
HKucene W. Oates.
In a recent number of this Journal I published a brief article on the
known species of bean-geese, and I brought to notice some conclusions
on these birds which had been arrived at by Mr. Alphéraky in his
work on the Geese of Europe and Asia.
My remarks have called forth a considerable amount of discussion.
First, Mr, Alphéraky wrote a pamphlet which was printed for private
circulation and which has been reprinted in our Journal. He subse-
quently wrote to the Fld (December 29th, 1906). Mr. Buturlin,
another Russian naturalist, wrote to the Feld (November 17th,
1906), and then again to the Editors of our Journal. I felt con-
strained to reply to Mr. Buturlin’s communication to the Feld in the
same paper, although it seemed to me that an English newspaper was
not the proper vehicle for the discussion of a paper which originally
appeared in an Indian Journal of Natural History. Lastly, Mr. Stuart
Baker has written a note on the same subject in the Journal of this -
Society.
Ido not know how much longer these gentlemen intend to write
and discuss these geese, but it appears to me that the time has arrived
when I may make some remarks which, on my part, I intend to be
final,
I made serious allegations against Mr. Alphéraky with regard to his
treatment of three species of bean-geese found in Hastern Asia. I also
made complaint of sundry minor matters, which being more or less
matters of opinion, I do not now propose to notice further.
The first species I shall deal with is A. serrirosiris, Mr. Alphéraky
figures the bill of this goose of a yellow colour and asserts that the bill
is always described as yellow or orange. Swinhoe, who described this
species for the first time, says that the colour is pinkish-red. There is
no getting away from this description, nor is there room for any insin-
uation that Swinhoe was mistaken about this simple character. He
distinctly states (Tbes, 1867, p. 392) that two birds had the bill of this
colour,
Mr, Alphéraky, in his pamphlet, says: “ Contrarily to Mr. Oates’s
statement, this goose is not only known from Swinhoe’s description,
ON THE BEAN-GEESE, 951
but from the writings of several authors.” It seems hardly necessary
to point out that these authors were all mistaken, This accumulation of
evidence proves nothing but that these authors were not competent to
identify their bean-geese. Mr. Alphéraky would have us believe
that these authors had critically discussed the question and come to the
deliberate conviction that-their geese with yellow bills were A. serrras-
tris in spite of what Swinhoe had written. Nothing of the sort. Many
of these authors called their birds A. segetum, as Mr. Alphéraky himself
confesses. Others adopted the name of A. serrirostris from perhaps
some hazy notion that there was a goose of that name in Eastern Asia.
It is ridiculous to contend that these authors have proved anything,
one way or the other.
I do not know to what it is due, but it isa fact that A. serrirostris
has been lost sight of for many years. I have failed to find any
writer, except Swinhoe, who has mentioned the occurrence of a pink-
billed bean-goose in Eastern Asia. I have quoted a note written by
Mr. Styan relating to this species, but he makes no mention of
the colour of the bill, and the only reason I have for knowing that he
wrote about this particular goose was that he sent a specimen to the
British Museum which agrees in all respects with Swinhoe’s type.
Mr. Alphéraky states that he received three specimens of a bean-
goose from the Anadyr in Hastern: Siberia, on the labels of two of
which it was recorded that the bills in life were flesh-coloured. This
colour, we may take it, agrees with the pinkish-red described by
Swinhoe, Hére at once were specimens which might reasonably be
indentified with A. serrerostris, and Mr. Alphéraky might have con-
gratulated himself on having rediscovered the species in its summer
quarters. So far from doing so, he tells us that these geese puzzled
him ; he thought them over night and day and did not know what to
do with them. At last, with the greatest reluctance, he put them down
as A. serrirostrzs, not, however, as the plain genuine species described
by Swinhoe but as aberrant or dimorphic examples of Mr. Alphéraky’s
A. serrirostris with the yellow bill.
The simple fact which has caused Mr. Alphéraky to make such a
disastrous blunder about this species is that, when writing his book,
he was in complete ignorance of what Swinhoe had written. He over-
looked Swinhoe’s description, and, as I have already shewn, there
was no other writer who could furnish him with a hint that there
952 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
was a goose with a pink bill in China and Eastern Asia, It may
appear incredible that Mr, Alphéraky should neglect to inform
himself upon such a matter, but the inference is irresistible when
the following circumstances are taken into consideration.
In the first place, he figures the bill of A. serrzrastris of a yellow
colour, without stating his reason for differing from Swinhoe. In
the second place, he writes a very long article on this species, ex-
tending over six and a half quarto pages, without making a single
allusion to Swinhoe, although this naturalist has said some very
interesting things about this goose. In the third place, at the head
of his article, he gives references to Swinhoe’s writings in the Ibzs
(1860, p. 67; 1861, p. 3844; 1862, p. 253), but omits the refe-
rence to Jbis, 1867, p. 392. The first three references given contain
no information, but the fourth, the omitted one, is the one wherein
Swinhoe fully describes A. serrzrostris for the first and only time. In
the fourth place, Mr. Alphéraky receives specimens of a goose from the
Anadyr, as already stated, and not a suspicion crosses his mind that
they tally with the goose described by Swinhoe.
If Mr. Alphéraky had known of Swinhoe’s description of A,
serrirostris, how can he obstinately hold to the opinion, how could he
ever have formed the opinion, that this bean-goose has a yellow
bill in life? He must surely know that nothing can override an
original description of a species and that no one is at liberty to alter
or qualify it in any respect.
Mr. Buturlin has undertaken the defence of Mr. Alphéraky, but
with little success. Referring to my paper he asksin the Peld :——
‘But what is the figure 7 of the same work, named by Mr. Oates
Anser serrirostris—I cannot guess—most certainly if is not that
species.” Probably by this time Mr. Buturlin has read Swinhoe’s
description and has discovered that I have figured the bill correctly.
In his communication to our Journal, Mr. Buturlin suggests that
Swinhoe is wrong, and he imputes to him a want of sagacity which
would be deplorable in a child. He then adopts a very common form
of argument and one which perhaps some persons think convincing.
He states that he has shot scores and scores of a goose with a yellow
bill; that he has seen numbers of them caught by natives and that he
always recorded the colours ou the spot. Evidently Mr. Buturlin
considers that these experiences fully qualify him to assert positively
ON THE BEAN-GEESE. 953
that all these geese were A. serrirostris. Swinhoe may be thrust aside
as of no consequence whatever. Mr. Buturlin further states that
Swinhoe’s papers are duly recorded by Mr. Alphéraky. I have shewn
that the only really important paper of Swinhoe’s has been omitted
from Mr. Alphéraky’s references, and my statement can be verified by
any one who looks intu the matter.
The second species I propose to deal with is Anser oatest. I com-
plained that Mr. Alphéraky had made no attempt to deal with it, but
had dismissed it without remark or comment. He assigned it very
doubtfully to A. neglectus, a species which there is no ground whatever
for believing ever occurs in China or even in any part of Hastern Asia,
and which, moreover, has a pink bill, whereas Mr. Rickett states that
A. oatesi, to the best of his recollection, has a yellow bill. Mr.
Alphéraky now states in his pamphlet that Mr. Rickett’s description
of A. aates: was so vague that he understood at once that something
was wrong with it, and he proceeds to quote just a few words of the
descriptions as if it were the whole description. Thus quoted, it
certainly may be considered very vague, but if my readers will turn to
my paper, they will find the description quoted in full and they will
hardly consider it unsatisfactory. It contains everything that is
essential in the description of a bean-goose.
In my paper, I made a very brief remark about a second specimen
of this species in the British Museum. I gave the measurement of the
wing and the bill, and that was all. But this is enough to enable
Mr. Alphéraky to assert now with absolute certainty that A. oates? is
~ nothing but A. segetum.
I need hardly say that A. oates2 isaspecies which has been repeatedly
procured by Russian naturalists in its summer quarters in fiberia
and that it is well known to Messrs. Alphéraky and Buturlin as
A, serrirostris. The notes furnished by the latter gentleman, under the
heading of 4. catesz, in his communication to our Society, render this
point no longer doubtful.
The third species I wish to refer to is A. mentalis. I complained in
my paper that Mr. Alphéraky quoted my description of this species, but,
in doing so, suppressed the most essential part of it, véz., the measure-
ment of the wing and the dimensions of the bill. In his pamphlet he
thus refers to my complaint :—‘‘ Mr. Oates furthsr says that I have
not devoted a single line to his original description of mentalis.
13
954 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Misrepresentation such as this makes it difficult to conduct a discussion
with Mr. Alphéraky.
A, mentalis is a huge goose with a yellow bill, It differs
from A. serrirostris not only by reason of the colour of the bill, but
by having the bill larger in all its dimensions. It differs from
A, aatest by its immensely larger size as exhibited by the body,
wing and bill.
I now turn to Mr. Stuart Baker’s note, and Iam glad that he has
been able to identify two of his Indian bean-geese with A. mid-
dendorfi. J hope he will take steps to have his third specimen
properly identified. I note that he asks me to furnish him and other
field ornithologists with a key to the bean-geese. Iam afraid that no
better key is possible than the plate I have given, shewing the
bills of all the known species at one glance. I certainly intended the
plate to be the key to the species, and I am sorry it is not looked upon
as such,
March 30th, 1907.
955
THE FRESHWATHR MOLLUSCA OF TIRHOOT, BENGAL.
By
GorRDON IALGLIESH,
Below I give a list of a few species of freshwater shells which were collected
for me in Tirhoot, Bengal, The list of course is extremely scanty, but I am
endeavouring to get friends in India to collect me more, and if their efforts are
successful L shall record them in the journal and send specimens to the Society’s
museum, From an ecvnomical point of view freshwater shells play an important
part, quantities of lime being made from them, which is used for various pur-
poses in the Indigo districts of Bengal, the commonest shells used for this pur-
pose being Vivipara bengalensis, while other shells are used to collect the juice
of the poppy in for the manufacture of opium, Ampullaria globosa being chiefly
employed. The distribution of our Indian freshwater Mollusca is very imper-
fectly known and I was glad to see ina recent number of the journal an appeal
to members to collect shells for the Society’s museum. I regret that while I
was in India I did not pay much attention to the Mollusca of the district I was
in, as I feel sure the result would have been satisfactory,
GASTHROPODA,
Fam. VIVIPARID.
Vivipara bengalensis (Lmk.), This is the shell par eacellence of 'Tirhoot, being
exceedingly common in jheels and paddy fields. It is largely used in the
manufacture of lime,
Vivipara dissimilis (Mull.), Common, bué not so much so, as the last, It is
found in more or less abundance in jheels and lakes.
_ Vivipara crassa (Hutton), Two specimens from Munjoul, 1902,
Vivipara premorsa (Bens), One specimen from Munjoul, 1902,
Fam, AMPULLARIIDA,
Ampullaria globosa (Swain). The large and handsome ‘“‘Apple Snail” is found
on the larger jheels and rivers, where the animal may often be seen floating on
the surface of the water, The shell is used to collect opium in.
Fam. LIMNZID#,
Limnea acuminata (Lam.). Fairly common in ponds and rivers,
Limnea rufescens (Gray), It is doubtful whether this should stand as a dis-
tinct species or merely a variety of L. acuminata, Mr, BE, A, Smith, of the
British Maseum, wrote to me regarding it as follows :—“ Gray’s Limnwa rufescens
I regard as a variety of L, acuminata (Lam.) differing only in being rather
more slender with a longer spire, but all intermediate forms are met with,”
Two or three of this species ov variety were sent to me along with L, acuminata
and it was only lately I detected the difference in the two forms.
Limnea bulla ( ). Scarce, A few specimens only,
956 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAUVURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV1I.
Planorbis compressus (Hutton). This is, I believe, a widely distributed
species in India, My few specimens were taken from the leaves of water lilies
on one of the large jheels,
Planorbis exustus (Desh.). The above remarks will also apply to this species,
PELECYPODA, (EULAMELLIBRANCHIAT A),
Fam. UNIONIDA,
Unio flavidens (Bens.), Common and found in the med of lakes and jheels.
Pearls of more or less value are sometimes obtained from this species,
Unio ceruleus (Lea.). This beautiful species is common and found in the same
situations as the last.
Unio marginalis (Lam,). Found in the mud of rivers, but I cannot say
whether it occurs commonly as I have seen only a few specimens,
Unio corrugatus (Smith), This is a common species, oecurring with LU’. jlavidens
and U, ceruleus.
Corbiculla occidens (Bens,), This pretty little shell occurs abundantly in all
jheels and lakes,
Corbiculla sp.? A very small bivalve was collected for me by my sister,
Miss Aileen Dalgliesh, to whom I am indebted for the other shells mentioned
in this paper, which I sent to the authorities of the British Museum. It was
returned to me marked “ Corbiculla sp.?”; no one evidently seeming to
know to what species to assign it, neither can I finda specimen like it in the
National collection, It may therefore be new. Igivea description, Size
small ; shell orbicular, deeply furrowed ; epidermis ( ? periostracum) glossy,
Exterior olive green with bold radiating bands of greenish brown, middle
band broader than the rest, Interior brownish pink, marked with white
towards the apex, Teeth white. Length 7 mm. Two specimens, Locality
Munjoul Lake, Tirhoot, Bengal, 1904,
957
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS.
BY
BR. C. Stuart BaksrR, F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
(Parr IT.)
(Continued from page 795 of this Volume.)
OrpER PASSHRES—(conéd.)
Family MUSCICAPIDA.
558, HEMICHELIDON sIBIRIcCA.—The Sooty Flycatcher.
Has been observed in Shillong,
559, HEMICHELIDON FERRUGINEA,—The Ferruginous Flycatcher.
Resident in Shillong. i
560. SIPHIA STROPHIATA.—The Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher.
A rare migrant,
562. SIPHIA ALBICILLA.—The Hastern Red-breasted Flycatcher.
Very common migrant, This little bird appears to find sufficient insects to
feed on in the pine trees,
565, CYORNIS HODGSONI.—The Rusty-breasted Blue Flycatcher.
A rare resident. Ihave this year succeeded in taking its nest ; a cup of
moss placed on the branch of a pine tree and containing five eggs exactly like
those of tickellz and rubeculoides but smaller,
566, CYORNIS HYPERYTHRUS.—The Rufous-breasted Blue Flycatcher.
An uncommon resident, ”
567. CyYOKNIS LEUCOMELANURUS.—The Slaty-blue Flycatcher.
Rare, probably resident,
569, CYORNIS MELANOLEUCUS.-~The Little Pied Flycatcher,
A not rare resident,
570. CYoRNis asTiGMA.—The Little Blue and White Flycatcher.
A constant resident, but I have not yet discovered its nest,
574, CyYoRNIs UNICOLOR.—The Pale Blue Flycatcher,
Rare, probably migrant,
575, CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES.—The Blue-throated Flycatcher.
A common resident, to be found in almost every ravine with sufficient cover.
577, CYORNIS MAGNIROSTRIS.—The Large-billed Blue Flycatcher,
A rare resident, Like the last bird frequents damp ravines with plentiful
undergrowth and forest, Breeds in the same sort of place,
579. STOPAROLA MELANOPS.—The Verditer Flycatcher,
The most common resident Flycatcher, to be often seen in the Shillong
gardens, nearly always in pairs, Has a rather sweet little song.
584, ANTHIPES LEUCOPS.—Sharpe’s White=gorgeted Flycatcher.
A rare resident, at high elevations only,
586, ANTHIPES POLIOGENYS.—Brook’s Flycatcher,
Recorded from Shillong.
958 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
590, ALSEONAx MUTTUI,—Layard’s Flycatcher,
Resident, but not common,
592, CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS,—The Grey-headed Flycatcher,
A common resident. Several of these little fly-catchers may often be seen
in company hunting for msects, If disturbed, however, they separate, so
they cannot be said to go in flocks.
593, NILTAVA GRANDIS.—The Large Niltava,
Resident, but rare,
594, Ni~rava sUNDARA,—The Rufous-bellied Niltava,
Not uncommon at high elevations and often descends to the plains—a rare
thing with either of the other Niltavas.
595, NILTAVA MACGRIGORL®.—The Small Niltava,
A common resident, as low down as about 2,000 feet.
599, TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS.—The Burmese Paradise Flycatcher,
Resident, but rare, except on the borders of Sylhet and Cachar. I saw ore
bird with four long tail feathers on the Gowhatty road.
601. HyPpotTuymis AZUREA,—The Indian Black-naped Flycatcher.
Common, In the mixed bamboo and scrub jungle below Cherrapoonji a
dozen pairs may be met within an hour’s walk.
603. CHELIDORHYNX HYPOXANTHUM,—The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher,
Very rare and keeps to the very highest ravines, Ido not think that it is
ever found below 4,000 feet, though in Lakhimpur we obtained it in the plains.
605. RHIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS.—The White-throated Fantail] Flycatcher,
Very” common, It is extraordinarily plentiful in ekra jungle all round the
foot of the Hills.
Family TURDIDZ.
Subfamily SAxIcoLIn”,
608. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA.—The Common Pied Bush-Chat,
Very common, I am inclined to think that a few of these birds may remain
to breed, A Khasia collector had two skins labelled June.
610, PRatTiINcoLaA MAURA.—The Indian Bush-Chat,
Very common,
614, OREICOLA JERDONI,—Jerdon’s BusheChat.
Common and resident, During the cold weather it is, of course, quite com-
mon in the plains, but it ascends to Hills above some 3,000 feet in the breeding
season,
Subfamily RuTICILLIN A,
631. HENICURUS GUTTATUS.—The Eastern Spotted Forktail.
Common on all streams,
633, HeENICURUS IMMACULATUS.—The Black-backed Forktail.
Not uncommon, This little Forktail keeps far more to damp forest paths
and open spaces than do the other species of the same genus,
634, HeNICURUS LESCHENAULTI,—Leschenault’s Forktail.
Rare, This seems to be its extreme south-western limit,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 959
638, CHIMARRHORNIS LEUCOCEPHALUS.—The White-capped Redstart,
Common in winier and it is possible that afew stay and breed, as a pair
were still haunting a reach of the Shillong stream in May this year,
639, RUTICILLA FRONTALIS.—The Blue-fronted Redstart.
A rare winter visitor,
641, RuTICILLA AUROREA.—The Daurian Redstart.
The same.
644, RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS.—The Indian Redstart.
Fairly common in winter.
646, RHYACORNIS FULIGINOSUS.—The Plumbeous Redstart,
Common in every stream, As in North Cachar I find that females and
immature males number about 10 to every one mature male, Itis resident on
the higher streams. I have taken its nest this year.
652, CALLIOPE TSCHEBAIEWI,—The Tibet Ruby-throat.
Common in winter,
653. TARSIGER CHRYS#US.—The Golden Bush-Robin.
Very rare, probably resident.
654, IANTHIA RUFILATA.—The Red-flanked Bush-Robin.
Rare, doubtfully resident,
656. IANTHIA HYPERYTHRA.—The Rufous-bellied Bush-Robin,
A rare visitor,
659, NoropeLa LEUCURA,—The White-tailed Blue Robin,
Not rare in parts.
663. CopsycHuUS SAULARIS.—The Magpie- Robin.
Very common and getting more so now that birds are being to some extent
protected,
664, CITTOCINCLA MACRURA,—The Shama,
Fairly common in forested parts.
Subfamily Turpin,
674, Meruna Fruscata.—The Dusky Ouzel.
A rare winter visitor,
675. MbRULA RUFICOLLIs——The Red-throated Ouzel.
A rather rare visitor,
676, MERULA BOULBoUL.—The Grey-winged Ouzel.
Rare, probably resident.
677. MERULA ATRIGULARIS.—The Black-throated Ouzel,
A very common visitor, Migratory Thrushes appear to be most common in
October and November and again in March and: April, moving lower down
in the intervening months,
680. Meruua opscura.—The Dark Ouzel.
A frequent winter visitor.
682. MproLa FE®—Fea’s Ouzel,
Rare, but possibly resident,
960 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
686, GmocICHLA CITRINA,—The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush,
Common, It is found from practically the level of the plains well up to
5,000 feet as long as there is enough forest,
690, PrTrROPHILA ERYTHROGASTRA.—The Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush,
Rare. Breeds in the cliffs about Laitkynsew.
692, PrErROPHILA SOLITARIA.—The Eastern Blue Rock-Thrush,
I have seen this bird in Shillong twice this winter,
701, OReocINcLA MOLLISsIMA—The Plain-backed Mountain-Thrush.
Very rare. Both this bird and the next are very retiring, undemonstrative
birds, and with their quiet plumage may perhaps be overlooked and really
less rare than they appear to be.
705. ZoorHERA MARGINATA.—The Lesser Brown Thrush,
Rather rare. Both species of Zoothera are sure to be found here, but
Menticola has not yet been recorded. They are resident or locally migratory
where found.
Subfamily CINCLIN”,
709. CrNcLUs AsIaTIcUs.—The Brown Dipper.
Not rare in winter,
710, CrnceLus PALLAsI.—Pallas’s Dipper.
Not rare and resident, In the North-west Himalayas, Dippers appear to
breed from December to March, but in North Cachar I found them breed-
ing in March to May. Pallas’s Dipper may be seen any day along the streams
about Shillong, but I have not yet ascertained what time they breed here,
Family PLOCEIDA,
Subfamily PLocEInz,
721, PLOCEUS MEGARHYNCHUS.—The Eastern Baya.
Common near the plains,
722, PLOCEUS BENGALENSIS.—The BIsceetivoated Weaver bird,
Common.
723, PiLochus MANYAR.—The Striated Weaver-bird,
Rare. Breeds in the ekra and grass jungle bordering the Railway (Assam-
Bengal Railway).
Subfamily Vipvinz.
726, MUNIA ATRICAPILLA—The Chestnut-bellied Munia,
Common, This bird appears to be known locally as the Rice Sparrow.
727, URoLONCHA ACUTICAUDA.—Hodgson’s Munia.
Common. This Munia is found in very large flocks in the rice fieldsas the
grain is ripening and must do a great deal of damage.
735, URoLoNCcHA PUNCTULATA.—The Spotted Munia,
Common,
738, SPoRMGINTHUS AMANDAVA.—The Indian Red Munia.
Common, Does not appear to ascend much over 2,000 feet here.
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 961
Family FRINGILLID,
Subfamily FRINGILLINZ,
751. HmMATOSPIZA SIPAHI,—The Scarlet Finch,
Not rare and resident, These handsome birds are often caught and.
caged by Khasias, They appear easy to tame, but somewhat delicate birds
to keep.
761, CaRrpopAcus ERYTHRINUS,—The Common Rose-Finch.
A common visitor,
776, PassER DoMESTICUS.—The House-Sparrow.
Only found near the plains,
779, PAassER MONTANUS.—The Tree-Sparrow.
The common Shillong Sparrow,
780, PAssER CINNAMOMEUS,—The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow.
Fairly common, Does not affect pine forests, but is seen about Shillong,
where it breeds freely in the thatch of the bungalows, At least three pairs
bred in my bungalow in April.
Subfamily EMBERIZINA,
790, HMBERIZA FUCATA.—The Grey-headed Bunting,
All Buntings are visitors,
791, HMBERIZA PUSILLA.—The Dwarf Bunting.
797, HMBERIZA AUREOLA.—The Yellow-breasted Bunting,
798. HMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA.—The Black-faced Bunting,
Family HIRUNDINIDA,
807, CHELIDON NEPALENSIS,—Hodgson’s Martin,
Breeds in the Shillong station, and I saw a nest in one-of the bungalows,
The Khasias also tell me that it breeds in some of their villages in the houses ;
LT expect it will also be found to breed on cliffs,
809, COTILE SINENSIS.—The Indian Sand Martin.
Common, I saw Sand Martins of some kind on the race-course at Shillong,
but could not say to what species they belonged. ;
813, HirunpDo rustica.—The Swallow.
814, HiruNDo GuTTURALIS.—The Hastern Swallow.
Most birds are intermediate between these two forms.
815. HIRUNDO TYTLERI,—Tyitler’s Swallow.
A common visitor.
820. HiruNnDOo sTRIOLATA.—The Japanese Striated Swallow.
A single typical specimen of this species was obtained by one of my collectors
at Lyetkynsew where a colony breeds, and two or three immature birds were
also shot, and two clutches of eggs taken,
821, Hirunpo pauricA.—The Daurian Striated Swallow.
Breeds freely about Shillong, I believe in July, August and September. I
have seen several nests but all empty, the young having flown.
14
962 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV Il.
Family MOTACILLIDA,
826, MoracriLa ALBA.—The White Wagtail.
All Wagtails are winter visitors, They swarm on the Shillong plateau
throughout the cold-weather months, forming nine-tenths of the bird popula-
tion of the place at that time.
827, MoraciLis LEUCOoPSsIs.—The White-faced Wagtail.
828, MoraciLLa ocuLaris,—The Streak-eyed Wagtail.
I think this is the most common of all the Wagtails, the conspicuous eye-
streak being visible in a large proportion of the birds seen,
830. MoracrILLa HoDGSsONI.—Hodgson’s Pied Wagiail.
832, MoTAaAcILLA MELANOPE.—The Gray Wagtail,
834, MoTacrLLa FLAVA,—The Blue-headed Wagtail.
837, MoracILLA CITREOLA.—The Yellow-headed Wagtail.
Both this and the next are rather rare, and seem to pass through without
making a stay in the Hills,
838. MorTAcILLA CITREOLOIDEs.—Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail.
841, AnrHos MacuLatus.—The Indian Tree-Pipit,
Fairly common, but not resident.
845, ANTHUS RICHARDI,—Richard’s Pipit.
Rare.
846, ANTHUS SfRIOLATUS.—Blyth’s Pipit,
Common, I have seen six or seven nests of this bird taken here,
847, ANTHUs RUFULUS.—The Indian Pipit.
Very common and resident even on the highest peaks,
850, ANTHUS ROSACEUS.—Hodgson’s Pipit,
Almost as common as the last, but not resident,
Family ALAUDIDA.
861. ALAUDA GULGULA.—The Indian Sky-Lark.
A very rare resident, I remember hearing the song of these birds in 1886
right up on a plateau near Shillong known as the Peak, about 6,000 feet eleva-
tion,
870, MIRAFRA ASSAMICA.—The Bengal Bush-Lark.
Common near the plains,
Family NECTARINIIDA,
Subfamily NECTARINIIN A.
882. ALTHOPYGA SEHERI®,—The Himalayan Yellow-backed Sun-bird,
These beautiful little birds, generally known as Humming birds, are resident,
but only breed on the higher ranges, descending to the plains in winter,
887, ADTHOPYGA IGNIcAUDA.—The Fire-tailed Yellow-backed Sun-bird,
This Sun-bird and the two next are very plentiful in the cold weather
but less so in the breeding season, when many locally migrate to the higher
ranges of the adjoining hills.
888 ADTHOPYGA GOULDIm,—Mrs. Gould’s Yellow-backed Sun-bird.
-BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 963
890. AXTHOPYGA SATURATA,.—The Black-breasted Yellow-backed Sun-bird.
892, ADTHOPYGA NEPALENsIs.—The Nepal Yellow-backed Sun-bird.
The most rare of the Sun-birds.
Subfamily ARACHNOTHERINA.
906. ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA.—The Large Streaked Spider-hunter.
A very common bird. Frequents gardens in the station where there are
flowering shrubs. Found from the level of the plains up to the summit of the
highest peak.
909. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS.—The Little Spider-hunter.
Not rare near Sylhet. This little spider-hunter does not ascend rearly so
high as the last and is rare over 2,000 feet. It is also much more shy and
retiring, and does not enter compounds of houses nearly so frequently,
911. CHALCOPARIA PHENICOTIs.—The Ruby-Cheek.
Not rare near the plains.
Family DICHIDA.
912. DicmumM CRUENTATUM.—The Scarlet-backed Flower-pecker.
Rather common at the foot of the plains near Sylhet.
914. DicmuM CHRYSORRHG@UM.—The Yellow-vented Flower-pecker.
This bird is rather common in the orange groves about and below Cherra-
poonji where the birds breed in the groves, attaching their nests to the orange
trees
915. Dic#uM Ia@NIPpectuS.—The Fire-breasted Flower-pecker,
Rare. Was found breeding in the orange groves:about Cherrapoonji.
917. DicaumM oLivAceEuM.—The Plain-coloured Flower-pecker.
Very common. Is found at all heights where there is forest, It is peculiar-
ly fond of haunting parasitic plants high up in big trees. During the breeding
season it frequents lower trees and scrub, building its nest, as a rule, six to ten
feet from the ground.
Family PITTIDA.
927. PITTA NEPALENSIS.—The Blue-naped Pitta.
Common. Pittas are resident. Some of the birds found here are almost
indistinguishable from P, oatesi, and some we obtained in Dibrugarh cannot be
separated. There are links from one extreme to the other to be obtained in
that district.
935. PITTA GUCULLATA.—The Green-breasted Pitta.
Common near the Kopili.
OrpER PICI,
Family PICIDA.
Subfamily Picinm.
951), GECINUS OCCIPITALIS.—The Black-naped Green Woodpecker,
Very common. All Woodpeckers are conspicuous by their absence in the
pine forests round Shillong, these trees being singularly free from insects of
364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
all kinds ; even fallen trees, quite rotten in condition, have no beetles or larve
in them,
951. GEcINUS CHLOROLOPHUS.—The Small Himalayan Yellow-naped
Woodpecker,
Common.
960. Hyporicus HYPERYTHRUS,—The Rufous-bellied Piedt Woodpecker.
Rare,
967. DeENDROcOPUS MACII,—The Fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker.
Common,
973, IyNGIPICcUS SEMICORONATUS.—The Darjeeling Pigmy Woodpecker.
I think this is the local form of pigmy Woodpecker, but canicapillus and
pygmeus are both likely to be found here as they are common in North
Cachar.
983. MicRopTaeRNUS PH@ocEPSs,—T he Northern Rufous Woodpecker.
Common, breeding in the large globular ant’s nest, which form such con-
spicuous globes high up in many trees.
992, CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTICRISTATUS.—Tickell’s Golden-backed Wood-
pecker.
Common,
996, HeMILOPHUS PULVERULENTUS.—The Great Slaty Woodpecker,
Very common in the Jantia oak forests. Nearly always found in parties,
numbering from four to six, flying from one tree to another in a regular follow-
my-leader fashion,
Subfamily PICUMNINA.
1001. PrcuMNUS INNOMINATUS.—Vhe Speckled Piculet.
Kare, frequents low forest and scrub jungle.
100%. Sasra ocHRACEA—The Rufous Piculet.
Common, keeps almost entirely to bamboo or mixed bamboo and scrub
forest, breeding as a rule in dead bamboo,
OrvER ZYGODACTYLI.
Family CAPITONIDA,
1006. MrGaL@MA MARSHALLORUM.—The Great Himalayan Barbet,
Not rare. I have heard its loud wailing cry in Shillong but have never seen
it. Barbets, like Woodpeckers, can find nothing to attract them in the pine
forests which surround Shillong,
1009, THEREICERYX LINSATUS.—The Lineated Barbet.
Common, wherever there are suitable tree forests,
1012, CyaNnops astaticA.—The Blue-throated Barbet. -
Common, up to 5,000 feet. It willbe interesting to see if my C. rubes-
cens replaces asiatica above 5,000 feet as it does in North Cachar,
1016. CyAnops cyANoTIs,—The Blue-eared Barbet.
Common, nearly to the level of the plains, I found this bird breeding here
early in February this year.
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS. 965
1017, CYANOPS FRANKLINI.—The Golden-throated Barbet.
Not rare but local. I have frequently heard this bird near Shillong where
the tree forest commences,
1019. XANTHOLHMA Il AMATOCEPHALA.—The Crimson-breasted Bartlet or
Coppersmith.
Common near the plains.
OrvER ANISODACTYLI,
Suborder Coraciz.
Family CORACIADA.
1023, CoRACIAS AFFINIS.—The Burmese Roller.
Common. This local form is not true afinis but is nearer affinis than indiza.,
1025, BuRYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS.—The Broad-billed Roller.
A pair may always be seen on the race-course, Shillong. Common near
Jowai, where it breeds in the huge Simul trees standing in the oak forests,
Suborder MrRopes,
Family MEROPIDA,
1026. Merrops viripis.—The Common Indian Bee-eater,
Common near Sylhet, I have never found this bird bieeding in company
in Assam as it does in other parts of India,
1027. Mernors pHrLiprinus.—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater.
Common near Gauhati, _
1030. MerLirropHaGus SwiNHOI,—The Chestnut-headed Bee-eater,
Common, Keeps very much io the larger streams, breeding in their sandy
banks, Though not breeding actually in colonies many nests may sometimes
be taken within half a mile of bank.
1031. NyYCTIORNIS ATHERTONI—The Blue-bearded Bee-cater,
Fairly common in forests, This fine Bee-eater seems to breed almost entirely
in holes on road-side cuttings and consequently but few cluiches of eggs ever
get hatched, the Khasias digging them out to eat,
Suborder HALcyones.
Family ALCEDINID,
1035. CrRYLE VARIA.—The Indian Pied Kingfisher.
Common close to the plains, both on large and small streams, but only breed-
ing on the larger,
1634, CERYLE LUGUBRIS.—The Himalayan Pied Kingfisher.
Replaces the last above 2,U00 feet and sometimes breeds in banks of the
smallest water courses.
1035, ALCEDO IspripA.—The Common Kingfisher.
Fairly plentiful on most streams,
1036. ALCEDO BEAVANI,--Beavan’s Kingfisher.
I saw one of these birds at Borpani.
1043, PELARGOPSIS GURIAL,—The Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher.
Rare.
1044. HaALcyon sMYRNENSIS.—The White-breasted Kingfisher,
Common. Here, as elsewhere, this Kingfisher is to be found often far from
water, living on insects, small reptiles, &c.
966 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
Suborder BucERores.
Family BUCEROTIDA.
1051. DrcmocreRos BICORNIS.—-The Great Hornbill.
Common in parts, especially in the Jantia Hills, near the Kopili.
1053. ANTHRACOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS.—The Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill.
Common. This Hornbill feeds much on the ground both on fallen forest
fruits and also on any odd animal food it can pick up.
1054. RuayrrmocerRos tNDULATUS.—The Malayan Wreathed Hornbill.
Common. Near Sylhet certain trees are regularly leased as preserves for
this bird, which is in great request as food for ladies who wish for large
families. I have seen over a dozen birds procured in a day from such a
preserve. ;
1057. AcbRos NEPALENSIS.—The Rufous-necked Hornbill.
A straggler only.
Suborder Urup™.
Family UPUPIDA.
1066. Upura Epors,—The Huropean Hoopoe.
Common non-resident. In Shillong, Hoopoes, instead of being the tame con-
fiding birds they are in most parts of India, are extremely wild and shy.
1067. Upupa 1npDIcA.—The Indian Hoopoe,
Common and resident.
OrpER MACROCHIRES.
Family CYPSELID,
CypsELUs ACUTICAUDA.—The Khasia Swift.
So far only obtained at Cherrapoonji, Practically nothing is known about
this bird which was named by Blyth and was then overlooked or refused
recognition by subsequent writers until Hartest procured another specimen
and unearthed Hume’s original description, On my arrival here I deputed two
collectors to try and trace this bird, but fora very long time without any
result. At last, in May, they came across a small colony breeding in the
precipitous cliffs at a place called Laitkynsew near Cherrapoonji and succeeded
in taking six nests—all there were—and in shooting six of the parent birds.
The Swift cannot be a common one as we have so far obtained no others
and the Khasias say that they are very rare and are only found in the most
rugged and precipitous places where they breed in very small colonies of
from three to a dozen pairs, but the former more often than the latter,
In June all the birds disappeared and we failed ever to come across them.
1072. CyYPsELUS LEUCONYX.—Blyth’s White-rumped Swift.:
I obtained a nest of this Swift in a nullah just below my house. It was
placed in a split in a rock and was visible from outside and, as it was only
about four feet from the bottom of the rock, easily obtainable. It contained
two fully fledged young. The nullah was in thick pine forest with a scanty
undergrowth of shrubs and ferns.
1074, CypseLus suprurcatus.—The Malay House-Swift.
Common. Breeds in cliffs and not in houses like affnis.
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 967
1076. TacHoRNIS INFUuMATUS.—The Eastern Palm-Swift.
Common, breeding in the roof of houses when these are of thatch or bam-
boo leaves,
1077. CHATURA Sp.
I saw some Spine-tails hawking over the Shillong tank, they were probably
nudipes, but were not near cnough to identify.
Family CAPRIMULGIDA.
1090. CAPRIMULGUS MONTICOLA.—Franklin’s Nightjar.
Rare. I have heard its call.
1093. CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS.—The White-spotted Nightjar or Horsfield’s
Nightjar,
Common,
1095, CAPRIMULGUS INDiCcUS.—The Assam Jungle Nightjar.
Fairly common,
GrveR TROGONES.
Family TROGONIDA,
1101, HaArPACTES ERYTHROCEPHALUS.—the Red-headed Trogon.
Not rare in low forested parts.
ORDER COCCYGES.
Family CUCULIDA.
1104. CucuLuUs cAnoruUs,—The Cuckoo,
Very common after the end of March, when its call may be heard all over
the Hills.
1105, CucuLus saTurATus.—The Himalayan Cuckoo,
This bird is at least as common as canorus, perhaps even more so, but whereas
I get very great quantities of canorus’ eggs I get practically none of this
Cuckoo’s, Rattray and other observers have, of course, noted that this bird
lays much later and it may be that they have not yet started (10th June), but
they began calling early in April, and several of the birds now calling (June
20th) are beginning to lose their voices, a sure sign that the breeding season
is on the wane, ;
1106, CUCULUS POLIOCEPHALUS,--The Small Cuckoo,
Appears to be rare.
1107, CucuULUs mMicRoPrTERUS.—The Indian Cuckoo,
Very common, but keeps lower down in these Hills,
1108, HIEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES.—The Large Hawk-Cuckoo.
Not rare. I have taken here one of Rattray’s Blue type of eggs, from the
nest of Lanius nigriceps.
1110, Hrerococcyx NIsicoLor.—Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo,
Not rare.
1115, CHRysococcyx XANTHORHYNCHUS.—The Violet Cuckoo,
Very rare. J have received specimens from the foot of the Hills near
Sylhet. Keeps almost entirely to evergreen forest and frequents the tallest
tree.
968 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
1116. CHRysococcyx MAcULATUS—The Emerald Cuckoo,
Not rare near Sylhet. Often several birds may be found in company.
1118. CoccysrEs JAcoBINUs.—The Pied Crested Cuckoo,
Common, Although this and the next Cuckoo are such large and con-
spicuous birds, they are bot often seen as they keep much to the interior of
evergreen forests.
1119. CoccysTEs coRoMANDUS.—The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo,
Common, The Orested Cuckoo lay their eggs in the nests of Garrulax and
allied Laughing Thrushes and do not seem to breed at any great elevation.
1120, EupyNAmis HoNORATA.—The Indian Koel.
Common, I am told this bird is common even at 6,000 feet in the rains, but
I have not heard it as high as this,
1123, RuoropyTeEs TRISTIS.—-The Large Green-billed Malkoha.
Common, It has been brought to me in Shillong, where it is found in brush-
covered ravines in pine forests,
1130. CENTROPUS SINENSIS.—The Crow-Pheasant.
Common in suitable country,
1133, CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS.—The Lesser Crow-Pheasant.
As the last.
OrpDER PSITTACI,
Family PSITTACIDA,
1138. PaLmoRNIs TORQUATUS.—The Rose-ringed Paroquet.
In myriads near Gauhati, over which place it flies in huge flocks in the
mornings and evenings, So dense are these flocks that 20 may be killed at a
shot in spite of the height at which they fly.
1140. Patmornis RosA.—'The Hasiern Blossom-headed Paroquet.
Very common,
1145, Panmornis FAscratus.—The Red-breasted Paroquet.
Common,
1150, LorrtcuLis VERNALIs.—The Indian Loriquet.
Common, . This little parrot sometimes enters the pine forest about Shillong,
as I have heard its shrill little cry several times and have once or twice seen it
on the wing,
OrvEeR STRIGES.
Family STRIGIDA.
1152, SrRix FLAMMEA,—The S8arn-Owl.
Not common, but the Khasias tell me thata ““ White Owl”’ breeds in their
houses sometimes, and it is probable this bird they refer to,
1153, Srrrx canpiDA,—The Grass-Owl.
Common in suitable country, This Owl is sometimes put up by sportsmen
out after Woodcock.
r Family ASIONIDZ,
1165, Keropa FLAVIPES.—The Tawny Fish-Owl.
Common on the Kopili, This fine Owl may be seen perched on high trees
growing by the water-side, whence it watches for fish very much as do the Fish
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 969
Hagles. It captures them also by swooping down in the same manner as they
do. It seems to have no objection to day light.
1169, Buxso coroMANDUSs.—The Dusky Horned Owl.
Recorded from North Khasia Hills, I have seen no specimens,
1173, Scoprs cru.—The Scops Owl.
Rare. The mellow hoot-toot of Scops Owls may be heard all over the Hills,
even in the pine forests, where, however, it is decidedly rare, during February
March and April, their principal breeding months,
1175. Scops sPILOcEPHALUS,—The Spotted Himalayan Scops Owl.
Rare.
1178. Scops BAKKAM@NA.—The Collared Scops Owl.
Rare, I have received specimens from Cherrapoonji.
1183. GLAuUCIDIUM CUCULOIDES.—The Large Barred Owlet,
Common. Does not frequent pines and I have never heard its call near
Shillong,
1186, GLAUCIDIUM BRODIEI—The Collared Pigmy Owlet. ®
Common in forestland, This tiay Owlis such an adept at hiding itself
that were it not for the constancy and peculiarity of its note, it would
generally escape observation altogether.
OrpDER ACCIPITRES.
Family VULTURIDA,
1193, Ovogyrs cALvus.—The Black Vulture,
Common.
1195. Gyps TENUIROSTRIS.—The L'imalayan Long-billed Vulture,
Common, I have not examined the skins of any Vultures procured in these
Hills, and it is more than likely that others may be obtained here as well.
1196, PsEUDOGYPS BENGALENSIS.—The Indian White-backed Vulture.
Common. The unmistakeable colouring of the upper paris of this Vulture
renders it easily distinguishable,
Family FALCONID,
1213, SPIZ#TUS NEPALENSIS.—Hodgson’s Hawk-Hagle.
Recorded by Blyth.
1217. SPILORNIS CHEELA,.~--The Crested Serpent-Hagle,
Rather common. ‘The Khansamaof the Nungpo Dak-bungalow informs
me that a pair of these birds devastate his poultry yard and declared that they
had once even attacked an exceptionally fine cock turkey. They are bold
birds always and don’t fear mankind.
1220, Borastur TEESA,—The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle.
Common near the plains. :
1223. HaLi@ros LEUCORYPHUS,—Pallas’s Fishing-Hagle,
Occasionally enters the Hills, following the course of the large streams.
1226, Potiomtus IcuTiy£tus,—The Large Gray-headed Fishing-Hagle,
Common below 2,000 feet, At this range this bird and the next overlap
15
970 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
one another, but though I have seen humilis right in the plains it is rare to
find ichthyatus over 2,000 feet.
1227, PoLiomrus HUMILIS.—Hodgson’s Fishing-Eagle,
Common above 2,000 feet. This little Eagle keeps almost entirely to the
banks of streams, feeding entirely on fish or such small reptiles and animals
as may be found on their banks. Its nest is usually placed on a high tree
close to a river,
1228. HALiaAstur INpUs.—The Brahminy Kite.
Common near the plains and has been seen in Shillong itself,
1229. Muinvus covinpa.—The Common Pariah Kite,
Common near villages, etc., near the plains.
1230. Muinves MELANOTIS,-—The Large Indian Kite.
Replaces the last in some places. In the higher ranges it appears to be the
common form.
1235. Crrecus cyANEUS.—The Hen-Harrier.
T have seen, this bird and the next in the open country on the Kopili, where
some Harriers undoubtedly breed.
1236. Orrcus MELANOLEUCcUS.—The Pied Harrier.
A pair frequent the Shillong race-course in the cold weather, hunting for
frogs, mice and other small prey.
1237, Crrcus mRUGINOSUS.—The Marsh-Harrier.
Winier visitors only.
1243, AsTUR PALUMBARIUS.—The Goshawk.
Once obtained by Hume.
1244. AstuR BaDIUS.—The Shikra,
Not uncommon.
1248, AccIPITER VIRGATUS.— The Besra Sparrow-Hawk.
Not rare.
1260, Fauco suppurtEo,—The Hobby.
Occasionally met with.
1261. Fauco sEverus--The Indian Hobby.
Rare,
1265, TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS.—The Kestrel,
Fairly numerous, May be met with in Shillong itself, a pair always to be
seen near the Sweet Falls,
OrpveR COLUMBA,
Family COLUMBIDZ,
1271. CrRocorus PHENICOPTERUS.—The Bengal Green Pigeon,
Common near the plains.
1273. OsMoTRERON PHAYREI,—The Ashy-headed Green Pigeon.
Very common. Green Pigeons are very numerous in any forest which
supplies the necessary fruit trees, This and Treron are perhaps the most
common of all.
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS. 971
1278. OsmMoTRERON BIcINCTA.—The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon,
Common.
1281, TRERON NEPALENSIS.—The Thick-billed Green Pigeon.
Common,
1282. SPHENOCERCUS APICICAUDA.—The Pin-tailed Green Pigeon,
Common.
1283, SPHENOCERCUS SPHENURUS.—The Kokla Green Pigeon.
Common.
1284, CARPOPHAGA NEA,—The Green Imperial Pigeon,
Not rare. The Imperial Pigeons keep almost entirely to evergreen forest,
though solitary figs and other fruit trees will take them far out of their usual
habitats.
1286, DucuLa INsIGNIS.—Hodgson’s Imperial Pigeon.
Almost common. I have seen fully fifty of these birds at once on a single
Ficus standing in oak forest on Jowai.
1304, TURTUR ORIENTALIS.—The Rufous Turile-Dove.
Common in parts,
1307. TuRTUR SURATENSIS.—The Spotted Dove,
Common,
1312, MacropyGia TUSALIA~—The Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove.
Rare.
Ornper GALLINA,
Family PRASIANIDA,
1324, Pavo crisratus.—The Common Peafowl,
Formerly very common, now rare,
1327. PoLyPLECTRUM CHINQUIS.—The Grey Peacock-Pheasant,
Common in suitable parts, This bird keeps so much to dense scrub jungle
in ravines and evergreen forests and is so shy that it appears to be much
more rare than it really is, .
1528. GALLUS FERRUGINEUs.—The Red Jungle-fowl.
Common,
1339, GENN-EUS HORSFIELDI.—The Black-breasted Kalij Pheasant.
Common, The birds of these parts seem very small compared with North
Cachar specimens, but a series is necessary for comparison,
1352, BamBusicoLa rytTcui1.—The Western Bamboo-Partridge.
Common.
1354. HXCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS.—The Blue-breasted Quail.
_Fairly common. This little quail is sometimes trapped and kept in confine-
ment by the Khasias ; it appears to be very readily tamed.
1365, ARBORICOLA ATRIGULARIS.—The White-sheeked Hill-Partridge,
Fairly common. Other species of Wood-partridge will probably also be
found here.
1372, FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS.—The Black Partridge,
Common near the Kopili, I have specimens here taken in Shillong which
972 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
would appear almost to be a different species, the female having all the rufous
of the lower parts replaced with pure white.
1376. FRANCOLINUS GULARIS,—The Swamp-Partridge.,
Common at the foot of the Hills.
Orpvrer HEMIPODII.
Family TURNICIDA,
1382. TouRNIX PUGNAX,—The Bustard-Quail.
Very common.
1383, TuRNIX DUssUMIERI.—The Little Button-Quail.
Recorded,
ORDER GRALLA.
Family RALLIDAL,
1389. HyPoT@NIDIA STRIATA.—The Blue-breasted Banded Rail,
Common, Ascends to any height provided there is water for it.
1398, AMAURORNIS FuUSCUS.—The Ruddy Orake,
Common, ascends to the highest peaks,
1399, AMAURORNIS BICOLOR.—Elwes’s Crake,
I have taken two specimens, both males, trapped on their eggs.
1401. AMAURORNIS PHENICURUS.—The White-breasted Water-hen,
Common,
1402, GaLLINULA CHLOROPUS.—Moorhen.
I saw two of these birds at Nongpoh.
1403. GALLICREX CINEREA.—The Water-Cock.
Common at the foot of the hills,
1404, PorPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS.—The Purple Moorhen.
Common at the foot of the hills.
1405. Funica Atra.—The Coot.
Common at the foot of the hills.
OrpER LIMICOLA,
Family GDICNEMIDA.
1418, CipvicNeMus scoLoPAx.—The Stone-Curlew.
Ascends some way up the streams but it is not a hill bird by preference.
Family GLAREOLIDZ.
1427. GLAREOLA LACTEA,—The Small Indian Pratineole.
Occasionally comes up the streams in search of food but never breeds in
the district,
Family PARRIDA,
1428. Merropipius 1npicus.—The Bronze-winged Jacana.
Innumerable near the plains of Sylhet and is found on suitable pieces of
water up to 3,000 feet elevation,
1429. HYDROPHASIANUS CHIRURGUS,—The Pheasant-tailed Jacana,
Same as the last but does not ascend the Hills as high,
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 973
Kamily CHARADRIIDA,
1431. SARCOGRAMMUS INDICUS,—The Red-wattled Lapwing.
Common on the Kopili, where it breeds in some numbers in February and
early March,
1435, HopLorpreRUSs VENTRALIS.—The Indian Spur-winged Plover.
Common on the Kopili, This isa most annoying bird when shooting on
rivers asit keeps afew hundred yards ahead of the sportsman warning all
game of his approach,
1447, ANGIALITIS DUBIA.—'he Little Ringed Plover, &
A rare visitor,
1449, JANGIALITIS PLACIDA,—The Long-biiled Ringed Plover,
Even more rare.
1451, Himantorus canpipus.— The Black-winged Stilt,
Common on the Kopili, on which stream I am sure it breeds, as I have shot
it there in June and May.
Sub-family TOTANINAI,
1460. Toranus HYPOLEUCUS,—The Common Sandpiper.
All Totanide are winter visitors except the last two.
1461, Toranvus GLAREOLA,— The Wood Sandpiper,
1463. TOTANUS STAGNATILIS—The Marsh Sandpiper,
1466. Toranus GLoTtTis,—The Greenshank,
1468, PAVoNCELLA PUGNAx,—The Ruff and Reeve.
1471, Trincga mMinuta.—The Little Stint,
1474, ‘TRINGA TEMMINCKI.—Temminck’s Stint.
1482, ScoLOPAX RUSTICULA.—The Woodcock,
This is the great game bird of these Hills during the cold weather, but
they come in no great numbers, and four birds to one gun is a good day’s work
but seldom obtained. They comein October and the last birds leave again by
the end of March.
1484, GALLINAGO C&LESTIS.—The Common Snipe.
The Fantail or Common Snipe is perhaps less numerous than the Pintail.
1485. GALLINAGO STENURA.—The Pintail Snipe.
May be shot up to 5,500 feet in some numbers,
1486. GaALLINAGO soLITasis.—The Himalayan Solitary Snipe.
Resident, A very rare bird; a few are shot and mistaken for small Wood-
cock, ;
1488, RosTRATULA CAPENSIS.—The Painted Snipe.
Resident, This bird does not ascend the dills to any height.
OrDER GAVIA,
Family LARIDZ.
1491. Larus BRUNNEICEPHALUS.—The Brown-headed Gull,
Rare on the Kopili,
1503, STERNA spENA,—The Indian River-Tern.
Rarely ascends hill streams,
974 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
1504, SreRNA MELANOGASTER,—The Black-bellied Tern,
Rarely ascends hill streams,
OrpvER STEGANOPODES.
Family PHALACROCORACIDZ,
1526, PHALACROCORAX CARBO,—The Large Cormorant,
Not common.
1527. PHALACROCORAX FUSCICOLLIS.—The Indian Shag.
Fairly common,
1528, PHALACROCORAX JAVANICUS.—The Little Cormorant,
Common, Both these and the next g») as far up the streams as they can
get fish, and this bird may even be seen sometimes on the lake in Shillong,
1529. PLoTus MELANOGASTER,—The Snake-bird.
Common,
OrpER HERODIONES.
Family ARDEIDA,
1554, ARDEA MANILLENSIs.-—-The Eastern Purple Heron.
Rare. In the higher Hills the streams have no fish and very little insect or
reptile life to form food for these birds,
1555, ARDEA CINEREA,—The Common Heron.
Rare, A single bird may sometimes be seen on the Shillong race-course
which is well over 4,000 feet.
1558, ARDEA GOLIATH.—The Giant Heron.
Observed by Jerdon.
1561, Heropias GARZETTA.—The Little Egret.
Rare.
1562, BuBuLcus cornoManpDus.—The Cattle Egret.
Common,
1565, ARDEOLA GRAYI.—The Pond Heron,
Common, Is found as high as 5,000 feet.
1567. BuTOoRIDESs JAVANICA.—The Little Green Heron,
Not rare, Ascends up to about 2,000 feet elevation, Is very common on
the Kopili.
1568. Nycricorax GRIsEUS.—The Night Heron.
I have heard this bird repeatedly, but never seen it, It occurs in Shillong.
1572, ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA,—The Chestnut Bittern.
Not rare, and ascends to a considerable height, to wherever there are suit-
able ponds or swampy places,
1573. DUPETOR FLAVICOLLIS,—The Black Bittern.
Common near Sylhet.
OrpER ANSERES.
Family ANATIDA,
The Ducks recorded are very few, but numerous other species are certain to
pass through on migration, .
BIRDS OF THE KHASIA HILLS, 975
1589. DENDROCYCNA JAVANICA.—The Whistling Teal.
Common near the plains,
1591, NETTOPUS COROMANDELIANUS.—The Cotton Teal,
Common near the plains,
1602. SpaTULA CLYPEATA.—The Shoveller,
I shot one of these on the Kopili.
1606. NyYROCA FERRUGINEA.—The White-eyed Duck,
Common. Comes up all the bigger streams in great numbers, On these it
seems to live entirely on fish and is therefore quite uneatable.
Orprr PYGOPODHS.
Family PODICIPEDIDZ.,
1617, PoDICIPES ALBIPENNIS.— The Indian Little Gube or Dabchick,
Common, Ascends to the highest peaks as long as there is any still water
obtainable and breeds at all ranges.
974,
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
BY
E. Mbyrioxk, B.A., F.R-S8., F.E.S.
Te:
(Continued from page T54 of this Volume.)
EPIBLEMID,.
Lobesia colopa, n. sp.
& Q. 10-12mm. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with brown. Abdo-
men dark grey. Forewings elongate, narrow at base, gradually dilated, costa
slightlyarched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; pale ochreous,
witha flew scattered blackish strigule ; costa strigulated with blackish ; basal
patch irregularly suffused with brown sprinkled with blackish, outer edge
obtusely angulated in middle, followed on dorsum by a dark grey triangular
blotch reaching more than half across wing ; central fascia brown, mixed with
blackish on upper half, posterior edge with a large irregular prominence below
middle ; a small dark fuscous spot on costa at #, surrounded with some brown
suffusion ;a more or less defined triangular spot of dark grey suffusion on
dorsum before tornus, whence an irregular line of blackish-grey scales proceeds
towards costa ; a suboval brown transverse blotch resting on lower half of
termen ; a small brown apical spot: cilia pale ochreous, with a brown basal line.
Hindwings dark grey, in @ thinly scaled throughout, in Q towards base only ;
silia grey, with darker basal line.
Ten specimens, Maskeliya and Peradeniya, Ceylon; Bombay ; from Novem-
ber to May (Pole, Green, Young). Closely related and similar to the European
L. permixtana, but in that species the @ has white hindwings. Veins 3 and
4 of hindwings appear to be connate in @ but closely approximated in Q.
Articolla, n. g.
Antenne in @ simple. Palpi moderate, porrected, densely scaled, Thorax
with posterior crest, Posterior tibiz clothed with rough projecting scales
above and beneath. Forewings with small tufts of raised scales; 8 and 9
stalked, Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 stalked,
Allied to Platypeplus, from which it differs by the stalking of 8 and 9 of
forewings.
Articolla cyclidias, n. sp.
@. 13-14mm, Head and palpi dark grey, crown light ochreous or reddish
Thorax fuscous, dorsally more or less ochreous, sides dark fuscous, Abdomen
dark grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; dark
fuscous, sprinkled with blackish ; a narrow patch of pale ochreous suffusion on
dorsum from + to beyond middle ; a large roundish ochreous-whitish blotch
occupying apical 2 of wing, containing a central spot of ochreous suffusion,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 977
costal and terminal edges with some dark fuscous dots : cilia dark fuscous mixed
with ferruginous, with a blackish basal line. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Peradeniya, and Matale, Ceylon, in October,
January, and April (Pole, de Mowbray, Green).
Eucosma cerographa, n, sp.
@. 10-12 mm, Head and palpi pale yellowish-ochreous, Thorax pale
ochreous mixed with blackish. Abdomen dark grey, apex pale ochreous.
Forewings elongate, moderate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; light yellowish-ochreous,
with several pairs of irregular glistening ochreous-whitish transverse striz,
enclosing a few fine scattered black scales, and separated on costa by small
biackish spots and strigule; basal patch ill-defined, blackish, with acute
angular projections on costa and dorsum and in middle; central fascia
represented by a subquadrate blackish spot on middle of costa, and a group
of undefined blackish marks before tornus: cilia pale yellowish-ochreous, with
a blackish apical patch. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.
Hight specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March and April (Pole).
. TORTRICIDA,
Cacecia cumulata, 0. sp.
QQ. 11-15 mm, Head, palpi, and thorax brown-reddish sprinkled with
whitish-ochreous. Abdomen grey. Forewings suboblong, costa anteriorly
strongly arched, prominent and dilated with rough sealcs in middle, concave
on posterior half, apex obtuse, termen vertical, rounded beneath ; brown-red-
dish, with some scattered blackish scales, and several oblique irregular transe
verse whitish-ochreous strive: cilia whitish-ochreous, with a brown-reddish
line, Hindwings and cilia grey, in 9 darker; 3 and 4 stalked.
Twenty specimens, Maskeliya, Madulsima, Kaduganawa, Ceylon ; Coorg
(3,500 feet); from February to May, and in Augustand September (Pole,
de Mowbray, Green, Vaughan, Newcome).
Eipagoge probolias, n. sp.
QQ. 10-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, partially tinged with
brownish-ochreous, Palpi pale ochreous, more or less infuscated basally,
second joint broadly rough-scaled above and beneath, Forewings elongate,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, oblique ; whitish-
ochreous, more or less strigulated with brownish or fuscous; markings
ochreous-fuscous ; basal patch indicated chiefly by an oblique transverse spot
from dorsum near base, reaching half across wing; central fascia entire,
oblique, nearly of equal width throughout, posterior edge suffused on lower
half, often followed in middle by a distinct dark fuscous or black dot; costal
patch semioval: cilia whitish-ochreous, with a fuscous line. Hindwings pale
grey, strigulated with darker ; cilia grey-whitish, with a grey shade.
Fifteen specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon ; Travancore, Palni Hills (6,000 feet),
Coorg (3,500 feet) ; from January to April, and in September (Pole, de Mowbray,
Campbell, Newcome),.
16
978 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
Drachmobola, n. g.
Antenne in @ shortly ciliated, Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint
rough-scaled beneath. Forewings with tufts of scales on surface, and dorsal
projecting tufts; 7 to termen, 8 and 9 out of 7, Hindwings with 3 and 4
connate, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.
Allied to Epagoge and to the following genus.
Drachmobota periastra, n. sp.
62. 12-13 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreons, Palpi
ochreous-whitish, Forewings elongatetoblong, costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, termen concave, little oblique ; pale ochreous, more or less
strigulated with deeper ochreous ; basal patch, central fascia, and a narrow
terminal fascia more or less obscurely indicated by undefined deeper yellow-
ochreous suffusion ; about twenty scattered variable small silvery-metallic
spots, mostly arranged along dorsum and in four irregular curved or bent
transverse series; sometimes a large tornal patch of rather dark fuscous
suffusion : cilia pale ochreous, suffused with brownish-ochreous towards tornus,
Hindwings ochreous-whitish, posterior half suffused with pale fuscous and
strigulated with darker; a patch of ferruginous-ochreous suffusion on tornus,
containing three small silvery-metallic spots and sometimes partly suffused
with dark fuscous,
Fifteen specimens, Khasi Hills, in June.
Spatalistis. nu, g.
Antenne in @ simple, Palpi moderately long, porrected, second joint
rough-scaled above and beneath, Forewings with tufts of scales on surface,
in ¢ sometimes with expansible brush of hairs from towards costa anteriorly,
but without membranous fold; 3 and 4 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 closely approximated towards
base.
Type 8. rhopiea,
Spatalistis paryphea, n. sp.
&6@. 14-17mm, Head and thorax pale yellowish, mixed with ferruginous-
orange,in 9 sometimes partly infuscated. Palpi pale ferruginous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous, in Q more or less greyish-suffused, Forewings elongate-
oblong, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen concave, rather oblique, in ¢
with expansible brush of hairs towards costa anteriorly ; ferruginous-reddish,
somewhat mixed with pale yellowish towards dorsal half posteriorly, suffused
with fuscous on basal half and along costa posteriorly and termen, and some-
times wholly except a small round yellow spot in disc at 2; oblique striz of
purplish-leaden suffusion, seldom forming distinct spots and alternating with
incomplete series of dots of blackish raised scales: cilia pale yellow, on costa
and dorsum ferruginous, at tornus suffused with grey, Hindwings pale grey-
ish-ochreous, anteriorly semitransparent, apex suffused with fuscous ; cilia
whitish-ochreous, more brownish-tinged towards base,
Hight specimens, Khasi Hills, in June.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 979
Spatalistis cyanoxantha, n. sp.
AQ. 8-10 mm. Head and palpi orange-yellow. Thorax orange suffused
with brown. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa gently arched,
apex round-pointed, termen concave, oblique ; orange strigulated with darker,
suffused with fuscous except towards costa and termen ; two spots at base and
four angulated transverse series of about four rounded leaden-blue-metallic
spots each, alternating with some small blackish tufts; some pale golden
metallic dots on posterior half of costa and termen: cilia clear yellow, beneath
tornus orange becoming fuscous on dorsum. Hindwings rather dark grey;
cilia grey, round apex and upper half of termen whitish-yellowish,
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from April to June (de Mowbray, Pole).
Spatalistis hormota, n. sp,
@Q. 16-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light ochreous-yellowish. Abdo-
men whitish-ochreous. Forewings oblong, costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, termen concave, rather oblique ; light ochreous-yellowish, finely
strigulated with deeper ochreous; a slender slightly incurved deep yellow-
ochreous streak, sometimes sprinkled with a few dark fuscous points, from
apex of wing to 2 of dorsum, continued along dorsum to near base: cilia pale
whitish-yellow, with traces of an ochreous line, Hindwings whitish-ochreous,
posteriorly broadly suffused with fuscous-ochreous, apex more fuscous ; cilia
whitish-ochreous, round apex and upper part of termen whitish-yellowish,
Twenty specimens, Khasi Hills, in June and July.
Spatalistis rhopica, 0. sp.
@@. 1416mm. Head, palpi. and thorax light yellowish, Abdomen grey,
Forewings suboblong, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen
concave, rather oblique ; pale yellowish, finely strigulated with light ochreous ;
about seven oblique transverse series of silvery-metallic dots ; small discal tufts
above middle at } and 3, sometimes tipped with dark ferruginous-fuscous ;
often a large deep ferruginous semiovate blotch extending along dorsum from
; to beyond tornus, posteriorly reaching more than half across wing and with
an oblique projection inwards, but this blotch is sometimes wholly absent: cilia
whitish-yellowish, at tornus sometimes ferruginous or dark grey. Hindwings
whitish-fuscous or grey, posteriorly more or less suffused with brown or dark
fuscous ; cilia grey, round apex and upper half of termen whitish-yellowish,
basal half more or Jess ferruginous-tinged,
Fifteen specimens, Khasi Hills, in June,
Diactenis, n, g.
Autenne in ¢ moderately ciliated, Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint
above with rough projecting scales diminishing to apex, Forewings with
raised scales on surface ; 1b simple, 3 and 4 closely approximated from angle,
7 to termen, cell in @ very short and narrow, Hindwings 3, cilia 1}; 3 and 4
separate, cell open between 4 and 6, 4 and 5 rising as branches of parting-
vein from near base, 6 and 7 as branches of upper margin of cell from before
middle.
980 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Apparently allied to Tortrix, but the narrow hindwings with long cilia, the
reduction in the cell and consequent increase in length of veins, and the curious
scale-distribution make it seem abnormal,
Diactenis pteroneura, D. sp.
&Q. 8-10 mm, Head and thorax ochreous-white, more or less tinged with
yellow-ochreous, Abdomen grey, apex whitish-ochreous, Forewings suboblong,
costa moderately arched,more strongly in @, apex obtuse-pointed, termen
obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous, pellucid between veins except towards
Margins, veins fringed with ochreous and dark fuscous scales; a more or less
developed suffused spot of ochreous and blackish scales on or towards dorsum
at +; upper half of central fascia more or less defined, ochreous, suffused with
blackish on costa ; a more or less indicated curved transverse series of blackish
specks in disc posteriorly ; costa posteriorly sometimes dotted with dark
fuscous : cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa mixed with dark fuscous, Hindwings
pellucid, veins fringed with whitish and grey scales, apex and termen more or
less suffused with grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish,
‘fen specimens, Maskeliya and Madulsima, Ceylon ; Coorg (3,500 feet) ; from
February to October (Pole, Vaughan, Newcome).
Paratorna, n, 2.
Antenne in @ minutely ciliated. Palpi moderate, second joint curved,
ascending, with tolerably appressed scales, terminal joint moderate, oblique.
Anterior tibiee and tarsi very short, stout. Forewings with tufts of raised
scales, apex obliquely rounded and termen prominent, so that apparent apex is
on vein 5, Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 closely
approximated towards base.
Related to Oxygrapha,
Paratorna doreas, n. sp.
SQ. 12-16 mm, Head and thorax reddish-brown. Abdomen dark fus-
cous. Forewings elongate, costa strongly arched throughout in a continuous
even curve from base almost to tornus, somewhat roughened with scales to-
wards middle ; varying from pale whitish-fuscous to dark red-brown, more or
less strigulated with ferruginous or variably mottled with reddish-fuscous,
always with a dark reddish-fuscous streak along costa throughout from base
to tornus ;sometimes a thick dark fuscous streak along dorsum, or a large dark
fuscous rounded dorsal blotch extending from base to tornus and reaching
more than half across wing; sometimes some scattered silvery-white dots,
a transverse silvery-white mark in disc before middle, and an oblique mark
before apex, apparently only in @ ; sometimes several dots of raised black
scales in disc: costal cilia ferruginous-orange throughout from base to
apparent apex, beneath this fuscous, Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia grey,
base darker, round apex whitish or orange-tinged.
Highteen specimens, Khasi Hills,in June. This is a highly variable species,
but easily recognised.
eee
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. $81
PHALONIAD”!,
Meridarchis bryodes, n, sp.
&@. 19-21 mm, Head and thorax whitish tinged with green, and some-
what sprinkled with grey. Palpi white, basal and lower half of second joint
blackish-grey, Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, somewhat
dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather
oblique ; green-whitish, sprinkled with dark grey ; costa and termen dotted with
blackish ; a blackish transverse bar on end of cell, parallel to termen ; a spot
of dark grey suffusion on dorsum towards tornus ; an irregular ill-defined sub-
terminal line of dark grey suffusion from 2 of costa to tornus: cilia grey
barred with whitish. Hindwings and cilia light grey,
Two specimens, Khasi Hills, in June,
GELECHIAD”,
Ypsolophus ochrophanes, 0. sp.
@@. 11-13 mm, Head and thorax light ochreous-yellow, crown centrally
ereyish-tinged, Palpi blackish-grey sprinkled with whitish, tuft leng, terminal
joint ochreous-whitish, anterior edge blackish, Antennze whitish-ochreous,
ringed with blackish, Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa
moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;
ochreous-yellow ; dorsal half of wing, a patch on costa beyond middle, a cloudy
subterminal line, and a streak along termen more or less irrorated with fuscous,
sometimes largely suffused together ; discal stigmata blackish: cilia ochreous-
yellowish. Hindwings light grey, veins dark grey ; cilia whitish-grey,
Seven specimens, Ambulangoda and Puitalam, Ceylon; Pusa, Bengal; from
August to November (Pole, Maxwell-Lefroy).
Ypsolophus eridantis, n. sp.
&@. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish irrorated with light
fuseous, thorax sometimes partially suffused with rather dark fuscous, Palpi
dark fuscous sprinkled with whitish, tuft long, terminal joint white with
three black lines, Antennz pale greyish-ochreous dotted with dark fuscous,
Abdomen whitish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather
narrow, slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly
sinuate, oblique ; light greyish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous and sometimes
a few blackish scales, sometimes yellowish-tinged ; costa obliquely strigulated
with blackish from base to beyond middle ; stigmata formed by blackish irrora-
tion, plical beneath first discal, usually also an additional dot in disc at +, and
sometimes one beneath second discal; a row of blackish dots along posterior
part of costa and termen: cilia greyish-ochreous, with an antemedian blackish
interrupted line, Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia light ochreous-grey.
Seven specimens, Pusa, Bengal, in April and May (Maxwell-Lefroy),
STENOMID®,
Agriophara rhombota, 0. sp.
A. 28-38 mm, Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous with a few dark
fuscous specks, Palpi whitish-ochreous, towards base dark grey. Antenne
982 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
light greyish-ochreous, Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongaie,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly rounded, little oblique ; pale
whitish-ochreous, with scattered dark grey specks ; an ill-defined longitudinal
streak of dark grey suffusion from base of costa through middle of disc to 3 ;
three angulated transverse lines of grey suffusion, first two little defined and
often reduced to costal marks, third usually distinct, running from 3 of costa
to dorsum before tornus, strongly curved or bent ; plical and second discal
stigmata blackish, plical linear, second discal often transverse ; a series of
blackish dots along posterior part of costa and termen: cilia pale whitish-
ochreous, with grey subbasal shade, Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish, towards
tornus sprinkled with grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with dark grey subbasal shade.
Fourteen specimens, Khasi Hills and Silchar, Assam, from June to August
(Antram), Larva yellowish-red, sides yellow-orange ; subdorsal stripe broad,
blackish ; head and 2 black ; feeds between spun leaves of the tea-bush, and
when foliage is stripped will attack the bark, doing great damage (Antram).
ELACHISTIDA,
Batrachedra psilopa, n. sp.
&Q. 8-10 mm. Head pale whitish-ochreous, Palpi whitish-ochreous,
second joint with two rings, and terminal joint with two broad bands of blackish
irroration, Antenne whitish-ochreous ringed with fuscous, Thorax whitish-
ochreous sprinkled with dark grey, Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings
very elongate, extremely narrow, rather short-pointed ; pale ochreous, more or
less evenly sprinkled with fuscous or dark fuscous ; plical stigma elongate,
blackish ; several more or less indicated blackish dots on posterior part of
costa and termen: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, Hindwings ochreous-grey ;
cilia pale greyish-ochreous,
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from February to July (Pole).
Rhadinastis phenicopa, nu, sp.
&Q. 16-18 mm. Head, palpi and thorax reddish-ochreous, Antenne dark
fuscous, basal joint reddish-ochreous, Abdomen dark fuscous, Forewings
narrow-lanceolate ; dark purplish-fuscous ; extreme base reddish-ochrecus ;
cilia dark fuscous, Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in July, November, and December (Pole)
Stathmopoda antidelta, n. sp.
@@. 7-10 mm. Head and thorax dark shining purplish-bronze, face shin-
ing whitish-bronze, Palpi pale yellowish, anterior edge of terminal joint
dark fuscous. Antenne grey, basal joint yellowish, Abdomen dark bronze,
segmental margins grey, on sides white, beneath wholly silvery-white. Poste-
rior tibize and tarsi blackish banded with white, above tufted with rough scales
and bristles. Forewings elongate, narrow, widest at 3, thence narrowed to
pointed apex ; dark purplish-bronze-fuscous ; two whitish-ochreous or pale
ochreous-yellowish spots, first on dorsum before middle, subquadrate, reaching
more than half across wing, second on costa at 2, triangular, nearly reaching
tornus: cilia dark bronzy-fuscous, Hindwings and cilia dark bronzy-fuscous,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 983
Seven specimens, Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon, in February, March and
June (Pole).
Aeoluscelis trilowias, n.sp.
SQ. 9-12imm. Head prismatic shining ochreous-whitish, crown ochreous-
yellow. Palpi whitish-yellow, second joint sometimes with some blackish
scales, Antenne whitish ringed with fuscous, Thorax yellow-ochreous or
orange, sometimes irrorated with blackish-grey, Abdomen greyish-ochreous
tinged with orange, Posterior tibiz with expansible whorls of long bristles,
Forewings narrow-lanceolate ; ochreous-orange, usually partially and sometimes
largely suffused with grey ; three slender oblique white streaks, more or less
margined beneath or posteriorly with dark grey suffusion, first from before 4
of costa to 3 of dorsum, second from 4of costa to near dorsum at 2, third
curved downwards, from beneath costa about 2 to costa almost at apex : cilia
ochreous-orange, becoming paler and fuscous-tinged towards tornus, Hind-
wings grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.
Twelve specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February, April, June and July
(Pole), Inote that Acloscelés theorts, Meyr.,is however properly referable to
Stathmopoda.
PLUTELLIDA,
Gracilaria zachrysa, 0. sp.
@Q. 1415 mm. Head and thorax deep purple, face silvery-white. Palpi
whitish, spotted beneath with ferruginous, apical half of terminal joint dark
fuscous, Antennz whitish-grey ringed with dark grey, Abdomen dark grey,
Middle tibiz thickened with purple scales, tarsi white dotted with ferruginous.
Forewings very narrow, parallel-sided, pointed, acute ; ferruginous-ochreous,
along dorsum strigulated with deep purple, elsewhere suffused with bright
deep purple ; a bright yellow patch along costa from j to near apex, reaching
more than half across wing, lower edge with triangular deep purple indentation
about middle of wing, costa witha few fine blackish dots: cilia dark grey.
Hindwings and cilia dark grey.
Five specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from March to June (Pole).
Gracilaria prismatica, n. sp.
@2.13-15mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous, mixed with dark grey,
face prismatic, Palpi greyish-ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous,
Antenne .greyish-ochreous ringed with dark grey, Abdomen dark grey,
beneath shining whitish-ochreous. Middle tibiz greyish-ochreous irrorated
with blackish, thickened and tufted beneath, tarsi white. Forewings sublinear,
gradually pointed ; dark greyish-ochreous, with prismatic violet or blue reflec-
tions, strewn with numerous small fine blackish dots or strigule in longitudinal
series ; larger blackish dots above dorsum before middle, and on costa in
middle ; apex mottled with blackish : cilia grey, round apex with several rows
of black points. Hindwings and cilia grey.
Six specimens, Maskeliya and Kandy, Ceylon, in May, June and September
(Pole, de Mowbray, Green),
934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI,
Gracilaria syrphetias, n. sp.
6 Q. 14-15 mm, Head and thorax light metallic greyish-bronze, face paler.
Palpi pale ochreous, suffusedly banded with blackish irroration, Antenne
pale ochreous ringed with blackish, Abodmen shining dark grey, apex whitishe
ochreous, Middle tibiz bronzy-grey, thickened above with blackish scales,
tarsi ochreous-whitish. Forewings sublinear, parallel-sided, moderately point-
ed; ochreous, densely and irregularly strigulated and mottled throughout
with dark purple-fuscous: cilia dark grey, round apex with rows of blackish
points, Hindwings and ciiia dark grey.
Four specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in July and October (Pole). Very
similar to the Australian G. ewrycnema, but darker and much narrower-winged,
and without the long hairpencils beside abdomen,
Argyresthia icterias, n. sp.
SQ. 8-10 mm. Head white, face tinged with ochreous-yellowish. Palpi
light ochreous, Antennz whitish-ochreous ringed with blackish, Thorax
white, patagia golden-bronze, Abdomen pale silvery-grey. Forewings narrow,
elongate-lanceolate ; 7 and 8 separate ; whitish-brown, tinged with coppery-
purplish, darker towards base, strigulated throughout with dark fuscous ; an
irregular attenuated white streak along dorsum to tornus, in Q little defined
and suffused into ground colour, strigulated with dark fuscous, interrupted
opposite middle of wing by a subquadrate dark fuscous spot ; sometimes some
irregular white marks along termen, and dots on costa posteriorly ; cilia
whitish-grey, round apex purplish-tinged and with rows of black points,
Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-grey.
Sixteen specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from February to June (Pole, de
Mowbray).
Xyrosaris maligna, Nn. sp.
AQ. 12-14 min. Head, palpi, and thorax white, finely irrorated with
fuscous or dark fuscous, Antenne and abdomen grey, Forewings elongate,
very narrow, gradually narrowed from before middle, apex round-pointed ;
light brownish, irregularly or wholly suffused with grey and whitish scales finely
tipped with blackish, and strewn with minute raised black dots ; indistinct
spots of dark fuscous suffusion on costa and dorsum before middle, and on
dorsum towards tornus ; an interrupted transverse ridge of blackish scales at
2. apex brownish with a slight reddish tinge: cilia grey, round apex with
several black lines, Hindwings dark grey, basal third and cell transparent ;
cilia grey.
Six specimens, Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon,in March, May, October
and November (Pole),
Prays peperitis, n. sp.
&Q.9-14mm, Head, palpi, and thorax pale grey, more or less mixed with
dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, apex pale yreyish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked ; whitish, irrorated
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 985
and sometimes suffused with grey, and coarsely strigulated more or less closely
throughout with dark fuscous or blackish: cilia grey. Hindwings rather
thinly scaled, grey, becoming dark fuscous towards apex ; cilia grey. Fore-
wings beneath irregularly streaked or spotted with raised black scales towards
base,
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from March to May, and in October and
November (Pole),
Glyphipteryx argyromis, n. sp.
@¢.6-7mm. Head and thorax shining greyish-bronze, Palpi with six
whorls of black white-tipped scales. Antennz dark fuscous. Abdomen grey,
beneath white. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
termen faintly sinuate, oblique ; 7 and 8 separate ; shining golden-bronze ; basal
2 occupied by a shining bluish-silvery-whitish patch, followed on dorsal half by
some blackish suffusion ; five bluish-silvery black-edged streaks from posterior,
half of costa, and two from dorsum towards tornus, nearly or quite uniting
with first two costal streaks, first resulting fascia angulated, second slightly
curved ; a bluish-silvery dot on tornus, and one on termen beneath apex ;: cilia
grey, with blackish basal and postmedian shades, indented beneath apex,
on costal streaks spotted with white. Hindwings rather dark grey; cilia
grey.
Ten specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from February to April (Pole, de Mow-
bray.) The blue-whitish basal patch is a unique distinguishing character,
TINEIDA,
Opostega euryntis, n. sp.
Q. @mm. Head, palpi and thorax white. Antenne ochreous-whitish,
basal joint white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings lanceolate ; white;
a broad dark fuscous transverse median band occupying more than 4 of wing,
somewhat broadest on dorsum: cilia white. Hindwings and cilia pale
grey.
One specimen, Coorg (3,500 feet), in June (Newcome),
Opostega epactea, n. sp.
6 &. 6-7 mm. Head and thorax white, Palpi and abdomen whitish och-
reous. Antenne whitish-ochreous, basal joint white. Forewings lanceolate ;
white ; a dark grey dot on dorsum before middle of wing, sometimes faint ;
a more or less defined dark fuscous line along apical fourth of costa: cilia
ochreous-whitish, tinged with fuscous round apex, with two oblique blackish-
fuscous lines in costal cilia directed forward to apex. Hindwing and cilia
whitish-ochreous,
Six specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole),
Opostega macherias, 0, sp.
9. 6mm, Head and thorax white. Palpipale whitish-ochreous, Antennz
ochreous-whitish, basal joint white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings
lanceolate ; white; a slender outwardly oblique somewhat incurved dark
brown streak from middle of dorsum, reaching more than half across wing,
17
986 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
dilated in dise ; a dark brown line along posterior third of costa: cilia light
brownish-ochreous, on costa with subbasal blackish line. Hindwings and
cilia pale greyish-ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole).
Opostega tetroa, n. sp.
SQ. 11-12 mm, Head white, Palpi whitish-ochreous, Antenne liyht
yellowish, basal joint white. Thorax white, with a postmedian transverse
orange stripe, Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings lanceolate ; shining
white ; anirregular ochreous-orange streak along costa from base to apex,
edged beneath with dark fuscous, more broadly posteriorly ; a variable ochre-
ous-orange dorsal streak so netimes extending from + to tornus, sometimes
reduced to a spot before middle, variably edged above with dark fuscous ;
costal and dorsal streaks connected by a variable median dark fuscous fascia
or line: cilia whitish-ochreous, round apex with an orange line. Hindwings
and cilia whitish-ochreous,
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in December and January (de Mow-
bray, Pole).
Opogona fumiceps, Feld.
(Opogona fumiceps, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. CXXXIX, 8.)
@@. 12-18mm. Head dark fuscous, face bronzy-white. Palpi whitish.
Antenne ochreous-whitish, basal and next two or three joints dark fuscous.
Thorax yellow, anterior third dark fuscous, Abdomen pale grey or greyish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; bright yellow ; a thick dark fuscous
streak along basal fifth of costa ; apical half beyond an irregular line from
middle of costa to beyond middle of dorsum rather dark fuscous except a
triangular yellow spot on costa towards apex ; small suffused dark fuscous
spots beneath costa and on dorsum immediately beyond dividing line: cilia
dark fuscous, Hindwings fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous,
Twelve specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February, April, May, July, Nov-
ember, and December (Pole, Green, Alston), This species is figured by Felder,
but not described,
Opogona trigonomis, n, sp.
AQ. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax*dark brown, face and forehead shining
whitish-bronze, Palpi whitish-fuscous. Antenne fuscous-whitish, basal joint
very long, fuscous, Abdomen bronzy-grey, Forewings lanceolate, apex some-
what produced ; yellow ; an elongate triangular dark brown spot occupying
basal fifth of costa, and extending at base almost to dorsum ; apical half of
wing rather dark brown, dividing line marked with a few blackish scales,
straight, almost direct: cilia fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous,
Two specimens, Ambulangoda, Ceylon, in August (Pole).
Opogona isoclina, n. sp.
OG. 15-18mm. Head pale bronzy, forehead and face shining ochreous-
whitish. Thorax pale bronzy, becoming pale yellowish posteriorly, Palpi
whitish-ochreous, externally tinged with fuscous. Antenne pale whitish-
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 987
ochreous, Abdomen pale shining greyish-ochreous. Forewings lanceolate,
apex somewhat produced ; shining brassy-yellow ; a very small purplish-fuscous
spot on base of costa; apical half pale shining purplish-bronze, with brassy
reflections, its anterior edge marked with some dark fuscous scales and running
obliquely from before middle of costa to dorsum near before tornus : cilia
shining greyish-ochreous. Hindwings bronzy-grey; cilia shining greyish-
ochreous.
Two specimens, Palni Hills (6,600 feet), (Campbell).
Opogona chloracma, n. sp.
6. 9-11 mm, Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, forehead and face
shining ochreous-whitish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, basal and second joinis
externally with a black streak, Antennze ochreous-whitish, Abdomen bronzy-
grey. Forewings narrow-lanceclate ; shining bronzy=fuscous, sometimes with
faint purplish tinge; a small triangular whitish-ochreous apical spot, anterior
edge subconcave, sometimes preceded by darker violet-fuscous suffusion ; cilia
bronzy-fuscous, round apical spot whitish-ochreous, Hindwings and cilia
bronzy-grey.
Sixteen specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, from April to September (de Mowbray
Pole).
Amathyntis, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, side-tufts rough behind ; tongue obsolete,
Antenne 2,in @ simple, basal joint moderate, Labial palpi moderately long,
porrected, diverging, with appressed scales, second joint with two or three
projecting lateral bristles, terminal joint shorter than second, obtuse, Maxil-
lary palpi rather short, several-jointed, filiform. Posterior tibiz clothed with
long fine hairs. Forewings with 2 from towards angle, 7 to costa, 11 from
before middle. Hindwings under 1, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 14: 2-7 separate,
nearly parallel.
An interesting genus which appears to form a direct connection between
Tinea and Opogona.
: Amathyntis physaima, 0, sp.
& @. 11-12 mm, Head and thorax pale ochreous-yellowish, Palpi whitish-
ochreous more or less suffused with dark fuscous externally except towards
apex, Antenne whitish-ochreous, somewhat infuscated above, Abdomen
whitish-ochreous, Forewings elongate, narrow, long-pointed, acute; glossy
whitish-ochreous ; some scattered fuscous scales along fold ; an undefined
longitudinal streak of fuscous irroration in posterior part of disc, expanded
along termen in an undefined patch from apex to tornus: cilia pale whitish-
ochreous, Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish,
Five specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January and February (Pole),
Drimylasiis, n. g. ;
Head densely rough-haired ; tongue obsolete. Antenne #4, in ¢ simple,
basal joint moderate, thickened with scales, Labial palpi moderate, porrected,
loosely scaled, second joint with two or three long bristles, terminal
988 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
joint rather short, obtuse, Maxillary palpi long, filiform, folded. Posterior
tibize clothed with long hairs above, Forewings with 1b fureate, 2 from
angle, 3 and 4 closely approximated at base, 7 and 8 out of 6, 7 to costa, 10
remote, 11from 4. Hindwings 1, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 1 ; towards base a
longitudinal transparent patch in cell; 2 remote, 3 and 4 stalked from angle,
5 absent, 6 and 7 long-stalked.
Drimylastis telamonia,n, sp.
SQ. 10-11mm,. Headand thorax white, Palpiand antenne dark fuscous,
Abdomen grey, Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; white ; two small blackish
marks on costa towards base ; a broad direct dark fuscous fascia rather before
middle ; asmall black spot on costa before ? ; some ochreous scales posteri-
orly in disc and towards margins ; costa and termen round apex suffused with
blackish irroration: cilia grey, irrorated with white and blackish, becoming
whitish towards tornus. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale greyish-ochreous.
Three specimens, N.C, Province, Ceylon, in November (Pole).
Tinea othelio, n. sp,
SQ. 11-20mm, Head and palpi blackish-fuscous. Antenne slightly over
1, in @ stout, somewhat flattened, pale ochreous, base blackish-fuscous,
Thorax whitish-ochreous, anterior edge blackish-fuscous. Abdomen pale
ochreous, Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed,
termen very obliquely rounded ; all veins separate ; pale yellowish-ochreous ;
costa more or less suffused with fuscous anteriorly, sometimes very little,
usually from base to about 2, darkest at base, sometimes whole costal half of
wing tinged with fuscous : cilia pale yellowish-ochreous, Hindwings with all
veins separate; whitish-ochreous tinged with grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
deeper towards base,
Twelve specimens, Puttalam, Peradeniya, Kandy,Ceylon, from July to March
(Pole, Green), This belongs to the group which I have called Chrysoryctis ;
but in view of gradational forms, I find it now impracticable to maintain
Chrysoryctis a8 a distinct genus,
Perttrana, n. g.
Head rough-haired ; tongue absent. Antenne +, in @ shortly ciliated,
basal joint moderate. Labial palpi moderately long, subascending, second
joint loosely rough-scaled beneath, with two or three bristles at apex above,
terminal joint shorter than second, smooth-scaled, obtuse. Maxillary palpi
obsolete, Posterior tibiz clothed with long hairs, Forewings with 1 b simple,
2 from +, 3from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 9 absent, 11 from before
middle, Hindwings 1, ovate-lanceolate, cilia 1 ; 2-4 parallel ,5 and 6 tolerably
approximate at base,
Peritrana distacta, n. sp.
AQ. 12-18 mm, Head grey-whitish, Palpi grey sprinkled with blackish,
apex whitish. Antenne grey, Thorax whitish, shoulders suffused with dark
grey. Abdomen grey, Forewings elongate, narrow, pointed, acute whitish
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 989
sprinkled with pale grey, and strewn with small indistinct fuscous or brownish
strigulz ; two narrow semioyal blackish spots on costa near base and in middle,
and a smaller blackish spot on costa at 3; usually several blackish-grey costal
spots or strigule besides these, sometimes mostly obsolete ; sometimes a small
black spot below middle beyond 3 ; a blackish mark in disc beneath median
costal spot, sometimes elongated and connected anteriorly with it, a dot on
dorsum before tornus, and a dot above tornus, all variable in development :
cilia whitish irrorated with fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia grey-whitish.
Ten specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in May, July, and from November to
February (Pole, Alston),
Thisizima sedilis, 0, sp.
6. 17-21 mm, Head and antenne whitish-ochreous, Palpi whitish-
ochreous, second joint dark fuscous except towards apex. Thorax dark
fuscous, posteriorly ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, Forewings
elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely
rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous with a few scattered fuscous scales ; markings
deep purplish-fuscous ; a moderately broad basal fascia, slightly broader on
costa and sometimes connected with median blotch ; a large rounded-triangular
blotch extending over central third of costa and reaching more than half across
wing, narrowed downwards and rounded off beneath ; a small round spot in dise
at 2, sometimes confluent with this blotch ; a small rounded-triangular spot on
costa towards apex: cilia. pale whitish-ochreous, sometimes partially tinged
with fuscous, Hindwings grey ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, with grey subbasal
shade.
Three specimens, Bhotan and Sikkim, in June and July (Calcutta Museum),
In YL. ceratella the median blotch extends further on costa and is triangularly
indented in middle of lower margin,
Scardia trachypsamma, n, sp.
@, 21-24mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ferruginous-ochreous, Antenne
pale ochreous, Abdomen elongate, dark grey, apex pale ochreous, Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely
rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked ; ochreous irregularly mottled with reddish-ochreous
or ferruginous ; numerous irregularly strewn small raised tufis, three beneath
fold and one beyond middle larger and more conspicuous: cilia reddish:
ochreous, towards tcrnus suffused with dark fuscous, Hindwings and cilia
rather dark purplish-fuscous, towards apex of wing more or less tinged with
ochreous,
Four specimens, Bombay, from December to February (Swinhoe, Young),
ADELIDA,
Adela augantha, n. sp.
@. 17-19 mm, Head orange, face metallic-bronze, Palpi moderate, orange,
Antenne whitish, becoming dark grey towards base, Thorax metallic bronze,
striped with orange (imperfect), Abdomen dark fuscous, Posterior tibix
yellowish, apex dark fuscous, above with thin fringe of long hairs, Forewings
990 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
elongate, rather narrow, costa. gently arched, apex obiuse, termen very ob-
liquely rounded ; 8 and 9 stalked ; orange ; markings prismatic leaden-metallic,
edged with black ; a short slender streak on base of costa; a median streak
from base to 3, upper edge angularly expanded in middle ; a narrow subdorsal
streak from near base to middle; two transverse spots from costa before and
beyond middle, reaching nearly half across wing, and one from dorsum at 2
nearly reaching second costal ; an incurved streak from 3 of costa to tornus,
nearly or quite interrupted in middle ; posterior area beyond this crossed by
about seven black lines on veins: cilia dark bragsy-grey, base more or less
violet-metallic, Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged,
Five specimens, Khasi Hills.
Adela chalcomis, n, sp.
& 15-16 mm., 9 12mm. Head and thorax bright metallic brass. Palpj
very small, ochreous-whitish. Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint large,
coppery-purple, brassy-scaled towards base, Abdomen dark fuscous, Posterior
tibie in @ above with a very long expansible fringe of ochreous-whitish hairs.
Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen
very obliquely rounded ; 8 and 9 separate ; shining coppery or purple ; a me-
tallic brassy basal patch occupying about + of wing, containing a longitudinal
black mark above middle, and edged with black posteriorly and on dorsum ;
an undefined central fascia of black and pale yellowish irroration, narrowest
on dorsum; anirregular similar patch towards avex: cilia fuscous suffused
with coppery-purple, .Hindwings and cilia dark grey.
Six specimens, Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon,in May, September, and
October (Pole).
Nemotois chionites, n. sp.
@. 15-i7 mm, Face white, crown with mixed black and whitish hairs.
Palpi moderately long, white, beneath black, with very long spreading white
and black hairs, Antenne whitish, towards base thickened with metallic blue-
blackish scales, above this a short space ringed with blackish. Thorax black-
ish, laterally with some whitish hairs, Abdomen blackish, anal tuft mixed with
white, Anterior and middle tibiz and basal joint of anterior tarsi with spread-
ing tufts of white hairs; posterior tibiz white with narrow black subapical
band, above with very long fringe of white hairs continued on first joint of tarsi,
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly moderately arched,
apex obtuse, termen very obliquely‘rounded ; 8 and 9 stalked; bluish-white,
irrorated with black; small snow-white spots on costa,at 4+ and 3; aslender
snow-white median fascia, triangularly dilated on costa, anteriorly edged with
black and then by a silvery-metallic fascia: cilia white, basal half blackish-grey
with a white subbasal line. Hindwings white, pellucid; apical fourth dark
grey extended along costa to middle ; cilia white, on costa to apex darkgrey.
Four specimens, Khasi Hills, in October. Resembles N. cassiterites, but
recognisable by tufts of anterior legs, white costal spots and white cilia of
forewings and smaller dark area of hindwings.
INDIAN MiICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., | 991
Nemotois cassiterites, 0. Sp.
& 14-17 mm., 9 13mm, Face silvery-metallic, crown whitish, with a few
black hairs, Palpi moderately long, white, black beneath, with long spread-
ing black and white hairs. Antenne whitish, in @ purple-blackish above and
towards base, rough-sealed above near base, in Q thickened with dark purple-
grey scales from base to a supramedian patch of spreading black scales:
Thorax dark silvery-grey. Abdomen blackish. Posterior tibie white with
broad posterior blackish band, above with long fringe of whitish hairs, Fore- ’
wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather
strongly oblique; 8 and 9 staiked ; purple closely irrorated with silvery-white
and black, sometimes towards apex with pale yellowish; a short black sub-
costal dash near base ; a slender white median fascia, edged anteriorly first by
a slender black fascia and then a bluish-silvery-metallic fascia, and posteriorly
similarly but towards costa only: cilia grey, basal half bluish-silvery. Huina-
wings in @ white, pellucid, posterior half purplish-grey, extending as a pale
suffusion along costa towards base, in Q wholly dark grey; cilia grey,in @
white on dorsum and lower half of termen.;
Twenty-eight specimens, Khasi Hills, from July to September,
Nemotois solstitiellus, Wals.
Of two specimens from Simla, communicated by Major Nurse, one has 7 and
8 out of 9 in both forewings, the other has 7 separate, 8 and 9 stalked in one
forewing and coincident in the other, Lord Walsingham does not mention the
neuration,
Nemotois seraphias, n. sp.
6. 17-18 mm, Face brassy-metallic, hairs of crown yellow mixed with
blackish, Palpi rather long, whitish, beneath with long spreading blackish and
a few whitish hairs, Antennz whitish, above blackish, towards base purple-
tinged. Thorax bright metallic bronze. Abdomen blackish-bronze, Poste-
rior tibie white, with broad posterior blackish band, above with long fringe of
white hairs. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 8 and 9 stalked ; deep yellow ; mark-
ings metallic purplish-silver, strongly edged with black; a subcostal streak
from base, curved upwards to costa at +; two approximated fascie towards
or somewhat before middle, first straight, extended along dorsum to base,
second straight or rather curved ; an incurved fascia from 4 of costa to tornus,
continued as a golden-metallic streak along termen to apex: cilia blackish-
grey, base coppery-golden, tips pale, Hindwings white, pellucid, apical third,
and costa dark grey ; cilia white, round apex grey.
Three specimens, Khasi Hills, in October.
Nemotois fluorites, nu. sp.
AQ. 20-21 mm, Head wholly clothed with whitish-ochreous hairs, Palp
moderate, above whitish, beneath with long spreading blackish-grey hairsi
Antenns whitish, towards base dark purplish-grey, in 9 clothed with purple-
black scales on basal 3, Thorax purple-blackish striped with yellowish
992 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
(imperfect), Abdomen blackish. Posterior tibiz yellowish, apex dark fuscous,
above with long fringe of grey-whitish hairs, Forewings elongate, rather
narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtvse, termen hardly rounded, very
oblique; 8 and 9 stalked; deep ochreous-yellow ; markings violet-leaden-
metallic, irregularly edged with blackish ; a fine streak along anterior half of
costa, in ¢ mostly reduced to a black line; in @ subcostal, median, and sub-=
dorsal streaks from base to about middle or beyond, anda black line along
dorsum ; two narrow transverse fasciz beyond middle, curved towards each
other and in @ usually connected in dise ; an irregular black line round apical
portion of costa and termen to extremities of second fascia: cilia tawny-
ochreous, base violet-metallic, outer half dark fuscous, Hindwings dark
purplish-fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with blackish basal line,
Six specimens, Khasi Hills,
Nemotois melichlorias, n, sp.
@. 16 mm, Head and palpi yellowish. Antenne slender, dark purple-
fuscous, with a median tuft of blackish seales above, beyond this wholly
ochreous-whitish, Forewings elongate, moderate, costa more strongly arched
posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen very oblique, rounded ; 8 and 9 separate ; deep
purple, posteriorly sprinkled with black and pale yellowish scales; a light
brassy-yellow triangular median blotch extending from base to near 3 of disc,
upper posterior angle connected with costa at 4; a moderate straight light
brassy-yellow fascia from middle of costa to 3 of dorsum, somewhat narrowed
on costa: cilia dark coppery-bronze, Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous,
One specimen, Koni, Burma (Manders).
Nemotois chrysoprasias, n, sp.
&. 20-22 mm., 9 18-19 mm, Face metallic green, hairs of crown whitish, in
@ mixed with blackish, Palpi moderate, slender, with long fine blackish and
whitish hairs, Antenne in ¢ grey, towards base dark purplish-fuscous, below
middle with a whitish band, in Q dark purplish-fuscous, below middle with a
patch of spreading black scales, above this with a white band. Thorax light
metallic brassy-green. Abdomen dark grey, often clothed with white scales,
Posterior tibiz and basal joint of tarsi in ¢ with expansible fringe of long white
hairs, less developed in 9. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 8 and 9 separate ; light metallic brassy-green’
on posterior half sprinkled with black ; a narrow almost straight orange black-
edged fascia before middle, sometimes dilated towards extremities, margined
by two narrow greenish-blue-metallic fascie, more or less edged externally
with black, especially towards costa: cilia grey, basal half scaled with brassy-
green, Hindwings white ; a dark purplish- grey apical patch extending furthest
along costa; cilia grey, on dorsum and lower half of termen white.
Thirty specimens, Khasi Hills, in September and October.
Nemotots pyrites, 0, sp.
6. 17-20mm, Head and palpi orange, Antenne whitish, in @ dark
purple-grey towards base in Q with basal half thickened with deep purple
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 993
scales, terminated by a median dilation of black scales, Thorax shining
bronze, Abdomen dark bronzy-fuscous. Posterior tibize shining bronze, apex
coppery, above with long fringe of light greyish hairs, Forewings elongate,
costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather strongly
oblique ; 8 and 9 separate ; deep purple, overlaid with bright shining coppery-
golden scales, towards base lighter golden ; a short black subcostal dash near
base ;a rather narrow orange black-edged fascia somewhat before middle,
rather dilated towards costa, margined by two narrow silvery-metallic fascie ;
beyond the outer is an undefined band of black irroration: cilia purplish-
fuscous, basal half coppery-golden. Hindwings dark grey, purplish-tinged
towards apex ; cilia grey, with blackish-grey basal line.
Thirty specimens, Khasi Hills, in September and October.
Nemotois engraptes, 0. sp.
6. 17mm, Head orange-yellow, face brassy-metallic, Palpi short, slen-
der, thinly haired, light yellowish. Antenne ochreous-whitish becoming deep
purple towards base. Thorax bright brassy-metallic, purplish-coppery on
sides, Abdomen dark purplish-bronze, beneath with segmental margins
broadly pale yellowish, Forewings elongate, moderate, costa more strongly
arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 8and 9
separate ; bright coppery-purple, with brassy-golden reflections ; an irregular
deep yellow blotch extending along costa from base to 3,and reaching about
half across wing, marked with a purple-blackish subcostal streak from near
base tonear 3, and three variable irregular transverse bars posteriorly ; a
roundish deep yellow blotch resting on upper portion of termen, marked with
seven variable irregular purple-blackish spots: cilia coppery-purple. Hindwings
and cilia dark purple-fuscous,
Two specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in August (Green, Pole).
Nemotois pollinaris, n. sp.
6. 17-19mm, Face shining metallic brass, hairs of crown pale orange.
Palpi short, pale orange-ochreous, Antenne whitish, above fuscous, becoming
dark purple towards base. Thorax bright metallic coppery, sides-deep purple.
Abdomen dark bronzy-fuscous, Posterior tibiz metalhe coppery, tips purple,
above with long fringe of pale greyish hairs, Forewings elongate, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 8 and 9
separate ; very deep shining purple ; broad golden-metallic costal and median
streaks from base to about 4, merged posteriorly in an orange-ochreous
suffusion irrorated with black which occupies nearly all median area and
extends on dorsum to near base ; a round patch of similar suffusion resting on
termen beneath apex: cilia dark golden-bronze. Hindwings blackish-grey,
slightly purple-tinged ; cilia dark grey, with blackish basal line.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in April (Pole),
Nemotois phenicites, nu. sp.
G. 13-15 mm. Face coppery-bronze, crown orange, Palpi extremely short,
dark grey, Antenne whitish, becoming dark purple-fuscous near base.
18
994 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XVI.
Thorax metallic-bronze, patagia metallic green or coppery. Abdomen blackish,
Posterior tibize coppery-bronze, with long fringe of grey and whitish hairs
above, Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather strongly oblique; 8 and 9 separate ;
bright metallic golden-bronze, suffused with purple-coppery except,on dorsa]
half from base to fascia;a slender black transverse fascia slightly beyond
middle, on upper half somewhat broader and divided into two by a slender
tawny streak : cilia coppery-golden-bronze, Hindwings and cilia blackish-grey ,
faintly purplish-tinged.
Two specimens, Coorg (3,500 feet), in August (Newcome).
995
SUPPRESSION OF MELANELAPS MCPHERSONTI.
By
Masor F. Watt, I.M.8., C.M.Z.8.
Whilst in the British Museum recently I saw a specimen of the
snake described by me in this Journal (Vol. XVII., p. 27) as
Melanelaps mephersoni. I learnt from Mr. Boulenger that he had
already described it under the name of Atractaspis andersoni.
He received his specimen from Aden Hinterland about the same
time as I did mine, but his description appeared first, and the snake
must, therefore, rest under his title, my own being suppressed.
THE POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA AND HOW TO
RECOGNISE THEM.
By
Masor F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.&.
CORRECTION.
In my paper on Poisonous Snakes of India in this Volume (No. 1,
page 69) an error occurs—Callophis iremaculatus being misplaced.
Melanelaps mepherson?, being an Arabian Snake, is best considered
outside our sphere, and I accordingly reconstruct the key as follows :—
Key to the identification of the Species,
ANAL ENTIRE,
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th AND 6th SUPRA-
LABIALS ONLY. (See T, fig. 15B.)
Internasal not touching preocular, (See Int.
and Pra,, fig. 15B.)
WCU YM UNION: NEOs Neateinesaayscsvsencuaceradse Doliophis bivirgatus,
Belly barred with O1GCH ...caco.-nseveeneros Doliophis intestinalis,
Internasal touching preocular. (See Int.
and? Pract hom Gist ir Sc .bck cccceveaneorse ree auecee Nata tripudians,
996 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th, 6th, AND 7th
SUPRALABIALS. (See T, fig. 184.)
Subcaudals at base of tail entire. (See Sc.,
Rit) x eee cere eee aN acwcabshwaswendcse Naia bungarus.
Subcaudals divided throughout. (See Sc.,
HAO DS) eeneereg ce Wiereeiesceaosacccedniseeeeseeree Callophis bibronii.
ANAL DIVIDED.
TEMPORAL TOUCHES 5th AND 6th SUPRA-
LABIALS. (See T, fig. 20B.)*
Supralabials 6, (See fig. 21B.)...........s0e02- Callophis trimaculatus.
Supralabials 7 (See fig. 20B.)* ..... sisaeeeness « Callophis macclelandii.
TEMPORAL TOUCHIS 5th, 6th AND Tth
SUPRALABIALS, (See T, jig. 184.)
Tail with 2 black bands .............06 .-+0.-. Callophis macuticeps.
Dail withimo band ©... Jc... ces<ss<coasees Sarcoeedtoc Hemibungarus nigrescens,
* Readers should be reminded of the correction slip which was inserted in the front of
Vol. XVII, No, 3, and especially here with reference to the transpositions of B and C in
fioures 20 and 23 which occurred in the original,
NOTES ON SOME RATS OF THE MUS METTADA
GROUP.
By
R. C. WrovucuHron.
Mr. Comber has kindly sent to me for examination two series of
specimens: the one, collected by himself at Nasik, containing eight
individuals, the other, by Major Liston, I.MLS., in the Konkan, contain-
ing five individuals.
All these specimens have only 5 plantar pads, and a mammary
formula 2—2 = 8, characters that hitherto have been accepted as distin-
euishing Mus metiada from its congeners.
An examination of the dentition shows that four of the Nasik speci-
mens, Nos. 133, 185, 136, 138, have distinctly stouter teeth than any
of the rest. The remaining four Nasik specimens, Nos. 134, 137, 139,
140, while having smaller teeth, like the Konkan individuals, are dis-
tinguished from these latter by their smaller size and especially by their
shorter hind feet.
The species mettada (the name meléada as originally published was,
undoubtedly, a misprint) was established by Gray (I. ¢. inf.) on speci-
mens collected by Elliot in the Southern Mahratta Country. The
description is meagre and not very helpful, but fortunately the speci-
mens are slill in the British Museum Collection, and from these it
appears that the form with the stouter teeth mentioned above is nearest
to typical mettada, and the other two forms require names.
Key.
A.—Teeth stouter (length of upper molar row=
6—6:2 mm.), hind foot 24—25 mm..........(1) Mus mettada.
B.—Teeth weaker (length of upper molar row
=5'5—5°7 mm.).—
(a) Hind foot 24—25 mm. ...... (2) Mus listone.
(6) Hind foot 21°5—23 mm. ......(3) Mus comberi.
1. Mus metiada, Gray.
1837. Golunda mettada, Gray. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 586.
1839. Mus lanuginosus, Elliot, Madr. Journ., X, p. 212.
Basing on some dimensions given by Elliot in his paper and on the
998 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIT,
specimens sent home by him the following are measurements of the
Nasik specimens compared with those of typical mettada:—
| Typi-
me ; cal
: 133 | 1385 | 136 | 1388) Oy
| tada. |
Age and Sex ... 0, AQ ;/AQ;/A S|) AQ) — A —adult,
Head and oe peeires Mieke) | a2 aT 122 | 142 |The body dimen-
Tail . Rerun) LOS ? ? 104 | 109 sions of typical
Hind OO ecirissscsee 24. 24 25 24 24 | mettada quoted
(Bian Gacsectaaceu a6 -baxceee 21 20 21 21 20 | from Elliot are
Skull : or eatest length. 33°5 33 35 32:5 ye t h ose Oo if & a
basilar length.. 27°5 | 26°5 | 28°5 26 20 | a ple. aurdeunlay
Fe ZY gomatic male.”
roa eclosion) bse) Mos 16
- diastema -.. -. 95 9 SP) 87 9
e upper molar |
TOW cisiseo esse 6 671 6 6°2 6
Until sexed and measured specimens are available for examination
from the type locality (Dharwar), we must accept these four specimens
as typical mettada, of which species they are at least a local race.
2. Mus listonz, sp. n.
Closely resembling metiada, but distinguishable by its smaller teeth.
The following are dimensions of Major Liston’s five Konkan
specimens :—
|
|
|
TOM 20s EO a ee es
Type
Age and SeX .....csee+6 VEO. 2) Aes tO Ol PA a eae?
Head and body.......-: 151 | 141 | 132] 144] 134 |A—Adult,2.c., poste-
Dyce eaten cnceteaccnnes 122} 116} 103} 110] 108} rior molar worn.
Hid fOOb iite-- <tc <n 25 25 24 25 24 |O=Old, é.e., all mo-
IDEN ace tinn cacadodsetioad coe 20 18 18 19 18 lars worn,
Skull: greatest length.| 35°5 | 34:5 33 | 33:5 | 34° |VO=—Very Old, 2.c.,
; basilar length...) 29°5 2 27) 275 | 28:5 | all dental cusps
Ss zygomatic worn flat.
breadth.,....| 16°7 | 16:5 | 16-1 16 | 16:5
» diastema ...... 10 9°5 ) 9 9°5
a upper molar
MONE soocecas Dare 5D 5°6 5°6 5:6
“Typo B. M. No. 7.1.7.6. Anold 9. Collector's No. W. L, 121,
Obtained in the sian ie ‘Meson W. Liston, I.M.S., and presented to
the British Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.
NOTES ON SOME RATS OF THE MUS METTADA GROUP, 999
The indications of a difference in size between the sexes are here
strongly marked.
There is little to distinguish Jlestont from mettada, except the differ-
ence in the size of the molars, but this difference is quite constant and
easily appreciable even by the naked eye.
3. Mus comberi sp. n.
Outwardly resembling the two last species, but distinctly smaller.
Unfortunately, all Mr. Comber’s specimens are females,
The following are dimensions of the four individuals :—
134} 137 | 140 | 139
AYES QUI SET 96 pon posntodspoceon ws reeuecsenercareeeeedem || OO, 2 VINO) | DN INCI ©
Head and body...... Bear eaanceueMan uae, se 120 | 125 PLO aS
TNE cand dca tceroc ai Mab Genie Hace Bee REO SEaCHC Een e SaRnr aaeriee LOD) po LO2R at OS 98
ETO Otis satccsals Sys ae aso Sacvicr edapeseherseisdeewarasies | elee 22 23 || 22-5
Skullioreatest lengthy. .cc-ccess ecrseeun SReneneience 317 Be 32 32
PRO ASAT LEWD 2: os ccnclsneneaceseok tee! foeceeees PAN relay) 27 AT
ZY SOMAuIC MOre adit hh scence cet, seeaceea | ular VW SB 15
PN CUIASHE TN Nelson tctonserniworees cere | es ee dala 8°6 8°8 3°83 9
PIS MERI OlatLO Wireseesyc-cetecenaaacesseeneyeesa% 5°6 7 57 SPT
Type.—B. M. No. 7. 1. 7. 3. An old 9. Collector’s No. BE. C. 134.
Obtained by Mr. H. Comber at Nasik, and presented to the British
Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.
Its markedly inferior size, as compared with females, of the two pre-
ceding species, both of body and skull, make comberé easily distinguish-
able from either.
Ihave pointed out that in the mammary formula and the plantar
pads these three forms are alike, and this applies also to their colour-
ation. The fact that the specimens I identify as Mus mettada and
those I name comber were taken in the same locality and differ in the
size of the teeth justifies their specific separation. The specific
separation of comberz and listoni, however, must depend on the non-
existence of intermediates ; from my knowledge of the country I argue
that the discovery of such is most unlikely, and I have not hesitated,
therefore, to rank them both as species.
An interesting point indicated, if not proved, by these two series is
the difference in the sexes. In listoné the males are markedly and
1000 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
constantly larger than the females. The solitary male in the series
of mettada seems to show that the rule holds in that species also, and
I confidently expect that when a male of combert is available for
examination the same differences will be found to exist between the
sexes in that species.
I would take this opportunity to ask members residing elsewhere
than in the localities in which comberi and liston? have been found to
send specimens of their local ‘metad’ to the Society with a view to
a more extended examination of the group, and, more especially, good
specimens of mettada from the type locality (Dharwar) would be most
valuable.
1001
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SOME NEW
SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA CAPTURED BY
LIEUT.-COL. C. G. NURSE AT DEESA,
MATHERAN AND FEROZEPORE.
BY
P, CAMERON.
ANTHOPHILA,
Hatictus matheranensis, sp. nov.
Black, covered with white pubescence ; the apex of the antenne rufous ; the
area on median segment irregularly reticulated ; the apex of the segment
keeled round the top and sides ; the wing hyaline, stigma and nervures pale te-
staceous, @,
Length 5 mm,
Habitat,—Matheran.
Antenne black, the 5 or 6 apical joints rufous beneath ; the scape sparsely
haired. The face, clypeus and outer orbits are covered thickly with white
hair ; the front and vertex much more sparsely with shorter darker pubescence ;
they are opaque, finely rugose; the clypeus bears round distinctly separated
punctures, which are large in the centre at the apex, which is obliquely de-
pressed, and is fringed with long pale golden hair. Mandibles black, broadly
bright rufous before the middle, Mesonotum and scutellum closely and uni-
formly punctured and covered with whitish pubescence ; that on the scutellum
is much the longer, Post-scutellum thickly covered with depressed white
pubescence, The area on the median segment bears irregularly twisted longi-
tudinal striz which almost form reticulaticns, the apical is slightly hollowed,
and is bordered at the top and sides by a stout keel; the keel on the top is
narrower, and is bent downwards slightly, The propleura at the top projects
into a ridge ; the pronotum above this is thickly covered with depressed white
pubescence ; the base of the projection is oblique, The legs are piceous black ;
the pubescence is white; the calearia white with a faint rufous tinge ; the
apices of the tarsal joints rufous, the calcaria bear some dark rufous spines.
The abdomen is shining ; the punctuation is only visible with a strong lens ; the
base of the segments covered with depressed white pubescence ; the apical ones
have also longish white hairs ; the rima is rufous,
Andrena ilerda, sp. noy.
Black ; the basal 3 segments of the abdomen red; the head and thorax
thickly covered with white hair; the 3rd, 4th and 5th abdominal segments
lined with white pubescence at their apices; the wings clear hyaline, the
stigma dark rufous ; the apical half of the clypeus and the labrum rufous, 2.
Length 13 mm.
Habitat.—Ferozepore,
The basal 3 joints of the antenne black; the others dark rufous below,
black above. The hair on the head is long, dense and clear white; the
1)
1002 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
clypeus is distinctly and closely punctured except at the apex; its top is
more closely punctured than the centre ; the face is closely punctured ; the
labrum is rufous; it becomes obliquely narrowed towards the apex; the
middle is slightly roundly incised at the apex. The front and vertex are
alutaceous, Opaque ; the former is obscurely longitudinally striated. Mandibles
black ; the apex and the lower side of the base rufous. The hair on the
thorax is long, dense and clear white, the mesonotum is furrowed down the
middle at the base and is punctured slightly, as is also the scutellum, The
area on the median segment is obscurely obliquely striated on the sides; the
middle at the base is irregularly and weakly reticulated. Legs rufous; the
coxe and the 4 anterior femora black; the hair on the femora is long and
clear white ; on the tibie it has a slight fulvous tint ; on the metatarsus the
fulvous tint is more distinct ; the knees are black, Wings clear hyaline ; the
stigma is fuscous, the nervures blacker in tint. The -basal 3 segments of
the abdomen are rufous ; the base and ventral surface are covered with soft
white hair; the apices of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments are banded with
white hair; the 5th segment above is thickly covered with long sooty black
hair ; its sides with long white hair; the 6th segment is almost bare in the
middle ; the sides are thickly covered with long black hair.
The ¢ is similarly coloured ; the basal segments of the abdomen may be
marked with black in the middle or laterally.
Andrena leaena, sp. nov.
Black ; the greater part of the flagellum rufous; the head and thorax
covered with white pubescence; the abdominal segments with their apices
banded with white pubescence ; the anal segment above covered with longish
rufous pubescence ; the wings hyaline, the stigma testaceous. Q.
Length 7—8 mm.
Habitat,—Ferozepore, Deesa,
Antenne black, the 6th and following joints of the antenne rufous; the
scape on the underside covered with long white hair, The face, clypeus and
front are covered thickly with long white hair ; the upper orbits to the hinder
ocelli are bordered by a broad band of pale fulvous pubescence; the occiput
and outer orbits are covered with long white pubescence, The front and
vertex are alutaceous, almost punctured ; the hinder part of the vertex is ob-
scurely punctured behind ; the clypeus is more distinctly punctured than the
face, The labrum has the sides obliquely narrowed towards the apex, which
is transverse ; the part beneath it is thickly covered with longish rufous hair,
The mandibles beneath are rufous, and their lower side, at the base, is fringed
with long rufous hair, The hair on the mesonotum is sparser and shorter
than it is on the pleurx ; the scutellum is fringed thickly with long hair round
the sides and apex and also on the post-scutellum, The area on the median
segment is closely punctured ; its basal half irregularly longitudinally striated ;
there is a shallow median furrow on the apical slope. Legs black; the 4
apical joints of the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; the hair on the femora and tarsi is
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA, 1003
long and white ; on the metatarsus beneath it has a fulvous tinge; the cal-
caria are pale. Abdomen shining, closely and minutely punctured ; the basal
5 segments are narrowly banded with white pubescence on the apex ; the 5th
is thickly covered with rufous hair,
In Bingham’s arrangement (Hymen. of India, p. 442) this species would come
into Section B ; but it has no near relationship with the only species (gracil-
lima, Cam.) included in it,
Ceratina divisa, sp. nov.
Dark green, the abdomen black, with yellow lines on the 2nd to 4th seg-
ments, the Ist 2 lines somewhat widely, the 3rd more narrowly separated, the
Ath broader and may be continuous, there may be a narrower 5th line; the
clypeus except for 2 fuscous lines, mandibles except at apex, a line completely
round the apex of pronotum, a transverse line at the apex of mesonotum,
sides of scutellum, post-scutellum and the greater part of the tegule as
well as the legs, pale yellow ; the coxe, trochanters, femora, except at apex,
and a line on the outer side of the tibiz on apical half, black; wings milky
hyaline, the nervures and stigma pale, almost white, the Ist recurrent nervure
interstitial with 2nd transverse cubital, Q
Length 5 mm,
Habitat,—Deesa (April and May),
Underside of scape yellow, of flagellum brown, Metanotal area finely closely
punctured, more or less finely transversely striated, not keeled, the apical slope
steep. A minute impressed line on basal slope of mesonotum, Pubescence
white. 2nd abscissa of radius nearly as long as the 3rd, The sizeof the
yellow markings probably varies,
Ceratina punjabensis, sp. nov.
Head and thorax dark green, the abdomen black, the base of the segments
broadly banded with pale yellow, the clypeus except for 2 black lines, mandi-
bles except at apex, underside of antennal scape, the greater part of tegule,
seutellums, except for a large square mark on the base of centre of scuteilum,
and the legs, except at the base, pale yellow ; wings clear hyaline, the nervures
and stigma pale yellow, the 2nd cubital cellule much narrowed in front ; the
Ist recurrent nervure interstitial with 2nd transverse cubital. Pubescence dense
and white ; underside of flagellum brown ; metanotal area finely closely punc-
tured, there is no keel on metanotum ; its apical slope somewhat steep. There
isa slight impressed line on centre of mesonotum; there is no keel on the
front, Antennal joints not very clearly separated. Q
The green colour may be somewhat bronzy, the yellow line on the basal
segment of abdomen may be absent; the apical 2 segments of the abdomen
may be wholly yellow.
Length 6 mm.
Habitat,p—Punjab,
May be known from divisus, described above, by being a broader and stouter
species, by the apex of the scutellum being white, the black central part not
1004 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
extending to the apex, by the abdominal yellow lines being broader, occupying
the half of the segment, and continuous throughout. The basal abdominal line
may be absent.
Ceratina curvilineata, sp. nov.
Viridis, abdomine flavo, nigro balteatus; clypeo, mandibulis, linea late
pronoti, scutello, post-scutello pedibusque pallide flavis; alis hyalinis, costa
nervisque pallide flavis, 9
Jiength 3°5 mm.
Habitat.—Deesa,
The scape of the antenne bright yellow ; the flagellum light brownish,
darker on the top. Head greenish-black ; the lower part of the face in the
centre, the mark transverse below, rounded above,a mark on either side,
longer than broad, transverse above, gradually narrowed below, the clypeus
and the mandibles pale lemon- yellow ; the apex of the mandibles rufous with
the teeth black; the head is sparsely punctured and covered with white down ;
the oral region is fringed with long white hair. Thorax dark metallic blue-
ereen and thickly covered with white hair; the upper edge of the prothorax
broadly, the lower more narrowly ; the scutellum, post-scutellum, a curved
transverse line between the two and extending to the wings and the sides and
base of the tegule broadly, lemon-yellow. The mesonotum is closely and
uniformly punctured and has brassy tints; the scutellums are impunctate ;
the post-scutellum is covered with long white hair, The median segment is
furrowed in the middle ; itis more strongly punctured than the mesonotum -
on the basal region it bears curved striz. Wings clear hyaline; the stigma
and nervures are pale ; both the recurrent nervures are almost interstitial, The
cox and femora are lemon-yellow like the body ; the tibiz and tarsi are paler
and are thickly covered with long white hair; the hinder tibiz are broadly
black on the outer side, and there is a shorter black mark on the outer side of the
metatarsus, Abdomen pale lemon-yellow ; the basal two segments are banded
with black on their apices; the black lines being narrowed at the sides; the
ird and 4th segments have narrower interrupted black Jines; the abdominal
yegments are broadly brownish-black.
Nomia fulvinerva, sp. nov,
Black: the tarsi and the 4 posterior tibiz fuscous and thickly covered with
pale fulvous hair; the wings hyaline, only very slightly infuscated at the
apex ; the stigma and nervures testaceous, the stigma darker in tint than the
uervures ; the vertex smooth and shiuing on the outer side of the ocelli; the
vertex is raised above the level of the inner side of ocelli; the abdominal
seoments broadly banded on the apex with pale fulvous pubescence. 9
Length 9 mm.
Habitat.—Deesa.
Antenne black ; the apical two joints rufous beneath; the scape sparsely
overed with pale hair; the flagellum wore thickly with a microscopic pile,
The vertex is distinetly and strongly, but not very closely punctured on either
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 1005
side of the ocelli; the space between the ocelliis more closely punctured and
is depressed and distinctly furrowed in the middle, Face and clypeus closely
tugosely punctured and covered thickly with silvery pubescence; the apex
of clypeus fringed with golden hair. Mandibles black, rufous at the apex,
Thorax thickly covered with long white hair; the hair on the meso-
notum, scutellum and post-scutellum is fulvous ; on the mesonotum it is much
sparser and paler; it does not hide the punctuation which is close and strong ;
the apex of the pronotum is raised into a thin plate, which is widely and deeply
incised in the middle ; the incision is narrowest in the centre. The median
segment is rugosely punctured, more finely and closely in the middle than on
the sides ; the basal area is irregularly and not very closely longitudinally
striated, The hinder tibiz become gradually thicker towards the apex ; the
2nd joint becomes gradually wider from the top to the bottom; its upper
part projects ; the calcaria are closely covered with stiff hairs, almost pectinated,
The basal segments of the abdomen are piceous in the middle, dorsally and
ventrally, and have their apices broadly banded with pale bright fulvous
pubescence, The pygidial area is densely covered with bright golden pubes-
cence, except on the centre and towards the apex.
Megachile phaola, sp. nov.
Nigra, dense albo-pilosa ; abdominis basi femoribusque posterioribus supra
rufis ; alis hyalinis, stigmate fusco. @
Length : 6 mm.
Habitat,—Deesa,
Antenne long, nearly 3 times the length of the head ; the basal two joints
black ; the flagellum brownish beneath ; the apical joints are slightly dilated
below. The clypeus, face and lower part of the front are densely covered
with white hair ; the vertex and upper part of the front sparsely covered with
longish fuscous hair ; the lower orbits and the lower part of the head are
covered with long white hair, Front and vertex closely, uniformly and strongly
punctured, The base of the mandibles is strongly and deeply punctured ; the
apex is bidentate : the upper tooth is smooth, depressed and shining ; the lower
part is deeply and widely furrowed. Thorax closely punctured and thickly
covered with white hair ; the basal area of the median segment is coarsel!
shagreened, more coarsely at the base than at the apex ; across the base is a
wide, not very deep, furrow. Wings clear hyaline ; the stigma is lighter in
colour than the nervures, the 2nd recurrent nervure is received _nearer the
transverse cubital than is the first, but is not interstitial, Tegule piceous ;
their base is thickly covered with white pubescence, Legs black, thickly
covered with white hair ; the 4 hinder femora are for the greater part beneath
brownish, as are also the greater part of the basal joint of the tarsi and the
apices of the other joints. Abdomen black ; the basal segment, except in the
middle at the apex, rufous ; all the segments are fringed at the apex with white
pubescence ; they are distinctly, but not very strongly, punctured ; the last
segment is widely furrowed in the middle ; the ventral segments are rufous,
1006 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII
Megachile saphira, sp. nov.
Nigra, dense albo-pilosa, apice femorum, tibiis tarsisque rufo-testaceis ; alis
hyalinis, stigmate nervisaue fuscis, @,
Length 6—7 mm,
Habitat—Matheran,
Antenne longer than the head and thorax united, black ; the flagellum
brownish beneath, bare, Front and vertex closely punctured ; sparsely
covered with long white hair ; the lower part of the front, the inner orbits,
the face and clypeus densely covered with long white pubescence which
hides the sculpture entirely, Mandibles becoming gradually narrowed
towards the apex ; their base punctured and covered with short, white pubes-
cence. Mesonotum and scutellum closely and uniformly punctured and mo-
derately thickly covered with white pubescence, which is longest on the
scutellum, The latter is broadly rounded behind, The base of the basal area
of the median segment is obscurely punctured and finely, irregularly striated ;
the apex is shagreened ; the rest of the segment is closely covered with round
shallow punctures and is thickly covered with white, longish pubescence.
Pleurz closely punctured and thickly covered with long white pubescence,
The apex of the femora, tibiz and tarsi are reddish-testaceous, the legs are
thickly covered with longish white hair ; the tarsi are much more thickly
haired than the tibiz, especially at the base ; the basal 4 joints of the anterior
tarsi are broadly dilated. Wings clear hyaline: the stigma is fuscous, the
nervures are darker coloured ; the first recurrent nervure is received shortly
beyond the transverse cubital ; the 2nd is almost interstitial, Abdomen black ;
closely punctured ; the basal segments are narrowly banded with white pubes-
cence ; the apical segment on the lower side is widely and deeply furrowed ;
the 2nd and 3rd segments have their bases deeply depressed.
Megachilee lefroma, sp. nov.
Nigra, dense albo-pilosa: tarsis anticis rufo testaceis ; alis hyalinis, stig-
mate testaceo, nervis nigris. @.
Length 7 mm,
Habitat,—Matheran,
Antenne nearly as long as the body ; black, the scape punctured and covered
with long white hair ; the flagellum almost bare, Front and vertex strongly
and closely punctured ; the apex smooth, furrowed in the middle and nar-
rowed gradually towards the apex; the lower outer part of the head is
thickly covered with long white hair, Head and thorax closely and distinctly
punctured and sparsely covered with long white hair ; the apex of the
scutellum is smooth on the apical slope in the middle ; it has there a broadly
rounded slope and does not overhang the post-scutellum which is aciculated,
and at the base, obscurely punctured. The basal area of the median segment
is aciculated ; the apical slope is steep. Legs black ; the anterior tibiz and tarsi
rufo-testaceous in front; the pubescence on the under side of the base of the
tarsi is rufous, Abdomen closely punctured ; the base of the 2nd segment is
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA, 1007
widely depressed ; the apex of the depression has an oblique slope ; the
segments are fringed with white pubescence, which is interrupted in the
middle on the basal segments. The basal ventral segment is broadly, some-
what triangularly, raised in the middle ; the middle segments are thickly
covered with white pubescence,
DIPLOPTERA,
Odynerus deesanus, sp, Nov.
Pale yellow with the following black markings: a broad mark covering the
ocelli, broadly rounded behind and with 2 short curved lines on the inner side
of the hinder ocelli running obliquely beyond the apical, the mark continue,
laterally as a broad line to each antenna, a mark in centre of occiput obliquely
narrowed in the middle behind, a short oblique line behind the top of the
eyes, a narrow line round the base and sides of the mesonotum, the line
dilated on the base, a broad line, about 4 times longer than wide, narrowed
at the apex, nearer the base than the apex, a curved broad line on the
sides, triangularly dilated at the base, extending to the scutellum where
it unites with a transverse apical line, which is narrowed at the sides, dilated in
the centre, a line, roundly narrowed, at the base of scutellum, a line of eyual
width at the base of post-scutellum, 2 large oblique oval marks on the top of
basal slope of 1st abdominal segment, narrowed on the inner side, a broad line
on the base of the 2nd, broadly, roundly dilated laterally and with a longer
narrower line issuing from the centre, and small obscure spots in the centre of
the other segments, as well as a transverse line at the base of the 3rd ventral.
Antennal scape yellow, with a black line above, the flagellum rufous, Four
hinder femora and tibiz broadly lined with black above. Wings clear hyaline
the nervures and stigma black. Q
Total length 12 mm,
Habitat —Deesa (May ).
Closely punctured, the abdomen distinctly, but less strongly than the
thorax ; on basal half of the centre of the 2nd ventral segment is a distinct,
clearly defined furrow of equal width, Clypeus clearly wider than long, not
quite so strongly or so closely punctured as the vertex ; the apex broad, trans=
verse, Base of thorax not quite transverse. Apex of post-scutellum broadly
narrowed, Sides of metanotum broadly rounded, the centre not much
Cepressed, transversely striated, First abdominal segment cup-shaped, short,
clearly shorter than it is wide at the apex; the 2nd is longer than wide, its
apex slightly, narrowly depressed,
Odynerus xanthus, sp, nov.
Yellow, an irregular mark, wider than long, covering the ocelli, the sides
behind projecting, the centre with a a- shaped mark between the ocelli, 2
narrow curved line on the top of the occiput, a triangular mark on the base of
- mesonotum, an irregular transverse one on the sides, before the tegule, its
inside wider than the outer,a line at the base of scutellum, dilated laterally,
the base of 1st abdominal segment narrowly, a mark, rounded and dilated at
1008 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
the apex, gradually narrowed towards the base, in the centre of the 1st abdo-
minal segment,a narrower, less distinct one on the centre of the 3rd, and
irregular, smali spots on the sides of the segments, black; antenne blackish
above, Wings hyaline, the apical and outer margin narrowly violaceous, the
costa and stigma narrowly yellowish testaceous, the nervures black. 2
Total length 13 mm,
Habitat—Deesa (July).
Head and thorax closely, regularly and somewhat strongly punctured all
over; the clypeus strongly closely punctured like the vertex ; it is longer than
wide, transverse in the middle above, the sides broadly rounded, the apex
broad and transverse. Base of thorax almost transverse; the sides of the
apex broadly rounded, reticulated, the edge serrate, ending: below in a distinct
tooth, the centre broadly, but not deeply, hollowed. Secutellum large, qua-
drate, transverse at base and apex; the top of post-scutellum is almcst on a
level with it, its apex at the top almost serrate, the apical slope steep, its apex
bluntly, broadly rounded, clearly separated by a furrow. Abdomen smooth,
almost impunctate, the 1st segment cup-shaped, not quite so long as it is wide
at the apex,
The above is the description of the lighter coloured form; the black
markings may be much more distinct, longer and broader, on the head,
abdomen and thorax, the lateral lines on the mesonotum may be united
by a narrower line to the scutellar one; there may be a row of 4 black
marks on the base of the 1st abdominal segment, its black central mark
is in the shape of an elongate triangle and, in addition to the lateral
spots on the other segments, there is an outer one in the centre of the
2nd; there may also be spots on the ventral segments, The palpi are
sparsely covered with long, stiff hairs,
Eumenes fulvipennis, Cam.* \
This appears to be a variable species, asshown by some specimens taken
by Col, Nurse at Deesa from July to October, The black line across the
ocelli may be broad or very narrow, the mesonotum may be rufous, or pale
yellow, with 3 black or rufous lines, of which the central extends from the
base to the apex, the lateral commencing near the middle, and there may be
also a stripe across the apex ; the size of both the reddish and black lines
varies, lhe size of the abdominal lines varies, and they may be eitber black
orred, There may bea black line on the base and near the apex of the ist
abdominal segment ;in all the specimens there is a black or transverse line
before the middle of the 2nd segment, which varies in width, and it may be
anited to the base of the segment by a longitudinal one down the middle,
The occiput may be for the greater black. The clypeusin the 9 is broader,
though the eyes not converging so much ; it is not much longer than its
greatest width ; the lower narrowed part is almost as long as the upper, while -
inthe ¢ it is distinctly shorter ; the antennsx, too, are more widely separated
* Manchr. Mem,, XLII, IV, p. 39 ; pl.4,f. 3a, 3b.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA, 1009
from the eyes than they arein the ¢ ; and the ocelli inthe latter are closer
to the eyes than they are in the Q. Ontheapex of the 1st abdominal seg-
ment there may be a continuous line (yellow or black) or 2 spots ; on the 2nd
ventral segment the red may be continuous, transverse at the apex, or the
latter may be trilobate ; and theremay be central or lateral yellow spots.
The apex of the clypeus in the Q is more transverse than itis in the @; in
the latter the abdominal petiole is longer than it isin the Q, being almost as
long as the head and thorax united, ‘The affinities of the species appear
to be with the African EH. caffra, E. lepelleterti and E, asina, and doubtless
affords another example of an African element in the Fauna of Western
India, of which we have others in MWeria and Apterogyna.
SPHEGIDA,
Trypoxylon testaceicorne, sp, NOV.
Black, the antennz testaceous beneath, the 4 front knees, the greater part
of the 4 front tibie and tarsiand the basal third of the hinder tibiz pallid-
testaceous, almost white ;*the wings clear hyaline, the nervures and stigma
black. Metanotum to the spiracular keel closely, irregularly striated, the base
irregularly reticulated; the central furrow commences at the apex of this
reticulated part, is moderately broad and shallow ; the two lateral keels
are distinct; the top half of the apical slope is depressed, with the sides
oblique and deeply furrowed in the centre. The petiole stout, dilated at the
apex, about one-third longer than the 2nd—distinctly shorter than the 2nd
and 3rd segments united ; the base of the 3rd is pale testaceous, 9
Length 6 mm,
Habitat —Deesa (Nurse)
The 3rd joint of the antenne is not much longer than the 4th. Face and
clypeus thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Mandibles rufo-testaceous,
Front alutaceous, furrowed in the centre above, finely keeled below. Hinder
ocelli separated from each other by double the distance they are from the
eyes. Tubercles and tegule testaceous. Propleure obliquely depressed at the
apex ; the upper part of the meta- finely striated, The outer furrow on the
metanotum is narrow, distinct and obscurely striated.
Cerceris lanata, sp. nov.
Black, the abdomen orange-red ; the inner eye orbits from shortly below
the ocelli, the ocelli except on the sides above, a line extending from the
ocelli to the clypeus, its lower part dilated, a mark on the base of the mandi-
bles, a line on the outer orbits shortly below the top of the eyes, its inner
side thicker than the outer and 2 large irregular marks on the apex of the
petiole, pale yellow. Legs black ; the outer side of the 4 front tibiz, the base
of their tarsi and the greater part of the hinder tibiz, on the outer side to near
the apex and behind to the middle, pale yellow ; the hinder femora, tibie and
tarsi have a brownish tint. Wings smoky, with hyaline patches, the
nervures and stigma blackish. ¢
20
1010 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
Length 12 mm,
Habitat,—Abu.
Antenne black ; the flagellum brownish beneath ; the last joint double the
length of the preceding, curved, hollowed on the underside. Face and clypeus
sparsely, but distinctly, punctured; the apex of the clypeus broadly roundly
projecting, and armed with 3 short, broad teeth; the sides are rounded and
fringed with stiff cream-coloured hair, Front and vertex closely and distinctly
punctured ; the lower half of the front depressed and smooth on either side of
the yellow line; between the antenne is a sharp keel, Thorax closely and
distinctly punctured ; the pleura, sternum and metanotum covered with long
white hair; the area on the metanotum is closely and distinctly punctured,
smooth at the base. The basal half of the petiole is black; between the two
yellow marks on the apex is a triangular brown mark; the 3rd to 6th
segments have a narrow yellow line on the apices; there is a black mark,
narrowed gradually behind, on the apex of the 5th segment; the last 2 are
entirely black, The pygidium is coarsely and closely punctured, and is of
equal width ; the hypopygium is not incised.
There are two lines on the pronotum; the tegulz are brownish ; the tibial
spines white. The hair is longer and denser than usual, Has a superficial
resemblance to C. vigilans, Sm.
Miscophus nigricans, sp. nov.
Black, densely pruinose, wings hyaline to the outer side of the transverse
radial nervure, fuscous beyond, the stigma large, fuscous, the nervures and
costa black, the 2nd cubital cellule triangular, the basal nervure rounded, the
apical longer, straight, oblique, longer than and bulging out from the
pedicle. Q
Length 5 mm,
Habitat,—Matheran (March).
Opaque, granular, covered with a white vile, which is longer and thicker on
the clypeus, apex of clypeus broadly roundea, Anterior ocellus separated from
posterior by a distinctly greater distance than these are from each other ; the
latter are separated from each other. by a greater distance than they are from
the eyes, Metanotum long, very finely transversely striated, a longitudinal keel
down the middle ; the apical slope has a wide furrow down the middle and
is distinctly, but not closely, striated; the metapleure above are finely,
obliquely striated.
Related to VW, dificils, Nurse, from Baluchistan ; that has the antennal scape,
tibie and tarsi red.
Astatus interstitialis, sp. nov..
Black, an irregular mark on the top of the vertex enclosing the anterior
ocellus, wider than long, almost touching the eyes above, below rounded and
with a squarish incision in the middle, the tegule, except at the apex (where
they are fuscous) and the tubercles cream-white, a broad brownish band across
the base of 2nd abdominal segment ; the knees and base of fore femora white
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA, 1011
or pale ; wings clear hyaline, the costa whitish, as are also the basal nervures,
the others and the stigma fuscous, Head, pleure and breast covered with
white pubescence. Base of mandibles brown, Basal half of mesonotum
punctured and striated ; the metanotum opaque, closely, finely, irregularly,
transversely striated ; the top of the apical slope raised in the centre, bordered
below by a semi-circular depression, The 1st recurrent nervure is interstitial
with the 1st transverse cubital, the 2nd is received shortly beyond the middle ;
the front half of the 1st transverse cubital is straight and obliquely bent
towards the 2nd, which is straight and only slightly oblique, the 3rd is roundly
curved outwardly to shortly below the middle, where there is a longish stump
of a nervure, below which it is straight and bends tuwards the base of the
wing, ‘ibis and tarsi spinose, the latter almost fuscous in colour, Mesopleu-
ral furrow narrow, but distinct, The anterior ocellus is not much larger
than the posterior ; there is a furrow on the lower half of the front, its top
projecting into the white frontal mark, Antenne stout, the basal 3 joints of
flagellum thinner than the others, the 3rd_ shortly, but distinctly, longer than
the 4th. Allied to A. nigricans, Cam.
Length 7 mm, Q
Habitat.—Deesa,
ICHNEUMONID.
PANISCINI,
Paropheltes, gen. nov.
Mandibles with a long, gradually narrowed upper tooth and an indistinct
subapical one. Clypeus broad, its apex transverse, Eyes large, slightly incised
on the inner side ; parallel, below reaching to the base of the mandibles, Temples
moderately wide, rounded behind. Occiput transverse. Ocelli large, placed
in a triangle, the outer placed close to the eyes, Third joint of antenne dis-
tinctly louger than the fourth. Scutellum not margined, Areolet triangu-
lar, the recurrent nervure interstitial with the 2nd transverse cubital nervure ;
disco-cubital nervure slightly broken ; the transverse median nervure received
beyond the transverse basal; the transverse median nervure in hindwings
broken clearly above the middle. Fore claws (the others are broken) simple.
This genus can only be confounded with Ophelies from which it may be
known by the undernoted characters :—
Mandibles broad, with 2 equal teeth, cheeks and temples broad, sides
of middle breast divided by a deep transverse line in 2 parts....... Peas Opheltes, Holm.
Mandibles not broad, with a long upper and an indistinct lower tooth ;
cheeks and temples not broad; mesosternum not divided by a transverse
TENG ewe este tiie s ciociacainnwotwowe sense seceek saree enue aha eanesewores aoncdoooGes Secteur sncceesss) LQropieluess
Paropheltes flavolineatus, sp. nov.
Luteous, the 3rd and following segments of the abdomen and the sheaths
of the ovipositor blackish ; the head, except the occiput and the outer edge of
the outer orbits, apex of prothorax, 2 broad lines on the mesonotum, sides of
scutellum broadly, the tubercles,a broad curved mark on the base of the
1012 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
mesopleurx, narrow above, gradually widened below, a mark on the apex
below and the lower side of the metapleure, whitish-yellow ; wings clear
hyaline, iridescent ; the stigma pale yellow, the costa darker coloured, the
nervures triangular ; the areolet oblique, triangular ; the recurrent nervure
interstitial. Tarsi closely spinose ; the tibiee with a few weak spines, Smooth,
shining, impunctate, almost bare, The eyes have a greenish tint, 9
Length 8 mm,
From the large size of the eyes and more particularly of the ocelli and
from the pale colouration I have no doubt that the species is nocturnal like
Paniscus,
Habitat—Ferozepore (March) (Nurse).
1013
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. L—NOTE IN REGARD TO THE HABITS OF THE PRAYING
MANTIS.
The Praying Mantis is such a common feature of the Indian dinner-table
that a fact in connection with its life history, if even of no great scientific
importance, cannot, I think, be without interest to many readers of the Journal
unless it happens to be well-known, which I think can hardly be the case,
A Praying Mantis has been on one spot on my tent wall for the last four
days, Thiseveningat dinner time it completely shed its skin like a snake
and then proceeded to eat it, commencing at the tail. In the process of
shedding the Mantis grew from about 13 inches in length to 2 inches, I
should be obliged if you would let me know if this process has been
previously remarked with regard to the Mantis ?
A, A. DUNBAR BRANDER.
HOSHANGABAD, 28th November 1906.
No. IL—NESTING OF THE COOT (FULICA ATRA) IN INDIA,
On referring to a back number of the Journal (Vol, XIV, p, 392) I find a
note by Mr, C, M. Inglis on the nesting of the coot (Fulica atra) in the Dar-
bhanga district, Tirhoot. This is however not the only imstance. On August
16th, 1900, whilst staymg with Mr, Inglis at Baghownie, a native brought in
some nestlings which we both at the time thought were the young of the
Purple Moorhen (Porphyris poliocephalus) but I now know that they were
young coots. Since that time several nestlings of the coot have passed
through my hands and they were all identical with the Baghownie specimens.
Tappend a description of one of the nestlings. Top of head bare with the
exception of some black hairs; a number of minute red papille at base of
forehead and in front of the eyes to the bill ; throat and round the neck
orange, rest of plumage blackish blue, mixed on the back with orange hairs
and underparts with grey. Iris dull black; bill red at base, pink in the
middle and tipped purplish black, Some time in June 1900 (Ihave no exact
date) Isaw two coots on a small and very reedy pond near Somastipur
and have no doubt they intended nesting.
GORDON DALGLIESH,
GODALMING, SURREY,
15th November 1906,
No, IWI—MELANITIS BETHAMI IN PACHMARHI.
Tt was soon after I had arrived there that I heard of the existence of a
butterfly which was only to be found in Pachmarhi and its vicinity and
as far as is known nowhere else throughout the length and breadth of India,
it gathered that its haunts were dark and secluded and that it was to be
1014 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
known by a conspicuous yellow patch on the forewing, It was in the
collection of a Sergeant of the School of Musketry, however, that I first
saw Melanitis bethami, Its captor had been diligently sugaring the trees
round his quarters for three years, and among large numbers of moths had
taken a few specimens from time to time at just or after dusk on the sugar ;
he however took them for a variety of Melunitis leda, Having brought my
entomological paraphernalia with me, I determined thenceforward to devote
my spare time to the quest of Melanitis bethamt and searched hill and nullah
but in vain. I tried sugaring but with a like result, till I began to regard the
insect as a myth andits capture as chimerical. The dayon which the spell
was broken was October 6th, I had taken a light trout-rod and a tin of
worms to the bottom of a neighbouring nullah, where rana small stream, in
the hopes of catching a few fingerling mahseer, while a chokra carried my
butterfly net and a tiffin basket, On the way down I had caught a fine
specimen of Kallima inachis and had only been fishing a few moments when
my boy called out that he had seen and had marked down another Kallima,
© patti-wallah titli’’ he called it. Dropping my rod, I had scarcely reached
the boy, when a tawny looking butterfly rose from the ground just infront of
me and after a curious jerky flapping flight, pitched on the dry sal leaves some
fifteen yards ahead, I recognised it at once as Melanitis bethami and took
it without difficulty as it sat. My prize was a true Melanitis but easily
distinguishable from the other species of that genus by the large tawny
golden. patch covering the apical half of the forewing, Fishing was at once
abandoned and by evening I had eight perfect and one battered specimen,
This last being smaller, altogether less brilliant and its forewing much less
faleate, I rightly assumed it to be one of the last survivors of the wet-season
brood, while the others were evidently the harbingers of the dry season.
The next day I visited the same nullah and took six more perfect specimens,
from which it was evident that the dry season hatch had just commenced,
Before the end of the month I had taken Iam ashamed to say how many
specimens of Melanitis bethami and can now claim to be fairly familiar with
its ways. The habitat is always the same, véz., on the very edge or in the
partially dry bed ofa tiny tributary streamlet at the bottom of some deep
gloomy nullah where the sal leaves form an almost impenetrable screen
overhead, I took two specimens only on the plateau, evidently wanderers,
but success can only be achieved in the localities above described. The
sexes are distinguishable by the slightly smallersize of the male and the
smaller area of the golden patch on the forewing, the outer margin of which
is cinereous, or rather a silvery grey, The undersides of both sexes, which
are dark-ashy grey in the male and lightish sepia in the female, are
striated and resemble exactly the dead leaves on which the insect invariably
settles with closed wings when disturbed, The colouration and markings
of the undersides of each sex are subject to very little, if any, variation,
an unusual feature in Melanitis, In the centre of the golden patch is a large
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1015
pupilled spot which, however, is very variable in size and sometimes obsolete
in the males, I never found either pupa or larva.
The quest of Melanitis bethami is now only a pleasant memory ; but I hope
some day to renew the encounter among the deep sandstone nullahs, which
guard the approaches to Pachmarhi.
H,. W. KETTLEWELL, Caprain,
85th King’s Light Infantry.
FYzABAD, 28th November 1906,
No. IV.—THE BRONZE-CAPPED TEAL (HUNETTA FALCATA)
IN TIRHUT.
After an interval of six years this beautiful teal has again been found
here, Yesterday I got a female on a jheel close to here. There were only
about half a dozen birds and they were at too great a distance for me to be
able to say whether there were more of this species or not. I fancy had there
been any drakes they would have been noticeable.
CHAS, M, INGLIS,
BaGHOWNIE Focty., DARBHANGA, 4th December 1906,
No. V.—SOME NOTES ON TIGERS AND PANTHERS.
There are several matters of great interest dealt with in the issue of the
Journal of 20th September 1906 (No 2, Vol, XVII) regarding the habits of
tigers and panthers,
One correspondent notes the placing by a panther of the carcase of a spotted
deer in the fork of a tree, This habit of depositing prey in trees is
not uncommon, and I have found remains of barking-deer and four-
horned antelope, goats and dogs so disposed of by panthers on several
occasions, I think an instance of the body of a Banjara boy, killed by a
panther, being deposited in the fork of a tree was recorded in the Journal
some twelve or fourteen years ago. The instances of the boldness of panthers,
described by another correspondent, are not unusual, It isa common occur-
rence for dogs to be pounced on and carried off in the presence of their
masters at many of our hill-stations, and [have known one entera tent for
the same purpose. Panthers will frequently return toa kill after being fired
at and I recollect one coming back to the carcase of anilgai three times
under such circumstances, Indeed the boldness of these animals appears to
be unlimited. In a village near which I was encamped some years ago one
entered a hut in which a woman,achild and a dog were sleeping alongside
each other, The beast stepped over the dog and the woman, and carried off
the child, which it devoured a few hundred yards off,
As regards the killing of their prey by tigers and panthers, these animals
have certainly no fixed and invariable method of accomplishing their object,
Very probably one tiger will generally kill in the same way, but different
1016 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
tigers appear to have idiosyncracies and characters of their own, and I have
seen the great cats kill both by seizure of the throat and of the back of the
neck, Ihave never come across a kill on which the marks of the canine teeth
were absent, so have known of no instance of the prey being destroyed by
a blow of the paw. Irecollect, however, seeing a large brass dish, carried by
a beater on his back, perforated in three or four places by the blow of a
tiger’s paw ; in this case the tiger did not use his teeth, and the man was not
injured beyond bruises incidental to the blow and fall, I much regret not
to have examined the hundreds of “ kills’”” I have seen, to ascertain whether
the neck was broken or not. On oneoccasion I shot a blue bull in a very
emaciated condition with the marks of a tiger’s claws on his back, causing
suppurating wounds. I agree with Mr, Dunbar Brander that the tiger (and
also the panther) has no very acute sense of smell, but [ doubt his having very
keensight, He appears to be quick to catch sight of a moving object at a
short distance, but I have known tigers look at me for some time with unsee-
ing eyes, so long as I remained motionless, and this within a distance of
twenty or thirty yards, Their quick sense of hearing is undoubted,
There are many recorded cases of cannibalism in tigers, One instance
came under my own observation in 1895, when out on a shooting expedition in
the Nizam’s Dominions. I was after a tiger for some days, whose tracks were
easily distinguishable owing to his having suffered an injury in one of the hind
legs, causing the “ pug ” to assume a plantigrade shape. One day I broke open
the dry dropping of this tiger,and found it to be composed of tiger’s hair,
whilst embedded in it was a perfect claw. The late Mr, James Douglas of
Bombay told me he had found an exactly similar object at Mahableshwar
some forty years ago, I never shot the tiger with the injured foot or leg,
which had presumably been caused in an encounter with another of his species
whom he had devoured,
Captain Watson mentions a pack of 11 wolves yeenin Persia in August,
The Huropean wolf, which is the same species, forms into large packs,
generally in winter, and I have seen a pack of 25 or 30 in Russia in a hard
winter.
There wasa pack of Indian wolves which took to man-eating some 18 years
ago in the Hoshangabad district, but I forget of how many it was composed.
Geverally in India these animals seem to be in pairs, andI have seen no more
than five together, but a friend of mine sawa large pack of fifteen or more at
Jalna, and relates that they did not exhibit any fear of him, although he
passed quite close to them,
T have just seen the skin of a wolf shot here in Baluchistan, which does not
appear to differ in any way from Canis pallipes, the Indian species, although
I understand only Canis lupus is found in this country,
R. G. BURTON, Masor,
94th Russell’s Infantry.
Fort SANDEMAN, December 12th, 1906.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1017
No. VI—AN INJURED MONKEY.
In August 1903, I was marching through heavy jungle one morning during
the pouring rain, when I came upon a monkey (P. entellus) lying just beside
the path. When I went up to it, I found that it was impaled upon a broken
bit of stump some 12 in, long and about 1 in. in diameter. It was hopelessly
injured, and the liver was protruding when I lifted itup. It had evidently
missed its hold on the slippery branch and fallen. I have never heard of a
similar case. The beast was about 7 months old.
H. R. G. HASTED.
Brook House, SuFrFoLk, 5th December 1906.
No, VII—PANTHER KILL UP A TREE.
in No, 2 of this year’s Journal (Vol, XVII, page 517) there isan account of
a panther having placed its kill in a tree, and Mr. Comber, the Honorary
Secretary of our Mammal and Bird Section, asks if any member has come
across anything similar, J once had a somewhat similar experience,
In 1903 IT was camped at a small village where panthers committed a one
amount of damage among goats,and on the first night I had several goats
tied up. Next morning one of them was killed, and on going to the spot I
found that the hind quarters and stomach had been entirely devoured, and the
remainder of the goat had been deposited on the branch of a jack-fruit tree,
Li was a big tree with no branches for about eight feet, The kill was resting
on a fork in one of the lower branches about six feet from the trunk and some
nine or ten feet from the ground. I did not disturb it, and,as there was a
good moon, I sat up about twenty feet from the tree in order to watch the
beast. As bad luck would have it, the night came up very cloudy, and I could
see nothing, The panther returned just after dark and made no noise at all
in ascending the tree, the first thing I heard being the crunching of bones,
After waiting about an hour in the hopes of it getting brighter, I fired at the
sound and heard the panther drop to the ground and make off,
H. R. G. HASTED,
Brook House, SUFFOLK, 3th December 1906,
No. VIII.—ENCOUNTER BETWEEN A SNAKE AND LIZARD,
Apropos an article of mine in a recent issue of this Journal on the enemies
of snakes, Mr, L. V. Baghame has favoured me with an account of a most
interesting encounter he witnessed in Upper Burma (Trindat), in which a
lizard attacked and vanquished a snake. The lizard was the “ Tuctoo” (Gecko
verticillatus) so familiarly met with in Burmese houses, and the snake was a
rat-snake (Zamenis mucosus) between 4 and 5 feet in length.
The snake was a frequent caller in Mr, Baghame’s house, where its visits
were encouraged with a view to keeping down the rats that infested the
thatched roof,
21
1018 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOC/ETY, Vol, XV11.
On the occasion referred to, the snake was lying along a beam in the roof
when a tuctoo was seen to advance towards it and challenge it ; and it seems
very remarkable, when one considers the truculent disposition of the dhaman,
and the disparity in size of the contesting parties (the tuctoo only grows to
about one foot), that the ophidian should have retreated before the advances
of the lacertian. ‘The snake, though obviously anxious to withdraw from an
awkward situation, refrained from making a bolt of it as though apprehensive
of the consequences of preseuting so vulnerable a portion of its anatomy as its
tail to the foe, and throughout an engagement, lasting about an hour, persisied
in facing its antagonist, At last, however, in desperation, it summoned
sufficient courage to attempt an undignified exit through a hole in the
roof ; but no sooner had its head disappeared than the tuctoorushed upon it
and bit off some 9 inches of its tail, retiring with the spoils of war into its usual
corner, but whether it devoured it or not Mr, Baghame could not discover,
The dhiman has not been seen since !
F, WALL, Magor, I.MS.
December 27th, 1906.
No, IX.—THE VITALITY OF SNAKHS.
If I remember right, some years ago an account appeared in the Journal of
the head portion of a cobra—that had been shot in half—pursuing a native,
This story was, I think, received with a certain amount of scepticism, I there-
fore thought the following might be of interest as confirming the above, and
showing the wonderful vitality of snakes and the care that is necessary in |
dealing with them.
Several weeks ago, while at the Division Office here,a native reported that
there was a large snake in the compound. Accordingly, Col. Middleton,
A. A. G., Major Vincent, D. A. A. G., and I went out to see it, and can all
three vouch for what is here related.
There was a small masonry tank of the usual kind for watering a garden,
with a closed drain some 4’ long leading out of it, the tank end being plugged
and the water some few inches above the level of the plug. In the open end of
the drain we saw the tail of a black snake which we thought looked like that
of acobra, As it was impossible to get at it with a stick, Major Vincent sent
for his shot gun, and onits arrival fired at and cut the snake clean in two, as
we afterwards ascertained, the tail end being a few inches shorter than the
head portion, The tail was easily poked out with a stick, but there was no
sign of the head, and inserting a stick into the drain produced no effect.
Accordingly, the plug was pulled out of the tank end, thinking that the rush
of water would wash out the snake; but it only brought outa quantity of
blood and several frogs, which latter perhaps had proved the attraction,
Rattling a stick inthe tank end of the drain, however, .produced a wonderful
effect. Instead of a defunct snake, out came the head and some 15” or 16” of
a very lively and angry cobra, head raised, hood expanded, and the mouth so
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1019
wide open that the jaws nearly formed an angle of 180°, It turned its open
mouth upwards towards us, so that we could almost see down its throat
whether with the intention of ejecting poison or not Ido not know. No men-
tion was made by anyone of any such ejection being noticed. I had seen
snakes represented in Heraldic drawings with their mouths open to this extent,
but had thought such an attitude existed in the imagination only, but now
see that the Heralds were truer to nature than one thought, We were so
surprised that none of us did anything the first time, and the snake quickly
withdrew again into the hole, This was repeated several times, the blows
aimed at the cobra not taking effect,as it withdrew almost immediately.
At about the third or fourth appearance I pinned the body of the snake
against the side of the tank with my stick so that it could not withdraw. It
struck savagely at the stick twice and then seized it and held on, in which posi-
tion it was finally killed by blows from another stick by one of the European
soldier clerks. Even then we had some difficulty in pulling out the rest of it,
as the portion in the drain seemed to grip on to the sides and resist all it could,
We, however, finally gripped it ina split bamboo and got it out. We had no
means of measuring with us, but estimated it to be about a 5’ cobra, almost
black and rather thick for its length, and the head half as cut off by the shot
to be some 3” or 4” longer than the tail half,
H, V. BIGGS, Lr.-Cot., R.E,
Muow, C. I.,
11th January 1967,
No. X—THE BOLDNESS OF PANTHERS.
i was glad to read a letter on the above subject on page 522 of this volume
of the Journal by F, Field, but consider that the following personal experience
taken from arecord made in my diary at the time, beats anything I have
heard on the subject of the boldness of panthers, and as such may be also of
interest to your readers,
On the 29th of April last I was camped near a fishing stream close to a
village in quite open country except that on the right front of my tent there
was a little tongue of scrub-jungle detached from some heavier scrub-jungle
by a path and bare ground. I usually have constructed, in front of my tent,
a temporary roof supported on four bamboos driven into the ground,
lt was at night after dinner that I sat reading with a strong light behind me
on a table, just outside the tent but under the temporary roof, my legs thrown
out horizontally and resting on one of the bamboo props of the roof, my dog
asleep directly under my outstretched legs,
At the end of a story,I let the magazine rest on my chest and closed my
eyes. On re-opening them, I was conscious of something near me and looked
down straight into the eyes ofa large panther, scarcely 3 yards away, which
came crouching along the ground. To jump, shout and throw the magazine
1020 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
in its face, was the work of impulse, He scurried back into the scrub and the
dog, not in the least aware of bis danger, was soon curled up fast asleep again,
Everything else was left undisturbed and I took up my position, after carefully
shading the tent-side of the lantern, behind one of the front flaps of my tent.
It appeared to me that Iwas scarcely kept waiting five minutes when the
Panther appeared again, sitting up like a dog some 20 pacesaway. I could
not see my sights, but saw the animal fairly clearly, so aimed for the chest and
pulled. Result: Noise, blood and a certain amount of fur, but no panther,
Next day after breakfast ITtook up the blood trail, but never got the
panther,
8, E, F. JENKINS.
LorLem, $. SHan Sraves, December 1906,
No, XI—ABNORMAL SAMBUR HORNS.
When shooting in Mundla at ’Xmas, while beating we founda sambur
which had been killed by a tiger. It wasa rather curious one as it had nine
points, The left horn was that of a normal 3-pointed sambur 323” long. The
right however had an ordinary brow antler, but up at the top of the beam
were 5 points (like ‘‘royal” points ona Scotch stag), The biggest of these
was about 6” long and the smallest 3”, The beam was curious too, as
instead of the ordinary sweep of the horn, it grew straight up without
curving at all practically either backwards or sideways. I should be interested
to hear if these are common or not,
J. ARCHIBALD FIELD.
JUBBULPORE, C, P.,
15th January 1907.
No, XIJ.—AN ABNORMAL HOG-DEER HEAD.
I send a photograph of a Hog-deer (Cervus porcinus) head, I have never
before seen one with an extra tine, though I have seen hundreds of these deer
in Burma. Big heads were common there, but I think this is an exceptional
one for this part of India. The deer was shot in the Karnal District by my
brother-in-law, Major R, M, Lowis.
The horns measured 192 inches, the extra tine being 103 inches long,
R. CLIFFORD, Lievt.,
(22nd Punjabis),
JHELUM, PUNJAB, :
Tth December 1206,
- Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XVII.
ABNORMAL SAMBHAR HORN.
ABNORMAL HOG-DEER HEAD.
¢
NAIM 4 Jag OU)4 JAMAOMA,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1021
No, XIJI.—THE FOOD OF PYTHONS.
I send herewith particulars given me by Mr, Ralph, the Executive Engineer,
P. W. D., of this District, as they may prove of interest to some of our readers.
On the 19th December 1906, at about 6 p.m., news was brought to Mr.
Ralph and Mr, Debrulais (Assistant Engineer, Bengal Duars Railway) that a
huge python (Python molurus) was lying in the Tondoo Forest between the
Murti and Saldacca Rivers (Nagrakhatha Sub-district),
As the snake was reported to be only about 150 yards from the railway line,
the two went off at once duly armed, but on their arrival, they found the
snake absolutely comatose, and it was killed with sticks, It was very distended
and they decided to see what it had been feeding on. It was opened and
found to contain a leopard measuring 4 feet 2 inches from nose torump. The
tail came off when removing the hody and was tco decomposed to be accurately
measured. The panther had been swallowed head first, with its forearms
stretched out in front of its head.
On the snake were found seven hind-claw cuts, the first about 3 feet from
the head, the last about 1 foot from the tail.
The python was 18 feet in length and the span of the skin, after removal of
the leopard, was 22 inches,
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Masor
(13th Rajputs).
Baksa Duar, 14th January 1907.
No, XIV.—BATS FEEDING ON SMALL BIRDS.
For the past three years I have been puzzled to know whether my surmise
that the Indian Vampire Bat (Megaderma lyra) was responsible for the
remains of several kinds of small birds, chiefly of the Indian Bush Chat
(Pratincola maura), small bats and insects, which are always to be picked up
from the floor of my front verandah every morning in the cold weather, and
which is at times quite strewn with them.
At first I suspected the culprits might be either rats or owlets (Athene
brama), which occupied a leaf shed close to the bungalow but were killed on
account of the unpleasant noise they made, I had frequently scared this bat
off specimens of birds that were hung up preparatory to skinning in the
morning, but not before they had damaged the breast and abdomen.
To-night, however, I have been able to confirm the fact that undoubtedly
small birds do forma portion, and here a substantial one, of WM. lyra’s food,
having just killed one in the act of eating a small bird, and the bat and its
victim lie before me as I write. On going into my office, which opens into the
verandah, to get some note paper, I heard something drop and saw three of
these bats flying round the room, Picking up a stick I knocked one down and
1022 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVJI,
told the boy, who was holdinga light, to see if it was not a bird that the bat
had dropped ; it was, the remains being quite warm and bleeding,
I think this conclusive evidence and perhaps worth recording.
A. M, PRIMROSE,
TAMARHAT P.O., GAURIPUR, ASSAM.
12th November 1906.
(The above confirms Mr, Green’s note in the last number of our Journal and
was written quite independently before its publication Eps.)
No, XV.—-BATS FEEDING ON BIRDS.
Referring to Mr, Ernest Green’s query on p. 835, Vol, XVII of this Journal,
there is no doubt whatever that Megaderma lyra habitually feeds on birds and
mice, These verminiferous vermin (the bats) used to annoy me greatly by
catching mice about my house, and fetching birds out of their comfortable
nests in the night and chewing them up in the corners of rooms or verandahs,
We are spared the use of our inductive and deductive faculties (which would
perfectly suffice) by the simple fact that I have seen them do it many times, The
well known zoologist, Mr, F. Finn, was living with me at that time, We caught
and caged the bats and he fed them on small birds brought for sale by natives.
The hanging bat watched his time, made a grab, had the bird by the back of the
neck and killed it instantly. No chase or excitement, simply a swoop or even a
grab with the wings when the bird passed close enough, Having got the bird
by the neck close behind the head, the hanging bat made a clean job of it in
wonderful fashion. He started by chewing the neck in two and dropping the
head as neatly as any one could with two hands and a knife and fork, Neyer
by any chance did he drop the body though the wings were not used for hold-
ing it. Wings were occasionally used for turning the body round by a mere
touch but never for supporting it, He chewed steadily along to the feet
and tail, which dropped in their turn with the same matter-of-course facility.
F, GLEADOW.
Camp BANDRA, SALSETTE,
10th March 1907.
No. XVI—CURIOUS BEHAVIOUR OF A PANTHER IN
CONNECTION WITH A KILL,
I read with much interest an article by Mr. Comber in a recent number of
our Society’s Journal (page 517 of this volume) regarding the curious beha-
viour of a panther in relation to a kill, and have had the good fortune myself to
witness a more or less similar incident which, from a sportsman’s point of view,
is not only interesting, but important, and shows most remarkable sagacity,
The scene of the incident I am about to relate was a forest, into which large
numbers of wild cattle had been driven and enclosed for purposes of breeding
and preventing them from roaming about the country damaging crops. In
certain parts of this forest kuchha- wells had been dug, and drinking troughs
erected for these animals in the hot months ; at these spots large numbers of
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1123
wild cattle, with their calves, would congregate before nightfall for refresh-
ment, It was an exceedingly pretty sight to see the extraordinary variety of
wild animals that came to these troughs to drink when the sun was setting,
and, in order to obtain a better view of this proceeding, I had erected, in close
but hidden proximity, a machan in a large “kadam”’ (Anthocephalus cadamba)
tree amidst dense foliage, where my presence would never be suspected, and
into this I used frequently to go and sit before sunset, in order to watch these
different animals come for their evening drink, It was most interesting to
note the regularity of order in which the same animals used to come, a certain
sequence being invariably kept, beginning with the wild cattle themselves,
followed by nilghai, antelope, jackals, wolves, hyznas, wild boar, and, lastly,
panther! One evening, in close proximity to the tree in which I had erected
my machan, I noticed a tree, of which the trunk near the ground had been
much marked by, what looked like, scratches deeply engraved into the bark and
around it were panther pug marks. I also noticed that the scratches extended
up the trunk, and upon casually looking up into the branches, saw, quite 25
feet from the ground, something white hanging upon the bifurcation of one
of the main branches, regarding the exact nature of which, in order to satisfy
wnyself, I directed my orderly, who was with me at the time, to climb up and
ascertain, It turned out to be the half devoured carcase of a calf, which
had evidently been dragged up there by a panther, whose scratches on the
trunk all the way up were marked, as well as pug marks around it on the
ground, showing ample evidence as to the perpetrator! My suspicions were
not long in being substantiated, On that same evening, before sunset, I took
up my position in the same machan, but this time with my ‘303 rifle, and await-
ed events, As usual, the same string of animals, in absolutely identical order,
came and went, till at last, after several sounders of pig had departed, a fine
boar came and wallowed for a good many minutes in the mud and slush which
inevitably accumulates around these drinking troughs. I was so interested
watching this beast having his bath that my attention, for the time being,
was rivetted upon him ; but suddenly, as if a puff of wind or something had
aroused him from his dream, he sprang to his feet and stood looking fixedly
in a certain direction—the opposite to which I had been looking—when I also
turned my head to look, and there was a panther standing about 30 yards off,
slowly moving its tail, I remained still, though my friend, the boar, did not
wait long, but, turning on his heels, scuttled off into the jungle in the opposite
direction, I sat still watching the panther. She went up to the tree I have
mentioned (at nearly the very top of which she had spitted her evening meal
in a nice cool larder under the thick foliage aloft) and smelt around and
looked longingly up, evidently making up her mind to ascend, when she sud-
denly changed it and came slowly up to the place where the boar had been wal-
lowing, and after a fairly long pause, during which she was looking about and
around, lowered her head and began to drink. I thought this should be my
opportunity, so I quickly brought the head of my rifle on to the back of her
1024 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIZ,
head—at the junction of head and neck—and fired, whereupon the unfortu-
nate animal just rolled over into the water, without a struggle, stone dead,
She was a fine beast, not very large, but in the pink of condition, and had been
the murderer, I fear, of many wild cattle calves. The spot selected by this
beast for her larder was most ingeniously thought out, as it was sufficiently
high to prevent any animals, such. as jackals, hyznas, etc., from touching
it, and was most carefully concealed below the thick foliage of the tree, so
that vultures or other carrion birds should not detect or tamper with it in
any way during her absence. The temperature, moreover, at thai point was,
I fancy, the lowest to be found in the neighbourhood, as, owing to the
transpiration of moisture from the leaves and exposure at such a height to the
hot wind then prevailing, a uniform and cool temperature was kept up by
evaporation, which helped to preserve her meal from too early decomposition
possibly, as even a panther, I fancy, has sufficiently good taste to prefer, when
possible, fresh rather than decomposed matter for its meals, I fancy many
such instances of sagacity in wild animals could be obtained, if sportsmen laid
themselves out to observe life in jungles, as I have, when opportunity
afforded, In order to do so effectually, an extremely interesting and enter-
taining method of seeing such sights is to erect a machan at a carefuléy
selected and much-haunted drinking spot. Iam, however, far from advoca-
ting such means as sportsmanlike in the pursuit of game, fcr methods of
shooting animals over water are truly oriental in their origin, and, as such,
should never be resorted to by us, but for the observance of interesting
phenomena in connection with animal life in jungles they are unequalled.
H, E, DRAKE-BROCKMAN, F.Z.S., Mason, LMS,
BANGALORE, January, 1907.
No, XVIIL—ON A NEW SPECIES OF FULGORID FROM
DARJHELING.
Order—thynchota, Sub-order— Homoptera. Purohita arundinacea, Dist,
I have to record the occurrence in Darjeeling of a new species of
Fulgorid of the genus Purohita (sub-family Delphacine), specimens of which
were sent me by Dr, Harold H, Mann in September i906, collected from
Bamboos at an elevation of 3,100 feet, and which, through the kindness of
Mr, W. L, Distant, has been named Purohita arundinacea. A description of
the insect will appear in the Supplement to Vol. TV. on Rhynchota by Distant
in the Fauna of British India Series,
CHAS. B, AUTRAM,
Entomologist, Indian Tea Association,
5th February, 1907.
No. XVIII.--CANTECONA FURCELLATA, WOLFF.
Order— Hemiptera. Family-~Pentatomide. Sub-family—A sopine.
This Pentatomid Bug has previousty been recorded as attacking the larva of
Hyblea puera, a Noctiud moth, and the silkworms of the Tusser moth, feeding
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1025
in the open, I have now found it attacking the larvee of the Limacodide in
. Sylhet, some of which are sometimes very serious caterpillar pests of tea, It
also occurs in North Cachar,a few specimens having been taken in January
1907, The insect is figured on plate XVI, fig, 5, in Ind, Mus, Notes, Vol. V.,
No, 3.
CHAS, B, AUTRAM,
Entomologist, Indian Tea Association.
5th February, 1907.
No, XIX.—THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES
OF HIMALAYAN MARKHOR (CAPRA FALCONER!]),
(With a plate.)
The accompanying photographs of markhor trophies may be of interest to
your Society, as illustrating the variation of type, which occur in horns,
obtained in different localities,
The habitat of the markhor roughly follows the bend of the Indus, from
the Sulieman ranges in Baluchistan, the North-West Frontier Province, and
Afghanistan, through Chitral, to Chilas, Gilgit, Astor, thence South to the
Kaj-i-Nag and Pir Panjal mountains in Cashmere.
SD
KAJINAG j
gnve®
Ag PIRPANJAL
1026 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
The photographs show types from these localities, Horns from the
Sulieman mountains are straight, and the tendency is for them to curl more
and more, as we follow them through Chitral, Chilas and Astor to the Kaj-i-
Nag. No particular reason can be assigned for this,
Seeing, however, that the Suliemans are generally devoid of forest, and
Chitral nearly so, while the jungle be-
comes denser as we follow the range of
the markhor to the Kaj-i-Nag, which is
heavily wooded, I am inclined to the
theory that the horns are found to assi-
milate toa type best suited to synchro-
nise with the character of the country
and cover in which the animal is bred,
Individual heads, of course, vary, and
local varieties may merge into one
another, except in the case of the Kaj-i-
Nag and Pir Panjal, between which and
the Chilas and Astor districts there is
an area devoid of markhor. It has,
however, been ascertained that the loca-
lity in which the trophy was obtained
can generally be determined according to
whether it approximates to one or other
of the types shown in the photographs,
1, SvRaIGHT Horn, SULIEMAN I may mention that these photographs
MARKHOR, 38”, picked up in KABUL. are of specimens selected not for their
size, but as typical of the five groups of unlabelled horns, into which an
officer unacquainted with markhor shooting separated a large number of heads
in possession of the 5th Gurkha Rifles, It was afterwards found that the
groups thus selected corresponded exactly with the groups of localities in
which the animals were shot,
The average length of the Chitral, Chilas, Astor and Kaj-i-Nag horns in this
collection was found to be 45:5 inches round the curve. This method of
measurement hardly does justice to the Chitral markhor, a larger and heavier
animal than his brother of the Kaj-i-Nag.
H, P. BROWNE, Caprrain,
5th Gurkha Rifles.
INDIAN STAFF COLLEGE, DEOLALI,
10th February 1907,
No, XX.—‘ SHOT-BORERS” IN BAMBOOS.
I notice in the Journal No, 2, Vol, XVIL, p. 526, the notes of Mr. N. F.
Troup on “Shot-borers” in bamboos that have been felled on moonlight
nights, The cause is this ; the bamboo is powerfully affected by the moon, and
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XVII.
2
CHITRAL
MARKHOR,
49", shot at
DROSH NULLAH.
4
ee KAJ-I-NAG
; 4 MARKHOR,
48", shot at ARA-
LORI NULLAH.
CHILAS
MARKHOR,
49" shot at
GHoR NULLAH
(opposite CHAS),
o
ASTOR MARKHOR,
52",
Shot near ASTOR,
VARIETIES OF MARKHOR (CAPRA FALCONER).
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1627
when that object appears, the sap rises and remains till the moon has waned,
If bamboos are cut at this time they are certain to go to powder within 18
months ; and if used immediately after felling for spears, &c., they usually
break, Bamboos cut on dark nights will keep indefinitely, and seldom break,
Also bamboos cut in the daylight at any time of the month usually go to
powder in three or four years.
R. BARTON-WRIGHT,
Asst. Manager to the Lessees, Sivaganja Zemindary.
SIVAGANJA ZEMINDARY,
SivaGAnJiI P, O.,
Mapura DIstTRict,
27th January 1907,
[ Mr. E. P. Stebbing writes in reference to the above note :—‘‘ This appears
to be merely a recapitulation of the opinions or theories or superstitions, I
scarce know which to callthem at present. I should be delighted to hear
whether Mr. Barton Wright has ever carried out a series of experiments on
the lines laid down in my paper* to prove that the opinions commonly held on
the subject have really a foundation to rest upon, It is useless attempting
to solve what appears a most curious problem until we have authoritative
proof, based upon carefully carried out experiments, that a scientific problem
exists which requires solution.” —EDs. ]
No, XXI—A REMARKABLE TREE,
I regret that in my note on page 527 of this volume under the above
heading, I have giventhe wrong botanical name, The tree is not Michelia
champaca, but Michelia nilgirica, Zenk,
Until to-day I had not seen the flowers, and was misled by statements of
others and by the vernacular name given in the list of trees and shrubs of
the Madras Presidency, I secured the flowers to-day, and discovered my error,
C. E. C, FISCHER,
Camp DopDASANIPAGAI,
17th February 1907,
No. XXII—THE NESTING OF THE RUFOUS-BELLIED HAWK-
EAGLE (LOPHOTRIORCHIS KIENER!).
I am sending for identification the skin of a bird that I take to be the
Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle (Lophotriorchis kieneri), As Dr, Blanford im the
“ Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol. III,,” mentions the nidification as being
unknown, I give particulars of how I obtained the bird, I discovered the
nest on the Anamallai Hills in December last (1906). It contained one
young bird, which I procured and reared successfully until it was, as you will
perceive, nearly full fledged, intending to train it, if possible, for hawking hares,
but, unluckily, it broke its leg in some mysterious way and to my great regret
* [This paper owing to Mr, Stebbing’s absence in England, cannot appear in this
number but it is hoped will be published in No, 1 of Vol, XVII!.—Eds, ]
1028 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
Thad to killit. The nest was in the midst of the evergreen forest in ihe
fork of a tree which the natives (Karders) there call “Karani maram,”
the flowers of which are eaten by them both raw and pounded into a pulp,
when they are mixed with flour and made into cakes. ‘This particular tree
had not a single branch for over 100 feet—in fact none till the fork where the
nest was, This was a huge platform of sticks lined with green leaves only,
and the two Karders climbed up by driving wooden pegs into the trunk at
intervals, and then tying long, thin poles to them, thus making a ladder in a
wonderful manner. I tried to shoot a parent bird, but did not suceeed, As
the nest will probably be occupied again next October, I hope to obtain the
egg and another young eagle to attempt to train.
A, M. KINLOCH,
“ CLyFFE ” Estate, Kit-Koracini, NILGIRIS.
21st February 1907,
[ Mr. Kinloch’s identification is quite correct and it is to be hoped that he
will be able to get an egg next season,—EDs,)
No, XXIIL—VERNACULAR NAMES OF SOME INDIAN DUCKS,
During a visit to the Nuli* at Christmas, I was interested to find that the
Koli fishermen had distinctive names for the different species of duck which,
in several instances, corresponded closely with the names used by the Mohanas,
the inland fishermen and boatmen of Sind. While in most parts of India it is
difficult to get the duck distinguished by local names, the Mohanas never use
any but the specific name. The following list is, 1 think, pretty complete for
Sind, though I have omitted several varieties, ¢.g., Dholari for the Shoveller
(Spatula elypeata), which are really nicknames, Ihave put in the few Null
names I learnt for the sake of comparison :—
Name of Duck, Sindhi Name. Null Name.
Whistling Teal (both Chihu :
species), Chihar AR UuI BOO
(Dendrocycna javanica.)
Ruddy Sheldrake eee OAV EL. | oa, a Jk Who ee
(Casarca rutila). Hewanclia\sc5. > wstte, ols eee ane eee
Kathiun (Manchar Lake)...
Mangh (for all geese)...
Sheldrake rae .« Thar-jo-hiragi... Fe as oat
(Tadorna cornuta.)
Shoveller ... sae -s. | Gaino, ae ois ... Gaino,
(Spatula clypeata.) Langho ... vee
Alipat (Thar Parkar).
* For the benefit of those readers who are not acquainted with the piece of water termed
‘‘The Null,” it may be as well to state that itis situated on the Hast of Kathiawar and
North of Guzerat in the Bombay Presidency.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1029
Name of Duck. Sindhi Name, Null Name,
Mallard... on ... Niragi, hiragi
(Anas boscas.)
Spot Bill ... aes 28 Haioar) / 5 ve
(Anas pecilorhynchu.)
pO- cesses
Gadwall ... aa .. Burd, Buari BAD ... Buar, fem, Buari.
(Chaulelasmus streperus.)
Pintail ante Bo 2) Driehushi 2. sae ... Paras, Parai,
(Dafita acuta.)
Wigeon nee ee tata i ie. = ... Pharao, fem, Pha-
(Mareca penelope.) rainshi,
Common Teal... «.. Kardo (5 ys eae .. Chékhlo, Jékhlo.
(Nettium crecea.) Chikhlo (Lower Sind) ...
Garganey Teal ... ee © Harn Ona oe act eee Mardio,
(Querquerdula circia.) Kardo a on
Marbled Teal ee ... Chhoi
(Marmaronetia angust-
Pies ices
éroséris.)
Pochard ... Ba ... “arando Yarandio,
(Nyroca ferina,)
Red-crested Pochard ... Ratoba Ratobari,
(Netta rujina.)
White-eyed Pochard ... Burnu Ber Sepe ebeuronay
(Nyroca africana.)
Tufted Pochard ... .. Raharu
(Fuligula fuligula.)
Smew aes oe . Shali
(Mergus albellus.)
wee Kalwelio.
Tt will be seen that out of ten names found on the Null, seven are identical
with, or closely resemble, the names of the same species in Sind, while of the
remaining three, one Sindhi name, that of the Pintail, is Persian and not in-
digenous. Other instances of correspondence are the use of the word “ad”
(311g) or “adi” on the Null for duck generally, just as “ ari” (as j)) is used
in Sind, though Europeans commonly restrict the latter word to the coot,
The pelican is ‘ Pen” both in Sind and onthe Null, When the extent of desert
between the two countries and the present entire dissimilarity in appearance,
language, and religion is considered, these resemblances are interesting as
showing the wide spread of the old fishing race of Western India. Perhaps
some sportsmen acquainted with the Null will supply a full list of names for
that place.
P, R, CADELL, 1.c.8:
Bompay, 6th March 1907,
10830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII,
No. XX[V.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BUTTERFLY CHILARIA
OTHONA IN SALSETTE.
On the 28th February last I captured a fresh male of Chilaria othona, Hew.,
in Salsette, This is another addition to the butterfly fauna of the Konkan as
given in Messrs, Comber and Aitken’s list in Vol, XV of the Journal,
I observe, however, that De Niceville gives Bombay as a locality, so it has
probably been taken in the neighbourhood before.
Probably, it has been overlooked. Not many people do much collecting at
this season of the year,
WC. > YOUNG.
Bompay, March 1907.
No, XXV.—A NOTE ON AN EDIBLE FUNGUS FROM LAHORE,
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on Tth March 1907.)
At our Society’s meeting held last January, when speaking of the edible
“ Morel” fungus of Kashmir (Jorchella esculenta), I promised to exhibit some
dried spevimens,
Description—The pileus is ovate round, or oblong; adnate io the stem at
the base; ribs firm, anastomosing ; intervals forming pits; stem even; asci
cylindrical ; sporidia 8, elliptic, 20—22 + 104; paraphyses filiform, slightly
thickened above. The native name of the fungus is Guchbhi or Luchbhi,
In LeMaont and Decaisne’s “ Descriptive and Analytical Botany’’, translated
by Mrs, Hooker, there is note at page 957 (edition 1873), which runs thus :—
“The Common Morel (AJorchellu esculenta) may be looked on as the harbinger
of spring, appearing (in France) with tolerable regularity in April, if this month
is rainy, It is eaten fresh or dried, as are all its congeners,’ Mrs, Hussey im
the first volume of her “Illustrations of British Mycology” (1847, London)
gives an excellent plate with three coloured figures of Morchella esculenta,
Dillenius. From her account of it I find that this fungus is common all over
Europe. The name is from the German “ Morchel”.
When young, the Morel is a very delicate plant; any obstruction, therefore,
to its growth, such as hard soil or stone, or even roots of grasses or weeds in the
ground where the fungus is growing, affects the final form which the fungus
takes after emerging and developing above ground, The fungus is noted for
its varied and irregular forms on this account, ‘It often appears lobed, twist-
ed in the stem, and contorted into monstrous shapes, and the size varies
extremely.” (Mrs, Hussey.) With regard to the culinary use of this fungus
Mrs, Hussey further says thus :—‘ Morels should be gathered in dry weather ;
after rain or dew they have not much flavour, * * * * They may be
stuffed with bread crumbs, meat, chicken, shell-fish, &c., finely minced and
seasoned, then wrapped in slices of bacon and roasted, serving them in Italian
Sauce (?K, R, K.), or any piquant brown gravy with a little light wine in it,
and buttered toast may be placed beneath them,’
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1031
The natives of Lahore and Kashmir use the fungus in the form of pickles
or sauce. So far back as 1860, the Rev. Mr, Berkeley said that the Morel
was then an important article of commerce, He says that good “ Ketchup”
can be obtained from various edible mushrooms. Morels also, says he, yield,
when treated in the same way as mushrooms for “‘ Ketchup,” an admirable
condiment. (See page 64, Berkeley’s Outlines of British Fungology.) Loudon
refers to this fungus in his elaborate Encyclopedia, So do Kerner and Oliver
in the History of Plants (English version, Vo], IT., 1895, p. 682). The Morels
are designated as Saprophytic fungi, that is to say, fungi which grow on dead
and decaying organic matter,
The several dried specimens of the Lahore Morchel now before you were
very kindly analysed for me by my former pupil and now my friend, Dr, A.
K, Turner, L. M. & §., Assistant Chemical Analyser of the Government
Laboratory, Byculla, Bombay. The following is the result of his analysis,
roughly speaking, in his letter to me, dated the 2nd instant :—
Moisture... noc oes ase. UIA
Album, compounds Hee wee 22°925 (containing N. = 3°668)
Sugar S06 200 boc cao @edlPAD
Starch S80 oo sot ao, NG
Ccllulosee™ ees =: 12-000
(Ash) Mineral matter... ... 10°240
Fat 500 noc 200 -. 4800
his analysis clearly shows that there is no starch in Morchel, It is there-
fore a puzzle to me why Sir George Birdwood has ineluded this fungus, as has
been mentioned by him, under head “Starches” at page 262 of his highly
instructive work entitled “‘ Vegetable Products of the Bombay Presidency.
(Bombay, 1865)’.
Kk, 8. KIRTIKAR, Lr.-Cot., F.Ls., 1M.s. (Retired).
ANDHERI, SALSETTE, 6th March 1907,
No, XXVIL—A FURTHER NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION
OF THE VARIETIES OF COBRA IN INDIA,
In Vol. XVI., page 638, of our Journal, will be found a paper detailing the
distribution of the three varieties of Indian cobras as far as was then possible
from the 1,074 specimens received, The conclusions arrived at were that
Typica may be looked for in any part of India, more rarely in Burma, and
still more rarely in China, Ceca is the common cobra of the West part of the
Central Provinces and Central India and parts of the Frontiers, Fasciatu
is eminently the Bengal cobra, and appears also to be the variety commonly
found to the east thereof in Burma and China, ‘ince then (1st April 1905 te
31st December 1906) 68 cobras have been sent to the Laboratory, and notes of
six others bave been received from Major O. A, Smith, 27th Punjabis, Multan,
and Mr, EH, H. Young, Ajmer,
1032 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV/J.
No cobras of the variety Fasciata have been received during this period.
Naia typica is represented by 49 specimens and Ceca by 25. These are
distributed as follows :—
| Typiea, | Ceea. | Total,
Vizagapatam (Madras) .. .. —.. Felt oe hbak (eto Sa Bl : 3
(Sambalpur ae bed es H 3, 40 - AG 36 | 5 41
Wardha .. ee ae es a0 “i a cit a 2 | ya 4
Saugor .. . an a . ihe Ab +] ; | Pied 2
{.P. < Hoshangabad .. 06 ae oe ho eT an aS we ie 2 2
Narsinghpur .. ae a ue Sh Be we ae 2 2 4
} Kbandwa ne ate ae os at as x a 1 5 | 6
( Jubbulpur en 2
Rajputana .. A aie AG Ao 2 ne Ae ae Bat at 3} | 3
Multan (Panjab) .. oe ae . le oe oe me Bi 1} al 3
Bombay .. ae ; | 4 : 4
49 25 74
As regards T'ypica, 1t will be seen that all the Madras and Bombay specimens
are of this kind, and that in the Central Provinces—if Sambalpur be excluded,
as it has been in the redistribution of provinces recently made by the Govern-
ment of India—only 25 per cent. are of this sort,
In the case of Cacu, we find that 75 per cent, of those from the Central
Provinces, and all reported from Rajputana, are of this kind.
These figures closely approximate to those given by the larger number of
cobras dealt with in the first paper, but more specimens or reports are necessary
before the exact gecgraphical distribution of each variety can be defined.
Mr, Young in an interesting letter from Ajmer, dated 26th December 1906,
says that he believes Ceca is the commonest variety in Rajputana, and suggests
a solution of the colour distribution of the black cobras which are mainly
found in the Central Provinces, Central India and Rajputana. He says : “ If we
class Typica and Fasciata together and Ceca separately, it rather seems to me
as if the two divisions correspond roughly with the divisions of the monsoons,
Typica and Fasciata are found all through Madras, Bengal, Assam, United
Provinces and the submontane tracts, whilst Caca is practically confined to
the Central Provinces, Central India and Rajputana, —roughly, the area most
subject to drought and in no part of which is the rainfall heavy, The greater
part of this area is ata considerable elevation, and includes one of the great
watersheds of India, rivers flowing out of it on all four sides, My experience
of India has been mostly within these limits, and certainly I think I have
always found the black cobra the prevailing type.”
This is an interesting suggestion, and deserves further discussion and elucida-
tion, but more facts are needed,
W. B. BANNERMAN, »p., psc., Lr.-Cou., LMS.,
Director, Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory,
Bompay BaActrER(OLOGICAL LABORATORY,
PaREL, BomBAyY, 7th March 1907.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1033
No, XXVII.—HATCHING OF DHAMAN (ZAMENIS MUCOSUS)
EGGS, AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE EGG TOOTH.
In Fyzabad, on the 8th of August 1906, a native brought me 8 snake’s eggs,
He told me that he saw a large snake coiled among these eggs, which were
deposited among some bricks ina rubbish heap. When the snake escaped he
removed 9 eggs in all, one of which he broke, He indicated on a bamboo
what he supposed the length of the snake, which was apparently between 5
and 7 feet.
I had at the time some 60 odd snakes in bottles including a young dh4man,
which he singled out as the snake most like the one he had encountered, The
largest egg was 2 inches in length, and the smallest 2 inches in length, by
1 =; in breadth, I broke one open,and extracted an embryo 7? inches long,
It was whitish in colour,and the issues so transparent that the heart and
large vessels appeared crimson from their contained blood. The heart could
be distinctly seen pulsating, and the blood coursing through the largest
blood vessels. The head was curiously beaked, much resembling a partially
incubated chick’s, In texture the tissues were so gelatinous that the embryo
had to be touched with the greatest care to avoid dissolution under my
grasp. The scales were visibly formed, but their detail was too indistinct to
permit my counting them until I had dipped the specimen into ink when they
proved to be in 17 rows anteriorly, in 17 rows in the middle of the body, and
14 in the posterior part of the body. This sufficed to identify the species of the
mother as a dhaman (Zamenis mucosus), It could be no other Indian snake,
The 7 remaining eggs were placed in cotton wool, ina prune jar ina subdued
light to await developments, On the 24th August, anxious to ascertain the
progress of development, I broke another egg, and found the embryo a shade
less than 125 inches in length. The rate of growth was therefore 42 inches
in 16 days if one allows this specimen a length equal to that of the first at
the time of extraction. This second embryo was also quite colourless, The
eye was very large, exactly equalling its distance to the end of the snout, its
pupil discernible and the iris dull greenish. The alveolar ridges were well
formed, but I could not feel any teeth, nor see any under a lens, however a
row of punctures along the ridges indicated the situations where the teeth
were destined to issue,
I could find at this stage no vestige of the foetal egg tooth, a structure I
had eagerly looked for for years without success,
This specimen was a male, and I was surprised to find the male organs fully
extruded on each side, These were expanded into a terminal flattened,
feebly sulcate disc.
The navel was perforate, involving 4 ventrals, 2 completely, and half
another in front, and behind, and 25 complete ventrals intervened between it
and the anal shield.
As I was about to leave for England I took the 6 remaiming eggs on board,
23
1034 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVII.
On the 11th of September, whilst at Port Said, large bubbles were seen to be
issuing from two eggs, which a closer inspection showed were fissured at one
pole, The young were evidently about to hatch, and the inauguration of
respiratory effort, occasioned the bubbling despumation, Both eggs were
immersed in spirit, so as to ensure observations on the egg tooth, *
Two other eggs were allowed to hatch that day, and one on the next, The
6th egg did not hatch, but when opened contained a fully formed dead embryo.
The eggs after evacuation were found to be almost empty, only a little glairy
slime adhering to the shell. After they were cut open, washed, and turned
inside out the aperture of escape was examined. This had been formed
by several incisions intersecting one another in various directions, and thus
permitting the shell to be windowed by a very moderate degree of pressure
from within. These incisions viewed beneath a lens showed that they must
have been produced by some very perfect cutting instrument, for they were
clean, and straight, and completely penetrated the shell in places, Some of
these were half an inch long, andthe result of a clean, determinate sweep.
The 3 hatchlings were kept, and proved to be very tractable, though restless
little creatures, permitting me to handle them without attempting to bite.
Though tempted with milk on board, and frogs in England, they refused to
eat, and rapidly emaciated and died, 2
The genitals of the males it was specially noticed were no longer extruded,
but were retracted into their sheaths, and hidden as in adults,
I measured the young as they emerged from the egg, and after their death,
and they grew very little. A female
hatched on the 11th September: 16%
inches in length, was 17 inches long when
dead on the 6th October. Another female
which emerged on the 11th, and measured
152 inches, grew to 164 by the 2nd of
October. The male hatched on the 12th
was then 144 inches, and had grown to
154 inches by the 2nd October.
None of them sloughed during their
brief lives, but one at least before death
showed signs of impending desquamation,
I made a special examination of the
mouth as each hatched, and saw for the
first time the egg tooth very distinctly.
Tt was firmly fixed but whether by an
osseous, or a ligamentous attachment I
could not say. It was chisel shaped, and
lay with its flat side against the pre-
maxillary bone, that is to say as far for-
ward as possible in the upper jaw, from which it projected slightly.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1035
Its position and prominence are very well shown in the accompanying
sketches made by Mr. J. Green, to whom I gave the two eggs I had immersed
in spirit when on the point of hatching. Mr. Green has cut a window out of
one egg, and shown the embryo coiled up within, with the egg tooth clearly
visible as a white speck. He entirely removed the embryo of the other
egg, and has shown the tooth in profile,
I examined the egg tooth in all my hatchlings each day, gently inserting a
tooth pick beneath its projecting end. On the 14th September it was still
present in all, On the 15th one of those hatched on the Lith had shed the
tooth. In the other hatched on the 1}th, and that on the 12th the tooth
was present on the 15th instant, but in both cases it was so loose that it came
off the pick point unaccompanied by any bleeding of the parts. One of
these teeth was secured in a capsule, and handed to Mr, Green, but was so
minute that it was unfortunately lost in his endeavours to view, and draw it
under the microscope,
The detail of the shields is not accurate, a point of no importance, «s the
drawings are only intended to indicate the position of the egg-tooth,
F. WALL, c.m.z.s., Masor, I.MS,
No, XXVIIL—TUCTOO AND SNAKE,
In the Indian Museum lately I was shown a specimen of Chrysopelea ornata
a yard or so long which Captain R, EH. Lloyd, I.M.S., had captured at Sand-
away in conflict with a tuctoo (Gecko verticillatus).
Captain Lloyd told me he saw the combatants engaged on the ground in
desperate battle, and that the snake appeared to be getting worsted, as the
tuctoo had the snake’s body, some inches behind the neck, firmly grasped
in its jaws. So fierce was the encounter that they refused to separate, so he
threw them into the sea, This caused the combatants to disengage, but only
for a moment, when they renewed the struggle in the water.
The power of the tuctoo must be very considerable, for the snake’s boay
bore such distinct impressions of its jaws that the tissues, and internal
organs must, I feel sure, have been severely damaged, This is the second
instance I have had to chronicle lately of the pugnacity and determination
exhibited by this Gecko.
F, WALL, o.M.z.s., Masor, I.M.S,
DipruGaRH, AssaAM, 2nd March 1907.
No. XXIX.—PECULIAR COLOURATION IN THE INDIAN SLOTH
BEAR (MELURSUS URSINUS),.
A few days ago I shot a couple of bears (mother and cub) which Tad
chestnut coloured W’s on their chests instead of the white V. Nokody
1036 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XV/I,
ither Native or European, that I have met seems to have heard of bears with
such coloured marks, so I shall be glad if you will let me know if this colour-
ing is very mauguel or merely a little out of the ordinary,
W. W. BAKER, Lt,-Cor.,, r.£,
InDoRE, ©, I., 2nd March 1907.
[Blanford says “a uarrow white horseshoe-shaped mark on the chest,”
Mr. J. D. Inverarity says “‘ The usual colour is a yellowish-white and it is
remarkable that the cub mentioned above should be like the mother,’
—Eds,]
No, XXX—CASSIA RENIGERA, WALL.
(With an illustrasion,)
The genus Cassia is one of the largest in the whole vegetable kingdom
comprising about 400 species, and its geographical distribution is a very
wide one too, its representatives inhabiting all tropical and warm regions, except
Europe. In India alone we find about 20 species, of which 16 occur in the
Bombay Presidency. Many Cassias, owing to their ornamental appearance,
have been introduced into European gardens, v.g., Cassia corymbosa and
Cassia florida, which are both well-known greenhouse shrubs in England ; and
even our tropical gardens have been greatly embellished by the cultivation of
exotic species, I mention only Cassia marginata with its beautiful flowers,
which was introduced from Ceylon into the Botanic Garden in Calcutta in
1802, and since then into many a public and private garden of India. It bears
during the rainy season axillary racemes of flowers 3 inch in width, pink in
volour with almost a tinge of terracotta, and marked with greenish veins,
Another species, viz., Cassia grandis, a native of Tropical and Central America
and the West Indies, has been introduced into gardens at Poona and Bombay,
Cassia tomentosa, indigeneous in Tropical America, is frequently planted in
gardens on account of the bright yellow flowers which form large corymbose
panicles. One Cassia, however, seems to match all the abovementioned species
with regard to ornamental beauty, viz., Cassia renigera, of which Mr. W.
Harvey Jones has obtained an excellent photograph which is reproduced here.
The tree referred to, which is about 20 feet high, is in the garden of Mr, W. %.
Millard on Malabar Fill, to whom it was sent from Rangoon by the Hon’ble
R. A, Forbes-Sempill. Mr. Millard says that itis the most beautiful Cussia he
has ever seen, and even superior to Cassia marginata and Cassia grandis.
The leaves are abrubtly pinnate, 3—1 foot long and softly pubescent all over ;
the lunate-reniform stipules are very large; and the membraneous leaflets
are 8-20 pairs in number. The flowers are large and showy, of a rich pink
colour, and form very short racemes 2bove the scars of the fallen leaves, The
yellow stamens, which project far beyond the petals, form a prominent feature
of the flower,
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XVII.
CASSIA RENIGERA.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1037
The tree remains in flower for a period of nearly two months, viz., from
April to June, but in Bombay has not so far yielded any seeds. The cylindri-
cal pods, resembling very much those of Cassia fistula, grow 1-2 feet in length,
In Burma, where the tree is not unfrequent in the dry forests of Prome and
Ava, it reaches a height of 30-40 feet,and the clear stem measures 8-15 feet,
with a girth of 3-5 feet, I findin the Field (January 5th, 1907) a note saying
that ‘‘the tree has the very remarkable character, observed by Indian botanists,
of having pink flowers in some parts of India and yellow flowers in others.”
I shall be very thankful for any information regarding this interesting fact,
HK. BLATTER, s. J,
St, XaviER’s CoLLeGE, BomBay,
March, 1907.
No. XXXI,—OCCURRENCE OF THE BITTERN (BOTAURUS
STELLARIS) IN SOUTHERN INDIA,
That the Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) occasionally at any rate ranges
as far as Southern India, as recorded by Mr. Rhenius at page 247 of this
volume, has been confirmed by a skin of one that was shot at Madura by
Captain C. B. Harrison, 1.M.S., lately, being sent us for identification,
H, COMBER, F.z3.
BomBay, 26th March 1967,
No, XXXIT.—OCCURRENCH OF THE WAXWING (AMPEL/S
GARRULUS) AT BANNU, N. W. F. PROVINCE,
On the 20th March I observed a bird inmy compound which from its
elongated crest I felt sure was a Waxwing, Sending indoors for my gun I had
the good fortune to bag it, and sure enough it turned out to be a male Wax-
wing (Ampelis garrulus). The only other occurrence of this bird within
Indiaa limits, known to me, is thai of the example procured by Mr, C, H. T.
Whitehead on the Samana in December last. The occurrence of this species
in India and so far south as Bannu would point to very abnormal weather
conditions in Central Asia and Siberia, On the date named, the weather was
cold and threatening, and a heavy storm from the N.E. came up in the
night,
The bird was exceedingly fat and the stomach and intestines were full of
green seed or berry pulp, The testes were much enlarged,and by all that
is hitherto known of this species, he should, at this season, have been 2,000
miles further north,
H. A. F. MAGRATH, Magor,
Bannu, March 1907.
1038
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 2471 JANUARY 1907,
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s rooms on the 24th January 1907, Mr. James MacDonald
presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 19 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced :—
Mr. P. L. Faulkner (Shillong, Assam); Mrs, Minns (Sandoway, Arakan) ;
Mr. R. H. MacNair, 1.C.8, (Khandwa, ©. P.); Mr, A. C. Beet, I.C.5, (Chanda,
C. P.); Lieut. H. T. C. Ivens (Peshawar, N.-W. F. P.); Col. J. Ferbes (Bom-
bay) ; Mr, Schelling (Bombay) ; Mr, M, E, Coningham (Secunderabad, Deccan);
Mr, Geo, Carmichael, I.C.S8, (Poona); Mr. Harold A. Higgins (Snganugger,
Baramasia P. O., Chittagong, Assam) ; Capt, OC. A, Gill, I.M.S. (Jhelum); Mr.
Reginald L, * Sinelarr (Surat); Major H. N. Dunn, R. A. M.C, (Umballa); Mr.
H. C, Pratt (Selangor, F, M. States); Mr. C. J. W. Shepperson (Coimbatore) ;
Mr. R. G, Cross (Doloo P. O., Cachar) ; Major J. A. Wilson (Shillong, Assam) ;
Mr, B. H. H. Mundy, F.R.G.S. (Bombay); and Mr. J. Stopford-Taylor
(Bombay).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W.S. Millard, acknowledged receipt of the
following :—
Contribution. Description. Locality. Contribntor,
LT Smakecs cscs Fi BOOCECHOG Denadrop his Tuticorin..........|Mr. C. EB. Rhenius.
pictus.
Was CONOR CCS secacconsiecche: 206 Karwat.......-..-..|Mr.C. C. Boyd, I.C.S.
Some 600 Birds’ Skins. na ABSAM,...00e00-0002.| Mr. H. C. Stuart Baker.
1 Wild Dog Skin.* Cyon dukhw-|\Kanara........c0ee- Hon. Mr. Justice Pratt,
MENSTS. 1.0.8.
A Cabinet of Birds see 500 Col. K.S. Dunsterville,
Kegs. R.A.
1 Domestic Buffalo|Bos bubalws.|Jafferabad, Ka-|Prof. of Agricul t ure,
Skull with Horns. thiawar. Kirkee.
A Box of Ceylon Moths. con Ceylon ... coscees Mr. E. E. Green.
Snakes, Lizards, &c. Koweit, P. Gulf. |Maj, 8. G. Knox.
Some Trapdoor "spiders? Acanthadon sp. |\Nasik District. | Vrs. Manwaring.
nests and spiders.
ZISMAKCSevesessievessices(<c 300 Myitkyina,|Mr. HE. McDougall.
U. Burma,
13 Fishes .. Saceoere INES ISG- caoueccoceno Mr. E. Comber.
1 Female Gocral nockOsecod -|Cemas goral .. | ReralllUieenes ease -rcteccte Lt.-Genl. W. Osborn.
* Forwarded to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala.—From
the University of Upsala,
Annales du Congo, Zoologie Serie V, Tome I, Fascicule I.
Vierteljahrsschrifit der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich.
PROCEEDINGS, 1039
The Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science
Vol. XI, Part 2.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol, XXX,
Notes on a newly mounted skeleton of Merycoidodon, A fossil Mammal,
The Museums Journal, Vol. 6, Nos. 3 and 4,
The Canadian Entomologist, Vol, XX XVIII, No, 2,
The Geological Survey of India, Vol. II, Memoir No, 3.
Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol, I, Nos, 16, 17,18 and 19,
Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. II, Nos. 7
and 8,
Department of Land Records and Agriculture, Bulletin No, 28.
Annual Report, Department of Agriculture, Bombay Presidency,
Lepidoptera Indica, by F. Moore, Part LXXV, presented by H. H. the
Maharaja of Mysore.
THR JOURNAL.
The Honorary Secretary mentioned that the next Journal would, he hoped,
be ready to issue to members in another three weeks. It had been greatly
delayed owing to the non-arrival of some of the plates from England.
EXHIBITS,
Mr. N. F. Surveyor exhibited a specimen of the Papay fruit (Carica
papaya) showing hypertrophy of the columella,
Mr. L. C, H. Young exhibited a curious instance of asymmetrical variation on
the underside of the hindwing of the butterfly Melitwa persea, Koll, from Chitral,
PAPERS BREAD.
1, A few notes on Indian fungi, with illustrations and specimens, by
Lieut.-Col, K, R. Kirtikar, I.M.S, (retd.),
2, Anew Krait from Oudh (Bungarus walli), by Major F, Wall, C.M.ZS.,
IMS.
3, Some new Asian Snakes, by Major F, Wall, C.M.Z.S., I.M.S.
4, Note on the Arabian Gazelle, by Major S. E. PraJl, I,M.S.
5. The Flying Squirrel (Pteromys inornatus) and Walnuts, by C. H. Donald.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 7ra MARCH 1907,
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on the 7th March 1907, Dr. N.F, Surveyor,
M.A., M.D., B.Sc., M.R.C.P. (Lon.), presiding,
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 21 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced :—Mr. W. N. Neale (Tankari, Broach District); Mr. W.
Hepburn (Kindat, Upper Burma); Mr, A. H, Kingston, (Bombay) ; Lt.-Col.
W.C, Ramsden (Dehra Dun); Mr, 8, D. Smith, B.A. (Dhulia, Khandesh) ;
Mr. A, R,. Giles (Patna) ; the Principal, Veterinary College (Lahore) ; Mr, J.
1040 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
T. W. Filson (Sivakasi, Tinnevelly District) ; Mr. James Florence (Hyderabad,
Deccan); Mr. W. C. Shepherd, I.C.S,, (Dhulia); Mr. W. W. K, Page
(Calcutta) ; Mr. F, L, Hughes (Dehra Ismail Khan); Mr. , C. Irwin (Dehra
Ismail Khan); Mr. H. C. Rome (Dehra Ismail Khan); Lt.-Genl, Sir A,
Hunter (Poona) ; Mr. Mahomed Abdulla Hoosainee (Hyderabad, Deccan) ; Mr.
W.S, Fraser (Bandikui, Rajputana) ; Mr. P. Whalley (Rangpur, E, B, Ry.);
Mr, E, Clayton (London, W.) ; Mrs, Leslie Milne (Rangoon).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr, W.
following :—
®, Millard, acknowledged recejpt of the
Contribution,
Description.
Locality.
Contributor.
1 Fresh water Turtle
Guy).
1 Lapwing or Peewit.
1 Himalayan Black
bear (alive). *
3 Snakes
A number of Marine
Shells.
A small collection of
Butterflies.
DEE NOOESASSsahe prarees es
2 Sea Snakes...
1 Emerald Cuckoo ...
2 Steppe Hagles ......
lIndian Tawny
Hagle.
1 Hodgson’s Hawk
Eavle.
1 Palla’s Fishing
Hagle.
U Merlitisvaccsssevesseaiees
L sKoralGterescsccsesast «
1 Black-headed uaa
ting,
I WoolyHare<...--.::
1 Indian Marien
1 White-nosed Weasel
1 Large-eared Mouse-
Hare.
Z Ward’s Mouse=Hare
2 VOLES centevcserensteres
2 Field Rats .......
2 Skins and Skulls oF
Trionyx gangéticus ...
Vanellus vulgaris
Ur sus CADCtanuseereeeee ‘
Naia bungarus, (jury).
Ablabes calamaria ...
Typhiops braminus (?)
eev sce
ECHAS CATINAEG corecese
Chrysococeyx macu-
latus.
Aquila bifasciata...- .
Aquila vindhiand......
Spizaetus nepalensis..
Halidetus leu cor y-
phus.
Aisaion regulus
eeeree
..|Bungarus candidus...
Emberiza melas
cephala.
Lepus 01 0st lus sererecee
Pustela flavigula......
Putorius canigula
Ochotona microtis ...
Ochotona wardat
Microtus brachetiz ..
o0|2LUS VICETEL soeeee aBOCOL
VACGCUS SILENUS ...00-
the Lion-tailed
Monkey.
1 Rufous-bellied Hawk
Hagle.
1 Skin of the Indian
Ratel.
Lophotriorchis hie-
MEL.
Mellivora indica
feccee
Dida arc omecestene ce ee ae
dia.
Do.
Siam eerece
Wazirabad, Punjab.
Do. tee
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ceeeee - ee cees
ay
evecesrae
./Palameotiah, S. In-
ee- eeoere
Santa Cr uz, Salsette.
Indore, C. I.
Kaishimitnescessdercacnce
Do,
N.
Anamaliy Hills...e50.,
Cereee
* Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens.
Capt. J. P. Mackie.
Capt. A. R Burton.
‘Mr. A. H. A., Sim-
cox, 1.C.8.
Major A. Begbie.
Do.
Major A. J. Peiie,
R.A.
\Capt. N. W. Mack-
worth, I.M.S.
Mr. CO, E. Rhenius.
Do.
Mr. EH. W. Trotter,
Mr. C. H. Donald.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mr. W. H. Chapman.
Mr. P. Hide.
British Museum.
Do.
Kanara ey ee Mr. W. F, Jardine.
Mr, A. M. Kinloch,
Viney else
Brander.
Dunbar-
PROCEEDINGS. 1041
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Revised Edition of Sir R. Strachey’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the Plants of Kamaon”
—From the Bombay Government.
Notes on the Pollination of Flowers in India, (From the Journal and
Proceedings, Asiatic Society of Bengal) Burkill, From the Author,
Agricultural Ledger No. 8 of 1905 and Nos, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of 1906,
Indian Forester, Nos, 11 and 12 of Vol. XXXII and No.1 of Vol. XX XIII.
Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.
Season and Crop Report of the Bombay Presidency for the year 1905-1906.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XXXIV, Part 3, 1906.
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Vol, XI,
Spolia Zeylanica, Vol, LV, Parts XIV and XV.
ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE.
The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present
year :—
PRESIDENT :—H, E. the Right Honourable Lord Lamington, G.C.M. G.,
G.C.1.E,
Vice-PresiDENTS.—Mr, J, D, Inverarity, B.A,, LL.B.; Rev, F. Dreckmann,
8S. J.; and Mr. BE. H, Aitken, B.A.
ManaGinc CoMMITTEE,—Vet.-Major G. H. Evans ; Mr. H, C. Stuart Baker ;
Prof. G. A, Gammie; Mr. E. Ernest Green, F.E.S.; Lieut.-Col. K. R.
Kirtikar, I.M.S.(vetd.);Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.8,; Mr. H. P. Macnaghten,
B.A.; Mr, G, A. Ryan, LF.S.; Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S.; Mr.
EH, Comber, F.Z.S, ; Lieut.-Col, E, GNurse, F.E.S. ; Mr. T, R. D. Bell, LF.S. ;
Lieut,-Col, A, Newnham, F.Z.8.; Mr. L.C. H. Young, B.A., F.ES., F.Z.S. ;
Mr, J. MeNeill, .0.8.; Mr. John-Wallace, C.H.; Mr. F. Gleadow, LES. ;
Capt. W. G. Liston, I.M.S.; Major G. Lamb, I.MS., and Rev, E. Blatter, S.J.
Honorary TREASURER.—Mr, N, C, Macleod (ex-officio),
Honorary SEcRETARY.—Mr, W. 8, Millard (ex-officio)
ACCOUNTS FOR 1906.
The Honorary Treasurer, Mr. N. C. Macleod, presented the statement of
accounts for the year 1906 which showed a fairly satisfactory result, but in
view of the urgent necessity of increasing the cost of the establishment and
the expenses attendant on maintaining the journal at its present level, it could
not be said that the funds at the disposal of the Society were beyond its
needs, The accounts were accepted subject to the usual audit, and a vote of
thanks passed to the Honorary Treasurer for his labour.
THE LATE MR. H. M. BIRDWOOD.
The Rev, H, Blatter, S, J., said: “ The death of Mr, H. M, Birdwood, C.8.1,,
which was announced last week, removes one of the oldest and most honoured
names from our roll, He was one of the Vice-Presidents of our Society
from 1886 to 1896 when he retired and returned to England and at the
same time he filled the chair of the President of the Botanical section,
In the midst of his multifarious duties he found time to engage largely in
24
1042 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII,
literary work, His contributions to our journal are: “The Flora of
Matheran,” <A “ Catalogue of the Flora of Mahableshwar and Matheran,” and
“The Hill Forests of Western India,’ We can only regret that as a judge,
he was too busy todo more in the science for which he showed so great
ability. He was also a practical botanist and a gardener, The public gardens
at Surat and Karachi are, to a large extent, mementos of his love for the
“scientia amabilis’’ and the Ladies’ Gymkhana on Malabar Hill and the
University Garden would not be what they are but for his industry and taste
and knowledge of our flora,
PAPERS READ.
The Flora of Aden, by Rev. E. Blatter, S.J.
Further notes on the distribution of the varieties of cobras in India, by
Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, M.D., B.Sc., 1.M.S.
Note on an edible fungus from Lahore, by Lt.-Col. K. R, Kirtikar, I.M.S.
(Retd.).
Notes on some rats of the “ Mus mettada”’ group, by R. C. Wroughton,
The vitality of snakes, by Lt.-Col, H. V. Biggs, R.E,
Curious behaviour of a panther in connection with a kill, by Major H. H.
Drake Brockman, F.Z,S., 1.MS.
“Melanitis bethami”’ in Pachmarhi, C. P., by Capt. H. W. Kettlewell.
All of which will appear in full in the Society’s Journal.
The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the authors of the papers.
f PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 30TH MAY 1907.
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society’s Rooms on the 30th May 1907, Mr. W. M. Bell pre-
siding,
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 33 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced:—Mr. D. L. Dixit, B.A, (Poona); Mr. A. M. De Cruz
(Bombay); Mr. J. H. Kenyon (Peermade, Travancore); Mr. F. C. Dwane
(Yellandu, Deccan) ; Mr, R, Payne, B.A. (Bankipur, KH. I, Railway) ; Mr.
F, L, Crawford (Buldana, Berar); Mr. C. G, Gill (Adyar, Madras) ; Mr.
H.L. Painter, I, C. S$. (Dharwar); Mr. H. C, Wilson (Ootacamund) ; Mr. C.
Allan Cooke (Bombay) ; Professor Dr, K, Kracpelin, Director des Naturhistor
Museums (Hamburg); The Mess President, 2nd Worcestershire Regiment
(Ahmednagar) ; Mr. Patrick EH. Aitchison (Belgaum); Mr. D. H. M. Boyle
(Honielongyel, Siam, via Papan Burma); The Honorary Secretary, Book
Club, 74th Punjabis (Saugor, C. P.) ; Captain J. Lindsay Smith (Lyallpur,
Punjab) ; Mr. W. R, Carey (Tiddim, Chin Hills, Upper Burma); The Librarian,
the Daly College (Indore, C, I.); Mr, A. Fayrer Hoskyn (Secunderabad,
Deccan) ; Major M, C. Kennion, F.Z.S. (Seistan); Mr, C. W. Yherenard
(Calicut, Malabar); The Mess President, 39th Garhwal Rifles (Lansdowne,
PROCEEDINGS. 1043
Garhwal, U. P.) ; Mr. Ernest A, J. Chapman (Secunderabad, Deccan); Mr.
S.B. Tyabji (Dharwar) ; Mr. H. G. Chesney (Meerut) ; Captain A, J. Awdry,
R.F.A. (London) ; Mr. Sadashive Sitaram Nene (Sangamner, Ahmednagar
Dist.); The Honorary Secretary, R. E. Mess (Roorkee); Mr. N. Kerr
(Bombay); Mr. T. O, Hughes (Mekran, Baluchistan) , Capt C. E, Southon,
S. (Bombay) ; Mr. H. F. Martyn (Saugor, C.-P.) ; Capt. A. R. B. Cossart,
R, F. A. (Trimulgherry, Deccan).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Joint Honorary Secretaries acknowledged receipt of the following :—
Contributions. Description, Contributor. Locality.
Acollectionof Marine Shells Col. A. J. S.: Persian Gulf and
(170 species) and Land | Jayakar,I1.M.S.| Province of
Shells (7 species) new to. | (Retired). | Oman.
our collection. |
1 Head of Male Gooral ... Cemas goral ... Genl. W. Osborn. Kangra Hills.
1 Skin and Skuil of se | |
cal one -|Felis caracal ...| Do. o05)| Do,
Several Rats cee wae| savons Mi. C. W. Hud- | Dharwar.
| | sor, 1.C.8,
Birds Eggs... 200 doo = @ c000n6 Col. R. H. Rate | coseee
| tray. |
1 Snake 200 oes 206 CE eas sto- ‘Mr. H. B. Cooke. | Mussoorie
atus |
evollection OF Hish-s. +.) 9 senses hte. W. Bell. | Kharakwassla
| near Poona.
1 Scorpion ... all esodee UMies|OreaROSsie 9 So eiecces
A number of Birds Hees rete. Malstecc: iMr. J. Kennedy, S. Coorg.
5 Rat skins ... . |\Mus mettada ... Mr. C. W. Hud-| Shean.
| son, L.C.8.
Botanical specimens, new to} __a...... Mr. R. Bhide. Poona.
the Herbarium
1 Snake coo son --- Naia EAL. Major O. A.Smith - Multan,
6 Sea Snakes... Soc eeuilena eegaeaenees Mr. ae C. Boyd, Karwar.
fe Y
11 Species of Birds Eggs ... Crateropus gri- |My. H. H. Aitken soseee
| Seuss, |
\Crateropus somer- |
villi | {
'Galrita malaha- |
TECH.
\Diceum erythro- |
rhynchus. |
Macoptery x| |
cnronata. |
Rhopodytes viri- |
dirostris.
\Spizetus ecirr-
ha‘us.
Cropus chiorogas- |
ter. |
Perdicula ar-.
gunda.
Turnie dussu- |
mers.
Inovcotis papit-
losus i
1044 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVII.
| |
| ;
Contributions. Description. | Contributor, | Locality.
6 Squirrel Skins and Skulls.| 7unambulws| Mr. Hh. Engel. Dehra Dun,
pennants
2 Black-throated Ouzels ...| Merula alrigu- Do. Mussoorie.
laris
i White-capped Redstart ...| Chimarrhornis Do. Do.
lewoocephalus ..
2 Rat Skinsfrom Cashmere..| = seven Col. A. E. Ward. | Cashmere.
1 Malformed Black Buck] Antelope cervi-| Capt. H. Wood. | Murtizapur, Berar.
Head COPIA we ae
Some Field Rats... | Golunda elliotti,| Rev. J. H. Lord,| Kolaba, Dist.
ete.
1 Lizard (Monitor) .,. -.| Yaranus Obenga-|H. H, Nawab) Bhopal.
tensis Nasrulla Khan.)
1 Queen Termite. ... eee chvass Col. W.B. Ferris. Kolfhapur.
Minor contributions from Mr. A. H. A, Simcox and Mr, EH. W. Christie.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The Amateur’s Kitchen Garden, by S. Hibberd. Presented by H, V.
Kemball.
English Vegetables and Flowers in India and Ceylon, by D. McDonald,
Presented by H, V. Kemball.
Flora Indica or Descriptions of Indian Plants, by W. Roxburgh. Presented
by H. V. Kemball.
“erns of British India, by Col. Beddome. Presented by H. V. Kemball.
Indian Ferns, by C. E. Baynes, Presented by H. V. Kemball.
The Mango, by W, M Woodrow. Presented by H. V. Kemball. 5
The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vol, I., Parts 1, 2 and 3 and
Vol. Il, Part 2. Presented by H. V. Kemball.
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Botanical Series,
Vol.1, No.5, From the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa.
Annual Report on the Agricultural and Botanical Stations in the Bombay
Presidency.
Lepidoptera Indica, by Moore, Part LXXVI. Presented by H. H. the Ma-
baraja of Mysore.
An Account of the Aleyonarians collected by the R.I.M.S. Investigator in
the Indian Ocean, by J, Arthur Thomson, M.A., and W. D. Henderson.
Presented by the Trustees of the Indian Museum.
Illustrations of the Zoology of the R. I. M.S. Investigator.
Crustacea (Molacostraca) Part XII, Pls. LXXVII-LXXIX.
Crustacea (Entomostraca) Part I, Pls, I—II.
Mollustar.. arsse--s Sechpseene Part IV, Pls. XIV—XVIII, Presented by the
Trustees of the Indian Museum.
Oyster Culture, by Dr. P, P. C. Hock, Lon., 1884, and
Oyster Culture, by Comdr. C. V. Anson, R.N., and E. H. Willett, F. 8, A.,
Lon., 1884. From E. H. Aitken,
PROCEEDINGS, 1045
Hymenopterological Notices, by P. Cameron, reprinted from the second
Volume of the 4th Series of Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophica} Society Session, 1890-1891. From H, H. Aitken.
Hymenoptera Orienutalis, by P. Cameron, 1888-1889. From HE. H. Aitken,
Statistical Atlas of the Bombay Presidency, Second Edition, From
Department of Agriculture, Bombay.
Notes on Agave and Furcrae in India, by J. R. Drummond and D. Prain.
(Agricultural Ledger, 1906-1907), From Government of India.
Diary and Sporting Journal of William Parry Okeden, 1821-1841. From
W. P. Okeden,
PAPERS READ.
1. Poisonous Insects, by L, C. H. Young, B.A., F.ES., F.Z.8.
2. What is a species ? by R.S. Hole, F.L,S., F.ES.
3. Additional Cuckoo Notes, by E. D. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S,
4, The “ Shot-Borers” of Bamboos and Wood-Borers of ‘‘ Pinus longifolia”
by HE. P, Stebbing, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., LFS.
5. Description of a New Genus and some new species of Hymenoptera
captured by Lt.-Col. C. G. Nurse at Deesa, by P. Cameron.
6. On the Bean Geese, by E. W. Oates.
7. Some notes on Tigers and Panthers, by Major R. G. Barton.
8. The Food of Pythons, by Major Arundel Begbie.
9. On a new species of Fulgurid from Darjeeling, by C, B. Autram,
Entomolgolist, Indian Tea Association.
10. Hatching of Dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) eggs, and observations on
their egg tooth, by Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
ai eiiees cit
bibw-
Eh:
ts ‘ :
ME artis
nee ine %
Ae ionie ta
: : i Pgie
ye
fies oo
a yet
-
Hombay Aatural PHistorp Soctety.
OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS,
HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS
ON 80th SEPTEMBER 1907.
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
Presioent,.
H. E. The Right Honourable Lord Lamington, G.c.M.¢., G.C.1.E.
Vice=Presidents.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. | Rev. F, Dreckmann, 8.J.
Mr. E. H. Aitken.
bon, Secretary.
Mr, W. S. Millard, F.z,s.
Mr, R. A. Spence ( Acizng).
thon. Treasurer,
Mr. B. H. H. Mundy (Aeézng).
thon. Editors,
Mr. W.S. Millard, r.z.s. | Mr. E, Comber, F.z.s.
Mr. L. C. H. Young, B.A.,¥eE.S., F.Z.S.
Managing Committee.
Vet.-Major G. H. Evans. Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B.
Mr. B.C. Stuart Baker, F,z.s. Mr, EH. Comber, F.z.s.
Mr. E. H. Aitken. Lt.-Col. CG. G. Nurse, F.E.S,
Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J. Mr. T. R. D. Bell, 1.F.s.
Prof. G. A. Gammie. Rev. E. Blatter, s.s.
Mr. BH. Ernest Green, ¥..s. Lt.-Col. A. Newnham, F.z.s.
Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, .u.s.,(Ret.) | Mr. J. McNeill, 1.c.s.
Major F. Wall, LM.S., C.M.z.5. Mr, John Wallace, c.z,
* Mr. H. P. Macnaghten, B.A. Mr. F. Gleadow, 1F.s.
Mr. G. M. Ryan, 1F.s. Capt. W. G. Liston, 1.™.s.
Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, 1m.s. | Mr. C. L. Burns.
Mr. W.S. Millard, F.z.s. Major G. Lamb, IMs,
Mr. R. A. Spence, ex-officio (Acting).
Mr. B. H. H. Mundy, ea-officto (Acting).
Ist Section.—(Mammals and Birds.)
President—Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.
Secretary—Mr. E, Comber, F.z.s.
2nd Section. —( Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—-Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J.
Secretary —Major F. Wall, 1.u.8., 0.M.z.s.
3rd Section, —( Insects. )
President— Mr. E, H. Aitken.
Secretary —Mr. l.. C. H. Young, B.A., F.E.S,, F.Z.8.
4th Section.—(Boiany.)
President— Professor Gammie.
Secretary—Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.u.s. (Retd.)
4
Hombay Aatural History Society.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Lire MrEmBers,
Aga Khan, H.H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha ... Bombay.
Austria, H. 1. H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.. Europe.
Baker, E. C. Stuart (¥-.Z,8., M.B.0.U.) ... Shillong, Assam.
Balerushna Venayek Wassoodew (B.A.) . Bombay.
Baroda, H. H. the venga Sir Sayayt Rao,
Gaekwar of (G.C.8.1.) ¢ .. Baroda,
Barton, HE. L. yo .. Kurope.
Bates, S. B. (F.Z.8., F.B.G.S., FARM, S., PSA. ) ... Rangoon, Burma.
Beale, H. F. ae oe .. Poona.
Bell, Ea (1.0. 8.) .. Mundla, C.P.
Bhow nagar, H. H. Bhaosingji Takht Sin si
the Maharaja of (c.S.1.) ... i . pene,
Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (c.1.8.) ... . Chamba.
Bikaneer, H. H. Major Sir ae Singh GiC.si1.,
Maharaja of ... . Bikaneer.
Burder, H. C. ai ime uy, iburape,
Caccia, A. M. (1.F.s.) at ee ... Dehra Dun, U.P.
Cama, Dr. ce D. Ss: See ... Bombay.
Cama, K. R. se Bd bie ... Bombay.
Campbell, Lt. D. ... laren .. Hurope.
Cassamalli Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy ane ... Bombay.
Clarke, L. O. (1.c.s.) oe .. Mymensing, Hi. Ben-
gal.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. Guanine T.S.By.
Cooch: Behar, Ely Sir. Nripendra Narayen Bhp
Bahadoor, G.c.1.z., Maharaja of ... .. Cooch Behar.
Coode, J. M. 00 .. Rawal Pindi.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor ©. M. . Bombay.
Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai i Buhadoor,
G@.C.LE., Rao Saheb of ... .. Cutch.
Dawson, W. H. (1.¢.8.) ae Bias ... Hurope.
Dhunjibhoy Bomanji --. Bombay.
Drake-Brockman, Major H. E. BC M.S. )- .-- Bombay.
Dwarkadas, Naranji es ... Bombay.
Foulkes, Major T. H. (i.m.s. I es ... Madras.
Fulton, Capt. | Boe Ms ate ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
Gammie, Professor G. A... os .«. Poona.
LIST OF MEMBERS, lil
Gwalior, H. H. Col. Sir Madho Rao Scindia,
G.C.S.L, @.C.V.0., the Maharaja of _... ... Gwalior, OC, I.
Habibuddin, 8S. (N.c.s.) — ee et Hyg dieny arblaidh ;
Deccan.
TGs, a6 a a .. Indore, C. I.
Hill, Lieut. R. D. 0. .. Dehra Dun, U. P.
Holkar, H. H. the Maharaja Taku Rao .. Indore.
Hyam, Judah oe ... Pusa, Bengal.
Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayenrao
Govind, alzas Babasaheb ge Chief of .. Kolbapur.
Inglis, C. M. ase ... Lahiria-Sarai, P.O.
Darbhanga.
Inverarity, J. D. (B.A., LL.B.) «. oe ... Bombay.
Ivens, J. H. at oes ee ... Agra.
Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra
Patwardhan, The Chief of .. Kolhapur.
Janjira, H. H. ‘Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira.
Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapoo Saheb ae
Chief of eee .. Kagal, 8. M. C.
Khan, Muncherji Framji a _ Colombo.
Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The
Maharaja of, G.C.S.1., @.C.v.0. .. Kolhapur.
Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor, K.C.S, L,
the Maharaja OL ca .. Kotah,
Lamb, The Hon’ble Mr, R. A. ae Cis. oo) ... Europe.
Lees, D. Jel ... Lezpur, Assam.
Long, G. R. (LF. gon by ue ... Launggyi, Burma.
MacDonald, Dr. D. .. Hurope.
Manavadar, Khan Shree Fatehdin Khan, Chief o. Manavadar, Kathi-
awar.
Manders, Lieut.-Col. N. (R.a.m.c.) és ... Hurope.
Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath ek ... Bombay.
Marshall, Arch. MeL. Ser 3 ... Hurope.
Marshall, J. Mech. Ou Ser ... Hurope.
Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald... ... Hurope.
Masani, A. M., Curator, Baroda State Mecca ... Baroda,
Millard, W. S. (F.Z.8.) Sipe : .. Bombay.
Mills, DD): . Europe.
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao ‘Ganesh, alias Baba-
sahib Patwardhan, Chief of ae .. Miraj.
Monteath, G. (1.¢.8.) Uy ... Bombay.
Mosse, Capt. A. H. E. (1.8) .. sia ee . . Aden.
iv LIST OF MEMBERS,
Mysore, H. H. Krishna Raj meee ben
the Maharaja of ... .. Mysore,
Narotum Morarji Goculdas ... aa -. Bombay.
Nurse, Lieut.-Col. C. G. (F.E.8.) oe C aLabbalpoe C.P;
Olivier, Lieut.-Col. H. D. (R.2., F.Z.8.)... ... Hurope.
Partridge, Henry ... eas eae ... Pyinmana, Burma.
Pestonji Jivanji (N.C.S.) is ane .»» Hyderabad, Deccan.
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw Be £0 ..» Bombay.
Petit, Dbunjibhoy Bomanji ... hy ... Bombay.
Petit, Jehangir Boman}ji Sa a --» Bombay.
Phipson, H. M. (c.u.z. Sa) ctieee ses .-. Hurope.
Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... se ... Hurope.
Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W. ue .» Hurope.
Roberts, Major M. B. th mi ... Lansdowne, U. P.
Ross, Major Tyrell
Seton-Karr, H. W....
Spooner, T. J. (c.5.)
Standen, B. (1.c.s.)
Swayne, Herbert C.
-. Dinapore, Bengal.
.. Hurope.
Gadag, S. M. R.
os wpetuls Cn i.
+» Europe.
Tata, Dorabji J. ... Be -«» Bombay.
Tejpal, oronitnndas Goculdas a .. Bombay.
Tilly, T. H. - Mingin, Burma.
Travancore, H. H. Sultan Sir Rama Raja ‘Bahadoor,
G.C.8.1., G.C.1.E., Maharaja of : .. Trivandrum,
Ulwar, H. H. Samai Jey Singh perl, the
Maharaja of ee ei .. Ulwar.
Unwalla,J.N. ... ie eat .. Bhownagar.
Vaughan, W. (F.5.s.) sce be ... Ceylon.
Venour, Major W. E. eh ae ... Peshawar.
Viccaji, Framji R. ... ee Sy ... Bombay.
Whitworth, G. C. (Las.) —... ae ... Hurope.
Wroughton, R. ©. ... “fe ee ... Hurope.
Yerbury, Col. J. W. as a ... Hurope.
Honorary Corresponpinc Mrmpers.
Forel, Professeur Auguste... a .. Europe.
Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von ... a wee eI AUG
Kerkhoven, i. J. ... ore vale sor JQOUGS
Oates, E. W. oo as ae w» Hurope.
LIST OF MEMBERS. v
MeEmBeErs.
Abbott, Capt. 8. A. L. ee aoe py Nowgong.
Abercrombie, me
Aeworth, E. C. B.
Adam, i:
Adam, J. B. Mercer Coane
Adamson, Mrs. G. B.
“Shaha (Life Member)
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,
... Calcutta.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Calcutta.
... Caleutta.
... Shahapur, Punjab,
... Belgaum.
oo Europe.
.»» Ceylon.
-» Moung Pai Papan,
“The Secretary :
Ainslie, Major U Ae
Ainslie, O. I.
Ainslie, Major H. PL
Ainsworth, Capt. H. (mM. ae
Aitehinson, P. EH. (1.5.8. )
Aitken, E. H. bg
Alderson, M. J.
Alexander, R. A.
Allan, C. W. (8.5.s.)
Allen, P. Roscoe ...
Allison, F. W. (1.0.8.)
Alston, G. C. ae
Ameerudin Tyabjee...
American Museum of Natural History, Secretary...
Anderson, C. W. B.
Padeons wr aiiss
Audrewes, A. Leslie
Annesley, F.C.
Antram, O. B.
Arbuthnot, Lt. A. D. 8. (B.B.) |
Arbuthnot, H. F. (1.8.s.)
... Hurope.
.- Bombay.
oe Bombay.
... Pyinmana, Upper
Burma.
.. Bombay.
Ava Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan Mahomed
- Bombay.
Burma.
... Europe.
... Bellary, Madras
Presidency.
w» Lajkote.
.. Ceylon.
.. Bombay.
New York.
.. Port Blair,
... Murope.
... Guynd,P.O.Nilgiris,
... Kamptee, C. P.
wo ollchar, b+ Os
a Karnes.
.. Coimbatere.
Archer, Major C. e LE. ), Ear Gamenecioner Baluchistan, Quetta.
Armstrong, 8.
Arnould, E G. Fe
Ashe, R. W. D. (1.0.8)
Atlay, F.
Aueus, Robert Solin, Pe W. Ds
Grindlay & Co,
Austria, H.1.4. ‘the Archduke Franz ; Ferdinand
(ife Member)
Awdry, Capt. A. J.
.. Hurope.
1. Moret USP:
_, Sermadayi Division,
Tinnevelly Dist.,
MudrasPresider: cy.
-- Mogok, U. Burma.
Oo Calentist
-. Europe.
.. Hurope.
vi LIST OF MEMBERS,
Bach, Dr. C. (P5.D., M.A.) vee me .«- Bombay.
Bagnall, R, is = .« Hurope.
Bagnall, Major T. N. a Bad .» Jersey, Channel
Islands,
Bagshawe, L. is oe ae ... Bombay.
Bagshawe, L. V. ... ie bey «. Kindat, Upper
Burma.
Bailey pees... ... Chumbi, Tibet.
Baker, ©. C. Stuart (v.z.8.) (Life Member) ... Shillong, Assam.
Baker, Major H. R. (F.z.s.) ... ... Aurungabad.
Balerushna Venayek Wassoodew (B.A,) (Life
Member. ) a0 si ad .-- Bombay.
Balding, C. J. noe gia ... Caleutta.
Baldrey, Vet. Capt. Ssh. nA ... Lahore.
Bamber, Lt.-Col. C. J. (tats.), ase ... Simla,
Banatvala, Lieut.-Col. H. E. (Lmus.) ... .«-» Khandwa, C. P.
Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W. B. (1.m.s.) —... ... Bombay.
Baput, 8. K. ‘i ses bos ... Dhulia.
Barker, P. W. ees pee — ... Neschindipur, E. B.
Ry.
Barkley, Mrs. L. G. M. si ae ... Lunugalla, Ceylon.
Barlow-Poole, B. H. (1.F.8.) «.. Ba? .. Mangalore, 8.
Canara,
Barnand,-d. T/O. ih., ee 500 »- Kamaing, Upper
Burma.
Barnard, R. C. H. Ais Bon .. Jhansi.
Barnett, W. G. } .. Europe.
Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji Rao
Gaekwar of (G.c.s.1.) (Life oe ile .. Baroda.
Barrett, Capt. F. W. aa .-. Muttra.
Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller (2. AM. (Oh) nese ... Lahore,
Barry, Major YT. D. Collis (1.m.s.) aS ... Hurope.
Barton, Eh. L. (Life Member) ... ... Hurope.
Batchelor, Hon’ble Mr. Justice 8. L. (1.0. 0.8.) ... Bombay.
Bate, Lieut. R. HE. ... Multan.
Bates, S. B. (F.Z.8., F.B.G.S., PRM. S:, BSA.) (Life
Member) . es ... Rangoon.
Battie, J. S. (1F.s, ie A sh ... Vellore,
Battve, Capt. W. R. (1 M oe aad .»: Meshed, vza Quetta,
Baumbach, R. ... Bombay.
Bayley, Hon’ble Mr. C. Si. (cs S.1. pClass ) ... Hyderabad, Deccan.
Beadnell, ©. B. ES ... Vellore, Madras
Presidency.
Beadon, W. R. C, (F.G.8.) eee vin ..2( 0.078 ein, iS.
India.
Beale, H. F. (Life Member)... ne ... Belgaum.
Beaumont, T. L. F. ees sc .-. Karachi.
Beck, Revd. Canon J. H. (M.A.) <s ... Ahmedabad.
LIST OF MEMBERS. vii
Beddek, Major EB. H. hs Le we Ceylon.
Beechey, A. St. V. (LF.S.) ... ae ... Balaghat, C. D.
Beet, A.*C. (1.C.8.) ... ats sue ... Chanda, C. P.
Beg, Mirza Nazir ... aes eee ... Nander, Hyderabad
(Deccan).
Begbie, Major A. S. abe so ... Europe.
Bells Dre An, iP... ee a ... Sirsa, Punjab.
Bell, OE (esse)... a ee ... Amraoti.
Belle He Ns (G.c:8:)) ... ae ... Rangoon,
Bell, H. F. E. (1.0.8.) (Life Member) ie: .. Munday. C.ek.
Bell, R. D. (10.8.) . ke ... Europe.
Bell, T. R. D. (1.4.8. ) wee =~ ... Karwar. .
Bell, W. M. ae ve .«. Bombay.
Bendien, J Gand ee, Sieg ... Hurope.
Bennett, Douglas eae ai ae .». Bombay.
Benscn, Miss A. M. (M.D.)_... ee ... Bombay.
Benson, J.J. B. (C5.) Lie ... Ahmednagar.
Berhampur tales: The Principal ae ... Berhampur, Bengal.
Berne, Capt. J. G (BR. A.M,C.)... a ... Bombay.
Bernhardt, K. 300 Sos rhe ... Hurope.
Berthon, Capt. H. W. ma es ... Rajkote, Kathiawar,
Best, The Hon’ble James W. Se ... Bhandara, C. P.
Betham, J. A. a ci oe ... Raniganj, Bengal,
Betham, Major R. M. see si .. Europe.
Betham, W. G. (1.F.8.) as ae we Nasik.
Betioni, G. sles .». Bombay.
Betts, Capt. eee “(LM.&) s 3s ... Deesa.
Beyts, ChAn(Gc:s))-.. a ... Jacobabad, Sind.
Bhandarkar, Shion VEG: fos “LL, BEey .». Bombay.
Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna ... Bombay.
Bhownagar, H. EH. the Maharaja Sir Bhaosingji
Takht Singji of (4.c.s.1.) (Life Member) .. Bhownagar.
Bhurie Singb, Mean Saheb ce LE. ) ee Memb)... Chamba.
Bickei, F. W. ae .. Bombay.
Bicknell, EL, wed . Bombay.
Biggs, Pee Coly Eh. V. (2.5. Ne 00 .. Mhow, (Oe Te
Bignell, R. . Europe.
Bikaneer, H. ipl Major the Maharaja ‘Sir Gunga
Singji Bahadoor of (G.C.8.1., G.C.LE.) (Life Member). Bikanir.
Bingham, Col. C. T. (7.z.8.) ... “Bs ... Europe.
Biscoe, W. Fraser (1.F.S8.) ese we 1.0) Indore, Cale
Blanford, H. R. (1.F.s.) ce as ... Meiktila, U. Burma,
Blascheck, Hans... Se bs ..-» Bombay.
Blathwayt; C. H.(1.cis,))s.. ate ... Hyderabad, Sind.
Blatter, Revd. Hi. (s.3.) aid See ... Bombay.
Bogle, Capt. J. 8. ... eae ae ... Mardan.
Boles, De: ses ws ... Meerut.
Bomanji, K. R. (1.0.8.) ves 2a .. Bijapur.
viii LIST OF MEMBERS,
Bombay Government, The Chief ones Sepa-
rate Department .. -.- Bombay, —
Bomford, Surg -General G. (o. I.E., I.M. S. ) .. Sula.
Bomford, Rea Trevor (M.A., O.M. S. i aa ... Farn-Taran,Punjab,
Bonig, M. C. C. (B.F.8.) = ep ... Fort Blair.
Bosanquet, KB. M. ee ae AS: ... Attock, Punjab.
Bowen, J. 0. G. ee oe ... Bombay.
Boxall, E. A. eS, wei a ... Clyiengmai, Siam,
Boyd, ©. ©. {.0.8.)... ba eet ... Karwar,
poylow ts ble Me’... so if .. Mansi, Banmauk,
Katha Dist.
Boys, Guy P. ae we a ... Allahabad.
Brady, W. H. fie BY) ... Bombay.
Brand, J. si Ree abe ... Lurope.
Branson, R. M. i sae ot: ... Bombay,
Brendon, B.A. (1.0.8.) wae say ... Belgaum.
Brendon, 0. RR... se as ue Europe.
Bright, Geo. EH. (c.#.) es oe ... Kurnool, Madras
Presilys
Brodie, D. BY ay .«. Nilumber, Malabar.
Brodie, Lieut. L. OL or pee ... Nouth Africa.
Brodie, N. 8. (i.c.8.) it ee Guntur, rst as
District.
Brook-Fox, H. ( 0.5. ) ae Ses ... Dinapore, E. I Ry.
Brooke, R. HL f ae .»o Bombay.
Broughton, Capt. T. D. (R.E. ) see .. Lurope.
Brown, Capt. H.R. (1ms.) . 40 ... Aden.
Bruce, The Hon’ble R. fia S50 ... Hurope.
Buchanan, Majer K. J. aoe ae ... Nowshera, Punjab.
Buckle, Major A. S. (B.F.A.) .. Bat .. Karachi.
Bulkley, d. im tee se .». Thana.
Bulkley, W. W.... ze ... Hurope.
Burder, H. C. (Life Member) .. ud? ... Europe.
Barke, coe) : 6H ... sanvli, 8. M. C.
Burkill, I. H. (.a.) Bod bee ... Calcutta,
Burn, E. M. La ase St ... Secunderabad,
Decsan.
Burn, J. G. (1.c.s.) .. ... Guntur.
Burn-1 Murdoch, iene -Col. av < E.)''s ... Dharwar.
Burnett, Prof. K. see ... Hyderabad, Decean.
Burnett, Pu Ska CES, 3 ce os ... Sholapur.
Burns, Cita ye bad us .». Bombay,
Burton, Major R. G. PE ba ee ... Sumla,
Barton! Capt. Richard W. ... a ... Nowgong.
Busch, H. F. aac bald ee .-» Bombay.
Butler, A, ali oA son se ... Hurope.
Butler, Capt. H. M. Ses att ... Hyderabad, Sind.
Butterworth, A. (1.0.8.) oe ee ... Trichinopoly.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Caccia, A. M. (1.¥.s.) (Life Member)
Cadell, P. R. (LC.s.)
Calcutta, Hon. Secr 7 Zoological Gardens
Calder, H, eve
Caleb, Dr. C. C. ae
Cama, K. R. (Life Member) eee
Cama, Dr. M mee D. (mM. . (Life ember)
Cameron, A. C.
Wameron, FHoS: | se
Cameron, Hon’ble Mr. W. ie (c. Ve)
Campbell, Lieut. D. (Life Member)
Campbell, R. H. (1.c.s.) =
Oamphell, Revd. W. Howard
Canning, Fred. (1.F.8.)
Capper, “Capt. AS.
Capper, Brigadier-Genl. W.
Capra, Prof. D. J. Dr.
Cardozo, C. H. ah
Carey, Lieut, W. R.
Carleton, M. B. (a1.p.)
Carmichael, G. (1.¢.8.)
Carr, R. C. 0. (1.¢.8.)
Carruthers, Pe CahEat ©. ‘(t0s.) .
Carter, B. 8. oe éce
Carter, Capt. R. M. “(CuM.s,) ie
Cassamali Jairajbhoy ees (Life Member
Catto, Lieut. J. (1.m.8.) a
Cave, W. A. re
Central Research Institute, The Director
Chaldecott, Capt. W.4H. ca
Chanter, F, W. (c.z.) =,
Chapman, Ernest. A. J.
Chapman, Wills
Char, ee
eee EA Gai a3:
Chester, Col. W. L. (Rr. A.M. aii.
Chico, J. R. (c.E.) . ae
Chitty, The Hon’ble Mr. Justice U. W.
Cholmondeley, E. C. ee one
Christie, Lt.-Col J. H.
Chuckerbutty, A. W.G. (£08,)
Olark, J. (1.0.8. )
Clark, W. H. ie
Clarke, Capt. F. Stanley
Clarke, ‘Cupt. Goat. oo
5
1x
Drahera) Damn
UEP:
.. Bombay,
.. Calcutta,
... Rangoon.
... Lahore.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Quetta.
... Ceylon.
... Poona.
... Hurope.
.. Waltair, Vizagapa-
tam Dist.
.. Gooty, Madras
Presidency.
... Kheri, Oudh.
... Jhansi.
... Lurope.
eae liratarees ealitanliyes
.. Calicut, Malabar.
... Liddim, Burma.
... Subathu, Punjab.
... Poona,
... Travancore.
... Madras.
... Bombay.
.. Umballa.
... Bombay.
... Manipur, Assam,
... Colombo.
... Kasauli, Punjab.
--. Hurope.
... Bombay. [Deccan.
.. Decunderahad,
... Karachi.
... Quetta,
-- Meerut,
.-. Peshawar.
.-. Baroda.
-- Calcutta,
Indore, ©. I,
... Jhansi,
... Alibag.
..» Motihari, Behar,
... Kamptee, CO. P.
.. Jhelum.
. Cannanore.
x LIST OF MEMBERS,
Clarke, L. O. (1.0.8.) (Life Member) i ... Mymensingh, E.
Bengal.
Clarke, Robt. L. H. (1.0.8.) ... “a ... Gorakhpore.
Clarkson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (im. BD bas ... Europe.
Clayton, E. Mec AN ... Hurope.
Clifford, Capt. R. ... Sat ... Hurope.
Clutterbuck, Pabiea(k.s., ¥.2.8. s) ge ... Kheri, Oudh.
Coates, Lt. BGs ci. ye ... Muttra,
Cobbe, Capt. C. O. . see sa ... Lurope.
Coen, W. W. a a ... Hubli, 8. M. Ry.
Coggan, R. T. ee nai ... Lurope.
Coghill, Capt. N. si (ia.) ses a ... Europe.
Cogill, Dr. H. (O1.R.0.8,, L.B.C.P.) Ba ... Bombay.
Gole, lie, A. G. M. ae ae ... Nasirabad.
Coleman, G: B. 4.. ee fe ... Bombay.
Collings, KF. W.v) is. oe hee ... Gangaw, Pakokku,
U. Burma.
Colomb, Lt.-Col. R. P. We ie ... Buldana, Berar.
Colombo Museum, The Librarian... ... Colombo.
Colston, Captain H. K. ae ... Quetta.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. (Life Member) Jes ... Samastipur, T.S.Ry.
pune Edward (F.Z.8.) «. ses ... Karachi.
Combi, A ais a ... Poona.
Conduitt, W. A. (Coe B) a sine ... Rangoon.
Coningham, Mir Hiselis 3a 505 ... Lurope.
Conley, Andrew... oh ... Hurope.
Connor, Capt. F. P. (#.2.6.8., LM, M8.) “ .. Caleutta.
Cooch Behar, H. H. Col. the Maharaja Sir Nri-
pendra Narayen Bhup Bahadoor ‘of ee )
(Life Member)... ras .. Cooch Behar.
Coode, J. M. (Life ee. bee
Cook, Geo. cee
_.. Rawal Pindi.
.. Sinbo, Myitkyina,
Burma.
Cooke, C. Allau ... Bulsar.
Cooke, HK. B. .. Cawnpore.
Cooke, J. V. .. Lurope.
Cooper, HiCy Ee
Cooper, R, W. ;
Copeland, T. B. (0.8) ae
Coppinger, Capt. W. V. Gms.)
Corbett, Capt. W. F.
Cordue, Major W. (ry. R. (Rk. ®)
‘ornelius, Stephen ...
Cosens, TtsGDsit
Cossart, Capt. A. R. B. (RAF.A.)
Cosserat, L. (c.B.) ... ie
Cotton, C. W. E. (1.0.8.)
Cotton, W. B. (1.c.s.)
_... Quetta.
... Karachi.
... Peshawar.
... Hurope.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Mahim, Bombay.
... Lucknow. [can.
... [rimulghery, Dec-
,.. Baroda.
... Calcutta.
-» Jutta, Bs
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Courthope, H. A. ... nee ove
Coventry, B. O. (2.F.s.) fe
Coventry, F.C...
Covernton, Professor A, L.
Cowie, Rey. A. G. G. wie
Cox, Major P, Z, (£.Z.8., F.B.G.S. ie)
Cox, S. (LE.S.) zs tee .
Cox, Capt. W. H. (1.M.S.)
Coxon, S. W. (i.c.s.)
Craddock, W. H. (1.8.8.)
Crawionds Pali 9...
Crawford, Leslie
cugwiend. eae ia Be
Crawtord, W. Mz (1. os.)
Creaghe, PLES. side
Grerar, J. Gc.s:):.
Crommelin, C. A. R.
Cross, R. G.
Crum, W. HE. Hi
Cubitt, Go Beas (eRe.
Cuffe, I. W. a3
Cumming, J. W.N.
Cumming, W. D. ..
Cumming, Lt.-Col. W. H. 6a)
Curran, G. FE.
Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Sir
Currey, EH. 8. a5
Currey, Lieut. V. EF.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. ‘(Life Member);
Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengarji Sawai Bahadoor,
the Rao Saheb of (GCae E.) (Life Member) 2:
Dadachanji, R. K. ,..
Daintrey, W. ue
D’Albedyhll, C.
Dalgliesh, G.
Dallaporta, JING RS.
Dalrymple-Hay, Mrs. L. ws
Daly, The Hon’ble Major Hugh (0.8. 1)
Daly College, The Librarian ..
Dames, Beles: - oe
Daniell, Gol. A. CO. (B.A.)
Danson, J. W. W.
Darjeeling, The Vice- President, Natural History
Museum
Davidson, J. (1.0.8. yo
Davidson, Norman ...
Xl
« DehrasDun, OOP;
.. Europe. Giles
-. Seoni Chappara,
.. Europe.
... Cawnpore,
.. Bushire.
.. Russellkonda.
.. Santa Cruz.
«. Damoh, C2 RP,
.. Rangoon.
... Buldana, Berar.
.. Bombay.
. Saklaspur, Hassan.
... Sembalpur, Bengal,
.. Hurope.
.. Hyderabad, Sind.
.. Bombay.
.-- Doloo,P.O.,Cachar.
.. Bombay.
.. Kindat, Burma.
.. Bombay.
... Quetta.
... Karachi.
.. Lurope.
a lanekere 9 2a Oe
Kadur District.
.. Bombay.
... Hurope.
.. Hurope.
. Bombay.
.. Bhuj, Cutch.
... Bombay.
.. New York,
.. Hyderabad (Sind).
.. Europe.
.. Bombay.
eee lrichinopoly.
.. Indore, C. 1.
so Indore; Co i.
.. Hurope.
. Hurope.
. Hurope.
.. Darjeeling.
.. Hurope.
-» Quilon, Travancore.
xii LIST OF MEMBERS.
Davies, H. J. be a Bas ... Yenangyaung, U.
Burma,
Davis, Lt.-Col. R. E. 8. (i.m.s.) aes ... Rangoon.
Davys, Capt. G. Irvine (1. M.S.) ~ .». Amritsar,
Dawson, W. H. (1.c.8.) (Life Member) es 1. Lurope.
Deakin, Mrs. M. E. a .. Bombay.
Deane, Dr, AL4EL, +i. ay eae .. Bombay,
Deane, He. (C.m,) a wae .. Bulsar,
De Cartoret, SiC ie aes =» panda, WU; P
De Cruz, omy 3. act eee ... Bombay.
DeSouza, A.B... ite ae ... Larkana, Sind,
Delmé-Radeliffe, Lieut. A... oat wee Karachi,
Delmé-Radeliffe, Major H. -.. ns .>» Agra.
Delmé-Radclitfe, Capt. 8... wae ... Jhansi.
Dempster, F. E. (c..z.) we Gol ... Calcutta.
Dempster, Lieut. G. IL. er ah .. Delhi.
Des Veeux, Major H. a sii ... Lhaton, Burma.
Dewar; 3D: (i.0is.),) i. as eae .» Lahore.
Dewes, Major F. J. ms.) ... sac .. lunggyi, S. Shan
States.
Dhar, H. H. the Raja of sae Dhan Ca L
Dharampour, Kumar Shree Vijayadevji of ...» Dharampur.
Dhanjibhoy Bomanji (Life a) a ..- Bombay.
Dick, Lt.-Col. A. R. eee ... Kohat.
Dickson, Major, J. H. ... Bombay.
Dimmock, {t.-Col. H. P. (a. D., IM, s.) .. ... Bombay.
Dixey, Revd. Mr. Duncan oe M.S.) ei wes Quetta,
Dixaie elie BAS). Bas ieee oona.
Dixon, R. M. (B.a.). Be »-. Poona,
Dodd, THC R IE: " (RAA.M.C.) ey: evra. gD i
Wie ks
Denaghey, J. O’B. ik “ ... Bangalore.
Donald, C. H. - “ae Sa ... Srinagar, Kashmir
Donovan, Major C. (ua. So) wae SA ... Madras.
Doughty, eae (Oy, (CF oe se ... Hurope.
Douglas, S. M. (B.a.) ... Rangoon.
Douglas, Commander W. R. B. (RLM. ii ... Bombay.
Douie, The Hon’ble Mr. J. M. (C.8.L, 1.0.8.) ... Lahore.
Downing, A. K. Weld wee A + Coc nnoeomkeOr
Nilviris.
Drake- Brockman, Major D. H. ae ... Lansdowne, Garh-
wal, U.P.
Drake-Brockman, Ma. H. H. (1.u.s., F-2.8.) (Life
Member) sue ... Bombay,
Drake-Brockman, M: af. VeG: (1. MS.) peas ... Hurope.
Dreckmann, Rev. F. (s.3.)_ ... ant ... Bombay.
Drummond, J. R. ae A.y F.U.S. > si ... Hurope.
Drury, E. N. seis ... Lhayetmyo, Burma.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
DuBoulay, J. H. (1.0.8., 0.1.E,)...
Dudgeon, G. CO. (F.B.S. ) Wee
Duke, Lt.-Col. J. (1.31.8.)
Dumayne, BG.
Dunbar-Brander, A. (1. ES. a
Dunn, C. W. (1.¢.8.)
Dunn, Major H.N. (B.A. mc.)
Dunsterville, Col. K. 8. (RAs).
Dunsterville, Major L.C. «s.
Durie, G, A ae me
Dwane, EH. H.
Dwane, F. C. : aA nie
Dwane, Major J. Ww. a
Dyson, Lieut. Col, T. E. (1.M.s.)
Hardley- Wilmot, 8S. (1.F.s.)
Ede, F. J. (A.1..C.E.)
Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr.
Edwards, W.N. ...
Heerton, B. (C.1.£.)..
Elgee, Major J. W. ib.
Hliot, Capt. Neville (R.a.4 as
Elliott-Lockart, Major P. C.
Elliot, Lieut. C. ...
Elliot, Major W. H. W. (PLS, LMS.) os
Elliott, A. (€.1.E.) Ps Ee
Bllis, E. V. (1.F.8.)
Ellis, Col. P. M. (8.4.M.¢.)
Hillis, R. H. (.c.s.) «-
Hlwes, H. J. (F.B.8.)
Emanuel, A. HE. L. (1.0.8.)
English, A. H. ic CS.)
Enthoven, R pou ORs )
Hvans, divan
Evans, Percy C,
Evans, Vety.-Major G. H. (F.1.8.)
Evans, Capt. W. H. (R.£.)
Fagan, Capt. H. A..
Fagan, H. R.
Falkiner, Dr. J. M..
Farrel, R. C. (LF.s.)...
oe Bindgei,
Rill
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Kapurthala.
... Calcutta,
.. Hoshangabad.
... Rangoon.
.. Umballa,
-. Poona.
... Dera Ismail Khan.
Neng: Tuma, S.
Shan States.
... Hurope.
... Yellundu, Deccan.
.. Jubbulpore, C. P.
.. Poona.
Beeisihonl eine :
... Silchar, Cachar.
.. Bombay.
... Majulighur, Assam.
... Hyderabad, Decean.
.. Lebong, N. Bengal.
... Hurope.
-. Mardan, N.-W. F.
Provinces. [ma.
.. Myitkyina, U. Bur-
.-- Simla.
.. Europe.
... Toungoo, L. Burma.
... Quetta.
.». Malappuram, Mala-
bar District.
... Hurope.
wc. Satara.
... Bassein, Burma.
... Bombay.
.. Planters Stores, Di-
brugarh, Assam.
Lankat,
Sumatra.
.. Rangoon.
r Jubbulpore, CO. P.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
“ce Dibrugarh, Assam.
... Secunderabad (Dec-
can).
X1V
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Farrington, Sir H. A., Bart. i F.S.)
Faulkner, Padi:
Fayrer, Capt. yen 6. (rar8.)
Fearon, H. M.
Fenton, Gal; alive:
Fenton, Lieut, L. S.
Ferguson, H
Ferris, Col. W.B
Few, H. W.
Field, Frank ©
Field, J. A. (R. ask
Filson, ‘a a
Finlay, C. K.
Fischer, C. E. C. (a. F 8.)
Fisher, C. P.
Fisher, W. F. D. (Les.
Ase ee PLS.)
Fitz-Gerald, Capt. O. A. G.
Fletcher, Lieut. ‘I: Painbrigge (a Ne BS. oe
Florence, James
Forbes, oe AV ely WE
Forbes, C ; A..B.
Forbes, Col. James
Forbes, J.D.
Forbes-Sempill, Major The Hon’ble D.
Forbes-Sempill, The Hon’ble R, A.
Forel, Monsieur Auguste (Hon. Correspg. Member)
Forster, EW (BFS S.) bee
Forsyth, Dr. W.
Foster, Capt. R. B. B. (IM el
Foster, R. Guy
Foulkes, George I’. F’. (1.8, mn
Foulkes, Capt. H. D.
Foulkes, R.
Foulkes, Major T. E ‘(t M.S.) (ie Member)
Fox, Col. H. C. (R.5.)
Fraser, Prof. J. N.
Fraser, The Hon’ble Mr. 8. M. ee Gh 0. LE, )
Fraser, W. 8.
Frederick, Capt. E. B.
Frenchman, Lt.-Col. EB. P. (1.m.s.)
Friedlander and Son, Messrs. R.
&
.. Khulna, Bengal.
.. Shillong, Assam.
- Europe.
.-. Madras.
.. Hurope.
.-» Bombay.
Hurope.
-«. Kolhapore.
ks Monywa, U pper
Burma.
«. Gaya.
= Jubbulpore, C. P.
Sivakasi, Tinnevelly
Dist.
.. Rangoon.
«=; Dehra Duns U2)
... Nagpur, C. P.
... Bandra.
--- Calcutta.
.. Ceylon.
Bombay.
«- Bareilly.
-» Bombay.
-» Bombay.
». Pyinmana,
- Jubbulpore, C. P.
--» Nowshera, Punjab.
a Rangoon.
Europe.
Upper
Burma.
«. Calcutta.
«. Secunderabad,
«- Sallabile
Deccan.
Pye
Kadur District.
. Hurope.
w» Luro pe.
«- Calicut.
.- Madras.
vee Dharwar.
«. Bombay.
iy Europe.
.- Bandikui,
Raj-
putana.
..9ecundorabad
(Deccan).
«. Rangoon, Burma,
.. Hurope.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Frost, G.
Fry, J. F.
Fuller, Dr. Chas. A Be
Fulton, Capt. H. T. ‘(p. 8.0.) ) (Life ae
Fulton, Col. R. ase
Gale, Capt. E. 8.
Galloway, R.
Gamble, J. 8. (LES., Fibs) 0
Gammie, Prof. G. A.
Garrett, Tat Ten (Ey (S.F.S.)
Cannot, Jee (Ke: oD
Gaye, W. C.
George, C. P.
Gerhardt, Paul
Ghosal, J. (1.0.8.) ...
Gibson, R. E. (1.c.s.) ui aa
Gilbert, C. E. L. (.F-.8.) 30 sc
Gilbert, Reg. (F.Z.8.) sie
Gilbert- Cooper, W. J. (10S,
Giles, A. R.
Gill, Capt. ©. A. (cats,
Gill, CAG uae se
Gill, als. Sec Be ae eee
Gillum, 8. J.
Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (Ca. tat)
Gimlette, Dr. J. D.
Gladstone, H. 8. (F.z.8.)
Glaeser, J ohn
Glascock, L. C.
Glazebrook, Nes:
Gleadow, B (F.R.MLS., PS)
Gloster, Capt. Oey ala («. M.S.) .
Godden, A. L. ahs
Godwin-Austin, H. ...
Gonsalves, Dr. J. F’.
Gordon, D. M.
Gordon, E. B. ale
Gordon, R. (4. (1.0.8.)
Gore, F. W. sisi
Gore, Col. St. G. C. Cee oY
Gossage, F.H. ..
Gough, Major ©.
Gover, A. A.
xv
-» Quetta.
.. Europe.
... Cawnpore.
..» Dehra Dun.
. Europe.
... Kohima, Assam,
... Secunderabad.
.. Europe.
.. Poona.
.. Papan, Burma.
.. Ratnagiri.
.. Secunderabad.
... Secunderabad,
-e. Bombay.
... Dhulia.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
... Bandra, Salsette.
... Hurope.
... Kado, Moulmein.
... Patna,
... Jhelum.
... Madras.
.. Bombay.
... Bombay,
... Hyderabad, Deccan.
... Singapore.
.. Hurope.
.. Bombay. [jab.
... Phillour, Fort, Pun-
... Bombay.
.. Bandra, Salsette.
.. Turn-Taran, Amrit-
sar Dist.
... Tezpur, Assam.
... Hurope.
... Bandra.
.. Keng Tung, 8. Shan
States.
.. Fort William Cal.
... Jetalsar.
.. Hoogrijhan P. O.,
Assim.
... Hurope.
... Maskeliya, Ceylon.
... Hurope.
.. Kurnool, Madras
Presy.
xvi LIST OF MEMBERS,
Graham, Lt, B. C. ... xfs see .«» Dharamsala, Pun-
jab.
Graham, D. N. we — a ia Basibiyt
Graham, G. EH. R. (Le cols a ee 2a «.. Mundla, C. P.
Graham, J. A. 7 ae ... Mercara, Coorg.
Graham, L. (1.0.8,) .. = oe ee» Dharwar.
Grant, C.F, (1.¢.8. ) aa wid ... Rangoon.
Grant, F. A. ym! ie Mae . Thayetinyo, Burma!
Grant, Sola.” oes ois ... Europe.
Gray, Chas. see oe Eee --» Coonoor.
Gray, P. B. we eae ber :.. Poona.
Greaves, H.R... eee aa ... Bombay.
Greaves, S. E. aoe oe --: Bombay.
Green, E. Brnest (r. B.S. ) “5 305 .. Ceylon.
Green, James se soc eee ... Hurope.
Greer, W. (1.0.8.) ... es Br ... Ahmednagar.
Gregerson, Dr. J. D. oe ee ... Hurope.
Gregorson, T. 8. ... tae nee ... Bombay.
Greig, Joseph ae = Sa ... Bag h-o-Bahar,
Cachar.
Greig, Capt. W. B. ie sh ... Sakesar-Mianw a1 i
District.
Griffith, Capt. R. H. (Rr. eee bon ... Hyderabad, Deccan.
Grénvold, H. Bas x 7 ... Hurope,
Grubbe, Major Hi. A. .-» Hurope.
Habibuddin, 8. (n.c.s,) (Life Member) . ... Hyderabad, Deccan.
Haeberle, Curt. (1.F.s.) oe vee ... Perumbavoor P. O.,
Travansore.
Haffenden, Ed. D. H. = aay 2 Mandalay, Burma.
Hale, Major ©. H. (R.A.M.c. vee vee ... Rangoon.
Hall, W. D. «« Bombay.
Hamburg Natural History Moseumn, The Director. Hamburg.
Hamilton, A. G. + ... Europe.
Hamilton, J. D. (3. FS. ) one Ase ... Rangoon.
Hammond, als ln fs ..» Bombay.
Hampson, ‘Sir George KF, (Bart) ), (F.L.S., FES.) ... Europe.
Hankin, A, C. (c.1. E.) “6 oa .»» Hyderabad, Deccan.
Hannyngton, W. O. ee see .. Shwebo, Burma.
Harcourt, Capt. J. 8. M. as cae .»» Bombay.
Hardy, A. W. es . ... Talup, Assam,
Harington, Major H. H. ei ee ... Rangoon.
Harington, Col. V. (Lm.s.) ... mae .»- Mount Abu.
Harker, O. Alien... bee sie ... Dbulia, Khandesh.
Harper, E. W. (£.z.8.) = CF .». Bedford, England.
Harris, Capt. O. M. (2.5. hee ees .-. Saugor, C. P.
Harrison, Amt ie ent ea ... Lakhimpur, Assam.
Harrison, Capt. C. B. ine Soe Ae .». Europe.
Hart, E. H. — ... Lonavls.
LIST OF MEMBERS. XVii
Harter, R. W. ee ... Bombay.
Harvey, Capt. W. EF. (IM. ) Son ... Kasauli, Punjab.
Harvey, W. L. (1.0.8., 0.LE.) .. box ... Simla,
Hasted, Major A. W. seis aie ... Kasauli,
Hasted, FG Rr Get... eis aa ... Mangalore,S. India.
Hasted, yi sRhaeileligt «car oe a, .. Masulipatam,
Kistna District.
Hasted, W. A. an eee Bhs ... Palamcottah, Tin-
nevelly District.
Hatchell, D. G. aes sate wee ... Madras.
Hate, Vinayek N. ... Bal aap ... Bombay.
Haughton, Samuel (¢.0.8.) ... 7 0% ... Hurope.
Hauxwell, T. A. (1.F.s.) ae cae ... Rangoon.
Hawkins, A. B. ... ae ses we) Dighort. EA Oraaw).
Burma.
Rlayden, csi. — ..- ac sat .. Calcutta.
Hearsey, Mrs. L. D. ee fa ... Lakhimpur, Kheri,
Oudh.
Hearsey, T. N. (1.5.8.) th die ... Nilambur, S. Mala-
bar.
Heath, R. H. (c.z.) as 2B ... Fatehgarh, B. B. &
C.1., including
R.-M. Ry.
Heeckerenz, Baron Von (Hon. Corrpg. Member)... Java.
Henderson, Capt. R. R. a Mee ... Sialkote.
Hendley, Lt.-Col. Harold Oe TUES) oe _.. Amritsar.
Hepburn, W. a ... Mandalay.
Herbert, Lt.-Col. H. er M.S.) . “ ... Lurope.
Hortz, W. A. is ae i ... Myitkyina, U.
Burma,
Heseltine, Lt. J. H. N. a bh ... Jubbulpore, C. P.
Hetherington, A. L. (B.A., F.C.S.} eh ... Hangoon.
Heygate, Lt.-Col. R. H. G. (p.s.0.) ... Gibraltar.
Hichens, G. W._... Aas zee ... Rangoon,
Hickman, RB. St. Af a ee Peoahiohati Es Oven
Sylhet.
Hide, P. (Life Member) 34 ake ... Indore, C, I.
Hie ais.) Hi eae " Chittagong,
High Range Natur al History Society, The President Bere P.O. 78:
ndia
Hignell, 8. R. (1.¢.8.) sa es ... Daltonganj, H.I.Ry.
Hill, Claude H. (T.0;8, Oe. Ba yh on oh sa Udaipur, Marwar.
Hill, Lieut. R. D. O. (Life Member) ... ... Dehra Dun, Use
Hill-Trevor, Hon’ble A. H. a ... Lurope.
Hine-Haycock, A. L. a soe ... Colombo, Ceylon.
Hoare, H. J. (1.c.8.) ay 5a ... Indore, Cul.
Hodgkinson, Capt. C. Boe bes Cawnpore.
Hodgson, Hon’ble Mr. H. Pe en ... Ootacamund,
6
XViii LIST OF MEMBERS,
Hoghton, Major F, A.
Hojel, Major J. G. (1.m.s.)
Holberton, N. V. a 8.)
Holbrooke, Capt. B. F. R.
Hole, B.S. (L5.8.) ..
Holkar, H. H. the Maharaja Taku Rao
Holme, H. B. (1.¢.8.)
Holmes, H. R.
Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon’ble Mr.
Imud-ul-Mulk Bahadoor
Hoosainee, Mahomed Abdoola
Hope, A. J. R.
Hopwood, J.C...
Hosken, A. Fayrer...
Hoskyn, Major C. R. (R..)
Hotson, J. HE. B. (1.¢.s.)
Howell, E. B. “6
Howell, G. C. (1.0.8.),
Howlett, Col. A. (1.8.c.)
Hudson, Major C. T. (1.m.s.) -
Hudson, CO. W. M. ae
Hudson, ity PB: Bi
Huggins, J. R. 500
Hughes, Lieut. F. L.
Hughes, T. O.
Hulbert, Major J. G. (1.m.s.)
Hume, H. R. (v. -)
Humphrey, J.
Humphrys, Lieut. F. A.
Hunt, C. B. Holman..
Hunt, Dr. KE. H.
Hunter, ible clGieail, (he A, i
Hutchinson, Lt. ©. G.
Hutchinson, F. G.
Hutchinson, Capt. F. H. G. cats.)
Hutchinson, Re.
.». Simla,
... Bombay,
... Toungoo, L. Burma.
... Lurope.
..» Dehra Dun.
. Indore, Cr I;
... Lhayetmyo, Burma.
.. Balaghat, C. P.
... Hyderabad, Deccan,
.. Hyderabad, Dec-
can.
.. Rangoon.
.. Mingin, U. Burma.
.. Necund srabad,
Deccan.
... Bombay.
... Rajkote, Kathiawar
... Lientsin, China.
.. Asst. Naggar Comr,,
Kulu, Punjeb.
... Europe.
.. Belgaum.
... Dharwar.
... Nasirabad.
.. Hosar, Salem Dist.
... Dehra Ismail Khan.
.. Mekran, Baluchis-
tan.
... Fatehgarh.
... Satara,
.. Bombay.
... Peshawar.
.. Selangor, Federat-
ed Malay States.
.» Secunderabad.
.. Poona.
... Minbu, Burma,
.. Uran, Kolaba Dist.
.. Europe.
.. Kurope.
Hatchinson, Canta lines dv. (1. M.S.) ‘ * Bombay.
Hyam, Judah (6.8.v.0., F.z.8.) (Life Member) ... Pusa, Bengal.
Hyde-Cates, Lt.-Col. G. Rapes res ..«. Palanpur,
Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Narayenrao Govind alias
Babasaheb Ghor Chief of (Life eS .. Kolhapur.
Iibert, L. G .«. Sibsagar, Assam.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Inglis, C. C. “3
Inglis, Chas. M. (Life Member)
Ingram, Capt. A. C. (IM.s.) .
Innes, Capt. H. (1.M.8.)
Inverarity, J. D. (B.4., LL.B.) (Life Member)
Treland, 8. G. deC. (1.0.8.)
Irwin, O. J. (I.C.8.)
Ivens, Lt. H. T. C.
Ivens, J. H. (e.w.v.) (Life Member)
Tyer, V. Subramania (M.A. ae
Jackson, Mrs. F. E....
Jackson, H. (1.F.S.) -..
Jackson, Major J. (1.M.S.) Fie
Jacob, W. R. Le Grand (LF.s.)
James, Major o H. (.m.s.)
James, Lt. F.
wardhan, The Chief of (Life Member)...
Jamsetji, M. Doctor
Janjira, H, H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan 1 (wc),
.. Janjira.
-.. Maymyo,U. Burma.
Nawab of (Life Member)
Jardine, A.J. A. Ca
Jardine, KE. R.
Jardine, M. R.
Jardine, W. F.
Jayaker Lt.-Col. A. S. G. (1. M.S.)
Jellett, H. H.
Jencken, Lt.-Col. PF. de (R.A.M.C.)
Jenkins, 8. HE. F. (1.8.s.) sen
Jennings, Major J. W. (R.A.M.c.)
Jennings, Major W. H. (1.M.s.)
Jermyn, Lt.-Col. T. aoe
Jesse, William
John, H. C. (c.E.) ...
Johnstone, J. W. D.
oll tnents HY El (Rsaas)) esa:
Jones, Lt.-Col. F. W. C. (8.4.M.c.)
Jones, Major J. Lloyd (1.m.s.)
Jones, Major M. D. Goring ...
Jones, VE: as
Jones, Capt. T. W. El.
Jones, W. Harvey .
Jowitt, John F,
Jukes, J, C. E. (10.8.)
X1X
... Mirpurkhas Sind.
... Durbhanga.
.. NaugOT,, ©. be.
... Barisal, E, Bengal.
... Bombay.
.». Allahabad, Ui. P:
ee SeoniChappara, OF;
... Peshawar.
nee Te,
.. Dehra Dun, U. P.
... Shillong, Assam.
Nema ale oe
.-» Poona.
.. Rajabhat khawa,
EB. B.S. Ry.
... Patiala, Punjab.
.. Europe.
Jamkhandi, eae Parashrar am Ramchandr: eae
.. Kolhapore.
Bombay.
Lucknow.
... Bombay.
... Karwar,
.. Bandra.
... Calcutta.
.». Deolali.
.. Loilem, §. Shan
States, Burma.
... Lurope,
..- Bombay.
vy Sauer, ©.
... Meerut,
.. Hurope.
... Gwalior, C. I.
.s. Mian Mir, Punjab.
... Kamptee, C. P.
.. Caleutta.
.. Lucknow.
... Rangoon.
.-- Jubbulpure, C, P.
.. Calcutta.
.. Bandarwella,
Ceylon.
.. Ahmedabad.
xx LIST OF MEMBERS.
Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapu Saheb oe
Chief of
Karachi, The © nator, Wanker, Museum
Keary, Col. H. D..
Keddie, D. L.
Kelly, B. P.
Kelly, Capt. C. R. (8.4.a.)
Kolsall, Capt. H. J. (R.A.)
Memball. i, ...
Kemball, H. V. (c.2.)
Kemp, Capt. D. C. (1...)
Kendall, OC, HAB(1e8.) ...
Kendall, Capt. C.J. (@..M.) ...
Kennedy, R. M. G.c.s.)
Kennion, Major R. C, (F.z. s.)
Kenny, S. D. (2.r.8.) ke
Kenyon, James
Kenyon, J. H.
Ker, L. B.
Kergarion, Comte de
uaa oe J. Ae Corresp Member)
Kerr, Dr.
Kerr, H. ie
Kerr, Nee
Kettlewell, Capt. H. W.
Keys, H. W. (LE.S.)
Keys, Capt. W. D. A. (Las.) e
Khan, Muncherji Framji (Life Member)
Khareghat, IME peh(ISCzS.) 9, foes “6
Kiddle, elie
Kilby, R. G. (1.c.s.)
Kilkelly, nae ewer. ( U M.S.)
Kilner, Dr, J. N. (m.s.) :
King, O. A.
King, R. C. H. Moss (1.0.8.) ...
Kingston, A. H. ...
Kinloch, A. M.
Kirk, R. T. F. G,o.s.)
Kirkpatrick, W. McColin ...
Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. K. R. (1.m.s.)
. Kagal, 8. M. C.
.- Karachi, Sind.
... Bhamo Burma.
.. Mong Nai, 8. Shan
States, Burma,
.. Mansi, Banmauk
Katha, Burma.
.-. Kohat.
... Hongkong.
. Mount Abu.
... Europe.
... Cuddapah, Madras.
.. Hyzabad.
« Bombay.
.. Ahmedabad.
w. Seistan,
... Hurope.
-. Karachi.
.. Peermade, Travan-
core.
.. Bombay.
.. Paris.
.. Java.
.. Chiengmai, Siam.
... Sinbo, Burma.
--- Bombay.
... Fyzabad, Oudh.
... Hurope.
... Bombay.
... Colombo, Ceylon.
.. Ratnagiri.
. Hminetong yee
Papan, L. Burma.
.. Mozufferpore.
.. Bombay.
s Chinpina, _ Adra,
Ben val.
..Coonoor Bae
Nilgiris.
.-- Saugor, C.P.
... Bombay.
.. Kil-Kotagiri,
Nilgiris.
vee Jalgaon, Hast Khan-
desh.
»- Delhi.
«ce Andheri, Salsette.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Knox, Major A. R. (8.F.A.)
Knyvett, W. A.
Kolhapur, H.H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu Chhatra-
pati (G.C.8.1, G.c.v.o.) (Life Member) ...
Kotah, H.H.the Maharaja Sir Umed Sing, Baha-
door (K.c.s.1.) (Life Member)
Kushal Pal Singh, Raja
Kynaston, E.
Lace, John H. (LF.s., F.LS.) ..
Xxi
. Jubbulpore, C. P.
. Gaya, Bengal.
Kolhapur,
Kotah.
.35 KRoplashs,.O%
Agra District.
... Yantiyantola,
Ceylon,
«. Dehra Dun, U. P.
Lahore Veterinary College, The Principal .. Lahore,
Lahore Zoo, The President, Committee of
Mi: anagement .. Lahore.
Laird-MacGregor, Ge Ih, (1.c.8.) .. Belgaum.
Lamb, Major Geo. (1.M.s.)
Lamb, The Hon’ble Mr. R. A. (oes, ce) Gif
. Kasauli, Punjab.
Member) exe on Europe.
Lamington, H. H. cand (G.C. M., on G.C.1.E. 2.) .. Hurope.
. Poona.
Land Records and La The Director of .
Lane, Capt. W. H. fe :
Lang, Capt. C. F. G. : one
Lawrie, A. &. (P.w.D.) bs ue
Lawrence, Revd. Mr. F. (c.m.s.)
Le Mesurier, H. P. (c.z.)
Lee, Capt. A. W. H
ss | Manali,
Upper
Burma.
... Hurope.
.. [The Nagavalli Pro-
ject, Vizi agapatam
Dist.
.. Quetta.
-- Calcutta.
.- Prome, L. Burma.
Lee, Major F. .. Poona.
Lees, D. H. (Life Member) .. Tezpur, Assam.
ae Gow. ... Barisal, Bengal.
Leete, F. A. (Fc. i, LES.) ... Hurope.
Lefroy, i. M. (M.A., F.E.S., F.Z. 8. ) ... Pusa, Bengal.#
Lehmann, Dr. Adoit Bad Bangalore.
Lennox, Capt. G. M. . Lashio, N.- Shan
States.
Leslie, A. K.
Leslie, Major G. A. ig (a)
Leslie Major W. C. C.
Lester, Major C. D.
Lethbridge, Capt. W. pee 1a.)
Light, Col. R. H.
Light, Capt. W. ge
Lightfoot, 8. St. C.
..- Bombay.
... Kirkee,
... Chakrata,
a. Agra,
... Europe.
... Hurope.
... Bombay,
.. Taunggyi, U.
Burma,
Xxil LIST OF MEMBERS,
Lincoln, Capt. C. H. (Lms.) .
Lindley, E. 8. (c.8.) a
Lindsay-Smith, Capt. J.
Linnell, Fred. be
Liston, Capt. W. G, (Eats)
Little, He 21D:
Lloyd, Capt. R. A. (1.M.s.)
Loam, Mathew ae wee
Loch, Maj. F. R. HE. (1.s.c.) .
Lodge, G. H.
Logan, The Hon’ blo Mr. A. C. (ua.)
Logan Home, Lt. G. R.S. ...
Long, G. R. (LF, s.) (Life Member)
Long, Capt. H. W. . AM a
Longden, Cac ars
Lonsdale, EE We te.
Lory, F. 'B. P. (m.A.)
Lovegrove, W. H. (1.F.8.)
Lowis, Major R. M.
Lowndes, G. R. :
Lowrie, A. E. (1.¥.s.)
Lowsley, C. O. aes
Luard, Capt. C. E.
Lumsden, O. F’. (1.c.s.)
Lushington, P. M. (1.5.s.)
Lushington, R. H. ...
Lyall, Capt. R. A. ...
Lyell, Lt. A. G.
Lynn, Gora (GE). se
Macaulay, L. A...
MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member)
MacDonald, J. a ae
MacDonald, K. C. (D.s.P.) oe.
MacGregor, Lieut. R. D. (1...)
MacMillan, R. W. M.
MacNair, R. H. (1.0.s.)
Mackay, ‘om a
Mackenna, J. (1.c.S.)
Mackenzie, Colin A.
Mackenzie, Lt. J. F. (R.a.M.c. )
Mackenzie, Kenneth ie
Mackenzie, Capt. K, L. W.
... Dhulia, Khandesh,
... Karnal, Punjab.
.. Lyallpur,
.. Rangoon.
.. Hurope.
.. Toungdwingyee, U.
Burma.
... Jhelum,
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
.. Bombay.
.. Ferozepore.
. Tunggyi, U.
Burma.
... Jullundur.
... Colombo, Ceylon.
.». Madras.
... Ahmedabad.
. Naini Tal.
.». Umballa.
... Bombay.
iw eaipur, Ce
.. Jacobabad, Sind.
-- Kurope.
haghener The Chia & Sec., Senay ictal Minseum
... Hurope.
.. Manautoddy, N
Lucknow.
Malabar.
... Berhampur,
.-- Kohat.
.» Killa Drosh, Chitral.
.» Manora, Karachi.
. Ghatkopar.
.. Hurope.
..- Bombay.
.» Pokokku, Burma,
... Bombay,
. Rajamundry, Goda-
vari Dist.
jaipur Ce.
... Cawnpore,
... Mandalay, Burma.
... Ootacamund.
... Meerut, U. P.
... Kurnool, Madras.
.. Somaliland.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Mackenzie, M. D.
Mackenzie, M. M. ...
Mackie, A.W. W. (Gach)
Mackinnon, PEW. (E.E.S2)
Mackwood, F. M. ... a si
Macleod, The Hon’ble Mr. Justice N. C.
Macnaghten, A. Baw. ad B
Macnee, H. o
XX1il
.. Mirpur Khas, Sind.
.. Saran, Bengal.
.. Belgaum.
.. Mussoorie, U. P.
.. Colombo.
.. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
Macpherson, a ohn... ,. Hurope.
Macpherson, Col. T. R. M. .. Hurope.
Macrae, Major J. L. (1.m.s.) ... Hurope.
Mactaggart, H. B. ...
Macwatt, Major R. C. (2. M8.) oe.
Macworth, Capt. N.. W. (1...)
Madras, The Professor of Zoology, Madras Chris-
lian College sc
Madras, The. Principal, Prosidency College
Madras, The Director of Agriculture
Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum
Magrath, Major H. A. E, Er
Mahaluxmiwalla, Cy:
Mahomedbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim
Mair, A. ...
Major, Major F. E,.
... Negapatam.
.. Jodhpur, Rajputana.
.. Shan-hai-kwan,
N.
China.
.. Madras.
.. Madras.
... Madras.
.. Madras,
.. Bannu, N.- W.F.P.
.. Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. Caleutia.
.. Fort Sandeman,
Baluchistan.
Malcolm, 1 ... Rajamundry.
Manavadar, Khan Shines Paichdinkhan, Chief of
(Life Member) : .. Manavadar, Kathia-
war.
Manders, Lt.-Col. N. (R.am.c., 7.2.8. FES.) (Life
Member) ae ... Hurope.
Mandlik, Narayan V. (bit Member ... Bombay.
Mann, H. H. ae ... Calcutta.
Mann, T. H, ... Hurope.
Manners-Smith, Major J. (V.C., C.1.E. ee .. Nepal.
Manson, C. E. Fea, ie sas Atlons.elineee eean
Marjoribanks, G, (1.F.8.)
Marjoribanks, N.E. (1.c8.) ...
Marker, Khan Saheb Ardesir D, i
Marlow, Lt.-Col. B. W. Ea) eal
Marsden, © ae
Marshall, Arch. MeL. (Life Member)
Marshall, NS INV, athe i. ES
Marshall, D. Lt,
Marshall, Dr. H. H. (1.R.0..)...
Rangoon, Burma.
N. D. Canara.
... Madras,
.. Quetta.
.. Poona.
... Bombay.
... Hurope.
... Bombay.
.. Pamaru,
Nellore
District.
.. Mandalay.
XXiV
Marshall, J. MeL. (Life pe
Marshall, Major T, HE. (n.a.) ..
Martin, J ames
Martin, Col. Gerald (Life Member
Martin, J. R. (1.0.8,)
Martin, L. {K.(1.F.s.)
Martyn, Eis
Masani, A. M. (Life Member) ..
Masson, The Hon'ble Sir D. P. et G.I. 1h)
VM: Eeavalt. 1S IBS
Maxwell, Capt. W. F. (on)
Reson: Mrs. O. S.
Mayne, Capt. H. B. (R.¢
a)
McCarrison, D. L. (D.s.P.)
McConaghey, Major A,, Pa Agent
McCormack, R, B.
McDonough, A. D....
McDougall, E. (D.s.P.)
McGlashan, John (C.£.)
McIntosh, Alex. (C.E.)
McIntosh, R. (1.8.8.) ..
McKerron, R. G. Ge fC: 4)
McKendrick, Capt. A. e a >)
McKenna, Lieut. J. C.
McLaughlin, Capt. H. D.
‘LIST OF MEMBERS.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
.»- Dehra Dun, U. P.
... Hurope.
. Sukkur, Sind.
... Chanda, C. P.
wes AUGOM, Wisk.
. Baroda.
BY Lahore.
... Maubin, Burma.
... Kirkee.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
.. Madras.
.. Campbellpore
.. Quetta.
.. Cocanada, Godavari
District.
and
Attock.
.. Myilkyina, U.
Burma.
... Calcutta.
... Frichinopoly.
.- Minbu, Burma.
... Rangoon.
.. Kasauli, Punjab.
... Manipur, Assam.
.-- Abbottabad.
MeLeod, Major-Genl. D. J. S. (c.x., D.S. 3.0.)
McMahon, Col. The Hon, Sir A. H. (wo. (Chinon, HSH 2
MeMullen, Capt. G. C.
MecNeale, J. HL
McNeill, J. (1.0.8.)
McPherson, Capt, é (1.M. Sen
McPherson, Capt. J. (LM.s.) .
Mead, P. ih
Goig:)).6.
Meade, Col. M. J. (¢.1.E.)
Mears, Capt. A. (1.4.)
Meinertzhagen, Lieut. R.
Menon, K. c
Merewether, Major H. D.
Mess President, ist Royal Sussex Rest.
Mess President, Ist Battn. 10th Gurkl.as
Mess President, 29th Lancers.. ae
Mess Prosdea 32nd Pioneers
Mess President, 2nd Worcestershire Regt.
Mess President, ist Battn.
Lausdowne
.. Hurope.
Quetta.
.. Kotri, Sind.
«« HOON Coke
ae Europe.
... Poona.
.. Bombay.
oon.
.«. Baroda.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Trichor, Cochin.
a Palanpur.
39th Garhwal Ritles,
eee
.-- Umbaila.
... Maymyo, Burma.
... Sirur, Poona Dist,
.». Umballa.
. Ahmednagar.
. Garhwal, U. P.
LIST OF MEMBERS. . XXV
Mess President, 44th Merwara. Infantry Uo\at Auer.
Mess President, 85th Regiment (K.9.L.1.) eos. Pyzabad.
Mess President, 110th Mahratha L, Infantry .-» Poona,
Mess President, 130th Baluchis ... Chaman,
Mess, 74th Punjabis, Hon. Secy., Book Club ...saugor, OL Pe
Mess, R. E., Hon, Secretary .. . Roorkee,
Mess, R. F. "A. (40th .and 45th Battery) Hony.
Secretar y: .. Hyderabad, Sind.
Mess President, 1st “South Wales Borderers _.... Karachi,
Messent, P. G. (0. E.) ... Bombay,
Meyer, Dra tail, bee esse. Aut’ eae omlbaiy,
Meyer, O. ae so .. Bombay.
Meyrick, E. a B.S. ve ese so “oe _.. Europe,
Millard, W.-S. (F.z. s) (Life Member) ... ... Bombay.
Milier, G. A. sige oa ... Darjeeling.
Millett, Go Bo Gas: . Aces aan ..» Karachi.
Milne, Mrs. Leslie ... «.» Gangoon,
Milne, Major ©, J. Robertson (1. M.S. he .»e Berhampore, Ben-
gal.
Mills, J. D. (Life Member) sae Boe ... Hurope.
Minns, Mrs, H. C . Sandoway, Burma.
Miraj, Shrimant ae ee ‘Ganesh, ‘alias Baba-
saheb a Chief of ae Memb) .. Miraj.
Mitchell, H. H. G.. ... Madras.
Micchell, J. Cy Hs. oe apt ... Derrang, Halem
P. O., Assam.
Moberly, Mrs. B. M, aa sos eos Hyder: abad (Dec-
can ).
Mockler, Major G. F... ee ees »» Deolali,
Modi, Bomanji Edulji Lee a ... Kaira.
Mogegridge, C. B. ... si Je ... Rangoon.
Molesworth, W. G. Me a: ... Waltair,
Mollison, J. aoe 2 Naeour, ©..2:
Monté, Dr D. A. de (L.M. & 8.) wish _ see Bandora,
Monteath, G. @.c.s.) (Life Member) hs ... Bombay.
Monteath, JeIGRCiss). 2 nee cau auanas
Montresor, Capt. L. B. is E, 4) oe bos or
Moore, T. Dz ee ... Bombay. .
Moore, T. | a ie ae ee Madras. - :
Moore, W. (F.1.C.) . ee ee ee» Dibrugarh, - ‘as
Morgan, F. E. eget ue ae ws Bozwada, Kisina
. Dist.
Morgan, ViGs C.B.Si)ig ee, vena: sc .-- Mundla, ©. P.
Morgan, W. de (c.s.). 500 ... Lurope.
Morris, Capt. A. H. (RAL) Ms .. Free Town, Sierra
i Leone, W. Africa!’
Morris, Major D. O..: nian WLI) ( >. Akéla, Berar. us
Morris, Capt. G. Me. cite sescks .- Bombay. - |
7
XXvi LIST OF MEMBERS,
Mosse, Capt. A. H. E, las La abe she ... Aden.
Mowbray, G. B.De.. ie ... Maskeliya, Ceylon.
Moylan, W. Ben ae .. Calcutta,
Muir, G. B. F. (1.0.8.) . Fatehgarh, U. P.
Muir Mills Co., Lid., The Manager and Seer tary. Cawnpore,
Mudhol, Shrimant ee Bago Big we
Chief of “a5 .. Mudhol, 8, M. C,
Miller, Professor O. V. oe a .. Bombay,
Mullins, Lt.-Col. W. B. Sei ve ... Hurope.
Mumford, J. hs ee ... Bombay,
Mundy, B. H. H. (F. RG. Sa) tues sas ... Bombay.
Mundy, N.S. au ee .«. Silchar, Cachar. |
Munna Lal, Dr. (u.m. & ey: or ... Ballia, N.-W.P.
Murison, Capt. C. C. (L.M.s, Ve eis ... Sukkur.
EEE CE ani, 22\45 (PSI) an ae oe ... Bombay.
Murray, §. B. (®.w.p.) wai bs ... Madras,
Muspratt, Major F.C, ce os ... Shau-h a i-K wan,
N, China.
Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government
Museum . Bangalore.
Mysore, H. H. the Maharaja Krishna Re ‘Woodayar
Bahadoor of (Life Member) .. .. Mysore.
Nagpur, The Cur ak Central Museum.. eee
Nangle, H. C. aes ae .. Thaton, Burma,
Nangle, Capt. M. om us sa .. Rangoon, Burma,
Napier, A. G. Fitz.. thee 2 ee ... Bombay.
Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) .. Bombay.
Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member) .. Bombay.
Nasrulla Khan, H. H. Nawab Mahomed . Bhopal, CO. 1.
Nawab Mahomed Salamulla Khan, Khan Bahadur, Buldana, Berar.
Nene, Sadashive Sitaram _..... 1? .». Sangamner, Ahmed-
nagar Dist,
Neale, W. N. x oe es .. Lankari, Broach
District.
Newill, T. N.C. ... Ske acs ... Hurope.
Newbold, Major A. W. aes aoe -.. Kohat, Punjab,
Newco, Lionel ... oa ... Coorg, S. India,
Newnham, Lieut,-Col. A. (Fez. Z.8. 8.) om .-. Kasauli, Punjab.
Nicholson, HE. F.... eee sea .»- Bombay,
Nicholson, Capt. W. C. ae at ee. Benares,
Nisbet, Je Bea Ssiite, aes aoe ... Shwebo, Burma.
Nisbett, Major W. G. Lae set .« Port Blair.
Nuno; 1) Gicis:) 4. ... Khandwa, C. P.
Nurse, Lt.-Col. C, G. (F.z.s.) Cif Member) .«- Jubbulpore, C. P.
Nuttall, W.M. ... ... Dibrugarh, Assam,
LIST OF MEMBERS, xXVIl
Oakes, M. H. (.s.P.) aon .. Gonda, Oudh,
Oates, E. W. ae Z =) Eon Conrespg. 1 Member) . Europe.
Oberholser, H. ©. . ae gton, U. S.
O’Brien, Capt. Edward. ae -o0 -.» Aden.
ODonnell, Lt.-Col. T. J. (D.8.0., B.A.M.C.) --- Quetta.
Ogilvie, A. W. (S.F.S8.) Ace SoC ... Paknamps, Siam.
Ogilvie, wales BK, C. 8) ae 20 »». Attock.
Okeden, W ole aoe ... Rangoon.
Oldham, Capt. L. W. 8. (2. B) as .-- Nagpur.
Oliver, A. K. u ot gee ... Bombay.
Oliver, J. W. (ue. )) aN noo Oe
Oliver, Major L. G. .. Lebong, Bengal,
Olivier, Col. H. D. (2.£,, F.Z.8. ) di Member) ~« Hurope
Ollenbach, O. C.... . Dehra Dun,.U. P.
Ollivant, Capt. A. Hi. (R.G.A.) «++ ae shi .. Lurope,
Opiumwalla, Dorab E. ace no0 ... Bombay,
Orr, Capt. H. M. C. divs ae .. Secunderabad,
Deccan.
Orr, J.cP. Ges.) ... ae a pe.
Orr, Sutheriand _... nee ne .- Madras.
Osborn, Genl. W. ... ao a5 -Naggar Kullu,
Kan, gra District.
Osmaston, B. B. (1.F.s.) 5 we .. Port Blair,
Osmaston, L. §. (1.F.s.) aes ae .. Nasik,
Ostermayer, G. Ais ... Bombay. (a
Oxley, Capt. J. GS. “(LMS.) 0 3 ... Seoni-Chappara, C,
Packard, Capt. H. N. ce Aa) es so: . Naini Tal.
Page, W. G. ee “Ae _.. Indore, Chik
Page, W. I. (# z. s.) ee son ... Lurope.
Page, W. W. K. .. soc “ae .. Caleuta,
Painter, H. L. (I. C. s.) eae -. Surat,
Pallant, Lieut. S. L, (R.A.M.0, i ee vos Europe,
Palmer, WW 2 lus eos Sp sae ao Dun, U.
Panter, Lt. G. A. E, an ... Jersey, Channel
Islands,
Parasu Ramdas Patro, A, (B,A.) oo eo. Berhampur,
Parker, R. N. (1.8.s.) an AnD ee Nurpur, Kangra
Dist., Punjab,
Parnell, R. (1.F.s,) .. Be ... Lahore, Punjab.
Parrington, Lt. J, W. Gao is « Kirkee.
Parsons, M. D, Ar aoe Bae .. Pyinmana, iw.
Burma,
Parshotumdas Vishram Maoji sor ees
Partridge, H. A. .., vee aa . Secunderabad,
Deccan,
XXVill
Partridge, Henry (Life Member) ove
Pasco, J. Harding ... en te ake
Pasteur Institute of India, The Director
Patel, Khan Bahadoor Boron D,
Pattorson, Dro BR: L.
~ Patton, Capt. W.S. ee
Pawalla, Jamsetji C.-
Payn, Capt. W.A..
Payne, R. (B.A.)
Pearce, Capt. C. BR. ty ES) ae
Pearless, S. H. fe bod
Pearse, Lt. G. neo
Pearson, R. 8. (1.F.8.).
Se TD Mrs. (at. Dye
Penno, Dr. F. 1. (a.8.¢.8, L.R.C.P.)
Percival, A P. (1.F.S.)
Percival, . 5. Po ws
Perreau, Capt. G. A.
Perrot, Lt. H. 8. (&.4¢.a.)
Pershouse, I Sb an
Pestonji Jivanji (N.c.s.) (Life Member)
Peters, Col. C.T. (1aut.s. Retd.)
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) .
Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member)
Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life Member) ..
Peto, Lieut. ‘Clement H. ms igs
Phillimore, Lieut. R. H. (R.8.) “
Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.) (Life Member)
Pickersgill-Cunliffe, Lt. J. C. a
Pilcher, ~ Major Alay (R.E.)
Pilcher, Col. J. G. (1.u.8.)
Pilesds0 ee “co
Pinhey, Major A. F. (c.1.5.) ...
Polovtsw-ff, Mons, A. Bak
Polwhele, A. C. (c.z.)
Poncins,: ‘Baron Edmond de if Member)
Porch, Capt. CoP s.
Porter, WERaS. ue.
Pottinger, Lieut. J. A. fad
Pottinger, Capt. R. 8. oe at
Powell, J. E. : sce oe
Praed, Lt. G, A. M.
Pyain, Lt.-Col. D. (1.M.8.,F.B. .) y :
Prall, Major 8S. HE. (.m.s.)
LIST OF MEMBERS.
ese Pyinmana, Burma.
pe Da
Kambay.
Nilgiris, -
... Kasauli, Punjab.
ee Quetta,
.. Sibsagar, Assam.
. Madras.
.. Bombay.
.«» Quetta,
... Bankipur, B. 1, Ry.
.«s Mavmyo, Burma,
... Ceylon.
.- Kohat,
¥ Europe.
... Europe.
..- Bombay.
:.. Europe.
..: Mercara, Coorg.
..- Bakloh, Punjab.
a Burope..
.. Middelburg, Trans-
-vaal.
ee Hyderabad, D.
... Dinajpur.
.-s Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Rawal Pindi.
... Bangalore.
... Lurope.
... Ahmednagar.
... Lahore, Punjab.
. Murope.
. Secunderabad,
Deccan.
«-- Oodeypur.
... Bombay.:
-. Agra,
. Europe.
ae . Mhow, Cake:
.es Quetta.
.»» Nasirabad.
... Kolhapur.
.» Dehree-on-Sone, ©’
Shahabad Dist.
.. Dinapore.
... Hurope.
.. Aden.
_ LIST OF MEMBERS.
Pratt, Capt. E. G. W. oe a:
Pratt, H.C. a3 aes ses
Prescott, Lieut. C. W.
Preston, F. J. 282
Price, Sir Fred. ...
evichard: Guan .2. wae
Prideaux, C. C. A.... os
Prideaux, G. W. B.
Priestley, B. ee ae
Primrose, Alex. M. Be ea
Procter, The Hox’ ble Mr. H. E. aoe
Prostor, Lt, Alfred H. (1... an
Parkis, F. C. (3.F.s.)
Purkis, H. V. sea aaa
Raby-Noble, W. —...
Raikes, The Hon’ble Mr. H. pe
Raikes, G. T.
Rajkumar College, the Prins
Ramsay, N.
Ralston, Lt. W. HH. ee
Ramsden. Lt.-Col. W.C. ...
Rattray, Col. R. H...
Bevonchaw. Col, C. W. (Life Member) .
Readymoney, N. J. 2
Rebello, Revd. Jodo x
Rees, H. C.
Rees, W. EH.
Reeve, R.
Reid, Cecil H. (1.0.8)
Reid, M. F, (c..£.)...
Reid, W. J. (1.0.8.) ... cen ass
Reilly, N. EH. oa one 56
Rendall, H. D. (1.¢.s.) tee
Rennick, Alex. de C. aaa wes
Rennie, Thos, (1.0.v.D.) oe ove
Reynolds, D. (R.F.A.) Ate .
Reynolds, L. W. (1.c.s.) Ga es
Rhé-Philipe, G. W. V. de... is
Rhenius, C, E. ea sat aoe
Rhodes, T.M. —_.. ore vee
XXIX
.. Bombay.
= Selangor, Federated
Malay States.
... Peshawar.
... Bombay.
... Ootucamund.
... Ramtek, C. P.
.. Wanalli P. O. via
Raichore.
... Taunggyi, Burma.
.-, Sholapore.
.. Lamarhat P. O.,
Gauripur, Assam.
... Bomhay.
... Amritsar.
... Rangoon.
... Tissa P.O., Chum-
ba State, |
.-. Behali P.O., Assam.
.». Bombay.
... Karachi.
... Rajkote.
... Rangoon.
... Lientsin, N. China.
... Dehra Dun, U. P.
... Hurope.
... HLurope.
... Bombay.
.. Margoa, Goa.
6 Gaya, Bengal.
.. Bombay.
.. Calcutta,
Pegu, Burma.
... Madras.
.. Shillong, Assam.
wa Panjgur,
M obran
Coast.
Rajkote.
. Nagpur.
.. Rangoon, Burma.
Neemuch, C, I.
... Indore, Siule
.. Bombay.
.. Tuticorin,
Madras
Presidency.
2. Dra wah Og
Kotah, Rajputana
XXX LIST OF MEMBERS.
Richards, B. D.
Richardson, Cecil ...
Richardson, Lt. G. G.
«.. Bombay.
Ajmer.
-- Karachi.
Richardson, H. L. ... .. Bombay.
Richmond, ‘RB. D: (LF.s. ) one .. Hurope.
Ritchie, Capt, C. Mel. ae -. Sialkote.
Ritchie, FP. .. Europe.
Roberts, Capt. A. S. B. aes
Roberts, Major M. B. ( Life Member) Sc
Robertson, B. (1.¢.8., 0.1.8.) : oe
«» Rangoon.
«» Lansdowne, U. P.
.. Simla.
Robertson, J. H. (1.0.8.) .. Salem, Madras
lei esidency,
Robertson, L. (1. i S.) . Calcutta,
Robinson, H. K. (1.F.s.) .. Kurseong.
Rodger, A, (1.F.S.) ... Sega deel
Burma.
Rodon, Major G. 8. (F.z.s.) ... «» Dharwar.
Rogers, C. G. (1.F.s.) aoe .. Bombay.
Rovers, Capt. E'. C. (1..8.) ». Multan.
Rogers, J. B. Leslie
Rogers, Rey. K. St. A.
Rome, Lt. H.C...
Ronald, A. G., Asst. Engineer
Ross, Major Tyrell (Life eee
Row, Dr. R. (m.D.)
Rowland, Dr. 8.
Ruddle, W. HL
Russell, J. B.
Russell, Hon’ble Mr, Justice L. P.
Ryan, G. Sane es
Rylands, H. R.
Ryves, A. E.
Sale, Edward L. C C yy
Salkeld, Ca
Salmon, Lt. W. H. B.
.-. Bombay.
.- Rabai, East Africa.
-» Dehra Ismail Khan,
.. Madras.
.. Dinapore.
.. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Secundrabad.
.. Saklaspur
Hassan,
Mysore District.
.. Bombay.
.. Poona.
ee» Delhi.
.. Allahabad.
Sukkur, Sind.
Kismayu, British
East Africa.
... Hurope.
Walt, WH. F. ((8.5.A.)... .. Meerut,
Saone, G. Prier De .. Bombay.
Sassoon, Mrs. S. D. wre eee .. Hurope.
Saunders, Capt. F. W. (R.z.) ... een .. Bombay.
Savile, L. Ht fe ce «. Bombay.
Schelling, A .. Bombay.
Scindia, “H. A. the “Maharaja Madho Rao a OS. A
G.c.v.0.) (Life Member) . Gwalior, C. I.
Scot, J. 8. (1.8.s.) see . Nandyal, Kurnool
District.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Scotson, J. T. (1.¢.8.) “ae oes
Scott, Edmund ade wes =
Scott, Capt. G. B. ... “0 eas
Scott, G. C. eee eco eee
Scovell, C. HE. ae as oe
Scroggie, Capt. W. R. J. (1.M.8.) oe
Scroope, H. W. P. (1.C.8.) eos sa
Seale, Dr. C. EH. B....
Sealy, Capt. A. H. ...
Sears, R. H. (¢.£.)
Seervai, Dr. Rustom F.
Selous, Capt. R. ...
Service, Geo.
Seton-Karr, H. W. Git Member) wae
Sewell, J. H, ‘bse
Shakespear, Major is ;
Sharp, Professor W. H.
Shaw, Capt. W. 8. J. (1.M.8.).-.
Siiheni: W. ©. (1.0.8.)
Shepperson, C. I. W.
Shipp, W. H.
Ss. v. ‘Sinecadls, B. Se is
Shortland, C. V. N + (Ano)
‘Shoubridge, He ©. B.(C.E.) 2.
Shuttleworth, Be A. R. B.
Sikes, F. ... pie
Silvester, C. J.
Feria, A. H. A. (1.c.s.)
Simeox, lity ©. Ey is. Bi
Simpson, J. Hope ne C8. 2 sn
Simson, Lt. R. ae og
Sinclair, R. L. aoe
Sind Club, The Hony. "Secretary osec
Singh, Bhai Sudhu, Forest Officer
Sitwell, Capt. N. S. H. (R.A.)
Skilling, W. “01
Skinner, Capt. R. B. “(R.B.) ae
Skipwith, Capt. J. ve (R.E.) ..
Sladen, Dr. R. J. L wes
Slater, H. Kelshall .. ais
Slater, J. Sanders .... eae
Smales, Chas. B. (1.F.8.)
e s
Cy e
XXX1
... Surat.
.-. Ceylon.
.«. Mooltan.
.. Ceylon.
.. Loilem,
S. Shan
States.
... Bombay.
.. Naya Dunka, Son-
thal Parganas,
Bengal.
nt Darjeeling.
... Bakloh, Punjab.
... Lurope.
... Bombay.
... Quetta.
... Bombay.
... Lurope.
... Lloungoo, Burma.
... Manipur, Assam.
... Bombay.
... Rajkote.
,.. Dhulia,
... Coimbatore,
.. Ajmer.
... Pusa, Bengal.
.. Chakradharpur,
Bengal.
... Nasik.
... Quetta,
... Ceylon.
.. Nealdah,
E. B.S.
Ry.
ve alco Khandesh.
. Sitapur.
. Hurope.
... Allahabad.
... Burope.
.». Karachi,
.. Baluchistan acl
... Dom Dum.
.. Mussoorie, U. P.
... Nowshera.
... Kirkee.
-- Bhusawal.
... Bangalore.
... Bombay.
.. Pyinmana, Wes
Burma.
Xxxil LIST OF MEMBERS.
Smith, Capt..F. A. (Dat)
Smith, Li, By H.
Smith, Major C. A.
Smith, 8. Di@ay
Smyth, S. W.
Somerville, Lt.-Col. T, C. m
Souter, C.. ye (1.0.8.) ie
Southon, Capt. C. E. a gs
Sparke, W.
Sparling, A, H. wee
Spence, J. R. eo
Spence, L. H. (n. sip.) si
Spence, R. A.
Spooner, T. J. (0.5. ) (Life Member)
Stables, Major Alex, (R.4.M.0.)
Stack, Mrs. C. 8S. ... eae
Standen, B. (1.0.8.) ... so
Stanton, W. C. ae
Staples, kK, W. H. (c.3.) sca
Stebbing, EH. P. (1.4.8., F.L.8., FES. BLS.)
Steel, Capt. 1: (1.M.s.)
Steen, Capt. R. cae
Steffen, O.
Stephens, L. B.
Stevens, Herbert...
Stewart, Capt. G. H. (1.M. Be
Stewart, J. Lee
; Stewart, R. B. (1.¢.8.) ai
Stockley, Lt. J.P. .. ee
Stoney, R.. F. gaa ss
Stonor, W.
Atorey, ° Phos ist ise.
“Story, 8. S. oss
Stringfellow, H. B.. dow
Strong, F. W. Gos.) ae
Stuart, Capt. A. G. . ove
Stuart, C. J. ese
Stuart, G. A. D. (1.0.8.)
Stuart, J.D.
Stuart, Major J. R. (R,A..0.)
Sulivan, Col. G. D. F. ee
Summers, Thos. (¢.E.) oa
.. Sehore Bhopal,
... Allahabad.
.. Mooltan.
.. Dhulia.
.. Hurope.
-- Shwebo, Burma.
.. Masulipatam,
Madras.
.. Bombay.
.- Rangoon, Burma.
... Rajghat, O. & R.
R
y:
..« Ahmedabad.
vee Belgaum.
.» Bombay.
.. Gadag, S. M. Ry.
.. Europe.
.. Secunderabad,
Deccan.
.. Detul, C. P.
.. Lucknow.
... Dum Dum.
-- Dehra Dun.
.. Bombay,
.. Europe.
... Bombay.
--» Karachi.
.. Lakhimpur, Assam.
.. Falam, Ohin Hills.
.. Europe.
.. Poona.
... Kherwara, Raj-
putana.
Mee opad, Nellore
District:
.. Nagasamudram, S.
Ry.
.. Oodeypur.
.. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Europe.
.. Simla.
... Nellore.
.. Nellore, Madras,
«» Mandalay.
.. Mhow, C, I.
.. Srinagar, Kashmir,
... Karachi.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Surveyor, Dr. N. F.(Qp.) i...
Swan,
Swayne, Herbert (Life Member)
Swinhoe, Genl. C. ...
Swinhoo, Bien Ont lame eee
Sykes, C. M. (c.z.)...
Sykes, M. G. (1.0.8.)
Symes, W. C. nee ee oe
Symington, J. H. ... - 350
Symons, Lieut. H. (R.c. oe
Tagart, Major H. ‘Ay Tg (D.8.0.)
Talbot, W. A. (1.F.s.)
Tambe, Dr. Gopal Ramchandra, (m. A.B Sc. »L. M& 8)
ze .. Abmednagar.
Tanner, Major C. O. O.
Tata, Dorabji J. Ca Member)
Tailor, J. Stopford .. eee
Taylor, James H.
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life Member)
Temulji B. Nariman, Dr... op
Tenison, Lt. W. P. CO. (R.F.a.)
Thanawala, Y. D. (u.a.) :
Thevenard, Cu.
Thomson, Lt.-Col. Honry i. M. 8.)
Thomson, 2. H. E. (1.4.8.) ... oe
Thomson, St. C. ... ae ees
Thomson, Major D. B. “a bee
Thornhill, Col. H. B. (nm) . we aoe
Thornton, H. A. (1.0.8.) oe
Thubron, J. B.S. ... ie
Tibbs, Rev. P. G. ... Be
Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ...
Tichborne, Sir Henry, Bart. ...
Tinley, Col. G. F. N. ee sc
-Tinne, P. (1F.8.) ... ac =
Tipper, G. H. oe
Tipping, P. G.
Tod, Alex. M.
Todd-Naylor, Bye: (Ct CG... Cs LE. )
Tomkins, Capt. E. L. (p.A.) wee
Tomkins, 8.
Tottenham, W.F.L (t PS) «
Townsend, Major E.
Traill, W. H.
XXXlli
... Bombay.
... Hurope.
... Lurope.
... Hurope.
... Mandalay.
+. Whar Cee
ih Nellore, Madras
Presidency,
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. Hurope.
... Meerut.
.. Kirkee.
Indore, C. I.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
. Hurope.
ee Bombay.
Bombay.
... Herozepore, Punjab.
... Bombay.
.-. Calicut, Malabar.
.-. Madras.
... Mussoorie, U. P.
... Lucknow.
... Bombay.
we Simla.
... Hurope,
... Nasik,
... Aden.
... Mingin, Burma.
... Europe.
.ee Meerut,
... Kalimpong, Bengal.
.. Calcutta.
Sidapur, Coorg.
... Bombay.
.» Rangoon.
... Jubbulpore, C. P.
... Lahore.
.. Rangoon,
... Mandalay.
.. Bombay.
Travancore, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Sultan Pons
‘Raja Bahadoor (G.¢.8.1., 4.0.1.) (Life cai Trivandrum.
‘Trench, 0. G. C. (1.0.8.) aw i
8
«. Nagpur, O. P.
XXX1V LIST OF MEMBERS.
Trevor, Surg.-Genl. F. W. (8.4.M.6.) . Poona.
Trivandrum, Hon. Sec., Government Museum and
Public Gardens ... tse “e eo Lrivandrum.
Trotter, E. W. ate se due .« Bangkok, Siam.
Troup, Ney ees re fe ..- Kousanie P, O.,
Almora,
Truninger, L. ea. ge ... Caleutta.
Turner, Capt. Ce HL... oe one «« Mandalay.
Tina Hes. C. Ge: G. 8.) Pas “et ... Fyzabad, Oudh.
Turner, Sir Montague wife ee ... Hurope.
Tweedie, Lt. J. L. ihe aA ... Lahore,
Twiss, Lt. A. M. oe aBe Sek ... Kirkee.
Tyabji, S. B. ae she ... Dharwar.
Daler) tl. ia ME. ( (1. ‘C8.) si abs ... Koraput.
Tyrrell, Capt. J. R. (1M.S.) mide ..- Bombay,
Tytler, Maj. H.C. ... ee aie ‘2 Agra,
Uehlinger, H. . Bombay.
Ulwar, H.H. Maharaja Sawai J ey Singh Bahadoor
(Life Member) .. Ulwar, Rajputana.
United Service Library, Hon. Secretary ... Poona.
-Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... ese ... Bhavnagar.
Vanrenen, Lieut. D. H. res .». Lyallpur, Punjab.
Vaughan, W. (F.E.8. > (Life Member) Bat ..» Ceylon.
Venoar, Major W. H,. (1.4.) ey soa pe ohat.
Vernede, Bred tive. ... Munda Kayam,
Travancore.
Vernon, H. A. B. (1.¢.s.) ee eee ... Madras,
Viccaji, Framji R. (Life Member) ex ... Bombay.
Vidal, G. W. eee ek ... Hurope.
Vincent, W. iH. a. (C CIS: eee ae se Ranchi, Chota Nag-
pur.
Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersey, The Hon’ble Mr.... Bombay.
Wadeson, Major F. W.G. ... .-. Loralai, Baluchistan.
Wadia, D. N., Prof. of piblegy at Jammoo .»» Kashmir,
Wadia, Sorab P. N. ... Bombay.
Walker, Capt. G. K. (a, V.D.) ss. oF ... Lahore.
Walker, Oe enlie’ ees sea pi ... Purnahia, Bengal.
Walker, Capt. W. B. (R.A.) ... ye ... Bombay.
Wall, Major F. (1.m,s,, 0.M.2Z. | atk ... Dibrugarh, Assam.
Wallace, John (C.E. ) aus .«. Bombay.
Wallace, R. 568 sis ... Rangoon,
Wallace, W. V. (1. 0. a) aes site ... Myingyan, Burma,
Wallinger, We AntGuesiy) eee Fie 8g ... Dharwar.
Walsh, E. P. (1.¢.s.) st) tb sat ... Penukonda, Madras
"Presidency,
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Walton, rare ye J. (L.M.8., pee)
Ward, Col. A een
Ward, Capt. 0. an
Ware, Major F. C. Webb (c. LE )
Wasey, G. K.
Watertield, H. H. (1. 0. 1.8)
Watkins, Ge as.
Watson, lit, HGR se
Watson, H. W. A. (1.F.8.)
Watson, Capt. J. W. (LMS) ...
Watson, Lt.-Col. W. A, (C.1.E.)
Watson, W.M. a...
Watts, Capt. G. A. R.
Watts, Lt. N. H. L.
Webb, G. R.
Webb, M. (1.¢.s.)
Wein, J. ... ona
Weldon, W. L. ..-
Wells-Cole, Major H.
Wenden, H. (¢.£., 0.1.)
Weston, A. T. ay
Weston, W. V.
Whalley, P. 660
Whately, Richard ...
Whiffin, F. D. 3
Whitcomte, Major BE. G.R. (ar.s.)
White, Lt. "A. W. Be
ates C. W.
White, W. P. : a nuh
Whitehead, Lt. C. H. T.
Whitehead, John (1.F.s.)
Whitiall, Lt.-Col. F. V.
Whittell, Lt. H. M.
Whitworth, G. ©. (Life Member) a
Whymper, Sh ye oss
Whyte, Lt.-Col. C. W. :
Wickham, P. F. (c..)
Wigram, Major ble
WhallessG:<(1.C.8:)\" sce
Wilkinson, Major E. (ua0s.) ..
Williams, ‘A. (iic.s:)
Williams, Capt. C. E, (aan)
Williams, eal SOO woe
Williams, Stanley Price
XXXV
.. Agra.
.. Srinagar, Kashmir.
.. Meerut.
ie) Political Agent,
Chagai, Quetta.
we. Liurope,
.. Bandra, Thana Dist.
.. Pyinmana, Burma.
.. Aden.
... Launggyi, Burma.
Europe.
if 39th C. I. Horse,
Agar, C. I.
... Parel, Bombay.
... Lahore.
,. Rangoon.
... Parel, Bombay.
.. Hyderabad, Sind.
.. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Hurope.
.. Bombay.
.. Hinainelongyee,
Papan, L.Burma,
.. Gonatea, Sainthea,
Bengal.
... Rangpur.
.. Delhi, R.-M. Ry.
1 Hoptich B B-N. Ry
. Aden.
.. Karachi.
.. Hurope.
Le waugor, Cok.
,.. Hurope.
.. Pilibheet, U. P,
.. Bombay.
2s Ambala.
.-. Lurope.
.. Jeolikote, U. P.
... Lurope.
.- Port Blair.
.. Srinagar, Kashmir.
.. Godhra.
.. Lahore.
.. Quetta.
... Rangoon.
.. Nasik.
.. Bannu, N.-W.F. P
XXXVI LIST OF MEMBERS,
Williamson, K. B.. re +) ... Jabalpore, C. P.
Williamson, W. J. F, soe ... Bangkok, Siam.
Willis, Lt, -Ool. C. F. (I.M. s) sae oss Datara,
Willis, R. A. 5 ae ... Bombay,
Willock, Lt, A. (R.1 at.) eae cee ..- Bombay.
Wilson, Major Alban ore eee ..- Shillong, Assam.
Wilson, A. R. sale .«- Almora, U. P.
Wilson, Lt.-Col. ©. H. L. F. (way Pen »». Madras,
Wilson, H. ©. ee See ... Ootacamund.
Wilson, R. A. (1.0.8.) se eee ... Buldana, Berar.
Wilson, William Burns see ... Calicut.
Winterscale, J. C. (F.2.8., F.E. 8.) zee ... Hurope.
Witham, Dr. B. Wells (L.D.)... xe ..Doom-Doom 1 ay
Pe Assam.
Watts. OF Ginis.) <. oes --. Khandwa.
Wood, Capt. A. KE. (R. A.M.C. ye sa ... F'yzabad, Oudh,
Wood, COW (CE)... ae ce ... Calicut, Malabar,
Wood, Capt. H. (R. E.) es “co ... Amraoti, Berar.
Wood, Major H.S. (1.Ms.) ... aes --. Calcutta.
Wood. Rh. iB. Ms 0.3. sent See .-. Bhamo, Burma.
Wooster, W.G. ... ae aan .. Yawng Hwe, S&S.
Shan States.
Wright, Major HE. H. (1m. 2 son .-. Madras.
Wright, F. A. (c. ED ea as ... Calcutta,
Wright, R. Barton.. Be ss seo LVAD ANIA: eon
Madura Dist.
Wright, H. C. ane ee ons _ ee Hurope.
Wright, R. R. ae ... Hurope,
Wroughton, R. C. (Life Member) a8 ... Hurope.
Yeatman, Lieut, M. K, as ne .-«. Karachi,
Yeo, Edwin W._.. ..» Bombay,
Yerbury, Col. J. W. es A.) (ite Member) ... Hurope.
Young, E. H. = es. Ajmer,
Young, Major F, DeB. wae aes sw Lucknow.
Young, Hy Bs ae --- Sangli, S. M. C.
Young, i Ce: (a, FE 8) ses .-. Lurope.
Young, Lt. M. J be ..- Bangalore.
Yule, ie Pes Abin) faoes ee aa .»» Chilas, Kashmir.
se
XXXVI1
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xh
GENERAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND AUTHORS FOR
VOLS. XIV TO XVII INCLUSIVE.
ACCIPITRINE BIRDS—Identification of—, xiv, 588 ; 805.
ADEN—The Culicid Fauna of the—Hinterland, their haunts and habits, xvi,
623; Anew Snake (Melanolaps McPhersoni) from the—Hinterland, xvii,
27; The Flora of—, xvii, 895.
AITKEN, HE, H.—Artifices practised by Bulbuls, xiv, 162 ; Weevils in Man-
goes, xiv, 624; Food of the King Cobra, xiv, 629; Late stay of Snipe, xv,
709 ; The Enemies of Butterflies, xvi, 156; The recent Plague of Locusts
in Bombay, xvi, 157 ; Breeding grounds of the Common Locusts, xvii, 843;
The small Civet Cat in Sind, xvii, 844.
—and COMBER, E.—A List of the Butterflies of the Konkan,
xv, 42.
ALBINISM—In a Shrike, xvi, 179; In the Black Buck, xvi, 742 ; A White
Kakar or Muntjac, xvi, 742; In the Kakar or Muntjac, xvii, 239; In
the Malay Spotted Dove (T, tigrinus), xvii, 249.
ALLAN, W. C.—Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing, xvi, 499.
ALLEN, P. R.—Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (H, pileata) in
Waltair, xvi, 373 ; Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (ZH. pileata)
in the Godavari Delta (a correction), xvi, 511.
ALPHERAKY, 8.—A few words in reply to Mr, E. W. Oates’ paper on the
species of Bean Geese, xvii, 598.
ANDAMAN ISLANDS—Description of new species of Mapenals from the—
and Nicobar Islands, xiv, 782 ; Notes on— birds with accounts of the
nidification of several species whose nests and eggs have not been hitherto
described, xvii, 156, 486,
ANONAS—The origin of—, (A. squamosa; A. reticulata), xvii, 195.
ANOPHELES—(See Mosquito).
ANT(S)—Les Formicides de l’Empire des Indes et de Ceylan, xiv, 520, 679.
ANTELOPE(S)—The Four-horned—, (7. quadricornis), xv, 346; Melanism
in the Black Buck, xvi, 361; Albinism in the Black Buck, xvi, 742; A
malformed Black Buck Head, xvii, 519 ; 844.
APTERA—Insect Life and how to study it, xv, 163.
ASSAM—Occurrence of the Dwarf Goose (A. erythropus) in—, xv, 524 ; Occur-
rence of the Red-wattled Lapwing (S, indicus) in the Dibrugarh District,
xv, 529 ; Occurrence of the Malay Fish-Owl (KX. javanensis) in—, xv, 719 ;
Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (H. pileata) in North Lakhim-
pur, xvi, 154; Occurrence of the Masked Fin-Foot (4. personata) in
Lakhimpur, xvi, 156; Birds, xvi, 176; Occurrence of White’s Thrush
(O, varia) in—, xvi, 502.
ANTRAM, C. B.-—On a new Fulgorid from Darjeeling, xvii, 1024 ; Cantecona
furcellata, Wolff, xvii, 1024, :
AVOCET—Occurrence of the—, near Poona, xiv, 386.
9
xlii GENERAL INDEX,
BABBLER—The eggs of the Long-billed—(R, malacoptilus) xiv, 814; The
Nesting of the Spotted—(P, rujiceps), xv, 346,
BAGSH AWE, L, V.—A Panther placing its kill up a tree, xvii, 835,
BAILEY, F, M.—A live Takin (B, tazicolor), xvii, 842,
BAKER, E. C. STUART—A correction, Turdinulus roberti, Suppression of
Corythocicla squamata, xiv, 626; Occurrence of the Mandarin Duck in
India, xiv, 626 ; Indian Ducks and their Allies (The Mandarin Duck), xiv,
660 ; The Eggs of the Long-billed Babbler (#, malacoptilus), xiv, 814 ; Rare
Ducks, xv, 141; The Crested Grebe, xv, 142; The Gaur and the Gayal,
xv, 227; Note onthe Golden-eye (C. glaucion), xv, 348; Occurrence of
the Dwarf Goose (A. erythropus) in Assam, xv, 524; Occurrence of the
Pink-footed Goose (A. brachyrhynchus) and of Anas zonorhyncha in
Assam, xv, 718; Occurrence of the Red-breasted Goose (B. rujicollis) in
India, xvi, 155; Occurrence of the Masked Fin-Foot (H. personata) in
Lakhimpur, xvi, 156; The Oology of Indian Parasatic Cuckoos, xvii, 72,
351, 678 ; On the Indian species of Bean Geese, xvii, 537; The breeding
of the Bengal Florican (S. bengalensis), xvii, 538; Birds of the Khasia
Hills, xvii, 733, 957 ; Additional Cuckoo Notes, xvii, 876.
BAKER, H. R.—Some Birds of Singapore, xvii, 755.
BAKER, W. W.—Peculiar colouration of the Indian Sloth Bear (M, ursinus),
xvii, 1035,
BALUCHISTAN—WMerops apiaster breeding in—, xiv, 627 ; Occurrence of the
Common Indian Bee-eater (J, viridis) in—, xv, 530; Papilio machaon
in—, xv, 723; On the Tenthredinide and Parasitic Hymenoptera collected
in—by Major C. G. Nurse, xvii, 89, 274.
BAMBO0O(S)—Notes on the “Shot-borer ” in—, xvil, 526; ‘‘ Shot-Borers’”’
in—, xvii, 1026,
BANG ALORE—Notes on some—Snakes, xvi, 389.
BANNERMAN, W. B.—The Use of Calmette’s Antivenine in Snake-bite in
India, xv, 403; A large Baobab Tree, xv,718; Notes on the Digestion of
Eggs by Cobras and Daboias, xvi, 363 ; Do Animals ever die of Intestinal
Obstruction ? xvi, 363; On the Distribution of the Varieties of Cobra
(NV. tripudians) in India, xvi, 638 ; Note on the Breeding of the Krait,
(B. ceruleus), xvi, 743; Food of the “ Muskrat” or Grey Shrew (C,
ceruleas), xvi, 751; An unusual displacement of the Heart in a Whistling
Teal, xvii, 535; The importance of Blood-sucking Flies as transmitters
of disease to man and animals, xvii, 871; A further Note on the Dis-
tribution of the Varieties of Cobra in India, xvii, 103!,
__--__—-and POCHA, J. P—Note on the breeding of Russell’s Viper (V,
russebli) in captivity, xvii, 808.
BARLOW-POOLH, B. H.—Cassia occidentalis, xvi, 166.
BARTON, F. J. H.—Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff-tailed Duck at
Mardan, xiv, 375,; The Painted Sandgrouse and Wood-snipe in the Peshas
war Valley, xiv, 606.
GENERAL INDEX. xlill
BARTON-WRIGHT, R.—“Shot-borers ”’ in Bamboos, xvii, 1026.
BASSETT- SMITH, P. W.—Snakebites and Poisonous Fishes, xv, 112.
BAT(S).—Occurrence of the lack-bearded—(7. melanopogon) near Bombay,
xiv, 146 ; A—seizing a Shuttlecock, xiv, 611 ; Do—capture and eat birds ?
xvii, 1021 Feeding on Birds, xvii, 1022,
BATHS, 8. B.—Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing, xvi, 757; The
Food of Kingfishers, xvi, 758.
BATRACHIAN(S) —A list of the—known to inhabit the Malay Peninsula,
xv, 193, 387 ; Description of three new species of Frogs from Southern
India and Ceylon, xv, 499.
BAZA—The nesting of the Black-crested—(B. lophotes), xvii, 531,
BEADNELL, C, B.—The Sand Wasp (S. lobaius), xvii, 546,
BEA R(S)—Food of the Sloth—, (M. ursinus), xv, 144 ; Tiger versus—, xv, 707 ‘
Breeding seasons of Big Game, the Brown—, (U. arctos), xvi, 746 ; Locusts
—and Dogs, xvii, 815 ; A clumsy killer, xvii, 833 ; A—kill up a tree, XVil,
834 ; Peculiar colouration of the Indian Sloth—, (2/, ursinus), XVil, 1035,
BEDDARD, F, E.—On a new Enchytreid Worm (Henlea lefroyi) from India,
destructive to the eggs of a Locust, xvii, 797,
BEE(S)—(See HYMENOPTERA),
BEH-EATER—Werops viridis breeding in Baluchistan, xiv, 627; Occurrence
of the common Indian—, (MV. viridis) in Baluchistan, xv, 530; A note on the
migration of the common Indian—, (JV, viridis), xvii, 520,
BEE CULTURE in India, xvi, 175,
BEETLE(S).—(See CoLEOPTERA).
BEGBIE, A. $,—Nesting of the Hoopoe, xvi, 501; Curious ferocity of the
Indian Tree-pie (D. rufa), xvi, 502; Catastrophe amongst the young of
the Indian Cliff-Swallow (4. fluvicola), xvi, 512; Nest of the Brown-backed
Indian Robin (Th, cambaiensis), xvi, 513; A snake’s nest, xvi, 516; A
possible case of Hybrid breeding of Shrikes, xvi, 745; The Kgg-laying
of Eudynaumis honorata (the Indian Koel), xvi, 746; The Stork-billed
Kingfisher (P. gurial) at Cawnpore, xvii, 248; The food of Pythons,
xvii, 1021.
BELL, T. R. D.—Note on the Habits of Rallina superciliaris and Gorsachtus
melanoloyhux, xiv, 393; A Panther Experience, xv, 344; Occurrence of
Aigithuliscus coronatus in Sind, xvii, 244; Food of predaceous Flies, XVil,
807 ; Note on Clunia variegata, xvii, 837.
BETHAM, R. M.—Birds nesting round Poona and elsewhere, xiv, 143, 396 2
Nesting of the Coot (/. atra) at Poona, xiv, 176; The Banded Crake at
Khandalla, xiv, 180; Occurrence of the Avocet near Poona, xiv, 386,
Birds’ nesting at Ootacamund, xiv, 620; The Banded Crake, xiv, 813;
Curious site for nesting chosen by the Malabar Whistling Thrush (J/
“horsfield), xiv, 815; The Nesting of the yellow-browed Bulbul (J, icterica
and the Spotted Babbler (P. rujiceps), xv, 346; Notes on Birds’ nesting
from Poona, xv, 709; Notes on Birds’ neste round Quetta, xvi, 747
xliv GENERAL INDEX.
Further notes on Birds’ nesting round Quetta, xvii, 828; Breeding of the
common Grey Quail (C. communis) and the Desert Lark (A. desertorum),
xvii, 848,
BIG GAME—, xv, 384.
BIGGS, H. V.—The vitality of Snakes, xvii, 1018.
BIRD SKINS—List of—received from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, (in
exchange), xiv, 183. |
BIRDS—The study of—, xvii, 849.
BIRDS’ EGGS—The colouration of—,xv, 447; List of—in the Society’s
Collection, xvi, 99.
BIRDS’ NESTING—round Poona and elsewhere, xiv, 143, 396 ; Notes on—in
the Southern Shan States of Burma, xiv, 596; xv, 140; at Ootacamund,
xiv, 620; in Kumaon, xiv, 624; Notes from Kashmir, xv, 131; In
Garwhal, xv, 520 ; Notes on—from Poona, xv, 709; Inthe Murree Hills
and Gullies, xvi, 421, 657; Near Mhow, xvi, 514; Notes on—round
Quetta, xvi, 747 ; Some notes on—in Tehri-Garhwal, xvii, 817; Further
notes on—round Quetta, xvii, 828.
BIRDS OF PREY—xiy, 174.
BIRDWOOD, H. M.—Vegetation in Sind, xvi, 172.
BISON—(See Gaur),
BITTERN—Note on the habits of Gorsachius melanolophus, xiv, 393;
Occurrence of the—, (B. stellaris) in South India, xvii, 247, 1037.
BLACK BUCK—(See ANTELOPE),
BLATTER, E,—The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Money, xvi, 334; The
Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, and its Biology, xvi, 644; The
“ Pectinate organs” of the Trapa bispinosa (Water Chestnut), xvii, 84;
Flowering Season and Climate, xvii, 334, 697; A brown and white Crow,
xvii, 519; Acta et Agenda by the Bombay Botanists, xvii, 562; The
Flora of Aden, xvii, 895 ; Cassia renigera, xvii, 1036.
BOAR—A Wild—without Testes, xvi, 743.
BOGLE, J. S.—Parasites in Sparrow Hawks, xvii, 542.
BOMANJI, K, R.— Bird Weather Reporters, xvii, 528.
BOMBAY—The Poisonous Plants of—, xiv, 20; xv, 56; Four interesting
Plants, xv, 363; A Whale near Bassein,—coast, xvii, 533,
BOOKS (noticed)—Gnats or Mosquitoes, xiv, 579; The Fauna of British
India (Rhynchota), vol. ili, xvii, 721.
BONHOTEH, J. L.—On a new Vole (. imitator) from Kashmir, xvii, 224 ; On
a new race of Sciurus lokriodes from Burma, xvii, 796; Ona collection of
Mammals brought home by the Tibet Frontier Commission, xvii, 800.
BOTAN Y—Exiract from the Annual Report of the Director of the Botanical
Department, Northern India, for the year 1900-01, xiv, 168; Extract
from the report on the Botanical Survey Operations in the Bombay
Presidency for the year 1900-01,xiv,169 ; The “ Peciinate organs” of
Trapa bispinosa (Water Chestnut), xvii, 84; Acta et Agenda by the
GENERAL INDEX, xlv
Bombay Botanists, xvii, 562 ; Flowering Season and Climate, xvii, 534;
697 ; The Flora of Aden, xvii, 895. (See also PLANTS.)
BOULENGER, G. 4.—On some Deep-sea Fishes collected by W.F. Town-
send in the Sea of Oman, xiv, 372; Description of a new Sea-Snake
from Rangoon (Distura hendersoni), xiv, 719; Description of two new
Snakes from Upper Burma, xvi, 235 ; A new Tortoise from Travancore,
xvii, 560.
BREEDING SEASONS—of Big Game, xvi, 176, 370; (The Nilgai or Blue-
Bull), xvi, 503 ; (The Persian Gazelle), xvi, 503 ; (The Brown Bear), xvi,
746.
BRIGHT, G, E.—Strange behaviour of a Panther, xiv, 146.
BRODIE, L, C.—Extraordinary courage of a Panther, xv, 529,
BROWNE, H, P.—The Distribution of the different Varieties of Himalayan
Markhor (C. falconeri), xvii, 1025.
BRUCH, C, W, A.—Some notes on the Indian Elephant, xiv, 151.
BUCHANAN, K. J.—Nesting notes from Kashmir, xv, 131.
BUFFALO—Measurements of—, (B, bubalus) Horns, xvii, 230; The Straight-
horned Assam—, xvii, 235,
BULBUL(S)—Artifices practised by—, xiv, 162, 611 ; Indian Hobby and—, xiv,
608 ; The nesting of the yellow-browed—, (J. icterica), xv, 346.
BULKLEY, H.—Nidification of the Desert Sand-Lark, xiv, 179,
BURMA —Oceurrence of the Lagger Falcon in—, xiv, 142 ; Elephant shooting
in Upper—, xiv, 160 ; Notes on the Hog Deer in—, xiv, 310 ; The nesting of
the Burmese Shrike (Z, colluroides) and Ashy Swallow-Shrike (A, fuscus)
in Upper—, xv, 519; Occurrence of the White-throated Rock-Thrush (P.
gularis) in—, xv, 727 ; On some new species of Silver Pheasant obtained in
—, xvi, 112; Notes on the nesting of some birds in the Upper Chindwin
District, xvi, 166 ; Notes on Burmese Reptiles, xvi, 169 ; The Nidification
of the Little Blue-winged Pitta (P. cyanoptera) in Upper—, xvi, 171;
Description of two new Snakes from Upper—, xvi, 235 ; Description of a
new Snake (O, Me Dougalli) from—, xvi, 251 ; On the occurrence of the Lady
Amberst’s Pheasant in—, xvi, 512, 753 ; Notes on Rhinoceroses in—, (A, son-
daicus and sumatrensis), xvi, 555; On aremarkable new Squirrel from—
xvi, 737 ; The nesting of some Birds in—, that have not been recorded
before, xvi, 740 ; On some new species of Silver-pheasants from—, xvii,
10; A list of Birds found in the Myingyan District of—, xvii, 184, 492;
The Green Thrush (C. viridis) breeding in—, xvii, 249 ; The Falcated Teal
(E., falcata) in Upper—, xvii, 249; On a new race of Sciurus lokriodes
from—, xvii, 796 ; A new species of Tree Partridge (A. batemani) from
the Chin Hills, xvii, 812,
BURR, M.—The Earwigs of Ceylon, xiv, 59, 316.
BURTON, R. G.—Wild Animals at water, xiv, 157; Big Game, xvi, 384;
Some notes on Tigers and Panthers, xvii, 1015.
BURTON, R, W.—A fortunate escape and recovery from Cobra-bite, xvii, 534.
xlvi GENERAL INDEX,
BUTLER, A. L.—A List of the Batrachians known to inhabit the Malay
Peninsula, xv, 193, 387,
BUTTE FLY JES)—Migration of—, in the Kangra Valley, xiv, 147;
Migration of—, xiv, 179 ; On the new species of— recently described by
Mr. A, G, Butler, xiv, 182; On new and little known—, mostly from
the Oriental Region, xiv, 236, 450; Of the Lucknow District, xiv, 481;
Euthalia lepidea in Western Kumaon, xiv, 595; Of Chitral, xiv, 666 ;
Noies on Ceylon—, xiv, 716; A list of the—of the Konkan, xy, 42; The
Classification of the Lepidoptera papilionina, xv, 294 ; The enemies of—,
xv, 349 ; xvi, 156 ; Further notes on Konkan—, xv, 356 ; Synonymic Cata-
logue of the Lepidoptera papilionina in the Society’s Collection, xv, 483 ;
Further notes on the Classification of Indian—, xv, 498 ; of the Konkan
District, xv, 530 ; Enemies of—, xv, 531; The Distribution of—in India,
xv, 094; Papilic machaon in Baluchistan, xv, 723 ; The—of Ceylon, xvi,
76; The Habits of the Leaf—, xvi, 370 ; The common—of the Plains of
India, xvi, 570 ; xvii, 418,921 ; Further notes on the—of the Lucknow
District, xvi, 720 ; First Hints on Collecting—, xvii, 114, 819 ; Occurrence
of the T, nyseus at Khandalla, Western Ghats, xvii, 230 ; The Climatal
Changes of Melanitis leda, xvii, 709 ; Melanitis bethami in Pachmarhi, xvii,
1013 ; Occurrence of the—, Chilaria othona in Salsette, xvii, 1030,
BUTURLIN, S.—On Bean Geese, xvii, 603,
BUZZARD—The nesting of the Crested Honey (P. cristatus), xvii, 545,
CACHAR—The Masked Fin-Foot in—, xvi, 173; Birds collected at
Hylakandy, xvi, 391,
CADELL, P. R.—Vernacular names of some Indian Ducks, xvii, 1028.
CAGE BIRDS—of Calcutta, xiv, 564.
CAMERON, P.—Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Hymenoptera,
collected by Major C, G. Nurse at Deesa, Simla and Ferozepore, xiv, 267,
419; On the Tenthredinide and Parasitic Hymenoptera collected in
Baluchistan by Major C. G. Nurse, xvii, 89,274 ; On the Tenthredinide
and Parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Major C. G, Nurse in Kashmere,
xvii, 289 ; On the Parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Major C.G. Nurse
inthe Bombay Presidency, xvii, 578 ; Descriptions of a new Genus and
some new Species of Hymenoptera captured by Lieut,-Colonel C. G, Nurse
at Deesa, Matheran and Ferozepore, xvii, 1091,
CAMPBELL, W. H.—Nesting of the Coot (F. aira), xvi, 392 ; Nesting of the
Gey Pelican in the Cuddapah District, xiv, 401 ; Nesting of the White-
bellied Drongo (D, carulescens), xvii, 248,
CANDLER, G.—Notes on the Habits of the Hoolock, xv, 700.
CAN NANORE—Shooting notes in—, xv, 722; Notes on Snakes collected in—,
KVL ouee
CANNIBALISM—In Snakes, xiv, 395; xv, 524; Amongst Panthers and
Tigers, xvii, 543,
CAPPER, W.—The Himalayan Nutcracker (N, hemispila), xvi, 158.
GENERAL INDEX, xlvii
CASHMERE—(See Kasumir.)
CAT(S).—The Leopard—(F’, bengalensis), xv, 144; The Golden—(f’, tem-
mincki), xv,357; Note on Young Fishing—, (F. viverrina), xv, 526.
CAWNPORE-— The Stork-billed Kingfisher (P. gurial) at—, xvii, 248.
CENTIPEDE(S), A—eating a Snake, xv, 135; The Food and Poison of—,
xv, 304.
CENTRAL PROVINCES.—Shooting notes from the—, xvi, 754.
CETACEAN(S)—On two—from Travancore, xv, 38; On two Dolphins from
Madras, xv, 408 ; A Whale near Bassein (Bombay Coast), xvii, 533,
CEYLON—Earwigs of—, xiv, 59, 316; Notes on—Butterflies, xiv, 716;
Description of three new Frogs from Southern India and—, xv, 430;
Notes on Harrier Hawks in Uva, xv, 532; The Butterflies of—, xvi, 76 ;
Some new Mosquitoes from—, xvi, 237; Supplementary notes on the
Coccide of—, xvi, 340; Trout and other Fish and Fishing in—, xvi, 379 ;
The—Chital, xvii 235 ; Occurrence of the Moth Dudgeona leucosticta in—,
xvii, 241.
CHARRINGTON, 8S. H.—A White Muntjac, xvii, 836.
CHAT—Variation in the colour of the eggs of the Dark-grey Bush-Chat
(0. ferrea), xvii, 249.
CHEVROTAIN—The Indian—or Mouse-Deer (7. meminna), xvi, 739,
CHIT AL—The Ceylon—, xvii, 235 ; Abnormal Antlers of the—, or Spotted
Deer (C, awis), xvii, 840.
CHITRAL—The Butterflies of—, xiv, 666; Rough notes on the Mammalia
of—, xiv, 758 ; Notes on the Birds of—, xvi, 44 ; Additional notes on the
Birds of—, xvi, 743.
CHOLMONDELEY, E.C.—Curious Accident to a Kingfisher, xv, 350; Note
on the Magpie Robin (C, sawlaris), xvii, 247,
CHOUGH—A note on Podoces pleskei, xvii, 555.
CIVET CAT--The small—in Sind, xvii, 844.
CLARKE, L.0.—The Golden Cat (F. temmincki), xv, 357.
CLIFFORD, R.—An abnormal Hog-Deer head, xvii, 1020,
COBRA(S)—The King—or Hamadryad, xiv, 409; Food of the King—, xiv,
629; xv, 143; Ferocity of the Hamadryad or King—xv, 358 ; A—feeding
on eggs, xvi, 174; Note on the digestion of eggs by—and Daboias, xvi,
363; An egg-eating—, xvi, 369; Egg-eating—, xvi, 395; On the distri-
bution of the varieties of—in India, xvi, 638; A fortunate escape and
recovery from—bite, xvii, 534; Recovery from a—bite, xvii, 811; A
further note on the distribution of the varieties of—in India, xvii, 1031.
COCCIDAi—Supplementary notes on the—of Ceylon, xvi, 340.
COGHILL, H.—The Anopheles of Karwar (North Kanara), xv, 327.
COLEOPT ERA—Weevils in Mangoes, xiv, 624; A note on the preservation
of Bamboos from the attacks of the Bamboo-Beetle or “Shot-Borer”,
xvii, 219; Insect Life in India and how to study it (Beetles), xvii, 424;
Notes on the “Shot-Borer” in Bamboos, xvii, 526; “ Shot-Borers” in
Bamboos, xvii, 1926,
xviii GENERAL INDEX.
COLES, G. E.—A Bat seizing a shuttlecock, xiv, 611.
COLLECTING—First Hints on—Butterflies, xvii, 114, 819; Some Hints to
Beginners on—and preserving Natural History Specimens, (Fishes), xvii,
396.
COLLETT, OLIVER—The late—, xiv, 578,
COLTART, H. N.—Notes on some Lakhimpur Birds, xiv, 374; Nidification
of Ogle’s Laughing Thrush (D. nuchalis), xiv, 609; Occurrence of the
Malay Fish-Owl (K. javanensis) in Assam, xv, 719; The Nesting of the
Crested Honey-Buzzard (P. cristatus), vii, 545.
COMBER, E.—Occurrence of the Black-bearded Bat (7. melanopogon) near
Bombay, xiv, 148 ; Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal (£. falcata) in
Sind, xiv, 149; The Oriental Region and its position in Zoological Geo-
graphy, xiv, 750; Further notes on Konkan Butterflies, xv, 356; The
Collections in the Society’s Museum, xv, 475; Breeding Seasons of Big
Game, xvi, 176; A rare Indian-Bird, the Mountain Quail (D. superciliosa),
xvi, 361; The Economic Uses of Shells, xvi, 462; On the Occurrence
of the Lady Amherst’s Pheasant in Burma, xvi, 512, 753; Interesting
Birds from the Shan States, xvi, 739; A List of the Marine Mollusca
in the Society’s collection, xvii, 207 ; Catalogue of the Fresh Water and
Land Mollusca in the Society’s collection, xvii, 216; Some Hints to
Beginners on Collecting and Preserving Natural History Specimens,
(Fishes), xvii, 396 ; A Panther placing its kill up a tree, xvii, 517; Pro-
tective Legislation for Indian Fisheries, xvii, 637; The Study of Birds,
xvii, 849; Occurrence of the Bittern (B. séellaris) in Southern India,
xvii, 1037.
COMBER, BE, and AITKEN, E. H.—A List of the Butterflies of the Konkan,
xv, 42,
COMBER, The late THOS.—The Origin of the English Names of Plants,
xv, 614,
CONDUIT, W. A.—A Man-eating Panther, xiv, 595,
COONOOR—(see NILGIRIs.)
COOT—Nesting of the—,(F. atra) at Poona, xiv,176 ; Nesting of the—, xiv,
392 ; Nesting of the—, (Ff, atra) in India, xvii, 1013.
CORY, C. P.—Some further notes on the Narcondam Hornbill, xiv, 372.
CRADDOCK, W. H.—Food of the Hamadryad or King-Cobra, xv, 143,
—___—-——and ‘THOMSON, H. N.—Notes on the Occurrence of certain
Birds in the Shan States of Burma, xiv, 600.
CRAKE—The Banded—, at Khandalla, xiv, 813 ; Notes on the Habits of R.
superciliaris, xiv, 893; The Banded—, xiv, 813 ; Nesting of the Malayan
Banded—, (R. fasciata), xvii, 228.
CRERAR, J.—Occurrence of the Whooper Swan (0, musicus) in Sind, xv, 716.
CRETIN, E.—Some observations on Humenes dimidiatipennis, xiv, 820.
CROCODILE—The—, its food and muscular vitality, xvi, 375,
GENERAL INDEX, xlix
CROW, A—and Koel’s egg, xiv, 612; A brown—xvii, 519; A brown and
white—, xvii, 519. -
CUCKOO(S)—A Pied Crested—, egg (C. jacobinus) found in the nest of the
Bengal Red-vented Bulbul (J. bengalensis), xiv, 172; The Incubation of
a—egg, xv, 134; The Koel laying in the nest of the Magpie (P. rustica),
xv, 520; The Egg-laying of HE. honorata (The Indian Koel), xvi, 746 ;
The Oology of Indian Parasitic—, xvii, 72, 351, 678, 841; An enquiry
into the parasitic habits of the Indian Koel, xvii, 765 ; Additional—notes,
xvii, 876,
CUDDAPAH—Nesting of the Grey Pelican in the—District, xiv, 401.
CUMMING, J. W. N.—Breeding Seasons of Big Game, (The Persian Gazelle),
xvi, 503; Birds of Seistan, being a List of the Birds shot or seen by
Members of the Seistan Arbitration Mission, xvi, 686.
CUMMING, W. D.—Artifices practised by Bulbuls, xiv, 611 ; Note on Hieraétus
fasciatus,xv, 145; The Food and Poison of Centipedes, xv, 564; Some
Panther notes, xv, 517.
CUSTARD APPLE—(See ANonas).
CUTCH—The Flamingo (Ph. roseus) breeding on the Runn of—, xv, 106.
DABOIA—(See VIPER.)
DALGLIESH, G.—Probable Hybrid between the Indian Ring Dove (7. risori=
us) and the Spotted Dove (T. suratensis), xiv, 156; Notes and Observa-
tions on Mammals collected and observed in the Darjeeling District, India,
XVii, 122; Size of the bill of Common Teal (UN. crecea), xvii, 248 ; Breed-
ing habit of the Great Crested Grebe (P. cristatus), xvii, 515 ; The Fresh-
water Mollusca of Tirhoot, Bengal, xvii, 955 ; Nesting of the Coot
(PF. atra) in India, xvii, 1013,
DARJEELING—Notes on the Breeding of certain Birds near—, xv, 510 ; Notes
on Mammals collected and observed in the—District, India, xvii, 122; On
anew Species of Fulgorid from—, xvii, 1024.
DAVIDSON, J.—Eggs of the Small Sun-bird (A. minima), xv, 726,
DEER—Notes on the Hog—in Burma, xiv, 310.
DEESA—Unusual abundance of Sandgrouse at—, xiv, 172 ; Description of a
new Genus and some new Species of Hymenoptera captured by Lt.-Col.
G. C. Nurse at—, Matheran and Ferozepore, xvii, 1001.
DELME-RADCLIFFE, 8.—Parasites in Peregrine Falcons, xv, 365.
— A,—Notes on the occurrence of Bonelli’s Eagle (ZH.
fasciatus) in Cutch, and on some Falcons and Hawks observed at the Old
Fort at Bhuj, xvi, 507.
DENNYS, F. 0. B.—How Tigers kill their prey, xvii, 248.
DESNEUX, J.—A new Termite from India, xv, 445; The Kashmir Termite
(T. wroughtoni), xvii, 293,
DEWAR, D.—The Colouration of Birds’ Eggs, xv, 447 ; Sexual Colour-dimor-
phism in Birds, xvi, 27; Some notes on Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiris
in May 1904, xvi, 153 ; King Crows and Mynas as Messmates, xvi, 364 ;
10
=
GENERAL INDEX
A List of the Birds found in and about Madras, xvi, 484; A note on the
Migration of the Common Indian Bee-eater (J, viridis), xvii, 52° ; The
Plumage of the Cock Purple Honeysucker (A, asiatica), a query, xvii,
540; An enquiry into the Parasitic Habits of the Indian Koel, xvii, 765,
DHAMAN—A large—, (Z, mucosus), xvii, 245 ; The—, or Common Rat-nake
(Z, mucosus), xvii, 259 ; Hatching of—(Z. mucosus) eggs and observations
on the egg-tooth, xvii, 1033,
DIBRUGARH—(See Assam),
DIMORPHISM—Sexual colour—in Birds, xvi, 27; Note on Sexual—, xvi,
37, 39.
DIPTERA—The Camel Bot Fly, xiv, 609; Food of Predaceous Flies, xvi,
747 ; xvii, 239, 807; The importance of Blood-sucking Flies as trans
mitters of disease to man and animals, xvii, 871.
DOG(S)—Indian Sheep—and another Indian—, xiv, 165; Sambar killed by
Wild—, xv, 355; Wild—hunting, xvi, 751 ; Locusts, Bears and—, xvii, 815.
DOLPHIN(S)—On two—from Madras, xv, 408; On—from Travancore,
xvi, 730.
DONALD, C. H.—Birds of Prey, xiv, 174; Pteromys inornatus, xiv, 400 ;
Identification of Acciptrine Birds, xiv, 588, 805; A Congregation of
Harriers, xvi, 504; The Himalayan Nutcracker (NV, hemispila), xvi, 516 s
Eagles as Barometers, xvi, 517; Hodgson’s Hawk Hagle (S. nepalensis),
xvii, 824; A clumsy killer, xvii, 833 ; A Bear’s kill up a tree, xvii, 834 ;
Nesting of the Hobby (Ff. severus) in India, xvii, 841 ; The large Red
Flying Squirrel (P. ornatus) and Walnuts, xvii, 848.
DOVE(S)—Probable Hybrid between the Indian Ring—(T. risorius) and the
Spotted—, (T. suratensis), xiv, 156 ; of Jullundur, xv, 719; Albinism in
the Malay Spotted—, (7. tégrinus) near Kindat, U. Chindwin, xvii, 249,
DRAGONFLY — (See NEUROPTERA.)
DRAKE-BROCKMAN, H.E.—Curious behaviour of a Panther in connection
with a kill, xvii, 1022,
DRESSER, H.E.—Description of three new Species of Birds obtained during
the recent Expedition to Lhassa, xvi, 728,
DRONGO —Nesting of the White-bellied—, (D. carulescens), xvii, 248.
DUCK(S)—The Gadwall—, (Plate), xiv, 1. Occurrence of the Bronze-
capped Teal (Z. falcata) in Sind, xiv, 149 ; The Pintail—, (Plate), xiv, 197 ;
Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff Tail—at Mardan, xiv, 375 ; Occurrence
of the Sheldrake and Goosander in the Dharbanga District, Tirhut, xiv, 293 ;
Occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser near Quetta, xiv, 400; The
Garganey or Blue-winged ‘Teal (Plate), xiv, 409; Occurrence of the
Mandarin—in India, xiv, 626; The Pochard or Dun-bird (Plate), xiv,
639 ; Indian—and their allies (The Mandarin—), xiv, 660; The Common
Wild—, or Mallard, (Plate), xv, 1; Rare—, xv,141; Occurrence of the
Cotton Teal in Sind, xv, 143 ; The Spot—Bill or Grey—, (Plate), xv, 163 ;
Note on the Golden-eye, (C. glaucion), xv, 348; Late stay of the Shel-
GENERAL INDEX, li
drake in Tirhut, xv, 350; The Red-crested Pochard (Plate), xv, 575 ;
Occurrence of the Cotton Teal in Gujarat, xv, 515 ; The Oceanic or Anda-
man Teal (WN. albigulare), xv, 525; The Tufted Pochard (Plate), xv, 537 ;
Occurrence of A. zonorhyncha in Assam, xv, 718; The Wigeon (Plate),
xvi, 1; The White-eyed Pochard (Plate), xvi, 193; Occurrence of the
Scaup (VN, marila) in Oudh, xvi, 367 ; The Goosander (J, castor), xvi, 378;
The Shoveller (Plate), xvi, 399; The Nukta or Comb—(S, melanonota)
(Plate), xvi, 533; The Plumage of the young male Pintail (D. acuta),
Kvii, 238 ; The Size of bill of the Common Teal (N. creccu), xvii, 248;
The Faleated Teal (£. falcata)in Burma, xvii, 249; The Common Teal,
(Plate), xvii, 259; An unusual displacement of the heart ina Whistling
Teal, xvii, 535; On a new Species of Grey—, (P. haringtoni) from Burma,
xvii, 558; Early Arrival of—, xvii, 825; The Cotton Teal (Plate), xvii,
857; The Bronze-capped Teal (Z. falcata) in Tirhut, xvii, 1015;
Vernacular names of some Indian—, xvii, 1028.
DUDGEON, G.C.—Catalogue of the AHeterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan,
Part 11, xiv, 6; Part 12, xiv, 346 ; Part 13, xiv, 547; Part 14, xiv, 761;
Part 15, xv, 319; Part 16, xv, 602; Part 17, xvi, 147; Migration of
Butterflies in the Kangra Valley, xiv, 147; Albinism in a Shrike, xvi,
179; Description of new Species of Moths from India and Burma, xvi,
399,
DUNBAR-BRANDER, A,A.—How Tigers kill their prey, xvii, 528 ; The
sense of smell in Tigers, xvii, 530; Note on the habits of the Praying
Mantis, xvii, 1013.
DUTHIE, J.F.—Extract from the Annual Report of the Director of the Bo-
tanical Department of Northern India for the year 1900-1, xiv, 168.
EAGLE(S)—Note on Hieraétus fasciatus, xv, 145; The Crested Hawk—(S.
cirrhatus), Xv, 716 ; Notes on the Occurrence of Bonelli’s--(H. fasciatus) in
Cutch, xvi, 507 ; As Barometers, xvi, 517; Hodgson’s Hawk—(S. nepalen-
sis), xvii, 824; Nesting of the Rufous-bellied Hawk—-(L. kieneri), xvii,
1027,
HARWIG(S)—(Sce ORTHOPTERA.)
EDH, F, J.—Euryale ferox (Nymphecea), xiv, 606.
ELEPHANT—Some notes on the Indian—, xiv, 151; Shooting in Upper
Burma, xiv, 160.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS—On methods used to preserve colour in
relaxing—, xiv, 613,
ENTOMOLOG Y—The present position of Heonomic—in India, xv, 452,
EVANS, G. H—Notes on the Hog Deer in Burma, xiv, 310 ; ‘The King-Cobra
or Hamadryad, xiv, 409 ; Food of the Krait, xiv, 599 ; The Black. Stork
(C, nigra), xvi, 159 ; The Great White-bellied Heron (A. insignis), xvi,
160; The Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros (Rf. swmatrensis), xvi, 160 ;
Late stay of Snipe, xvi, 161 ; Notes on Burmese Reptiles, xvi, 169; The
Widification of the Little Blue-winged Pitta (P. cyanoptera) in Upper
?
ii GENERAL INDEX,
Burma, xvi, 171 ; Simotes splendens, xvi, 362 ; A Woodpecker’s dilemma,
xvi, 518 ; Food of Python molurus, xvi, 519; Breeding of the Banded Krait
(B. fasciatus), xvi, 519; Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma (R, sondaicus,
and sumatrensis), xvi, 555.
EVANS, W. H. and LESLIE, G, A.—The Butterflies of Chitral, xiv, 666.
FALCON(S),—Occurrence of the Laggar—in Burma, xiv, 142; Parasites in
Peregrine—, xv, 365 ; Notes on some—and Hawks observed at the Old
Fort at Bhuj, xvi, 507.
FAMINE FOODS--An important edible wild Yam of the Thana District,
‘+ Bombay, xiv, 772.
FAUNA—The—and Flora of our Metallic Money, xvi, 334.
FENTON, L. L.—The Russell’s Viper, xvi, 173 ; Tigers hamstringing their
prey before killing, xvi, 756 ; Curious end of a Dragonfly, xvi, 756 ; Food
of the Himalayan Nutcracker (NV. hemispila), xvii, 229,
FERGUSON, H.S., Travancore Snakes, xiv, 386 ; The Birds of Travancore,
xv, 249, 455, 654 ; xvi, 1; A list of Travancore Batrachians, xv, 499.
FERN(S)—The—of North-Western India, xiv, 118, 252, 458, 720 ; xv, 78, 415.
FEROZEPORE—Descriptions of anew Genus and some new Species of
Hymenoptera captured by Lieut.-Colonel C.G. Nurse, at Deesa, Mathe-
ran, and—, xvil, 1001.
FERRIS, W. B.--Hereditary melanism, xvi, 502; Report on two Black
Leopards in the Kolhapur Collection, xvii, 234 ; Note on the Malay Tapir
(T. indicus) in captivity, xvii, 242; Black Panthers, xvii, 526; A mal-
formed Black Buck Head, xvii, 844.
FESTING, R. A. G.—Trout and other Fish and Fishing in Ceylon, xvi, 379.
FIELD, F.—A Robin laying in a Bulbul’s nest, xiv, 610; The boldness of
Panthers, xvii, 522 ; Abnormal Sambar Horns, xvii, 845,
FIELD, J. A—Abnormal antlers of the Chital or Spotted Deer(C. axis),
xvii, 840 ; Abnormal Sambar horns, xvii, 1020.
FINFOOT—The Masked—in Cachar, xiv, 173; The Masked—, xiv, 392 ;
Occurrence of the Masked—in Lakhimpur, xvi, 156.
FINN, F.—The cage birds of Calcutta, xiv, 564.
FIREFLY(IES)—xvi, 520 ; The Larva of the—, xvii, 533,
FISCHER, C. E. C.—The abnormal growth of Trees, xv, £32; Notes on the
Flora of Northern Ganjam, xv, 537; The Crested Hawk-Hagle (S. cirrha-
tus), xv, 716; Locusts, xvi, 369 ; Further notes on the Flora of Northern
Ganjam, xvi, 473 ; Flocking of Kites, xvii, 525; A remarkable tree, xvii,
527, 1027; Cause of fear shown by Tigers, xvii, 836.
FISH(ES)—On some Deep-sea—collected by W. F, Townsend in the Sea of
Oman, xiv, 372; A Swordfish striking a ship, xiv, 600; Snake-bites and
Poisonous—, xv, 112 ; On—from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman and
Karachi collected by W. F. Townsend, xvi, 318.
FISHING—Fly—in the Bombay Presidency, Megalops cyprinzides as a Fly-
taker, xv, 719 ; Trout and other Fish and—in Ceylon, xvi, 379; Estuary—,
GENERAL INDEX, hii
Some remarks on its decadence asan industry in the Konkan, Western
India, xvii, 620 ; Protective Legislation for Indian Fisheries, xvii, 637.
FLAMINGO,—The—, (P. roseus) breeding on the Runn of Cutch, xv, 706,
FLEAS—Plague, Rats and—, xvi, 253.
FLORA—Notes on the—of Northern Ganjam, xv, 537; The Fauna and—of
our Metallic Money, xvi, 334 ; Further Noteson the—of Northern Gan-
jam, xvi, 473 ; The—of Aden, xvii, 895,
FLORICAN—The Winter plumage of the male Bengal—, xvi, 388 ; The
Breeding of the Bengal—, (S. bengalensis), xvii, 538.
FLOWERING SEASON and CLIMATH, xvii, 334, 697.
FLY—(See Diprera.)
FLYCATCHER—The Yellow-bellied—, (C. hypowanthum), xvi, 155; Occur-
rence of the Indian Red -breasted—, (S. hyperythra) in Bengal, xvii, 520,
FOREL, A.—Les Formicides de l’Empire des Indes at de Ceylan, xiv, 520, 679,
FORKTAIL—The nesting of the Black-backed—, (H. immaculatus), xvii, 533,
FOSSIL—, On the deposits of—remains of extinct animals in the Sewalik
Hills of the Punjab and N, W. Provinces, xiv, 163,
FOSTER-MOTHER—A strange —xvii, 841.
FOULKES, R.—The Indian Hdible-nest Swiftlet (C, fuciphaga) in the Pulney
Hills, xv, 727; A Congregation of Brahminy Kites (H, indicus), xvi, 757,
FOX, E, B.—An Egg-eating Cobra, xvi, 369; The Indian Chevrotain or
Mouse-Deer (7. meminna), xvi, 739,
FRASER, 8. M.—Tiger netting in Mysore, xvi, 388.
FROG—(See BaTRACHIAN.)
FRYER—Natural History Notes from—Travels, xiv, 376.
FULTON, H.—Rough Notes on the Mammalia of Chitral, xiv, 758 ; Notes on
the Birds of Chitral, xvi, 44 ; Additional Notes on the Birds of Chitral,
xvi, 743.
FUNGUS—A Note on an edible Puff-Ball from the Thana District, xvii, 816 2
A Note on an edible—from Lahore, xvii, 1030.
GADW ALL—The—, (Plate), xiv, 1.
GAMMIE, G.A.—Extract from the Report on the Botanical Survey Operations
in the Bombay Presidency for the year 1900-1, xiv, 169; The Trees and
Shrubs of the Lonavla and Karla Groves, xv, 279 ; The Orchids of the
Bombay Presidency, xvi, 429, 562 ; xvii, 31, 940.
GANJAM—Notes on the Flora of Northern—, xv, 537; Further notes on the
Flora of Northern—, xvi, 473,
GARGANEY—The—, or Blue-winged Teal (Plate), xiv, 409.
GARHWAL—Some notes on Birds’ Nesting in Tehri, xvii, 817,
GAUR—The—and the Gayal, xv, 227; Measurements of the largest pair of
Indian Bison’s horns (B, gaurus) in the possession of the Bombay Natural
History Society, xv, 706 ; Arrow-Heads in a Bison, xvi, 513; Malformed
Sambar and—Horns, xvii, 846,
GAYAL—The Gaur and the—-, xv, 227.
liv GENERAL INDEX.
GAZELLE—taking to water, xv, 142 ; Note on the Arabian—, (G. arabica),
xvii, 747,
GECKO—Encounter between a Snake and a Lizard, xvii, 1017; Tuctoo and
Snake, xvii, 1035,
GEORGE, C, P.—A Cobra feeding on Eggs, xvi, 174,
GERHARDT, P.—The Larva of the Firefly, xvii, 533.
GILES, G. M. —Gnats or Mosquitoes (Noticed), xiv, 579,
GLEADOW, F.—Jatropha curcas, xv, 365 ; Food of Predaceous Flies, xvi, 501,
An appeal for Lizards, xvi, 723; A large Dhaman (Z, mucosus), xvii, 245;
Bats feeding on Birds, xvii, 1022.
GNAT-- (See MosquiTo.)
GOLDEN-EYE —Note on the—, (C, glaucion), xv, 348.
GOOSANDER—Occurrence of the Sheldrake and—in the Darbanga District,
Tirhut, xiv, 393 ; The—, (¥, castor), xvi, 378.
GOOSE (GEESE)—Occurrence of the Dwarf—, (A. erythropus) in Assam, xy,
524 ; Occurrence of the Pink-footed—, (A. brachyrhynchus) in Assam, xv,
718 ; Occurrence of the Red-breasted—, (B. rujicollis) in India, xvi, 155; On
the Species of Bean—, xvii, 38; On the Indian Species of Bean—, xvii, 537;
A few words in reply to Mr. E. W. Oates’ paper on the Species of Bean—,
xvii, 598 ; On Bean—, xvii, 603 ; On the Bean--, xvii, 950.
GORDIUS, Note on a species of —parasitic in the body of a Mantis, xiv, 610.
GORE, St. G.—Note on a curiously malformed head of a Himalayan Ibex
(C. sibirica), xvi, 744 ; Fascination by Lizards, xvii, 520,
GREBE—The Crested—,xv, 142 ; Breeding habits of the Great Crested—,
(P. cristatus), xvii, 515,
GREEN, E, E.—Indian Hobby and Bulbul, xiv, 608; Note on a species of
Gordius parasitic in the body of a Mantis, xiv, 610 ; Bipedal locomo-
tion of a Ceylon Lizard, xiv, 817; Notes on the Anopheles of Ceylon
and the Life History of A. fuliginosus, xv, 265; Supplementary notes on
the Coccide of Ceylon, xvi, 340; The habits of the Leaf Butterfly, xvi,
370; Strange mortality amongst Termites in Tea-bushes, xvii, 503; Do
Bats capture and eat small birds ? xvii, 835.
GROSBEAK—The Black and Yellow—, (/. icterioides), xv, 716,
GUJ ARAT—Sandgrouse in Northern—, xiv, 387; Occurrence of the Cotton
Teal in—, xv, 515; Locusts in—, xv, 528.
HAGEN BECK, J.—Size and Breeding of Snakes, xvi, 505.
HAMADRYAD—(See Cosra).
HAMPSON, Sie G, F.—The Moths of India, Series II, xiv, 103, 197, 494 ; xv,
19, 205; Series III, xv, 630; xvi, 132, 193, 434, 700; xvii, 1¢4, 447,
645,
HARINGTON, H.H.—Notes on Birds’ Nesting in the Southern Shan States
of Burma, xiv, 596; xv, 140; The Nesting of the Burmese Shrike
(L. coilurvides) and the Ashy Swallow Shrike (A. fuscus) in Upper Burma,
xv, 519; The Nesting of the Tweeddale Scimitar Babbler (Pe nuchalis),
GENERAL INDEX, lv
xv, 519; The Koel laying in the nest of the Magpie (P. rustica), xv
520; The Lapwing or Peewit (V. vulgaris), xv, 723 ; Notes on the Nest-
ing of some Birds in the Upper Chindwin District, Burma, xvi, 166; The
Nesting of some Birds in Burma which have not been recorded before
xvi, 740; The Variation in the colour of the Eggs of the Darkgrey
Bush-Chat (C, ferrea), xvii, 249,
HARRIER(S)—Notes on—in Uva, Ceylon, xv, 532; A Congregation of —
xvi, 504,
HASTED, H.R. G.—Food of the Sloth-Bear (¥, ursinus), xv, 144 ; The Leo-
pard Cat (F. bengalensis), xv, 144 ; Food of Predaceous Flies, xvii, 239 :
An injured Monkey, xvii, 1017 ; Panther kill up a tree, xvii, 1017,
HATCHWELL, D. G.—Oceurrence of the Ceylon White-eye (Z. ceylonensis)
in the Nilgherries, xv, 726.
HAUXWELL, T. A.—Melanism amongst Panthers, xv, 723.
HAWKS—Parasites in Sparrow—, xvii, 542.
HEATH, R. H.—A Sambar killed by Wild Dogs, xv, 355 ; Notes on the Nidi-
fication of the Indian Black-breasted Rain-quail, xv, 518 ; Notes on the
Houbara, xvi, 372,
HEMIPTERA—Canitecona furcellaia, Wolff, xvii, 1024.
HERON(S)—Note on the Breeding of certam—in Southern India, xv, 138;
Peculiar form of Albinism in the Common—, xv, 350 ; The Great White-
bellied—, (A. instgnis), xvi, 160,
HETEROCERA—(See Morus.)
HOBBY —The first record of the Nidification of the Indian—, (F, severus),
xvi, 518 ; Nesting of the—, (fF. severus) in India, xvii, 841,
HOG-DEER—Notes on the—in Burma, xiv, 310; An abnormal—Head, XVli,
1020.
HOLE, R.8.—Two notorious Insect Pests, xv, 679 ; What is a Species ? XVii,
930,
HONEYSUCKER—The Plumage of the Cock Purple—, (A. asiatica), A
query ? xvii, 540.
HORNBILL(S)—Some further notes on the Narcondam—, xiv, 372; The
Nesting of—xv, 715.
HOOLOCK—(See MonxeEy).
HOOPOE—Nesting of the—, xvi, 501.
HOPE, C.W.—The Ferns of North-Western India, xiv, 118, 252, 458, 720;
xv, 78, 415,
HOPWOOD, J. C.—The Green Thrush (C. viridis) breeding in Burma, xvii,
249 ; The Falcated Teal (Z. falcara) in Upper Burma, xvii, 249 ; Albinism
in the male Spotted Dove (7. tigrinus) near Kindat, Upper Chindwin,
Xvii, 249,
HORSE—The Ancestry of the—, xv, 703 ; xvi, 162.
HOUBARA —Notes on the—, xvi, 372.
lvi GENERAL INDEX.
HUDSON, C.W.M.—Breeding seasons of Big Game (The Nilgai or Blue-Bull),
xvi, 503.
HUDSON, P.—Tigers hamstringing their prey, xvii, 518,
HY M#NAS—Hunting with Jackals, xiv, 146,
HYBRID—Probable—between the Indian Ring Dove and the Spotted Dove,
xiv, 156 ; A possible case of—breeding of Shrikes, xvi, 745.
HYMENOPTERA—New species of Indian—, xiv, 79; xv, 1, 557 ; jxvi, 19;
Descriptions of new genera and species of—collected by Major C. G. Nurse
at Deesa, Simla, and Ferozepore, xiv,:267, 419; Some observations on
Eumenes dimidiatipennis, xiv, 820 ; Note on the habits of Chlorion (Sphew)
lobatus, xv, 531 ; Insect Life in India and how to study it, xvi, 115, 664 ;
Bee-culture in India, xvi, 175; On the Tenthredinide and Parasitic—,
collected in Baluchistan by Major C.G. Nurse, xvii, 89, 274; On the
Tenthredinide and Parasitic—collected by Major OC. G. Nurse, in
Kashmir, xvii, 289 ; The Sand Wasp (S. lobatus), xvii, 546 ; On the Para-
sitic—collected by Major C.G. Nurse in the Bombay Presidency, xvii,
578; A new species of Indian Wax-producing Bee, xvii, 619 ; Descrip-
tion of a new genus and some new species of—, captured by Lt.-Col. C. G,
Nurse at Deesa, Matheran, and Ferozepore, xvii, 1001.
IBEX—Note on a curiously malformed head of the Himalayan— (C. sibirica),
xvi, 744,
IBIS-BILL—Nesting of the—, (J. strutherst), xvii, 546,
INGLIS, C. M.—The Birds of the Madhubani sub-division of the Darbanga
District, Tirhut, xiv, 132, 362, 554,764; xv, 70, 337 ;xvi, 70 ; Birds collect-
ed at Hylakandy, Cachar, xiv, 391; The Masked Finfoot, xiv, 392;
Nesting of the Coot, xiv, 392 ; Occurrence of the Sheldrake and Goosan-
der in the Darbanga District, Tirhut, xiv, 393; Qccurrence of the
Sooty Tern in the Darbanga District, Tirhut, xiv, 627; Late stay of the
Sheldrake in Tirhut and a peculiar form of Albinism in the Common
Heron, xv, 350; The Oceanic or Andaman Teal (JN. albigulare),
xv, 525; The Himalayan Nutcracker (N. Hemispila), xvi, 158; Occur-
rence of the Indian Red-breasted Flycatcher (S. hyperythra) in Bengal,
xvii, 520; Harly arrival of Duck, xvii, 825; The Oology of Indian
Parasitic Cuckoos, xvii, 841; The Bronze-capped Teal (E. falcata) in
Tirhut, xvii, 1015.
INSECT(S)—Life in India and how to study it, (Introduction, Aptera &
Orthoptera), xv, 163; (Neuroptera), xv, 375 ; (Hymenoptera), xvi, 115, 664 ;
(Coleoptera), xvii, 424 ; Notes on the—, of Quetta, xv, 359 ; Enemies of—,
xv, 530; Two notorious—Pests, xv, 679.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION—Do wild animals ever die of—? xvi, 363.
INVERARITY, J, D—Abnormal Sambar Heads, xiv, 378; Sambar Horas,
KV; Age
3. F,G,—Habits of the Lungoor Monkey, xiv, 149.
J ACAN A—-Nidification of the Bronze-winged—, xiv, 817
GENERAL INDEX, lvii
JACKAL(S)—Hyenas hunting with—, xiv, 146 ; Novel method of catching
a—, xiv, 386. ;
JAMMU—(SsEr Kasumir),
JARDINE, E. R.—EHlephant shooting in Upper Burma, xiv, 160.
JENKINS, S. E. F.—The Boldness of Panthers, xvii, 1019,
JONES, F. W. C.—Shooting notes from the Central Provinces, xvi, 754,
JULLUNDUR—The Doves of—, xv, 719.
KAKAR—(See Muntsac).
KANARA—The Anupheles of Karwar, North—, xv, 327.
KANGRA VALLEY—Mieration of Butterflies in the, —xiv, 147.
KARLA, The Trees and Shrubs of the Lonavla and—Groves, xv, 279.
KARWAR—(See Kanara).
KASHMIR ,—Nesting notes from—, xv, 131 ; Notes on Small Mammals in—,
and the Adjacent Districts, xvi, 358 ; xvii, 154; the Birds of the Provinces
of—and Jammu and the adjacent Districts, xvii, 108, 479, 723, 943 ; On a
New Vole (WM. imitator) from—, xvii, 224; On the Yenthredinide and
parasitic Hymenoptera collected by Major C.G, Nurse in—, xvii, 289 ;
The—Termite (7. wroughtoni), xvii, 293; Notes on Small Mammals in—,
and adjacent Districts, xvii, 928.
KEDDIBE, D. L.—Note on the Burmese Button Quail, xvii, 237.
KETTLEWELL, H. W.—Some notes on Heterocera, xvii, 541, Melanitis
bethami in Pachmarhi, xvii, 1013.
KHANDALA—The Banded Crake at—, xiv, 180.
KHASIA HILLS.—Birds of the—, xvii, 783, 957.
KHENGARGI, RAO—The Flamingo (P. roseus) breeding on the Runn of
Cutch, xv, 706.
KILUL(S), by Carnivorous Animals, being some remarks on their identifica-
tion, xv, 312 ; A clumsy killer, xvii, 833 ; A Bear’s—up a tree, xvii, 834 ;
A Panther placing its—up a tree, xvii, 835 ; Panther—up a tree, xvii,
1017,
KINGFISHER(S)—Curious accident to a—, xv, 350 ; Occurrence of the Black-
capped—, (H. pileata) in North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam, xvi, 154 ;
Occurrence of the Black-capped—, (H. wileata) in Waltair, xvi, 373 ;
Occurrence of the Black-capped—, (H. pileata) in the Godaveri Delta (A
correction), xvi, 511; The food of—, xvi, 758 ; The Stork-billed—, (P.
gurial) at Cawnpore, xvii, 248.
KINLOCH, A.—Nesting of the Rufous-bellied Hawk-EHagle, xvii, 1027,
KIRKALDY, G. W.,—Memoirs of Oriental Rhynchota, xiv, 46, 294.
KIRTIKAR, K.R.—The Poisonous Plants of Bombay, xiv, 20; xv, 56; A
note on an edible Puff-ball from the Thana District, xvii, 816 ; Note on
an edible Fungus from Lahore, xvii, 1030,
KITES—A congregation of Brahminy—, (H. indicus), xvi, 757 ; Flocking
of—, xvii, 525,
KOEL—(See Cuckoo),
ila
lvili GENERAL INDEX.
KOHAT—Occurrence of Remiza (dgithalus) coronatus in—-, xvii, 524.
KONKAN—A list of the Butterflies of the—, xv, 42; Further notes on—
Butterflies, xv, 356 ; Butterflies of the—District, xv, 530; Estuary Fishing
—Some remarks on its decadence, as an industry, in the—, Western
India, xvii, 637.
KRAIT—Food of the—, xiv, 599 ; Food of the Common—, (B. candidus), xv,
706 ; Breeding of the Banded—, xvi, 519 ; Note on the breeding of the—,
(B. ceruleus), xvi, 743 ; Anew—, from Oudh (B, walli), xvii, 608.
KUMAON— Luthalia lepidea in Western—, xiv, 595 ; Occurrence of the Chest-
nut-headed Shortwing and nesting of the Black-chinned Yuhina in—, xiv,
607 ; Birds’ nesting in—, xiv, 624,
L, C, H. Y.—The inaugural address of the President of the Mining and
Geological Institute of India, xvii, 225,
LAHORE—Note on an Edible Fungus from—, xvii, 1030,
LAKHIMPUR—Notes on some—Birds, xiv, 374.
LAMB, G.—Snake Venoms, their Physiological Action and Antidote, xiv, 220 ;
Snake Venoms and their Antidotes ; an account of recent research, xvii, 13,
LANE, W. H.—Tiger versus Bear, xv, 707 ; Late stay of Snipe, xv, 708.
LANGOOR—Habits of the—, xiv, 149.
LANOW LI—(See Lonavia).
LAPWING—Occurrence of the Red-wattled—, (S., indicus) in the Dibrugarh
District, Upper Assam, xv, 529.
LARK—Breeding of the Desert—, (A. desertorum), xvii, 848.
LEAL, F.—The origin of Anonas (A. squamosa ; A, reticulata), xvii, 195.
LEFROY, H. MAXWELL—The present position of Hconomic Entomology
in India, xv, 432; Enemies of Butterflies, xv, 531 ; Note on the habits of
Chiorion (Sphex) lobatus, xv, 531.
LEOPARD—(See PANTHER).
LEOPARD CAT—The—, (F’. bengalensis), xv, 144.
LEPIDOPTERA PAPILIONINA—(See BUTTERFLIES).
LESLIE, G. A., and EVANS, W. H.—The Butterflies of Chitral, xiv, 666,
LESTER, C. D.—Crow and Koel’s egg, xvi, 612 ; Late stay of Snipe, xv, 344.
LUASA—Descriptions of 3 new species of Birds obtained during the recent
Expedition to—, xvi, 728.
LILIES —The—of Mahableshwar and others, xiv, 1.
LISTON, W. G.—Note on Sexual Dimorphism, xvi, 39; Plague, Rats and
Fleas, xvi, 253.
LIZARD(S), Bipedal locomotion of a Ceylon—, xiv, 817; An appeal for—.,
xvi, 723; Fascination by—, xvii, 520; Encounter between a Snake and
a—, xvii, 1017 ; Tuctoo and Snake, xvii, 1035.
LOCUST(S)—Sandgrouse and—, xv, 522; in Gujarat, xv, 528; The recent
Plague of—in Bombay, xvi, 157, 369; Ona new Enchytreid Worm (Hen-
lea lefroyi) from India destructive to the eggs of a—, xvii, 797 ;—Bears and
Dogs, xvii, 815 ; Breeding grounds of the Common—, xvii, 843,
GENERAL INDEX, lix
LOGAN, A, C.—A brown Crow, xvii, 519.
LONAVLA-~-The Trees and Shrubs of the—, and Karla Groves, xv, 279,
LUCKNOW—The Butterflies of the—District, xiv, 481; Further notes on
the Butterflies of the—District, xvi, 720.
LUNGOOR—(See Lancoor).
LYDEKKER, R.—On 2 Cetaceans from Travancore, xv, 38 ; On 2 Dolphins
from Madras, xv, 408; On Dolphins from Travancore, xvi, 730; The
Ceylon Chital, xvii, 235.
MACDONALD, K, C.—Occurrence of the Laggar Falcon in Burma, xiv, 142 ;
Occurrence of the White-throated Trush (P. gularis) in Burma, xv,
727 ; First record of the nidification of the Indian Hobby (Ff. severus), xvi,
518; A list of the Birds found in the Myingyan District of Burma, xvii,
184, 492.
MACKENZIE, A. F.—Measuremenis of Buffalo (B, bubalus) Horns, xvii, 230.
MACKENZIE, M.D.—Curious accident to the Common Swift (C. afinis), xv,
362.
MACLEOD, N. C.—Natural History Notes from Fryer’s Travels, xiv, 376.
McMAHON, A. H.—A rare Snake, xiv, 181.
McMULLEN, G. C.—Occurrence of the Mute Swan (C. olor) in Sind, xiv, 156.
MADRAS—On 2 Dolphins from—, xv, 408 ; A list of the Birds found in and
about—, xvi, 484.
MAGRATH, H. A. F.—The Doves of Jullundur, xv, 719; Occurrence of
Remiza (4igithalus) coronatus in Kohat, xvii, 524 ; Occurrence of the
Waxwing (A. garrulus) at Bannu, N, W. F. Province, xvii, 1037.
MAHABLESHWAR—The Lilies of—, and others, xiv, 1.
MAHALAXMIVALA, C. D.—Plants at the Victoria Gardens, xiv, 128, 356,
776 ; xv, 674,
MALABAR COAST—Occurrence of a rare Sea-Snake (D. gillespiw) on the
—,xv, 723.
MALAY PENINSULA—A list of Batrachians known to inhabit the—, xv,
193, 387.
MALLARD—The Common Wild Duck or—, (Plate), xv, I.
MAMMALS—Rough notes on the—of Chitral, xiv, 758 ; Description of new
species of—from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, xiv, 782; Notes on
small—in Kashmir and the adjacent Districts, xvi, 358; xvii, 154, 928;
Notes and observations on—collected and observed in the Darjeeling
District, xvii, 122; On a collection of—brought home by the Tibet
Frontier Commission, xvii, 800,
MANDERS, N.—On the new species of Butterflies recently described by
Mr, A. G. Butler, xiv, 182; Notes on Ceylon Butterflies, xiv, 716; The
Butterflies of Ceylon, xvi, 76; The climatal changes of Melanitis leda,
xvii, 709; First Hints on collecting Butterflies, xvii, 819.
MANGO(ES)—Weevils in—, xiv, 624.
Ix GENERAL INDEX.
MANGROVE(S)—The—of the Bombay Presidency and its Biology, xvi,
644; and Paroquets, xvii, 240.
MANNERS-SMITH, J.—Melanism in a Black Buck, xvi, 361 ; Plucky Peewiits,
xvi, 507; A white Kakar or Muntjac (C, muntjac), xvi, 742; Wild Dogs
hunting, xvi, 751; Notes from Nepal, xvi, 755; Albinism in the Kakar
or Muntjac (C. muntjac), xvii, 239.
MANSON, C. E. F.—The early stages of the Moth Rhodoprasina floralis,
xvii, 241.
MANTIS—Note on the habits of the praying—, xvii, 1013.
MARDAN—Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff Tail Duck at—, xiv, 375.
MARIES, C.—The late—, xiv, 804.
MARKHOR—The Distribution of the different varieties of ng a (C.
falconert), xvii, 1025.
MARTEN, J.—The Nesting of the Black-backed Forktail (Z. ann
Pay BaBy
MARSHALL, IT. E.—Notes on Birds near Quetta, xiv, 601 ; xv, 351.
MATHERAN, Description of a new Genus and some new Species of Hyme-
noptera captured by Lt.-Col. C. G. Nurse at Deesa,— and Ferozepore,
xvii, 1001.
MEDLICOTT, H. E.—A Wild Boar without Testes, xvi, 743.
MELANISM, amongst Panthers, xv, 723; in a Black Buck, xvi, 361;
Hereditary—, xvi, 502; Report on 2 Black Panthers in the Kolhapur
Collection, xvii, 234; Black Panthers, xvii, 526.
MELVILL, J. C., and STANDEN, R.—Descriptions of 68 new species of
Shells from the Persian Gulf,Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea,
xvi, 86, 217.
MERGANSER—Occurrence of the Red-breasted—, near Quetta, xiv, 400.
MEYRICK, E.—Description of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera, xvi, 580 ; xvii, 183,
403, 730, 976.
MHOW—Birds’ nesting near—, xvi, 514.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERKA—(See Morus).
MIGRATION of Butterflies in the Kangra Valley,'xiv, 147 ; of Butterflies,
xiv, 179 ; A note onthe—of the Common Indian Bee-eater (J. viridis),
xvii, 520.
MILLARD, W. S.—Cannibalism in Snakes, xiv, 395 ; Vipera Russelli breeding
in captivity, xiv, 614 ; Measurements of the largest pair of Indian Bison’s
Horns (B. gaurus) in the possession of the B. N. H.S., xv, 706 ; Fireflies,
xvi, 520 ; Curious accident to a Dragon Fly, xvi, 521 ; Food of Snakes in
captivity, xvi, 758 ; A Whale near Bassein (Bombay Coast), xvii, 581.
MILLER, G. A.—A Viperine Snake which is oviparous, xv, 729.
MILLER, G. S.—Descriptions of new species of Mammals from the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, xiv, 782.
MILLETT, G. P.—White Ants’ castles, xiv, 581.
GENERAL INDEX, Ixi
MOLLUSCA—Descriptions of 68 new species of Shells from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, xvi, 86, 217; The Economic uses of
Shells, xvi, 462; A list of the Marine—in the B. N. H,S.’s Collection,
xvii, 207; Catalogue of the Fresh Water and Land—in the B. N. H. S.’s
Collection, xvii, 216; The Fresh Water—of Tirhoot, Bengal, xvii, 955.
MONKEY—Habits of the Lungoor—, xiv, 149 ; Notes on the Habits of the
Hoolock—, xv, 700; An injured—, xvii, 1017.
MONTRESOR, L. B.—Cannibalism amongst Panthers and Tigers, xvii, 543.
MOORE, W.—Occurrence of White’s Thrush (0, varia) in Assam, xvi, 502.
MOSQUITO(ES), Gunats or—(noticed), xiv, 579; Notes on the Anopheles of
Ceylon and on the Life History of A. fuliginosws, xv, 265 ; The Anopheles
of Karwar (N. Kanara), xv, 327; Some new—from Ceylon, xvi, 237 ;
The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their haunts and habits, xvi,
623 ; Destruction of—and their larve by fish and lime, xvii, 832.
MOSSE, A. H.—Notes on a few Caterpillars of Indian Sphingide,xv, 133 ; The
incubation of a Cuckoo’s egg, xv, 134; Occurrence of the Cotton Teal in
Gujarat, xv, 515; Some Panther Notes, xv, 516; Locusts in Gujarat,
xv, 528, "
MOTHS—Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan, xiv, 6, 346, 547,
761 ; xv, 319, 602 ; xvi, 275 ; The—of India, Series 2, xiv, 103, 197, 494 ;
xv, 19, 206; Series 3, xv, 630; xvi, 132,193, 434, 700; xvu, 164, 447,
645; Notes on a few Caterpillars of Indian Sphingide, xv, 133; De-
scriptions of new species of—from India and Burma, xvi, 599 ; Descriptions
of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera, xvi, 580; xvii, 133, 403, 730, 976 ; The early
stages of the—, Rhodoprasina floralis, xvii, 241; Occurrence of the
_ —Dudgeona leucosticta in Ceylon, xvii, 241; Some notes on Heterocera, xvii,
541; Note on Clania variegata, xvii, 837.
MOUSEDEER—The Indian Chevrotain or—, (T. meminna), xvi, 739.
MOUSE-HARE—A new—of the genus Ochotona, xvi, 727; A—, xvii, 813.
MUNTJAC—A white Kakar or—, (C. muntjac), xvi, 742; Albinism in the
Kakar or—, (C, munijac), xvii, 239 ; A White—, xvii, 836.
MURREE—Birds’ Nesting in the—hills and gullies, xvi, 421, 657.
MUSEUM —The collections in the Society’s—, xv, 475.
MUSKRAT—(See SHREW). r,
MYINGYAN—(See Burma).
MYNAS-—-King Crows and—as messmates, xvi, 364.
MYSOREH—Tiger netting in—, xiv, 388,
NANGLEH, K. E.—Food of Predaceous Flies, xvi, 747.
NARCONDAM—A visit to—, xvi, 620.
NEPAL—Notes from—, xvi, 755.
NEUROPTERA—Insect Life in India and how to study it, xv, 375 ; Curious
accident to a Dragonfly, xvi, 521 ; Curious end of a Dragonfly, xvi, 756.
NEWNHAM, A.--Birds bathing in cloudy weather, xv,717 ; Natural checks
on over-increase, xv, 717.
Ixii GENERAL INDEX,
NICEVILLE, L, de.—The late—, xiv, 140 ; On new and little-known Butterflies
mostly from the Oriental Region, xiv, 236, 450.
NICOBAR ISLANDS—Descriptions of new species of Mammals from the
Andaman and—, xiv, 782,
NIDIFICATION of the Desert Sand Lark (A. desertorum), xiv, 179 ; Nesting
of the Black-chinned Yuhina in Kumaon, xiv, 607; Of Ogles’ Laughing
Thrush (D, nuchalis), xiv, 609; A Robin laying in a Bulbul’s Nest, xiv,
610 ; The Eggs of the Long-billed Babbler (R. malacoptilus), xiv, 814 ;
Curious site for Nesting chosen by the Malabar Whistling Thrush (J/, hors-
fieldi), xiv, 815; Notes on the—of some Birds, the Nests and Eggs of which
have not been previously described, xiv, 815; Of the Bronze-winged
Jacana, xiv, 817; The Nesting of the Yellow-browed Bulbul (J. icterica) and
the Spotted Babbler (P. rujiceps), xv, 346 ; Notes of the Breeding of certain
Birds near Darjeeling, xv, 510 ; Notes on the—of the Indian Black-breasted
Rain Quail, xv, 518; The Nesting of the Burmese Shrike (Z. colluroides),
and the Ashy Swallow-Shrike (A. fuscus) in Upper Burma, xv, 519 ; The
Nesting of the Tweeddale Scimitar Babbler (P. nuchalis), xv, 519; The
Koel laying in the Nest of the Magpie (P. rustica), xv, 520; The Nesting
of Hornbills, xv, 715; The Eggs of the Small Sun-bird (A. minima), xv,
726 ; Notes on the Nesting of some Birds in the Upper Chindwin District,
Burma, xvi, 166; Of the little Blue-winged Pitta (P. cyanoptera) in
Upper Burma, xvi, 171; Nesting of the Hoopoe, xvi, 501; Nest of the
Brown-backed Indian Robin (7, cambaiensis), xvi, 513; First record of
the—of the Indian Hobby (F. severus), xvi, 518; The Nesting of some
Birds in Burma that have not been recorded before, xvi, 740 ; The Egg-
laying of Hudynamis honorata (The Indian Koel), xvi, 746; The Oology of
Indian Parasitic Cuckoos, xvii, 72,351, 678, 841; Notes on Andaman
Birds with accounts of the—ofseveral species whose nests and eggs have
not been hitherto described, xvii, 156, 486; Nesting of the Malayan
Banded Crake (R. fasciata), xvii, 228; The Nest of the Brown-backed
Indian Robin (T. cambaiensis), xvii, 231; Late Breeding of the Black
Partridge (Ff. vulgaris), xvii, 232 ; Sites of Birds’ Nests, xvii, 236 ; Nesting
of the White-bellied Drongo (D. cwrulescens), xvii, 248; The Green
Thrush breeding in Burma, xvii, 249; The variation in the colour of the
Eggs of the Dark-grey Bush Chat (0. ferrea), xvii, 249; Breeding Habits
of the Great Crested Grebe (P. cristatus), xvii, 515; The Nesting
of the Black-crested Baza (B. lophotes), xvii, 531; The Nesting of the
Black-backed Forktail (H. immaculatus), xvii, 533 ; The Breeding of the
Bengal Florican (S, bengalensis), xvii, 538; The Nesting of the Crested
Honey Buzzard (P. cristatus), xvii, 545 ; Nesting of the Ibis-bill (/. struthers¢)
and Common Sand Piper (7. hypoleucus), xvii, 546 ; An enquiry into the
parasitic habits of the Indian Koel, xvii, 765 ; Pelicans breeding in India,
xvii, 806 ; Nesting of the Hobby (fF. severus) in India, xvii, 841 ; Breed-
ing of the Common or Grey Quail (C. communis) and the Desert Lark
GENERAL INDEX, Ixiii
A. desertorum), xvii, 848 ; Additional Cuckoo Notes, xvii, 876 ; Nesting
of the Coot (F, atra) in India, xvii, 1013,
NILGIRI HILLS—Birds’ Nesting at Ootacamund, xiv, 620 ; Occurrence of
the Ceylon White-eye (Z. ceylonensis) in the—, xv, 726 ; Some notes on
Birds taken at Coonoor in May 1904, xvi, 153; Birds observed in
the—and Wynaad, xvi, 163.
NOBLE, W. R.—Ferocity of the Hamadryad or King Cobra, xv, 358.
NORTH-WEST INDIA—Notes on the occurrence of certain Birds in the
plains of—, xvii, 243,
NUKTA—The—, or Comb Duck (Plate), xvi, 533,
NURSE, G. C.—New Species of Indian Hymenoptera, xiv, 79; xv,1, 557;
xvi, 19 ; Unusual abundance of Sandgrouse at Deesa, xiv, 172 ; Migration
of Butterflies, xiv, 179; Sandgrouse in Northern Gujarat, xiv, 387 ;
Occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser near Quetta, xiv, 400; The
Camel Bot Fly, xiv, 609; Merops apiaster breeding in Baluchistan, xiv,
627 ; The Enemies of Butterflies, xv, 349 ; Notes on the Insects of Quetia,
xiv, 359; Occurrence of the Common Indian Bee-eater (IZ, viridis) in
Baluchistan, xv, 530; Papilio machaon in Baluchistan, xv, 723 ; Bee-
culture in India, xvi, 175 ; A new Species of Indian Wax-producing Bee,
xvii, 619.
NUTCRACKER—Notes on the Himalayan—, xiv, 628 ; The Himalayan—,
xiv, 818; xvi, 158, 516; The Himalayan, — (NV. hemispila) and other
Walnut-eating Birds, xv, 712 ; Food of the Himalayan—, (N. hemispila),
a, eye
OATES, E, W.—Ozx some new species of Silver Pheasants obtained in Burma,
xvi, 112 ; On some new species of Silver Pheasants from Burma, xvii,
10 ; On the species of Bean Geese, xvii, 38 ; Ona new species of Grey
Duck (P. haringtoni) from Burma, xvii, 558; On the Bean Geese, xvii,
950,
OBITUARY NOTICES—The late Mr. L. de Niceville, xiv, 140; The late
Mr, Oliver Collett, xiv, 578; The late Mr, R. A. Sterndale, xiv, 804 ; The
late Mr, Charles Maries, xiv, 804.
O’BRIEN, E.—Hyenas hunting with Jackals, xiv, 146,
OKEDEN, W. P.—A Centipede eating a Snake, xv, 135.
OLIVIER, H, D.—A Snake and a Fish, xiv, 142 ; Small Game Shooting Pros-
pects in Western India, xiv, 582.
OOLOGY—The—of Indian Parasitic Cuckoos, xvii, 72, 678, 841.
OOTACAMUND—(See Niteiri Hits).
ORCHID(S)—Rough Notes on 6 Common Hill—, xvi, 414 ; The—of the
Bombay Presidency, xvi, 429, 562 ; xvii, 31, 940,
ORIENTAL REGION—The-—, and its position in Zoological Geography, xiv,
750.
QRTHOPTERA—The Earwigs of Ceylon—, xiv, 59, 316 ; Insect Life in India
and how to study it, xv, 163,
IXiv GENERAL INDEX.
OSBORN, W.—On the Deposits of Fossil Remains of Extinct Animals in the
Sewalik Hills of the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces, xiv, 163 ; Habits of
the Indian Tree-pis (D, rufa), xiv, 164 ; Indian Sheep Dogs and another
Indian Dog, xiv, 165 ; Notes on the Himalayan Nutcracker, xiv, 628 ; The
Himalayan Nutcracker (N. hemispila) and other Walnut-eating Birds,
xv, 712; The Nesting of Hornbills, xv, 715; The Black and Yellow
Grospeak (H. tcteriotdes), xv, 716; Destruction of Mosquitoes and their
Larvee by fish and lime, xvii, 832,
OSMASTON, B, B.—Curious course taken by the Hyoid Cornua or Tongue
Muscles in certain Woodpeckers, xiv, 587; Notes on the Nidification of
some Birds, the Nest and Eggs of which have not been previously
described, xiv, 815 ; The Himalayan Nutcracker, xiv, 818; The Chestnut-
headed Short-wing (U. castaneicoronata), xiv, 819; A Man-eating Panther,
xv, 135; Notes on the breeding of certain Birds near Marjeeling, xv, 510;
A visit to Narcondam, xvi, 620 ; Notes on Andaman Birds with accounts
of the Nidification of several Species whose Nests and Eggs have not been
hitherto described, xvii, 156, 486; Mangroves and Paroquets, xvii, 240.
OUDH—Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (N. marila) in—, xvi, 367; A new
Krait from—, (B. walli), xvii, 608,
OWL—Occurrence of the Malay Fish—, (K. javanensis) in Assam, xv, 719;
The Brown Wood—, (S. indrani), xvii, 523,
PACHMARHI—WMelanitis bethami in—, xvii, 1013.
PACKARD, H. N.—Note on the breeding of certain Herons, &c., in Southern
India, xv, 138 ; Queer find of a Painted Snipe’s egg, xv, 139,
PALNI HILLS—The Edible-Nest Swiftlet (C. fuciyhaga) in the—, xv, 727.
PANTHER(S)—Strange behaviour of a—, xiv, 146 ; A Man-eating—, xiv, 595;
xv, 135; A—experience, xv, 344; Some—notes, xv, 516, 517; Extra-
ordinary courage of a—,xv, 529; Melanism amongst—, xv, 723; The
boldness of—, xv, 727; xvii, 522, 825, 827, 1019; Report .on two
Black—in the Kolhapur Collection, xvii, 234; A—placing its kill up a
tree, xvii, 517, 835 ; Black—, xvii, 526 ; Cannibalism amongst—and Tigers,
xvii, 543; Some notes on Tigers and—, xvii, 1015; Kill up a tree, xvii,
1017 ; Curious bebaviour of a—, in connection with a kill, xvii, 1022.
PAROQUETS—Mangroves and—, xvii, 240,
PARRINGTON, J. W.—Occurrence of the Cotton Teal in Sind, xv, 143,
PARTRIDGE—Late breeding of the Black—, (F. vulgaris), xvii, 232 ;-A new
Species of Tree—, (A. batemani) from the Chin Hills, xvii, 812.
PATTON, W.S.—The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their Haunts
and Habits, xvi, 623,
PEARLS in the Thana Creek, xvii, 228,
PELICAN—Nesting of the Grey—in the Cuddapah District, xiv, 40i ;
Breeding in India, xvii, 806.
PERSHOUSE, S.—The Nest of the Brown-backed Indian Robin (7.
cambaiensis), xvii, 231,
GENERAL INDEX, Ixv
PERSIAN GULF—Description of 68 new Species of Shells from the—, G, of
Oman and N, Arabian Sea, xvi, 86, 217; On Fishes from the—, The Sea of
Oman and Karachi collected by Mr. F. W, Townsend, xvi, 318,
PESHAWAR—The Painted Sandgrouse and the Wood Snipe in the—Valley,
xiv, 606,
PHEASANT(S)—On some new species of Silver—obtained in Burma, xiv,
112; On the occurrence of the Lady Amherst’s—-in Burma, xvi, 512, 753 ;
On some new species of Silver—from Burma, xvii, 10; Occurrence of
the Cheer—, (C, wallachi) in the N.-W, F, Province, xvii, 812.
PILCHER, J. G.—On methods used to preserve colour in relaxing Entomo-
logical Specimens, xiv, 613.
PINHEBY, A. F.—The large Brown Flying Squirrel (P. oral), xv, 721.
PINT AIL—The—, (Plate), xiv, 197 ; Plumage of the young male—, (D. acuta),
XVii, 238.
PLAGUE—Rats and Fleas, xvi, 253.
PLANT(S)—The poisonous—of Bombay, xiv, 20; xv, 56; Notes on some of
the—introduced into the Victoria Gardens, Bombay, during the past 8 years,
xiv, 125, 356, 776; xv, 674; Euryale ferox, xiv, 606; Drought-resisting
Fodder—, xiv, 614; xv, 148; Famine Food—, an important Edible Wild
Yam of the Thana District, Bombay, xiv, 772 ; Four interesting Bombay—,
xv, 363; Jatropha curcas, xv, 365; Dioscorea damona, xv, 366; The
Wild Plantain (J/. superba), xv, 586 ; The origin of the English Names of—
xv,614 ; Indian Yams(D.demona),xv,721 ; Water-yielding—, found in the
Thana Forests, xvi, 65; Cassta occidentalis, xvi, 166; Luminous,—xvi,
367 ; The origin of Anonas (A. squamosa ; A, reticulata), xvii, 195 ; Cassia
renigera, xvii, 1036.
PLANTAIN—The Wild—, (J. superba), xv, 586.
PLOVER—The Lapwing or Peewit (V. vulgaris), xv, 723; Plucky Peewits,
xvi, 507.
POCHA, J. P. and BANNERMAN, W. B.—Note on the breeding of Russell’s
Viper (V. russelliz) in captivity, xvii, 808.
POCHARD—The-— or Dun-bird (Plate), xiv, 639 ; The Red-crested—, (Plate),
xv, 375; The Tufted—, (Plate), xv, 537 ; The White-eyed—(Plate), xvi,
193,
POONA—Birds’ Nesting round—, and elsewhere, xiv, 143, 396 ; Nesting of the
Coot at—, xiv, 176 ; Occurrence of the Avocet near—, xiv, 386 ; Notes on
Birds’ Nesting from—, xv, 709.
PRALL, 8. E.—Note on the Arabian Gazelle (G. arabica), xvii, 847.
PREHISTORIC Man-hunting in India, xv, 146.
PRIMROSE, A. M.—-Nesting of the Coot, xiv, 392 ; Note on the occurrence of
certain Birds in South Sylhet, xiv, 594; The Food of Dryophis mycterizans,
xv, 347; Birds observed inthe Nilgiris and Wynaad, xvi, 163; Assam
Birds, xvi, 176 ; The Goosander (UM. castor), xvi, 378 ; The Nestinglof
12
Ixvi GENERAL INDEX.
the Black-crested Baza (B, lophotes), xvii, 531; Bats feeding on small
Birds, xvii, 1021,
PROCEEDINGS of the Meetings, xiv, 188, 402, 631, 825 ; xv, 156, 368, 534,
731 ; xvi, 180, 396, 525, 759 ; xvii, 251, 548, 851, 1038.
PROTECTION of Wild Birds in the Bombay Presidency, xvii, 231; Pro-
tective Legislation for Indian Fisheries, xvii, 637.
PULNEY HILLS—(Sce Patni Hits).
PYTHON(S)—The Food of (P. molurus), xvi,519; The Food of,—xvii, 1021,
QUAIL—Notes on the Nidification of the Indian Black-breasted Rain, xv,
518 ; The Manipur Bush—or Hume’s Bush—(M, manipurensis), xv, 527 ;
A rare Indian Game-Bird, The Mountain—, (0. superciliosa), xvi, 361 ; Note
on the Burmese Button—, xvii, 237 ; The “ Booming ”’ of the Button—,
xvii, 238 ; Breeding of the Common or Grey—, (C communis), xvii, 848.
QUETTA—Occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser near—, xiv, 400 ; Notes
on Birds near—, xiv, 601 ; xv, 144, 351; Notes on the Insects of—, xv,
359 ; Notes on Birds’ Nesting round—, xvi, 747 ; Further Notes on Birds’
Nesting round—, xvii, 828.
R, L,— The Ancestry of the Horse, xv, 703; The Urial of the Punjab and
Ladak, xvi, 376 ; The Straight-horned Assam Buffalo, xvii, 235,
RANGOON—Description of anew Sea Snake from—, xiv, 716 ; Report on
the Destruction of Rats in—during August 1905, xvii, 232,
RAT(S) killed by Lead-poisoning, xv, 37, 364; Report on the Destruction
of—in Rangoon during August 1905, xvii, 232; Notes on the Genus
Tatera with descriptions of new Species, xvii, 511; Notes on some—of
the Mus mettada group, xvii, 997.
RATTRAY, R. H.—Birds’ Nesting in the Murree Hills and gullies, xvi, 421,
657 ; A Malformed Black Buck Head, xvii, 519,
REGAN, C. T.—On Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and
Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend, xvi, 318.
REVIEW —The Inaugural Address of the President of the Mining and Geolo-
gical Institute of India, xvii, 225 ; The Faunaof British India, Rhynchota,
Vol, IIT, xvii, 721.
RHE-PHILLIPE, G. W.V. prE—Butterflies of the Lucknow District, xiv,
481; Euthalia lepidea in Western Kumaon, xiv, 695 ; Further notes on
the Butterflies of the Lucknow District, xvi, 720; Occurrence of tho
Butterfly 7. nyseus at Khandalla, Western Ghats, xvii, 230.
RHENIUS, C. E.—Occurrence of the Bittern (B. stellaris) in Southern India,
xvii, 247 ; Pelicans breeding in India, xvii, 806.
RHIN OCEROS(ES)—The Asiatic two-horned—, (2. sumatrensis), xvi, 160 ;
Notes on—in Burma (R, sondaicus and swmatrensis), xvi, 555.
RHYNCHOTA~—Memoirs of Oriental—, xiv, 46, 294 ; The Fauna of British
India, Vol, IIL (Review), xvii, 721; Ona new Species of Fulgorid from
Darjeeling, xvii, 1024.
GENERAL INDEX. Ixvii
RIVINGTON, H.8.—Occurrence of the Scorpion Spider (Phrynichus) in the
Shevaroy Hills, xvii, 523.
ROBERTS, M. B.—Rough notes on six common Hill Orchids, xvi, 414.
ROBIN—The Nest of the Brown-backed Indian—, (I. cambaiensis), xvi, 513 ;
xvii, 231; Notes on the Magpie—, (C. sawlaris), xvii, 247.
RODON, G. $.—Gazelle taking to water, xv, 142 ; The Four-horned Antelope,
xv, 346; Dr. Calmette’s Antitoxic Serum and the Poison of the Daboia,
xv, 358; A Mouse hare, xvii, 813, Locusts, Bears and Dogs, xvii, 815.
ROLLO, C. G.—Recovery from a Cobra-bite, xvii, 811.
RUNDLE, G. R.—The Boldness of Panthers, xvii, 825,
RYAN, G. M.—Note on a Flying Squirrel (P. oral) found in the Thana Dis-
trict, Bombay, xiv, 612; Famine Foods, an important edible Wild Yam
of the Thana District, Bombay, xiv, 772 ; Diéoscorea demona, xv, 366 ;
The Wild Plantain, xv, 586 ; Indian Yams (D. demona), xv, 721 ; Water-
yielding Plants found in the Thana forests, xvi, 65.
SALE, E. L.—Pearls in the Thana Creek, xvii, 228.
_ SALSETTE —(See Tana).
SAMBAR killed by Wild Dogs, xv, 355 ; Abnormal—head, xvi, 378 ; Horns,
xvii, 23; Abnormal—horns, xvii, 845, 1020; Malformed—and Gaur,
horns, xvii, 846.
SANDGROUSE—Unusual abundance of—at Deesa, xiv, 172 ; In Northern
Gujarat, xiv, 387 ; The Painted—in the Peshawar Valley, xiv, 606 ; and
Locusts, xv, 522.
SANDPIPER—Nesting of the Common, (7. hypoleucus), xvii, 546,
SCAUP—Occurrence of the—, (WN. marila) in Oudh, xvi, 367.
SEISTAN—The Birds of—, being a list of the birds shot or seen by members
of the—Arbitration Mission, 1903—5, xvi, 686.
SELOUS, F. C.—How Tigers kill their prey, xvii, 246.
SETH-SMITH, D.—The “ Booming ” of the Button Quail, xvii, 238.
SETON-KARR, H. W.—Prebistoric Man-hunting in India, xv, 146.
SEW ALIK HILLS—On the deposits of Fossil Remains of Extinct Animals
in the—, xiv, 163.
SHAN STATES—Notes on Birds’ Nesting in the Southern—, xiv, 596 ; xv,
140 ; Notes on the occurrence of certain birds in the Southern-—, xiv,
600 ; Interesting birds from the—,xvi, 739.
SHARPE, R. BOWDLER—A note on Podoces pleskei, xvii, 555.
SHELDRAKE—Occurrence of the—and Goosander inthe Darbanga District,
Tirhut, xiv, 393 ; Late stay of the—in Tirhut, xv, 350.
SHELLS—(See Mottusca).
SHEVAROY HILLS—Occurrence of the Scorpion Spider (Phrynichus) in
the—xvii, 523,
SHOOTING—Small Game—prospects in Western India, xiv, 582; In the
Bombay Presidency, xvi, 521; Notes from the Central Provinces, xvi,
734,
Ixvili GENERAL INDEX.
SHOT-BORER—(See CoLeoPrerA).
SHOVELLER—The—, (Plate), xvi, 399.
SHREW—Food of the—“ Muskrat ” or Grey—, (C. cwrulea), xvi, 751.
SHRIKES—A possible case of hybrid breeding of—,xvi, 745,
SIKES, F.—Notes on Harrier Hawks in Uva, Ceylon, xv, 532.
SIKHIM—Catalogue of the Heterocera of—and Bhutan, xiv, 6, 346, 547 761 ;
xv, 319, 602 ; xvi, 275.
SIMCOX, A. H, A.—Breeding seasons of Big Game in India, xvi, 370 ; The
Crocodile, its food and muscular vitality, xvi, 375.
SIN D—Occurrence of the Cotton Teal in—, xv, 143 ; Occurrence of the Whoo-
per Swan (C. musicus) in—, xv, 716 ; Vegetation in—, xvi,:172 ; Occurrence
of Aigithaliscus coronatus in—, xvii, 244 ; The small Civet Cat in—, xvii,
844,
SINGAPORE—Some Birds of—, xvii, 755.
SKIRVING, O. 8.—Malformed Sambar and Gaur Horns, xvii, 846,
SMITH, F. A.—A Sword-Fish striking a ship, xiv, 600.
SNAKE(S)—Distinguishing characters between Poisonous and Non-poison-
ous—, xiv, 93 ; A—and a Fish, xiv, 142 ; A rare—, (Contia angusticeps), xiv,
181 ; Venoms,their physiological action and antidote, xiv, 220; Aids to
the differentiation of—xiv, 337 ; Extraordinary magnitude of a—meal, xiv,
375 ; 'Travancore—, xiv, 386 ; Cannibalism in—, xiv, 395 ; xv, 524; The King
Cobra or Hamadryad, xiv, 409; Food of the Krait, xiv, 599; Vipera
russelli breeding in captivity, xiv, 614 ; Food of the King Cobra, xiv, 629 ;
Description of a new Sea—, (Distira hendersoni) from Rangoon, xiv, 719;
Bites and Poisonous Fishes, xv, 112 ; A Centipede eating a—, xv, 135 ; Food
of the Hamadryad or King Cobra, xv, 143; Food of Dryophis mycteri-
zans, xv, 347 ; Dr. Calmette’s Antitoxic Serum and the Poison of the Da-
boia, xv, 358 ; Ferocity of the Hamadryad or King Cobra, xv, 358 ;
The use of Dr, Calmette’s Antivenine in—bite in India, xv, 403 ; On the
Penis of Russell’s Viper, xv, 526 ; Food of the Common Krait (B. can-
didus), xv, 706 ; Occurrence of a rare Sea—,(D. gillespie) on the Malabar
Coast, xv, 723 ; A viperine—, which is oviparous, xv, 729 ; Notes on Bur-
mese Reptiles, xvi, 169 ; The Russell’s Viper, xvi, 173 ; A Cobra feeding
on eggs, xvi, 174 ; Descriptions of 2new—, from Upper Burma, xvi, 235 ;
Description of a new--, (O. McDougaili) from Burma, xvi, 251; Notes
on—collected in Cannanore, xvi, 292 ; Simotes splendens, xvi, 362; Note
on the Digestion of Eggs by Cobras and Daboias, xvi, 363 ; An Egg-eat-
ing Cobra, xvi, 369 ; The Breeding of Russell’s Viper (V.russellé) xvi, 374 ;
Double-headed—, xvi, 386 ; Notes on some Bangalore—, xvi, 589 ; Egg-eat-
ing Cobras, xvi, 395; The size of —, xvi, 504; The size and breeding of—
xvi, 505 ; A—nest, xvi, 516; Food of Python molurus, xvi, 519; Breeding of
the Banded Krait,xvi, 519 ; A popular Treatise on the Common Indian—
(Plate, Lachesis gramineus and Dryophis mycterizans), xvi, 533 ; (Plate,
Macropisthodon plumbicolor), xvii, 1; (Plate, Zamenis mucosus), xvii, 259 ;
GENERAL INDEX. Ixix
(Plate, Tropidonotus piscator), xvii, 857; On the distribution of the varieties
of Cobra (N, tripudians) in India, xvi, 638 ; Note on the breeding of the
Krait, (B. ewruleus), xvi, 743; Double-headed—, xvi, 752; Food of—, in cap-
tivity, xvi, 758 ; Venoms and their antidote, an account of recent research,
xvii, 13; A new—,(/, McPherson) from the Aden Hinterland, xvii, 27; A
new Himalayan—, (L. mackinnoni ), xvii, 29 ; Poisonous—of India and how
to recognise them, xvii, 51, 299, 995 ; A large Dhaman —(Z, mucosus), xvii,
245 ; The—and its Natural Foes, xvii, 375 ; Habitat of the Green Keelback
(MW. plumbicolor), xvii, 527; A fortunate escape and recovery from Cobra-
bite, xvii, 534 ; A new Krait from Oudh (B, walli), xvii, 608 ;Some new
Asian—, xvii, 612 ; Snake-bite inflicted by Melanelaps mephersoni, xvi,
807 ; Note on the breeding of Russell’s Viper (V. russelli) in captivity,
xvii, 808; Recovery from a Cobra-bite, xvii, 811 ; Reduction of the
species of the genus Polyodontophis, xvii, 828 ; Suppression of Melanelaps
mcphersoni, xvii, 995 ; Encounter between a—and a Lizard, xvii, 1017;
The Vitality of—, xvii, 1018 ; The Food of Pythons, xvii, 1021; A fur-
ther note on the Distribution of the Varieties of Cobra in India, xvii,
1031 ; Hatching of Dhaman (Z, mucosus) Eggs and Observations on the Egg
Tooth, xvii, 1033 ; Tuctoo and—, xvii, 1035,
SNIPE—The Wood—in the Peshawar Valley, xiv, 606; Queer find of a
Painted—Hgg, xv, 139 ; Late stay of —, xv, 344, 708, 709 ; xvi, 161.
SPECIES—What is a— ? xvii, 128, 930.
SPIDER—Occurrence of the Scorpion—, (Phrynichus) in the Shevaroy Hills,
xvii, 523.
SPOT-BILL—The—, or Grey Duck (Plate), xv, 163; Occurrence of (A
zonorhyncha in Assam, xv, 718.
SQUIRREL— Pieromys inornatus, xiv, 400 ; Note ona Flying—, (P. oral),
found in the Thana District (Bombay), xiv, 612 ; The large Brown Flying
—,(P. oral), xv, 721; The Common Striped Palm—, xvi, 406; Ona
remarkable new—, (S. haringtoni) from Burma, xvi, 737; On anew race
of S. lokriodes from Burma, xvii, 796; The large Red Flying—, (Be
inornatus) and Walnuts, xvii, 848,
STAN DEN, R. & MELVILi, J. C._—Descriptions of 68 new species of Shells
from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and N, Arabian Sea, xvi, 86, 217.
STEBBING, E. P.—Insect Life in India and how to study it, (Introduction
Aptera and Orthoptera), xv, 163 ; (Neuroptera) xv, 375; (Hymenoptera)
xvi, 115, 664 ; (Coleoptera), xvii, 424; A Note on the Preservation of
Bamboos from the Attacks of the Bamboo Beetle or ‘“ Shot-Borer,” xvii,
219:
STERN DALE, R.A,—The late Mr,—, xiv, 804.
STEVENS, H.—Occurrence of the Red-wattled Lapwing (S. indicus)in the
Dibrugarh District, Upper Assam, xv, 529; Occurrence of the Rufous-
capped Bush-Babbler (H. bruneifrons) inthe Dibrugarh District, Upper
Assam, xv, 530 ; Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (1, pileata)
xx GENERAL INDEX,
in North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam, xvi, 154; the Yellow-bellied
Flycatcher, (C. hypoxanthum), xvi, 155,
STEWART, C, F.—On the original home of the Tiger, xv, 698,
STORK—The Black—, (C. nigra), xvi, 159,
SWALLOW(S)—Catastrophe amongst the young of the Indian Cliffi—,
(A, fluvicola), xvi, 512; Accident to the young of the Indian Cliff—,
(H. fluvicola), xvi, 753.
SwAN—Occurrence of the Mute—, (C. olor) in Sind, xiv, 156 ; Occurrence of
the Whooper—, (C. musicus) in Sind, xv, 716,
SWIFT—Curious accident to the Common—, xv, 362,
SYLHET—Note on the occurrence of certain Birds in South—, xiv, 594,
SYMONDS, W. P., the Lilies of Mahableshwar and others, xiv, 1.
TAKIN—A live—, (B. tazicolor), xvii, 842.
TAPIR—Note on the Malay—, (T. indicus) in captivity, xvii, 242 ; Habits of
the—, xvii, 524,
TEAL—Occurrence of the Bronze-capped—, (F. falcata) in Sind, xiv, 149 ;
Occurrence of the Cotton— in Sind, xv, 143 ; Occurrence of the Cotton—
in Gujarat, xv, 515 ; The Oceanic or Andaman—, (J, albigulare), xv, 525 ;
Size of the bill of the Common—, (JN. crecca), xvii, 248 ; The Falcated—,
(E. falcata) in Upper Burma, xvii, 249; The Common—, (Plate), xvii,
259 ; An unusual displacement of the heart ina Whistling—, xvii, 535,
TENTHREDINIDM—(See HYMENOPTERA).
TERMITE(S)— White Ants’ castles, xiv, 581; A new—- from India, xv, 4409 ;
Strange mortality amongst— in Tea Bushes, xvi, 503; The Kashmir—,
xvii, 293,
TERN—Occurrence of the Sooty—in the Darbanga District, Tirhut, xiv, 627.
THANA (Bombay)—Note on a Flying Squirrel (P. oral) found in the— Dis-
trict, xiv, 612; Famine Foods, an important edible Wild Yam of the—
District, xiv, 772 ; Water-yielding Plants found in the—forests, xvi, 65 ;
Occurrence of the Butterfly (Chilaria othona) in Salsette, xvii, 1080.
THEOBALD, F, V.—Some new Mosquitoes from Ceylon, xvi, 237.
THOMAS, 0.—On a remarkable new Squirrel (S. haringtoni) from Burma, xvi,
(Sst,
THOMSON, D.—A novel method of catching a Jackal, xiv, 386; Breeding
seasons of Big Game ; The Brown Bear (U, arctos), xvi, 746.
THOMSON, H. N.,and CRADDOCK, W. H.—Notes on the occurrence of
certain birds in the 8. Shan States of Burma, xiv, 600.
THORNHILL, HU. B.—The Manipur Bush-Quail or Hume’s Bush-Quail
(M. manipurensis), xv, 527.
THRUSH —Occurrence of White’s—,(O. varia) in Assam, xvi, 502; The
Green—, (C, viridis) breeding in Burma, Xvii, 249,
TIBET—On a callection of Mammals brought home by the— Frontier Com-
mission, xvit, 800,
GENERAL INDEX, Ixxi
TIGER(S)—Netting in Mysore, xiv, 388 ; On the original home of the—, xv,
698 ;—versus Bear, xv, 707; xvi, 506 ;—hamatringing their prey before
killing, xvi, 499, 756, 757; A bold—, Xvi, 513 ;—How—kill their prey, xvii,
245, 246, 528 ;—hamstringing their prey, xvii, 518; The sense of sme)!
in—, xvii, 53) ; Cannibalism amongst Panthers and— xvii, 543 ; Cause of
fear shown by—, xvii, 836 ; Some notes on—and Panthers,, xvii, 1015.
TILLY, H. L.—Report on the Destruction of Rats in Rangoon during
August 1905, xvii, 232.
TIRHUT—Birds of the Madhubani Sub-division of the Darbanga District,
xiv, 132, 362, 554, 764 ; xv, 70, 337 ; xvi, 70 ; Occurrence of the Sheldrake
and Goosander in the Darbhanga District, xiv, 393 ; Occurrence of the
Sooty Tern in the Darbhanga District, xiv, 627; Late stay of the Shel-
drake in—, xv, 350 ; The Fresh Water Mollusca of—, Bengal, xvii, 955 ;
The Bronze-capped Teal (EZ. falcata) in—, xvii, 1015.
TIT—Occurrence of Mgithaliseus coronatus in Sind, xvii, 244 ; Occurrence of
Remiza (Aigithaius) coronatus in Kohat, xvii, 524,
TOOTH, H. E.—A Pied Crested Cuckoo’s Ege (C. jacobinus) found in the nest
of the Bengal Red-vented Bulbul (J/, bengalensis), xiv, 172 ; Nidification
of the Bronze-winged Jacana, xiv, 817.
TORTOISE—A new— from Travancore, xvii, 560.
TRAVANCORE—Snakes, xiv, 386 ; On two Cetaceans from—, xv, 38; The
Birds of—, xv, 249, 455, 654 ; xvi, 1 ; On Dolphins from—, xvi, 730; A
new Tortoise from—, xvii, 560,
TREE(S)—The size of remarkable—, xv, 131 ; Abnormal growth of—, xv,
532 ; A large Baobab, xv, 718; A remarkable—, xvii, 527, 1027,
TREE-PIE-— Habits of the Indian—, (D, rufa), xiv, 164; Curious ferocity of
the—, (D. rufa), xvi, 502.
TROUP, N. F. T.—Notes on the “ Shot-Borer ” in Bamboos, xvii, 526,
TROUT and other Fish and Fishing in Ceylon, xvi, 379.
TUCTOO--(See GEcKo).
TUTCHER, W. J.—The Flowering of Bamboos, xiv, 177,
TYLER, H.—A bold Tiger, xvi, 513 ; Arrow-heads in a Bison, xvi, 513,
TYRREL, J. R. J—The boldness of Panthers, xvii, 827,
WRIAL—The— of the Punjab and Ladak, xvi, 376 ;—in Persia, xvii, 517.
VAUGHAN, W.—Occurrence of the Moth Dudgeona leucosticta in Ceylon,
xvii, 24,
VEGETATION in Sind, xvi, 172,
VENOMS—Snake—, their Physiological action and Antidote,xiv, 220 ; Snake
— and their Antidotes ; An account of recent Research, xvii, 13,
VENOUR, W.—Occurrence of the Cheer Pheasant (C, wallichi) in the N.-W.
F, Province, xvii, 812.
VIPER (S)—Vipera russells breeding in captivity, xiv, 614; Antitoxie Serum
and the Poison of the Daboia, xv, 358 ; On the penis of Russell’s—, xv,
526; A Viperine Snake which is oviparous, ‘xv, 729; The Russell’s—
Ixxii GENERAL INDEX,
xvi, 173 ; Note on the digestion of Eggs by Cobras and Daboias, xvi, 363 ;
The breeding of Russell’s—, (V. russelli), xvi, 374 ; Note on the breeding
of Russell’s—, (V, russellz) in captivity, xvii, 808.
VOLE—On a new— from Kashmir (JM. imitator), xvii, 224.
WALL, F.—Distingushing characters between Poisonous and Non-poisonous
Snakes, xiv, 93 ; Aids to the differentiation of Snakes, xiv, 337; Extra-
ordinary magnitude of a Snake’s meal, xiv, 375 ; Cannibalism in Snakes,
xv, 524 ; on the penis of Russell’s Viper, xv, 526 ; Note on a Young Fish-
ing Cat (F, viverrina), xv,526 ; Food of the Common Krait (B. candidus)
xv, 706 ; shooting notes in Cannanore, xv, 722 ; Occurrence of a rare Sea-
snake (Distira gillespie) on the Malabar Coast, xv, 723 ; Description of a
new Snake (O. medougalli) from Burma, xvi, 251 ; Notes on Snakes
collected in Cannanore, xvi, 292; Occurrence of the Scaup Duck
(N. marila in Oudh), xvi, 367; The breeding of Russell’s Viper (V.
russelli), xvi, 374 ; Double-headed Snakes, xvi, 386, 752; The winter
plumage of the male Bengal Florican, xvi, 388 ; Notes on some Banga-
lore Snakes, xvi, 389 ; Egg-eating Cobras, xvi, 395; A Popular Treatise on
the Common Indian Snakes, xvi, 533 ; xvii, 1, 259, 857; A new Snake
(1. mephersoni) from the Aden Hinterland, xvii, 27; Anew Himalayan
Snake (L, mackinnoni), xvii, 29 ; The Poisonous Snakes of India and how
to recognise them, xvii, 51,299, 995; The plumage of the young male
Pintail Duck (D. acuta), xvil, 238 ; The Snake and its Natural Foes, xvii,
375 ; Anew Krait from Oudh (B, wali), xvii, 608 ; Some new Asian
Snakes, xvii, 612 ; Snake-bite inflicted by Melanelaps mephersoni, xvii, 807;
Reduction in the Species of the Genus Polyodontophis, xvii, 823 ; Suppres-
sion of Melunelaps mcphersoni, xvii, 995 ; Encounter between a Snake and
a Lizard, xvii, 1017 ; Hatching of Dhaman (Z, mucosus) eggs and obser-
vations on the Egg-tooth, xvii, 1033 ; Tuctoo and Snake, xvu, 1035.
WALLINGER, W. A.—< Kills” by Carnivorous Animals, being some
remarks on their Identification, xv, 312 ; Fly-fishing in the Bombay Presi-
dency, Megalops cyprinoides as a fly-taker, xv, 719; Estuary Fishing,
some remarks on its decadence, as an industry, in the Konkan, Western
India, xvii, 620.
WARBLER—Occurrence of the Rufous-capped—, (H. bruneifrons) in the
Dibrugarh District, Upper Assam, xv, 530,
WARD, A. E.—Notes on small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent districts,
xvi, 358 ; xvii, 154 ; The Birds of the Provinces of Kashmir ard Jammu
and adjacent districts, xvii, 108, 479; Birds of Kashmir and Jammu,
xvii, 723, 948 ; Notes on small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent districts,
xvii, 928, ; :
WASEY, G. K.—Tiger versus Bear, xvi, 506.
WASP—(See HYMENOPTERA),
WATER CHESTNUT—The “ Pectinate Organs ” of 2'rapa bispinosa, xvii, 84:
GENERAL INDEX, Ixxili
WATSON, J. W.—Notes on Birds near Quetta, xv, 144 ; Packs of Wolves in
Persia, xvii, 516 ; Urial in Persia, xvii, 517.
WAX WING—Occurrence of the—, (A. garrulus) at Bannu, N.-W. F. Pro-
vince, xvii, 1037.
WEATHER—Birds bathing in cloudy—, xv, 717 ; Bird—reporters, xvii, 528.
WEDDERBURN, W.—Drought-resisting Fodder Plants, xiv, 614 ; xv, 148,
WEEVIL—(See CoLEOPTERA),
WHALE—(See CETACEAN).
WHITEHEAD, C, H, T.—Notes on the occurrence of certain Birds in the
Plains of N.-W, India, xvii, 243,
WHYMPER, 8. L.—Occurrence of the Chestnut-headed Shortwing and Nest-
ing of the Black-chinned Yuhina in Kumaon, xiv, 607 ; Birds’ Nesting
in Kumaon, xiv, 624 ; Birds’ Nesting in Garhwal, xv, 520; Late breeding
of the Black Partridge (Ff. vulgaris), xvii, 232 ; Sites of Birds’ Nests, xvii,
236 ; The Brown Wood Owl (S, indrané), vii, 523 ; Nesting of the Ibis-
bill (/. struthersi) and Common Sandpiper (7. hypoleucus), xvii, 546 ;
Some notes on Birds’ Nesting in Tehri-Garhwal, xvii, 817,
WICKHAM, P, F.—Nesiing of the Malayan Banded Crake (R. fasciata),
xvii, 228.
WIGEON—The-—, (Plate), xvi, 1.
WILD ANIMALS at waiter, xiv, 157.
WILSON, N. F. J.—The Oceanic or Andaman Teal (N. albigulare), xv, 525.
WOLVES—Packs of—in Persia, xvii, 516.
WOODPECKER (S),—Curious course taken by the Hyoid Cornua or Tongue
Muscles in certain—, xiv, 587; A—dilemma, xvi, 518.
WOODROW, G. M.—Size of remarkable trees, xv, 131; Four interesting
Bombay Plants, xv, 363.
WORMS--Note on a Gordius parasitic in the body of a Mantis, xiv, 610; On
a new Enchytreid—(Henlea lefroy:) from India destructive to the eggs of a
Locust, xvii, 797.
WROUGHTON, BR, C.—The Common Striped Palm Squirrel, xvi, 406 ; Notes
on the genus Tatera with descriptions of new species, xvii, 511 ; Notes on
some Rats of the Mus mettada group, xvii, 997.
WYNAAD—Birds observed in the Nilgiris and—, xvi, 163.
YAM (S) Famine Foods ; An important edible Wild—, of the Thana District
Bombay, xiv, 772; Dioscorea demona, xv, 366; Indian—,(D, damona
> aca Ie
YATE, A. C.—Rai killed by lead-poisoning, xv, 364.
YOUNG, F.—A strange foster-mother, xvii, 841,
YOUNG, L. C. H.—The Classification of the Lepidoptera papilionina, xv, 294 ;
Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera papilionina in the Society’s
Collection, xv, 483 ; Further notes on the Classification of Indian Butter-
flies, xv, 530; Butterflies of the Konkan District,xy, 530; Hnemies of
insects, xv, 530; The distribution of Butterflies in India, xv, 594; Note
i3
Ixx1v GENERAL INDEX.
on Sexual Dimorphism, xvi, 37; The Ancestry of the Horse, xvi, 162;
The size of Snakes, xvi, 504; The Common Butterflies of the Plains of
India, xvi, 570; xvii, 418, 921; First hints on collecting Butterflies,
xvii, 114; What is a Species ? xvii, 128 ; Habits of the Tapir, xvii, 524 ;
Occurrence of the Butterfly Chilaria othona in Salsette, xvii, 1030.
YOUNG, M.—The boldness of Panthers, xv, 727 ; Birds’ Nesting near Mhow,
xvi, 514 ; Accident to the young of the Indian Cliff Swallow (Z. fluvicola),
xvi, 753,
ZOOLOGICAL RECORD—A list of the publications relating to India from
the—, (1903-4), xvii, 505,
incde=
abbas eee 900
abbotti .. se
abdominalis ...
abietis-picez ...
Ablabes... aoe
abnormalis ...
A boricola,
Abrornis 500
abuense... a00
Abutilon 200
abyssinica
Acacia san
Acanthaca
Acanthis a00
Acanthodium ...
Aeanthodon .>.
Acantholipis ...
PAGE
Sue)
Sy G3, TERE
eee ... 468, 462
eles ae aes 08
8 BR OD
Sy MRR NE eee re
Pe PL, aod
Oe rs Saas ena
Pe WR ata ce)
ae eee
: ..- 900, 914
...446, 838, 905, 925
. 912
243, 484, 851
. 912
«1088
661, 663
ceo eco
Acanthopneuste 8, 113, 354, 792, 793, 818
Acanthosaura oo.
Acanthus coo
Acavus ... :
Accentor 000
Accipiter coe
ACCIPItTiNUS 0.
A cer
Aceros S06
Acheeta
achaeus
Achalinus ooo
Achatina ooo
achatinus
achetinus 000
achnastis coo
Achyranthes ...
Aciptilia
Acolescilis
Acontia.e.
Acontianz
acontias vee
Acridium coc
. 255
. 912
217
. 482
1-488, 729, 760, 970
Sm iced CRN ON
. 241
. 966
. 798
‘ . 241
Beiy GTG
218, 851
eel 3 -. 213
ey i Heat RBG
5 150
Pen coos 13
. 730
. 983
474
veo G55
. 409
See: OIE
eco eco
Acridotheres 158,189,360,362,479,525,795
Acrocephalus ...
Acronycteine ...
Acroricnus ..
..-112, 187, 756, 791
wee 468
eee 285
to Volume
—- WV TT.
PAGH
acrosticta A03 bod ahd oe 403
Actseon soo a 000 dee) ee
Actzonide .. on6 Bay eeeoiltes
Actias ... n0 one 405 «es OAL
Actinodura eee can ne «ee 188
aculeata 50 500 eile)
acuminata, stale 56 «. 946
acuminatus os. ts 500 213, 955
acuba a0 238, 503, 946, 1029
acuticauda .. ae 151, 783, 960, 966
acutirostris a8 500 veo (24
acutus ... «- 251,616
adamanteus ... 260 ove 20, 21
adamsi ... co one sete oe. 485
Adela oe mend «. 989, 990
Adelidze 500 20d voe 989
Adelura Oo 500 6 » 481
Adenenge soc eae sais - 910
adenensis mate 600 904, 909, 916
Adenium 500 908, 909
adhorrens a6 916, 918
Adoretus Beeb eeu
Adrapsa 667, 668
adultera aa oe 464
adusta o.. 56 461, 464
adustus Bad S08 . 210
Aichmandra ... eae - 906
aédon ... 157, 187, 792
Aig ialitis F 490, 498, 761 946, 973
/Egithaliscus - 109, 244, 506, 785, 817
Aigithalus ove ve coe OD4
Aigithina - 186, 755, 763, 789
ANeithine pao coe -. 159
Aigle ss. see doo os. 195
Ary ptiaca oss 913,915, 920
eoyptiacum sve aoe soe 920
secyptius evs -ee 920
/luropus eco see @ cee 920
Aflurus ne . 124
eenea .. 187, 256, 488, 495, 760, 791, 971
senescens cae aes . 675
Ainopopelia ... coc oe. 943
AXolanthes m0 ann 000 739
LZHO1Opa2 «..
soe s0e eae 976
Ixxvi °
JHoloscelis
eequalis ...
7brua
zeruginosus
/®saion
AMtheriide
JEthiopsar
ZEthopygia
Mthria
affine ee.
affinis
INDEX,
PAGE
Sine Rane, O88
re BRE
jn CE Pa OLS
wee 488, 495, 729, 970
729, 1040
Ree wis
oe US CECA
pet ee
Re Sila
cold (0)
oo LD 125, 187, 190, 193, 212, 762,
“792, 793, 831, 854, $83, 958, 965
afra ope
‘africana
Agabra on
Agamura
Agdistis
Agathine
Agestrata
aglaodesma
agricola
Agriophara
Agriothera
Agripon
Agrophila
Agropsar
Agrostis
agrotiformis
Agrotis
Akeridee
ala
ala-papillionis
Alemon
Aljauda oo.
Alaudala
alaudarius
Alaudide.
alba
albellus
albescens
albiceps
albicilla
albicincta
albicollis
albicosta ~
albicristatus
albifrons
albifrontata
albifusa
albigularis
albinigra
189, 208, 480, 728, 957
. 172
eee 02.1029
son eee Seba
a . 855
re eee lS
we. 585
- 429, 446
Bey eae oe
Beh | Mies) eee ates
743, 981
is . 750
Snieie o86
wee 474
so Wie
Eevealbavenm Here O19
Ee ere G 9.170)
Pease
ear eel:
on ONE
vee 208
. 848
ne eee Liz ooe
ee 2, ASD
495, 729, 760, 880, 962
192, 723, 962
192, 502, 723, 947, 962
254, 256, 949, 1029
tse) 9 COTE
eee 452
. 854
159, "190, 480, 500, 958
ose 167, 183, 456
ey any
seh Ren), MBS, O28
sei rcees sO eAeO
sooo. Whee) METS
ws | TOAST G80
cis Wage “RESO
albipennis
albipuneta
albirostris
albiscripta
albistyma
albivena
albivenata
albiventris
albivertix
albivitta
Albizzia...
albomaculata ..
albopilosellus
albosignata
Albuca ...
album ...
albus «.e.
Alcedinidz
Alcedo
alchata ...
Alcippe ....
alcippoides
alcippus...
alcocki...
Alcurus
Aletia
Aleurodidz
alexandrinus
Alhagi ...
Allophilus
Alnus ..
alopa eve
PAGE
we 504, 949
ae eS
bevy a koe. 66
of Gis
454, 459, 468
ass: | HERALDS
wee 455, 456
w 160, 549
363, 369, 683, 684, 690, 787
alopecuroides ...
alpina oe.
alpinus ...
alseis ae.
Alseonax
Alsocomus
Alsophylax
alstoni ...
alteratus
althea ...
Aaluco ox
Alvaria ...
Alyceus...
Amadina
amadis...
amandatella
amandayva
eee
Amarantacez ...
AMAIUS cco
ok NES
og AR Gs
coe 925
. 596
va) VRE
neve ee NaaL
ws PROG
wee 455, 456
901, 940, 941
194, 725, 965
162, 194, 725, 758, 965
ve . 944
. 431
woe 4
sede hl UARG
. 790
eco ene 449
Joc AR ERRIDUS
sss 196, 761
onl Sees!
eo REI?
1 ae
set) MESREDO
sc OTS
we. 802, 947
109, 802, 929
4S ead ORE OG
159, 189, 480, 757, 958
w. 496
we, CBG
.. 647
Pete ee )1()
ous, Ceaenle
sic MEDRROO
: ves 209
oe tenes OO
sce) AUER
bea Wee RO
cog) HOMceeTia Ss
488, 489, 960
Pree i)
woo) CUE
Amathyntis
Amaurornis
Ambasis
ambigua
Amblypodia ...
Anblyteles
Ambulyx
amethystias
amicta
Ammomanes
Ammoperdix ...
Ampelas
Amphicausta ...
Amphidromus ...
Amphiperas
Amphipyra ..
amphorella
ampla ...
Ampulex
ampulla... see
Ampullaria
Ampullariide
amurensis
anmyedalus ...
Amyna ale
Amyris...
Anabasis
Anacampis
anaconda
analis ... eae
anamalyana
anamallensis
anephracta
Anarrhinum
Anas seo
Anatina S08
Bnastomosatus coo
Anastomus
Anatide
Anatinella
Anatinide
anceps ...
Anchusa 00
Ancilla ... soe
ancistrias
Ancistrodon
ancyrota
andalusica
andamena
andamense
ree
INDEX,
PAGE
sae Meith
497, 549, 761, 945, 972
311,
coe
3, 810, 313,
w.. 636
os oreunerero el
Be earn,
89
241
140
ee es OS
sean Tod
ey
.-.1037
Ea
BU mT
... 210
Beey?
se ame IE
soe
wee BOT
214, 317
1 216
216, 955
pee es AG
Ph ie oly
sone AG)
we. 902
Coote, neay Ce!
=e 189
on SSE
VaR ages ToD
pe Oe ED
322, 614, 615
... 740
ae Ol
503, 948, 1029
eer
ait \secgS Ol
Fe Uh GOO
502, 948, 974
, 216
Se vac eu Bill
seen ae OI;
ann or cee ent
sesh | ean BIO
w 408
379, 394, 616
se 7a
. 166
w. 449
wee 855
andamanensis 156, 158, 160, 161, 430, 487
ee
Andamanica
andamanicus ..
andersonii
andrachnoides ...
Andrena oe
Adropogon
ANepa oo
anguinas can
angulifera
angusticollis
angustifolia
angustirostris ...
angustus
animosella eae
Anisodactyli ..
Anisophylium...
ankara ... 35
annectens ceo
Anomala aos
Anomaloc¢ar, ia
Anomia, oe. ens
Anomide ope
ANONA ooo coe
Anonaces
Anopheles
Anorthura
Anser
Antelope
Antennake
Antherea
Anthipes
Anthocephalus
Authothreptes
Anthophila
Anthrococarus
Anthropoides oe.
Anthus ...
eee
anthyllidella ...
Anticharis soc
antichorus
anticlina soc
antidelta
antigone eae
antimicras
Antiochtha
antiquata oe
Antirrhinum
Antithyra coos
Antrocephalus
Ixxvii
PAGE
161, 216
217, 486
266, 995
ve 914
vee 1001, 1002
Pong
ae, ee
ws 965
oc anes
. 294
we 904
1029
.» 448
. 139
965
Hatin ts Smee
Ao, SME
791
wen 442
214
se Oe
Beale!
195-206
we» 195, 206
eK
111, 818, 854
e6a
... 42, 50, 251, 256, 258, 502, 537,
598, 601, 603-607, 948-955
1044
.. 290
wee B4L
78, 957
ie 1023
. 758
ie oe OOR
w. 966
» 945
eco
78, 79, 193, 723, 758, 829,
832, 877, 878, 881, 962
e20
Pee geisha y (SC)
w. 901, 911
901
. 747
we 983
wos 945
sae) eee ol
149-151
aC
aug
ae 408
580, 697
Ixxviii
Apama .. +=
Apamea see
Apamia... eee
Apanteles 200
Apatura... soe
aperta ae. eee
aphylla eve
Aphypena
apiaster... aoe
avicicauda
apiculata 5
Apide .. aa0
Apis «.
Aplecta...
Apocynacea ee.
Apocynum = oe
Apothripa eee
appendiculatus
appendigaster ...
appolonia
apus eve <ee
upterTa o.. S06
ApteTogyna
aquatica eee
aquaticus ton
Aquila ... coe
aquisoides on0
ALADICA coo
arabicum
arabicus soc
Arachis..
Arachnecthra...
Arachnitis oOo
arachnoideus ...
Arachnothera ...
Arzopteron ss.
arbela ... S00
arborea .
ATDOTeSCENS ave
arboricola 500
Arboricola “ne
Archimaga cee
Archotermopsis
arcifera oe
arctus ... Di
arcuatus ase
arcularia ase
Areyophora ...
Ardea ... ee
Ardeidz “06
INDEX,
PAGE
ee 659
ass 167, 169
Bese eee 169
soe dea
exe 921-997
eh os be eae
bree eee 809
eee ier 4
wee 725, 829
“ie . 971
emery RO00
eee hte I¢
SMSC
oe ata
sehiny aa 2908
ee teas 09
653, 654
a . 597
eek yee LOO
res er O08
Bye
. 902
-.-1009
Be 88
we 229, 945
389, 494, 728, 1040
eon
eee
tee eve 653
209, 838, 847, 899, 900-907,
915, 920
897, 908, 904, 907, 911, 917
905, 910, 920
nS CT)
2, 522, 540, 758
mee yee nTd
OR RIOR
368, 369, 763, 891, 968
eoo 670, 6 72
ie ie seenB08
w+ 908
i Au es cE
Be tere 209
812, 852, $71
ey ee AS
. 297
we 758
pe Gee ere
Ue eaGo
. 211
iepaelatsd Si fs
491, 502, 947, 974
502, 947, 974
Ardeola..e.
Ardetta... oy
PAGE
490, 502, 762, 806, 947, 974
491, 502, 762, 948, 974
ATER. ices see we eee 264
Areada... to coe . 214
arenaria see coe 166, 167, 499
Arenaria ae eve aoe . 898
arenarius 386 56 . 943
arenatus coe coe “0 - 213
areolatus 50 ves . 103
argentauris ee Cec eee . 784
argentea ose ooo eee ©8352, 903
argenteophilornis ... . 590
argenteum .. os os . 636
argenteus aan e- 686,915
Argonauta wee ate - 207
Argonautide ... 2 oa ww. 207
argophanes se. oe see oe TAT
argoplaca 206 200 eee 143
argunda... < coo 944, 1043
areus eee 210, 636
ATEYAa .. 110, 185, 366, 690, 691, 786
Argyresthia ... G00 ». 984
Argyrolobium ood 00 eoe 903
argyronis noe oo “oo het
arillata... onc see 291
Aviophanta sa0 «. 217
Aristida se” on0 con Wilts)
Aristolochia ... ae <00 eee 914
Aristolochiacese . 914
Aristotelia -- 138, 736
arjuns, ane oC cos BBY)
armata eve oc so - 901
Arnebia, O06 eae soc . 910
arnensis “00 a0 woe 254
ATQUACA se. ws 490, 499, 761, 946
Artawus “Op axe 157, 189, 794.
Artemisia see are ove 422
Arthratherum ... me aoc con SIS)
Articolla ane onc . 976
articulata 208 500 oa - 908
Arundinacea ... . see 1024
Arundinase eee
arvensis
asal eee ae
Asaphis ooo
aschrek... Ges
Asclepias tee
Asclepidacess ...
asellus ... 500
aslatiCase..
42,
‘we
157, 187, 792
44, 598, 608,
ere
724, 884
vee 905
. 215
.. 904
wee 909
wee 909
we. 210
192, 198,640, 725, 944, 964
INDEX.
PAGE
asiaticuSee. 237, 482-492, 50), 522, 726,
947, 960
Asilus ... coe oes eee .-. 807
ASINA ave see acc Be 1009
ASINiNA o.. Bat eee one «ee 208
Asio eee eee oe eee «AOA, 727
Asionidse coe ces «=F, 968
Asopina... coe ene eee 1024
ASPECT as. 20 ene woe 299
asperrima 000 oon o vee 910
ASPeTSA ... coo owe . 466, 467
Aspidifrontia ... oc 164, 451
Aspidura re oe a. o94, 616
assamensis : seo 369, 439, 787
assamica 192, 962
Astatus... 250 F 1010
astigma 0 eco 20 ao0 BS
Astralium 2c 5 oo 208
Astrapelis sme ove tee coe 171
Astur ese aee 495, 545,729, 854, 970
atalanta coc cae 50C soe 422
atelogramma ... Soe 500 oe 140
ater... 111, 187, 248, 374, 687, 791
Athalia G80 aa o. 289, 510
Athene.e. aoe ee 494, 727, 1021
athertoni 256, 965
atkinsoni 000 200 eee 213
atlas cos ose woe «= DL 4 A
atomosa one coe god eo. 130
atTaA ase oe» 497, 515, 596, 972, 1013
Atractaspis as. oat 206 ono SHS
atrata s. tee 80 eee «211, 215
atricapilla sac 200 «eo 191, 960
atriceps... 200 ceo eee LOOT SA:
atricincta aoe 500 st oo. 651
atrifalcis «ne 500 ooo 649
atrifulgaris ... S90 soc oe LAB
atrigularis 243, 482, 483, 969, 971, 1044
atrinuchalis ... ons vee eo. 498
atriplicifolia one ie os OH
atrisuperciliaris nt aoe eo» 185
ALLOPULPUTEUS oo. eos -- 00, 614, 615
atrotalis “ce oon eco 667
Attacus ... soe 2ee soc 1. 254
Atys « 308 ose - 218
augantha aoc son coo Bhs)
aulicus ...65, 256, 302, 394, 553, 612, 614,
615, 851
aurantia aoe 208 602 abo Zalal
aurantiaca soo 2 oon coe 484
: cee 2 woe 725
aurantius
Ixxix
PAGE
aureiventris ... ae eee 163
aureola eco eco poo 7 HIG). GIL
aureus eve 590 500 .» 123
AUTICEPS.:. eve eve o oo. 125
auricoma cee n0 ; --- 910
Auriculide one eee 214
aurifrons oon one -. 186, 789
Aurigaster a eo. 678, 688
aurisdiana 500 son 500 «-- 209
aurisjudz see ee 214
aurismidz 00 so 500 sed:
aurita ... soe eee 127, 154, 155, 928
AUTITUS ooo bse soc eve 8D4
SUrOTea .., coe ee 190, 959
austeni ... 500 900 «ee 186
australis on0 tee oC oo. 208
autheema ooc ac oo §«=—.1 41, 142
Automacheeris exe oe eve TAD
Avicula 500 505 woe 214
Aviculidee 500 s00 ose we 214
avita cer O00 50 50 Bb
avitta ... 200 ono oC eee 667
avoceta... 500 on8 500 ewe 499
avocetta 500 cna one ooo 946
axillaris S06 on eee 908
INXS aeiees vas one 500 . 236
axis 127, 235, 436, 840, 855, 856
Axonotechium ooo 40 --- 906
Axylia .. ono wae ... 453
axylides aos on0 see eo 451
Azemiops a 2 oo 56, 332
BLUTCA ove pee ooo 159, 190, 958
babylonica ...
bactriana, e090
badius ... ao
baeri
ee 656
ese 727
495, 545, 729, 854, 970
bahiensis 500
baileyi ... ons
bailwardi 500
bailwardi-monticola ...
bajadera
bakeri ... 500
bakkamoena ...
Balenoptera +.
balli ... 900
Balsamodendron
balteata 506
baluchistanense
baluchistanensis
eee
wee BOA
wee 854
we G17
B11, 518
we B14
w B17
215, 785
727, 969
538, 551
we 487
w. 908
vee 287
wo 292
100, 288
[xxx
PAGE
Bambusicola ... at ot 971
bandotii con “00 “C0 . 88
bangalorensis ... «+» ene wwe 440
Barathra eve coe eo. 164,166
barbata... onc nor soe coo SHY)
barbatulo-chlorops ... ese co BY
barbatulum ... cod ere 30, 21
barbatus “0: COC bss soo TPR
barbipennis ... --. 646
Barbatia ont coe cot vos 214
barclayanus ... son 200 --. 216
barrackpurensis e00 000 eg ales
Barylypa as oor «.. 277-280
Basilianus male aoc “nc «- 430
basilinea 600 ae6 600 oo. 467
basimacula ... 000 “00 e. 588
basseinensis ... 000 S00 coe 214
Bassas... 500 aa sco | te ard!
Batatas... eve eve oa cee o Lh
batemani eee aes <n 11, 812
Bathanta eve 00 ee» 664
Bathycrisis .«. no: coe eee 200
Batracheda ... sec one ee» 982
Batrachus ace crn aoe eos 635
baya coe foe «ee coo 483
bayleyi... eco eee eos «-. 156
Baza eee coe eee 531, 532, 760
beavani... = eve eee 162, 965
beddamii 280 sce “a0 eee 852
beddomeze ae ann coe 217
beddomii one ans me sac, ZANE
peema ... fe acc coc soe eB:
beevori ... oo: “00 soc «-. 899
belangeri as “on eve eerily,
helgica ... ose vee 499, 946
Belone ... eae oon ers -o- 636
Bembex... ie she eee 509
bengalensis 123, 216, 218, 254, 372, 389,
391, 493, 494, 538, 553, 727, 728, 759,
790, 852, 929, 955, 960, 969, 1044.
bennettii Soo one S00 eee 205
bengoni ..« =00 sce ao. Allis}
bergii ... ae nae cos ».. 553
Berthias Bae a9 a0 eo 509
bethami wou coc eee 1013, 1014
Bethylide eee “on 89, 288
Bethylins rec eae eee 578, 596
Betula .., Aon eae con eee 433
betulefolia ... nee one -- 900
betulinus = ss sue oon QLD
Bhringa tee eee eee - 191
DibrON ieee an
bicalearatum ...
bicincta... aaa
bicolor ... ae
bicornis...
bicuspis... oss
biddul phi exe
bifascia... aoe
bifasciata eve
bifida ... AQ
biformis aoe
bilabeatus “nC
bilineata a00
biloba ... ana
bilobatus ove
bimaculata es»
bipaTs ee. “as
bipinnata
birthama
bisignata
bispecularis ...
bispinosa. ss.
bistrialis sac
bistriata sos
bistrigata eee
bituberculata ...
bivirgatus oo6
bivittata ceo
Blacine... oan
blanfordi eae
Blenina eee
Blepharis eve
Bleptina eos
blochii «e. aes
blomhoffii ove
Elumea eee
blythei... coe
blythi .. eee
Boa cae ove
bocanidia 206
Bocula ... coo
boddaerti see
Boerhaavia eee
Boleophthalmus
bolina ... ave
Bombax
bombayana =e.
bombayanus ee.
Bombyx see
PAGE
69, 305, 996
eee ere 764
212, 495, 970
6, 125, 878, 489,
760, 972
ve” We SB8
w. 430
... 555, 556, 727, 944
eee 167, 168
458, 462, 728, 1040
175, 902
é .+» 660
Bere s\0 (5
Ses, Gen
sew, ) eee
sce OB AGI
we 440, 724
we 647, 651
Pea es 2110
ASO
476, 662, 664
109, 549, 784
84-88
any
see 208
we. O14
adic iekee BS
w=. 69, 70, 995
jteloome een
pero (315
186, 188, 211, 217,
238, 497, 517
ssa oo eee OUS
PRD SIC
ER aac ANS
ee, anoDe
a ees
bn io eae
eee eee
w. 808, 928
wes eee oOe
sei eee
Bees |
we 629, 635
AY oS
we 629, 635
Pamir Catt
w. 189, 686
sre eer 208
weep eeecatO
set prerta
Bomolocha ...
bonhami
Boraginacese ...
borealis
Borkhausenia ...
bornensis 500
Borolia ese “os
Bos
boscas ...
Boselaphus ...
Bostrichide ...
Botaurus 00
bothrophora .«.
botte ... ews
Boucerosia 200
Bouchea oats
boulboul soe
Bovea ... coo
bovei ...
bovianum 536
brachelix xc
Brachmia
brachycarpa ..
brachydactyla ...
brachymorpha ...
brachyphorus ...
brachyphyllus
brachypocla ...
brachypterus ...
Brachypteryx oo.
Brachyrampusee.
brachyrhynchus
brachystachia oe.
brachystachyum
brachystyla
brachytorna
Brachytrupes
Bracon ooo
Braconide 500
Braconinz onc
bracteata
bracteolata,
bracteosa
brama ... oes
braminus 500
brandaris
brandti...
brasiliensis
brassicze 500
Brenthia or
INDEX. Ixxxi
PAGE PAGE
we uss eee O74 | Drevirostris os. 479, 484, 636, 794, S51
sae ee 490n |e Otevispina esc een 211, 901
eso sce ... 909 | Breweria ono coe one see O11
eae 723, 757 | Bringa ... cost nietes 2». 889
ee oa -». 409 Brithys... 6 ee 5 164, 451
se ese coe O39 Briza os. coe 500 Soo SPA
aes 165,466,467 | brizoides s oe ve ee Sr
ane 126, 230, 285 brodei ... seo mae 3 spe tal
eve -.. 948, 1029 brodiei ... 436 es 550 SON)
one «- 549, 1038 Brotera 206 noc - sa0 SOG)
soe onc see Gis| OLMCCIN coc coo OBE, Ste}
-. 247, 948,1037 | brunescens. .. co0 onc eo. 883
oe ... 655 | brunnea.. 78, 110, 356, 357, 788, 890
S00 cor -. 914 | brunneicephalus aos 5 eee 947
.-. 909 | brunneifrons ... x eae eon 2
ond coc --. 912 branneipectus... s00 oor ee SD2
o00 cos 4.82, 9D9 brunneiplaga ... S00 008 oo. 645
cae Bee .. 912 |} Bryobium eas sae SesEOD
«ce 908,912 | bryodes... eee ese coe ees 981
soe 20¢ --- 909 | Bryodrilus O00 00 soo WSS)
50 «.e 928, 1040 DIyYONIaAce. onc one 209
2 151,152,738 | Bryophila 208 oo0 s00 oo: 472
= son -.. 897 | bubalinus soc 00 one ~ 126
2 ... 724 | bubalus... a08 ale 230, 236, 1038
; ... 185 | Bubo ... 248, 254, 889, 494, 727,969
one soe --- 762 | Bubulcus eee 602, 762, 806, 947, 974
aoe ee» 429,430 | Buccinide ... eae sn odome lelt
coe soe -- 919 | bucephala one ooo 5 oo. 210
oes «. 725 | Bucerotids ... sec .-. 966
ac so ... 549 | buchanani soc 50C one oo. 485
096 eee 907,908 | Buchanga coe oe eels roe O84
43,44, 49, 50,258,537, | Buchholtzia .. S50 aoe =00 SKS)
599, 601,605,606 | Budoreas .. ... 842,854, 856
Saati ueeNece SOON Baton aha aaene a nee 211, 266
sce -«. 919 | bufo ... Soc 200 onc -» 211
ae0 son tel bulbosa... soe a6 200 poo) Pll)
eee soe --- 655 | Bulbophyllum... a6 coc so BE
coe coc --. 546 | Bulimula s0¢ coe 200 -. 218
ane 105, 106, 597 Bulimulide ... ese alge
--- 89,101, 584,597 | Biollac. “sens 0 eect ften dees Im
wo = ose-~=—«'105, 584 | Bullidee Seltd tea Geren
ogh Mesum pe Noles | Bulla tcc oe) eee are
eos “ce ee. 914 | bungaroides ... eee e-- 60, 61, 616
eee wee --- 900 |; bungarus 16,69, 256, 303, 393, 394,616,
494, 727, 763, 1021 996, 1040
see onc 1040 | Bungarus 14, 16, 19, 20, 60-82, 251, 393,
onc oon e. 210 394, 608, 616, 810, 852, 1039, 1040
oor . 485 | Buprestidza ose Be aes Sea i48
eee 255 -. 416 | burmana sec coe ce oo. 474
aoc ear «-- 166 | burmanica ase oo ay --- 189
eee eve wee 48 | burmanicus ... ee 186, 790, 852
Ixxxii INDEX,
PAGE
burmanii «- 903,904 | Calliope oe
Burseracese ee on see ee. 902 | Callista 200
burtoni ... sic oo : --. 484 | Callithea ann
Butastur eee 389, 495, 759, 760,969 | Callolophus
Butea ... awe sce 909 Callophis
Buteo on soc a0 aco (2) Callopistria ..
butheri ... ore mae n00 ... 662 | caloenas cco
Butorides awe sor 502, 762, 974 Calophasis ...
byssina ... coe c 466, 467 caloptila ci
Bythinia ... 216 | Calorhamphus...
Calornis
Calotes ... e168
Cabomba, 506 ane 6ae 88 Calotheca soc
Caccabis a coe’ 549, 854, 944 | Calotropis tee
CACCIZ ... soc one ee. 619 | Calpurnus ...
cachinnang «ss a0 690,947 |} Calpe ... oa
eaccecia “06 ee aoe oe. 977 | Calvatea aes
Cacomantis 74, 363-370, 372, 492,678, | calvus ...
679, 696, 759, 763, 884, | calyculata «..
888, 891, 892. calyptreea
Cadaba ... o0¢ aa we 898 Cama = ae aan
cadamba one c ---L023 | cambayensis ...
caduca ... coe co6 onls «ee L76 camelorum eee
Cadulus 000 “60 5 coe 214 Cameraria
ceca one eo» 1031, 1032 | camilla coe
cerulea occ coc sor eve 124 campbelli eee
cxerulescens .. coe coo §=6 212, 248 campestris cas
ceruleicephala nee coe .. 481 | Campophaga .w.
ceruleum noe ote 200 eee 209 | Campoplex
ceruleus ee 15,16, 65, 218,495,810 | camptogrammalis
Cesalpinia .. soe cue .- 904 |! campylanthus...
cxespitosa cdc mee) DOM || (CANE ce Oo
caffra ooo 009 canaliculata
Caidbeja -» 916 | canalifera tee
Cajanus Saat ee - 730 | Canarium ee
calamaria sss 2 -» 1040 canarium eee
Calamaridsz 6 eee ee coe BOA Cancellaria ....
Calandra, oC e009 .. 428 | Cancellariide ...
Calandrella coc : wee 124 cancellata
calcaratus con coc nae eee 549 | Cancilla “ne
calcarifer ° ee: 549, 629, 635 | candida... ove
caleatrippa ... soe eee -. 180 | candidus...
ealcitrans cor coe O00 eve O72
calcutte “00 300 “oc ao EBD canescens woe
Calialeyon ... eo o eo 163 | eanicapillus
calidris 4. 9 ees ass 499, 761,946 | caniceps se
caligata nO aa cae -e. 112 | canifrons Ses
caliginOsUB ve ons eee coe 440 canigula... cee
Caligula oes ose cnc eee O41 | Canis
Callacanthis cee oes ww 484 CANIUB «. 200
callidora Smaart ... 739 } canonicus oe
20009, 306,
PAGE
287, 481, 959
Les
oe 218
i Ree
808, 394,995, 996
470, 471
vee 489
oe BOR
AS CIIG
Abas SiN"
158, 757, 794
265, 266, 855
Me Ma es 20)
we 909
vee 210
we» 664
we 816
494,728, 969
one 214
1 208
win, eeetg ae
231, 232, 480, 481, 943
eco
eee coe 904
-o- 908
eee 926
coo 241
ree eee 123
w+. 189, 479, 736, 794
. 589
we 675
oe
we 904
car BM
ae A08
w-. 209
w 209
ae 2B:
213
212
Pei
215, 968
60, 657, 394, 440, 498, 608,
611, 852, 946, 973, 1040
ge GMS eaiteg
198, 758, 964
acs AL ERECS
soe 790
wo. 929, 1040
128, 516, 1016
w+. 626
oe 208
Canorus...
INDEX,
PAGE
72, 74, 80, 110, 356, 357, 865,
366, 691, 695, 726, 786, 792, 876,
881, 882, 884, 885, 889, $93, 967
cantans ... eco
cantator eee
cantecona
cantoris ...
C2PEDSIS oe. eco
Capillacea tee
capistrata,
Capitalis ome
capitaneus = ere
Capitonide ..
Capnodes os
cappa
Capparidacez ...
Capparis ere
Capra ... ono
caprata coe
Caprimulgide ...
Caprimulgus
Capsa ...
capsoides
Capulide
caput-ser pentis
caracal ...
Caradrina ae
Caralluma eae
Carbo... 600
Cardiide
Cardelidone ...
Cardiochiles
cardiostegia ...
cardissa 600
Cardita... aoc
Cardium
cardoni... soc
Carduelis
cardui ... s00
Carea ... was
CATICA ee sae
CATICIS «00 eee
carinata aoe
carinatus on0
Carine ... ue
egrinifera 500
carinifrons ...
carinigena ...
cariniscutis ...
carneipes O00
354, 883
weeps 1 hear
oor eco ee lL O24
B11, 317, 432, 444
500, 761, 905, 947, 978
Bed ADIN
a» 110, 480
wo cise) Meee
Pelee NS BK OSG)
193, 725, 964
Mee metke anne OLS
BO wands Gi)
Pees Raasessaihe! be AE
a Vee 898
Seer ORES
we: 78, 190, 480, 958
ees 492, 726, 967
486, 492, 726, 759, 967
coe ove bay le:
“ce 208 coo 214
8 see eee 208
eee ° -. 210
soc oe ool 043
see vas eee 471
Lee vekame eee O09
fe meee EDU SOL
Prien sh ese ONE
N omeaaiere 2!
Bani Beceem aeOS
eee aes 90
Seeks, we 216
See EE ie
vey enon Meee OS
La opener sea
owe woe wa, 484
eee eee eee 422
tee cee oe G57
aoe si9e +1039
. 454
14, 16,20, 216, 256, 323,
894, 549, 552, 854, 1040
ove 274,614, 615
eve eee eee 763
eee e eee 211
eee on gag WA)
ore wae oo DG
coe eae eee O79
eee aee «» 483
carneirostris ..
carneola one
carnicola
caroxylon tee
CAT PHA eve
Carpodacus ...
Carpola ... co6
Carpophaga ...
cartilagines ...
carutta ... ove
Caryophyllacez
Casara ce. 600
Casarca =e
casiotis 200
caspia ... eve
Cassia 210,
Cassididee soo
Cassis ... 500
cassiterites ...
Casta ave e060
castanea oo
CAStANEICEPS en
castaneicoronata
castaneipennis ...
castanitis 550
Castanopsis .0.
castor
Casuarina s00
Catada ... Cac
Cataulus a05
catausta 200
eatechu ... wae
catenata 900
Catephia ese
Catharsius a
Cathia ... aes
Catocalinze aoe
Catopsilia
Catreus... ao0
Caudatae. sue
cavillator so0
Cebatha... 90¢
cedo-nulli 500
Celosia ... s00
Cemas .. one
Cenchris sac
Cenchrus 00
Centropus ano
cephalocra eee
Cephalopyrus ...
Cerace ... one
Ixxxiil
PAGE
ee 39, 603, 606, 607
aes Aon eo. 209
900 was eller:
Ode 0 oe 914
so6 coo woe L149
484, 857, 961
500 aa eo. 149
256, 488, 495, 760, 971
ane ese O99
000 bo0 aK
556 oo. O99
=00 600 eve 948
sos eos 503, 1028
258, 943
«se 208 we. 243
888, 904, 1036, 1087
deo) ihe Loa) GUM EE RRLO
Oe assy aR aLO
seer! den EEO, Coll
be ieee ae TAT
a Talks, die, Gia
a 788, 798
ws» 858, 788, S41
Se) eens Saas
staan ay aaaate i YaYT5
eco ° 433
Pees ORO
sas eal scp d BOER SS
RG BRO
el sae en OS
eee. cea) eee 406
Le tus. Sipeneea 6
os RTS
wo. 661
Re) same NY
pra lee GunteelOD
scch GS
Rae vate GO)
ae ee elma
vee «110, 185, 691
seo eee een 659
See a rn ie
se" ws 209
Be Satara 7 §0)10)
126, 1038, 1043
seal seen TOW TG
wih ia eee 980
..487, 498, 759, 968
eA een aaa
ech Vicy mY SET
AE etree shee hae
lxxxiv
Cerambycida ...
Ceraphryx eee
Cerapteryx ....
Cerastus co
ceratina ‘
Ceratonychia ...
Ceratophyllum...
Cerceris “0
CETEAR eee
Cerithidea 900
Cerithiids ae
Cerithium oo
cerographa
Ceroinus
Cerostoma ‘
Certhia aa
Certhiidee ane
certhiola cine
ceruleosparsa ...
CETV1ANA... eee
CeIVINICePS «ee
Cervulus soo
Cervus ... 127,
Ceryle ... con
CelLyX «es coc
Cetola ... C00
Cetonia... 0
Cettia ...
ceylonensis ..
ceylonica one
ceylonicus soe
Ceyxa i lees eco
Chabuata ace
Chadara
Cheetura
chalcias a0
Chalcidida .:.
Chaleidinz ..
Chalcis... coo
Chalcococcyx ...
chalcomis a0
Chalcoparia ..
Chalcophaps ...
Chalcosoma eee
Chaleostetha ...
chalybeius ..
Chama ... ase
Chameleo ove
Chamidee ane
champaca eee
Chaptia eon
60,
eoc
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
eee 427, 428 | characopa ese « L151
tee «> 166 | Charadriids eve 498, 946, 973
ane -. 452 | Charadrius ... ss 490, 498, 761
see . 218 | Charaxes aes eae me 921
” 1008, 1004 | chartaria toe cor . 166
con eee 900 Chascanum . 912
eas - 88 | Chaulelasmus .. 6252, 503, 948, 1029
cee L009 chaus es. ae 128, 929
ee 209,215 | cheela... 243, 389, 488, 494, 728, 832, 969
sec «- 209 | Chelyconus... “ne - 218
eve «-» 209 } Chelidon «as ea 483, 961
oti ... 209 | Chelidorhynx... +e. 968
208 xs ON Cheloninse oon we 584
se «we 723 | ~Chelonus Scart tace oe AS one
Ge tO eo WW chelotace: | eens secs’ ehooamaulel
- 111, 791 | Chencpodiaceze ae . 918
111, 791 | chenopodia ... ep eect
see vee T91 Chenu ee. coo se . 217
ove -- 664 | cherandra abet ilisil
ove -- 906 { chermes... ... eae, uses . 508
‘ae eve 492 | Ghernetis on sas) LAO aD
eee 127, 239 | chersoni ana’ vases i) canleal ttnes Mea
236, 865, 856, 840, 1020 | Chettusia é 506, 946
194, 725, 965 | Chibia ... one o00 . 187
eee eos 709 chicquera es ac8 cos 28)
. 658 Chilaria Sa see ese soe LODO
op dao . 445 | chimabache .. wee . T41
352, 354, 883, 890 Chimarrhornis... 237, 481, 959, 1044
66, 190, 480, 958 | Chimarrogale ... coc oie eo. 125
ee 511,514 | chinensis ...215, 256, te 760, 784, 971
«. 208, 396 | chinquis arse) waco uote - 971
.» 162,194 | Chione ... exe . 256
165, 182, 183 : chionites cee oan ave apo CHAD
= ee - 900 | Chirodrilus ... a. . 798
coe "486, 726, 763, 967 | Chironomide ... 206 owe «=. 8f2
-- 407 | chirurgus Aid vay 498, 946, 972
89, il 290, 579, 596 Chiton ... ae sen 207
oe ord, 59% || S@hitonids 0) se cae - 207
94, 290, 581, 597 Chlidanota ... 412, 413
682, 684 Chlid notide ... ene wee 412
5 CHD) chloracina Oo a aes eos 987
eesuOo ul RCHIOTIC Mesa Mccstiln Nass 163, 759, 920
489, 760, 943 | chlorocephala ... ove eee 789
. 444 | chlorocrota ... aes eee 677
. 758 | chlorodelta a... eee anc -. 140
158, 757, 794 | chlorogaster vee eo. 943, 1043
soc -- 215 | chlorolophua .. ae ese «= 4, 964
eee ... 549 | chlorophea ... sce eee coo, Ou
eee son LD chlorops eve ove ere oo 8Yy
.»» 537, 1027 | Chloropsis .. «.. «. 186,789
187, 256, 791 ' chloroptera =... eee toe ore 488
chloropus 200
ehoinx ...
cholica ...
cholopis
Chondrilla
chromatarca
Chrosis
Chrozophora
chrysza ees
chrysaétus
chryszeus nae
Chrysame
Chrysidide :
chrysippus ..
Chrysococcyx ...
aoe
Chrysocolaptes
chrysocoma
Chrysopelea
chrysophrasias
Chrysophrys
chrysoprerum ...
Chrysops 5
Chrysopterum...
chrysopygia
Chrysorrhenum
chrysospilze ...
chrysostoma
chrysozona
chucar ...
Cicada ...
Cicindelidz
Ciconia...
Ciconiide
Cienfuzgosia
ciliare ...
ciliaris ... “e
ciliata ...
ciliatus
Cincline
cinclorhyncha
Cinclus
cinctella
Gineraceus_...
cinerea
cinereiventris
cinereus
cingulatum
cingulifera
cinnamomea
INDEX
PAGE
497, 945, 927
fee Pally
600 -- 181
PR ay rete
. 907
sac RE CBG
Rial
te . 915
seg) 1) oda MTS?
Br aie 7/2
w. --BB7, 481, 959
Si Niet cant bt
Er aOR
418, 421
14, 351, 363, 682, 684,
686, 696, 759, 967, 1040
oe
. 907
"956, 261, B04 1035
Da vas = 992
- 635
Ss coo OD4
200 oes OCD
eae 180
481
oo. 963
er. 452
208, 211
«-. 176
1549, 854, 944
-- 807
. 510
. 947
-- 501, 947
- 900
ies . 918
soc 912, 918, 919
000 916, 917, 919
eee 908
-- 960
78, 482
237, 482, 960
a0 coo ZY
sve) Ore “488, 729, 791
112, 502, 761, 762, 972,
974
- . 790
500 498, 756, 788
200 ee oo» 210
s00 500 coe 213
448-9, 491,502, 762,974
Ixxxv
PAGE
cinnamomeiventris ... .. 111, 790
cinnamomeus ... 485, 961
Cinnyris : 758, 836
Circaétus = coe te? 728
Circe on6 a0 900 - 215
circia wee 500 . 504
Cireus ... vee 389, 488, “495, 729, 970
Cirphis 165, 453, 465
cirrhatus ee 524, 1048
Cirrhopetalum.. so 34
Cissa aon oe 184
Cissampelos eo. 562
Cissus ... - 902, 908
Cisticola 187, 756, "792, 876, 878, 879
881, 889, 891
citreola cos 713, 962
citreoloides soe 723, 962
citrina... -- 190, 482, 894, 960
Citrullus 500 ne one ee 906
Cittocinela ... .. 160, 190, 757, 959
Clanculus c ese 208
clandestinus ite --- 900
Clangula see 504. 949
Clania ... 837, 839
elarisignella - 140
Clathurella ca eee 215
Cledeobia o-. 662
Cleome ... 506 oo» 897
Clupea ... . 636
clydonias coc woe 134
clypeata eee “504, 948, 975, 1028
cnivetti... ado oo 173, 176
cobbe 200 eos 062
Coccide 400 --» 510
coccinatus - 213
Coccothraustes 500 . 828
Cocculns - 896
Coceyges pac .-. 967
Coccystes Thy 358, 366, 493, 683,689,
691, 693, 696, 726, 885,
889, 893, 899, 968
Cochoa ... eve eee «» 190,249
Cocytia... oo ace eo 45]
Codonodes 000 . 667
coelestis ... 490, 499, 549, 873, 947
Ccelochal cis “oe . 579
coenia ... soc 5 oo. 473
ccenopicta coe se ceo eee 218
coenosa ... ono eae coo y»- 163
coerulescens ove ee 212, 918
coeruleus coo eoe 9D6
Ixxxvi
COeS1UM eee aoe
Coilia ... aap
collaris ... ane
collinita cae
Collocalia wae
colluroides ave
colocynthus ...
colonum ne
Coluber aCe
Columba nae
Columbella ...
Columbellidz ..
Columbidee a08
Colurio ee. eae
Colymbus a50
comata ee. ene
comberi... eae
Combretaceze ...
combusta
Cometes ane
COMMA wee aoe
Commelina «se
Commelinacex
COMMELsODi = «ee
Commiphora ...
communis aoe
Comocritis oon
Composite aaa
compressa Cac
COMPTESSUS eve
compta o.. ove
concinnula =e.
condanarus eee
congener one
CONICUS ee» ete
Conide ... 50
conifrons bi
confertum aa
conjunctus wae
Conopomorpha
consanguis ee.
conspersa eos
conspureata, ee
constrictus ..
contra ... see
contracta oe
Conus o. Acie
Convolvulacese
Convolvulus ..
Copimamestra ...
Copris ... coe
eee
INDEX,
PAGE
eee ose DIT
eee eo 636
eee eee 851
soc 448
tee es. 486
tee ory tele!
eve Ay NS
eee a5 HN bey
1.8, 256, 553
496, 943, 970
a ae Le
ava. 20S
495, 948, 970
ete (0)
ee 516
Sra erasee
.. 997,999
ses ghey)
Pee cer stts)
pric ye 00
wee 458, 461
Saas OG
.. 916
sie eaeeOob
eee -»» 902
208, 496, 760, 848, 944
sae we 413
enc cos 907
eee es. 215
teh) 217 906
171, 458, 463
3a Ap St Te
san 267, 894
Samy Me ee)
we 3, 256, 549
; Ba AND
eee eee AT4
eon eee 917
eae 5 a BEKE
eee p59 LAG
Sos Wee)
ee ee ATL
eee eee 178
eee oor 216
Se eertn ob
we QL, 448
Sen Ma RC)
.. 910
cee aut yi
a try lle
. 434
Copromorpha ...
Copromorphidse
Copsychus
Coraciadse “on
Coracias “ar
corallocarpus
COLA Niece eee
corbicula “4
Corchorus eee
core eae aoa
Cordata oe. mele
cordiformis ee.
Corgatha cae
corilla .. CnC
Coriscium “on
Cornea ... aoe
cornigera =n
cornix ... 500
COTDUEA cee wale
coromandelianus
coromandelica
coromandus ...
corcnata eee
coronatum on8
coronatus are
Coronaxis 200
corone ... ane
corrugata ee
corrugatus owe
Corvide 505
fee
PAGE
tee ae ALL
eee oe 411
78, 159, 190, 247, 481, 678,
692, 757, 959
193, 725, 965
.». 193, 388, 725, 965
cat Geena
we is eae
w. 218,956
pees
fc,» Pee
oe. ee
vee 215
w. 648, 649
.. 217,609
em 5
site eee
as pee
ws, LOD, 77
aes) coy SRS
w. 508, 975
496, 944
243, 493, 494, 502, 689,
691, 693, 696, 762,
806, 894,947, 974
211, 492, 549, 1043
eee
Paes OEE
244, 368, 524
Bae epee ELT
Toe
we. $59, 464
ws 218, 956
108, 184, 784
Corvus ...108, 109, 156, 184, 519, 526, 549,
694,695, 768, 755, 777, 784
cory bantis coo
COLyMbOsa ase
Corythocicha ...
Cosmia ... see
Cosmoclostis ...
costalis ... nae
costatum S00
Costellaria adc
costellaris ane
costigera ane
costinotalis ...
costipunctata ...
Cotile «.. 306
Coturnix awe
courboni ests
CTASSA occ is
eee
Se oa a
899, 1036
re 05S
1. 476
wie, aaeloe
458, 465, 665
see ALO
400 see 212
eo. 212
«- 172
e oe. 648
acs ee. 669
193, 483, 961
... 496, 760, 848, 944
phn CaF
we 437, 955
crasellacee
erassicostatus
crassifolia
erassinervia
Craterestra
Crateropodida
Crateropus
Cratocryptus
erebrilirata
CTECCA ose
crenata...
crenifera
crenularis
erenulata
erenulifera
crepidatum
crepidularia
Cressa
cresserites
cretata ...
eretica eo
Crex
eribraria
Cricetins
Cricetulus
Cricetus
Criniger
crinigera
Crinum
erini
cricetulus
crispatus
cristatus 111,
Crithote
crocichla
Crocidura
Crocigrapha
Crocodilus
Crocopis
Crocopus
CIOPUS ccc
Crotalus
Crotolaria
Croton ...
crucibuJum
Crucifera
crucifer...
cruentatum
coe
INDEX.
PAGE
145, 146
.. 216
896, 898
. 908
wer LGA GIGS
ee UOMISBLATSS
78, 110, 857, 865, 867, 690,
Sener eos 208, 1048
er 592
- 212
“248, 508, 948, 1029
eco
eco
. 914
hl
we 218
212, 661
. 214
31,38
. 208
911
eS
407, 408
. 901
vee 945
. 210
so GES
800, 802
. 928
. 789
78, 118, 187, 357, 688, 798
877, 879
wee 442
. 451
800, 802
. 218
127, 188, 252, 256, 390, 504,
515, 545, 756, 793, 944, 949, 9Y1
cre eco
. 663
. 482
. 124
. 649
.. B53
w. 256
495, 970
1043
20, 21, 380, 617
eoo evs
aoe see
734, 902
.. 915
. 208
... 896
179, 395
192, 758, 968
cruentus
eruralis
Crypsirhina
Cry psithyris
Cryptine
Cryptolopha
Cryptomya
Cryptus
erystallina
erythroceras
Cterias ...
Ctypansa
cucubali
Cuculide
cucullata
cuculoides
Cuculus
Ixxxvi
PAGE
a0 oon seen
ww. 852, 855, 890
eee Slso
eo | ea oS
+284, 292, 509, 592
Joke) sent MUL AT OS
- 215
= 284, 285, 292
eee =a -e- 906
eee eee «ae 92
one nae coo LAH
eee so e. 664
sen ee sil tfll
73, 74, 492, 726, 967
ose 185, 193, 968
727, 969
72, 83, 351, 353-358, 370, 371,
487, 492, 681, 683-688, 695, 696,
726, 792, $41, 876, 881-890, 569
Cucumis
Cucurhitacese
Culicicapa
Culicids
culta ase
Cuma .c.
cumulata
cunatus...
CUNECALA cee
cuneatum
Cupha ...
Cuphanoa
cupricollis
em
Curculionids ...
curiosalis
& urrucaria
oer eee ODE IG
aes. hoe oT
190, 480, 958
w. B08, 872, 873
cursitans 187, 756, 792, 876 —881 1889, 991
Curta, ss.
Curvata «.
curvula ...
curvilinea
curvilineata
curvirostis
curzonise
cuyvera
cuyleri ...
Cyanecula
Cyaneuses.
cyanipuncta
eyaniventris
cyanocephalus...
Cyanopn
esis. | 9 eae yRpeceenELCAl
Po anes ne Woes TT
Bic | Usk aee ena
Bi. yit ca Meee RO
metecn: . 915
Ee a OD
ii . 921
Fin ih ce he aaa
. 443
Le) 427428
667, 668
sis . 540
. 209
a a 918
inc, 1 casey agen
ves ol RAGS
+ 1004
.. 209
.. 154, 804
ie wee 433
w. -511, 518, 514
vac) Rear
wes 729, 970
ae . 646
ssid meen HORDES
Scoeoy Wee See
0-193, 725, 964, 965
Ix xxviii
cyanoptera
cyanoscantha .
cyanotis eee
cyanuroptera ...
Cyanus .. «
cyathiformis ...
Cyathopoma
cyclidias “0
cycloceras
Cyclohelix ...
Cyclophoride ...
Cyclophorus
cyclostoma
Cyclostomatidee
Cyclotopsis «+.
Cydia ... a0
Cygnus ...
Cylichna
Cylinder aes
Cylindra
cylindracea
cylindrica
cylindrocarpus
cylindrofolia ...
eylindrostachys
Cymborhynchus
Cymodocea
Cynipide ses
OCynopterus
Cynosuroides ...
Cynosurus
Cyon .. .
Cyornis...
Cypa .. One
Cyperacea
Cyperus...
Cyphochilus ...
Cyprea 5
Cy pride ove
Cypricarda «.
Cyprinids ece
cyptinoides
Cypselidz soe
Cypselus eee
Cyrenidez
Cyrestis ees
Cyrtotrachelus
cysis-.. eee
Cytherea
Cytisus eee
189, 363, 368
INDEX,
PAGE
care se LSB
sas a8O79
we 864, 964
ee OES
190, 482
Pi WeGeBIG
.-. 916, 506
s) aO76
SIT
35 SE UG
eh. Vette
Sa ) SOG
Bohs Cue onG
. 216
216
734
vee 948
we 213
uae, OL
be OT
wn 213
ws 210
wee 897
1» 908
we 433
ww. 768
Beal ce OL
nae) eB 9R90
Bola NOD
918, 920
w. 920
128, 854, 1038
, 869, 480, 957
ee eae
wee 917
Lio
Boo it «eG
pica ike O09
209, 509
as B14
wo B14
we = 214, 635
492, 726, 966
492, 726, 759, 783, 966
eee ee 214
eee ooo 921
ave we 427
eee eoe 217
eee eos 215
eee coe 903
ne ee ee
cE
Dachylectinum
Dactylethra
Dactyloctenium
dactylon not
Dafila ... :
daghoba, nec
daltani ... “a
dalyi ss.
dalzetii ose
damna ..
Danais As}
Dapsilotoma ...
Dargida... ooo
Dasygaster ..
datina 0
dauma
daurica... aoe
davisonii
Decadarchis
decepta... cee
decidua... ee
decissima a8
decolorata Fes
decorata
decumanus
decumbens
deese ... one
deesaensis S06
deesanus aon
delibrata a0
deliciosa one
delillii... woe
Delphinula ...
Demiophila ...
demotaretra
Dendrobium ...
Dendrocitta ...
Dendrocomus ...
Dendrocopus
dendrocyena ...
dendrophilus ...
Dendrophis «=
Dendrotreron ...
denhamii A100
dens-colubri
CENSUS oe. aes
Dentaliidze «..
dentalis doe
Dentalium ...
dentatus coo
denticula 600
PAGE
eee «+. 920
+e ee 153
- 920
den 0 POL
238, 508, 948
realy,
oi ea
217,218
35,36
ese
sc Ce eS
oo. ema
19
164, 452, 453
ai Reg
... 190
we. 783, 961
f 65, 501
--. 751, 758
io eee
sie eeaoe
: wee 455
sic) ee BE
se 648
we 126
w+ 906
; 95, 581
w. B83, 597
eae SOUT
Bear ree
ae!) eG
oe eeeiomne
a vee 208
sonia
Ae tee eae
sa? WR SIE 32733
109, 156, 184, 388,784
Ac) ae ee
w-. 161, 198, 724, 964
..491, 508, 975, 1028
eee coe B94
wee 9394, 1038
eee w» 943
ove eee 900
ese coe 210
eee coe 917
ore coe 214
eee eee 430
ees «. 214
eee eee 209
we 459, 464
denticulata
flenticulatum ...
Dentina
dentina
depictus
depressus
deserti ...
desertorum
deshayesii
desmazerla
destermina
Deuterocopus ...
dharma...
dhumnades
diacea ...
diacma ...
Diactenis
Dianthera
Dianthevia
Diapriide
diardi ...
Diataraxia
Diexidaz
Diczeum
Dichoceros
Dichrons
Dichrerhampha
Dicksoni aye
Dicoma... coo
Dictoma aie
Diecranocephalus
Dicruridze ono
dicruroides ...
Dicrurus
dictyodes co6
didyma...
diffusa ... ee
Dilophothripa...
Diluculum
. Dinoderus
Dinumma
dione ... one
Dionea eas
Diosphyros
diphos ... ses
Diphtnera ...
diplochorda
Diplodonta...
diplotaxis SOc
Dipsadomorphts
15
INDEX,
PAGE
Sete Te eFO00
se e900
hy ans
171,173
... 208
Soaps GI
Set en aS
729, 848
.. 212
vee 920
po DG
pode!
458, 460
we 261
.. 668
vee 142
979, 980
897
sia
. 596
wa 764
Be Yl
192, 968
161, 192, 758, $63, 1043
Fe eh REN9OG
w 110
. 734
799
we 907
sa Puta ahons
2 OG
111, 187, 791
111, 187, 248, 874, 687, 689,
wee 687
791, 880
ane
B08
a .». 899
ws 654, 655
TIO
220, 428
Ste EEE GRO
Bee Reo
Sceuhenee COG
e746
: . 216
aed ERT
; wee 649
Pot Meson
eee ee ROG
wee 398, 394
Dipsas ... Se
Dipteracanthus
Dipterocarpus ..
Dipterygium
Dirrhinus
Discestra
discolor ...
Disophrys
dispar ...
Dispus ...
dissecta oe. one
Dissemuroides ...
Dissemurus
Dissepyris ces
dissimulans ...
dissimilis
Dissura sc
Distacta
Distemon
distincta a0
Distira ...
! divaricata
divaricatum
diversifolia
divisicornis ...
dixoni ..
Diya ... Bae
doda «ee coc
Doliidee cee sec
dolioides coo
Doliophis Ke
Dolium ... eA
domesticus eae
dominica c06
dominns “oc
Donacide a6
Donax ...
doreas ... wae
doriz2 ... a
dorippus am
dorsalis
dorsata ... 200
Dosinia .. ane
Dostia ...
Dosytheus
Drachmubola ...
Draco...
Drillia ...
Drimylastis ...
Driophis ae
DromaS.e.
]xxxix
PaGE
we. 852
=o
= woe 184
og HT
se oe Oe
--, 164, 166
con (fehl
w. 585, 586
7, 872
we 51S
1 E79
; wee 156
187, 762, 791
Boosts i
wale OTe
216, 260, 955
w.. 392, BOL
se 0 eesga88
sap keeten Oli
sae! eo
Berta. Che
Ask) Degas
vss 34a 909
we 897
we 597
we 819
wee 869
wee 676
wee 210
Hey bec 2G
.-. 60, 70, 995
spl east ONO
161, 191, 485, 757, 961
ee peer iy)
424, 429, 436
pee nes
re 02)
«cat {ieee 980
cc TS
ccd) EAD
is) Aue as
w BLO
we 215
oe nee baseZ06
scsi) i ane 290)
sc aS OTe
w. 256, 855
eri oe SIS
987, 988
wa B94
vee 490
INDEX,
xc
PAGE
Drymocatapbus eee 369, 787
Drymochares -.. 78, 352, 363, 788, 890
Dryocalamus ... eee 50: ce 0.
Dryonastes «se eee 362, 783, 785
Dryophis one eae weet, 251, 854
dubia «.. soe +498, 908, 946, 973
dubius ... a0 soc .- 391, EOL
Ducula ... a cod wee O71
Dudgeona oe 24]
dukhunensis ... ° 23, 854, 1038
Dumetia a ee sos +e. 680
Dumetorum ... 208 ose oo 112
Dupetor... os 200 “0 eee O74
duplicata S10 209, 212, 456
duplicilinea on ace Sol
durus -.. -e 920
dussumieri ... «. 636,972, 1043
duvanceli ove ses vee 759, 764
dysodea... 208 see 171, 173, 176
Earias ... cae ese 656
earlii 185, 691, 786
Eburna “0 a56 eee 211
eburnea eae BOA aoe eee 905
eburneus aoe BAG o0% soe 213
eccentrica pale eos 597
EKedamua an 206 a coe BME
echinulata so ae see all
Hehis «- 16-20, 256, 323-3 26, 394,
549, 552, 854, 866, 1040
Echiochilon 909, 910
edentula eos 21D
edwardsi coe 252, 391
edgeworthii ae «- 905, 910
edule «ee es Male «ee 896
edulis e060 0.901, 902, 911, 912
efflorescenS ev. 500 , coe £12
effOSsa eee Son 2ahlt3)
effusus ese a Foo. Slr
egertoni 560 --. 788
Eegnasia * eee eee 665
ehrenbergiana... soe ero eee 897
ehrenbergianum ooo ons oe 902
ehrenbergii ave eee ©6913, 914
Elachistida «ee eae 410, 744, 982
Blamus... one 495
elata dere coe IDA
Elater ... : vee 427
Elatostemma ... eo. 420
Blecthacma ... eve as 419
PAGE
elegans ... eee 208, 210, 216, 560, 913
elephantius ... soe oes . 405
Elephas... . S00 «- 126
Eleusine coe eet aa «ee 920
elizeus «. eee 584, 597
elliotii ». . 549, 1044
ellipticus sae oe 506 eee 896
elongata... ve. see -. 560, 561
elvesi eee 170, 724
emaciatus coe 213
emarginata ... one coe 214
Emarginulids... .. 208
Embelia 556 osc “00 --- 908
Emberiza ... +191, 485, 832, 961, 1040
Kmberizine on0 aos fog Hol
emblyopteris ... = soe 746
emeria ... 156, 186, 790
emicator
encausta
enchroicles
enchytreus
encryphias
Endopthora
endoplaga
Hngina ...
engraptes
Engraulis
Enhydrina
enigmaria
entellus...
EKonympha
CPacteaee.
Epagoge
Ephedra
ephippias
Ephonites
Epiblema
Epiblemide
Epicenia
Epicallima
epichlora
Epichostis
Epimactis
episacta...
episcopalis
episcopus
Epistomotis
epops
Hpyris ...
equistifolia
Equula..,
Rhian pe wee 212
wah "tes > eee eee
seh | aise ee tee Ie
ed! Dee eae
500 coe 143
ee. ope eee 150
«ee 655
ees «oe 211
So0 MB:
sae opler ea
15, 16-19, 351
Bist a igacts wee 665
ot a het ee 1017
406, 407
vee 985
977, 978
w. 916
ae Tl
we 291
ss eee CR Sa
see 136, 412, 731, 976
ae ee
a. 408
i eave
as) abcde. ese iuegl DESEO
Per ieee Fi
wos 187
al
218, 392, 501
we 416
726, 966
am cy GUL:
he ee ewOSS
ws 636
eee see eee
eve ese eee
Eragrostis ove
eragrostis soc
Erastria... 350
Erastrianz ace
Hrato 500
erecta ... ase
eETECEUB cee G00
eremitce wes
Ergea ... ace
Hria wae
eriantha soc
eridantis o00
eriolaba.. 50C
erioptera soc
Erismatura
Hristocophis ...
CTIZ& — vee 50
CTOSL ave CoO
erota eve ese
erronea... mee
erronella 500
CTY CIN Ace. ooe
Erythacus coc
erythreensis ...
erythreus 506
erythranthra ...
erythrinus cor
erythrocephala
erythrocephalum
erythrocephalus
erythrocera
erythroceras ...
erythrogastea ..
erythrogaster ...
erythrogastra ...
erythrogenys
erythro gnathnas
erythromina ...
erythronota ...
erythronotus ..
Hrythropus~...
erythropus
erythropterus ...
erythrorinchus
Erythrospiza ...
erythrozona...
BMPS coo toe
Hsacus ... cee
escharia i
esculenta eee
Ethie ... coc
ene
INDEX,
PAGE
i SMEG TG
cae pa 920
472, 473
-. 471, 645
eee O10
eee tS One
ete
Fay ET OD
see T08
Spar Meee
cx a 8ag
ws 981
». 905
say WaliXggg
wo. 948, 949
. 838, 326
au Rag
Bott ee 09
se NCE
seg A Tony
os LBS
eat) PRR TG
sian MEE OG
ss 210
wee 214
vee 908
484, 961
aMiieeen 10
Pee allo
109, 256, 967
w. 279, 280
a MeCN Ego
a. 894, 960
eg EST
sc RONOTERD
Ee MON 786
ye TOR
ames rae
ae!
78, 102, 103, 871, 479
Se tee tee
44, 48, 587, 948
a Whe 789
sok ORS
Sih uae ed
vee 407
8, 323, 553. 854
490, 497
Psiteecpar (0)
Me deere
wee 409
Etroxys ese
Eublemma ese
Eublepharis ...
Euchaleis na
Euchelus aac
Euchirus 00
Eucosma as
Eudynamis ...
XCl
PAGE
coe 97
«. 647
eee 251
soe 579
oo. 208
ese 441
«186, 781, 782, 977
74, 487, 498, 694, 696,
726, 759, 763, 765, 968
euvenii ... soe eae vee
Eulabes... me ono cor
Eulabetide ... ond
Eulamellibranchiata... es
Hulechria “00 600
Eulima... O06 ae
Hulimidez 500
Hulota eee wee
Humeces noc
EKumenes tee
Hunectes vee
Hunetta 00
Eupatorus cnc
Euphorbia ..
Eupborbiacez...
Euplecta
Huplexia
Euplea... eae
Euplura one
Eupodotis coe
Fupsephopactes
enuropzum oo
europzeus coe
Kurychlamys ...
euryntis eee
Euryspsyche ...
Eurystomus ...
Kutanyacra ...
Euteles a8
Euthalia soc
Huxestis tes
Evania ... A060
CVANICA sce ans
Hyaniide ear
evansi ... dno
Everes oo
eversmanni
evezardi... ao0
evidens... c06
evolomys eve
evolvuloides
Excalfactoria ...
ss 186
158, 794
vee 794
we 956
wee TAD
vee 210
vs 210
Hay ONY
we 553
..1008
380, 384
249, 1015
wee 444
382, 915
pene!
ey
468, 469
erst:
we 210
252, 256,391
eoe 179
vos) OL
eos 126
oo 217
eo. 985
see 466
162, 758, 965
veo
wo 595
wee 740
923, 925
we 655
29
448, 449
89, 99, 292, 582, 597
eve eee
eee eee
woe O74
... 280
w. 9438
218, 254
_ 449
“Rol
con OU
we 256, £96, 760, 971
xcil
excavatus
excelsa ...
exerucians
Exelastis
exempla
fixetastes
eximia ...
Bixocatus
Exochus
expatriatus
Exul ee
axustus ...
fabalis ...
facula ...
Fagonia...
fairbanki
falearius
falcata ev.
Falcimatis
falcinellus
Falco see
Falconide
falconeri
fallax ee.
farinosa
farkasil coo
Farsetia
fascialis
. oe
. eee
see eee
eee eee
. fee
. eee
ene ee
ee eee
ee
ee .
ee ee
«eo
ete
ae
eee
ee
ete eco
488, 495, 729,
INDEX,
PAGE
ses ve 93
eee «se 298
eee eee 901
«ee 730
. see 465
263 oo 214
soe coe £50
eee «ee 854
eee .. 597
eve «-- 216
see woe 309
217, 256, 944
Pee IY
Boe eos
we 901
ee ee
ie rie aes JOS
wa» 249, 1015
Regen 608
ucee i nasgb Ol
841, 842, 970
362, 728, 969
1025
ws. 899, 907
at ose BOS
w. 169, 176
Peer ee a)
: eco 670
fasciata 217,28, 229, 453, 466468, 471,
761, 1031, 1032
fasciatus 14,16, 19, 60—65, 240, 394, 487,
tascicornis
fasciculata
Fasciolaria
493, 494, 610,
852, 944, 968
Fasciolariide ...
fasciolatus
Fausta eo
fez ane
telinad .s.
Felis ese
fenestrata
Fenzlii ..
ferina «e.
feTOX eee
ferragO «ee
ferreaA eos
eco ero
coo ese
coo eee
eee ace
614, 615, 728,
Pots lls
ve 447, 448
eel
ey
cs Cae
ccc age HATS
382, 596, 959
See eS OL
122, 123, 384, 800, 928, 1043
Ci ese
ete een
ete ese
. eee
eee ete
een 78, 180,
eu pone aby
tee ae iBOS
vee 948, 1029
POS mn eat 7)
Seb ROE
249, 250, 490
PAGE
ferreipars soos | ese eee «» 674
ferrilatus “ce one «oe 900; 802
ferrimacula eco eee eee 472
ferrisparsa = «se eee ove see 152
ferrosticta cee “oe eee =447, 448
ferruginea 124, 256, 504, 948, 957, 975
ferrugineus e+e 496, 764, 944, 971
fertilis ... eee 2uC ane sn ets!
ferus ... coe eee 256, 502, 945
fervens ... “oe eee «ee AT74
Festura Ae S00 ry vee 930
fibula ... “hc or bora ke!
fibulata... eee eae ene eee 410
Ficoidex ae onS ane ee 906
ficuS «.. 2a0 ove oo» 210, 9238
fieldegyi “oc eee ane woe Tid
figulinus es ase eae eve 213
filaris eee oes n00 were ao Pa
Fileanta a 00 wo. 287, 594
filigramma ... aes a0 sono La
filosa ow. soc cc ase eee 218
fimbriata eee sie A060 eos 209
fimbriatum ... nae Bale vom 34
finlaysoni ees eas sels . 756
finschi ... s05 atc COC wee 493
fissella ... sn Dale ses aga. {has
Fissurella a50 sac eee «- 208
Fissurellide ... sale nae eee 208
fistula ... eee =; cue 1037
flammaxillaris “0c 500 won hO2
flammea 467, 187, 493, 549, 727, 968
flammiceps . coo coe eos LT}
flava = «ee aoe we ae eee 962
flavala .e. ses aso boo eee 190
flaveolus coe eee ews 19), 789
flavescens = eee 656, 790, 801
flaviceps eae eee eee ewe § «60
flavicollis eve ose 522, 789, 974
flavidens sit: ieean - ye cece neeeeaTES
flavidiventris ... “He ane S65, Ue
flavidus... “of aoe ene se. 213
flavigastra cae eee cee «. 763
flavigula ca -. 123,929, 1040
flavipes ee eve ee 727, 968
flavipunctata ... eee eee ee. 862
flaviroztris a. eee ee 109, 785
flaviventris ... 186, 188, 756,790, 793
flavocincta-minor .«. aes sae AidG
flavolineatus ... eae owe 1011
fluvolivaecus ee. oe eon “oo AR?
{lavomaculatus eve eo 612, 616
flavo-orbitalis ec.
flavostigma ...
flavUS eco coo
floralis... eos
florigera “0c
florida ... a0
fluorites ae
fluviatilis Ano
fluvicola a0
folna, ... wen
foine .. 506
foliata ...
forcolatus See
formosa one
formosana
formosatus
formosum
forskalii eae
Forskohlea
forsteni sac
forticarinatum
ferticaudis
fortipes... onc
fortispinus see
fragilis
fragum ... 500
francina eae
Francolinus ...
Franklinia
fratercula one
fraterculus
fraterna...
frenatus ae
Fridericia
frigida ... ale
Fringilla one
Fringillauda ...
fringillarius ...
Fringillide
Fringilline
fringillirostris
Frionia...
Frisia... a0
frondosa a0
frontalis ois
fronticinetus ..
frugilegus ..
fruticosa O86
fruticosum oan
fucata ... aoe
Li DEX,
PAGE
eras) eget SO9P590
lia ery
sagt), Serene 282
Sere rea hae SE
seat coe" 402
yeh tes 1036
Be coe: Fee ORI
neat) es DODO
acess) sea A OBHESO
sccueiasry e ReSerOag
Leo hee “doe 38b
Chole ate eGIG
ess pemest ta IOS
214, 790
fn ee) ABB AGT
sh dole Rea OBG
as .. 918
... 909, 914, 915, 919
sald wants BROEEOTG
Seo CMOS IBM
Be DERG Be
eS we 96
ede die pao MOB DNAS
: see Ee SELOS
2(8, 459, 464, 486, $16, 899, 915
Sa Wey LS
Geet wed 4B 6Q489
232, 496, 848, 944, 945,
971, 972
112, 187, 792
ina Pau ee eeaee
Soheay ae LOS
af 8S
Loattt Meeat es
woe 799
sin aehieeee kG
sos, Hn aR
75) WM ten Se DSTA ASS
inane cemeireeaTOe
ws. 9, 191, 483, 961
i ae ae RAO GT
Levi hece MOAONASE
Be Werner em nL
ssn Lem IR?
ase se ede KCL TSE GSS
we 481, 784, 790, 959
leh PRA eae On?
ccs. whe ean UREA TOR
ae 914, 915
vs ae 900, 909
seiit-? ces 2 ESB NOB)
fugax os
fulgens ove eee
fulginosus...
Fulica... 506
Fulica ses soc
fulieata... s06
fuliginosus
Fulignula n56
fuligola... eve
fulminata oats
fultoni ... a5
fulval ees oe
fulvescens a0
fulvinerva eos
fulvipennis ...
fulvitarsis 70
fulvus ... soc
fumiceps ove
fumigata eee
fumigatus ese
fumosa ... e
Funambulus ...
furcellata 406
furcifera
furfurosa a6
furvicaudus ...
fusca... ose
fuscata ... ons
fuscatus... so
fuscicapillum ...
fuscicaudata ...
fuscicollis ese
fusciflavescens...
. Zuscipes... oo
189, 497, 499, 761, 794, 795, 945,
fuscus
fytchianum
fytchii ... 208
gadus ... coe
galba
Galeata res
Galega ... cee
Galerita... woe
galgulus eee
Gallicrex
gallicus see
Gallinz a2
XCiil
PAGE
ie Loa SO TR a0
Pei: fen ay)
Me ce
497, 515, 945, 972, 1018
ius oct eel
ise 51) ng
ee 233, 481
ee. ae ie 1029
«. 504, 948, 1029
out. esc h eeeoaS
aug) A frees Peony
oo 201, 218, 503
Eilts tee eed Get
dere eo tOOE
sion ae eI Cs
deh, ee,
490, 498, 728, 761, 830
aio cake ORS
se. Se RS Ten
es cea aezle
wait eee ONS
sees eee lOde
ee) th eecle ta peeRT ONE
sien deat ROA
oeeith evan ees
ces. een = ESS
vce.) | aael ROSA
saci uy seg ERS
sandy 22. BOTS
oid je a OST
coe as dey DIGEO
sows), sete MRR OTA
ai) | | oe eeu
coat casnr PRBSCRTOM
946, 972
sgl lle
eee eee een 971
wee 214
SAikADD. col ame eae
seu). . oeees ESS
a 908
oie cea OS
one co EES
761
secs eee BOOMER
Lethe nGyh aM
xciv INDEX
PAGE PAGE
Gallinago £90, 498, 500, 549, 761,947,973 | cileadense ss. sean wa 902
Gallinula w+ 497, 500, 945, 947, 972 | cilberti al! CARS
Gallus eco eco 496,764, 944, 971 ginginianus Pe wee woe DIE
gammiei eeey SOL, ORD Rein ous, eae My, sae age es TRS
Gampsorhynehus aes eve » 787 | olaber ... =: we 214, 896
paneso a ve ee BIT | otabra ... vis | SED
Sanne ct hac ON ec - 635 | glabrata sx, (yeons, (gens een
gangeticus... +1040 | olandulosa ws. 799, 898, 911
PRUNES US ca . s+ 209 glandulosus on - 911
Banana, ote tte v6 217 | olareola ans 499, 761
gardneri s+ are eee BIT | Glareola 490, 498, 761, 945, 946, 972, 973
garrula ve ve 725 | Glareolide 498, 945, 972
Garrulax cae 110, 186, 359, 362, 364, | clauca ... es see 178, 176, 908, 904
493, 690, 692, 693 785, 786 | Glaucidium ses 727, 969
889, 891,968 | Glaucion Se es 504, 949
Garrulus coe 109, 549, 784, 1087 | olaucifolus 2 ae woe 919
garuda.«. .. see 926, 927 | Glaucionide “e261
garzetta a6 392, 491, 502 | glaucitis » 736
Gasteropoda ... eee «- 955 | Glaucomya oe tee see 215
Gasteruption ... 100, 292, 582, 597 | Glaucomyide ... one woe 215
Gastrane - 215 | glaucovaria cue o. 169
gaurus ... ac - 126 | glaucum eee eee : -- 897
Gavie ... a 947,973 | gleadovii or eo. 266
gavinda... 2oC son . 906 | Glessula oe coo one 28
Gazella o6 200 266, 847 | glinus poe “00 -.. 906
Gecinus 198, 724, 758, 968 964 | globosa coc 200 «. 208—216
Gecko Ps 855, 1017, 1035 | globulifolia eos eee ae DIA
Gehira ... o50 pn .». 855 | globulosa oc “oc eae ew. 216
Gelechia ane «- 189,407 | globulus... eee coe . -- 210
Gelechiade ... --.137, 138, 736, 981 | glomeratus toe --- 910
geminata sec nee wee 395 Glomeruliflorus 500 doo ee 906
gemmulata ... eee soe . 211 | gloriosa ... eas eos 452
generalis sale - 213 | Glossina ceo coc 871, 872, 874
Gennzous ‘10, 11, 549, 852, 971 | Glossonema ese ese 909
Geocichla te -.160, 190, 894, 960 | glottis .. “ toe 499, 946, 973
geoffroyi Sas coc 20C --- 490 | Giottula bc “8 soe eee 451
geographus Se iereiol tl olntinoss eas 901, 907
Geopelia ese woe cme -.- 760 | glycine... see soe .- 904
georgii . 636 | Glycyphana ... agaroleede
Geotrochus «.. 217 | Glyphipteryx ... 417, 749, 985
gephirus soc soo ; . 732 | Gnetaceze cor sue a5 GUE
geranodes - 741 | Gobioides sae ee ses eee 635
Gerbillus .- 126,513 | Gobius ... coe eee ove 635
Gerves one coe --- 656 | gokool ... ea cee eee coe 394
gibberulus ° . - 209 | goliath... ene ene cee 973
gibbosa . 212 | Golunda ee ese 997, 1044
gideon .«. eee ss eee --- 444 | Gomphocarpus eee -. 909
gigantea eee 211, 762, 909 | Gonatodes eee eee eo. 855
giganteus * ove S00 eee 855 | gongyloides ... ane cae eo. 510
Zigas see ase eee 207, 215,855 | Gongylophis .. eee ee 256, 549
Gijef Og “0 see .. 906 | Gongylus oan aa) ee» 510
INDEX,
PAGE
Goniocephalus... Soc eo. 855
goniophora... <00 o. 671,672
goniosigma ... soe o. 458, 460
gorsensis ove o00 con oe 908
goral ... see coe 126, 1088, 1048
OSS Pili... 200 ne 427, 428
gothica ... sce “00 . 447
Gouldiz cos one a86 .-. 962
govinda... 389, 495, 525, 729, 760, 969, 970
Gracilaria coe noc 745, 983, 984
gracilis 11, 65, 187, 218, 659, 788, 792,
897, 900
Graculipica ... CoO =. 189
Graculus ae 300 cor - 109
Gralla ... 508 coc 200 945, 972
gramineus 6, 20, 21, 811, 320, 852, 854
graminis se0 452, 528
eraminivora ... 50¢ coe dG)
Grammatoptila -- 786
grammis . 933
grammithorax . 158
erandiflora ... 000 397, 913
grandirema ... S00 -. 182
grandis ... 243, “484, 604, 957, 1036
graniferum ... ene - 210
granosa... oe 214
eranulata 500 ont eee SLD
Graphiphora ... ss .. 447
gratissinum See . 912
Graucalis cco . 545
Grauealus 157, 189, 764, 794
grayi ... 123, 502, 762, 806, 851,947, 973 |
gregaria . 946
erevia ... wale 500 -- 900
Grewia... =e one eee 260
eriscus... see ono 947, 973, 1043
grisea ... 2oe sac woe 154
eriseata oo coo soe O71
griseofasciata ov. coe soc eco 453
eriseus ... 200 oe. 306, 502, 691, 806
erisola ... 200 cos 159, 479
erossularia ... ae --. 908
Gruide “oe 497, 945
Grus.... S00 coc 8 945
gudei ... cee - 217
guentheri occ sa6 . 549
gularis ...185—190, 693, 765, 785, 786, 972
gulgula ene - T24 |
gurial “cr .. 162, 194, 248, 965
guttata coc 500 C06 Son Zate}
guttatus O56 coc He . 958
guttaticollis ...
gutticristatus ...
gutturalis coe
Gymnodactylus
Gymnopleurus
Gymuorhis
Gypaétus
Gyps
Gypsophila
Gyrineum
Gyrtona
eee
Hadena
Haderonia nod
hemastomia ...
heematocephala
hematodes ocr
hematopus
Hematospiza ...
hemochates
hage
Haleyon 162,
Haleyones
Haliaétus
haliaétus 900
Haliastur
Halicletus a0
Haliotide a6
Haliotis AS
Halopeplis eee
Halopyrum ...
Halothamnus ...
hamifera
hamiltonii
Haminea crs
hamulosa
hardwickii
harinetoni
Harmodia
Harpa
Harpactes
Harpella
Harpide
harra
Harvella
hasselti ... one
Hasutator noc
Hatietus a
haughtoni coc
XCV
PAGE
eee 785
758, 964
. 191, 506, 757,961
san S55
ane | aera eG
. 622
1. 728
494, 728, $30, 969
.. 899
Pee 17
. 652
165, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176,
179, 180
lel
ORY
193, 256, 725
> Cite
. 946
eee OB I
Sed eeRR DEE
e+. 888
163, 194, 252, 725, 759, 965
. 965
889, 488, 495, 728, 760, 969
ae 494, 727
390, 495, 526, 766, 970
..1040
at eens
wee 208
.. 914
eet eee ()
oe
454, 455
ND
wee O14
a eae
251, 789, 929
.. B58, 559
Ce ean
Be DT)
256, 759, 967
fe eels
: a Ee
PE ACCTS
S . 215
sea rece Z 58
Patt: Benen
wei), } -exelOOl
<a A eee
xevi
PAGE
haustellum aan ke aoe «-- 210
Hecatera ah cue os Sas iA
Hedyotis ons eee aoe soe SUT
Helcioniscus ... aD oa eee 208
helena .. Ree ee eee eee 256
heliaca ... wat ae eee ee 728
Heliangara «. 0 a0 sa ey
Helicarion a sor eee 855
Helicide “oC ene asd Paes
Helicina ae a5 ee Aa eM
Helicinide ... ae ses wesekG
Helicops eve “De 4, 395
Helicopris ove acc 424, 429, 436
Heliotropium ... As6 «- 909, 910
Helorins ioe eee ae «. 98
Helorus.n. 4c coc aa oe 98
Helosciadum ... eae eae eo 88
helvetica eee we «- 761, 946
helvola ... sce a6 oes .-. 210
«es 965
hematocephala... toe ace
Hemibungarus... «ee 69, 267, 309, 996
Hemicardus ... ons ewe 215
Hemichelidon... 479, 957
hemichroa ... 200 205 . 418
hemicitra aac een snc pic, telly
Hemidactylus os. 251, 266, 855
Hemilophus ... soc anc eee 964
hemimetra .. 135
hemiopta oe 217
hemiphea eos Sly ee pai ata
Hemiplecta ... oo opp Palys
Hemipodii ... =p0 son BEI
Heminus 188, 756, 794
Hemirhampbus eu. 636
hemispila eee 229, 817, 849
Hemixus one Cbe --. 720
hemprichi cos =p0 aes ODD
hendersoni ... one 555, 556
Henicurus 78, 82, 481, 533, 678, 688, 689,
958
Henlea see eee 7197—799
heptadactylus soe “on «+. 636
herba ... one ees ene .. 674
herbauceum ... see C08 see) Oe
herbivocula ... eee soe peeieloni
Herodias eee ee» 392, 491, 502, 947
Herpestes soe evo 123, 254, 385
Herpornis aan soe 189
Heteracbeena ... Acc “8 coe 907
heterovlita ... soo «oe 898
heterophylla... aes ee» 903, 909
PAGE
heterophyllus o. eae eee eo. 88
Heterorrhina ... ae aaa eee 446
hetreus... “05 ae soohae
Hevea .. aes “Cc -. 416
hexsgonotus ... one --. 262
hexatila we 744
Hibiscus ae m0 so .-. 900
Hieraétus 494, 728
hieranthes eels ott ane coe 745
Hierococcyx 738, 74, 82, 357, 370. 683,
696, 726, 884, 885, 889, 891, 967
Hieromantis ... 5190 ane --. 410
hilarlis ... oon 1. 175
himalayana ... “Oc coc «we LI1
himalayanus 3, 80, 216, 310, 312
himalayensis ... 109, 427, 482, 724, 728
784, 945
himalayica ae x oe. 125
Himantopus. one 498, 946, 973
Hipistes... oo 54, 823
Hippoboscide ... --. 873
hirtigluma so ees 919
hirtiglume ... oss Ano hl?)
Hirundinids 19], 483, 961
Hirundo..- 161,191, 483, 757, 768, 830,
848, 961
hirundo... -» 210
hispaniolensis .. Be ee 485
hispida ... oes oe 296, 897, 910
hispidum noe one noe eo» 896
hispidissima --» 910
hispidissimum Bee =o: = SLU
Vocbstettaria ... ies see dO
hodgii ... 206 coe «+. 162
hodgsoni 111, 481, 684, 723, 943, 945.
s 957, 962
hodgsonize eco OO 1
Hodgsonius .. cae oe. 76, 78, 110
Hodotermes ... ese A wo. 294
hollandrie as oo. 452
holosericea = wee nee 500 -. 904
hololeucus eae se ne BAe ath)
Holotrichia ... as ~e .. 442
Homala... AoC con a06 we. 214
homeyeri cee oo ane ... 479
Homodes we —e $50) 1009
Homoptera +0. * eos 660, 1034
homopterana ... . coe 467
bonorata 73, 487, 493, 694, 696, 726, 769
765, 782, 962
hookeri ove 446, 899
hookeriana ...
LNDEX,
PAGS
wee 204
Hoplocerambyx 427, 428, 853
Hoplopterus : «. 498,973
Hoplosternus ... oe woe 433
hordonia “ce eee 929
Horeites «. 118
hormota Pop sae an WS
Horornis ... 118, 157, 352, 685, 793, 883,
890
horridipes one s+. 663
horridus ear “05 con see 380
horsfieldii SG 12, 549, 855, 976
hortulana aco wee 485
hottentota 187, 791
howra «ee 50 eee 467
humberti ues nec +. 317
humifusa cn0 «+. 899
humitfusus soc woo DOL
humii 81, 118, 361, 479, 825
humilis ...
huttoni ...
hyalophora
hyans ...
Hybleea...
hybrida.:. :
Hydatina ons
Hydrenchytreus
hydrinus °
Hydrobiide ...
Hydrochelidon
Hydrophasianus
Hydroprogne «+.
Hydrus... sce
Hyela
hyemalis cas
Hymeneria
Hypenthis
Hy petra
Hypena soe
Hypenine
hy perbius
Hyperanthera ...
hypereallia
Hyperythra
Hyperythrus ..
Hy ph:lare
hvpinoides
hypnale... was
hypnota
Hypobarathra
hy pogeea
16
eco
vee
eon
eco
369,
eco
w.. 555, 556, 729, 901, 970
Seah. CAGb OTS
165, 166
oy 20E
1024
£00, 947
5 He
. 799
. BA
Benth
500, 947
498, 946, 972
wee 243
wee 878
71, 74
1. 183
285
w. 484
1. 659
674-676
Be A AGOT
cual .We'g99
se S02
Site its
480, 520, 959 |
724, 957, 964
woe 449
BP 478
310, 312, 318, 394
e783
164, 181
1. 139
Hypolais
hy poleucus
Hypolimnas
hy pophza
Hypopicus
Hypotenidia
Hypothymis
Hy psipetes
Hypsirhina
Hypvuthimis
hypozanthum ...
Ianthia ...
Tanthina
Tanthinids
Ianthocinela ...
Ibidorhynchus...
Ibis eis
Ichneumon
... 490, 499, 546, 547, 761,
XCVli
PAGE
112, 829
786, 946
rye:
459, 465
724, 964
489, 497, 761, 970
tue
we 958
111, 790
Aohimes
159, 190
we 958
882, 959
208, 481
wee 308
110, 364, 693, 786, 894
ws. B46, 547, 851, 946
...501, 947, 951, 952
«ce 09
Ichneumonide 89, 274, 287, 291, 507, 586,
ichthyaétus
iconicalis
ICteTiaS se.
icteroides
Ietinaétus
Idicara
Idiophantis
ignavus...
igneus ...
ignicauda
igninectus
ignita
ignotum
Illecebrum
illosis
imbricata
imbricatus
imitator
imitatrix
immaculata
immaculatus
impressa
IMPUIA oe
IMLAY oo
eee
rs
°
ineequivalvis ..
Inala eee
incana ...
597, 1011
500, 969
wee 674
1 934
vee 484
ee 728
we 661
Be39
. 727
coe 437
... 961
wee 963
458, 460
et AGS
Scie
Peek
914, 942
.. 912
224, 928
w. 442
ws 216
533, 958
429, 438
ee:
eel
woo 214
vee 994
as 913
xevill
PAGE
incarnatus woe 215
incerta ... eee ae wee 448
incisi ... Aa} ree nO So wie)
inconspicua eee 218
Incotis ... eee nee . 1043
indica ... 2912, 214, ‘216, 217, 388, 422,
486, 489, 492, 511, 513, 533, 561,
596, 597, 725, 760, 899, 908, 914, 915,
923, 948, 966, 1040
Indicator “ce Ass SOC Sea 72D
Indicatoride ... aiats oon . 725
indicum eae 906, 911
indicus... 112, 126, 161, 208, 216,
242, 254, 391, 198, 502, 584, 596, 726,
728, 780, 766, 758, 760, 794, 865, 946,
948, 967, 972, 973
INCI COME NN Le ik cecum Weak UeeetONS
Indigofera ans eee ve 9038
indoburmannicus es 508 oe 493
indrani ... 60 494, 523,727
Indrella HO eee , 217
indus ... 390, 495, 526, 760, 970
ineana .. Sn 466, 467
infilata ... S00 an a . 481
inflata ... a oon oe we. 212
inframicans ... OHO 454, 455
infumatus c 492, 964
Nino ress 600 200 500 coo 905
innocens cog UG
innominatus ... co cot - 964
inodorus «oe 913
inornata 115, 188, 3871, 373, 678, 878,
881, 887
inornatus 248, 1039
inquieta 260 “06 206 son BY
insculptus eats 200 S00 .» 213
insionis 389, 971
insocia ... ae 200 eee 474
insolens... 184, 549, 64
instabilis ae boc aH «oe 448
insularis zee eos 218, 452, 470
intercostalis ... G00 Doe . 208
intermedia 158, 209, 215, 496, 502,
794, 852, 943, 947
intermedius 80, 111, 900
inter missi eae Ati 506 «ee 169
interpres oe 000 ene .. 490
interstitialis 278, 280, 1010
intestinalis .. 69, 71, 996
intricatum 911, 914
intumescens ... mae “0c Ay CHT
INDEX,
involuta
Tole
Iphiaulax.
iphida ...
Iphiona
Ipomea...
[rena
Iresine ...
iridipennis
irisans...
irregularis
irretita ...
irrorata
irrorella
isabella...
isabellina
isocentra
isochorda
isoclina...
isopselia
ispida ...
ispidula
ixops
Ixulus ...
Iyngipicus
Tynx
jacobinus
Japathura
Japonica
jara
jarbua ...
Jatropha
javana ...
javanensis
javanica...
javanicum
javanicus
jeminicus
jerdoni ...
johnii ..
Jopas
Jora
Josephia
juartinia
jubatus...
PAGE
sill. ezthcepee een
we 790
584, 597
658, 654
woe 907
ww. 910, 911
w. 156, 789
wee 918
106, 619
se 18
458, 463, 899
wee 659
Ms wee 452
sak Mdeke oho Sm
sol, haan 4 DOD SIG
aici", sade, SARI aeoR
erie, herd emcee
wo 746
wee 986
w 408
162, “194, 725, 758, 965
woe 212
ee tine t., Di
dhs Rusk, ee ees
193, 758, 964
193, 725, 852
357, 358, 366, 367, 493, 689,
690, 693, 694, 696, 726
a . 855
She vee eer
ws ee 65, ODO
. 635
. 915
we 213
ee Mia 191, 198
161, 491, 502, 503, 167, 762,
913, 974, 975, 1098
coo eS
391, 500, 636, 914, 947, 974
soe. idesteenl gh gee
12, 249, 250, 311, 319, 483,
793, 881, 958
so ay DEB O8G48b4
. 211
681, 690
. 942
. 510
.. 855
jugger ‘ean
Jujuba
INDEX,
PAGE
woe 495, 729
eee 184, 902
juliana... eve oc dog coc AUT
julliena... eco sas 000 se. 909
jumbabe. eee 56 =. 924
junceus... soe eee eee 912
Jussiza A ae coc eve 901
kachhnesis coo ese 805
kahirara ee con -.. 901
kala ae 600 ono «. 172
kashmirense ... go 000 coe 292
kashmirensis...111, 237, 290, 291, 482, 483
Ketupa ... eee ses 494, 727, 968
Khasiana 472, 509, 793, 877-879, 881, 885
khasiensis oc 261, 855
kieneri ... =c0 sx eo». 1027, 1040
Kissenia onc eee co0 eee 905
koechlini x ono eee 176
Kohautia one o vas eee 907
korros .., oo one wee 262
kotschyanus 0. coe ere eo. 901
kotschyi os es. 900, 903, 994, 914
kundoo ... eos eee 479, 756
Labanda ooo ie ... 656
labiata vee 500 «. 215
Labiate ae soo 912
labifera reo «2 659
labiosus... coo «- 218
Laccogenys COC one O84
Jacerata... os 214
lachanitis soc coo ... 416
Lachesis 6, 20, 21, 310-822, 528, 810,
852, 864
Lachnosterna ... 200427, 429, 438, 439
laciniata o50 ono a «oe 208
lactea ... eae 498, 945, 972
ladacensis 50 an0 wee 154
lactatorius s00 89, 274
lactigutta be co0 eee .-. 673
Lactistica c06 oe ee 741, 742
Lactuea... s06 coc oe 908
lactucoides ... he .-- 907
leetum sen ws eae wee 912
levipes Coe coo eAllel
Lagena ... be coe .-. 210
Lagomys
Lagoptera
Lahaya...
lahtora ...
lama ase
lamarckii
lamia ..
lambis ..
lampetis
Lamprococcyx
lana aes
lanata ...
lanceolata
lanceolatus
languida
laniata ..
Laniidse
Lanius...
lanius
lappo ..
Laridz
Larride
Larus
Larvivora
Lasiestra
Laspeyresia
Lassonota
latencii...
lateralis
laterita...
Lates
laticaudatus
latifasciata
latifolia
latifolium
latipes ...
latirostris
Latirus...
Latrunculus
latum «e.
Launga.
Lavandula
laxenta
Lezba
jezba,
leena ..
leaii ...
lebetina...
Lecithocera
leda eee
xcix
PAGE
des vee 804.
G06 eo. OD7
was soe 999
hoe ob “et
-. 800, 802
eo. 209
ove 477
See Son ZADY)
S00 oo. 147
S00 eee 684
900 oo. O14
ws 919, 1009
904,908, 942
tia 0
ratte
cbt ee
479, 793
78, 157, 188, 371, 479,
688, 756, 831
1.878, 881, 885, 894
8) ELT
500, 947, 973
eee eee 507
.. 500, 558, 947, 973
eee
78, 110, 788, 890
coe MGA LTO
. 784
we 283
Bee atts tii
Pie a us3)
ee) 507
ws 629, 635
BT, 252
Bee Mt oe VOY
901, 911, 916
BO fa 0)
Pe. BOF
159, 189, 480, 757
fie ego
a. 211
w. 215
ens07
Ay O13
wee 138
w. 896
w., 896
sey e002
Sear CCaAG
we 328, 331
149) 787
709-720, 1014
INDEX.
c
PAGE
ledeveri... eee see oem eve 659
leei eee =r eee eco wee 442
lefroma... sos a eee 1006
lefroyi ... eee “6 a Boe UE
Leguminose eee sc soe ove 902
lempici... eee a aoe eve 163
Lemurids coe ss oar woe SH4
lentiginosa ... coe ane ne PAE,
lentiginosus ... aoe 460, AWE RG:
lepelleterii mes : 201009
lepida ... a toe ae ceo LS
Lepidiota one on aes «ee 440
leprosticta ... aco coe coe 469
Leptaulax te an she vee 430
Lepterodius .. tes AAG . 491
leptocarpus ... ... soe ove 903
Leptochlea ... - 05 . 920
Leptocomus ... 509 es -. 213
Leptopecile ... s06 de cop alata
Leptopoma .. on coe 216
Leptoptilus ... aes -. 9391, 501
Leptothecus 00 a0 oe. 585
Lepus ... 126,549, 804, $54, 929, 1040
Leranthus sels ae oot cco SB)
Lerwa .. 25s ae woe 945
leschenaulti .., 678, 688, 689, 726, 958
Leucania 453, 454, 456, 457, 461, 465
leucantha aoe oat --. 9)8
leucanthum ... ae aes seq UHiKS
leucaspis re nad 500 ove 136
Leucaspis 50 468 91, 92
leucocephala .., «A485, 918, 948, 949
leucocephalus ...
Leucochili
leucogaster ...
leucogastra
leucogenys
leucolophus ...
leucomelanurus
leucomyx ear
Leuconia
leuconota “pC
leuconyx oD
leucopis “0c
Leucophilig ...
leucops eos
leucopsis ann
leucoryphus ...
Leucospicina ..,
Leucospis ove
237, 481, 501, 729, 806,
959, 1042
«6 157, 389, 488,
ot 78, 109,
. 692, 693, 785,
: 480,
ike ep cll
389, 72
eee eee eee
1, 192,
ere eee woe
] b]
8, 969, 1040
- 218
760
756
111
889
958
soe 126
--- 183
, 943
. 966
650
. 437
957
962
596
596
leucosticta eve
leucostigma +
leucostoma ...
leucothoz wee
lencryphus ...
leuecura ee ove
levicollis “70
levini ... “A
libanotris nee
Libitina “Hh
lichenora i:
lignosum ae
lilacina OG
lile Bite odo
Juilene ... “GC
Lilia ces 508
Limacidze
Limacodide ...
limborgi eae
Limeum wale
Limicole wee
Limnea on0
Limnecia ase
Limneide 000
limnaétus ay
Limoerium ...
Limonidromus...
Limosa 500
limulus...
Linaria ... mee
linatum... 58
linchi .. boc
Lindenbergia ...
linearis... foc
lineata O00
lineatipes one
lineatum coc
lineatus Aso
lineosa ... 500
linocera «ae
liophanes see
Lioptila “00
Liothrix ane
Lisitheria eee
Lissonota Gee
listoni ... tas
Lithoconus..,
lithospernum ...
litteratus a80
littoralis as
Littorina ans
PAGE
«ee vo 241
eee vee 175
210, 289, 290
sit Gees
onde ele MOR
w —-506, 9E9
; one 596
a eee
Pere
ie eee
ve MARES
oe pace SIO
ot peels
ows | UineaB LOBE
20a (tse BD
won sa OMG
ci tibecabeiaie'y
asa. Myo
se us SeOIGRE
.. 906
945, 972
217, 854, 955
see ody sea
we 217, 955
494, 728, 759
w+ 280, 281
... 161, 758
we 499, 946
235 eee OR
Fe te emo
aia Se eM
iter bake 5
Pepe Te:
467, 915
gates, KO
458, 463, 467
...110, 356, 357, 361
198, 313, 852, 964
Jah cena
oo eet eRe
Pretest
a 1100788
ons 19 OME EOD
ih ayer
PCr,
. 997, 998
oat Agee eB
vies S08) il
er nee (S
o6i. 0 geeiaD
san tees
Littorinide ..
liventer
livia
lividus
Loasace
lobata
lobatus
Lobesia
Lobivanellus ...
locria ...
locroides
locustella
Lomaptera....
lokriodes
longicauda.
longicaudata ...
longicaudatus
longifolia ope
longipennis ...
longipes
longirostris
longisiliqua
longitarsis ses
longitrorsum ...
longivalvis ...
Lophophanes ...
Lophophorus ...
Lophotriorchis...
lophctes
loreyi
Loriculus
lotenia coe
Lotorium 2
lotus’...
loxoscia ee
Jubentina
Lucanidz
Lucanus
lucidus
Lucina
lucina
Lucinidz ae
lucionen sis
lugubris...
luhuanus
Lumbricillus
lunifer
lupus
lurida
Lusciniola
INDEX,
PAGE
vee 209
wee 389
Sate S948
60, 64, 232
we 905
w. 654
we BAG
wee 976
we 891
vee 125
se. 762
783, 791
111, 688
«. 526, 889
On .- 764
eve coe 427
724, 786, 963
= --- 896
cee 291
foo eon
500 .-. 655
ee 110, 354
855, 944
1027, 1044
531, 769
eee 454
487, 762, 968
oo. O40
--. 210
zee S02
oe (3D
coo BEA
427, 428
427, 431, 432
eee 636
eee 215
coe 215
ooo 214
coe 157
687, 696, 725,
965
eee 209
eee 198
427, 481, 432
.- 516, 1016
coe 899
... 506
tae
eee
eae
lutea
luteago
luteiventris
luteus ...
luticornella
Lutra ...
Lutraria
luzonica
Lyciam ses
Lycodon
Lycornis 500
Lygosoma ate
lynx
lyra
lyrata ...
Lytorhynehus ...
eee
PAGE
784, 789
a7
685, 792, 881
878, 881, 885
af WE TES
ee
216
Bead Ts
ae oe
G1, 251, 252, 256, 394,
549, 553, 612, 851
eee
. 493, 768
549
sroHO
. 125, 836, $54, 855, 1021, 1022
212, 216
si Mees on
Mabina... o50 coc ane --. 266
Macacus sale 206 «-- 123, 1040
macellandi coc 878, 881, 894
macclellandii 69, 125, 306, 786, 790, 996
macdonaldi «se «ep see sane 0
macgregoriz ... ve. 308, 363, 368, 958
Machlopus O00 ant 600 soo she
Macheera coe oo one oe. 215
macii ... 157, 189, 549, 724, 794, 964
macilenta 3 aoe Oni con {itil
mackinnoni ... nee 23, 614, 615
macleaii be boo cee eee 441
maclizrias ‘ 6 aoe -. 985
Maclolophus ... 50 00 --. 110
macmahoni es. ane 323, 326, 327
Macoma 900 cog 206 noo PAL
macphersoni 27, 64, 69, 70, 807, 995
Macrernis soc S56 soc eee L47
Macrocentrinz 20 500 eo. LO4
Macrocentrus ... aoc ae ee 104
macroceros’ ... one ooe eee 235
macrocheta ... S50 sco Vhs
Macrochires ... ne abe .-- 966
macrodonta ... eax coe COT
Macrochlamys... 30 aoe ee. 217
macrolepis = «.. : - 6,310,314
macrolopha ... aac eae vee 944
Macronata “Hi 36 oa eee 446
macrophylla ... «se eos 215
macroplaga... ae cee +. 646
cil
Macropisthodon
macrops... “OC
Macropteryx ...
Macropygia
macrorhynchus
macrostachyum
macrotis
Macrotona ...
macrura ate
macrurus ee
Mactra .. :
Mactridz 450
maculats 500
INDEX.
PAGE
1, 3, 7, 398, 395, 527,
852-854
es
wa. tae SOB ATONS
wie seep BONO
108, 156, 184, 525, 694,
755, 763, 784
ee DSR | aoe
La asec OMaae pi
148, 149, 737
ee gee) LORS
we —-—*729, 759, 967
pa ncN = e Ol
BEN nee ery 3
Sader AIDA
maculatus 78, 191, 256, 351, 481, 682, 684,
maculiceps.9...
maculifrons ...
maculosa ane
maderaspatensis
Macraa...
Magna .- eae
magnificus ...
WMASNILOStTIS «ee
magnolii 256
Magusace. “oc
mahimensis «.
mahrattensis ..
major ... coe
malabarica ...
malabaricum ...
malacca 500
malaccana
malaccensis ...
malacopteru m...
malayana
malayanus
malayensis
malcolmi
maldivus mee
Malea ... oe
matheranensis
Maliatha s0C
maligna “pc
Mallotus
Malvaccee 450
Mamestra aoe
Mamestrina evs
696, 728, 962, 1040
Zs 11.69, 308, 996
A068 ses one DOM
eon 2er
we «368, $91, 963
ace onc eee 208
733, 914
a. 890
eee 126
118, 240, 487, 490, 792,
957
eee ete eee 177
300 occ ona Will
500 soo 126
soe 209
eee 112, 855, 920
215, 483, 757, 794, 1043
deat weet | Waser 9
Bo We 6D
ws 309, 215
Auk tS Gers: HOB we44
sot NCR
oo O94
ane -» 682
beh = cl, USGS
iss «ee 691
oan wee 213
eos 208 coe 220
aso eee 1001
eee eee se5 48fcll
ae - 984
eve 506 vee 440
ace soe eee 900
166, 169, 171, 176, 179,
180
eee nee soe) Lede
mamilla oa
Mammaree dee
mandelli
manillensis ...
manipurensis ...
Manis ... aes
Mantis ... 500
manul ... one
manyar C60
mappa ... eee
Marapana A060
Marasmarcha ...
Mareca soc
margaritaceus ...
margaritifera ...
marginalis “00
marginata eels
marginatus ..
Marginella...
Marginellide ...
marginicollis ...
marginosa an0
marila ... eae
Marionina is
maritima AAC
maritimus ste
Marmaritis es.
Marmaronetta...
MarmMaropa e..
marmelos o6c
marmoreus ..
maroccana ...
marshallorum ...
marrubifolia ...
marrubifolium
masinissa oniG
massaviensis ...
Mastigophorus
Mattbiola ose
‘ PAGE
eee eee eee 298
eee ese eee 208
364, 369, 485, 787, 788, 792,
878, 881
491, 502, 974
785, 791
av ance Marae
sere 1018
ste ash 800.0089
i: ) 1191, 488,960
su 310
ore 673
se doe pp LRGATAD
- 508, 948, 1029
we 208
inet? . 214
18, 471, 666, 956
... 95, 581, 960, 1036
ak See ty
. S12E50n
ede w. 212
Sia) a) ak AER
id 1 SRS a ate
eso ese
eee e.e
ee ete
coc 250 we 948
798, 799
ee ae . 911
der, <istives tt PS
ee sea
sido” pate) Oe eee
eat Bera
“ we 198
dio tae Gea ame
; ee ee eOS
. —- 725, 855, 964
scl. | peeeg Ie
iy, ete
wah NARS Geen
sche ScenODT
st), chy DREGE
ac. cond eeeeeESDE
maura ... 78, 159, 190, 212, 353, 480, 757,
mauritiana ...
Mauritianus eee
maurorum oe
maxima coe
maximum oats
MAYA os nae
mazagonica «2.
mearesi... eee
mecodina eve
958, 1021
eve 209, 211, 914
Pb LOY)
oa ee =. 904, 914
one eee oe 482
: oe 126, 916
508 «ne eos 162
ate ae eee 212
mae «. 433,796
e00 eae oo. 664
media .. one
mediana oo0
mediterraneum
medius...
Megachile
Megacolus
Megaderma
Megalema
Megalodes
Megalops
Megalurus
Megapodius «..
Megaproctis
megarhynehus...
megaspila
Melampus
melanacma
melanaster
melanauchen ...
Melanchria
Melanelaps »».
Melania
melanicterus ...
Melaniide os.
Melanitis
melanocephala
melanocephalus
Melanochlora ...
Melanocorypha
melanogaster ...
melanoleuca ...
melanoleucus ...
melanolophus ...
Melanonyx
melanope
melanops one
melanoschista ...
melanostictus ...
melanostoma ...
melanotis “06
melanotragus «oo
melanotus
Melanoxanthus
Melanzostus
Melba ...
Melcha «.
Meleagrina
Melhania 650
Melia ...
INDEX.
PAGE
167, 168
a Vase AT
ee ace Ot
AD be ke hr hers
sou tae es. OU
we 98
-.. 125, 836, 854, 855, 1021,
1022
v.75, 855, 964
ses De aha TIE
ss Siee tase pteaIGOD
678, 688, 792
Sau) ese 56
we 458, 468
190, 763, 960
peas Bal
.. 214
750
.. 746
243, 491
5 iy
97, ‘64, 69, 70, 807, 995
we 216, 509
. 485
ob OG
709-720, 1013, 1015 ©
ee eee Ob 50
158, 189, 756, 790, 794
Sate tee eee iOO
Eee Stet Cy)
500, 947, 974
sear asta uecloea iG
389, 495, 689, 967, 970
: ws MNO 354
+. 598, 599, 601, 602
161, 192, 723
189, 254, 480, 882, 879,
963, 967
479, 794
266, 650
26 . 208
eared 708 789, 970
wee 217
HH03
w. 484
ae Soi.
26
... 598
we 214
Rsmower aN ees 900
Sie mG
Meliana coo
melichlorias ...
Melipona
Melipotis
Melitza
melitacoma ...
Melittophagus
mellifera
mellivora
Melo ...
melongena
Melophus eee
Melursus ono
membranaces ...
memnonia
mendicaria ...
meninting
Menispermaceze
Menispermunm ..
mensbieri eA0
menthcefolium
mentalis
Meretrix cps
Merganser
Mergus...
Meria ...
Meridarchis
Meriones
Meroe ... n0C
Meropes ove
Meropidze
Merops 162, 2 93,
Clij
PAGE
165, 467, 468
shadnes a2
we 619
.-- 661
1039
i 88
162, 965
eee eee 905
ool 040
212
. 212
. 485
ese -- 1035
-- 901
ove 904
5 7H
- 759
. 896
896
5 ANS)
. 912
- 42,46, 47, 599, 600, 954
. 215
. 949
1 255
..1009
137, 138, 981
251m
vee 215
» 965
193, 725, 965
194, 520, 725, 758, 762,
829, 965
Merula ... 78, 160, 482, 854, 959, 1044
merulina . 786
merulinus 370, 378, “492, 678, 679, 696,
759, 892
Mesenchytraeus s- 198
Mesia ... : oo. 184
Mesitus... 008 os «oe 596
mesodyas wos (D0
mesogona eo. 655
Mesostenus ... 500 eee 286
Messbucco 400 o0 oor wee 164
Messerschmidia as . 910
Metachrostis os. no ee 1760 478
metallitis ore cost L412
metaphea eee * ee 459, 466
Metaplioplasta eee ooo AT4
Metaptya eos On coe eo. 655
Meterana =e =o sos sao 1y(l
ev INDEX,
PAGE PAGE
Metopidius ... 498,972 | misippus ewe 418-420
Metoponia --. 484 | Mitra ... oe 211, 212
Metopius -e- 586,597 | mitralis wee 210
Metrernis sae -. 414 | Mitrids soe ane Palla
mettada 929, 997-1000 | Mixecornis 186, 755, 787
MICACEB eee eae ... 456 | modesta 459, 465, 763
Michelsena «.- 798 | modestus --- 109
Michelia me 527, 1027 | Modiola... . 214
Micreschus «a. soe ww» 651, 652 | molbavica . 662
micrantha ee 918 | mollis .. 901, 914
micranthus - 900 | mollisima 3006 482, 960
microcichla .. 481 Mollugo... ans . 906
microcichilus ... 35, 36 | molopias 5 eve 135
Microgaster -». 101 | Molpastes 78, 111, 186,372, 790
Microgasterinz 101,585 | molurus 251, 393, 394, 1021
Microhierax ... 764 | Moma ... . 659
Micromys eee 55] Monachella . 417
microphyllus . .. 901 | monachus 213, 728
micropbyllum ... ... 900 | monarchvs see see 855
Microplitis ... 101 | monedula es . 109
microptera - 192 | moneta... ... 209
Micropternus ... . 198 mongolica ee 484.946
micropterus 74, 76, 99, 355» 358, 364, 487, | moniliger .. 18, 185, 362, 364, 493, $90,
681, 696, 726 692, 698, 786
Micropus nee soa 156, 76, 790 | monilis , 212
Microrhynchus 907, 908 | Monima 165, 447-449
MicrosarcopS «ee a: ... 498 | Monodonta . 208
microtis “oC ae =c0 ---1040 | monodoxa ray
Microtus 165, 224, 800, $03, 928, 1040 | monoica a . 218
MiCrura... aes coe -e- 124 | monopetala one coe 998
middendorffi ... 45, 46, 50, 258, 537, 599, | Monopis aoc ae) AUS
601, 604, 954 monostachyus ... coe Sor eo 918
Mieza eee vee coe vee -»- 414 | monstrosa a2 eee eve eee 852
Miglyptes See .. 753 | montana eee ave ee. 481, 899
miles ... eS ... 213 | Montanus - 191, 291, 485, 596, 757
miliaris .. ove see 90, 210 961
milvipes fi mee ... 729 | Monticola 109, 311, 316, 511, 784, 810
Milvus «. 389, 495, 525, 729, 760, 970 | Monticola . . 482
Mimela... ie ae ra . 442 | montifringilla... ane Soe eee 484
Mimosa... cae a ... 905 | Montifringilla soe soe 485
minima ae ve wee QOL | Moore we sori erento
minimus pe ih 212,789 | Morchella vee eve +1030
minor .. ¢ 212,427,648 | morel ... * “pc L030
minutipuncta ... . 663 | Moringacee ... coe 902
MINED coe 1) ese 6 946, 947,973 | Moringa “05 si . 902
minutus soe 220, 221,428 | mormopa tee <3 eee 136
minus ... eo ee 186,787 | morphina eos eee 216
Mirafra... : 192, 62 | morsitans eee ewe ee 871
Miscophus eee ere eee . 1010 | mortua... aoe ai ine yey
Miselia ... eee ave 165,171-177 | mortuarius ... «. 862
Misera «. --. 211 | morus ... . 269
—_——
INDEX,
PAGE
Motacilla eee 161, 192, 723, 757, 962
Motacillide ... ee 192, 723, 962
Motina we aes coe 646
mouhoutus 500 436, 437
moussonianus coe, DLS
mucosus... 245, 252, 268, 259, 262, 300,
377, 386, 394, 549, 1017, 1033
mucronata aes 212, 240, 906, 920
mucronatum - 920
mucronatus - 920
mucrosquamatus 311, 319
Musil ... ws 635
multicaulis ... - 916
multifasciata ... - 666
multiflora - 920
multimaculata . 852
multiplaga ... aa . eee 665
multipunetata - 109
mungo ee ee §=123, 254
Munia tie 160, 191, 762, 960
muntjac sc 127, 239
muraria ae coo. Halil
Murex... an8 cee see 210, 211
muricata sae toc noc one O97
Muricides 210, 211
murina. AG de wee 124
murinus eee 006 380, 384, 836
Mas ... 126, 252, 505, 855, 928, 929,
997-1000
muscaria on eee o- 126, 252
Muscicapa coe 479
Mnscicapide ... 189, 479, 957
Muscidee . 872
Muscitrea O00 200 . 169
musculus AC ooo 126
Mustela noo 128, 386, 802, 929
mutabilis - 213
mutilata 500 woe 855
muttui ... eos 958
Mycerbas oe soe coo 484
mycterizans eee 7, 251, 394, 854
Myide... soc ooC apallls
Myiophoneus ... 110, 186, 260, 362, 788,
891
my ops eee - 650
Myriophyllum 86, 575
Myriopleura ... coe 405, 741
Myristicivora ... 489, 760
mysorensis 30, 37, 901
mystaceus agp tea)
mystacinella ... ans so (151
17
CV
PAGH
mystax +. 636
Mytilidz soe +00 coe 214
Mytilus... ane ae eae woe 214
MYULOS «. - 212
nagensis a0 . 172
INGA ieies's 13- 16, 68, 69, 256, 099. 305,
383, 393, 394 552, 616, 852,
955, 956, 1038, 1040, 1043
Naiadacez do coe - 916
NAINICA oo. 40 aad coe awe 453
nais “90 eeg25
nama «. a00 . 653
nanodes... Soc . 136
nanus 216, 366, seo, 370, 696
napeca ... 000 Be -» 902
Naranga sce a soc - 646
Narthecoceros... 147, 148
Nassa ... 2 ae gag BB
‘Nassidee bc 20 5 Alli
nasuta ... aS ‘ 215, 798
natalensis tne eee 214, 380
Natica ... coe 208
Naticidz bod - 208
naucum... 50 eee 213
Nautilide . 207
Nautilus S00 . C «oe 207
nayi ors . ane -. 764
Neachrostia ... coc oe 645
nebulosa log eee 199, 111, 212
nebulosus “80 ses - 448
Nectarinidz B08 ado 6 78 og He)
neglecta 111, 187, 189, 506, 854.
neglectus - 44, £9, 50, 559, 601, 604,
953
Neleucania ... ove 467
Nematus 200 one on 89, 90
Nemorhedus ... 400 0 eee 126
nemoricola ... con eee «=. 2.6, 757
Nemotois ane 5 417, 990-993
Neochalcis ... = coc ats OE
Neophron eve 006 eo «= 9.25, 728
Neoruis aoe soc on oss 708
nepalensis 78, 191, 362, 368, 369, 482,
484, 683, 684, 690, 727, 728, 764,
787, 788, 818, 824, 825, 864, 961-
963, 966, 967, 968, 969, 971, 1040
nepos t0 sae ono ee
Neptis ... tee tee eee 925
evi
Nerita ... eae
Neritidz aac
Neritina
Nerium eae
ner/eria
nesciatella
Nesocia...
Netta ..
Nettium
Nettopus ane
Neuria ...
Neverita
Nicea
nicobarica
nicobariensis ...
nicocombi one
pnidus
niebahria
niger
nigerrima see
nigra
nigrescens
nigricans
nigriceps
nigricollis .«.
nigricornis ...
nigrilinea cao
nigrilineosa
nigrimentam ...
nigripinnis
nigripuncta ...
nigrita ... 395
nigrofasciata ...
nigromaculata...
nigromacwlatus
nigromarginatus
nigrorenalis
nilghericus
nilgherriense ...
Niliaca
niliacus oes
nilotica eee
niloticus .
Niltava ee
INDEX,
PAGE
ee» 208
se sets ROR BIG.
a de SOR SSTS
vee 908
. 189
bay
Baers 229
w- 825, 948, 1029
.. 248, 491, 508, 948
503, 975
Seen eee es rc)
he Sr eS
. 475
we 489
Pee emg
fe ee Pee 09
ee ase 000)
Re SOS
. 262
See OR Ae
Be es 2 ONE SOM
69, 102, 124, 191,
309, 996
Se «1010
188, 364, 685, 686,
787, 793, 878, 881, 894.
102, 103, 243, 508, 949
. 597
458, 665
wee 456
Pee Manca EON TOS
Beal ncucie WV eSIOBG
. 670
Soll eee
. 462
289, 588
ea les
Ty Ghil
wee 448
w+ 216
Paes
w-- 920
v1 920
ve 905
wee 208
81, 353, 363, 366 367,
368, 369, 878, 879, 882, 884, 958
Ninox ...
nisicolor
nisoides
ee. 356,
ee ring: ce cy!
360, 363, 367-369,
696, 891, 967
oe eve BOD
nisus ...
Nitella...
nitidus ...
nivalis ...
PAGE
727, 760
eee 575
118, 274, 928
224, 670, 671
niveicola aoe 7 can - T27
hiveicosta a55 eee . 467
niveitera =56 ses - 469
niveigularis ... 109, 817
niveipuncta' ... see eee eee 646
nobilis «.. ane oe - 213
Noctua ... 169, 176, 180, 448, 454, 461
Nodaria... ane ae oo. 669
nodifera oo oe 211, 213
nodulosus “00 a ang Ate)
nolalella «» 656
Nomia ... cor 004 saw oe L004
normani as ooo 449
Notechis soe 14, 165,19
notochorda Aas . 744
Notodela aes
eee S3¢ eee 959
Nototrachus .. tee «. 276,590
novemeradiatus aon ore 208
NUbICA eee 905, 918
nubifera GOc a0 eo. 664
Nucifraga “109, 229, 817, 849
nudatum ons ewe O14
nudicaulis A008 wee - 907
nudiflora S06 50 5 Wile!
nudipes soc as aes eee 126
Numenius “0c - 490, 499, 761, 946
Numidianum ... a eh
nummosa a5 elt
Nuphat... os . 575
nurseana soe ene coo UNS)
nursel 92, 106, 283, “985, 292, 580, 581>
587, 592, 593
nussatella m0 senealtes
NUtADS ese cor = eas
nux oes one - 216
Nyctaginacez ... . 918
Nyctecebus «. soc ove oo. 204
Nycticorax eee 502, 806, 947
Nyctiornis «+. 256, 965
nympha ae dae a, 5)
Nymphea eee eee eee OTH
Nyroca ... 504, 948, 975, 1029
nyseus ... owe eee . 230
oatesi 43, 49, 50, 601, 605, 606, 953
INDEX. Cvii
PAGH PAGE
obcordata coc 200 aes --» 906 | oinistis ... ooo One: eee - 652
obcordatus Sie ee 660 -. O14 Oiolithus a onc - 636
obeliscus on 500 29c -.. 209 | oiostolus a6 “549, 854, 929, 1040
obesa ... oes “ce = --- 216 | Oldenlandia ... one *03 = 90%,
obesum ... 5a S00 soc --» 908 | olearium oes eae sie son Pally)
obliqua ... 20S a8 eb --- 915 | oleoides ... ses s5c eee --. 908
obliquata 00H 200 soc .. 214 | oleracea... eee ano 200 -» 421
obliquus ceo Sac sac ... 915 | oligantha coe 406 soc ... 899
oblonga... 660 acc one .-» 215 | Oligoneurus ... Soe a5 IO!
oblongifolia ... as6 898, 903,915 | Oligura ... one 558, 788, 841, 890
oblongifolius ... one 20: eee 915 | olitorius Cor C06 sas - 901
obovata... 300 aoe . 904 | Oliva... Mee ose o0e ree 2
ODSCUTA ove bale 160, 182, 183, 959 | olivacea ove so oe 211, 661
obscurior 206 c0c 208 . 489 | olivaceum — oo S00 -- 963
obseurus so5 568 aoe 756, 862 | olivescens Soo «ss 508 - 673
obtusus... 500 a0 eas con SkDS) Olivide coe ale soe eee 212
occidens eos ose soe - 956 | Ololygon io. eae --- 371, 680
occidentis soe ee - 294 | olor S00 eee ese soc woe 948
occipitalis 81, 113, 184, 854, 724, 789, | olympia Bee ae aoe .- 416
798, J63: || Voliympiadinay <ee oiede ls) erp eco Ie,
ocellata... coe aoe 20 --- 209 | Omphalotropis sac 600 coo 216
ocellatum seaivy ses see -- 727 | Oncochaleis ... «- 94, 95, 580, 597
ocellatus oe aes ae --- 636 | Onthrophagus... 206 one .-- 437
Ochotona ove 154, 854,928, 1040 | Onustus. <2. | se eee eee 208
ochracea oo see 20 .-- 964 | Onychia ba a Ss 90, 91
ochreistigma ... 508 oe --- 668 | onyx ... ae ae ae we 210
ochrocephalus ... cas o8c --- 763 | Opheltes we Ps ans DeaTlOnay
ochrodes evs 000 60c --. 665 Cpeas es sc oe ae we. 218
ochrolina eco ate eee eee £14 | Ophioglossum... ... « 527,910
ochrophanes ... so asc one Bhs} Cphion ... me om Je SA oa
ochropus soo ee wee 499,946 | Ophionine .. «. 274, 291, 587
SEHEOZON A soe Va) po aeeienyees 000 | gphionotaye jmecs . \ceey) Maan enenoe
Ocimum 500 SGC soo Bee Olt Ophiops ate nee ay se. 852
Ceimebra een ei cee iy ee U0} Ophitisases ©) on seek | coed noes GBM
ocladias... eee soc oo --- 137 | opistholeuca ... a A ea)
octobalteata ... ee ace --- 594 | opobalsanum ... oe — o 62 0
octona ... soe 208 coc -. 218 Opogona a 416, 750, 986, 987
octophyllus ... cae Sun -- 908 Opostega ie te 416,-985, 986
OGULArIS ews, leroy Seen ren LOA, UGA | oral sss) asa) (soo eke Gee OG
oculata... ooo Sor) eee woe 212 orechas .. ‘sein see Hae . 758
Odontestra coo a6 500 165,178 oregonica Gon as pen eee 169
Odontolabis ... «.. «+. «.. 433 | Oreicola sei 78, 190, 249, 480, 958
odontophora ... see be .- 217 | Oreocincla ... 23 482, 819, 960
Odontostoma ... «1. eee see 208 | Oreocorys eve nee ee 78, 723
Odynerus “se wee e+ 507,1007 | Organitis oes 200 ane SELON
Cicophoridaa ... 5 «. 406,741 | Orgilus eae one =5: --» 105
Gidicnemida ... ace «- 497,972 | orichalcea sac ces rs 429, 446
Gidicnemus ... aoe noc --» 497 | orientale ae eee 582, 597, 911
Ginanthe eee sue ove -» 88 | orientalis 90, 162, 353, 452, 490, 496
(Hnopopelia ... ore -. 489,496 498, 945, 965, 971
officinalis Seceey ecay linaat ve 904 1 Oriolidaa Crean scan sone SCG TO
INDEX,
evil
PAGE
Qrio!us 158, 188, 479, 794
ornata ... 211, 252, 256, 267, 394, 862,
1035
ornatipennis on bee . 597
ornatipes eee oes oe eee 290
Orneodes 138, 134, 730
Orneodidee 133, 730
ornithopodioides 897, 903
Orontium ore foo Hal
orophias “00 ae U4
orthadia son 245
Ortheaga eae ... 659
orthoceras see «. 218
orthos . 918
ortbosioides . 449
Orthosiphon .. sos ees . 913
Orthotomus ... 112,187, 372, 878, $81,
887, 893
Oryctes oe 429, 443
Orvgia eco 906
oryzarum coo 208
oryzivora - 762
Osbeckia 305 - 563
oscitans ba coe O01
Osmotreron “488, a 970
Ostrzea ... - ae - 214
Ostrxide . 214
ostralegus coo 946
otkello . 988
othona 1030
otis : oe 945
Otocompsa "156, 186, 680, 790
Otocorys 723-724
Otocryptis - 855
Otogyps 494, 728, 969
Otolithus aa .-» U36
otus coe eee eve coe Cae
ovalifolia -06 --» 900, 904
ovalifolius --- 900
Ovisieens ne eee O17
Ovula aco 23)
ovum 5 wale can 210)
oxycephalus =00 seaitnl ye (ese inee
Oxycorypus nee con sa. O97
oxydata “ee ae coo 674
Oxygrapha den Jeet 935, O80
Oxyptilus ac <0 eee 135
Oxytes nemeely
oxytes: eH
Pachnistis A AN
PAGE
FPachypodium ... oe eae «o> 908
pagana ... tee tee ene or» 666
pagodarum we ese 479
Paleornis 240, 487, “498, 727, 762, 968
palathodes .. ooo . 144
pallasi ... B50 392, 960
pallescens ore “ne sesnOun
pallida ... -cc 210, 448, 449
pallidinervis ... . 578
pallidinota ... eve coe O74
pallidior ove 448, 449
pallidipes see ee 157, 883
pallidus -- 113, 352, 883, 913
palma-rosee ee. 210
palmarum 251, 254
palpalis... 871, 872
palpebrosa anc 111, 156, 789
Palponima eee «. 164, 449
Paludomus eee eee coo 216
Palumbarius ... Pre At)
palumbarius ... . 729
Palumbus eee eee 256, 943
palustris coe BANE) Lae 678, 688, 792
Pancania cee eee 140
pancratii “o «oe 45]
Pancratium ove 916
Pandemis coo 130
panderi... 555, 556
Pandion eee 494, 727
Pandionide 494, 727
Pangonia eee . eve 872
paniculata i - 919
Paniculatum ... - 910
Panicum Prt Wd
Paniscini L011
Paniseus 08 oe. 291
paniseus ee L012
pannaceus - -. 213
pannosa 173, 176
pantherina ... «.- 210
papaya ... eee eee 201039
papilionaceus ... ee 213
papillosa cosh ENS
papillosus vee aac eee ool 043
Pappophorum... coo WIS:
P&PPOsa.e. ee «- 913
papularia - 906
paracyrta e. cece 405
paradiseus eee eco 157, 187
paradisi eee ees eee 480
Daradisiaca os. ese ee 919, 1029
paradisica =e
Paradoris see
paradoxa a0
Paradoxornis 2.
Paradoxurus
paradoxus...
Parallelipipedum
Paramorpha ..
Paratorna one
parcena eve
pardus... eee
pareira ... soe
parisatis see
parochra
Paropheltes
Parrids... ove
Parus ...
PATVA ove eee
parvicarinatum
parviflora eee
parvifolia eee
parvifolium ..
patvifolius ...
parvulaces ee
parvulus see
parypheea eee
Paspalum c00
Passalidee sac
Passer ... eee
Passeres ave
PASSETINUS 06
pastea ... eee
Pastona eos
Pastor ve. see
Patellide
patens ... ove
patula ...
patulum
patulus eee
pauciflorus
paucifolia aco
paurograpta ...
Paurolexis
iIBAVOVN <- Sc
Pavoncella
peallii ... “oe
pearsoni
pecknata ane
Pecten ...
Pectinide eee
INDEX,
PAGE
ase bne eee 210
«ee tae eee 140
eee eces eee 99
foc, Nee ice TOD
oes 128, 252, 851
we. BB4
we 214
Per, Sean eel aS
edt di samee 908
teat een bee 148
ceey th Somers IS
... 562
bt alg 9D
wos, 146
oe LOU
Se 498, 946, 972
109, 784
avery yaxes O45
Ae ASIN 28D
Sc Hee OTe, OOM
en eae ao
ese een see 909
«ee 900
eee see --. 903
eve ees soo 3)
eee S00 --- 978
MAR romae re ONT
Spee emai? OY)
161,191, 485, 757, 961
BN hanes eee Og
870-872, 678, 681, 691,
885, 886, 887, 888
ash Deeg 450s 464
iS ela
PN cone, ke S
ese eee o. 208
300 see coe 908
eco eee 909, 912
Bs we 912
Pe ean 0
fe ih ee ie, 909
Batt eee pe O08
oi we Ai
Neat, cxciige ee OOo
390, 944, 971
sect) heen TAG, G73
SOM es Meet BIG
eM a ORME NT
Beat ietet AAG
Renu uater eee ode
ot kien aia AE
pectoralis ess
pedicellata
pedicellatum ...
pedina ...
peilei ... see
Pelamis
Pelargopsis ...
Pelecanids
Pelecanus see
Pelecypoda ...
Pelicanus
Pellorneum ...
pellucida so5
peltosema soe
Pelvicus coe
pendentata ...
pendula
pendulum
penelope
PEDESSA..
Penicillaria ..
penicillata ...
pennantii 500
pennatam
pennatus
pennisetiformis
Pennisetum
pentadactyla ...
pentandra
pentanervia
Pentatomids ...
Penthoceryx
peperitis ORS
perca ... eee
Perciana cos
percisa ... cos
percurrens ....
percussa sce
Perdicula onc
Perdix eee
peregrina aaa
peregrinator ...
peregrinum ...
peregrinus ose
perfoliata a
periastra ose
Pericrocotus ..
Peritrana AE
Cix
PAGE
198, 237, 481, 692, 693,
758, 786
OTe
a we 911
ex ol apeane eee
POS EY
soak spy ae ee
+0162, 194, 248, 965
ee a ee
BP ore oe Eti(0
tas ceo
tee cn «. 956
eco eos eos 806
186, 363, 369, 787, 878
88t
ose 200 -.- 210
--- 138
coe 194
ie ey Eo las
aah pees ena
Br tak CLS
yk ees OLS
Ati oot DOE TG
Peer assy nC)
wean ek IAN Te
a ge eons
eM Wd City)
Se yt
aihera” TG
2 10 Eran eae
Ea woe 251
os te GeO
ved hee OT
Pi ees teeny (ine!
74, 368, 679-683, 696, 726
ot eee ogs
ee OE bao
w. 472
we 463
Pena tl tokio Sy
ste) sae Wee 6G
tty iOS:
ae. HOUR Shion
et aa 7
AD Rog
Se | Sey eee
188, 372, 479, 488, 729
is) Te
ia ee 97
157, 188, 372, 479, 756,
794
we. 988
cx
INDEX,
PAGE |
perius ... dun ee ose 924
permixtana ... eee eve . 976
Pernis ... eee << eee 545
peronetris as eee 145
perroteti ese ese ese oe 7
perrottetiana ... coe eae - 216
persea ... ee se eee “1039
persica ... 511, 512, 725, 855, 908, 912,
913
persicarie ... eee pine:
persica-scansa... — ee. 512
Persicoptila ... = - 411
persicum = — — See
persicus et eee « 855
personata eee eos 723
perspectivum ... eee 208
perstria... <=. aan “= . 676
Pertronia asc eee 485
pescapre oe oe ose eee 911
pesseuta - 134
peshinensis : 2 at ko
Petalostema ... = =< --. 909
petiola ... a =: ss FLIT
petiolata as . 597
Petrus = “5 - 218
petrias ... aos aia =a «-. 746
Petrophila _ ...78, 190,480, 881, 894, 960
Phedrophadnus as eo. 285, 286
phzoceps eee es eee eee 193
pheodelta 2: oe . 138
phzopus ae oe 490, 761, 946
Phmosaces... = sce eee 743
Phaiomys == = .- 803, 80
Phajus .. ae see @6©«.-: 940, 941
Beaieenecste a 500, 947
Phalacrocorax... = 500, $47
phalantha - 921
Phaloniade ‘137, £19, 981
phaola ... eee cae eee L005
pharaonis 5 — eee 208
Pharnacetm ... — eo. 906
Phasianella... “c -.. 208
Phasianide ... === 496, 971
phayrei... * w- 256,970
phayrii... — 369, ‘877, 878, 881, 986
987
phecematis ... «ee we. G74
Phelsuma oan a wee 855
phepsalias os oe <n 20
Phialocarpus tee --. 906
philippensis 440, 500, 806
philippinarum
philippinus
Philopotamus ...
phoca ... a
ph cebas ...
pheeceps
phoeceum o
pheenicites
phenicopa ...
pheenicopterus...
pheenicotis
pheenicura ---
phoenicuroides...
phoenicurus «..
phoenix ... eee
phoeus eee
Pholadids =<:
Pholas
Pholidota
Phrynichus ...
Phylanthus
Ph: llergates ...
Phylloscopus ...
physalis a
physis
physatma
Pica
pica
picata
picatus ee
Pici ses
Picide
Picine *n-
pictalis
pictula =
pictus ese
Picumnine «..
Picumnus
pieria eee
Pila
pilaris
pileare eee
pileata ese
pilifrons eee
pilusella eve
pilosellus
Pimpla
Pimpling
pinguis os
Pinna ee
PAGE
eee eee oe. 215
.-. 162, 194, 758, 965
eee eee eee 216
eee = 2
eee eee re 742
eco =: «ne 964
aoe «- 785
ee «ee 964
-- 982
"256, i, 970
«se . 965
ae =< we es
76, 78, 110, 724, 831
489, 497, 761, 972
= eae
--. 805, 5a
a) a) eee
ee
<n PR
we 523
ca es OOS
ae ae
81, 112, 113, 157, 187,
351 , 792, 818, 854, 883
ws 217
can? oon
Be
a. - 109, 625, 830
w 213
480, 829
An, coe
an 2 ae ee
-. 193, 724, 963
we 963
st . 671
can et
an) 2s ns
i) eer
~~ =
se, nay
Se
BIE nest © . 482
eee
163, 185, 352, 759, 787
cow 1 ee SE
a. 287, 280
oi: eee
we. 3838
we 288, 591
uw) (915/517
wn O14
Pinus ce
piscator tee
pisi soc
Pithycolobium
Pitta ove
Pittide ace
placenta .
placida coe
Placuna one
plagiata 708
Plagiograpta ...
planata
Planaxide ...
Planaxis
Planispira
planidorsata ...
Planorbis onc
Platurus coe
Platycephalus ...
platychlamys ..
Platychete ...
platy conta coe
platydelta 50
Platyja noc
Platypeplus ...
Platyptilia ...
platyurus ese
plebeia «ee
plebeius -
plecopteridia ...
Plecotus...
plectocheilus ...
Plectopy lis
plectostoma ...
Plectotropis
Plegadis
pleschanka~...
pleskei ... o0e
| INDEX,
PAGE
a. 298, 526
4, 394, 653, 852, 867
seo
BRP ee 172
Beiter) aise: 162
192, 193, 963
192, 968
wee 214
ws 668, 973
pees
wae 182
PeUGST
ee)
see 208
sas 209
ee
see 855
coe «=. 217, 956
57, 252, 378
ses) dp UESE
Pe 2007
f20907
wee 148
we 751
i a 5863
136, 731, 976
Ae eaceolSo
wee 865
Peat
we 636
we 661
woe 854
see OY
foe DIG
ee
ace ON
ieearwes 50
Oi ay 480
BB1, 555, 556
Pleurarius o 429, 430
Pleurotoma ... eee 213
plexa see -o 208
plicata o.. exe 212
plicataria soe s+e 215
plocamandra ... eee .-. 937
Ploceella oes seg HI
Ploceidaa 190, 483, 900
Ploceine aoc vee ees eee 960
Ploceus oe ..- 190, 191, 483, 763, 960
Plotosus eae ose ese eee 636
Plotus ... S 501, 947
Plumbaginacee 2 eee «ee 908
plumbeitarsus ...
Cxi
PAGE
--. 818
plumbicolor 1, 7, 395, 527, 553, 852, 54
plumbicula ...
plumbifusa ...
plumipes
plumosa
plumosum
plumosus eee
Plusia oc. ane
Plutellide ...
pluvialis
Pnepyga
Poa eee
pozoides
Podicipedide ...
Podicipes
Podoces... see
pecilorhyncha...
pogonoptilum ...
pogonostigma ...
Poinciana
polemusa
Polia ... ore
poliastis coo
Polioaétus
sid Meee AED
ee ie ex G50
woe G47
we 919
918, 959, 1029
wee 756
471, 659
. 412, 414, 746, 983
awh aes (946
«. . 791, 888
w. 920
ws 920
we 975
243, 252, 258, 504, 513, 949,
975
we BDI, 555
503, 558, 559, 1029
eve
919, 1029
sir eee Ok
crop hee OUk
w. 458, 462
arp
ete
729, 969, 970
poliocephalus ... 74, 75, 82, 351-356, 497
683, 685, 686, 691, 696, 726, 841
$82, 883, 884, 890, 945, 967, 972,
poliogenys
Poliohierax
Polionetta soe
poliophza cee
poliorhoda soe
poliostigma ...
poliotis ... eve
polita
pollinaris
Polonya... coo
Polycarpwa
polycnemoides...
Polydesma ene
Polygala
Poly galaces
polygona
polygonus soc
Poly mixis
pulynema ace
Polynemus
Polyodontophis
1013
793, 957
sae 389
see 558
.. 635
ve 652
PRT SIG
wee 785
208, 215
ry
we 869
ws. 899
wee 915
se, ob teen6 60
Pines ST
we 899
sees
ape ialh
soll
Bate vs eaaieike
we. 635, 636
w- 823, 851
cxil
PAGE
Polyphasia «x Soc oo. 371, 678
Polyplectrum ... eos sce) OS0OTL
Polytela eve coe eee 164, 452
polytricha ... eve “5 coo BOT
Pomatorhinus ... 110, 185, 786, 877, 878,
881, 894
pompilius “oo se ace ene 200
pomum... ees ee oce «. 210
pondicerianus ... ee 479, 487, 995
Popilea... ene oa aa oes 443
populifolia ... «es nee - 900
porcinus ose see ee --- 1019
Porpak eve one oes eee we 3D
porphraceus . 553
porphyria sce see -. 474
Porphyrio mas 497, 945, 972, 1013
porphyronotus one eve - 479
POTPOta ee see ooe apa < - 133
‘Portulaca eve 421, 900, 906
Portulacaes ... ees ese . 900
Porzana eee 229, 762, 945
Posidonia son “00 aes ooo trl
Potamides ... one . 209
potamiua eee eee .. 178
Potamogeton ... od0 200 ee 88
precipua ae oo . 664
praedita... soe 09 173
preemorsa c 955
pretexta wad pate vet apo “sifll
prasina 506 eee eee 660
prasinus 7,8
pratensis eee oes vee 945
Pratincola 1.178, 159, 190, 353, 480, 757,
958, 1021
Praxis «. . 218
PraysS ee- . . 984
Premna... eae owe Ont - 939
Prenanthes ... eee - 908
prendergasti ... ‘ oe . 10
prestoni sete noo cor . 217
pretiosa... -. 208
Primula - 180
princeps one cc -- 100
Prinia 113, 188, ‘371, 678, 166, 793,
878, 881, 886, 887, 8&8, 891
prismatica sos 983
Pristipoma ... one -. 636
probolias ee . 977
Procarduelis ... ane . 484
procera... ave a . 909
procincta he ace pos fon, ef)
INDEX,
procissa re
proclina ses
Proctotrypidax...
procumbens e..
producta 500
proleuca eee
Prolophota ...
prominens ...
Proparus ee
Propasser eee
prophetarum ...
propinqua coe
proping nans
Propristocera ...
proreculus eee
Proschistis
prosectus
Prosopeas ase
prostrata coe
Protapanteles ...
protenolepis
proteus... ee
Protolechia ...
proxima 9a¢
proximus O60
pruinosa ses
pruinosus
PLUNOEA 06
Psammobia
Psammobiide...
Psammophis
Psammoris ...
psaphara eee
Psaroglossa ...
psaroides
Psecadia eee
Pseudocalpe ...
Pseudodoxia ...
PseudogypS ee
pseudolima ese
Pseudopanteles
Pseudopus exe
Pseudorhombus
Pseudostrombus
Pseudotantalus
Pseudoxenodon
psilocaulum ...
psilopa ...
psilotis ...
Psittaci O00
Psittacidee
PAGH
ois. eee
ae! tune
oD
.. 908
rat ARGOS
.» 670, 671
ci See SBD
sag gee
. 506
243, 484, 851
Sidi! veer OE
seen 217
Meee
sis. eek eDDE
112, 792, 818
. 731
coe 216
4. (218
. 215
. 102
. 917
we 214
he MAORI 2 i
Nie BneaG 9
.. 208
. 897
Waleas
. 668
se) Webeeiie
se Nee Sette
-. 267, 389, 394-395
ee ea
. 152
. 789
111, 790
af Sepaaos
waa’ | ee NOBE:
407, 408
494, 728, 969
w 215
sox ints aontO BR
Pe
. 636
. 211
501, 806
aay
1. 918
we 983
. 405
ote <7) RUDGE
4938, 727, 968
Psychodide ...
Psyllothamnus.s.
pterocarpum
Pterocera coe
Pterocles eee
Pterocletes ...
Pteroclids oon
Pteroclurus ..
Pterocurus 900
Pterocyclus ...
Pteroloma one
Pteromys eee
Pteroneura ...
Pterophoride ...
Pterophorus ...
Pteropus 650
pterosperma ...
pterospermum ...
Pteruthius ...
pterygocarpa ...
Ptochoryctis ...
Ptyas ... ooo
Pty chotis cer
Ptyonoprogne
pubescens zee
Puccinia see
Pucrasia aoe
puella ... ado
PUELAMN et cate
pugilina
ees
125, 256, 848, 849, 1039
pugnax 169, 497, 759, 761, 946, 972, 973
pulchella ove
pulcher... os8
pulcherrimus ...
pulchra... ove
pulchripes soe
Pailicaria
pulla ... 7
Pullastra 500
pulverea oes
pulverulenta ...
pulverulentus ...
pumila vee
punctatus ee
punctulata ...
- pungens ose
punjabensis :
Pupa .. ove
Pupide ... oe
Purpura... ace
purpurascens ,..
18
... 19], 464, 757, 960
INDEX. Cxiil
PAGE PAGE
Kon tela purpurea Bon ltl)
..- 899 | purpureomaculatus «6, 311, 318
... 910 purpureorufa ... one ae eee 666
... 209 | purtularcoides... coc --- 901
943,944 | Purohita ... 1024
... 943 | pusilla ... see eel a OL
... 943 | pusillus 2a “oc coo Zils
wee O44 Pusiostoma Sac coo SE
wee 256 Pustelaes. ae s0¢ --.1040
a5 BIG pustulatus > .e- 905
wee 897 Putorius ane 123, 802, 929, 2040
Pyenonotus ... e-L8h, 678, 688, 755
... 980 | Pycnorhamphus oo. 483, 484
134, 730 | Pyctorhis oes ee-L10, 185, 371, 787
noo. SY Pygopodes ee spe oc ao BS
Soo LES Pyletis... woe 152
no Silil Pynodon sco BLY)
w. 911 pyralina 250 -» 474
J11, 789 Pyramidella ... eae ene el)
905, 912 Pyramidellide... .-. 210
408,740 | pyranthe «se 510
245,259 | Pyrazus... coe «oe 209
.»- 906 | pyrites ... soe 992
483, 881 | Pyrozela 414, 415, 747
315,904 | Pyrrhocorax aco HDS
.». 933 | pyrrbodes , oe 134
... 944 | pyrrhops o00 oes --- 110
156, 446, 789 Pyrrhospiza ... oe 484
.1024 | Pyrrhula <0 ee 484
-. 210 | Pyrrhulauda ... coe 243
Pyrula ... eee «-. 210
208, 216 | pyrum ... eee scutes oo0 ZL
112, 792, 818 Python... 251, 261, 380, 383, 384, 1021
.. 851
... 210 | quadrangula ... one 909
... 588 | quadrangularis 506 --- 902
.. 907 | quadrata one 550 ane oe» 209
. 211 | quadrifida son Oni e. 900
-. 215 | quadrinotata ... o- 471
... 470 | quadriposita - eee 176
«. 904 | quadripuncta ... --- 663
--- 964 | quartiniana cog eid)
917,919 | quercinous nae coc --. 212
213, 218, 861 | Querquedula ... 504, 948, 1029
quettaense 100, 280-282
-- 917 | quettznsis - 91, 94, 105, 275
--1003 | quineunciatus --. S61
218, 254 | quinquenervia wee se 89
nals
--- 211 | Rachis ... coo en» 218
ee» 652 | vadcliffei 36 o. 294, 298
Cxiv
raddiana ae
radians
Tadiata ..- ee care
radiatus
radula ...
Rallidze
Rallina... ears
Rallus ... ate a
TAMA cos
TAD OSUS+e6
RANA ese aan
Ranellae-.
rannunculina ...
Rannunculus ...
TAPAl ce eee eee
Rapana... “oc ace
Raparna
rattus
ravida ...
raytal ... oa as
recticulatum ... “os
Tectigramma ...
Recurvirostra ...
recurvirostris ... coe
reflexus...
refulgens odo doa
regia ... eee eos
Regulide oct Soe
Regulus 200
regulus eee
Temifer see
Remiza
renigera Se
repanda
repens ...
repetita...
reptilivorus ... soc
Resedacese
Reseda ...
respiciens “00
responsala
Tesponsator ...
reticosa oc cine
reticulata
reticulatus “60
retifera... “ce
retracta...
retrarsa S00 sce
TEVETSA ace eee see
Rhadmastis ...
Rhesena wee 486
INDEX,
PAGE
wee 919
wee 909
EeneeD
see 208
wee 897
497, 945, 972
228, 229, 761
eee 229, 945
ase ehT2 6829
aoc. PAUOASIS
266, 394, 870
me 2
ea eG
sass
ey
Pe)
... 666
126, 213
eee Al
ws. 198
aap bOT
we 667
499, 946
pe etoe ee
. 434-486
os. 855, 944
ampoul
cee lil
ee
135, 727, 1040
ee Ol
524, 549
..1086
Bs 83
ove 920
181, 472
-. 389
+. 899
wae 839
OS
AON
aS 94
or ey SRO o
35, 179, 180, 195-206, 901
261, 380
ee
.. 662
wee 907
vee 458
vee 982
soe 677 -
PAGE
Rhamnaceze «se aes eae os» 902
Rhamnus wee ove ARC “Bee CHOP:
Rhamphococcyx ° eee coe 104
rhesus ... coe 122
rhinoceros = «. 429, 443
Rhinolophus ... 330 eo» 125
Rhinophis “cc ee 267,394
Rhinopoma aes ele -» 505
Rhinortha -00 se .. 764
Rhipidura 159, 190, 480, 757, 958
Rhizoconus ... nor eee -. 218
Rhizophora ene sic woe 240
Rhodaria +» 666
rhodochrous roo 484
rhodoechrysa sa6 BE
rhodocomma ... “on ae wae 462
Rhodogoastera oar SoC ace 289
thodomelas ... one coe sag 3B
Rhodoprasina... noe eve 241
thombea ooo 214
thombota ee Ang Ces!
Rhomborrhina on Dae we 445
Rhopodytes ... 493, 759, 764, 968, 1043
Rhyacornis 2c ato Seite S51)
Rbhynchina coe con oo. OF4
Rhynchosia ... ... 904
Rhynchocarpa se see 906
Rhynchota onc — 01024
Rhyncops eae 500 +» 500
Rhytidoceros ... wes for ie eGo
ribesiefolia . 901
richardi s08 26C coo Yall
Ricinula aa sac aoe titi
ridibundus O06 con eV OAT
rigidus ... woe 200 — -. 900
Ringicula --. 214
Ringiculide oo. 214
riparia «.. 483, 920
risorius see we 496, 943
Rissoa ... soe s coe ZANE)
Rissoidze Bee bac Bon) 240K)
rivula wee 500 se OTD
Rivula ... 600 «. 664, 667
rivulosa “o0 aan se vo» 663
Toberti ... 6 250 .» 683
roepstorffi eee 216
ropica ... oo ae Sos tel We
rosa eee .. 493, 968
rosaceus 78, 79, 192, 763, 962
TOSATIA ees S00 act too LeU)
roscolata 260 5g) aM
INDEX,
PAGE
roseiiinea ser Shi w- 458, 462
roseus ...158, 479, 794, 903
Toseum ... wae a S00 - 903
Rostellaria ... soe 2U9
rostrata... te coc Ars con Ley
Rostratula «000, 761, 947, 973
Rotella “ce o00 aoa ZAUs!
Rotula ... one aie PE oq Sle
rotundicolle - 582
rotundifolia ase O98
roylei ... coe 154, 541
royleana - $10
rukeculoides 189, 363, 368, 369, 480, 482,
957
Tubella .. . 215
rubescens boo ao -. 964
Rubiacese . 907
rubicundus . 214
rubiginosa 5 ail
TENSE, —co6 560 AG no6 741
rubricapillus ... 186, 787
rubricosta «. 658
rubrifusa See ols 500 . 475
rubripunctalis . - 673
rubrisceta 459, 465
TUDUS ee . 210
Tucker oo . 445
rudis ... ae - 171
rudolfi ... 500 . 211
Ruellia .. G00 - 912
TUkas eee on o00 109, 184, 208, 388
tufescens, 88, 95, 217, 469, 505, 691, 792,
855, 955
ruficaudatus . 126
ruficaudus - 480
ruficeps... 352, 685, 756
tuficollis, 103, 288, 362, 482, 485, 490, 499
785, 786, 788, 882, 959
tuficornis OC 93, 291
rufifrons oto eos 304, 368, 685, 787
Tufigularis 110, 364, 693, 786, 852, 894
Tufilata ... dais 40 se 882, 959
rufina ... wae coe «ae 948, 1029
rufinuchalis - 110
tufipennis 900 455, 456, 489
rufipes... 2010 cae eee = 9-594
rufistrigosa ve 458, 460
rufithorax ike con BC
rufiventris 481, 678, 959
rufocauda 500 ooo 207
tufolineata
coe 278, 280
CXV
PAGE
rufo-orbitalis ... coe 276
rufotestaceus ... - 104
mipaholley oo. 456, 483
rufulus, 192, 728, 758, 787, 877, 878. 879
890, 962
MUS aes eee coo ee 587, 597
Lugosa ... — ae eo see 2h
rugosum ade . 215
Tuinosa... see was coo 659
Rumex ... eas see or, Alte)
tupestris one eee 483, 831, 943
russellii -13, 14, 16-20, 323, 728-330,
rustica ...
Ruticilla eo. 76, 190, 481, 959
Ruticilline con 0 soo ‘late!
rusticula ° =D 499, 947, 973
Tutila ... ooo aaa Fon cop 0/5)
rutilatis oor sie S00 . 134
sabulosum coc vee 190
saccharoides . 918
saccharum « 928
sacellum Boo alld
sacer 433, 434, 491
sagittarius cele eee - 823
Salea 600 ee 552, 855
Salicornia ae oe 914
Sallie - 656
salsettensis . 215
Salsola - 914
Saltia re wee aco, elke)
Salvadoraces ... cor wes sco. this:
Salvadora m6 es. 908
SAMAM -s. - 162
sandaracina eee 748
sanguinicornis... 414, 415
sangvisuja cae coe 212
saphira 600 oo 1006
saponarie se6 ee .-- 180
Sarcidiornis ; eee DOB
Sarcogrammus oh 98, 946, 947, 973_
sardias eo. 148
Sarrothripa Ber « 655
Sarrothripine... tee ee 693
sasia . 964
saturata ast: eGo
saturatus 74, 78, ‘80, 81, 82, 355- -357,
554, 636, 802, 852,
109, 161, 215, 483, 830, 961
678, 688, 695, 726, 881, 890, 967
saucia
ee ooo eee
eee 169
exvl
saularis 78,
saulotis eee
Sauropatis eee
savala
saxatilis eae
Saxicola
Saxicoline ...
scaber ach
scabra nee
Scabricola
seahricula
scabrifolia
Sceorhynchus ...
Scala
Sealarina
Scalide
Scalideutis aoe
scand-ns
scansa ane
sca posa 400
scapha oc
Scaphandride ...
Scapharca
Scarabzeus aoe
Scardia
schimperi
schimperiana .«..
schistaceus
schisticeps
schistosus
Schizodachylus
Schizodesma
schneideri ae
sehoenidus 500
Schoeniparus
schwarzi
Schweinfurthia
sehweinfurthii
Sciena m0
scionota ae
scitulellus
Sciuropterus
Sciurus
INDEX,
PAGE
159, 190, 247, 481, 678,
692, 757, 959
just ESE
we 168, 759
deel igitete® “ies 686
ne . 482
16, “480, 481, 828, 829
acto MERE S
636, 855
av) ein DOONAN,
Bee ty) heeegeell
ieee. /upepeul
A PEER Pane cy
coe 185
- eee ooo 208
eee eve -. 213
eee oe eee 208
eve eee 409
oe eeUnrRog sors
Os aun eet We (51
ae eG)
ae eee 20)
a ey «ane OE
iat Maa ROT
ele ABaw se
vee 989
-..904, 907, 915, 919
ages . 916
ASU Ses “78, 82
.. 110, 185, 727, 786
seu a #BOB
peer EN
.. 215
a 178, 174
Bess’ eaten
. 788
pa aky
Sn ec
a La eee)
635, 636
eee - 403
=e eee . 417
eee ove - 125
. 125, 251, 254, 549, 796
scolopax eee 210, 497, 945, 971, 978
Scolopax aH woe as . 499
Scolytus « 427
Scops ... cee 487, 969
scortum ... 215
scotochlora coe
scotochroma
.. 172
is _tajedes) eee
'
Scotogramma
Seotophilus
scouleri
Scrobiculariide
Scrophulariacese
sculpturata
scutatus
scutellatum
Scutus
scutulata
Scythris
Seddera
sedilis
sedifolia
seena
segetum
seheria
Belecta
selene
semantris
Semele
semicana
semidecussata.
Semiophora
semipallica
semirufa
semirugata
semistriatus
semitorq ues
semitrijuga
semiusta
senatorius
senegalensis
Senna
Sepedon
sepositella
sepulchralis
Seraphias
serena
serendi bense
Serica
eso
39, 42—44, 49, 50, 598—601,
608, 604—606, 950, 953
sericophyllus ...
Serpentarius
serra coe
Serranus
serrata
serrator
serrirostris
serrulata
PAGE
164, 169
So Re ae
ia ligase, lv eee
Bh eee TR Pea
Oia bom get's quae
Lic. (day
<, 1dsete gig
ae e+» 208
-.» 208
500 . 494
Das os «ee 411
els eee O11
ear os . 989
eee eae - 906
590, 762, 947, 973
892, €93, 963
ons oe. 659
tee ies soe) DAL
ae ... 408
coo yl
.. 461
-- 217
oe 447
e. 451
ost DONG:
See seep ela)
ato --- 216
ase poe eet
seis Bi ee. 903
oe o- 459, 465
es ee 214
ae cae ee. 919
005 abe --- 904
... 386
407, 408
On aie eee 463
rare is oe 991
sesiliaik
see a -». 506
ace «» 439, 440
att -. 910
oe B89
. 215
. 635
ase . 439
eae see 949
47 “60, 600, 603, 605,
606, 950—953
916, 917
ees ese
~~
INDEX,
PAGE
Serviana 006 oe eee 906
servicea . 212
BESSAIA ae sane ull
setifera ... . 913
setoctena ise one ane eo. ODD
severtzoffi . 851
severtzovi - 484
SEVErUS o, 729, 841, 970
shiplayi... 217, 218
siamensis 186, 214, 216
SIDITICA coe wiske ae soe 479, 957
sibiricus eee 605
Sida we 900
Sideridis 165, 449, 450
Sieboldi ada was 500 Pes a)
Sigaretus - 208
signata ... - 182
sihama.... - 635
Silene . 178
silenus ... des -.-1040
Siliqua ... oe Sho Pals
Sillugo ... exe 635
sima ... mae eee eee 474
Simethis wee 148
Bimile ... 119, 357
similis ... do6 rte 78, 723, 829
simillima 178, 462
simla ... ore BAG a0 . B41
Simotes... é 254, 851
simplex ... wee ees 455, 756, 901
Simpulum eee 210
simulans sie Bats Ses coo HI
sina - 635
sinaica ... See 5 I
sindanus 6h, 68, 25], 394, 610
sindianus Sas noe . 124
sinensis ... 110, 185, 191, 217, $71, 483,
493, 500, 726, 757, 762, 787, 961, 968
uate oe 214
sinuatus one COO «ee 436
sinuisiona . 675
sinUOsa ... 459, 463
sipahi - 961
Siparaja - 162
Siphia ... . 159
Sipbonaria . 214
Siphonariide ... ooo 214
Sistrum 5 Al
Sisymbrium ... 206 --. 896
Sitala ... ae 000 aa . 217
Sitta ... are a8c coo aL GF
Sittide ... sac
Sittiparus
situla
Siva
Sium
skinneri nee
smaragdinus
SMENDUS ooo
Smithii ...
smyrnensis
socialis... soc
Sodada....
scevum ...
solandri
Solariidz
solaris ...
solata ..
Solarium ace
Solen %... con
Solenidz
Solenopsis
Solentella
solitaria
Solonacese
solstitiellus
somalensis
somervillii
Sonchus
sondaracima
sonnerati
sophie ... ote
SOTAIAAD ove
sordidus
SOTEULA ove
Soriculus
Sparasion 200
sparverioides ...
spasona...
spatatistis
Spatula...
spathulata
spathulatus ...
speciosus
spengleri
Spherocoma
Sphegidee
Sphenocercus ...
Sphenoptera
Sphenurus
spicata ...
exvil
PAGE
PUe AMC ant 665 115(
cee INS Oe ad
Peer) Lee (I
feo 988
288
» 217
ve 214
. 597
.. 483
162, “194, 126, 769, 965
372, 793, 886—888, $91
eb rsn 898. 899
2. Se
so, eG
208
ee 208, 794
Pee eg oT
Meee aes CLS
. 215
.. 215
ane 895
. 215
» 947, 960, 978
. 911
. 991
pemereh) CIB. Cri
. 865, 691, 1048
eco rorn
woe hee
ere eas
PAU te CU
siaese (see i ones
H79—681, 696, 726
apie
237, 485
Peas cit aia
we 139
as sa EE
En ele Gs
82, 356, 360, 363, 364,
367, 870, 696, 726
ot Metso
978, 979
ww. 504, 943, 1028
905, 907
88
. 794
. 215
. 899
1009
943, 970
427, 428
943, 970
899, 919
CxVili
PAGE
spicatum eae eee - 912
Spilocephalus... ae 584, bes 969
spilonotus POF . 785
spiloptera oes eae 100
Spilornis ons 389, “488, 494, 728, 969
Spilostoma = ws oon . 277
Spinacess coe soa lde
Spina Christi ... ‘ aon SOY,
spinicornis 197, 428, 853
Spinoides eee eee ose - 484
spinoletta . 723
spinosa... $98, 915
spinosum . 210
spinosus eee ca . 915
spiralis... eee S00 290 S05 Atl
spiratus... ae oes dao Pall
spiraxis eee soe cor . 218
spirocarpa eee : coe 905
Spizaécus 494, 728, 759, 854, 969, 1040,
1043
Spiziocus oss coe -- 790
splendens 109, 171, 519, 549, 694, 763,
784
splendidulus «. ve, 213
spodocephala ... . 961
Spondylide . . 214
Spondylus eee 2 sco Ze!
Sporzeginthus ... 191, 483, 960
Sporobolus as. eee 919
Sporocelis eee » 732
squamata 5 thy)!
squamatum .«. eee eve 186
squamatus eee . 724
squamosa ove 195—206, 215
Squatarola 761, 946
stabilis ... sso - 447
Stachyridopsis... “110, 364, 368, 685,
787
Stachyrsis = «s. 364, 685, 787
Stactocichla aa . 786
Stagmatophora sac “20 wee 44
stagnatilis oes 499,973
stagnilis << By nly
stapelia... O00 a coo SIDE:
Staphidia ene oe . 788
staphyloea ove . 210
Stathmopoda ... 410, 744, 999, 983
Statice ... 2 - 908
staticeformis ... . 899
Steganopodes ... 947, 974°
Stegasta aie
INDEX.
e mee soe LAO
PAGH
Steinheilia a Roe LE)
stellaris... oe 247, 948
stellarum oes --. 208
stellarus +1037
stellata... -- 918
stellatum . 208
stellulata sag WE)
Stenodactylus... --. 855
Stenogyridz A BoC . 218
Stenomidza =e. ca cee ie 981
stenostoma ... . 216
stenothyroides . 216
stentoreus aon 112, 187, 791
stenura ... ase 490, 500, 761, 973
Stephanoconus . 212
Sterculia 200 AGE 00
Sterculiacez ... Ac 560 08
Stercutus j “00 5 Bale:
Sterna ... 491, 500, 553, 947, 973, 974
stewarti eels . 485
Stietocryptus ... coe 597
Stictoptering ... . 652
Stigmataria oc eoctieised
stocksil . coe Hoc des BE
stolata ... 200 eae pail
stolatus ... 200 me 4,273, 388, 394
Stoliczkaia ... eo» 261, 855
stolida os. . 172
StOlOS& ee . 473
Stomoxys +. oe 872, 876
Stoparola 189, 254, 480, 882, 957
Stracheryi Oo - 928
stracheyi . 485
straminea ove 166, 215
strathersi Sec . 946
straturatus . 213
streperus phe 503
Strepsilas C00 sae . 490
Streptaxis eee oon . 506
striata 276, 497, 760, 761, 787, 916,
971
striatus 65, 80, 213, 286, 355, 552, 614,
Strigatella ace
strigatus
Striges oc. dee
Strigids aoe
strigillata
strigosum eee
strigula... eae,
striolata ses
691, 790, 918
rp
311, 318
. 968
493, 968
. 0D
. 909
at . 788
.. 91,191, 783, 961
INDEX,
PAGE
striolatus 98, 193, 723, 863, 877, 879,
881, 590, 962
EDI ens oe. 487, 493, 549, 727, 968
Strobila cos eae . 910
Stroemia... Sac ae as --- 898
Strombids ond eae aa .. 209
Strombus eee 209
strophiata toe 480, 957
strophiatus see coe 483
struthersi 546, 547, 851
stulta BeO - 485
Sturnia ... co0 BS 159, 751, 794
Sturnida es 500 189; 479, 794
sturninus Soo TEN
Sturnopastor ... | 189, 862, 795
Sturnus ave ai 505 w- 479
stylosa ... . $96
stylosum : a . 910
Sueda ove 6 sco lB
BUABVE ove 208 wee sine Boo te}
subarschanica oe. ae us done aly(al
subbuteo : 729, 970
subcerulatus ore -. 183, 785
subcristatus -.. bee 55 «. 855
subflavalis ats 500 ca «oe 669
subfurcatus se sain 492, 759, 966
subhemachalanus see 123
submarginatis... see coo dire, yi)
submarina «se ‘iste aah «ee 169
subminiatus 0 «.. as Beatin |
subminuta ape see a». 490, 499
subnodulosum ... seo 2 lil
subpunctatus ... oc . 823
subsetaceus - 448
subsequana a. . 34
subsignata eee a6 ove «sxe 455
subterminata ... 167, 168
subulata --- 212,910
Subulina coo PANNE)
subviolacea ... aco asa yal
subviridis ao, UI)
succinctus .., 209
suecica ... ses «-- 481
sugillatus ous 50 sco, 243}
sulearius 600 -- 208
sulcatus aoe ««. 209
sultanea aoc <6 co Usk)
sumatranus ee
Sumatrensis
suudara
eoe
cos 759, 762
ee 213, 764
81, 353, 357, 369, 878, 879, 882,
884
CX1x
PAGE
superba... wen oon ao. OBB
superciliaris "189, 228, 999, 480
suratensis aa coe 549, 943, 970
Surnisulus oo %4, 358, 678, 687, 688
Sus oe cee oe 205 . 127
Suthora oars 507 505, 506, 785
susoriu, 112, 187, 372, 686, 756, 792, 881,
891
Suya 78, 112, 187, 688, 793, 877—879, 881,
885
swinhoii ove 162, 965
sycophanta «x. . 133
Sycotypus vee eve .. 210
sylheticus 306 > co ZallT/
sylvanus ES 0 78, 723
Sylvia es. eve 112, 831
Sylviide ae 30 112, 159, 187
Sylvinarus cn oe: oer -.. 109
Symplocos oo. vee . 438
Syphestis ce coe .. 9391, 538
syriacum Soc sen eos e- 909
Syrnium soe hs 494, 523, 727
Syrrhaptes ... a mals . 944
syrphetias cos O00 toe .-- 984
Syrphetodes ... owe eer - 152
SYStY1A ooo . -. 915
Tabanida ese 872, 873
Tahanus ee ve 872
tabescens noc coo «.- 210
tabides sos coc se . 208
Taccocua o-2 eee one ee 026
tachinoides ... . 874
Tachornis OCs 492, 967
Tadorna 506 --.1028
tenia soe 900 soe con ll
teeniata con , 212
teeniatum coe . 209
treniatus eve can owe Sig ANIA
Nzeniocerus ... 430
teniura ous sue 500 506 Ol
Talapa coe 200 500 ... 672
Talicada eee cee +o 230
Talinum ee o00 one aco EXIXS
talpa cen see Seb sy PNA)
Talpe ate "50 seh «. 124
tanjorensis -. 216
tanki a toe pee eee 238
Cxx
PAGE
tapacina icy ALE
Tapes she see 210
Tapirus a eee woe 242
taprobanensis ... “oe onic 26a EUG
Tarache see ATE
Tarascacum oo. la
tardigradus ... . 254
tarsalis ses ras nic sey HE
Tarsiger 357, 481, 959
Tarytia coe 5S7—589
Tatera ae Oc .. b511—514
taty at soc “oc soe 636
tauensis On0 eee 176
Taverniera «, 904
tavidus 00 ocr «- 216
taxicolor eee 842, 843, 854, 556
Tectarius n06 «. 209
teesa 495, 759, 968
telamonia .«. 988
Telescopium eee 209
telescopium .. 209
Tellina 214, 215
Tellinide 214, 215
Temenuchus a6d Boe wee 479
temmincki L110, 763, 788, 973,
tenax as «oe 900
tenebra ou Ll
tenebrifera «ee 454
Tenebrionide ... «-- 426
tenella paces O
tenellipes ooo TRG
teneriffa - 918
tengstrami swe aan «. 134
tennuispina soe --- 310
Tenthredinide .. 89, 90, 274, 289, 510
tenuicula eo vee 506 coo BUG
tenuifolium ... =a ace sve OLG
tenuirostris 189, 494, 678, 680,
728, Ty4
Tephrodornis ... ses oe =: 188, 479
tephronota «e 830
tephronotus ese 195
Tephrosia cod hb Ss}
terat ree Tae
Terebra eee 212
Terebridse Semlich
Terminalia 905, 939
Termes one 394
Termopsis 293—298, 551
terpsichore =c atc eee Apes Ziti
Terpsiphone 190, 480, 958
INDEX,
PAGE
terrestris see eee 901
Tesia eee . 685, 788
tessellatus o- 213
testaceipes coe LOL
testaceicorne - aoe 1009
testaceus eee 597
Testudo .- 530
tetrachisa wee eee Soe eee 149
tetraclina aio one oe owe L48
tetracona ope 5a6 eas Br ies
tetradactylus ... ene «ee 630
tetradelta aoe 55 Ads, UTD)
Tetraogallus 547, 851, 945
tetrapovon ese 920
Tetrapogon .-. 920
tetraptera «-- 902
tetrastichum - ont Se sili
tetrax owe 500 on eee 945
tetroa a0 eae ae «- 986
tetroctas aa 5 oo. 153
textile see wwe eos eee 213
tex trix 5 A seme
Thalassia orn nas Bay silly
Thamnobia .. Ene 231, 481, 829
Thanasimus ... aoc -. 427, 6508
Tharrhaleus ... ° 243, 482, 483
thezefolia ae ane -. 433
thebaica eae “O noe eee 901
Theobaldia «.. a56 Se ese 216
theoris coe soc -. 410, 983
Therabon oe B06 ee eee 635
Thereiceryx _... aa -- 193, 964
Thermesia “05 ade «-» 662
Thicophora oes ae --. 661
Thiotricha So0 Lats)
Thisizima reo cok
thomasi fee see ae coulis:
thomsoni oe 898
thoracica 112, 791
Thracia oF 20 male Arenal lta,
threnodes an0 S00 «. 678, 763
thriambica Sac Shc see coe 745
thriambis aes . 413
Thriponax fee aes .». 162
Thunia ... 941
thura wee Coe » A84
thurmanniana... oi See coe ONG
Thy miatris aoe ane eke,
thymifolia ee OLE
thyodamas ew es 56 40922
Thyrestra tes we. 164, 165
thyreus me
Thyrostoma ...
tibetana eee
tibetanus «oe
Tichodorna ...
tickelli tee
tiga
tigerina
tigrina soe
tigrinus see
tigris
Tiliaceszs eee
tiliefolia eee
‘Timelia coo
Timyra eee
tineta
tinctoria <o
tinetorium ose
Tinea ons
Tineide eee
Tinnunculus oe.
Tipha «.- ase
tiphia ..-
Tiracola #00
TiriZ& ceo
tirucalli eee
Tiruvaca eee
tissOtl «e» see
tcenata eee «00
Tolpia os.
Tomieus are
tormentosa eve
FOLDAtLA eee
Tornatina
Tornatinidee
Torodora
torquata
torquatss
torqueola soe
torquilla
tortifolium .«.
Tortricide
Tortrix ooo
tortuosum sre
Toryminz cae
Totanime
Totanus...
Tournefortia .-.
toxophila
19
INDEX.
PAGE
Foo Paley
coe 130
one see eee 124
.. 047, 851, 854, 929,
944, 945, 1009
eae le
oo. 187
409 eee 193
son --, 314
213, 266, 394, 870
woe 249, 496, 756, 760
122, 210
--- 900
= aoe 260
a creel Seo
eee .. 143—146
ose oe 213
ve 903, 915
Sc soy, Als
ies con, asielily Uieks
ws 416, 750, 985
495, 729, 760, 880, 970
2n0 142, 145, 147
eee 159, 186, 755, 789
are LOSS,
500 ae oo. Hell
one ane - 915
aS 86680668
sce ole S00 PALI
. 208
€ 650, 651
ose Goa cog HS)
Se) SBE aE NOS
oe . 218
S00 Boney ope ets}
cele adel tess
ao Ell
uc oes sos) 929
. 124, 493, 727, 968
812, 818, 944
eco eee
ee coo
and 193, 725, 852
. 916
vee = 734, 977
5 aie ono TaN)
-. 214,916
bee soo BYE
ean coo, Wie)
490, “499, 546, 761, 946,
973
eee 910
aloo
a
4
Trachycomus ...
Trachynotus ...
trachy psamma,
Trachyptera ...
Traganum coe
Tragopan esis
tragopogonis ...
traillii ... S00
Tranosema con
tranquebarica ...
transversa os
transversalis ...
rey aneees one
trapeziella ...
trapezium sce
CTAVANCOTICA cee
travanecoricus ss.
treitschkei
TYerOD ceo 605
Trias... Bao
triandra
Trianthema ...
trianthemoides
Tribonica Sia
tribulus 606
tribuloides eee
Tribura
Tributus a
tricarinatus ...
tricentra ase
Trichernis tek
trichiocephala,..
Trichiurus ae
trichoa ... RSs
Trichoclea
trichogyia ees
Tricholoena ...
Tricholita ano
Trichopria 200
Trichoptilus ...
tricolor ... nC
Tridacna 400
Tridacnide ..,.
tridactyla ae
tridelta ... cg0
triedrus...
triflora na
trifolii o.. ale
trigonata coe
trigonocephalus
112, 685, 784,
CxXX1
PAGE
Dea Pe (5
von! OU SIES6
vee 989
134
Be aearreat a
Ren ean)
.. 468
se WOE
276, 277
489, 496, 943
eater 85
. 215
See SORES
Se ea
ws) 21
erat ABO
251, 252, 614
eae a eleg
164,971
weed
«. 902
eA enOG
st Steno
ienisg
vig 4 ee G
791, 792, 878,
881
. 901
ie IG
734
en
. 579
arog seb
Oem dons lcoy
ap ee erer
w-. 649
sie PRESS
ned eg
sae Rae G
oc eh ee
By cea 18)
wad DO;
162, 194, 759
pean Ae 1)
ses Nano
spi!) eaaege
PE i053)
sone hogs
5 BINS Ban
exxii INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
trigonomis = «. . as .». 986 | Turbinella ... ose a Pat
trigonopis ae ons Do merone| asbunellids . 311
trigonostigma ... see .» 758 | Turbo ve coe -- 208
trigrapha seo oe» 736 | turcicus «- 855
trigutta... ons ve. 448 | turcomana .. oe 468
trilineata ° are 471 Turdidez Ga aL)
trilacularis «.. see oes sol Turdins » 959
triloscias eee coe wee - 983 | Turdinulus as 369, 683
trimaculatus «. 69, 307,308, 995,996 | Turdinus re 682, 755
Trimeresurus «.. one aes woe 5D2 Turdus ass wee 482
Tringa oe. -. 490, 499, $46, 947,973 | turdus ... oO
T _jionyx «- 266,1040 | turgida... . 215
triphaca 204 eee ene .. 900 | turgidum . 917
tripudians 13—22, 68, 69, 299, 301, 302, | turicensis eos 799
398, 552, 852, 995, 1043 Turnicidz aa ee 497,972
triquetra Se eig comer uae ge || urnix 238, 497, 759, 761, 972, 1043
triseriatus . 617 Turricula ons . 212
tristis ... 112, 158, "189, 479, 498, 525, | Lurritella +» 209
795, 968 Turritellide te . 209
Triticum bat re ... 990 | Turtur 249, 489, 496, 549, 760, 943, 271
Triton seo sss .. 210 | tusalia .. ove . 971
Tritonide =... ... 210 | Tympanistes .. wo 656
Tritonidea = « eee 211 | Tympanonotus oe . 209
Gretimialiseds, © Mess tol tesk .. 832 | typhia ... AS 681, 690
trivirgata eve coc soc «. 678 | Typhlopide ... ass «-» 261
Trochalopterum 110, 356, 357, 549, 690, Typhlops eo. 251, 1040
786, 894 | typica ee» 180, 1031, 1032
Trochidz «ee 208 | tytleri ... 112, 159, 487, 792, 863, 961.
trochiloides ao) thle elie!
Trochus... - 208
Trogones ou coe 967
Trogonide of o0c oes DOT :
Tropidonotus ... 1, 2, 4,273, 388, 553, Ulodemis we is , 736
616, 617, 852, 857, 1043 umbellata ee, 906
truncata . 215 | Umbellifere ... toe toe +. 906
trunculus nee ies seals Umbonium ote Hae AUS
trunculata SoC ew «ee 210 umbratus on eo. 862
Trymalitis ont 500 . 412 uneinata we. 898
Trypanosoma ... so0 .. 871,874 | undata ... aa OD)
Trypherantis ... be eos ee. 740 undosa ... 5 Ot
Tryphonire eae ae -. 274 | undulata i wwe 212
Trypoxylon ore eve 1009 undulatus one «e. 966
tschebaiewl 481, 959 | unguis ... ote . 208
tuberculata ..- - 216 unguiseali on ade ono ese 905
tuberculatum .. 210, 211 Ungulinide ae . 214
tuberculatus eee 855 unicolor 69, 78, 107, 127, 180, 394, 482
tuberosum - 209 860, 957
tuma on - 676 | uniflora vale _ 898
Tupaia ee «124,256 | uniformis -° - 468
turbidaese 176, 461, 664 Unio eo 218, 956
Turbides ee 208 !' Uniola.., e920
=
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INDEX,
PAGE
unioliolides Gee aes «ee 920
Unionide aac we 218, 956
unipuneta woe 459, 464
Upupa ... 492, 726, 960
Upupe... oes ee 960
Upupide 492, 726, 960
urbica ... ses eee 483
urceus ... ode co Oo 09
Urena ... soo 500 .-- 900
Urocichla G06 soo (1681, WSU
Urocissa ooo dA), alts
Uroloncha 160, 191, 483, 757, 960
Uropeltides 396 O00 von OOH
Urosalpinx “re occ soo BIEL
Ursinus... S50 Joo! (3%
Ursus 124, 854, 1040
Urticaces Fale 506 con BUG
urtice# ... oe aoe noc soo 422
utticefolium ... : baa ell}
Utricularia soc one soo HBT)
vahliana 50 O70 . 897
valakadien ells ae Gr 19, 851
y—album noe 500 son JUSS
VANDA «60 eae ee eee 468
Vanellus S00 --» 946, 1040
Vanessa, coo 421
Varanus "954, 552, 852, 1040
VAII2 00 194, 238, 965
variabilis 209, 216
variegata 837, 855
varina .., ace ee -.. 140
variornata 660 coo ATS), ZASKO)
varipilosis -- 580
varuis 683, 696, 367, "368, 360, 363, 365,
366, 367
Varthemia owe eee --- 907
vellicata oe 214
Velorita , Ale
velutina . 906
velutinus . 906
venalba... 466, 467
Veneridze one: is}
ventralis 498, 973
ventricosa 209, 212
ventrimaculatus .. 395
Venus «a. . 215
WEES nag a5 0S)
CXX1if
PAGE
Verbenacess ... CoC one wee) OL
Vereda evs Sac ae ae woe 161
vermiculata ... “60 so0 . 914
vernalis... eos “Ac eo. 487, 968
Vernans... so noe aie -. 760
Vernonia sor a0 nye 5 EAU
verrucosa “0 ae cot ee LOOR
versicolor don +2205, 266, 446, 900
verticillata jes se o00 913
verticillatum ... aa aa 918
verticillatus 913, 1017, 1035
Vespertilio 212, 836
yestiarium - 208
vetusta ... sas cnc con - 660
vexillum ais ack s00 Hoo ele
vibex ... ee ae sor . 219
vicerex . - 929,1040
Viduinee eee a wee foo EEO)
\Wadkes © Gas wee 919
villosa -- 918
villosum ia s08 eee <5 WILE
villosus coc 3 - 920
vincentianum ... oc . 919
vindhiana aa 389, 494, 728, 1040
violaceotinctus ae ono 284
violaceum Aon A56 cen . 208
violescens A cee “Ke . 478
violetta as soc . 657
Vipera ...13—22, 323, 328, 329, 331, 554,
808, 852
WimW® — oo0 500 oe 106, 107, 597
virescens 161, 790
virgatus... 488, 729, 760
VINSON see soc noe a0 . 218
TUTE) obo aa0 G00 900 coo Ue!
viridalis 00C coe sn (OOK8
viridanus one soe 758, 793
viridis ... 193, 194, 249, 442, 520, 725
viridissima ... “00 so toes
viscivorus Abe acc con eo. 482
Vitacez 506 os 500 . 902
vitellina ee mao PAT (= 449, 450
vitellus «2. 210
Wale) 455 sere A060 = BUY.
vittata ... coo 468
vittigera 5 We
vittulata . 209
Viverra 123
Viverricula wee O44
viverrina Bs ate - BB4
Vivipara 685 oF6 coe 216
Cxxiv
Viviparide
volitans ee
Voluta...
Volutidee wee
vulgaris
Vulpes ...
vulpes «.
Vultur ... awe
Vulturide
waddelli
wahlbergi
Welle ions
wallichii “x5
walshi ... a
waltoni
wardi ...
welshli ...
wightiana
wolfi
Woodfordia
wroughtoni
Xanthalia
Xanthia
Xanthixus «.
xanthogenys cs
Xantholema ...
Xantholeuca ...
Xanthomima ...
Xanthonotus ...
Xanthopimpla...
xanthopis eee
xanthorhynchus
xanthorica
xanthoschista
xanthus soe
Xenelaphis es.
Kenopeltis
Kenophora ...
Xenophoride ...
Xenorhynehue...
KEDUIA ose
xerodes...
Ly
INDEX,
PAGE | PAGE
cee ess SLOG | 6 Xesta «23 os aa ue CRIN,
«- 792 | xuthedra ees Hee PAL:
«. 212 | Xylorycta ae eee ove 405
Loh ee aye sie aeaaE | Xyloryetide . 408, 739
nae B5C ee 232 | Xylomania ... eos 165, 182
. 800,801 | Xylotrupes .. ce uaa
e-- 800 | Xyrosaris o. 984
sus ene eve 728
ow «494, 728 |
|
!
| Yerburyi ese zi e sa» 916
bo eo» 800 poops 168, 981
Sokly Goes Locher illae a! en eae
608, 609, 852, 1039 Aa soe
we. 445,812, 904, 944
as oe eee 208
217, 800, 803
Ree eve L54 zachrysa eve an ac --- 983
«-» 900 | Zagira ... eve eco G47
«- 908 | zaleuta 5c coo (83
-- 481 | Zalithia HESS cee -. 140
we ee 503 | Zamenis ...245, 251, 252, 259272,
wre 293—298, 557 300, 377, 386, 393, 395,
549, 1017, 1033
zanzibarica “06 sae ewe 208
ZAOCYS «ee cas 261, 262, 851
cost Lithl Zaporus see 50 ven) DOD
wee ae soo) UT “aaria . -.. 209
: on. 790 | zea sac cos 5, PAUL
ame aes eo 110 | zeleca ... Ea ss. £098
«ee 193, 256, 725, 965 | Zelleria... 745, 746
“06 =e soo (te, Zethes... ane eee 665
414,416 | zeylanica 211, 212, 919
= ee 697,725 | zeylanicum ... * “3 os. 910
wus eo. 591,592 | zeylonensis - 494
eee 97,671,672 | zibetha... Sor, te}
Bs 682, 759, 967 | zizyphus eee . 184, 902
aes bat oo. 597 | Zollikoferia «.. 400 ShiY
«es 112,793 | zonatus... “0 vee eee ole
«1007 | zonorhyncha ... 558, 559
«ee 262 | Zoothera ee 960
soe 69, 394 | Zopheropa see aes «-. 408
ee ss . 208 | Zosterops 111, 156, 186, 768, 789, 835
coe 500 ... 208 | Zurobata coe Ace ies vee 648
Mee soe) SOOT O47, Zygena 3 06 nan ww. 204
eee “00 -. 616 | Zygodactyli .. eee su wo. 964
ave es . 134 | Zygophyllum «. = ae --- 901
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