THE
JOU RNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natukal Histoey Society.
EDITED BY
W. S. MILLARD,
R. A.'SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.
VOL. XXV.
Consisting of Five Parts and containing Eight Coloured
Plates, Forty Lithographed Plates, Diag7'ams and
Maps and Forty -four Text-Figures^
Part 1 {Paget 1 to 160)
., // (,Pages 161 to 32+)
„ III {Pages 325 to 520)
„ IV {Pages 521 fo 770)
„ V {Lidex, 4-c.)
Dates of Publicatiofi.
• •• ••
••• •■• •»
• • • •••
• • • • •
■ • ••
••• •••
20<A Mar., li.17.
\'jth Sept., 1917.
loth Jan.^ 1918
1(W(. June, 1918.
2Uh Deer.. 1918.
^^ 0 in b :i 1) :
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS
JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HlST. SOC
S^ilm^:4^iae,isiplkseiMif%t.^^iiKii^j&li^^
MENPES PRESS, WATFORD
r.'fi';
GALLUS SONNERATI.
The Grey Jungle-fowl,
i Natural Size.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV.
No. 1.
Page
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXI.
(With a Plate of Gallus sonnerati, the Grey Jungle-
fowl). By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u... 1
Scientific Kesults of the Mammal Survey No. XY 40
A. — The Indian Gerbils or Antelope Rats. By 11. C.
Wroughton 40
B. — The Slender Loris of Malabar. By R. C. Wroughton. 45
C. — A New " Leaf Monkey " from the Shan States. By
R. C. Wroughton 4G
D. — Paradox^irtis niger and hermaidhroditiis of Blanford.
By R. C. Wroughton 48
The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous and
Introduced. {With Plates X C VI to XC IX and 3 text
figures.) By E. Blatter, s.j 52
Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 27, Bhutan,
Duars. By R. C. Wroughton 63
A List of Birds from the North Chin Hills. By J. C.
Hopwood and J. M. D. Mackenzie 72
A Catalogue of New Wasps and Bees. Part III. By
T. V. Ramakrishna Aiyar, b.a., f.e.S., f.z.s 92
Butterflies of Tharrawaddy and the Pegu Yoma. QVith
aMa.p.) By E. V. Ellis, i.F.s 104
The Game Pishes of the Persian Gulf. Part II. By
Major W. H. Lane 121
The Butterflies of Lahore. By G. W. Y. de Rhe-Philipe,
F.E.S.- 136
Review 143
Roll of Honour 145
Miscellaneous Notes :-^
I. Measurements of Markhor and Urial Heads.
By Capt. A . L. Molesworth 146
520^8
\v CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV.
Page
II. Jackals in Lower Burma. By C. W.
Allen 146
III. Kathiawar Black Buck. By H. D. Rendall,
i.c.s 147
IV. Au Arboreal Panther. By J . R. Jacob,
i.r 148
V. Note on the Scal}'^ Anteater (Manis crassicau-
data). By S. F. Hopwood, i.F.s 148
VI. Large Pintailed Sandgrouse (P. a. cmidata)
settling on water. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F.
Magrath 149
VII. Occurrence of the Wood-snipe (Oallinago ne-
moricola) in Salsette. By Major M. L.
Ferrar, J.A 149
\'1II. Note on the Habits of the Checkered Water
Snake (Tro]3ido7hotus jnscator). By B. D.
Richards 150
IX. Feeding Habits of the Python (Python
molurus). By C. G. Stewart 150
X. Occurrence of Russell's Earth Snake (Eryx
conicus) at 2,200 feet altitude in the
C. P. By C.,G. Chevenix Trench, i.c.s.... 151
XI. Note on the Hamadrayad or King Cobra
(^Naia buncjariis) in North Kanara. By
Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton 151
XII. Food of the Bull Frog (Rana tigrina). By
N.Davidson 152
XI 1 L TheGi'eat Indian Spiders, Genus Pcecilotheria.
By Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton 153
XIV. The " Preying Mantis " as an Entomologist. •
By Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton 154
XV. Some Cerambycids from Kurseong, By B.
A. D'Abreu, F.z.s 155
XVI. Note on a Flight of Sphingidae. By Capt.
F. C. Eraser, i.M.s 155
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXF. v
Pa(jk
XVII. Notes on the Larva of Dilephila livornica
(Striped Hawk Moth). By Capt. V. H.
Scott, I. A 156
Proceedin(js 1-57
No. a.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part
XXII. (^With a Plate of Gennceus albocristatus, the
White-Crested Kalij). By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.8..
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U 161
Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey No. XVI. 199
A. — The Tiipaias of South Tenasserim. By Oldfield
Thomas 199
B. — Notes on Millardia and its Allies. B}^ Oldfield
Thomas 201
C. — A New Genus of ilf wnc^oe. By Oldfield Thomas ... 203
D.— The Spiny-Mouse of Sind. By Oldfield Thomas ... 205
The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous and
Introduced. Part XIX. (With Plates C—GIII
and 8 text figures.) By E. Blatter, s.j 207
The Raptores OF the Punjab. {With 2 Plates.) By C.
H. Donald, F.z.s 231
On the Determination of Age in Bats. {With a Plate,)
By Knud Anderson, F.z.s 249
On the so-called Colour Phases of the Rufous Horse-
shoe-Bat OF India {Bhinolophus rouxi, Temm.) {With
Plates I and II.) By Knud Anderson, f.z.s 260
Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 28, Kalim-
pong. (Darjiling). By R. C. Wroughton 291
Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Punjab,
with Notes on known Species and Descriptions of the
the New Species. By Shiv Ram Kashyap, m, so. ... 279
The Female of the Dragonfly, Brachythemis fuscopalliata
(Ris). (With a Plate.) By Capt. B\ C. Fraser, i.m.s.. 282
vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV.
Page
The Cone of Selaginella pallidissima, Spr. (With a Plate.)
By S. S. Ghose, M.sc 284
Preliminary Notes on a Kecent Botanical Tour to the
High Wavy Mountain (S. India). By E. Blatter, s.j.,
and Prof. F. Hallberg 290
Obituary Notice : Rev. F. Dreckmann, s..i., and Lt.-Col.
K. R. Kirtikar, i.m.s 293
Miscellaneous Notes :■ —
I, The Breeding of the White-eared Bulbnl
(Molj)astes leuGotis). By H. W. Waite ... 297
II. The Indian Grackle or " Hill Mynah " (Gra-
culus intermedins) resident in Calcutta. Bj-
Capt. A. E. Lowrie, i.A.R.o. 297
III. Note on the Great Brown Vulture (Vultur
monachus) in captivity. By the late
Major F. L. Hughes 298
IV. Occurrence of the Ashy Wood-Pigeon (Also-
comus pulchricollis) in the Jalpaiguri
District. By C. M. Ingiis 300
V. The Breeding of the Gull-Billed Tern {Sterna
anglica). By H.W. Waite 300
VI. Late Stay of Teal (Nettium crecca). By Capt.
E.J.D.Colvin 301
VII. The Height at which Birds are able to fly.
By C. H. Donald, F.z.s 302
VIII. The Span of Large Birds. By C. H. Donald,
F.z.s 302
IX. Notes on the Bird Life of Ahwaz, Persia.
By F. Ludlow, i.a.r.o 303
X. The Weights of Pintail and Fantail Snipe.
By R. F. Stoney 306
XI. The Bronze-backed Tree Snake (De7idrola-
phis tristis) in Central India. By Major
C. E. Luard, i.A 306
CONTENTS OF VOLUME SXV. vii
Page
XII. The Bronze-backed Tree Snake (Deoichola-
phis tristis) in the Central Provinces. By
E. A. D'Abreii, F.z.s yOG
XIII. Notes on the Russell's Viper. (^With a Plate.)
By C. R. Narayan Rao 307
XIV. Exceptionally large Saw Scaled Viper
(Echis carinata). By Lt.-Col. F. F. *
Major ... ... ... ... ... 308
XV. Notes on an interesting specimen of the Sea
Snake Hydrophis caerulescens . By Lt.-
Col. F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.G., C.M.Z.S 308
XVI. A Large Cai'p from the Euphrates River.
By Major W. A. Light 308
XVII. The Packing of Papered Butterflies for safe-
keeping or despatch by post. (JVith S
Text Blod-s.) By Major H. D. Peile,
i.M.s 309
XVIII. Note on the colour of flowers in iJysophylki
stellata,Bt\i. By M. K. Venkata Rao.... 312
XIX. An interesting case of distribution. By
M. K. Venkata Rao 313
XX. Fall of seed in rain storm. By E. Brook-
Fox 313
Proceedings 314
Accounts for 191G 321
No. 3.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part
XXIII. (With a Plate of Phasiajitis humict, Mrs.
Hume's Pheasant.) By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.s.,
F.z.s,, M.B.O.U 325
Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey No. XVII.
A. — The Shan States Langur — A Correction. By R. C.
Wroughton 361
JB. — A New Indian Hare, Lepu^ rajpnt. By R. C.
Wroughton 361
viii CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV.
Page
The Nomenclature of the GeogtRAphical Forms of the
Panolia Deer (Rucervus eldi and its Relatives).
By Oldfield Thomas 363
A Selection of Lectotypes of Indian Mammals, from
THE Oo-TYPES described BY HODGSON, GrAY, ElLIOT
AND OTHERS. By Oldfield Thomas 368
Description of a New Lizard of the Genus Aganteo-
DACTTLus from MESOPOTAMIA. By G. A. Boulenger,
LL.D., d.sc, f.r.s 373
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes.
Part XXIV. Typhhps. (With Plate XXIV and
Diagram.) By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, c.m.g., c.m.z.s., f.l.s. 875
Two New Indian Dragonflies. By Capt. F. 0. Fraser,
i.M.s 383
The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous and
Introduced. Part XX. (With Plates CIV to CVI
and 7 text figures.) By Rev. E. Blatter, S.J 386
New Indian Scropevlariace^ and some Notes on the
SAME Order. By Rev. E. Blatter, s.j., and Prof. F.
Hallberg 416
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, Part
XIX. By. Mr. T. R. Bell, i.F.s 430
Indian Dragonflies, (With 13 Plates.) By Capt. F. C.
Fraser, i.M.s 454
Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 29, Pegu.
By R. C. Wroughton and Winifred M. Davidson 472
Herbaceous Monsoon Flora at Castle Rock and a New
Species of Balsam. By L. J. Sedgwick, f.l.s.. i.c.s. 482
Some Notes on Game Birds in Mesopotamia. By Capt.
0. M. ThornhiU 486
Miscellaneous Notes : —
I. A Fight between a Dog and a Porcupine.
By R. D. Macleod, i.cs 491
CONTENTS OF TOLUME XXV. ix
Page
il. Buffalo in the Nicobar Islands. By Lt.-Col.
R. W. Burton, i.A 491
ill. Notes from the Oriental Sporting Magazine,
New Series, 1869-1879. By Lt.-Col. R.
W. Burton, i.a 491
IV. Further Notes on Birds nesting in the Tons
Valley. By B. B. Osmaston, i.f.s 493
V. Birds nesting in the Bhillung Valley, Tehri
Garhwal. By W. H. Matthews 495
VI. The Occurrence of the Indian Pitta (Pitta
brachyura) in the Kangra District, Punjab.
By 0. H. Donald, F.z.s 497
VII. Arrival of Duck and Teal in the Darbhanga
District, Beliar. By 0. M. Inglis 499
VIII. Nidification of the Lesser or Common Whist-
ling Teal (Dendrocycna javanica) and
Bonelli's Eagle (^Hiercetus fasciatns). By
S. G. de C. Ireland, i.c.s 499
IX. Extension of Habitat of the Hair-crested
Drongo (Chibia hottentotta) . Bj C. H.
Donald 500
X. Some Notes on the Burmese Peafowl (Pavo
7)iuticus) in captivity. By C. M. Inglis ... 500
XL Occurrence of the Pink-headed Duck (Rhodu-
nessa caryophyllacea) in the Punjab. B}'
A. II. Marshall 502
XII. Food of Bulbuls. By B. D. Richards 503
XIIL Notes on the Nidification of the Common
Grey Hornbill (Lophoceros Ijirosiris). By
Eleanor Frances Hall 503
XlV. Note on Kalij Pheasant, especially on a
specimen from the Goalpara District,
Assam. By Chas. M. Inglis 505
XV. Curious position of a Dove's Nest. ( With av
Ilhistration.) By W. G. Barnett 507
X conti:nts of volume xxv.
Page
XVI. Habits of the Green Turtle (Ghelone mydas).
By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton, i.A 508
XVII. Occurrence of the Tree-Snake (JDendroi^his
Indus') in Kumaon. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
i.M.s 509
XVIII. Pythons breeding in captivity. By E. A.
D'Abreu, f.z.s 509
XIX. The Varieties of Cobras in Central India.
By Major C. E. Luard 510
XX. Cobras without the Cuneate Scale. By
Major H. R. AVatson 510
XXI. Fight between Vespa cindn, Fabr., and
Polistes hebraeus, Fabr. By Chas. M. Inglis. 511
XXII. The Influence of the Monsoons on Insect
Life in India. By Capt. I". C. Eraser,
I.M.s 511
XXIII. The distance Mosquitoes can fly. By Major
Robert E. Wright, i.M.s 511
XXIV. Phosphorescence in the Persian Gulf. By
Major Robert E. Wright, i.M.s 512
XXV. Phenomena of Interchangeability of Vegeta-
tive and Fruit Structures in Opuntia elafior,
Mill. (With Plates I and II.) By G. B.
Patvardhan 513
XXVI. A Sport from Opuntia elatior,'M\\\ . {With
Plate III.) By G . B . Patvardhan 514
XXVII. The Barton Shooting Seat. {With a Plate.)
By L. H. Savile 515
Proceediinkjs 5] 6-520
NO. 4.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXIV.
{With a Plate of Pucrasia nnacrolopha, the Koklass
Pheasant.) By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.S., f.z.s..
M.B.O.U S21
CONTENTiS OF VOLUME XXV. xi
P.\(;e
Summary of the Results from the Indian Mammal
Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society.
By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s ■)'\1
Notes on a Collection of Sea Snakes from Madras, By
Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., I.M.S ol)9
Indian Dragonflies. Pai-t II. {With 5 Text-Jic/ures.) By
Capt. F. C. Fraser, i.m.s (j08
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part
XXV. Callophis macclellandi and Silyhura occellata.
(With Plate XXV and Diagram.) By Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., I.M.S — 028
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part
XX. By T. R. Bell i.F.s 036
Notes on the Birds of Ambala District, Punjab. By H.
Whistler, M.B.O.U., f.z.s 665
The Cyperace^e of the Bombay Presidency. By L. J.
Sedgwick, f.l.s., i.c.s 682
A Revision of the Indian Species of Rotala and Amman-
NiA. By E. Blatter, s. J., and Prof. F. Hallberg 701
Contributions towards a Flora of Persian Baluchistan
and Makran from materials supplied BY' Capt. J.
E. B. HoTSON, i.A.R.o. By E. Blatter, s.j., and Prof.
F. Hallberg 723
Miscellaneous Notes : —
I. Notes from the " Oriental Sporting Maga-
zine," Nevv Series, 1869-1879. By Lt.-
Col. R. W. Bnrton, i.a 740
II. Crows in Busrah. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F.
Magrath 741
• III. Black-headed Sibia (Lioptila cafistrata) in
the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. By. C,
M. Inglis 742
IV. Occurrence of the White-tailed Blue Robin
(Notodela leucura) in the Buxa Duars Dis-
trict, Bengal. By C. M. Inglis 742
xii CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV.
Page
V. An Addition to the Indian List of Birds.
By Hugh Whistler, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 742
VI. Some Further Notes on Cuckoos in Maymyo.
By J. M. D. Mackenzie, m.b.o.u., f.z.s. ... 742
VII. Occurrence of the European Great Bustard
(Otis tarda) near Peshawar, ^y the Hon.
Sir George Roos-Keppel, g.c.i.e., k.c.s.i. 745
VIII. The Wliite-necked Stork in the Punjab.
By Hugh Whistler, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 740
IX. Comb Duck {^arcidiornis melanonotus) in
Sind. By R. E. Gibson, i.c.s 747
X. A Few Notes on the Nests and Eggs of some
of the Burmese Scimitar Babblers. By J .
M. D. Mackenzie, i.f.s., m.b.o.u., f.z.s. ... 748
XI. Miscellaneous Notes on some Birds in the
Chin Hills, Burma. By P. F. Wickham,
p.w.D 750
XII. Close-barred Sandgrouse at Muscat. Bj-
Major A. R. Burton 751
XIII. The Span of Large Birds. By Capt. S. S.
Flower 752
XIV. Capturing Tigers with Bird-lime. By Sur-
geon-General W. B. Bannerman, C.S.i.,
i.M.s 753
XV. On an undescribed colour variety of the
Snake (Zaocys mucosas) from the Central
Provinces. By E. A. D'Abreu, f.z.s 753
XVI. Notes on a Gravid Hijdrophis cyanocinctus
and her Brood. (With a Diagram.) By
Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., f.l.s.,
I.M.s 754
XVII. Note on the Breeding of the Rasp-skinned
Water Snake (Ohersydrus yranulatus),
Schneider. By Lt.-CoL F. Wail, c.m.g.,
C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., I.M.s 756
CO A TEN ns OF VOLUME XXV. xiii
Page
XVIll. Notes on Flies for Trout Fly Fishing in
Kashmir. By F. J. Mitchell 757
XIX. Note on the Habits of the Death's-Head
Moth (Acherontia sti/x). By Surgeon-
(reneral W. B. Banuerman, i:;.s.i., i.m..s. ... 759
XX. A New Species of Phytophthora parasitic on
the Para Rubber Tree. By W. McRae ... 760
XXI, PJxamples of mimicry in Spiders. (With an.
Illustration.) By C. E. C. Fischer, i.f.s. ... 760
XXII. On Red Sea Water. By Lt.-Col. H. J.
Walton, C.M.Z.S., i.m.s 7til
XXIII. Cultivation of the PJdible Date Palm (Phcenix
dactylifera) in South India. {With a
Plate.) By Surgeon-General W. B. Ban-
nerman, c.s.i., i.m.s 763
XXIV. Fall of Seed in a Rainstorm. By L. J.
Sedgwick, I.e. s 764
PliOCEEDI^CiS 7(3(3
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
-VOX.XTIVEJE:
Page
AiYAR, T. V, Ramakkishna,
B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. ; A Ca-
talogue of New Wasps and
Bees. Part III
Allen, C. W.
Lower Burma
Jackals in
Andersen, Knud, F.Z.S. ; On
the Determination of Age
in Bats. (With a Plate). . .
; On
the so-called Colour Phases
of the Rufous Horseshoe-Bat
of India (Rhinolopku-s rouai,
Temm.) {With Plates I
and II).
92
146
249
260
B. E. Rev. Father F. Dreck-
3V1ANN, S.J. ; Obituary . . 293
— Lieut. -Col. K. R. Kirtikar,
I.M.S. (Retd.) Obituary.. 295
Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; The Game
Birds of India, Burma and
Ceylon. Part XXI {With
a Plate). The Common Jun-
gle-Fowl, Burmese Jungle-
Fowl, Grey Jungle-Fowl,
and Ceylon Jungle-Fowl . . 1
Part XXII {With a Plate).
The White-Crested Kalij,
Nepal Kalij, Black-backed
Kalij Pheasant, Black-
breasted Kalij Pheasant,
William's Kalij Pheasant . . 161
Page
Baker, E. C. Stuaet, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ; Part
XX III {With a Plate).
Oates' Silver Pheasant,
Grant's Silver Pheasant, The
Chinese Silver Pheasant,
Yunnan Silver Pheasant,
Ruby Mines Silver Pheasant,
Mr.s. Hume's Pheasant,
The Burmese Barred-Back
Pheasant, and Stone's Phea-
sant ..... . . . . 325
Part XXIV {With a Plate).
The Koklas or Pukras Phea-
sant, Kashmir Koklas, Nepal
Koklas, Chestnut-Mantled
Koklas, Meyer's Koklas, The
Yellow-necked Koklas and
Amherst Pheasant . .
Bannerman, Surgeon-Gene-
ral W. B., C.S.I., I.M.S. ;
Capturing Tigers with Bird-
lime . .
Notes on the Habits of the
Death's Head Moth {Ache-
rontia sty.v) . .
521
/•).j
r59
Cultivation of the Edible
Date Palm {Phanix dactyli-
fera) in South India . . 763
Barnett, W. G. ; Curious Po-
sition of a Dove's Nest {loith
an Illustration) . . , . 507
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
XT
Page
Bell, T. R., 1.B\S. ; The Com-
mon Butterflies of the Plains
of India. Part XIX .. 430
Part XX
Blatter, E., S. J. ; The
Palms of British India
and Ceylon, Indigenous and
Introduced. Part XVIII.
{With Plates XCVI-XCIX
and .'} Text -Jiffs.)
; Part XIX.
h;36
{Wit/i Plates C-CIII and 8
Text'fiffs.) -207
. ; Part XX.
(With Plates CIV-CVI and
7 Text-figs.) . . . . . ■ 386
Blatter, E., S. J., and Pro-
fessor F. Hallbekg ; Preli-
minary Notes on a Recent
Botanical Tour to the High
Wavy Mountain (S. India). :^90
New Indian Scropkulariaceoi
and some Notes on the same
Order 416
A Revision of the Indian Spe-
cies of Rotala and Ammania. 701
Contributions towards a Flora
of Persian Baluchistan and
Makrau from materials sup-
plied by Capt. J. E. B.
HoTsox, I.A.R.O 723
Bombay Natural History
' Society's Mammal Survey
OF India ; Report No. 27,
Bhutan Duars. By R. C.
Wroughtox. . .. 63
1 Page
Bombay Natural History
Society's Mammal Survey
OF India ; Report No. 28,
Kalimpong (Darjiling). By
R. C. Wroughton . . . . 274
•
Report No. 29, Pegu. By
R. C. Wroughton and Wini-
fred M. Davidson . . . . 472
Scientific Results, No. XV.
By R. C. Wroughton . . 40
' ' — "~*~~ •)
No. XVI. By Oldfield
Thomas 199
No. XVII.
Wroughton
By R. C.
361
Summary of the Results. By
R. C. Wroughton . . . . 547
Boulenger, G. a., LL.D.,
D.Sc, F.R.S. ; Description
of a New Lizard of the Genus
Acanthodactylus from Meso-
potamia . . . . . . 373
Brook-Fox, E.; Fall of Seed
in Rain Storm . . . . 313
Burton, Major A. R. ; Close-
barred Sandgrouse at Muscat. 751
Burton, Lt.-Col. R. W., I. A. ;
Buflalo in the Nicobar Islands. 491
— ^— ;
Notes from the Oriental
Sporting Magazine, new
series, 1869-1879 . . 491, 740
" j
Habits of the Green Turtle
[C/ielone mydas) . . . . 508
CoLViN, Capt. E. J. ; Late
Stay of Teal {Nettium
crecca) . . . . . . 301
XVI
LIST OF CONTJRIBUrORS.
Page
D'Abrbu, E. a., F.Z.S. ; Some
Cerambycids from Kurseong. 155
»
The Bronze-backed Tree
Snake (Dendrolaphis tristis)
in the Central Provinces . . 306
— — ,
Pythons breeding in capti-
vity 509
On an undescribed colour
variety of the Snake {Zaocys
mucosus) from the Central
Provinces
Davidson, N. ; Food of the
Bull Frog {Rana tif/rina) . .
Davidson, Winifred M. — See
Bombay Natural History
Society's Mammal Survey
of India
Donald, C H., F.Z.S. ; The
Raptores of the Punjab.
( With 2 Plates)
. ; The
Height at which Birds are
able to fly . .
; The
Span of Large Birds
; The
Occurrence of the Indian
Pitta {Pitta brachyura) in the
Kangra District, Pvinjab . .
" ; Ex-
tension of Habitat of the
Hair- crested Drongo {Chibia
hottentotta) . .
Ellis, E. V., I.F.S., Butter-
flies of Tharrawaddy and the
Pegu Yoma ( With a Map) . .
Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L. ; Note
on the Hamadrayad or King
Cobra {Naia huw/arus) in
North Kanara
Page
753
152
231
302
302
49;
500
J 04
Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L. ; The
Great Indian Spiders, Genus
Pcecilotheria . .
; The
" Preying Mantis " as an
Entomologist
Ferrar, Major M. L., I. A. ;
Occurrence of the Wood-
Snipe {Gallinago nemoricola)
in Salsette . .
Fischer, C. E. C, I.F.S. :
Examples of mimicry in
Spiders. {Witha7i, illustration).
Flower, Capt. C. S. ; The
Span of Large Birds
Eraser, Capt. F. C, I.M.S.;
Note on a Flight of Sphingidre
Indian Dragonflies.
IS Plates)
( With
The Influence of the Mon-
soons on Insect Life in India.
151
Indian Dragonflies. Part II.
[With 5 Te.vt-fi(/ures).
Ghose, S. L., M.Sc. ; The Cone
of Selayinella pallidisi7iia, Spr.
{With a Plate)
Gibson, R.E., I.C.S. : Comb
Duck {Sarcidiornis melanono-
tus) in Sind . .
Hall, Eleanor Frances;
Notes on the Nidification of
the Common Grey Hornbill
[Lophoceros birostns)
154
149
'60
752
155
The Female of the Dragon-
fly, Brachythemisfuscoj)aUiata
(Ris.) ( With a Plate) . . 282
Two New Indian Dragonflies. 383
454
511
608
284
747
503
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
xvii
PaC!E
Hallbeku, Prof. F. — Sec
Blatter, E.
HopwooD, J. C. ; A List of
Birds from the North Chin
HiUs
HopwooD, S. F. ; Note on the
Scaly Anteater (Manix cras-
sicaudata)
Hughes, Major F. L.; Note on
the Great Brown Vulture
{Vultur monaclius) in capti-
vity
Inglis, cm.; Occurrence of
the Ashy Wood- Pigeon {A Iso-
comus pnlchricollis) in the
Jalpaiguri District . .
; Arrival of
Duck and Teal in the Dar-
bhanga District, Behar
: Some Notes
on the Burmese Peafowl
(^Pavomu ticus) in captivity...
; Note on the
Kalij Pheasant, especially on
a Specimen from the Goal-
para District, Assam
; Fight between
148
298
Vespa cincta, Fabr., and Po-
listes hebracus, Fabr.
; Black-headed
Sibia {^Lioptlla capistrata) in
the J alpaiguri District,
Bengal
: Occurrence of
300
499
oOO
r>(\:
)K lO
511
742
the White-tailed Blue Robin
(Nvtodela leucura) in the
Buxa Duars District, Bengal.
Ireland, S. G. de C, I.C.S. :
Nidification of the Lesser or
Common Whistling Teal
{Dendroci/cna javanica) and
Bonelli's Eagle {Hiercetux
fascia tus)
3
'42
308
Page
Jacob, J. li., I. P. ; An Arbo-
real Panther . . . . 148
Kashyap, Shiv Ram, M.Sc,
B.A. ; Liverworts of the
Western Himalayas and the
Punjab, with Notes on known
Species and Descriptions of
the New Species , . . . 279
Lane, Major W. H. : The
(jrame Fishes of the Persian
Gulf. Part II . . . . 121
Light, Major W. A. ; A large
Carp from the Euphrates
River . .
LowRiE, Capt. A. E., I.A.R.O. ;
The Indian Grackle, or '' Hill
Mynah " (Graculus interme-
dius) resident in Calcutta . .
LuARD, Major C. E., I.A. ; The
Bronze-backed Tree Snake
(Dendrolaphis tristh) in Cen-
tral India
; The
varieties of Cobras in Central
India . .
Ludlow, F., I.A.R.O. ; Notes
on the Bird Life of Ahwaz,
Persia
Mackenzie, J. M. D.,
M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.;A List of
Birds from the North Chin
HiUs
297
306
510
499
Some Further Notes on
Cuckoos in Maymyo . .
A few Notes on the Nests and
Eggs of some of the Burmese
Scimitar Babblers . .
MACLEOD, R. D., I.C.S. ; A
Fight between a Dog and a
Porcupine
72
742
74R
491
XVIH
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Page
McRae, W. ; A New Species of
Phytophthora parasitic on the
Para Rubber Tree . . . . 760
Magrath, Lt.-Col. H. A. F. ;
Large Pintailed Sandgrouse
(P. a. caudata) settling on
water . . , . . . . . 149
Crows in Biisrah
741
Major, Lt.-Col. F. F. ; Ex-
ceptionally large Saw Scaled
Yrper {Echiscarinata). . 308
Marshall, A. H. ; Occurrence
of the Pink-headed Duck
Rhodonessa caryophyUacea in
the Punjab 502
Mattews, W. H. ; Birds nest-
ing in the Bhillung Valley,
Tehri Garhwal . . . . 495
Mitchell, F. J. ; Notes on
Flies for Trout Fly-Fishing in
Kashmir . . . . . . 757
Molesworth, Capt. A. L, ;
Measurements of Markhor
and Urial Heads . . . . 146
OsMASTON, B.B., I.F.S.; Fur-
ther Notes on Birds nesting
in the Tons Valley . . . . 493
Pat7ARDHan, G. B. ; Pheno-
mena of Interchangeability
of Vegetative and Fruit
Structures in Opuntia elatior,
Mill. ( With Plates land II). 513
■ ; A Sport
from Opuniia eluiior, Mill.
{With I'late III) .. .. 514
Page
Peile, Major H. D., LM.S. ;
The Packing of Papered
Butterflies for safekeeping or
despatch by Post . . . . 309
Rao, C. R. Nayaran ; Notes on
the RusseU's Viper , . , . 307
Rao, M. K. Venkata ; Note
on the colour of Flowers in
Dysophylla stellata, Bth. . . 312
— ; An in-
teresting ase of distribution. 313
Rendall, H. D., I.C.S. ; Ka-
thiawar Black Buck . . . . 147
Reviews : — A Bird Calendar for
N. India 143
Rhe-Philipe, G. W, V. i»e,
F.E.S. ; The Butterflies of
Lahore . . . . 136
Richards, B. D. ; Note on the
Habits of the Checkered
Water Snake {Tropidi'iiotus
picastor) . . . . . . 150
• ; Food of Bul-
buls
503
Roos-Keppel, The Hon'ble Sir
George, G.C.LE., K.C.S.I. ;
Occurrence of the European
Great Bustard {Otis tarda)
near Peshawar . . . . 745
Savile, L. H. ; The Barton
Shooting Seat. ( With a Plate). 515
Scott, Capt. F. B., I.A.; Notes
on the Larva of Dilephila
Uromica (Striped Hawk
Moth^ 1£6
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
\\\
Page
Sedgwick, L. J., F.L.S.,
T.O.S.; Herbaceous Monsoon
Flora at Castle Rock and a
Now Species of Balsam . . 482
The CyperaceiB of the Bom-
bay Presidency
Stewart, C. G. ; Feeding
Habits of the Python {Phij-
thou molurus)
Stoney, R. F. ; The Weights of
Pintail and Fantail Snipe ^ .
Thomas, Oldfield, F.R.S. ;
The Nomenclature of the
Geographical Forms of the
Panolia Deer (Rucervus eldi
and its Relatives)
A Selection of Lectotypes of
Indian Mammals, from the
Co-types described by Hodg-
son, Gray, jilliot and
others ,
See also Bombay Natural
History Society's Mammal
Survey of India.
Thornhill, Capt. C. M. ; Some
Notes on Game Birds in
Mesopotamia . .
682
Fall of Seed in a Rainstorm. 764
150
306
363
368
486
Trench, C. G. C, I.C.S. ;
Occurrence of Russell's Earth
Snake {Eiyv conicus) at 2,200
feet altitude in the C. P. . . lol
Page
Waite, H, W. ; The Breeding
of the Gull-Billed Tern {Stet-na
angelica) . . . . . . 300
Wall, Lt.-Col. F., I. M.S.,
C.M.G., C.M.Z.S ; Notes on
an interesting specimen of
the Sea Snake {Hydrophis
c eri3
scens)
A Popular Treatise on the
Common Indian Snakes.
Part XXV, Caliophis niac-
aellandi. ( With a Flate and
a Diagram) . .
308
A Popular Treatise on the
Common Indian Snakes.
Part XXIV. Typhlops ( With
Plate XXI V and Diagram) . 375
Occurrence of the Tree Snake
{Dendrophis pictus) in Ku-
maon . . . . . . . . 500
Notes on a Collection of Sea
Snakes from Madras . . 599
628
Notes on a Gravid Hydrophis
cyanccnctus and her Brood
( With a Diagram) . . . . 754
Notes on the Breeding of the
Rasp-skinned Water Snake
( CherKTjdrus gvanulatus ),
Schneider . . . . . . 756
Waite, H. W. ; The Breeding Walton, Lt.-Col. H. J.,
of the White-eared Bulbul I C.M.Z.S., l.M.S. ; On Red
{Molpa ies leucotis) .. .. 297 J Sea Water 7f:I
XX
LLST OF CONTEIBUTORS.
Page
Watson, Major H. 11. ; Co-
bras without the Cuncate
Scale olO
Whistlbk, H., M.B.O.r.,
F.Z.S.; Notes on the Birds *
of Aiubala District, Pun-
jab . . . . . . . . 665
An Additi(^i) to the Indian
List of Birds . . .. .. 742
The White-necked Stork in
the Punjab . . . . . . 746
Page
WiCKHAM, P. F., P.W.D. ;
Miscellaneous Notes on Some
Birds in the Chin Hills,
Burma . . . . . . 750
Wright, Major Robert E.,
I.M.S. ; The distance Mos-
quitoes can fly . . . . 511
!
Phosphorescence in the Per-
sian Gulf . . . . . . 512
Wrotjghton, R. G.—See Bombay
Natural History's So-
ciety's Mammal Survey of
India.
LIS T 0 F PLATE S.
No 1
Page
The Game Birds of India, Burma aud Ceylon. The Grey Jungle-
fowl (Gallus sonnerati) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Palms of British India and Ceylon. XCVI-XCIX.—
XCYl.—Eapkia niffia, Mart. 52
XCVII. — Wine Palm (liaphia vinifera, Palis de Beauv.) . . 56
XC VIII. —Sago Palm {Metroxylon safjus, Rottb.) . . . . 60
XCIX, — Rumph's Sago Palm {Metroaylonrumphii, Mart.) 61
Map of the Tharrawaddy and the Pegu Yoma, Lower Burma. . . . 104
No. 2.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The White-crested
Kalij (GenncBus albocristatus) . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
The Palms of British India and Ceylon. C-CIII.—
C. — Zalacca xvallichiana , Mart. . . . . . . . . 208
CI. — Plectocomia assamica, Gri^l. . . . . . . . . 214
CII. — Plectocomia elongata, Mart. . . . . . . 21o
cm. — Calamus leptospadiXjGiXiS. .. .. .. .. 228
The Raptores of the Punjab —
Wing of Vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Figs. 1. — Steppe Eagle (Aquila bifasciata).
2. — Bonelli's Eagle (Hieratus fasciatus),
3. — Laggar Falcon {Falco jugger),
4. — Shikra {Astur badius) . . . . . . . . 242
On the Determination of Age in Bats. Tooth wear as an Indication
of Age in Rhinolophus. Figs. A-B & I-V . . . . . . . . 258
Colour Changes in Rhinolophus roua-i, I-II. —
I.— Figs. 1-4 < .. .. 270
II.— Figs. 5-8 = 271
Genital Organs and Wing of the Dragon Fly Brac/igt hernia fuscoiml-
liata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
The Cone of Helaginella pallidissima, Spr. Figs. 1-10 . . . . . . 284
The Late Fr. Dreckman, S.J. (Portrait) 293
The RusseU's Viper (Ft>em /-MS-seZZO- Figs. A-E 307
xxn
LIST 01 PLATES.
No. 3.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Mrs. Hume's Phea-
sant (Phasiaiius huinice)
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes, XXIV , .
Figs. 1-2 — Typhlops anutus.
3-5— Typhlops brahminus.
6-7 — Typhlops diardi.
The Palms of British India and Ceylon. CIV-CVI.—
CIV. — Calamus viminalis, Willd.
CV, — Calamus rot any, L. . .
CVI. — Calamus scipio')ium,, Lour.
Indian Dragonflies. I-XIII. —
I. — Dorsal Aspect of a Dragonfly . .
II. — Head and Mouth Parts . .
III. — Main Neuration of Fore and Hind Wings
IV. — Atypical and Typical Wings of Libellulines . .
V. — Fore and Hind Wings of ('ordulines and Aeschnines..
VI.— Figs. 1 & 2.— Wings of a Gomphid.
Figs. 3 & 4. — Hind-wings of a Calopterix and Euphoea
VII. — Wings of Agrionines and of a Micromerus
VIII. — Agrionines pairing
IX. — Sexual Organs and Anal-appendages of Dragonflies. .
X. — Larvae of (I) Aeschnid ; (2) Gomphid ; (3) Microme-
rus ; (4) Gomphid . . . <
XI. — Larvfe of (1) Libelluline ; (2) Agrionine ; (3) Gom-
phid ; (4) Libelluline..
XII. — Mask of Dragonfly Larvae
XIII. — Respiratory System of an Aeschnine Larva . .
Phenomena of Interchangeability of Vegetative and Fruit Structures
in Opuntia elatior, Mill., I i^- IT
Barton Shooting Seat
No 4.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Koklass Pheasant
(Pucrasia maerolopha)
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. XXV . .
Figs. 1-3. — Callophis macclellandi, var, typica.
Fig. 4. — Silybura occellata.
Cultivation of the Edible Date Palm (^Pluenix dactylifei-a) in Southern
India. 1. Date Palm in Flower ; 2. Two Bunches of Fruits.
Page
.32.5
388
.394
411
4.54
456
458
458
458
468
468
462
462
466
464
466
468
.513
515
521
632
763
Aeechnine, Head, PI. II.
Larva, PI. X
_ Respiratory
System,
PI. XIII
Mask of Larvs©.
PI. XII . .
Page
456
466
468
.. 466
Mouth Parts, PI. II. 466
- Wings, PI. V
Agrionine, Head, PI. II
Larva, PI. XI
=- Male Anal Appen-
dages, PI. IX . .
Mask of Larvae, PI.
XII
— .- Mouth Parts, Fl. II
Wings, PI. VII
Agrionines pairing, showing the
two acts of copulation, PI.
vin
Agnonoptera insignis, Male
Secondary
Sexual
Or g a n s.
Fig.
Wings,
Fig
Ampkitkemis curvistyla, Anal
Appendages,
Figs.
. _ Sexual
Organs,
Figs. . .
/;act7te?js, Anal Ap-
p e n d a-
ges. Fig.
468
466
466
462
466
466
458
462
622
622
626
626
626
Page
Amphithemis vaciUans,M&\e Se-
c o ndary
Se X u a 1
Org ans,
Fig. .. 626
Wings,
Fig 626
Anax, Female Sexual Organs
and Anal Appendages,
PI. IX 462
Male Secondary Sexual
Organs, PL IX . . 462
Aquila bifasciata, PI. . . . . 242
Argia gomphoides, Anal Append-
ages,Male and Female, PI. IX. 462
Astur badius, PI. . . • ■ 242
Barton Shooting Seat, PI. . • 515
Bonelli's Eagle, PI 242
Bracht/themis fuscopalliata, Ge-
nital Organs and Wing, PI. 282
Butterflies, packing of, for Safe-
keeping or Despatch by
Post, Figs. .- .. 309-312
Calamus aeanthospathus, BTanch.
of Fruiting Spadix,
Fig. .. .. 398
. didymocarpus, Portion
of Fruiting Spikelet,
Fig 410
erectus, Portion of
Male Spike-
let in Longi-
tudinal Sec-
tion, Fig. . . 224
Top Part of
Branch of
Spadix, Fig. 226
XXIV
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Calamus erectus, Part of Fruit-
ing Spadix,
Fig. . . 226
fjrifflthianus. Female
Flower
with In-
volucre
still clo-
sed, Fig. 217,
218
Female
Flower
cut open,
Fig.
217
Female
Flower
with out
In V o 1 u-
cre, Fig. 217
Female
Fl o w e r
during
Anthesis,
Fig. . . 218
Fe m a 1 e
Fl o w e r
with In-
vo 1 u c re
during
Authesis,
Fig. . . 218
— latifoUus, Part of
Stem, fig 407
~ loptonpadix, Fruit,Fig. 228
Scales of
Fruit,
Fig. . . 228
■ L o ngitu-
d i n a 1
Sectio n
of Seed,
Fig. . . 228
Page
Calamus leptospadLr Part of
FlageUum of Female
Spadix, Fig. . . 228
rotang, PI. . . . . 394
-— Flowers and
Fruit, Figs. . . 395
— ><c{pionum, PI. ' . . 411
tenuis, Branches of
Fruiting Spadix, Fig. 393
unifarius pentong , por-
tion of Flowering
Spikelet, Fig. .. 410
viminalis, PI. . . 389
Callophis viacclellandi , Head,
Figs. . . 634
'- typica,
PI 632
Calopterygine, Male Second-
ary Sexual Or-
gans, PI. IX. 462
Penis of, PI.
IX .. .. . ..462
Calopteryx chinensis, Hindwing,
PI. VI 468
Colour Changes in Rhmolophus
rouxi, Pis. I-II . . . . 270
Cordulia, Mask of Larvjs, PI.
XII 466
Corduline, Wings, PI. V . . 458
Daemonoropis, Cirrhus of a. Fig.. 413
jenkinsianus, Ver-
tical Section of Fruit, Fig , . 414
Date Palm, Edible, PI. . . 763
Dove's Nest, Curious position.
Fig 507
Dragonfly, Dorsal Aspect, PI. I. 454
Genital Organs and
Wing, PI 282
Head and Mouth
Parts, PI. II . . 456
DEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
XXV
Page
458
466
46:>
282
Dragonfly, Main Neuration of
Wings, PI. Ill • •
Masks of Larvie, PI.
XII .. ••
Sexual Organs and
Anal Appendages,
PI. IX
Wing, PI
Dragonflies, Indian, Pis. I-
Xm . . 454, 456, 458, 462, 466,
468, Figs. 618, 620,
622, 625, 626.
Dreckmann, The late Fr., S. J.,
Portrait
Eagle, Bonellis, PI.
Steppe, PI.
Euphcea dispar, Hind-wing, PI.
VI
Falcojugger, PI.
Falcon, Laggar, PI
Gallus sonnerati, PI.
Game Birds of India, Burma
and Ceylon, Pis. XXI-
XXIV . . 1, 161, 325,
Gennceus albocristatus, PI.
Glauconia blanfordi, Fig.
Gomphine, Head of, PI. II
Larva, Pis. X and XI.
Male Anal Appenda-
ges, PI. IX
Male Secondary Se-
xual Organs, PI. IX.
Mask of Larvse, PI.
XII
Wings, PI. V
293
242
242
458
242
242
1
Hieraetus fasciatus, PI.
Hydrophis cyanoeinctus, Varia-
tion of Lepidosis, PI.
Hylceothemis, Male Secondary
Organs, Fig. . .
^- Wings, Fig.
Jungle Fowl, Grey, PI.
Kalij, White-crested, PI.
4
521
161
380
456
466
462
462
466
458
242
754
620
620
I
161
Koklas Pheasant, PI. . .
Laggar Falcon, PI.
Libelluline, Head, PI. II
Larva, PI. XI
Male Primary Se-
xua Organs, PI.
IX
Mask of Larvae, PI.
XII
Wings, PI. IV . .
Page
. 521
242
. 456
. 466
Maps, Tharrawaddy and the
Pegu Yoma, Lower Burma . .
Metroxyiov. rumphii, PL
, Corolla of
MaleFlow-
er, Fig. .
Female
!F 1 o w er,
Part of,
Fig ..
— Male Flow-
er, Fig.
Pistill ode
of Male
Fl o w e r,
Longi t u-
dinal Sec-
tion, Fig..
sagus, PI. . .
Micromeru^. Larva, PI. X
. Mask of Larvte,
XII
— lineatus, Fore-wing
of Female, PI. VII . .
Opuntia elatior, Phenomena of
Interchangea-
bility of Ve-
getative and
Fruit Struc-
tures, Pis. I
and II
-, Sport rom,
PL III
462
466
458
104
61
62
62
62
60
466
466
458
513
514
XXVI
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Palm, Edible Date, PI. . . 763
Palms of British India, Pis. XCVI—
CVI. 62, 208, 214, 215, 228, 388,
394, 411, Figs. 56, 57, 62, 209, 213,
216, 217, 218, 224, 225, 228, 393,
395, 398, 407, 410, 413, 414.
Pegu Yoma, Lower Burma,
Map of
Phasianus humice, PI. . .
Pheasant, Koklas, PI.. .
Mrs. Hume's, PI.
Phcenix dactylifera, PI.
Pithecus harbei, Blyth. Head of.
Fig
Plectocomia assamica, PI.
Scale of
F r u i t,
Fig- ■ ■
Sec t i o n
of Seed.
Fig. . .
Seed, Fig.
elongata, PI.
Tip of Fe-
male Spi-
ke of Spa-
dix, Fig,
khasiyana, Sc al e s
of Fruit,
Fig. ..
Sectio n
of Seed,
Fig. ..
Seed
enclosed
in the
Flesh,
Fig. ..
Tip of
Spik e,
Fig. ..
104
325
521
325
763
47
214
213
213
213
215
216
213
213
Page
Raphia ruffia, PI. . . . . 52
Female Flower,
Fig 55
Male Flower, Fig. 55
rinifeva, PI. . . . . 56
— Female Flow-
Pucrasia macrolopha, PI.
Python molurus, Fig. . .
213
216
521
150
er. Fig. .
Seed, Fig.
57
— Male Flower,
Fig. . . 67
i:>i
Rhinolophus, Tooth wear as in-
dicator of Age in,
PI 258
rouai, Colour Chan-
ges in. Pis. l-II . . , . 270
Rumph's Sago Palm, PI. . . 61
Russeirs Viper, PI 307
Sago Pahn, PI. . . . . 60
. Rumph's PI. . . 61
Selaginella jjallidissima, Spr.,
Cone of, PI 284
Shikra, PI 242
Shooting Seat, Barton, PI. . . 515
Silybura occellata, PI. . . . . 632
Anal Region,
Fig. . . 634
Head Shield-
ing, Fig. . . 634
Tail, Top of.
Fig. . . 634
Snakes, Common Indian, Pis.
XXIV-XXV.
378, 632
Dia-
grams .. .. 380,634
Spider, Leaf-like, PI 760
Steppe Eagle, PI 242
Tetrathemis platyptera, Female
Sexual
Organs,
Fig. . . 618
INDEX ro ILLUSTRATIONS.
XXVll
Page
^retrathMTiis platijptcra, Wings,
Fig..
Tharrawaddy District, Lower
Burma, Map of
Tooth wear as indicator of Age
in Rhinolophux, PI. . .
Turtur cambayensis, curious po-
sition of Nest, Fig. . .
Typhlops acuius, PI. . .
Fig
brahminus, PI.
Fig.
diardi, PI.
Fig.
Viper, Russell's, PI.
Vipei'a rusaelli, PI.
618
104
507
378
380
378
380
378
380
307
307
Page
Vultur monachm, Figs. 1-3. 298-299
Vulture, Great Brown, Figs. 1-3 298,
299
.. 232
.. 161
5
Wing of, PI.
White-crested Kalij, PI.
Wine Palm, PI.
Fig
Wing of Vulture, PI. . .
Zalacca Wallichiana, PI.
Terminal
Spike of
Spadix,
Fig. ..
Upper
Part of
Spadi X,
Fig. ..
57
232
208
209
209
XXVllI
ERRATA.
No. 1, Volume XXIV.
Page 186, in column " length " line 8, for 7' 11" read 7' 1"-
,, ,, in column " Remarks" /or " 511 lbs.'' read " 565 lbs."
No. 1, Volume XXV.
Page_^80, line 22, for Engenii read Eugenii.
No. 2. Volume XXV.
Page 233, line 18, /or " Type C " substitute Type B.
,, 236 ,, in the middle of the page under Type " B "
should be " C " and " C " should be " B "
„ 237, lines 21 and 22, under Type, substitute " C "
lor "B" and '^ B " for " C. "
No. 3, Volume XXV.
Page 475, line 25, for " a fine onmusth (tuskless male) " read
" a Hine (= tuskless male) on musth. "
493 ,,, 18, for " Home-like " read " Hun-like."
494 ,, 8, from the bottom, for " big level " read
" High-level. "
508 „ 14, delete "them."
508 ,, 6, from the bottom, for " dupped " read
" dropped. "
513 ,, 14, from top, /or negative read vegetative.
513 „ 20, from top, /or 1914 read 1917.
No. 4, Volume XXV.
Page 669, 5 lines from bottom of page, for Certhia himalayan
read Certhia himalayana.
,, 767, line 19, for Euhlephariui^ read Euhlepharis.
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society,
Mar. 1917. Vol. XXV. No. 1,
Mroa:'xcx:.
No. 5— THE INDEX NUMBER— OF VOL. XXIV
has been delayed owing to the manuscript of the Index not
having arrived from England. It will he published and issued to
members as soon as possible and will also include a General Index
of Volumes XVIII to XXIV, inclusive. The previous General
Indexes were published as follows : —
Vols. I to XIII, in No. 5, Vol. XIII.
Vols. XIV to XVII. in No. 5, XVII.
Editors,
Journal, Bombay Natural History Society.
March 1917.
•ICO aic ail iLiiuiioiioj. vviuii a ucoiiv cioouui uuillU UllU W ILXl
wattles or lappets either hanging from each side of the throat, as in
all three of the Indian species, or with a single one from the centre
of the throat as in the Simda Island bird, varius. The tail consists
of fourteen feathers in our three species and of sixteen in the last
mentioned bird. The wings are well rounded, the first primary
being shorter than the tenth and the fifth the longest. The central
tail feathers in the male are greatly lengthened, being from three
to four times the length of the outermost, the shafts are pliant
1
XXVIH
ERRATA.
No. 1 Volume XXIV.
Pag6 186, in column " length " line 8, /or 7' 11" read T !"•
„ in column " Remarks" for " 511 lbs." read " 565 lbs."
J> 3J
No. 1, Volume XXV.
Page__80, line 22, for Engenii read Eufienii,
,, — , — — ^^^y, j^. ij.ogauivo itiUjiXj vegetaiiive.
„ 513 ,, 20, from top, /or 1914 read 1917.
No. 4, Volume XXV.
Page 669, 5 lines from bottom of page, for Certhia Mmalayan
read Certhia kimalayana.
,, 767, line 19, for Euhlepharius read UuhU'pliaris.
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
Mar. 1017. Vol. XXV. No. 1.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY
E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
Part XXI.
With a Coloured Plate.
PHASIANIDiE.
,Genus — GALL US.
The Genus Gallus contains the true Jungle-fowl, of which there
are fo^ir species entirely confined to the Indo-Malaj-an region.
Jungle-fowls are closely allied to the true pheasants, like them
the sexes differ in plumage, the males greatly exceed the
females in size, and their haunts are well-wooded tracts with
an ample water suppl3^ The principal external difference is
in the tail which in the Jungle-fowl is sharply compressed whereas
in the true pheasants it is flat ; it is linked however with these
latter by many intermediate forms such as Gennceus, containing the
Silver and Kalij Pheasants, Crosoptilon or Eared Pheasants, etc.,
in which the tails ai'e almost as compressed as in the Jungle-fowl.
The males are all furnished with a fleshy crest or comb and with
wattles or lappets either hanging from each side of the throat, as in
all three of the Indian species, or with a single one from the centre
of the throat as in the Sunda Island bird, varhts. The tail consists
of fourteen feathers in our three species and of sixteen in the last
mentioned bird. The wings are well rounded, the first primary
being shorter than the tenth and the fifth the longest. The central
tail feathers in tlie male are greatly lengthened, being from three
to four times the length of the outermost, the shafts are pliant
1
2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
over the greater portion, and the feathers droop in a graceful curve
when the tail is raised. The feathers of the neck and rump are
long and lanceolate, forming hackles, the latter falling well down
on either side of the tail. The legs are very powerful, and the
tarsus, which is furnished with a long shaft spur, is longer than
the middle toe and claw together. The females have no spur.
Key to Species.
A. — Comb and spurs highly developed.
a. Neck-hackles red or golden-red with
no spots.
a\ Breast black G. banhiva j .
l)^. Breast reddish orange G.lafaveUii ^.
h. Neck -hackles blackish with golden bars
or spots G. so7inerati r^ .
B. — No spurs and comb rudimentary.
c. Breast rufous-brown with faint pale
shaft lines G. JianMva $ .
d. Breast mottled brown and black and
white - G. lafaveftii 5 .
e. Breast white, each feather edged with
brown G. sonnerati 5 .
There are two very distinct races or subspecies of the Common
Red Jungle-fowl inhabiting the one India proper excluding the
Indo-Burmese districts and the other extending through Burmah,
the Malay Peninsula, Cochin, China and Siam. In the outer
Burmese Indian districts of Eastern Assam and Chittagong we find,
as we should expect, an intermediate form between the two.
The Indian form may at once be known by its pure, white
lappets, the Burmese form having these red, but there are other
differences also, the Indian bird, the true ferrugineus, has the
hackles of the neck of a red much less deep than they are in the
Burmese bird, moreover they are far more j^ellow or orange-yello^^'
at the base of the neck, and in addition are more lanceolate, the
Burmese form often having the ends comparatively broad instead of
p;?oduced to a very fine point.
Hume recognised the differences between the Burmese and
Indian bird, and thus writes of them : —
" I have referred to the Indian and Burmo-Malayan races of
"this bird. The plumage of the latter is said to be redder,
" and taking a large series there seems to be some truth in
" this, though in'iividual birds from Dehra Dun and Johore,
" for instance, can be entirely matched as regards plumage,
" but in the Burmese and Malayan birds, the small ear lappet
" is invariably red, whereas in the Indian it is almost equally ^
"invariably vhite ov imilcy vhite.''
I
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 3
The Burmese form will be known as Gallus hanhiva banJciva,
Temm.
Key to Sub-species
A . — Ear lappets white G. h. ferrugineus.
B. — Ear lappets red G. h. hankiva.
The Red Jungle-fowl is generally accepted as the original an-
cestor of the domestic fowl, but there is really nothing to prove
this beyond the fact that the wild Red Jungle- fowl is extremely
close in appearance to the domestic bird of the Game-cock strain.
On the other hand Seabi-ights pencilled Hamburg's and many other
domestic strains which are known to be of artificial origin are
much more like the Grey Jungle-fowl than the Red, Remains of
extinct and fossil birds placed in the genus Gallus, have been found
in many countries in Europe and also in New Zealand, which date
back to the Pleocene and Pleistocene periods and the most that
can be said concerning the origin of the domestic fowl is that it is
probable that its immediate ancestor may have been something
like the Red Jungle-fowl.
I have followed Blanford in not accepting Gallus r/allus as the
name of the Wild Indian Jungle-fowl, but as hanldva is an older
name than ferrvgineus the species must be known by this name,
the Indian race or sub-species taking the trinomial ferrugineus.
[Gallus bankiva ferrugineus.
The Common Jungle-fowl.
Phasianus ff alius. — Linn, Syst. Nat. I, p. 270 (1766).
Gallus bankiva. — Jardine, Nat. Lib., Orn. iv., p. 175, pi. (India); Hodgs.
in Gray's Zool. Misc., p. 85 ; Gray, Cat. ; Hodgs. Coll. B.M. ed. i, p. 125 ;
Adams, P.Z.S., 1858, p. 498 ; Blyth, Ibis 1867, p. 156.
Gallus ferrmjineus. — Blyth, Ann. Mag. N. H. XX, p. 387 (1847) ; id.
Cat. Mus. As. Soc, p. 242 ; Adams, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 185; Irby, Ibis 1861,
p. 234 ; Jerdon B. Ind. iii., p. 536 (part) ; Blyth, Ibis 1887, p. 154 (part) ;
Beavan, Ibis 1868, p. 381 ; Brooks, Ibis 1869, p. 60 ; Bulger, Ibis 1869,
p. 170; EUiot, Mon. Phas. ii., p. 184, pi. 32 (part); Hume, N. & E., Ind.
B. p. 528 (part) ; Ball, Str. F. II., p. 426; Hume, Str. F. ii., p. 482 (part) ;
Blyth and SValden, Cat Mam & B. Burma, p. 149 ; Hume Str. F., ibid III.,
p. 171 ; Armst. IV., p. 338 ; Hume and Inglis, ibid V., p. 44 ; Gates, ibid
v., p. 164 ; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis 1877, p. 468 ; Marshall B. Nest Ind.
p. 59 ; Hume and Marshall, Game B. Ind. I., p. 217 pi. ; Anders, B. W.,
Yunnan p. 669 ; Hume and Davison, Str. F. VI., pp. 442, 521, Ball., ibid
VII., p. 225; Hume, ibid, VIII., p. 68; Scully, ibid, VIII., p. 348; Bingham,
ibid IX., p. 195; Fasson, ibid, IX., p. 205 ; Gates, ibid, X., p. 236; Marshall,
Ibis 1884, p. 423 ; Taylor Str. F, X., p. 531 ; Hume, Str. F. XI., p. 304 ;
Gates, ed, Hume's Nests and Eggs. III., p. 417 (part) ; Blanf., Avi. Brit.
Ind. IV., p. 75 (part) ; Sharpe, Hand-L. B. I., p. 39 (part); Stuart Baker,
Jour. B. N. H. S. XII., p. 436 (1899) ; Inglis, ibid, p. 676 (1899) ; Fulton,
ibid, XVI., p. 61 (1904) ; Ward, ibid, XVII., p. 944 (1907) ; Inglis, ibid, p.
971 (1907) ; Magrath, ibid, XVIII p. 298 (1908) ; Gsmaston, ibid, XXII,
p. 544 (1913).
4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Gallus gallus. — Ogil vie -Grant, Cat. B. B. M. XXII, p. 344 (part); id.
Hand-L. Game B. II, p. 48 (part) ; Gates, Journ. B. N. H. S., X., p. 106 ;
id. Game B. of In. (part) I.; p. 366.
Vernacular Names. — Jungli Murgha, Bun Murgha J , Jungli Murghi, Bun
Murghi 5 (Hin. Upper India) ; Bunkokra, Bunkukra, {Bengali) ; Bun kukur
(Assamese) ; Natsu-pia, Magse-ya (Bhutia) ; Pazok-tchi, Tangkling {Lepcha,
Sikkim, Dooars) ; Bir-sim (Eoles) ; Gera-gogor c? , Kuru $ (Gonds) ; Lall
(Chanda Dist.) ; Ganga (Uriya) ; Daono (Cachari) ; Vok [Kuki) ; Inrui {Kacha
Nac/a).
Description — Adult Male, — Crown of the liead, nape and upper
mantle, together with the sides of the neck, deep bright orange-red,
changing to reddish gold or orange on the longest hackles, which
are marked with black down their centres ; upper back, below
these long hackles, black glossed with Prussian blue or green ;
lower back deep maroon red, highly glossed and gradually changing
into fiery orange on the long hackles of the rump ; these latter
are more or less centred with black, the centres, however, being-
concealed by the overlying feathers ; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers black brilliantly glossed with green, blue-green or copper
green ; the blue generally dominant, on the coverts, and
the gloss absent or slight on the outermost tail feathers.
Smallest wing coverts, and shoulder of wing black, glossed
like the back with blue or blue-green, or pm-ple-blue ; median
wing coverts like the lower back ; greater coverts black like the
smallest; quills dark brown, in some specimens almost black;
the primaries edged on the otiter web with light cinnamon and
the secondaries with the whole of their visible portions of this colour
except the innermost which are of a glossy blue-green with only
a part of the outer webs cinnamon.
Under plumage, under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts deejj
brown or blackish, faintly glossed with green.
Colours of soft parts. — Irides varying from reddish brown in the
young bird, through red to bright orange red in old males. Comli
generally a bright scarlet crimson, sometimes duller, more red and
sometimes almost a brick-red ; wattles the same in colour, but
sometimes a more livid red ; ear lappets white, sometimes touched
with pinkish on the lower posterior portions, especially in Assam
birds ; skin of face, throat and upper neck red, generally of a
rather bluish or fleshy tint ; legs vary between greenish grey and
a deep slaty brown, every intermediate tint being met with, the
most common colour being a rather dark plumbeous with a faint
tinge of brown or purple ; the spur is always more or less brown,
almost black at the tip. Bill dark korny brown, the gonys and
tip of the lower mandible paler and the former often reddish.
The colour of the comb and wattles is much brighter in the
breeding season than at other times, both in the male and female,
just as it is in barn-door hens when they are in full laying.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 5
MeasuremenU.—^Sfxng 8" (203-2 mm.) to 9-6" (243-8 mm.); tail
anything between 12" (304-8 mm.) and 15" (381-0 mm.); tarsxis
about 3" (76-2 mm.) or rather more ; bill from gape abont 1-25"
(32-6 mm.) and from front about -80" (20-3 mm.) ; the spur is
generally about an inch (25-4 mm.) but I have seen one or two
specimens with spurs a full 2" (50-8 mm.). Weight, according to
Hume, lib. 12ozs. to 21bs. 4ozs., but one male shot by me in
Cachar weighed oxi\j just short of olbs. and two or three others
well over 2^1bs. The majority weight just under, rather than
over, 21bs.
Post nuptial lylumage. — The cock Jungle-fowl has a sort of post
nuptial plumage caused by the moult of the neck hackles and the
long tail feathers, the former being replaced by short blackish
brown feathers. Often these same blackish feathers may be
observed in patches on other parts of the body, principally the back
and wing coverts. These feathers probably replace others lost by
accident or some other abnormal cause.
This post nuptial plumage is interesting in that it corroborates
the theory that all extraordinary colouration or shape in any por-
tion of a bird's plumage is due to excess vitalit}' and with a drop
in the vitality to a sub-normal condition sombre colours or normal
shaped plumage is assumed. In many cases this post nuptial
plumage is never assumed and cock birds may be shot all the year
round in perfect feather. When assumed it is most irregular and
maj' be found in any month between May and October, though
generally the hackles are dropped in June and July and reassumed
in the September-October moult.
[nvmature Male has the hackles less developed both on neck and
rump, and the black centres to these feathers comparatively broader
and far more visible ; as a rule also the neck hackles are more
yellow and less deep orange in tint. The cinnamon of the wing-
quills is darker, and the whole of their surface except at the basal
halves of the outer webs are finely powdered and vermiculated
with blackish ; the greater-wing coverts are also more or less
powdered in a similar way.
Colours of soft farts. — Iris brown, or reddish brown ; wattles and
undeveloped comb duller than in the adult, and skin of face bluish
or leaden colour.
Quite young Males in their first feathers are similar to females of
the same age.
Adult Female. — Top of the head blackish brown, the feathers
broadly edged with golden yellow. In most birds the forehead is
more or less metallic crimson and this colour is produced backwards
as supercilia above and behind the ear coverts whence they widen
and meet on the foreneck in a broad gorget. In some specimens
the red will be found to occupy nearlj^ the whole of the fore crown
6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
and to deepen the yellow of the posterior crown to a deep orange.
Feathers of the nape orange yellow, with broad blackish centres,
changing to pale golden yellow on the longer hackles along the
back. Upper plumage, wing-coverts and inner secondaries reddish
buff or reddish brown, the feathers with pale shafts and vermiculat-
ed all over with black or very dark brown ; primaries deep brown
or brown, sometimes edged on the outer web with rufus. Tail
blackish brown, the central tail feathers more or less mottled with
rufus, which in some cases extends to the next two to four pairs of
feathers on. their outer webs. Breast below the red gorget light
Indian red with pale shafts, gradually becoming paler and duller
on the lower breast, and shading into pale dull cinnamon on the
belly, much vermiculated with brown ; under tail covers black or
blackish brown.
Colours of soft iKirts. — Iris brown or hazel; bill horny brown,
gape and lower mandible plumbeous fleshy or fleshy grey ; comb
and orbital skin reddish crimson ; wattles very rarely present and
very small, like the comb but paler and more livid, legs generally
dull plumbeous brown but varjdng in tint as in the male. Un-
developed spurs are occasionally present. Tickell obtained such
a specimen in Singhbhum and I have myself shot at least half a
dozen females showing spurs, which in one case exceeded half
an inch in length.
Measurements. — Wing 7" (177-8 mm.) to 7*7" (195-6 mm.);
tail from vent 5-5" (139-7 mm.) to 6*5" (165-1 mm.); tarsus
about 2-5" (63-5 mm.}; bill from front about -75" (19-5 mm.)
and from gape about 1-1" (27-9 mm.)
"Weight lib. 2ozs. to lib. lOozs."— (Hume).
Young femcdes in their first year are generally more yellow
buff and less red below and have the feathers boldly mottled with
brown on the breast and lower parts. The extent of the crimson
or rusty-red of the head is also a sign of age, though a few females
seem never to acquire this.
Chick in down. — A broad band down from the centre of the
crown to the end of the back a rich plumb brown ; a streak of
similar colour from the posterior lores produced in a fine line
over the eyes and as a wide line down the sides of the neck ;
lateral bands of buff down each side of the back succeeded by other
bands of the same colour at the centre.
Sides of the body rich warm reddish buff changing to pale buff on
throat, foreneck and centre of breast and belly.
The wing feathers when they first appear are isabelline finety
vermiculated with black, the quills gradually becoming more or
less immaculate on the inner webs as they grow larger.
The bills are fleshy yellow and the legs rather clear olive greenish.
Distribution. — Hume's very full note on the distribution of the
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 7
red jungle-fowl leaves little to be added. Eliminating the areas
in which the Burmese form occurs his summary' is as follows : —
" Throughout the lower ranges of the Himalayas, the
" Dhuns Tarais, and submontane districts and the Siwaliks
" from the southern outer ranges of Kashmir to the extreme
•' head of the Assam Valley bej^ond Sadiya.
'' Throughout the whole of Assam including the less
"elevated portions of the Caro, Kliasi and Naga Hills, Cachar
"' and Sylhet, the whole of Eastern Bengal, including the
" Sunderbans. Again in the hilly portions of Western Ben-
" gal from the Rajmehal hills, through Midnapore, and
•' westward of this, through the whole of Chota Nagpore, and
" the northern and eastern portions of the Central Provinces,
" it is the only jungle-fowl that is found. It is common
" along the Kymore Range, and extends northwards to the
" neighbourhood of Piinnah and Chairkhari, and south-
" wards on the ]\Iaikal or Amarkantak Ranges.
" Southwards and eastwards of these latter, it occupies the
'' whole country north of the Godavari, Orissa, the Tributary
"Mahals, Ganjam, Vizagaptam, and part of the Godavari
" District, Joonagurh, Kareall, Nowagurh, Jej^pore and
"other Feudatory States. It occurs also immediately below
" Pachmarhi."
Forsj^th has shewn that the habitat of this jungle-fowl is prac-
tically that of the Swamp Deer (Cerviis duvauceli) and of the Sal-
tree (Shorea robusta') and a curious corroboration of this is the
occurrence of all three of these in the Deinwa Valley, near Pach-
marhi, although there is an intervening country of some J 50 miles
eastward before the three are again met with. At the same time
it must be noted that the Red Jungle-fowl does not occur in
Bhawalpore and Sind where the Swamp Deer is found, though not
the Sal-tree.
A'idijication. — The Red Jungle-fowl breeds, over the whole of its
habitat, the season apparentlj^ not varying much in different locali-
ties as it does with some birds. Thus even in the hot, drj^ portions
of the Central Provinces and Punjab, etc., they appear to lay from
April to June, not v.-aiting until the bursting of the rains ensures
more food and a cooler temperature. At the same time it is
certain that although the months just mentioned may be the
principal breeding months a much wider margin of time than is
covered by these miist be allowed for their nidification. I have
personally taken their eggs in the Santhal Perganas, Chota Nagpore,
Assam and Cachar in every month of the year except October,
November and December. In the last mentioned month, however,
I have seen just hatched chicks, so it would be unsafe to exclude
any month of the year from their breeding season. In Assam
8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
undoubtedly most birds lay in March and April, many in February
and June and the rest at odd times throughout the year.
I have not known them breed above 6,000 feet, but have taken
eggs at this height in the Assam Ranges, and have received a
clutch of 8 eggs taken at Simla at this height by Mr. P. Dods-
worth, whilst in the Naga Hills and hills in the extreme east of
Assam they are found up to 7,000 and even 8,000 feet in summer,
and almost certainly breed at this elevation.
They nest in practically any kind of jungle, but undoubtedly
prefer for this purpose the dense tangle of secondary growth
which is found in deserted cultivation clearings. Next to this
kind of jungle, bamboo forest which is dense and which has some
undergrowth appears to be a favourite resort and, thirdly, broken
hills well covered with dense bush and tree forest. As regtirds the
nest, this may be either a depression scratched in the ground by
the birds or a natural hollow sometimes devoid of all lining, or, on the
other hand, well lined with fallen leaves and rubbish. Sometimes
there is no hollow even, and the eggs are just laid on the ground
under the protection of a bush or clump of bamboos, whilst often a
mass of leaves, grass and rubbish is collected in a heap, a hollow
formed in the centre, and the eggs laid therein. I have also taken
several nests made in the centre of bamboo clumps, the eggs being
deposited in the mass of leaves and rubbish which always fill up the
inside of these clumps to a height of two to four feet.
As a rule the nests are well concealed, especially where they are
made in secondary growth, but I have more than once found them
so placed that they could be seen from some feet away without any
search having to be made for them. One such nest was placed on
the ground in a shallow green mossy ravine running through ever-
green forest. A certain amount of dead leaves, bracken and moss
had been collected in a depression, whence a large stone had been
turned out, and on these the eggs w^ere laid, conspicuous from
about 20 feet in every direction, except from . the point at which
they were screened by the boulder which still lay where it had been
thrown on one side. Another quite unconcealed nest lay in a very
open bamboo jungle, in a small bare space where nothing grew and
here on a few dead bamboo leaves lay the five eggs, saved from
molestation only by their resemblance in colour to the bamboo
leaves.
The period of incubation appears to be 20 days, equivalent in
tropical countries to the 21 days the domestic fowl takes to hatch
her eggs in more temperate regions. The hen sits close, and when
forced to leave, creeps away silently through the jungle more like
an animal than a bird, though occasionally when very suddenly
disturbed she may get up with as much fluster and fuss as a barn-
door fowl.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 9
The number of eggs laid is generall}'- 5 to 8, rarely 9, and whilst
5 or 6 is nndonbtedly the usual full complement, often only 4 are
laid. Some hundreds of clutches have passed through my hands,
or have been actually seen by myself in the nests, and Dr. H. N.
Coltart must have seen almost as many,^ but neither of us
have ever known more than 9. Jerdon states that they some-
times lay as many as a dozen, but his zoological notes are not very
correct, and he, like many others, who have made similar state-
ments as to the number of eggs laid, have been probably misled by
natives. In appearance the eggs cannot be discriminated from
those of the common Indian domestic fowl, and ovXj differ from
those of the English birds in being so much smaller. The}^ vary
in colour from almost pure white merely tinged with cream to a
deep cream buff or cafe-au-lait tint like that of a Brahma fowl's Qgg.
Now and then one comes across a deep coloured set of eggs covered
with white specks and spots, and I once had a clutch of bright
pink-buff eggs marked with' white blotches and spots over the larger
half.
In length 200 eggs vary between l-5o" (39-6 mm.) and 2-05"
(26-6 mm.), whilst in breadth the extremes are 1-27" (32-2 mm.)
and 1-62" (4M mm.) The average of 200 is 1- 82" (48-2 mm.)
by 1- 40" (35- 5 mm.)" It will be seen that the average size of
my eggs is a good deal larger than those of Hume, but is slightly
less than those of the British Museum, according to Oates.
So many writers have constantly asserted that Jungle-fowl
hens always cackle and call after laying an egg in the same way
as the domestic bird does that I cannot pass over the subject
without reference. Having read Tickell's and Kainey's remarks
in Hume's " Game Birds " I made the most careful investigations,
and must say that I have found nothing to support their asser-
tions. It is true that time after time I have heard hens cackling
and shouting as if full of pride at the recent achievement of laying
an egg, but have never 3^et been able to find the agg so laid.
Again, I have often heard hens when not breeding calling in the
same manner, and sometimes several birds in one flock all giving
vent to their feelings at once. As a rule I am quite sure the cry
is the result of some fright and is merely the hen's way of ex-
pressing indignation and not pride. A tiger or leopard stalking
through the jungle will often be abused in this manner, and even
a jackal maj^ ' be the mean cause of a similar commotion ; often
myself when out shooting and stealthily going through the forest
I have suddenly come on one or moi*e hens who, after flying a
short distance have relieved their feelings by loud and prolonged
cacklings. It seems hardly possible that a wild bird full of
anxiety for its future young should announce to all the predatory
world " here is an egg, come and eat it." It was this inherent
2
10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX F.
improbability in the idea that first made me investigate it, and I
have no doubt that there is no foundation for it in fact.
Another common theory which there seems good reason to
doubt is that Jungle-fowl are always polygamous. Hume draws
attention to this and^aj's : —
" Lastly, I am quite certain that they are not always
" polygamous. I do not agree with Hutton that they are
" always monogamous, because I have constantly found
" several hens in company with a single cock, but I have also
" repeatedly shot pairs without finding a single other hen in
" the neighbourhood."
There is, however, a good explanation of the first mentioned
condition of affairs, for I think that the J^oung cocks leave the
family circle before the young hens do, and in consequence the
male parent may often be seen in company with half a dozen hens
and no cocks, so that whilst one seldom finds hens wandering about
by themselves, unless they are incubating eggs, one often comes
across young cocks, either quite alone or with one other young
cock of like age ; probably a brother. It may be that the old cock
drives off the young birds, but it is more likely that the latter
being of a more roving, independent nature, clear off sooner than
the hens.
General Habits. — Jungle-fowl may be found in practically any
kind of country in which there is sufficient cover, but there is
little doubt that they prefer country consisting of shallow valleys,
low hills and broken ground at the foot of big hills rather than
open plains country or the higher hills. As already mentioned,
they maj^ be found up .to, or even over, 6,000 feet, but they
are mere stragglers to such heights, and it is below 2,000 feet
rather than over that we must look for them if we want them
in number sufficient to make the shooting of them a regular
business. Another undoubted attraction is cultivation when it
borders on forest or bamboo jungle ; nor does it seem to matter
much what the cultivation is, whether grain, rice, mustard, cotton
or chillies. Any kind of crop seems to offer food either in itself,
in the insects it attracts or in its semi-open patches which supply
an easy hunting ground.
Jungle-fowl are extraordinarily numerous in the Garo, N. Cachar
and other hills south of the Brahmapootra, and it is often possible
to see hundreds in a morning's or afternoon's wandering. Once
when shooting on the Kopoli River, a stream which divides the
Khasia and N. Cachar Hills, I must have seen full}^ 500 birds
during the day. It was then early in March, and the flocks of
birds had not yet broken up into pairs to commence breeding, and
every afternoon and evening they frequented the long stretches of
mustard field which run along the banks of the stream. Although
THE GAME BIliDS OF INDIA. 11
nowhere wide, seldom over a hundred feet or so, these patches often
ran for lialf a mile or more withont the break of a patch of forest,
and they formed simply ideal feeding' grounds for every kind of game,
from the Jungle-fowl and barking-deer to elephants and bufialoes.
The miTstard was high enough to afford good cover, so that in
spite of the wiliness of the birds it was possible to obtain quite a
good bag bv wandering alona' inside the edge of the iungle,
whilst a couple of men beat through the mustard about 20 yards
behind one. On the morning in question, whilst the sun was still
invisible I had got to the first patch and was about to start along
the edge of the forest whilst my men did the beating, when I caught
sight of a barking-deer coming out of it and a snap shot with my
express turned it over and so commenced a lucky day's shoot.
The shot, however, disturbed every thing close by, so as
we were only a few hundred yards from the camp, I sent one man
back with the deer and waited for his return. By this time the
birds had regained confidence and were out feeding once more and
we had hardly started our beat before about a dozen Jungle-fowl
were up with a tremendous fluster, and had dived headlong into the
forest, leaving a fine old cock on the ground, whilst another bird
escaped with a bad scare. A hundred yards furtiher on a second
but smaller lot were flushed, and again resulted in a miss and a hit,
another cock being added to the bag. After this a quarter mile's
slow trudge showed nothing but a glimpse of a couple of hens as
they scurried on foot into the undergrowth, too far way for a shot
then a single cock gets up and is missed and within another 200
yards I managed at last to bring off a clean right and left at two
hens, the last of a lot to get away out of the mustard. This sort
of thing goes on until by about 9-0 a.m. I have got to the end of
the cultivation, and have collected 8 Jungle-fowl, a couple of Kalij
Pheasant and one Barking-deer, and have expended some 20 car-
tridges. Of course the great majority of birds have got up well
out of shot, and in one stretch of about half a mile of mustard well
over 200 birds miist have been flushed without my firing off my gun
once. In fact the majority of shots obtained were from tiny patches
of mustard which lay so snuggled in the forest that the birds could
not see us until we emerged from the forest tract into the cultivation.
Even in there, however, as often as not we failed to obtain a
shot, though the birds were there in numbers. All we saw as we
peeped out of our leafy cover would be the last of a flock as it dis-
appeared, an old cock bringing up the rear of his family, tail and
head down as he ran for all he was worth into safety. Of course,
on such occasions when it was possible a running shot was taken,
and when shooting without dogs and especially when shooting to
feed oneself and a hungry crowd of coolies, it ir, absolutely legiti-
mate to do so or else go without any dinner.
12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Jungle-fowl ai'e jiist as great skulkei'S and runners as are nearly
all other tropical game birds of the Pheasant tribe, and almost in-
variably prefer to seek safety on their legs rather than b)^ wing, in
fact except when one has good dogs or can work cultivated ground
as above, it is absolutely impossible to get the birds to rise unless
a regular beat is organised.
We used to have quite good shooting for from 4 to 6 giTus in the
N. Cachar Hills with a line of 20 to 40 coolies. Our method used
to be for the guns to keep well ahead of the betters along jungle
paths or the beds of streams, a gun on either side of these latter
when possible, whilst two other guns went along the extreme wings
of the lines. In the mornings and evenings the birds were always
found low down in the valleys near the water, and \evj favourite
haunts were the numerous scrub covered islets which were dotted
all along the stream. The line of coolies worked down the stream
and about a hundred or two hundred yards up the sides of the hills
on either side. The birds generally ran some distance in front of
the shouting line of coolies and then broke across the stream,
flying up the opposite hill and so giving real sporting shots at
good distances. In this way we would sometimes get 30 or 40
birds in a morning and evening, chiefly Jungle-fowl but with a
few Black-backed Kalij, an old bambooo partridge or so and per-
haps a deer thrown in.
The Jungle-fowl is not an easy bird to kill and flies far faster
and takes much straighter powder then a novice would imagine. A
friend of mine who came out to India with the well-deserved
reputation of being a real good pheasant-shot, at first when asked
to do so absolutely refused to go out and shoot barn-door fowls,
as he called them. He was, however, eventually induced to go out
after Kalij Pheasant, and in the course of this shoot succeeded
in firing well behind several Jungle-fowl which were put up to his
gun. After this we heard no more contemptuous remarks against
them, although, once he had taken their measure he became as fine
a shot at these birds as at our home pheasants.
I have never been present at any very big shoots at Jungle-
fowl, our shoots being merely scratch affairs got up at a moment's
notice when we could get a day or half a day off" work, but the
railway oflacials under the leadership of Mr. Vernon Woods used to
have an annual Jungle- fowl shoot at which very big bags were
made.
A great charm about Jungle-fowl shooting, whether in big beats
or alone with a couple of shikaries or beaters is the wonderful variety
of game one meets with, both large and small.
It is many years now since Hume warned Griffs as to the
necessity for being prepared for any eventuality when shooting
small game in heavy jungle, and this warning holds good now just
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 13
as it did then. Hume describes how when out Jungle-fowl shooting
in 1853 he once ran into a party of four bears, and was at once
charged by an old female whom he succeeded in killing, but at such
close quarters that he and the bear all fell over together.
More than once I have had to shoot surely old boars who resented
my intruding on to their feeding ground and once when I had
foolishly left my rifle behind when going for an evening's stroll I
had to retire in haste, whilst an ill-tempered cow buffalo grunted
and pawed the ground in the middle of a mustard patch I wanted
to shoot through. On another occasion I had a still more narrow
squeak, walking straight on to a tigress engaged in finishing her
meal off a wretched Mikir coolie whom she had killed. She was
fortunately full and apparentlj^ did not quite understand what the
object in front of her was, and eventually was good enough to
make off, but as I only had a shot gun in my left hand and was too
near her to risk changing it into my right, it was with no small
relief I saw her leap to one side and rush away through the grass.
The next year, curiously enough, when again Jungle- fowl shooting
in the same place, I again saw her, this time at a safe distance, and
was enabled to add her to my string of Jungle-fowl and Pheasant.
The crow of a Jungle-cock is quite a game wild sound, very like
that of the game bantam; it is, however, always recognisable by its
shrill yet full note, and, above all, by its very abrupt termination.
In the domestic bird the last note is the one usually prolonged and
most dwelt upon, whereas in the wild bird the last note is the
shortest. Even in those parts of its habitat where the domestic
birds are for the most part so constantly crossed with wild birds
that they are to all intents and purposes of the same breed I think
the full abrupt note of the really wild bird can be always re-
cognised.
They do not crow much during the cold weather, though even
in these months an odd bird or two may be heard throughout the
day, whilst nearly every bird within hearing will be heard calling
every morning and evening. In the breeding season, however,
they not only crow several times just before daybreak and after
sunset, but they crow constantly during the day, and are only quiet
for the hottest hoiirs between noon and three or four o'clock.
During the breeding season, they do occasionally crow when
strutting . about on the ground, breathing defiance against every
other cock in. the neighbourliood, but as a rule they mount some
convenient stump, or perch on a bamboo or tree branch and from
this point of vantage challenge other birds to mortal combat with
many crowings and flapping of wings.
Even, however, when they announce their presence thus to any
sportsman who may be near, "they are so wily and so sharp of hear-
ing that it takes a very careful stalk to enable one to get a shot.
14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
The slightest snap of a twig or iTistle of a leaf and, even is in the
middle of a crow, it collapses, and when you arrive the bird has
gone. About the only time a Jungle-cock can be caught un-
awares is when he is fighting, and then, so intense is his interest
in the business on hand that I have known them caught by natives
siuiph' throwing a cloth over the two struggling birds.
They are quite as pugnacious in their wild state as sluj breed
of game cocks, and often fight to the death, indeed on some occa-
sions until both birds are h or s-de- combat. One such occasion came
within my own knowledge when my coolies picked up a dead
Jungle-cock on the forest path, and just beside it another cock,
blinded and so weak that it made no attempt to escape when
caught and died before it could be bro.ught into camp. They will
also fight with pheasants and other birds, and I was once fortunate
enough to see the whole of a fight between a Jungle-cock and a
Black-backed Kalij.
At the time this occurred I was seated behind a bamboo clump
in a thicket of low bushes watching a Mikir attempting to call
up Jungle-fowl. We had been there about ten minutes when his
calls — made to simulate a hen chuckling and scratching about for
food — attracted a cock who replied by crowing for two or three
minutes, after which fluttering down from his bamboo perch, he
strutted into the small open piece of ground immediatel}^ in front
of us. At the same moment a fine cock Kalij also came into the
open about five paces away, and without a second's hesitation the
cock rushed at him, and taking him unawares bowled him over.
The pheasant was, however, much the bigger bird of the two and
apparently unhurt, though somewhat confused hj the rush tactics
of his enemy, at once took up the gauntlet. For a few seconds
the two birds faced one another, beaks low down to the ground
and tails raised, and then like lightning the Jungle-cock rose and
jumped over the pheasant, striking lustily as he passed and making
the feathers fly.
No real damage was done by this, and the pheasant wheeling
once more faced his active little adversary. Again the two birds
walked round like a couple of pugilists, watching intently everj'
movement of the other ; heads never more than a couple of feet
apart, until one or the other made his effort, with varying success,
to pass over the other bird striking as he leapt.
Similar proceedings went on for the next ten minutes, the
pheasant occasionally taking the offensive, but seldom with anj-
effect. By sheer weight he now and then succeeded in bowling
over his enemy, but slowness in taking advantage of his momentar}'^
success always enabled the Jungle-fowl to slip away and again
attack. At the end of the time mentioned it was a wearj?- and
l)leediug pheasant v/hich faced a still alert and fresh Jungle-fowl ;
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 15
for a few more minutes however he still stuck to his guns, but then
turned and fled, only to be at once caught and knocked over again
and again as he tried to escape ; finally as he again turned to bolt,
the cock struck fair, and his spur went right into the nape of the
neck, and before he could disentangle himself from his victim, both
birds were covei'ed by the Mikir's blanket. When we got them
out of the folds of this the pheasant was dead, whilst the cock was
almost unharmed beyond a broken spiir and a torn comb. To the
Mikri's indignation I insisted on the release of the winner of the
fight, who at once scuttled off into the bamboos and when at,
what he considered, a safe distance flew into a branch and crowed
victoriouslv.
Although I have so frequentl}- come across the birds when fight-
ing, I have never come across a regular fighting ground such as
that described by Hume. He writes : —
" No one specially notices the extreme pugnacity' of these
" birds in the wild state, or the fact that where they are
"numerous they select regular fighting grounds much like
" Rufls.
" Going through the forests of the Siwaliks in the north-
" eastern portion of the Saharanpur district, I chanced one
"afternoon, late in March, on the tiny open gi'assj' knoll,
" perhaps ten yards in diameter and a yard in height. It
" was covered with close turf, scratched in man)'' places into
"holes and covered over with Jungle-fowl feathers to such an
" extent that I thought some Bonelli's Eagle, a great enemy
" of this species, must have caught and devoured one. Whilst
" I was looking round, one of my dogs brought me from some-
" where in the jungle round a freshh^ killed Jungle-cock, in
" splendid plumage, but with the base of the skull on one side
" pierced by what I at once concluded must have been the spur
" of another cock. I put up for the da}^ at a Bunjara Perow,
" some two miles distant, and on speaking to the men found
" that they knew the place well, and one of them said that he
" had repeatedl}^ watched the cocks fighting there, and that he
" would take me to a tree close by whence I could see it for
myself. Long before daj'light he guided me to the tree,
telling me to climb to the fourth fork, whence, quite con-
" cealed, I could look down on the mound. When I got up
" it was too dark to see an}i;hing, but a glimmer of dawn soon
" stole into the eastern sky, which I faced ; soon after crow-
"ing began all round, then I made out the mound dimly,
•• perhaps thirty yards from the base of the tree, and forty from
"my perch; then it got quite light, and in a few minutes
"later, a jungle-cock ran out on to the top of the mound and
"' crowed (for a wild bird) vociferously, clapping his wings.
(t
16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" and strutting round and round, with his tail raised almost
" like a domestic fowl.
" And here I should notice that although, as has often been
" noticed, the wild cocks always droop their tails when run-
" ning away or feeding — in fact almost whenever you see them
" — yet I believe from what I then and once subsequently
"saw, that, when 'challenging rivals, they probably always
" erect the tail, and I know (having twice so surprised them
"before they saw me when watching for Cheetul aii,d Sambur
" from a machan, near water in the early morning) that when
" paying their addresses to their mates, they do the same during
" the preliminary struts round them.
" I learned so much and no more ; there was a rush, a yelp ;
" the jungle-cock had vanished, and I found that one of my
"wretched dogs had got loose, tracked me, and was now
" careering wildly about the foot of the tree.
" Next day I tried again, but without success. I suppose
" the birds about had been too much scared by the dog, and I
" had to leave the place without seeing a fight there ; but put-
" ting all the facts together, I have' not the smallest doubt
"that this was a real fighting arena, and that, as the Bunjara
" averred, many of the innumerable cocks in the neighbour-
" hood did systematically fight there."
In the Sunderbans, where, as Rainey and Hume both believed to
be the case, most, if not all, the birds are derived from tame stock ;
they are often caught by the cultivators who use a tame cock as a
decoy spreading nooses round about him in which the wild birds
who come to answer his challenge are caught. This method which
is described by Rainey and quoted by Hume is the common way
of catching Jungle-fowl over practically the whole of their habitat,
but the hill tribes often catch them by nooses just set about and
around some small patch which they bait with grain.
They are very hard birds to domesticate, if kept in confinement
they soon pine awaj^ and die, and if allowed to run about with the
farmyard birds they nearly always clear off the following breeding
season, though they may continue to haunt the vicinity for some
time, months even, after they first take their departure. At the
same time they often haunt the vicinity of villages attracted, of
course, by the surrounding cultivation and by the droppings of
grain, etc. In such cases it is no iTiicommon thing for a cock to take
up his abode in some tree or bamboo clump in the immediate out-
skirts of the buildings, where he sleeps at night and dail}^ visits the
domestic hens as they wander about in the cultivation. The tame
cocks seldom attempt to resent his appearance, and when they do
they generally get such a troimcing that the attempt is not made
twice. It is curious that although in some villages the hens are so
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 17
coutinually crossed with the wild cocks that to all intents and
purposes the birds are nothing but wild birds pure and simple, yet
the cocks never have the same robustness and fighting abilit)^ as the
actual wild ones. In appearance they are one and the same birds
until one examines the spurs and then it is seen that the spur
of the wild bird is generally far longer, finer and cleaner than that
of the village bird. One seldom meets with the short bulgy spur
in a feral state and the texture also seems to be much harder and
closer and naturally, as a weapon, is far more effective.
The strength and vigour with which the Jungle-cock can use his
spur is really astonishing ; in addition to the cases already men-,
tioned in one of which the neck vertebrae were severed and in the
other the eye and brain pierced, I have more than once known
them to drive the spur full into their opponent's brain behind the
comb, and on another occasion found a cock with his wing broken
at the carpal joint. Sometimes so fierce is the blow given that the
spur itself gets broken or torn awaj'-, and once that is done the
owner is no more of use in the ring, however great his pkxck and
determination.
In spite of what Hume says to the contrary, for the table the
qualities of the Jungle-fowl must be rated nearly as high as his
pugilistic attributes. When shot round about villlages he maj^
sometimes be found to be a foul feeder, though this is not my own
experience, but normall}' his flesh is excellent, even old birds are
comparatively tender and sweet, except for their legs, whilst birds
of the year are much better eating than are Kali] Pheasants of
the same age. Like all game birds they are all the better for hang-
ing when the climate permits, but when it is impossible to keep
them for two or three days they should in the alternative be plucked,
cooked and eaten as soon as possible after being killed.
Like the domestic fowl the Jungle-fowl is practically omnivorous,
but is by preference rather a vegetaiian than an insect eater. All
kind of seeds, grain, etc., are greedily devoured, and also many
kinds of roots, buds and yoang shoots. Bamboo seeds are a yqyj
favourite food, and where there are stretches of bamboo which
have seeded and the seeds are beginning to fall, these birds — and
others — collect in almost incredible numbers into a very small
area. I have known them eat in addition to their ordinarj^ seed
and grain diet, worms and small lizards, insects of all kinds,
tadpoles out of a little backwater in a hill stream, and, once, I saw
a hen rushing about with a small grass snake in her bill pursued by
two other Jungle-fowl. Whether they would have finished the
snake or not cannot be said, as my appearance on the scene dis-
persed the meeting. They are very fond of all kinds of wild figs
and berries and also of the mowa flower when this ripens and falls
to the ground.
3
18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
As a rule Jungle-fowl feed almost entirely on the ground, scrat-
ching about, turning over leaves and fallen rubbish and hunting
for their food just as the domestic bird does in the back yard, but
I have more than once disturbed them feeding in the Pepul and
Banyan trees, scrambling about on the branches and picking the
fruit as thej'" go. They are extremely clumsy birds when thus
employed, and seem to easily lose their balance and fall over.
The young birds fly within a ver^- few daj^s of hatching, and
when the hen is forced to take wing follow her well and seem to
have no difficulty whatsoever in keeping pace with her. At this
stage of their development their wings appear to be very large in
proportion to their bodies, and their flight is very quiet and sound-
less compared with the noisy flight of the adult bird.
GaLLUS BANKIYA BANKIVA.
The Burmese Juiujle-Foivl.
Phasianus bankiva. — Rafll., Trans. Soc, Lmu. XIII, p. 319, [Sumatra] (1822).
Grand Gaille de la Chine.
Sonn.; Voy. India Orient., II, p. 171 (1782), (China).
Hackled Partridge.— Lath. Gen. Syn., II, p. 766, pi. 66 (1783), id., Gen.
Hist., VIII., p. 307, pi. 129 (Cape ? ).
Tetrao ferrugineus. — Gm. S. N., i., pi. 2, p. 761 (1788), China.
Perdi.r ferruyinea. — Lath. Ind. Orn., ii., p. 651 (1790), Africa.
Cotumix spadicea. — Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, p. 218 (1791), China.
Gallus bankiva. — Temm. Pig. et Gall., ii., p. 87 (1813), Java, iii., p. 654 ;
Steph, in Shaw's Gen. Zoo., XL, p. 198 ; Horsf., Tr. Linn. Soc, XIII., p.
185 ; Griff, ed. Cuv., III., p. 20 ; J. E. Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. i., 43, fig. 3;
Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 1910, p. 672.
GaUusfeyrugineus. — Jerdon, B. Ind. iii., p. 536 (part); Blyth, Ibis, 1867,
p. 154 (part) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas., ii., p. 184, pi. 32, (part) ; Hume, M. and
E., Ind. B., p. 528, part; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. I; Nichols, Ibis, 1882, p.
65; et? Ibis, 1838, p. 255; Gates, erf Hume's Nests and Eggs, III., p. 417
(part) ; Blanf., Avi. Bri, Ind., IV. p. 75 (part) ; Sharpe, Hand-L.-B., i., p.
39 (part) ; Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1901, p. 78 ; Ingram, Nov. Zool., XIX, p. 271 ;
Barton, Journ. N. A. Siam, p. 108 ; Gairdner and Macolm-Smith, ibid, p.
151 ; Macdonald, Journ. B. N. H. S., XVII., p. 496 (1906) ; Baker, ibid,
XVII., p. 764 1907) ; Harington, ibid, XIX, 309 (1909) ; Id, ibid, p. 365
(1909); Id, ibid, XX, p. 1010 (1911); Cook, ibid, XXI, p. 625 (1912);
Hopwood, ibid, XXI, p. 1214 (1913).
Galluii gallus. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B.B.M., XXIL, p. 344 (part) ; id
Hand-L, Game B., II., p. 48 (part) ; Gates, Game B., of In. i., p. 366 (part).
Vernacular Names. — Taukyet (Burmese).
Description — Adult Male. — Differs from the common Indian Jun-
gle-fowl in having the ear lappets red instead of white. The plumage
above is generallj^ a deeper red, the neck hackles being less of a
golden yellow or orange at their tips. It is also noticeable that the
nock hackles are less attenuated and broader at their tips, though
the characteristic is very variable, and ma}^ in some instances be
due to an admixtm-e of domestic blood.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 19
Measvirements and colours of soft parts do not differ from those
of the Indian bird except for the ear lappets, as already stated.
Adult Female similar to that of Gallns h. ferruijineus .
Young Male and C/iick in down cannot be distinguished from the
same stages in the Common Indian Jungle-fowl until after the first
autumn moult, when the deep red of the upper parts at once be-
comes noticeable. The white ear lappets are replaced by red or deep
pink even in very j^oung birds, and will always suffice to show to
which sub-species a specimen belongs.
Distrihution. — The whole of Burmah and the Malay Peninsula,
Siam, Cochin, China, Sumatra and also Java, and many of the
Islands of the Malay Islands, as well as in the Great and Little Cocos.
In the Cocos the birds are certainly descended from tame stock, and
probably in the majority, if not all of the Malay Islands, their origin
is the same.
Kidification. — The Burmese Jungle-fowl appears to breed princi-
pally in the cold weather, from November to March, but in the
hills rather later than this, generally in March and A.pril. Even
here, however, it is often a very early breeder, for Harington tells
me that he found them breeding in January and February in the Chin
Hills, obtaining hard-set eggs in the former month and young chicks
in the latter. Mr. C. B. Moggridge found broods of young birds as
early as the 10th and 14th of January. In Pegu, Gates found
them breeding from the end of February or beginning of March on
into June and my collectors took eggs here as late as July, whilst
Mr. Barton records finding a bird sitting on six eggs at Raheng in
Siam on the 11th March. In the Malay Peninsula thej' are said
to lay during February, March and April, and I have received eggs
laid in these months from the vicinity of Taiping.
There is nothing to distinguish either nest or eggs from those of
the Indian bird. Gates says:
" As a rule she makes no nest, but merely scrapes out a
"hollow at the foot of a bamboo or other bush ; at times there
"appear to be a good many leaves under the eggs. These
" vary in number from 6 to 9 ; but Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay
" once found 11 eggs in one nest ; in coloiir they are pale buff."
Mr. C. S. Barton, to whom I have already refei'red, records find-
ing a nest containing 6 eggs in an old stump. This is the only
record I can find of the bird building off the ground, though it
doubtless sometimes makes its nest in clumps of bamboos just as the
Indian Jungle-fowl does.
The usual number of eggs is 5, 6 or 7; often the}' only lay 4, and
on the other hand 8 or 9 ma}^ sometimes be found.
In size, shape and texture they differ in no way from those of
the Indian bird.
General Habits. — The Burmese Jungle-fowl seems to differ in
20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
character from the Indian Jungle-fowl more decidedly than it does
in outward appearance, and is probably even more closely allied to
the domestic fowl than is the latter bird. It is on the whole less
wild, less of a skulker, and far more amenable to restraint and
domestication, for several writers record successfully rearing and
keeping these fowls together with their barn-door fowls.
A regards choice of country to live in both Indian and Biirmese
forms seem to have similar likings. Gates writes :
" There is no description of jungle from which this common
" bird is absent ; but if it has a predilection for any particular
" style of country, it is for the broken ground and ravines with
" dense vegetation. In these localities (and there are many
" such, especially at the foot of some of the Hill ranges) it is
" abundant to a degree. Considerable numbers are generally
" found together, the two sexes mixing freely together. In
" Bur mail, I think, Jungle-fowl are more common near tiny
" villages in deep forest than elsewhere, for in the neighbour-
" hood of these hamlets there is always a certain amount of
" paddy land, a good deal of low cover, and a running stream.
" They feed in the mornings and evenings, and during the
" middle of the day the}^ remain very quiet, either in some
"tree or well-concealed under low bushes or grass."
Mr. G. B. Moggridge (in a letter to the late Gol. Harington,
which the latter had kindly made over to me with all his
own notes) confirms what Gates saj'S, and also emphasises the
Jungle-fowl's love of cultivation. " Anyone who has done much
Jungle-fowl shooting soon learns to tell at a glance where the
birds will fly when put up, but if one does not know the ground
one is apt to take the first open space one finds, if it is fairly clear
all round for shooting, with disastrous resiilts. The two best pla-
ces I know are in Gargaw and Madaya^ but the former is the better
as there are places where both sides of the creek are cultivated for
miles, not with paddy, but in gardens. Here the favourite haunts
of the birds were in Lu, a species of grain (^Milmm 'paspalu'in),
Nantsi (Sessamer) and in gardens where a few Zeethe bushes had
grown up among the others. All round the villages in Madaya
you would find just as many birds as in Gargaw, but between
the villages is where the latter gains, the cultivation extending
so much further. We always found the beating very easy where there
was a creek to stand in or beat over. Jungle-fowl like stajdng
near water, and seem to haunt trees and bushes on the banks of the
creeks, not onlj^ because of the water itself, but also because they
prefer a clear space in which to spread their wings as they fly down
from their nests, rather than having to dive down in and out through
the closer set trees and bushes. At one place in the district,
Gargaw, Mr. P.E, Cleaver got 97 birds to his own gun in one day."
THE GAME BIRDS OF IN-DIA. 21
Jungle-fowl are probably more numerous in suitable places
throiighoutBurmah than they are anywhere in India, for the gentle-
man above quoted in other letters writes : —
" Bell and I in 1904 in eighteen days shot 360 Jungle-fowl
" and in 1905 in thirty days got 435 birds. The number of
" days mentioned represents the total number of days we were
" oiit in camp, and on some of these days we did not shoot at all,
" being in jungles away from cultivation, etc. All our shooting
" was done as we were on the march from one camp to another,
" and no day was taken off work and devoted entirely to shoot-
" ing. Under the same conditions as the above, and being
" quite by myself, I shot whilst moving from one camp to
" another between the 8th of January and end of February
" 1910, 316 head of game, of which 127 were Jungle-fowl."
They also seem to collect in larger flooks in Burmah than they
normally do in India. In the latter place I have sometimes seen a
couple of hundred in the same stretch of cultivation, but they were
all broken up into flocks of a dozen or less, and anything over this
number was quite exceptional. Davison and Hildebrand on one
occasion counted 30 males and females seated on one enormous
bent bamboo. This was in Pahporn in Tenasserim where Davison
found them extremelj^ abundant. Again near Bhamo Major White-
head once counted 40 birds together, but these were all cocks
without ^a single hen.
These cock-parties are not unknown in India where young-
unpaired cocks often seek each other's society and assemble in
small flocks of half a dozen or so, but I have never myself come
across so large a party as Major Whitehead's, nor have ] any simi-
lar record from any other observer outside Burmah.
In regard to its food there is nothing special to remark upon,
and as an article of diet itself it appears to be much the same as
its Indian brothers and sisters.
The crow is said to be distinguishable from that of the Indian
Jungle-fowl, and to be more like that of the domestic bird, i.e.,
with the last note more prolonged and the crow as a whole le«s
short and jerky,
Gallus sonnerati.
The Grey Jungle-foivl.
Coq et I*oule sauvage des Indes. Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, II., p.
148, pis. 94-95 (1782).
Wild cock.— Lath, Gen. Syn., 11., p. 698 (1783).
Fhasiamcs r/allus. — Scop, (nee Linn.), Del. Flor. et B'aun. Insnbr. pi. 11.,
P- 93 (1786) ; Lath, Ind. Orn., IL, p. 625 (1790).
Sonneraf s Wild Cock.— Lath., Gen. Hist., VIII., p, 181 (1823).
Gallus sonnerati.—Teraxn. Pig. et Gall., 11., p. 246 (1813) ; 111., p. 659 ;
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool., XI., p. 200, pi. XII.; Temm, PI. Col. V., pis.
1 and 2 ; Griffith's ed. Cuv., 111., p. 19 ; Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 151 ;
22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Jard., Nat Lib. Orn., p. 186, pis. XI. and XII. ; Blyth, Ann. Mag. N. H.
XX., p. 388 ; iti., Cat. Mus. As. Soc, p. 243 ; Burgess, P. Z. S., 1856,
p. 29 ; Jordon, B. Ind., III., p. 539 ; Bulger, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 571 ; Blyth,
Ibis, 1867, pp. 154, 307 ; Elwes, Ibis, 1870, p. 528 ; Elliot, Mon. Phas., II.,
p. 34 ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 401 ; Hume, N. and E. Ind. B., p. 531 ; Butler,
Str. Fr., IV., p. 5 ; Fairb., ibid, IV., p. 262 ; Hume, ibid, IV., p. 404 ; Butler,
ibid, v., p. 222 ; Fairb., ibid, V., p. 409 ; Marshall, B. Nests Ind., p. 59 ;
Gould, B. Asia, VII., p. 56 ; Hume and Marsh, Game B. Ind., I., p. 231,
pi. ; Davidson and Wend, Str. Fr., VII., p. 86 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 53 ;
Mclnroy, Str. Fr. VIII., p. 493 ; Vidal, ibid., IX., p. 76; Butler, ibid, IX.,
pp. 205, 421 ; Davidson, Str. Fr. X., p. 316; Davison, X., p. 409; Swinh.
and Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131 ; Taylor, Str. Fr., X., p. 464 ; Terry, ibid, X.,
p. 479 ; Gates, ed. Hume's Nests and Eggs, III., p. 420 ; id. Game B. of In.,
I., p. 364 ; Blanf., Avi. Brit. Ind., IV., p. 78 ; Sharpe, Hand-L., I.; p. 35 ;
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. B. M., XXI., p. 350 ; Barnes, B. N. H. S. Jour., VI.,
p. 3 ; Davidson, ibid, XII, p. 63 (1898) ; Betham, ibid, p. 363 (1900) ;
Ferguson, ibid, XVI., p. 3 (1904) ; Finn., Avi. Mag. Feb., 1910, p. 129.
Phasianus indicus. — Leach, Zool. Misc., II., p. 6, pi. 61 (1815).
Fernacular names, — Jungli-murgha S , Jungli-murgi $ [Hindus) ; Komri
{Mt. Abu); Pardah-Komri, {Gondki, Chanda Dist.) ; Ean-Kombada c? >
Ran-Kombadi 5 {Marati) ; Kombadi {Deccmi) ; Kattu-Kozli or Koli
(Tarn.) ; Adavikode (Teleffu); Koli, Kad-Koli, (Canarese) ; Geera-Kur (Marie
Gond),
Description — Adult male. — Feathers at the sides of the forehead
dull rufous ; head, neck and hackles of the extreme upper back
black with grey, fringes to the bases, and with numerous bars
changing from golden j^ellow on nape and shoulders to pure white
on the back ; on the longer feathers the black bars are glossed with
purple blue. Feathers of the back, rump, and lesser win^ coverts
black fringed with gray, and with broad white shaft streaks, the
majority also Avith concealed longitudinal grey bars. Longest and
lateral rump feathers highl}^ glossed with purple and with chestnut
instead of grey fringes, in addition to which they are marked with
pale yellow or white spots. Upper tail coverts l3lack glossed with
violet, purple and blue, and edged with chestnut and buif.
Median wing coverts and scapulars black, barred on the basal
half with grey and Avith white shafts which expand at the tips for a
length of about an inch into spatulate, flat plates of orange j^ellow
about two inch wide ; the majority of which have fringes on the
outer side of deep red. Greater coverts and quills blackish brown,
the innermost quills and coverts with white shafts, and
sometimes a small amount of whitish freckles near the tip. Lower
parts from the hackles to vent dark grey brown to black with
broad v/hite shaft stripes and grey or grey-white edges ; feathers of
posterior flanks and a few of those on the abdomen with orange
rufous edges. Feathers of vent and centre of abdomen dull rufes-
cent brown ; under tail coverts black with white edges.
Colours of soft parts. — " The legs and feet are yellow, or reddish
yellow, and the claws black, but I have one specimen, probably a
3'oung bird, noted as having had the legs and feet greenish brown.
THE (iAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 23
The bill is in the adult, more or less of it, black, the upper mandible
often yellowish at the base, and the lower mandible also pale
horny, Imt in younger birds the upper mandible is horny or greenish
brown, and the lower mandible yellow. The irides of the adult are
yellow or reddish orange, occasionally bright red, in younger birds
yellowish bi'own." — (Hiinie.)
Finn says that the legs of males in full vigour are a salmon red,
and it appears that they are brighter and more red during the
breeding season than at other times. The comb, bare face and
wattles are crimson, brightest during the breeding season.
Measurements. — " Length 28-0 to 32-0 ; expanse 27*0 to 31-0;
wing 9'35 to 9"65 ; tail fi-om vent 14-0 to 16-0; tarsus 2-85 to
3-0; bill from gape 1-28 to 1-3; weight 1 lb. 10 ozs. to 2 lb.
8 ozs.; length of spur 1-3 to 1-75 inch." — (Hume.)
The measurements of the birds which have passed through my
hands somewhat exceed the above, two cocks having had a wing of
full 10 inches (254 mm.) and one or two others nearly approaching
it. I have also seen one bird with a tail of 18 inches.
Youmj male. — Like the female, but much more rufous and more
boldly barred and blotched.
Young male on moulting from first plumage and before acquiring
hackles has the whole upper plumage black, the feathers grey edged
and with white shaft lines ; the wings and tails are like the female,
but much darker, the underparts are like the adult but without the
rufous on the flank and belly feathers. The median coverts and
the scapulars where waxj- yellow and spatulate in the adult are
marked with rufous in the young bird, and a few of the feather
shafts are already somewhat flattened and spatulate.
Colours of soft parts. — Legs dull waxy yellow, or horny
yellow, never with an}- reddish tinge ; irides brown or yellowish
brown ; bill horny, the culmen darker and the base of the upper
and whole of the lower yellowish horn}'. The spurs are generally
short and blunt, not exceeding 12 mm. in length.
The rudimentary comb and wattles are dull crimson red, but the
face is almost as bright a crimson as in the adult.
The adult cock has a semi-moult during the rains, June to August,
and loses his long neck hackles, and the long central tail feathers,
the former being replaced by short feathers of dull brown black
without the terminal sealing-wax spots of yellow.
Adult female. — Upper part of the head dull pale brown, rufes-
cent on the forehead and the feathers faintly white centred ; neck
golden brown, feathers white shafted and with brown bands on
each w^eb which increase in size on the mantle. Whole upper
plumage, wing coverts and secondaries finely vermiculated pale
sandy brown and dull black ;. tail dull rufous black mottled with
rufous on the central feathers at the edges.
24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISr. fiOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Below white, each feather edged with dark brown and more or
less speckled with brown inside this edging ; flanks mottled sandy
brown and brown with broad white central streaks.
Colours of the soft parts. — Irides red or yellowish red in fnlly
adnlt birds, yellowish brown in the vounger ones and brown in
birds of the first jear. Legs and feet dull waxy 3- ellow or yellowish
brown, according to Hume brownish fleshy in younger birds : the
soles are paler and the toes, generally, darker than the tarsus ;. claw
dark horny brown or blackish. Bill horny brown, paler at the
base of the tipper mandible and yellowish white on the whole of the
lower. Rudimentary comb and bare facial skin dull crimson or
brick red, less dull during the breeding season than at other times.
Measurements. — "Length 18-0 to 20-0; expanse 26*0 to 27*0;
"wing 7-8 to 8-3; tail from vent 6-0 to 7-0 ; tarsus 2-2 to
"2-55; bill from gape 1-02 to 1-2; weight 1-lb. 9-ozs. to
" 1-lb. 12-ozs.'" (Hume).
Chicle in down. — Similar to that of the Bed Jungle-fowl, but
with the lateral bands almost pure white instead of bright pale
buff and the sides and lower parts dull grey instead of rich buff" and
buff" respectively.
HiTme considers that the northern birds, Mount Abu, " run rather
larger and considerably heavier than the Nilgiri ones."' 1 can find
nothing to confirm this, and have seen two bigger birds from the
south of Travancore than from anywhere else further north.
Distribution. — In 1898 Blanford thus defined the habitat of the
Grey Jungle-fowl, and since that date [ have seen no record claim-
ing and any further extension.
" Throughout Southern and Western India in hill}^ and jungly
" ground. This Jungle-fowl is found near the Eastern coast
" as far no]"th as the Godaveri, and in the Central Provinces its
" limit is some distance East of Sirmcha, Chanda and Seoni.
" It is found throughout the Nerbudda Valley west of Jubbal-
" pore, and in parts of Central India and Bajputana, as far as
" the Aravalis and Mount Abu, but no further to the northward
" or westward. It is met with near Baroda, but has not been
" observed in Kattywar. It is common throughout the
" Western Ghats and Satpuras, and it is found, though not
" abundantly, on the tops of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills."
South'\A'ards it is found almost, but not quite, down to the ex-
treme south of Travancore.
Nidif cation. — The breeding season, properly speaking, extends
over Februarj^, March, April and May over the greater part of this
bird's habitat, though Davison writing of the Western Nilgiris
records October, November and December as the principal breeding
months. As a matter of fact eggs, fresh and hard-set, and young,
just hatched or nearly fully fledged, may be found in practically
THE GAME BIRlJ.'S OF lABIA. 26
every month of the year. The months in which most will be
foimd are those in which food is most abundant, a matter depen-
dant upon the rains and other climate influences. In Travancore
they breed steadily from March to -ruly, and Mr. T. F. Bourdillon
took eggs as late as August 20th. They make their nests — when
they make any — and la>- their eggs in much the same kind of
country and jungle as do the Red Jimgle-fowl, and, like the latter
birds, seem to specially approve of dense secondary growth and
bamboo jiingle. They breed freely in the Sholas, or small woods,
which nestle in the hollows in the Xilgiri Hills, but thej^ also breed
in just as great numbers in the vast woods of Travancore and
Mysore. Often they lay their eggs in a small hollow, either natui-al
or scratched out by themselves in the shade of some bush or
bamboo clump, and the nest consists merely of a slight collection
of rubbish and fallen leaves. Sometimes the nest is formed of a
mound of such material with a hollow in the centre for the eggs ;
more rarely it is comparatively weW made of sticks, leaves, bamboo-
spates, matted together in a solid mass whilst in still more cases it
is perched up on a dead tree or stump or a clump of bamboos.
The number of eggs laid is rather a vexed question. Miss Cock-
burn, who was always extraordinarily lucky in the number of eggs
laid bv birds with which she came in contact, says that the num-
ber of eggs found in a nest is from 7 to 1 3 j Jerdon says from 7
to 10, and Davison says from G to 10. On the other hand Mr. J.
Davidson tells me that he has never found more than 4 eggs in a
nest, and Barnes mentions the number as 6 or 7, occasionally more.
Mr. J. Stewart, through whose hands have passed a very large
number of Travancore clutches, and who has seen an immense
number in situ in a letter to me sa5^s, " I am sending you a clutch
of 7 eggs of the Grey Jungle-fowl, an unusual number, for they
generally lay only 4 or 5, and sometimes even less." There is a
general tendency to overestimate the number of eggs laid by game-
birds, and from the testimony of modern collectors I think it will
be found that 4 or 5 eggs is the number most often laid, and that
whilst a fair number of clutches of 6 or 7 eggs may be found,
more than this is quite abnormal.
The eggs are of coiirse very small, but can be otherwise all
matched by varieties of the domestic fowl's eggs. The most com-
mon type is fawn, or fawn-buff, but they varj- from very pale cream
to a rich warrn bufl, generally quite immaculate, but sometimes
covered with innumerable freckles of light brown, and occasionally
distinctly spotted and speckled with light brown, dark brown, or
reddish brown. In the latter case the spots are generally sparsely
and irregularh' scattered over the whole surface of the egg and xsLry
in size from that of a pin's head to spots as much as a couple of
millimetres or more in diameter. These spotted and freckled eggs
4
26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
are, however, exceptional, though comparatively a good deal more
often met with than they are in Gallus hanMva ferrvgineus.
As a rule the surface is ver}^ fine, smooth and glossy, but they
vary from this to a surface which is densely pitted with tiny pores
like those found on a guinea-fowl's egg. In shapes they are typical
fowl's eggs, but in a large series a fairly wide divergence of shape
may be met with, from a long narrow oval almost the same at
either end to a broad scjuat oval with the smaller and distinctly
pointed and compressed.
In length the 50 eggs I have measured myself or of which [ have
had measurements sent me varied between 1-72" (43-7 mm.) and
2-12" (53-9 mm.) in length and between 1-30" (35-0 mm.) and
1-46 (37'1 mm.) in width. The average of the 50 eggs is 1-80"
(45-7 mm.) by 1-40" (35-5 mm.).
Oates gives the variation in breadth of the series in the British
Museum as being far greater than given above, but I have most
carefully measured the series and find them ■ all to come within
these limits.
General habits. — Since Davison wrote his splendid description
of this bird's habits there has been practically nothing further of
value recorded, and so exhaustive and interesting ai"e these notes,
that it is not likely that there will ever be much to add.
He writes :
" The Grey Jungle-fowl occurs but sparingij^ about the
" higher portions of the Nilgiris, but is common on the lower
" slopes, in the low country about the basis of the hills, and
" throughout most parts of the Wynaad. I have found it
" most abundant in the jungles between Metapolliem and
" Kullar, and between this j^lace and Burliar about half-way
" between Kullar and Coonoor, I counted 26 once (while
" riding up to Cooncor early one morning) feeding along the
" cart road here.
" Unlike the Red Jungle-fowl, this species is not grega-
" rious, and though occasionally one meets with small coveys,
" these always consist of onlj' one or two adults, the rest
" being more or less immature. As a rnle, they are met with
•' singlj^ or in pairs.
" The crow of the male is very peculiar, and might be
" syllabled, Imck-haya-hya-lvuck, ending with a low, double syl-
" lable like 'Jcyukun, hijuhvn,' repeated slowly, and very softly,
" so that it cannot be heard except when one is very close to the
" bird. Only the males crow, and that normally onlj'in themorn-
" ings and evenings, though occasionally they crow at intervals
" during the day when the weather is cloud3\ The crow is
" very easily imitated, and with a little practice the wild
" birds may be readily induced to answer.
THE GAME BIRDS OF 2M)IA. 27
" They do not, however, crow the whole j'ear through, but
" only from October to ]\lay, when they are in full plumage.
" When flushed by a dog in the jungle, the}' flutter up into
" some tree above with a peculiar cackle, a ' Kuch-lcuck-lcuck, '
" which, however, they onh" continue till they alight.
" They come into the open in the mornings and evenings,
" retiring to cover during the heat of the day, unless the
'• weather is cloudy, when they, may be met with in the open
" throughout the day.
" Though found in evergreen forests, tliey seem to prefer
" moderatelv thin and bamboo iungle,
" Ordinarily, as already remarked, thej- are found scattered ;
" but when a tract of bamboo comes into seed, or any other
"particular food is locally abundant, they collect there in vast
" numbers, dispersing again as soon as the food is consumed.
" I remember on one occasion when the undergrowth of the
" Sholas about Pykarra (which consists almost entirelj' of
" Strohilanthes sjj.) seeded, the Jungle-fowl congregated there
" in the greatest numbers. I mean by hundreds, and were
'•' excessively numerous for more than a fortnight, when they
" gradually dispersed, owing, I believe, not so much to the
" seeds having all been eaten, as to what remained of them
" having sprouted and so become uneatable.
" In some ways they are not very shy ; by taking an early
" stroll, even without a dog, along some quiet road by which
" cattle and grain pass, several can always be obtained, but
*• when they have been at all disturbed and shot at, they
" become very wary, and even with a dog, before which they
" ordinarily perch at once, they are very difficult to secure. In
" such cases they run till they think they are out of shot, and
" then rise, and instead of perching, take a long flight, often
" of many hundred yards, and when they do alight, commence
•' running again.
" When out feeding they do not usually' wander far from
" cover, and on any indication of danger they dart back into
" this. They do not, however, go far in, generally only for a
"very short distance, before stopping to listen, when, if all
" seems quiet, they reappear in a short time within a few
" yards of the spot at which they entered. If, on the contrary,
" after listening thej- think that there is still danger, thej-
" then retreat quietlj' and silently into the depths of the
"jungle; occasional!}", after they have got some distance
" flying up and hiding themselves in some bushy tree.
'• When, however, as sometimes, though rarely happens,
"' they are surprised some distance out in the open, they
*' do not ran but rise at once and flv for the nearest cover,
28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" either perching in some leafy tree, or else dropping to the
" ground.
" The}^ are very punctual in their appearance at particular
" feeding grounds, and when one or more are met with in any
" particular spot, they are certain, if not disturbed in the
" interim, to be found there again in the same place at about
" the same hour the next or any subsequent day on which they
" may be looked for. There was one particularly fine and
" remarkabl}" shy and cunning old cock that frecjuented an
" open glade in the forest (above the Government Cinchona
" Plantations at Neddivuttum) in i;he morning, Avhereas in the
" evening he always came into the plantation and wandered
about under the cinchona trees, and along the plantation
roads. He never, to ni}'^ knowledge — and I mvist have seen
him fifty times at least — came into the plantation in the
" morning, or into the glade in the evening. There was no
' ' doubt as to this being the same bird that frequented the two
" places (nearly a quarter of a mile distant), for he was the
" largest, handsomest, and to judge from his spurs, the oldest
" C(5ck I ever saw. •' I loved that cock as a brother, I did, and
" at last I circumvented and shot him.'
" The best time to shoot the Jungle-cock is from October
"to the end of May, as then his hackles are in the best
" condition.
" In June the moult begins, and the male gradually drops
" his hackles and long tail feathers, the hackles being replaced
"by short feathers, as in the female ; dming the rains the male
" is a poor mean-looking object, not in the least like his
" handsome self in the cold weather, and, fully conscious of
" this fact, he religiously holds his tongue during this period.
" In September, a second moult takes place, the short
" feathers of the neck are again replaced by the hackles, the
" long tail feathers reappear, and by October the moult is
" complete and our Southern Chanticleer as noisy as ever.
" The male usually carries its tail low, and when running,
" it does so with the tail lowered still more, the neck out-
" stretched, and the whole body in a crouching position as in
"the Pheasants.
" I do not know for certain whether the species is polygam-
" ous or monogamous, but from what I have observed I should
" think the latter ; for although the male does not, I believe,
" assist in incubation, yet when the chicks are hatched, he is
" often to be found in company with his mate and little ones.
" These birds are, I believe, quite amtamable, even when
" reared from the egg, and though in the latter case they may
" not be so wild as those captured in maturity, they never take
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 29
" kindly to domestic life, and avail themselves of the first
" opportimity for escaping-. It is needless to say that they
" cannot easily be induced to breed in captivity. I have
" known the experiment tried time after time unsuccessfully.
" Numbers are trapped by the professional fowlers of South-
" ern India and brought for sale, together with Pavo cristaius,
" and Verdicula asictica to the stations on the Nilgiris, where
" cocks in good plumage may be purchased for about 8 annas
" each. Numbers are also brought to Madras from the Red
" Hills, where they are even cheaper. When caught, the eyes
" are closed by a thread passed throiigh the upper and under
'• ej'elids and then knotted together ; a short string is then tied
•• to one leg, and the other end made fast to a long stick. A
" number of birds are placed side by side on this stick, which is
" then carried about on a man's head. The poor blind birds
" remain quiet, not attempting to flutter or escape.
" Except for his feathers or as a specimen, the Grey Jungle-
" cock is hardh' worth shooting ; the breast alone is really
*' eatable, and even at the best the breast is very dry and
" hard.
" They roost on trees, continually in the earl 3^ mornings,
" just at daylight, when out shooting Sambhur, I have disturb-
" ed them from the trees on which they had spent the night.
" Although armed with most formidable spurs, they are not,
" so far as my experience goes, quarrelsome or pugnacious.
" In the wild state I have never seen them fighting, and I for
" many 3 ears enio3'ed peculiar opportunities for observing
" them. In captivit3" half a dozen, with as many females,
" will live in the same compartment of an aviary in perfect
" peace.
" Another proof of their non-belligerent character is to be
" found in the fact that the native bird-catchers never peg
" males out to attract others, as the3^ do in everj- part of the
" East with all liirds that are naturall3'' pugilistic. Scores of
" times I have listened to two cocks crowing at each other
" vigoi'ously from closel3^ adjoining patches of cover, but
" neither apparently ever thinking of, as an Amei'ican would
" say, fioing for that other cock.
" They are, I think, altogether less plucky birds than the
" Eed Jungle-fowl, and thev are so extremely war3^, where
" birds and animals of pi'e3- ai-e concerned, and wander such
" short distances from the edges of cover, that I think ver3'-
" few of them fall victims to an3^ enem3^ but man. There are
" plent3'- of Bonelli's Eagle and some Hawk-Eagles too in
" the Nilgiris, but 1 do liot think that these ever succeed in
" capturing Grej^ as they do elsewhere Red, Jungle-fowl ; at
30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" any rate, I have never once seen the feathers of sonnerati
" strewed about, as I have those of ferrugineus in Burma.
" Their great timidity and watchfalness result in their
" yielding much less sport than the Eed Jungle-fowl. You
■' may get these latter in standing crops and in many other
" similar situations without any extraordinary precautions, but
" the Grey Jungle-fowl never goes more than a few yards inside
" the fields, and if a stick cracks, or a sound is heard anywhere
" within 50 yards, he vanishes into the jungle, whence it is
" impossible to flush him. Only when beating the narrow
" well defined belts of tree jungle that run down the ravines
•' on the hill sides in the Nilgiris, and which we there call
" 'sholas,' is anything like real spot to be got out of them.
" Then indeed the gam at the tail end of the shola may get
" three or four good shots in succession, as they rise at the
" end of the cover and fly ofi" with a strong well-sustained
" flight to the next nearest patch. Even thus, working hard
" and beating shola after shola, a man will be lucky to bag 5
" or 6 brace in a day.
" The reason is, that all the well-defined sholas which can
" be thoroughly beaten are in the higher parts of the hills,
" where the birds are comparatively rare, while, when you get
" lower down, where the birds are plentiful, the jungles are so
" large that they cannot be effectively worked. If you merely
" want to liill the birds, you might get perhaps 10 or a dozen
" in a short time poking along some of the roads, but they
" afford no sport thus, only a series of pot shots.
" I remember once watching an old cock that my dogs had
" driven up into a tree. For some time I peered round and
" round (the tree was a large and densely-foliaged one)
" without being able to discover his whereabouts, he all the
" while sitting silent and motionless. At last my eyes fell
" upon him, that instant he hopped silently on to another
" bough, and from that to another, and so on with incredible
" rapidity, till, reaching the opposite side of the tree, he flew
" out silently, of course never giving me a chance at a shot.
" As for food, they seem to eat almost anji^hing ; grain,
■' grass seed, grubs, small fruits and berries, and insects of
" different kinds. I have sometimes killed them with
" nothing but millet in their crops ; at other times quantities
" of grass seeds, or again, after the grass has been recently
" burnt, the tender, juicy shoots of the new grass."
Gallus lafayetti.
G alius laf ay etti. — Less. Traite d'Orn., p. 491(1831); Des Murs. Icon.
Orn. p]. 18 ; Elliot Mon. Phas. ii., p. 33 (1873) ; Hume X. and E. Md. B.
p. 530 (1875) ; Hume and Marshall, Game B. Ind. i., p. 241, pi. ; Hume,
IHE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 31
Str. Featli. VII., p. 429; Legge. B. Ceyl. III., p. 736, pi. ; Gates ed Hume's
Nests and Eggs, iii, p. 422; Ogilvie-Grant. Cat. B. 13. M. XXII., p. 349
(1893) ; id. Hand-L. of Game B.ll., p. 53 (1897) ; A. L. Butler, Jour. B.N.
H. S. X., p. 311 (1896'!; Lewis, Ibis 1898, p. 339, 560; Blanf. Avi. Brit.
Ind. IV., p. 77; Sharp, Haud-L. i., p. 39.
Gcdlm stanlei/i.—Gmy, III., In. Orn. III., pi. 43 (1833) ; Blyth, Cat. B. A.
S. B., p. 243 (1849) ; Jerdon B. of I. III., p. 540 (1860).
Gallus li7mttus.— Blyth, J. A. S. B. XVI., p. 387 (1847).
Vernacular names. — Weli-kukula S, Weli-kikili $ (Cint/.) ; Kada Koli
(Ta7n.j
Description, adult male. — Crown dull orange rufous ; feathers at
the base of the naked throat in a patch about an inch long rich
violet purple ; hackles on neck and upper back orange yellow
shading into this from the rufous of the head and again into fiery
orange red on the back ; the yellow feathers have black central
streaks and the red feathers rich maroon ones, the black and the
maroon marks grading into one another just as the rest of the col-
ours do. Lower back and rump still darker, almost copper, red, the
centres to the feathers here being deep violet blue, whilst the
central and least lanceolate feathers have also a broad terminal
patch of this colour ; a few of the longest upper tail coverts all
black glossed with blue except for a narrow edge of fierj^ red. Tail
black glossed with Prussian blue or blue-green, never apparently
glossed with copper as in G. h. ferrugineus. Lesser wing coverts
like the hackles of the neck, gradually merging into the median
coverts which are like the back ; greater coverts black on the visible
portions, deep rufous red or mottled rufous and black on the con-
cealed portions. Breast and flanks like the back, the non-lanceo-
late feathers next the abdomen rufous chestnut with broad black
terminal bands ; vent and centre of abdomen dull brown-black
with paler tips. Thighs black, most of the feathers with narrow
chestnut fringes ; under tail coverts glossy blue-black.
Colour 0/ soft imrts. — " Iris light golden yellow ; face, throat
and wattles livid or purplish red ; comb bright red with a large
interior yellow patch, brightest in front and blending into the
surrounding colour; bill brownish i-ed, the lower mandible and tip
of the upper pale ; legs and feet wax yellow, washed anteriorly
with brownish, more especially on the toes." (Legge).
Measurements. — " Length of examples with fine tails (which vary
in length) 26-0 to 28-0 inches; wing 9-2 to 9-5; tail 13-0 to 15-0 ;
tarsus 3-2 to 3-4 ; middle toe 1*7 to 1-8; claw (straight) 0-5 to
0-6 ; bill to gape 1-2. Length of comb from forehead to extremity
3-2 to 3-3 inches; spur 0-7 to 1-2." (Legge).
" In the birds I have been able to measui'e the wings vary between
8-5" (215-9 mm.) and 9-5" (241-3 mm.) and the longest tail was
16" (406 ram.) whilst others were as short as 9" or 10" (228-6 to
254-0 mm.) "Weight 2-lbs. to 2-lbs. 5-ozs." (Hume).
Yoiinfj males when they first acquire adult plumage appear to have
32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the centre of the belly and vent more rufous, the black bases to
the feathers hardly showing.
Younger birds still first acquire a certain number of semi-lanceo-
late feathers intermediate in colouration between the adult and the
first plumage ; the upper parts from the back to the tip of the tail
are dark rufous, vermiculated with black, some of the back feathers
shoAving small violet blue patches. Below the breast is a deep
rufous chestnut, slightly barred and vermiculated with black on
the upper breast and profusely so on the lower breast where it chan-
ges into the dull dirty grej^'-black abdomen, lower flanks and vent.
The under tail coverts are mixed rufous and black.
" Young males in first plumage. — In the bird of the year the
iris is light yellowish, the bill much the same as in the chick;
the comb and spiirs but very little more developed and the
wattles are absent. The head and upper part of the hind
neck are yellowish rufous, the feathers with darker centres,
deepening into chestnut red on the inter-scapular region, sides
of neck, and breast ; in the lower part of the hind neck the
feathers are somewhat elongated, with glossy blackish centres,
and there are signs of the dark foreneck patch ; the metallic
purple of the adult rump is present in small patches on the
feathers ; the ground colour and tail, which is short, is ferruginous,
mottled with blackish, with a greenish black wash on some of the
tail feathers ; wings blackish brown, the secondaries and their
coverts handsomeh" mottled with rufous and buS"; chin and gorge
whitish, the feathers very short, lower parts rufescent, tipped
with rufous." (Legge).
Adult female. — Forehead dull rufous red, crown dull brown, the
feathers finel}^ tipped black, nape, sides of the neck and sparse
feathers of the throat dull rufous. Mantle, of which the feathers
are far less lanceolate than in h. ferrugineus, blackish brown with
pale shaft streaks and golden buif edges. Remainder of upper
plumage pale buff*, rufous buff" or rufous brown vermiculated all
over with black in fine wavy bars ; on the tail the vermiculations
are bolder becoming irregular longitudinal barrings and blotches
of black glossed with green. Median and smaller coverts like the
back, but with sub-terminal bars of black and often white shafted ;
the greater coverts and edge of wing are boldly barred with black
and pale yellow buff ; primaries pale brown, mottled on the outer
webs with black and bulf ; outer secondaries brown, boldly barred
with black and buff" on the outer webs, inner secondaries vermiculated
brown and buff along the centre, and boldly barred with black and
buff on both webs and with chestnut vermiculations showing here
and there.
Below the almost semi-nude throat and foreneck a few feathers
with broad glossy black edges take the place of the black patch in
THE GAME BlliDS OF INDIA. 33
the male : upper breast, sides of the lower breast, and flanks vermi-
ciilated black and rufous brown, remainder of breast, belly and
thigh coverts white, each feather with a narrow black edging and
one or two broad black bands near the visible base. Vent dull
pale buff, under tail coverts black and rufous brown, much marked
with white in some individuals.
In some females which appear to be much younger birds the
rufoiis brown of the upper breast extends low^er down, the brown
of the flanks extends on to the breast, and only the centre of this
latter is black and -white, a few red vermiculated feathers appearing
amongst the others. In these birds it is also noticeable that there
are no white shaft streaks to the upper pliTmage, and the general
tone is more rufous and less earth-brown. The throat is, of course,
comparatively well feathered with downy grey plumes.
Colours of soft parts. — '■ Ii*is3-enowish olive ; bill, vipper mandible
dark brown, lower yellowish ; tarsi and feet brownish in front,
yellowish posteriorly," (Legge).
Measurements. — "Length about 13"75"; wing 6-8 to 7*0; tail
3-5 ; tarsus 2-3 to 2-5 ; middle toe and claw 2-0 to 2-1 ; bill to gape
M." (Legge).
Wings of the females in the British Museum series and of a few
others I have measured have varied between 6-5" (165*1 mm.) and
7-2" (183-8 mm.)
Distribution. — Confined to the Island of Ceylon in which Legge
describes its distribiition as follows : —
" More or less scattered through the dry jungly districts of
" the low country, and diffused throughout the hills of the
" Southern and Central Provinces, It is rather rare in the
"jungles of the maritime portions of the Western Province
" and south-western district, and is not common even in the
" forests of the interior .... On the eastern slopes of the
" Morawah Korale where a drier climate prevails it finds a more
" congenial home, and along the Wellaway River and from that
" eastward it is numerous. In the maritime poilions of the
" south-east it abounds . ,. , In the hills it is resident and
"breeds commonly up to 6,000 feet."
It is perhaps to some extent locally migratory, ranging higher
or lower on the hills according to season, but beyond this appears
to be resident wherever found.
Xidijication.^lt is almost impossible to say that; the Ceylon
Jungle-fowl has an}' real Ijreeding season, for throughout its range
it woidd appear to be breeding during practically the whole year.
Legge records that in the north of the Island it breeds princi-
pall}- during the early part of the year, but that in the Hambantola
district he found young birds in July, others in the neighbourhocd
of Kadugannawa in December and others again in the Horton
5
34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Plains in April, whilst he took eggs in Kukal Korale in August.
Again writing to Hume he notes having seen j^oung birds with
their parents in the South of the Island as early as February ,
Mr. W. E. Wait of the Ce3don Civil Service informs me that " the
birds breed more or less throughout the year, and I have eggs taken
in the months of Februar}'-, April, June and August," whilst I have
seen others taken in some of the months already mentioned and also
January, Ma}^ and November.
As a rule the Ceylon Jungle-fowl makes its nest of- a pile of
leaves and fallen rubbish in some natural hollow in forest. In his
" Birds of Ceylon" Legge writes : —
" The nest is almost alwaj^s placed on the ground near a
" tree, under a bush, or beneath the shelter of a fallen log; a
" hollow is scratched and a few dry leaves placed in it for the
" eggs to repose upon. [ once found a nest in damp soil
" between the large pi'ojecting flange-like roots of the Doon-
" tree, containing two eggs partially incubated.
"In 1873 Mr. Parker found a nest on the top of a young
" tree about 30 feet high. He writes me that it had the
' appearance of a Crow's or Hawk's nest, of ^^'hich the Jungle-
" hen had taken possession. She flew off and three eggs were
" found to be in the nest."
This curious habit of making its nest at some considerable
height from the ground seems to be rather a characteristic of this
Jungle-fowl. Many years ago I was told that such was the case
by Mr. W. A. T. Kellow and by a jMr. W. Jenkins who collected
for me in Ceylon and recently Mr. W. E. Wait again refers to tliis
trait. He says : —
" In one respect I differ from Legge's account of the nest-
" ing of the Ceylon Jungle-fowl, or perhaps I should say
'' siipplement what he says, for I would add that this bird's
" nest is quite as often built off the ground as on it. The
" most peculiar situation I have come across was in an oven-
" shaped hollow about 8 feet from the ground in a fairly large
*' tree which stood at the edge of a cart track running
" through the jungle. A big braiich had been torn off at its
"junction with the stem of the tree and the socket had rotted
" out. In the hollow thus formed four eggs had been laid on
" a soft layer of touch -wood which had crumbled to dust. On
" another occasion I came across a nest in a biish overhanging
" a dry water course. It was a mere depression in a matted
" platform of dead leaves which had been swept down the
" water course in some flood, and had been caught up by the
" overhanging branches.
" A favourite site is a stump of a tree which has been
*\felled and left standing after the tree has been taken away.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 35
'In these cases there is a scant}'' bed of dead leaves which have
" fallen from the stirroiinding trees and collected in the hollow
" which generally forms on the upper surface of the stump in
" a very short time."
Other naturalists who refer to this habit of building in the stumps
of old trees are Layard, Parker and Hart, so that it seems to be
one well known both to the natives of Ceylon as well as to
European observers.
The Ceylon Jungle-fowl lays but very few eggs and we may
dismiss Layarde's statement that they lay from 6 to 1 2 eggs without
further consideration. The normal clutch would seem to be 2, 3
being sometimes laid and very rarelj' 4.
Legge says : —
" I have generally found that the eggs do not exceed 2 in
"number, but sometimes 3, and occasionally 4 are laid."
And Mr. Wait writes me that his own experience agrees with
that of Legge and that whilsL he has but one clutch each of 4 and
3 eggs, he has taken many of 2, the majority of which have shown
signs of incubation, slight or advanced.
The eofo-g. when seen in a series at once strike one as differino-
from all other Jungle-fowl's eggs, in that the majority are more or
less spotted and speckled, whilst some are quite heavily marked in
this way.
I have now seen a considerable number of the eggs of the Ceylon
Jungle-fowl ; 9 in the British Museum series, a fine series collect-
ed by Mr. Wait, and a few others collected hj Jenkins, Kellow
and others and some in the Ceylon Museum.
In colour they are a pale stone, pale yellow buff or cream, in one
or two slightly darker, but in none that I have seen do they ever
approach the rich buff tint often seen in the eggs of the other
species of Jungle-fowl. A few eggs are practically unmarked, but
3 out of 4 differ from those of the Red and Grey Jungle-fowl in
being distinctly and profusely spotted with light brown or light
purple brown. In some eggs the markings consist entirely of the
finest freckles scattered over the whole surface of the egg in such
numbers that at a short distance and casuall}^ examined the egg looks
almost unicoloured ; in the majority of eggs, however, the tiny
specks are accompanied b}- small blotches and larger freckles giving
them a distinctly spotted appearance, whilst in others the shell is
boldly blotched and marked with light brown, a few of the larger
blotches measuring as much as 3 to 4 millimetres in diameter.
One egg in Mr. Wait's collection has a pinkish stone coloured
ground with numerous very fine freckles of dark red brown and a
few small but bold spots and blotches of dark brown.
The eggs in a clutch are not as a rule very evenly coloured,
one being generally more spotted than the others, and sometimes
36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the contrast between the different eggs in the same clutch is veiy
striking.
The texture of the eggs is similar to that of the domestic fowl's
egg, and varies to about the same extent. In some it is quite
smooth and highly glossed, in others, just as hard and glossy, the
whole surface appears to be minutely pitted with tiny pores, and in
nearly every such case the pores contain the dark coloriring pig-
ment which gives the freckled appearance.
In shape they are remarkably constant, being broad short ovals,
the smaller end differing but little from the larger. 1 have two
eggs which are exceptionally long and narrow, and have seen one
other which had the smaller end somewhat compressed.
They vary in length between 1-65" (41-9mm.) and 1-95"
(49-5 mm.) and in breadth between 1-27" (32-2mm.) and 1-57"
(39-8 mm.), whilst the average of 28 eggs is 1-82" (46* 2mm.)
xl-39" (o5-3mm.)
The cock is apparently polygamous, though there is no very
decided proof one wa}^ or the other. At all events, no one has yet
discovered him taking an interest in his chicks, a trait which has
been observed in the Grey Jungle-cock.
The affection between hen and her chicks and vice versa has,
however, been more than once commented on, and Legge notes how
he once shot a hen whose half-grown chicks ran backwards and
forwards about her where she fell uritil he had come up quite to
them. The young would seem to remain with the hen until the
succeeding breeding season, although the cock birds again mingle
with the hens as soon as their duties of rearing their young are
completed.
General kahits. — On the whole the Ceylon Jungle-fowl appears to
be a bird of the drier parts of the Island, being excessively com-
mon in the maritime portion of the south-east coast in the dense
Euphorbia Jungles which are there found in long stretches. It is
probably resident wherever found, but it possibly only wanders into
the highest hills during certain seasons of the year. Legge obser-
ves : —
" It is resident and breeds commonly up to about 6,000 feet.
" On the Nuvara-Eliya Plateau and up on the Morton Plains
■ " it is very abundant during the north-east monsoon, coming
" up from lower down on the hills, and probably to some
" extent from the low country, to feed on the berries of the
" nilloo. It is probable that many remain throughoiTt the
" year in these uplands ; but, as I have only visited the Horton
" Plains during the cool season I am unable to say if it is
" found in that locality to any extent during the wet season."
The Ceylon Jungle-fowl seems to be found in all sorts of jungle,
fi'om the mafjnificent tree forest which covers the sides of the hills
TRE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 37
and iiioiintaius to the low Euphorbia and other scrub jungle
found on the sea coast and elsewhere. It is equall}- common in
the bamboo-covered country, and may be found in bush, semi-culti-
vation, or the dense secondary growth surrounding villages and old
cultivation.
They are extremeh* quarrelsome, pugnacious birds ; quite as
fond of fighting as the Red Jungle-fowl and far more prone to this
diversion than the grey birds. Layard says : —
" The cocks fight most desperately in defence of their serag-
" lios, the combat freqiiently terminating in the death of one
" of the engaged parties."
Their pugilistic tendencies often bring them to grief in other
ways, however, for the natives are aware of them and, vide Legge,
make use of them to decoy them within shot.
" The sound of the flapping of the wings, which is of course
" the invitation to battle, has the effect of always drawing two
" birds together and the knowledge of this fact has given rise to
" the device of imitating the noise, b}" doing which the sports-
" man can bring the cock up to him, and if he be pi'operly con-
'' cealed caueasih^ shoot him. * The natives make this sound by
" clappitig against their thighs with the palm of the hand
" hollowed, but Europeans can best do it by making a pad
" with the handkerchief and beating it against the palm of the
" other hand. By this means the exact sound can be made
" and 1 myself once procured a very fine specimen in the
" Ostenburgh Woods by adopting this plan."
I have never heard anyone speak of making a regular business of
shooting the Jungle-fowl in Ceylon as sportsmen do with the Grey
Jungle-fowl in the Nilgiris and with the Red Jungle-fowl in many
districts.
Legge remarks that : —
" This handsome bird, although so xqvj abundant in many
' parts is by no means easj' to shoot. It dwells entirely in
' cover, and though it is so fond of frequenting the vicinity of
' paths and tracks through forest, its sense of hearing is so
' acute that it removes to a safe distance at the sound of appro-
' aching footsteps, and though it will continue to utter its
• challenge cry of "George Joyce", it gradually makes its
' way off behind some protecting hillocks or rise in the
' ground which shuts out the road or path from its view. The
• north-eastern forests are well suited to its habits, the ground
' being covered with dry leaves, which do not decay so soon
' as in the humid jungles of the south ; and among these,
' hai'bouring a multitude of seeds, insects, and grubs, it
' scratches exactly after the manner of its domestic race. This
' scratching may often be heard on a still morning at some
38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
m
" distance away, and if the bird be behind a mound, or little
" eminence it can be approached if the sportsman is cautious
" and makes no noise."
Mr. W. E, Wait of the Ceylon Civil Service who has been so
good as to send me some very interesting notes on Ceylon game
birds, says that he thinks the words " Chuck joy Joyce " describes
the cry of the Ceylon jungle-fowl even better than does the usually
accepted syllables " george Joyce." He adds : —
" The cocks often crow in the morning before coming down
" from the branches on which they roost as I have several
" times found when stalking a crowing bird. I have general-
" 1}^ found them on a branch some 8 to 12 feet from the
" ground, never very high up, although Legge says that they
" roost on good-sized branches at a considerable height from
" the ground.
" Both cocks and hens feed along the grassy strips b}?" jungle
" roads and paths in the mornings and evenings, especially if
" the ground is damp after rain. They do not, however, stay
" out very late, and by about 9-0 a. m. they have all entered
" into the jungle again, and the cocks have stopped crowing.
" Sometimes, however, if the weather is cloudy or wet and cool
" the}^ will stay out feeding all day long, even when it is
" actually raining. I remember once bicycling over a main
" road through a forest in the North- Western Province on such
" a da}' and within a distance of a mile or less I saw over a
" dozen birds, mostly cocks.
" Hens with chicks keep more closel}^ to cover than do the
" cocks, leading their broods about in the undergrowth,
" uttering a little squeaky metallic chuck as they go, ap-
" parently a call note to the little ones. The broods remain
" together until the chicks are almost full-grown, but I have
" never seen cocks accompanying hens with chickens. The
" cocks are polygamous, and I have frequently seen one feed-
" ing with two or three full-grown hens, but he sheers off as
" soon as family duties commence."
It is a very common idea amongst the natives of Ceylon that
when the Jungle-fowl eat the seed of the " nilloo", a species of
iStrohilanthes which grows from 5,000 feet upwards, they become
either blind or drunk, in which condition they are rendered so
devoid of all sense or are so incaj^able that they are often caught.
It is rather difficult to say whether there are grounds for this belief
or not. Bligh wrote to Legge in connection with this belief: —
" About that season of the jear if village fowls be brought
" to the hills they rarel}^ escape a serious eye disease, which
" rapidly spreads throughout a given district, and in many
•' cases they become totally blind in two or three weeks. This
THE GAME BIRDS 01 J^DIA. 39
" is the disease which the Jungle-fowl evidently catch, A
" dog of mine caught a Jungle-cock with one eye lost, and
" evidently from this cause."
A collector working for me in Ceylon also once wrote to me that
he had caught a cock sitting crouched under a bush, which made
no attempt to fly as he approached, and which, when released,
tumbled about for a bit on the ground, and then huddled itself up
in some grass and allowed itself to be again caught. Nothing was
observed to be wrong with this bird phj'sically, but its actions gave
it the appearance of being hopelessly intoxicated.
Mr. W. A. T. Kellow also once wrote to me and said that his
collector informed him that it was no rare thing for them to catch
Jungle- fowl in this — as they termed it — intoxicated condition. It
may, however, be that Bligh's explanation is the correct interpreta-
tion of these curious cases of apparent intoxication. That there is
something which occurs at the time the Strohilanthes seeds, which
renders the Jungle-fowl practically helpless is vouched for by
Legge himself who asserts : —
" Certain it is that at this period the Jungle-fowl in the
" Horton Plains and about Naivara-Eliya do become affected,
" and are apparently so intoxicated that they may be knocked
" down with a stick."
The crow of the Ceylon Jungle-cock has been described, as I have
said above, as a call of " George Joyce" rapidly repeated. This
call, according to Mr. Holdsworth, is uttered by the cock as he
runs up and down some stout branch, raising and lowering his
head at each call. Never having seen the bird in its wild state,
I cannot say whether this is correct or not, but when in -captivity
it undoubtedly " crows" much as a domestic cock does, stretching
himself on tip-toes higher and higher as he proceeds, and often
flapping his wings both before and after crowing. I have often
seen the Red Jungle-fowl crow, and certainly this is the attitude
always adopted by them, and it is most amusing to see a fine
Jungle-cock caught in the middle of a crow ; his triumphant
attitude of challenge to the whole world crumples up so instantane-
ously as he leaps to the ground and skulks off" with head and tail
down and body as close to the ground as he can get it.
The Cejdon Jungle-fowl is not easy to bring up in captivity, and
as a rule, does not long survive close confinement. At the same
time a good njany birds have been successfully reared and domes-
ticated, though 1 know of no instance in which birds allowed their
freedom have not eventually cleared ofl" altogether.
40
SCIENTIFIC KESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.
No. XV.
(A) The Indian Gerbils or Antelope Rats.
By R. C. AVroughton.
The group of animals represented by the name Gerbilhs
wcZicws, m Blanford's Mammalia (No. 2C4), was recognised as a
sub-genus of Gerhillus, by Lataste, in 1882 (Le Natnraliste, ii.
No. IG, p. 126) under the name Tatera. In 1902 it was accepted
as a full Genus, whose members were found from Cape Town,
northwards throughout Africa, and thence eastwards through
Persia and India to Ceylon. The tj-pe species of the genus w^as
" Gerhillus inclictis, Hardwicke."
The tail in all the African species (except in nigricmida,
from British East Africa, which has a wholly black tail) is dark
above and pale below, whereas in all the Asiatic forms the tail is
dark above and below, and pale on the sides. Mr. W. R. Sherrin
has recently called my attention to a skull character, viz., the
shape of the parietal bone, which on examination proves to be
quite as constant a distinguishing character as the tail pattern. I
now therefore have no hesitation in separating the African forms
as a distinct Genus, which I propose to call.
Taterona, gen. nov.
Genotype Taterona afra (Gerhillus afer, Gray.)
The tail is dark above and pale i3elow (except in nigricauda,
where it is entirely black), whereas in restricted Tatera, it is dark
above and below and pale at the sides.
The lateral sutures of the parietal, from the post-orbital pro-
cess backwards, run horizontally for a certain distance, then turn
vertically downwards for a greater or less distance; and again
return sharply to the horizontal. In Taterona the length of the
middle vertical part of the suture varies a little, but never ex-
ceeds one-third of the distance between the post-orbital process
and the downward turn, while in 'Tatera it is approximately equal
to this distance.
In Taierona the basi-sphenoid appears to taper forward to a
point or narrow neck, owing apparentljj to the turning upwards
of the lateral edges, almost to the vertical ; in Tatera, in which
these edges are less turned upwards the basi-sphenoid does not
seem to taper.
Finally in Taterona the bridge over the ante-orbital foramen
is relatively wider than in Tatera and the plate below the
lachrymal formed by the flattening of the front edge of the orbit
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURf'EY. 41
terminates more abnipth' at its OTiter end in Taterona tlian in
Tatera, in which latter it is also usually broader. These last
two characters however, though true in a very large number of
cases, are not constantl}' reliable.
The Geographical ranges of Tatera and Taterona correspond
with the continents of Asia and Africa respectiveh'.
When I studied these Gerbils some j-ears ago (A.]\I.N.H. 7,
Vol. XVII, p. 474, 1906), the material available from India was so
scanty that I was forced to content myself with recognising the
two species indica and cuvieri. With the material now made avail-
able by the Survey, I have been encoTiraged to make a fresh
examination of the forms contained in the Genus Tatera as
restricted above.
The species of the Genus Tatera.
The Genotype and earliest species? of Tatera to be described
was G. iiidicns by Mr. Hardwicke in 1807. The type locality was
given as " India." The type itself is in the National Collection,
but faded almost bej^ond recognition and with its skull much dam-
aged. In 1838 Mr. Waterhouse separated cuvieri, also giving the
tj^DC locality as " India". Thist^-peis likewise in the National Col-
lection, having been received from the Zoological Society so long as
60 years ago. A manuscript catalogue of that Societ3''s Collection
before it was dispersed, which has recenth' been found shows that
the specimen was from Arcot, Madras. In 1843, Mr. Gray, in
his List of Mammalia, published the name G. liardwickei ^\■ithout
any description, but he placed under it as synonyms " G. indicus,
Waterhouse and Mus (Gerbillus) indicus, Elliot." Waterhouse in
describing his cuvieri compares certain of its characters Avith those
of an animal which he calls " Gerhillus indicus, Hardwicke", these
characters, however, are such that an}^ determination of the exact
animal referred to is impossible. Mr. Elliot, however, gives a very
full description of the Dharwar Tatera (under the name Gerhillvs
indicus, Hardwicke) of which several specimens, unfortunately in
very poor condition, contributed by Mr. Elliot himself, are in the
Kational Collection. As Mr. Waterhouse recorded nothing which
does not apply to this animal we are entitled, indeed constrained, to
accept the Dhar\A'ar Tatera as the animal indicated under the name
hardAvicTx^i by Mr. Graj" and to consider Mr. Elliot's specimens as
the co-tj-pes. . Ten j-earsago (A.M.N.H. 7, Vol. XVII. p. 499,1906)
I named T. ceylonica, basing it on a single immature specimen
very badl}' made up. The characters, I recorded, are, on more
careful examination and comparison with Surve}' specimens, shown
to be misleading. It is now clear that the type of cet/lonica is
really a young animal of thespecies of which very long series were
obtained in Cevlon bv Major Mavor. Next the series obtained by
6
42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Fol. XXV.
Mr, Prater in Sind, proves to be quite distinct from any other
fonnd in India, resembling in its colouring as is not unnatural, the
Persian species tceniura, i?ersica, &c. Finall}', some specimens
collected by Col. Dunn, at Ambala, also rec|uire a name.
There are thus six species inhabiting India and Ceylon (but not
Burma) which may be arranged in a ke^^ as follows : —
Key.
A Feet and tail short, only exceptionally exceeding 40 ard
190 mm. respectively.
a General colour bright bay (Central India and Behar).
(1) Tatera indica, Hardwicke.
b General colour drab grey (Sind)
(2) Tatera sJierrini, sj).n.
c General colour pinkish buff (Ambala, Punjab).
(3) Tatera dunni, sp.n.
B Feet and tail longer, at least 44 and 200mm. respective^.
a Anterior palatal foramina very long (10mm.), general
colour ba} (South Maratha Country)
(4) Tatera hardivicJiei, Gray.
b Anterior palatal foramina short (6-7mm.).
aa General colour buffy (Soutli Madras)
(5) Tatera cuvieri, Waterhouse.
bh General colour reddish (Ce5'lon)
(6) Tatera ceylonica, Wroughton.
(1) Tatera indica, Hardwicke.
Mr. Hardwicke describes this species as " bright bay, mixed
with pencil-like strokes of dark brown longitudinall}^ disposed."
Unfortunately no really mature specimens were obtained by
the Survey in Kumaon, from whence so many of ]\Ir. Hard-
wicke's specimens were obtained, but I think there can be
no doubt that the bright bay animal found throughout Behar,
Khandesh, Central Provinces. Kathiawar and Palanpur be-
longs to this species. The dimensions given hj Mr. Hard-
wicke (reduced to millimetres) are head and body 167;
tail 175. The average of eight adult specimens from Behar and
Khandesh is head and bodj^ 175 ; tail 190 ; hindfoot 40 ; and ear
24. The type skull is badly broken, but its greatest length is
4G mm. and from a skull of this length from Midnapur I record the
following measurements, viz.: — Condylo-incisive length 41*5;
zj^gomatic breadth 25.; interorbital breadth 7; diastema 13;
nasals 20 ; anterior palatal foramina 8-5 ; posterior palatal
foramina 2*5 ; and upper molar tooth row 7.
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 43
So far as material is available it seems that the range of indica
is Behar, the United Provinces, the Dekhan, and Gnjerath.
(2) Tatera sherrini, sp. nov.
Size as in indica. Fnr soft, silky, and fairly long (20-25 mm.
on lower back). General colour above "ecru drab", below pure
white. Face with usual pale markings before and behind the eyes.
Feet white. Tail quadricolor, blackish above and below buff" on
the sides, tip (60-65 mm.) black, with lengthened hairs almost
amounting to a tuft.
Skull smaller than in indica ; the anterior palatal foramiaia short,
the posterior exceptionally long ; bulte relatively large.
Dimensions of the type. — Head and body 162 ; tnil 191 ; hind-
foot 37 ; and ear 24. "
Skull : — Greatest length 42 ; condjdo-incisive length 37"5 ;
Zygomatic breadth 21 ; interorbital breadth 7 ; palatilar length
18-5; diastema 11-5; nasals 18; anterior palatal foramina 7;
posterior palatal foramina 3*5 ; and molar tooth row 6.
Habitat. — Sind. Type from Jacobabad.
Tii2ye.— Old male. B. M. No. 15. 11. 1. 88. Original number
427.' Collected by Mr. S. H. Prater on the 21st February 1915
and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural
Historj- Society.
Altogether 22 specimens were obtained by the Survey. The
contrast between the drab colouring of sherrini and the ochraceous
of indica, or even the buff' of diinni, is very marked, and in this
sherrini seems to approach much more closely to taeniura, persica,
&c., the Persian forms.
1 have much pleasure in naming this very distinct species after
Mr. W. R. Sherrin, of the Natural History Museum, who has
given such invaluable assistance in organising the storage of the
Survey material and in many other ways.
(3) Tatera dunni, sp. n.
A Tatera of the same size as sherrini, from which it is distinguish-
able by its pale buffy coloration.
Size as in sherrini. Fur soft and silky, but shorter than in that
species (15-20 mm. on the lower back). General colour above
" pinkish buff"," below pure white. Otherwise as in sherrini.
Skull slightly longer and stouter than in sherrini, the anterior
palatal foramina markedly longer.
Dimensions of the type. — Head and body 160 ; tail 190 ( ? the
Collector recorded it as 203, but it bad obviously been distorted,
the other specimens gave nvuch smaller figures); hindfoot, 37 ;
ear 24. Skull : — Greatest length 44 ; condylo-iucisive length
44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
39 ; zygomatic breadth 22 ; interorbital breadth?; palatilar length
20: diastema 12; nasals 19*5; anterior palatal foramina 8*5;
posterior palatal foramina 2-5 ; upper molar tooth row, 6*5.
Habitat. — Ambala, Punjab.
T^jjs. — Old male. B. M. No. 9. 4. 6. 10. Original number
254. Collected on 11th Jantiary 1909 and presented to the
National Collection by Col. H. N. Dunn, R.A.M.C.
Eleven specimens are in the Collection. This species seems to
me, judging by the skull, to be more related to indiea than to
sherrini, and it is possible that, when more material is available
from Rajputana and the Punjab, it may be found to intergrade with
the former,
(4) Tatera hardvncJcei, Gray.
As recorded above Mr. Gray based this name on Mr. Elliot's des-
cription of the Dharwar Tatera, which gave the colour as " uniform
bright fawn" and the dimensions as : — Head and body 175; tail
202 ; hindfoot 50 ; ear 22*5 (these are converted measurements).
These fairly correspond with those of the -Survey material in the
Dharwar, Kanara, and Koyna Valley Collections, except in the size of
the hindfoot. I have never seen a Tatera with a hindfoot of 50 mm.,
so no doubt Mr. Elliot's measurement was taken differently from the
method now employed, which gives an average of 44 mm. (max. 45).
The skull is noticeable for its very long anterior palatal foramina.
The following are the dimensions of the skull of an adult male from
Dhawar, viz.. Greatest length 48; condylo-incisive length 41-5;
zygomatic breadth 25 ; interorbital breadth 7 ; palatilar length,
21; diastema 13; nasals 21 ; anterior palatal foramina 10; poste-
rior palatal foramina 2-5 ; upper molar tooth row 7.
This species extends from Dharwar District southwards along the
wooded belt on the West Coast to Travancore, and north along the
Konkan and Ghats, at least as far as Ratnagiri, We have not
sufficient material to dogmatise on its extension inland, but we
know that in the north it gives wa}^ to indiea in Ahmednagar, and
in the south to cuvieri in Bellary and Mj^sore.
(5) Tatera, cuvieri, Waterhouse.
" General colour very bright cinnamon j'ellow" is Mr. Waterhouse's
description, and be gives the dimensions as: — Head and body 177 ;
tail 200; hindfoot 44; ears 15. These correspond very fairly with
those of specimens from Seringapatam, Vijayanagar, Trichinopoty,
&c., except that the ear measurement cjuoted is evidently not the
same as that now in use. The type skull is badly broken, but I
gather that its greatest length was about 44 mm. From the skull
of an old female from Seringapatam, I can record the following
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM TRE MAMMAL SURVEY. 45
measurements, viz., Greatest length 45 ; condylo-incisive length 39 ;
zygomatic breadth 25 ; interorbital breadth 7 ; palatilar length 21 ;
diastema 12; nasals 19; anterior palatal foramina 8; posterior
palatal foramina 2 ; npper molar tooth row 7 .
The range ot'cuvieri seems to be Bellarj-, Mj'-sore and the whole coun-
try soutli of them, except the wooded Ghat strip on the West Coast.
(6) Tatera ceylonica, Wronghton.
I regret to saj" that in making these species I M-as misled bj^ the
condition of the solitary specimen, contributed by Mr. Kelaart.
The fine series now available enables me to give a revised descrip-
tion of the species.
The general colour of the adult is very similar to that of harcl-
toickei (not cuvieri, as would seem probable), but there is a somewhat
larger admixture of black. The body dimensions are almost exactly
those of cuvieri. The skull measurements of an adult female are
as follows, viz., Greatest length 47 ; condylo-incisive length 40 ;
zygomatic breadth 23-5 ; interorbital breadth 8 ; palatilar length
20; diastema 1 2 ; nasals 20; anterior palatal foramina 7 ; posterior
palatal foramina 2 ; upper molar tooth row 6"5.
Tatera ceylonica seems to be spread all over the Island.
(B) The Slender Loris of Malabar.
By R. C. Wroughton.
When dealing with the Mysore Collection (Vol. XXII, p. 285^
1913) Miss Ryley explained that the name gracilis for the Ceylon
Loris must give place to the much older tardigradus, and that these
Mysore specimens must be known as lydekkerianus, Cabrera, being
practically topotypes of that species. Later, on receipt of the Coorg
Collection, not having specimens from Ceylon for comparison, she
recorded them (Vol. XXII,, p. 494, 1913) as tardigradus. Since
then Major Mayor having obtained some specimens in the two
Ceylon Collections (Nos. 13 and 18), I have now compared the three
series of Loris and have come to the conclusion that the animals of
Ceylon and Coorg belong to distinct species, and I propose to found
a new species for the Malabar Loris under the name : —
Loris malaharicus , sp. n.
A Loris markedly smaller than either tardigradus or li/deJiJceriamis
with a strong russet tinge.
Size smaller than either tardigradus or lydelcJieriamis. General
colour above "wood brown"^ darker on the nape and upper back,
but without any sign of a dorsal median dark stripe as in the
46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Mysore Loris. Hairs of dorsal area tipped with silvery as in the
other forms. Below buff, dull white in the other two species.
Dimensions as below : —
malaharicus. tardigradus . hjdeklierianus,
Head and body
216
245
260
Tail
7
■ • •
Hindfoot
45
51-5
54
Ear
25
32
32
Skull:
-
Greatest length
48
55
55
Condylo-basal length
41-5
46
47-5
Zygomatic breadth
29
34
35
Upper molar tooth row
13
14
15
The Collector records that the type of mrtZct&aHc^^s had a tail 7 mm.
long when taken. Probably all have a very short tail which is not
appreciable in a skin.
Hahitat. — Malabar. Type from Kutta, South Coorg.
Tij]p6.—A. young adult female. B. M. No. 13. 8. 22. 3. Original
number 2586. Collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge, on the 21st
February, 1913, and presented to the National Collection by the
Bombay Natural History Society.
The Survey obtained altogether four specimens while another
from Travancore in the British Museum Collection also belongs to this
species.
(C) A NEW "LEAF monkey" FEOM THE ShAN StATFS.
By R. C. Wroughton.
When writing the Shan States Keport (J. B. N. H. S., Vol.
XXII., p. 715, 1914) Miss Ryley recorded the local leaf monkey
as P. ithayrei. In the Mt. Popa Report when true phayrei had been
received, I suggested (Vol. XXIII, pp. 464-465, 1915) that the
Shan States animal might be harhei.
Three descriptions of harhei are available, viz. — Bh^th's original
description (J. A. S.B., xvi., p. 734, 1847), another in his Cata-
logue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Asiatic Society
(p. 14, 1863), and a third by Anderson (Ind. Mus. Cat., i., p. 48,
1811). Both Blyth and Anderson note that the shoulders and fore-
limbs are pale (" silvered," " greyish brown "), but neither of them
notices the radiation of the hair from a single central point on the
forehead. I M'rote to Dr. Annandale of the Indian ]\Iuseum,
Calcutta, who replied that the type of harhei " is an old specimen
which has been mounted and exhibited for the last 70 j^ears. There
is no crest on the top of the beast's head and no definite whorl of
hair." Dr. Annandale had the head photographed and most kindl}"
sent me a cop}- which is here reproduced.
SCIEXriFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 47
Head of the t3-pe of FWiecus harhei, Elyth.
This evidence seems to me conclusive that harhei belongs to the
section of the lano-urs which have the hair laid straio'ht back from
the forehead over the crown. The Shan States langnr has a dis-
tinct centre from which the hair radiates, on the forehead, and
cannot therefore be harhei, I propose therefore to describe it as
new under the name : —
Pithecus shanicus, sp. n.
A leaf monkey with the hair on the forehead radiating from a
single central point ; smaller than any other Indian species having
this character; most nearlj- approaching (amongst them) hiipoleucos
in general colour, bnt wanting the black limbs of that species.
Size small. General colour above a slaty grey with a paler brown-
ish tinge on the upper back ; hind limbs and base of tail slightly
48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
washed with silvery ; a dull whitish collar extending across the nape
between (and including) the whiskers. Upper and lower lips white.
Hands and feet black. Below sparsel}'- haired, greyis-h white.
Sknll more spherical (less elongate) and ninch smaller than
in the true langnrs ; frontal ridges obsolescent, the flattened area
immediately above them, so marked in entelhcs, schistacetis, &c.,
entirely absent, with a conseqnently shortened muz ale.
Dimensions of type, — Head and body 690 ; tail 755 ; hindfoot
168; ear 33. Skull; — Greatest length 107; condylo-basal length
83; zygomatic breadth 79; breadth across orbits 65 ; palatal length
37 ; upper molar tooth row 28.
Habitat. — Northern Shan States. (Type from Hsipaw, alt. 1,400').
2'7j.>e.— Adult male. B. M. No. 14. 7. 8. 5. Original number
3080. Collected by Mr. .G. C. Shortridge, on the 26th May 1913,
and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural
History Societ}'.
In all 20 specimens obtained. Dv. Anderson in his Anat. and
Zool. Besearches records having seen troops of monkeys, which he
surmised to be P. barhei, but which were almost certainly these
species " in the Valley of the Tapeng, in the centre of the Kakhyen
hills " and again " in the defile of the Irrawaddy, above Mandalay,
on the left bank of the river."
These species fall in Blanford's key, into Section .A, on account of
the whorl of hair on the forehead, this arrangement though conve-
nient is quite artificial, for shanicus is in no way closely i-elated to
the true langurs, but, as already stated, to the leaf monkeys such as
obscurus, &c.
(D) PaRADOXURUS NIGER AND HERMAPHRODITUS OF BlANFORD.
By E. C. Wroughton.
Of the five species placed by Blanford in his key to the genus
Paradoxurns, one he places in a section, " B," by itself. This
species is now general!}^ recognised as belonging to a distinct genus,
Paguma, mainly on the characters used by Blanford. The two
species aureus and jerdoni, from Ceylon and Malabar respectively,
are such strongly marked forms that they too may be left out of
consideration here. Thus there remain the two names niger and
her maphrod.it us, undei' which Blanford has ranged all the true
toddy-cats.
On laying out all the available material for comparison, it at
once becomes clear that we have not only two, but five forms, as
follows, viz. : — (1) a northern peninsular form, (2) a southern
peninsular form, (3) an Assam form, (4) a Burmese form, and
finally (5) a northern Malay form, which extends into our limits,
at any rate throughout Tenasserim.
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 49
The following is a list of the names given at various times to the
.Indian toddy-cats, viz. : —
1778. V. h-irmaphrodita, (Pallas), Schreb. Saiig., iii., p. 426.
1820. V. 2?rehensilis, nigra and bondar, Desm. Mamm., pp. 208,
210.
1821. F. ti/pus, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. :>ramm., pi. 186.
1828. r. leKcojms, Ogilb., Zool. Journ., iv., p. 300.
1832. P. pallasi, pennanti, crossi, and limmltoni, Gray, P. Z. S.,
pp. 65-68.
1836. P. hirsutus, Hodgs., As. Res., xix., p. 72.
1837. P. stridus, and qiiadriscriptus, Horsf., A. M. N. H. (2),
xvi., pp. 105, 106.
1841. P.felimis, Wag., Schreb. Saug., Supp. ii., p. 349.
1855. P. (juinquelineatus, and musangoid£s, Gray, Ch. M. N. H.,
i., p. 579.
1864. P. nigrifrons, Gvaj, P. Z. S., p. 635.
1891. P. niditatans, Tayl., J. B. N. H. S., vi., p.
1910. P. vicinus, Schw., A. M. N. H. (8), vi., p. 230.
1914. P. hennapkryditus ravus, Mill. Sni. Misc. Colls., Ixi., 21,
p. 2.
The name liennapkrodAhis undoubtedly represents a Paradoxurus,
Irat is specifically indeterminable, and was recognised as such by
Desmarest so long ago as 1820. The habitat was given as " Bar-
barey". Of Desmarest's three names the first, prehensilis, is 1
believe not specifically recognisable, the habitat is said to be Bengal.
It is stated to be based on a drawing from a sketch by (?)
B. Hamilton. The second name, niger, answers the description of
the southern toddy-cat. Its despatch alive to Paris from Pondi-
cherry confirms this diagnosis. It is true that Desmarest adds : "On
la dit originaire des Molluques," but I attach little importance to
this, which was more than probably the vendor's attempt to enhance
the value of his goods. The third name, bondar, is again based
on a sketch from one of (?) B. Hamilton's drawings, also with the
habitat " Bengal ". I cannot place it at all certainly, and find it
safest to accept it as a synonym of niger, of which also the i//j.>us
of Cuvier is another, as are also leucopus, Ogilb., and niditatam,
Taylor, these being albino examples from Orissa. Gray's names,
pallasi, pennanti. crossi and hamiltoni, were all based on menagerie
specimens and but for the fact that the types of crossi and pallasi
are extant would all be indecipherable. These t\^es show that
crossi is the same species as Itirsutus, Hodgson and niger, Desmarest.
Horsfield's strictvs and qnadriscriptus represent the Assam form.
Wagner's felinns and Gray's nigrifron.<(, quinqvelineatus , and
mnsangljides, based on animals- in captivity^, are all equally beyond
recognition. ^liller's ravus represents the Tenasserim form.
50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL KIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
These five forms maj-now be arranged in a key, as follows, viz. : —
A. Back and sides not or only obscu-
rely striped and spotted.
; (North India) ... ... crossi, Gray.
B. Back and sides distinctly striped
and spotted.
a. Smaller, hindfoot 75-80 mm.,
greatest length of skull
105-110 mm. Ground
colour gray. (South
India) ... ... ... niger, Desmarest.
h. Larger, hindfoot 80-90 mm.,
greatest length of skull
115-120 mm.
a^ Ground colour fulvous.
(Assam) ... ... stridus, Horsfield.
h^ Ground colour dull or
buffy white
d' Crown of head black
(Upper Burma) ... hinnanicus, Wroughton.
b' No black crown
(North Malay) ... ravus, Miller.
Paradoxurus crossi, Graj^
1832. Paradoxiirus crossi, Gra}^, P. Z.S., p. 66.
1836. Paradoxurus hirsutus, Hodgson, As. Res., xix., p. 72.
1864. Paradoxurus niijrifrons, Gray, P.Z.S., p. 635.
A Paradoxurus showing ordinarily a mere smear of blackish
(often amounting to a dark mauve brown rather than to black) on
a grey ground.
Hair fairlj^ long but rather coarse. Rarely showing definite
strijDes on the back and never the usual &T)ots on the flanks. Hodg-
son records it from the Nepal Terai, whence it occurs westwards
through Rohilcund, the Deccan and Central India to Rajputana.
Paradoxurus niger, Desmarest.
1820. Viverra niger, Desmarest, Mamm., p. 208.
1820. Viverra bondar, Desmarest, 1. c, p. 210.
1821. Paradoxurus tyjjus, F. Cxiyier, Hist. Nat.. Mamm., pi. 186.
1828. Paradoxurus leucopus, Ogilby, Zool. Journ., iv., p. 30(>
(albino).
1832. Paradoxurus jiaUasi, Gray, P. Z. S., p. 66.
1891. Paradoxurus nictitatans, Taylor, J. B. N. H. S., vi., p. 2.
A smaller animal than the preceding and either of the following.
The stripes and spots very heavily marked in deep black on a grey
ground. The type was from Pondicherry ; it ranges however from
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 51
Orissa on the east to Ceylon in the south and the Southern Mahra-
tha Country in the nortli.
Paradoxurus strictus, Horsfield.
1837. Paradoxurus strictus, Horsfield, A. M. N. H. (2), xvi., p. 105.
1837. Parado.ntrus quadriscriiAns, Horsfield, 1. c, p. lOG.
1910. Paradoxurus vicinus, iSchwarz, A. M, N. H. (8), vi.,p. 230.
A larger animal, about the size of crossi. Fur long and soft, the
stripes and spots marked in black on a fulvous ground. Hodgson
records it from the central region of Nepal, whence it ranges east-
ward through Dai"jiling, Bhi^tan Duars, and Assam. Schwarz's
vicinus is a very brightly coloured specimen, with smaller measure-
ments, but it is quite a young animal.
Paradomirus hirmanicus, sp. n.
A Paradoxurus of fully average size, with distinct black stripes
and spots on a very pale, almost white, ground.
Size as in strictus and crossi. Fur shorter and coarser than in
strictus. Head black, with the usual white blaze across the face,
between the eyes and the ears. General colour above a dull white
or very pale buffy gre}-, with the usual three median dorsal stripes,
and with scattered spots arranged more or less in lines parallel to the
stripes.
Skull as in crossi, &c., but lighter and somewhat smaller.
Dimensions of the type : — Head and body, 570 ; tail, 510 ; hind-
foot, 85 ; ear, 48.
SJndl: — Greatest length, 110 ; condyio-basal length, 109;z3-go-
matic breadth, 60 ; palatilar length, 49 ; nasals, 25 ; back of m'
to front of p', 19.
Habitat : — Burma. Type from Mingun, near Sagaing, Upper
Burma.
T//^e:— Old female. B. M. No. 14. 7. 19. 89. Original number,
3261. Collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge on 10th July 1913.
Presented to the National C^ollection by the Bombay Natural
History Society.
This species seem to extend throughout Burma, including the
Shan States, till it meets the intruding North jNlalay toddy-cat
(P. ravus) in Tenasserim. It would seem also to extend eastwards
into Siam. Schwarz's cochinensis from Camboja, and Kloss's JcuAensis
seem both to be of this type, though both are much smaller,
Paradoxurus ravus. Mill.
1914. Paradoxurus ravus, Miller, Sm. Mix., Colls., Ixi., 21, p. 2.
Veiy similar to hinvnicus, but easily recognisable by the absence
of the black on the crown. The type locality is Trong, S. W. Siam,
but it undoubtedly ranges through Tenasserim, and probably into
South Peon.
52
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,,
INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED.
BY
E. Blatter, S.J.
Part XVIII.
(With Plates XCVI to XGIX and 3 text figures.)
(Continued from page 6SS of Volume XXIV.)
IV.— L EPILOG ARYINCE.
Spadix branched once or more in a 2-ranked arrangement ;
flowers in concinni or 2-ranked spikes with bracts and bracteoles
round them, carpels 3, fast nuited, covered with scales ; fruit
1 -seeded, covered with hard scales ; feather or fan leaves, reduplicate.
4. — Mauritiece.
Leaves fan-shaped with regularly or irregularl)^ divided, slightly
reduplicate segments. Flowers dioecious 1, dimorphic.
Distribution. — Tropical America, east of the Andes between
16° S. L. and 12" N. L.
Mauritia L., Lepidocaryum, Mart. Not represented in India.
5. — Metroxijlece.
Leaves paripinnate with regularly divided spinous pinnae.
Flowers polygamous-hermaphrodite or diclinous.
Distribution. — The moist tropics of the Old World.
S'uh-tribe : EAPHIE^.
Flowers polygamous-hermaphrodite, or male and female flowers
on the same branches of the inflorescence. Ovary completely 3-
locular. Embrj^o horizontal.
Distribution. — Africa on the coast of Guinea and inland to the
sources of the Nile, also in East Africa on the coast of Zanzibar
and perhaps in Western Madagascar.
BAPHIA, P. de B., Oncocalamus, Wendl. & Mann, Ancistro-
phi/lhim, Hook., Eremospatha, Wendl. & Mann.
'rAPHIA, Beauv. Fl. Owar. I. 75, t. 44, fig. 1, 45, 46.
Lam. lllustr. t. 771.— Gaertn. Fruct. t. 40, f. 1.— Sprgl. Gen. PI. 283
{Metro.ry Ion) ^Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. I], 53, t. 45, 47, fig. 5, 48 (irt^Ms) ,•
m, 2] 6, 34.3— Kth. Enum. PI. Ill, 2J6.— Meissn. Gen. PI. 265.— Griff.
Palm. British India, t. 182.— Wallace Palm. Amaz. 42, t. 2, 16. — Mann &
Wendl. Trans. Lin. Soc. 24, 437, t. 39, 42.— Oerst. Palm. Centroam. 1858.
Dnide in Fl. Brasil. Ill, 11, 286, t. 61, 62.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. Ill,
II, 935, 110.— Luers. Botan. II, 332.— Becc. in Webbia III (1910), 37—
130.
JouRN. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc.
Plate XCVI.
Raphia Ruffia, IMart.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 53
Laz'ge trees ; stem short, stout, anuulated. Leaves gigantic,
regular, pinnate ; leaflets linear with the midribs and edges spinu-
lose ; bases of the petioles sheathing, persistent some way down the
stem, the margins fibrous.
Spadices growing from among the leaves about 3^ feet long,
much branched. No common spathe, but many small, incomplete
sheaths. Flowers monajcious, reddish-brown or greenish, male and
female in separate bracts of the same branch, Male flowers : calyx
campanulate, truncate ; corolla triphyllous ; stamens 6 — 8.
Female flowers : calyx 3-dentate, corolla campanulate-infundi-
buliform, o-partite half-way down. Ovar}' 3-locular ; stigmas 3,
sessile.
Berry with large imbricated scales, unilocular and 1 -seeded
by abortion. Seed cylindric oval, elongate-erect ; embryo horizon-
tal in the middle ; albumen ruminate.
Species about 20. — Tropical Africa and America.
RAPHIA RUFFIA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 217 ; Kunth. Enum.
PI. Ill, 217; Wright in Th. Dyer. Fl. trop. Afr. VIIl, 104 (partim) ; Drude
in Engler Nat. Pflanzenf . I, 46, f. 36 ; Becc. in Agricolt. colon. IV. (1910),
t. I ; Webbia III (1910), 47. — R. pedunculata P. Beauv. in Desv. Journ.
Bot. II, 87, et in Fl. d'Oware et de Benin, I, 78, t. 44, f. 2, et t. 46, f. 2.—
R. lyciosa et R. polymita Comm. ex Kuuth, Enum.. PI. Ill, 217. — R. tama-
tavensis Sadebeck in Engl. Bot. Jahrbiicher, XXXVl (1905), 354 —i^.
vinifera, Drude (non Palis, de Beauv.) in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 111. pt. II,
tantum in tab. 62, f. I. D.- — R. nicaraguends Oersted in Vidensk. Meddel
naturhist. Forening, Kjtibenh. 1858 (1859^ 52. — R. vinifera var. nicarn-
guensis Drude in Fl. Bras. 1. c. — Sagus farinifera, Gaertn. Fruct. et Sem.
II, t. 120, f. Z.— Sagus Ruffia Jacq." Fragm. 7 ; No. 27, t. 4, f. 2.— Sagus
pedunculata Lara. Encycl. Suppl. V, 13, et Illustr. Ill, 357, t. 771, f. 2,
a-g. — Sagus laevis. Griff. Palms Br. Ind., tantum in tab. CLXXXII. —
Metroxylon Ruffia Spreng. Syst. II, 139.*
Names of the Tree.
English : Raffia, raffia palm, rafia palm, raphiapalm, roffia, roffia
palm.
FrewJi : Mouflia, palmier de Mayotte, raffia; rafia, raphia.
German : Bambuspalme, ]Madagaskarische Sagopalme, Raffia-
bastpalme, Raffiaweinpalme.
Butch: Madagascarsche sagoboom, sagodragendepalm.
Names of the Fibre,
In Madagascar : Rafia,
English : Raffia, rafia fibre,
French : Raffia,
German : Bambuspalmenfaser, Raffia, Raffiafaser, Raphiastroh.
Dutch : Raffia, raffiabast, raffiabindbast, rafiavezel, raphia.
Description. — Stem up to 30 feet high and often (in very strong-
specimens) 3j feet in diameter, ringed. Leaves rising straight
• Synonymy ex Becc. 1. c.
54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. 80CIETY, Vol. XXV.
lip, reaching 50 feet in length. Petiole very stout, relatively
short, abruptly dilated at the base into a short and broad
sheath surrounding the stem, deeply excavated c>n the upper
side, convex on the lower ; margins very acute, armed with
short pale ascending spines, similar to those at the base of the
segments. Segments very numerous, biseriate and more or
less distinctly geminate on both sides of the rhachis, broadly linear,
very slightly restricted towai'ds the base, long-acuminate, very thin-
ly coriaceous, rigid for the greater part of their length, green and
shining above, whitish-pulverulent below. The segments vary as
to length and breadth on the same leaf according to their position :
the lowest are very acuminate ; as long as the middle ones, but
naiTOwer, about -| inch broad, and more spinous than these. The
central segments are distinctly geminate, the bigger ones 4-4f feet
long, sometimes up to 6 feet, and 15-lf inch bi'oad, spinulose on the
margins, more or less spinulose on the median rib, or also entirely
unarmed. The segments near the apex become gradually smaller
as to length and breadth, less distinctly geminate and entirely
unarmed.
Spadix veiy large, rising successively from the axils of the highest
leaves, first erect, then recurved and turned downwards ; the same
plant bears several spadices at the same time and of different age ;
they vaiy in length from 7-11 feet. Spadix cylindric, about 8 inches
thick at the time of flowering ; peduncle stoitt, recurved, slightly
compressed, about 5 inches broad, sheathed below by 2 coriaceous,
about 3f feet long, spathes ; the outer spatlie acutely bicarinate ; then
follow other empty spathes which surround the peduncular part ; and
finally there are many others of which each bears in its axil a
partial inflorescence. Partial inflorescences compressed, short and
broad, 6-8 inches long, cimeate at the base, getting gradually
broader towards the apex, divided into branches or floriferous spike-
lets of unequal length. Each partial inflorescence arises from the
axil of a primary spathe which is rather broader than long and
which terminates abruptly in an acuminate apex, being, on the
whole, longer than the corresponding inflorescence. Primary spathes
thinly coriaceous, of chestnut colour inside, hazel outside. Each
inflorescence has a very short peduncular part which is strongly com-
pressed, 5-lf inch long, |^-± inch broad, and sheathed by a short
secondary spathe ; this is narrowly sheathing, narrowlj'- 2-winged,
prolonged at the apex to the right and left into a very acuminate
subfalcate and acutely carinate apex ; the tertiary spathes, from
the axils of which rise the spikelets, are close to each other,
very shortly infundibuliform truncate at the apex, entire, non-
ciliate, with a thin margin. Spikelets bearing perfectly bifarious
flowers, vermiform, strongly compressed, slightly sinuose, about
I inch broad at the base, getting very slightly thinner towards
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.
55
the apex ; the lowest ones are
larger
and measure 3-G inches
in length ; the upper ones getting gradually shorter. Female flowers ;
ovate, acute ^ inch long ; involucellum membranaceous, yellow, form-
ing a cupule almost complete or more or less split on the back,
narrowly embracing the calyx. Calyx tubular-urceolate, truncate,
tmtire and slightly narrowing at the moiith from which rise the
conical apex of the ovary and the stigmas, which form a pyramidal
trigonous, aci;te poinr. Corolla invisible externally, being entirely
/^.i
ry
\j/
Fig.
1. — Raphia ruffia, Mart. Left: Female flower without spathellule.
seen from the axile side. Middle : Male flower. Right :
Median section of male flower. (After Beccari.)
included in, r.nd slightly shorter than, the calyx, divided into 3
large, broadly triangailar, acuminate lobes. Staminodes forming a
membranous cupule which is irregularly sinuous — 6-dentate, the teeth
])eing more or less triangular. Ovary ovate, stigmas o, triangular,
acute, connivent. Male flowers perfectly distichous and uniseriate,
•| inch long and .^L inch broad. Spathellule of male flower slight-
ly longer than the calyx of its own flower, acutely bicarinate, shortly
bidentate at the apex (fig. 1). Calyx tubular-cyathiform, superfici-
ally and obtusely 3-denticulate, slightly shorter than the corres-
])onding spathellule. Stamens normally 6, sometimes 7-8, equal;
iilaments stout, clavate-fusiform, abruptly conti-acted at the
connective, connate at the base ; anthers linear, sagittate- auriculate
below, obtuse. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx, subterete,
divided to its lower fourth into 3 linear-lanceolate, thinly coria-
i;eous segments.
Fruits variable in shape and size, 1-2 inches long, 1^-1 5 inch
broad, more or less turbinate, or globose-ovate, and slightly longer
than broad, or subglobose, always slightly depressed at the apex
and terminated by a very short conical top, more or less attenuate
below into an acute and symmetrical base, more rarely rotundate
at the base. Scales disposed on 12-13 orthostichies, of chestnut or
56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
mahogany red colour, shiuing, strongly convex, deeply sulcate lon-
gitudinalty, margin very narrow, scarious, blackish, fimbriate-ciliate,
prolonged into an obtuse apex. Pericarp on the whole ^-|- inch
thick. Seed obovate, rotundate at the apex, more or less attenuate
and acute below, sometimes .^^--^^ i^^ch thick, and still thicker
at the base ; albumen yevy hard, osseous, white and penetrated by
intrusions of the integument which render it more or less ruminate.
Embryo situated on one side, a little below the middle.
Habitat. — Indigenous in Madagascar. Extensively cultivated
on the Mascarene Islands. Naturalized in America.
Illustration. — The specimen of Raphia ruffia shown on plate
XCVI grows in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya. In the centre
of the crown a fruiting spadix is visible. The palm was photo-
graphed by Mr. Macmillan.
RAPHIA VINIFERA, Palis, de Beauv. in Desvaux, Journ. de Bot. lb
(1809) 87, et Fl. d'Oware et de Benin, 1, 77, t. 44, f. 1, 45 (excl. syn.
Gaertn.) et tab. 46, f. 1. a. b. c. d. ; Martins Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 217
(ed. 1) ; Beccari in Webbia III (1910) 88. — Sar/us vinifera Lam. Encycl.,
Suppl. V, 13 {?)Safjus Ruffia rar. /5 Willd. Sp. pi. IV, A0i.—Metro.vylo7i
mnifevum Spreng. Syst.veg. II, 139, n, 2.
Names of the Tree.
JEnglislb : Bamboo palm, Jupati palm, Pharaoh's date-palm, wine
palm.
French : Bourdon, palmier a vin, raphier.
German : Bambuspalme, Echte Weinpalme, Weingebende Sago-
palme, Weinpalme.
Dutch : Raphiavezelpalm.
Names of the Jujce.
Engiish : Palm wine, todd}'.
French : Vin de paime.
German : Palmwein.
Dutch : Palmwijn.
Names of the Fibre,
English : African bass, African bass fibre, Lagos bass, Lagos
rafia, West African bass. West African bass fibre. West Afri-
can piassava, West African rafia.
Butch : West-Afrikaansche raflia.
Of the fibre from the young unopened leaves.
English : Rapliia grass.
Description. — Stem comparatively short. Leaves rising nearly
vertically from the stem, bending out on every side in graceful
curves, forming a magnificent ph n.e.Spadices very large, com-
poundly branched and drooping, growin <uw between the eaves
and having numerous bract-like sheaths. fPartial inflorescence on
JouRN. EOMr.AY Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate XCVII.
Wine Palm {Raphia vinifera, Palis, de Beauv.).
THE PALMS OF BlilTISH INDIA AND CEYLON.
i>i
the whole ovate, strougly compressed, with the spikelets dense 1}^
arranged and distichous, about \\ foot long comprising the pedun-
cular part which measures about 3 inches and which is sheathed by
some tubular spathes, of which the outermost is bi-winged and
prolonged on both sides into a falciforme acuminate apex. The
general spathe of the partial inflorescence is much dilated at the
base and ends in a broad and rather long acuminate point, is opa-
que and hazel outside, shining and chestnut inside. Spikelets
slightly arcuate, much compressed, of pectiform appearance on
account of the regular arrangement of the flowers ; the bigger ones
situated on the lower third are Sj-Sl? inches, long ; the upper ones
become gradually shorter, about ^ inch thick comprising the flowers ;
the spathellules are distinctly and densely ciliate-paleaceous on the
margins. The flowers seem to be perfectly distichous. Male
flowers (fig. 2) : small, when fully developed h inch long, curved
calyx cyatiform, superficially o-denticulate and ciliate-paleaceous on
the margin, corolla about 2^ times longer than the calyx, opaque
on the outside, divided almost to the base into 3 linear segments.
Stamens 9 ; filaments stout, subfusiform, free or more or less united
at the base of the corolla. Female floANcrs (fig 2) : about ^ inch
long and }. inch broad, acuminate, sliohtlv attenuate at the base.
Fig. 2. — liaphm vinifcra, P. I>. B.
Upper row — Left : Two female flowers.
Middle : Sing'le female flower.
Rigfht : Seed seen from below.
Lower row — Left : Transverse section of seed with embryo.
Middle : Male flower with bract and bracteole.
Rigrht : Male flower opened ( after Drude).
•Calyx not very deeply 3-lobed ; lobes obtuse, ciliate-paleaceous on
the margin, especially at the apex. Corolla by about ^ longer
8
58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Fol. XXV.
than the calyx, divided half way down into 3 triangular elongate
and accuminate segments. Staminodes united into a ring and
connate with the corolla tube for the lower third of the latter^
divided in the free part into 6 large triangular elongate and subu-
late teeth. Ovary pyramidal-trigonous ; stigmas convergent.
Fruits cylindrical-ellipsoidal, equally broad below and above.
Habitat. — Lower Nigeria.
Uses. — A pleasant wine is obtained from Raphia vinifera. It is
procured by cutting out the terminal inflorescence as soon as it
makes its appearence ; the wine is then procured in large quantities.
The petioles of the leaves are emploj^ed as poles upon which
to carry palanquins. The leaflets are used for roofing.
Illustration. — Mr. Macmillan was kind enough to take a pho-
tograph of a fine specimen of Rapliia vinifera growing in the
Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya. There arise from between the
leaves about 6 flowering and fruiting spadices at different stages of
development. (Plate XCVII.)
Sub-tribe: CALAMEjE.
Flowers polygamous-monoecious, diclinous-monoecious or dioecius.
Ovary incompletely 3-locular.
Distribution. — Scarcely touching tropical West Africa, the Cala-
meas begin with a great nureiber of species on the tropical slopes of
the Himalaya, pass through continental India to the Sunda and
Malay Archipelago and finally to Poljaiesia on the one hand, and the
tropical coast of Australia on the other.
Eugeissonia, Griff:., Metroxyion, Rottb., Figafetta, BL, Zalacca,
Reinw., Korthalsia, Bl., Ceratolohus, Bl., Fledocomia, Mart, Pleeto-
comiopsis, Becc, Calamus, L., Daemoyiorho'ps . Bl.
Key to the genera described below.
A. Monocarpic palms, flowering once and
then dying.
I. Spadices axillar}^ from the upper-
most leaves.
1 . Stem scandent. Spadix with long-
am entiform branches clothed
with large closely imbricating
inflated spathels that conceal
the spikelets of flowers 4. Pledocomia.
2. Stem scandent. Spadix much
Ijranched, the branches having
small iufvindibular spathels,
each containing a small spikelet.
Scales of fruit distinct 5. Pledocomiopsis^
II. Spadix very large, terminal 1. Metioxi/lon.
THE PALMS OF liRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. .09
B. Poljxarpic palms, flowering annually,
a. Leaflets acuminate, quite entire, ner-
ves parallel. .
1. Stem elongate, spathes tubular,
persistent G. Calamus.
2. Stem elongate; spathes cymbiform
or open, deciduous 7 . Baemonorhops.
3. Stem short or absent ; spathes
man)^, persistent 2. Zalacca.
h. Leaflects rhomboid cuneate or oblan-
ceolate, toothed ; nerves fla-
bellate 3. Korthalsia.
METROXYLON, Hottb., Nye Samml. Dansk. Selsk. Skrift. IT,
525, t. 1 (from the Greek " metra," the heart of a tree, and
" xylon," wood ; in allusion to the large proportion of pith contained
in the plant).
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 213, 343, t. 102, 159.— Griff. Palm.
Brit. Ind. 21, t. 181, append. XX.— Becc. Males. I, 91.— Benth. k
Hook. Gen. PI. Ill, II, 935, 109.
Stem erect, short, stoloniferous, in the lower part irregularly
annulate, in the upper closed with the bases of fallen leaves.
Leaves terminal, lai'ge, almost erect, pinnate ; segments linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, reduplicate, the edges and central vein often
setose ; petioles and sheaths often armed with long spines.
Spadices large, lasting for several years, lateral, decompound-
distichously branched ; spathes tubulai-, coriaceous. Flo-svers poly-
gamous-monoecious on amentaceous branches. Calyx semi-trifid
or tri-dentate ; corolla tripartite. Male flowers : stamens 6, fila-
ments imited at the base with the corolla ; anthers dorsifixed,
subsagittate ; pistillode consisting of more or less distinct carpels.
Female flowers : incompleteljr trilocular ; ovules erect, anatropous ;
styles and stigmas forming a pyramid ; staminodes forming a
six- dentate urceolus, barren anthers small or absent.
Berry with dry flesh, imbricate with retrorse scales, unilocular
and 1-seeded by abortion ; albumen deeply excavated or ruminate.
Embryo dorsal. Species about 7. — Indian floral region.
Uses. — Metroxylon furnishes the best sago. In order to procure
it the trunk is split into logs a few feet long, their soft interior
extracted, pounded, and thrown into water ; the water is then
drained off from the pulpy mass, when the starch comes away with
it, and upon being allowed to settle is afterwards prepared and
purified by successive washings. A tree fifteen years of age will
yield from 600-800 pounds. The sago-meal^ as it is called, is the
form in which this starch is procured, although it is not commonly
imported to Europe in this state. The usiial form in which it is
brought to the market is called Pear Sago. We follow Bennet in
60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the description of the process by which this sago is prepared.
The raw sago is a mass of rather soft consistence and of a dirty
white colour, being mingled with several impurities. It first
undergoes several different washings through cloth strainers.
When the raw material is sufficiently clean, the masses at the
bottom of the vessels are collected, broken into pieces, and placed
upon platforms in the sun to dry, })eiug broken into still smaller
pieces as the drying proceeds. As soon as the pieces are sufficient!}^
dry, they are pounded and sifted upon long benches through sieves
made of the midrib of the leaves of the Ooco-niit Palm, and
placed at certain distances in a longitudinal direction, so
as to cause the pulverized, or rather broken, masses of sago to
pass through it of the size required. Having been passed through
the sieve, a certain quantity at a time is taken, placed in a large
cloth, tied to cross sticks, in the form of a bag, hanging by a cord
from the roof of the building ; the bag is then shaken forwards and
backwards and the sago-powder itself must be occasiouallj^ shaken.
This is continued for about ten minutes, when it is turned out
granulated. It is then placed in small wooden hand-tubs, looking
beautifully and delicately white, but still so soft as to break
instantly with the slightest pressure under the fingers. It has then
to undergo the dr3dng process in large iron pans over a fire, where it
is constantly stirred about with a wooden instrument. After this it
is resifted at another bench and rebaked, when it is considered pre-
pared. It is then of a fine pure white colour, and, being spread
thinly over a long and large bin, in course of time becomes both
harder and of a darker colour. The sago is collected just before the
tree begins to show its large terminal flower spike. This generally
occurs at the age of seven or eight years. When the flower and
fruit are allowed to develop, which is in two years from the first
appeai'ance, the pith of the centre is found dried up, the leaves
have fallen, and the tree perishes.
METROXYLON SAGUS, Rottb. in Nye Saml. K. Dansk. Vid.
Skrift. II, 527 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 147 : Becc. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot.
tal. Ill, 29. — M. inennis Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 215. — Safftis Icevis,
Rumph. Herb. Amb. I, 76 ; Blume Ruraphia II, 147, t. 86 ; Griff, in Calc.
Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 20 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 24 (not t. 182).— -S. Rumphii
Blume 1. c. t. 126, 227.—? S. Koenujl Griff. 11. cc. 19, 22, t. 181.—- S'.
inermis Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill, 623.
Names.
English : Common sago palm, Rumphius's sago palm, sago
palm, sago tree.
French : Arbre au sagon, palmier du Japon, palmier sagon,
sagonier, sagonier farinifore, sagoutier.
German : Echte Sagopalme, Molukkische Zapfenpalme, Rumph's
Sagopalme, Sagobaum, Sagopalme.
JouRN. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate XCVIII.
Sago Palm (Mctroxylon Sagna, Rottb.).
JOCUN. BOMRAY NaT. HiST. SoC
Plate XCIX.
Rumph's Sago Palm* (Metroxylon Eumiyhii, Mart.).
THE PALMS OF BlUTISR INDIA AND CEYLON. (U
Dutch : Meelboom, uieelgevende paliiiboom, moluksche palm-
boom, sagoboom, sagoeboom, sagopalm.
Names of the Flouk.
Eiujlish : Sago, sago floiir.
French : Fariue de sagon.
German : Ostindische Graiipen, Ostindische Tapiocca, Ostindi-
scher Sago, PahneustJirke, Sago, Sagosttirke.
Diitch : Bloem van sago, oostiudiselie sago, palmensago, sagoe,
sago sagoemeel, sagome).
Description. — Stem about 20 feet high, with many basal
offshoots, as stont as that of the coconut-palm, annulate, covered
above with the bases of fallen leaves. Leaves resembling those of
the coconut, but more erect, unarmed ; segments linear, acute,
keeled, smooth. Inflorescence developing when the tree is about
20 years old.
Spadices several, terminal, alternately branched ; spikes 5-8
inches long. Spathes unarmed. Flowers minute, sunk in rusty
wool, scarcelj" larger than a grain of mustard seed, bisexual.
Fruit globose, size of a small apple ; scales shining, channelled
(Jack). The fruit takes 3 years to ripe,
Hahitat. — Malacca, Malay Islands.
Illustration. — AYe have to thank Mrs. Burkill for kindly
taking the photograph (reproduced on pi, XCVIII) in the Botanic
Garden of Singapore,
METROXYLON RUMPRII, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 213, 313, t,
102, 159 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 140 ; Becc. in Nuov. Jor. Bot. Ital. Ill,
30 ; Malesia I, 91 ; Becc. and Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, II, 'iSl.—Sagus
Rumphii, Willd. Sp. PI. IV, 404 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill, 623.— .S. yenuina
Blume Eumphia II, loO. — S. farinifera, Gaertn. II, 186, t. 120, f. 3 ;
Paiinph Herb. Amb. I, 7o, t. 17, 18.
Names. — Kumph's Sago-Palm ; Sagu (Malay). See also the
names mentioned under foregoing species.
Description. — Stem 25-30 feet high, soboliferous. Leaves 20
feet long and more ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-4 feet
long, 1 — several inches broad, on the edges and central nerve setose;
sheath coriaceous, 3 feet long ; petiole densel)^ covered with spines
which are ^-1^ inches long. Spadix 12-15 feet long, the seeon-
darj'- branches 18-12 inches long; spathes of the first and second
order coriaceous tubular, obliquely truncate, armed with compres-
sed, blackish spines. The catkin-like spikes cylindric, 2^ inches
long of the size of the little finger, densely compact with bracts
and bracteoles ; bracts suborbicular or transversely elliptic, 1^
lines long, coriaceous-membranous ; bracteoles 1 line long, cam-
panulate, compressed. Calyx campanulate, trifid ; sepals ovate,
62 JOURNAL, BOMB A r NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
acute, longitudinally nervose, corolla trifid below the middle ; petal
oblong-ovate. Male flowers (fig. 3): Stamens 6, as long as the
Fig. 3. — Meti-oxylon Riunphii^ Mart.
Upper left: Male Hovver.
,, ri<j'ht: Corolla of male flower opened.
Lower left: Longitudinal section of pistillode
of male flower.
,, right : Part of female flower showin g he
fertile ovary and two staminodes. (after
Martins .
corolla ; filaments united into a subcyliiidric tube, attached to the
base of the corolla, subulate ; anthers linear, dorsifixed ; pistillode
slightly shorter than the corolla; styles and stigmas 3. Female flow-
ers (fig. 3) : Staminodes forming a membranous, 6-fid urceoluc,
united with the corolla. Berry depressed-globose, \^ inches in
diameter, crowned with the style, with imbi-icate scales. Scales
rhomboid, convex, with a median vertical furrow, the edges ciliate.
Flesh spongy, dry. Seed globose, rugulose.
Habitat. — Malay Archipelago.
Illustration. — Mr.Macmillan has supplied its with the photogaph
of Rumph's Sago Palm which grows in the Botanic Garden of Pera-
denya. There are two specimens visible on PI. XCIX, both
without either flower or fniits.
(7'o he co/ttiiivni.)
63
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
Report No. 27, Bhutan Duars.
By R, C. Wroughton.
Collection ... ... No. 27.
Locality ... ... Bhutan Duais.
Date October, 1915 ; May, 1916.
Collected by ... ... N. A. Baptista.
Earliek Repokts . . . . No. 1. East Khandesh, Vol. XXI,
p. 392, 1912; No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912; No. 3,
Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI,
p. 844, 1912; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p. 1170, 1912 ;
No. 6, Kanara, Vol. XXU, p. 29, 1913; No. 7, Central Pro-
vinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 1913; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII,
p. 58, 1913; No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XXII, p. 283, 1913 ; No. 10,
Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p. 464, 1913 ; No. II, Coorg. Vol.
XXII, p. 486, 1913; No. 12, Palanpur, Vol. XXII, p. 684,
1914; No. 13, S. Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700, 1914; No. 14,
Shan States, Vol. XXII, p. 710. 1914; No. 15, Kumaon, Vol.
XXIII, p. 282, 1914; No. 16, Dry Zone, Central Burma &
Mt. Popa, Vol. XXIIl, p. 460, 1915; No. 17, Tenasserim,
Vol. XXIII, p. 695, 1915; No. 18, Ceylon, Vol. XXIV, p. 79,
1915; No. 19, Bengal, Vol. XXIV, p. 96, 1915; No. 20,
Chindwin, Vol. XXIV, p. 291, 1916; No. 2l, Gwalior, Vol.
XXIV, p. 309, 1916; No. 22, Koyna Valley, Vol. XXIV,
p. 311, 1916; No. 23, Sikkim, Vol. XXIV, p. 468, 1916;
No. 24, Sind, Vol. XXIV, p. 749, 1916; No. 25, Chin Hills,
Vol. XXIV, p. 758, 1916; No. 26, Darjiling. Vol. XXIV,
p. 773, 1916.
On the conclusion of the work recorded in "Report No. 20,
Darjiling District," Baptista and his party moved eastwards about
(50 miles to the Hasimara Tea Estate, where Mr. H. V. O'Donel
had volunt'Cered to supervise their work. The following note by
Mr. O'Donel describes the country in which the present collection
was made, between October loth, 19, and May 10, 191G.
'• The Hasimai'a Tea Estate, around which the collection was
principall}^ made, is situated in the Toorsa-Jainti Siib-Division of
the Jalpaiguri District, or what is locally known as the Bhutan
Duars (Gates of Bhutan). It lies on the east bank of the Toorsa
River, some eight miles from the Bhutan Hills, about 26-50 N. Lat.
and 89-20 E. Long, at an altitude of 500-600 feet.
" Th^ rainfall is heavy, the average for the yeav being 150
inches.
'' The country is more or less flat in appearance, but a decided
slope leads up to the base of the hills.
64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUHAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" A fair portion of the District is under tea cultivation, the
greater part however being occupied by heavy forest, with stretches
of high grass and reed jungle ; intersected by numerous streams,
which are dry during the winter but become formidable torrents
during the rains.
" The larger mammalia are well represented, the Elephant
(^, maximus), the Gaur (i?. gaums), and Rhinoceros (.B. unicornis
and sondaicus) still occur, as well as Bos huhalis, Rtisa unicolor, Axis
axis, C. duvaucelli, C. porcimis, and 8us salvanius; Tigers and Leopards
are plentiful and a few Himalayan Bear (U. torqiiatus) are also
found. Among the smaller species which occur but were not
procured by the Survey, C. dtil-Jmnensis, the Indian Wild Dog ;
V. bemjalensis, Indian Fox ; F. hengalensis, the Leopard Cat ; H.
personata, the Burmese Ferret Badger ; B. gir/antea, the Himala-
yan Giant Squirrel ; L. Mspidus, the Hispid Hare."
The collection consists of 886 specimens, belonging to 48
species and sub-species, in 38 genera.
No strikingly new form was obtained, and only two are new to
the Survey lists, of which one (the porcupine) is doubtfully
identified owing to too scanty material. As showing however the
quantitative distribution of forms, these latter collections are most
welcome.
Thus Vandeleuria has been represented in former collections by
one or two specimens in each, while here we have a series of 50
specimens, showing that this animal is by no means so rare as we
might have been led to believe by our past experience; and
the Pigmy Shrew is another similar case.
(1) Macaca rhesus, Audeb.
The Bengal Monkey.
Synonymy in No. 7.
(5 2, $ 2, Hasimara ; J 1, Bhurnbari.
{See also Reports Nos. 7, 14, 15, 19, 23 and 26.)
(2) Pteropus gigantkus, Bruenn.
The Common Flying Fox.
Synonymy in No. 2.
J 2, 2 2, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19,
22 and 23.)
(3) Cynopterus sphinx, Vahl.
The Southern Short-nosed Fruit Bat.
Synonymy in No. 6.
c? 3, 2 4, Hasimara ; J 1, Bharnabari.
{See ako Reports Nos. 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22 and 23.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 05
(4) R0USETTU8 LESCHENAULTI, Desni,
The Fulvous Fruit Bat.
Synonymy in No. 11.
(5 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 11, 15, 16, 17, :J2.)
(5) Lyroderma LYRA, Geoff.
The Indian Vampire Bat.
Synonymy in No. 1.
$ 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 22 and 23.)
(6) Rhinolophus affinis, Horsf.
The Allied Horse-shoe Bat.
Synonymy in No. 20.
S 1, Hasimara.
{See also Report No. 20.)
(7) HiPPCSiDRROS FULVus, Gray.
The Bicoloiired Leaf-nosed Bat,
Synonymy in No. 3.
J 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19,
22, 23, 24 and 26.)
(8) Barbastella DARJILINGEN8IS, Horsf.
The Eastern Barbastel.
Synonymy in No. 26.
9 1, Hasimara.
(9) PiPISTRELLUS BABU, ThoS.
The Babu Pipistrel.
Synonymy in No. 26.
<-? 3, 5 1, Hasimara.
(10) PiPISTRELLUS coromandra, Gray.
The Coromandel Fipistrel.
Synonymy in No. 5.
(S o, 9 2, Hasimara ; J 4, $ 4, Bharnabari.
{See also Reports Nos. 9, 11, 13, 14, l-O, 19, 23 and 26.)
(11) PiPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wr.
The Southern Dwarf Fipistrel.
Synonymy in No. 1.
J 19, 2 20, Hasimara ; S 2, Bharnabari.
{S,e also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, V,, 18. 19, 20,
23 and 25.)
9
66
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
(12) ScoTozous DORMERi, Dobs.
Dormei-^s Bat.
Synonymy in No. 1.
c? 2, 2 2, Bharuabari.
(See also Nos. 2, 5, 7, 8 and 19.)
(13) ScoTOPHiLus KiTHLi, Leacli.
T/ie Common Yellojv Bat.
Synonymy in No. 1.
c^ 20, 2 16, Hasimara ; d 8, J 7, Bharnabari.
(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 1-5, 16, 19, 20, 23 and 24.)
(14) SCOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, ThoS.
Wrou(jMon''s Bat.
Synonymy in No. 1.
cJ 3, 2 "^j Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19 and 23.)
(15) He8peboptenus tickelli, Blyth.
TickeU's Bat.
Synonymy in No. 5.
(5 2, 2 3, Hasimara ; 2 1? Bharnabari.
(See also Reports Nos. 6, 18 and 19.)
(16) Harpiocephalus lasyurus, Hodgs.
The Hairt/'winf/ed Bat.
1847. Noctilinia lasyura, Hodgson, J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 896.
1851. Lasiurus pearsonii, Horsfield, Cat. p. 36.
1891. Karinjiocephalus harpyia, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 200.
cJ 1, Hasimara.
(17) Myotjs muricola. Gray.
The Wall Bat.
Synonymy in No. 17.
S 16, 2 10» Hasimara.
(18) TuPAiA belangeri chinensis, And.
The Sikkim Tree Shre%v.
Synonymy in No. 23.
cJ 10, 2 3, Hasimara ; d" 2, 2 2, Bharnabari.
(19) Pachyura, sp.
The Musk Rat.
S 37, 2 33, Hasimara.
(-See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 22 and 23.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF IXDIA, BURMA AXI) CEYLO]S. «7
(20) Pachyuka hodosoni, Blyth.
The Himalayan Pigmy Shrew.
Synonymy in No. 15.
cJ 9, $ 16, Hasitnara.
{See also Reports Nos. 16, 19, 23 and 26.)
(21) SoKicuLus CAUDATUS, Horsf.
Hodgson's Broivn-toothed Shreiv.
Synonymy in No. 15.
c^" 8, 9 5, Hasimara, cJ 1, $ 1, Bharuabari.
{See also lleports Nos. 23 and 26).
(22) Felis pakdcs, L.
The Panther.
Synonymy in No. 5.
2 1, Bharnabari.
{See also lleports Nos. 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18 and 19.)
(23) Felis affinis. Gray.
The Jungle Cat.
Synonymy in No. 1.
cj 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 3, 4, o, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, lo, 16, 18, 19, 20,
22 and 24.)
(24) Felis (Domestic).
cJ 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24 and 27.)
(25) ViVERRA ZIBEXHA, L.
The Large Indian Civet.
Synonymy in No. 14.
d" 4, 2 3, Hasimara ; c? 2, $ 1, Bharnabari.
{See also Reports Nos. 20, 23, 2o and 26.)
{2Q) ViVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.
I'he Small Indian Civet.
Synonymy in No. 3.
d 5, $ 4, Hasimara ; c? 1, Bharnabari.
{See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22,
23, 24 and 25.)
(27) Paradoxurus nicer, Desm.
The Indian Toddy Cat.
Synonymy in No. 5.
S 6, Hasimara ; S 1. Bharnabari.
(.See also Reports Nos. 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19 and 22.)
Some of these specimens correspond with the type of vicinus, Schwar:,
while some are quite normal and even in the dentition I can appreciate no
68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
difference between the two forms. Schwarz relies largely on the yellow
suffusion and gives the habitat as Assam, it may be that later we may find
that all the animals in Assam show this yellow suffusion in which case there
may be reason to accept vicinus as a subspecies, but in the meantime 1
think it is safer to use the specific name niger.
(28) MuNGOS MUNGO, Gmel.
The Common Bengal Mongoose.
Synonymy in No. 19.
(5 2, Hasimara.
i^See also Reports Nos. 2J and 23).
(29) MuNGOS AtJROPTJNCTAXUS, HodgS.
The Small Indian Mongoose.
1836.
1888.
Mangusta aurojjunctata, Hodgson, J. A. S. B., v., p. 236.
Herpestes auropunctatus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 58.
S 16, $ 2, Hasimara ; (5 1, $ 3, Bharnabari.
We have already had occasion to take palli))es out of Blanford's synonymy
of this species, and persicus is equally distinct, nepalensis has hitherto been
represented only by Gray's original three lines of description ; recently
however, Mr. Thomas, in going through a number of stuffed specimens,
withdrawn from public exhibition, was able to identify one of them as the
type of Gray's H. nepalensis. It now appears that, though the two animals
closely resemble each other in many respects, nepalensis is distinguishable
by its finer pattern. The type locality of nepalensis is given by Gray as
" N. India." It appears to be a rare animal. The National Collection
contains no specimen except the type, and from its absence from the
long series collected by Hodgson in Nepal, and from his drawings, it seems
very doubtful whether it occurs at all in that country. On re-examining
the Survey stock I find that Mr. Crump obtained two specimens in
Midnapur, recorded in the Bengal, Behar and Orissa Report, under the
name of auropunctatus, which appear to me to represent nepalensis.
In the circumstances it will be interesting to record some measurements
of the two species :--
auropunctatus.
ncpal
eni-is.
•
6
2
c?
2
Head and body . .
300
290
300
275
Tail ..
237
238
217
221
Hindfoot. .
53
52
52
49
Ear
20
20
22
23
Skull :—
Condylo-basal length
61
61
61
60
Zygomatic breadth . .
29
29
29
28
Interorbital breadth . .
14
10
11
10
Nasals length . .
13
12
15
16
Palatilar length
32
33
32
30
Greatest length of carnassial
7-3
7-5
7
7
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. (39
(30) MuNoos URVA, Hodgs.
The Cvab-catin(/ Mongoose.
Synonymy in No. 23.
cJ 1, $ 1, Hasimara.
{See also Report No. 25.)
(31) MaRTES FLA.VK4ULA, Bodd.
The Northern Indian Marten,
Synonymy in No. 15.
$ 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 20, 23 and 25.)
(32) Canis indicus, Hodgs.
The Bemjal Jackal.
J 1, $ 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23 and 25.)
(33) Pteromys (Hylopetes) alboniger, Hodgs.
The Parti-coloured Flying Squirrel,
Synonymy in No. 20.
cf 1, Hasimara ; 5 1, Bharnabari
{See also Reports Nos. 23, 25 and 26.)
(34) Tomeutes lokroides, Hodgs.
The Hoary-bellied Himalayan Squirrel.
Synonymy in No. 23.
cT4, $7, Hasimara ; J 9, $1, Bharnabari.
{See also Report No. 26.)
(35) Vandeleuria dtjmeticola, Hodgs.
Hodgson^s Tree Mouse.
Synonymy in No. 16.
d'17, $ 17, Hasimara ; c?8, $ 7, Bharnabari.
{See also Reports Nos. 23, 25 and 26.)
(36) Mus DUBius, Hodgs.
The Nepal House Mouse.
Synonymy in No. 15.
(S 19, $ 19, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 23 and -26.)
(37) Mus HOMouRus, Hodgs.
T'he Himalayan House Mouse.
Synonymy in No. 15.
J 6, $ 8, Hasimara ; d 6, $ 5, Bharnabari.
{See also Reports Nos. 23 and 26.)
70 ' JOURNAL, BOyiB AY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX V.
(38) Mus BOODUGA, Gray.
The Southern Field Mouse.
Synonymy in No. 1.
(5 29, $55, Hasimara ; d 33, $ 40, Bharnabari.
{See also Keports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22 and 25.)
(39) Rattus kufescens, Gray.
The Common Indian Rat.
Variety with white underparts : —
J 66, 2 60, Hasimara.
(^(?e also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20,
22, 23, iM, 25 and 26.)
(40) GuNOMYs BENGALENSis, Gt. and Hardw.
The Bengal Mole-Rat.
Synonymy in No. 19.
(517, $ 21, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 20, 23 and 26.)
(41) Bandicota elliotana. And.
The Bengal Bandicoot.
Synonymy in No. 19.
(5 3, $2, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 19 and 27.)
(42) Golunda ellioti. Gray.
^>■ . "." The Indian Bush Rat.
'" ■ Synonymy in No. 1.
(5 8, 5 6, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19 and 22.)
(43) Acanthion hodgsoni, Gray.
The Crestless Himalayan Porcupine.
1847, Acanthion hodgsonii, Gray, P. Z. S., p. 101.
1847. Hystrix alophus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B., xvi., p. 771.
1891. Hystrix hodgsoni, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 316.
(5 1, Hasimara.
The specimen is a head — skin and skull of a quite young animal, there is
however no sign whatever of a crest, showing that it is^not leucurus. 1 can
find no authentic record of any specimen of bengalensis having been taken
since Blyth described the species, and I have not access to the type. For
the present it will be safest to call this specimen hodgsoni. Hodgson him-
self called the animal alophus but his description was not published till
August, while Gray's appeared in June. A good series of these small crest-
less porcupines is a great desideratum, for though Blyth writes of it as
the " common Bengal Porcupine " the National Collection contains only
two or three specimens of hodgsoni contributed by Hodgson himself, and
none of anything resembling bengalensis.
AMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 71
(44) Lepus ruficaudatus, Geoff.
The Uemjal Hare.
Synonymy in No. lo.
dll, $1, Hasimara; cfl, Bharnabari,
(See also Reports Nos. 19, 21, 23 and 26.)
(45) MUNTIACUS VAGINALIS, Bocld.
The Benyal Rib- faced Deer.
Synonymy in No. 20.
d 1, Hasimara.
{See also Report No. 23.)
(46) RusA UNicoLOR, Bechs.
The Sambhar.
Synonymy in No. 5.
$ 1, Bharnabari.
{See also Reports Nos. 11, 15, 18 and 22.)
(47^ Sus CRisxATUs, Wagn.
Tlie Indian Wild Boar.
Synonymy in No. 5.
2 1, Hasimara.
{See also Reports Nos. 8, 10, 11 and 22.)
72
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM THE NORTH CHIN HILLS.
BY
J. C. HopwooD, I.F.S., M.B.O.U.,
AND
J. M. D. Mackenzie, I.F.S., B.A.
This list is the result of three short trips at dates varying from
April 20th to May 18th. In 1913, Hopwood went up to the hills
on May 6th and came down on May 16th, in 1914, he and I went
up together on April 22nd and came down on May 9th, and in 1915
I was up in the hills alone from Api'il 20th to May 18th. Travelling
in the hills is exceedingly difficult and expensive, and except in
1913 the weather was unspeakably bad ; in all three years, we had a
certain amount of illness, and a good deal of work had to be done,
ornithology perforce taking second place ; added to this, we both
plead guilty to a desire for getting nest and eggs with the birds
seciired. These things account for the somewhat meagre list produ-
ced. It is given for what it is worth, as several very rare birds
were found, and the district itself is interesting, lying between
Manipur worked by Hume, and the Chin Hills worked by Col.
Rippon and Capt. F. E. W. Venning, the former at Mt. Victoria, the
latter at Haka. A little further North, on the South of Assam lie
the unexplored (and unadministered) ranges of hills inhabited by
Chins, Nagas, Abors, etc., including Mt. Saramatti, the highest
mountain in Burma, of which the ornithology is absolutely
unknown, except by inference.
In the hope of adding a little to what has been recorded from
this part of the world, which has been very little worked, we venture
to give a list which has no pretensions to being pei'fect ; quite on the
contrary, it comprises merely the commoner birds occurring in the
summer. Only one or two specimens shot in the cold weather (and
these all low down) are included ; unless othenvise stated, all the
birds given were secured between April 20th and May 18th. The
numbers in brackets refer to the Fauna of British India, and
trinomials, when used, are either those given by the late Col. H. H.
Harington, in his notes on the " Indian Timeliides and their allies",
(J.B.N.H.S., June 1914, et seq.), or those in Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker's Indian Pigeons and Doves.
Our thanks are due to both these gentlemen for a great many verj^
useful hints, and for very kindly working out some of the skins
obtained .
The area worked was about 23° 45' N. Lat. and 94° 0' E. Long. ;
it is actually that part of the Chin Hills at present included in the
niRDS FROM THE NORTH CHIN HILLS. 73
Upper Chindwiu forest division. The Northern boundary is Mani-
pur, the Western the main chain of the Chin Hills, the Southern the
main watershed of the Nankatlut Chaung, and the Eastern, the upper
Chindwin Civil District, in all an area some 30 miles square. The
country consists of steep hills rising up to nearly 7,000' with deep
valleys (down to 2,000' or 1,500') between. The hills are covered
with jungle, mostly of a scrubby nature (oaks, chestnuts,
rhododendrons, and tree heather with an undergrowth of bracken,
raspberry, etc.) mixed with patches, occasionally big, of dense
evergreen jungle which are especially noticeable along the main
Western ridge. There are also a few areas covered with an open
growth of pine. Close to villages, "Ponzos" of all ages occur ; these
are patches cleared for shifting cultivation and abandoned after one
or more years. They are dense thickets of small trees of varjdng
ages, elephant grass, grass, and weeds. The streams are all perennial,
rocky, swift, and liable to sudden floods, and the valleys near them are
generally covered with dense evergreen or semi-evergi-een jungle, re-
placed higher up by bamboos and undergrowth with a few big trees,
the higher parts being oak scrub. One area deserving special notice
is a wind trap, through which the main road to Tiddim and Fallam
passes. It is said by the Chins never to be without a wind ; when
an ordinarj" breeze is blowing in other places, a gale is blowing here
and when there is a gale elsewhere, it is impossible to stand. Con-
sequently there are no trees, nothing in fact but short grass, and one
or two juniper-like shrubs, although the jungle round is rather fine.
I was unable to get to it in 1915, owing to fever, and so could not
verifv the previous year's identifications which had been made in a
huriy, without shooting birds. The area is about 2 miles long, and
from a quarter to half a mile aci'oss.
The measurements given are in inches and decimals.
\^Note. — As Mr. Hopwood is on leave, I am writing these notes out here.
He has seen a rough copy, and made additions and corrections ; but in
re-writing I have occasionally used the first person, which is however
intended to always include both of us unless the context shows the
contrary.— D. M.] ^
1. The .Jungle Crow — Corvus macrorhynchus. (4)
Not common.
2. Indian House-Crow — Corvus splendent. (8)
3. Red-billed Blue Magpie — Urocissa occijntalis. (12)
Foothills only as a rule. Obtained one nest in 1914, on the
Manipur boundary at 3,500'.
4. Green Magpie — Cissa chinensis. (14)
Nest and eggs of the usual type found at 3,000' on 7th May
1918, 12th May 1913 and 2l8t April 1914. Shot a bird only in
1915.
10
74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
5. Indian Tree-pie — Dendrocitta rufa, (16)
Foothills only. Nest with 6 eggs on SthMay 1913 and 2 nests
on 20th April 1915 in the plains at the foot of the hills.
6. Himalayan Tree-pie — Dendrocitta himalayensis, (18)
Very common at about 4,000'. We both got nice series of
eggs at dates varying from April 20th to May 16th. The normal
clutch was, 1 think, 4, but several nests, containing 3 hard set
eggs only, were found.
7. Indo-Chinese Jay — Garndus oatesi. {26a)
This rare bird was found in moderate numbers. We took 9
nests in 1915 and others in 1913 and 1914, the records of which
are as follows : —
14th May 1913, C/3., Hard set.
28th April 1914, C/1., Fresh.
30th April 1914, C/3., Fresh.
29th April 1915, C/4., Set.
29th April 1915, C/4., Fresh.
22nd April 1915, C/5., Set.
1st May 1915, C/3., Set.
27th April 1915, C/4., 3 young birds, and one addled egg.
24th April 1915, C/3., Fresh.
29th April 1915, C/4., Set.
27th April 1915, C/4., Fresh.
27th April 1915, C/4., Very hard set.
It seems that the usual time for nesting is April, but a few
nests may be taken on into May.
The bird is a very wily customer, and shy, and it was only
with the greatest difficulty that I was able to shoot one off the
nest. We failed in 1913. In 1914 the single egg taken on 28th
April 1914, was found on 25th April 1914, and we spent many a
cramp-stricken hour trying for the bird which would not come
in shot ; eventually we had to take the egg, as we were moving
camp. However in 1915, I got 2 birds off the nest, and one
was trapped on the nest by a Chin. Owing to the bad weather,
the skins came down in a terrible state.
The eggs were of the usual garruline type and show the usual
amount of variation, but the birds do not seem to build in
colonies as G. leucotis does at Maymyu, and the nests are placed
somewhat higher above the ground. One of my clutches has
a very light sage green background thickly speckled equally all
over with sage-green, Avith underlying markings of a fainter
greenish grey, and some gloss. One or two dark brown hair
streaks on the large end. In this clutch only one egg has
traces of a ring, but generally a ring or cap is distinctly visible
at the large end. The shape is a pointed oval with the big end
rather more inclined to be pointed than usual. Texture, rough ;
grain coarse to normal ; the shell of normal thickness, strong,
fairly hard and opaque ; surface slightly pitted.
In another clutch, the colour is rather brownish, and the
markings are all more numerous at the large end. A third has a
brownish white back ground with browny-green spots ( almost
olive green); a fourth clutch is mottled with lolive, the superficial
markings being few.
JilRDS FROM tut: XOimi CHIX iinj.s. 76
Tliure are almost always dark brown hair like streaks on the
eggs when found, but these wash off in blowing unless great
care is taken. The streaks are very irregular and generally
look like the track of an iuky Hy ; they are like the forked light-
ning of tradition in shape, and may be as much as an inch
in length ; they are up to l/oO of an inch broad.
1 think the nornuil clutch is 4, but I have found o, and have
several times taken 3 hard set eggs.
The nest is a shallow saucer, in a low tree, made of roots with
sometimes a very little moss outside. Externally, it measures
t)" X 2f", with the hollow 4^" x "2". It is placed at some
little distance from the ground (10 to 15 feet) in fairly open
jungle ; in spite of this, it is well concealed and not at all easy
to ' spot".
The bird was first shot in the Kabaw Valley by Thomson of
the Forest Department and sent to Gates for identification.
Since then, it has been shot by the late Col. Harington and
by both of us in the Kabaw Valley, in the Upper Chindwin
district, and b}'- me on the hills lying on the East of the Kabaw
Valley at 2,o00', in all cases in the cold weather. It is by
no means rare in the area now under discussion in April-May-
June, but is said by the Chins to be much less common, or
absent altogether in winter. I believe the bird has never been
seen in the Kabaw Valley in the hot weather, and its nest has
never been found except in the Chin Hills, always at of 4,000'
to 6,000'. This seems to be a case of partial migration from
the low valleys to the hills for breeding purposes such as has
been noted in other jays, and might be expected in this bird.
The average size of 28 eggs is 1-19" x "90", the length varying
from 1-05" to 1-32", and the breadth from -85" to •93".
8. Indian Grey Tit — Parus atviceps. (31)
Shot a bird on the Burma boundary at 2,000'.
9. Green-backed Tit— Parus monticola. (34)
Fairly common.
10. Hume's Red-headed Tit — JEyithaliseus manipurensis. (36)
Two nests, each containing 3 eggs, with parent birds brought
in on 2oth April 1914 (Fresh) and 12th May 1913 (Hard set).
Four nests in 1915, all of the same type. They were beautifully
made little structures, hanging from a twig, twice in dense, and
twice in open jungle. They were made of the finest stems of
grass {i.e. that part attaching the seed to the main stem
" grass-seed stems ") plastered all over with cobwebs, lichens,
moss, fragments of grass, and leaves, feathers, etc., with
a thick and wonderfully soft lining of feathers. The whole
thing, when crushed, springs back to its original shape like
a sponge. The bird appears to have a penchant for bright
feathers for the lining ( minivets, jungle fowl, Phasianus humice,
etc.) which may be due to a desire for a bright and cheerful
internal decoration scheme, but which I think is probably due
to their being easier to find.
The average size of 8 eggs is -52" x '41", length from "ol"
to "So" and breadth from -40" to -42", The particulars of 5
clutches are:— 25th April 1915, c/4. Set; 22nd April 1915,
76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
c/5, Hard set; 6th May 1915, c/4, Fresh; 12th May 1913,
c/3, Set ; 25th April 1914, c/3, Fresh. The usual time appears
to be April, the normal clutch 3 to 5. The eggs are exceedingly
fragile and white with a faint purplish ring round the large
end. I have one egg showing a distinct ring of reddish purple
speckles overlying a sub-surface clouded ring of faint purple.
In this egg there are one or two speckles scattered over the
rest of the egg, but in my others the marking is confined to
the ring, which is a faint purple ; and there are one or two
speckles on the ring of reddish purple (faint). One egg has
only a very faint, clouded, discontinuous ring, almost invisible.
The ordinary egg is white with a faint clovided purplish ring at
the large end on which may be a few distinct speckles of reddish
purple. The gloss is only very slight.
11, Black-spotted Yellow Tit — Machlolophus spilonotus. (41).
Shot several birds, and found 3 nests containing 9 eggs. As
they were all hard set and I found a nest with young, this bird
probably breeds early in April. Average size of 7 eggs, "73" x
•54", length from -70" to -75", breadth from -52" to -56". Nest
and eggs both of the usual tit type.
12. Austen's Crow-Tit — Paradoxornis guttaticoUis. (52).
Two birds, with nests ; each contained one fresh egg, •92" x "64"
and '87" X "65" in 1915. Nests typical: 3 nests, containing 2
eggs each in 1914.
13. Suthora subsp. nov.
Close to Suthora poliotis ripponi. It has not yet been
described for want of more specimens. A single specimen,
noted by Harington in his notes on the Ti7neliides, was obtained
in May 1913. It was snared by a Chin, and we never saw
another specimen, though we tried hard for more in 1914 and
1915. The nest was not procured.
14, Hoary-headed Crow-Tit — Scceorhynchus f/ularis. (61).
{Psittijmrus gularis transftavialis) nests and eggs. Nests resemble
those of F. guttaticoUis but the eggs are very different, being
less fragile, and blotched pretty well all over with greyish and
yellowish brown. The eggs measure about 0'78"x0"62". Dates
as follows :— C/2 26th April 1914, c/2 28th April 1914, c/2 29th
April 1914, c/2 1st May 1914, c/3 4th May 1914, c/2 4th May
1914, and two young birds, fully fledged, about the same date
Several more nests in 1915.
16. Rufous-necked Laughing-Thnish — Dryonastes I'uficollis. (62).
Nest 1914 at 2,000'. Foothills only.
16. Austen's Laughing-Thrush — Dryonastes galbanus. (68).
Fairly common at about 5,000', but appears to be local.
Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker quotes Hopwood as saying that the
nest and eggs resemble those of D. ruficollis. The nest certainly
does, but none of the eggs actually taken by either of us had the
slightest trace of blue. Mr. Stuart-Baker has a blue clutch.
(" practically indistinguishable from the eggs of D. rujicollis'^),
and several nests of D. galbanus containing blue eggs were
B21iDS FROM THE NOETH CHIX HILLS. 77
brought in to me, in 191;"»; but I never got the bird oft' a blue
chitch, and these eggs may have been substituted by the
tinders. Mr. Stuart-Baker's bhio chitch shows that the bird
may lay blue or white eggs, in the same manner as U. mnnio.
The nest is generally built in the fork of a low bush or shrub,
2' to 10' high, in fairly open jungle, and is not difhcult to
see. Outside it is roughly made of grass-stems with the ends
left sticking out untidily in all directions and is lined with
yellow grass seed stems ; in shape it is a large flattish cup, and
there are often a few moss roots, and small twigs mixed with
the main structure of the nest (but not with the lining). The
general effect is a brown outside, lined yellow, as opposed to 1.
cineracea of which the nest is brov/n outside, lined black.
The eggs number 2 or 3 in a clutch (I only once found 4)
and those of which we are sure were white, but there may be
blue eggs as well. They are glossy, and of a satiny texture,
but this, as well as the gloss, varies considerably. The shell
is of medium thickness, fairly hard, and opaque, the grain is
normal to fine ; the surface is sometimes smooth, sometimes
closely and minutely pitted. The average size of 45 eggs is
1-02" X -73", length varying from "93" to 109" and the breadth
from "70" to •79". In shape, they are typically rather pointed,
the large end being roundish, and the small end tapering
conside^abl3^ The eggs appear liable to a good deal of variation
in all respects, and begin to be laid about May ; we only found
a few in April.
17. Himalaj^an White-Crested Laughing-Thrush — Garnda.v leucoloj)hus
leucolophus. (t)9).
Common.
18. Black-gorgetted Laughing-Thrush — Garrulax pectoralis. (72).
Common.
19. Necklaced Laughing-Thrush — Garrulax moniliger. (73).
The above 3 species inhabit the bamboo jungle in the valleys.
20. McCleUand's Laughing-Thrush — Garrulax gular is, (74).
I shot a bird which I identified as this in 1915, but the skin
was very badly smashed up, and 1 am doubtful.
21. Ashy Laughing-Thrush — lanthocincla cineracea. (79).
This is the common laughing thrush of the district, being
exceedingly abundant between 4,000' and 6,000', and breeding in
the raspberrj'^ canes and thickets near the villages. AVe obtained
a large number of nests and eggs at the end of April, and
beginning of May. The laying season seems to extend for
about a month, as we got both hard set and fresh eggs almost
every day. The earliest incubated eggs were found on April
20th ; this is dift'erent from D. ;/albanus, which does not begin
to breed till about the beginning of Maj'. (My earliest eggs
were a fresh clutch on 27th April 1915.)
The nest is a small and flimsy copy of that of G. pectoralis,
and is generally fairly conspicuous ; the bird obliges by sitting
on it until you almost touch her, thereby rendering identifica-
tion easy. The nests were generally placed in low thickish
78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
bushes, 3' to 6' high, and made of grass stems and fine twigs,
not very tidily put together, as all the ends stick out. The
lining is of fine black and brown stems and a few moss roots,
(see D. galbanus). In shape, a hollow saucer, about 4|" across
and 2" deep externally, and 3" x If internally. Except for
the lining, the nest and situation are very similar to those of
D. galbanits. Both birds breed fairly high up, at altitudes of
3,000' and over.
In shape and colour, the eggs are very like those of T,
vivgatum, and T. lineatum, being a little smaller on the ivhole.
The average size of 59 eggs is l'Ol"x '74'', the length varying
from -91" to 1-08" and the breadth from -69" to -79". I have one
egg which is 1'15" long, which is not included above, as it
may possibly belong to a cuckoo.
22. Hume's Chestnut-headed Laughing-Thrush — Trochalopterum ery-
throlmma. (83). (7'. erythrocephalu7n erythrolcema).
Secured 7 nests, containing 12 eggs in 1915, mostly at the end
of April. I am not quite certain what to make of this bird's eggs
and nests. Hopwood got his first nest on 12th May 1913.
" With parent bird, in bamboo scrub on the extreme summit of
a hill, at about 6,000' ; the nest was a massive cup of moss lined
with roots, and was placed in a small very thick ever green shrub
about 4' from the ground."' Subsequently, in 1915, 1 came to the
conclusion that the nest was generally placed 4' to 8' from the
ground, and is — at times at least easily visible. They are
massive deep cups of grass stems and twigs lined with fine twigs,
moss roots, and roots fairly loosely put together. Some of the
eggs are of a peculiar elongated shape, more or less elliptical ;
others are shorter. In my own series, the ground colour was
bright blue marked with dark blotches, spots, and streaks varying
from dark purplish brown to black in colour, and in size from
O'l" in diameter to mere specks. In one or two eggs, the spots
are numerous round the large end, in another, there are only
about a dozen small specks ; the usual type is intermediate, i.e.,
a few markings of various sizes scattered over the large end, and
only one or two on the small end. Again, I have some eggs
in which the surface is almost chalky, and rough, with very
little gloss ; I think these must be due to immature hens ; the
typical egg is glossy, with a satiny texture, giving the
appearance of the background of a wedgewood plaque. The
shell is rather soft, and thickish, and the grain normal.
Average size of 14 eggs is l'20"x "80". This is I think due
to the elongated eggs mentioned above. I think a more normal
size would be say 1-20" x -83". The length varies from 1-10"
to 1-30" and the breadth from 72" to -85". They are generally
less broad than those of T, chn/sopterum, and T. erythrocephalum
which 1 have in my collection, but in this connection, I think
all the measurements of eggs seem smaller in the Chin Hills
than in Cachar, and Assam.
23. Assam Crimson-winged Laughing-Thrush— Trochalopterum phoeni-
ceum baheri. (87 a).
Obtained nests in all 3 years, the clutch being either 2 or 3
(generally the f.^-rmer). The nests were generally placed in
BIRDS FROM THE NORTH CHI A HILLS. 79
bamboos, ami uosts and eggs were precisely similar to typical
T. phwriiceum.
•2\, Manipur Streaked Laughing-Thrush — Tiochalopterum virgatum.
(98).
Moderately common : breeds a little later than /. cineracea ;
j.^.,the tirst incubated eggs I got were in May 2nd. The nest
is generally built in thick bushes in open jungle, or in the grass
round the base of a bush. It is a neat structure made of grass
and bamboo leaves outsiile, then a few ordinary tree leaves (dry)
and creeper stems, lined with fine grass and rootlets. It is
generally very thick at the bottom. The eggs are indistin-
guishable from those of T. lineatum. Average size of 22 eggs
r03"x "To", length varying from -95" to 1"12", and the breadth
from -72" to -79".
25. Austen's Striated Laughing-Thrush — Gmmmatoptila striata austeni.
(102).
Nest with 3 fresh eggs on 29th April 1914. Both nest and
eggs very similar to those of G. ijectoralis.
26. Spotted-breasted Laughing-Thrush — Stactocichla merulina. (103).
Nest with 2 eggs and parent bird on 27th April 1914 ; as
described in Harington's notes.
27. Grant's Scimitar Babbler — Pomatorhinus schistieeps mearsi. (116 «).
Only found in the foot hills.
28; Phayre's Scimitar Babbler — Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, phaynii . {^1^) .
The birds are not uncommon, and one or two nests were
obtained, c/3., Fresh, 24th April 1914. c/3., Hard set, 10th
May 1915.
29. Baker's Rufous-necked Scimitar Babbler — Pomatorhhms i-uficollis
bakeri. (125).
Fairly common. Took eggs in 1913 and 1914 but none in
1915.
30. McClelland's Scimitar Babbler — Pomatovhinus erythrogenus macclel-
landi. (130).
Extremely common. Normal clutch, 3.
31. Burmese Spotted Babbler — Pellorneum ruficepsminus. (143).
Foothills.
32. Rippon's Babbler — Pelloi-neum ignotuni cinnamomeum. (148 a).
Occurs, not rare. The nest is generally in the lowest branches
of a thickish bush 1' to 4' high, being worked in with, the grass
around, if there is any. I found one nest on the ground built
into the roots of a tree, from which the soil had been washed
away. The nest is built of grass on a foundation of bamboo
leaves with a lining of moss roots, and is nearly always domed,
often very slightly. The eggs number 2 to 4, generally 3, and
are reddish white, freckled all over with red-brown markings
generally to form a cap, or ring round the large end. In shape,
80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
they are generally ovals, with bluntish ends. The gloss varies,
but the eggs are generally fairly glossy. The average size of
22 eggs is -80" X -59", length from -73" to -84", and breadth
from -57" to -62".
33. Tickell's 'Bdihhler—Drymocataphus tickelli. (151).
Found nests and eggs which were referred to this species
by Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker.
34. Nepalese Babbler — Alcippe nepalensis. (163).
Common at the higher levels. It is replaced lower down by
35. The Burmese Babbler — Alcippe phceocephala phayrii. (165).
Nest, eggs and birds of both species were obtained.
36. Assam Black-throated Babbler — Stachyris nigriceps coltarti. (169 «).
Shot one bird. Apparently not common.
37. Hume's 'B&MhleT^-Stachyrhidopsis nigrifrons. (173).
Obtained one clutch of eggs referred to this species, but did
not get the bird.
38. Yellow-breasted Babbler — Mixomis rubricapillus. (176).
A bird shot in 1913.
39. Assam 'fit-Babbler — Schoeniparus dubius mandellii. (179).
Very common.
40. Myiophoneus, sp.
Identified it as emjenii in a hurry ; according to Gates, F.B.I.,
it should be temmincki ; probably intermediate. Fairly common
along all streams. 7 eggs average l'31"x '96".
41. Grey Sibia — Lioptila gracilis. (205).
Occurs at the highest levels, generally in pine forest. It is
said by the Chin, who is a very nimble shot with his bow and
pellets, to be one of the most difficult birds to shoot, as it runs
along the branches, in and out of leaves, and keeps among thick
foliage. The nest is very firm and neat, placed in a fork,
generally of a pine and is made of grass stems, plastered outside
with grass, leaves, cobwebs and some moss, all worked in with
the green needles of the pine, and lined with grass-seed stems
and rootlets. The nests were found between 1st and 5th of
May, at 5,000' to 6,500' ; the eggs were fresh and numbered 2 to
the clutch. There are two varieties of egg ; one bluish grey, like
blackbirds, and the other (the less common of the two) distinctly
pinkish. The general freckled character of the markings is
■ similar in both cases. The shell is very thin and fragile. The
average size of 5 eggs is •91"X'67". Length from 'bO" to •94"
and breadth from •65" to -71".
42. Rippon's Bar-wing — Actinodiim egertoni ripponi. (211i).
Fairly common. Builds a largish nest, generally in a low bush
(3' to 8' higli) carefully made of roots and grass stems, surrounded
by bamboo leaves and moss, the whole thing being nicely
BIRDS FROM THE NORTH CHIN HILLS. 81
rounded off. There is generally some lining of fine moss roots.
Clutches number "2 or -, and the a'^erage size of 29 eggs is
•8i)'' X -CG", length varying from -80" to -97" and breadth from
•t50"to-71".
43. Chestuut-headed Staphidia — Staphidia castaneiceps. (216),
The nest is generally in a hole in a bank ; I have a distinct
recollection of finding at least one nest in the lowest branches
of a small bush, but I cannot find any record of it in my rough
notes. 'J'he nest is made of moss thickly lined with bark fibre,
and grass seed stems, making a neat cup. The eggs are white
with a faint bluish or greenish tinge, speckled pretty well all
over with fairly large brown spots, with which are mixed a few
pale purple ones. The average size of 44 eggs is '66'' x •52",
length varying from -60" to -71" and breadth from -50" to -66".
I found one clutch of 4 eggs, but the usual number is 3 and
sometimes 'J eggs only.
44. Stripe-throated Yuhina — Yuhina gularis. (223).
Shot a bird identified as this. The skm was very bad, and
I was not certain about it. It was probably Y. G. yangpiensu
(Sharpe).
4o. Swinhoe's White-eye — Zosterops simplex. (228).
Two iiests and birds. The nests were hung between 2 twigs
and made of cobwebs, lichens and grass lined with grass seed
stems at d vegetable pappus. It is very flimsy and small, but
seems fairly tough.
46. Yellow-naped Ixnlus — I.vulus flavicollis Jlaincollis . (232).
Nest, (1) on the ground, in the roots of a tree, (2) a cradle-like
arrangement, hung between 2 twigs. The one on the ground
was a well made cup of moss, lined with moss roots. 1 found
a clutch of 2 eggs hard set on April 29th. Six eggs average
•7o''x*o6", length varying from u'd" to 77" and breadth from
•55" to 58".
47. Red-billed Liothrix — Liothri.v lutia callipi/gus. (235).
Nests and eggs.
48. Nepalese Cutia — Cutia nejmlends. (236).
Common. Saw a couple of birds collecting moss on May 16th.
1913, but failed to get eggs.
49. Red-winged Shrike-Tit — Ptemthius erythropterus. (237).
Common. Did not find nest.
50. Chestnut-throated Shrike-Tit — Ptcuthius melanotu. (239).
Got two clutches of this ; c/2, 25th April 1914; and c/3, May
1914.
51. The Common lora — MyitJiina tiphia. (243).
Common. Failed to get nests and eggs.
52. Orange-bellied Chloropsis — C/iloropsis hardwickii. (249).
Obtained birds and nests ; all the eggs were broken.
11
82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, I'ol. XXV.
oo. Sultan bird — Melanochlora sultanea. (253).
Seen at Madan, 1913. Shot a bird from a flock at 3,500' in
1915.
54. Silver-eared Mesia — Mesia arc/entauris. (257).
Several nests and eggs in all years.
55. Burmese White-throated Bulbul — Criniyer burmanicus. (264).
One nest found, but the eggs were on the point of hatchinjr,
and could not be preserved.
56. Himalayan Black Bulbul — Hypsipites psaroides. (269).
Common. Nests and eggs.
57. Rvifous-bellied bulbul — Hemixus macclellandi. (275).
Nest, with 2 eggs, found in June, 1913, and in other years.
o?!. Burmese Red-vented Bulbul — Mol^jasfes burmanicus. (279).
Very common.
59. Blyth's Bulbul — Xctnthixus flavescens . (287).
Common. Took several nests.
00. Black-crested Yellow Bulbul — Otocompsa fiaiicentris. (290).
Very common. Numerous nests at about 2,000'.
61 . Finch-billed Bulbul — Spizixus canifrons. (292).
Fairly common. The nest alwaj^s appears to be made of
corkscrewlike tendrils of some vine which are plaited together
to form a shallow saucer. There is no lining, or onlj^ traces of
fluff' or grass. It generally builds in scrub jungle 8' or 10' high.
The first nest was found on the extreme top of the local mountain
at Haingyan (6,300'). Size of the eggs, about 1-01" x '68".
6i\ Cinnamon-bellied Nuthatch — Sitta cinnamoineiventris. (316).
Shot one at 1,000'.
Go. Beautiful Nuthatch — Sitta formosa. (324).
Three nuthatch eggs were brought in to me by u Chin,
measuring -76", 79" and -78" by -55", -54", -54" with the shattered
remnants of a bird, which T think was this.
64. Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch — Sitta fro7italis. (325).
Not rare at 3,000' and over. Nest and eggs in 1915. c/o,
measuring •64"x'52", 24th April 1915. Nest with young in a
small hollow tree, yth May 1913. The birds were entering
through a hole made by a chopper.
05. Black Drongo — Dicrurus atcr. (327).
Common.
66. Grey Drongo — Dicmrus cineraceus. (333).
Common .
07. Bronzed Drongo — Chaptia aneu. (334).
Not common. Nests and eggs taken.
lUliD^ FROM THE XOIiTIl ('J[IN HILLS. 83
08. Hair-crested Drougo — Chibia hottentotta, (i53o).
Common.
t)0. Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo — Bhrinya remifcr. (339).
Very common. The birds nost very low down here, often in
a fork of a bamboo within reach of the hand.
70. Mt. Victoria Tree-Creeper — C-rtma rictona-. (344a).
Shot a bird, identified as this by the late Col. Harington, in
the south of the area, and another identified by us in 1914 as the
next species in the North.
71. Hume's Tree-Creeper— C^ rMi« manipurensis. (34.'i).
Shot off the nest a bird identified as this, in the extreme north
of the area. Probably in this area, the forms are intermediate,
approaching C. manipurensis in the north, and C. victoi-ice in
the south. The bird identified by us as C. manipurensis was
shot on the Chin Hills — Manipur boundary, (actually, I think
about 2 yards inside Manipur). We obtained 2 nests with eggs
of this bird, the eggs being of the ordinary type, and measuring
•67", and •69"x-o0". c/3, slightly set, 29th April 1914 and c/4
1st May 191o (one egg broken), measuring -64'', -64", -64' x •45",
•4o" and -47". The nests were in both cases pads of fibres, moss,
and a few roots, with a feather or two in the lining, not large,
and scarcely hollowed out at all in the centre, placed in holes
in small trees, at 8' and 10' high. Elevation 6,000'.
72. Mt. Victoria Wren — Urocichla oatesi. (355 b).
Eggs and nest, Cy'3, hard set, on oth May 1914.
73. Indian Tailor Bird — Orthotomus sutonus. (374).
Nest, and bird, at 2,500'.
74. Franklin's Wren-Warbler — Franklinia gracilis. (382).
75. Beavan's Wren-Warbler — Franklinia rufecens. (383).
76. Tenasserim White-tailed Willow- Warbler — Acanthopneustc
dacisoni, (430).
Got a bird which I think was this and several moss nests
containing tiny white eggs which I think must belong to it.
77. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher-Warbler — Abrornis supercilians . (440).
A nest with 4 eggs, taken from a hole in a bamboo brought in
with the parent bird in 1913.
78. Swinhoe's Reed- Warbler — Urosphena squamiceps. (457).
I shot a single specimen of this in December 1914, in thick
jungle, playing about among the rocks in a small chaung
forming the Burma Chin Hills boundary.
79. Brown Hill-Warbler — Suya crinigera. (458).
80. Austen's Hill- Warbler —iSwya ^•Aas^rtwa. (460).
84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
81. Anderson's Hill-Warbler — Suya superciliaris. (461).
Nests of all these obtained. Numerous other small warblers
were seen, which were not identified.
82. Indian Wren-Warbler — Prinia inornata. (466).
Shot a single specimen on low ground in March 1915.
83. Bnrmese Shrike — Laiiius collurioides. (474).
Nests and eggs.
84. Black-headed Shrike — Lanius nigriceps. (475).
Nests and eggs.
85. Brown-Shrike — Lanius cristatus. (481).
Fairly common. One nest and eggs.
86. Nepalese Wood-Shrike — Tephvodornis pelvicus. (486).
Shot a bird.
87. Burmese Scarlet Minivet — Pericrocotus fraterculus. (491).
88. Rosy Minivet — Pericrocotus roseus. (499).
89. Small Minivet — Pericrocotus pereffi'inus. (600).
90. Dark-grey Cuckoo-Shrike — Campophac/a melanoschista. (505).
Found 2 tiests with young, (May, 1913) and so did not shoot
the parent birds.
91. Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike — Campophar/a sykesi. (508).
Shot a bird, low dov.'n.
92. Large Cuckoo-Shrike — Graucalus macii. (510).
Common.
93. Aahy Swallow-Shrike — Artamusfuscus. (512).
Common in clearings.
The Chins call this bird ' Pyalpya ' which is their general
name for swallows, martins and swifts.
94. Burmese Black-naped Oriole — Oriolus tenuirostris. (515).
rfhob a bird at 3,000'.
95. Maroon Oriole — Oriolus trailii. (522).
Common. Got nasts and eggs, exactly resembling those of
the Couiuion Oriole.
96. Indian Grackle — Eiil ibes intermedia. (524).
97. Grey-headed Myna — Sturnia malabarica. (538).
98. Graculi/n'ca sp. ?
I believe it is burmanica.
99. Common Myna — Acridotheres tristis. (549).
Mynas occur, but are not common.
BIIiDS FROM THE NORTH CHIN HILLS. 86
TOO. Sooty Flycatcher — Hemichelidon sibirica. (558).
101. Little Pied Flycatcher — Ci/ornis melanoleucus. (569).
A nest brought in with this bird, containing 4 eggs, raeaauring
•66"x"o4'', of the same type as C. rubeculoides and C sujyercihans.
Shot 2 or 3 birds, but did not manage to find a nest myself.
102. Blue-throated Flycatcher — Cyornis rubeculoides. (575).
Common.
103. Verditer Flycatcher — Stopaiola melanops. (579).
Fairly common.
104. Sharpe's White-gorgeted Flycatcher — Anthipes leucop.i. (584).
A bird brought with a nest, a very deep cup, placed in the
grass growing from holes in a tree stump. Nest made of grass,
leaves, and a little moss lined with fine grass fibres, a few
bamboo leaves, and skeleton leaves being worked into the out-
side. The eggs were •69"X'53", and were white, spotted with
reddish brown.
105. Grey-headed Flycatcher — Culicicapa ceylonensis. (592).
106. Large ^\\t2k\a.—Niltava grandis. (593).
107. Burmese Paradise Flycatcher — Terpnphone affinis. (599).
A nest and bird from the Chin Hills — Manipur boundary.
108. Indian Black-naped Flycatcher — Hypothymis azurea. (601).
109. White-browed Fantail Flycatcher — Rhipidura albifrontata. (604).
Shot a bird low down. It changes higher up into the next
species.
110. White-throated Fantail Flycatcher — Rhipidura albicollis. (605).
111. Common Pied Bush-Chat — Pratincola caprata. (608).
112. Harington's Bush-Chat — Oreicola ferrea haringtoni. (615 a).
Not uncommon. The nest is built in a bank, often along a
path, and is large for the size of the bird. It is a deep cup,
made of moss, grass and grass roots, or of moss only, lined
with fine grass bark-fibre, roots, and often goat's hair ( or in one
nest only, fine yellowish roots only). The sides and bottom
of the nest are thick, and in two cases the nest was made
entirely of moss. This was the only nest found in which hair
was much used. The eggs are pale blue — almost "hedge-
sparrow " blue — and have a series of faint reddish markings
( spots, or speckles ) round the large end of the eggs. These
vary greatly, in some cases forming a distinct ring ( in 2 eggs
a cap) and in others being only seen with difliculty ; in a few
eggs, and in one whole clutch, they were entirely absent.
Clutches generally numbered 4 or 5, but in one case I found 3
hard set eggs. Average size of 43 eggs is "72" X '56.
Length from -67" to -78", and the breadth from 53" to -58.
113. Eastern Spotted Forktail — Henicurus guttatus. (631).
86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
114. Slaty-backed YorktaAl.^Henicurus schistaceus. (632).
llo. White-capped Redstart — Chimarrhornis leucocephalus. (638).
116. Magpie Robin — Copsi/chiis saularis. (663).
117. Black-busted Ouzel — Merula protomomelana. (679).
Fairly common. The eggs and nests of the usual meruline
type, the nest being made of moss lined with roots, and
placed in a fork at no great height from the ground, or actually
on the ground itself.
118. Orange-headed Ground-Thrush — Geocichla citrina. (686).
119. Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush — Petropkila evythrogastra. (690).
Shot a single specimen on the boundary in March.
120. Zoothera sp.?
Seen on the road. Could not identify it further.
121. Cinclus sp.?
Seen in the Nanpalaw stream.
122. Chestnut-bellied Munia — Munia atricapilla. (726).
123. Hodgson's Munia — Uroloncha acuticaudata. (727).
124. Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow — Passer cinnamomeus. (780).
125. Indian Sand-Martin — Cotile sinensis. (809).
Seen in streams at low levels.
126. Syke's Striated Swallow — Hirundo erythropygia. (823).
127. Anthus sp.?
I think it was striolatus.
128. Alauda gulgula ?
These two species, of whose identification I am doubtful, were
seen especially in the wind trap.
129. Larger Streaked Spider-hunter — Arachnothera onagna. (906).
Two or 3 nests and birds.
130. Fire-breasted Flower-pecker — Dicoium iynipectus. (915).
Shot 1915.
131. Green-breasted Pitta. — Pitta cucuUata. (935).
A clutch of 3 eggs and the parent bird brought in by a
Chin in June 1913.
132. Gould's Broadbill — Serilophus lunatus. (942).
133. Hodgson's Broadbill — Serilophus rubrijyygius. (943).
134. Long-tailed Broadbill — Psarisomus dalhousice. (944).
135. Black-naped Green Woodpecker — Gecinus occipitalis. (950).
lilRDS FROM THE MiltTll VlllS HILLS. 87
l;J<i. Small Himalayan Yellow-naped AVoodpecker — Gecinus chforolophus
(9r>l).
lo7. Northern Pale-headed Woodpecker — Gecinulti^ yrantia. (958).
138. llnfons-bellied Pied Woodpecker — Hypopicm hyj^erythrus. (960).
I am not quite satisfied with this identification, but think it
is correct.
139. Stripe-breasted Pied Woodpecker — Dendrocopus atratus. (968).
140. Great Slaty Woodpecker — Hcmilophus pulverulentus. (996).
141. Rufous Piculet — Sasia ochracea. (1002).
14:*. Great Himalayan Barbet — Meyalcema mavshallorum. (1006).
143. Lineated Barbet — Thereiceryx lineatus. (1009).
144, Blue-throated Barbet — Cyanojjs asiatica. (1012).
14-3. Golden-throated Barbet — Cyanops franklini. (1017).
Nest and eggs, 1915.
146. Crimson-breasted Barbet — Xantholcema hcematocephala. (1019).
147. Burmese EoUer — Coracias affinis. (1023).
148. Broad-billed Roller — Eurystomus orientalis. (1025).
149. Common Indian Bee-eater — Meroj)s vindis. (1026).
This and the next 3 species aU seen in a deep valley.
150. Blue-tailed Bee-eater — Merops ])hilippinus. (1027).
151. Chestnut-headed Bee-eater — Melittophagus sivinhoii. (1030).
152. Blue-bearded Bee-eater — Nyctiornis athertoni. (1031).
Nest and young, 1913. Nest and eggs, 1915.
153. Indian Pied Kingfisher — Ceryle carta. (1033).
154. Himalayan Pied Kingfisher. Ceryle luyubris. (1034).
I saw a large pied king-fisher, which I think must have been
this.
155. Common Kingfisher — Alcedo ispida. (1035).
156. Blyth's Kingfisher — Alcedo grandis. (1038).
An Alcedo seen in the Nampalaw stream, not A. ispida
Identification not certain.
157. Brown-headed Stork-billed 'Kingfisher— Pelaryopsis gurial. {104lS) .
158. White-breasted Kingfisher — Halcyon smyrnensis. (1044).
159. Great Hornbill — Dichoceros bicornis. (1051).
160. Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill — Ant hracoce rots albirostris. (1053).
88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
161. Malayan Wreathed Hornbill — Rhytidoceros undulatus. (1054).
All these are common. They are valued by the Chins, as
their feathers are much iised both as ceremonial head dresses
(as are the tail feathers of racket-tailed drongos) ai:d for hanging
round graves. The hornbill is the only bird of killing which a
record is put on the grave ; that is, the custom is to cut into a
teak plank or stone used as the head piece of the grave an image
of all beasts killed by the tenant (including things from men
and elephants to barking deer), but hornbills are the only
birds so recorded. They are shot from a platform in a ficus-
bound tree, with a bow and arrow, when they come to feed.
162. Indian Hoopoe — Upupa indica. (1067).
163. Brown-necked Spine-tail — Chcetwa indica. {?) (1078).
I saw a flock one day which I think was this.
164. Common Indian Nightjar — Caprimulgus asiaticus. (1091).
165. Horsfield's Nightjar — Caimmulyus macrurus. (]093).
166. Chinese Nightjar — Caprimidgus jotaka. (1095 a).
Two hard set eggs taken at Haingyan, which were unfortu-
nately broken.
167. Great Eared Nightjar — Lyncornis ccrviniceps. (1096),
Saw this bird in the Chin Hills and took two eggs (both
single) in the Upper Chindwin Division. They were found in
' Tin-wa ' [Cephalostachyum j)crgracile) bamboo jungle, one on
2nd April 1914, very hard set, and measuring l-69''x 1'18",
the egg being an oval slightly pointed at one end, and the
other on 15th April 1915, Fresh, a perfect oval measuring
l'66"xl"17". In neither case was there any nest, and the
eggs were of the usual nightjar type.
168. Hodgson's Frogmouth — Batrachostomus hodgsoni. (1097).
Six or seven nests brought in, one with young birds, four or
five.with eggs, and the rest empty. Typical of the species.
169. Red-headed Trogon — Harpactes erythrocephalus. (1101).
170. Red-rumped Trogon — Harpactes duvauceli. (1102).
Hopwood saw one in 1913, but was unfortunate in missing it.
It was either this, or some species not included in F, B. I., as it
was not fasciatus, erythrocepihalus or orescius.
171. Cuckoo — Cuculus canorus. (1104).
Common.
Took eggs from nests of M. argentauris, pale blue and measur-
ing •92"x-71'', and •88"x-69".
172. Himalayan Cuckoo — Cuculus saturatus. (1105).
I took two eggs from nests of (?) A.davisoni which are exactly
like those which this bird lays, but did not shoot a bird.
BIRDS FROM THE NORTH CHIN HILLS. 89
17y. Large Hawk-Cuckoo — Hierococcy:v sparverioidcs. (] 108).
Common. I took eggs of this bird as follows : —
(1) Ex. 130 {p. macclellandi) longish in shape ; li^ht
blue, 1-29" X -83". Fresh, 24th April 1914 ; 3 eggs
of 1\ maclellandi .
(2) Ex. 79. (1. omemccrt) rather more obtuse and darker
than (I), Slightly set, 1-27" x -85". 2 eggs of
/. cineracca, 28th April 1915.
(3) Ex. 130. Hard set ; shape as (2) but darker blue.
1-26" X -84" 2 eggs of No. 130, 28th April 1914.
(4) Ex. 130. Like (1) 1-26" x '82", one egg of P. maclel-
landi, 24th April 1915.
(o) Ex. 79. Hard set. Very obtuse. Colour between
(1) and (2), l-28"x-88". 2 eggs of No. 79, 3rd
May 1915.
In addition to these, which are in my collection, Hopwood
has 3 or 4 more, of which I have not got particulars, one ex.
G. 2)ectoraHs, one ex. 79, and one ex. 130. A young bird was
obtained in 1914 in the nest of M. avgentauris \ and a bird was
seen to get up off the path with something in its mouth ; I
think it was an egg, but could not shoot the bird to make sure.
174. Common Hawk-Cuckoo — Hierococcy.v varius. (1109).
Two eggs, both from the nests of /. cineracea, the first a light,
the second a deepish blue, 1-01" x -82", and l-02"x-80", were
referred to this species.
175. Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo — Hierococcyx nisicolor. CUIO).
Two eggs from nest of C. rubeculoides, •84"x"57", and
•93"x-65".
176. Drongo Cuckoo — Surniculus lu//ubns. (1117).
1 found a nest of B. remifer containing 3 eggs, left it for 2
days, and sent out a man to bring it in. It then contained only
two of the original eggs, and a third which I think may be that
of this species, which had not been there before. It seems too
big for t)ie bird, being 103"x "79", but I do not think the man
sent out to bring in the nest is likely to have played any
tricks and do not know what else it can be,
177. Indian Koel — Eudynamis honorata. (1120).
178. Large Green-billed Malkoha — Rhopodytes tristis. (1123).
179. Large Burmese Paroquet — Paleeornis indoburmanicus. (1136).
180. Rose-ringed Paroquet — Palteoi-nis torquatus. (1138).
181. Burmese Slaty-headed Paroquet — Paheotiiis fmschi. (1142).
182. Red-breasted Paroquet — Palceoi-nis fasciatus. (1145),
183. Screech Owl— Stri.v Jiammea. (1152),
Heard one evening.
184. Brown Fish-Owl — Ketupa zeylonensis . (1164).
185. Large-Barred Owlet — Glaucidium cuculoides. (1183),
12
90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
186. Jungle Owlet — Glaucidium vadiatum. (1184).
Shot a bird at 1,500' which I identified as this. It was badly
smashed up.
187. Brown Hawk-Owl — Ninox scutulata. (1187).
188. Indian White-backed Vulture — Pseudogyps bengalensis. (1196).
189. Black Eagle — Ictina'etus malayensis. (1210).
190. Changeable Hawk Eagle — Sjnzaetus limnaetus. (1212).
191. Crested Serpent Eagle — Spiloi-nis cheela. (1217).
Bird off the nest, which was about half way up a 600' hill at
about 4,000', and made of sticks with a lining of green leaves.
It was placed about 30' up in the fork of a 60' tree, the nest
contained one egg, set, 2'75" x2'12". The tail and wing
feathers of this, and all the big hawks and eagles are much
prized by the Chins for ceremonial observances. They pay up
to two annas each for them.
192. Pariah YLite—Milvm govinda. (1229).
193. Shikra — Astur badiux. (1244).
194. Crested Goshawk — Lophopizias trivirgatus. (1246).
195. Besra Sparrow-Hawk — Accipiter vivgatus. (1248).
196. Crested Honey-Buzzard — Pernis critatus. (1249). •
197. Shahin Falcon — Falco peregrinator. (1255),
198. Red-legged Falconet — Microhierax eutolmus. (1267).
I saw several other hawks and eagles which I could not
recognise.
199. Bengal Green Pigeon — Crocojms phcenicopterus. (1271).
200. Thick-billed Green Pigeon — Treronnepalensis. (1281).
Nest at Madan in 1913.
201. Pin-tailed Green Pigeon — Sphenocercus apicauda. (1282).
Several nests and birds.
202. Green Imperial Pigeon — Carpophaga cenea. (1284).
Shot a bird at a low elevation. The next species is found
higher up.
203. Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon — Ducula griseicapilla. (1287).
204. Bronze-winged Dove — Chalcophaps indica. (1291).
205. Indian TnrtlQ-Do-vG—Turturferrago. (1305).
206. Malayan Spotted Dove — Turtur tigrinus. (1308).
207. Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove — Macropygia tusalia. (1312).
Many nests and eggs. Nest massive for a dove, having often
some moss mixed with the twigs. Only twice got two eggs
lilliD!^ Fh'OM rilE NORTH CIIIX HILLS. '.)]
or young birds in one nest, the rest were all single. Hop-
wood kept a bird snared oli' a nest for (5 months ; it did very
well on a diet of rice, but died in the rains.
208, Red Jungle Vowl—Gallus fen-u(/ineus. (1328).
20i'. Mrs. Hume's Pheasant — Phasianus humice. (1331).
Eggs, with a bird skin. The eggs were of the ordinary
Phasianus type ; 3 clutches were obtained, all from about 6,500'.
The bird seems to breed near the top of the main ridge. 8 eggs
obtained on 1st May 1914, Hard set ; 7 eggs on Ist May 1914,
Hard set; 10 eggs on 1st May 1915, Hard set. The average
size of 15 eggs is l-85"xl-37". Length from 1-99" to 1-78",
and breadth from 1-31" to 1-40".
210. Black-breasted Kalij Pheasant — Gennceus kors/ieldi horsjieldi.
(1339).
211. Cuvier's Silver Pheasant — Gennoius h. cuvieri. (1340 d).
212. Williams's Silver Pheasant — Gennceus h. iciUiamsi. (1340 c).
I was much puzzled by the variation in the pheasants, until
1 saw Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker's paper (J. B. N. H. S., Vol.
XXIIJ, p. 662), showing that these three sub-species all occur
in a very narrow area, all three falling within the area worked
by us.
213. Grey-bellied Horned Pheasant — Tragopan blythii. (1346).
A female snared and brought in in 1913, eggs not obtained.
214. Western Bamboo-Partridge — Batnbusicola fytchii. (1352).
Common.
215. Arrakan HiU-Partridge — Avboncola intermedia. (1364).
216. White.cheeked Hill-Partridge — Arboncola atrigularis. (1365).
As far as I could make out, A. intennedia was the form in
the AVest, A. atrigularis in the East. But there was a great
deal of overlapping.
217. Chinese Francolin — Irancolinus chinensis. (1374).
Eggs and bird obtained in 1914.
218. Woodcock — Scolopa.v rusticola. (1482).
Undoubtedly occurs in the winter, and might remain to
breed. We found none.
219. Great White-bellied Heron — Ardea insignis. (1557).
Several herons, etc-, were met with in the streams at the foot
of the hills. This was the only one identified.
92
A CATALOGUE OF NEW WASPS AND BEES (F0SS0RE8,
DFPLOPTURA AND ANTHOPHILA) DESCRIBED FROM
THE INDIAN REGION SINCE 1897.
BY
T. V. Ramakrishna Aiyar, B.A., F.E.S., P.Z.S.,
Acting Government Entomologist, Madras Agricultural
College, Goimbatore (6'. India).
Part III.
{Gontinued from 'page 721 q/ Volume XXIV.)
DIPLOPTERA.
Megachile.
M. sycophanta, Cameron, p. 131, Mem. Manch. Soc. XLl (4), 1897,
Mussouri.
M. implicator, Cameron, p. 132, do, do. do.
M. maliyna, Cameron, p. lo3, do. do. do.
M. purvula, Cameron, p. 135, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLI (4), 1897 do.
M. chrysoguKter, Cameron, p. 136 do. do. do.
M. niyricans, Cameron, p. 75, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLII (11), 1898, Ceylon.
M. creusa, Bingham, p. 125, B.J., XII, Deesa.
M. coelio.iysides, $ , Bingham, p. 126, B.J., XII.
Bo. cS, Nurse, p. 150, J.A.S.B., LXX, 1902, Deesa,
I)o. Cameron, p. 652, B.J., XVII I, 1908.
M. studiosa, Bingham, p. 126, B..J., XII, 1898.
M. studiosella, Cockerell, p. 314, A.M.N.H., VII, 1911, Simla.
M. vera, Nurse, p. 150, J.A.S.B., LXX, 1901, Deesa.
M. katinka. Nurse, p. 150, do. do. Matheran.
M. patella, Nurse, p. 151, do. do. Simla.
M. Ulrica, Nurse, p. 15], do. do. Matheran.
M. otriailes, Ca-neron, p. 60, Fauna Maid., I, ] 902, Maldives.
M. cinyras, Cameron, p. 61, do. do. Laccadives.
M. nadia. Nurse, p. 546, A.M.N.H., XI, 1903, Murree.
M. appia, Nurse, p. 546, do. do. Kashmir.
M. sladeni, Friese, p. 245, Zeits. Hym. Dipt. Ill, 1903, Khasia hills.-
M. monoceros, Friese, p. 358, do. do. do,
M. khasiana, Cameron, p. 216, A.M.N.H., XIII, 1904 do.
M. taprobane, Cameron, p. 15, Zeit. Hym. Dipt., IV, 1904, Ceylon.
M. aberrans, Friese, p. 329, do. do. Nicobars.
M. asiatica*, Mori, Nurse, p. 574, B.J., XX, 1904, Baluchistan.
M. apicalis*. Spin., do. do. do. do.
M. rotundata* , Fabr., do. do. do. do.
M. desertorum* , Mor., do. do. do. do.
M. viuraria^ , Ratz., do. do, do, do,
M. phaola, Cameron, p. 1005, B. J., XVII, 1907, Deesa,
*New to the reffion.
A CATALOGUE OF NEW WASPS AND BEES. 93
M. lefroma, Cameron, p. 1006, B. J., XVII, 1907, Matheran.
Same as M. saphira, (below) Meade Waldo, p. 403, A. M. N. H.,
XIV, 1914.
M. nap/lira, Cameron, p. 1006, B.J., XVII, 1907, Matheran.
M. decdatta, Cockercll, p. 224, Bull. Anier. Mus., 1907, India.
M. gathda, Cameron, p. 650, B. J., XVII 1, 1908, Deesa.
Same as M. nana, Bingham, 1897 — Meade Waldo, p. 403, A.M.N.H.,
XIV, 1914.
^M. bombayensis, Cameron, p. 6o0, B. J., XVIII, 1908, Bombay.
M. lissopoda, Cameron, p. 651, do. do. do.
M. cathena, Cameron, p. 651, do. do. do.
M. cratodonta, Cameron, p. 652, do. do. Deesa.
M. suOfuscus, (Nurse — Ms.), Cameron, p. 652, B. J , XVIII, 1908, Matheran.
M. indoAtana, Cameron, p. 653, B. J., XVIII, 1908, Deesa,.
M. nif/icauda, Cameron, p. 653, do. do. do.
Same as M. patellimana. Spin, (1838) — Meade Waldo, p. 403, A. M.
N. H., XIV, 1914.
M. lerma, (Nurse— .!/.«.), Cameron, p. 654, B. J., XVTll, 1908, Matheran.
Same as M. Umhripennis, Smith, (lt53) — Meade Waldo, p. 403, A. M.
N. H.,XIV, 1914.
M. leptodonta, Cameron, p. 654, B. J., XVIII, 1908, Deesa.
\M. erythrostoma, Cameron, p. 655, do. do.
M. suaiida, Cameron, p. 655. do. do.
M. niceiillei, Cameron, p. 41, Entomologist, 1908, India.
M. obtusata, Cameron, p. 51, D. Ent. Z., 1909, Ferozepur.
M. striolata, Cameron, p. 131, B. J., XIX, 1909, Simla.
M. heterotiichia, Cameron, p. 132, do. do.
M. semireticulata, Cameron, p 132, • do. Ferozepur.
M. ferozepur ensis, Cameron, p. 133, do. do.
M. Sinilcensts, Cameron, p. 133, do. Simla. »
M, inelanoneura, Cameron, p. 134, do. do.
Same as M. maritima, K. (1802) — Meade Waldo, p. 403, A.M.N.H,,
XIV. 1914.
M .inepta, Cameron, p. 135, B. J., XIX, 1909, Simla.
M. punjabensis, Cameron, p. 135, B. J., XIX, 1909, Ferozepur.
M. mi/stacea, F. Notes on— Bingham, p. 183, T. Z. S., 1909.
M.funebricornis, Strand, p. 38, Jahr. Ver. Wies., 63, 1910, Ceylon.
M. ladacensis, Cockerell, p. 252, Proc. U. S. Nt., Mus., 40, 1911, Ladak.
M. rupshuends, Cockerell, p. 253, do. do. do.
M. far eta. Binyham, Cockerell, p. 315., A. M. N. H., VII., 1911, Khasia.
M. caroli.
M. Cey/onn7sis, Bingham, ? , p. 482, F. B. I., I, 1897, Ceylor.
M. caroli, Meade Waldo, p. 464, A.^I. N. H., X, 1912.
(wrongly put as Ceylonica in Bingham's, F. B. 1.)
M. stiilfa. Binyham. Notes on— Meade Waldo, p. 464, A.M. N. H., X, 1912.
M. binyhami.
M. bellula, Bingham, J, p. 476, F B. I., I, 1897.
M. binyhami, {neio name) Meade Waldo, p. 465, A. M. N. H.. X, 1912.
M. luculenta, Bingham; (a distinct sp. not same as M. Mystacea, see p. 479
of Bigham's, F. B. I., i, 1897)— Meade Waldo, p. 466, A. M N. H., X, 1912.
M. semiiestifa. Smith. (^ , Meade Waldo, p. 467, do. do. (is the J, of
M. Determinat Smitha, $ — Meade Waldo.)
t These two are the same as M. hera, Bingrham (181 7J— Meade Waldo, p. 403.
A. M. N. H., XIV, 1914.
94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY N ATI' RAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX] .
M. atrata.
M. atrata, Smith, ? , p. 182, Cat. I.
M. viriplacea, Cam., S (1902).
M. shelf ordi, Cam., $ (1902).
M. atrata, Meade Waldo, p. 467, A. M. N. H., X, 1912.
M. velutina.
M. vetutina. Smith Cat., I, p. 180, $.
M. Dimidiata, Smith Cat., p. 174, $ .
M. velutina, Meade Waklo, p. 468, A. M. N. H., X, 1912.
M. habroiwdoides, Meade Waldo, p. 472, A. M. N. H., X, 1912, Sikkim.
M. striostoma, Cameron, p. 28, Ind. For. Rec, IV, (2), 1913, Dehra Dun.
M. albifrons, Sinith, Food habits of— Burkill, p. 102, JA.S.B., VI, 1911.
M. di.y'imcta and ixirevasjns ahdominalis. Distinctions — Bingham, p. -08,
B. J., Xil, 1898.
Aglaoapis ((/en. noo. 1901).
A. brempennis, Cameron, p. 263, Enthomologist, XXXIV, 1901, Bombaj'.
(This is a typical Dioxy's Lepel— Meade Waldo, p. 496, A. M. N, H..
XII, 1913.)
Parevaspis.
p. carbonaria, .S'»n•f/^— Meade Waldo, p. 227, A. M. N. H., VII, 1911.
EUASPIS.
E. smithi.
Parevas^pis abdominalis. Smith, p. 79, Journ. Linn. Soc, 1859, c? .
Eiuispis smithi, Friese, p. 137, Allg. Zeit. Ent., IX, 1904.
Anxhidium.
A.flavioentre, Cameron, p. 124, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLI (4), 1897, Poona.
A. desidiosum, Bingham, p. 126, pi. A., fig. 12, B. .1., XII, 1898, Deesa.
A. bingami.
A. raternum, Bingham, p. 496, F. B. I., I, 1897.
A. binghami {nov. name), Friese, p. 224, Zeit. Hym. Dipt., I., 1901.
A. satlator, Nurse, p. 151, J. A. S. B., LXX, 1902, Deesa.
Bo. do. p. 575, B. J., XV., 1904.
A. viaticum. Nurse, p. 152, J. A. S. B., LXX, 1902, Matheran.
A. conciliatum. Nurse, p. 547, A. M. N. H., XI, 1903, Kashmir.
A. florntinum, Fabr.* ( ^.y _»_ -r> t ^nr\A r\ xj.
« !f J.1 7 ; • TIT * > Nurse, p. 5^o, B. J., 1904, Quetta.
A.fedtschenkoi,M.OT.'' S .
A. jjhilorum, Cockerell, p. 242, Entomologist, 1910, Himalaya.
A. temarium, Cockerell, p. 181, A. M. N. H., VIII, 1911, Quetta.
A. lihilorum abotti, vav.new, Cockerell, p. 24i), Proc. L^. S. Nat. Mus.,
40-1911, Ladak.
DiANTHIDIUM.
D. sinapinum, Cockerell, p. 179, A. M. N. H., VIII, 1911. Karachee.
D. rasorium.
Anthidium rasorium. Smith., p. 50, T. E. S., 1875.
D. rasorium, Cockerell, p. 180, A. M. N. H.. VIII, 1911.
Anthidium and Dianthidium — Composition — Cockerell, p. 136, A. M. N. H.,
VI, 1909.
* New to the region.
A CATALOGUE OF AL'll' U'A.sl'.s aMJ BEES. 9o
PllOANTIllDU M.
/'. solifei'um, Cockerell, p. IHO. A. M. N. H., VIIJ, 1911, Karachee.
Camptopoeum.
('. rujiventre, * Mor.
c. schewijrem, Mor y- -Nurse, p. •")"'), B. J., XV, 1904, Quetta.
Ceratina.
C. ornatifft-a, Cameron, p. 141, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLI,
(4), 1897. Mussouri.
C. inco(/nita, Bingham, p. 127, B. J., XII, 1898, Simla.
C. muscatella, Nurse, p. 152, J. A. S. B., LXX, 1902. do.
C. loquata. Nurse, p. l^S. do. do. do.
C. ino, Nurse, p. 576, B. J., XV, 1904, Quetta.
C. egeria, Nurse, p. 576, do. do. do.
C comjKff. Nurse, p. 576. do. do. do.
C. leevifrons, Mor.* noted by Nurse, p. 577, do. do.
C. binqhami, Cockerell, p. 340, A. M. N. H., I, 1908, Calcutta.
bo. do. p. 185, A. M. N. H.. 1911.
C. ehurneopicta, Cockerell, p. 185, A. M. N. H., Vlll, 1911, Salsetta.
C. comheri, Cockerell, p. 185, do. do. Karachee.
r. bhaioani, {new form), Bingham, p. 360. Itec. Ind. Mus., I, 1908.
Ceratina — Notes on — Cockerell. and Porter, pp. 404-406, A. M.N.H., IV,
1899.
NOMOIDES.
V. appendiculata .
Ceratina appendiculata, Cameron, p. 59, Fauna Maid,
I, 1902, Maldives.
Nomoide.i do. Cockerell, p. 312, A. M. N. H., 1909.
.V. Jcarachen.v<, Cockerell, p. 235, A. M. N. H., VII, 1911, Karachee.
X, comheri, Cockerell, p. 236, do. do. do.
= Ceratina punjabetisis, Cam., p. 1003, B. J., XVII, 1907.
= N. comheri, Meade Waldo, p. 403, A. M. N. H., XIV, 1914.
JN'. divisa.
Ceratina divisa, Camerou, p. 1003, B. J., XVII, 1907, Quetta.
Ceratina npilaspis, Cameron, p. 657, B. J., XVIII, 1908, Deesa.
Nomoides cerea.
Ceratina cerea, Nurse, p. 152, J. A. S. B., LXX, 1902, Deesa.
Xomoides crea, Meade Waldo, p. 495, A. M. N. H., XI, 1913.
Xomoides citrcilienata.
Ceratina curvilineata, Cameron, p. 1004, B. J., XVII, 1907, Deesa.
Nomoide.^ curvilineata, Meade Waldo, p. 495, A. M. N. H., XTI, 1913.
Nomoides— Taxonomy, Cockerell, p. 236, A. M. N. H., VII, 1911.
Allodape.
A. pictifar-n.t, Cameron, j). 60, Fauna Maid.. I, 1902, Laccadives.
A. pumilio, Cockerell, p. 182, A. M. N. H., VIII, 1911, Karachee.
Heriades.
(Eriades, Friese).
E. teniae Nurse, p. 577. B. T.. XV, 1904. Mt. Abu.
New to the rejrion.
96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
CCELIOXYS.
C. taurus, Nurse, p. 153, J. A. S. B., LXX, 1902, Deesa.
C. stolidus, N.irse, p. 548, A. M. N. H., XI, 1903, do.
C. canniscutis, Cameron, p. 213, A. M. N. H., XIII, 1904, Khasia Hills.
C. khaaiana, Cameron, p. 213, do. do. do.
C. latus, Cameron, p. 658, B. J., XVIII, 1908, Matheran.
C. tumeri, Cockerell, p. 418, A. M. N. H., V, 1910, Assam.
C. sulcispina, Cameron, p. 29, Ind. For. Rec, IV, 2, 1913, Dehra Dun.
C.fulvitarsis, Cameron, p. 30, do. do. Mussouri.
C. tenuilineata, Cameron, p. 31, do. do. Simla.
Same as C.confusa, Smith (1875), Meade Waldo, p. 404, A. M. N.H.,
XIV, 1914.
C.fuscipes, Cameron, p. 31, Ind. For. Rec, IV, 2, 1913, Simla.
C. ruficaudis, Cameron, p. 32, do. do. do.
Same as C. afra, Lep. (1841), Meade Waldo, p. 404, A. M. N. H.,
XIV, 1914.
Ceratina species ; Cockerell, pp. 85-90, Psyche, XII, 1905.
Crocisa.
C. ramosa Lepel — Sleeping — Green, p. 214, Ent. Mag., 1899.
C. kanhmirensis, Nurse, p. 548, A. M. N. H., XI, 1903, Kashmir.
C. elecjans, Mor'.', Nurse, p. 578, B. J., XV, 1904, Qnetta.
C. ceylonica, Friese, p. 4, Zeit. Hym. Dipt., V, 1905, Ceylon.
C. rostrata, Friese, p. 6, do. do. Simla.
Crocisa — Table of Indo-Australian species of — Friese, pp. 2-12, Zts. Hym.
Dipt., v., 1905.
PODALIRIUS.
P. vedettus, Nurse, p. 582, B. J., XV, 1904, Kashmir.
P. conne.rus. Nurse, p. 583, do. do. Quetta.
P. serc/ius. Nurse, p. 584, do. do. do.
P. picicornis, Fedt.* "1
i*. albif/eniis, Lap.* |
P. orientalis, Mor.* |
P.fulvitarsis, Brulle* }- Nurse, p. 585, B. J., XV, Quetta.
P. atricillus, Ever.* |
P. velocissimus, Fedt.* |
P. khaisnnus. J
llabropodafulvipes, Cameron, p. 211, A. M. N. H., XIII, 1904.
Podalirius khasianus, Schulz., p. 253, Spol. Hym., 1906, Khasia Hills.
P. bini/hami.
Antkopkora crocea, Bingham, p. 526, F. B. I., 1, 1897.
Podalirim bim/hami, Schulz.. p. 253, Spol. Hym., 1906.
P. wickioari, Bingham, p. 122, Spol. Zeyl., V., 1908, Ceylon.
Tetralonia.
T. punctata, Cameron, p. 79, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLII (11), 1898, Poona.
T. hredpennis, Cameron, p. 78, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLII (11), 1698,
Allahabad.
Characters of T. brevipennis Cam. — Nurse, p. 549, A. M. N. H.,
XI, 1903.
• New to the regrion.
A CATALOGUE OF AEW WASPS AND BEES. 97
T. ovatula, Cameron, p. 640, B. J., XVIU, 1908, Deesa.
T. glabriocoitiis, Cameron, p. 649, do. do.
T. pruinosa, Cameron, p. 47, D. Ent. Z., 1909, ^^erozepur.
T. punctilabis, Cameron, p. 48, do. do.
T. testaceitarsis, Cameron, p. 49, do. do.
7\ erythrocera, Cameron, p. 49, D. Ent. Z., 1908, do.
T. Fimjauhensis, Cameron, p. 49, do. do.
T. I'ufolineata, Cameron, p. .00, do. do.
T, claripf^nis, Cameron, p. 51, do. do.
T. leiicopoda, Cockerell, p. 183', A. M. N. H., VIII, 1911, Nasik.
T. commixtana, Strand, p. 146, Archives Naturges, 79A, 1913, Ceylon.
T. taprobanicola, Strand, p. 147, do. do. do.
Tetralonia and Melissodes. — Comparison of generic characters — Cameron,
p. 76, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLIl (11), 1898.
Tetraloniella.
T. aliena, Cockerell, p. 184, A. M. N. H., VIII, 1911, Xasik.
T. calidula, Cockerell, p. 34, Entomologist, 1913, Salsette.
EUCERA.
E. medusa, Nurse, p. 578, B. J., XV, 1904, Quetta.
E. diana, Nurse, p. 579,
E. phryiie, Nurse, p. 579,
E. pomona, Nurse, p. 580,
E. cassatidra, Nurse, p. 581,
E. melanostoma, Mor.*, Nurse, p. 579,
E. spectabilis, Mor.*, Nurse, p. 582,
E. turcestanica, Dalla Torre-*Nurse, p. 582,
Eucerinae— List of spp. Cockerell, pp. 261-273, Proc. N. 5, Nat. Mus., 1912.
Habropoda .
H. krishna {form nov.), Bingham, p. 366, Rec. Ind. Mus., 1908, Darjiling.
H. turneri, Cockerell, p. 308, Entomologist, 1909, Assam.
Antuophora.
A. deiopea, Cameron, p. 127, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLI (4), 1897, Mussouri
A. rothneyi, Cameron, p. 142, do. do. do.
A. cellularis, Cameron, p. 80, Mem. Manch. Soc, XLII (11), 1898, Poona.
A. liriope, Bingham, p. 127, B. J., XII, 1898, Deesa.
A. iole, Bingham, p. 128, do. do. Simla.
A. antiope, Bingham, p. 128, do. do. do.
A. zonata, L., varieties; Cockerell, p. 411, A. M. N. H., V, 1910, Dehra
Dun.
A. zonata var, puttalama. Strand., p. 147, Archives Naturges, 79 A, I'dlS
Puttalam (Ceylon).
A. cingulifeia.
A. cinr/ulata, Fab. Bingham, p. 526, F. B. I., i, 1897.
A. cinrjulifera, Cockerell, p. 410, A. M. N. H., V, 1910, Dehra Dun.
(The true * cingulata ' according to Cockerell is a different species and
Australian).
A. meyarrhina, Cockerell, p. 413, A. M. N. H., V, 1910, Sikkim.
A. do. var soluta, Cockerell, p. 414, A. M. N. H., V, 1910,
Sikkim.
• \ew to the reg'ion.
13
do.
Kashmir
do.
Deesa.
do.
Quetta.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
A. khambana, Cockerell, p. 415, A. M. N. H., V, 1910, Sikkim.
A. jmlcherrima, Binf/ham, {var a), Cockerell, p. 413, A. M. N. H., V, 1910,
Sikkim.
A. orophila, Cockerell, p. 415, A. M. N. H., V, 1910, Sikkim.
A. delicta, Cockerell, p. 235, Entomologist, 1911, India.
A. anwlita, Cockerell, p. 237, do. do. do.
A. comberi, Cockerell, p. 493, A. M. N. H., YII, 1911, Nasik.
The homing of burrowing bees (Anthoplioridte) — Turner, p. 247, Biol.
Bull., XV, 1908.
Anthophora and Melecta — relations — Johnson, p. 427, Zoologist, 1913.
Anthrena.
A. brunneipennis, {form new), Bingham, p. 362, Ind. Mus. Rec, IT, 1908.
A. burkelli [form neio), Bingham, p. 363, do. do. do.
Xylooopa.
A', ceylonica, Cameron, p. 32, P. Z. S., Pt. II, 1901, Ceylon.
X. tranquebarica, Fabr* — Schulz, p. 273, Zt. Hym. Dipt., 1901.
X. esica, Cameron, p. 61, Fauna Maid., i, 1902, Maldives.
X. f/ardineri, Cameron, j). 62, do. do. do.
X. amethystina, signiana — {new sub sp.), Cockerell, p. 310, A. M.N. H..
VII, 1911.
X. collaris, Lepel, var binghami, Cockerell, p. 30, A, M. N. H., XIV, 1904.
X. minor, Maidl., p. 250, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof. Wien. 1912, Sikkim.
X. amethystina, sigiriana — {new sub sp.), Cockerell, p. 310. A.M.N. H..
VII, 1911, Sigiri, N. W. India.
X. madurensis, Friese, p. 88, D. Ent. Z., 1913, Madura.
Xylooopa and acarid pouch^Green, p. 232, Ent. Mag., 1902.
BOMBUS.
B. yilyitensis, Cockerell, p. 223, A.M.N.H., XVI, 1905, Kashmir.
B. loaltoni, Cockerell, p. 239, Entomologist, 1910, Himalaya.
B. haemorrhoidalis, Smith — Habits — Burkill, p. 521, J.A.S.B., 1906.
Bombus Habits of Fsithyruf! and — Sladen, p. 30, Ent. Mag., 1899.
Hovering of Bombus-Saunders, p. 83, Ent. Mag., 1909.
Apis.
A. nursei.
A. testacea, Bingham, p. 129, B.J., XII, 1898, Deesa.
A. nursei, Cockerell, p. 319, A.M.N. H., VII, 1911.
A. fiorea and dorsata — combs., Friese, p. 198, AUg. Zeit. Ent., VII, 1902.
A. dorsata and indica — Habits — Hooker Agricultural Ledger, 1904,
(Calcutta).
A. dorsata — Its domestication — Harris, p. 12, Ent. Record, XIV, 1902.
Tl'.'\^'//-xrtff/— Working hours— Burkill, p. 105, J.A.S.B., 1911.
A. dorsata— VxJQse, p. 278, Ann. Mus. Hung. 7, 1909.
A. Jiorea sub. sp., nasicana, Cockerell, p. 241, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc.^
XXXVII, 1911.
Apis — species and distribution — Enderleiu. p. 331, Stett. Ent. Zt., 1906.
New generic names — ' Megapis ' and ' Micrapis ' — for dorsata and florea —
Ashmead, pp. 120-122, Proc. Ent. Soc, AVashington, VI, 1904.
Apis— specific characters — Cockerell, p. 177, Entomologist, XXXVI, 1903.
* Newly recorded.
A CATALO(,l'J'J OF Mill' HASPS AND liEES. 99
Melipona.
.1/. cncciae, Nurse, p. ()19, B.J., XVII, 1907, Hoshangabad.
Melipona— Nosts ami habits i)f, Schnlz., p. 250, Zt. Insbiol, I, 190">.
Triiioiia - Nosts of— Watorhouso, p. 133, T. E. S.. 1903.
Da.sypoda.
D. com/x-ri, Cockerell, p. ■226, A. M. N. H., VII, 1911, Karachee.
Melitta.
.1/. altissima, Cockerell, p. 240, Entomologist, 1910, Himalaya.
Lampuoapis.
L. 7naciiiipenHis, Cameron, p. 420, pi. fig. 2, B. J., XIV, 1902, Simla.
Epeolus.
E. fervidus, Smith, recorded as from India before 1897, but not in
Bingham.
E.fervidus, Smith, Cockerell, p. 668, A. M. N. H., VIII, 1911.
E. pictus, Nyl.*, Xurse, p. 570. B. .J., XV, 1904, Quetta.
E.jwegrinu^, Cockerell, p. 234, A. M. N. H., VII, 1911, Nasik.
Do. do. do. p. 668, do. VIII, 1911.
E. assaiuensis, Meade Waldo, p. 94, A.M. N. H., XII, 1913, Assam.
E. tihftaitiis, Meade Waldo, p. 9o, do. do. Tibet.
Plesiopaxurgus {f/cn. nor. 1907).
P. cineianus, Cameron, p. 131, B. J., XVIIl, 1907, Quetta.
Thygatina {fjeii. nov. Cockerell, 1911).
T. fumida, Cockerell, p. 237, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. (37), 1911, Ceylon.
Melissixa (//i°w. noi\ Cockerell).
M. viator, Cockerell, p. 670, A. M. N. H., VIll, 1911, Karachee.
Trinchostoma.
T. sladeni, Cockerell, p. 35, Cand. Ent., 1913, Khasia Hills.
Ctenoapis {yen. nor. Cameron, 1901).
C. hitea, Cameron, p. 117, A. M. N. H., VIII, 1901, Ferozepur.
C. Jtavomaculata, Cameron, p. 117, do. do. do.
Sexes of C. lutea, Nurse, p. 570, B. J., XV, 1904 (lutea $ and flavoraa-
culata (S).
Melanapis.
M. violaceipennis, Cameron, p. 421, pi., fig., B. J., XIV, 1902, Ferozepur.
M. ruifrom. Nurse, p. 567, B. J., XV, 1904, Quetta.
AM>fOBATES.
A. mlitarius, Nurse, p. 570, B. J., XV, 1904, Quetta.
Pasitbs.
P. maculatus, Jur, noted by Nurse, p. 570, B. J., 1004, Quetta.
In addition to the numerous papers of Cameron, Bingham, Nurse, Meade
Waldo, Cockerell, Turner, etc., often quoted in the body of the catalogue,
• Xew to the region.
100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the following may be added as recent papers on Indian Aculeates in
general : —
Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore — Rothney, pp. 93-116, T. E. S.,
1903.
Life histories of Indian Hymenoptera — G. R. Dutt, Mem. Deptt. Agri.
India, Ent. Series, Vol. IV, 1912. (a)
Hymenoptera of the Abor Country — Nurse and Paiva. Rec. Ind. Mus.,
Vol. VIII, Pts. I— v., 1912-1914. (Z»)
Hymenoptera from the Himalayas — Paiva. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. I., 1907.
The following supplementary list includes some new species recorded
from the Indian region since the above list was prepared, A few references
to already known species, some of which were overlooked by me before, are
also added here : —
" MUTILLID^.
Mutilla.
Andre in his paper on Ceylon mutillids has referred to the following
species in addition to the new forms noted above (see p. 544), in the D.
Ent. Zs., 1907 ;—
M. sorror, Sauss, p. 253,
M. insulavis, Cam., p. 253.
M. humbertiana, Sauss, p. 255.
M. bicineta, Sauss, p. 255.
M. lillijyutiana, Andre, p. 256.
M. ocellata, Sauss, p. '256.
M. he.raops, Sauss, p. 256.
M. acidalia, Cam., p. 256 (see p. 542 above).
M. analis, Lepel, p. 257.
M. indostana, Smith, p. 257.
M. foveata, Cam., p. 257 (see p. 544 above).
THYNNID^.
Methoca.
Methoca bicolor, Cam., name changed to M. rufonigra, Dutt, p. 186, Mem.
Deptt. Agri. India, Vol. IV, 1912.
BETHYLID^.
Pristoceka (Klug).
P, eironeformis, Turner, p. 245, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Pattikonda, S. India.
SCOLIID^.
Elis (Mesa).
K crassipunctata, Turner, p. 246, A.M.N.H., 1914, Coimbatore, S. India.
(a) Contains interesting notes on habits and life histories of a number of
aculeates.
(h) Contains chiefly references to knownf orms.
A CATALOGUE OF h'EW WASPS AND BEES. 101
POMPILID^.
PSAMMOCHAKES.
v. nudatus*
Vompilus nudatus, Sro., Cat., p. 133, 1855 (Trebizond).
Pompilus cassias, Nurse, p. 84, B. J., XIV, 1902 (see p. 549 above).
Pompilus horatius. Nurse, do. do. do.
Psammochaves nudatus, Turner, p. 247, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914 (Coim-
batore).
P. detectus.
Pompilus rejie.i-us, Bingham, p. 159, F.B.I., i., 1897 (wee. Smith),
Sikkim.
Psammochaves detectus, Turner, p. 248, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Palur,
S. India.
RHOPALOSOMID^.
Rhopalosoma.
Rhopalosoma — Early stages of a sp,, Hood, p. 145, Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash.
Vol. XV, 1913.
SPHEGID.'E.
Ampulex.
A. pilosa, Cam.— Turner, p. 250, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914 (see p. 555 above).
Chlorion (sphex — Harpaotopus).
C. subfuscatus, Dahlb.,* Turner, p. 250, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Coimbatore.
GORYTES.
G. coerulescens, Turner, p. 251, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Kandy, Ceylon.
Nysson ,
N. excavatus, Turner, p. 253, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Coimbatore.
N. decoratus, Turner, p. 254, do. do. do.
N. dubitatus, Turner, p. 255, do. do. do.
N. basalts, Smith, Turner, p. 254, do. do. do.
Parapiagetia, (Kohl.*)
P. wickwari, Turner, p. 256, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Colombo, Ceylon.
Lyroda.
L. nigra.
Odontolarra nigra, Cam. (see p. 553 above).
Lyroda nigra, Turner, p. 256, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914.
LiRIS.
L. ducttlis.
L. ducalis. Smith, Bingham, p. 207, F.B.I. , i., 1897.
L. nigripennis. Cam., Bingham, p. 206, do. do. Poona.
L. ducalis. Turner, p. 257, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914.
DIPLOPTERA.
Notes on the nesting habits of some solitary wasps — Parker, p. 70, Proc.
Ent. Soc, Wash., 1915.
• New to the region.
102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX} .
Habits of a mud dauber — ^Eumenes latreille, Sauss'- — Girault, p. 28, Zt.
fur. Wies. Ins., 1914.
On the species of ' Alastor ' and other Eumenidie — Perkins, p. 563, P.Z.S.,
Pt. II, 1914.
Notes on Belonogaster — Saussure, p. 199, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1909.
' Belonogaster' and Tachinids — Lamborn, p. XXXIX, T.E.S. II, 1914.
Notes on Wasps and colours of wasps — Perkins, p. 677, T.E.S., 1912.
ANTHOPHILA.
APID^.
Sphecodes.
S. turneri, Cockerell, p. 430, A.M.N. H., XVII, 1916, Assam.
Halictus.
H. vinctus.
Noviia cincta, Wlk., 1860, Ceylon.
Nomia cincta, Bingh., p. 458, F.B.I. , i., 1897.
Halictus lialutara, Cock, (see under 'Halictus' above).
Halictus vinctus, Meade Waldo, p. 449, A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916.
Nomia.
Nomia — Notes on the genus and sub-genera — Meade Waldo, p. 454,
A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916.
N. exagens.
Halictus timidus, Bingham, p. 429, F.B.I. , i., 1897.
Andrena exagens, Wlk., p. 305, A.M.N.H., 1860, Cisylon (see under
' Andrena ' above).
Nomia exagens, Meade Waldo, p. 459, A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916.
N. aurifrons, Smith, Meade Waldo, p. 459, A.M.N.H., XVII, 191 6.
N. fuscipennis, Smith, Meade Waldo, p. 459, do. do.
N . scutellata.
N. scutellata. Smith— Bingh, p. 458, F.B.I. , i., 1897, $ .
N. albofimbriata, Cam. (see above under ' Nomia ', $ .)
N. ustula,' Cock (do. do. Ceylon. J .)
N. scutellata, Meade Waldo, p. 461, A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916.
N. antennata var .ogkesiana,'West. — a well marked variaty, Meade Waldo,
p. 461, A.M.N.H., XVI, 1916.
N. carinata, Smith, Nelliotii Smith, Meade Waldo, p. 461, A.M.N.H.,
XVII, 1916.
Megachile.
Sense of locality of a leaf cutting bee, Muir, p. 375, B. J., XXIV, 1916.
Tetualonia.
Tetralonia — Note on the genus, Cameron, p. 76, Mem. Manch. Soc,
XLII (11), 1898.
T. duvacelH, Lepel, Sexes, Cameron, p. 49, D. Ent. Zs., 1909.
Anthophora.
A. rowlandi, Meade Waldo, p. 50, A.M.N.H., XIII, 1914, Assam.
A. pseudobomboides, Meade Waldo, p. 53, do. do. do.
Xylooopa .
X. ametlnjstina, F. Friese, p. 88, D. Ent. Zs., 1913.
A CATALOGUE OF XEW WASPS AND BEES. 10:!
Apis.
A. fntiffhavii var aladoni, Cock, p. 1;5, A.M.N.H., XIV, 1914, Khasia.
Melitta.
.1/. Iiorvictce.
Anilrcna harvictiv, Bingh, p. 446, F.B.I. , i., 1897.
Melitta altissima, Cockerell (see under ' Melitta' above).
Mclittrt hairictce, Meade Waldo, p. 462, A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916.
M. ant/iophoroides, Meac\e Waldo, p. 463, A.M.N.H., XVII. 1916,
Sikkim.
BoMBUS.
B. lapidarius, L. var. ffilf/itensis.
B. (/ilf/itensis, Cock (see under ' Bombus ' above).— Meade Waldo,
p. 467, A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916.
B. alietiHs, Sraitli,^ Meade Waldo, p. 468, A.M.N.H., XVII, 1916, Assam.
B. lonf/icep=?, Smith,! Meade Waldo, p. 468, A.M.N.H., XVII. 1916,
Kashmir.
Epeolus.
Synopses of Epeolinrc — Robertson, p. 284, Canad. Ent., 1903.
Trixchostoma.
T. assamensis, Sladen, p. 214, Canad. Ent., 191o, Assam.
It is still possible that I might have omitted some new species or import-
ant references. As such, I shall be very grateful to those of your readers
who might be able to point out these omissions or any errors in my
Catalogue, as it will greatly help me in the future.
* Omitted by Bing^ham.
t New to the res'ion.
104
BUTTERFLIES OF THARRAWADDY AND
THE PEGU YOMA.
BY
E. V. Ellis, I.F.S.
With a Map,
The accompanying list deals chiefly with butterflies caught in the
Tharrawaddy District, which lies on the western slopes of the Pegu
Yoma, but for the sake of completeness reference has been made to
others caught in Prome, Rangoon, Henzada and Toungoo Districts.
The Pegu Yoma forests seem to house an interesting set of but-
terflies, as they form the meeting place for Malayan and Assam
types, and yet they are isolated by paddy plains and big rivers on
both sides They begin at Rangoon and extend to Mt. Popa in
Meiktila, more or less. The jungles of the Tharrawaddy District are
chiefly at a low elevation, under 500 feet, but towards their Eastern
boundary they rise to 2,600 feet in the main ridge. There are
three main types of jungle, each inhabited by characteristic
insects : —
i. Deciduous bamboo jungle, fairly dry in the hot weather.
This covers 90 percent, of the area.
n. Evergreen jungle found in local patches near certain
streams, very rich in species.
Hi. " Indaing " jungle, low level gravel, etc., characterized by
the presence of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, the " In "
tree. This is inhabited especially by Arhopala tounguva,
hevdtsoni and centaurea and Elymnias tinctoria.
Of the other districts mentioned, Prome adjoins Tharrawaddy on
the north, and Toungoo adjoins it on the east, being on the
opposite slope of the Yomas. Rangoon, situated at the tail
of the Yoma, is surrounded by patches of evergreen forest in
which rather more Malayan types appear. Henzada lies to the
west across the Irrawaddy, and consists of broad and rather dry plains
backing on to the hills of the Arakan Yoma which rises to 5,000 ft.
The butterflies from the plain forests of Henzada are the same as
those met with in Tharrawaddy plains forests, but the hill insects
are rather different.
The present list cannot pretend to be complete for such a wide
area as the Pegu Yoma, but it represents four years collecting in
Tharrawaddy, and should be fairly complete for that District. To
finish the Pegu Yoma butterflies more research is needed in the
moister forests on its eastern slopes in the Pegu and Toungoo
Districts. It is hoped that the present list will assist anyone engag-
ed on that work. Finally I must express my great obligation to
Jour, Bombay Nat. Hist. 8oc.
^\ PakoLKu
%\ Ch,n :
i\Hill5
• Meikrila
Mf Popa
Scale approx. 1 =60 miles
- = Disrncr boundaries
Map of ti-ie Tmarrawaddy and the
Pecu Voma, Lower Burma.
BUTTERFLIES OF THARRA WADDY AND PEGU YOMA. 105
Major W. H. Evans, R.E., who has very kiudly identified all
doubtful specimens and helped me in every way possible.
Nymphalid^.
Danaina;.
1. Danai)> aglea melanoides, M. Very common everywhere. I have
obtained D. ac/leoides around Rangoon and from Bassein. In the former
place, at any rate, it was flying with melanoides, but it seems to reach its
northern limit about Rangoon and I have met with none in Tharrawaddy,
Toungoo or further north.
2. D. limniace, Cr. Very common everywhere.
3. D. plexippus, L. Very common.
4. D. chrysippus, L. Very common.
I have D. melanippus indicus, Fruh. From Rangoon but it comes no
further north.
o. Euplcea godarti, Lucas. This is the common Eupltea of Lower Burma,
and it is found in profusion throughout Tharrawaddy. The dimorph,
layardi, Druce, seems to be rare, and I only have one from the Henzada
District.
6. E. alcathoe cssatia, Fruh. Not common. I got it once in the Thonze
Reserve on 2nd March 1913. E. harrisi hopei should occur but I have not
met with it.
7. E. mulciber, Cr. Very common.
8. E. crasm, But. Not uncommon and probably many could be got in
the right place. Of four specimens that I have set, one, a rains form, might
probably be called masoni, Moore, while the other three which are d. s. f.
seem from the scanty descriptions in Seitz to be equally referable to crassa
apicalis, peinbertoni or hurmeisteri.
9. E. diocletiana, Fabr. This is not common, but I obtained it in the
Thonze Reserve in May 1912. Like E. alcathue andcra.ssa it prefers moister
jungle than is usually met with in Tharrawaddy.
Satyrince.
10. Ypthima hubneri, Kir. Very common everywhere.
11. Y. icatsoni, M. Fairly common in the forest and 1 obtained a good
series in January, February and onwards.
12. Y. philomela indecora, M. As mentioned by Major Evans in Journal,
B. N. H. S., Vol. XXII, No. 2, page 282. I obtained a good series of this
insect in February 1913 at Yetho and Sanbok villages. I also find I have
it from the Henzada District.
13. Y. baldus, Fabr. Very common. Whether I have mixed up sobrina
and similis among my baldus I cannot say, but it seems likely.
14. Y. dohertyi, M. One specimen from the Kyanktada hill on the
Yoma, 2,640', on" 16th November 1911.
lo. y. sat-ara, G-Smith. Common from February onwards. 1 have met it
in other parts of Burma where it was also common, from the Arakan Yoma
in Minbu District to the North Shan States close to Yunnan.
16. Elites rotundata, de Nic. This is a local insect, but when found can
be obtained in numbers. Particularly frequents bamboo jungle, and flies
14
106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
weakly in their dense shade, settlinc; on their stems or leaves. All my
specimens seems to be votundata and not annularis ; they are all d. s. f.
The insect appears in February.
17. Lethe europa, Fabr. This is common in the forest and usually sits
on the banks of dry streams, a habit all Lethes seem to have.
18. L. confui^a, Aurivill. Also common.
19. L. minerva, Fabr. One male and two females from the Taungnyo
Reserve. Rare specimens taken on 18th February 1911 and 18th April
1911.
I also have this from the North Shan States and from Toungoo.
20. L. mekarOf'M. Tia,th.er coramouev than cJitnidica ovvi7id/ii/a. Emerges
in February also. I have record of seven Tharrawaddy specimens, ranging
from 3lst January 1911 to 3rd May 1912 and one on 14th November 1911.
They come from the Taungnyo, Bawbin and Bilin Reserves, and one from
the Taungnyomyo.
21 . L. chandica, M. Not common. Emerges in March. Bawbin
Reserve 14th November 1911, also Konbilin Reserve.
22. L. vindhija, Felder. Not common. Appears in February. Konbilin
and Yetho streams on 16th February 1911 and 12th February 1912.
23. L. muirheadi bliima. Mar. Rare. I caught one (3rd May 1911) and
saw two others in the Taungnyo Reserve — Pannyogale stream.
Very common in the North Shan States in April and May.
24. Mycalesix anaxioides, Mar. One from the source of the Mokka
stream, where there is perennial water and evergreen forest, on 20th Janu-
ary 1912.
25. M. perseus, Fabr. Occurs all the year round, fairly plentifully.
26. M. mineuA, L. This also occurs, but rather sparingly and I have
only taken a few.
27. M. perseoides, M.. This is the common Mycalesis of Lower Burma
and is to be met with everywhere and at all seasons.
28. M. intermedia, M. This doubtless occurs, as I have it from Rangoon
in November, but at present I have not been able to distinguish it from the
preceding species.
29. M. malsara, M. This occurs fairly commonly in the forest. It
appears towards the end of February.
30. M. mnasicles jJerna, Fruh. This appears in March and is only found
in heavy bamboo jungle. The banks of dry water courses, especiallj"- quite
small ones, are the usual places to find it. It seems local, but is not
uncommon when the right locality is foimd. Konbilin in March.
31. M. myites, de Nic. Another species that does not fly in the cold
weather but only appears towards the end of February. Then it is not
uncommon and several may be got in any day's collecting if attention is
given to mycalesis. They are found in bamboo jungle, and settle on the
ground on the dead bamboo leaves, where the yellow of their undersides is
not conspicuous.
32. M. meda, Fabr. This is very common : forms with the white stripe
obsolescent are found not infrequently, flying with striped specimens so
that this variation does not seem to be seasonal. M. visala, M.. does not
seem to occur, and I have not differentiated M. subdita.
33. Melanitis Ma ismene. Cr. Very common.
BVITERFLIES OF THAliliA ]]ADJ)y AXD PECiU YOMA. 107
o4. .1/. phedima beta. M. Not coninn.ii. Only a few taken.
.'}.5. Anadehis diademoides, M. To bo found in the moistcr parts of the
jungle and ospecially Hies along streams that contain running water.
Obtained at the source of the Mokka at end of January and also in the
Bawbin lioserve.
.*j6. Eh/»inif(s hjipennnestm tnicfon'a, M. Occurs, but not commonly.
Often found in Indaing jungle, December and January.
37. E. npsaca timandra, Wallace. I took four on the top of the Yoma,
Kyanktada hill. 2,640 feet, on 16th November 1911. 3 cT and 1 $ . I have
seen it nowhere else in Tharrawaddy.
Morphinfc.
o8. Clt'i-ome arcesilaus, Fabr. Not common and only fouml in evergreen
forest. Thonze Keserve in May.
39. Thauria aliris intermedia, Crowley. 1 have got three, all at the
sources of streams near the Yoma. Inhabits evergreen forest.
40. Discophora celiude continentalis, Stand. Seems to be rare. I have
one S from the Bilin stream (3rd February 1912). From the Arakan Yoma
in Henzada I have 1 d" and 2 $ taken on 2nd January 1912 ; 14th March
1912 and a rains 5 .
41. D. tiillia indica, Staud. Common but hard to take. It sits on the
stems of bamboos well protected by the rest of the clump. Only found in
the moister bamboo jungle. Appears at the end of February.
42. Enispe eutliymius,, Doubl. Fairlj^ common, and seems to occur in
any kind of jungle. The form I have taken in the dry season is tessellata
M. The prominence of the discal bar on the luiderside varies a good deal.
y^ymphaiido' .
43. C'hara.ics pohjxonu hiera.i , Felder. Not very common. Occurs in
January and February.
44. C.fabius suJphweus, Roth. Not common. I have taken it at the
end of February.
4o. Eidfpix athamo.s, Drury. This is common and pugnacioxis. Usuallj-
it is found sitting on some point of vantage whence it chases everything.
46. E. arja, Felder. This is not common. One from the Bawbin stream
on 17th November 1911. I only have three others, one from Toungoo and
two from Maymyo.
47. E. dec-phis concha, Wd. Eare. I have taken only two and seen no
more. Koubilin Reserve, 12th February 1912, and Mokka Reserve, loth
February 1913.
48. E. endamippus, Doub. Rare. I found this once at the source of the
Mwegyi stream, Taungnyo Reserve (18th April 1911) and caught two out of
a fair number seen. When alarmed they flew to the tops of trees and one
specimen 1 fetched down very luckily with my net stuck precariously into
a 30 foot dead bamboo.
I have eudamippus also from the Minbu District in February (Dive stream)
and the form niyrobasdlis, Lathy, from the N. Shan States in May.
49. Apatura amhica, Koll. I obtained one, a female, in the Taungnyo
Reserve, Wetto stream source on 16th February 1911. This is the only
one I have seen in Tharrawaddy. She was settled on a small bamboo-like
grass which grows beside streams.
108 JOURJSAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
50. A. parisatis, God. I have only seen one, a J . It was on the
Kyauktada hill, Bawbin Reserve in November.
51. Euvipus halitherses, Doub. Again 1 have only seen one, a male, and
that I caught in the Wetto stream, Taungnyo Reserve on 16th February
1911, at 500 feet elevation.
52. Dichorvafjia nesimachua, Boisd. I saw one, but did not catch it, at
the source of the Bawbin stream, 600 feet elevation, in a rather evergreen
bit of jungle. Usually it seems to occur at higher elevations than this.
53. Adolias dirtea, Fabr. Very common in the forest all the year round.
The form that occurs seems to be jadeitina, Fruh. The submarginal series
of spots on the upper side of the hind wing varies in size to a considerable
extent, and to a less extent in shape.
64. Euthalia derma, Koll. Not very common and seems confined to
moist evergreen jungle, but I have seen it in " Indaing"' jungle also.
Thonze Reserve in May. Seywa in January. Kyini Reserve in February.
55. E. lepidea. But. The commonest Euthalia : found at all times of
the year, rains forms are darker than d. s. f.
56. E. appiades julii, Bougain. Both sexes of this are common, and the
form that flies in Tharrawaddy seems nearest to julii.
57. E.jahnu, M. This also is fairly common and I have taken both
sexes. February-March.
58. E. anosia, M. One worn specimen taken in April in the Thonze
Reserve. It insisted on sitting on the roof inside a bungalow, and after
half an hour's chasing, during which it left the place once but returned, it
allowed itself to be caught, in February I saw another, a fresh specimen,
but had no net with me and it was not docile enough for the finger and
thumb method.
59. E. kesava rangoonensis, Sw. I do not seem to have got this from
Tharrawaddy, but it should occur. It never seems to be common any-
where.
60. E. apicalis, Voll. I have one male taken in my garden in Tharra-
waddy in April.
61. E. phemiua, Doub. One good specimen on 5th May 1912 in moist
evergreen jungle in the Thonze Reserve.
62. E. lubentina, Cr. One female on the Taungnyo-myo in April, and I
saw another in the Thonze Reserve in May.
63. E. (jaruda, M. Not so common as lepidea, appiades or jahnu. I got
one on the Kyanktada hill, 2,640 feet, on 16th November 1911, and others
at lower levels.
64. E.jama, Felder. 1 obtained what I take to be a female of this on the
Kyanktada hill on 16th November 1911.
65. E. eriphyle, de Nee. Th.\s ^ies with. aj)piades and I did not distinguish
the females at first. Both sexes were obtained in February and March,
but either the female is commoner than the male, which is not usual with
Euthalia, or I have been overlooking it as I only have the one worn
male.
Of the above species of Euthalia, appiades, jahnu and lepidea are the
common ones which occur in most kinds of jungle. The occurrence of the
other species is dependant on the existence of evergreen forest, "in patches
of which single specimens have been found.
B UTTERFLIES 01 THARRA WA DD Y A ND PEG U YOMA . 1 09
66. Pa)-tfie7iii.< f/ambrisius, Fabr. Not plentiful, as it prefers moisture
forest than is usually found in Tharrawaddy.
67. Liminiiis procris, Cr. Fairly common in the forest, and 1 have also
seen it in the railway town of Letpadan, quite 8 miles from the nearest bit
of good jungle.
68. Lehadea martha, Fabr. Usually to be found when one meets with a
patch of evergreen jungle.
69. Pantoporia 7i('fte inara, Doub. One from the Kj'^anktnda hill, 2,040
feet, on 16th November 1911. I have not seen any others in Tharrawaddy
and think it prefers a higher elevation, over 3,000 feet.
P. gelenophora and P. cama may also occur on the top of the Yoma, but 1
have not met with them.
70. P. kantva, M. I obtained this on the Yoma crest in the Kadin
Bilin Reserve (1st February 1913) at an elevation of about 1,500 feet.
Again in the Mokka Reserve in January and February 1913.
71. P. ranya, M. Two from the Kyanktada hill on 16th November 1911.
Not seen again.
72. P.perius,\j. Very common at all elevations.
73. P. pravara, M. Obtained in the Thonze Reserve in May 1912, and
again in the Mokka Reserve in February 1913.
74. Neptis hylas adara, M. Very common and various in size. All the
year round.
75. N. soma, M. Also very common and exceedingly variable, some
specimens being quite minute in size. January-February and all the year.
76. M. columella mavtahana, M. Common locally : it also seems to vary
much, some specimens having the white markings so reduced as to give the
insect quite a different look. (9th March 1912).
77. N. harita, M. Two or three specimens from the Thonze Reserve.
(4th May 1912).
78. N. viraja, M. I got this from both the Kyanktada and Kaabalu
hills in November 1911. Both are hills on the Yoma about 2,600 feet high.
79. N . heliadore, Fabr. This is not very common, but occurs at low
elevations along with paraka, with which it is easily confused.
80. 3'. Aor(Zo?iJa, StoU. Very common at all elevations and at all times
of the year.
81. iV. paraka, But. Also common, nearly equally with the last named
from which it is not to be distinguished until caught. It always settles
with its wings wide open, so that one has no chance of a glimpse of its
under side.
82. Cyrestis visa, Doub. i These two forms fly together, and are to
83. C. rahria rahrioides, M. J be found chiefly in streams in moist
jungle. I have record of their capture in January, February, October
and December.
84. Junonia iphita, Cr. Common all the year round both in jungle and
gardens.
85. J. lemonias, L. Still more common.
86. /. hierta, Fabr. Also very common everywhere.
87. J. orithya, L, Not quite so common. Most usually found on short
herbage.
no JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
88. J. atlites, Joh. Fairly common. Chiefly found in gardens.
89. /. almana, L. Very common.
90. Symbventhia lucina, Cr. Common in the jungle. I have found no
Vanessa in Tharrawaddy, but 7'. cardui, should occur as I have it from the
Prome hill in July 1909.
91. Rhinopalpa polynice hirmana, Fruh. Though I have not actually
caught this, I saw it in the Mokka stream in January.
92. Yomasahinavasuki,Y)o\i.^xt. Common in the jungle. The rains brood
is markedly darker than the hot weather brood that it succeeds. The d.
s. f. begins to appear in February, and the insects flying at the end of April
and beginning of May are very battered and pale. With the first good
showers in May the w. s. f. appears. May 19 is a date I have noted
for this. The insects are fond of settling on cattle-stamped mud round
village wells, inside the wells on the damp bricks, or along roads through
the jungle. Kangyi Reserve in May.
93. H.ypolimnuiibnlina,\i. Very common. I have not caught -ST. misippus
L. in Tharrawaddy, but it must occur.
94. Penthema yoma, Mihi. Two specimens of this from the Myaung
stream (Gamon Reserve) and from the Thabyu stream (Thonze Reserve),
both in May, 1909 and 1912. It inhabits moist jungle, and seems to be the
kind of Penthema peculiar to the Pegu Yoma forests. I have P. lisarda
from the Henzada District and P. darlisa from the foot of the Karen Hills
in Toungoo District. The type specimen of P. yoma is in the B. M. and
was recently described by me in the journal of the B. N. H. S., Vol. XXII,
page 585. February 2nd, 1915.
95. Kallima inachus limboryi, M. Not common, as there is not much of
the evergreen jungle it prefers. It is sometimes found in "Indaing"
jungle.
96. Issoria Sinha, KoU. Not very common. Occurs in the jungle.
97. Atella phalantha, Drury. Very common everywhere. I have not
obtained A. alcippe cdcippioides aad find it much rarer and limited to
Tenasserim and East Toungoo as far as my experience goes as yet.
98. Cupha erymanthis lotis, Sulz. Very common everywhere.
99. Cirroc-hroa mithila, M. Not very common, but I have records of it
from the Bawbin Reserve on 13th November 1911 and again in April in the
Thonze Reserve.
100. Eryolis ariadne, Johans. Never very common but to be found in
most jungle.
101. Eryolis merione, Cr. About equally common.
102. Laiinya horsjieldi ylaucescens, de Nee. I obtained this on the top of
the Yoma at 2,600 feet, three on the Kyanktada hill, 16th November 1911,
and tw(j on the Kaubalu hill, 20th November 1911 — four males and one
female. I have not seen it elsewhere in Tharrawaddy.
103. Pseudergolis wedah, KoU. Not very common.
104. Cethosia cyane, Drury. Not common, and seems to inhabit open
Savannah jungle by preference, or gardens. Bingham records C. hypsirui,
Fd., from the Pegu Yoma. I have not found it.
105. Lihythea myrrha, QoAiyrt. I have this from Henzada and Toungoo
but seem to have failed to take it in Tharrawaddy.
n I • TTlUiFLIES OF TRARllA U'ADDY AND I'Ed U YOMA. 1 1 1
\kM Kor.lD.K.
10(). Zemerosjleyyaf:, Cr. Fairly ooiuniou in moist juu^lu.
107, Ta.fila /laf/umus fasciota, M. i have obtained three specimens
only in Tharrawaddy. The juujilo does not appear to be moist enough for
them. One was from the Bawbin IJeserve on L'oth January 1911 and the
others from the Mokka Reserve on 19th January 1912.
108. Abimra echerius anyulata, M. Very common and variable. Pre-
sumably my specimens are this race. 1 have taken no Dodona in the Pegu
Yoma as yet.
I'apu.ioni]).!-:.
109, Fapilio helena cevberw, Felder. ) Both occur not uncommonly, and
110. 1\ (cacu.t, Felder. J are found either in or out of jungle.
They frequent the white flowers of a flowering shrub.
ni. P. zalettcuSfH-ew. Four, taken in streams in the forest.
111'. 1'. aiistolochice, Fabr. The race rjoniopeltis, Pioth., is common every-
where, and is the commonest Papilio of the district.
113. V. eltjtia, L. Clytia and dissimilis forms are equally common and
are especially found in gardens.
114. P. mahadeva, M. One specimen was obtained, caught in a hat !
Thouze Reserve.
115. P. demoleus, L. The form malayanus, Wall., is nearly as common
as aristolochice. It inhabits gardens by preference, but is to be met with
everywhere.
116. P. cliaon, Westw, Flies with helenus. One specimen, dated L^5th
February 1912.
117. P. helmus, L. I first found this in November on the top of the
Yoma at 2,600 feet, but later on 1 also found it at lower elevations. It
usually seems to follow a well defined "- path " of its own, and I have not
often found it loitering. Exclusively a forest insect, in this district at any
rate. Kaubala Hill, 20th Novemberl9] 1.
118. P. polytes nmiulus, Cr. Common, but I have only found the polytes
form of $ as yet.
119. P. inemnon ayenor,'L. Not very common, but sometimes met with
in gardens on flowers of Hibiscus, etc. The dark males seem always to lack
the red mark at the base of the cell on the underside of the fore wing. 1
have caught two forms of 9 ; ayenor, L. and alcanor, Cr.
120. P. palinufus, Fabr. I have caught two — one in my hand when feed-
ing on wet sand, and I have seen two others. Rare, and appears to be
confined to jungle.
121. P. nomius swinhosi, M, Common in the jungle, appearing towards
the end of Feb. Often found settled in clouds on wet sand,
122. P. atisteus hennocrates, Felder, I have only caught two, and it was
with the same sweep of the net that also caught two Sicinha-i. They were
settled thickly by a pool on the sand, evidently intermingled. 1 could not
find another though I netted innumerable 'Sicinhcei afterwards in a vain
search.
12o. P. sarpedon, L. Not very common.
112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
124. P. agamemnon, L. Not common.
125. Leptocircus meges virescens, But. I saw this at the source of the
Mokka stream in evergreen jungle, but was unable to catch it. Feb.
PlEKID^.
126. Leptosia xiphia, Fabr. Common at all times of the year in the
forest.
127. Delias descombesi leucacantha, Fruh. From the top of the Pegu Yoma,
at 2,600 feet in November 1911.
128. Delias aglaia, L. From the top of the Yoma also, in November.
Delias seem to prefer higher altitudes than Tharrawaddy can provide, at
I have agostina, hierta, and pyramus from the Arakan Yoma in the Henzada
District. From the Toungoo district I also have hierte from low elevations,
taken at flowers in my garden there.
129. Huphina nerissa dapha, M. Fairly common.
130. Huphina nadina, Lucas. I have no specimen of this from Tharra-
waddy, but it must have been passed over. I have a § from Prome and
several specimens from Henzada. Lea. does not come so far north in the
Irrawaddy valley although it extends up the Sittang valley to Toungoo.
131. Ajjpias lyncida hippoides, M. Fairly common, but I did not take
many. One female from Kyankwa on 5th May 1911, and a few males as
difi'erent dates.
132. Appias libythea zelmira, Cr. Fairly common. Rains forms occur
from the end of May until December. 1 have a fresh specimen of the w. s. f .
from the Bawbin Reserve, dated 19th November 1911.
183. A. albina confusa, Fruh. Not common. I only have one female
from the Pegu Yoma, 2,000 feet, dated 21st March 1912.
134. A. melania adamsoni, M. One specimen from Zigon in 1910. This
is very similar to some paulina that I have from Ceylon.
135. A. indra, M. Only from the top of the Yoma. Two from 2,600 feet
on 16th November 1911 and one from 2,000 feet on 21st March 1912.
136. A. lalage, Doub. Also only from the top of the Yoma. Two on 16th
November 1911 from 2,600 feet elevation. Presumably they are the form
argyiidina. But, they are certainly not lagela,, M,, which might have been
expected.
137. Lnas pyrene latifasciata, But. I have never seen an Ixias in the
Tharrawaddy District. It occurs in other districts all round, and I have it
from Prome (6th July 1911), Henzada and Toungoo (December 1905). 1
have also seen it in Rangoon.
138. Catopsilia pyvanthe,\t. Very common at all times of the year.
139. C. crocale, Cr. I have at present one male of the form flavescens.
Fruh. (21st April 1911) and no females.
140. C. pomona, Fabr. This occurs more commonly and the female form
catilla, Cr. also occurs. Until lately I had not separated crocale from pomona
and gave the combined species but little attention in Tharrawaddy. Nearly
all my catopsilia of are earlier captures. Catopsilia is common in Tharra-
waddy but I am not in a position to say which particular form they are.
141. Terias laeta, Boird. Occurs. Bawbin Reserve, 3l8t November 1909.
142. T. hecabe, L. Very common all the year round.
BUTTERFLIE!S OF THA RliA WA DDY AND VEGU YOMA. 1 1 .;
143. T. nilhetana, Wallace. This also occurs and I have specimens from
the Mokka Keserve, 19th January I91i', and from the Taungnyo Reserve,
loth February 1912.
144. 7'. andersoni, M. I have specimens which 1 believe may be referred
to this species, but 1 am not very sure about them.
14o. T. harina Inirmana, M. This occurs, but not very commonly. I
have specimens as follows : —
Kaubalu hill. 2,600 feet, 20th November 1911 ; Oamon Reserve, 3rd March
1911 ; ^ia\vbin, 2nd May 1911 ; Taungnyo-myo, 9th June 1911 ; Pegu Yoma,
2nd May 1911.
The \v. s. f . has more black on the tip of the wing than the d, s, f.
146. Hebomoia ylancippe, L. Common, especially at flowers in gardens.
May also be seen in clearings and along open streams in the forest.
147. Pavfronia Valeria hippin,V-Ahv. Fairly common. Flies along its own
paths through the jungle, preferring dry open stream beds. Rather hard
to catch. Females are much rarer than males, })ut both forms occur that
with yellow most commonly.
Lyc^nid^.
Gerydince.
148. Geri/dus biggsii, Dist. One specimen of what must be this species
was taken in the Yetho stream in March, but it does not agree very well
with de NiceviUe's figure of G. gopara which = biggsi.
I have not met with any of the more usual forms of Gevydus in Tharra-
waddy .
149. Allotinus drumila, M, This does not seem to have been recorded
from Burma yet. I got one specimen from the Sababontaung, 5,000 feet,
on the Arakau Yoma, Henzada, on 6th April 1911.
150. A. subviolaceus, Felder. No allotinus is common in Tharrawaddy,
but what I did catch were about equally divided between this species and
horsjieldi, about six of each. Kyini Reserve.
151. A. horsjieldi, M.. A few.
152. A. nivalis, Druce. T got two of these in a wet and shady streamlet
in the Thonze Reserve in May 1912. They might easily be passed over as
small moths on the Aving.
153. Logania vmrmorata, M. One specimen which seems nearest to the
form watsoniana, de N., was taken on 10th January 1913 at Panhle te on
the Mokka stream. On the wing it exactly resembles Lampides celeno, which
is very common, and what impelled me to catch it 1 do not know.
Lycceyiince.
154. Pitkecojis hi/lar, Fa.hr. I have no specimen from Tharrawaddy but
believe it occurs. I have it from Henzada.
155. Neopithf'cops zalmora. But. This is fairly common, but local. When
the right locality has been found a fair number may be obtained, 19th
January 1912 ; 14th April 1912; 10th May 1912.
156. Taraha hamada, Druce. I have only obtained one specimen in
Tharrawaddy, in the Mokka Reserve in January 1913. Elsewhere, I found
It very common in the North Shan States.
15
114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
157. Cyanins marginata, de Nee. Probably occurs but I have no Tharxa-
waddy specimen.
158. C. ^MSjw, Hors. I have specimens as follows: — Bawbin Reserve,
3rd January 1911; Pegu Yoma, 21st January 1912: Kanbalu hill, 2nd
February 1911 and 20th November 1911 (2,600 feet) ; Kyanktada hill, 16th
November 1911 (2,640 feet). It seems commoner at high elevations, but I
have low level specimens from Prome hill, 200 feet, dated 6th July
1911.
159. C. jijnteann, de Nee. 1 have two specimens of this from the
Kanbalu hill, 2,600', dated 2nd February 1911. No others were met
with.
160. C. albidhca, M. A cyaniris near to this was found in the Mokka
stream on 20th January 1912.
161. C. melcena, Dohert. Two from the Kyanktada hill, 2,600 feet, on
16th November 1911.
162. Chilades laius, Cram. Not very common, but is sometimes met with
in gardens.
163. C. trochilus, Frey. Very common wherever there is short grass
and weeds in dry paddy fields, or on dry land liable to inundation.
164. Zizera lysimon, Hiib. Fairly often found, in localities similar to the
last.
165. Z./7a;7i;«, Fabr. 1 Both are common, in open grassy places, and on
166. Z.Otis, Yahv. J the bunds of paddy fields in the dry weather Z.
w«Aa., Koll., does nob seem to occur in this district, although Bingham
records it from Pegu.
167. Eoeres aiy/iades dipova, M. Not very common : found both inside
and outside the forests.
168. Catochnjmps strabo, Fabr. Very common everywhere C. lithargyria
I have nob been able to find.
169. C. pandava,'Rovs. Very common indeed. The form with confluent
markings on the underside of the hindwing which is figured by deNiceville
(Fig. 188, Plate XXVll, Vol. Ill) as the d.s.f. of this insect is not exclu-
sively so iti Burma. The usual d.s.f. is very similar to the w.s.f.. but is a
little darker below. The form with confluent markings occurs also in some
places, but much more rarely. 1 have specimens of it from Tharrawaddy,
Heiizada, and from an elevation of 3,000 feet in the Pakkoku Chin Hills
(South Chin Hills).
170. C. cnejus,¥&\>x. Only four examples taken. It is rather easy to
confuse it with Everes argiades at first glance.
171. Tanicus theo])hrastus, Fabr. 1 have two specimens from Henzada in
May and from Prome in July 1909. It doubtless also occurs in Tharrawaddy
but seems rare.
172. T. pUniw>,¥&hT. Very common everywhere.
173. Castalius rosimon, Fabr. Common throughout the district.
174. C. ananda, de Nee. I have obtained 3 specimens, Konbilin stream
on 10th February 1012, Tonkyank stream on 0th February 1913 and Tlionze
Reserve on 4th May 1912.
The ouly previous record of this insect in Burma appears to be contained
in Watson's list of butterflies from the North Chin Hills published in Vol.
X, page 634 of this Journal.
BUTTERFLIES OF THARUA VVADDY AND PEGU YOMA. 115
17/). C ro.nii^, Godeat. A fow spocinions from some evergreen jungle on
tho MyaiMig stream in .July 15)11 and three from the Mokka stream in
Fanuary 1912.
176. C. (lecidia. Hew. 1 got this at low elevations in Hen?ada so it
should occur in Tharrawaddy, but 1 never found it.
177. Kiphanila crjmbia marcia, Few. This, if it may bo so expressed, is
one of tho rarities that turn up fairly often. In all 1 have got six in
Thar^a^^addy ; one from evergreen forest at the source of the Mokka stream
on 21st January 1912, one from the Takawpi stream on 3rd February J913,
and four from the Taungnyo stream in 1909.
Elsewhere I found it commoner in the Pakokku Chin Hills at about 1,0C0
feet, and I have it from Maymyo.
178. Li/c(enesthes emoluK, God. Fairly common and often found on wet
sand by jungle streams.
179. L. lyccenina, Felder. Not nearly so common as the last.
180. Nacaduba viola, M. One specimen from the Kyanktada hill, 2,640
feet, on 16th November 1911.
181. N. l-erriana, Dist. Seven specimens from the same hill and on the
same date. This species seems to be a Malayan one, and to be somewhat
out of place in Tharrawaddy. I have it also from the foot of the Karen
Hills in Toungoo.
182. iV. vincrojMlialma, Felder. Three specimens of this from the
same hill on the same date. On page 144 of Vol. Ill of his Butterflies of
India, de Niceville mentions aTi aberrational form ot the male, from the
Nilgiri Hills. 1 have seen this at the B. M. and I have specimens exactly
matching it from Tharrawaddy (one from the Kyini Reserve). The
blue colour on the upperside of all these aberrational insects is not the
same as in typical macrophihnlma, but is paler and nearer to the colour of
iV. pavana, Hors., of which species I should prefer to consider them
aberrations.
I have what I take to be typ'cal macrophthalma from two other localities
in Burma. (Maymyo and Pathichaung in tho Toungoo district.)
183. N. pavann, Hors. I have what I take to be this insect from the
Kanbalu hill, 2,600 feet, on 2nd February 1911 and from Myanle on 29th
March 1911.
184. N. dana, de Nee. The male of this is quite common, being usually
found on wet sand, but the female 1 have not yet found.
IHo. N. nora, Felder. Also common, and frequently found in company
with dana on wet sand.
180. N. noreia, Felder. Not very common.
187. N. calestis, de Nee. 1 have obtained seven, all males on various
dates in January, February and September.
188. N. atrata, Hors. I do not seem to have gob this, but I should have
it.
189. Lampides bochus, Or. Common, usually in streams in the forest.
190. L.pvm, '^■)-QQ^Y^QQQyj^^celenon\ostvlQrii\in\\y.
191. X, celem, Cr. ) '
192. L. elpis, God. Fairly common, but the rarest of these four
Lampides in Tharrawaddy.
116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Poritiinoi.
193. Poritia heioitsoni, M. In the Tharrawaddy District I have taken
three insects that I take to be this, (10th February and 21st March 1912),
but they are not constant among themselves and they all three differ from
my other specimens in the possession of a large, isolated, black mark in the
blue area in interspace 1 of the fore wing. All three have very little in the
way of blue apical spots, and one has a broad black submarginal band on
the hind wing, upperside, reaching from the anal angle to veiu 4. These,
however, would appear to be typical heivitsoni as they agree with Moore's
description as given by de Niceville.
I am considerably puzzled over P. heioitsoni and erycinoides. It seems
easy to divide the males among these two species, heioitsoiii being recognized
by its greener colour, its black cell and the small sub-apical blue marks on
the forewing. The distribution seems curious ; I have the following : —
3 males from Tharrawaddy, elevation 800-2,000 feet.
2 males and 2 females from the North Shan States at low elevations.
1 male from Manipur.
The males from the Shan States and Manipur lack the solid black
mark in interspace 1.
Of erycinoides I have : —
A quantity from Maymyo (3,000 feet) both sexes.
A long series from Thandaung (Karen Hills, 4,200 feet) all males.
Of the Maymyo females, (one pair was taken in Coitu) there are two kinds,
those with and those without orange streaks on the upperside of both
wings.
Thus nowhere have I found the two flying together, and if anything
heivitsoni would seem to be the low level (or Assam) form and erycinoides
the high level (or Malayan) form.
194. P. phalia, Hew. Two specimens from the Kyanktada hill, 2,640
feet, on 16th November 1911.
195. P. phalena, Hew. One specimen from the same hill on the same
day which agrees exactly with the description of Harterti, Doh.
196. Cicretis Indis, Db. and Hew., Common. The form occurring is
malayica, Fd., and has a white female.
Thedince.
197. Ilerda epicles, God. One good female specimen from the Takavvpi
stream on 3rd February 1913. In Tharrawaddy this insect must reach its
southern limit.
198. Aphnceus syama, Hors. This is local in Tharrawaddy, but I found
one spot where it was plentiful. The insects alighted on tall blades of grass,
as ictis also does, and were of the form called peyuana, M.
199. A..lohita,Hoxa. One specimen of this, 3rd February 1913. A. ictis,
Hew., does not seem to occur, but I have a specimen from Henzada taken
in March at an elevation of 3,800 feet. This appears to be typical, but a
long series obtained in the North Shan States in March and April is not
as the orange patch on the fore wing is much smaller and the area glossed
with blue is larger.
'O^
. Arhojalince.
200. Mahathalti ntkinsoni, Hew. I found these conmion, when I had no
net with me, by the Mimbu stream in July, flj'ing around lopped trees and
IWTTEIiFLIES OF TILARRA W'ADDV AMJ PFGU lOMA. 1 17
shrubs in the plains beside the stream. Later I got some, all battered.
Again I saw it, apparently fresh, near Sanbok village on l/jth February
191l>.
I have M. anicna from Henzada.
I'Ol. Iraota timoleon, Stoll. I have obtained one male from the Kyank-
tuda hill, 2, GOO feet, on 16th November 1911, where it was Hying in company
with more numerous /. rochava. 1 also got a female which came into the rest
house and was there taken on the wing at Nyanle in the Taungnyo Reserve
on 30th April mil.
202. /. rochana, Hors. Four males from the Kyanktada hill as above
and two more from the Kaubalu hill, 2.600 feet, on 20th November 1911,
1 have a female from the Gokteik viaduct caught in July 1913.
These captures extend the range of what seemed like a Malayan insect,
and Col. Tytler further records it from Manipur.
203. Amhliipoilia anita, Hew. Rare. I have only got one male from an
evergreen stream in the Thonze Reserve, 3rd May 1912.
204. Surrendra quercetorum, M. Not common. From the Bawbin
Reserve, 1st February 1911 and at Prome on the hill in July.
205. Arhopala ceiitaurus, Fab. Fairly common in the evergreen or
*' Indaing " jungle. December 1912. Kadin Bilin, February 1913, Sanbok,
loth February 1913.
206. A. amantes amatnx, de N. Very common in the beds of streams
where it often settles on a willosv-like shrub that grows there {Hot/a).
207. -4. hazalus, Hew. One specimen in the plains in country that is
inundated during half the year, Kyankwa, 2oth May 1912. An unexpected
locality for an Arhopala.
208. A. atosia arid, Std. 1 obtained six examples of this in some ever-
green jungle on the Thabelu stream, Thonze Reserve, in May.
209. A. eumolphus farquhan, Dist. A s nj'le specimen from the same
stream in May.
210. A. heu-itsoni, B.B. This is very common in the " Indaing " jungle,
settling on the broad leaves of the trees.
211. A. tounyura, Gr. S. Common in company with the last named in
" Indaing " jungle. The female is a much paler blue than the male. In
Tharrawaddy I chiefly got the blue female but in Henzada I got mostly the
purple male, from similar jungle. There are two distinct kinds of A.
UnuKjuva and they probably merit names as they certainly represent con-
stant forms, and may be two species. The males from wet jungle are
dadcer, both in the blue colour of the upper side and in the ground colour
below. The underside is also washed with pink. The females differ below
in the same way and on the upperside much more resemble the colour of
the male but females can always be distinguished by the extent of the blue
colour. This darker form inhabits wet and evergreen jungle, while the
other form irhabits dry "Indaing" forest and is paler both above and
below with scarcely any pink wash below.
I have the dark variety from Rangoon and the Lower Thaungyin, the
pale variety from Tharrawaddy, Henzada and Toungoo.
From Rangoon I have one female of the dark kind which possesses a dull
green fore wing, the corresponding wing being blue as usual, with just a
dusting of green scales in interspace la.
212. A, abervans, de N. I have this from the Taungnyo Reserve. Also
from Henzada.
118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Deudovi(jina>.
213. Deudorix epijarha^, M. One male from the Kyanktada hill, 2,600
feet, on 16th November 1911.
214. Viruchola isocrates, Fabr. One male from the Kyanktada hill,
2,600 feet on 16th November 1911, and another from the Yoma top in the
Thonze Reserve on Ist May 1912. A female from the Bawbin Reserve on
6th April 1911.
215. V. perse, Hew. One male each from the Kyanktada and Kanbalu
hills, 16th and 20th November 1911, elevation 2,600 feet.
216. Rapala schistacea, M. Not very common. Obtained on 14th April
1912. Seems to fly at all times of the year.
217. R. petosii-is, ^ew. I have records from the Bawbin Reserve on
3rd April 1911, Taungnyo Reserve on .3rd May 1911 and from other places
at various times from March to November.
218. R. suffum, M. This is less common and 1 have it from the Mokka
Reserve on 8th January 1913.
219. R.jarbas, Fab. Quite common in stream beds, March to May.
220. Caviena icetoides, Elw. Four specimens that I take to be this form
from the Kyanktada hill, 2,640 feet, on 16th November 1911.
221. Tajuria jangala ravata, M. Common from March onwards.
222. T. maculata, Hew. Two males from the Kyanktada hill, 2,600 feet,
on 16th November 1911 and one female, which is smaller, from the Taungny
Reserve on 12th February 1911 at an elevation of only 200 feet.
223. Hypolycaena erylus, God. Both sexes are fairly common, and come
to wet sand, 14th November 1911, 25th January 1911, 9th May 1911.
224. Chliaria otliona, Hew. Not common, but now and again to be met
with in moist streams, 7th February 1912, 10th April 1912 and 3rd May
1912, one female only.
225. C. merguia, DohL. From the Thonze Reserve on 4th May 1912 and
the Mokka Reserve on 6th January 1913. On the latter occasion it was
flying round some blue flowers beside the stream and 1 mistook it for
Z. etolus or I could have got more than 4.
226. Biduana melisa, Hew. Twice in May 1912 in evergreen forest in
the Thonze Reserve.
227. Cheritra freja, Fabr. Not very common in Tharrawaddy, but I have
notes of it from the Mwegyi stream, Taungnyo Reserve, on 18th April 1911
and from the Thonze Reserve on 6th May 1912.
228. Zeltus etolus, Fab. Scarce in Tharrawaddy.
229. Loxura atymnus, Or. Common in long grass, 3rd March 1911.
April and May.
230. Charana vimidarinus. Hew. Only from the Kyanktada hill, 2,640
feet, on 16th November 1911 ; two.
231. Cafapaeci/ma etegans, Dnice. Four males from the same hill on the
same day.
232. Horaga moulmeina, M. Three, again from the same hill on the
same day. I only spent one day on this hill top, but in practically the
one spot I made a bag that I shall never forget and probably never equal,
so many rare insects did I find there. 1 never got a chance to repeat
the visit.
HUTTERFHES OF THAKRA WADDY AND PEGU YOMA. 119
Hespbrid.*..
Hepet'iina.
238. CehenorrAinus leitcocera, KoW. I st February 191. '5, two.
234. C. munda, M. Occurs.
235. C. chaniunda, M. Took the male.
236. C. njfinis, Elw. and Edw. The male.
237. C. aunviitata, M. Bilin Reserve, 12th February 1913 and Taungnyo
Reserve, 14th February 1911.
238. Coladenia indrani uposatha, Fruh. A few.
239. Ctenoptilnm vasava, M. Sanbok village, 16th February 1913.
240. ('. multir/uttata, de Nee. Bilin Reserve, 4th February 1913, Six.
241. Odontoptilum anyulata, Fd. Thewa Reserve, 2nd March 1913.
242. Capronn si/richfu^, Feed. Common in all forest.
243. C. ransotiuettu alida, de N. A single male. TIiIk wa.s common in the
North Shan States.
244. Tafjiadea atticus, Fabr. (formerly i-avi khasiana). This was common
and I have specimens as follows : — Mokka, 14th January 1913. Tharra-
waddy, 11th June 1912. Tanbingon, 2oth December 1912. Taungnyo
Reserve, 12th February 1911. Bilin Reserve, 28th January 1911, Kyini
Reserve, 21st February 1913.
24-j. T. obscurus meetana, M, (formerly alica). I have this from the
Taungnyo Reserve, February 1911.
246. T. litigiosa, Mosch. Thonze Reserve, 5th May 1911.
247. T. pimdlii, But. Occurs.
248. Satarupa bhagava, M. Kyini Reserve, 22nd February 1913.
249. Sarangem damhara, M. Tanbingon, 25th December 1912. Mokka
Reserve, 12th January 1913. Bilin Reserve. 6th February 1913. Thonze
Reserve, 3rd May 1913. Common.
250. Sancus pulligo subfasciatus, M. Seywa, 2nd January 1913, and
Bilin Reserve in January.
251. Astictopterus henrici, Holland. Byanle.
252. Koruthaialos .ranites, But. Bilin Reserve, 30th January 1913.
253. Suada sicerga, de Nee. I have this.
254. Suaiitus greyniuK, Fabr. and this.
2.5.5. Taractrocera tiKfiius, Fabr. Not taken but it must occur.
256. Jambn.r salsara, M. Seywa, 3rd January 1913.
257. Afromachus indistincta, M. Sanbok, 16th February 1913, Mokka
Reserve, 14th January 1913. Common, in company with 7'. moivius usually,
on the heads of a yellow flower of the order, composit*.
258. Sebastonyma dolopia, Hew. Occurs.
259. Hgaratiit adraatux, Cr. Tanbingon. 25th December 1912.
260. Anietta atkinwrn, M. Mokka Reserve, 8th January 1913. Bilin
Reserve, Slst January 1913. Kyini Reserve, 22nd February 1913.
261. Scohurri crphala. Hew. Bilin Reserve, 3rd February 1913.
120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
262. Gamjara thyrsis, Fabr. I bred a lot from a caterpillar covered with
a white fluffy excretion that I found rolled up inside leaves of Calamus
erectus in my garden in Tharrawaddy. There appeared to be two distinct
broods in the rains.
I also saw the insect on the wing in Kangoon, outside the Pegu club in
July.
263. Matapa aria, M. Common in the jungle all the season. Noticeable
for its red eyes. Taungnyo Reserve, 14th February 1911. Pegu Yoma, Ist
February 1913. Bawbin Reserve, Ist February 1911. Mokka Reserve, 12th
January 1913.
264. Kerana diodes, M. Mokka Reserve, 14th January 191,1
265. Notacrypta fpisthamelii, Bdl.
266. N. restricta, M. Mokka, 10th January 1913.
267. Mdaspes folus, Cr. Pegu Yoma, 6th April 1912. Fairly common.
268. Cupitha purrea, M.
269. Telicota hambusce, M. Very common. Bilin Reserve. Slst January
1913— 4th February 1913.
270. T. dara, Koll. Also common. 1st February 191-3.
271. Halpe zenm, Hew. Mokka, 10th January 1913. Bilin. 6th February
1913.
272. H. moorei, Wat. Occurs.
273. H. burmana, Swink. Occurs.
274. -ff. sikkima, M. Occurs.
275. Iton semamora, M. Also occurs.
276. Parnara oceia. Hew. Seywa, 4th January 191 1'. Bilin Reserve,
4th February 1913.
277. P. mathias, Fabr. Sanbok, 16th February 1913. Mokka Reserve,
10th January 1913.
278. P. toona, M. (=contigua).
279. P. bada, M.
280. P. bevani, M.
281. lumene mahintha, M.
282. Badamia exclamationis, Fabr. Everywhere.
The foregoing list has been finished rather hurriedly during 10 days' leave
from the front, but it does not seem much use to postpone it further. It
represents captures during five seasons, as 1 was posted at Tharrawaddy
from April 1909 iintil March 1913. In this time 1 visited nearly every part
of the district and had one collector helping me, but 1 did not get as many
chances of visiting hills on the Yoma top as 1 should have liked. The few-
visits I was able to pay to such hills were very prolific in their results.
I think one conclusion to be drawn from this list is that many types
considered typically Malayan, may extend to the Pegu Yoma in suitable
localities : they also extend further north along the foot of the Karen hills,
and I have found Cyi-estis periander at the Gokteik \-iaduct in the Southern
Shan States. The map will explain the Districts.
121
THK (iAME FISHKS OK THE PE15SIAN (4ULF.
BY
Ma.iou W. H. Lane.
Pakt II.
{Continued from pac/e 748 of Vol. XXII',)
In the previous paper (lealing with the game fishes of the Persian Gulf,
it will be remembered that the merits and demerits of the surface feeders
were fully discussed. The next group of fishes to which our attention
will be directed is the
FLY TAKERS.
Every fly angler, whose heart is in the Highlands but whose duty, busi-
ness or pleasure turns his footsteps to the Persian Gulf, will be delighted
to learn that at Jask he can also indulge in his favourite pastime.
There is one species of fish that provides excellent sport with a loch-
sized trout fly. His local name is a regular jaw-cracker, and was discard-
ed from the very out-set. Now, among the upper angling ten at any rate,
he bears the homely name of
The Tiddlek.
This sobriquet has been handed down by each successive generation of
military exiles, and doubtless the practice will be continued ad infinitum.
Hut let lis array him for once in all his cognominal glory. Here he is :—
Famili) = PERCID^.
Species := Lufjanusfului/lamma.
The characteristics of this lively little perchlet could not be adequatelj'^
portrayed by means of a photograph ; a description is therefore appended
to assist identification.
Teeth. — Sharp conical teeth on both jaws, villiform teeth on vomer palate,
and tip of tongue.
Et/e. — Large and situated laterally, iris a brilliant yellow.
Fins dorsal. — There is one dorsal fin, but it is divided into two portions.
The anterior portion is composed of 9 hard and sharp spines connected by
transparent membrane. The posterior portion is rayed.
Pectoral. — Termination of pectoral reaches to about 1st third of black
blotch on lateral line.
Caudal slightly forked.
Anal. — Three spines situated anteriorly, of which the third spine is
distinctly longer than the second.
Lateral line. — Curves upwards from the gills and descends gradually
towards the tail.
'Scales. — Smallish in size and transparent.
Colour. — Back of a greenish hue and belly white ; caudal coloured
yellowish green ; pectoral, pelvic and anal all golden ; five golden bars
running longitudinally from gill plates to tail ; black blotch on the lateral
line about .} way between the root of the tail and edge of the gill plates.
The Tiddler is essentially a shore fish, and there are particular haunts
round the rocky parts of Cape .lask, and in the adjoining creek, where
fuhijlamma is found in shoals. The difference in level between high and
low spring tides is 9 feet, and it can therefore be readily imagined that it
is essential to select a suitable state of the tide. At low tide the favourite
holts are high and dry, and the Tiddler has sought other retreats : on
IK
122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the other hand at high tide the clefts in the rocks, behind the shelter of
which the Tiddler lies secure from the buffetings of the waves, may be
covered with six feet of water. In this case a trout-fly will probably not
be seen. At about half tide, however, this game little fish will take a
fly with aidity ; and, if the angler cares to work for a heavy creel, as
many as 40 to 60 Tiddlers may be caught within the space of a few
hours. Experience has proved that a dark-coloured fly is the most killing
lure, such as the trout butcher, grouse and claret, alder, etc., but a winged
fly would seem to be more attractive than a hackle, and in this connection
it is interesting to note that a coch-y-bondu was absolutely despised.
The average weight oi fuluiflmnma would be about three to the pound,
but individual fish of f lb. have been recorded ; it may be accepted there-
fore, without overstepping the mark, that the maximum growth of the
Tiddler would be about 1 lb., and on a trout cast and fly a fish of even
half this weight gives the sportsman a magnificent fight. In angling for
Tiddlers one final word of advice is tendered — beware of the hamur.
While playing a fish a hamur may also be watching the fun from his
den, in which case if opportunity offers he will assuredly dash out and
seize it. If such an incident does happen it is extremely unlikely that
the Tiddler or trout fly will ever see the light of day again.
The question will probably be asked whether none of the species men-
tioned in the list of surface-feeders will take a fly. Experiments in this
direction were never carried out, so that there is no practical basis on
which to establish such claims. Other authorities, however, aver that the
gar-fish (kharkoor of the Persian Gulf) can be caught on a fly. There
would seem to be no reason to suppose that such species as the Susansir,
Zayrpur, and small Saran should not rise to a salmon fly such as the Silver
Doctor, or some other pattern that bears a shadowy resemblance to a white
bait. In temperate waters the basses are fly -takers, and exploration in this
field might prove that the " Surkhoo " or other species of genus Lutjanus
would give the salmon angler the chance of keeping his eye and wrist in
practice during the dog-daj's of enforced banishment in this Eastern
Turkish Bath.
Let us now pass on to an examination of the characteristics of the last
group of fishes in our table, viz. , the
BOTTOxM-FEEDERS.
It is self-evident that no really hard and fast line can be drawrj
separating the surface from th'^ bottom feeders. The pirao is essentially
a surface feeder yet an occasional individual fish will be recorded by the
locals when bottom-fishing ; similarly the giddie is one of the principal
species caught bottom-angling though at times he will come to the gafl' on
a trolled bait. On the other hand, there are some species which, owing to
the conformation of their anatomy, and the range of their habits, are
essentially sand-grubbers. In the following pages we will confine our-
selves to a review of those species which are unable, or which refuse, to
take a trolled bait. The occasions on which the writer indulged in bottom-
fishing were very rare, so that any dissertation on the relative sporting
proclivities of the diflerent species will be omitted. It may be taken for
granted, however, that all those catalogued are game fish, and will afford
sport to the fisherman whose particular bent is this form of angling.
Just as we found with the surface feeders, so it will be seen with the
bottom-feeders that the family
CARANGIDAE
takes precedence.
THE GAME FISHES OF THE PERSIAN GULF. 128
The lirst caranx that presents itself for discussion is locally termeOl the
KusH.
Caranx ciliaris (?)
The following description was recorded from a specimen weighing 4 lbs.
Head. — Deep and compressed, mouth on the smallish side, but capable
of considerable protrusion.
Teeth. — Villiform on both jaws, palatines, and whole upper surface of
tongue extending to gullet, both above and below.
Eye. — Large and protruding, iris yellow after death.
Ftns anterior dorsal. — Six sharp spines connected with transparent
membrane.
Posteiior dorsal. — Commences moderately close to termination of anterior
dorsal, rayed and continued by a connected fringe up to a point distant
from the root of the caudal equal to space between anterior and posterior
dorsal ; the fringe terminates in a slightly elongated ray.
Pectoral. — Long, slender, narrow, delicate and graceful.
Pelvic. — Short and stiff and folding into a depression with anus situated
at posterior end of this slot.
Anal. — Commences posteriorly to the anus at a distance equal to double
the space between the anterior and posterior dorsals ; the initial ray is
long and flexible ; the rays in the anal gradually shorten and the anal
proper is continued towards the tail by a fringe similar to the posterior
dorsal fringe ; it terminates also in a slightly elongated ray.
Caudal. — Rayed and deeply forked.
Scales. — Absent.
Lateral line. — Starts at upper termination of gill opening in an ascending
curve descending to a point on the centre line about ^rds length of whole
body to fork of tail. It is ridged throughout, but becomes slightly keeled
towards free portion of tail.
Body. — Deep and compressed.
Colour. — After death a band of steely blue commences above ej^es and
runs between lateral line and back up to caudal, broad at its commence-
ment and tapering towards the tail. Above and below this band there is
a space of brilliant iridescence. From the commencement of posterior
dorsal to end of dorsal fringe, the space above this longitudinal band, is
barred vertically from the base of each ray to the band with steely blue.
Below longitudinal band and above lateral, line there is a row of large
steely blue spots. Between the lateral and centre lines there are steely
blue markings. Above the anal fin and fringe is a longitudinal band and
transverse bars similar to the dorsal band and bars.
Remarks. — The maximum weight to which this fish grows would be about
12 to 1.5 lbs.
The next caranx of which observations w^ere noted bears the local name
of
KOBDAR.
Caranx speciosus (?)
Weight of fish examined = 2^ lbs.
The kobdar is very similar in appearance and conformation to the kush,
but the following differences were remarked.
Head. — Much more convex.
Teeth, — Absent on jaws and palate.
Eye. — Relatively smaller and iris silver.
Marks. — The steely blue marks are similar to those on the kush, but in
addition 7 broad bands run vertically from back almost to belly.
124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Colour. — There is more lemon yellow visible than on the kush, the
cornea is tinged lemon yellow, likewise the cheeks, caudal, and all fins.
Remarks. — The maximum growth reached by the kobdar would be about
10 to 1 2 lbs.
Another caranx which is taken by the bottom angler is called bj" the
locals
IIUSHK.
Caranx annatus {?)
No actual notes were taken by the writer from a specimen of this fish,
but almost every morning when the white bait nets were being dragged
the rushk was obtained and these fish were casually examined and the
prolongation of the first ray of the posterior dorsal was a feature that was
particularly striking. The identification of these three species of caranx
should be taken with reserve ; but it is probable that the species to which
they have been assigned will on further investigation prove to be correct.
The rushk would attain a maximum weight of 12 to 15 lbs.
Although among the bottom-feeders the family of Carangidce has been
assigned the first place, by reason perhaps of the better sport which
may be anticipated from its members, yet in point of weight of indi-
vidual fish which will compose the average creel of the bottom-angler the
family of
SQUAMIPINNES
will certainly play an important part.
Of this family the identity of one species has been determined ; it is
known locally as the
Shungoo.
Drepane punctata.
With this fish the hackneyed expression "once seen never forgotten" is
peculiarly appropriate, as the general appearance of the Shungoo stamps
him as a freak of nature for which no adequate reason can be assigned.
The appended description will furnish the reader with a fair conception of
the oddities of Drepane punctata.
Head. — Very deep and compressed. In front of the eyes is a very hard,
long well-marked prominence, which gives this weird fish the appearance
of being beetle-browed. There is a second much less prominent bump
vertically above the eyes.
Eye. — Large and seated.
No&e. — There is quite a nose on this fish formed by a cartilaginous and
bony plate which is continuous from gill plate to gill plate.
Mouth. — Is extremely curious. The mouth is quite small, but is capable
of being protruded downwards to the extent of over an inch in a fish of
•J lbs. weight. The mouth of a shungoo of this size will just accommodate
one's little finger. A hard pad is situated on both upper and lower surfaces
f)f the gullet which is furnished with sharp teeth.
Teeth. — Villiform on a cartilaginous pad on upper and lower lips, crush-
ing pad on palate and back of tongue.
Fins anterior dorsal. — Six sharp spines of moderate length, connected by
transparent membrane ; this fin fits into a socket. There are two short
and sharp spines situated anteriorly to this fin which might be considered
to form an integral part of it.
Posterior dorsal. — Rayed and very much developed, the outer fringe
forming a convex curve, the rays near the tail being shorter than those at
the commencement of the fin.
I'HE (lAME FISHES OF THE FEliSlAy tiULf. li>r,
Anal. — Is similar to the posterior dorsal transposed, though the rays are
not quite so long, but equally developed. There are three very sharp
stout spines just anterior to anal tin. The root of the tail is very stumpy,
but the rays of the caudal are very well-developed.
Caudal. — Straight cut, but convex in the centre.
iV/n'c. —First spine is hard but not sharp, remainder rayed, a peculiar
flap of cartilage like the point of a triangular bayonet conies out of the
rin-pit.
Fectoral. — Very slender and long, the tip reaching to the base of the
posterior dorsal tin — a black patch in the tin-pit.
Lateral line. — Convex curve from top of gill plate to root of tail and
slightly ridged.
Scales. — Small-transparent.
Colour. — General colour silvery; the upper half of the tish (specimen
fxamined weighed 3 lbs.) is marked with black spots about the size of those
on a pound trout.
General appearance. — A very deep and compressed tish, almost as deep us
it is long ; a line from the mouth along the belly and the first anal spine is
practically straight.
Remarks. — Day gives the local name of this fish as follows : —
Belooch, Shuk : Arrakanese, Shengnaroet: Burmese, Nga-Shengua. The
similarity between Shungoo and Shengua (for '"nga" in Burmese merely
means fish) is most striking. Can it possibly be a mere coincidence that
two countries situated so far apart as Burma and Fersian Mekran should
each call the same fish by a name that is almost identical 'f Such a con-
tention is inconceivable. It is a problem that should be of more than
passing interest to the Etymologist ; more so as the intermediate Tamil and
Telegu names bear no resemblance whatsoever to the Burma-Mekrau root.
The maximum weight to which the shungoo grows would be about 5 lbs.
Another fish which is extremely common in Jask waters is termed by the
locals
SUNGSEK.
Holacanthus aanthurus (?)
The identity of this species has not been fully established, a detailed
description of a specimen is therefore appended.
}Vei(/ht.—3 lbs. 10 oz.
Length to tip of tail. — 1 ft. 8:^ inches.
Girth. — 14 inches.
Head. — Is remarkable for a prominent lump a little distance behind the
eyes.
Ei/e. — Large, iris iridescent, in some lights sky blue, in other lights olive
green, shot with yellow.
reeiA.—Villiform rows on the upper and lower jaws; they are entirely
absent on the tongue and palate. The upper and lower portions of the
gullet are composed of a moveable cartilaginous pad almost like very fragile
and porous bone. These crushing pads support on their anterior edge an
upper and lower strip of sharp villiform teeth. The remainder of both upper
and lower pads is studded with hard conical teeth, some of wdiicli are more
dome-shaped than conical. The inner edge of the gill situated anteriorly
is furnished with soft projections (combings) surmounted by villiform
teeth.
Fins anterior dorsal. — Composed of 8 very strong and stout spines widely
separated and connected by a thin transparent membrane. The extre-
mities of the spines are extremely sharp. Protruding anteriorly from the
126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
base of the first spine are 2 thick sharp spines unconnected \vith mem-
brane, that situated anteriorly is about ^ an inch in length ; the second
is about 1 inch in length. The whole of the anterior dorsal folds down in
a well defined groove in the back.
Posterior dorsal. — Commences immediately where the anterior dorsal
terminates. They can be regarded as 2 distinct fins. Situated anteriorly
is a single hard spine, followed by 14 soft rays in juxtaposition connected
by a thin membrane.
Caudal. — Nearly square-cut, rayed and powerful.
Anal. — Posterior portion rayed and soft. Anteriorly are three spines,
the first is a comparatively thin spine with an excessively sharp point.
The second is an extremely thick and stout spine of moderate sharpness.
The third is a sharp stoat spine about ^ an inch in length.
Felvic. — Rayed and transparent, the anterior ray is continued for about
i an inch by a soft whitish filimentous piece of cuticle terminating in a
delicate point. Anteriorly is situated a hard spine.
Pectoral. — Of moderate length, soft, rayed and transparent.
Colour. — Head iridescent, general colouring being olive green. This
hue is carried along the back to the tail. The sides are silvery and irides-
cent, towards back olive green, gradually merging into light gold towards
belly which is white. The colour of the tail is most distinctive. From anal
fin to the commencement of caudal is bright gold which continues along
bottom edge of caudal and terminates in a patch of colour between gold
and orange f of an inch deep by about ^ an inch broad. The region of
about 5th and 6th rays both on the upper and lower lobes of the tail are
tinged pomegranate. The inside of the gill plates are remarkably coloured
bright gold. The skin on the neck bordering the gills is an olive green
turning into a bright gold where it merges into the mucous.
Scales. — Transparent and of considerable size. The head is scaled as
far as the eyes.
Lateral line. — Well-defined curving upwards from the gill-plates and
descending gradually towards the tad.
Remarks. — The maximum growth attained by the Sungser is probably
about 6 lbs.
There is yet another bottom-feeder which figures largely in the catches
of the villagers and he swims under the local name of
Tkngun.
Familij undetermined.
The following description was most carefully recorded from a specimen,
but all eftbrts on the part of the writer to settle the identity of this fish
have signally failed.
This failure may be attributable to lack of accuracy in observing the
specific points but iu any event the notes as originally jotted down are
here reprodiiced.
Body. — Extremely convex and deep.
Hye. — Large.
Teeth. — Absent on jaws ; hard crushing plates on upper and lower
surfaces of gnllot.
Fins dvrsnl. — Soft and rayed, fm proper is long and curved backwards,
and continued to free portion of tail by a connected fringe.
Caudal. — Deeply forked and long.
Anil. — Situated immediately below dorsal; rays are not so long as those
in dorsal, and continued tailwards by a fringe similar to the dorsal
frinjje.
THE GAME FISHES OF THE PERSIAN GULF I '27
Pectoral. — Short soft and rayed.
There are "no spines anywhere.
Colour after death. Flanks tinged with light gold from tail to head
including gill plates ; pectoral greenish yellow ; pelvic distinct lemon
yellow ; anal and as far as anus, which is .V way between anal and pelvic,
bright lemon yellow ; fringes tipped yellow green; lower parts pomegranate;
caudal tipped yellow green.
Lateral line. — Curved slightly upwards from gill plates and gradually
descends to tail.
Scales. — Small, and skin thick.
Remarks. — The tengun's maximum weight would be about 6 lbs.
Let us now proceed to the investigation of a variety of sea-fishes which
i.s familiar to most of us by name both in temperate and tropical waters.
Reference is made to the breams. Day divides the family of
SPARID^
into 6 genera, of which two are represented at Jask. The most common
genus is
Pagras,
and this genus possesses only one individual species in Indian waters
which is locallj' termed the
Cooper.
Pagrus spinifer.
The following description will serve to fix the identity of this bream.
Weit/ht.—r) lbs.
Lerifjth. — From tip of nose to cleft of fork in caudal 1 ft. 7f inches.
Head. — Large. There is a characteristic protruberance in some fish ou
the median line between the eyes. According to local report this bump is
pecidiar to the male fish.
Eyes — Large.
Teeth. — Two rows of conical teeth on either side of both the upper and
lower jaws, in addition 4 conical incisors in front ou both jaws absent on
palate.
Fins-dor ■fal. — Ts divided into two portions ; anterior portion consists of
10 spines connected with transparent membrane, the posterior portion con-
sists ot 10 connected rays.
Caudal. — Forked, span about equal to 5 of length of fish.
Anal. — Th'-ee spines anteriorly remainder rayed.
Pectoral. — Narrow and remarkably long ; first spine which is exceedingly
stout almost equals span of caudal.
Pe'vic. — Narrow and slightly more than ~ span of caudal.
Lateral lin°. — Is well-detined.
Scales. — Small and transparent.
Odour. — The head has a gdt sheen overlying a pinky red hue, which
extends along the back to the tail ; the dorsal and caudal is edged
brick-red
Remorkx. — The cooper is only a cold weather visitant to Jask, and when
the angler happens to strike a shoal the fun is fast and furious. Th3 maxi-
mum growth to which this fish attains is probably lo lbs., but a 10 lbs. fish
is a fine specimen. On occasions when the report spread that the cooper
were in, a paity of anglers would organize an outing in the cutter ; and
the picnic would also be enlivened by the presence of eight or ten villagers
in their dug-outs. The capture of a cooper was known to one and all by
the sound of its being banged on the head with an improvised " priest."
128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL lUST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
After dark when sport was slack the members of the party in the cutter
would amuse themselves by beating one of the cushions violently every few
minutes ! This continual hammering was usually a sure '^ draw " for the
locals. One by one they would up anchor and row in closer to the cutter
until it was ringed with a circle of dug-outs. The hoax would then be
disclosed, and the victims would join heartily in the general laugh! The
party in the cutter, which would probably comprise as many as 9 hand-
lines, would frequently bring back dui'ing an evening's jaunt between 30
and 40 coopers, averaging from 5 to 6 lbs. each.
The second species of sea-bream which the bottom- angler may encounter
is a member of the genus Chrysophrys, and in local parlance is the
DuKH Mullah.
(Mullah's daughter)
Chryso2)hvys liaffara.
The following description was taken from a specimen weighing 1 lb. 9 oz.
Head. — The median line from nose to fore-head is straight, neither con-
vex nor concave. ■
Mouth. — There are distinct upper and lower lips which are non-prehensile.
Teeth. — Are characteristic ; at extremities of upper and lower jaw an-
four conical incisor teeth placed at the same angle as those of a rodent
or very old horse. They are of considerable length and thickness and are
set in tissue resembling very much the gums of a human being. On each
side of the upper jaw are four rows of dome-shaped crushing teeth, and .!')
corresponding rows on each side of the lower jaw. The gullet is provided
with a pad above and below supporting sharp villiform teeth.
Eye. — Large, immediately in front of each eye is a prominent bump; iris
bright gold.
Fins — dorsal. — Consists of one tin divided into two portions. Anterior
portion is composed of 11 exceedingly sharp and strong spines con-
nected by transparent membrane, the first is very short, the second is also
short and about ^ the length of the third spine ; the remainder are pro-
minent ; the anterior portion fits into a groove in back.
Pectoral. — Rayed and of medium length.
Pelvic. — Of considerable size, rayed, except exteriorly where there is a
strong, hard and sharp spine.
Anal. — Consists anteriorly of one small sharp spine, followed by a long
and very stout sharp spine, and a third spine not so stout, but equally
sharp. The remaining portion is rayed.
Caudal. — Forked and rayed.
Colour is distinctive. A broad splash of bright gold under each eye
connected across bridge of nose by bright gold band ; dorsal fin bright
gold ; caudal orange tipped with bright gold. Pelvic fin is black, streaked
with milky white ; posterior portion of gill-plates bluish-black ; sides and
belly a net- work of bluish-brown on a milky white back-ground.
Lateral line. — Curves upwards from top of gill-plate and gradually
descends to tail : it is very slightly ridged.
Remarks. — This fish is by no means common. Like the cooper its flesh is
excellent for table purposes. Its maximum growth would probably be;
about G lbs.
We have now arrived at the last family on the list of bottom feeders, w.;.,
the
PEUClD.ii\
Of this family two genera are represented, each by one individual
species. The first species termed locally the
THE GAME IISHES OF THE PERSIAN GULF. lL'9
KirEK.
Jjutjanus roseus.
Has already been described in works dealing with Indian fishing ; a
repetition will therefore be eschewed. The kher is very similar in colour
and conformation to the surkhoo — Luf/anus arf/cnti»uiculatus — but it can be
distinguished readily from the former by reason of its rounded caudal, the
caudal of the surkhoo being forked. The following measurements were
recorded from a specimen caught by a local in his net.
U'eu/Zit—'AH lbs.
Lenyth — 3ft. 9A inches.
Girth — iMJf inches.
The maximum weight to which the kher attains would probably be about
GO lbs. ; it will be seen therefore that this species grows to much larger
dimensions than its congener the surkhoo.
The second bottom feeding perch bears the local cognomen of
Bahilool.
Serranus miniatus.
Mouth. — Lower jaw is under-hung and powerful.
Teeth. — Extremity of lower jaw is furnished with 2 sharp conical teeth,
the upper jaw is similarly provided but the pair of conical teeth are some-
what separated.
Both upper and lower jaws support several rows of formidable villiform
teeth, a cluster of similar teeth on the vomer, absent on tongue which is
well developed. There are small villiform teeth on both surfaces of the
gullet and on the gill fringes.
Ei/es. — Small, sunk, iris tinged with gold.
Fins dorsal. — Is divided into 2 portions ; anterior portion comprises 9
stout sharp spines connected by transparent membrane ; posterior portion
rayed and markedly pointed at its extremity.
Anal. — Immediately below posterior portion of dorsal and similar to it in
character; anteriorly 3 stout spines.
Pectoral. — Half fan-shaped.
Pelvic. — Immediately below pectoral, exteriorly 1 hard spine.
Caudal. — Long, rayed and rounded.
Scales. — Small.
Lateral line. — Slightly ridged.
Colour. — Jaws, inside of mouth, and tongue deep crimson ; general colour
of body red — dorsal, anal and pelvic edged with crimson ; pectoral crimson
edged with a broad band of orange ; whole of body, head, caudal and anal
speckled with pale blue spots.
Remarks. — The maximum growth of this species would be about 5 lbs.
It cannot be considered common in Jask waters.
With the bahilool terminates our investigation of the bottom feeding
game fishes of these latitudes. There is a question, however, on the tip
of the tongue of the angler who has heaved a lead over the gunvvhale on
a summer's night oft' the coast of the Emerald Isle. Do the waters of
the Persian Gulf harbour any of the skate family ? In parliamentary
language the answer is most emphatically in the affirmative. But when all
is said and done can a skate be appropriately admitted to a place in the
piscine aristocracy ? Hardly so — although in some localities in the
western hemisphere fishing for skates is included in the realms of " sport."
In any event the skate or pao is present in swarms and any estimate of
his maximum weight is pure guess work.
One sportsman is credited with a fight of some 6 hours duration with
a monster skate ; at the end of which time the line parted. 200 lbs. would
17
130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RLST. ,'SOCLETY, Vol. XXV
certainly be no exaggeration. Before leaving the subject of the Tnjgonidte
one word of caution is ofl'ered. In handling a skate let the novice be
exceedingly careful of the spine below his whip-cord of a tail. A prick
from this weapon of defence, and he is an adept in its use, may develop
into an exceptionally unhealthy sore. In addition to the skate the creel of
the bottom-angler may be varied by the capture of an occasional soos (family
Rhinobatidce) familiarly known as the " ground shark " ; and as for the
" gulloo " or cat-fish, the angler is frequently obliged to up-anchor and
change his vemte to avoid the vinwelcome attentions of this scavenger of
the seven seas.
Up to the present only the game-fishes of Jask have been introduced to
the prospective angler. Let us take a tour, on paper, round the Persian
Gulf and delve, metapherically speaking, into the delights of
OTHER FISHING EESORTS
and see what treasures live beneath the surface of this vast arm of the
Indian Ocean. Starting from Karachi and skirting the coast of British
Mekran the prow of the packet is headed for
Ormara.
During the cold weather months, sport in the waters of Ormara is report-
ed to be of the first quality, the principal fish being the surmai or seer.
There is a tale told in the Gulf ports that a gigantic surmai leapt into the
boat of a local fisherman, and striking the unfortvmate wretch with his jaws
in the pit of the stomach disembowelled him. Such a legend may savour
of the proverbial fisherman's yarn, but anyone who has examined the mouth
of a large surmai can readily imagine that it is not entirely beyond
credence.
Pasni and Gwadar are the next ports of call on our voyage of discovery,
but no definite information is forthcoming concerning their potentialities
for sport with rod and line, though dried fish and sparks' fins woidd seem to
form the main items of export. In normal times the slow mail will next
drop anchor in
CHAHBAR BAY,
a large indentation in the coast of Persian Mekran.
The fishing at this tiny little British settlement, it must be admitted, is
disappointing : saran there are during the hot months, but round the
shores of the promontory they require a very large amount of coaxing.
From local information it has been gathered that on the opposite side of
the bight a distance of 8 miles, lie the favourite haunts of the saran, but the
accuracy of this statement still requires to be put to a practical test.
Passing the low-lying promontory of Jask, where the 100 fathom line
curves within 3|^ miles of the Cape, we steer to the moiith of the Persian
Gulf proper, and drop our anchor at
HENJAM,
a small island about half way along, and lying close to the southern
shore of the larger island of Kishim. In the Straits fish are to be caught
though of what variety there are no authentic records ; and in this con-
nection the sportsman will have to take precautions as the tides run strong.
Bunder Abbas, Linga, Bushire are other ports on the Persian Littoral, and
the Shatt-al-Arab at the head of the Gulf has become famous within recent
times. Still continuing round the Arab coast, we may touch at Bahrein, the
centre of the pearl industry, and continuing over the Great Pearl Bank, we
once again pass into the tidal race at the head of the Gulf of Oman and
seek refuge in one of the fjords of the
THE GAME FISHES OF 7 HE PERSIAN GULF. 131
MUSANDAM PENINSULAR.
It is a problem which scientilic rosoaroh can only solvo whether the true
pelagic fishes enter the Persian (.Julf proper or not. The author's personal
opinion is that the limit of their western migration is the Peninsular of
Musandam. Enquiries have boon instituted, and omitting Bushire the
ports mentioned have all been visited on two separate occasions at an
interval of 26 months. In no single instance were there any indications
that the great families of pelagic tishes penetrated into those regions. Is
there any solid foundation on which this hypothesis can be based ? A
glance at the chart of the Persian Gulf proper will demonstrate the fact
that, with the exception perhaps of one hole in the sea-bed south of Tanb
Island, there are comparatively few st)inidings of over oO fathoms, through-
out the length and breadth of this enormous basin. Contrast this actuality
with the condition that obtains in the Gulf of Oman. At a point (> miles
south-east of Cape Jask the sea-iloor has sagged to a depth of nearly 1,400-ft.
It has already been remarked that the pirao when hooked over this shelf
invariably heads for the open sea. Is not this settled impulse proof posi-
tive that, in the throes of his struggle for life, instinct is driving him to seek
refuge in his true home — the mighty deeps ? Is it at all reasonable to
contend then that he will voluntarily abandon this habitat assigned to him
by nature and migrate into a comparatively shallow trap which the same
nature by intuition tells him is but a blind alley ':' By some sceptics such
notions may be labelled " fantastic". Does any one but a bigotted atheist
deny that some power guides the fowls of the air in their annual migrations ^
Does not this self-same power then also pilot the tishes of the sea in
their yearly migrations ? But let us conclude our voyage by dropping
anchor at
Muscat.
From the deck of the steamer, as we approach this port, the eye that
is geologically inclined will discern at once that the Sultan's Capital is
situated practically in the centre of what w^as at some prehistoric era a
terrific volcanic upheaval. The crumbling slopes of the jagged barren
bluffs drop sheer down into abysmal depths below. The fishing-grounds —
and this expression is no Irishism — lie not in the harbours of Muscat and
Muttra — few healthy game fish would frequent those polluted road-steads;
the haunts of the true pelagic families may be looked for some three miles
off shore. In these marine labyrinths the locals bottom-fish and catch
surmai at an approximate depth of 60 fathoms ! Here also roams the
ijeedur of 100 lb. and the seica and a host of other game fishes, whose
identity is as yet undetermined. But lord of all these finny creatures is
the world-famed sword-fish. There are records to shew that this Goliath
has been hooked on rod and line, but unless the deeds of bygone anglers
are being overlooked, never yet has this mammoth been brought to gaff
by a western angler. " Tis better to have hooked and lost than never to
have hooked at all " is perhaps some consolation to an angler, as it is
reputed to be to the love-sick swain who has just been the recipient of a
broadside from a super-virago. Still— the thought is bound to rankle — " if
only I had etc., etc." The day may yet dawn, however, when the
record for the heaviest fish caught on rod and line in Indian waters may
pass over the Gulf of Oman from Jask to Muscat.
From the foregoing dissertation the prospective angler should have
derived a comprehensive idea of the sport that awaits him in the waters
of the Persian Gulf. Let us therefore pass on to a consideration of the
three remaining problems that were enunciated at the commencement of
this paper.
132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
METHOD TO BE ADOPTED.
SURFACB-FEEDEKS.
For the surface feeders trolling is undoubtedly the best method of
securing sport. The line should be marked with silk at every 50 yards,
and 50 yards should be let out behind the boat. No lead is necessary or
desirable, certainly within the 15 fathom line. The pace should be just
as fast as the boat can be rowed with comfort. If a fish has touched
the bait and dropped it, do not stop the boat. Carry on for a short dis-
tance and if nothing further happens keep the boat in motion and reel up
slowly. As the lure approaches the craft it will skim along the surface
of the water ; frequently this particular motion proves an irresistable
temptation to the procrastinating rover. A final word of advice is
tendered. Never under any pretext whatever, put the rod down in the
boat while the bait is overboard. Such a procedure is merely steering a
deliberate course to idtimate disaster,
BOTTOM-FEEDEKS.
For bottom-fishing paternostering is the most efficacious method, and
two booms are recommended, with a large specially designed sea-float.
In this form of angling local knowledge is paramount. Each variety of
fish must be wooed in its own special location. It is perfectly useless
anchoring over the sunf/ser beds and hoping to catch coopers. It is equally
futile rowing out into the void and expecting to catch anything. The
villagers have the different areas mentally fixed by crosscuts on promi-
nent land marks. It is necessary either to engage one specially as guide
and philosopher, or the other alternative is to join the merry throng that
goes singing along somewhere about 2 a.m., and drop anchor in close
proximity to the general conclave.
The third subject that presents itself for discussion is the question of
LURES.
It is a matter of common-sense to suppose that the natural food of the
larger predacious fishes, if persented in a scientific manner, is likely to
prove a far more deadly attraction than any mauufactvired imitation. It
can therefore be readily deduced that an artificial lure should only be
employed when natural bait is not procurable, or when the stock has
become exhausted. It may be argued that difficulty will i^robably be.
encountered in procuring such natural goods ; but this contention is not
applicable to the Persian Gulf. Arrangements can always be made with
one of the villagers, and such will include the provision of a locally-made
cast net of suitable mesh.
The natural pabulum of the surface-feeders consists of the minnows ol
the class pisces ; the varieties most commonly obtained will be described
in detail.
Mullet.
Experience has proved that for general utility and in its killing proper-
ties the family of Mut/ildce stands unrivalled. Of the mullets three species
are common at Jask.
Boi (pro7iou7iced " ho-i ")
The bo-i is a tough silvery fish, which does not grow beyond about 7
inches in length, and can be distinguished by its comparatively narrow
head, and by the fact that tlie posterior portion of the iris is coloured
golden. It is in spawn in December.
THE GAME FI^JIE^ OF THE PERSIAN GULF. 133
Bl-ACH.
The bi-ach (the "ch" being pronounced as in "loch") attains a maximum
weight of about 4 lbs., bat the smaller specimens up to 10 inches in length
are suitable for bait. The bi-ach can be recognised by its broader and
flatter head, and by the absence of the gold on the iris ; its scales also
difl'er from those of the bo-i being larger and coarser.
Pitt.
This species of mullet is probably Miajil icaitjiensis and would grow to
10 lbs. at least in weight. One specimen of 7 lbs. was weighed and ex-
amined, and its measurements are quoted as such may prove of technical
interest.
Lem/t/i.—'J ft.
Girth. — 14 inches.
In general colour the mature pitt is India-rubbery on back and sides,
belly dull white and the pectoral is black. In the fry, however, the tone is
much more silvery and the sides are marked with bands longitudinally.
For purposes of bait however fish over 10 inches in length should be
discarded.
TIR-MUKNA.
Occasionally the tir-mukna is taken in the cast net of the bait-catcher in
company with the mullets and when, the angler can count one among his
baits he may consider himself in luck's way. This fish is the " milk-fish "
or " white mullet" of the Europeans in South Canara — family, Clupeidce ;
species, Chcmos sabnoneus. The habits of this species are most remark-
able. At certain seasons of the year the waters of the Persian
Gulf are covered by extensive patches of a brick-red scum, about the
origin of which there are several theories. In this scum shoals of large
tir-muknas, up to 15 or 20 lbs. in weight, are frequently observed.
On many occasions they were watched most carefully by the writer
at close quarters from his dinghy. They swim about with their backs above
water, and mouths \vide open. It was a most striking phenomenon to see
a wide-spread pair of cherry lips suddenly appear above the surface ;
in fact at times the apparition was quite uncanny. One can readily
imagine how the mariners' tales of mermaids may have received their
origin !
MORAN.
In the early pages of this paper the moran received cursory attention,
and a promise was given that a description would be recorded in due
course. Appended is the geneological tree of the moran ; family, Scom-
bresocidce ; genus, Hemirhamphus. In .Task waters two individual species
are met with, i-iz., Hemirhamphus (jeoryii and Hemirhamphtis far. Both
species are somewhat similar in appearance, but H. far is deeper and is
marked with 4 vertical black blotches on its sides which do not extend
below the lateral bar ; moreover in H. far the upper lobe of the caudal is
bright yellow which characteristic is absent in H. (jeoryii. H. far is solely
a cold weather visitant ; it vanishes with the advent of H. (jeoryii to spawn
in March. The conformation of the moran is unmistakable. The body
is elongated and cylindrical and a longitudinal bar like quick-silver runs
from gills to tail. The lower jaw of the moran is prolonged into a mandible
very similar to that of a jack snipe. When some dozen specimens of a
single variety of fish are used daily as bait for six months continuous
fishing it must be acknowledged that a wide scope for observation has been
acquired. At first the function of this mandible was not apparent, but
134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
when several individual fish were most carefully examined, and a slater-
like crustacean was actually revealed in the process of being swallowed, its
use became intelligible. The mandible is evidently employed for excavat-
ing the prey from the sand or perhaps from holes and crannies in the rocks.
The mandible of H. far is shorter than that of H. f/eorgii. The pace at
which the moran travels in its aerial flights is scarcely conceivable. In the
spawning season while the turmoils, which have already been alluded to
are at their zenith, the moran is driven into a state of blind panic. It is pos-
sible that when it is indulging in one of its atmospheric excursions the sense of
vision becomes exceedingly restricted, if not actually eliminated, for it will
invade the boat in swarms. The velocity with which a moran strikes the
angler in the neck, arms or chest cannot be realized until it has been
experienced ; and in this connection the fisherman is in some danger. A
blow in the eye from the mandible of a moran would unquestionably cause
the loss of that organ. The author can certify that a case was admitted to
hospital in which a sepoy while bathing had the drum of his ear perforated
by the flexible mandible of a moran.
From March to August or September the moran forms the standard bait
as the mullet is somewhat difficult to procure,
Sakdine.
At Muscat the sardine is the bait most commonly used, and it attains a
considerable size ; on the Mekran side of the Gulf of Oman, however, this
lure is not emploj'^ed unless all other species of natural baits have proved
unprocurable. It possesses one great disadvantage as a hire, in that its
flesh is soft and in consequence it is easily torn off the hooks.
Flying Fish.
The last of the lures for the surface feeder is the flying fish ; but it is
pure chance whether a specimen is secured or not. This lure is naturally
more effective in the open sea than it is on the shallows.
Bottom-fishing.
The lure available for bottom-fishing is of two varieties. A small fish like
an anchovy is that most commonly employed, but it can be alternated by
the use of the ordinary
Crab.
Two varieties of crab can be obtained ; the rock crab is of a dark-green
hue, and is tougher than his brother the sand crab whose garb is a dirty
yellow. However, it is one thing to have a crab in a can, it is quite
another thing to transfer it successfully to a hook. The manoeuvre is an art
in itself, and merits description. At the time of capture all the legs are
broken ofi" except one on each side. This drastic operation serves two
useful purposes. It keeps the wretched victim alive, and it also prevents
it effecting its escape. At the time of use the two remaining limbs are torn
off; then the point of the hook (size No. 1/0 is suitable) is inserted in each
stump in turn, which is wrenched bodily out of the socket. The mutilated
carcass is then heaved overboard !
If nothing else served to put any decent-minded angler off' bottom-fish-
ing surely this barbarous practice should suffice !
There now remains but one point for discussion and that is the question
of
TACKLE.
It is a most astounding fact that if a prospective purchaser enters
almost any shop, and asks for sea-tackle, he will be shewn what can
effectively be described in two words Absolute Rubbish. One can only
THE (iAME FISHEiS OF THE PERSIAN GULF. isr,
marvel why such down-right trash is ever inanufacturod, but presumably a
market for it does exist, otherwise the trade would die a natural death.
Quite recently a nephew of the writer, netat 10, sent him a calendar
inscribed with the following moral : —
" Keep your temper, it in worth more to you than anyone else/' — The probable
outcome of the next meeting with this self-same nephew is no fit subject
for this paper! However, this excellent precept is passed on to other
followers of the Gentle Art, not from any personal motive, but purely with
the object of emphasising the fact that if the angler in the Persian Gulf
wishes to keep his temper and enjoy his sport he must rigidly eschew the
purchase of any of the rubbish that is proffered under the title of " sea-
tackle." There is nothing so trying to the temper as being broken by
every heavy ilsh. The advice therefore is tendered unequivocally, and
it is based on the experiences gained from nearly 2 years of continuous
angling — buy the best tackle that is to be had in the market. This plan,
if adopted, will prove far less expensive in the long run, and the pleasure
derivable from catchiny fish instead of losiny them will amply repay the
extra expenditure involved in the original outlay. From October to April
inclusive heavy tarpon tackle is essential to success, whereas from May
to September light tarpon tackle will prove sufficient to ensure the angler
his much coveted and proverbial
TIGHT LINE.
136
THE BUTTERFLIES OF LAHORE
BY
G. W. V. DE Rhe-Philipe, f.e.s.
In recent issues of the Journal, we have been given papers on
the Birds of Lahore and on the Earthworms of Lahore. The
butterfly collector is not much in evidence in the Punjab plains ;
but a list of the RhojJcUocera to be found in Lahore, and its
immediate vicinity may find interested readers, and will serve as a
reference and aid to anyone who may wish to take up the stud)'-
in the future.
The list is not a long one. For some months of the year — May
to July and even later — the climate is exceedinglj' hot and drj^,
while a heavy and almost continuous dust haze lies over every-
thing ; and the winter months can be very cold. Conditions such
as these are anj'thing but encouraging to butterfly life, and it is
only for a few weeks in September, October and eai'ly November,
that these insects show up in any real numbers. For the
remainder of the year they are either absent altogether or are
represented hj stray individuals of the more common and wide-
spread species.
Under these circumstances, it is not surprising that so little
attention has been paid to the Lahore butterflies. And yet,
scanty as they are, they possess an interest of their own. Lahore
was, not so very many years ago, a very dr^'- sun-baked district ;
and the butterfly fauna had probably a close affinit}^ to the types
found in the desert tracts to the south-west. The spread of
irrigation in the last decade or two . has brought more humiditj-
into the climate ; and, while the old affinity to desert types still
persists in some directions, it is not improbable that the changed
conditions will, in course of time, facilitate the spread westwards
of some of the species characteristic of the damper country to the
south-east. We alreadj^ have one or two not usually connected
with a very dry habitat ; and it may be that a local list compiled,
say twent}^ yesa's hence, will show a yet further change in the
character of the butterfly fauna.
I may explain that the list below refers only to Lahore and
its immediate neighbourhood, to which my collecting and
observations during the last four years or so have been restricted.
It may, however, be taken as typical of most of the eastern and
central Punjab districts outside the influence of the submontane
country to the east and north-east and of the pure desert to the south
and south-west. The countr}'- consists of a flat alluvial jDlain, cut up
at intervals by the rivers and their spill channels. The greater
portion of the culturable land is under crops. Waste land is
TILE BUTTERFLIES Ot LAHORE. 137
covered with scrub juugle — (^ajypans and Satvadora ; and the
trees (other than those introduced into gardens and plantations)
are mostly the Tamarix, Sissoo, Acacia and occasionally a Zizyiilms.
Among- garden shrubs which Bourish and which are affected by the
insects, either in the larval or the imago stage, may be mentioned
the Oleander {Xeriiim), species of Citrus, the Daranta and a plant
with white jasmine like llowers much used for hedges.
The list gives fifty-four species actuallj^ recorded ; and men-
tions another fifteen or eighteen which should be or may be found
to occur. The numbers quoted are those against which each
species appears in Bingham's " Fauna of India " and in deNiceville's
'• Butterfiies of India, &c."
NYMPHALIDiE.
Sub-family — Danaince.
As may be expected, this sub-family is poorly represented in the dry
Punjab plains. Only four species appear.
1. Danais ple.iippus, Linnpeus. (6Bing.;31 Aeis . SlS yenutia) . Is not
rare in years when there is a good monsoon. It appears, as a rule, in July,
and is on the wing throughout August and early September. A very
occasional, and usually damaged, specimen may sometimes be seen during
October, but after this the species disappears completely till the following
rains.
2. Danais chrysipims, Linnoeus. (8 Bing. ; 28 deN.). To be seen
throughout the year. Is very common during the rains and autumn, and
only slightly less so in the winter. One or two may even be seen in the
very hot months before the monsoon.
The variety D. alcippus, Cramer. (29 deN.) is to be taken but is
extremely rare ; the dimorphic form D. dorippus, Klug. (30 deN.) may
possibly extend to the district, but I have not yet seen it,
3. Danais limniace, Cramer. (12 Bing. ; 26 deN.). Appears at very
much the same time as D. ple.tippus and is favoured by the same condi-
tions. The species disappeared almost completely in 1915, but this was an
extraordinarily hot year without rain. It was, on the other hand, exceed-
ingly common in July and August 1916, which were unusually wet mouths.
Is very fond of the flowers of the Duranta.
4. Euplfpa core, CiSimeT. (31 Bing. ; 61 deN.). Appears with D.ple-
xippus and D. limniace and is nearly as common. An occasional specimen
may sometimes be seen well into the cold weather.
Sub-family — Satyrinoe.
The conditions of the locality do not suit the sub-family and it is almost
completely absent. Only two species have been found and individuals are
scarce.
6. Ypthima indica, Hewitson. (172 Bing. ; 214 deN.). Veryrarely seen,
only two specimens being recorded, one in June and one in November.
May possibly be more plentiful in favoured local spots.
6. Melanitis ismene, Craxaer . (191 Bing.; 249 deN.). Very erratic in
its appearances and not common then. My notes of the four years' obser-
vations show that a few were seen in 1913, one in 1914, none in 1915, while
it was comparatively abundant in 1916. It is on the wing for a very
short time only in August or September, and is markedly crepuscular in its
habits.
18
138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
The only other species of the sub-family at all likely to be found in the
locality are Mycalesis perseus, Fabricius. (53 Bing. ; 96 cleN.), Orsotrioena
meda, Fabr. (72 Bing. ; 92 deN.) and Ypthima asterope, Klug. (173 Bing. ;
213 deN.). I have, however, not come across any so far.
Sub-family — NypJialince .
The sub-family is fairly well represented. The species are those usually
found all over the plains in Northern India and individuals of each are, for
the most part, common.
7. Euthalia (/aruda, Moore. (302 Bing.; 514 deN.). Only a single
specimen — a female seen in September^ — has to be recorded and the species
is apparently very rare in the locality. It was, as might be expected, the
dry tract type I described in the ' Notes on some Butterflies from the In-
dian region' (Journal of the B. N. H. Soc, Vol. XX, page 759), The
species will possibly, in the course of time, extend more commonly into the
district from the west ; and should probably be found more plentifully in
places where the mango, on which the larva feeds, is grown.
8. Junonia lemonias, Linneeus. (371 Bing.; 347 deN,).
9. Junonia orithya, Linnseus. (372 Bing. ; 350 deN.).
10, Junonia hierta, Fabr. (374 Bing. ; 349 deN.).
11. Junonia almana, Linn. (375 Bing. ; 344 and 345 de N.).
All the above fovir Junonias are more or less abundant in Lahore from
July on till towards the end of the cold weather, frequenting gardens and
open spaces. J. orithya and J. hierta appear, as a rule, rather later than
the other two, never being much in evidence till the rains are well over.
J. hierta is always the least common of the group ; the other three are
often to be seen in considerable numbers towards the end of and just after
the rains, and stray specimens may be taken even in the coldest months.
12. Vanessa cardui, Linn. (376 Bing. ; 520 deN.). The 'Painted Lady '
appears regularly each year about the middle of November and is common
throughout the cold weather, disappearing in February or March. It fre-
quents gardens and open ground, and is particularly fond of flowers,
chrysanthemums and yellow cosmos being always a great attraction.
13. Hypolimnas bolina, Linn. (397 Bing. ; 419 deN.). This beautiful
butterfly is comparatively common, being in flight only during the monsoon
months, July to September and early October. Lahore specimens are
invariably smaller than those found in the damper country of Bengal and
the United Provinces ; and the males always have light blue and white
patches, the variety with very dark blue markings never being found.
14. Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. (398 Bing. ; 420 deN.). Is distinctly
less common than the last and has to be looked for. It appears later and
remains on the wing a much shorter time. I have taken only one — the
ordinary — form of female, but the other mimicking D. dorippus possibly
also occurs.
15. Atella phalanta, Drury. (416 Bing.; 314 deN.). Never found in
the abundance one is accustomed to elsewhere, but it appears regularly
and several may be taken any year between August and early November.
It is not improbcible that, in addition to the above, which have been
actually recorded, an occasional specimen of Aryynnis hyperhius, Johanssen.
(435 Bing. ; 421 deN. : as niphe, Linn.) may also be picked up.
PABILIONID.S:.
The family is represented by three species only. One occurs very
rarely, but the other two are common.
16. Papillio aristolochice, Fabr. (490 Bing.). Occurs but is very
scarce. I have only seen one or two specimens each year, always in the
monsoon months.
THE liUTTEUFLIE.S OF LAUOliE. 1:39
17. Papilio demoleus, Linn. (o07 Bing.). Exceedingly common for the
greater part of the year. It becomes scarce only for a few weeks during
the very hot and tho very cold months.
18. Papilio p<i/i/tex, Linn. {—P. jmmmon, Linn.). (522 Bing.). Males
appear about the time the first monsoon rains fall in July and gradually
become common. Females are usually much later, seldom being in
evidence before late August. The brood seems to die out by the end of
October, though a few ragged specimens may sometimes be seen as late as
the third or even fourth week of November.
PlERID.E.
A familj^ more strongly represented than any other in this part of the
Punjab. The species are fairly numerous and individuals of most are
common, so that a large proportion of tho insects to be seen at any time
are always of this family. It is only during the blazing hot and hazy
weather of late May and June, when hardly a butterfly is to be seen, that
these whites are scarce.
19. Delias euc/iaris, Drury. (571 Bing.). I took a very battered speci-
men in August 1916 — ^the only one seen during the four years. The species
is common to the south-eastward and may yet extend more freely into the
district in years to come.
20. Anaphms mesentina, Cramer. (581 Bing,). One of the most abun-
dant butterflies seen in and around Lahore during the cold weather.
It appears about November and is common everywhere till February or
March, may be seen in thousands in the scrub bushes alongside the
Railway.
21. Pieris brassicce, Linn. (590 Bing.). Another cold weather insect.
Appears in November and is common during the few weeks following.
Partially disappears in the very cold weather, to come ovit again for a short
time in January and February.
22. Huphina phnjne, Fabr. (604 Bing.). This dry tract form of H.
nerissa, Fabr., is occasionally taken, but is rarer than might be expected.
It is probably overlooked by reason of its general resemblance, when
flying, to the more common A. mesentina.
23. I.iias marianne, Cramer. (608 Bing.). Very rarely in the monsoon
months, July to September. There seems to be no reason why it should
not be more plentiful.
24. Appias libijthea, Fabr. (610 Bing.). A few may be seen, usually
in the period between the end of the rains and the setting in of the cold
weather. Never common, but it is possible that a superficial likeness to
othwr Pierids results in their being overlooked.
25. Catopsiliacrocale,G-s:&T[nev. (622 Bing.). Both this and the variety C.
catilla, Cramer, are common throughout the monsoon and autumn months
when it swarms round the flowers of the Duranta. A few may be seen
during the winter and early spring, but it is never common after October.
26. C'atopsilia pyyanthe,'L\iin. (623 Bing.).
27. Catopsiliajlorella, Linn. (624 Bing.).
Both of these are common, appearing about the same time as C. crocale,
but in special abundance just after the rains.
28. Colias fieldi, Menetries. (638 Bing.). Not uncommon in the early
cold weather months. Is also to be seen in February and March.
29. Tei-ias libythea, Fabr. (640 Bing.). A few may generally be taken
in October-November. The species was unusually abundant for a short
period in the autumn of 1914.
30. Terias Upta, Boisduval. (641 Bing.). Only one or two have actually
been taken, in October after the rains, but the species is probably more
140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
common than these limited captures would indicate. It is not always easy
to distinguish between the various species of the genus when in flight, and
Iceta is possibly often overlooked.
31. Terias hecahe, Linn. (643 Bing.). Always the most common of the
group. To be seen flitting round hedges and about grass country between
August and November, and the species never quite disappears till the end
of the cold weather.
32. Colotis amata, Fabr. (648 Bing.). The form C Calais, Cramer, is
to be found almost throughout the year, commonly between July and
November, less frequently but always fairly regularly from November till
April or early May. As a rule, flies low, close to the ground, and is
diflicult to see.
The form might well be treated as a separate geographical race of
amata. It is appreciably distinct from the parent form and is very con-
stant in its facies.
33. Colotis j)rotractus, Butler. (649 Bing.). Never really common, but
an observant collector would generally take a few, in suitable spots,
between September and November. It is somewhat irregular in its ap-
pearances ; and, till it has been taken and recognised in flight, is apt to be
mistaken for the yellowish wet season form of C. vestalis which is very
common.
34. Colotis reAtalis, Butler. (651 Bing.). Exceedingly abundant during
all but the very hot dry months of May and June, when it disappears, and
during the cold of December and January when it is scarce. Very much
addicted to flying in and out of and about hedges of Duranta, Dodonea
and other shrubs.
35. Colotis faust a, Olivier. (652 Bing.). Very rare. Only a single cap-
ture recorded (October).
36. Colotis etrida, Boisduval. (654 Bing.), Appears between August
and December. Is comparatively scarce in the gardens in residential
Lahore, but fairly common about the shrubs in the open country round.
I noticed the same avoidance of habited localities in Oudh (see note on the
Butterflies of the Lucknow district. Journal, B. N. H. Soc, Vol. XIV.,
page 492).
In addition to the above actually recorded by me, the following may also
occur : —
Ivias }n/rene,JAwx\. (606 Bing.). Should occur ; and even if it does not,
at present, might establish itself. It is common to the south-east, con-
ditions in the Punjab are not unsuitable, and the food plant of its larva,
Capparis scpiaria, is found everywhere.
Terias venata, Moore. (639 Bing.). Has been recorded from 'the Punjab.'
I have looked especially for it in Lahore, so far without success.
Colotis phisadia, Godart. (650 Bing.). Has been taken at Multan to
the south-west, and there is a chance of its being found nearer to and in
Lahore. The records of its occurrence anywhere in India are, however,
very scanty.
Pareronia hippia, Fabr. (659 Bing.). Common further south-eastward ;
and as the food plants of the larva (varieties of Capparis) abound and con-
ditions are otherwise generally suitable, the species will probably yet be
found,
LYC^NID^:
The ' blues ' to be found in Lahore and its neighbourhood are a poor lot.
All belong to the Lycanina sub-family, and are, for the most part, only of
the very common and inconspicuous species. None of the other sub-
families are represented at all, though one might expect to find some of the
Apknccus group and perhaps a Rapala.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF LAHOIiE. 141
37. Zizcra ))ia/ia, Kollar. (7l'l Bing. ; 6!)4 deN.). Fairly common from
July to November. Flies low about grass lands.
38. Ztzera lijsimon, Hubner. {I'l'l Bing. ; 699 and 700 deN.). Is proba-
bly the most common Lycionid in Lahore. Occurs practically throughout
the year, except the few very hot weeks of May and June, and is abundant
towards the end of and after the monsoon when it swarms about grass and
small flowering shrubs.
39. Zizcra (jaika, Trimen. (7i'3 Bing. ; 70:2 deN.). One or two have
been taken, but it is by no means common. Occurs in August and
September.
40. Zizera otis, Fabr. ( 7i'4 Bing. ; 703 deN.). In September and Oc-
tober but never common.
41. Azanus uhaldua, Cramer. (72o Bing. ; 707 deN.).
41*. Azmtus uranus. Butler. (7:20 Bing. ; 708 deN.).
I have only taken two or three of each of these, and the species appear
to be rare. They are, however, inconspicuous insects and many are proba-
bly passed over. Usually fly from August to November.
43. Chilades laius, Cramer. (7:28 Bing. ; 672 deN. ). I have taken an
odd specimen or two — in October — but the species appears to be distinctly
and unexpectedly rare.
44. Chilades trochilus, Freyer. (729 Bing. ; 673 deM.). Only once taken,
in November. It is, however, such a minute and inconspicuous insect
that it is easily overlooked as it flies about grass ; and is probably far more
common than a single capture would lead one to think.
45. Tarucus t/if'ophrastus, Vahr. (762 Bing. ; 7o2 deN.).
46. Tanicus plinius, Fabr. (764 Bing. ; 758 de J^.).
Both very common, the former from June to November, the latter from
September to November. Fly about Dodonea hedges and are very partial
to the flowers of the IHumhayo capensii^.
47. Polyommatus hoeticus, Linn. (772 Bing. ; 767 deN.). Appears about
the end of October and is common throughout the cold weather.
In addition to the above, Azanus Jesous, Guerin, (727 Bing. ; 709 deN.).
Catochrysops straho, Fabr. (759 Biug. ; 743 de N.) and (Jatochrysops cncjus,
Fabr. (761 Bing. ; 745 deN.) have been recorded from the ' Punjab plains'.
They will probably be found to occur within our limits. Catochvysops pan-
dava, Horsfield, (760 Bing. ; 750 deN.), may also turn up, though my
experience has been that it is always very rare away from the hills and
submontane tracts.
Of the other sub-families, the only species I would expect to occur are
Aphnceus rulcanus, Fabr. (903 deN.), Aphnceus ictis, Hewitson, (014 deN.)
or one of its varieties and, possibly, llapala ?«c-/«w?^jm.s-, Cramer, (1006 deN.).
Hespekid,^;.
The Punjab plains do not suit the ' Skippers.' Only some half a dozen
species have been recorded, and individuals of all but two or three of these
are rare.
Sub-family — Hesperince.
48. Hfspena yalha, Fabr. 1 have seen and taken only one, in October,
but it is probably far mi>re plentiful than a single capture would seem to
indicate.
Sub-family — Famphilina.
49. Suastus yremius, Fabr. Not common, but a few specimens may
u.sually be taken just after the close of the rains.
50. Padraona dara, Kollar. Like the last, not very common, but some
may always be had between September and early November. I have
almost invariably taken it on the flowers of the Duranta.
142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
51. Chapra mathias, Fabr. Fairly common from the end of the rains
till the early part of the cold weather.
52. Rarnara bevani, Moore. A damaged specimen was taken in No-
vember, but 1 have seen no others though I have kept a look out for them.
53. Gegenes nostradamus, Fabr. Was recorded by Longstaffe as " com-
mon in tJie gardens at Lahore "' in October-November. I have, however,
not seen it.
Sub-family — Ismenincs.
54. Parafa chromus, Cramer. Iri-egular, but when appearing, is common
for a few weeks in August, September and October. A small leguminous
tree, which is found in many Lahore gardens, is a special attraction ; one
in my garden has always four or five of these insects around it.
Records of distribution would indicate the addition of Sarangesa dasa-
Jiara, Moore, Udaspesfolus, Cramer, and Parnaraf/uttatus, Bremer and Grey,
to the above list. Personally, I have considerable doubt whether these
species will be found to extend so far into the plains of the north-west.'
143
REVIEW.
A BIRD CALENDAR FOR NORTHERN INDIA
BY
Douglas Dewar.
{Thncker Spink i^- Co., 1916, price 6 ShiUinr/s).
Mr. Douglas Dewar is well known as a popular writer on Indian Birds and
ho has already a number of volumes to his credit ; his readers will be glad
to welcome this addition to his writings, which is decidedly an improve-
ment on anything that he has hitherto published. Mr. Dewar caters for
that portion of the European residents in India who have sufficient interest
in birds to learn a little of the noment'laturo, habits, and life histories of
the more showy and distinctive forms around them, but at the same time
are not willing to take their studies very seriously.
As is to be expected from the title the classification of this book is one of
the calendar; the book is divided into chapters for the different months
and each chapter deals with the chief features of bird life for that month,
prefaced with a slight introduction regarding the climate to be expected.
These chapters give a very good idea of the salient features of the year's
bird life for the United Provinces, but an attempt has been made to attract
a larger public by tacking on — often in a somewhat slipshod manner — a
number of notes regarding the Punjab. This is a pity: these notes have
appeared in another form in our Journal ; they destroy the cohesion of the
whole, and they fail to make for the Punjabi a convincing picture of the
bird life of his own province, except in so far that the extreme southern
districts (with perhaps some of the submontain tracts) resemble those of the
I'nited Provinces. But this is a common fault in all books that deal with
India ; the tendency is always to slur over rather than emphasise the
divisions of the country, whereas a full appreciation of the divisions and
the problems which they suggest add greatly to the zest of Indian studies.
The real value of this book lies in its suggestiveness ; as he passes from
month to month the reader cannot fail to notice the picture of great and
unceasing changes which pass before the mind's eye — changes which are
summed up in the word " migration ". There are few people in England
who do not recognise in some degree the comings and goings of bird life
according to the seasons, but it is far otherwise in India. Apart from the
Sportsman's interest in the movements of Game and Waterfowl, no heed is
paid to the migrations of the birds, although it is on a far vaster scale and
more noticeable than in England. A perusal of Mr. Dewar's book should
change all this ; but while his pages describe clearly the migrations of all
best known species, it is to be regretted that ho omits to make mention of
some of the most interesting forms. To take but a single instance :
Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum passes through the Punjab in
such numbers on the spring and autumn passage that its arrival and
departure are most marked and form one of the clearest episodes to the
observer interested in migration. Yet no attention is called to it under
the appropriate months. This is no accidental omission or error in obser-
vation. Mr. Dewar is a most skilled and patient observer as every page of
his book bears witness. Yet everywhere he tends to avoid the more obscure
points and describe again and again facts and habits which have been well-
known to generations of Anglo-Indians. The reason for this is perhaps not
far to seek. Mr. Dewar prefers to catch the popular eye in preference to
working for the advancement of Ornithology. There are many who regret
144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
his choice, for his style is not sufficiently good to make his works attractive
for their own sake, while his abilities would make him a most welcome
recruit to the ranks of scientific workers, now alas sadly depleted by the
war.
To quote Mr. Dewars own word, on page 161 he says : " Very few
'•' observations of the comings and goings of the various raptorial birds
'• have been recorded ; in the present state of our knowledge it is not
" possible to compile an accurate table showing the usual order in which
'' the various species appear. This is a subject to which those persons who
" dwell permanently in one place might with advantage direct their
" attention."
This remark may with propriety be extended to refer to almost every
species, save those which are known definitely to be entirely resident.
Very little is on record regarding species which are known to be migratory
while (as our author says again on p. 72) " the great majority of species,
" probably move about in a methodical manner in the course of a year ; a
" great deal of local migration is overlooked, because the birds that move
" away from a locality are replaced by others of their kind that come from
" other places."
It is not necessary, however, to add the proviso "who dwell permanently
in one place." All observations, however fragmentary, are of value in the
present state of our knowledge, provided that they are published and left
on record in print for future workers. If all who read this book are encour-
aged thereby to make a few observations on their own account it will . not
have been written in vain ; let all such make a practice of writing short
notes to our Journal after the manner of the numerous class of corres-
pondents who contribute to the "notes and queries" portion of the
Naturalist columns of the " Field " newspaper.
In conclusion it may be noted that the volume under review is neatly
bound and printed and is remarkably free from errors both of printing and
fact. Still in a future edition Mr. Dewar may care to correct his
statement that no Owls and Vultures are migratory and to modify some of
his theories.
UN-
ROLL OF HONOUR.
W. J. Norwood Ryan.
I regret exceedingly to iufcrni you that our member Mr. W. J.
Norwood Ryan was killed in action in Egypt on September 5th.
At the outbreak of the War Mr. Ryan was in a business house in
London, but immediately joined an Officer's training corps and
finally obtained a Commission in the Dorsetshire Yeomanry ; his
exceedingly poor eyesight prevented his getting into the Infantry,
and would indeed have been a sufficient excuse for the avoidance
of Military duties. After a period of training he went to Galipoli
and first saw fighting at Sulva Baj'- ; then after short periods at
Imbros and Lemnos he rejoined his regiment at Cairo in time to
take part in the fight at Agagieh. Some three months later he
joined the Camel Corps and was moved to the Senusi front where
he was eventually reported " missing " on patrol duty ; it is now
known that he was killed. Mr. Rj'-an was a keen Ornithologist
and devoted all his holidays to that pursuit. He was a close
pereonal friend of mine and we did a great deal of collecting
together. In his letters from the front he never omitted to men-
tion the bii'd life that he came across.
H. W.
nth October 1915.
r.i
146
• . MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.— MEASUREMENTS OF MARKHOR AND URIAL HEADS.
In case you keep records of heads I think these two which I was lucky
enough to get recently may be worth recording : —
Ground. Leni/th. Base. I'ij) to Tip.
19-4-1916. Markhor. Kajnag. 57" 11^" 37"
29-12-1916. Urial. Kalla Chitta. 34" 10" 18^"
These are both as good heads as have been shot for some years.
Hassan Abdal, n.w.f.p., A, L. MOLESWORTH, Capt.
]4^A January 1917.
No. [I.— JACKALS IN LOWER BURMA.
It is a common belief that there are no jackals in Lower Burma, or at
all events in the lower Districts of Lower Burma, so I send you the skin of
one that I shot this morning, the 24th November 1916, in the North
Myanaung Reserve of the Henzada Forest Division, Kyangin Sub-Division.
I shot this animal when walking along an inspection path in the Reserve.
He was evidently hunting game for he came running along towards me
all the time looking into the jungle to his left.
Twenty-nine years ago when I first came to the Henzada District, there
were no jackals and very few hares in the District. Now both are fairly
plentiful. About four years ago I caught a jackal cub in the eastern part
of the Kyangin Reserve, and again three years ago I got two cubs in the
Yenandaung Reserve, which is only forty miles north of Henzada town.
I have on several occasions seen jackals in the Kyangin, North Myanaung
and Yenandaung Reserves, and have come across their burrows. The
jackals in this District seem to have acquired the hunting habits of the
wild dog, for I have seen a pack of seven hunting deer not far from where
I shot the one- this morning, and I have seen kills of barking deer and
sambar near Tatkon where I shot the animal this morning, that were un-
doubtedly those of jackals.
These jackals have either come across the Arakan Yomas, or else they
have worked their way down from the Thayetmyo District, possibly the
latter.
While on the subject of jackals I may here mention that the three cubs
I got, we kept for quite a long time and they got quite tame and used to
run loose in the house and were great friends with my dogs. The one 1
got first, got a nasty sore on his back. He evidently went into the kitchen
and the cook threw boiling water on him. The skin came oft' and a nasty
sore formed which attracted flies, and to avoid which the poor beast had to
hide about in dark places. One morning he went into the Doctor's com-
pound and hid in the godown under a box. Some servant found the poor
beast and told the lady of the house that some terrible animal had got
into the godown, so they were ordered to kill it, and so proceeded to go
with long jjoles with which they jabbed at the poor beast. Eventually
some one came and told my wife that our jackal had got into the Doctor's
godown and that the servants were trying to kill it, so my wife sent men
and rescued the poor beast and brought it back to my house. My wife
noticed that the jackal could not eat meat, and one day thought that a
bone had stuck in its mouth and so opened it to try and get it out. To
her horror she found that what she took for a bone from the food was
Jiothing more nor less than the poor beast's jaw bone which had got out of
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 147
placo anil was sticking in the nunith, tho jaw having been broken by the
Doctor's brave body guard. My wife set tho bone back and kept the
jackal tied up for several days and fed it on rice boiled in soup. In about
a fortnight the jaw bono set and tho animal was eating bones as usual, it
having made a wonderful recovery. lieing kept tied up in a dark room
away from flies, the back also healed and the animal was as lively as
ever. One day some months after, he was found lying dead in the hedge
in the garden and we supposed that a snake must have bitten him.
Tho second two cubs 1 got, went mad and died. I think they were
bitten by a mad dog that came into tho compound. One of the cubs bit a
valuable Airedale dog I had, and he also died of hydrophobia.
As regards the hares in the District. They have spread right down to
the Lemyethna Reserve which is right down in the southern end of the
District. I have found them right on the summit of the Arakan Yoma
hills at an elevation of 4,300 feet.
The Burmese villagers kill numbers of hares at nights with the help of
" Oksoungs " lights carried in a conical shaped basket. One man carries
the light on his head and throws the light from side to side, at the same
time jingling tiny bells that he has tied to sticks, one of which he carries
in each hand. This is to drown the sound of the footsteps. Another man
carries a spear or a dah with which he kills the hare. I have seen four and
five brought in killed at night. The Burmans also kill deer and pig with
the help of these " Oksoungs." In the Delta they also spear alligators in
the same way, but here they go in a boat, the light being kept at the prow,
and no bells are used. A man stands behind the light with a spear in his
hand, whilst another man paddles the boat.
C. W. ALLAN,
Hexzada, Burma Forest Service.
•24tth November 1916.
Xo. III.— KATHIAWAR BLACK BUCK.
When the minor Nawab Saheb of Junagadh was recently camping with
Mr. Sladen and ourselves at Una in the south of the State, he secured a
fine black buck with horns measuring exactly 25 inches, and giving a
spread measurement of 20 inches. I have heard of even better heads
being available on this side ; but during the past eleven years in Kathiawar
I have personally seen nothing shot with a better length of horn than 24
inches. I think the above head is worth recording as a Kathiawar trophy,
though no doubt better records have often been secured elsewhere in
India. I may mention that Mr. Sladen and I both together personally
Hieasured the length of horns very carefully from root to tip with a tight
tape ; and if we had followed the curves of the horns with the tape, the
length would have exceeded 2o inches.
It may be worth recording that when we were recently moving camp in
the Gir, a forest orderly riding in front of ourselves at 8 a. m. spotted
a panther absolutely on the margin of the road in the grass. We had
ridden by this spot with our dogs the morning before and luckily we had
not them with us on this occasion. The panther when he saw the orderly
close to him, quietly decamped ending with a bound into the scrub jungle ;
but we were surprised at his bold and confident demeanour.
H. D. KENDALL, i.c.s.,
Administrator, Junagadh State.
Camp Gir,
^th December 1916.
148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUBAL mST. SOCIJSry, Vol. XXV.
No. IV.— AN ARBOREAL PANTHER.
In the Miscellaneous Notes of Volumes XVII of the Journal there was
some correspondence about panthers putting their kills up trees. Though
two members described the habit as " common " or "not uncommon," in the
specific instances quoted the animals appear to havt> been deposited at no
great height from the ground and the following account may provide some
points of fresh interest. Last hot weather when camping at K. in this
district I had goats out for 3 nights before one was killed. This was
dragged some 50 yards and left practically intact hanging over the fork of
a large pipul tree. The goat had been tied to a log, the exact dimensions
of which I forget but it must have been 6 or 7 feet long and weighed
perhaps 40 lbs. This had stuck in the fork 11 or \'l feet from the ground
and the goat hung suspended on the other side. I. sat up in a well
concealed machan till dark, but though the place was quiet and it was
unlikely the panther had been lying up within hearing, it did not return.
Next morning 1 had to move camp.
At X'mas I was again at K. and had goats out in the same bit of jungle
as well as in an isolated bit of rather light jungle a mile away and on the
far side of the village, open fields and a broad tank. Here a panther
made his X'mas dinner off one of them. It had been tied to a small bush
and the panther must have tugged persistently to remove it, for neither rope
nor bush had given away and the knob had finally slipped over the top,
baring it of leaves and twigs. Thirty yards away lay a lot of the goat's
hair but the goat itself was nowhere to be found. Finally we came to the
conclusion that the panther must have finished it " with the bones and the
beak" in honour of the day, and, it was decided to sit over a freshlive goat.
We looked up to select a tree and there high above us was the goat ! It
was in the fork of a ' mutti ' tree 23 feet from the ground by measurement.
The tree was quite a slender one, 2 feet 9 inches in circumference at the
foot and with only two branches below that over which the goat hung and
one of these close below it.
Though but little of the goat was eaten and as before there was little
likelihood of the panther having heard the machan being built, yet it failed
to return before dark and 1 had not the hardihood to wait below in the
hopes of an overhead shot against the stars.
Next morning the remains of the goat were found in a banyan tree
about 100 yards away. Only the head and part of the skin were left and
these deposited 12 or 14 feet from the ground. I sat up again that
evening but with no better luck than before.
It is interesting to speculate what induced this habit — presuming the
.same panther to have been concerned in each case. A natural suggestion
was that it was done to secure its meal from red dogs which are plentiful
in the jungle in which the first kill occurred, but its actions must have
been guided by instinct rather than reason, for in that case though the
branch over which the goat hung was not less than 11 feet up, the goat
itself suspended at the end of the rope stretched down to within easy
reach of any dog.
Possibly a further acquaintance with the same animal will throw more
light on the question. The habit of only returning late to its kill may also
be one of its characteristics.
Dhakwar, Sth Jamtarij \^\7 . J. R. JACOB, i.p.
No. v.— NOTE ON THE SCALY ANTEATER {MANIS
CBA SSI CA UDA TA ) .
About 3 p.m. on the llth February 1914, in the North Toungoo Division,
I noticed close to my tent what I thought was a snake coiled round the
MISCELLANEOUS^ JSUTEH. 149
top of ji small tree about \'2 feet from the ground. It was a large
pangolin and was so tightly coiled round tho tree that a man who climbed
the tree could not dislodge it and it was only freed from tho tree after
the tree had been cut down. When it rolled itself into a ball it placed
tho toes of its hind feet under the scales of its chest and it was very
difhcult to straighten it out. It was infested with ticks of the kind one
commonly I'nuls on snakes {Apomma r' ). I enclose a photograph* which
shows tho strength of the prehensile tail, the whole weight of tho body
being supported on the branch from which it hangs by tho extreme tip of
the tail (the pangolin and tho binturong Felis binturonf/ both found in
Burma are the only mammals of the old world with a prehensile tail.) In
the evening I let it go in the jungle to the great disgust of the Burmans
who said they could got Rs. 15 for it from any Chinaman. Chinamen use
parts of these animals as an aphrodisiac. Burmans have a widespread
superstition about this animal that it cries out and calls people by name.
If the person called replies he dies at once. I was told bj- a fairly well
educated Burman that a Forest Kanger who died suddenly at Fyinmana
Forest School sometime ago died because he replied to a scaly pangolin.
This superstition is a nuisance as Burmans are very reluctant to reply to
shouts in the jungle. I have often noticed this when girdling teak or
when belated dak runners are approaching camp after dark. It would be
interesting to know whether this animal does cry out and whether its cry
at all resembles the human voice ?
S. F. HOPWOOD, I.F.S., K.P.A.
France,
31s< August 1916.
No. VI.— LARGE PINTAILED SANDGROUSE (Z^ A. CAUDATA)
SETTLING ON WATER.
I have occasionally wondered whether my eyes were deceiving me when
I thought I saw Sandgrouse settling on the water to drink. But 1 have now
been able to verity this habit, in one species at any rate. A day or two ago
a pair of Fterocluius alchata caudata settled in front of me, on the R. Tigris,
and about 60 yards from the bank. After slaking their thirst in a leisurely
manner, they got up, and flew away. When on the wa'er they floated high,
and looked like gulls. 1 do not know whether this habit has been recorded
before in the case of Sandgrouse, or not, but mention it for what it is worth.
Mesopotamia,
\2th November 1916.
H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lt.-Col.
No. VII.— OCCURRENCE OF THE WOOD-SNIPE {GALLINAGO
NEMORICOLA) IN SALSETTE.
On January 18th I shot a Wood-snipe in the jungle, a few miles from
Thana. The locality agreed with that described by Stuart Baker as being
the one most favoured by this species {vide article on the Wood-snipe
beginning on page 'IlO of Vol. XX of the Journal), that is to say the bird
was flushed i ut of thick high grass bordering a long series of small rice
helds in a narrow valley in the midst of thick jungle at a height of perhaps
100 feet above sea level. The time of day was 11 a.m. The snipe got up
without any cry and flew straigVit for a narrow gap in the high grass where
he meant to adopt Wood-cock tactics. He flew slowly and floppily and
looked strangely big and most strangely dark. I had to take him before
• Ud fortunately the photograph is too indistinct for reproduction. — Eds.
150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, I ol. XXV.
he dodged behind cover and consequently he was rather broken up. The
bird was in good condition and was made over the same evening to the
Society and his measurements recorded. Having shot a couple of this
species in Kulu I was pretty sure of its identity but not knowing it to be
so unusual did not question the shikari as to the frequency of its occurrence.
He appeared to know of it quite well, but his knowledge may have been
assumed. Only one specimen is recorded as having been shot near Bombaj'
before, that of Mr. T. H. Moore in January 1896. Possibly the species
occurs not uncommonly, but is not identified.
The Wood-snipe weighed 5i oz.
M. L. FERRAR, Major.
Bombay, 31s< January 1917.
No. VIII.— NOTE ON THE HABITS OF THE CHECKERED WATER
SNAKE (TROFIDONOTUS PISCATOR.)
A ew days ago I saw an interesting display of fishing by a snake. The
basin in front of the sluices of Walwhar lake was being emptied through
the 15th valve provided for that purpose and numbers of small fish were
being shot through and as chey came out of the pipe were trying to jump
clear of the stream of water. The snake was sitting on top of the pipe
and darted its head at the fish in the air. I saw it catch one fish about
4" long but it only managed to hold it for a few seconds before it broke
away. I killed and preserved the snake and am sending it down to you
and should be much obliged if you would kindly identify it.
B. D. RICHARDS.
LoNAVLA,
2nd December 1916.
No. IX.— FEEDING HABITS OF THE PYTHON {PYTHON
MOLURUS.)
I enclose a photo of a 1.3^ feet Python which I killed sometime ago in
the Northern Shan States about 15 miles from Lashio. The reptile had
MIISCELLASEOUS XOTES. ir,l
only lately swallowed a 3 year old barking deor (male) which, when the
Piiako was opened up, was found <iuite fresh inside, some of the hair being
still dry. The only bone broken was the near hind leg ; the fore legs and
ribs were intact. The horns were gone too ; at least 1 take it there had
been horns for the roots were raw and bloody. I may add that a couple
of Burmans asked for permission to take the deer away to eat ! Permis-
sion was granteil. My cook a Burmau, rather amused me by stating quite
gravely that the snake, after digesting its meal, would hang itself by the
tail over the branch of a tree and shake its head until the indigestible
bones came up. It would be interesting to know if a like superstition
exists in Assam or in other places where this varietj' of snake is found.
I may add that the measurement was taken by tape as the reptile lay
on the ground and was found to be just over the 13^ feet.
C. G. STEWART.
MiNBU, Burma,
Ttft Octoher [9H5.
No. X.— OCCURRENCE OF RUSSELL'S EARTH SNAKE (EBYX
COXICVS) AT 2,-200 FEET ALTITUDE IN THE C. P.
Herewith the Railway receipt for the Earth Snake Efi/:v conicus des-
patched to-day. As he was caught on the 2nd instant and has not fed
since, he should be redeemed quickly.
I was waiting for the beat to come up, in scrub jungle, when a grass-
hopper flying away w-ith signs of agitation attracted my notice to the
snake. The aboriginals, after inspection, pronounced it to be highly
venomous ! " He blows on men and cattle and they swell as large as
elephants. He kills his prey like the python." This was half true.
On consulting the map of its distribution in your Journals I notice that
its occurrence in the C. P., at a height of about 2,200 ft., is remarkable.
C. G. CHEVENIX TRENCH, i.c.s.
Betul, C. p.,
Ith December 1916.
No. XI.— NOTE ON THE HAMADRAYAD OR KING COBRA
{NAIA BUNGARUS) IN NORTH KANARA.
The Hamadrayad is nowhere very common, and many years ago, when
engaged on survey work in North Kanara, I never even heard of one
although I had the best of opportunities for doing so. The first one that
I ever saw in the district, was at Supa, in 1914 when revisiting my old
haunts. It was found coiled up in the fork of a tree near the Kali Nadi,
by wood cutters, who informed some snake charmers living at Supa, of
their find and the latter went out at once and snared it. It was a fine
adult specimen about 11 feet long and of a pale olive-green colour, but
did not look very happy when 1 saw it, owing to the bad treatment it had
received at the hands of the snake charmers, vvho had extracted its fangs.
This year (1916) when encamped at Potoli in the same district, I was
fortunate enough to be able to renew my acquaintance with the snake.
I had for sometime been offering a reward to any one who would show
me one, but although the natives were apparently well acquainted with the
snake and had a wholes jme dread of it, they said that it was very rare.
152 JOURNAL, BOMB Al NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
However, one day, one of the local Gowdas, or village headmen, came and
announced that he had learnt, of the whereabouts of a Nagin — the local
name for the Hamdrayad — from a man who, when coming along a short cut,
as a guest to some marriage festivities at the Gowda's house, saw it lying
on the top of a heap of dead leaves by the side of the path.
The Gowda added, that he would find out from this man, the exact spot
vfhere the snake had been seen and take me to it, as soon his marriaee
festivities were over, promising me that we should find it still there. The
path, he added, had in the meantime been closed, as no one dared to use it.
Some days later, the Goivda returned to say that he had just come from
seeing the snake which was lying on the heap of leaves just as Avhen it
had first been seen. It did not take us more than a few minutes to reach
the spot. The mound of leaves, which was about 2 feet high with a cir-
cumference of about 8 or 9 feet, stood in the rai or evergreen jungle at
the bottom of a decline in a small dry nala, about 30 yards below the road
leading up the Potoli Ghat, and within a few feet of the footpath already
mentioned.
I had no means of catching the snake alive, so had taken my gun with me.
The light in the rai was none of the best, at the time, but after a little
manoeuvring, I managed to catch light of what appeared to be the snake's
head, and fired. There was much struggling amongst the leaves when I
did so, but a second shot into the heap put a stop to this.
On hauling the snake out of the leaves I was disappointed to find that it
was a comparatively small one being only 9'-3" in length, and judging from
its colour which was jet black with irregular yellow bands about ^ inch
wide, at 8" intervals all down its body and tail, it was apparently a young
one. The throat was yellow and it had all the necessary scales, to prove it
was a Hamadrayad.
On seeing it at close quarters, the Gowda, and in fact all the natives
said that this was the Kali or Derad Nagin, and known as such by its dark
colouring.' The other, light coloured one, they called the Nagin, not being
aware that in reality, they v/ere one and the same snake, at different stages
of its growth, although accorrling to Wall, the adults vary a good deal in
colour and are sometimes coloured like the one J shot.
I have never seen noticed anywhere the habit these snakes appear to have
of lying up in heaps of dead leaves which are undoubtedly collected to-
gether for the purpose. The Goicda who seemed to be well acquainted with
the habits of the snake said that they invariably make their home in such
a heap.
I examined the heap of leaves carefully but found nothing in it, nor did
I succeed in finding another snake.
On dissection I found the stomach quite empty. Its body was covered
with a large number of tics, holding on below the scales.
L. L. FENTON, Lt.-Col.
Maksh Hall, South Molton, N. Devon,
22wrf October 1916.
XII.— FOOD OF THE BULL FKOG {RAN A TIGRINA.)
■ I am sending you two frogs and I hope they reach you alive. I was in
my room dressing for dinner when I heard a noise similar to that made
by a frog when caught by a snake. I caUed my servant and told him to
take a lamp and kill the snake. He and two other Kalasis went to do
this — the boy then returned and told me that it was not a snake but
another frog biting a frog and eating it. I went out and there I saw the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ir>3
green frog that has the thin white stroak from nose to rump tirmly attach-
ed to the back of the ordinary frojjj and whon touched would not leave or
let loose his grip. 'J'ho groon frog had the skin of tho other frog in its
mouth and when teased ho jumped quite 2\ feet with the other frog in its
mouth.
N. DAVIDSON.
Raichur,
19«A October 19 lb".
[The ' two trog:s' when received were found to be a medium sized Bull Frofj
{Rana tigrina) and a youn<jr common Toad (Bufo melanostictus) which was
evidently beinj:: eaten by the former. — Eds. ]
No. XIII.— THE GREAT INDIAN SPIDERS, (GENUS
Pa'.ClL O THERIA) .
In a very interesting account of the Great Indian Spiders, by R. I.
Pocock of tho British Museum of Natural History, which appeared in the
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, Vol. Il in January
1899, and was reprinted in Vol. Xllt, No. I of our Journal, it was stated
that eight different species of the spider were then known to the Museum,
which also possessed specimens of one or both sexes of each species.
These were : —
No. 1, P. fasciata, irom Ceylon.
2, P, suhfusca,
j»
Ceylon.
3, P. vittata,
??
India.
4, P. regaiis,
,v
>»
5, P. formosa
»'
»
6, P. metallica
?>
»
7, P. striata
>;
>>
8, P. oinata,
,->
Ceyloi
The males of 1*2 and 4 only were known, so there was much room for
further research, but I am not aware that any further discoveries have since
been made.
'Ihese spiders are not, I believe, as rare as is generally supposed, but
living as they do, in burrows and trees, they escape observation.
Last April, one was brought to me at Khandala, it havii g been found in
a hole half way up a post in the stables at the Convalescent Home. Not
a single person there, either European or Native, to whom I showed it, had
ever seen one before. I have since had no difficulty in identifying it as
P. 7-eyalis ; Pocock mentions having identified this species from Matheran,
so it may be the commonest, if not the only species found in this part of
India. I tried my best to get another specimen but with no success.
In May last, I was more successful, when encamped at Potoli, Supa
Taluka, North Kanara, where I captured two females, but they belonged to
quite a different species which I have not as yet been able to identify.
Their description tallies more nearly with that of P. metallica, than v^ith
any of the others on Pocock's list, being of a uniform chocolate colour all
over the body and legs, but wanting the single orange spots on the tibice,
which is the distinguishing mark of P. metallica. At the first opportiinity
I intend to have them identified at the Natural History Museum, when I
will communicate the residt.
The measurements of the largest of the two are as follows, n
millimetres : —
Total length of body . . . . . . . . 55
Length of carapace . . . . . . . . 26
Width of carapace . . . . . . . . _. . 20
SO
154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Length of palp
' „ „ Ist leg
„ „ 2nd leg
„ „ 3rd leg
„ „ 4th leg
Patella and Tibia of Ist leg
„ „ 2nd leg
,, „ „ 3rd leg
„ „ ,, 4th leg
Protarsus of 4th leg
47
74
66
55
70
28
25
20
25
16
Quite by accident, 1 came across a silk lined bvirrow, in the jungles,
which I suspected belonged to one of these spiders. On introducing a
stick into it, 1 however failed to move or feel anything, so placing a dead
leaf over the mouth of the burrow, I left it until the following morning,
when on my return I foun<I that the leaf had been moved aside during
the night and fastened with a few threads to one side of the mouth of
the burrow — clear proof that the latter was occupied. The burrow was
made on a clean open space of slightly sloping ground, away from any
trees or shrubs. The ground was very hard, and it was not until 1 had
dug to the very bottom of the burrow — 2 feet in an almost perpendicular
direction, — that I found the spider, and about 30 or 40 young ones
crawling over and around her. The mother showed very
The young ones measured about l/3rd inch across. The
the section of the burrow measured as nearly as possible 2
burrow was beautifully lined with silk throughout.
On looking about, I found another burrow, within a few yards of the
first one. It was &. facsimile of the latter and like it contained a female
with a large number of young ones of a similar size as the first lot.
Unlike the natives I enquired of at Khandala, those in Kanara were
perfectly well acquainted with these spiders which they knew by the name
of " Waghzin's."
They stated that their bite would draw blood and that they were
poisonous but the poison was not of a very virulent nature ? Pocock
mentions that they possess poison-glands of large size, and are armed
with irritating bristles.
little fight,
diameter of
inches. The
L. L. FENTON, Lt.-Col.
Marsh Hall, South Molton, N. Devon.
22nd October 1916.
No. XIV.— THE " PREYING MANTIS " AS AN ENTOMOLOGIST.
My knowledge of the Mantidce is very limited, but I had always under-
stood that they preyed on comparatively small insects, such as most of us
have seen them shikaring on our dinner tables. I was mistaken, but I must
say I was considerably surprised to find one tackling one of the ornithoptera
group of butterflies.
Last May, I was encamped at Potoli in the Supa Taluka, North Kanara,
and one morning, when hunting butterflies in the local evergreen jungle,
noticed a Fapilio minos in efl'ectually struggling to get away from a large
bunch of flowers, on a tree, about 12 feet above the ground. I at once
thought it must have got entangled in a spider's web, but there was no
time to waste, and hastily scrambling up the tree, with the assistance of a
native, I succeeded in clapping my net over the flower before the butterfly
had escaped, and broke the former oft' at the stem. On regaining the
ground and carefully examining my capture, I found no trace of a spiders'
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1.55
web nor was there anything of a sticky nature on the flowers, whereas,
besides the latter and the butterlly, the net contained nothing else but a
large " Prej'ing Mantis " about 4 inches long and I am quite convinced
that it alone was responsible for the capture.
I only regret I omitted to preserve the Mantis in order to ascertain its
species.
L. L. FENTON, Lt.-Col.
Marsh Hall, South Moltox, N. Devon,
22nd October 1916,
No. XV.— SOME CEKAMBYCIDS FROM KUKSEONG,
A miscellaneous collection of insects made by me in the Government
Forest at Kurseong (altitude 6,000' and over) include the following Ceram-
bycids. The numbers against each species refers to the same in the
Eauna of British India Series, Coleoptera Vol. 1, Cerambycidee by Gahan : —
Sub-familj', Pkioninae.
o. Lophosternus indictts, Hope.
41. yEffosonia tibiale, White.
Sub-family, DisxENiiiSrAE.
54. Cyrtonops punQtipennis, White.
57. Distenia kalidasce, Lameere.
Sub-family, Cerambycinae.
131. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newman.
133. Pachydissus parcicoUis, Gahan.
Iy4. Rosalia hariola, Thoms.
197. Rosalia for mosa, Saund.
205. Zonopterus Jlavitarsis, Hope.
220. Chloridolum nympha, White.
263. Xylotrechus subdepressur, Chevr.
374. Aylaophis fasciata, Thoms.
E. A. D'ABREU, f.z.s.
Central Museum, Nagpur,
3rrf October 1916.
No. XVI.— NOTE ON A FLIGHT OF SPHINGIDA^.
On the 18th October at about 5 a.m., some 60 miles off the North- Western
Konkan Coast, (Lat. 19. 45 N. Long. 71. 40 E.) I was fortunate enough to
observe a remarkable flight of Lepidoptera.
The vast bulk of these belonged to the Sphinyidic of which I took the
following species : — -
Acherojitia lachesis . . Only one specimen.
Protoparce convolvuli . . Six specimens.
Nephele hespera . . Eleven specimens.
Choerocampa theylia . . Many hundreds.
Choerocampa celerio . . About one hundred seen.
Amongst the above at least one or two species of Choerocampa which 1
have not as yet identified.
In addition there were many Noctuidop., Geometridoe, Bombycidoe, and a
sprinkling of butterflies amongst which latter I observed Tcracolus restalis,
Terias and a few Ilesperidw. Two species of Odonata and one Phasmid
were also observed. The insects had apparently been carried seaward in
156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the recent cyclone as we were in its neighbourliood at the time. The
moths came at dawn and for some hours afterward they could be seen
clinging to every kind of object, coils of rope and cane chairs being the
favoured resting spots, these harmonising with their colouration and
afi'ording some protective concealment. The Convolcuh in particular chose
coils of seasoned rope and weatherworn wood on which it was quite difficult
to spot them.
I saw more Sphinffidoe in one hour than I had seen in a decade in India.
Bombay, 20^ Sept. 1916.
F. C. F5ASER, Capt., i.m.s.,
Hospital Ship " MADRAS."
No. XVll.— NOTES ON THE LARVA OF DILEPRILA LIVORNICA
(STRIPED HAWK MOTH).
I found large numbers of laves feeding on a milky plant with a yellow
flower at Changla Gali, Murree Hills, in June.
The plant was growing in a single sunny nullah and spur, and there must
have been many hundreds of lavte in this small area.
When first hatched the larva is a dirty white colour, with the head and
horn black. When about half an inch long a number of white dotvi appear.
These dots gradually form into a series of eleven white spots on each side,
the head and horn being black, and the rest of the body black, dotted with
white.
Wh' nthe larva is about one and a half inches long, all the white markings
turn yellow, only the spiracles being white. As the larva grows the yellow
spots become more conspicuous.
When full grown it is over three inches long, and has a very striking
appearance.
After reaching full growth the larva becomes very restless, leaves the
good plant and searches for a suitable place in which to pupate. It digs
a few inches into the ground, spins a slight coccoon and turns to a pupa in
about a week. The pupa is a bright reddish brown colour, with darker
markings, the head and thorax being green with brown dots.
Moths emerged in March 1916 from pupse obtained in June 1915.
In spite of its conspicuous colouring, the caterpillar feeds during the
day, often a large number of all sizes on one plaut, with no attempt at
concealment. When the plant is approached, all the caterpillars jerk
back the head and upper part of the body, and eject from the mouth large
drops of a clear green fluid. The drops fall in a small shower round the
plant. From these habits it would appear that the caterpillar is distasteful
to insectivorous birds, etc. 1 noticed some caterpillars which 1 kept, suck-
ing up greedily the milky juice which exuded when the food i)laut was
broken.
South in describing the larva of the Striped Hawk Moth ( Dilpphila
livornica ) in Ids " Moths of the British Isles " does not mention this habit,
so like that of some grasshoppers, of ejecting fluid from the mouth.
I do not know of any other Hawk Moth larva which has this habit.
F. B. SOOTT, Capt., i.a.,
Atthd. 69th Punjabis.
I.-, 7
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 17th JANUARY 1917.
An " At Home" of Members and their friends of tlio Lombay Natural
History Society took place on Wednesday, the 17th January.
The election of the following 34 new menibers since the last meeting was
announced: — The Principal, Mayo College, Ajmer ; H. 11. H. Prince
Abhakara of Chv.mporii, Bangkok, Siam ; 2nd-Lt. G. R. Smith, I.A.R.O.,
Mesopotamia ; Lt. W. R. F. Trevelyan, Mesopotamia ; the Mess President,
2-8th Gurkha Rifles, Landsdovvne ; Lt.-Col. R. A. Firth, Landsdovvne; Lt.
T. R. Livesay, l.A R.O., Mesopotamia ; Mr. t>. Haefliger, Lyalluore ; Mr.
A. N. Grieve, Purulia ; Mr. Duncan Macgregor, Lahore ; Capt. C. H. B.
Borth, R.A.M.C., Basra; Mr. C. E. Lynch-Blosse, Junagadh; Mr. A. Mac-
Donald, Champaran; Rev. A. F. R. Bird, Nandyal R.S. ; Lt. N. M. Adam,
R.A., Mesopotamia ; Lt. D. P. Blair, If.A M.C., Bushire ; Prof. I.W. Johory,
M.A., B.D., Indore; 2nd-Lt. R. E. Cheesman, Basra ; Mr. G. Wesche Dart,
Bombay ; Mr. S. G. de 0. Ireland, I.C.S., Fatehpur ; Ca[it. G. H. Russell,
Wano ; the Secretary, Central Circulating Library, S. 1. Railway, Trichino-
polv ; Lt.-Col. C. D. Dawes, I.M.S., Bombay ; Capt. J. Crompfcon, Bannu,
N.W.F.P. ; Mr. H. Parker, I.C.S., Homalin ; Mr. A. C. Morrell, Travancore;
Lt. Ernest E. Cunnah, R.A.M.C, Meerut,U. P.; Mr. R H. Cassell, Moni-
arah ; Mr. George D. Moore, Moniarah ; the Mess President, 94th Russell's
Infantry, Tank, N.W.F.P. ; Mr. G. D. Traylen, Bombay ; Mr. W. K. Dods
Calcutta ; Mr. W. E. Ley, I.C.S., Chauda, C.P. ; Mr. A. Hampson,
Bombay.
The contributions to the Society's Museum during the last four months
are remarkable for the wide range of localities from which they have been
received — localities extending from Mesopotamia to Siam and from Gilgit
to Trichinopoly.
Beginning with Mesopotamia the Society is much indebted to Sir Percy
Cox and ijt. R. E. Cheesman, I.A.R.O., for 37 bird skins, all of which
are of great interest. From Major-General Sir H. Keary come several
spotted sandgrouse and two starlings very similar to the European Starling.
Capt. C. R. S. Pitman has sent in skins of two kinds of sandgrouse and two
birds of prey, an eagle and a buzzard, and Major F. P. Connor a nuniber
of insects, snakes, lizards and birds and a scorpion alive. Lt.-Col F. Wall,
C.M.G., I.M.S., and Lt. Livesay, I.A.R.O., have presented much wanted
jackal skins and the latter has also sent the head and neck of a wild goose
A.ferus. From Major G. A. Perreau a fine wild cat aUo several bird skins.
From Capt. C. M. Ingoldby, R.A.M.C, comes a Persian robin, while Col.
Stevens and Major Dickinson took the trouble to send down alive two
small desert lizards of the genus Ayama. Lower down the Gi.lf, at Muscat,
Major A. R. Burton has been active in increasing the Society's collections
and he has sent in the skin of an Arabian fox, numerous lizards and
snakes, as well as a number of birds alive, including some Arabian seesee
and Close-barred Sandgrouse. On the other side of the Gulf, in Persian
Baluchistan. Capt. J. E. B. Hotson, I.A.R.O., has done much on the
Society's behalf and two small but interesting collections of mammals,
birds, snakes and insects, as well as botanical specimens have been received
from him.
Coming now to the borders of India proper, Capt. W. B. Cotton, LA. R.O.,
from Wano, has presented two fox skins, a couple of AfghaL nares, also a
skin of a cat which appears to be a hybrid between a domestic and a desert
cat F. 01-nata. Major Humphrys from Miranshah sent in a live fat-tailed
lizard perfectly harmless, but often considered by natives to be a poisonous
158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
species. From Gilgit Major A. D, Macpherson has presented a Levantine
viper, a European species only occasionally found in India. A number of
interesting bats from the Teesta Valley have been received from Mr.
A. Primrose and Mr. F. Field. Palamau has contributed several snakes
and mammals and from Dr. Malcolm Smith in Siam has come a welcome
collection of snakes, lizards and frogs. A number of Imperial Sandgrouse
skins have been presented by Col. H. H. the Maharaja of Bikanir and from
Simla Mr. G. 0. Shortridge, who was there on sick leave from Mesopotamia,
sent some butterflies. Mr. T. R. Bell has generously handed over to the
Society a collection of shells made at Karachi as well as a large number of
butterflies, moths and other insects, comprising some 1,900 specimens all
perfect specimens from Kanara. It is hoped to be able to furnish a
detailed list of this collection shortly.
The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions since
the last meeting : —
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
Three mammals : Tibet Marmot, ^
A.himalayanus,^2i\e Weasel, f
M. temon, Large-e a r e d ^
Mousehare, O. aurita. )
1 Common Wolf, C. jicillipes
1 Andaman Palm-civet, P. tytleri.
!
1 Jackal, C. aureus and head
and neck of Grey Lag Goose,
A. ferus.
r> Mammals : 2 Desert Foxes,]
V. leucopus, 1 hybrid ? De- \
sert cat, F. ornata, 2 Afghan i
hares, L. tibetanus. J
1 Jackal, C. aureus
6 Mammals, including, Panther,
F.pardus, Afghan Hedgehog,
E. megalotis, Persian Low-
land Hare, L. craspidotes, 2
mice, a bat and a fox, 33
birds, 4 fishes, 33 snakes, 2
lizards, 3 scorpions, 2 centi-
pedes and a number of in-
sects and botanical speci-
mens.
1 Fisliing Cat, F. viverrina
1 Jackal, C. indicus
1 Bamboo Kat, C. badius
Garhwal
Etawah, W. P.
Port Blair
Mesopotamia
Wano
Mesopotamia
Pers. -Baluchistan
Frontier.
Habb river
Henzada, Burma.
Taungdw i n g y e,
Burma.
Chin Hills
Mr. A. E. Osmaston,
I.F.S.
U. P. Govt.
Mr. F. B. Leach,
l.C.S.
Lt. I. R. Livesey,
LA.R.O.
Capt. W . B. Cotton.
Lt.-Col. F. W a 1 1,
I. M.S., C. M. G.
Capt. J. E. B. Hot-
son.
Mr. R.L. McCuUoch.
Mr. C. W. Allen.
Mr. F. C. Purkis.
Mr. A. Wright.
riiOCEE DINGS.
159
Contributiou.
Locality.
Donor.
Muscat .
Mesopotamia
1 Arabian Fox, T. aiabica, 2t
snakes, T.f/ tint hen', Z.rhodor-
achis, 2 lizards, 1 centipede,
6 scorpions and some
insects, also o Close-barred
Sandgrouse, P. lichtensteini, \
Arabian Seesee, A. heyi,
liarbary Falcon, F. harharus ?
4 Persian Turtle Doves,
i*>. t. orenicola and 1 Blue
Roch Thrush, M. sa.vatiles.
Four mammals, including a Per- 1
sian Mungoose, M. j>ersicus,
and a Syrian Hedgehog, E.
calliiioni, and 3 birds, 1 Blue
cheeked Bee-eater, M.persi- )■
cus and Pin-tailed Sand
grouse, P. a. caudata.
3 Lizards
1 Tree Frog and a number of I
insects. J
Five Mammals : 1 Short-tailedGopaldhara
Mole, 7'. micrura and four bats
3 Mammals : 1 Smaller Bandi-
coot Kat, -B. nemoricaya, 1
Fulvous Leafnosed Bat, H.
f ulcus aud 1 pipistrelle,
1 bird.
5 Snakes : Brown Tree Snake, )-
D. triyonata. Painted Tree
Snake, D. pictus, Green Pit
Viper, L. yramineus, Kukri
Snake O. suOyriseus and Green
"WTiip snake, D. mycterizans.
1 Scorpion . .
18 Bats
Major A. R. Burton.
Niterhat D i s
Palamau.
Major F. P. Connor,
LM.S.
Mr. H. Stevens.
t., Mr. F. Field.
Teesta Valley
Mesopotamia
1 Jungle Cat, F. chaus ; Three 'j
birds : 1 Montagu's Har- '•
rier, C. cinevaceus, 2 Spotted j
Sandgrouse. P. sencyallus and j I
1 Black Partridge. F. rulyaiisj |
1 Snake. Coluber hoJysoni, alive. ^ \
1 Spotted Himalayan Scops V Dharumsala
Owl, 6'. spilocephalus. )
5 Snakes: Koj'al Snake, Z. ")
diadema, Iridescent Earth I
Snake, A', unicolor, Buff"- |
j striped Keel-back, T. sftolatus,
1 Banded Krait, B. fasciatus \
\ and <S'. oliraceus. \
\ 2 Scorpions . , . , J
Pegu, Burma
Mr. A. Primrose.
Major G. A. Perreau.
Mr. C. H. Donald.
Mr. J. M. D. Mac
kenzic.
160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
1 Krait, B.
10 Snakes
14 Lizards
10 Frogs
eceruleus
}
s he.va-
Snake, Dipaadoniorphu
gonatus (alive).
I Levantine Viper, V. lihetina . ,
7 Birds : 5 Spotted Sandgrouse, ^
P. senff/allm, 2 Starlings, S. |
vulgaris. J
II Bird skins; Spotted Sand-^
grouse, P. senegallus, Pint-
ailed Sandgrouse, P. a.
caudata, Long-legged Buz-
zard, 5./<?/-oc, Steppe Eagle, ^.
nepalensis. Crested Lark, G. c.
magna, Skylark, A. arvends.
36 Bird skins and 3 beetles
1 Rnfous Cylinder Snake, C. rufus
1 Spotted Sandgrouse, P. sene-
f/allus.
1 Bittern, />'. stellaris
2 Lizards, Agama isolepis (alive) . .
25 Imperial Sandgrouse, P. are-
nariw..
2 Coronetted Sandgrouse, P.
coronatus.
1 Water Cock, G. cinerea
Deolali , =
Siani
MonacheraP.O.
Gilgit
Mesopotamia
Do.
Do.
Bhamo
Mesopotamia
Bombay Dist.
Busra
Bikanir . .
Kohistan
Mamiufrao
1 Persian Robin, E. hyrcanus . . Mesopotamia
1 Fat-tailed Lizard, E. maculaiia ^ochi Valley
and a buprostid beetle.
A number of snakes, fish and
centipedes in spirit, a large
number of butterflies, moths,
diagonflies, grasshoppers,
mantids, cicadas, hemip- !
tera, diptera and spiders, a \
qviantiby of shells and four
eggs of common peafowl, P.
eristatus and four of com-
mon sandgrouse, P. e:rustus. ^
A few birds, fish, lizards and|KaTwar
insects.
Capt. Malone.
Dr. Malcolm Smith.
Mr. W. Short.
Major A. D. Mac-
pherson.
Maj-Gen. Sir H.
Keary.
Capt. 0. R. Pitman.
Sir P. Z. Cox and Lt.
Cheesman.
Capt. A. C. Frere.
Mr. A. F. Forbes.
Col. Stevens and
Major Dickinson.
H. H. the Maharaja.
Mr.R. L.McCuUoch.
JMr. W. Coen.
iCapt. C, M. Ingold-
I by, R.A.M.C.
Major F. H. Hum-
i phrys.
Kanara and Kara-Mr. T. R. Bell,
chi.
Mr. N. B. Kinnear.
Hi
B
o
H
H
>
5 EH
?* ^
^ a
H
3!
H
y^*
I!1MLI3RAR Y) 30
JOURNAL '^^""^
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
Sept. 1917. Vol. XXV. No. 2.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND T'EYLON.
BY
E. C. Stuart Bakee, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
Part XXII.
With a Coloured Plate.
PHASIANIDiE.
GQUU&—GENNJEUS.
In 1915 I wrote a revision of this beautiful group of pheasants,
which appeared in tlie Journal of this Society, Vol. XXIII, p.
658 (May 1915). I then gave at considerable length my reasons
for retaining some of the species and sub-species which had been
described by Gates and others, and for eliminating a large number
which, with the greater material then available, were found to be
untenable.
Since this review was published, there are only two points upon
which I have been able to obtain further evidence and material to
show that the deductions then drawn require alteration.
The first of these necessitates the suppression of cuvieri. There
appears to be no doiibt that this so-called sub-species has no definite
geographical range, but crops up here and there where the
lower habitat of horsjleldi meets suddenly the higher habitat of
nijdhemerus ruiipes, icilliamsi, or oatesi. The skins which I have
been able to examine show that ciwieri is either a hybrid between
totally distinct species, or merely forms a very thin, ill-defined
1
16-2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
line of connection between horsfieldi and various other sub-species.
Nowhere is this line sufficiently defined or wide enough to justify
curieri being retained as a good sub-species.
Secondly, the discoveries of Robinson, Guildenstolpe, Herbert,
Kloss, and others have shewn that the range of true lineatus has to
be very greatly extended, though still further material is required
before we can say definitely what is the range of lineatus and what
of sharpei. It would appear, however, that Silver Pheasants of some
kind very nearly related to, if not the same as, Gennceus lineatus
lineatus, are to be found as far South as 12'*, and also East well
into many portions of South and West Siam. At what particular
point lineatus merges into sharpei has still to be worked out with
exactness, and to do this will require a much greater mass of
material than is now available.
I retain ripponi for tfie present, though with a good deal of
hesitation, and if more specimens for examination are obtained
from the Trans Salween and Mekong River areas this sub-species
may also have to be suppressed.
The Genus Gennceus contains the pheasants popularly known as
Kalij and Silver Pheasants, and are certainly the most closely
allied of all our Indian Pheasants to the Jungle-Fowl. They are
heavily built, powerful birds with comparatively short rounded
wings ; tails compressed, of sixteen feathers, either of great or
moderate length, and 's\ith the central feathers longest ; their legs
are short and fairly long, and are armed in the males with powerful
spurs, one on each leg, and only abnormally two.
The head is crested in both sexes, and the sides of the head are
bare and highly coloured.
Key to Species : Males.
A. Crest white light brown albocristatus.
B. Crest black.
a. Upper plumage black, feathers
with pale edges, and rump
barred with white, breast
laro-elv whitish leucomelanus.
ft. Upper plumage wholly black,
breast largely whitish melanonotus .
f. Upper plumage black ; rump
boldh' barred with white ;
breast black Jiorsfieldi.
d. Upper plumage gre^^, formed
by narrow vermiculations and
bars of black and white lineatus.
e. Upper plumage almost white with
sparse, narrow bars of black... nycthemerus.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 163
Key to Sprcie:s : Females.
-I. Lower plumage more or less mottled or
squamated and with pale shafts but
not with white or bufi" streaks,
(' . Rather paler below alhocrisia ttis.
h. Rather darker belo^-.
a'. Central tail feathers well
mottled and distinctlj^ leucomelanius.
grey about neck melanonotus.
//. Centi'al tail feathers not
much mottled and no
grey on neck.
a". Central tail feathers
dark chestnut,
contrasting greatly
with lateral ones., horsfieldi horsjieldi.
h". Central tail feathers
pale chestnut, con-
trasting greatly
with lateral ones, horsjieldi ivilliamsi.
]J. Lower plumage with white or buff and
not squamated
c'. Central streaks buff and
confined principally to
breast aud flanks lineatus oatesi.
d'. Central streaks white,
numerous everjnvhere,
but narrow ; under
plumage bright rufous, lineaius lineatus.
e . Central streaks white and
broad, lower plumage
much darker and not
so rufous lineatus sharpei.
< '. Lower plumage white, buffy white, or buff
with bold bars, or edges of dark brown.
f. Lower plumage white ... nydhemerus nycthe-
merus.
<f. Lower iplnmage huf^ or ( nydhemenis rijjponi^
buffy white \ nycthemerus rufifes.
The above ke}' is one which can only be accepted as a general
guide, for in each of the three groups the females resemble one
another so closely that it is often difficult and sometimes impossible
to distinguish one from the other. The three groups are themselves
well separated by the markings of the lower plumage in quite
adult birds, but the j'oung females of B and C are sometimes very
164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
close to one another in appearance until the nyciheme'i-us group
have acquired the pale, dark margined plumage in part or whole.
GENNiEUS ALBOCRISTATUS.
The White-Crested Kalij.
f Phasianus hamiltonii, Gray, in Griffith, eel. Cuvier III., p. 27 (1829) ; id.
111. Ind. Zool. 1., PL 41 (1830).
Phasianus albocri status, Vigors, P. Z. S., p. 9 ('1830) ; Gould, Gen. B. H.,
Pis. 66-67 (1832).
Euplocomus albocristatus, Hutton, J. As. Soc. Bang. XVII, pt. II. p. 693
(1848) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc, p. 244 (1849).
Euplocamus albocristatus, Adams, P. Z. S., p. 499 (1858) ; Elliot. Mon.
Phas. II, PI. (1872) ; Hume and Inglis, St. Feath. V., p. 42 (1877) ; Hume,
ibid, VII., p. 429 (1878) ; Hume and Marsh, Game— B, I, p. 177, PI. (1878).
Euplocamus albicristatus. Gates, ed. Hume's Nest and Eggs III, p. 413
(1890).
Gallophasis albocristatus, Mitch., P. Z. S. (1858), p. 544, Pis. 148, fig. 1 and
149, fig. 3 ; Jerd., B. of In, 111, p. 532 (1863) ; Hume, Nest and Eggs, In. B.,
p. 526 (1873) ; Marsh, Birds' Nests Ind., p. 58 (1877).
Gennceus albocristatus, Ogilvie-Graut, Cat. Birds B. M. XXII, p. 298
(1893) ; id. Hand— L., Game— B. I, p. 258 (1895) ; Stuart Baker, Jour.
B. N. H. S., XXIII, p. 666 (1915).
Gennceus albicristatus, Gates, Game — B. I, p. 324 (1898) ; Blanf., Fauna
B.I. Birds IV., p. 89 (1898); Gates, Cat. Eggs B. M. 1, p. 54(1901):
Rattray, Jour. B. N.H.S. XVI., p. 663 (1905); Ghigi, Mem. Acad., Bolo-
gna (6), v., p. 145 (1908) ; Magrath, Jour. B. N. H. S. XVIII., p. 298
(1908) ; "Pine Marten," ibid, XIX., p. 796 (1910).
Vernacular Names. — Kalij, Knkera, Mirghi Kalij, Kulesur j ,
Kalesi 5 (Hin. In varioiis i)arts of the N. W. Himalayas) Kolsa,
(^Western Punjab and Ghamba).
Description — Adult Male. — Forehead, feathers above the eye,
cheeks, nape and neck black glossed with pm-plish-blue. Long hairy
crest white or dirty pale brown, the feathers next the forehead and
sides of the crown mixed with darker brown and black, so that
these parts merge into one another rather than contrast. Feathers
of the upper back like the neck, but more blue than purple in sheen
and with dull edges of pale brown or whitish. Lower back, rump
and upper tail-coverts black glossed with steel-blue and with broad
edges of pure white generally divided from the black by a very
narrow band of brown. Tail feathers above glossy blue-black,
below dark brown, sometimes with pale tips. Chin, throat and
foreneck dark brown wdth pale shafts, gradually changing into grey
on the lower foreneck, which has a pale steel-bhie sheen, and again
into white tinged more or less with brown on long lanceolate
feathers of the breast and flanks. Abdomen, vent under tail-coverts
dull brown, more or less edged paler and not distinctl}' defined from
breast or flanks. Lesser and median wing-coverts like the feathers
of the back, and like them with nearly white shafts and two fairly
well-marked areas of green and blue gloss ; greater coverts witli a
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. lOr,
greener gloss and visible shafts dark. Quills dark brown glossed
on the visible portions with green.
The feathers of the breast are all brown at the base, and shew up
in varying degrees, so that in some birds the breasts appear almost
piire white, whilst in others they appear almost more brown than
white.
Colours of soft imrts. —
"' Legs and feet pale drab ; bill pale horny green, cere dusky;
'• bare face space crimson, irides deep brown." (Davison).
" The irides are orange brown; the bare eye patch bright
'• scarlet to deep crimson, dotted over with numerous tiny tufts
'• of abortive black feathers; the bill greenish white, dusky at
" tip ; the legs and feet livid white, with a purplish or brownish
" tinge, varying to pale brown, often with an olive tinge."
( Hume) .
I have also had the legs described to me as being of a rather pale
slaty or plumbeous colour.
Measurements. — Length about 27" (685*8 mm.) ; wang from 8'5"
to 9-8" (215-9 to 248-9 mm.); average of forty birds 9-05" (229-8
mm.); tail from 9-0" to 12-5" (228 to 327 mm.); tarsus about
3-1" (78-7 mm.) ; bill at front about 1" (25-4 mm.), and from gape
1-4" (35'5 mm.). The crest runs up to 44", and is generally about
3" to 31" (76-2 to 88-9 mm.)
"Length, 24-0 to 29-0; expanse, 28-75 to 32-0; wdng, 8-7
'^to 10-0; tail from vent, 10-2 to 13-0 ; tarsus, 2-9 to 3-1 ; bill
"from gape, 1-3 to 1-55; weight, 2-lbs. to 2-lbs. 6 ozs."
(Hume).
Adult Female. — Feathers of the head, including crest, reddish
hair brown, the shafts but little paler than the w^ebs. Wing-coverts
and the whole of the neck and back the same brown, but with each
feather broadly edged with very pale brown and with the shaft pale
enough to contrast strongly with the webs. Wing quills browaa
with the shafts the same colour except on the innermost, which
have them a little paler than the webs ; the whole of the back and
wings finely vermiculated with black, the vermiculations being
somewhat stronger towards the tip than at the base of each feather.
Central tail feathers reddish brown, more broadly vermiculated with
black and with a few buff or whitish vermiculations on the outer
edges of each w-eb ; sometimes extending over the whole of the outer
webs. Remaining tail feathers dark brown, glossed with green, and
generally with paler tips, whilst one or two pairs next the central
ones often have edges similar to these. Lower plumage similar to
the upper, but paler and with broader pale edges to the feathers ;
chin and throat palest and dullest, and centre of breast darkest and
richest in colouration; centre of abdomen and vent dull grey-brown,
pale and feebly marked.
166 JOUBNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETF, Vol. XXV.
The females vaiy a good deal in tint, and a few are markedly
more grey, especialty on the wing qnills and scapulars.
Colours of soft parts are similar to the same parts in the male,
but generally duller. The crimson of the bare parts of the face is
duller and darker, more a brick-red than a true crimson or scarlet
red ; the irides are brown, or orange-brown ; legs and bill much
the same as in the cock bird.
Measurements. — The female is generally a good deal smaller
than the male, but varies very much in size. Wing from 8" to
nearly 9" (203-2 to 226-5 mm.); average of thirty-three birds,
8-3" (210-8 mm.); tail from 7-8" to 9-1" (198-1 mm. to 229-0
nam.) ; tarsus about 2-6" {QQ mm.) ; crest about 3" (76-2 mm.) or
a little over.
" Length 20-0 to 23-0 ; expanse 24-5 to 27-2 ; wing 8-0 to
"8-3; tail from vent 7*8 to 9-0; tarsus 2-6 to 2-8; bill from
"gape 1-2 to 1-3; weight 1 lb. 4 ozs. to 2 lbs. 4 ozs."
(Hume).
Young Male. — Similar to the female.
Chick in first plumage has the crown chocolate brown, with the
sides of the head and crown rufous, pale on former, rich and some-
what chestnut on the latter ; ear-coverts dark-brown ; upper
plumage brown, minutely freckled with black, each feather with
paler edging, a conspicuous white spot at the tip, and a broad sub-
terminal bar of black edged with rufous ; wing-coverts like the
back. Lower plumage dull pale brown, the feathers with whitish
shafts and pale edges.
Distribution. — Along the Himalayas from the River Indus on the
West to Nepal on the East, possibly entering the exti-eme West of
Nepal as far as the Gogra. Hodgson obtained a skin from West of
Jamla, presumably in Nepal, but with no definite locality, and Hume
thought that it must have come from still further West,
probably from the Kumaon or Garhwal Hills, where it is very
common.
It has been said to extend West into Buneer and Swat, but it is
very doubtful if this report is correct, for the country is certainly
not suited to the habits of these birds.
Nidification. — The White-Crested Kalij breeds according to
locality from the end of March and early April to the end of June.
From 2,000 feet to 4,000 feet or so most nests will be found during
. April, but at 6,000 feet not many will be taken until well on into
May, and in the highest parts of their breeding ranges their eggs
may be found as late as the end of June. They certainly breed up
to 9,000 feet and over, and probably up to some 11,000 feet in
parts of Kashmir. Magrath records it as a resident bird at Than-
diani at an elevation of 9,000 feet, and Dodsworth found it breeding
at over this height in the Simla Hills and Native States, whilst
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. It)7
Wilson took its eggs at 9,500 feet in the IJliagirutteo Valley.
Hume Ibimd it, on the other hand, breeding as low down as \ ,'H)0
feet in the Dhoon, and doubtless it may be found at even lower
elevations than this.
The nest is mui-h the same as that of all others of the genus, i.e.,
generally nothing more than a collection of leaves, grass and forest
rubbish in some hollow under the shelter of a bush, tree or bamboo
clump. In many instances this heap of rubbish is merely what has
fallen and drifted into its present situation, but sometimes apparent-
ly the bird does go to some trouble in scratching together the
material on which to deposit its eggs.
Mr. Frederick Wilson, so well known under the nom-de-plume of
•• ^lountaineer ", in an interesting letter to Hume writes about the
breeding of this pheasant in Garhwal as follows : —
'• The Kalij Pheasant (mnrrihi or kookera of the Paharis) is
" found from the foot of the hills, or rather from the tSewalik
" Range to the Snows, and consequently breeds at all eleva-
" tions up to 9,000 feet ia a few localities even higher ; I
"lately found the nest above the village of Sookee in the
•' Bhagirattee Valley, which must have been at 9,500 feet. In
"the Dhoon, at the foot of the hills in the lower Valleys the
" Kalij begins to la}^ in April. In the higher ranges it lays
" in May, and some birds not till the beginning or middle of
" June. The nest, if it can be called such, is sjeneralh' in a
"coppice where there is plenty of underwood, and under an
"overhanging stone, or thick low bush, or tuft of grass. It is
"merely a hole scraped in the ground. The eggs are 9 to 14
" in number, very like those of some domestic fowls, a yellow-
" ish or buffy white. Both parent birds are generally found
" with the young brood. Occasionally very late broods would
" lead one to infer, either that the Kalij sometimes has two
" broods in the year, or that when a nest is destroyed, they
" commence the business of incubation over again."
Other observers' remarks agree well with Wilson's description of
their breeding, but Major Cook once found its nest on a large low
bough of a tree in a hollow on the upper side of which the eggs
were placed.
The only two things which seem to be an absolute necessity in
this Pheasant's estimation in the nesting site is ample cover and
water within a reasonable distance. Thin forest with thick under-
growth, evergreen forest with plenty of ferns, brambles and bracken,
ravines and water courses with rocky sides well covered with weeds,
&c., all seem to form equally suitable places for the nest, and in
addition to these it may be sometimes found in bamboo jungle,
especiall}^ if there is a certain amount of grass or scrub mixed with
a
li
168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX T.
m
it. According to Hume, the White-Crested Kalij sometimes makes
quite a respectable nest. He remarks : —
" The Common Kalij hardly forms a regular nest. It
'• gets together a pad, sometimes rather massive, sometimes
" very slight, of fine grass and coarse moss roots, mingled
with a little grass or a few sprigs of moss, and in a
slight depression ; in this it lays its eggs. One which I
measured in situ in May, 1871, in the Valley of the Sutlej,
just below Kotegurh, was circular, 11-5 in diameter and
4 inches in thickness outside, with a central depression
" 6 inches wide and nearly 2 inches in depth in the
" centre."
The number of eggs generall}^ laid is, 6 to 9, but they sometimes
lay as many as 14, and also sometimes as few as 4, as the late Mr.
P. Dodsworth took this number of eggs very hard set. 8 or 9 eggs
is probably the number most often to be found in a complete
clutch.
In general appearance they are exactl}^ like the eggs of the
domestic fowl, but are, perhaps, on the whole more glossy, and are
frequently somewhat pointed. The surface is very smooth with a
fine, close grain, but sometimes they are pitted with innumerable
little pores, though these are not normally nearly so numerous or so
conspicuous as those almost invariably found in the eggs of the
Peacock Pheasant.
The colour may bo anything from a white merely tinted with
cream or bufi'to a buff of a rich red tone like that of the darkest
eggs laid by a Brahma fowl, but even redder than these. The
majority of eggs laid are a warm cream or reddish buff, and eggs
almost white are quite exceptional.
The series of 60 eggs in the Hume Collection in the British
Museum vary in leng-th between 1*85" (44-0 mm.) and 2-05"
(52-07 mm.), and in breadth between 1-25" (31-7 mm.) and 1-55"
(39-4 mm.). All the eggs which have passed through my hands
come within these extremes, and including the 60 in this Collec-
tion the average of 100 is exactly 1-95" (49-5 mm.) by 1-42"
(361 mm.).
Whether the White-Crested Kalij is polygamous or not seems
still to be a moot point, and it is quite possible that though it is
generally speaking monogamous, it sometimes indulges in mor-
manistic habits. Hume is strongly of opinion that it is a libel
upon this bird to accuse him of having more than one wife, and
says that he has many hundreds of times flushed young broods in
company with both parents, and that from the month of May to
that of October he has rarely put up an adult of one sex without
finding the pair to it close by.
" Onithognomen," however, who wrote i-egularly for the Field in
THE (lAME lURDS (tF INDIA. \m
the early sixties, ami was a spoitsinan ami obsji'ver of wide ex-
perience and considerable ability, recorded :
" The KuUij is polygamous (as indeed all Gallinaceous birds
" are), and its habits ^\•ith respect to breeding are exactly the
"same as those of the Jungle-Fowl. The cock bird pays
'•tolerably impartial attention to his seraglio of 3 to 5 hens,
•• and the, latter, when so disposed, retire from time to time to
•• some secluded, sheltered spot to lay, returning to their party
" when this little duty has been performed. When 6, 8 or 10
'• eggs have been laid in one spot, the heri yields to the impulse
•• of incubation, and withdraws from Societ}'- to hatch her
" brood."
It mast be remembered that in '• Onithognomen's" day it was an
accepted idea that all game birds were polygamous, and the barn-
door fowl was cited as the pattern followed by the rest in their
domestic habits. Of recent years, however, it has been satisfactorily
proved that in many instances the cock birds of many species
prove faithful husbands and good parents, and it is not safe to
generalise. The credit for polygamj^ has doubtless arisen from the
fact that the cock bird is so often seen with a number of birds in
hens' plumage, though this may be due merely to the young cocks
not having yet acqiiired their male feathers and coloui'S.
The young grow their wing qiiills with extraordinary quickness,
and within a few days are able to fly as well trnd as fast as the
adult bird.
The hen bird is a xevj close sitter, and according to Hume,
may often be captured by hand or seized by a dog before she will
leave her nest.
General Habits. — The AVhite-Crested Kalij is resident wherever
found, though it may move locally higher up the hills in summer
and lower down in winter. Even this movement must, however,
be but very slight, as it has been found breeding at practically
every height at which it has been seen. Typically it is, like the
rest of the genus, a bird of heavj' forests and thick growths rather
than the deciduous forest and more open country of the higher
hills. -At the same time it is less exclusively found in dense
evergreens than are its nearest relations, and sometimes at least
it wanders on to hill sides covered with but broken patches of
tree and bush scrub, especially if the intervening portions are well
furnished with bracken. Of course this does not mean to infer
they do not feed regularly, morning and evening, in the open, and
indeed when the weather is cool and showery especially at the
higher elevations, it may be found in open places throughout the
day.
It is not nearly so socially inclined a bird as the Jungle-Fowl,
and is seldom met w^ith except in pairs or small family flocks of
2
170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
half a dozen to a dozen, but maj sometimes be seen in the company
of Jungle-Fowl, and sometimes two oi" three old cocks will be
found together after the breeding season is ov^er.
Dimng the breeding season they are said to be very pugnacious,
" Mountaineer " writes :
" The Kalij is very pugnacious, and tlie males have frecjuent
" battles. On one occasion I had shot a ma^e, which lay
" fluttering on the ground in its death struggles when another
" rushed out of the jtingle and attacked it with the greatest
" fury, though 1 was standing re-loading the gun close by.
" The male often makes a peculiar drumming noise with its
" wings, not unlike the sound produced hj shaking in the air
" a thick piece of cloth. It is only heard in the pairing
" season ; but whether to attract the attention of the females
"or in defiance of his fellows I cannot say, as I have never
" seen the bird in the act, though often led to the spot where
" they were by the soimd."
The sound is undoubtedly one resorted to as a challenge to fight,
and in some parts of its habitat it is imitated as a decoy to entice
the male birds into snares and traps.
Nowhere do these birds exist in sufiicient numbers now-a-days
to make their pursuit worth while unless othei" game can be bagged
at the same time. When this is the case they are well worth
working hard for, as they are strong fast fliers Avhen fairly on the
wing, take a lot of bringing down, and when killed are excellent
for the table.
Hume remarks that : —
" Generally in the hills jou may pick up three or four birds
" in a day, by beating all likely patches of cover near fields,
" but it is rare with this species to make a good bag. There
" are, however, places where you may come across the Kalij
" almost as thick as Pheasants in a Norfolk cover. Such
" places there used to be close to Bhim and Naukuchia Tal,
" small lakes not far from Naini Tal, but at a much lower
" level, and at the former of these I once, early in November,
" killed eleven and a half brace in less than three houi-s."
Wilson writes of this Kalij as a very tame and confiding sort of
bird ; he sa3's ;
" It appears to be more unsuspicious of man than the rest of
" our Pheasants ; it comes much nearer his habitations."
And again :
" They are never very shy, and where not unceasingly
" annoyed by sportsmen or shikaris, are as tame as an 3^ sports-
" man could wish."'
Since the days when Wilson wrote the Kalij has evidently learnt
a lot, aiid now one requires plenty of patience and hard work to be
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 171
expended liet'oiv he can be brought to bag, esperially without good
dogs. Wandering along roads and forest paths in the early morn-
ing or late afternoon, one ma}' sometimes obtain (juite a decent bag
of these birds, for wherever the road passes through forest, Kalij
Pheasants are quite sure to frequent it daih\ If the road is wide
and runs straight ibr considerable distances, it is not much Tised at-
tempting to shoot along it, and the only chance is to creep along
as quietly as possible just inside the edge of the forest and hope to
spot your game before he sees or hears j'ou. On the other hand if
the road twists and turns so as to enable you to get fairly clear to
any bird hunting for grain in the droppings, &c.,on it, one can get
quite a number of shots in a couple of hours" stroll. This is not
however a very satisfactory way of shooting, for if you want j^our
bii'd, it is almost imperative to shoot him as he runs into safety,
and not one bird in five will give a decent shot on the wing unless
he is startled into unwilling flight by j^our almost treading on him.
If, however, you know his haunts and have good dogs to work
them with, it is possible to have a much more sporting da3"'s shoot,
but it must be remembered that Indian forests are not like English
ones, there are no nicely cut drives or open spaces, and ten to one
when the bird is put up by your dogs he gets up and keeps up
right out of sight. A more or less open ravine may sometimes
furnish a vantage ground for the sportsman, giving him room to
work uphill and see more or less wdiat is going on above him on
either side. It is best always to v.-ork uphill, as all Kalij Pheas-
ants, like Jungle-Fowl, always run away uphill, but once they are
flushed turn and fly downhill. Once on the wing and fairly start-
ed, they fly at a great pace, and it is no easy matter to get 3-our
first bird as they come towards you and then swing round and bowl
over Yowv second before he passes out of shot.
When shooting with dogs, pheasants often fly into trees and perch,
and once seated in what they consider safety, it is generally possi-
ble to creep up and get a fair shot as they leave their perch.
The White-crested Kalij feed greedily on all kinds of grain and
seed, and also on the tender young shoots of many green crops.
Cultivation of almost any sort, therefore, forms a great attraction to
them, and this is probabl}^ why they are more numerous round and
about villages than in more remote forests. At the same time even
the crops of villages will not tempt them unless there is plenty of
heav}^ forest wdthin the immediate vicinity into which they can
scuttle for refuge. In addition to vegetable food they will eat
almost any kind of insect, worms, larvas and even small reptiles.
The cocks have a rather loud croAv or call, described by Wilson
as " a loud whistling chuckle or chirrup," and both sexes chuckle
and cluck in a soft undertone as \\\QY wander about in the under-
growth scratching for food.
172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXV.
Genn^us lelcomelanos.
The Nepal Kalij.
Phasianus leucomelanos, Lath., Ind. Orn. II., p. 633 (1790).
Euplocomus leucomelas, Hoclg., in Gray's Zool. Misc., p. 85 (1844).
Gallophasis leucomelanos, Gray, Gen. B. III., p. 498 (1845); Hntton, J. A. S.
B., XVil., pt. II., p. 694(1848).
Euplocamus leucomelanus, Hume, Str. Feath. VII, pp. 428-9 (1870); Hume
and Marsh, Game-B. Ind. I., p. 285, PI. (1878).
Gallophasis leucomelanus, Scully, Str. Feath. VIII., p. 345 (1879).
Gennceus leucomelanus, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. XXII, p. 380
(1893); id. Hand-L. Game-B. I., p. 262 (1895); Gates, Man. Game-B. I.,
p. 329 (1898) ; Blanford, Fauna. Brit. In. IV., p. 90 (1898); Stuart Baker,
Jour. B. N. H. Soc. XXIII., p. 667 (1915).
Gennceus leucomelanos, Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p. 145 (1908).
Vernacular Names. — Kalich, Kalij (Perbuttia), Rechabo (BJmtea,
Nejyal).
Description — Adult Male. — Similar to alhocristatus, but with the
crest glossy blue-black with no trace of white or of pale brown.
The feathers of the lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts are
glossy, blue-black with narrow white edges divided from the black
by a very fine bar of brown vermiculations. The wing-coverts
have narrower white edges than are foiind in the White-Crested
Kalij, and these are. often in the shape of white vermiculations
rather than in one distinct bar. The chin and foreneck are darker
and more glossy, and the under parts are generally a little less
albescent, though this feature is not sufficiently developed to be of
any real value.
Colours of soft parts, as in albocristatus. Hume describes the
legs and feet thus : —
" Legs and feet pale brownish or dingy greyish hornj-; the
" toes usually a little darker than the tarsus; claws brownish
"horny, spurs dusky."
Measurements. — Length about 25" (637-0 mm.); wing 8-1" to
9-2" (204-7 to 233-6 mm.); average of thirty-five birds, 8-3" (210-8
mm.); tail 8-9" to 12-0" (248-9 to 304-8 mm.); tarsus about
3-1" (78-7 mm.); crest 2-5" to 3" (71-1 to 76-2 mm.). Hume
gives the weight as varying between 1-lb. 12-ozs. and 2-lbs. 8-ozs.
Adidt Female. — Differs but little from the female of the White-
Crested Kalij, but is on the whole rather redder and more richh"
coloured, and this more particularly so on the tail and the under
parts. The feathers of the breast have quite dark centres such as
are never found in albocristatus, and the general darker tint of the
centre of the feathers of both upper and lower plumage makes the
contrast with the pale edges more striking than it is in that bird.
Scully says that : —
" The adult female resembles that of melanotus much more
" closely than it does that of albocristatus or horsfieldi. It
THE a ami: niRDS of India. i:;;
" diHevs from inelau,onohis in having' tlie feathers of the upper
" surface more broadly mari;ined with greyish white ; the
•• middle tail feather more broadly vermiciilated, thougli not so
••prominently as in alhocristatus ; the edges to the feathers of
'• the lower surface contrast more and the rump contrasts more
'• with the middle tail feathers, in this respect resembling
•• hortijieldi, but in no other."'
Colours of soft 2)Cf'>'is as in alhocristatus.
Measurements. — Length about 20" (508 mm.) ; wing 7'8" to
8-7" (198-1 to 221-0 mm.) ; average of twenty birds, 8-1" (205-7
mm.); tail 7-3" to S-6" (185-4. to 218-4 mm.) ; tarsus aboiit 2-7"
(68-5 mm.) ; crest about 2-5" (Go- 7 mm.).
Chick in down. — Head chestnut, palest on forehead and behind
eye ; a dark streak running from behind and below eye to neck.
Centre of back chocolate brown with broad lateral bands of pale
buff, sides dull chestnut ; chin and throat pale yellowish white,
remainder of lower parts pale yellowish grey.
" Young. — A chick captured on the lOtli June, whose \\ing
'•measured only 2" had the feet oi'ange and the bill greenish
■-yellow-horny; the head was rufous-brown, the body above
-• dark brown ; each feather of the wing-coverts and scapulars
" having a blackish subterminal bar, and a fulvous tip ; beneath
'• sullied fulvous. Young birds of both sexes about three
•- months old resemble the female, but have the bill livid at
" tip, the orbital skin pale fleshy red, and the feet livid
"brownish; at this stage the black subterminal bars on the
"upper feathers are still well marked The young male
" assumes the black plumage when about five months old
-• (such, at least, was the case in two specimens I had in con-
•' finement) ; but at this age it still shews traces of the original
•' brown colour about the feathers of the neck and upper
^'back." (Scully).
Distribution. — Nepal at practically all heights between 2,000 and
9,000 feet. In the extreme West of Nepal across the Gogra it is
doubtful whether this species may not be replaced by the White-
crested Kalij, and again, in the extreme East of Nepal it is possible
that the Black-backed Kalij may be found.
.Scully writes that the Nepal Kalij extends as far East as the
Arun River, and this is probably correct ; certainly birds which I
procured at Jalpaiguri, and which had come from the vicinity of
Dhamkhata were all melanonotus. Dliamkhata is a village on the
Tamra, a small stream running into the Arun River, and the birds
were collected for me by Nepalese who traded in Pankabari and
Jalpaiguri. li is interesting to note, also, that these birds shewed
no signs of grading into Uucomelanv.s. It is true that one or two
shewed white lines on the edges of the rump feathers, but I find
174 JOURNAL, BOMS AY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
that this is a feature which crops up here and there throughout the
whole range of nielanonotus .
Nidification . — As far as I can ascertain there is nothing authen-
tic on record about the breeding of this Pheasant. Scully says
nothing about their nesting habits. Hume says :
•' The habits and nidification of this species are, of course,
" very similar to those of the other Kalij Pheasants."
This, however, in so far as it relates to the nidification is merelj-
guess work on Hume's part, though undoubtedly correct. Ogilvie-
G rant says of the nest and eggs "very similar to those of G.
albocristatus", a statement very possibly founded on Hume's.
There are no eggs of this species in the British Museum, nor did
Hume ever obtain any, and I think the first eggs ever taken were
two brought to a Mr. Ferry by Nepalese from the hills immediately
above Bettiah. These were given b}^ him to Dr. H. N. Collart,
who in turn made them o^^er to me. Later I obtained a second
clutch of five eggs from the same place together with the skins of
the females.
In appearance the eggs cannot possibly be distinguished from
those of the other Kalij Pheasant ; the surface, texture and shape
are all quite normal. In size the}^ vary in length between 53' 1
mm. and 40*2 mm., and in breadth between 34-2 mm. and 31-1
mm., the average of eighteen eggs being 50'4 mm. by 33*6 mm.
The two clutches were taken on the 23rd May 1908, arid 25th
June 1907, respectively.
Habits. — The Nepal Kalij Pheasant is a bird of comparatively
high elevation, for though in the cold weather it wanders down to
some 2,000 feet and even to the foot hills still lower than this, it is
most common between 4,000 and 6,000 feet, seldom breeding
below the former level, whilst it is common up to 9,000 feet and
perhaps even higher.
Hodgson has left little on record about this Pheasant, and was in
fact somewhat doubtful as to its status. He remarks :
" This is by far the commonest Pheasant in Nepal. Its
'• range is the central region ; it is never found in the Terai,
" seldom in the Cachar (the most elevated portions of Nepal).
" Where Galkis ferrughieus ends there the Kalij begins and
" extends, though in diminishing numbers, to the region of
" the Monal and the Tragopan.'
The notes of Scully in " Stray Feathers " written in 1 880 are still
practically the only record we have of this bird's habits, and are
quoted as follows : —
" G. leucomelanus is common, wherever thick forest is found,
" from Hetoura in the Dan to the Valley of Nepal ; in all the
" wooded hills surrounding the latter up to an elevation of
" nearly 9,000 feet; and in every forest about Noakote. It is
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 175
" usually seen in pairs or in parties of from 3 to 10, often
" feeding on the ground near cultivated patches at the border
•' of fores^t. The birds seem very fond of perching on trees,
'• and it is usually in this position that one comes across them
" in forcing ones wav through forest which has a dense under-
•• growth. On such occasions the Kalij first gives notice of its
" whereabout b}^ Avhirring down with great velocity from its
•• perch and then ninniug rapidly out of sight to the shelter of
•• some thicket. In the winter the birds roost on trees at the
•' foot of the hills, and the plan for making a bag is to post
■• oneself about sunset under some trees which the}' are known
•* to frequent and to await their coming. The birds are then
••soon heard threading their way through the jungle to their
" favourite trees, and at once fly out and perch. When once
'• settled for the night in this way thej^ are not easily alarmed,
" and I have shot 4 or 6 birds in quick succession before the
" rest of the part}' would clear oiit to quieter quarters.
"Occasionally too one can get a shot at the Kalij as they
'• cross a hill path through the forest on their way to or from
" some streams.
•' Great numbers of the Nepal Kalij are snared and brought
" into Khatmandu for sale ; the birds bear confinement in the
" valley ver}- well, and I reared several chicks to maturity."
GEXNiEUS MELANONOTUS.
The Black-hacked Kalij Pheasant.
r Phasianus muthura, Gray, in Griffiths' Ed. Cuv. III., p. 27 (1829).
h Gallophasis muthura, Gray, Gen. Birds 111., p. 498 (1845).
Evplocamus melanonotus, (Blyth) Button, J.A.S.B, XVII., pt. II., p. 694
(1848) (Darj.eelins) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc.j p. 244 (1849).
(Gallophasis melanonotu-^, Mitchell, P.Z.S. (1858), p. 544, PI. 149, fig. 2 ;
Jerdon, B. of Ind. III., p. 534 (1863) ; Hume. Nests and Eggs. Ind. B., p.
527 (1873) ; Marshall, B. Nests Ind., p. 59 (1877).
Euplocamus melanonotus, Hume and luglis Str. Feath., V., p. 42 (1877) ;
Hume, ibid VII., p. 429 (1878).
Euplocamus melanonotu.<. Hume and Marsh., Game-B, Ind. I., p. 191
(lb78) ; Gates, ed. Hume Nests and Eggs 111., p. 415 (1890).
Gennceus muthura, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B.M. XXII., p. 301 (1893) ;
Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bolongna (6), V., p. 145 (1908).
Gennceus melanonotus. Ogilvie-Grant, Hand-L. Game-B. 1, p. 263
(1895) ; Gates, Man. Game-B. Ind. 1., p. 331 (1898) ; Blanf., Fauna B.I.
IV., p. 91 (1898) ; Gates, Cat. Eggs B.M. I., p. 54 (1901) ; Stuart Baker,
Jour. B.N.H. See. XXIII., p. 668 (1915).
Vernacular Names. — Kar-Hhyak (Lejtcha).
I follow Blanford in refusing to accept muthura as the specific
name for this Pheasant. The description is that of a bird " the size
of a tin-key " which is, of course, too big for any of the Kalij
Pheasants ; this, however, would not debar the name if the descrip-
tion was otherwise sufficient, for there is no doubt it is meant to
176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
apply to one of the Kalij Pheasants, but the description does not
suffice and moreover the trivial name employed " The Chittagong
Pheasant " would seem to shew that it is equally as likely to be the
Black-breasted Kali] as the Black-backed bird. Under these
circumstances J retain Blyth's name of melanonohts as the earliest
certain name for this Pheasant.
Description — Adult Male. — Whole upper plumage black, glossed
with deep violet blue, greenish in some lights and slightly purplish
in others, each feather from the hind neck to the shorter tail-coverts
with an unglossed velvety black edge to the tip, broadish on the
rump, and also with white shafts ; these Avhite shafts shew up well
on the scapulars and upper back, but are often almost entirely con-
cealed on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Longest upper tail-
coverts and tail feathers black-glossed with blue-green or green.
Wing-coverts like the back ; quills brown, the outer secondaries
glossed with greenish violet on the outer webs and the innermost
glossed with the same on both webs.
Chin and throat blackish brown, the tips of the feathers next tlie
breast gradually becoming palev ; the long lanceolate feathers of the
breast white with brown bases, the white decreasing and the brown
increasing in extent towards the lower breast, abdomen and poste-
rior flanks ; venc and extreme centre of abdomen brown ; under tail-
coverts and thighs blackish brown.
Many fine males have the scapulars and wing-coverts very
narrowly edged with white, in some the white being pure and well-
defined, and in others more or less broken up with velvety black.
In two specimens in the Hume Collection the feathers of the
scapulars have small smoky white spots at the tips of the feathers
instead of distinct white edges.
The under parts of individuals of this species vary considerably,
in some specimens the white portions of the feathers are so exten-
sive that the whole breast appears to be white, whilst in others the
brown bases shew through everywhere, giving this part of the
plumage a mottled brown appearance.
Colours of the soft 'parts. — Iris brown, hazel brown to orange
brown ; facial skin and lappets crimson red, bright red, or
crimson ; bill yellowish or greenish horny, palest at the tip, and
blackish at the base as far as the nostrills ; legs and feet pale horny
brown, greenish brown or fleshy slate ; spurs paler than the legs
at the base, then darker, and usually with a light tip; the soles are
generally pale fleshy slate colour.
Measurements —
" Length 25-0 to 24-0 ; expanse 26-5 to 29-0 : weight
" 2-lbs. 6-oas. to 2-lbs. 12-ozs." (Hume).
Wing 8-5" to 9-5" (215-9 to 241-3 mm.); average of forty
birds, 8-94" (227-0 mm.). Tail 9-4" to 12-3" (238-7 to 312-4
THE GAME BIRDS OF IXDIA. 177
mm.); average of fortv birds, 11-2" (284*4 mm.); tarsus 3"1"
to 3-3" (78-7 to 83-S "mm.); spur about -75" (IG-D mm.); bill
at front 1-20" (30-5 mm.) ami from gape 1-35" (34-2 mm.);
ei-est up to 3" (7G-2 mm.) ; generally about 2V' (03-5 mm.).
Advlt Female. — Only cUfllers trom the female of lencomelanus,
in having the nape a less bright chestnut than the crest and upper
l)ack, so that when the crest lies down it shews quite plainly against
it. On the whole it is like leucomeUmns perhaps, darker than
albocrisiaiutf, and has the tail feathers more chestnut.
Col-otirs of the soft jjaris as in lencomelanus.
Measurements —
"Length 18-0 to 21-0; expanse 25-0 to 27-0. Weight
" 1-1 b. 14-ozs. to 2-lbs. 4-ozs."' (Hume).
Wing 7-7" to 8-8" (195-5 to 223-5 mm.); tail 7-9" to 9-2"
(200-G to 233-6 mm.); tarsus 2-7" to 2-9" (G8-5 to 73-6 mm.);
bill at front about 1-15" (29-2 mm.), and from gape aboiit 1-25"
(31-7 mm.) The crest is roughh'- about 2" (50-8 mm.), and
rather scanty.
Yoxu'i Male in p'rst plnmarie resembles the female, but is gene-
rally darker beloAv.
A young bird of a few months old — probably about three — has the
greater and median wing-coverts reddish brown with fine bars of
black vermiculation, a broad bar of black near the tip, then" a bar of
chestnut with one fine bar of black on it, and finally a white tip ; a
few feathers of the back and scapulars have bold black bars ; the
rest of the plumage is that of a very dull adult female.
Distribution. — From the extreme West of Sikkim and over the
greater part of Western Bhutan. Its exact boundaries both East
and West have not hitherto been defined. To the West the Arun
River in Nepal is prohablii its Westei'n boundary, for. as already
recorded, some birds sent me from a small Easterv tributarv of this
stream were all of this species. At the same time exact data of
native-collected specimens are always to be regarded with caution.
In this instance they are probably correct, as they were alleged to
have been trapped within a short distance of the village to Avhich
the Xepalese belonged. The birds found in the hills North of
Jalpaigiu'i are all tjpical melanonotas, but North of C^oalpara one
gets into the range of horsjfeldi, though birds of this district often
shew traces of white on the breast, as is, however, the case through-
out the whole of the range of typical horsfleldi. These are the birds
named mearsi bv Oates. the tvpe of which was killed at Nanywa,
Chin Hills.
Nidification. — The Black-backed Kalij breeds from late in March
up to the end of June, but eggs may also be taken a good deal
earlier than this, and also later. In the lower elevations at which
these Pheasants bred, say from 1,500 to 3,000 feet, March and
3
178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
April are the two months in which most eggs are laid ; from 3,000
to 4,500 feet, the 25th April to end of May or early June are the
favourite breeding months, whilst in the highest ranges they breed
from May to the end of June, or even Jul}^, and I have had hard-set
eggs sent me which were taken in August below Darjeeling.
The nest is generally a very poor affair, nothing more than a col-
lection of dead leaves and grass gathered together by chance — less
often by the birds themselves — lying in some natural hollow under
the protection of a bush or tree. They are also sometimes found in
bamboo jungle, and in these cases the birds seem to scratch a hollov\'
in the ground, and fill this with bamboo spates and leaves, then
they work a hollow in the centre of these for the reception of their
eggs. I have never seen a nest of this species myself, but all my
correspondents agree that the nests are almost invariably verj- well
concealed ; favourite positions for them are either in ravines, in
dense evergreen forest, or in the almost impenetrable secondary
growth, which in a couple of j^ears covers deserted cultivation.
When bamboo jnngle is selected, it is nearly always very closel}'
growing, and the eggs are deposited well in amongst the roots, so
that they are not easily sj)otted.
They also sometimes make their nests in among tea-bushes in Tea
Gardens after these have come into full flush, and the undergrowth
has sprung up again so as to afford sufficient cover. I imagine,
however, that few of these clutches of eggs ever hatch out, for now-
a-daj^s tea is so highly cultivated that the weeds are constantlj' hoed
outj and the eggs are then discovered and eaten by the coolies.
At the same time there is yet plenty of land in the Terai all round
about the Tea Estates which is too broken up to be worth cultivat-
ing for tea, and here the Kalij still flourishes and breeds without
much molestation, for the small native boy does not emulate his
white brother in his birds' nesting proclivities. Thus Hume's fear
that within a few years of his writing his " Game-Birds, " the Black-
backed Kalij would become very rare, has fortiinately not been
fulfilled.
The eggs varjr in number from G to 10, 7 or 8 being the numbers
most often found. They differ in no way from those of other Kalij
Pheasants, that is to say, they are very similar to the eggs of the
common domestic fowl. In colour they vary, as do these, from
practically pure white, as recorded by Tickell, and seen also by
myself, to a warm, rich cafe-au-lait or buff, whilst they cover the
same differences in shape, being normally a broad oval, but slightly
compressed at the smaller end. The texture is that of a fowl's egg,
usually quite smooth and slightly glossy, sometimes pitted, some-
times having the tiny white specks occasionally found in most
game-bii'ds' eggs.
The eggs I have seen, including Hume's series in the British
THE (.ami: iniiDS OF IMHA. 179
Museum, vary in length between l*70" (44-0 mm.) and 2'05"
(o'l-O mm.), and in breadth between 1-3G" (o4-5 mm.) and 1-54"
(39-1 mm.), the average of 58 eggs, being 1-92" (48-7 mm.) bv
1-47" (37-3 mm.).
[lalnfs. — The Black-backed Kalij is a bird of somewhat lower
elevations than either of the two preceding birds, but at the same
time is not normally found at so low an elevation as that haunted
by the Black-breasted Kalij. It is most numerous at 2,000 feet to
5,000 feet, but is common enough round about Darjeeling and in
the interior of Sil^kim up to 0,000 feet, and perhaps even higher
than this in the hot weather. At 7,000 feet, however, it is only a
casual w-anderer, though it has been met with up to 8,000 feet.
Beavan, on the other hand, found it at Pankabari at the foot of
the hills (where it has been known to breed), and the natives say
that in the winter it wanders into the broken land in the Tea
Gardens, though the planters themselves say it is but rarel}'- they
come across one when oat shooting.
Higher up amongst the Tea Gardens in the Darjeeling Terai it
is still extremely abundant in many places bordering the non-
cultivated areas. Hei'e there are wide extents of land planted w ith
tea, broken up and surrounded by ravines, steep hillsides and
rugged pockets, either retaining their original virgin forest or with
this replaced by a matted growth of secondary jungle even thicker
than the other. These patches are a very favourite resort of the
Kalij, not only on account of the protection given by their dense
cover, but on account of their bordering the tea lands, which furnish
good feeding grounds, and the crops of the native cultivators, of
which they take due toll.
But if these places afford refuges to the birds from the encroach-
ments of civilization, thej^ also form, in a way, traps which lead to
their destruction, for they are comparativel}- easy to beat, and are
thus often worked by sportsmen in pursuit of them.
When the i-avines and hillsides are beaten, the birds on fivino-
out always follow two rules ; firstly, they invariably make for the
heaviest forest near by, and secondly, when there is a choice bet-
ween two or more similar forests, the}- choose the one which will
enable them to fly downwards.
Although 1 have never heard of big bags being obtained in this
way, a couple of guns in a morning's beat will soDietimes pick up
3 or 4 brace in addition to other odds and ends that the beaters
flush.
Like all the Kalij Pheasants, it is a tremendous runner, and
when worked with beaters only, will seldom rise until it reaches the
very edge of the forest or bushes, when it gets up with a rush and a
flurry of wings, soon getting up a considerable pace. If flying
downhill, it alternately sails and flies with rapid beat of wings until
180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
it sails out of sight, di'ops to the gun, or descends headlong into the
sanctuary of the further forest. With dogs it gets up quicker, and
often perches, and if the dog distracts its attention, will then often
allow the gunner to walk right up to the tree before it quits by the
opposite side.
In the mornings and evenings it comes into the open to feed,
both in cultivation and along the edges of roads and forest paths ;
in these and similar places it often aflfords a running shot as it
scurries away on being disturbed, but it is exceptional for it to take
to flight under such circumstances unless rushed b}^ a dog.
Writing half a century ago, Gammie speaks of the Black-backed
Kalij as of a shy bird, but now-a-days, it appears to be just as wild
and as clever as an}^ of its near relations in avoiding the sportsman.
Gammie writes :
" Usually it is a silent bird, but when suddenly alarmed, it
'•utters a sharply repeated ' /roorc/ii /^oorc/ii A"oo)-c/a ' as it rises
" on the wing. When, however, the males are in the fighting
"humour — which the}^ usuall}' are about breeding time — their
" call, as they advance towards each other, ' lioor Iwor ' ' waah
" vaah ' ; the former being the threatening and the latter the
" attacking note. They also at times answer each other's call
" in the jungles.
" In fine weather the male often makes a sharp drumming
" noise by beating his wings against his sides, somewhat after
" the style of the wing flapping of the domestic cock pvejoara-
" tory to crowing from some elevated place ; but instead of the
" cock's few leisurely flaps, the Kalij sti'ikes oftener and
"smarter producing a sound more like drumming than flapping.
" From the same spot he repeats the noise twice or thrice at
" short intervals, but gives no voice along with it. It seems
" as though he was in such a jojdul mood that he must give
" expression to his delight somehow, but inherited experience
" had effectually taught him that any attempts at crowing in
" the jungle was likely to attract the attention of Avild beasts,
" and that he must stick to his drumming and leave the crow-
" ing part to the domestic cock, who can safely indulge in that
"amusement.
" The natives look on the drumming of the Kalij as a sure
" sign of approaching rain. It is heard at all seasons of the
" year, but most frequently before the setting in of the rainjr
" season ; at other times generally just before a fall of rain.
" The food of the Kalij is varied in the extreme. It eats
" almost everything in the shape of seed, fruit and insects, but
" is particularly fond of the larvio of beetles out of cow-dung
" and decayed wood, and several of the jungle 3'ams which bear
■' tubers along their vines at the axils of the leaves. When the
TRi: (lAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 181
'• vino tubers are exliansted. it will scratch away the soil to get
'' at those aindergrouud."
CTainniie considers the llesh poor eating, b\it most sportsmen in
India are pleased enough to get it for the table, especiallj'- in out-of-
the-wa}^ spots where variety in food is not easily obtainable. Old
cocks are, of course, toitgh, but young birds in the autumn are ex-
cellent eating; like all Indian Pheasants, they should be eaten as
soon as possible after being killed, unless the weather is cold enough
to allow of their being kept some days.
They are quite easy to keep in captivity once they liave got over
the first few daj^s, during which they must be carefully watched to
prevent them dashing themselves against the sides' of their cage, and
so killing or maiming themselves.
GENNiGUS IIORSFIELDI HORSFIELDI.
The Blacl-hreasted Kali} Pheasant.
Gallophasis horsJielfJii, C4ray, Gen. B. III., p. 498, PI. CXXVI (1845).
Euplocomas hovffiekU, Blyth, Cat. Mns. As. Soc, p. 244 (1849) ; Hume, Str.
Feath. VII, p. 429 (1878).
Euplocamus horsficldi, Hume and Incjlis, Str. Feath. V, p. 42 (1877) ;
Hume and Marsh.', Game-B. Ind. 1., p."l98, PL (1878) ; Fasson, Str. Feath.
IX, pp. 203-.J (1880) ; Hume, Str. Feath. XI, p. 303 (1888) ; Gates, ed.,
Hume's Nest and Eggs, HI, p. 416 (1890).
Euplocomus cuvieri, Hume and Marsh., Game-B. Ind. 1, PI. only (1878).
Gennreus prendpr;/a!<ti. Gates, Jour. B. N. H. S. XVll, p. 10 (1906) ; Ghigi,
Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p. 144 (1908).
Genn(Pus hatonani. Gates, Jour. B. N, H. S. XVII, p. 11 (1906) ; Ghigi,
Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V, p. 145 (1908); Harington, Jour. B. N. H. S.
XX, p. .327 (1910).
Gennmis mearsi, Gates, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), V., p. 164 (1910).
Gemiccus Jior.^eldi, Ggilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. XXII, p. 302 (1893) ;
id, Hand-L. Game-B. I, p. 269 (1895) ; Blanford, Fauna. B.I. IV, p. 92
(1898) ; Gates, Man. Game-B. Ind. 1, p. 334 (1898) ; Stuart Baker, Jour.
B. N. H. S. XII, p. 487 (1899) ; Inglis, ibid, p. 676 (1899) ; Gates, Ibis
(1903), p. 102 ; id. Cat. Eegs, B.M. 1, p. 55(1901); Stuart Baker, Jour.
B. N. H. S. XVII, p. 971 (1907) : Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p. 144
(1908) ; Harington, .Jour. B. N. H. S. XIX, p. 309 (1909) ; Watson, ibid,
XXIII, p. ofi-2 (1915) ; Stuart Baker, ibid, p. 669 (1915) ; Stevens, ibid,
p. 723 (1915).
Vernacular JSames. — Mathura (CMttac/ong, Tipiierah, Goolpara'),
Modura (Si/lhet and Cachar Plains), Deorik, Dirrik, Durug (Garo
Ilills), Dorik (^Upper Assam), Deodip (Cachari), Volitep (Knhi).
Inruitip {Nafja), Yit {Burmese).
Description — Adtdt Male. — Whole head, throat, neck and body
black with the exception of the feathers of the lower back, rump
and upper tail-coverts. Above the plumage is glossed with deep
purple blue, the purple dominating is some specimens, whilst in
others the lustre is an almost pure deep blue ; below, the sheen on
the feathers is generally more decidedly purple than it is above.
182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
As the edges of the feathers wear away, the sheen graduallj' de-
creases in extent, so that birds in worn abraded plumage appear to
be unglossed, dull black above and very brownish below, especially
on the abdomen and vent which is never very glossy.
The qnills, of which only the innermost secondaries are glossed,
are more brown than black, and the lustre on the secondaries is
often more distinctly purj^le than it is oii the back.
The lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts are black, sub-
tipped with glossy blue or purple-blue, and with broad terminal
bars of white.
The amount of white on these parts varies very greatly i]i
different individuals. In the majority it consists of well-defined
broad edges of w^hite from 15" to 25" in depth, but in many the
meeting of the black and white is broken up by a naiTow strip of
black and white vermiculations. In others the feathers are YQvy
highly glossed, and have very narrow white edges ; in others again
tbese edges are so broad that the black bases are almost concealed,
and the rump looks practicallj'^ pure white. In a few birds the
w^hite edges to the feathers of the lower back extend also to the
upper back, scapulars and the innermost secondaries and their coverts.
The lower plumage is very seldom marked with white, but I
have seen specimens from Goalpara, w^hich marks almost the ex-
treme western range of this pheasant, from Sylhet which is the
centre of their habitat, and again from the extreme East (vide
Gates, viearsi) with fine white lines on the feathers of the sides of
the breast and flanks, the streaks appearing either as central stri93
to the feathers or, less often, on the outer webs only. I have also
seen one or two specimens wdth faint indications of white outer
edges to the breast feathers.
In young birds the central rectiices are often more or less ver-
miculated or narrowly barred with brown or brownish white, but
this is rare in old birds.
Colours of soft parts. — Bare skin of face and la])pels deep crim-
son, crimson or blood-crimson, brightest in the breeding season,
and dullest during the moults ; occasionally this portion of the face
has a rather brick-red tinge. Iris dark brown, hazel broMii. oi-
rarely, red-brown ; legs and feet dull greenish phimbeous, plum-
beous, ashy-grey, greenish brown or slaty brown. Occasionall}' a
bird may be shot with a pinkish or reddish tinge to the legs, but it
is onl}^ a slight tinge of this colour, and the legs are never red as
they are in the white forms of the Silver Pheasant. Hume describes
one bird as having legs of " delicate pale pinkish, drabbish brown."
The spur is horny brown or black, nearhr always darker than the
leg itself, but with a white or whitish tip. Bill light greenish or
yellowish hornj^ the culmen darker, the base of the bill usually
blackish as far as the nostrils, and sometimes beyond them.
THE (iAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 183
K"
Measurements. — Length about 24", varying according,, principal
ly, to the length of the tail ; wing from 8-3" (210-8 mm.) to 9-5
(241-3 mm.) and Hume gives the measurements of the wing of one
his males as 10-0" (254-0 mm.) ; the average of fifty birds is almost
exactly 9-0" (228-6 mm.) ; tarsus about 3-2" (81-2 mm.) ; spin-
runs up to 1" (25-4 ir.m.) ; but is usually rather undei- this ; bill
at front about 1-20" (30-5 mm.), and from gape about 1-40"
(35-5 mm.). The crest is generally about 3" (76-2 mm.) in a
male in good plumage, but I have shot birds with crests of over
3-5" (88-9 mm.).
The weight varies extraordinarily^ birds of 4 or 5 years of age
greatly exceeding the younger ones. Cocks about a year old will
weigh anything between 2:j:-rbs. and 2|-lbs. but old birds often
exceed 3-lbs. one such shot in November which had been feeding
in the just ripened rice fields weighed no less than 3^-lbs.
Adult Female. — Above reddish brown, finely powdered with
dark brown, the feathers, except of the head, edged with paler and
also with pale shafts ; two central pairs of feathers chestnut-brown,
more or less vermiculated with dark brown, other tail feathers
blackish brown, those next the central pair more or less marked
with dull chestnut-brown, but still alwaj-s shewing in fair contrast
to them ; upper tail-coverts and rump a little paler than the back.
Chin and throat white, grading into brown on the foreneck ; re-
mainder of the plumage below brown, generally slightlj" darker
than above, the shafts white and shewing up clearly against the
brown webs and the edges of each feather paler than the rest ;
centre of abdomen paler and dingier brown ; under tail-coverts
blackish brown narrowly adged paler. Wing-coverts like the back,
but generally more broadly edged with a paler tint ; quills reddish
brown, the innermost secondaries fiuel}^ vermiculated with dark
brown, and sometimes tipped and edged paler.
The variations in colour found in the females consist principalty
in the depth of colouring on both upper and lower plumage, and in
the extent and colour of the pale edges to the feathers. A few
birds have the* upper plumage a quite dark red-brown, and the
under parts are almost blackish-brown with the pale edges and light
shafts very conspicuous. Both above and below the amount of pale
edging varies very greatly ; in some this edging is merely an ashy
tint slightly paler than the rest of the feather, in others it becomes
a bold sharply-defined border of almost piire white, so broad on the
wing-coverts as to form two well-marked bars. There appears to
be no geographical distribution governing the variations here
referred to, and extremes of all may be met with in one and the
same district.
The females of this and the previous species are not easy to
distinguish, but on the whole horsjieldi is darker than alhocristatus
184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. ibOClETY, Vol. XXV.
and lias the central tail feathers a darker chestnut than either
leucomelamis, or melanotus, and has the neck less grejdsh.
Colours of soft parts. — The colours of the soft parts seem to be
nrnch the same as in the male. The iris is -usually dark brown,
and not red or hazel brown, the red facial skin is somewhat less
bright, and also less crimson than in the male, and there are of
course no lappels.
Measurements.— Length about 20" to 22" ; wing from 8" (203-2
mm.) to 9" (228-6 mm.) ; tail from 7-5" (190-5 mm.) to 9" (228-6
mm.); tarsus about 2-9" (73-2 mm.); bill at front about 1-1"
(27-9 mm.), and from gape about 1*3" (33-0 mm.) ; the crest
varies between 2" (50-8 mm.) and 2-5" (65-5 mm.).
Young Male resembles the female, but is generally much darker
in colour both above and below, has the white or buff borders of the
feathers in more striking contrast to the rest, and has the rectrices
more mottled.
Young males assume a semi-adult plumage at the first autumn
moult ; the white barred rump is usually attained more or less
completely, though the greater part of the rest of the plumage
remains brown like the female. Others in addition to the white
rump become partially, or rarelj-, wholly black with a tinge of blue
sheen on the upper back, head, scapulars, wing-coverts and upper
breast. The wing quills and tail feathers nearly always remain
brownish and much mottled.
After the spring moult is completed, the cocks have usually
assumed the full plumage, but even then sometimes have a brownish
look about both wing quills and tail-coverts, and it is not rare to
find a few brownish feathers remaining on flank, breast or back.
Chick in clovm. — Head rich chestnut with faint central coronal
streak blackish ; a streak from behind the eye ver\- dark rich chest-
nut, below the streak paler chestnut and buff; median body stripe
rich dark brown, sides of body and under parts ashy ov ashj^ buff, with
chestnut band across breast, ill-defined and merging into the sur-
rounding colours. After a few days the wing feathers appear and
are vermiculated reddish and brown, the bastard wing and greater
coverts darker and edged with white so as to foi-m a broad white bar
across the whole wing ; lesser and median coverts rich deep chestnut.
Distribution. — The Black-breasted Kalij is found over a larger
area than any other of the Kalij Pheasants. It extends from the
East of Bhutan throughout the whole of the Northern Districts of
Assam, and from the Garo Hills on the South of the Brahmapootra
throughout the Southern Districts of that Province, wandering as
far East as the Western bank of Irrawaddy. To the South it is
found throughout Cachar and Sylhet, South into Arrakan below
latitude 20'-'5 and as far East as the Northern Arrakan Yomas and
some way down the course of the Yaw River towards Pakokku. It
TJIE (!AMi: iniilJS OF IM)1A. 185
is also the commuu pheasant of Mauipur, the Noitli-Wesl Chin
Hills, in the lower portions Avandering down the Chindwin as far as
its junction witli the Yn River, and down the Irrawaddy at least as
far as Katha, or indeed (vide Watson in loc. cit.) as far as JNIojok
in the Ruby !Mines District.
A specimen in the British ^Museum is labelled "Manbhuni," but
I do not think for a moment it was really collected in any district
South of the Ganges.
The elimination of czivieri has been rendered uecessarj'', in part
owing- to the fact that it has latterly been proved that wherever
this form is found either horslieldi or irilliamsi is also found, whilst
at the same time, the former has been obtained further South and
further East than any of the few existing specimens of cuvieri have
yet been taken. The other reason which has decided me in no
longer recognising cuvieri as a true form is that there are several
specimens similar in every way to this, so-called sub-species, but
which shew by their irregular markings that they are merely
hj-brids. Finall}', with further material added to that to which I
could refer in 1914, I am convinced that it is quite impossible to
\aj down any definite area in which only cuvieri can be found.
Nidif cation. — The Black-breasted Kalij breeds throughout its
area from the level of the Plains up to about 2,000 feet; above this
height it is much less common, but a few nests may here and there
be taken up to some 3,000 feet, whilst a few odd birds breed up to
4,000 feet and even higher. Thus I once took a nest containing 8
eggs near Hangrum, in the Cachar Hills at about 5,000 feet. Two
or three times it has bred below Shillong in the Khasia Hills at
about the same heioht, and aoain below Kohima in the Naga Hills
at much the same elevation. In the Chin Hills, Mauipur and
Arrakan their eggs have been taken or the 3'oung seen at some
0,000 feet or more, but all these nests are merely those of stragglers
which have been forced for some reason to breed in places ^\•ell
above their normal breeding points.
Most birds breed in April and Ma}', and, owing to its not breed-
ing over so great a range of elevation, the season is not so pro-
longed as is that of some of its nearest relations. At the same
time I have seen nests and eggs in every month of the year from
February to September, and it is quite possible that some pairs
have two broods in the yea,v. In North Cachar nests were e.Ktre-
mel}^ common between the loth March and 15th May, and then
for a time they were very difficult to obtain, but in Jul}^ and early
August many birds again started laying. The earliest nest I have
known was one taken by myself at Dimagi in North Lakkimpur
on the 24th February in a small jjatch of scrub jungle close beside
a huge bheel over which we were duck shooting. Startled by the
shot fired at some duck, the two birds, which were probably
4
186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
drinking at the edge of the water, got up with their usual flurry and
fluster, and I knocked over the hen, which fell into the adjacent
jungle. Going into this to fetch her out, one of the boatmen
stumbled on to her nest which contained five fresh eggs.
The nest is nearly always placed in forest and the class of forest
most often chosen is the damp evergreen forest met with every-
where along the foot hills and broken ground boi'dering the highe]'
ranges of the Himalayas. Inside these might forests, composed of
an endless variety of trees, mostly tall and mostly covered with a
luxuriant motley of parasites of all kinds, but also with a plentiful
undergrowth of canes, brambles and other plants, the Black-
breasted Kalij has its favourite haunts. Occasionally in theii'
inner depths one may come across tiny green glades in the general
dense undergrowth. Here the vivid green moss seems even more
green than elsewere, forming a springy carpet ; ferns grow here and
there over its surface, and the sun only comes to it in dappled,
quivering patches through the branches high overhead. Such
spots are much beloved by the Kalij Pheasant, and many a time
have I come across its nest in the bushes immediately surrounding
them. Comparatively open spots of this description attract numer-
ous insects, and I am afraid it is these rather than their special
natural beauty which induces the pheasants to commence their
domestic duties within easj' reach of them. The nest itself is more
often than not placed in some tangle of bushes, briars or canes at
the foot of one of the bigger trees, well-concealed from inquisitive
friends and enemies, and in some position less moist than its sur-
roundings. Ravines with mossy, fern-covered sides are often
selected, and in such places a rock or boulder ma}' form its j)i'inci-
pal shelter. As a work of art the nest is a failure ; a heap of leaves
and rubbisli scratched into a heap with a I'ough depression in the
middle for the eggs in the limit attained, and Mother Nature herself
and not the birds is responsible for all the collecting that has been
done. The great buttresses of the cotton-tree {Bomhax malaharicci) .
whicli jDroject on all sides from the main trunk, form recesses into
M'hich the winds from every quarter blow their quota of fallen
leaves and other oddments, and thus become splendid places in
which birds may lay their eggs, and many a nest have I seen both
of this plicasant and of other gauie-birds in these cosj" corners.
Cane brakes, when these are not growing actualh^ in water or
marshy land, may often form the home for a brood of chicks, and
occasional!}'- the nests may be found in bamboo jungle. Such sites
are, however, exceptional in Assam or Bengal, and not common in
Bnrmah. Mixed jungle of bush and bamboo, specially when grow-
ing on a river bank, is more often resorted to, and the secondary
gi'owtli wliich covers deserted jimms, or native clearings, seems to
be even better liked.
THE a AM]-: BIliDS OF I^DIA. 187
AVherever the nest may bo, two things seem to be essential, the
• very close vicinity of watci- and open ground not too distant for
feeding. '^Fhe open ground may bo anything from a more forest
road to extensive cultivation, or a natural open expanse, and in the
same way the water may be the river Brahmapootra itself, a lake or
swamp, or it may be the mere lazy trickle of some tiny stream
which wends its awi}^ from rock to rock down a hill ravine in the
hot weather.
The inimbor of eggs laid is perhaps most often 7 to t), but very
often only 5 or 6 are laid, and sometimes onlj?^ 4 ; on the other hand
this pheasant sometimes laj^s as many as 10, though this is proba-
blj' the maximum.
In colour the eggs vary almost as much as those of the man}^
varieties of Barn-door Fowl. I have in my collection one clutch
absolutely pure white, and another a most beautiful deep pink cafe-
axi-lait, a richer, deeper colour than I have ever seen in a domestic
fowl's eggs. Between these two extremes every variation may be
found, but the colour of 9 eggs out of 10 is a pale buff or cream,
some slightly darker, some slightly paler.
Typical!}" the surface is cjuite smooth, and in some'eggs there is
even a slight gloss ; the texture is close and hard, but though the
shell is stout and strong, it is not coarse, but rather fine. Occasion-
ally one comes across a clutch coarse and pitted on the surface,
similar to those described by Hume, but these are the exception
and not the rule. In the same way I should not say that the
" iisual hen's egg shape ■' of those described by Hume represented
the average Black-breasted Pheasant's egg, though it would do for
many of them. On an average their eggs are rather longer in
proportion than jungle-fowrs eggs, have a nearer approach to
direct reduction of size at the smaller end, and are on the whole
more elegantly shaped eggs than those of that bird.
The white speckling found in some instances on most unico-
loured game-birds' eggs are also to be found in these, but this is a
rare occurrence, and is not often met with, as it is in the Polyplec-
trons and some other offo-g.
In size the eggs vary in length from l-6o" (39-9 mm.) to 2-1"
(53-3 mm.), and the average of 100 eggs is 1-92" (48-7 mm.), and
in breadth between 1-32" (33-5 mm.) and 1-53" (38-8 mm.), the
average being 1-46" (37'1 mm.).
Incubation seems to take 20 to 22 days in the case of all Kalij Phea-
sants and Jungle-Fowl, generally 20 days in the Avarmer, moister
parts of their habitat, and up to 22 at higher, cooler elevations.
1 do not think the Black-breasted Kalij is polygamous, for I
have more than once come across both parents looking after a brood of
young, and moreover, the male is generally to be found somewhere
near the nest when the hen bird is sittino-. Certainlv one or
188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
more fully plumaged cocks ma_y sometimes be found in company
with several other birds in hen plumage, but these are, I believe,
merely their wives and their young ones, the latter, of course, all
in female plumage or in plumage which at a little distance looks
like that of the female.
A very interesting little note by Mr. H. W. A. AVatson in a
recent numbei- of the Journal confirms this idea that the cocks are
monogamous. He writes : —
" I came across a cock Kalij Pheasant (6r. horsfieldi) looking
" after a flock of j'oung a few days old. I saw no signs of the
" hen, though I watched the cock for several minutes. Pro-
" bably she was absent looking for food. The cock was \ery
" agressive, and ran round, demonstrating, often coming within
" ten feet of me. The chicks were hiding in the leaves, one
" within a few inches of my foot."
According to Ci'ipps, the hen is an extraordinarily close sitter;
on one occasion he caught a female on her nest of 4 fresh ep-o-g, and
on a second occasion a hen bird sat tight on her nest whilst men
were felling jungle all round her, and refused to move until the axe
was laid to the tree at the root of which her nest was.
This has not been my experience, though I have seen some
hundreds of nests. The hen bird nearl}^ alwaj^s sneaks quieth^ oft'
before one can catch a glimpse of her; it is only when caught
suddenly on the nest and unable to move without attracting atten-
tion that she will flatten herself out, almost close her e5^es and try
to escape notice. Even then, directly she discovers she has been
seen, and before one is within grabbing distance of her, she bolts
off, and on one such occasion I saw her scatter some of her
eggs in all directions as she flew headlong from her nest of dead
leaves and grasses.
Habits. — The Black-breasted Kalij Pheasant is a bird normally
of the humid, hot climate between the Plains and some 1,500 feet
elevation ; in fact, just the sort of climate we should expect a
black bird of this description to live in. Of course, it wanders
more or less out into the plains for some fifty miles or so, and again
may be found as high as 6,000 feet up in the Himalayas both
North and South of the Brahmapootra. But, though the Plains'
birds may be indeed often are permanent residents therein, those
of the higher hills are only stragglers. I doubt if anj- birds per-
manently remain much above 3,000 feet, and only then where there
are hot, sweltering valleys with dense moist forest.
In the Khasia Hills Ave used occasionally to find them breeding
aboTit Dumpep and the forests below the Shillong Cherrapoongi
road, somewhere about 4,000 feet elevation. The birds reared
here were exceptional!}' small and poor, and I thought at first that
the Khasia Hills were inhabited bv ft small race of Gennceus
THE (iAMi: lilRDS OF IXDIA. 189
ho)-sjiel(/i. Wlien. however, 1 tried to get a series together to prove
or disprove this theory, it was ini})ossible to get aii}' but a rare strag-
gler away from tlie loot liills where under 1,000 feet they were
most plentiful.
Above in describing their favourite nesting haunts 1 have also
described the kind of place in which the birds are most often to be
found throughout the year. At times, especially when the bamboo
jungles are seeding, they haunt this kind of cover in com pan}' with
many other seed-eating birds. Thev also are verv fond of small
patches of bushes, scrub and dense secondary growth in the vicinitj-
of villages, but they seldom are to be found in these unless there is
heavy forest within easy reach.
During the earl}" mornings and evenings they frecjuent forest
roads and jungle paths, the edges of cultivation and the open banks
of rivers and streams. Here they Avander aboiit singly, in pairs or
in small flocks and family parties, often in compau}- with jimgle-
fowl, with whom they consort on cpiite amiable terms at any other
but the breeding season.
As soon as the sun is an hour or two above the horizon the}'
gradually make their way into the forest, but continiie to peck and
scratch about for food until nearly midda}-, when they fly up into
some tree to roost, senerallv selecting a broad limb within a few
■&
feet of the oround. Thev remain here iintil the shadows be ffiu to
lengthen, and then again descending, leisurely feed their way out
once more into the open, ^here they stay until sunset, immediately
after which thev retire for the nioht, and are all settled on their
perches long before it is dark.
They are very quiet birds as they move about in the forest, and
are much less energetic and quick in their movements than are
Jungle-Fowl. AVhen the}" scratch and turn over the leaves in their
search for^ grubs and fallen fruit, they do so in a very slow metho-
dical way, and one never sees the wild scattering of leaves and
misplaced fluster so often indulged in by the Jungle- Fowl of both
sexes. So too they do not get stampeded by non-existent foes and
rush off" shrieking and cackling, only to find after a few minutes
that there was no need to move at all. They go their way c|uietly
and sedately, uttering^ as thev move aboiTt a lo\\' Imrr-lmrr-lcurrclii-
Inirr as if to let the other members of their family know where they
are, fcr the flocks scatter a good deal Avhen in heavy cover, until
they come to the edge of the cultivation where they intend to feed.
Here there is usually a halt, as each individual satisfies himself or
herself there is no danger, and their out they come and commence
the serious morning and evening business of getting full. Once
out in the open they seem to keep closer together than in the
forest, evidently relying to some extent on each other for the neces-
sary warning in case of alarm.
190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
They are shy birds, but yet neither so shy nor so wary as Jungle-
Fowl, and when the two are together it is almost invariably the
Jungle-Fowl who first takes alarm and sneak off into safetj^. Their
manner too of leaving is very different. A cock Jungle-Fowl dis-
turbed takes but a second to make up his mind, a rapid glance in
the direction of the intruder, and down go head and tail, and with
hasty but stealth}^ steps he is off out of sight. The Pheasant is not
nearly so prompt in his actions, and if one disturbs a part)'- of these
birds and keeps absolutely still, quite an amusing little comedy
may be seen before they make up their minds that discretion is the
better part of valoiu". When standing in the deep sliade of a tree
I have seen from a distance of some 40 or 50 yards a party of
Kalij Pheasants take minutes to decide if I was dangerous or not.
An unlucky twig stepped on as I crept along just inside the jungle
had attracted their attention, but the light was bad, and the food
on which they were engaged, — termites — plentiful and engrossing.
At the snap of the twig every bird stopped and looked at me,
for the first instant motionless, and then, screwing and twisting
their necks about in an endeavour to get a better view. After a
few seconds a fat white ant tumbling down in front of one bird
was more than she could resist, and a hasty snatch and gulp put it
safely away. No harm coming to ner from this, she was very
shortly busily re-engaged in chasing and gobbling up the termite^t-
as they crept from their holes or fell down again after their flight.
Her example was enough for the others, and within five minutes
they were all happily engaged as unsuspecting as if no danger was
anywhere near them.
It was so amusing to watch them, that I cautiously stepped back
into still darker shadow without frightening them. A patch of
ground on which hill-rice had been grown and cut had left as stubble
some 4 to 6 inches high, and amongst this the Pheasants, 8 in num-
ber, scurried to and fro, darting at ant after ant, often fluttering up
a few feet in the air as if in ungainly amulation of the kingcrows,
jays, and other birds which constantly swept backwards and for-
wards in graceful pursuit of those insects which had winged their
way higher np.
Ten minutes of this, however, satisfied my curiosit}', and as 1
was in camp, and had to shoot for the pot, I then stepped out,
bowled over the cock as he ran belter skelter for the bushes, and
his wife, as she winged her way over his fallen body.
The Kalij nowhere collects in such numbers as to afford a da}'s
sport like the Jungle- Fowl does yet there are many places where
with a few beaters one may get quite enough shots to make a ver\"
interesting morning or evening's walk, and probably with dogs —
personally I have never shot with trained ones — the result might
be even better.
I UK (.A ME UIRD^ OF IXDIA. 191
Ab tar as 1 rcnieniber sfix brace ot" Kalij i'lieasaul. is tlie big^jest
bag 1 have ever made of these birds and this was made over practi-
cally the same ground as that which is described in the article on
Jungle-Fowl shooting in the last number of the Journal.
As a rule, when shooting along these mustard fields bordering the
Kopili River one got two or three Jungle-Fowl to one I'heasant,
but this time the reverse was the case.
My companions (on the occasion of which I write) consisted of a
Mikir tracker, and a second Mikir with my rifle, and an odd man
to work as beater, jiingle cutter, luncheon carrier, &c. lliis M^as
quite enough for all the beating we should re(]uire, for the strips
were mostly narrow bits along the banks, shut in on one side by very
heavy evergreen forest, and on the other by the shingly banks of
the stream. Starting just after daybreak, our first '• j/mm," or
open bit of ciiitivation, was occupied only by some Jungle-Fowl
who were the first to detect our meeting, and gave no chance of a
shot, but as we passed through the next bit of forest, a hasty but
lucky shot right and left brought down two fat Bronzed-backed
Imperial Pigeon, and some quarter of a mile further on we came
to a second mustard field. In this we could see some birds feeding
about half-way down, though we could not make out exactly Avhat
they were in the tall mustard. Leaving ni}"- men under cover, I
went forward inside the jungle about 2U yards, and when I judged
1 had gone far enough, notified them with a low whistle to come
on. Sneaking along just inside the frings of forest I kept about
the same distance, or a little more ahead of the men, and when
frightened by the latter, the pheasant got up, had an easy right and
left, adding two more birds to the bag. My next shot was at a
hen Jungle-Fowl, as she scurried through the mustard into shelter,
just giving me a momentary glance as she left the former. Pick-
ing her up, we then went on through a patch of semi-burnt cane
and grass, missing an old cock Jungle- roA^l as he got up with a
cackle and tremendous fluriy on the far side of some charred canes.
Two more long snap-shots at running birds are tinkered, and
then I have a bit of luck, for we step out of the jungle into a mus-
tard field, right into a family part\" of Kalij, who are scratching
round for food just outside the forest. Quite overcome by the
suddenness of our appearance, the birds, 6 in number, take at once
to flight, scattering in all directions, but two drop to my shots,
and two others who have gone towards the stream are tin-ned back
by the sight of some men fishing, and wheel round to their original
cover, giving me splendid high overhead shots, and both coming
down tremendo\is thumps in response thereto. One of these, how-
ever, is a runner, and for some time evades my men in their efforts
to catch her, until at last a luckily flung stick bowls her over as
she dodges from one bush to another.
192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
S'o we wander on. now throngh a bit of virgin forest, now
through a miistard held, and then throngh a piece of burnt grass,
the black surface shewing the pugs of a tiger who has passed by
some two or three hours eai^lier. We follow them to the stream
where the tiger has had his drink, and then return to the forest in
which we soon lose all trace of him.
Changing my rifle once more for the smooth bore and leaving
stripes to rest in comfort, we turned and worked down the opposite
side of the stream towards camp. The first birds we put up are
some Jungle-Fowl who have been drinking before retiring into the
forest for their midday siesta ; as they fly past us I knock the tail
feathers out of the cock bird leading them, with a real bad shot,
and bring down a second with a straighter one. The tailless cock
and the others have gone down in the jungle just ahead of us, so
spreading out, we walk them out toward the next jhum exevj now
and then hearing them as they hurry forward, riistling over the
fallen leaves. Before we get to the edge of the jungle, they have
cleared off" without giving another chance, but a single cock Kalij
which has tarried a little longer than the others gets up just as we
too emerge from the trees, and is promptly bowled over and
gathered. The mustard here is so high, up to our waists, that we
may find some bii'ds lying up in it, and accordingly we work
through it in line, mj^self on the inside next the forest, and a few
yards ahead of the men. Within the next few minutes two birds
run through the mustard and gain the jungle in front of me without
giving a chance, and then a barking deer jumps up and comes
bounding past me about 40 yards ofl", barking as he starts, and
barking again as he gains cover and stands, inside def3"ing me.
He is still barking as we pass where he stands and I can hear the
stamp of his forefeet before panic again seizes him, and he dashes
away further into the depth of the forest. Nothing more shews up
until r have reached the end of the mustard, and stand on the yard
or two of bare ground which separates it from the nearest trees.
As the men come nearer, two or three Jungle-Fowl flit across it, and
then there is a tremendous commotion as nearly a dozen Inrds, Jungle-
Fowl and Pheasants mixed together rise into the air. A hastj^ shot at
one of the former, not onlj'- knocks it over, but also accounts for an
unlucky hen pheasant which has come into the line of fire, and a
second shot brings to bag another hen pheasant which falls, a cloud of
flying featliers, with a bang right on to the man vrith my luncheon
basket. After he has righted himself and collected my scattered
provisions, we proceed on our way, and by noon, when we stop to
have a rest and lunch, 1 have managed to bag twelve Pheasants, six
Jungle-Fowl, three Imperial Pigeon, and a couple of ver^'' evil-
smelling White-eyed Pochard, which, however, are not disdained
by the coolies.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 193
Kjilij Pheasant are not nearly siicli noisy birds as are Jungle-
Fowl, but call — one can hardly call it crowing — pretty regularly
during the breeding season. This call or crow seems to be uttered
only during the mornings and evenings, and never in the middle ol
the day, as is that of the Jungle Cock. A Cock Kalij only calls on
his roosting perch before he gets down from it in the morning, and
after he has returned to it in the evenino- before settline; down for
the night. Nor does he use his crow as a challenge to other cocks ;
when he wants a fight, or pretends that he wants a fight, he
proclaims the fact by loud flappings of his wings, and by quickly
repeated beatings together of the tail above his back, and also by
beating them on his ribs. In the former case the sound made is
very loud and sharp, only lasting a second or two, but when a
male bird drums against his side the noise is much lower and softer,
and is continued for some seconds or even minutes.
At the same time the Kalij is not in the same class as the Jungle
Fowl as a fighter in any way, far slower and less decisive in his
movements, he has not the same real delight in a scrap as has that
bird. I have often heard Kalij Cocks defying one another to
mortal combat when seated at a few yards apart, but the finale has
nearly always been disappointing. If one bird really makes up
his mind to fight, the other has as a rale alreadj^ made up his mind
that he does not want to. Sometimes they will actually meet, and
after much mutual abuse and wary walking round, both birds
simultaneously decide that there is really nothing to fight about,
and retire to their own domains, or commence feeding.
Now and then in the height of the breeding season the fights
develop in to really fierce battles, and are continued until one or the
other of the combatants owns himself beaten and sneaks away, often
in a very tattered and featherless condition about head and neck.
I have alread}^ described a fight which I witnessed between a
cock Jungle-Fowl and a Kalij Pheasant, but in this case the former
was the aggressor and the latter would have retired after a very few
rounds had he been able to escape.
A similar fight, though on this occasion the casus belli was in
possession of an ant-hill from which termites were issuing, was
witnessed by ]\[r. R. A. Clark in Cacliar. In this instance also the
fight ended in the running of the Kalij. After a description of
this fight, Mr. Clark writes : —
" On another occasion I came across a pair of male Kalij
" fighting amongst a lot of fern ; they were so taken up with
"their own affairs tliat they did not notice my having
" approached to within fifteen yards ; I let them go on for ten
" minutes, and then went up and caught both ; the}'' were
'•' quite exhausted, the feathers from the head and neck had all
" been knocked off, and the latter were bleeding in both birds."
194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Like the rest of the family in India, these Pheasants prefer to
use their legs to their wings to avoid pursuit, and will always run
rather than fly as long as there is any cover to conceal them, and no
obnoxious dog to put them up. Unless they are actually forced to
the very edge of a jungle by beaters or one comes on them in the
open so suddenlj' that thej^ lose their heads, it is most difficult to
make them rise, and when shooting, more especially when shooting
for the pot, it is frequently necessar}^ to shoot them as they run,
perhaps no easier a feat than when they are on the wing, for they
make use of every scrap of cover, and only give the snappiest of
snap-shots as they dodge from one bush to another.
On the wing they are fair fliers once they get away, though they
appear to be going much slower than is really the case. On the
flat they simply fly from one forest to another, but when shooting
in hills the sportsmen Avill find they nearly alwajj^s run up hill and
fly down hill, consequent!}' after the first mad rush into the air they
sail down at a tremendous pace, and one must keep well forward
to obtain clean shots. They do not stand, comparativeh^ as much
knocking about as do Jungle-Fowl, though the}' are bigger and
heavier birds ; they have not as much heart, and their feathers seem
to be less impervious to shot than those of that bird.
They are very omnivorous in their diet and will eat practical^'
anji^hing from bamboo seeds to small snakes and lizards. Their
favourite articles of food are the same as those of all other game-
birds, with whose habits I am intimately acquainted, i.e., white ants,
fruit of the various fid and bamboo seed. To this must be added,
in the case of the Kalij, forest yams and the roots of small ginger-
like plants very common over a great portion of their habitat.
Birds which have been feeding on this extremely acrid, pungent
root are almost uneatable, otherwise they are normally xqvj good
eating, though naturally old birds are tough unless eaten whilst
still warm or hung for several days. Probably the best way of
eating these birds is in the old gipsy manner, rolling them up in a
mass of clay, feathers and all, chucking them into a heap of red-hot
ashes until the claj' is baked hard, after which the clay may be
broken, when the feathers come awaj^ with it, and the dish is ready.
Like the Jungle-Fowl, the Kalij Pheasant is difficult to domes-
ticate, but by no means impossible, and given a big enough aviary
and lots of brushwood or other cover under which to hide, thej"
soon become more or less tame. It would probably be impossible
to tame them sufficient!}^ to run loose with domestic fowls, for
though chicks may be hatched from eggs put under hens and
reared without much trouble, they always clear off" directly the
breeding season approaches.
Cripps says that they are quite impossible to tame, and that he
has seen man}^ in Sylhet as wild to the last as the day they were
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 195
cauf^ht. It must be remembered, however, that, the Sylhetees and other
people of the Assam N'alley who trap these birds in great numbers
keep them in tiny cages, and make no real attempt to domesticate
or tame them. As a matter of fact these people actually sew the
poor birds' ej-elids together as soon as they are caught, in order to
prevent them knocking themselves to pieces in the cages. When
thus blinded, the birds crouch in one corner and refuse to move,
and even if released from the cage, make no attempt to escape. I
have sometimes bought some of these birds in order to release them
from this cruelty, but I must say that they seem to suffer less from
the eyelids being fastened than from the self-inflicted injuries once
the eyelids were freed of the stitches. The Hill-Tribes catch these
pheasants in mauj- ways. The small brushwood fence with well-
noosed little gaps at intervals has often been described as that used
for other birds ; another plan is to noose the sides of a path on
which grain has been thrown, and yet another means employed with
success is to peg down a decoy bird, surround it on all sides with
nooses and then secure any bird which comes either to fight with or
examine the decoy. I should mention that I have never known a
decoy bird either drum, crow, or in any other way challenge his wild
rivals to a fight, at the same time his fluttering attempts to regain
his freedom accompanied by indignant squawks and squeaks as the
string checks his efforts seem equally effective in attracting notice.
GENNiEUS HOKSFIELDl WILLIAMSI.
Williams' Kalij Pheasant.
aennacem tciUiamsi, Gates, Man. Game-B. 1., p. 342 (1898); id, Ibis.
1903, p. 104 ; id. Jour. B.N.H.S. XVI., p. 86 (1907) ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad,
Bologna (6), v., p. 142 (1908).
Gennceus turnen, Finn., Jonr. Asiat. Soc. Beng. XIX., pt. 2, p. 146 (1901.)
Genncmus macdonaldi, Gates, Jour. B.N.H.S. XVII., p. 10 (1906); Ghigi,
Mem. Acad. Bologna, (6), v., p. 142 (1908).
Gennceus ornmaneyi, Gates?. Type in B.M.
Vernacular Names. — Yit {Burmese), Rak (Arrahin).
Bescription. — Adult Male. — Crest black; head, neck, back and
wing-coverts grey, this effect in colour being formed by numerous
tiny bars of wdiite or buffy white on a black ground ; feathers of lower
back, rump and upper tail-coverts black, crossed with several narrow
bars of white, and with broad white edges, these edges being suffi-
ciently bold to make these portions of the plumage contrast strongly
with the tail and upper back. Tail like the back, but more boldly
marked with bars rather than with vermiculations.
Visible portions of the wing quills like their coverts, inner webs
of primaries brown, obsoletely mottled with darker brown, whole
lower plumage black, like all other sub-species inhabiting a range of
country between two species, this form varies considerably on the
196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
outer limits of its habitat. The variation consists principally in
the boldness of the markings which make up between them the grey
of the upper parts ; in some specimens the markings are so minute
that they can only be called vermiculations, though these seem to
always run in regular bars, in others the markings are bolder and
form distinct bars of white on a black ground. These latter indivi-
diials become more and more common as we approach the limits of
rafipes, whilst the former characters predominate as we draw nearer
the country occupied by oatesi. In this part of the southern region
covered by williaovsi, it is also noticeable that the rump and upper
back grade into one another through the lower back instead of the
upper back being sharply defined from the other two. Such speci-
mens are, however, comparatively rare, and even in these the rump
and upper tail-coverts are quite boldly barred with white in com-
parison with the rest of the plumage.
Colours of the soft jKtrts. — Iris brown, light brown or golden
brown ; lappets and facial skin deep crimson red or crimson, duller
in the autumn and winter ; legs various shades of dark and light
plumbeous-brown, ashy-brown, or fleshy livid, never red; the spui"
is a dark hornj^ brown with a paler tip.
Measurements. — Wing from 8-6" (218-4 mm.) to 10" (254-(j
ram.); average of forty birds, 8'91" (226-3 mm.); tail from 8- G"
(218-4 mm.) to 12" (304-8 mm.); average of forty birds, 10-15"
(258-8 mm.); tarsus about 3" (76-2 mm.), with a spur iip to 1"
(25-4 mm.) ; but generally about -7" (17-8 mm.) ; bill at front 1-2"
(30-4 mm.), and from gape 1-4" (35-6 mm.).
The crest runs up to about 3" (76-2 mm.), but is generally about
2-5" (69-5 mm.).
Adult Female. — Very similar to true Jiorsfieldi, but can always be
distinguished by the tail feathers. In this sub-species the central or
two central pairs are much the same as in the other sub-species,
though they are generally paler and still more chestnut in colour,
the outer feathers are, however, black or nearly black with numer-
ous narrow and irregular broken bars of white. On the Avhole the
I'emales of G. h. ivilliarnsi are paler and more chestnut on the upper
plumage, but this does not always hold good, and over ever}^
portion of its area, specimens of villiamsi niaj^ be met with quite as
dark as the the darkest of G. h. liorsfieldi.
The females of this sub-species appear to be remarkably constant,
for though the British Museum has an excellent series, little varia-
tion can be found in it. A few birds are decidedly paler than
others, and have the general tone more a buff than a chestniit. The
under surface of the tail varies from an almost immarked blackish
brown to a well-barred surface similar to the upper aspect.
Colours of the soft parts. — Similar to those of horsfieldi. It
should be noted particularly that the legs of this sub-species, both
TRE (iAME lilRDS OF IXDLl. l!)7
male and female, are those of true horsfieldi, and shew no signs of
grading into the red legs of nifipes and the ni/cthemerus group.
Measurements.— Whig from 7-7" (195-G mm.) to 9-1" (231-1
mm.) average of thirty birds, 8-35" (212-1 mm.; ; tail from 7-2"
(183-0 mm.) to 8-8" "(233-5 mm.); average of thirty birds, 8-OG"
(204-7); tarsus about 2-75" (G9-8 mm.); bill at front about M"
(27-9 mm.), and from gape a little over 1-3" (33-0 mm.).
YowKj Male. — A specimen in the Gates' Collection which is
labelled " c? , see spurs" is identically like an adult female. In
spite of the spurs, on account of which this specimen has been
sexed »c^ , I should not be surprised if it turned out to be an old
barren female. One would expect 3'oung adult males carrying spurs
like this to be in male plumage, and we should also expect the young
males to follow the same rules as horsfieldi and be considerably
darker and more boldly marked below than the females.
Distribution. — Williams' Silver Pheasant has a very well defined
range, being practically confined to the moderately high hills lying
between the Manipur, Yaw, Oyu and Irrawaddy Rivers, and in the
Arrakan Yomas on the East, and the hill}^ country East again of
the main ridge as far South as Minbu on the Irrawaddy and further
West as far as latitude 19-5, or about level with Thayetm^^o. North
it occurs as far as Homalin and Tammu, whence I have seen typical
specimens. In Arrakan, South of Pakkoku, it appears to be rare,
and over much of the low-lying dry zone, no Silver Pheasants are to
be found. To the West it is found on all the higher ground on the
East of the Manipur River, typical specimens having been obtained
from Fort White, Tiddim, Falam, &c.
On the rivers themselves and at levels below 1,000 feet true hors-
fieldi penetrates far into the areas, the higher parts of which are
occupied by mlliamsi, and the consequence is that on the inter-
vening line we are constantly meeting with birds which cannot be
ascribed to either sub-species, and again other birds which appear to be
the result of interbreeding between horsjieldi and rujipes or even
korsjieldi and ni/dhemerus.
In the Soiithern low-lying portion of the inter Chindwin-Mu and
Mu-Irrawaddy regions there appear to be no Pheasants except for a
rai-e straggler of true /iors//eZJi which may now and then be met
with in the forests bordering the rivers.
Nidificfiiion. — So far thex-e is nothing on record as regards the
nidification of this sub-species, though its nests and eggs have been
taken by Messrs. P. Wickham, J. M. D. Mackenzie and C. Hop-
wood, and also, I believe, Mr. P. MacDonald.
Nests with eggs have so far apparently only been taken in April
and May, but there is little doubt that though these two months
are probably those in which most eggs are laid, they will also be
foiind in March and June, and probably other months as well.
198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Judging from what my coiTespondents write, their nebts appear
to be the same as those of the rest of the family, a mere heap of
leaves in bush jungle or forest, or, sometimes, in bamboo jungle.
The number of eggs laid is probably about C to 8, sometimes less,
but seldom more, and they are similar to those of horsfieldi, but
would appear to average smaller. Eggs I owe to Messrs. Hopwood,
Wickham and Mackenzie, range in length from 4o'6 mm. to 47-7
mm. and in breadth from 33-6 mm. to 36'8 mm., whilst they
average 45-5 mm. by 35-8 mm. The few I have seen have all
been of a pale buff or cream colour, but doubtless they vary in depth
of tint much as do all Kalij Pheasants' eggs. '
Habits. — -Williams' Kalij Pheasant seems to Ije a bird of moderate
levels, never descending to the Plains except as a casual wanderer
down to the smallest trees, and seldom being found above 4,000
feet, though in some isolated peaks such as ]\Iount Victoria, it has
been shot as high up as 6,000 feet.
There is practically nothing on record as to its habits, but what
little there is shews it to be the same shy, skulking bird as the rest
of the genus, using its feet always in preference to its wings, and
almost impossible to flush without the use of dogs.
Its plumage of grey makes it quite as difficult to see in the semi-
shadow land of the places it haunts, as is the more sombre black
plumage of the Black-breasted Kalij in the deeper shadows of the
ever green forests found in the wetter valleys below. Col. Haring-
ton informed lue that he had never come across this pheasa^it in the
hot dry zone in the South of the tract between the Irrawaddy and the
other rivers on the West, He also told me that he believed it to be a
verj^ rare bird throughout the Pakkoku District, which was too hot,
too low and too dry for it, and probably it would not occur, except
accidentally, away from the hill ranges which run down from the
Central Arrakan Yomas. It was, he said, essentially a bird of the
forest or mixed forest and bamboos, and did not haunt the higher
grass-covered plateaus which are often frequented by the birds of
the nydhemenis group.
(^To he continued.)
199
SCI1<]XT1FIC RESULTS FllOM THE :MAMMAL SURVEY
No. XV] .
(.1) — TiiK TiPAiAs OK Soirrii Tknasskkim.
BY Oldfield Thomas.
(^Piihlished hi/ permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.')
A nice series of Tree Shrews from Pegu, topotypes of Tujxtia
hela7igeri, presented by jMr. J. M. D. Mackenzie, has enabled me
to investigate afresh the relationship of the southern members of
the T. helangeri group to the northern members of the ferruginea
group.
When Dr. Lyon wrote his Monograph of the Tupaiida3 in 1913
the only modern examples of typical helangeri were two collected
near Rangoon by Major Harington, and these differ materially in
their degree of rufous on the posterior back, the one almost with-
out it, the other strongly rufous.
Having to choose one of these as the more typical, Dr. Lyon
chose the rufous one, but Mr. Mackenzie's series now shoAvs that
the normal coloi'ation in this region is as in the other specimen,
without rufous on the iiamp.
Further east in the IMoulraein region, and southwards as far as
Tenasserim town, similar forms occur, liut becoming more and
moi'e frequently rufous or ochraceous posteriorly.
All these animals have a short snout to the skull, and have
three pairs of mammae, evenly spaced on the axillo-inguinal area.
In the extreme south of Tenasserim, however, at Bankachon
(spelt by Davison Bankasun) the local form is much brighter and
more markedly red-rumped, and this seemerl at first to indicate a
local sub-species of helant/eri. Specimens of it collected by Davison
have long been known, and always considered as helangeri.
But close examination shows the remarkable fact that while
these specimens have the general appearance, and (with the varia-
tion indicated below) the mammary formula of helangeri, they have
the longer skull of the North !Malay i-epresentative of the ferruginea
group, T. laceniata ivilkinsoni, whose type locality is Trang, about
180 miles south of Bankachon.
This skull difference — and there is no other — seems slight when
isolated specimens are examined, but is so constant and with such
a complete absence of intermediate specimens that there seems no
doubt that the Tupaia of extreme S. Tenasserim is a distinct species
intercalated between helangeri to the north and lacerrnata to the
south.
200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
It may be briefly described as follows : —
TujMia Clarissa, sp. n.
Colour essentially as in T. belangeri but brighter and clearer, and
the rump more definitely ochraceous, contrasting with the clear
olive grey of the fore-back and head. Mammae in three females
4, 5 and 6, their positions, when 6, as in belangeri, and, when less
than 6, such as to indicate that it is the normal posterior pair
which is absent, the spacing being quite different from that found
in the four-mammied lacernata.
Skull with the narrow elongated muzzle of lacernata, its length,
measured from the gnathion to the concavity on the front edge of
the orbit above the lachrymal projection, 24, 24, 24-1, 24-4, 24*6,
24-6, 25-2 in seven specimens, as contrasted with 22-0, 22-1, 22-3,
22-3, 22*4, 22-6, and 23*3 in an equal number of T. belangeri from
the region of Tenasserim town.
Dimensions of the tyfe, measured in the flesh : —
Head and Body : — ^182mm, ; tail 171 ; hindfoot 43 ; ear 17.
Skull : — Greatest length 52-5 ; condylo-basal length 49*5 ;
length of muzzle 25*2 ; upper tooth row 28'5.
Hab : — Bankachon, Victoria Province, S, Tenasserim.
Type.— Kdiult male. B. M. No. 14.12.8.95. Original num-
ber 4395. Collected 5th December 1913 by G. C. Shortridge.
Presented to the National Museum hj the Bombay Natural Historj^
Society.
T. clarissa cannot have a very wide distribution, as it is replaced
by T. belangeri 120 miles north at Tenasserim town, and by
T. ivilkinsoni 180 miles south at Trang. It probablj" ranges along
the hills which extend for about a hundred miles south of its type
locality Bankachon.
These very clear-coloured red-rumped specimens being com-
pletely removed as a separate species, we maj^ further consider
whether the southern form of belangeri, as best represented by the
Tenasserim series, can still be looked upon as quite the same as the
typical race of that species as found in Pegu.
Of the available specimens from Pegu, now 10 in number, onlj'^
one. No. 6.4.5.3, referred to bj^ Dr. Lj'on, has a rufous hind back,
and this may possibh^ be due to bleaching. And the type in Paris,
as recorded by Dr. Lyon, is also without rufous. On the other
hand, of seven examples from Tenasserim town and its neighbour-
hood all but one have a well marked rufous or ochraceous rump,
and this is also the case with most Mergui specimens and a con-
siderable proportion of those from Northern Tenasserim up to the
mouth of the Salween.
Consequently we might well recognize the average difference in
colour between the extremes b}' making a local subspecies of the
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 201
tbnn from Tenasserini town and its neighbourhood, and looking-
iipon tlie ^louhnein and other North Tenasserim specimens as
intermediates.
Tapaia helawjeri ienaster, snbsp. n.
Colour as in true helaiujeri, but the rump more or less ochraceous.
Mammae 6. Proportions of snout as in helamjeri, not as in clarissa.
l)imensio7is of the ti/pe —
Hind foot:— 40-5.
Skidl : — Greatest length 50 ; condjdo-basal length 46'8 ; length
of snout 22*3 ; upper tooth series 26.
Hah. : — Of type, Tagoot, Great Tenasserim River ; other speci-
mens from Tenasserim town.
Type.— Adult male. B. M. No. 17.3.25.3. Original number
5153. Collected 18th April 1914 by G. C. Shortridge. Present-
ed to the National Museum bj^ the Bombay Natural History
Society.
(B) — Notes on Millardia and its allies.
BY Oldfield Thomas.
(PtMished by ^permission of the Trustees of tlie British Museum.)
In attempting to determine a Mettad sent to the British Museum
by Col. H. N. Dunn from Ambala, I have examined all the avail-
able specimens of the group, quite a considerable number, and
mostl}?^ part of the Indian Mammal Survey material.
With regard to the relations of the veiy distinct Burma species,
Millardia hathleence, to the typical Indian Mettads, with which I
doubtfully associated it, I now find that like as its skiill is to that
of a true Millardia, the structure of its teeth is not the same, so
that in conjunction wdth its mammary formula, it may well be dis-
tinguished generically.
Remembering its discovery by Mr. Guy C. Shortridge, who
believed, and as it now proves rightly, that he had found a new
genus, I would propose for it the name of
GuYiA, g. n.
General characters, number of foot-pads and structui'e of skull as
in Millardia, but the mammse 0-2=4 instead of 2-2 = 8, and the
molar pattern different.
Genotype Guyi% ImthUenui {Millardia l-athleemv, Thos.).
Bantje : — Dry zone of Burma. As yet only known from Mt.
Popa and Pyawbwe.
The most marked characteristic of the molars of Millardia is
their considerable breadth as compared with their length, and the
6
:.'02 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, FoL XXV.
subequal and very distinct development of each of their cusps, so
as to give them a superficial resemblance to those of Golunda. On
the other hand in Guyia the teeth are not broader than those of
normal Murines, and the peculiar look of those of Millardia is
quite removed by this fact and also by the almost complete obsoles-
cence of the outer cusp of the first lamina of m^ (t 3 of Miller's
notation *), and the reduction, relative and absolute, of the corres-
ponding cusp in the second molar. The last lamina of m'* also
consists of only one instead of two cusps, but enough young speci-
mens are not available to determine how far this difference is
constant.
Passing to trtie Millardia, we find that there is so wide a range
of variation, in series from single localities, in general size, size
of skull, and especially in the size of the teeth, that it seems impossi-
ble to sort them into species by these characters, and we are
reduced to distinguish them by colour only.
Judged by this alone there seem to be four recognisable forms of
the genus, two of a normal greyish colour, respective!}' lighter and
darker, and two of a pallid or desert colour. All four, in the
absence of more essential characters, 1 should only consider as
local subspecies.
1. Millaixlia meltada meltada, Gra}% from the following regions,
viz.: — -Dharwar, Ahmednagar, Hoshangabad, Hazaribaghj, Ooorg
and Ceylon. Greyish mouse colour, commonly bleaching to brown.
2. MillardAa m. listoni, Wr., from the Konkan and Nasik ;
darker grey.
3. Millardia m. pallidior, Ryley., Gujerath, Kathiav/ar, Cutch
and Sind ; pallid grey.
And finally the following new form : —
4. MillzrdAa meltada dtinni, subsp. n.
Size of tjrpe small. General colour above pale whitish buffy, lined
with the dark brown tips of the longer hairs, the light rings pale
bviffy. Flanks clear light buff}'. Undersurface white with scarcely a
tinge of buffy, the basal two-thirds of the hair slaty as usual.
Ears pale brown. Hands and feet white, tail rather short, well
haired, dark brown above, white on sides and below.
Skull with the supraorbital crests not heavy, though the specimen
is old. Palatal forauiina to the level of the anterior inner root of m\
Dimensions o/ the type. — Head and body 114 mm; tail 94;
hiudfoot 22-5; ear 21.
Shdl. — Greatest length 31-5 ; condylo-incisive length 30-5;
zygomatic breadth 15; nasals 12-7; palatal foramina 7*5; upper
molar series 5.
• Mamm. W. Europe, p. 801, l:H2.
t But with refrard to this locality, by far the most eastward of all. see below
under Diomijs crum]}i.
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. l'O.S
Hahitat. — Aiiiballa. l^^njab. Type from Haiidiser.ih.
Typc.—0\d. male. JJ. M. No. "8.3.3.5. Original number 221).
Collected Gtli December 1907, and presented by Col. H. N. Dmm,
R.A.M.C.
This subspecies differs from its near all}'- M. m. pallidior by its
more buffv coloration and shorter tail.
((') — A NEW GENUS OF MURID^E.
liY Oldfield Thomas.
(^rahlished hi/ pennission of (tie Trustees of the British Museum.)
In the previoiis note mention was made of Hazaribagh as a
localit}^ for Millardia msltada meltada, a record resting; on a spe-
cimen (Collector's number 5127; B. M. No. 15.4.3.135),
obtained by Mr. Crump on Mt. Paresnath, at an altitude of 4,300',
The specimen was determined as a Mettad b}^ Mr. Wroughton.
and was catalogued as such in his Report No. 19, on the Behar
Orissa collection.
So far as the skin is concerned I cannot believe this determina-
tion to be incoiTect. Not only does the skin agree absolutely in
colour and proportions with typical meltada, but its foot-pads and
mammae are both as in that species.
But the skull assigned to it is obviously.entirely different from that
of Millardia, and since the identity of the skin Avith Millardia seems
too complete to be due merely to accidental resemblance I suppose
the skull not to belong to it, and to need separate determination.
Such determination however I quite fail to make, and now
consider the skull to represent a new genus, which may be called
DiOMYS, g. n.
External characters unknown (or, if I am wrong in the above
supposition, absolutely as in Millardia).
Skull lightly built, its anterior part long, low and naiTOw, the
muzzle and nasals particularly long and narrow. Nasals abbre-
viated anteriorly so that the incisors and the front part of the nasal
chamber are visible in front of them from above. Interorbital
region of normal shape, the supraorbital ridges well developed, but
not excessively so. Zj'gomatic plate long horizontall}^ well project-
ed forwards, its anterior edge vertical. Anterior palatal foramina
veiy long, reaching well between the molars, well open, their sides
parallel. Posterior palatal foramina small. Mesopterj^goid fossa
parallel-sided, well open, as in Rattas and its allies, its breadth ante-
riorly nearly double that of the narrow pai-t of the base of the
pterygoids bounding it on each side. Bullte not preserved in the
only specimen available.
Upper incisors light and slender, more thrown forward than
usual, their angle to the tooth row about 88° j their outer edge
204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
rounded, their front surface unusually roughened, their cutting edge
slightly notched. Lower incisors very long, projecting more out of
the bone than in any of the allied genera. Upper molars with the
relative proportions of those of Rctttus, and their structure on the
whole more as in the Rats than in the Mus-Leggadilla series of
genera. But the outer cusp of the anterior lamina of m^ (t 3 of
Miller) is completely absent, while there is a continuity between
the two inner cusps (t 1 and 4), with the second and third median
cusps (t 5 and 8) which appears to have developed earlier than the
state of wear of the teeth would lead us to expect. In the second
molar, the antero-internal cusp (t 1) is further back than usual, its
front edge behind the level of the main median cusp (t 5) with
which it is already in direct continuity by wear ; the inner walls
of this t 1 and the cusp behind it (t 4) very high and sharp edged.
M'' apparently of normal structure.
DiOMYS CRUMPI, sp. n.
Skull and teeth as above described.
Dim-ensions of tyj^e. — Gnathion to back of interparietal, 32*5 ;
tip of nasals to back of interparietal, 31'3 ; front of incisors to
basilar suture, 25-6 ; zygomatic breadth, 16-2; nasals, 11-8x3;
interorbital breadth, 4-7 ; breadth between ridges on brain case,
12 ; zygomatic plate, 4 ; palatilar length, 16*5 ; palatal foramina,
8*5 X 2-5 ; anterior width of posterior nares, 2-2 ; upper molar
series, 5-4 ; length of m' 2-6.
Habitat. — Pareshnath, Hazaribagh, Behar.
Type.— SknW only. B. M. No. 15.4.3.164. Collected by C. A.
Crump. Presented to the National Museum b}^ the Bombay Natu-
ral History Society.
Named in honour of Mr. C. A. Crump, its discoverer, whose
effective collecting work in various localities has so greatly assisted
the Survey.
The true affinities of this animal are b}^ no means easy to
determine. While the general look of the skull, its slender build,
long narrow muzzle and notched incisor- tips suggest the Mus-
Leggadilla series of Muridoi, its molars, both in structure and pro-
portions, and its well open posterior nares, are more as in Eattus,
although no species of that genus can be found with teeth of abso-
lutely similar structure. Perhaps Ilattus herdniorei and manipula^,
with their forwardly directed incisors, may represent a commence-
ment of an approach towards it, but the approach is certainly not
near enough to give rise to any doubt as to the generic distinction of
the new form.
I trust it may not be long before specimens showing the
external characters of this interesting animal may be obtained,
while further skulls, of various ages, will help to illustrate the
SCIENTIFIC liESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. iM)",
detailed structiire ot" its molars, now only known from a single well
worn specimen.
Postscript: — Since llie above was written Mr. Crump has seen ilir
specimens and had tlie difficulty about their origin explained to him.
He remembei's obtaining a single rat among the rocks at the top of
Mt. Pareshnath, and while not venturing to express absolute
certainty, he is still inclined to believe that the skin 15.4.3.35., like
as it is to that of a Mettad, reallj' belongs to the skull, so obvioTisly
that of a very different animal. Further material can alone solve
the problem, biit a rocky mountain top does not sound the natural
place for an animal with its posterior foot-pads aborted, as in the
plain-loving MiUardia, and so many other plain and desert
mammals.
(D) — The Spiny-mouse of Sind.
BY OlDFIELD ThOiMAS,
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
In his Mammals of India Mv. Blanford records a Spiny-mouse
from Sind as Acomys dimidiatus, and the specimen he refers to
still remaining unique so far as India is concerned, that determin-
ation has not hitherto been re-investigated, in spite of the great
distance between Sind and the Sinaitic Peninsula, the type locality
of A . dimidiatus.
Now however, at Mr. Wroughton's request, I have carefulh"
examined this specimen, and find, as is not surprising, that it can-
not be referred to A. dArnidiatus and apparently needs description
as new.
Acomys ftavidus, sp. n.
Allied to A. dAmidiatus, but colour paler, and no line of demar-
cation present on sides.
Relative development of fur and spines about as in dimidiatus,
the spines not extending forward to the head, as is the case in
russatus. General colour above very pale yellowish sandy, about as
in A. rnssat'iis cegyptiaciis, decidedly paler than in dAmidiatus. This
colour graduall}^ lightens on the sides, without sharp line of demar-
cation, to 5'ellowish white, the whole of the undersurface and the
leet being of the latter colour. Tail longer than head and body,
wholly white above and below.
Skull like that of dimidAatus in its general proportions, and the
development of the cranial ridges.
Dimensions of the type, measured on the spirit specimen : —
Head and body 90 mm.; tail 101 ; hind foot l'J-5.
Skull, greatest length 30-6 ; condylo-incisive length, 27*5 ;
zygomatic breadth 14-7; nasals 11-4; interorbital breadth 4"8 ;
•206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
breadth across braincase between ridges 13; palatilar length 14*6 ;
palatal foramina 7 ; tipper molar series 4* 5,
Hab. — Laid Hills, Seliwau, Sind.
y//pe.— Adult male in spirit. B. M. No. 91. 11. 1. 11. Collec-
ted by Mr. H. E. Watson and presented by Mr. W. T. Blanford.
This species has considerable superficial resemblance to A. rus-
saius, especially to the Egyptian form of that animal, but has not
its greater extension of the spines anteriorly, its heavily clad ears
or black soles. No doubt it is really a pale eastern relative of A.
dimidiatus, from which it may be distinguished by its greater pallor
and the complete absence of any sharp line of separation between
the yellowish of the upper surface and the white of the lower.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,
INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED.
HV
E. Blattkk, S.J.
Part XIX.
(With Plates C to CIII and S text figures.)
ZALAGGA, Reinw. Syll. PI. Soc. Bot. Ratisb. II, 3.
( "Zalacca " is said to be the name of this genus in the Moluccas.)
Gaertn. Fruct. I, 139.— Bl. Rumph. II. 158.— Wall. PI. Asiat. Ear. Ill, t.
'223.— Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. HI, 199, .325. t. 118, 119, 123, 136. 159, fig. 3,
173, 174.— Kunth Euum. PI. HI, 202.— Walp. Ann. Y, 820.— Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. Ill, 80.— Griff. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 6.— Kiirz. For. Fl. II, 511.—
Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. III. II, 932, 103.— Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 472.
Stemless, soboliferous, armed palms. Leaves piunatisect, not
flagelliferoiTS. Leaflets narrowl}- linear-lanceolate.
Spadix iuterfoliar. pendulous, flowering branches catkin-like.
Spathes persistent ; lower sheathing, incomplete ; bracteoles
cupular, 2-celled ; flowers coriaceoiis, densely crowded, polygam-
ous. Male flowers : calyx tubular, 3-fid ; corolla tubular, segments
valvate; stamens 6, anthers short. Fe-male flowers larger; peri-
anth accrescent ; calyx trifid ; corolla-lobes lanceolate, valvate ;
staminodes 3-6 ; ovary 3-celled, stigmas 3, subulate ; ovules
basilar.
Fruit globose or obovoid, 1-3-seeded, clothed with reversed or
spreading scales. Seeds 1-3, erect, top excavated ; testa
crustaceous ; outer coat fleshy ; albumen equable ; embryo sub-
l)asilar.
Species 10. — Indo Malayan.
Gvltivafion in Europe. — The species of this genus are stove
plants. They thrive in strong loam and river sand, in moist heat.
The pots must be well drained to prevent any stagnation.
ZALACCA SECUNDA, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. Y, 12;
Palms Brit. Ind. 14, t. 177 ; Becc. Males. Ill, 673. — Calamus colltnuf,
Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. t. 186 (leaf only).
This species is very imperfectly known. Grifllth describes the
male spadix before the opening of the flowers and gives the figure
of an incomplete leaf, whilst Hooker was in possession of a leaflet,
a young fruit, and some ripe fruits in a broken condition.
Leaves 30 feet long ; leaflets 33 inches long, nearly 3 inches
broad, straight, coriaceous, concolorous, with 3 stout costae acute on
both surfaces and spinulose beneath, margins setulose above the
middle.
2Q%J0URNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Male spadix compact, about 2 feet long, slightly curved, closely
imbricated with the scarioiis, striated, split spathes. Spikes stalked,
exserted ; stalks nearly as long as the spathes, also covered with
imbricated spathes, the uppermost of Avhich resemble those of the
flowers, except in not prodticing any villosity. The spikes them-
selves are 2^ and 3 inches long, and scarcely \ inch in diameter,
the bracts both of the base and apex appearing to be empty.
Female spadix panicnlately branched, spikes tomentose. Male
flowers : bracts rounded, distinct, and presenting on the outer side
of each flower a tuft of hair. Flowers densely crowded, so that
their disposition is not at first apparent, the buds depressed at the
apex. Calyx tripartite to about the middle, scarious, striate,
segments oblong, concave. Corolla (which was not seen by
Griffith in an expanded state) about the length of the calyx,
divided not quite to the middle, segments oblong, concave.
Stamens united to the petals as high as the base of the
segments. Filaments (free) obsolete. Anthers oblong. Female
flowers ? Fruit appears to be ovoid, 2 inch ? long, ending
in a stout cone ; pericarp thin, clothed with spreading and ascending
subulate-lanceolate, recurved, dark brown scales \ inch long and
under; no appearance of a succulent endocarp. Seeds 1-1 5 inch
long, various in shape, from subglobose to hemispheric or trigonous
with a convex back, and very rounded angles, dark brown, not
polished, with a deep small, apical hollow leading to the canal
which extends more than half Avay into the dense albumen ; embryo
above the base dorsal or sublateral, indicated externally by a
circular convexity with depressed margins ^ inch in diameter or less.
Habitat. — Upper Assam, in forests about Kujoo ; the Mishmi
Mountains, and on the lower ranges of hills on the borders of
Upper Assam.
ZALACCA WALLICHIANA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 200, 325,
t. 118, 119, 136 ; Kurz in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXVIl (1864), 216 ;
For. Fl. II, 511; Becc. Males. Ill, 66; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 473;
Brandis Ind. Trees, 649. — Zalacca edulis, Wall. Cat. n. 5000 ; PI. As. Ear.
Ill, 14, t. 222-224 ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 8 ; Palms Brit. Ind.
10, t, 175. — Z. rumphii, Blume llnmphia II, 159. — Z. macrostachya, Griff.
11. cc. 13 and 15, t. 178, A, B, C ; Becc. 1. c. 66.
Brandis refers Z. edulis, Reinw. to Z. vallichiana ; and in this
he is following Griffith (Palms Brit. Ind, 10); Hooker, on the
contrary says: "The Malayan Z. edulis, Reinw., not hitherto found
in the Malayan Peninsula, has the leaflets white beneath."
Griffith's Z. macrostachya has been referred to Z. irallichiana by
Beccari. He says, that it is a much stouter form with oblanceolate
leaflets and spikes 3 inches long and nearly 1 inch in
diameter.
Name. — Yingan (Burni.).
CO
Q
THE PALMS OF niUTISlI IXDIA AND CEYLON.
L>09
All evergreen, large, tufted, steiuless or almost steniless palm,
1 2-20 teet high or somewhat higher, all parts glabi'ous. Leaves
15-20 feet, long, pinnate; petiole 8t10 feet long, sheathing at the
base, copiously armed with \-\\ inch long, flat, sharp, somewhat
retlexed spines arranged in broken spirals ; the rhachis similarly
armed, hnt the spines becoming gradually solitary towards tiie
upper part ; leaflets iuequidistant and alternate, broad-lanceo-
late, 3-ribbed, 2-3 feet long, distantly spinulose-ciliate, green
on both sides, subulate and almost tendril-like acuminate, the
upper leaflets confluent, 2-cleft, with as many lobes as leaflets
united.
Fig. 1—
To the left : Terminal spike of spadix of Z. icallichiana. Mart-
To the right : Upper part of spadix of the same (after Griffith.)
Spadix elongate, fastigiately branched, dimorphic, one male only,
with densely tomentose spikes, the other monoecious, very dense-
flowered (fig. 1 ) ; each bract seems to correspond to a cluster of o
flowers, a female between 2 males or neuters, and with 2 densely
tomentose bracteoles j rhachis densely but shortly browii-scurfj'.
210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Flowers small, rose-coloured, in short, cylindrical, pale rose-
coloured, villous spikes, about 3 or more times shorter than the
narrow, variously ruptured, partial spathes. Calyx divided to the
base, sepals obovate-oblong, about 1^ lin. long; corolla nearly
twice as long, rigid, rose-coloured.
Drupes in dense heads, obovoid, apiculate or almost acuminate,
1 inch long or more, densely retrorsely scaled, 3-1 -celled with as
many arillate seeds, the scales brown, rather rigid, cordate-ovate,
only the upper parts exposed and terminating in a reflexed brittle
bristle up to 1^ lin. long.
Habitat. — Frequent in the tropical forests all over Pegu and
Martaban down to Tenasserim, Penang and Singapore; Siam ; Banca.
Flowers during the cold season ; fi-uit ripens in June and July.
Illustration. — The specimen of Zalacca u-alUcliiana which is
figured on PI. C. may be seen in the Botanic Gardens of Sibpur.
The photograph was supplied by Major Gage.
ZALACCA BECCARII, Hook. f. in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 474.
Leaflets 18-24 inches long, 1^ inches broad, apparently equidis-
tant, strict, concolorous, shining on both surfaces, elongate-ensiform,
acuminate, tips shortly filiform, margins with strong straight setse
almost throughout their length, mid-rib stout, lateral slender, all
with few scattered, black, ^-^ inch long bristles ; very young leaf-
lets pale beneath, with very long, slender, pale bristles on the ribs ;
rhachis with short, hooked, black claws.
Female spadix 3 feet long or more ; rhachis brown woolly ;
lower spathe 1 foot long, upper 4-6 inches long. Spikes 2^ inch
long, I inch in diameter ; bracts wooll}'' ; flowers \ inch long ;
sepals and petals subequal, broadl}^ ovate, acute.
Fruit apparently small, fruit-scales pale chestnut, with broad bases
and paler recurved spinous tips.
Can easily be distinguished from Z. iccdlichiana by the long,
strict leaflets with long bristles, short tips, and margins armed
throughout their length. (Hooker).
Habitat. — Rangoon.
KOBTHALSIA, Bl. in Rumph. II, 166, t. 130, fig. 2.
(After Peter Korthals, a botanist of Haarlem, who explored the East Indies.)
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 210, 343. t. 17l\ fig. 1.; Bl. Rumph. HI,
t. 157, B {Ceratolobus). ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 74. 750, Suppl. 591. ; Griff.
Palms Brit. Ind. 26, t. 183, 184 {Calamosa(/us).; Walp. Ann. Ill, 492.;
Knrz For. Fl. II, 512. ; Wendl. Bot. Zeitg. 1859, 174. ; Becc. Males. I,
87 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. Ill, 11, 932, 104. ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI,
474.
Scandent, spinous, leaves pinnatisect ; leaflets more or less
CTineate or trapezoid and erose ; rhachis flagelliferous ; petiole
short, sheath often produced into a large ligule (ochrea).
THE PALMS OF niUTlSH INDIA AND CEYLON. -211
Spadix axillary, loosely branched, peiululoTis, sheathed with
tubular persistent spathes ; bracts membranous ; bracteoles reduced
to hairs. Flowers bisexual, crowded in cylindric catkin-like spikes;
sepals orbicular or oblong ; petals ovate or lanceolate, valvate ;
stamens C or more, filaments short, antliers linear ; staminodes 6 or
more ; ovary imperfectly 3-celled ; ovules basilar.
Fniit globose or ovoid, 1 -seeded; pericarp thin, tessellate with
recurved shining scales. Seed erect, top hollowed, chalaza lateral ;
albumen ruminate ; embryo ventral. Species about 20, Indian and
!Malavan.
Cultivation in Europe. — An elegant genus of stove palms. When
young, they are most effective as drawing or dining room decora-
tions ; and Avhen in a more mature condition, they are excellent as
stove ornaments and for exhibition purposes. They are easily
cultivated in a compost of equal parts loam and vegetable mould.
Plenty of water is required. They are propagated by seeds.
KORTHALSIA LACINIOSA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 211 ; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII, II (1874), 207 ; Becc. Males. IT, 74 (excl. pi.
Salangore) ; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 475. — K. scaplmjera, Kurz 1. c. 206
(excl. omnib. syn.), t. 20, 21 ; For. Fl. II, 513 (not of Mart.). — K. andamanen-
«s, Becc. Males. II, 76. — Calamosagus laciniosus, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat.
Hist. V, 23, t. 1 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 27, t. 183.
Stems slender, ^ inch in diameter. Leaves 2-4 feet; leaflets
subapproximate, 4-7 inches long, rhomboid, ovate or trapezoid,
about as long as broad, acutely erosely toothed, terminal one broad-
est, fugaceously white tomentose beneath ; ochrea dilacerate,
sparing!}^ armed; petiole 1^-2 feet long, with straight spines,
angular above, slightly convex below ; rhachis and flagellum with
revei'sed claws.
Spadix much branched, and covered with imbricate, smooth
spathes, with short, oblique, acute, suberect limbs ; branches axillary,
widely spreading, similarly covered with spathes, from which the
spikes project. Spikes 3-4 inches long, 3-4 lines broad, tawny-
tomentose, verj^ compact, the pedicels almost entirely enclosed.
Bracts rounded and imbricate, the lowermost empty, a little longer
than the villous bracteoles. Flowers appear to be solitary, half
immersed in the wool, which is exceedingly dense. Calj^x short,
with 3 broad, acute teeth. Corolla deeply tripartite, segments
oblong, spreading, exserted. Stamens 6, united to the corolla at the
base of its segments ; free portion of the filaments broad, very short,
united into a short annulus ; anthers large, linear, subsagittate.
Ovary occupying the corolla-tube, surrounded by the filaments,
covered with toothed scales, after fecundation becoming exserted.
Style subulate, rather long, minutely 3-toothed at the apex.
Fiiiit "I incli long, obovoid, mucronate, with greenish, brown-
margined scales. Seed with a large excavation superiorly, filled
212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
with a brown, cellular substance ; albumen hornj-, ruminate. Embrj'o
obconical, ventral.
Habitat. — Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
rLECTOCOMIA, Mart, and Bl. Sclmlt. Syst. VII, 2, 1333.
(From the Greek " Plectos, " plaited, and " come," hair.)
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 198, 325, t. 114, 116, Fig. 11, 12. ; Bl. Humph.
Ill, 68. 1. 158, 159, 163 ; Kunth Enum. PL HI, 202. ; Griff. Palms Brit. Ind.
103, app. 20, t. 217-219. ; Bot. Mag. t. 5105. ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 78.
suppl. 592. ; Kiirz. For. Fl. II, 514. ; Walp. Ann. Ill, 474. ; Wendl. Bot
Zeitg. 1859, 165. ; T. Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, ]] ; Benth. and Hook.
Gen. PI. Ill, II, 9.34, 107. ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 477.
Scandent, monocarpic, spinous palms ; stem verj^ long. Leaves
flagelliferous ; leaflets linear-lanceolate.
Spadix simply branched ; branches very long, pendulous, clothed
with closely imbricating distichous, inflated, coriaceous, persistent
spathes which conceal the spicate, dioecious flowers. Spikelets
short, male many-flowered, female shorter, few-flowered ; bracts and
bracteoles subulate. Male flowers : Calyx cupular, 3-toothed, petals
lanceolate, valvate ; stamens 6-12, filaments cuneate below, anthers
linear. Female flowers larger, perianth accrescent; corolla 3-fid,
lobes valvate ; staminodes 6. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules basilar.
Fruit globose, 1-, rarely 3-seeded, beaked; pericarp thin,
tessellated, with reflexed shining scales. Seed erect ; albumen
equable ; embryo basilar.
Species 6 — Himalaj^an and Malayan.
Ctdtivation in JSurope. — Very handsome stove plants and of easy
cultivation. A compost of loam and peat, in about equal parts, is
suitable. Freely propagated by suckers.
PLECTOCOMIA KHASIYANA, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V,
106 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 106. t. 218 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 199 ; Hook.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 478.— P. Assamica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 1505 (excl. syn.).
Stem 60-80 feet, as thick as the arm. Leaves 30 feet, including
the flagellum ; leaflets 8-16 inches long, 2-3 inches broad, broadly
lanceolate, strongly 3-ribbed. finely furfuraceous beneath tip, not
filiferous ; rhachis armed beneath with very short digitate spines.
Male spadix branched from the base ; branches 3 feet long by
2 feet across the spathels, which are 1^ inch long, oblong, white,
with broad, green, acute or acuminate tips and a broad, brown,
interposed band (fig. 3). Spikelets 1-incli, many-flowered ; petals
^ inch long, elongate- lanceolate ; stamens 8-12. Female spadix:
Spathes of the peduncle with erect, oblong-lanceolate limbs ; flower-
bearing branches 1-2 feet long, secund, pendulous ; spathes at the
base half amplectent, rather distant, distichous, and laxly imbricated ;
outline obovate, towards the apex broadlj^ obcuneate, margins below
this part incurved ; spikes concealed by the spathes, furfuraceous,
THE VALM^ OF /iRiriSIl INDIA AM) CEYLON
213
3 or 7-flo\vtM-o(l ; Jlowers distichous, large ; calyx ilat, small, divided
almost to the base into o triaiigidar, mucronate, smooth teeth ;
c^orolla divided almost to the base into 3 ascending, lanceolate,
acuminate segments, 4-44 lines long ; staminodes 6 ; ovary broadly
globose, covered with exceedingly numerous, shortish, very
iimbriate scales with multifid points, 3-celled ; style* very short,
stout, with 3 stout, subiilate, spreading branches as long as the
petals, channelled and stigmatie on their inner faces.
Fig. 2—
Upper row : Plectocomia khas'iyanri,.
Left: Scales of fruit much masjnified.
Middle : Section of seed, natural size.
Rig'ht : Seed enclosed in the tlesh, natural size
Lower row : Plectocomia assamica.
Left : Section of seed.
Middle: Seed.
Rig'ht : Scale of fruit (after Martius).
Fruit 1-1^ inch in diameter, globose, abruptly beaked, surrounded
at the base by the calyx, and corolla now flattened out, dark brown ;
scales veiy numerous, rather small, either nearly smooth, or with
ciliate margins and recurved, split, fimbriate points. Seed covered
with a rather thick, brown, cellular, spongy substance ; albumen
solid, horny; embrvo basilar (fig. 2).
Habitat.— Khasia Hills, 4-5,000 feet.
PLECTOCOMIA HIMALAYAN A, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V,
100; Palms Brit. Ind. 108, t. 219; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 199 ; T.
Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 12; Hooker FL Brit. Ind. VI, 478.— P.
montana, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook f. «.t Th.
214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Tol. XXV.
Names. — Takri Bet (Nep.) ; Raiml (Lepclia) ; Rattan Palm
(Engl.).
Stem 1 inch in diameter. Leaves 6-8 feet long, including the
flagellum ; leaflets 12-16 inches long, \-l\ inch broad, alternate,
linear-lanceolate, very acuminate, narrowed into filiform tips,
2-3 inches long, with five pi'ominent veins on the upper surface,
margins with short, sub-appressed spinescent teeth ; rhachis scurfy ;
the pinniferous part of the petiole armed below with stout, hooked
prickles, confluent at the base ; prickles in increased number on the
flagellum ; petiole unarmed or margins spiny ; sheath tubular,
scurfy ; spines whorled.
Spadices erect ; branches 2-3 feet long, covered with rust
coloured tomentum ; spathes almost stem-clasping, conduplicate,
coriaceous-scarious ; spathels 1-2 inches long, rhomboid, acute ;
spikelets o-7-flowered, scurfy, tomentose. Male flowers supported
by 3 narrow, bristle-pointed, scarious bracts, sub-distichous ;
calyx cupular, with 3 short, rounded teeth ending in bristles ;
petals :^ inch long, ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 6, united at the
base into a short cup ; filaments stoutish, subulate ; anthers large,
linear-oblong, obtusely sagittate. Female flowers ?
Fruit \ inch in diameter, depressed -globose ; scales very small,
fimbriate, tips appressed.
Habitat. — Sub-Himalayan ranges about Darjeeling, 4-7,000
feet, common. *
PLECTOCOMIA MACROSTACHYA, Kurz. in Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Beng. XLIII, II, 207, t. 16, 17 ; For. Fl. II, 514 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI,
478 ; Brandis Ind. Trees, 650.
Name. — Kyeinbam (Burm.).
An evergreen lofty climber, all parts glabrous. Leaves pinnate,
the petiole and rhachis spiny, spines straight, up to ^ inch
long ; leaflets (median ones) somewhat approximate by pairs,
linearlanceolate, -^-2 feet long, long-acuminate, white-powdery
beneath, 3-ribbed, 2 of the ribs marginal, coriaceous, but rather
flaccid.
Branches of male spadix 4-5 feet long, pendulous, closely
covered with broadly obovate distichous imbricating spathels,
brown with black border, in the axils of which are the spikelets,
shorter than bracts with alternate, distichous flowers. Male
flowers : calyx wide, cup-shaped, about 1 line deep, shortly
3-toothed, the teeth acute, bordered, especially in their sinuses, by a
dense, brown, wooll}^ tomentum ; petals rigid, falcate, lanceolate,
sharply acuminate, about ^ inch long or somewhat longer, sulcate
outside; stamens 6,
Drupes |-1 in diameter.
o
E-t
o
o
03
El
•«!
><
<:
c
o
oq
«
o
«
a
o
o
o
Oi
JoURN. Bomhay Nat Hist. Soc.
I'r.ATK CII.
ricctocomin elongata. Mart.
THE PALMS OF liinriSH INDIA AND CEYLON. 215
Habitat — Tenasserim : Bithoko rr^nge, between the \'unzaliu
and the Salween at Great Rapids, 3,000 feet elevation.
PLECrOCOMIA ASSAMICA, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 07,
Palms Brit. lud. 107, t. 218, a; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 199, t. 17G
f. 11.
Leaves very large; leaflets 18-24 inches long, 2-2^ inches;
broad, white, finely furfuraceous beneath, tip not thread-like, ribs
slender, lateral ribs marginal; petiole 1^ inch broad, with short,
stout, marginal spines and short, seriate, scattered clusters of more
slender, dorsal ones.
Branches of fruiting spadix 4-5 feet long b}^ 4-5 inches across the
large, subacute, nearly glabrous spathels, scurfy, rhachis rusty
tomentose ; spathels 2|-inches long. Spikelets 8-10-flowered.
Male calyx cupular, 3-toothed, sepals broadly ovate, ^ inch long,
petals lanceolate, ^-^ inch long. Fruiting sepals broadlj' ovate,
^ inch long ; petals lanceolate, ^ inch long.
Fruit, when dr^-, of a rich ferruginous brown colour, about
1 inch in diameter, surrounded at the base by calyx and corolla,
terminated by a style tripartite almost to the base with subulate
connivent branches, one-celled, very villous from the highly
ciliate, fimbriate, split, recurved points of the scales. Albumen
cartilaginous, solid, its tissue radiating from the centre ; embryo
basilar (see fig. 2).
Habitat. — Upper Assam.
Illustration. — The tuft of Pledocomia assaniica represented on
PL CI grows in the Bot. Gard. of Sibpur. We have to thank Major
Gage for the photograph.
PLECTOCOMIA ELOXGATA, Mart, in Roem. & Sch. Svst. VII. 1333,
Hist. Nat, Palm. 199, t. 114 and 116, f. 1 ; Kunth Enum. Ill, 202 ; Blume
Rumphia, III, 68, t. lo8 and 163 A; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 479.— C.
maaimus, Reinw., ex Blnme Cat. Hort. Bogon. 59.
Leaves very large; petiole short; leaflets 1-]^ foot long, 2 inches
broad, rather membranous, sparsely white furfuraceous beneath, tip
not filiferous, costas 3, very slender, lateral costa) marginal.
Branches of spadix 3-4 feet long, 2-3 inches across the spreading
spathels (fig. 3). Spathels 1^ inch long, sub-3-lobed, acute,
glabrous. Flowers very small ; cah^x of male minute, 3-toothed ;
petals \ inch long, obliquely oblong-ovate, acute. Cal3'x of female
larger, nrceolate, 3-toothed, ijetals small, linear-lanceolate.
Fruit 1 inch in diameter, densely villous from the long lacerate
spreading tips of the scales.
Habitat. — Penang, Sumatra, Java.
Illustration. — Mrs. Burkill was kind enough to take a photo-
graph of the specimen of Pledocomia elongata which grows in the
Bot. Gard. of Singapore (Plate CII).
216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXf.
CALAMUS, L. Gen. PI. ed. 17G4, 173, No. 436.
(From the Greek " Calamos, " a reed or cane).
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, 111,207, 331, t. 112, etc.; Gtertn. Fruct. II, t.
139 ; Bl. S-Kumph. Ill, 28, t. 146, 154, 163.; Griff. |Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.
(1,26; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 103, 719.; Kurz For. Fl. II, 515.; Benth.
Fl. Austr. VII, 134.; Wendl. Bot. Zeitg. 1859, 158; Drude Bot. Zeitg.
1877,637; T. Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 8.; Luers. Botan. II, 381.;
Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 436;Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. XI, 61.
A
;i\.
i
c.\
Fig, 8—
Left : Tip of female spike of spadix of PIcctocomia elcmgata.
Rif^ht : Tip of sjiike of PIcctocomia Icliasiyana.
Perennial, armed, tufted pahns, rarely erect, usually climbing
means of hooked spines on the rhachis of the leaves, or by whip-
THE PALMS 01' BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.
217
like spinous prolon<j;'ations (dagella) of tlie rhachis, or of the spadix,
or of the leaf sheath ; stem simple, cyliiulric, ringed at the nodes,
upper internodes elothed with spinous leaf-sheaths. Leaves
pinnatisect. rarely digitate, alternate ; leaflets few or many, lanceo-
late, rarely broad, acuminate, nerves parallel ; sheath armed,
produced into a ligula or ochrea and with or without a lateral armed
tiagellum. Spadices axillary, usually elongate, much branched,
armed, sometimes produced into a spinous flagellum. Spathes
tubular or open, sheathing the peduncle and branches of the spadix,
and passing into bracts and bracteoles (spathels and spathellules).
Flowers small, usually potygamo-ditccious, in usualljr distichous
often scorpioid spikelets, solitary or binate (a female or male or both)
in the bracteoles. Male flowers : calyx cupular, 3-lobed or 3-
toothed, coriaceous ; petals 3, acute, coriaceous, valvate, sometimes
combined at the base into a stipes ; stamens 6, filaments shoi't,
anthers dorsifixed, versatile. Female flowers slightly accrescent ;
calyx as in male ; corolla tubular below, 3-fid, valvate ; staminodes
forming a cup ; ovary incompletelj^ 3-celled, clothed with retrorse
scales ; stjde short or rather long ; stigmas 3 ; ovule basilar, erect,
(Fig. 4 and 5.)
Fig. 4 — Calamtm (iriffithinnui.
1. Female flower with its involucre still closed ; back view of
the involucrophorum [n).
2. Female flower cut open ; jr = .staminal tube.
3. Female flower without involucre ; d = calyx, e = corolla-
Enlarged i; diam. (After Beccari),
218
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
f--
C -
I
3.
Fig. o — C. firiffitltianui!.
1. Female flower during- anthesin.
a=involucrophorum, b = involucre, f = neuter flower.
2. Another female flower with its involucres during- anthesis.
3. Female flower with its involucre still closed, c = areola.
Enlargfed (\ diam. (After Beccari).
Fruit globose or ellipsoid, usiiall}^ strongly beaked ; style terminal ;
pericarp thin, clothed with appressed deflexed closely imbricating
polished scales. Seed subglobose or oblong, smooth or pitted ;
albumen equable or ruminate ; embryo ventral or basal.
Species over 200.- — Tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Malaya,
Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, and a few in tropical Africa.
The Calami are mostly leaf-climbers with thin reedy stems.
In some species there are hooks on the back of the midrib, but the
more common type of leaf is one in which the leaflets at the outer
end of the leaf are represented by stout spines pointing backwards.
The leaf shoots almost vertically out of the bud up among the
surrounding vegetation, and the hooks take hold. The stem often
grows to immense lengths (500-600 feet).
Economic importance. — " The Forest Departments of the various
provinces in India, incliTding Burma, publish annual reports from
which it might be gathered that the J^early crop of canes amounts to
about 10,000,000 maunds and the annual revenue therefrom from
Rs. 50,000-60,000. The Reports of the Conservators of Forests in
Burma for the year 1904-5, for example, show a total revenue from
canes amounting to Rs. 37,775. The imports of canes and rattans
into India from foreign countries may be said to average from 30,000
THE PALMS O^ BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 219
to 40,000 cwts., valued at from 2 to 3^ laklis of rupees (38,43G cwts.
valued at l\s. 3,85,071' in 190G-7). These come mainlj^ from the
Straits iSettlements and Siam. The exports to foreign countries of
Indian canes come to from 1,000 to 3,000 cwts., valued at from
Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 50,000 (2,427 cwts., valued at Rs. 38,100 in
1906-7), but in addition there is also a re-export trade formerly of
about the same qitantityand value as that just mentioned, but show-
ing a considerable diminution in recent years (673 cwts., Rs. 11,291,
in 1906-7). It is thus signilicant that India, with its vast supplies
of canes and rattans should not be independent of foreign tropical
countries, and the explanation may possibly lie in the cheaper sea as
compared with land transit. Large towns like Bombay, Calcutta,
and Madras find it more economical to obtain their supplies from
the Straits than from the inland forests of India." (Watt).
Popular names for Calamus in general and its products :
For the palm.
English : Canes, rattan, rattan palm, reed palm, rotang,
French : Canne epineuse, ratan, rotain, rotang, rotin.
German: Binsenhalm, Binsenstengel, Rolirpalme, Rotangpalme,
Rottang. Schilfpalme.
Dutch : Palmriet, rotanpalm, rotan, rottangpalm, rottan, rottan-
palm, rotting, rottingriet, rottinggewas, spaansch riet.
Of the cane.
English : Ratoon, rattan, rattan cane.
French : Canne a main, jonc, jonc d'Inde, rotan, rotin.
German : Handratting, Malaccarohr, Manillarohr, Rohr, Spani-
sches Uohr, Stockrohr, Zuckerrohr.
Dutch : Rotting, spaansch riet.
Of the wood.
English : Cable cane, chair-bottom cane.
French : Liane d'amarrage ?, rotang a cordes, rotang a meubles.
German : Bindrohr, Bundrohr, Ratang, Rattan, Rohr, Rotang,
Rotting Schnurrohr, Stuhlrohr.
Dutch : Bindrottan, bindrotting.
Of native generic names for Calamus we mention the following
taken from Beccari : —
In Ternate : Uri.
In Makassar: Boucan.
In Banda and Amboina : Ua.
In the Philippines : Bejuco.
In Java : Penjalin, Hoeh, Hooek.
In China : Khoe, Kiioea.
In Cochin China : ^lay.
Hindustani : Bet.
Sanskrit : Vetra, Vetus.
220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Cultivation in Europe. — " Although the species of Calamus, the
cultivation of which has been attempted in the hot houses of extra-
tropical countries are pretty numerous, the number of those which
have become permanently established is small, owing to its being
very difficult to pi'ovide them with conditions of existence like
those enjoyed in their native countries. The Calami in our hot
houses therefore give but a faint and poor idea of the elegance of
their foliage as it appears at the summit of a long, slender and
climbing stem. Young plants of Calami are, however, considerably
appreciated by horticulturists on account of their highly orna-
mental, bright green, graceful pinnate leaves, so that they are
frequently offered for sale in commercial catalogues of leaving plants.
'• In cultivation Calami thrive best in a compost of equal parts
of sand}^ loam and vegetable soil formed hy decomposed leaves.
They require a warm moist atmosphere and copious watering. I
have however to observe that Calami grow in very different situa-
tions, from marshy plains at the level of the sea up to an elevation of
2,000 metres in the mountains, so that in the cultivation of Calami,
as in that of any other plant, it is necessary to know beforehand the
natural conditions of their existence and to modif}^ their cultural
conditions accordingly. If this be borne in mind, it may be found
that probably not a few of the mountain species of Calamus, as for
instance those of the Himalaya and Assam, will thrive better in the
temperate than in a warm hot-house, while others should receive
the treatment of aquatic plants in warm water." (Beccari).
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES.^
A. — Leaves never ciRRiFEiions.
Group I. — Leaflets man}?^, elongate. Primar}^ spatlies elongate-
tubular, dilated and lacerate in their upper part. Sj)adix witli
their partial inflorescences and spikelets provided with a pedicellar
part which remains included in their respective spatlies. Fruiting
perianth explanate (not forming a pedicel to the fruit). Involucro
phorum of the female spikelets short, not pedicelliform. Seed with
ru.minate albumen ; embryo basilar or nearly so :
a. Stem erect. Leaf-sheaths not flagelliferous.
1. G. eredtis.
h. Scandent. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous.
2. G. JlageUmn.
^ In this and the following' descriptions of the species of Calamus I could
not do better but to copy from Bcccari's admirable Monoj^rapli on " The Species of
Calamus," which appeared as Vol. XI of the Aunals of the Royal Bot. Card.,
Calcutta. It had been my intention to omit his frenus altoj^ether : but some
Botanists in Europe advised me to include it. Two reasons induced me to follow
their advice, on the one hand, the fact that unfortunately very few people have
access to Beccari's work, on the other, the more selfish consideration that my series
on the Indian Palms would be incomplete by excluding the Genus Calamus, a genus
which is better represented in India than any othei-.
o
THE PALM>S OF [ililTISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 221
Group II. — Leaflets lunnerous, elongate. Priraaiy spathes
elongate-tubular, more or less lacerate in their upper part. Fruit-
ing perianth explanate. Involucrophorum short, not pedicelliforni.
Seed (wiiere known) witli equable albumen and basilar
embryo :
a. Spikelets not inserted at the bottom of their respective
spathes and therefor not or very shortly pedicellate :
* Kot scandent. Spadix not flagelliform, and armed
only with straight spines.
3. C. arboresceus.
** Scandent. Spadix flagelliform, clawed on the axial
parts between the partial inflorescences.
4. 0. longisetus.
5. C. thiuaitesii.
6. C. leptospadix.
Ii. Spikelets inserted at the bottom of their respective spathes
and provided with a distinct pedicellar jDart.
7. C. dilacerahis.
Group III. — Leaflets very few, pinnate, digitate or radiate.
Primary spathes very narrow and elongate-cylindric, very closely
sheathing. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous. Spadices (male and female)
simply decompound^ very slender and flagelliform ; partial inflore-
scences and spikelets inserted at the mouth of their respective
spathes (not with a pedicellar part). Fruiting perianth explanate.
Involucrophorum not pedicelliforni. Seed with ecjuable albumen
and basilar embryo.
8. C. pachystemonus.
9. C. dujitat'us.
10. G. radiat'us.
Group IV. — Leaves pinnate. Leaf-sheaths provided in the scan-
dent species (when not bearing spadices) with a long-clawed flagel-
lum ; in the non-scandent species the flagellum rudimentary or none.
Primary spathes very elongate-tubular, closely sheathing, sometimes
split longitudinally in their upper part, but never entirely opened
longitudinally and laminar. Spikelets inserted at the mouth of
theii" respective spathes. Involucrophorum not pedicelliforni.
Seed (where known) not ruminate ; embrj^o basilar.
a. Fruiting perianth (where known) explanate or subcal-
lous at the base, not or slightly pedicelliforni.
f Leaves pinnate with few often broad-lanceolate or
elliptic or more rarel}' elongate, 3-5-costulate
leaflets, all the costse reaching the apex.
* The two terminal leaflets highly connate.
Li. C . jloribund'us .
** The two terminal leaflets free at the base.
12. C. kingianus.
222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
If Leaves with numerous leaflets, these narrow, often
fascicled, usually gradually decreasing towards the
apex, the two of the terminal pair the smallest and
free at the base.
* Fruiting perianth entirely explanate.
13. C. viminalis.
14. G. concinnus.
15. C. rivalis.
16. G. fseudo-rivalis.
17. G. metzianus.
18. G. ijseudo-temds.
*■* Fruiting perianth slightly callous at the base
and more or less pedicelliform.
20. G. delicatulus.
21. G. helferianus.
22. G. vicobaric'us.
h. Fruiting perianth distinctly pedicelliform.
* Leaflets numerous, narrow, equidistant, gradually
becoming smaller towards the apex of the leaf.
23. G. tenuis.
24. G. rotang.
25. G. delessertianus.
** Leaflets not very numerous, and distinctly fascicled.
26. G. Brandisii.
*** Leaflets more or less inequidistant, but not fascicled,
many-nerved.
27. G. acantliosioatlius.
28. G.feamts.
Group V. — Leaflets elongate. Primary spathes very long, tubular
and closed at first, later longitudinally split and open, loriform or
laminar. Involucrophorum not pedicellate. Seed (where known)
not alveolate, with equable albumen.
29. G. guruba.
30. G. nitvpus.
31. G. plaiyspathus.
32. C. myriantlitis .
33. G. hypoleucus.
34. G. leucotes.
Group VI. — Leaflets elongate. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous. Pri-
mary spathes at first tubular, later more or less split longitudinally
and partly laminar. Involucrophorum distinctly pedicellate. Fruit-
ing perianth pedicelliform.
35. G. tr av anconeus .
36. G. rheedei.
Group VII. — Leaflets elongate. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous. Pri-
mary spathes tubular, strictly sheathing, not split or lacerate. In-
THE PALMfS OF BlUTISH INDIA AND CEYLOS. 223
vohiorophonini distinctly pedicellato. Fruiting perianth pedicel-
litorni. Seed with deeply ruminate albumen.
37. C. ImetjeUanas.
38. C. (jaml'lei.
Group VIII. — Leaflets elongate and narrow. Leaf-sheaths
flagelliferous. Primary spathes strictly sheathing. Involucropho-
rum in the female spikelets not pedicelliform. Fruiting perianth
pedicelliform. Seed deeply ruminated.
39. G. (jracilis.
40. C. melanacanthus.
B. — Leaves distinctly cikriferous.
Group IX. — Leaf-sheaths not flagelliferous. Spadix not flagelli-
ferous at its apex, usually shorter than the leaves. Primary ftpathes
elongate-tubular, closely sheathing. Male spadix ultra-decompound.
Female spadix simply decompound, differing considerably from the
male one. Male and female spikelets stalked or inserted at the base
of their respective spathes by means of a distinct pedicel. Fruiting
perianth explanate. Seed with ruminate or equable albumen.
41. C. zeylanicus.
42. C. ovoideus.
43. C andamanicus.
Group X. — Leaf-sheaths not flagelliferous. Spadices usually
shorter than the leaves, not or slightly flagelliferous at the apex.
Spikelets not stalked, inserted near the mouth of their respective
spathes. Fruiting perianth pedicelliform or almost explanate.
Seed vfiih. more or less superficial intrusions of the integument or
distinctly ruminate ; embryo basilar or slightly shifted to one side.
44. C. palustris.
45. C. latifolius.
46. C. doricei.
47. C. polydesmus.
48. C. Jchasianus.
49. C. naonhariensis.
50. C. inermis.
51. C. un'ifaritis.
1. CALAMUS ERECTVS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill, 774 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
Ill, IIH. ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 35, and Palms Brit. Ind. 43,
PI. CXC, A. f. i. (as C. acanthospatkus) ; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
XLIII, PI. 2,209, PI. XXIII and XIV (excl. C. lonf/isetus, Griff.), and For.
Fl. Brit. Bur. II, 516, and Rep. Veg. Pegu 90 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI,
439 (excl. C. schizospathus) ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 197, and Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gar.. Calcutta, XI, 121. — C. macrocarpus, Griff, in Mart. Hist.
Nat. Palm. Ill, 333, t. 176, f. X, et t. ZXVIII, f. XXIV ; Griff. Palms Brit.
Ind. 40, PI. CLXXXVI, A. f. I-II. — C. erectus macrocarpus, Becc. in Hook.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 439.— C. coUinus, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 31,
and Palms Brit. Ind. 39 {excl. descr. fol.) t. CLXXXV (spadix tantum) ;
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III, 332. — C. erectus, var. collina Becc. in Hook,
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 439.
'■2'-2^ JOURNAL, BOyiBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXV.
Names. — Kadam bet (Beng.), Thaing (Burm,), Sun-gutta (in
Sylhet).
Description. — Stem erect, robust, with a crown of large leaves.
Ochrea very large, divided into two large hispid auricles. Leaves 3-5
m. long. Leaflets very numerous, equidistant, elongate-ensiform,
green on both surfaces, mid-rib sparingly bristl)^, secondary
nerves naked on both surfaces. Leaf-rhachis armed beneath with
long straight spines. Spadix not very shortly flagelliferous at its
apex (fig. 6). Primary spathes loosely sheathing, speedily lacerated
Fig. G. — Calamus erecUiS-
1. Outline of riprht hand figure to show the relative position of the
spathels {h) and of involucre (6). The dotted line completes
that portion of the margin of the spathel which is not seen in
the right hand figure.
2. Portion of a male spikelet in longitudinal section. The involucres
{h) are half immersed in the spathels {k).
In the upper part is the calyx ((/) of two flowers still attached to
their involucre- '
Enlarged 0 diam. (From Beccari).
■/'///; I'.iL.ys OF mil I'lSiH jMfj.i .imj cj-vloa.
ami luarcesceiit. Fr. o-l i;ni, loii^' ellipsoid. Seed oblong or ovoid,
circular in transverse section, h^mbrj^o basilar, eccenti-ic (iig. 7).
Fl(;. 7. — Calamus eiectus.
Left : Top part of branch of spailix.
Right : Part of fruiting- spadix with one fruit (After Griffith).
Habitat. — Sjdhet, Kliasia Hills, Upper Assam, Chittagong.
Uses. — In Sj'lhet the poorer natives use the seeds as a substitute
for that of Areca (Roxb.).
CALAMUS ERECTUS, Roxb. var. schizospathus, Becc. in Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Calc, XI, l!2.5. — C. schizospathus. Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat.
Hist. V, 32 ; Pabns Brit. Ind. 41, PI. CLXXXVIT ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
IH, 3.3i' ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. See. XI (1869), 71 ; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timb. 423 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind, II, 197. — C. erectus, Becc. (partim)
in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 438. t^p
Names. — Reem (Lepchas), Phekri bet (Sikkim). -I V<
Description. — Leaflets with a secondary nerve on each side of
the mid-rib, sparingly bristly beneath and sometimes also above.
3Iale flower with the calyx half (not almost entirely) projecting
from the involucres.
Habitat. — Sikkim.
Uses. — According to Gamble the stem is about 5 cm. in
diameter with hard wood and closely packed fibro-vascular bundles ;
the canes, however, are useless.
CALAMUS ERECTUS, Roxb. var. Urmannieus, Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv.
Ind. II, 197, and Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 70 and 126.
Description. — Female spadix more slender than in the type,
produced into a rather long (75 cm.) flagelliform aculeate appendix.
Fruit smaller.
Habitat. — Burma, on the Karen mountains at 1,000 — 1,200 m.
2. CALAMUS FLAGELLUM, Griff, in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill,
333, PI. 176, f. IX ; Palms Brit. Ind. 48 ; T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc.
9
226 JOUBNAL, BOMBAY NATUJRAL MIST. ISOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
XI (1869), 8 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 423 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind, VI, 439 ;
Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surr. Ind. II, 197, and Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI,
70, 127.— C.jenkinsianus, Gritf. Palms Brit. Ind. 40, PL CLXXXVI A. f. iii
(non pag. SQ').—C. pohjgamus. Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill, 780.?
Names. — Rabi Bet (Nepal). Reem (Lepchas), Nagagola Bet
(Assam).
Description. — Scandent and robust. Leaf-sheaths with very
unequal never seriate spines. Ochrea marcescent. Leaf-sheath-
flageila up to 6-7 m, long. Leaves very large. Leaflets numerous,
equidistant, green on both surfaces, broadly ensiform, strongly
unicostate ; the mid-rib with a few subspiny bristles, secondary
nerves naked on both surfaces. Leaf-rhachis clawed on the back.
Spadix elongate, flagelliform. Primary spathes tubular, closely
sheathing, lacei'ated at apex. Fr. about 3 cm. long, broadly ovoid.
Seed ovoid, circular in transverse section ; embryo basilar.
Habitat. — N.-E, India, Assam, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal,
Sikkim.
Uses. — The fruit is edible (Hooker). The canes are soft and
useless (Anders.).
CALAMUS FLAGELLUM, Grifl'. var. karinensis, Becc. in Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 70, 129.
Description. — Leaf-sheaths armed with very unequal spines,
some being large and others small and seriate.
Habitat. — Burma, Karen mountains at 1,200-1,400 m.
3. CALAMUS ARBORESCENS, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V,
33, and Palms Brit. Ind. 42, t. CLXXXVIII A. B. C ; Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. Ill, 332; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 113; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bang. XLIII, Pt. II, 208, t. XXII, and For. Fl Brit. Burm. II, 516. and
Rep. Veg. Pegu (1875), 90 ; Gamble Man Ind. Timb. 423 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI, 439 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. iSurv. Ind. II, 198, and Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard. Calc. XI, 70, 131. — C. hostilis, Hort. Calc.
Names. — Thanoung, Danoung, Kyeubankven, Damon, Danoung
Thain (Burm.).
Description. — Csespitotse. Stem erect, robust, 4-6 m. high.
Leaves large. Leaf-sheaths, petiole, and leaf-rhachis armed with
large, laminar, almost black, shining, seriate spines. Leaflets
equidistant, broadly ensiform, green above, white underneath. Male
spadix elongate, pendulous. Primary spathes tubular, rather closely
sheathing, lacerated and fibrous in their upper part, armed only
with straight black spiculsB and never with hooked spines or claws.
Secondary spathes clavate, sub-inflated and usually lacerated and
blackened. Spikelets large with flatlj^ bifarious flowers.
Habitat. — Pegu in Burma, common and gregarious in evergreen
forests.
4. CALAMUS LONGISETUS, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist V, 36,
and Palms Brit. Ind. 44, t. CLXXXiX A B.; Mart. Hist. Nat. t'alm. Ill,
333 ; Mi<j. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 114 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 440; Becc. in
/•///; PALMii OF liRirUSH INDIA AND CEYLON. 227
Roc. IJot. Surv. Ind. IT, 100, Ann. I.'oy. Bot. Gard, Calc. XF, 71. 134, — C.
ti'/riiiKK, Kurzin Jour. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII, Pt. II (1874), 211, t. XXV and
For. Fl. Brit. Burni. II, 519.
Names. — Leme (Eurm.), Umdah, Am (Andam.).
Description. — Scaudent. Leaves up to 3-4 m. long. Leaflets
not equidistant often in groups of 2-3, almost equidistant towards
the summit, green on botli surfaces, ensiform, unicostate, mid-rib
re.notely spiaulose above with some very long blackish bristles
beneath. Male and female spadices simply decompound. Primaiy
spathes elongate-tubular, lacerate in their upper part ; secondary
ones slightly inflated. Female spikelets very large with flatl}'
bifarious flowers. Fr. ellipsoid-ovate, over 3 cm. long, transversal}
mottled like a tiger skin. Seed oblong, 5-7 costate.
Habitat. — Pegu, Andamans.
Uses. — The natives of the Andamans eat the fruit cooked. The
leaflets are employed for coverings.
5. CALAMUS THWAITESII, Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VT.
441 ; Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 199, Ann. Roy. Hot. Gard. Calc. XI, 71, 137 ;
Triraen Fl. Ceylon IV, 330 ; Talb. Trees Bomb. ed. 2,344 (partini) ; Brandis
Ind. Trees (1906), 652 (partim) ; Cooke Fl. Bomb Presid. II, 807 (partitn).
— C. lonyisetus, Thw. Enum. Plant. Zeyl. 330. (non Griff.)
Description. — Leaves large. Leaflets irregularly fascicled,
broadly ensiform, green on both surfaces, unicostate. Mid-rib
with black, short subspiny bristles on both surfaces ; secondary
nerves naked. Male and female spadices simply decompound,
flasfelliform, with the axial parts between the inflorescences very
elongate and strongly clawed ; primary spathes very long, narrow,
thinly coriaceous, closely sheathing, lacerated near the mouth.
Male and female spikelets very elongate. Fr. ellipsoid or obovate-
eliptic, suddenly contracted into a conic beak, about 2^ cm. long;
scales in 12 series broadh'- channelled along the middle. Albumen
equable ; embryo basal.
Habitat. — (Jeylon. Moist low country, below 2,000 ft., rather
rare, Kalutara, Kandy, Hantane, Rambukkama, Kurmegala.
Flowers. — February to May.
CALAMUS THWAITESII, Becc, var. canaranus, Becc. in Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 71, 138. ; Cooke Fl. Bom. Pres. II, 807 {partim).
Name. — Handibet (Kanara).
Description. — Male spikelets with moro numerous and more
approximate flowers. Seeds more flattened than in the type
specimen.
Habitat, — Kanara, common in the evergi-een forests at the foot
of the Nilkund Ghat.
Flowers. — February to March.
6. CALaMUS LEITO^PADIX. Grifl". in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V,
49, Palms Brit. lad. 60, t. CXCIV A.B.C ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palin. ill, 339.
228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
t. 175, f. II, et t. ZXVIII, f. XIII ; T. Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 8;
Gamble Man. Ind. Tim. 423 ; Hook. f. Fl Brit. Ind. VI, 441; Becc. in
Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 199, Ann. Bot. Gard. Gale. XI, 72, 142.
NaiMES. — Lat (Lepcha), Dangri Bet (Nepal), Rani, Rabi Bet
(Kiirseong).
Description. — Scandent, forming tangled thickets; stems
slender; foliage feathery. Leaves over 1 m. long. Leaflets numer-
ons, approximate, regularly equidistant, linear-ensiform, 20-30 cm.
long, o-costate. Male and female spadices simph^ decompound and
similar, long and slender. Partial inflorescences not manj^ very
distant, strict, slender, 20-40 cm. long with 10-20 appressed
spikelets on each side. Primary spathes very narrow, cylindrical,
closel}?- sheathing. Male spikelets scorj)ioid, 1-2 cm. long. Fr.
globose or globose-ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter (fig. 8).
Habitat. — N.-E. India, Kliasia Hills, Naga Hills, Sikkim.
Was found in flower and fruit in November.
Illustration : Plate CIII.
Fig. S.— Calamus leptospadix .
Upper left: Fruit. Enlarg-ed more than two diara.
Upper rif,''ht : Scales of fruit. Majrnified.
Central : Longitudinal section of seed (natural size).
Lower : Part of flajrellum of female spadix (After Griffith).
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THE PALMS OF JililTlslI l\/>f.t AXD CEYLON. 2l>9
7. CALAMr-S DILACERATUS, Beco. in Hoc. But. Surv. liul. 11, 198;
Ann. Roy. But. (Jard. Calc. XI, 72, 141.
Description.— Tufted, probably not scandent. Female spadix
erect, paniculate. Primary spathes short, membranous, dry, lace-
i-ate, armed with ihie black spicides ; secondary spathes tubular-
infundibuHform, dry, thin in tcxtnre and mnch lai^erate. Female
spikelets with a pedieellar portion 1-1^ cm. long. Fruiting perianth
of 6 spreading, equal, lanceolate parts. Fr. small, ovate, 12 mm,
long. Seed subglobose with an even surface.
Habitat. — Nicobar Islands.
8. CALAMUS PACHYSTEMONUS.'n\^^^. Enum. PI. Zeyl. Addenda,
431 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 422; Becc. in Kec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 201 ;
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 74, 16o. — C. f/racilis, Thw. 1. c. 330 {wm Roxb.).
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. IV, 333.
Description. — Stem slender, scandent ; sheaths sparingl}-
tubercled and armed with small flattened pale spines. Leaves
1-2 feet long, pinnate, upper bifoliate; petiole short, slender;
vhachis armed with solitary, stout, recurved spines, rhachis about
3-7 inches long, not flagelliferous ; leaflets 4-7, irregularly disposed,
5-12 inches long and -1-2^ inches broad, oval, subacute, or obtusely
acciiminate, o-5-veined, margins and midrib beneath smooth, cross-
venules distinct, upper pair sometimes connate with a spinous
rhachis. Spathes funnel-shaped, truncate, cuspidate, armed with
small prickles ; spathels and spathellules cupular or patelliform.
Spadix very long, slender, decompound, branches few, spikes
many, alternate, ^-^ inch long, crowded, scorpioidly recurved.
J\[ale flowers in many series, ^ inch long, linear, curved ; calyx
cupular, striate, lobes short, obtuse ; petals twice as long, linear-
oblong, acute, striate, connate in a column at the base ; filaments
thickened at the base, then sitbulate. tip not inflected. Fruit
unknown.
Habitat. — Ceylon. Moist low country below 1,000 feet, rare.
Kukl, Korale, Kalutara, Galle.
Flowers. — In November and December.
9. CALAMUS DIGIT ATUS, Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 442 ;
Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 201 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 74, 166.—
C. imchystemonus, Thw. Enum. PI. Zeyl. 431 {partini).
Name. — Kukula-wel (Singh.).
Description. — Stem very slender, scandent ; sheath not
flagelliferous (?), copioiisly beset with long and short, strong, straight,
flat spines and conical shorter ones, mouth with a rather large
ochrea ; petiole 6-8 inches long, slender ; rhachis furfuraceous,
unarmed, or with a few distant, recurved, large or small spines.
Leaves diaitatelv 2-4-foliate; leaflets 8-12 inches long and
1-3 inches broad, oblanceolate, cuspidatel}^ acuminate. o-7-
veined, base scurfy beneath, margins and veins smooth, upper pair
230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUEAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
sometimes confluent with a spinous rhachis for half their length.
Lower spathe elongate, cylindric, unarmed, upper very slender,
mouth truncate, entire, spadix very long, slender, decompound,
very sparingly spinous, branches distant; spikes very many, i-l
inch long, spathels short, patelliform, imbricate. Male flowers ^
inch long ; calyx tubular, striate, lobes short ; petals twice as long
or more, narrow, straight or falcately curved; connate at the base ;
filaments very short, conical, tip subulate, straight. Fr. seated on the
slightly enlarged perianth, globose, ^ inch in diameter, pale yellow ;
beak very small ; scales 6-7 in a vertical series, very broad with
scarious brown margins and an obscure channel in the middle ;
endosperm subruminate ; embryo basilar.
Habitat. — Ceylon. Moist low country below 1,000 feet, rather
rare. Reigaur and Pasdun Korales, Hiniduma, Galle. — Endemic.
Flowers. — In March.
10. CALAMUS RADIATUS, Thw. Enum. PI. Zeyl. Addenda, 431 (1864) :
Hooker f . Fl. Br. Ind. VI, 442 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 333 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot.
Surv. Ind. II, 20; Ann. Roy. Bot. '^ard. Calc. XI, 75, 168.
Name. — Kukula-wel (Singh.).
Stem very slender, scandent : sheaths flagelliferous, densely
armed with short acicular spines which are free or are connate
below in transverse ridges mixed with long bristles, upper trans-
versely rugose. Leaves radiately G-8-foliolate ; petiole 2-4 inches
long ; rhachis rather slender, bearing small scattered recurved
spines. Leaflets 8-12 inches long and f inch broad, linear acumi-
nate, tiiin, 3-veined, midrib beneath and margins quite smooth.
Spathes few, very long, clavatel}^ funnel-shaped, cuspidate.
Spadix polygamo-dioecious, very long, slender, decompound,
armed with small recurved spines ; primary branches 2-6, 2-3 feet
long; spikes ^-f inch long, rather distant, reflexed, 3-15-flowered,
naked. Spathels and spathellules cup-shaped. Male flo\\"ers:
Calyx short, cylindric, striate ; petals much longer, connate below
in a short tube; filaments conical, tip subulate, straight; pistillode
oblong, 3-fid. Female flowers J^ inch long ; calyx cupular, lobes
broad, acute, striate ; petals short, acute, striate. Fruit seated on
the slightly enlarged perianth, globose. ^ inch in diameter, shortly
beaked ; scales about 8 in a vertical series, broadly triangular, dull
yellow with narrow red-brown entire margins, and an obscure
median channel ; endosperm ruminate ; embryo basilar.
Habitat. — Ceylon. Moist low country below 1,000 feet,
rather common, Hiniduma, Hewesse, Kalutara. — Endemic.
Flowers. — In February and March.
(7'o he continued.)
THE RAPTORES OF THE PUNJAiJ. [^
BY
(.;. H. Donald, b\ Z. S.
( With 2 Plates.)
The writer has beeu asked, frequently, to write a small pamphlet
dealing with the Birds of Prey of the Punjab, in simple language,
and in such a way, if possible, as will save the layman from wading
through pages ot printed matter couched more or less in technical
languoge, to arrive at the species of any particular specimen.
in a Province, rich in llaptores, it is strange how very little
is really known about them and since even a scanty knowledge of
the birds and beasts around one, materially enhance the joys of
camp life, manj^ more people would take up the subject, if it was
possible to do so, without taking up too much of one's time.
The Birds of Prey lend themselves particularly in this respect
and considering the total number of species in the Province is
under three score, it is by no means a comprehensive subject, and
t do not think it is an exaggeration to state that quite 60 per
centum of them can be recognised high up in the air, and very
nearly the same percentage could be identified by touch alone,
blindfolded, from skins of normal specimens, with a little practice.
There are now numbers of books which make the study of our
feathered friends a pleasure, but very few, unfortunately, do more
than just touch on the Birds of Prey, and yet they amply repay a
little trouble on their behalf.
In this paper, it is not the intention of the writer to go into
minute details, and colouring will not be described at all, except
in a very general way, or where some species displays some peculiar
characteristic in that respect, which is also a constant feature.
Most Raptoi'es change their entire dress from the nestling to the
adult stage and hence colouration is a broken reed to depend on.
It will be seen from the keys appended that there are other and
much more reliable factors than colouration to go on, for the
identification of species.
From the keys here given, it will be possible not only to place
any given specimen in its proper genus, by merely looking at its
legs, head, beak and wings but in about 90 per cent, of cases, to
also name its species. There are some half a dozen species which
will need a closer study of their characteristics than will be found in
this paper, but since the search will then only be confined to one
of two species in each case, it reduces one's work to a minimum.
The actual details and measurements here given lay no claim to
originality. They are all to be found in various books of reference,
232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI .
with one or two additions Avhich the writer has noted for himself, as
rare exceptions, biit the method of bringing out the characteris-
tics of a genns or species, is, I believe, original, and if not on scien-
tific lines, it at least lays claim to simplification of identification,
which is the chief object of this paper.
The details of the keys in most cases have been taken from
Blanford's Fatina of British India, Vol. 111., which cannot be im-
proved upon and in the few instances in which the specimen to be
identified is not discoverable by these keys, a further reference to
the above mentioned Volume will dispel all doubt.
I have already said that the Birds of Prey are but little known,
as a general rule, and to give but a couple of instances will suflfice
to show how easy it is to go wrong from descriptions, when colour
is depended on too much. Not many years ago, the writer saw a
very fine specimen of a Golden Eagle, in its first phniiage, in an
up-to-date museum marked " Aquila heliaca, the Imperial Eagle'"
and a legend beneath informed the visitor that " this bird some-
times catches chikor" !
On another occasion a Golden Eagle in its transition stage of
plumage was the innocent cause of a controvers}^ which lasted for
several months, and the specimen was finally sent home for identi-
fication. The reason for this is not far to seek. In its first plumage,
the Golden Eagle is marked very like an Imperial Eagle in its adult
plumage. Both are a ver}' deep brown, almost black generally,
both have light brown or buff lanceolate feathers on the head and
neck, both have a lot of white on the tail and a white patch in the
centre of each wing and a large female imperial would be very
nearly as big as a small male Golden. But here the similarity
ends. To any person acquainted with the habits of the two birds,
they are as the Poles apart. One is a mighty hunter with a very
large and powerful foot and claws, an easy graceful flight during
which he holds his wings well above his back and shows a large ex-
panse of chest, whereas the other is nothing more or less than as
Mr. Hume has very aptly called him, a " great hulking kite".
He is no more capable of catching a chikor except a wounded
or a tame bird, than is the Lammergeyer capable of pulling down
an ibex or a " ghoorel", as he has been accredited with doing in
all seriousness. One look at the comparatively weak foot and small
talons precludes any such possibilit3\ In flight the true Eagles,
with the exception of the Golden Eagle, very much resemble the
Vultures, except that they appear very much lighter on the \Aing
and show a little more tail, protruding beyond the line of the wing.
As a rule when the Vultures are soaring, their wings appear to be
broader tban the Eagles and the tail when spread, as it frequently
is, forms almost a continuous line with the edges of the wings. I
say almost a line, as it is not exactly a continuous one and it looks
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THi: llArKUiES OF TILE PUNJAB. 23:'.
as tliongli a small piece had been cut out on either side, where thn
tail feathers touch the tertiary wini^" quills, and the tail itself
jirojects just the least bit beyond the line ot" the wiuos.
I will endeavour to show the difTerence between the flights of"
the various genera later on in this paper. It is not too much to
say that it is very often easier to identify a bird on the wing than
it is, at a casiial glance, in the hand.
The nomenclature in every case is the same as that given in
the Fauna of Br. India (Blanford) but I have sub-divided the
Families and Sub-Families into " Types " and have changed the
sequence of the genera as giveii in ihe above book, to suit the
purposes of my " Types."'
To give an example as to how the ke}s are worked, let us
imagine we have got a specimen of some large llaptores which we
wish to identify. Look at the following points : —
A. Has it got feathei's on its head and neck or only down?
Feathers, well it cannot be a A'ulture, so we can leave
out of count Type " C."
B. Examine next its legs ; has it got a feathered tarsus, i.e.,
does the feathering extend to the base of the toes, back and
front ? It does, so the specimen must come under Type "'D,"
therefore it must be either a true Eagle, a Lammergeyer,
or Hawk Eagle, but which ? Next you look at the wing.
Fold the wings against the body in the same waj* as
the bird would naturall}^ have them when sitting down
and see if the longest primary quills reach to Avithin an
inch or less of the tip of the tail. You find they do and
that the hind q\i\\\ (without the toe) is the longest claA\',
so you straight away eliminate all the Hawk-Eagles and
know that your specimen must be a true Eagle and
belong to the genus A'piila.
You have thus got rid of 24 genera and some 50 species and have
now onl}- got 5 species to go through and that will be found as
simple as arriving at the genus, and jow proceed as follows : —
.1 . Look at the nostril and see whether it is elliptical or ear-
shaped and higher than broad, or if it is round and as
broad as high. You find it to be distinctly elliptical and
higher than it is broad, so it cannot be that of ^. macukda.
II. You next measure the length of its tarsus and find it to be
just 4" so you know that it cannot be either an Imperial
(A. heliaca) or a Tawny (/I. vindhiaud) and must be
either a Golden (A. chri/saehis) or a Steppe Eagle (A.
hifasciata) .
(.'. Having arrived at this conclusion you next look at its foot
and claws. A huge foot, in which the claws are capable
of meeting round your wrist, and the hind clav.- well over
10
234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
2" in length, round the curve, dispels all further doubt
and you know j^^our specimen is undoubtedly a Golden
Eagle.
After a very little practice it will not be necessary to go through
the process of elimination and the specimen will be placed in its
proper genus at the first glance. In the above example it will be
seen that the specimen selected is of a Type that contained other
genera with very similar characteristics, so we will try another and a
simpler one.
A very large bird, with tarsi feathered and a heardj of stiff bristles
depending from the chin. Straight off you have the genus
Gypaetus and since there is only one species representing this
genus, your specimen is Gypaetus harhattis, the Lammergeyer.
By placing all the different genera with a common characteristic
into one Type, it reduces one's search from some 55 to 14 species,
by merely looking at the head, feet or beak, as the largest Type,
viz. : — " G," has 14 species, whereas o have only one species each,
and having found your Type you know exactly how many genera
and species have been automatically eliminated and how many
remain.
I now proceed to give the keys for, (a) the Types and (h) for the
genera and species.
THE BIRDS OF PREY DIVIDED INTO '• TYPES."
ORDER ACCIPITRES.
Families . .
Sub Families
Types
PaNDIONID^, VuLTURIDi?5, FaLCONID^.
Gifpaetince, Falconince.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
Geneka and Species.
Type A. . . (ienus
Pandion
r VULTUE
Otogyps
Type B. . . Genera J
Gyps
PSEUDOGYPS
Neophron
Species P. halicetus, The Osprey.
,, V. monachus, The Cinereous
Vulture.
,, O. calvus, The Black Vulture.
{ G. f ulcus, The Griffon Vul-
ture.
G. himalayensis, The Hima-
layan Griffon.
■{ G. indicus, The Indian Long-
billed Vulture.
G. tenuiroNtrix, Himalayan
Long-billed Vulture.
J*, benijaleiisis, Indian White-
backed Vulture.
N. (jinyinianus, Smaller White
►scavenger Vulture.
N, percnopteruK, Large White
Scavenger Vulture.
THE liArrORES OF THE PUNJAB.
286
Type C. ..Genus Gypabtus Species.
AguiLA
Type D. . . (jlenera .^
HiERAETUS
ICTINAETUR
Spizartus
Type E.
Type F.
. Geniis Archibuteo
(" Elanu.s
MiLVUS
Haliastur
.Genera { Pernis
BUTEO
fClRCAETU.S
Spilorni.s
bctastur
Type G. . .Genera ■<
Haliaetus
polioaetds
CiRCU.S
G. barbatus,
The Lammcr-
goyer.
A. chnjsaetus
Eagle.
A. heliaca,
Tho Golden
The Imperial
Eagle.
A. bifasciata,
Eagle.
The Steppe
A vindhiana,
Eagle.
The Tawny
I A. mactdata. The Large
L Spotted Eagle.
f H. fasciatus, The Bonelli's
\ Eagle.
J H. pennatus, The Booted
( Eagle.
/. malayensis, The Black
Eagle.
t S. limnaetus, The Changeable
J Hawk-Eagle,
"i 6". nepalensis, Hodgson's
(^ Hawk-Eagle.
A. hemiptilopus, Himalayan
Rough-legged Buzzard.
E. coeiuleus, The Black-
winged Kite,
f M. govinda, Common Pariah
j Kite.
-( M. melanotic, The Large
I Indian Kite.
yM. migrans. The Black Kite.
H. zw^M.s, The Brahminy Kite.
P. cristatus, The Crested Ho-
ney Buzzard.
f B. fero.r, The Long-legged
Buzzard.
B. ieucocephalus, The Upland
; Buzzard.
! B. desertorum, The Common
I. Buzzard.
<?. gallicus, The Short-toed
Eagle.
-S'. cheela, The Crested Ser-
pent Eagle.
B. teesa, The White-eyed
Buzzard Eagle.
H. leucoryphus, Pallas's Fish-
ing Eagle.
H. albicilla, The White-tailed
Sea Eagle.
(P ichgtiiaetus, The Large
Grey-headed Fishing Eagle.
j P. huvvlis, Hodgson's Fish-
' ing Eagle.
^ C. macmrus, The Pale
( Harrier.
236 JOURNAL, BOMB Al NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX V.
Type G. . .Genera ■{
Circus
ASTUK
ACCIPITEII
Type H. . .Genera
Faloo
TlNNUNUULUS
f C. cyaneus. The Hen Harrier.
Species. ■{ C ceruginosus, The Marsh
t Harrier.
C A. palumbarms, The Goshawk.
" \ A. badius, The Shikra.
t Ac. nisus, The Sparrow-Hawk.
,, } Ac. virgatus, The Besra
{ Sparrow-Hawk.
' F. peregrinus, The Peregrine
Falcon,
F. peregrinator, The Shahin
Falcon.
F. barbarus, The Barbary
Falcon.
«( F.jugger, The Laggar Falcon.
F. cherug, The Saker Falcon.
F. milvipes, The Shanghar
Falcon.
F. subbuteo, The Hobby.
F. severue. The Indian
L Hobby.
IyE. regulus, The Merlin.
JE. chicquera, The Turiimti
or Red-headed Merlin.
T, alaudarius, The Kestrel.
Keij to the Types of Raptor es.
lype.
A. Size medium
B. Size very large
C. Very large to medium
D. Do. do.
E. Large
F. Medium to small
G. Large to small
H. Small . .
Characteristics.
a. Head feathered ; b. tarsi naked ; c.
outer toe reversible ; d. no aftershaft
to contour feathers,
a. Head feathered ; b. tarsus feathered ;
e. beard of rough bristles depending
from the chin,
a. Head naked or covered with down:
b. tarsus naked,
a. Head feathered ; b. tarsus feathered to
the toes back and front.
a. Head feathered ; b. tarsus feathered
to the toes in front onl\'. naked
behind,
a. Head feathered ; b. tarsi feathered, in
front, for about half its length, or more,
naked behind,
a. Head feathered ; b. tarsi feathered, in
front, for less than half its length, or
only at the base, naked behind,
a. and b. As for F. (f.) a sharp pointed
tooth on the cutting edge of the upper
mandible.
THE RAPTOKEIS OF THE PUyJAIi.
23?
Ken to the Genera of the Itaptores.
In the Key to tho fieneva of the TyP^^' letters from a to r have been
used to denote various peculiarities merely to save repetition.
Through this Key —
a. refers to peculiarity of nostril
,, tail
,, neck
„ primaries with reference to secondaries
,, claws
,, primaries with reference to tail
,, crest
h. „ „ „ „ tarsus
and so on. For instance, in the case of the genus -Hi'jraeiMs in which the
primaries exceed the secondaries by more than length of tarsus the claws
are much curved, hind claw longest (as in the case of Atjuila), instead of
repeating the whole characteristic, 1 merely say *' d and e as in Aquila "
under which genus it has already been given.
The same letter, wherever it occurs, always applies to the same charac-
teristic in the Key to the genera.
b.
M
>>
c.
»
I?
d.
M
)>
e.
!'
• .
f.
>'
)»
g-
*1
;»
Ty)>e. Genus.
A. Pandiok
B. Gypaetu.s
<-'. VULTUK
,, Otogyps
.. (iVPS
,, PsEUDOGYPU
,, Neophron
D. Aquila
,, HiEKAETUS.
„ loTINAETUS.
,, Spizaetu.s .
Size.
Charactcristicti
. . Medium . . The same as for the Type.
. .Very large . . The same as for the Type.
,, . . a. Nostril round ; b. tail of I'l feathers.
,, . . a. and b. As for Vultur ; c. fleshy wattle
on each side of the neck.
„ . . a. Nostril a narrow vertical slit ; b. tail
of 14 feathers.
s . . „ . . a. As for Gi/2)s ; b. tail of 12 feathers.
. .Medium . . a. Nostril a narrow horizontal slit.
Large to medium d. Primaries exceeding secondaries by
more than length of tarsus ; e. claws
much curved, hind claw longest ; f .
primaries reaching to the tip of tail
in closed wing, or very nearly.
,, . . d. and e. As for Aquila ; f . primaries not
reaching to within a couple of inches
of tip of tail.
.Large . . d. As for Aquila ; e. claws but little
curvedj inner longer than hind claw.
.Medium . . d. Primaries exceeding the secondaries
bj'^ less than length of tarsus ; e. as for
Aquila ; f. primaries only reaching to
just over half way down the tail in
closed wing ; g. an occipital crest pre-
sent.
238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
Type. Genus. Specias.
E. Archiboteo. .Large
F. Elanus ..Very small
„ MiLvus . . Medium
,, Haliabtuk
,, BUTEO
„ Pernis
Ci. Haliaetos
,, POLIOABTUS
Large
Medium
„ CiKGABTUs ..Large
„ Spilornis . . Medium
„ Butastur . . Small
Circus
. Medium
75" to 3 75" in length,
,. AsTUK . . Medium to small
„ AcciPiTEK . . Small
H. Falco . . Medium to small q
„ iEsALON ..Small ,.q
„ TiNNtJNOULU.S. .
Characteristics.
The same as for the Type.
h. Tarsus very short, under 1^" in length.
h. Tarsus over 2", scutellated in front, not
behind ; i. tail forked ; j. colour dark
brown.
h. As for Milviis; i. tail rounded; j.
colour in adults maroon above, white
below.
h. Tarsus from 2
with transverse shields behind.
k. Bill compressed and weak ; 1. lores and
sides of h^ad covered with small scale
like feathers.
h. Tarsus with some scutellse broader
than high, over 4" in length ; m. claws
grooved beneath.
h. As for Haliae'u^, but under 4"; m. claws
rounded beneath, outer toe partially"-
reversible.
h. Tarsus reticulated throughout, no
scutelliB broader than high ; n. no
crest.
h. As for Circaetus ; n. broad nuchal
crest-..
h. Scales in front of tarsus larger than
those behind, iiot scutellated behind.
Those in front practically the same
size from base of tarsus to near the
base of mid-toe and not diminishing
in size gradually, o. irides white in
adults.
h. Tarsus with transverse shields in
front and smaller polygonal scales be-
hind. The scales in front largest near
the top end and rliminishing in size
lower down, where they become gradu-
ally absorbed in the reticulation near
base of mid- toe. o. irides yellow or
light brovvn.
h. Tarsus scutellated beh-nd and in front :
p. bill from gape ^/3rd to f of mid-toe
without claw.
h. As for Aatur ; p. bill from gape about
^ mid-toe without claw.
2nd quill longest, 1st much longer
than 4th ; i. tail rounded ; r. upper
plumage grey or brown,
q. 2ik1 and 3rd quills longest and sub-
equal, 1st and 4th, also subequal.
i. Tiil graduated, a di'ference of IV'to
2' between the middle pair and outer
tail feathers a broad dark band on
end of tail, the cKtreme tip white;
r. upper plumage reddish.
THE RAPTOIIES OF THE PUNJAB.
i39
Key to the Specie^' of the Bapiores.
Type.
Genus.
Species.
Cha
A.
Pandion
. . P. hatia'etus
. As for genus.
C.
Gypaetus
. . G. barbatus
. As for genus.
■ VULTUR
. . V. vionachuK
. As for genus.
Otooyps
. . 0. calvus
. As for genus.
Gyps
. .G. f ulcus
. a. Larger, win
Characteristics.
15.
Nbophkon
Aquila
D. ^ HiERAETUS
)> ..
ictinaeius
Spizaetus
L Archibuteo
E. Elan us
f MiLVUS
F. ^
Haliastur
Fekni.s
BUXEO
. G. himalayensi!'
. G. indicus
. G. tenuirostris
. N. (/inginianus
. N. percnopterus
A. chrysa'etus
. A. heliaca
.A. bifasciata . . a
.A. vindhiana . . a,
. A. maculata
, H. fascia fits
. If. pennatus
. I. malayensis
. S. limnaetus
.S. nepalensis
A. hcmiptilopus
. E. cceruleus
. M. yooinda
primary longest ; lower plumage
with narrow shaft stripes.
a. As for G. /ulcus; b. 4th pri-
mary longest; lower plumage
with hroad shaft stripes,
a. Smaller, wing 22-25'5" ; b.
crown of head with scattered
hairs,
a. As for G. indicus ; b. crown of
head naked,
a. till yellow in adults; length
about -24".
a. Bill dark horny at all ages,
length about 26 inches,
a. Nostril elliptical, higher than
broad ; b. tarsus 4'' in length ;
c. hind claw over '2h".
a. As for A. chiysaetus; b, tarsus
under 4"— 3-5" to 3-85".
a. and b. As for A. chrysaetus ; c.
hind claw well under 'J'.
As for A. chrysa'etus ; b. tarsus
2-75" to 3-25".
Nostril round
Much larger
Smaller, wing 14-16^"
. As for genus.
. a. Feathering of tarsus does not
extend to division oi toes ; b.
crest rudimentary.
. a. Feathering of tarsus extends to
basal portion of mid-toe ; b.
crest 3' to 4".
. As for genus.
a.
a.
a.
as broad as high,
wing 19-21".
As for genus.
or rufous with
in adults ; b.
, M, melanotis
M. migrans (rare)
R. indus
. P. cristatus
. B. fcro.i:
I
a. Head tawny
black streaks
length 24" or under,
a. As for M. yocinda ; b. length
about 25" or over,
a. Head whitish with black streaks ;
b. length about 23".
As for genus.
As for genus.
a. Wing over 16"; b. tarsus half
feathered, naked part in front
scutellate.
240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY XATURAL HIST. .SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Type. Gpnv.s,
BUTEO
Species.
Characteristics.
F.
ClRC^TUS
Spilornis
butastur
Haliaetus
G. -I
Circus
ASXUR
ACCIPITEK
f Fal<;o
H. .)
2/3rd
front
, B. desertorum
C. gallicus
, S. cheela
B. teesa
. H. leuconjphus
PoLiOAETUS . . P. ichthijaetufi
B. leucucepludux . . a. Wing over 16" ; b. tarsus
feathered, naked part in
reticulated.
a. Wing under 16".
As for genus.
As for genus.
As for genus.
a. Tarsus 4"-4-2"; b. tail about
12", rounded, the outer feathers
not much shorter than middle
pair, white band across it, about
3" from the end ; c. feet dirty
white.
a. Tarsus 4/3"; b. tail about 13",
wedge shaped, middle feathers
considerably longer than the
outer pair, white except at the
extreme tip ; c. feet yellow.
Basal f of all tail feathers
white, in adults, mottled in
young ; b. length about 27"-29",
tarsus 3-7."
Middle tail feathers brown
. li. albicillu
a.
. P. humilis
. C. macrurus
. C cijaneus
. C. eeruginosus
.A. palumbarius
. A. badius
.A. nisus
. A. virgatus
. F. peregrinus
throughout ; b .
length
about
1\ peregrinator
F. bnrbarun
, a. Outer web of 2nd, 3rd and
4th primaries notched but not
of oth ; b. wing 14i-" ; tarsus
under 3".
a. Outer web of ."ith quill notched;
wing under 15", tarsus about 3"
a. b. Wing over 1()" and tarsus 3V'
about,
a. Size large, wing 12" to lo".
a. Size small, wing 7" to 9".
a. No gular stripe, 5 or 6 dark
bars, one terminal, on 4th quill
in adults,
a. Generally a dark gular stripe ;
7 or 8 bars on 4th (juill in
adults,
a. Length 16" to 19" ; b. 1st pri-
mary longer than the 3rd ; c.
cheek stripe broader than the
eye, no nuchal collar ; d. crown
dark grey, breast very slightly
rufous,
a. Length 15" to 18" ; b. and c.
as for above ; d. crown blackish.
breast generally deep rufous,
a. Length 15" to 1 7" ; b. as for
ab<»ve ; c. cheek stripe narrow,
a bufl' nuchal collar, head ashy
grey or rufous.
THE RAPTORES OF THE PUNJAB.
U\
Tj/pe, Genus. Species.
Fa lco. . . F. juffffer.
H. <
^SALON
. . F. chenu;/
. . F. miloipes
. . F. siihhuteo
, . F. sevenis
. .A. regulus
„ . .A. chiqiicra
TiNNUNCULUS. . T. alaudanus
Characteristics.
a. 16" to 18" length ; b. 1st pri-
mary suboqual to 3rd or short-
er; adults not banded above;
c. A distinct narrow ohoek-
stripe, middle tail feathers
outiroly brown in adults.
a. Length 195" to 22" ; b. as in
F. jufjger ; c. no cheek-stripe,
middle tail feathers usually
brown, with white spots on both
webs.
a. Length 20" to 23" ; b. as for
F. jugr/er, adults banded with
rufous on back, wings and tail.
a. Smaller, length under 13" ;
breast white or buff with brown
streaks.
a. As for F. suhbuteo ; d. breast
deep rufous, spotted in adults.
a. Crown grey or brown dark-
shafted.
a. Crown chestnut.
As for genus.
Hov to Icnom the Raptores on the Wing.
As I have already stated, most of the Birds of Prey can be as easily re-
cognised on the wing, at a long distance oft", as they can from specimens
in the hand, but it is not so easy to describe what one can see for one's
self, and in many cases, the diSerence is so very slight that it would be
impossible to put it into words. I will not attempt to describe the very
subtle distinctions between some species of the same genus, but they are
there all the same and to a man who is accustomed to watching birds on
the wing, they are plain enough.
I had an old falconer who could differentiate at a glance between the
various falcons and between the male of a sparrow-hawk and a female
Shikra. I was very sceptical at first as I could not see any difterence
between the two, until I went out of my way to catch the hawk regarding
which I was doubtful, two or three times, and found him right every time.
This degree of efliciency can only be acquired by long practice, and most
men will be more than satisfied if they can get the length of recognising
the majority of birds one comes across during a day's ramble, or see
circling round their station.
Though colouration has played a very small part hitherto in this paper,
it will be much more prominent now and will considerably aid the beginner
in his search, though it is by no means always reliable.
For instance, in describing an adult Imperial Eagle on the wing, the
predominating colour to look for is black, whereas the same bird in its first
year plumage would be very like a Steppe Eagle and the predominating
colour would be brown. If very near, the marking on the breast would
serve as a clue, as the young Imperial has a spotted breast, whereas the
Steppe would have a plain brown one. The Steppe again can generally be
identified by having two buft' or whitish lines running parallel to each
other, which extend the whole length of his wing, which are lacking in the
Imperial.
11
Then again^ the Tawny sometimes has one very distinct line
•242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT .
and very occasionally a second, similar to the Steppe, which inalies it
rather confusing, bnt these are rare exceptions and as a general rule,
identification is a fairly simple matter.
I will first take the very large birds according to the predominating
colours and endeavour to show the difiference between them though the
colouring is similar.
Very large birds in vjJiich hlaclx is the inedmainating colour.
1. Otogyps calvus, Black Vulture.
'2. Aquila chrysaetus, Golden Eagle.
3. Aquila hcliaca, Imperial Eagle.
4. Aquila maculata, Large Spotted Eagle.
5. Ictinaetus vialayensis, Black Eagle.
(j. Haliaetus leucoryphus, Pallas's Fishing Eagle.
7. Haliaetus alhicilla, White-tailed Sea Eagle.
The Black Vulture, like all vultures (except Neophnm) has a very heavy
iiight, but unlike the others, he will be found to soar with his wings held
well back, more like a hunting Eagle than a Vulture. To explain what 1
mean by wings being " held well back." If a straight pole was placed
across the back of a bird in flight, from the tip of one wing to the tip of
the other, it would be found that the back of the bird would lie some
inches below the centre of the stick, and the bird thus appears to show a
great expanse of chest. In most big birds the tips of the primaries have
an upward tilt, when soaring, particularly in a strong wind, and light can
be seen between the first few quills, i.e., they do not touch each other near
the tips. The Hunting Eagles and the Black Vulture, however, do not
rest content with tilting up their primaries only, but the entire wing, from
the body, curves ofi at a distinct angle, upwards. The above will explain
what I mean when I again refer to the wings being held well back.
In the Black Vulture, the tail projects only a very little beyond the
line of the wings, the actual extent depending on whether the bird has
got it spread out like a fan, or not.
Colouration. — More or less a deep black, with a line of whitish running
down the centre of the whole wing. A white spot on the crop and another
on each thigh, make this bird unmistakable. If near enough, red skin will
be seen near the white patches above mentioned, and possibly the red
wattles on his neck.
Aquila chrysai'tus. — Wings curve back very considerably. The tail projects
a long way beyond the line of the wings. In an old bird, practically
no marking will be seen unless very near, when it will be noticed that
the head is a light brown, or at least lighter than the rest of the bird
and the middle of the tail may show traces of whitish. In a young bird
the head and nape are much lighter than the body and a very conspicuous
white patch in the centre of each wing, and a white bar on the tail, can be
seen a long way ofi". This Eagle (the Golden) will not be found on the
plains and except in the winter, seldom descends below 7,000 ft. Not at
all likely to be found near any station in the hills,
Aquila hdiaca. — Flight heavy ; wings held in a line with the body.
Tail projects beyond the line of the wings only a little more than in
the case of a Vulture. Marking very similar to that of a young Golden
Eagle except that the head and nape are much more conspicuous, there
being much more white about the head than in the young Golden.
The plumage of the young Imperial is entirely different, and will be
described later, among birds in which brown predominates.
Aquila maculata. — Smaller than any of the foregoing. Flight very like
the preceding species but not so heavy. No distinctive markings of any
Journ., Bombay Nati Hist, Soc.
1.
THE KAPTORES OF THE PUNJAH.
1 . A Stejipe Eaule {Aq7tiln bifasciata). Primaries in closed wiiv^- rfacliiivj' tip of tail.
2. A Bonellis Eaule {Hieroctim fasciatiis). The jiriniaries in clo.^ed wiivj- do not reach
to within 2 or H inches of tip of tail. H. A Liiyj^ar Falcon (Falco jugcjer')- Lon.u
and pointed winjrs. 1. A Shikra (^-Is^Hr baclius). Winus verj- short.
THE ItAP'IOliES OF THE PUNJAB. iMy
sDrt, but sometimes minuto patches of whito may bo soon on tho body or
wiugs, being tho whito basis of foathors showing through.
Ictinaetna malai/e/isis. — Flij;;ht dosoly resembles that of A. chrysaetus and
tho wings aro held well back. Tail also projects well beyond tho lino of
wings. No markings of an}- sort anil tho whole bird appears jet black
when tlying past. If near, a small patch of brilliant yellow may be seen in
tho lower portion of tho body due to his feet showing.
Haliaetua leiicori/p/ius. — Very like .1. hpliaca on the wing, but greatly
given to flapping. Wings in lino with body and as a rule, even tho tips
of the primaries do not curve upwards. When soaring, shows much more
white about tho tail than does A. heliaca. Extremely noisy. Tail pro-
jects a little more than in A. heliaca, a broad terminal edge of black on
tail.
Haliaetus alhicilla. — Very similar to the preceding species, except that
the whole tail appears to be pure white and the broad terminal band of
black which is seen in H.. lencon/plms is wanting. At a very close range
a very narrow edging of black on the tip of the tail may bo seen.
Dark Brown Birds of Large Size.
Vultur inonachus. — Size very large ; wings appear to be very broad, held
in a lino with the body and the tail projects only a little beyond the line
of the wings, usually spread out like a fan, when the bird is soaring.
Colour a very deep chocolate brown throughout.
Gijpa'etus harbatus, immature piumaye. — Size very large. Wings long
and comparatively narrow, much more pointed than in the Vultures. Tail
long and wedge-shaped. Colouring very variable ; very dark trown,
almost black about the head and neck shading to a somewhat lighter shade
on the body and under portion of the wings. Frequently with ineirular
patches of white, buff or lighter shades of brown, showing on the body and
wings. Back and tail usually a dark greyish brown.
Flight easy and graceful, wings held in a line with the body.
The young of —
A. heliaca may all be found in a very deep brown plumage, but
A. bifasciata seldom of a uniform shade throughout. Lighter and
A. vindhiana darker feathers will be found irregularly dotted about
in various portions of the body and wings. A. heliaca and A. bifasciata axe
much bigger than A. vindhiana and A. bifasciata, even in immature
plumage, can be identified by two narrow parallel lines of buff or white
running along the whole length of the wings.
, , ., , , . ^., . All the Buzzards may appear in a very dark
ArchibiUeo hemtpttlopus p^^^^g^^ ^ut will almost always display a
Buteofeio.i lighter patch in the centre of each wing, and
Buteo leucovhelm regular markings of a lighter brown on the
Buteodesertorum ^^.° ^^ and tail. Not much given to soaring,
but when they do soar, the flight is easy, bold and graceful. The wings
are held slightly back but do not curve upwards nearly so much as in
A, chrysaetus.
. All dark brown throughout, with sometimes irregular
Milms yomida ^.a^kings of whitish buff or light brown. In M. mel-
,. melanotis ^^^^^^-^ ^-^Qve is a big buff wing patch, which is also
„ miyrans ^jgi^jQ ^q a lesser degree in M. yomida. All the
kites can be identfied by their forked tails. Flight is easy and light but
irre<Tular and frequently changing direction as though the bird is
uncertain as to which line it should take. The wings are hold in the same
plane as tho body and are frequently slightly bent as though the bird was
meditating a stoop.
2U JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Spilornis cheela. — The Crested Serpent Eagle is a very deep chocolate
brown with numerous whitish bars on the wings and tail. If at close
quarters it will be seen that the whole body and the lining of the wing is
covered with small white " occelli, When scaring the wings are held
well back, but are broad in proportion to his size, hence the tail does not
project very far beyond the tertiaries. This is a noisy bird and gives vent
to a shrill succession of whistles w^hen on the wing. Found in the lower
hills among Chir pine (P. Lonyifolia) and oak {Q. dilitata) up to about
(),000 feet and is often found in the vicinity of paddy fields and streams.
Little bigger than a kite.
Circus ccDu/inosus (female). — Not unlike a kite except that the tail is
rounded and not forked. Usually a darker and more uniform brown, with
a bxift' head and nape. Wings usually held in a line with the body but
sometimes they curve up a little. Seldom bent, as in kites, and much
given to flapping. Usually found over water. A little smaller than a kite.
Liijht Brcnon Birds with Markings.
The true Eagles of the genus Aquilia, i.e., the Imperial, the Steppe and
the Tawny Eagles as I have already shown may be either dark brown or
come under the present category of light brown birds, and the Steppe may
even be so dark as to look black, but in his case the ubiquitous white
stripes are always present in a greater or lesser degree.
There is no necessity to describe the flight of each species over again
and suffice it to say that the true Eagles can always be separated from
the Vultures in having somewhat narrower wings in proportion to their
size, and the tail projecting, even when spread out, a little more than in
the case of the Vultures. The flight is lighter, i.e., the bird appears to be
carrying less weight. If you watch a Vulture carefully, it will be seen
that once he has got into his stride, as it were, there is no wavering about
the flight and he circles in perfect curves, the wings being stretched to
their full and perfectly still.
With the Eagles, on the other hand, there is more wing motion and the
circle is not so true as in a Vulture.
The wings, too, are frequently seen to be slightly moving near the tips.
One minute the primaries curl upwards and the next are slightly depress-
ed, as though the air currents played tricks with their lesser weight and
they had to meet each change with a slight movement of the wing.
Among the birds of the size of a Kite or larger, in which light brown
predominates are the Hieraeti and the t^pizaeti, both genera of hunting
Eagles, which, with one exception, hold their wings very far back. The
exception is H. jjeymatus which is particularly Kite-like in its flight.
The other species of the same genus, Hieraetus fagciatus, the Bonelli's
Eagle, is a grand bird on the wing and looks like a miniature of the CTolden
Eagle, except for the colouring.
Hieraetus fasciatus. — A young bird is rufous underneath with grey brown
wings and tail, whereas in his adult plumage the rufovis on the body gives
place to white, finely mottled with brown. The older the bird the more
whitft is his body, the wings varying from light grey-brown to dark grey
brown and to black on the tips of the primaries. Nearlj'^ always seen in
pairs, either beating over grassy hillsides or soaring over a station in
quest of pigeons.
Hieraettis pennatus. — As unlike the preceding species, in flight, as it is
possible to have them. Very much smaller in size (being the smallest <>f
all Eagles with feathered tarsi). One phase of plumage of this species is
a light to dark brown generally, with irregular lighter and darker patches
and mottling on wings and body. Flight light and easy but not exactly
THE liAl'TORES OF I' HE I'UyjAE. 24^,
bold or ijraceful. Wings hoUl level with the body and often, like
a Kite's, the tips of the primaries appear to be on a lower level than
the body, and bent front the wrist, backwards and downwards. The
nsual plumage is not unlike " Neophron", i.e.. a dirty white throughout the
untlerparts, with a blaek marginal band running along the tips of the
wings, about 1" or so wide. The back is a mixture of dark brown and black
as also the upper portions of the wings. Tail projects well beyond the
tertiary quills.
Sphactm Umnartux ^'""listakable in Might Wings very short and
Spizactmnepalensh i-omul. held very far back and the tai projecting
tar beyond the Inie of wings. The underparts may
be a uniform light brown or, in old birds, the breast may be almost as white
».&mH.fasciatus,h\\tTi\OT& mottled with dark brown spots. Soars well
and is often seen to give several short sharp flai>s after a bout of circling on
steady pinions. Size about that of a Kite. Usually found over heavy
pine or oak forests.
CircaetuA gallicus. — A very light silvery brown throughout, almost a
greyish white sometimes. Soars well. Wings held slightly back, the
tips curled well up. If seen near, a dark streak will be noticed near the
chin and another black line near the extreme end of the wing. Generally
found over grassy plains and is one of the live Birds of Prey which hover.
At close quarters his breast Avill be seen to be pure white, closely barred
and mottled with brown. Upper parts dark grey.
Large birds, black and white or dark-grey and
Vultures. white. Very large birds with a true Vulturine
flight. Colouring, chiefly a dirty creamy white
dypsfulvus throughout with a deep band of black along the
Gyps himalnyensis edge of the wings. Young birds vary.
Smaller than the above with a similar flight.
(ryps indicus Predominating colour black or a very dark
Gyps tenuirostris grey with a line of white on the wings. In
Pseudoyyps bengalensis many cases the wings appear to be half black
and the other half white, mixed with grey.
The last species displays a great deal of white on the back, as he turns.
These Fishing Eagles are not given to
Polioaetus ichthyaetus soaring and are usually to be found sitting on
Polioa'etus hiimilis trees overlooking some mountain, river or
stream, or flying up and down it. The flight
is rapid and the beats of the wing sharp and full. Colouring a deep grey
ou the back. Light grey on the head and neck and upper breast, fading
to white on the abdomen.
Pandion /laliaetus.— The Osprey is not often found soaring high in
the heavens, though he might easily be seen circling over a tank or
jheeL Underparts white with brown streaks and mottlings. AVings
and back dark grey or brown, quills blackish. W^ings held in a line
with the body, often slightly bent from the wrist backwards and down-
wards. Much given to hovering and dropping head first, like a King-
fisher, right under water, whence he will emerge and almost invariablj'
shake himself as he rises out of the water.
This disposes of most of the bigger birds and leaves the Falcons, Hawks
and Harriers and the little Black Winged Kite.
JElanus ccendeus. — About the size of a pigeon, but with longer wings.
Colour black and white. Underparts of the body and half the wings
white. The quills black and the upperparts a very dark-grey to black.
Flight jerky, with long full beats of the wings. Not given to soaring but
a past master in the art of hovering. Found over scrub jungle as a rule.
L»4G JOVIiNAL, BOMBAY .\ATUIiAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
The True Hawks. The first named is easily identified by his greater
. . / ; • size, so far as the female is concerned.
, ^ ^, T All the Hawks have very short rounded wings and
. • 7 . • , . ^o"g tails ni comparison to their size. All soar well
", ? ., .' . but do not keep up circling like the Eagles. After
Accipiter virnatun j.j. • • j i • t,j. lu -ii v i.
^ "^ attaining a good height they will be seen to go
off in some particular direction and then suddenly close their wings and
drop straight down, either after birds or merelj'^ into a tree.
In the course of circling they will be often seen to give a few short rapid
beats of their wings and then continue circling.
Falcons. — Are the antithesis of Hawks. They have long pointed, swallow
like wings and shorter tails and may be identified as such at any height.
They all soar well. When soaring the wings are held straight and on the
same plane as the body, but when flapping, the wings are usually bent as
though preparing for a stoop.
Of the falcons, the Laggar is perhaps the commonest and the most easily
identified, in the case of an old bird, on account of the white breast and
the white marking on the wing lining. They usually hunt in pairs.
While the identification of the Falcons is by no means difficult inmost
cases, to describe the subtle differences between each is, I am afraid,
beyond my power.
Merlins .—These, little birds seldom or never soar. The " Turumti "
nearly always hunt in pairs and may be seen flying very low along the
ground at an incredible speed, when their keen eyes have detected small
birds feeding on some open " maidan, "' or over the tops of the trees, never
very high up. Their little grey wings work at a tremendous pace and the
white body is a certain guide.
The Merlin {A. rec/ulus) does not hunt in pairs and is much darker in
colour. It generally flies very fast with sharp short beats, with half
closed wings.
Butastur teesa.—Th.e flight of this bird is not unlike that of a true Hawk,
except that his wings are longer and more pointed, though not nearly as
long or pointed as that of a Falcon's. Given to soaring a great deal in the
spring. From below has the appearance of being silvery white. The flap
is slower and more deliberate than that of a Hawk. Talks a lot when he
is soaring. A not unmusical 3 note call which sounds something like
" whityu-whyu." Usually display^s a very light buff" patch on the nape.
Dark grey above and light grey beneath. Breast much mottled. The
Honey-Buzzard {Pernis cristatus) very much resembles the Goshawk in
flight, except that it is a good deal bigger. Generally found in gardens
aad groves or along Canal banks. Flias rapidly and hurriedly from one tree
to another and usuallj'' pursued by crows, mynahs, king crows, &c. Does
not often soar but is occasionally found high up during the spring.
Birds in vjhich White or IA(/ht Colours predominate.
Gypaetus barhatus.- — The Lammergej'er in adult plumage is unmistakable.
1 have already said with reference to the young bird that his long narrow
wings and the wedge-shaped long tail are sufficient to proclaim him at
almost any height, and when, added to that you have a bright golden,
head, neck and body with grey wings and back, he is hard to mistake for
anything else. This bird is often seen flving low along a hill side
with very bent wings, and in that condition they appear exceedingly
pointed.
The Harriers. — I have already described the female of the Marsh Har-
rier. The males of the Hen Harrier and the Pale Harrier, in adult plum-
age, look pure white below, with a line of black running along the edge of
77//; RM^rokEs (>/•• ////•; ruyjAii. 247
tho wings. The \\\^\wv parts, whoii seen vary from light grey to almost
black. Tho male of the Marsh Harrier in adult plumage is rufous about
tho breast and body generally and there is a lot of light blue-groy ab«mt
tho wings, the tips being black. The hens of tho two first mentioned are a
light brown throughout, profusely speckled and spotted along the undor-
parts, the brown being darker and more uniform above. A light buff col-
lar is freipiontly visible as the bird ilies past. A patch of white is visible
«<u the lower portion of the back, near the root of tho tail, which is iinich
more pronounced in the Hen Harrier than it is in the other species. These
birds do not often soar, except in the Himalayas, on their way to and from
the plains, and are usually found beating over low scrub or grassy plains,
with strong steady beat of the wings and checking every now and again to
drop silently into a bush after some small bird.
The Buzzard'^. — 1 have already described the Buzzards in their molanistic
])hase of dress but they as frequently appear in a plumage which varies
from light rufous brown to pure white on the head, nock and breast. It is
impossible to describe the plumage of this genus hero, as it varies from the
one in which dark brown predominates to the very light rufous in which
white plays an important part, even if it does not predominate and various
phases between these two extremes are by no means uncommon.
Neophron. — Tho Scavenger Vultures vary, if anything, even more than
the Buzzards. From the dark brown of the immature plumage to tho pure
white (usually a dirty white), with black margins to tho wings, of the adult
plumage. Tho flight of tho Scavenger Vultures is not unlike that of
dypaetux l)arl>atu<, both having long narrow wungs and a wedge-shaped tail,
but the latter is, of course, more than twice tho size. Wings are held in a
level with the body, and tho flight is light, easy and graceful and the bird,
in the air, cuts a very different flgure to tho ungainly, untidy bird one is
accustomed to see on the ground.
When once the flight has been mastered it is extraordinary how very
simple identiflcation becomes, even in abnormal specimens. Take for ins-
tance a Kite without a tail, a common enough sight, yet there is no mis-
taking it for what it is, in spite of the fact that a forked tail is its chief
characteristic.
I have been told on more than one occasion, that to know a
Kite is simple enough, but a Kite will not go far to help one to recog-
nise other species. The Kite will not help you but familiarity will.
Everybodj' is familiar with the deportment of a Kite and can recognise
it under anj' circumstances, simply because it is almost impossible to go
out of a house without seeing one and the average person, unwittingly,
takes in the various tricks of its flight and becomes gradually fami-
liar with them. Tho same is possible with all other species, once a
beginning is made and one has got into the way of watching for the
characteristics.
From the above it must not be presumed that a mistake is impossible,
but given normal specimens, I do maintain that in 80 per cent, of cases it
is fairly easy to arrive at the -correct conclusion with a little practice.
N. B. — Mr. Hume in " Rough Notes" gives some very interesting measure-
ments of the wings of Eagles from which it will be seen that in some speci-
mens the tip of the primaries in the closed wing fall short of the tip of the
tail by as much as 2| inches. This might possibly be the case in certain
individuals but these must be treated as rare exceptions. In a specimen
in which the tail has moulted and attained its full length before the prima-
ries for instance, but as a general rule the wings of tho true Eagles will
not fall short of the tip of the tail by more than an inch or so, whereas in
the case of the Hawk-Eagles 2 A" will be the minimum and as a rule a good
248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
deal more. The genus Hieraetus though more of a Hawk-Eagle than a
true Eagle, has longer wings than the S^nzaeti and his method of hunting
is essentially that of a long-winged Eagle or Falcon, i.e., in the open and
not among trees.
2. The measurements of the tarsi of the Imperial Eagle (Hume's
" imperialis ") is given by Mr, Hume in his above work as varying from
3'75" to 4"06" but it must be remembered that Mr. Hume has ignored the
Steppe Eagle as a species and has treated it {A. bifasciata), as merely a
phase of the Imperial in its transition stage of plumage, and hence his
measurements of the tarsi of the Imperial, include those of the Steppe, as
well. In its lineated or immature plumage the Imperial bears a close
resemblance to the Steppe but whereas the Steppe is never mottled on the
breast and is always a more or less luiiform shade of brown, the young
Imperial has the feathers of the breast brown with whitish shaft stripes.
That is, the centre of each feather is lighter than the rest of it, giving it
a distinctly mottled appearance. Whereas the tarsus of the Imperial is
shorter than that of the Steppe, the foot and claws are bigger.
3. Occasionally a specimen may be met with which will be difficult to
identify as either a Steppe or a Tawny, and bearing a very close resem-
blance to both. That the species occasionally interbreed is, I think, possible
and I can give two instances which make me think they do, but as neither
case proves anything definitely we must wait for further instances and
more conclusive proof before accepting the theory.
On one occasion I saw an undoubted female Steppe Eagle carrying
sticks to a nest off which I had caught a male Tawny only an hour or two
previously. On yet another I shot what I took for a Tawny, very high up in
the Himalayas, just about the time when the Steppe Eagles would be finding
their way down to Northern India (in the autumn). This specimen had
undergone a complete moult, with the exception of a few back and head
feathers, and yet did not show a single trace of the white wing stripes. The
tips of the secondaries and the feathers of the wing underlining were a rich
brown like the rest of the wing. The size too was that of a Tawny and yet
the tarsus measured just over 4" and the fact of the bird being found so far
up in the hills pointed to it being a Steppe. The tarsus is, however, a sure
indication between these two species so long as the type is true to the
species and abnormal specimens or possible hybrids need not' be taken
into count.
ON THK nE'rKJ?]\IINATl()N OF AGE IN BATS.
BY
Km'd Andkksen, f.z.s.
The (.jues^tion was out-e put to me hy a fellow zoologist: " What
is the possible age of one of our small insectivorous bats, supposing
it is allowed to live its normal span of years without accidents of
any kind ?" 1 had to confess that we knew practically nothing
about it. Insectivorous bats, any species, are extremely difficult to
keep alive in captivity, and Horseshoe-Bats are among the most
intractable of all ; 1 am not aware that any species of these latter
has been kept in confinement for moi-e than a few weeks. But
even if this were otherwise, the length of its life in captivity would
of course, give us no reliable information of the age the indi\ddual
might reach under the totall}^ different conditi^nsof Nature, though
it might in the most favourable cases give us an idea of the lowest
possible age of the individual under natural conditions. There is
another way to approach the problem, so long as we have no better
facts to judge from. The length of the period of immaturity will,
as a general rule, in some \'ague sort of way enable us to form an
opinion of the normal age the individual is destined to obtain ; a
mammal which quickly becomes full grown will probably have a
rather short series of years to live as adult, and vice versa. There
raiij be hundreds of exceptions from this rule among lower verte-
brates, but I doubt that there are many among mammals. In-
sectivorous bats have only a short period of immaturity, species of
the size of the Rufous Horseshoe-Bat of India (lihinolophus rovxi)
hardly more than about six months (I am speaking of the period of
growth, not of the time required for sexual maturity, of which we
know but little in the case of most bats), and their life-time may
therefore be supposed not to be very long. A more definite answer
it has, to my knowledge, till now not been possible to give.
Although I do not deny that it might be interesting to be able
to answer the question just referred to, there is another problem,
closely connected with this, and which in ni)^ opinion is of more
practical importance. It is this. If an insectivorous bat is placed
in our hands, have we then anv means by which to determine its
age y The question may be answered both ways. It is easy
enough to decide whether it is innnature or adult (by examining
the epiphyses at the distal ends of the metacarpals, which can be
done by simple exterior inspection, without injuring the individual).
Supposing it to be adult, it is again easy enough to tell, by the
degree of wear of its teeth, whether it is a youngish adult, a middle
12
250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
aged, or an aged individ^la1. But when it comes to the question
of months or years, we must give it up.
I consider this question, as to the actual age of a given individual,
for practical purposes more important than the question of its
possible extreme span of life (but the solution of the forcter will, of
course, ultimatel_y lead to the solution of the latter, as we shall spe
later on). To give one instance among many. Certain Horseshoe-
bats show a truly bewildering " variability" in the colour of their
fur, and the Indian Rhinolophns rouxi is in this respect one of the
most perplexing of all. Have these coloui- "variations" anything
to do with the sex or season (these questions it ought to be possible
to settle at once by reference to the labels of the specimens) or
with the age of the individuals ? ] have had to attack this problem
lately, when working out for the British Museum " Catalogue of
Chiroptera" the unusually fine series of Eli. rouxi collected by Mr.
Gu)^ C. Shoi'tridge for the Bombay Natural History Society's
Mammal Survey of India,'* and it has naturally induced me to
study more closely the different stages of wear of the teeth, with
the object of finding in them a possible means to determine the
age of each individvial. This paper gives my conclusions.
A few words to explain my method. To eliminate, as far as
possible, all sources of error, should be our first consideration. An
ideal material would therefore be this : — We require, as a basis, to
begin with, a series of specimens all collected approximately on one
day or at least within the space of about a month, and showing all
stages of wear of the teeth ; provided they really show all degrees
of Avear found on that date or in that month, we shall be able to
sort them out in so and so many stages, separated by one year. In
many cases we should require an enormous series of individuals in
order to have all stages represented, in others, with more good luck,
a much smaller series will contain all the stages. Further, this
series ought to be collected, if not exactly on the same spot, at -
least within the same faunistic area, to make reasonably sure that
differences in food have not influenced the degree of wear of the
teeth. If we have succeeded so far, we still require oxry amount of
material of the same species from every " other month of the yeai-
(but preferably from the same area), in order to check the results
we obtained by our first series.
It would be too much to say that the Shortridge material fulfils,
absolutely, these ideal conditions, but it comes sufficiently close to
them to be workable. It contains forty individuals, not from one
month, but from two consecutive months, viz., October aiad Novem-
ber, all from the same district, and 1 have reason to believe thai
* See my paper " On the so-called colour i)hiises of the Rufous Horscshoe-
batof India" {Rhinolophns rouxi, Temm.), this Journal, infra.
DETEliMiyATWHi OF A(n: I\ /iAT!^. i'r,l
they show all stages of wear, possibly (not certainly) witli fxceji-
tion of an extreme senile stage. It has fiu'ther the advantage oJ'
being from (October and November, thus containing a good number
of individuals just adult (supposing the young ot this species, in
that particular region of India, to be born in April or May, which,
judging from ihe foetuses I have seen, they probably are, as ;i
rule), showing the llrst stage of wear, that of adult specimens abouf.
six months old. It further contains sixty-four adult specimens
from the same zoogeographical area, not from the ten other months
of the year, but from four (January, F(0)ruary, April and ^lay).
sufficientl}^ distant to check the results derived from the October
November series.
Those not familiar with the molar structure of a l\hinolophiii<
shoxild examine fig. B, on the plate accompanying this paper, and
the explanation of that figure on p. 258. before proceeding to read
the next paragraph.
The different i^ttuje^ of v;ear of ihe anterior upper vnolar in
Odoher-Novem her individ u ols.
First stage (fig. I). — The molars in this stage are so little worii
tliat it requires some care, and often the use of a good pocket lens
(or better still, a dermatoscope), to discovei- the traces of wear.
The commissures (1-4, 2-4, 2-5, and 3-5 ; see fig. B) are no longei
absohitely sharp-edged, as in the perfectly unworn tooth ; that is,
they show, not one single line (like a razor edge), but distinctly
two sub-parallel lines very close together, and between these lines
an exceedingly narrow sublinear flattened edge. Similarly, the ridge
of cusp G is not single-edged, but shows two more or less parallel
lines ; its central portion is aiwaj's a little more worn than the ridge
in front of and behind it, because it, being the highest point of the
ridge, is more energetically acted upon by the corresponding tooth
of the lower jaw (cusp 5 of m^). Viewed in profile from the inner
side (a' and b') cusps 4' and 5 will be seen to be not absolutely
shai-p-pointed, but alreadj- with the points slightly blunt.
The individual variation in the degree of wear at this stage is
small. Figs. la and a' show the minimum, figs. 1 b and b' the
maximum amonor eleven individuals from the months of Octobei-
and November.
Second stage (fig. II). — The worn edges of the commissui*es are
in this stage twice to three times as broad as in stage I ; the breadtli
(side to side) of the worn edge of cusp 5 is almost 1/2, or in
any case nearer 1/2 than 1/3 (in stage I roughly 1/4) of the total
length of commissure 2-5, The worn edge of cusp 6 begins now
to assume in its central portion a pronounced subtriangular (irre-
gularly triangular) shape, but is still sublinear in front of and
2o2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
behind this central portion. Viewed in profile from the inner side
(u' and b') cusps 4 and 5 are seen to be distinctly lower than in
the first stage ; the height of cusp 4 is now hardly equal to (in
stage I rather more than) the distance between the tips of cusps 4
and 5 ; the height of cusp o is still equal to or a little more than
(in stage I eonspicuoiisly more than) the same distance.
Twelve individuals in this stage have been examined. Figs.
Ila, a' and lib, b' represent the minimum and maximum of wear.
Third stcKje (fig. III). — The worn surfaces of the commissures
are considerably increased in area ; the breadth of cusp 5 is now
between 1/2 and 2/3 of the total length of commissure 2-5.
Equally, if not more, characteristic is the shape and enlargement
ofthe\vorn surface of cusp 6 ; the '-'triangle" occupies now not
merely the central portion of the ridge, but extends forward to the
very Ijase of cusp 4. Cusps 4 and 5 are worn considerably lower
(Ilia' and Illb'); the height of cusp 4 is much less than (about
1/2-2/3) the distance between the tips of cusp 4 and 5, the height
of cusp 5 is somewhat less than the same distance.
There are seven individuals in this stage in the material from
October and November. The minimum and maximum of wear are
shown in fig. Ill a, a' and b, b'.
Foiirth stage (fig. IV).— Easily distinguished from the third stage
by the increased breadth of the worn surfaces of the commissures,
the much enlarged triangular surface of cusp 6, and the consider-
ably lower cusps 4 and 5. The breadth of the worn surface of the
commissures at cusp 5 is now 3/4, or more than 3/4, of the total
length of commissure 2-5. The triangular surface of cusp G
tapered in stage III to a point at the foot of cusp 4, now it is quite
bi-oad in front, and the tooth worn quite thin at its antero-interior
corner. Cusp 4 is now so low that it only rises a little above the
worn surface of cusp 6, its height being about 1/3-1/4 the distance
between the tips of cusps 4 and 5 ; cusp 5 is correspondingly lower
its height about 1/2, or less than 1/2, of the same distance.
Six individuals show this stage. Fig. IV represents as usual the
maximiim and minimum of wear.
Fifth stage (fig. V).— The final stage, at least so far as my mate-
rial goes ; the molars are now worn down to the level of the gums.
The characteristic features of this stage are these :— Cusp 4 has
disappeared, having been worn completely down to the surface
level ; the worn surfaces of commissures 1-4 and 2-4 are therefore
now perfectly confluent with the " triangle " representing the
worn surface "of cusp 6. Cusp 5, which from the very beginning
is higher than cusp 4, has either nearly or quite disappeared.
Although these differences iu the degree of wear of cusp 5 are only
individual (not indicative of different " stages ", as the word is here
understood) it is important to note them, as they happen to give a
DETERMISATIOS OF A(;i: IS HATS. j.-,:5
ilitierent aspect to the surface of the tooth. If cusp 5 lias very
uearly, but not quite, disappeared, the inner (median) maroin of
the conthieut worn surfaces of commissures 2-5 and o-o closely
approaches, but is not in contact w ith. the opposite margin of tlie
worn surface of cusp 0 (lig. V aj. V'ig. V b represents an indi-
vidual in which the two margins actually touch each otliei'. Final-
iv. Fig. y c, an individual in which these margins have disappeared,
so that the worn surface of cusp G is coulluent not only in front
with commissures 1-4 and 2-4, but also posteriorly with commis-
sures 2-5 and 3-5, and the deep pit, which in the less worn tooth
separates cusp 4 from cusp 5, has been transformed into an island
pit in the centre of the tooth. I have alread}^ alluded to tlie fad
that these degrees of wear of cusp 5 are undoubtedly purely indi-
vidual ; the five October skulls representing this fifth stage of wear
show perfect intergradations in this respect.
These are the stages of wear represented in a series of forty
skulls of Bldnoloplius r. roiAxi from October and November (Soutli
Mysore and South Mahratha Country). \"arious reasons have led
me to the conclusion that they are five consecutive stages, with one
year between : —
First, the amount of wear leading from stage I. to II. is similar to
that leading from II. to III, or from III. to IV, or from IV. to V,
if we bear in mind the fact that the ratio of wear is gradually acce-
lerated in proportion as the enamel coat is more and more comple-
tely worn away from the surface of the tooth. With this necessarj-
Cjiialification the stages are evidently equidistant so far as the
amount of wear is concerned, and it appears reasonable to deduce
that they are equidistant in point of time as well.
Second, I have submitted this conclusion to the test of all other
available skulls of Eh. r. roiixi in so far as these are exactly dated.
Apart from the forty October-November skulls, I have examined
sixty-four from the months of Januar}^, February, April, and May,
all from the same geographical district (N. Kanara, Savantwady,
Konkan). Every one of these sixty-four skulls is easily referable
to one or other of the five stages described above, allowing of course
for the slight additional wear due to the more advanced season ; the
main point is, that there is no trace of the existence of any other
" stage." Our series really seems to be complete, so far as it goes.
It may be necessary to add these words, " so far as it goes," for
it is just possible that a sixth stage occurs, one year beyond the
fifth. I should hesitate to consider it probable, seeing- that in the
fifth stage the molars are practically reduced to the very level of the
gums, but on the other hand it is not absolutely inconceivable that
a sixth stase exists, thouo;h it would no doubt be rare.
Presuming, therefore, that our series is complete, we liavo of
2o4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
course only to determine the age of the individuals of the first
stage, which will give ns at once the age of each of the subsequent
stages. As to that question there is no uncertainty at all. The
actual degree of wear in this first stage would be sufficient to tell
us that the individuals can be only just adult, that is (supposing
they were born in April or May) about six months old. This con-
clusion is further supported by the fact that in the case of five
individuals in this stage I am able to say, on the strength of cer-
tain external characters, that they are " bats of the years."*
We are thus enabled to fix the ages of our October and Novem-
ber individuals as follows : — First stage, about 6 months ; second,
about 18 months ; third, about 2^ years ; fourth, about 3^
years ; fifth, about 44 years. If to this we add a minimum
of half a year and (supposing that a sixth stage does occur occa-
sionally) a maximum of a year and a half, we arrive at five or six
years as the extreme possible age of this bat. If one should have
nazai'ded a simple guess at the probable age limit of a bat of this
size, it would have been very much the same.
Strictly speaking, both the facts and the conclusions recorded
above are, of coui'se, only valid for Rli. rouxi, or more narrowly
still for individuals of this species from South and Central India.
[ should think, however, that other bats of about the same size,
with the same molar structure, and dependent on a similar diet,
would not differ very much in this respect.
My object has been to determine the probable age of each in-
dividual in the series under consideration, and I have therefore
confined myself to what was necessary for this purpose. To grasp
the alterations taking place, from year to year, in a single tooth is
really all that is needed, and by focussing the attention on one
tooth, rather than describing in detail the alterations by wear in
the whole tooth row, I hope I have made my paper not only much
shorter, but clearer as well, and the facts more easy to remember.
Still I ought perhaps in conclusion to add a few words about the
other teeth.
The first upper molar is one of the teeth best suited for our
present purpose ; it is one of the most complicated in structure,
and therefore shows most readily the effects of wear. The second
molar differs in no very important point from the first, and might
almost as well have been selected for description here ; the surface
wear affects it very nearly in the same way, and it reveals the age
• They are individuals who had just completed their first (autumn) moult,
and the new coat of which was changin}? from the dark to the firsc (auburn)
" I)hase". Their numbers are 194:5 and 1947-1950, all from iSeringapatam, !?outh
Mysore, 18th October 1911. (See the paper already referred to, on the colour
phases of Bh. rouxi.)
DETERMiyA I l(t.\ (>1-A(,1:L\ HATls. •_'-;.->
of the individual almost as clearly as m'. The third (last) molar
is somewhat deaeneratt'd, and both lor this reason and owing to its
position farthest batk in the row the five stages of wear described
above are not nearly so sharply separated from each other as in the
case of m' and m". The posterior premolar behaves somewhat
ditierently from the molars ; its sharply pointed cusp is the highest
in the postcauine row, and its function is no doubt (so long as it
retains this shape) chiefly to keep the food in position while it is
acted upon by the molars ; being not a " crusher"' like the molar,
but rather (together with the canine) a "fork," it is differently
afiected by the wear ; in the earlier years of the individual it is
more slowly worn than the molars, but a time comes (usually some-
where about the fourth stage) when the originallj- high cusp is
worn low and at the same time all molars much flattened down, and
it would seem that now the animal finds it advantageous to use it
more as an additional crusher ; from this period onwards it wears
down much more quickly ; as an indicator of age it is on the whole
too capricious, too irregular in wear. The anterior premolar is a
small rudiment ; and the only remark it calls for in this connection
is that, in spite of its minute size, it cannot be functionless ; it is
eas}'^ to see that it is acted upon by the high cusp of the posterior
lower premolar, and it shows progressive stages of wear like all
other teeth (with one exception pointed out below) ; even in extreme
old age it is never absent. The upper canines are so simple, hook-
like in shape, as to be of little value for our present investigation ; the
sharply pointed tip is, of course, worn blunt and the tooth graduallj'
shortened, but it follows rather the rule of the posterior upper pre-
molar, i.e., the effect of the wear is slower in the earlier than in the
later years, and the progress of the w^ear is somewhat irregular ; in
the majority of sktills in the second stage the tip of the canine is
clearl}^ slightly blunt, but there are other skulls in the same stage
in which the canines would be hard to distinguish from those in the
first stage. The minute upper incisors show very distinct signs of
wear ; they bite, not against the lower incisors (which close in far
in front of the upper ones), biit against the inner cingulum of the
lower canines. The lower molars have a simple W-shape, i.e., three
cusps (1, 2, and 3) on the inner, two (4 and 5) on the outer side,
cusp 6 and the heel (7) are absent ; but in spite of the fact that
they are considerably less complicated than the upper molars, I find
that any of them might be used to measure the wear and age of the
individual, though they are much more difficult guides than the
first and second upper molars. The rudimentary middle lower pre-
molar is usually squeezed out to the external side of the tooth row,
though occasionally (in about 15 per cent, of the individuals) it is
halfway or completely in row ; it is sometimes external on one
side of the jaw. more or less in row on the other ; though even
256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
smaller than the first upper premolar it is very rarely absent (in one
skull only, among 134; this individual is not very old, little more
than 2^ years) ; it shows stages of wear, being acted upon, in
certain positions of the jaw, probably by the tip of the upper
canine. Of all teeth the lower incisors are the least affected by
wear ; I fail to see that they can possibly come into contact with
any other teeth ; even in the oldest individuals their edge very
often, perhaps as a rule, remains trilobed.
In the imworn and little worn stages, the highest cusps in the
upper molars are those in the middle row (4 and, even more, 5),
in the lower molars the anterior outer cusp (4). The upper molars,
therefore, slope from the middle outward, while the lower molars
are highest at their outer side anteriorly. 'I'his is completely alter-
ed by the wear of the teeth. Owing to the fact that the lower
tooth rows are much closer together than the upper, the lower
molars act most vigorously on the middle and inner portions of the
upper teeth, and the upper molars most strongly on the outer side
of the lower teeth, with the result that in the final (fifth) stage of
wear, when the molar surfaces are nearly or quite flat, the upper
molar surfaces slope strongly and evenly from the outside inward,
the lower molars from the inside outward.
Ages o/'104 individuals of RhinolopJms rouxi.
Subjoined are the details of all the dated specimens examined. All
except seven were collected by Mr. Shortridge for the Mammal
Survey of India.
1. October and November individuals.
28 specimens (all adult females), Seringapatam. S. Mysore, 18th
and 19th October, 1912. 12 specimens (4 c^' ad., 8 5 ad.), Devi-
kop, 26 miles south of Dharwar, S. Mahratha Country, 21st and
25th November, 1911. The November specimens are marked with
an asterisk. Total number, 40.
Stacfe I (about 6 months old). — 10 individuals, G.C.S, 1943,
1947,1948, 1949, 1950, *137, *139, *141, *174, *177.
Stage II (about 18 months old).— 12 individuals. G.C.S. 1936,
1939, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959. 1960, 1962, *134, *138,
*178.
Stage III (about 2^ years old). — 7 individuals. G.C.S. 1934,
1937, 1946, 1956, 1963, *179, *181.
Stage IV (about 3^ years old). — 7 individuals. G.C.S. 1935,
1938, 1944, 1961, *14^, *180.
Stage V (about 4-^ years old), — 5 individuals. G.C.S. 1940,
1941, 1945, 1951, 1964.
DETERMINATION OF AGE IN BATS. 257
2. Januari/ and Fehruanj individuals.
'2 specimens ( j ad.), Sii'si, N. Kauara, 11th Januaiy, 1000. 19
specimens ( 4 cJ ad., 15 $ ad.), Potoli, south-east of Supa, N. Ka-
uara, 1 8th and 19th January, 1912. 3 specimens (1 5 ad., 2 $ ad.),
Dandeli, 15 miles east of Supa, N. Kauara, 21st Jamiary, 1912.
2 specimens ( c? ad.), Barchi, 10 miles east of Siipa, N. Kauara,
28th January, 1912. 1 specimen ( cj ad.), Yellapur, N. Kauara,
20th Februar)-, 1900. The single February specimen is marked
with an asterisk. Total number, 27,
Stage I-L (about 9 mouths old). — 11 individuals. B.M. 0-4-1-G
G.C.S. 519, 520, 522, 529, 54-1, 546, 547, 556, 557, 564.
Stage II -1- (about If years old). — 12 individuals, B.M. 0-4-1-
7 and *0-4'l-8. G.C.S. 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 540, 542,
544, 548, 563.
Stage III + (about 2f years old) —3 individuals. G.C.S. 527,
543, 545.
Stage IV + (about 3f years old).— 1 individual. G.C.S. 558.
Stage V + (about 4f years old). — None.
A2yi'il and May individuals.
1 0 specimens (all adult males), Sirsi, N. Kauara, 8th to 12th
April, 1912. 3 specimens (Id ad., 2 $ ad.), Nerur, Savant-
vadi, 17th April, 1911. 21 specimens (15 c? ad., 6 $ ad.).
Hulekal, near Sirsi, N. Kauara, 18th to 26tli April, 1912. 1
specimen (sex uncertain), Asgani, Konkan, 3rd May, 1911. 2
specimens ( j ad.), Gersappa, N. Kauara, 19th and 23rd May,
1912. The May specimens are marked with an asterisk. Total
number 37.
Stage 1+ (about 1 year old).— 21 individuals. B.M. 11-7-18-
3 and 4. G.C.S. 853, 898, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 962, 964,
965, 966, 967, 987, 988, 989, 1009, 1012, *1158. B.M. *ll-7-
18-1.
Stage II -I- (about 2 years old).— 12 individuals. G.C.S. 847,
895, 896, 897, 899, 900, 910, 990, 994, 996, 1011,*1120.
Stage III + (about 3 years old). —4 individuals, B.M. 11-7-18-
2. G.C.S. 889, 961, 1010.
Stage IV 4- and V + ( 4 and 5 years old). None.
The total number of individuals in stage I or between I and II
is, therefore, 42 (40-4 per cent.) ; in stage II or between II and III,
36 (34-6 per cent.) ; in stage III or between III and IV, 14 (13-5
per cent.); in stage IV, or between IV and V, 7 (6-7 per cent.) ; in
stage V, 5 (4*8 per cent.). If this series taken as a whole, gives
anything like the normal proportion of individuals found in nature
at the different stages of age, it will be seen that individuals up to
13
258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
two years old (^ of the extreme possible age) form 75 per cent, of
the total " population " ; individuals up to the three years limit
(half the extreme span of life) no less than 88"5 per cent. But 104
is, of course, far too perilously small a number to serve as a basis
for an age census, and I do not attach too much importance to the
percentages here arrived at, though it is a fact that they agree
veiy -well indeed with my experience as to the great abundance of
individuals with little or moderately worn teeth and the relative
scarcity of aged and senile individuals in any series of bats, of any
species. Twelve different localities are represented in this series of
104 specimens, but only in one single place was the oldest stage
(V) secured,
Explanation of plate.
All figures are of the subspecies Rliinolophus rouxi rouxi, and all
individuals are from October or November. Figures I — V repre-
sent the anterior upper molar (m') oi' the left side, viewed from the
surface and from the inner side, and in about 10 times natural size.
Those marked I are in the " first " stage of wear as defined in this
paper, those marked II in the second, and so on. In all figures, a
and h (and c, if present) are surface views, a' and h' (and c') inner
and somewhat oblique side views. Figures A and B (top of plate)
are given for the information of those who are not familiar with
the dentition and molar structure of this bat.
Fig. A. — Palate view of left half of skull, to show dentition, ap,
anterior premolar ; pp, posterior premolar ; m^, first, m^, second,
m^, third molar. About 2-8 times natural size. ( $ ad., Se-
ringapatam, S. Mysore, 18th October, 1912, G.C.S. 1943).
Fig. B. — Anterior upper molar, left side, enlarged, to explain struc-
ture. 1, 2, and 3, the three cusps of the outer row ; 4- ^.nd 5,
the two cusps in the middle row ; 6, inner cusp ; 7, heel.
The commissures are marked co ; co. 1-4- is the commissure
between cusps 1 and 4 ; co. '2-4, the commissure between cusps
2 and 4 ; and so on. (Same specimen as fig. A.)
Fig. I. — First stage of wear (individuals about 6 months old), a
(surface view) and a' (inner side view) represent the minimum
of wear found in this stage ( 5 ad.; Seringapatam, S. Mysore,
18th October, 1912, G.C.S. 1943). h and />', maximum of wear
in this stage ( S ad. same place and date, G.C.S. 1949).
Fig. II. — Second stage (about 18 months old), a and a' minimum of
wear ( $ , Seringapatam, S. Mysore, 19th October, 1912, G.C.S.
1957). & and &', maximum of wear ($, same place, 18th
October 1912, G.C.S. 1939).
Fig. III. — Third stage (about 2\ years), a and a' , minimum of
of wear ( $ , Seringapatam, f8th October, 1912, G.C.S. 1937).
J> and h' , maximum ( § , same place and date, G.C.S. 1934).
JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HlST. SOC.
apv
pp m' m* m^
A 1
TEJ^zr.
Ila'
Ilia
IVa'
Va
MENPCS PRESS. WATFOnO
Tnnth wear as an indicator of ace in RHINOLOPHUS.
DETKRMiyATlON OF AGE IN BATS. 259
Fig. TV. — Foiirth stage (about 3i years), a and a', minimnni of wear
( $ , Seringapatam, I8th October, 1912, G.C.S. 1938)./; and //,
maximum ( $ , same place and date, G.C.S, 1944).
Fig. V. — Fifth stage (about 4^ years), a and a', minimum of wear
( 2 , Seringapatam, 18th October 1912, G.C.S. 1940). handb',
medium degree of wear ( $ , same place, 19th October, 1912,
G.C.S. 1951), c and c', maximiim ($, same place, 18th
October, 1912, G.C. S. 1945).
260
ON THE SO-CALLED COLOUR PHASES OF THE RUFOUS
HORSESHOE-BAT OF INDIA {REimLOPHUS
ROUXI, Temm.).
BY
Knud Andersen, f.z.s. •
(With Plates I and 11.)
It has long been known to Mammalogists that certain species of
Bhinolophus, Oriental as well as Ethiopian, show an extraordinaiy
variability in the colour of the fur. The extremes of these colour
types, or " phases " as they have been called, are often so strikingl}^
different, the one being dull mouse-brown, the other brilliantly
orange-chrome without a trace of brown anywhere in the pelage,
that one can hardly be surprised that they have in some cases been
described as different species.* Such extremes are often repre-
sented among specimens from the same locality, and if the series
obtained is large enough it will often show several intermediate
" phases." No wonder that as soon as it was realized that all this
was merely " individual variation," some authors refused altogether
to consider the colour of the fur a character of taxonomic value in
bats.
Rliinoloiihus is by no means the only genus showing colour vari-
eties of this kind. More or less similar phases occur in many
species of the allied genus Ili'piJOsideTos (e.g. in the commersoni,
hicolor, speoris, galeriius and caffer groups) ; further in Asellia,
Trioeno'ps and Rhinonycteris, all of which are closelj' allied to Hippo-
sideros ; again in Nyct<irit>, and in some Phyllostomatidue, Emhallo-
nuridce, Molossidce, and Vesp)ertilionidai . They may be found to
exist also in other families of Chiroptera, — in any case it is evident
that their occurrence is a rather common phenomenon in bats.
Hitherto nothing has been known of these phases beyond the
mere fact of their existence. Whether they are seasonal, or
whether the individual moults " true " to its phase during the
whole of its lifetime, are questions which, so far as I am aware, no-
body has attempted to answer. The scarcity of large, carefull}^
dated and sexed series of skins sufficiently explains why nobody has
felt tempted to attack the problem.
Owing to the fine work recently done by the collectors for the
Bomba}^ Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India this
scarcity of material no longer exists so far as certain Indian species
of Rhinoloplius and Hippiosideros are concerned. And it happens
• The Rufous Horseshoe-bat of India is a case in point. Kelaart's Bhinolophtis
cinerasccns ('Prodromus Faunie Zeylanica», ]8r>2^isthe dark, his Bh. rammanika
an intermediate, and his lih. rubidus the orang'e " phase " of Rh. rouxi (see
P. Z. S. 1905, ii, p. 99; .
COLOUR PHASES OF rUJi: RUFOUS JLOIl{>ESJlOE-BA'l\S. 261
that one of the Horseslioe-Bats most richly represented in the Sur-
vey collections, viz., llh. roii.vi, is a species which exhibits tlie colour
extremes in their strongest contrasts, and at tlie same time presents
the widest range of intermediate phases. The number of skins of
this bat thus far brought together during tlie progress of the
Siu'vey amounts to 98 ; in addition there are 18 specimens preserv-
ed in alcohol, and I have had six do.ted skins from other sources,
giving a total of 122 specimens. All specimens are adult, repre-
senting every degree of wear of the teeth, from the practically un-
worn condition (" stage I," i.e., individuals about six months old*)
to the stage in whicli the crowns are worn down to the gums
(" stage V, " four and a half year old individuals). 46 are males,
76 females. They were obtained in South Mysore (Seringapatam,
34); South Mahratha Country (Devikop, 12) ; various places in
North Kanara (Gersoppa, Hulekal, Sirsi, Barchi, Dandeli, Potoli,
Yellapur, 72) : Savautvadi (Nerur, 3), and Koukau, (Asgani, 1), —
places sufficiently close together to be regarded, even in the
narrowest sense of the term, as one geographical district. They
all belong to one subspecies, i?^, rorm 5wmf, and all the Survey
specimens (116) were collected by Mr. Guy C. Shortridge. It is
one of the finest series of specimens of any form of Ixliinuloiolius that
has ever passed through my hands.
Although certainly large and varied enough to illustrate the
remarkable variability of coloiu- shown by Rh. rouxi, this series is
on the other hand not complete enough to allow one to follow the
changes in the fur through ever}^ month of the year, It was not,
it should be remembered, collected for this special purpose, but
simply as part of the general Mammal Survey of this portion of
India. Only six months are repi-esented in the series, viy.., Octo-
ber, November, January, Febniary, April and May, that is, the
cold season (about October to Januar}'^ and February) and the hot
and dry season (February to May) are represented, whereas there is
* See my paper. ' On the determination of age in Bats, " this Journal, ontea.
t The distribution of Bh. rouxi, so far as it is as yet traceable; is as follows: —
It is krown from many places in Ceylon : in the Peninsula from the Nil^iri Hills
in the south, through South Mysore, South Mahratha Country, Xorth Kanara,
Savantvadi, and Konkan, as t&v north as Bombay. Ceylon specimens are apparent-
ly indistinguishable from those from India proper, and I refer them all to the
subspecies Rh- r. rouxi (with the necessary reservation that I have not yet had an
i:)pportunity of examining Temminck's types in the Leyden Museum). Xorth of
Bombay there isabig gap in the known distribution of the species, though whether
it is a real breach in the area inhabitated by this bat, or merely a gap in our
material, it is impossible to say. Passing north from Bombay we meet the species
again in Masuri (Dehra Dun), Kumaon, Nepal, Darjiling and Bengal ; and further
i-ast it turns up again in South China (Anhwei, Lower Yangtse). Specimens frOm
all theseplaces (Masuri to Anhwei) are distinguishable as a subspecies {Rh. r, sini-
cixs). It is possible, though by no means certain, that the t«o subspecies are con-
nected with each other along the east coast of India, which has not yet been
worked by the Survey.
262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
not a single specimen from the whole of the rainy season (June to
September). As it is, however, the series is sufficiently complete
to solve the principal problem, namely, what do these colour
" phases, " this unparalleled variability in colour mean?
The first question we have to settle, before trying to unravel the
mystery of the colour phases, are naturally these : — When does this
bat change its coat ? Does it moult once or (as usual among
Mammals) twice a j^ear ? And what is the new coat like ? Does
it show the same " individual variation " in colour as exhibited
when glancing down the whole series of specimens befoi'e us ?
Fortunately the material gives clear answers to these preliminary
questions. Bh. rouxi moults twice a year, in this part of India in
October and again in May, and in both cases the new fur is dark
brown above, grey on the underside of the body, — the ordinary bat
colour, or very much like the coloar of a House Mouse.
Where then do the brilliantl}^ orange and the intermediate phases
come in ? To give the facts at once, before entering into details,
these phases are due tn a (jractual, and on the whole evidently rather
rapid, change of the colour of the full grown hair.
In order to follow the changes of the coat and colours in detail
we must now examine the appearance of the specimens month by
month, so far as the material allows.
There are twenty-eight skins dated October (1912), all from one
locality (Seringapatam, S. Mysore), and very nearly of the same
date (18th and 19th) ; all are females and all fully adult* (epiphyses
of metacarpals ossified) ; the actual ages of the individuals are as
follows : — Five are about six months old, nine about eighteen
months, five two and a half years, four three and a half years,
and five four and a half j^ears. For reasons explained below we
must put the youngest generation ("bats of the 3''ear," six months
old) on one side ; they require special description. The remain-
ing twenty-three specimens may conveniently be divided into
two groups, those in the process of moulting (fifteen), and those
which have just completed, or practically completed, their autumn
change of coat (eight).
(1) Fifteen October individuals, aged from one and a half to
four and a half vears, showing^ various stages of moult from the old
orange to the new dark brown coat.f — Three specimens (1935,
1 936, 1 940) exhibit the initial stages of the change of fur. They are
nearly orange-rufous (II, 11, h to j ±) above, approximately mars-
* That is, full grown ; which does not necessarily imply that they are all
sexually mature) this is certainly not the case with the youngest class of indivi-
duals) those only six months old).
t Collector\s numbers. G.C.8. U»34-1941, 1944— 194f., 19.31, 19.59, 19(jl, 1964.
_ t All colours are determined from Ridg-way's " Color standards and Color
Nomenclature," Washington, 1912, and the references between parentheses are to
the plates of that book.
COLOUR PHASE i OF THE RUFOUS HORSES HOE-B ATS. 263
yellow (III, 15, i) or ochvficeoiis-orange (XV, 15') beneath. The
new dark hairs appear on the back of the neck and anterior dorsum ;
on parting the fur of these regions of the upper side it looks, on a
hurried inspection, as if the coat had dark bases to the hairs ; the
dark '• bases " are in realit}- the new short dark-coloured crop of
hair. On the underside the new grey coat appears on the throat,
chest, anterior portion of flanks, and anal region, leaving the breast,
belly, and posterior flanks mars-yellow or ochraceous-orange.
One ot these specimens (1935) is figured on pi. 1, fig. 1. The
twelve other October specimens of this group illustrate the gradual
progress of the moult. The new dark brown (mouse-coloured)
fur spreads on the upperside from the back of the neck forward,
over the head, and backward, over the middle of the dorsum, so that
the last remnant ot the old orange coat is, as a rule, an orange
stripe along each side of the rump, next to the membranes (as in
specimen 1944, figured on pi. I, fig. 3) ; at the same time the new
grey hair of the underside spreads from the throat outward to the
sides of the neck, and from the flanks and anal region mediad and
forward over the bell}*, so that the last portion of the old mars-yellow
coat to disappear is, in most individuals, a transverse stripe or cres-
cent across the thorax (same specimen, pi. I, fig. 3).
(2) Eight October specimens (same ages as above) showing
the completed moult.* — These are in new coat without trace or with
only very slight traces of the old. The pelage of the upperside is
roughly dark brown (approaching clove-brown, XL, 17 ' ' ', m),
but faintly powdered with greyish, owing to the extreme tips of the
hairs being of this colour, and the base of the fur is again paler ;
the underparts are nearly uniform mouse-grey (LI, 15 ' ' ' ' '). One
(1958) is figured on pi. I, fig. 4.
Let us pause for a moment to consider what these two groups of
October specimens have taught us. Tn the first place, we have seen
that this bat has an autumn moult j, which, at least in this part of
India,, takes place in October ; we must, of course, even within the
same province, allow for some variation of the exact date ; some indivi-
duals may begin moulting already late in Septemlier, others perhaps
as late as early in November, though of this there is no direct evi-
dence in our material. Secondly, the old orange fur is replaced not
by a new orange coat, but by a coat of dark brown and grey (mouse-
coloured) hair. What happens to this new very plain-coloured coat
we shall see in a moment, but first we must examine the bats of the
year,
• Collectors Numbers, G.CS. 19.-,4-19.-,S, 19r.U, 19tj2-l9(;:s.
t It seems to me unnecessary to chanjre these terms, '• spring moult "" and
'•'autumn moult," " summer coat ", an J "winter coat" when dealinjr with a
tropical Indian mammal. The moults (in this bat) in fact take place very nearly
at the same time of the year as in temperate climates, and the terms can hardly
cause any confusion.
264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
(3) Five October specimens, aged about six months.* — One of
these individuals (No. 1941)) is perhaps the most interesting in the
whole Survey series of this species. It is a bat of the j^ear which
(1) has ah'eady completed its first autumn moult, and (2)
happens to have been killed while it was changing the colour of
this new coat from dark brown into auburn above, and from mouse-
grey into ochraceous-tawnj^ beneath. That this individual is in its
first adult coat, not in the coat of the immature, is evident foi- two
reasons : — The coat is new and fresh, not old and worn, as it would
obviously be, if it were the baby coat ; and anybody familiar with
the peculiar dull testaceous tinge of the coat of the immature
Rh. rouxi will see at a glance (although the colour is already, even
where it is darkest, somewhat aftected by the change into a brighter
" phase ") that it is not the tinge of the immature pelage. But the
second statement, viz., that the hair, in the moment the bat was
killed, was changing colour undoubtedly needs strong evidence to
be accepted. Some reader looking at the figure of this individual
on pi. II (fig. 5) might say : — " What I see is a specimen which
(speaking of its upperside only) is roughl}- half auburn and half
brown ; why then is this not an individual like those of group one
above, that is, an individual in moult?" There are at least three
reasons why this is not so ; each of them would be sufficient in itself,
and the combination of them therefore certainly places the matter
beyond reasonable dispute. I'irstly, if it were moulting it must
either be moulting from the auburn into the brown phase (like the
older October individuals, under group one, above, though those
individuals were, of course, not auburn but orange), or vice versa ;
there are no other alternatives. If it were moulting from an aubui-n
to a brown coat, it would follow that the auburn coat was the old
one, i.e. (remembering it is a bat in its first autumn) the baby coat ;
but in all my work with Horseshoe-Bats (now extending over a
series of years during Avhich I have handled thousands of specimens
belonging very nearly to every form known) I have never yet come
across a single immature specimen in bright (auburn or orange) coat ;
whenever an auburn or orange specimen tiTrned up, it was always
adult ; at least so far as Rkinoloplnis and Tliijpoi^ideros are concerned,
the bright phase may safely be said to occur only in the adult.
Turning then to the other alternative, that this individual might
have been moulting from a brown to an auburn coat, we find it ne-
gatived by the facts already pointed out above, that the brown hairs
are not old and worn, but (even though examined under a derma-
toscope) as new and un abraded as are the auburn, and that the
brown tinge of these hairs is certainly not that of the coat of the
immature. Secondly, if this bat were moulting, it must, judging
• Collector's Xumbers, G.C.S. 1943, 1947-1950.
COLOUR PHASES OF THE RUFOUS HORSESHOE-RATS. 26r>
iVom the tact that the auburn and brown areas are about equal in
extent, be only about halt-way throug-h the nioiilt, and in that case
we should find somewhere in the fur evidence of new hair coming
up, shorter than the rest; but there is no evidence whatever of this
kind, all the hairs are full grown, all of their proper length, there is
on the whole surface of the animal not a single spot showing a new
crop of hair. Thirdly, the moult, as we have already seen (Octo-
ber specimens, group one, above), proceeds along definite lines,
the new fur of the upperside first appearing on the back of the
neck, spreading outward to the sides of the neck and backward
along the median line of the dorsum, so that the last portion of the
old fur to disappear is an orange stripe on each of the back and
rump along the lateral membrane (see figs. 1, 2, and 3). A glance
at fig. i will show how entirely difierently our specimen behaves,
both above and beneath. For these reasons there can be no doubt
that our specimen w^as killed while changing the colour of its new
full grown coat. This result is further supported by an examination
of the four other individuals of this groiip, all of which are of the
same age. The change of colour is in all four carried a aood deal
further than in No. 1949, is in fact nearlij completed. The upper-
side is approximately auburn (II, 11, m) above, this colour gradu-
ally lightening to cinnamon (XXIX, 15") toward the base of the
hair, while the underside is ochraceous-tawnj^ (XV, 15', i). But
the change is only " nearly " completed ; there is still, in all four
examples, a conspicuous amount of greyish colour on the throat
(this disappears, as we shall see, in the follo\A ing month), and in one
specimen (1948) there is a small patch of grey left on the belly.
To the conclusions derived from groups one and two of the Octo-
ber individuals (see above) we can now add those obtained by our
examination of group three, viz., (Ij Bats of the year undergo an
autiimn moult, like the older individuals; (2) this new coat is quite
similar to the new coat of older individuals, dark brown above,
mouse-grey beneath ; (3) but this new coat (at least in the indivi-
duals we have seen thus far) when fully developed changes its colour
into auburn above, ochraceous-tawn}^ beneath ; (4) this colour
change probably takes place comparativeh^ rapidly.
Even if we had never seen the five October specimens of " group
three " we shoiild have been forced to the conclusion that shortly
after the autumn moult the colour of the new coat "tnust change.
We have seen that when orange specimens moult in October they
put on a mouse-coloured coat. But we shall find that already in
November (and then throughout the " winter ") plenty of aiiljurn
and orange specimens occur. How could this fact be explained,
otherwise than by a change of colour of the fuUgrown hair ?
We are now evidently well on the way to a better understanding
of the colour phases in this bat, andean proceed to examine more
14
266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
closely the specimens from the next following months, as far as our
material goes.
The November series (twelve skins *) shows some further bright-
ening of the colours. The darkest individuals ( 5 ad.. No. 138,
age, about a year and a half, figured on pi. II, fig. G ; j ad., No. 139,
about six or seven months) are very similar to the auburn
October specimens just described, except in so far as the last traces
of gvQY on the throat and belly have now disappeared, having been
changed into ochraceoxis-tawny. In the most advanced November
individual ( ^ ad.. No. 174, six to seven months old) the colour of
the whole of the upperside has brightened into light Sanford's
brown (II, 11, j) or hazel cinnamon-rufous (XIV, H', j) toward the
base of the fur; that of the underside into a tinge approaching
ochraceous-orange (XV, 15', h). Better than by any description
the difference between these two November extremes will be
appreciated by comparing the patterns " auburn " with " Sanford's
brown " and " hazel " on plates II and XIV of Ridgway's " Color
Standards," and " ochraceous-tawny " with " ochraceous-orange " on
plate XV. The nine other November skins fit in between these
extremes.
I have seen no specimens from December, but twenty-four skins
in the Survey collection show the appearance of the fur in the
month of January, f One individual ( ^ ad., Dandeii, No. 556,
probably about nine months old) has remained very nearly in the
aubiirn phase (see October and iSIovember, above), the only tangible
difference being that the " auburn " of the upperside is perhaps a
tone paler (more approaching to argus-brown, III, 13, m), and the
ochraceous-tawny of the underparts a faint shade lighter. Several
skins are similar to the brightest November individual described
above. But the majority exhibit more advanced stages of colour
modifications (see pi. II, fig. 7). The head and upperside are
orange-rufous or a shade paler still (II, 11, i and h), brightening to
orange-chrome (II, 11) at the base of the hairs; the undei-parts
between ochraceous-orange and yellow-ochre (XV, 16'). The palest
individual of all ($ ad., Potoli, No. 522, about nine months old,
figured on pi. II, fig. 8) has the upperside nearly xanthine-orange
(III, 13, iorh), the xmderparts pale yellow-ochre (XV, 17', a).
It is closely approached by some other specimens from January, and
practically exactly matched by the single skin from February
* Four adult males, eight adult females ; Devikop, S. Mahratha Country :
November 2lst and 25th : ages, from about seven months to three and a half
years ; Collectors Numbers, G. C. S. 134, 1H7-141, 174, 177-181.
t Seven adult males, seventeen adult females : Barchi, Dandeii, and Potoli,
three places situated quite close to Supa, North Kanara ; .Tan. i8tb, 10th, 2lst and
28th, ages, from about nine months to about two years and nine months : Collec-
tors Numbers, G. C. S. :,\Si, .520, 522-529, 540-548, 550-558, 503, 504.
COLOUR PHASES OF THE RUFOUS HORSESHOE-DATS. 267
(cf ad. Yellapur,N. Kanara, 20th February, B. M. O. 4. 1. 8, about
one year and nine months old) and by several from April.
In'dividnals wliich liave passed into this brilliantly orange colour
phase no doubt remain there till the " spring " moult. As stated
above, the only February skin I have seen is in this phase ; from
lilarch no skins are available ; but I have before me a long series
from April, a considerable number of which are as bright-coloured
as the brightest January specimens. It is probable, however, that
shortly before the next moult sets in (May) the colours lose a little
of their gloss and brightness. I have unfortunately no " spring "
specimens moulting from the orange into the dark mouse-coloured
phase, but October specimens changing from orange to dark
pelage exhibit this slightly duller appearance of the old orange
coat.
Such are the colour changes from October to April-Maj?- in indi-
viduals which run throiujh all phases. But a very important fact I
now have to call attention to. Although the individuals which pass
through the whole scale of colour changes are decidedly in the
majority in my dated material (the whole of which, it should be
remembered, is from the region of the Peninsula between S. Mysore
and the Konkan), a certain, and by no means small, percentage of
specimens stop short at an intermediate please (never, throughout the
half-yearly period here under consideration, passing beyond that
stap-e), ivhile others can even hardly he said to pass into am/ bright
phase at all, the coat being subject only to a rather ordinar}-" fading
of its colours. I will deal with these two categories of specimens
separately: —
First, individuals remaining at an " intermediate " colour phase.—
The first phase into which the freshly moulted (mouse-brown and
mouse-grey) October coat passes is (as we have seen above) the
auburn phase. We found already in October some individuals
which were either on the point of changing the colour of the coat
into auburn or had practically completed this change, and
I took this as evidence that this colour change must
take place rapidly ; further, we found the fully developed auburn
phase in the November series. But, as mentioned above,
there is in the Survey series from Januar}'^, that is, at a time when
most individuals have passed into a bright orange phase, one indivi-
dual (a nine months old male. No. 556) which has remained in the
aubui-n stage : and there is in the British Museum collection
another skin from January ($ ad., Sirsi, North Kanara, Jan. 11,
1900, No. 0.4.1.6, about nine months old) in exactl}^ the same
phase. Even much later in the season the auburn phase is met
with. The April series numbers thirty-four, and of these four are
auburn, while a few others are onh* a little more advanced. There
268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISr. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
is no doubt, therefore, that some individual remain in the auburn
stage throughout the whole season.
Secondly, individuals which hardl}^ assume any bright phase at
all. — In the British Museum is a skin from January ( J ad., Sirsi,
North Kanara, Jan. 11, 1900, No. O. 4.1.7, about one year and
nine months eld) which has not even entered the auburn stage.
And in the large April series there are nine of which the same may
be said* If these ten skins are placed along with the freshly
moulted, " mouse-coloured "' October individuals, it is easy to see •
that the colour has certainly altered to some extent. The upper-
side has in six specimens turned from the original rather dull
mouse-brown (finely powdered with greyish) into a warmer
brown tone, somewhat approaching to sepia and bister, and the
originally greyish bases of the hairs have acquired a slight ecru
tinge ; further , the under parts are no longer mouse-grey, but
rather drab-grey (XLVI). In the four remaining specimens the
brown of the back is distinctly ''diluted" or "washed" with a
pale yellowish tinge, but not sufficiently so to alter the general
lirown total impression of the colour ; and the tinge of the undex'-
parts is a decidedly warmer drab (not quite as bright as " avel-
laneous ", XL). None of these could trul}^ be desciibed as belong-
ing to the first, auburn phase, while on the other hand the colour is
decidedly altered slightly in the direction of that phase.
That some specimens retain this colour right up to the spring
moult is proved by two of the three May specimens before me.
These two are the only individuals showing the spring moult.
One is rouohlv bister, the other of a warmer brown above, but not
auburn. The new fur is exactly like the fresh October fur in
colour.
Not a single specimen is available from the whole period June-
September. But that the " summer" coat passes through a series
of colour phases similar to those described lor the '' winter " coat,
is hardly open to doubt, if we remember the fact that the October
material contains numerous individuals moulting from the orange
phase into the dull mouse-brown.
One very curious fact remains to be mentioned. It is not only
the fur that changes its colour, eve')L the claws, those oj the feet as loell
as that of the jiollex, partake in these chanr/es. The details are as
follows :■ —
In all the specimens moulting . from the orange to the mouse-
brown phase (October) the claws are of the usual transparent horn-
• The April material C^4 skins; 81 of which beloiiyr to tlie Indian Survey
collection) therefore sho^vs the followinfi' colour stages :— 9 brown (aj>es, one to
three years), S auburn or a little beyond (one to three years), 17 oranjj^e (one to
three years).
COLOUR PHAiiKS OF THE RUFOUS IIORSESHOK-BATS. ii69
colour, without a trace of ajiy other tinge. In the next colour stage
of the fur, the auburn ]>hase, the claws are either unchanged, or
they begin to show a distinct deep reddening at the tips. In this
phase we often find one or two claws of a foot unaltered in colour,
while the others begin to change into deep blood-red. As a rule
the claws of the feet are affected a little earlier than that of the
pollex. Finally, in the orange phase of the fur, we find invariably
the claws red. The colour always starts at the tips of the claws,
spreading backward, though it is comparatively seldom that it
reaches risfht to the exnosed bases of the claws. The tinoe is a
beautiful blood colour, totally different from the original colour of
the claws ; it looks as if the claws had been dipped in blood, some-
times the tips onl}^, often for half their length or more. It will be
noticed that the colour changes of the claws progress pari passu
with those of the fur : — never an}' red in the claws in the non-
orange phases, but the more brilliant the orange of the fur, the
more extensive the red colour of the claws. The red colour is not
superficial, but goes right through the horny substance.
The colour changes in the full grown hair described above are
perhaps without true parallels in the whole class of Mammalia,
outside the order of Chiroptera. There are, of course, numerous
instances of even very remarkable fading of colours. One of the
cases which no doubt would most readily occur to the minds of
British Mammalogists is the very striking and somewhat rapid
change of colour in the tail of the British Squirrel*. Biit I fail to
see any real parallel in that case. What happens in the Squirrel's
tail is a fading from seal-brown through gradually paler tinges of
brown to pale buff or nearly white ; in other words, a gradual
dilution, and finally complete or almost complete disappearance, of
all pigment in the hairs of the tail. In Rh. rovxi (and probably in
other bats \\'ith similar phases) the pigment does not disappear,
but (as we shall see in a moment) it gradually, though rapidly,
changes from one colour into a totally different one. There may
be (in fact, I believe there are) better parallels among birds.
Every ornithologist will know of scores of cases of alleged colour
change (without moult) in full-grown feathers, but I am not
aware of any case in which the whole of the plumage of a bird (like
the whole of the pelage of Rh. rou.ri and many other bats) is
affected by the change.
Together with my friend Mr. Mai-tin C. Hinton (who is engaged
in investigations of the hair structure of certain Rodents), 1 have
examined the hair of Rh. rcmxi microscopically. The pigment
• Oldfield Thomas. The seasonal changes in the Common Squirrel ; The
Zoologrist, November 1896, pp. 401-407.
270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
consists of minute granules arranged in longitudinal rows so as to
produce a striated appearance of the hair (magnification, 710 dia-
meters). In the newly moulted, mouse-coloured fur (dorsal region,
specimen No. 1955) the colour of the pigment is some tinge of
olive; in the bright phase (dorsal region, specimen No. 520) this
colo^tr of the pigment has chancjecl to orange. How this change is
eflfected is, of course, a question for the bio-chemist, but it appears
probable that it is due to oxidation. If this is so, one may perhaps
hazard the hypothesis that in individuals which show no colour
change of this kind, or which stop short at an intermediate (auburn)
phase, the oxidizing element may either be entirely absent or wholly
or partly cou^nteracted by some other factors.
Summary.
(1) The coat of the young i^/imoZopA.?(s (any species) is darker
(duller, more matt) than that of the adult. I have seen very few
immature individuals of Bh. rouxi, but those examined are of this
dark and dull tinge. An immature individual in the bright
(auburn, orange) phase I have never seen in any species of Txhino-
lophus or Hipposideros ; it is improbable that the coat of the imma-
ture ever shows such colour.
(2) Rh. rouxi moults twice a year. In South Mysore and
North Kanara the " spring " moult takes place in Ma}^, the
" autumn " moult in October. Whether there is any considerable
variation in the time (month) of the two annual changes of coat,
either among individuals inhabiting the same geographical area, or
between individuals from widely separated areas of India, are ques-
tions not answered hy my material. The autumn moult is certain-
ly complete {i e., affects the whole of the pelage). The same is
probably the case with the spring moult, but the material available
is very small (two examples only).
(3) The fresh fur, both in spring and autumn, is mouse-brown
above, mouse-grey beneath.
C4) In a large number of individuals this colour of the new,
full grown coat changes (probably rather rapidly) into much
brighter tinges, the upperside through auburn and Sanford's brown
to orange-rufous or even xanthine-orange, the underparts through
ochraceous-tawny to ochraceous-orange or even yellow ochre. This
explains the enormous " individual variation " in colour in this
species (as it no doubt explains similar or corresponding colour
variations in other bats). In autumn the colour change takes place
immediately after the moult, in October and November ; the exact
time when it occurs in the spring coat is not shown by Tnj material
but it will proliably be found to be in May and June. Every hair
of the coat, and the whole of every hair, from tip to base, is affected
by the colour change.
L Bombay. Nat,. HisT: Societv. Mammai, Suhvbv.
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COLOUR VHASES OF THE RUFOUS JWRSESROE-BATS. i'71
(5) Not all individuals pass through the whole scale of colour
changes. A not inconsidi'rable number would seem to remain in
the auburn stage; such individuals have been obtained not only in
October and November (when we should naturally expect them),
but also in January and April, together with specimens showing
the extreme of the orange phase. Others show an even more limit-
ed " colour plasticity," the colour of the upperside changing only
into sepia or bister, with or without a distinct yellowish " wash,"
the uuderparts into drab-g•re3^ Such individuals are represented
in the material from January, April, and May (moulting).
(G) The claws (feet and pollex) change colour together with
the fur turning from transparent horn brown to deep blood red.
The degree of coloiir change of the claws seems to be directly propor-
tional to the degree of colour change of the fur ; i.e., the dark
brown phase shows no colour change in the claws, this begins only
with the auburn stage, and reaches its maximum (both in the inten-
sity of the tinge and in the area of the claws afiected by the change)
of the bright orange phases. The red colour invariably shows
first at the tip of the claw, spreading toward its base.
(7) The change of colour of the fur is due to a change of colour
in the pigment (from olive to orange), probably owing to oxidation.
The fact that Bome individuals exhibit no colour phases at all,
while others remain in an intermediate phase, may be due to
absence of the oxidizing element or to some factor which wholly
or partly neutralizes this element.
Explanation of plates.
By the " four colour process " employed it has only been possible
to give an approximately correct idea of the true colours of the spe-
cimens figured.
All figures are about 3/5 natural size.
Fig. 1. $ ad., 18 October 1912, Seriugapatam, S. Mysore, G.C.S.
1935, age, three and half years. Autumn moult beginning. The
fur on the back of the neck and shoulder is purposel}'' disarranged,
to show the new dark coat coming up underneath (it looks in the
figure, and, on hurried inspection, in the specimen as well, as if the
orange hairs had dark bases ; this is not the case ; the orange fur
is always uniform to its extreme base, or if anything lighter at base ;
what looks like dark bases is, of course, the new dark coat). The
oi'ange fur, being old and worn, has lost some of its brillianc}^
Back between Sanford's brown and orange-rufous (II, 11, j), under-
parts nearly ochraceous-orange (XV, 15'j with the new mouse-grey
coat beginning to appear on throat, flanks, and anal region.
Fig. 2. — Same sex, date, place, and age as foregoing, G. C. S.
1938. Autumn moult well advanced. Old orange fur chiefly
272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
confined on upperside to sides of back, on underside to chest and
part of belly, though the new fur, both above and below, is still
thinly sprinkled with old orange hairs. Several stages connecting
those represented by figs. 1 and 2 have been seen, all from
October.
Fig. 3. — Same sex, date, place, and age as foregoing, G. C. S.
1944. One of the final stages of the autumn moult. Old orange
pelage now restricted on upperside chiefly to a narrow stripe on
each side of the dorsum, along the lateral membranes, and on
underside to a V-shaped patch on the chest ; new fur on back still
with a very thin admixture of old orange hairs ; on belly a few
tiny bunches of ochraceous-orange hairs among the new grey hairs.
Several stages between " Fig. 2" and " Fig. o" are in the collec-
tion, all from October.
Fig. 4.— $ ad, 19th October 1912, same place, G. C. S. 1958, age,
about a year and a half. Moult practically completed (faint traces of
orange hairs behind the ears and on chest, but these are discernible
only on very close examination). Upperside mouse-brown, i. e. a
dark shade of brown approaching clove-brown (XL) or fuscous
(XLVl), but finely powdered with greyish owing to the narrow
grey tips to most of the hairs, these greyish tips being longest and
most conspicuous on the shoulders and back of the neck ; base of
fur paler ; underparts nearly uniform mouse-grey (paler than LI,
15 ' ' ' ' ' ). Similar specimens from October are in the collection,
but none from any other niontii. The new " summer " fur (May)
is probablj^ of the same colour, but only specimens in the first
stages of the spring moult have been seen.
Fig. 5.— $ ad., 18th October 1912, same place, G. C. S. 1949,
age, about six months. A perfectly full grown bat of the year
(epiphyses of the metacarpals ossified). It had completed its first
autumn moult, and was killed while the colour of its new coat was
changing from mouse-brown to auburn above, and from mouse- grey
to ochraceous-tawny on the underside of the body. This individual
has been so fully dealt with in the text (p. 8) as to need no further
description here. Notice the entirely different " pattern" of this
specimen, both above and below, as compared with the moulting
individuals, figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 6.— $ ad., 21 November 1911, Devikop, S. Mahratha
Country, G. C. S. 138, age, about a ye^v and a half. To show the
perfectly developed auburn phase. There is now no trace of mouse-
brown or mouse-grey in the coat. Upperside pale auburn (very
nearly auburn Sanford's brown, II, 11, 1), gradually lightening
(almost to cinnamon, XXIX, 15") toward the base of the fur ;
underparts warm ochraceous-tawny (XV, 14', i). This phase begins
to make its appearance immediately after the autumn moult, in
October, but specimens from that month (five from Seringapatam,
COLOUR r II asks; of rni: rufous iiorsksiioe-uats. j7;j
S. Mysore) are fitiier only half .luhurn (one, see fig. 5), or have at
least some grey coloTir left on lh«' throat, or both there and on the
holly (the othei's). In the November material (Devilcop, S. Mah-
ratlia Country) the full auburn ])ha?:e, a?; figured here, without trace
of mousf-t'olour, is absolutely })redominaut ; and the same phase
oecurs, though (so far as the material goes) much more sparingly, in
the later months of the season. The summer fur (after the spring
moult in May) will ])robaV)ly be found to have its corresponding
aubiirn phase, but material from that season is lacking.
Fig. 7.-- 2 ad, 18th -January 11)12, Potoli, S. E. of Supa, North
Kauara, (J. ('. S. 528, age, aboiit one year and nine months. To
show an average tinge of the orange phase. LIpperside almost
orange-rufous (closely approaching II, 11, i), the tinge being
slightly brigliter and more glossy (II, 11, h) at the concealed base
of the hairs; underparts abnost ochraceous-orange (XV, 1-3' or IG).
Xo specimens comparal)le with this have been seen from the month
of October (except, of coarse, those moulting from the orange to
the dark phase, in which, however, the orange has lost considerably
in brilliancy) ; a few individuals from Xovember (S. Mahratha
( ountry) approach it but do not quite match it in hue ; no Decem-
ber specimens are available ; in January this t^'^pe of colour (or even
brighter hues) isdecidedl}- predominant and remains so till April and
^lay, though in the latter month (spring moult) it has probably as a
rule lost some of its brightness and gloss. The fact that the Octo-
ber series contains a a'ood number of orano-e individuals in inoult
.shows that the smnmer fur also has its orange phase.
Fig. 8. — Same sex, date, and place as fig. 7, G. C. S. 522, age,
aliout nine months. The palest extreme of the orange phase.
Upperside nearly xanthine-orange (III, 13, i orh), underparts pale
yellow ochre (XV, 17' a). Quite or approximately similar indivi-
duals have only been seen from January to April. The summer
fur of some individuals may change into similar hue.
i:.
274
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
Report No. 28. IvALiMroxG (Darjiling).
By R. C. Wroughton.
Collection ... ... No. 28.
Locality ... ... Kalimpong (Darjiling).
Date ... ... June-October 191G.
Collected by ... ... N. A. Baptista.
Earlier Reports . . . . No I, East Khandesh, Vol. XXT,
p. 392, 1912; No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912;
No. 3, Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912 ; No. 4, Nimar, Vol.
XXI, p. 944,1912; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p. 1170,
1912 ; No. 0, Kanara, Vol. XXII. p. 29, 1913 ; No. 7,
Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 1913; No. 8,
Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. ."iS, 1913: No. 9. Mysore, Vol.
XXII, p. 283, 1913 ; No. 10, Kathiawar, Vol. XXII,
p. 464, 1913 ; No. 11, Coorg, Vol. XXII. p. 486, 1913,
No. 12, Palanpnr, Vol. XXII, p. 684, 1913; No. 13, South
Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700, 1913 ; No. 14, Shan States,
Vol. XXII, p. 710, 1914; No. 15, Knmaon, Vol. XXIII, p.
282, 1914 : No. 16, Dry Zone, Central Burma and Mt. Popa,
Vol. XXIII, p. 460, 1915 ; No. 17, Tenasserim, Vol. XXIII,
p. 695, 1915 ; No. 18, Ceylon, Vol. XXIV. p. 79, 1915 ; No.
19, Bengal, Vol. XXIV, p, 96, 1915; No. 20, Chindwin,
Vol. XXIV, p. 291, 1916; No. 21, Gwalior, Vol. XXIV,
p. 309, 1916; No. 22, Koyna Valley, Vol. XXIV, p. 311,
1916; No. 23, Sikldm, Vol. XXIV, p. 468, 1916 ; No. 24,
Sind, Vol. XXIV. p. 719, 1916; No. 25, Chin Hills, Vol.
XXIV, p. 758, 1916; No. 26, Darjiling- District, Vol.
XXIV, p. 773, 1916 ; No. 27, Bhutan Duars, Vol. XXV,
p. 63, 1917.
Oil completion of his work in the Bhutan Duars, reported in
No. 27 (J., B. N. H. S., XXV., p. G3, 1917), Baptista, the
Societjr's Collector, moved on to Kalimpong, where Dr. Sutherland
had consented to supervise his movements. The present collection
represents his work there during live months, June-October, 191G.
Unfortunately no notes on the topography are available, but
I gather from the Gazetteer that Kalimpong is a tract in the Darji-
ling District, situated at about 27^' N. Lat. and 8 8 ''30' E. Long.,
east of the Tista River, west of Ni-chu and Di-chu, and bounded
by Bhutan on the north. The tract is made up of a series of steep
ridges and the valleys bet\A'eeii, and is largely under trees. The area
is just over 400 stj. miles, of which slightly more than half is
Reserved Forest, situated on the tops of the ridges and the bottoms
of the valleys, i.e., above 5,000' and below 2,000'.
Ilie fauna seems to be identical with that of Darjiling and the
MAMAf.lL SLRVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 'im
\^\\\\\^^\^ Duals. Init the collection, though a fairly large one in
iiiiinbers, has not a wide range in species.
In all there are sotne 560 sptM-iniens divided among 21) species
and subspecies), in 'I'l genera.
There is nothino- new to the Surve\- list in the collection, l)ut
the series of yi/ctalus and Barliastella are most welcome, as so far
only single specimens had been obtained,
(1) KoUSETTUS LESCHEXAULTI, Desm.
The Fulvous Fi-uit Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 11.)
Pedong, c? 1 ^juv), $ o.
(.SW' also Reports Nos. !•'>, IG, 17, 22 and 27.)
{2) Rhinolophus rocxi, Temm.
The Rufous Uorsc-x/ioc Bat.
(Synonymy in No. o.)
Ximbong, c? <'•
(iVe also Reports Nos. 0, 9, 13 and lo.)
(3) Rhinolophus monticola, K. And.
The Mussoone Horse-shoe Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 20.)
Nimbong, c? 2, $ 12; Pedong, 2 1; Sangser, J 3.
(4) HiPPOSIDEKOS AKMIGER, HodgS.
TJie Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 14.)
Nimbong, § 2.
(.See also Reports Nos. 1-j, 1G, 20, 2o and 26.)
(o) HiPPOSIDEKOS FULAis, Gray.
The Bicoloured L.eaf -nosed Bat.
(S^^nonymy in No. 3.)
Nimbong, J 5, $ 12 ; Sancser, cf 6, $ 9.
(.Sec also Reports Nos. 3, r,-10, 12-14, 16-20, 22-24 and 27.)
(6) Barbastella darjelingensis, Horsf.
The Eastern Barbastcl.
(Synonymy in No. 26.)
Nimbong, J 6, $ 12.
(iSee also Report No. 27.)
(7) Tylonyctehis fulvika, Blj-tli.
llw (lull-footed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 2(5.)
Kalimpong, d" f>, 9- 1"'; Nimbong, d 1: Sangser, S 1.
(.See also Reports Nos. 14, 17, 20, 23 and 2.">.)
■27(> JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUltAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
(8) Nyctalus labiaxus, Hoilgs.
T/ip Indian Noctule Bat.
Saiigser, 6 i, 2 ^- _
This animal at first sight looks like a Scotophilus, but is at once recog-
nisable by the very short fifth finger. A naked spot between the shoulders
is so constantly present as to be a character of almost specific value.
(9) PiPISTRELLUS COKOMANDRA, Gray.
The Corumandel Pipistrcl.
(Synonymy in No. o.)
Mimbong, c? 2, 2 1; Pedong, d ^-^ ? i^6 ; Kalim-
pong, S -, $ 1 ; Sangser, J 1.
{S('<- also Reports Nos. 2, o, 9, 11, l3-lo, 19, 23, 26 and 27.)
(10) MURINA TUBINARIS, ScuUy.
Sculli/'s Tube-nosed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 2~).)
Sangser, J 3.
(See also Eeport No. 26.)
(11) MURINA CYCLOXIS, Dobs.
The Bound-eared Tube-nosed Bat.
(Sjmonymy in No. 23.)
Sangser, c? 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 2') and 26.)
(12) TUPAIA BELAXGERI (JHINEXSIS, And.
'T/ie Assam Tree S/ireic.
(Synonymy in No. 23.)
Nimbong, r? 2.
{See also Report No. I'T.)
(13) SoRicuLUs CAUDAXus, Horsf.
Hod(ison''s Bronn-toothed Shrev.
(Sj'non3miy in No. 15.)
Sangser, $ 2.
{See also Reports Nos. 2'i, 26 and 27.)
(14) Pachyura sp.
Tlie Musk-rat.
Kalimpong, J 15, 9 26; Nimbong, J 2 ; Pedong, J 5
9 5 ; Sangser, J 1-
{See also Reports Nos. 1, 3-7, 9-13, 15-19, 22, 23, 26 and 27.)
(15) Felis affixis, CJray.
The Jungle Cat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Nimbong, $ 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 3-7, 10-12, 15, 16, 18-20, 22,24 and 27.)
MAMMAL SUR1'i:y OF /.V/>/J. lirUMA AND CFA'LON. -JTT
{]('<) Fkms (i/iDuestic).
(17) VlVKKHA /1I^ET^IA. L.
/7ii' Lari/c Indmn Civet.
(Synonymy in No. 14.)
Ninibdug, o 1, 2 1-
(Sfr also lleports Nos. 20, 23, 2">, 26 and 27. Nos. 14 and 17. separated as
sub-species pridnosa.)
(18) Canis ixdicus, Hodgs.
The Benr/al Jctchal.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Pedong, d 1. $ 1.
(&f also Reports Nos. 14-16, 19, 20, 23, 2.'5 and 27.)
(10) Martes flavigula, Bodd.
The Northern Indian Mart(m.
(Synonj'mj'^ in No. L";.)
Pedoug, $ 1.
{>>f'e also Reports Nos. 20, 23, 25 and 27.)
(20) LriKA LUTRA, L.
The Common Otter.
(Synonymy in No. 11.)
Pedong, 2 1. (no skull.)
{^ee also Ueports Nos. \'), 18 and 2;j.)
(21) Katufa gig antra, McCl.
The Assam Giant Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 14.)
Sangser, J 2, $ 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 23 and 26.)
(22) ToMEXJTES LOKROIUES, HodgS.
The Hoarij-bellied Himalayan Squirrel.
(Synonj'uiy in No. 23.)
Ninibong, S 1 ; Sangser, $ 2.
{See also Reports Nos. 23 26, and 27.)
(23) Vandeleukia dumeticola, Hodgs.
Hodifson^s Tree Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
Kalimpong, (5 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 23, 25, 26 and 27.)
(24) Mrs i>rBiu.s, Hodgs.
The Nepal House Mouse.
(Synonymy in No 15.)
Kalimpong, d 18, $ 28 : Nimbong, J 1 : Pedong, (S 5,
? 12. "
{See also Reports Nos. 23, 26 and 27.)
278 JOURNAL/BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT\
(25) Mus HOMOURTJS, Hodgs.
The Himalayan Houae Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. !•">.)
Kalimpong, J 6, $ 2 ; Nimbong, c? 2, $ 1 ; Pedong,
S 12, 2 14; Sangser, c? 1, $ 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 23, 26 and 27.)
(26) Mus PAHAKi, Thos. •
The Sikkim Hill Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 2.3.)
Pedong, 2 1 (juv) : Sangser, $ 1.
{See also Report No. 26.)
(27) Rattus fulvescens. Gray.
The Chestnut Rat.
(Synonymy in No. lo.)
Nimbong, c?2, ? 1; Pedong, d 1, $,2.
(*<• also Reports Nos. 14, 17, 23, 2o and 26.)
(28) Rattus NiiiDus, Hodga.
Hodgson's Grey -bellied Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1^).)
Kalimpong, $ 1; Nimbong, J 6, $ 1 ; Pedong, J 1- 2 1,
Sangser, S 3, 2 3-
(<S(?e also reports Nos. 23 and 26.)
(29) Rattus bukescexs, Gray.
The Common Indian Rat.
Variety with white underside : —
Kalimpong, 6 17, 2 14; Nimbong, 6 28, 2 31
Pedong, 6 30, 2 21 ; Sangser, c^ 18, 2 l^-
(30) GuNOMYs BENGALENsis, Gr. and Hardw.
The Bencjal Mole Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 19.)
Kalimpong, J 1, 2 6 ; Nimbong, 6 •'>, 2 ^•
{See also Reports Nos. 20, 23, 26 and 27.)
•J7'.>
LlVKIMVOlJTr^ OK THK WKSTKIIN HIMALAYAS AM) TI[K
IMN.IAH. WITH XOTKS ON- KNOWN SPKCIES AND
DESCKIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
11 Y
Shiv n^M K \siiY \i>, M.Sc. (Pnujab), B.A, (Cantab.),
Profeimr of h'otani/, Gorcrnment C(>Ue(/p, JaiUovi'.
II.
Maruhantiales — (ctinchuled).
(^Continued from page .I'lO of V>,/. XXI 1.)
Flmhriaria reticulata, n. s. Ditecious. Thallus yellowish lin'Oii, thin,
nnbrancheil, npto 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, obovate with a tlec'i) notch
at the apex. Margins entire. Dorsal snrface l!at. Stomata not prominent,
each bounded by one ring of t)-7 cells ; air chambers empty in two layers.
Ventral surface greenish ; scales purple ovate, appendage ovate entire.
Midrib broad, elliptic — oblong in transverse section, slightly projecting
ventrally, rather suddenly passing into the wings. Carpocephalum — stalk
naked reddish at base upto 4A^ mm. long ; receptacle Hat, stomata only
slightly raised spor<\gonia upto 4; pseudo-perianth hyaline, S exserted.
Spores, elaters and antheridia not seen. The apical part of the thallus in
sterile plants becomes narrowed and thickened, and persists in this con-
dition through the dry period.
Habitat. — Kashmir, 8,000 ft. in a shady place along the road.
Fla(/iochasma ^imlensis, n. s. Dioecious or mon(Ccious. Thallus closely
creeping, bluish green, branched, upto lo mm. x4 mm. Margins entire or
slightly crenulate. Dorsal surface smooth, plane ; stometa not at all
prominent, very small, pore minute bounded by 4 or •"> cells ; upper epid-
ermis thin walled, trigones small. Ventral surface i)urple ; scales over-
lapping, triangular, entire, appendage not sharply constricted off from the
body, purple or hyaline. Transverse section of the thallus biconvex in the
middle gradually thinning towards the margins. Female receptacle sessile
or shortly stalked (stalk when present upto '1 mm.), concave dorsally.
Sporogonia 1 or '2. Spores broadly reticulate-lamellate ; margin spinulosc ;
about lli^ n. Elaters closely o-4-spiral, broad large, occasionally bran-
ched, 340-400 u. Male receptacles in a middorsal row, either on dilierent
lobes of the thallus bearing female receptacles or on difterent plants,
cushion like, circular or notched anteriorly.
Habitat. — Simla, below Chota Simla, near a small stream, August. The
"aestivation " of the involucre is similar to that of other species described
by the writer before, (New Phyti>logist, Vol. XIII, No. i)), one valve being
iolded and the other being fullj^ opened out.
Jungermannialex.
liie/fa in(lira-<t., n. s. Plants submerged erect or ascending, Hrmly fixed to
the mud by rhizoids, often i:i dense patches, light green, simple or once or
twice forked, upto 10 mm. long. Often many branches are given ofi" from
the base and plants have a tufted habit. Wing well developed m early
stages upto 2 mm. broad ; in the fertile portion small and interrupted,
lateral leaves long and narrow, linear, conspicuous. Involucres upto 0 on
each plant, densely situated, cylindrical pointed upto 2 mm. long, cells
papilliform. Spores reticulate spinous, 7-H reticulations in the diameter,
spines conspicuous projecting beyond the margins.
-280 JOUnyAL, BOMBAY XATUIIAL HIST. SOCIiyri, Vol. XXV
Habitat. — in shallow water iu a water-channel of the Shalainar garden.
Lahore ; occasionally on damp mud." The plants were found in the months
of February and March of 191:i and 1914. This is the first species of
Kiella to be described from India.
Aneura Indica st. n. s. Thallus simple or irregularly pinnately branched,
or formuig rosettes, loosely attached to humus, or firmly fixed to the soil ;
lobes thin or thick, margins undulate, slightly raised, or closely attached
ti) the substratum. Lobes up to o cm. long and up to o mm. broad. Xo
distinct midrib, thallus gradually thinning towards the margins. Greatest
thickness in the middle from S to 13 cells. Dorsal epidermis, smooth or papil-
lose or epidermal cells dome-shaped. Dicecious. Male plants smaller, irregu-
larly branched, branches rather long and narrow, thick fleshy, margins
turned upwards. Antheridia on small branches with a circular outline,
restricted to the central part of the dorsal surface.
Archegonia with filamentous or small flat green scales.
Habitat. — Various parts of the Himalayas and the plains.
Common on the hills, rare iu plains. Extremely variable. In moist shady
places the plants remain thin and light green only loosely attached to the
substratum, and epidermal cells of the dorsal surface are plain ; in exposed
warm places of the plains the plants are thick deep green firmly attached to
the soil, and the cells of the dorsal epidermis are projecting into distinct
papilUe. The dorsal epidermal cells of the male plants are perhaps always
papillate. Occasionally archegonia occur on the dorsal side of elongated
shoots, mixed with small multicellular papillate outgrowths. Normally in
the genus Aneura the female shoots remain very small.
Aneura Lerieri Schtfr. Plants brownish, densely overlaping in thick pat-
ches, very much branched in an irregularly pinnate manner, up to 10 mm.
long. Lobes liner or linear oblong, ultimate branches quadrate or obovate ;
•<.>blong or linear in very moist places. No distinct midrib. Main shoot
«np to eight cells thick, biconvex lenticular in transverse section : cells all
alike or epidermal cells rather small.
Habitat.— C\r<im\>ii-VAm?iv\ road, 0,000 ft. on a moist cliff. Pangie in
running water. The Pangie specimens were much longer up to L^o mm. but
the older parts were dead. They were also thinner and the ultimate lobes
were oblong or linear oblong.
Metzfferia 2)ube.^cens (Schrank) IJaddi. Mussoorie about 5,000 ft. Chamba-
Pangie mad. about 10,000 ft.
The chief interest of this species lies in its great variation. The plant
can be readily recognised owing to the presence of setjie on both surfaces
everywhere. 'The European specimens, however, are described as dis-
tinctly pinnate vvith 8 to 11 cells forming the epidermis of the midrib.
The Pangie specimens were more or less pinnate but the number of epider-
mal cell's on the midrib was 6 or 7. The Mussoorie specimens were dis-
tinctly dichotomous and the number of epidermal cells on the midrib was
only 4. In other respect the plants resemble the European forms.
Metxfjeria Himalayanfi^ n. s. Plants deep green, dichotomous upto lo mm.
r more long and upto 1 mm. broad. Lobes upto 4 mm. long. Midrib
biconvex, lamina plane or undulate, occasionally interrupted. Long hairs
present on the undersurface of the midrib and the margins, the rest naked.
Midrib 4-o cells thick and 3 cells broad through the centre. Epidermal
cells f. Lamina in old parts upto 14 cells on each side ; cells 32 n. Xi'4 n.
Cah/cularia crispula, Mitt. Dalhousie-Chamba road ; Oarhwal, near Gauri
Kund.
J'ellia calyeiiui (Tayl). Nees. Common in tho Himalayas ; Simla, Mus-
soorie, Mnrree, Pangie, Garhwal.
(>
LiVERU'oins OF riii: westeux Himalayas. jmi
J'iiiiSfi»i/>ii'>ii'a /ii)iia/iii/ru-<ls, W(is\\yn\). (Xew l*liyt'>l<>;,'ist, XI\'. NO. 1).
Mussooric ; Chiunba-l':iu<;ie road; iSinila. The wiiiijless terminal stalk-
liki) portion bearin<i tho tuber at the apex often divides into two branches
eai'h beariutj one tuber exactly as in fycirardiclfn tulterifcin (see below).
.luly-Septeiuber.
Senardietla tuhei-ifera, Kashyap. (Xew Phytologist. XIV, X'n. 1). It may
be taken to be a condensed form of Eiis^omhrnuia lnmala!ien,n.-^. July-Sep-
tember.
.V./>. — The leafy Jiivf/crmann'talt's will be taken up later on.
Anthoci-iotales.
Anthoceros himahtyensis, Kashyap. (Xew I'hytologist. Vol. XIV, Xt>. 1).
Haltitat. — Many parts of the Himalayas ; Simla ; Mussoorie : rarely on
tile banks of the IJavi in Lahore. Plant growing under water or where
tiiey are constantly moistened by dripping water do not form the charac-
teristic tubers. Juh'-September. (In Lahore about March).
Anf/ioccroo erect /(■•>, Kashyap. (New Phytologist, Vol. XIV. Xo. 1). Mus-
soorie, Simla. July-September.
A.nt/ioceros chambe7isiA n. s. Thallus closely creeping firmly fixed to
the soil, in dense circular or irregular patches, lobes often overlapping,
margin toothed slightly raised upwards. Patches upto o cm. or more
in diameter. Lobe.s thick flesh^^ with large mucilage cavities inside ;
greatest thickness in the middle upto 16 cells : upto 1 cm. broad. Xo
distuict midrib. Epidermal cells 32m.x20m. IJhizoids mostly smooth,
some granular. Dirccious. Involucre tubular narrowed above, with
truncate mouth ; l''0 nun. Sporogonia ^'o cm. long, solitary. Pseudo-
elaters thin walled usually branched, upto 100 u. long, slender. Spores
opaque faintly granular, 40-48 u. Male plants not seen.
Habitat. — Chamba-Chauri road, moist rock : sterile plants were also
fnund by the late L. Bashanibar Das near Sialkot.
Xotot/n/la-i levievi, Schtfr. Plants densely overlapping in small thick
patches, ascendiu'.^, fixed ouly at the base ; patches projecting outwards
from vertical rocks. Thallus thin, delicate, largest circular in outline upto
1 cm. in diameter ; smaller plants usually obovate : margin lobed, lobes
narrow, small, toothed ; Xostoc colonies scattered. Greatest thickness
upto 6 ceil.s in the middle gradually thinning towards the margins.
Dioecious. Sporogonia marginal between the lobes equal to or smaller
than the full grown adjacent lobes, entirely within the involucres Avhich
often arise in pairs ; upto 2 mm. long x i mm. broad. Epidermis without
stomata ; radial walls of epidermal cells very thick and brown, cavity very
narrow : epidermal cells 00110 u. x 18-20 u . Spores opaque dark brown,
minutely granular, .36 u. Sterile cells with oblique curved thin bands or
incomplete spirals, 4-") u. x 22-40 u.
Habitat. — Simla ; Mussoorie July-September.
1<:
■282
THE FEMALE OF THE DRAGONFLY, BRACHYTHEMIS
FU!SCOPALLIATA (Pas).
BY
C.TT. F. C. Fkaskr, I. M. S.
{With a riaU')
The male has been described by Ris and also hy Seh's and
Kirby nnder the synonyms of Trithemis fuscopalliata and Cacerijatps
fuscopalliata respectiveh'. The description by Ris in 1910 states
that the female is unknown and his description of the male, made
from dried specimens, is not complete. In March of this year, I
took a fair number of specimens above Abadan on the iShat-el-Arab
which Avere all males and a few daj's later secured four females at
the month of a creek opposite Basra. They are very sh}^ insects
and keep well out in the stream, so that it was only by wading oat
up to the hips that the specimens were secured.
Male. (Amplified from the description by Ris.)
Expanse 58 mm. Length 38 mm. Pterostigma 2-5 mm.
[lead of moderate size : eyes contiguous for a very sliorfc
distance, dark-brown, almost black above, sej^ia tint beneath :
occipital triangle small, strongly rounded posteriorly : epistome
strongly rounded, witliout a marked, free border : sutures practi-
cally flush : vesicle high and narrow, deeply notched above and in
front : occiput, ^'esicle, and upper part of clypeus dark brown A\ith
a black streak across the lower part of the latter : labrum and
labium 3'ellow.
Prothorax hidden almost entirely beneath the head, the posterior
lobe small and rounded. Black.
Thorax nroderately robust, downy with a ruff of longer liairs
along the dorsal anterior border which meet and interlace with a
ring of cilia3 projecting backward from the rim of the occipital
cavity. Colour uniformly black with a patch of ferruginous at the
attachment of the wings on the side. Le<js fairly long, black, tli<^
outer surfaces of tibitB striped with yellow. Femoras 3, with a row
of stout spines gradually lengthening from the middle : femora^ 2,
similar but the spines fewei' in number : tibial spines numerous,
fine and moderately long: claw-hooks tj^pical.
Ahdomeii short, tumid at the base, gradually tapering towards
the extremity, depressed in the posterior f and strongly keeled in
the posterior ^. 4th segment with a transverse ridge near the pro-
ximal end. (Ris' description has apparently been made from speci-
mens distoi'ted by compression in paper.) Uniformly black in colour.
Wings short and rounded, reticulation close, sub-trigone in fore-
wing entire, or partially or entirely traversed by a strongly curved
nervure. Antenodal nervin-es 0^-7^ in the forewing, 5 in the hind :
trio-one in forewinp; entire : sectors of the arc in forewino- fused
throughout but a short distance, in hind throughout a long distance :
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. 8oc.
^
(GENITAL ORGAN-! AM) WIN(; OF THH: DRAGON FLY
Bli.\( II y rillMls lUsroPALhl.X r.i.
Tin: DK.K.OXFLY, liliAC 11 Y I 111:M l^ FUSCOPALLIATA. I's;}
aiv in foi-fwini;' nbo\it midway between antenoil.il nervures I ;iih1 l* :
one or two \fry incomplete rows of cells in the space between llir
snbnodal sector and the sup]iltMn(Mitary sector of forewing. Stij^iiia
liright opa(|ue yellow. ( 'osta brown, reddish brown in its outer
third. A broad, blackish-brown fascia crossing both wings from
the base to 2 postnodal cells in the forewing and 'j-l in the hind, in
which its free border slopes obliqnely to meet the termen a1 aboni
its middle.
Annlappe)Hhi(jes. — Ochreous, the su]ierior long, about OJ- a little le.-s
than the length of IHh and 1 Uth abdominal segments, pidjescent.
cylindrical and pointed. The inferior fused to form a triangidar
body, notched slightly at the extremity.
Sexual on/ans. — L. a. recumbent, on its surface two tufts of long.
o-revish cilia\ Hamecons very small, anterior as two, small, stronti'h -
arched, slim hooks ; posterior, low and blunt : lobe moderately large,
roiinded and projecting somewhat more than the hamecons.
Female. — ^Morphology except for the anal appendages and sexiial
organs and a few points in the wings, similar to the male.
Head. — Eves olivaceous with 2 dark-brown lines traversing them
from above do^\■nwards, to half-way down the sides, the anterior ot
these bands starting from the apex of the occipital triangl(\
Clypeiis, epistome, vesicle, occiput and labium and labrum, all light
greenish-yellow.
Proiliorao: lemon-vellow with two transverse, black streaks.
Thorax olivaceous-green with a triplicated hiimeral fascia : tli«
thoracic spiracle and lateral sutures blai>k.
Leije. yellow, streaked iu their length with black. Spines similar
to male.
Winqs. — Antenodal nerviires 8^-7^, the fiiuT.1 one complete or
incomplete , this lack of sjmimetry sometimes seen in the opposite
wings of a single specimen, and some of the nervures often bifurcat-
ing in the costal space. Trigone in forewings traversed by one
nervnre ; only ous row of cells in the space between the subnodal
sector and the supplementary nervure. The black fascia found in
the male, entirely absent in the female : the antenodal nervures
bright yellow as is also the pterostigma.
Anal ajipendarjes ochreous, tipped wiih black, widely se])arated.
cylindrical, nearly as long as in the male, straight.
Sexual orrjans. — Vulvar scale, two triangular, stOTit organs, slightly
separated with concave, opposing borders aiid a minute point at their
extremities.
Ahdoiiieii olivaceous-green with a black, mid-dorsal line and a
brown, subdorsal fascia: the edges, narrowly black. Extent ot
markings variable, iu some these preponderating over the gromid
colour and in juvenile specimens, the latter preponderating.
Expanse G2 mm. Leng-th oo mm. Pterostigma 2--j.
284
THE CONE OF .sELAGnXELLA PALLIDISSIMA, Sn;.
BY
S. L. (^HO.sE, ^[.Sr..
^IssistiCiit I'rofessor nf liotnruj, (lovenimeut College, l.,''liori:'.
( With a jihdf.)
in this paper the writer proijoses to describe the cone of HclaiiiaeUa
imlli(lix>>i)na, not so much its internal structure as some points about its
external m(»rphology such as its size, and the form of its sporophylls,
especially in relation to their protection of sporangia. Besides, a comparison
between its sporophylls and those of the cones of some other species of the
genus is attempted with regard to their protection of sporangia.
A paper on ' The Cones of the Genus Selaginella' was published in the
'Annals of Botany" in July 1910 by Miss M. G. Sykes and Mr. ^\ . Stiles,
where also the ditierent kinds of sporophylls were described in relation to
their protection of sporangia, but the peculiar conditions found in the
species S. palH(U:>dm(i, were not noted (9).
The material of 'S'. ^j«//<Vfe.>7H(«, >S. chnjsocaulo'<, and S. chrysorrltizit.'' was
collected by Professor Siiiv Kam Kashyap of the Lahore Government
College and the writer at Simla at a height between o.UOO and 7,00r) feet
above the sea level. Part of it was preserved in alcohol, and the rest
dried up. <S'. cerjif/is, S. Eiioneliana, and S. riiiculosa were obtained fresh
from the Lahore Botanical Gardens. *V. spinosa, tS. Martfusii and 'S. /./•«?<•<-
slt//ia were obtained as preserved material from England.
General.
Bakur in his ' Handbook of the Fern-allies' puts the species .S'. paUidis.dina
in the Sub-genus 'Homostachys", in which the ordinary leaves are of two
kinds and spreading in two planes, and the ' bracts ' also are dimorphous, the
smaller • bracts' being in the same plane as 'the smaller more ascending"
leaves (1). There is only one more species, <S'. cilian's, in the Sub-genus.
The latter is found in Ceylon. Goebel in his ' Organo-sfraphy of Plants'
puts these two species in the group ' Platystachyete" with the ' first kind of
flowers', the second kind of 'dowers' bemg ' inverse-dorsiventral ' (5). He
points out that in the second kind of 'flowers', 'the larger sporophylls
wiiich stand upon the upper surface of the axis form a protective cover to
the whole flower, and this — as well as the increased capacity of assimila-
tion established by these leaves— is, to speak teleologically, the reason
why the sporophylls of the upper surface are dili'erent from the foliage
leaves of the upper surface.' Thus he explains the rarity of the first kind
of ' t1owt>rs' by assuming that the ' inverse-dorsiventral flowers' are more
utilitarian. The wide occurrence of the species 'S. pulUdi^sima, therefore, in
the North-west Himalayas becomes (juite interesting, especially when com-
bined with some abnormal conditi<uis in the cone, and the existence of
peculiar vegetative buds at the tip of some branches.
The stem is nuich inter-matted, 8-1 o cm. in length, and generally creep-
ing, only the cones being ascending in position. The main stem is
repeatedly forked, the branches being more or less alike. The ^cx)nsecutive
leaves of the lower plane are jjlaced at a distance of about 1-7") mm., and
those of the upper plane at a distance of about 1-5 mm., from each other.
Branched rhizophores are givun off at each dichotomy of the stem. Most
of the branches end iu a short swollen bud (Fig. 1. B) while a few are not
swollen at all at their tips. Miss Bancroft in her paper on ' Vegetative
Journ. -Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
F\G.8.
THE CONE UF SELAGl}^KLLA J'ALJJJjJSSJMA, >v
{For Explanation of I ujuies, sec end of article-)
COXJ: of SELAdiyEI.LA PALLIDI^SIMA. L^s.-»
roproductiitn in some Indian SelnjJiinellus' has described ' surface-tubers' in
.S. c/iri/s'icdKl-js, which provide for vegetative proiuiiiatiou in that species
{2). The buds in V. jxillidi.-^simu are nuieh smaller, though (piite as compact
as those of 'S. chiy.<ocaido.<. The writer has not been able to liud any begin-
nings of rhi/.ophorea in them, so that he cannot sny whether or not these
correspond to the ' surface-tubers' of .S. cltriinocaidos. He tliitdcs that tliey
might be of the nature of ' winter-buds' of the higher plants, which simply
protect the growing apex from inclement weather.
The Cone.
Tiie cone generally forms a branched structure up to ."» cm. long (Fig. '2).
Baker, however, gives ^--1 inch as the size of the cone (1). This is due, per-
haps, either to his not recognizing the branched nature of the cone, or his
examining only very small specniiens. The branched nature is clearly
proved by the presence of sporangia in the whole of the branched structure
(Fig. '!). Besides, it is not uncommon to find indiviilual fertile branches
measuring about o"5 cm. in length. The sporophylls are not situated
very compactly on the axis, but are placed at a little distance — about ■(>
mm. in the lower and 'lo nun. in the upper si)orophylls — from each other,
so that portions of the axis lying between the consecutive leaves are clenrly
visible through the upper sporophylls (Fig. ^^, ax). The sporangia, as a
rule, lie in the axil of the sporophylls of the lower plane onlj', the upper sporo-
phylls being generally sterile. This peculiaritj' is very interesting, because
as far as the writer could find out it is supposed that in the genus >Se/fi>/i)ir-lla
each of the sporoi)hylls, except sometimes the basal ones, has a sporangium
in its axil. Miss Mitchell in her paper on 'The Anatomy of the (ienus
Selagineila" writes, ' The leaves,' meaning those of the cone, • are hollowed
to acconmiod;ite the sporangia which arise one in the axil of each leaf'
(8). Bower in his book ' The Origin of a Land Flora ' says: 'In fai't its
(of sporangium) position may vary in diti'erent species, though the numerical
relation of one to each leaf is strictly maintained' (3). These assertions
might n\ean that only ow sporangium — imf tiro cr more — is found in the
axil of each sporophyll, or that cncli sporophyll bears a sporangium in its
axil. Miss Mitchell actualU' says that in the elongated cones of S Iwhetica,
.">'. Walichii,S. orei/ana and S.JlnheUata the middle region is freipientl}' sterile
(8). Campbell, however, clearly writes on this point that ' the basal leaves
of the strobilus may be sterile, but usually each sporophyll subtends a
sporangium ' (4). In all the species which the writer examined, except X.
imlVulUdma each sporophyll did subtend a sporangium. The total absence
of the sporangia from the axil of the upper sporophylls, therefore, becomes
very characteri.stic.
The distribution of sporangia on the cone is usually indiscriminate, the
megasporangia not alwaj's being confined to the basal regions. In number
the latter are comparatively fewer than the microsporangia. A megaspor-
angium on an average measures -8 mm. across, and a microsporangunn
•6o mm. along the long axis, the latter being ' saddle-shaped'.
Inequality in the size of mega-spores is also not uncommon, sometimes
the whole cone having its megasporangia each containing two large and
two small megaspores. The megaspore ordinarily measures about ••'Jo mm.
across, but in cases of inequality of spores, the big megaspore measures
about •4 mm. and the small one about "1 mm. in diameter. The microspore
measures about 'Ol mm. across. The colour of megasporangia is yellow
and that of microsporangia brownish red.
The sporophylls are dimorphotis and ' homostachous'. Those of the lower
plane are ovato-cordate, erecto-patent, shortly ciliated and slightly
i'86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETl , Vol. XXV.
imbricated, measuring about 1"7 mm. in length and 1 mm. in breadth (Fio-s.
4 & 5). The long axis of each sporophyll is at an angle of about ()0° to
that of the stem bearing it (Fig. 3). The sporophyll is clearly oblique ;
the half nearest the stem-axis is much bigger than the one away from it,
and is besides much more lengthened out, and rounded at the base than
the other half (Figs. 4 & o). This stretched out portion partly goes under
the stem-axis, and has a depression for lodging the sporangium. The rest
of the sporophyll is quite flat and there is no dorsal flap or ridge at all as
described by Sykes and Stiles iu the species IS. jrumJla, iS. helvetica, and
<S'. caulescen.'i (9).
The sporophylls of the upper plane are cordate, patent, slightly ciliated
and much imbricated (Fig. 6). Each is shortly stalked and measures about
1-3 mm. in length and 1 mm. in breadth; thus it is comparatively broader
in form than the sporophjdl of the lower plane. Its long axis is at an angle
of about 30° to that of the stem (Fig. 3). It is quite flat and symmetrical
and there is no dorsal flap or ridge.
The protection of sporangia is very characteristic in this species. They
generally arise in the axils of sporophylls of the lower plane only. Each
sporangium is lodged in the depression found iu the stretched out basal
part of the sporophyll as mentioned above. The upper surface of the
sporangium is covered partly by the stem and partly by a portion of
that half of the next higher sporophyll of the upper surface which is away
from the axis. This is made possible by the sporophylls of the two planes
being inserted at different angles to the stem-axis as noted above. The
greater part of the upper sporophyll simply spreads over the stem, while
the greater part of the lower ones spreads out free from the stem ; thus the
greater part of both kind of sporophylls is easily accessible to light for
assimilation. The sporangium is placed between the overlapping por-
tions (Fig. 3). In this way each sporangium is, as it were, enclosed, in
a chamber formed by the basal parts of the lower and upper sporophylls
and a p<»rtion of the stem. This form of sporangium-protection gives
another reason why definite sterilizations are taken to be utilitarian. One
reason is given by Miss Mitchell who says that these sterilizations ' make
for the increased efticiencj^ of the spore production as a whole ' by preserv-
ing ' the balance between the spore producing and the vegetative parts '
(8). The additional function of protecting the sporangia can also clearly
be attributed to the sterile sporophylls of S. paUidissima. Here the laminas
of two sporophylls, both practically flat, take part in the protection of one
sporangium.
General Considerations.
The chief peculiarities in the cone of S. pril/i<li.tsi)iia can be summed up as
its comparatively great size, branched nature, loose insertion of sporo-
phylls, very little diS'erence between the sporophylls and the ordinary
vegetative leaves in structure and form, indiscriminate distribution of
mega — and micro -sporangia, occasional inequality of size in mega-spores,
saddle-shaped microaporangia, absence of sporangia from the axils of
unper sporophylls, and the peculiar method of protection of sporangia
by the sporophylls. The great size, branched nature, and loose in-
sertion of sporophylls clearly show that the cone is not much highly
advanced towards 'flower' formation. Indiscriminate distribution of
mega — and micro-sporangia also tends to show the same according to
Mitchell (8). A tranverse section of the stem shows that the species
belongs to S. Marten.m group of Harve3'-Gibjon, which is taken as a
primitive form of stem structure in the genus SelafpnelUi (6). The steni is
cuxic OF sela(!1m:li,.\ i'aludissima. 2.s;
mono-stclio juid ribbt'ii-shapiil with two protoxylem irnmps, oiu' at each
t'lul. Further, acconliiiii to Syl<es and JStili-s tlio SiuUllu-Jike shapo of
Ujicro-sporaniiia also indicates the priniitiveness of the cone (ii). Then again,
the ' hi'inostachous' arrangi'ineiit of s[>orophyn8 also proves the same fact (vJ).
Thus it can be easily eoiicluded that -S. jic/fii/fi^uiKt is onu of the simplest of
the dorsiventral species of Scla'jinclla. Sterilization of iip]>er sporophylls,
however, seems to show that the cone is not so primitive as it otherwise
appears to be. Tiie line of sterilization in this species is qnite dill'erent
from that of other species. Sterilization in other species begins from the
base i>f the fertile branches and proeieds towards the apex ; but in S.
/la/liifisfimd sterilization takes place ni the sporophylls of the upper plane
only. In this connection it is interesting to note that Professor Kashyap
informs the writer that he in very rare eases actually found one or two
sporophylls of the upper surface having sporangia in their axils, forming
as it were an intermediate stage. As already pointed out, this kind of
sterilization is utilitarian, because it helps in the protection of sijorangia
besides preserving ' the balance between the spore producing and the
vegetative parts." This also explains the fact why the cone has a loose
nature and is much bigger than that of most of the other species.
The peculiar arrangement for the protection of sporangia and specially
the absence of any dorsal flap in the sporophylls becomes interesting in
view of the assertion of Sykes and Stiles, who believe that the enfolding
of the sporangia by the associated sporophyJl is higher than the dorsal
flap arrangement (9). For this purpose the cones of the following species
were also examined to see the nature of dorsal flap in their sporophylls : —
I. IJadial Cones —
(a) S. spinosa,^.^. Aethog., has a very slight dorsal swelling.
(//) >S. Emmclianci, Van Geert., and 'S'. viticulosa, Klot, have a slight
dorsal ridge (Fig. 7).
(c) iV. sei-pens, Spr., has a better developed dorsal ridge with
lateral prominences (Fig. 8).
{(1) S. Martensii. Spr., has better formed lateral projections on the
dorsal ridge.
{e) S. krausnfina, A. Br. (Figs. 9 A: 10) has a very well formed
dorsal flap, with a depression in the middle and a promi-
nence at each side with a socket in each, in which the spor-
angium from below flts. The sporangium vertically below
the sporophyll tits in the middle depression.
II. Dorsiventral Cones —
(«) In S, chryxocaulos, Spr., the smaller sporophylls, that is those of the
lower plane, have a shallow depression at the base, and a big free dorsal
transverse wing, a little notched in the middle. The bigger sporophylls or
those of the upper plane are a little folded and have a long dorsal flap along
its long axis, as figured in Goebels 'Organography of Plants, ' Vol. 11, page
o07 {'•>). Besides, each has a transverse dorsal ridge prominent at one side,
namely, that underthe stem. This little projection takes part in protecting
the sporangium of the lower plane, situated just below the sporophyll. The
si)orangium is thus protected by the associated sporophyll, projecting from
the higher sporophyll of the upper plane, and the dorsal transverse flap of
the higher sporophyll, of the lower plane.
{b) 8. c/i)-i/soir/iizos, Spr., has the same conditions in the sporophylls as
•S. chri/socaulo!' except that the upper sporophylls have a better formed dorsal
transverse ridge, and also that the lower sporophylls have a bigger dorsal
flaj) with no notch in the middle.
It is interesting to note that according to Hieronymus these species
make an ascending series (7). Thus the series of the radial cones would be
1^88 JOURyAL, BOMBAY XATURAL HL'ST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
arranged as »S'. spmoscf. S. Euniudiana, S. riticulosa, S. serpen.?, S. Marten<ii
and 'S'. hramtsiana : and that of the dorsiventral ones as S. paUidixsima, 'S.
chvysocaulos and S. c/nysorr/iixos. It has been seen that the above series show
the serial grades in the development of the dorsal flap of the sporophylls.
It seems probable, therefore, that the dorsal flap has been evolved over
again, in the genus Sda;/ineUa, and not inherited from ancestors resembling
Lycdpod'mm, as suggested by 8ykes and Stiles (9). It is quite possible that
it is produced on account of the gradual compactness of the cone, and the
consequent compression brought on the sporophylls. Besides, the better
protection of sporangia obtained by the dorsal flap arrangement also
suggests that the possession of a dorsal flap by the sporophylls is more
advanced.
SUM.MARV.
Thti cone ni Schif/mc/la ]>allidi.-<sima is a, branched stracture up to '5 cm.
in length. The sporophylls are very little dift'erentiated from the ordinary
vegetative leaves and are inserted quite loosely on the axis, so that the
ccme does not at all form a separate compact structure. The sporophylls
of the upper plane are quite sterile and only those of the lower plane have
sporangia, one in the axil of each sporophyll. Mega — and micro-sporangia
are distributed indiscriminately on the cone. Sometimes mega-spores are
unequal in size. Microsporangia are 'saddle-shaped.'
The cone can be taken to be a very primitive one on account of its big
size, branched nature, loose insertion of sporophylls, little dift'erentiation of
the latter from ordinary foliage leaves, and indiscriminate distribution of
mega — and micro-sporangia on the aiiis. The absence of any dorsal flap
or ridge on the comparatively simple sporophylls of S. pnlliiUsMma and a
comparison of the more complex sporophylls of >^. ^plnosa, S. Emniel iana . .\
serpens, >S. Martensii, S. krausxiana, 'S'. c/aysocaulos and 'S'. cliri/sorrkizos, tend
to show that the presence of the dorsal flap in the sporophylls of Sdaffinelln
is not primitive, but has been evolved in the genus.
The writer's cordial thanks are due to Professor Shiv Ram Kashyap for
kindly allowing him to use his material and for many corrections and sug-
gestions in the paper.
Literature Cited.
1. Baker, J. (i. — • Handbook of the Fern-allies,' 1S87.
2. Bancroft, N, — 'Note on Vegetative Reproduction in some Indian
Selaginellas.' Annals <if Botany, Vol. XXVIII.
3. Bower, F. O.— • The Origin of a Land Flora, ' lOOS, page 315.
4. Campbell, D. H. — ' The Structure and Development of Mosses and
Ferns,' 19 lo, page .j23.
o. Goebel, K. — ' Organography of Plants, Part II.' English Translation,
1905, pp. o07-o08.
0. Harvey fiibson, R. J. — "Contributions tow arils a Knowledge of the
Anat(miy of the (ienus >SeU((jineIla, Spr., Part I, The Stem.' Annals of
Botany, Vol. VTIl.
7. Hieronymus, (!., in lingler and Prantl's ' PHanzenfamilien under
Selaginellacte.
8. Mitchell, (Gertrude. — ' Contributions towards a Knowledge of the
Anatomy of the (renus Selaginella. Spr., Part V, The Strobilus'. Annals
of Botany, Vol. XXIV., No. XCIIL Jan. 1910.
9. Sykes, M. G., and Stiles, W. — 'The Cones of the Genus Selagi-
nella". Annals of Botany, Vol. XXIV, No. XCV, July 1910.
com: of SELAdlMlLL.l l'ALLlI)IS>iIMA. i>8!>
Exi'LAXATION OK TIIK FllilRES.
Figure 1 — A snuill branch of S. paUidiKninHi to show vegetative biuls at
B. (;x by .-,).
Figure "J- A whole branehoil cone of S. ralli'Iissiina, seen from the lower
surface. Sp. s|ioraiigiuni. (x by "j).
Figure 3 — A small portion of the eone of <V. /xi/hdtssima, seen from above.
Ax. stem-axis, seen through the u])p(!r sporophylla. ( x by 8).
Figure 4 — Left hand sporophyll of the lower plane of .V. /inf/idissima. Sp.
sporangium, (x by :.'(>).
Figure •") — IJight band sporoi>hyll of the lower plane (jf -V. jialUdisaima.
D. depression for the sporangium. ( x by 2(J).
Figure (i— llight hand sporophyll of the upper plane of S. palliditaima.
vXbyi'O).
Figure 7 — Sporophyll of S. Emmolianft seen from the dorsal side. D. 1.'.
dorsal ridge. ( x by '20).
Figure 8 — Sporophyll of >'. sfi-pens, seen from the dorsal side. ( X by '20).
Figure 9 — Sporophyll of >S'. kraux-^iana, seen from the dorsal side. M. D.
middle depression ; L. S. lateral sockets. ( X by 20).
Figure 10 — Sporophyll of the same, seen from above. L. S. lateral
sockets. ( X by '20).
29(1
PRELIMINARY NOTES OX A RECENT BOTANICAL
TOUR TO THE HIGH WAVY MOUNTAIN
(S. INDIA).
BY
E. Blattek, S. J., AND Pkof. F. Halldekg.
Early this year we asked Major Gage, the Director of the Botanical
Survey of India, to suggest a spot which was not known botanically. It so
happened that he was just touring in S. India, looking out for land suitable
for cinchona plantations, and he had visited the higher levels of most moun-
tains of S. India. He advised us to pay a visit to the High Wavy Moun-
tain, provided we were ready t<> rough it. As to the latter point there
was not the slightest reluctance on our part: but before we start on a
tour, we always like to know, at least approximately, the geographical
[lositiou of the country to be visited. So far we knew we had to go south ;
Lut this was about all. We consulted the Imperial Gazetteer, but the
High Wavy Mountain was not to be found, and the sheets of the Atlas
volume are not on a sufficiently large scale to contain many of those multi-
syllabic names of the Tamil language. We procured the latest Survey
maps of S. India, and on one of them we came across the name of the High
Wavy Mountain. But the contours were not given. There was only a
blank space with the following words printed in it : " High W^avj' Mountain,
forming the source of the Shurly, overrun with dark impenetrable forest."
That much at least was sure that the mountain in question was situated
in the south-western corner of Madura District, on the frontier of Travan-
core. We expected more detailed inforjuation from the District Gazetteer
i)f Madura ; but we were sadlj' disappointed. The essence of all the infor-
mation derived from it may^ be expressed in the Gazetteer's own words :
•• The High Wavy is the least known part of the hills of Madura, and is
infested with elephants." If Major (iage had not indicated the route we
had to take, 1 am afraid we should still be in search of the High W^avy
Mountain. We left Bombay at the beginnuig of Ma^^ accompanied by
Mr. Almeida, Assistant Professor of Biology at St. Xavier's College, who
was expected to pay special attention to the ferns, Mr. Prater of the Bom-
bay Natural History Society who was sent as collector for the Mammal
Survey, and Mr. Vakil who intended to collect the fungi and lichens of
that area. In Madras we made a last attempt to get a good map of the
country we were to examine. All we were able to i^rocure was the Madura
District map (without hills) for the use of touring Officers. AVe continued
our railway journey down to Amraayanj'^akkauur, perhaps better known
under the name of Kodaikanal Koad Station. Here we bought oar provisions:
a sack of rice, flour, salt, pepper, cofl'ee and sugar. We had to do (iO miles
in a bullock cart before we could expect to reach Kambam, a small town at
the foot of the High Wavy. Our road first went due west to Perij'^akulam,
a town south of the Palni Hills. From there we entered the Kambam
Valley in a south-western direction, walled in on both sides by high pre-
cipitous mountains. To the right we had the continuation of the Palni
Hills, the so-called Cardamom Hills, and to the left the Varushanad and
Andipatti Kange, an outlier of the Western Ghats. We did the journey in
'24 hours, without a break. We were not sorry when we arrived at Kam-
bam and M'ere allowed to have a day",s rest at the Forest Hanger's Office,
which Mr. Jackson, the Conservator of Forests, had kindly put at our
isposal.
To the east of Kambam a beautiful waterfall is visible in the upper third
<>f a high mountain. This was pointed out to us as the river that drains
the High Wavy. At last we had got a glimi>se of the mountain that nobody
A bOTAMVAL lOlU 1 .\ s. IM)IA. I'Hl
set'ini'J to know . It rost- boforo lis. stot>ii and precipitons. We wore told
that a forest road k-ads np to tlio top, wliuro a forust hnt woidd bo ready
ti> receive us. We ilecided to start early next niorniug. Bnt it was not
sToinii to be early, owintj to the late arrival of the coolies. It was a stiff"
climb of ten miles in the scorching heat of the snn, with no food and with
very little and bad water. All onr scientific interest was j^one and we did
not care a straw for plants during those hours, and I made up my mind
never to go in for botany in future. It was t)idy later on during our di'S-
cent that we ni>ticed that the lower slopes are well covered with deciduous
forest. The lower region contains a C'l/acs, one or two species of Plianix,
Anof/tissus latif'ilid, Ad'tna cordlfn/in, /ht/fn-r'/ia pfitiicii/ffta, I'tcrucarpus mrir-
.<i(/>iu»i, Sc/iIcicJiera trijui)a, and other marketable timber trees, and also the
rare AquUana (if/aUoc/ia, the " scented eagle wood " of commerce. The
upper part of the deciduous zone produces blackwood (JU(l/)pr(/ia latifnHa),
Ldj/t'i-xtriviiiia )uicrocarpa, and some teak of fair size. Above the deciduous
zone there follows a belt of bare, rocky grass land. The top of the hill
tjonsists of an \nululatiug plateau, perhaps l-l scpiare miles in area, which is
entirely covered with a continuous, dense evergreen forest which runs down
in long irregularly shaped masses for a considerable distance into the valleys
on either side. It was in this part of the mountain, at about o,I00 feet alti-
tude, that most of us reached the forest hut towards sunset. We had to
cross an elephant trench in order to reach it, and the two rooms were just
biir enough to accommodate our camp beds. As we wanted to make
this hut our headquarters, the first thing to do was to make a time table
and to fix on a menue. We decided to go out at daybreak, to return be-
tween 1 and 4 p.m., after that to press plants till sunset. The menu
caused us very little trouble. Tli-^re was no quarrel about the choice and
sequence of the courses :
Early morning: Cafe noir with native bread.
Lunch : l\ice and pejiper sauce with cafe noir.
Dinner : Rice and pepper sauce with cafe noir.
It happened once or twice that Mr. Prater shot a giant squirrel, and
when he had removed and bottled everything that science claimed, we
were alLnved to make a meal of the rest.
In spite of the meagre fare we have been able to make a complete
botanical survey of the whole plateau, i.e., of a belt between 4,000 and
5. .100 feet. The Sur\-ey map speakes of a dark impenetrable forest. This
is literally true. You are free to examine the vegetation only along the
solitary forest road, or on a path where an elephant has trodden before, or
along a water course, if you like to walk for half a day in water up to your
knees. A very few small bare patches exempted, the whole plateau forms
luie huge evergreen forest. The trees stand dense, have generally a
rounded head, and rise to an enormous height. It is, therefore, very
difficult to get at their flowers and fruits. In most cases it is impossible to
climb the trees. Itopes and hooked knives on hmg sticks are useful under
•ordinary circumstances, but up there they could rarely be used. In many
cases the gun was the only instrument to get leaves and flowers down.
The stems are usually straight and so close together that huge trees, whose
lower parts have decayed, are kept in position by their neighbours. The
upper part of the stem and the branches are covered with epiphytic vegeta-
tion, usually ferns, orchids, species of I'lprr, and especially of Kcndiiclda
nalheri, one of the most beautiful plants liulia has produced, not to men-
tion a great profusion of the most varied mosses and lichens and parasitic
species of Lorfmthn.^ and Viscuiii . The undergrowth of the forest is dense
and high, and perfectly impenetrable, uidess you constantly use your hatchet.
It is, however, no pleasure cutting down siliceous bamboos and spinous
292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Calami, when you have to disentangle yourself after every stroke. The
elephants have done pioneer work in that direction. We are only sorry
that we never met one of that tribe in order to express to him our deep-felt
gratitude. We must, indeed, be grateful to them ; but for them our harvest
would have been a poor one. We are strongly in favour of a law protecting
that most scientific of Indian animals.
There is scarcely any herbaceous vegetation under the trees. The
evergreen forest can at once be distinguished from the deciduous one by
the almost total absence of grasses. It was only on bare rocky spots or
along the water courses that we found a varied herbaceous flora. Several
species of Impaiirms and Bef/onia, Utricularia, Klufjia notoniana, Viola,
Thalictrum Jacanicum, Polyyala, Drosera, Burmanni<'., Lobelia, Kalancfw, etc.,
were found in those localities.
The ferns deserve a special note, and I have to thank Mr. Almeida for it.
A few hundred feet from the foot of the mountain we meet those ferns
which are able to withstand the heat of the sun and long periods of
drought. Adiantum caudaium first makes its appearance. Higher up the
beautiful little Actinopteris, which is likewise an inhabitant of dry rocky
places, attracts our attention, and from the crevices in the rocks project
the heart-shaped fronds of Hemionitis. The hardy Sc/iizoloma ensifolia and
the bracken fern {Pteiis aiiuilina) occur higher up at about 3,000 feet
elevation. But the favourite habitat of the ferns is the evergreen forest,
where shade, shelter, and abundance of moisture have given rise to their
most luxuriant development. There in the twilight of the forest, the
Aspleniece vie with each other in the delicacy of their foliage. Of the
Aspidieee the most interesting plant is Oleundra musafolia whose stem,
resembling a serpent, hangs down from the rocky ledge. The most favourite
spots, however, are the mossy banks of the brooks. It is here that we find
the gigantic tree-ferns. One of these, Cyathea spinulosa, acquires in some
places a height of 15-20 feet.
So far the general aspect of the vegetation. As to the exact composition
of the flora we shall be able to give accurate data after having worked out
the material. In the meantime it may suffice to indicate the chief distinc-
tive characters of the flora of tlie High Wavy Mountain, when contrasted
with the vegetatian of the Deccan. It is firstly the presence of a great
number of GuttifercE, Dipteroca)pace(e , Mijristicaceu, I'ulmcii, and Bambusea,
secondly, the great excess of species of Malayan type, especially Sterculiacew,
Anacardiacca:, Mcliacew, Avipelidace^:':, Gesneracea;, Piperacecc and Orckidacen;.
We have examined only a small part of about 2,000 specimens brought
home. The result seems to be satisfactory. Of Orchids we have described
(i new species and several varieties, of Vines about o species. Other orders,
too, seem to promise well. It is not astonishing in the least that there
should be many new species. If we consider that Fj'son has discov^ered 13
new species on the Nilgiri and Palni HiJls (above 6,500 feet) which had
been explored repeatedly by many botanists in the course of 150 years, it
is only natural that unknown forms should be found in a somewhat isolated
area, which has never been visited, not even by a collector. There are
many similar spots in India and of a much wider area, which are practi-
cally unknown from a botanical point of view.
Journ,, Bombay Nat. Hist. 8oc.
The Late Fh. DRECKMANX, S.J.
•2\r.\
OIUTrAUV NOTICE.
It is '>ur paiurul duly to record iu Ihii^ .loiirnal the death ot" two,
(.four uieuibers. r/,v., the Kev. Father V . Dreckuiauu, s..i.. and
Lt.-Col. K. Iv. Kirtikar. i.M..^. (Hetd.)
VxVA. I' ATI IKK I'. DillK'KMANN. s..i.
Fr. Dreekmann was lioni at Soest iu Westphalia ou the 1 J th
August 18-10 and joined the Society of Jesus at the age of nineteen.
After going tlirough tlie usual comprehensive course of philosophi-
cal, scientilic aiul theological studies, he was sent to India. It is in-
teresting to note that he was posted to this coimtry b}'' a mere acci-
dent. It was arranged that he was to goto Ecuador as Professor of
Physics, and lie had already begun to study Spanish when an inquirj'-
came from his superiors if he would proceed to India. He willingly
consented. Six weeks were all that was allowed to him to learn the
language iu iMiglaud, and at the end of that period he sailed for
India and arrived in Boniba}- ou the loth November 1874.
He was posted to St. Xaviers College. Being appointed to
superintend the boarding establishment for a few months, he
was soon made Professor of Physics. A former student of his
writes ot this period : '• Being of a scientilic turn of mind and
having a natural predelection for scientific pursxiits, Fr. Dreek-
mann had devoted considerable attention in his student days to
the study of science and thoroughlj?- mastered its principles. Alathe-
matics and Phjsics were his speciality. Having a clear intellect
and a powerful memory, thouiih hampered by a weak husky voice, he
soon succeeded iji arrestino- attention and oainedthe confidence of his
students. Talkiny' of his memory, I am reminded of his habit
of working out the most difiicult problems in Trogonometry and
Physics from memory alone, without touching the black-board, and
inculcating the same habit upon us. Whetlier it was a problem
iu Heat or Soiind, or a complicated example in the co-etiicient ot
friction, the same method was followed, and when, at the end,
the qiiestion was put to us, as was his wont, ' \^ it clear?", and
the whole class with one voice answered : ' No, Father, it is not ! '
it was a stud}- to watch his face, simple, innocent, guileless, won-
dering for the nonce how a set of rational beings could reall}^ be
incapable of understanding 'such a simple thing.' ""
In 1884, Fr. Dreekmann was made Principal of St. Xavier's
College. In 1882 already he had been elected a Fellow of the
Bombay University and was a member of the Syndicate for over
'20 j^ears. That his work in the educational line was appreciated
w'Q may judge from a few remarks made l)y the Director of Pidjlic
Instruction in his oflicial report for 1902-07 : " The Principal,
Fr. Dreekmann, is one of the oldest members of the University,
-and one of its wisest and most trusted advisers."'
294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY XATUliAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX]'.
But thei"e were other splieres of his activit}' in ^\']lich he was-
.equally useful. He was a zealous and enthusiastic student of Natural
History and a prominent member of our Society almost from its
very beginning. He contributed some interesting notes to tlie
earlier volumes of our Journal and the very first plate published liy
the Society belongs to an article on " An Undescribed Hamalopsida"
from the pen of Fr. Dreckmann. He was a member of the
jNIanaging Committee, acted as one of the Vice-Presidents for a
number of years, and was President of the Reptile and Fish Section.
I'rom early youth he took a delight in watching reptiles and
birds and later in life he made a special study of the snakes of the
Bombay Presidency. Dui'ing his holidays, which he alwaj^s spent at
Khandala, he would wander about in the wild romantic ravine that
stretches out between the '• Reversing Station " and the " Duke's
Nose," and study its fauna and flora. Bloodsuckers, scorpions,
spiders, jungle cats, snakes and other interesting denizens of the
wilds of nature were the most favourite objects of his observations.
He knew how to catch alive the most deadly snakes, with an almost
uncanny calmness, and would watch their habits in captivity. A
considerable part of the biological collections of St. Xavier's College
consists of reptiles Avhich he had caught and prepared himself,
b'r. Dreckmann was not a writer and very little has been published
itnder his name ; but many a scientific article written by others,
has been enriched by his valuable accurate observations.
In 1910, Fr. Dreckmann retired from the post of Principal which
he had occupied for a full quarter of a century-. He would lui\e
no farewell meeting or ceremonies of any kind. He disappeai-ed
from Bombay and took refuge in his favoui-ite place, Khandala.
Biat the loneliness of St. Xavier's Sanatorium, and the piercing-
winds that blew there from the Deccan during the cold season, were
too much for him, and by the middle of Febriuar}^ 1911 he returned
to the College. There he spent some quiet years, till about 18
months before his death the sufferings of old age confined him to
his room. This was a severe trial for one of so great natural energy
and intei'est.
Fr. Dreckmann died on the 7th June of this year. We liave
lost in him a man of deep conviction, transparent sincerity, and
unflinching courage in expressing liis opinion. He would stand no
nonsense, there was no humbugging with him, lie hated cant and
Jiypocrisj^, he liked to deal with men who were sincere and upriglit
and anything savouring of underhand dealing was detestable to him.
All who have met him will remember his robust figxu-e, his dee])-set
piercing blue eyes, his l)lutt manner, and at times his scowling
looks, but they will, at the same time, never forget, that under the
grim exterior there beat the kindliest of hearts.
E. R.
ouirvAUY sorici:. -iwr,
I. ii-n. -('(■!.. K. i;. KiirriKAU. i.M.s. (ni-Ti>.)
Lii'ut.-Col. Kirtikar \v;vs l)oiii in Bombay on 21t]i .May Id-l'.V
After tlio usual (N^llc^e iHlucalion lio joined the (Jraut ^fedical
('ull»'l^-e in 1871 . Three years later lie left for England to compete
for the Indian Medical Service. He returned to India in 1877 and
was placed on general duty in l^oniba}-. When the Afghan \\;n-
hroke out he was on field service from 1878 to 1880. For his
gallant hehaviour at the battle of ^laiwand, Surgeon Kirtikar was
appointed Civil Surgeon of Thana in 1881. The following years
saw him in a ureat variety of offices. He was Fellow of the Bombav
University. Sj'ndic in .Medicine, Professor of Anatomy, ]5otany,
and Materia ^ledica at the (irant ^ledical College, and held in
addition a number of medical appointments. In 1902 he became
Brigade Surgeon- Lieut.-Col. In 1904- he retired after completing
the 55th year of his age and 27 years of useful and distinguished
service.
The interests of Lieut.-Col. Kirtikar were many and varied,
social, literary and scientiiic. There is specially one subject for
which he has shown not only a keen interest but also a marked
talent throughout his Avhole career, viz.. Botany. It was shortly
after his retirement from public service that I j>aid him a visit at
Andheri, which he had chosen as a residence" for the rest of his life.
I toiuid him amidst his books, chieHy botanic, and he delighted in
showino' me his valuable volumes, his microscopes, his collections
of dried plants, his water-colours of Alga? and Fungi, and many
other things that interest only an enthusiast. All this was the
result of his spare hours (for he had been a busy man) ; he had kept
liis e\-es open, he had read a good deal, he had seen much in many
lands, he had taken notes on many botanical subjects and jotted them
<lown in books and on slips of paper that were scattered all over
the library. There is no department in Botany, except perhaps
physiology, which he did not cultivate. To him personally this
wav of studying must have been a source of constant 1:)leasur<^ and
we do not blame him for having followed his own likings. But ii
we consider, what a talent like his could have achieved in the
advancement of botanical science in India, we can scarcely suppress
a feeling of regret at the thought, that there was not more method
and more concentTation in his way of working. These remarks,
however, nmst not close our eyes to the real value of the work
he has done. The many contributions to our journal were written
at a time when professional duties claimed all his energy, and it is
astonishing that he has been able to do so much. A posthumous
work of his on the '• Medicinal Plants of India" will soon see the
licrht, as he entrusted its publication to his friend 3Iajor B. D. Basu,
I. M. S.
i'9() JOUBNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, J'oL XXV.
I need not describe his character. Those who had the pleasxTi'e
of meetinp- him know onlv too well that by his death on 9th ]\Iav a
real gentleman and a faithful friend has passed from our midst.
E. li.
•J!»7
MISCKLLANKOrS NOTKS.
No. 1.— THE 1J1{P:ED1N(J OF THE AVHITE-EAIJED BULBIL
( M OL PA .STI-:S LE UCO 77*).
[n the Fauna (Volume 1, page 274) the breeding season of this species is
piven as " from May to August" ami the number of eggs laid as "three
or four."
In Hmne's " ^'ests and Eggs " (i)age 177 of Volume 1. 2nd Edition) it is
noted tluit it breeds "for the most part in .July and August in the Punjab,
but somewhat earlier in .Siudh. 1 have, even in Kajputana. seen eggs
towards the end of May, but this is the exception."
It may therefore be worth noting that the breeding season in this
district, wh'jre tlu- bird is Common, begins towards the end of March, and
that frequently not more than 2 eggs are laid.
1 give below jiarticulars of nests found this year: —
March I'Uth. A nest containing 3 eggs, slightly incubated.
1 egg, nest deserted,
hard set.
slightly incubated,
on the point of hatching,
incubation just begun.,
fresh.
incubated.
,, ,, .. ,, 2 half-fledged young.
1 of these nests was in a small Jhand tree {I'romjns spicij/c-ra), 1 in a Kari
bush {Capparis apliiflla), o in Ber bushes (Zi'zi/phus jujuia), and 2 in
>faikan(la grass.
H. W. WAITE.
Ferozpore, Prx.TAii, lit April 1017. Indian Police.
[In the British Museum there are two clutches from Jask taken by Mr.
S. Butcher on 23rd and 2i)th March lespectively — Eds.]
27Lh
>?
??
i egg
28th
>»
7?
2 egg
"
•*
)'
'J
• »
'?
l>
' •
)?
3 !!
•»
"^
J1
31st
.,
>>
3 „
No. II.— THE INDIAN GlIACKLE Oil "HILL MVNAH "
{GRACULUS INTEUMED1U!S) RESIDENT IN CALCUTTA.
1 send you the following information as it ma}- interest some of j'mir
readers. Last month while spending a week end at the Botanical C4ardens,
Sibpur, I was walking round the Gardens with the Curator and on
approaching some fine tall trees 1 was greeted by a familiar sound which
1 tlid not expect to find down here. On peering about I spotted a fair
number of Hill Mynahs in among the topmost branches of the Casuarina
and Mahogany trees. On pointing the birds out to my friend, he told me
that Lady Prain some 14 years ago lot 4 pairs of Gnaulux intfyhiedius loose
in the gardens and that ever since they had stayed and bred here. I think
this fact of the Hill Mynah having gone back to his wild state and doing
well in a climate like Calcutta is interesting.
A. E. LOWKIE, Capt., i.a.k.o.
COXTINENTAL HoTEL, CALCUTTA,
\'2th June Vm .
[Thoujrh called the " Hill "" Mynah this bird is not confined to the hills. It is
found in the Himalayas. Assam and Burma to Malay Peninsula, and in the Nepal
Terai, where it breeds and Ball recorded it from Ganjrpur, Jaipur. Bn-itar. iV:c.
A race is found in the Andamans.— Ed.s.^,
18
298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIHTY, FoL XNJ\
Xo. 111.— NOTE ON THE GREAT BROWN VULTURE
(VULTUE MONACHUS) IN CAPTIVITY.
Last May (1915) this young bird was brought in by a Wazir, who stated
tliat he had taken it out of a nest in the Marwattai mountains, N. W. of the
Wano Phiin, after shooting the parent bird. He said that the nest was at the
top of a large lir tree. The previous year when L was up in the Mar-wattais
in about the same phxce as this nest is said to have been found,! saw a nest
of a hirge vulture containing one young bird, and watched it from the to[)
of a cliff with my glasses. I think it was very probably the same nest.
When this young bird was brought ni to me it cannot have been more
than a few days old, and it was then covered with brovvnish-grej'^ down.
The cere was light pink and bill darkish at tip, irides yellowish, legs and
feet creamy white, and claws black. I fed it on raw meat and it grew
very fast. Photo 1 shews it as it was at about a month old. It had
Xo. 1.
then begun to grow long dark brown feathers on its oack. body' and wings,
and also the ruff at the back of its neck. At this time it was not strong-
enough to stand up. At hrst it would (uly feed from my hand and would
open its mouth like any other young bird to have the food dropped into
it, but after two or three days it took to feeding itself from a plate.
I kept it in a stable and after some days I noticed that the
walls all round up to about IS inches from the ground were covered
with its excreta. I could not understand tliis until one day 1 noticed
it shuffle backwards till it reached the wall, when it lowered its head,
raised its tail and squirted its excreta up on to the wall. Apparently
it always went through this perfoi-mance when it wished to relieve
nature. The only reason that 1 can think of for this is that while in the
nest it was probably in the habit of getting to the edge and relieving
nature over the side, and it was trying to do the same still. It did not
MISCJJJ.A .\ EOl'.S M) IJ-HS.
m\
V -s
^^
.No. _.
show any inclination to Hy for a long time and when it did seem to wish to.
it did not know how to. It would spread and flap its wings and jump up
into the air, but never got any distance off the ground until it was about
o mouths old, when it gradually took to taking short flights. It is now a
Xo. 3
::500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL lUST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXV.
yeai- old and can fly quite well, but it never leaves the Fort. It is quite
tame but does not (lare about being handled, although it will submit to
having the back of its head I'libbed. The last photo shews the bird in its
full plumage. It is now beginning to mult.
The description of the adult bird as given in Jerdon is correct, except
that the cere of my bird is almost salmon-pink, and the naked part of the
neck is dirty white with a very slight tinge of red. The leggs are creamy-
white and not dusky-yellow.
I have never seen another specimen of this vulture round Wano, though
the Common Brown Vulture and Bearded Vulture are common. I have
occasionally seen a pair of them on the banks of the Indus near Dera
Ismail Khan, and also near Murtaza at the foot of the hills.
[The above was written by the late Major F. L. Hughes, 20tli Brown-
low's Punjabis (South Waziristan Militia) about May 1916.
The vulture eventually disappeared in February 1917. having been in
Wano Fort for nearly '2 years. Major Hughes presumed that it fcew away
of its own accord.]
No. IV.— OCOUIIRENCEOFTHE ASHY W00D-PIC4E0X (ALSOCOMUS
rULCMRICOLLLS) IN THE JALPAlGUia DISTltlCT.
"While spending a holiday in the Duars with my friend Mr. E. O. Sheb-
beare of the Forest Service, he told me that he had procured this bird at
Gorumara on 1st May 1909. I failed to get the bird there myself and so
was very pleased when he sent me a skin of this bird a short time ago
which had also been got at Gorumara by Mr. W. P. Field and sent to
him for identification. Mr. Field has shot this bird before also at Goru-
mara during the cold weather, I miderstand, his second specimen being
got in March or April 1 believe.
Gorumara is about 13 miles as the crow flies from the foot of the hills, the
bungalow being situated in the forest. The general level of the country
where the bird is got is about 80U ft. above mean sea level and so is very
much lower than any of the elevations givf>n by Mr. Stuart Baker in his
"Indian Pigeons and Doves." Mr. Baker writes '' this Pigeon is found in
Nepal, Sikhim, and Tibet at elevations between 7,000 and 10,000 feet,
possibly descending a good deal lower than this in winter. " The lowest
elevation mentioned by him is 4,000 feet. It will be seen from those
Duars specimens that this bird is got at a very low elevation in summfr and
not only in icinter as presumed by Mr. Stuart Baker. It would appear
that this bird is a permanent resident at any rate in that part of the Duars.
From what Mr. Shebbeare writes, I understand they are fairl3' common
round about Gorumara. There is no mistake in the identification as I
know the bird well having shot it near Darjiling. Through the kindness of
Mr. Shebbeare, I have been able to send this interesting note.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
IJaghownik Fty., Lahekia Sakai,
ith June 1917.
No. v.— THE Bl!EEDIN(i OF THE GULL-BILLED TEKN
(<S' TER NA A NaLLCA ) .
As the information on record regarding the breeding of the Gull-billed
Tern within Indian limits appears to be confined to Hume's account of his
Mlscl.ILASKUU.S .SOJJC-S. .-.Ol
fiml of ;i siiif^ile ogij on tho Chenab on the I'Stli April 1H70, the following
note may be of interest : -
1 founil this speoies brceilinji on a sand-bank in the JJeas, near the jniu;-
tion with the Sntlej, on tho Itith April hist. Other species nesting; on the
same bank were the Indian ISiver Tern {^Sterna sema), The Indian Skiinnur
(li/ii/nc/i<ii)s: (tl/ticolliii) and the small Indian Pratincole {(ilaifola laclca).
1 connted 9 nests in all of iStcnia ant/Iicci, bnt there may have been one or
two more which were not noticed. They were all more or less grouped
with those of IStcnia ^eena, on tho middle, and hit];hest, portion of the bank,
where there were occasional small tufts of cfrass. In each case the nest
consisted of a slight depression in a tiny mound of sand, which in cme or
two instances appeared to have been scooped up by the birds. Every nest
coutaineil one or two small pieces of stick or other debris for the eggs to
rest on, except that in one case a little dry grass had been provided in-
stead. This fact alone would have served to distinguish the nests from
those of ^Sterna srena, which were invariably bare depressions in the sand,
one of the nest contained 1 egg only, while of the rest, three ccmtained '-'j.
and live '2. All the eggs which 1 took were perfectly fresh. I shot one bird,
a male, to make certain of identilication. The birds of this species did not
appear to be on particularly good terms with their neighbours, and I notic-
ed them ** having words with " Sterna seena and li/ii//ic/tcps aliicoUis on more
than one occasion. The two latter species, however, never seemed to
quarrel. Their nests were freely intermingled, although IHn/vcliopii albicoUi<
appeared to have a preference for absolutely bare sand without a trace of
vegetation.
The nests of Sterna seena were by far the most numerous. None con-
tained more than 8 eggs, and every egg which I took was perfectlj' fresh.
The same was the case with li/ii/nc/iops aliicuUifi.
Of all the denizens of the bank. Sterna seena resented my intrusion least,
whilst (ilareola lactea was the most perturbed. This was probably due t<>
the fact that the eggs of the latter species w'ere mostly in various stages
of incubation. All their nests were grouped together on one side of the
bank, not far from the water's edge. 1 found 3 eggs in one nest, but this
was the only case in which there were more than two.
A solitary pair of Black-bellied Terns [Sterna utelanof/aster) were noticed
flying over the bank, and their nest was afterwards discovered on the main-
land, some lo or 20 yards from the water's edge, lower down the river. It
contained two slightly incubated eggs.
This was the only nest found of this species. There were a few nests of
(ilareola lactea in the vicinity, none of which contained more than one egg.
H. W. WAITE,
Ferozepoke, Punjai!, Indian Police.
Zrd July 1917.
No. VI.— LATE STAY OF TEAL {XETTIVM CRECCA).
On the evenings of the 27th and 30th April and "ind May of this year
about 6-30 1'..m. 1 have seen three large flocks of teal flying north. Is this
not very late in the year i"
1 was standing in the same place on each evening and on each occasion
the flocks flew straight over my head.
I should be interested to hear whether it is usual for teal to stay so late
There were uncommonly scarce in these parts this year during tho shooting
season.
AcJAK, Malwa. C. I., E. J. D. COLVIN, Capt.
3/vZ Mai/ 1917.
:JO-J JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUliAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
No. VII.— THE HEIGHT AT WHICH BHIDS AKE ABLE TO FLY.
On page 006, No. 3, Vol. XXIV of our Journal, Mr. Hankin asks for
information on the above point, so the following may be of interest to him.
A few years ago I was stalking a herd of Bhurrel {Otis nahura). The herd
was browsing on the hill side about 1,000 feet above me and a sentry was
on the look out, motionless, on a iDrojecting ledge, so it behoved me to be
particularly careful. I had been for sometime reclining against a rock,
screened from those all seeing eyes by a juniper hedge, and biding my time
until thej^ should move on for their midday quarters. I had been amusing
myself watching a flock of choughs circling over a peak straight above the
sheep, with a powerful pair of Zeiss glasses (12 magnification), when into
my vision there came, what I, at iirst, took for a white feather floating across
the sky. This was followed by another and still another and interested
me not a little. I then steadied my glasses against my knees, and my
head against the boulder and looked niore carefully. I then thought they
must be white pigeons, but could not iniderstand what pigeons could be
doing at such heights. When they came directly over me, 1 was able to see
that they were not pigeons, as 1 could just make out the slow deliberate
beat of the wing of some very big bird, There were five altogether and
they came from the direction of the plains and were passing over in a north-
eastevl3'^ direction.
i could see no marking of any sort on them and they all appeared to me
to be pure white. The flight was that of a stork or crane.
A few slow deliberate flaps, and then a bout of sailing on still pinions,
the former indulged in at very long intervals. The birds were obviously
migrating though rather late in the year (end of May), and assuming they
were storks or Siberian Cranes, i.e., birds about 10 feet or so from tip to tip,
at what height must they have been flying above me, to appear the size of
piget)as through a powerful glass, on an absolutely clear morning, in such
clear atmosphere Y
I was at the time at between 14,000 and lo,000 feet above sea level.
They crossed the range of mountains into Spiti.
In conclusion 1 may add that the Lammergeyer {Gjipa'ctus havhattut), the
Himalayan Grifl'on {Gj/ps Idnialni/ensis) and Choughs (yellow-billed) (Pijrr/io-
cura.r aljmms) may often be seen at 16 to 18,000 feet.
Dhakmsala, 10th April 1917. C. H. DONALD, f.z.s.
[Various observers have reiiarded the heights at which birds have been seen
In 18S0 W. E. D. Scott ijublished a note on two birds he observed thron.tih an as-
tronomical telescope at Prince town, U- S. A. He calculated the heiyiit the birds
were tiyinsi' at as bsin.u' about half a mile and he thoui^ht he could recog'nise the
species. Later F M. Chapman — in the " Auk" we believe — recorded some similar
observations in which he ^'ave the hei.uht to be from GOO ft. to 1,000 ft. and from
:!,nno ft. to l."),000 ft. Others have written their observations taken under similar
conditions but only r),40(J ft. ajipears to be tlie limit of altitude at which they have
observed birds in fli.yht. — Eu.s.]
No. VIII,— THE SPAN OF LARGE BIRDS.
On page 606 of No. 3 of Vol. XXIV of the Bombay Natural History
Society's Journal, Mr. Hankin asks the above question. He men-
tions having heard of an Adjutant, presumably LcptuptHux </u/nus which was
shot in India, as being 18 feet approximately. Surely this must be wrong:-*
1 have never measured an Adjutant but considering Blanford gives the
length of wing {i c, from the bend of the elbow to the tip of the longest
prinuiry) as only 3:2" it is hard to understand how one can possibly be 18
fL'Ct across.
I
MISVKI. LA.\ 1:0 1 's .\ 0 11 :s. ;;(.!
Ill tliL' case of most of the lariTi' birds of prey, if you take t)ii- span as
botweeii o ami 4 times the length of the wing, you will not be far wrong.
For instance : —
A. chri/sai'tu!^ — ^^'"g say :io", span 80 to 8H inches.
A. heliuca — AVing say i' J .\". sjian H:i" (a specimen carefully im-asured
by me lately).
(iijpactus IxirhatuK — Wing say 32", span 0 to 9,} feet.
This being tlie case it is hardly conceivable that any bird with a '.VI"
wing can possibly have a span of anything ajiproaching 1<S feet.
It is true that an Adjutant is a bigger bird than either of the above men-
tioned, and when seen soaring in companj' with Vultures, he certainly
looks bigger, but I should not think that there is much more than a couple
of feet, at most, between them. The Cinereous Vulture ( 7'. iiionackut^) and
the Himalayui.i (Irift'on {('//j*" /liitia/ai/m.n'i) with a wing measurement
of oU" in each case would probably have a spread of 10 feet or so, as they
appear, if anything, a trifle larger than the Lammergeyer on the wing, but
as I have never measured them I cannot speak with any degree of certainty.
Dirt'erenoes in size in the same species are of course, possible, but the
actual amount would not count for nmch, except in the case of a male and
female in which case there might be as much as a foot between a large
female and a small male, of the same species.
Any authenticated figures on the subject would be most interesting and
1 trust before long, some of our Members will oblige with their experiences.
DuAUMSALA, lOfA April 1917. C. H. DONALD, f./..s.
No. IX.— NOTES ON THE BIltD LIFE OF AHWAZ, PEP.SIA.
The following notes have been collected in the intervals of military dutv
whilst stationed at Ahwaz. I forward them for what they are worth: —
The Haven {Corcus cora.v). — Several pairs observed during Januarv.
February and March after which they disappeared, probably to breed.
Tlie Grey -backed AVarbler {Aedon familiaris). — Breeds at the beginning
of May. Constructs a rather obvious nest of sticks in a low bush, liniu"
the nest with the small cottony capitulated heads of a composite plant.
Eggs 4 in number almost identical in colouration with those of the Kino-
Crow of India. Spreads its brown chestnut tail at intervals like the Fan-
tailed Flycatcher.
The Olivaceous Tree-Warbler (llifpolaU pallida). — Fairly connnon.
Streaked Wren-Warbler {Prinia lepidu). — Breeds in small tamarisk
bushes along the banks of the Karun in May and June.
Lesser Grey Shrike {Laniu^ minor). — Shot a specimen in April 1917.
Pale-brown Shrike (Lanius ii^alicllinus). — Shot a specimen in April 1917.
< 'aucasus Starling (Stiirniis: vuh/ariK caurasiots). — Abundant during winter.
The WheatearChat {Sa.iicolu (vnanthc). — Shot a specimen in April 191 7.
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). — Exceedingly common.
The Ortolan Bunting {Euiberiza liortulana). — Shot a specimen in April
1917.
Swallow {Hirundo rustica). — Common. Breeds in April.
Sand Martin (Cotile riparia). — Fairly common.
Large Crested Lark (fr'a/fr<Vr? cristata ma'/na). — Common. Breeds in May.
Egyptian Nightjar {Caprimulf/us ceijyptius). — I found these birds paired
ni May but could not find their eggs.
Pale Brown Swift (C'///;.sy7«.s- murinus). — Common. Probably breeds here.
European Roller (Coracias r/arrula). — Common. Breeds in holes in the
banks of the Karun about middle of Ma}'.
304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY XATUllAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX V.
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merojin 2}ersicus). — Arrives in March and breeds
in May in the banks of the Karnn and in trenches around Ahwaz.
European liee-eater {Alenqjs apiaster). — Breeds in Maj^ and June in
similar situations to M. persictis.
Pied Kingfisher {Cerijle rudis). — Only a few pairs seen in the vicinity df
Ahwaz.
White-breasted Kingfisher {Halcyon smyrnensis) . — Bare around Ahwaz.
European Hoopoe {Uinipa epopn). — Fairly common during March and
April.
Black Kite {Milvus miyvans). — Common around Ahwaz in the winter and
early spring. Disappears as soon as the hot weather sets in.
Pale Harrier {Circus inacrnni-<).—^eeii only in Jauuary, February and
March.
Egyptian Vulture { Xcophron jy-rcnopterui). — Common. Breeds in March
and April.
Griffon Vvdture {(rypsf ulcus). — Common in spring of 1917.
Turtle Dove {Tuvtuv communis). — Appears in the corn fields when the
crops are ripe. Disappears with the advent of the hot weather.
Large pin-tailed Sand-grouse ( Fterocluvus alchata ). — Occurs around
Ahwaz and throughout desert tracks on both banks of the Karun in almost
inconceivable numbers. In the winter they keep for the most part in flocks
of enormous size. I never struck a drinking pool. They pair in April and
lay at the end of May and beginning of June. Clutches vary from 2-3,
more often the latter. No attempt at any nest, just a mere depression in
the ground serves their purpose. There seems to be a good deal of local
mioration. Towards the latter half of April 1 observed such an event at
Ahwaz. For almost a week hundreds of thousands of these birds could be
seen in tlie cool of the morning and evening flying almost dvie south. How
this bird manages to brood over her eggs on the bare ground, sweft at this
time of the year by violent sand storms, and in the appalling heat of these
parts passes my comprehension. There is great variation in the size and
colour of the eggs.
Spotted Sand Grouse {I^eroclurus seneyuUus). — Occurs around Ahwaz,
but is comparatively rare compared with P. alchata. Breeds there but i
never secured a clutch.
Black Partridge {Francolinus rulyaris). — Occur wherever there is favour-
able jungle.
^eesea {Ammoperdic bon/iami). — -Occasionally seen during the winter in
the small hills near Ahwaz.
Common Qivdil {Coturnis communis). — Saw a few during the early spring.
Common Crane {(j'rus communis). — Occurs and has been shot around
Band-i-Qir.
Little Bustard {Otis tetra.v). — Major Watts reports this bird from the
neighbourhood of Shush.
(ireat Bustard {Otis tarda). — Major Watts reports a flock of about t5 of
these birds o\i the Amarah-Shush road about one day's march beyond
Amarah. They were very wild and would let no one approach within 400
yards without taking wing.
Houbara {Houhara macqueeni). — Occurs around Ahwaz,
Stone Curlew {(Ivlicnemus scolopax). — Fairly common around Ahwaz
where it breeds in April and May.
Cream-coloured Courser {Cursorius yallicus). — Occurs sparingly arovnid
Ahwaz where it probably breeds.
Collared Pratincole {(rlarcola pratincola). — Exceedingly common around
Ahwaz in the spring and summer. Breeds in April and May. I found a
colony of about l-"> i)airs of these birds breeding on ati island in mid stream
MISCELLAXJJOUS yOTEs. :]().',
just below the Ahwa/. rapiils. Clutchos varied from -J-'.'j. Nest a meix-
hollow in the sauil genoniUy under the shade of the Camel Thorn bush
{Al/t(/t/i manorum).
Ked-wattled Lapwing (Sarcoyrammus /«^/tcMA}).— Fairly common. Breeds
in April and May.
Lapwing or Peewit ( Vanellus vulgans). — Found sparingly in the winter
months. Disappears in March.
White-tailed Lapwing {Vhcttusia leucuia). — Common after rain.
Caspian Sand-Plover {.Ei/ialitis asiatica). — Arrives in March and is found
in tlocks on the open plains. Disappears in April.
Kentish Plover [.Eyicditis ale.iandrinn). — Very common. Breeds in April
and May. Clutch normally three, sometimes two.
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus candidus) — Commcni after rain.
Avocet {Recitrvirastris avocetta). — Common in winter after rain.
Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa beU/ica). — Common after rain.
Spotted Redshank {Totamm /msc^«.«).— Shot two near Ahwaz in March
1917.
Ruff {Pavoncella puyna.x). — Shot a specimen at Ahwa/. on 29th March
1917. Saw a few others.
Dunlin [Triw/a cilpina). — Shot a specimen on 18th March 1917.
Common Snipe {Gallinayo cmlestis). — Common.
Woodcock (Scolopa.r rvMicola). — Recorded from Shush by Major Watts.
Laughing Gull {Lams ndibundus). — Common around Ahwaz in the spring.
White-winged Black Tern {Hydrocheledon leucoptera). — Saw a pair flying
up the Karuu, 13th May 1917.
Common Tern {Sterna Jiudatilis). — Saw 2 or 3 pairs around Ahwaz in
May, where it probably breeds.
Little Tern {Stei-na mimda) Black-shafted Ternliit {-Sterna munde •.««). —
Either one or the other, or possibly both of these species are found
sparingly on the Karun around Ahwaz, where thej-^ breed on the islands.
1 did not shoot any specimens.
Conimon Cormorant {F/ialacrocora r cnrho). — Saw a few small flocks of
these birds in the winter.
White Stork {Ciconia alba). — Common at Ahwaz in February and March
after rain.
Common Heron {Ardea cinerea). — Found sparingly on the Karun near
Ahwaz in winter and spring.
Bittern {Botauru-' stellaris). — Shot asingle specimen at Ahwaz in February
1917.
Grey Lag Goose {Anser ferus). — Found occasionally around Ahwaz in
the winter.
Sheldrake {Tadoitia cornuta). — Saw a pair at Ahwaz in February 1917.
Mallard {Anax boscas). — (*ommon.
(iadwall {Chaulelasinus xtreperus). — Shot a J in February 1917. Com-
mon at Shush.
Common Teal {Nettimn crecca). — Common.
Pintail {Da/ila acuta). — Common.
Shoveller {Spatula dypeata). — Common.
Marbled Duck {Marmaronetta angustiroxtris). — Major Watts records
this bird as breeding at Shush in May 1916. This is interesting. I have
already secured eggs of this species at Sonmeani on the Baluchistan coast.
Mr. Aitken also records it breeding on the Khushdil Khan Lake, Quetta.
It is almost certain also that it breeds sparingly in Sind. I quote the
following from ray note-book, 28th December 191o : —
'• Have just returned from the Manchar Lake, Sind. The Mohannas
tell mo that the Marbled Duck breeds on the lake iji fair numbers in
19
306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
favourable years. I have no reason for doubting this information as it was
volunteered, and moreover these Mohannas know the Sindhi and English
names of every duck to be found there. It seems to me that the Marbled
Duck must now be regarded as a regular breeder in Sind and Baluchistan.
Pochard or Dun-bird {Nyroca ferina). — Shot a J in February 1917.
Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, F. LUDLOW,
Mmj 1917.
No. X.— THE WEIGHTS OF PINTAIL AND FANTAIL SNIPE.
Since writing to you on 18th January 1915 on the subject of the com-
parative weights of Pintail and Fantail Snipe, I have now compiled the
figures for the past three seasons in this neighbourhood, and submit them,
as I think they may be of some interest. I shall be glad to hear if others
have carried out similar experiments, and to compare their results with
mine.
Season : September 1914 — March 1915.
The average weight of 375 Pintails was 3'90oz. while that of 151 Fantails
was 3" 25 oz.
Season: October 19l5--A2ml 1916.
The average weight of 998 Pintails was 3-81 oz. while that of 84 Fantail
was 3'51 oz.
Season: September 1916 — March 1917.
The average weight of 974 Pintails was 4'07 oz. while that of 63 Fantails
was 3"48 oz.
Very occasionally a big Fantail would be found, and 1 have a note of one
weighing 5^ oz., shot on 20th February 1916 and one of 5 oz. shot on 11th
March 1917.
The above appears to be conclusive that in Southern India at any rate
the Fantail Snipe is decidedly the lighter bird.
Jack Snipe have weighed from If to 2 oz.
The past season has been somewhat remarkable for the fact that not a
single specimen of Jack Snipe was seen, either by my shikari or myself,
though I know of two having been shot by another sportsman. My
previous experience has been that they make about ] per cent, of the bag.
Madura, S. India, R, F. STONEY.
24th June 1917.
No. XL— THE BRONZE-BACKED TREE SNAKE (DENDROLAPHL'^
TRISTIS) IN CENTRAL INDIA.
I send a snake. Is it not Dendrolaphis tristis? If so, Wall says: — ^Jour-
nal Vol. XIX, p. 786 — "It has not been recorded from Central India.
They are by no means uncommon in the teak forest here and are called by
the Bhils " Urni Saup," i.e., the flying snake. It is believed, as usual, to be
deadly.
The Agency, Manpuk, C.I., C. E. LUARD, Major.
4tk May 1917.
[ The snake sent by Major Luard proved to be Dendrolaphis ^m^^s.— Eds.]
No. XII.— THE BRONZE-BACKED TREE SNAKE {DENDROLAPHIS
TRISTIS) IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.
In Vol. XX, p. 857, Mr. Bernard Cooke records the occurrence of this snake
at Dhaura, which is about t.vo miles beyond the boundary of these Provin-
ces, and the other day I secured one at Nagpur ; it being the first I have
seen during the last six years. The great gap in its distribution in Central
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MISCELLAMIOUS NOTES. 307
luilia is thus briil^'td ovou by thc-so rucords, and it now remains to tiiid out
how far it extends northward into the United Provinces. There were no
specimens of it in the Lucknow Museum, when I examined the snakes there
in December 1008.
My specimen, which is deposited in the Nagpur Museum, is a typical one,
except that the scale rows reduce to 13 at about 3 inches before the middle
of the body. The ventrals are 193 and the sub-caudals in 12() pairs.
K. A. D'ABUEU, k.z.s.
Cbntual Museum, Nagpur, C. P.,
8th June 1917.
No. XIII.— NOTES ON THE RUSSELL'S VIPEK.
{With a Plate.)
The following notes relate to the young ones which a Russell's viper pro-
duced in the Central College Museinu. An adult female specimen, measur-
in"- about 4 feet, was obtained locally towards the first week of December
1916, and on the 8th June 1917, the young ones were born. Assuming that
fertilisation took place in November, — there is no other evidence for this
assumption than the testimony of the snake charmers who are unreliable
in such matters — the period of gestation has occupied in this case roughly
seven months.' Of the six young daboiae that were produced, three were
still-born, and in addition three eggs were deposited. Except in one egg,
no trace of development could be made out in others and it is doubtful
whether these latter were impregnated at all.- The eggs are translucent,
reddish and are soft : the leathery shell of the eggs belonging to the Ela-
pinse group is replaced by a soft membrane. They are held together by a
gelatinous twisted cord which may be of immense length sometimes and
which hardens on exposure. Each egg measures .30 mm. along the longer axis.
The young ones moult soon after rupturing the vitelline membrane. The
following are the measurements of the largest specimen : —
Total length 225 mm.
Round the thickest part . . . . 38 mm.
Tail 30 mm.
Fang along the outer curve . . . . 5 mm.
The parent exhibits little concern about her oflFspring and interfer-
ence with them extorted from her nothing more savage than a prolonged
hiss. In the newly-born male specimens, the copulatory sacs are external
and are four coecal outgrowths.^ The colouration of the young ones difl'er
from the adults in certain particulars and the more interesting of them
refer to a large diamond-shaped mark on the head, edged with white. A
conspicuous white cross on the head behind this blotch is another interesting
feature. It may be noticed that in the adults, the former practically
disappears and the latter broadens out into a chocolate brown patch on the
occiput. The dark rings (thrown into relief by a white outer border) in
the adult enclose oval brown areas, but in the newly-born specimens, the
rings are solid, black, oval or circular patches edged with white or may
'. Fitz Simons g-ives the same period in the case of the puflf adders of S.
Africa. {Vide p. 222, South Afr : Snakes). Major F. Wall grives the same period.
(.Tonrn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Sec, Vol- XVIII )
■^ . The occurrence of unfertilised efffrs anterior in position to those in advanc
ed state of development in the enlar<red oviducts (Uteri) is not uncommon in the
Daboia. Such a condition was noticed when a j^^ravid female was dissected .some-
time a$ro.
*. S) ecimens illustrative of all these facts have been sent to the Director
Zoolop^.cal Survey of India, Calcutta.
308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
enclose dark reddish patches. The lower chin is tipped with black and
the throat mottled. The circular marks on the mid dorsal line may or
may not run together, though in the adult, they may remain separate.
The young ones move very sluggishly and drink milk when offered, as
soon as they have cast off the skin.
C. R. NARAYAN RAO,
Central College, Bangalore, Professor of Zoology.
19th Juno 1917.
No. XIV.— EXCEPTIONALLY LARGE SAW SCALED VIPER
(EC HIS CARINATA).
Whilst our men were digging on the Mohmand blockade line in Decem-
ber, we got four Echis carinata in one mound and an earth snake and what
looked like a buft'-striped keel-back.
The previous day we got three EcJiis. Several were killed daily, so they
are very numerous near Shabkadr. 1 believe we told you of the 31 inch
Echis carinata killed by Major Rennick near Mascat in 1915 ? It was seen
and measured by several of us.
F. F. MAJOR, Lt.-Col.,
NowsHERA, N.W. F. P., 95th Russell's Infantry.
\Sth February 1917.
No. XV.— NOTES ON AN INTERESTING SPECIMEN OF THE
SEA SNAKE {HYDROPHIS C^RULESCENS).
On the 2nd June 1917, I obtained from the fishing nets at Colaba a spe-
cimen of this snake which proved to be a gravid female. It was 2 feet
4 inches in length of which the tail accounted for 2^ inches. The lepidosis
is typical. The costals numbered 40 at a point, 2 headslengths behind the
head, 49 in mid body, and 43 at a point 2 headlengths before the anus.
The ventrals number 316. As is usual in this species the parietals did not
find contact with the postoculars on either side.
The chief interest attaching to the specimen was the retention in the
abdomen of a withered foetus some 4 inches long in the posterior ovary.
This contained in the usual sac, was intimately adherent to the walls
from which I had much difficulty in separating it. The folds of the f^jctus
were also adherent, and the young embryo in a state of degeneration,
with both cephalic and caudal extremities maldeveloped. The anterior
ovary contained 3 fertilised ova about half an inch or more in length.
It seems clear that the withered fojtus was a product of last year's con-
ception, and that it had died, and been retained in the abdomen where it
was undergoing degeneration. The eggs were obviously the result of this
year's mating.
F. WALL, Lieut. -Col. , i.m.s.
Bombay, 4f// Jtme 1917.
No. XVI.— A LARGE CARP PROM THE EUPHRATES RIVEK.
I am sending the Museum by means of a Captain of one of the ships that
call here a skin of a fish caught in the Euphrates at Hakika.
This fish was 215 lbs. in weight, 6'-4" long and 3'-10" in girth.
It was speared by an Arab while lying at the bottom of the river about
the month of September last year. It is the large mouthed, silver-coloured
fish which we usually call the '' Euphrates Salmon.'' It lias t^vo barbels tm
MISVELLAJSEU f'.S A C) TKs.
309
each side of tlu- niuuth ;iml tin- Arab oalls it <lritati. 1 liopo you will got
the skill safely.
W. A. LIGHT, Ma.iok,
Mesopotamia, l(i^// April 1917. n4th Mahrattas.
[The fish is Barbiis scich.— Eos.}
No.
XVII.— THE PACKING OF PAPERED BUTTERFLIES FOR
SAFEKEEPING OK DESPATCH BY POST.
As set butterflies easily become damaged during transport from one
place to another, some collectors in India keep their specimens in papers
until able to set them in England.
Many collectors seem to take remarkably little trouble to preserve their
papered specimens from damage ; and as a little care in packing would
mean all the difference between pleasure and disappointment on receiving
specimens, a fellow-collector has persuaded me to send this note in case my
method of packing specimens, which I have employed for some eight years
past, may be of use to others.
A. I'aperinij specimms.
Standard sizes of paper-triangles should be used. For small and
medium sized butterflies semi-transparent butter-paper is best, as it enables
the contents to be seen through the paper at a glance, and guards against
spread of any grease that may form. For large triangles use stronger
glazed paper such as that of English illustrated weeklies, as glazed paper
does not rub the scales off the wings.
Place the newly captured butterfly with the antennjB close against the
forewings and at the fold of the paper, so that they dry in that position
3. Paget' A>r MediM^vn VcLptjr tvia.n^te.
810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
safe from injury (see sketch 3). Do not place it with body against the fokl
(see sketch 4) as in this position the antennge almost always dry sticking out
and eventually get broken off in handling the paper or specimen.
4>» ^Apt^'r triangle. cloSe«i.
If papered butterflies be massed together in a box any particular speci-
men cannot be got at without many being handled, resulting in damage to
some sooner or later.
B. Making Packets for papered specimens.
The paper triangles should be kept in packets of corresponding standard
sizes, so that these packets, fitting closely in an ordinary biscuit-tin, eco-
nomise space and enable any one packet to be easily taken out without
disturbing its contents.
The paper triangles should be so placed in a packet that the bodies of
the specimens are alternately to left and right and so lie evenly; if not so
placed they form a lopsided pile, and space is wasted and pressure is all
on one side.
All packets should be of uniform height, — 1 inch — so forming 2 or 3 tiers
in the tin according to the kind of biscuit-tin used ; and each packet
should contain just so many specimens as not to be loose in it, and then
the vertical sides of the packets take any weight or pressure.
A medium sized packet has its longest side about 3^ inches ; larger
packets can be made double, or smaller ones half the size of this one.
Stout paper such as Parchment-note answers best.
Attached is an outline pattern (reduced half size) for making such a
packet (Fig. 1). Cut along the outside continuous lines, and fold backwards
at the dotted lines. This pattern may be used for outlining others with a
pencil, keeping the centre portion of the pattern fixed with the fingers of
the left hand, and turning up each portion after outlining as one works
inwards. Paste A to underside of B so that C is between the two ; then
paste underside of D on to E with F between them. To close the packet
inset the flap between G and H. A number of these outlined and cut out
for packets, but not folded, can be kept ready to be made up into papk<'ts
as they are wanted.
MlSCELLANEOVfS SOTES.
.311
The pattern for packets should be of tough paper so that it will last a
long time, and if somo coloured paper be used for it the pattern will
not get pasted together for a packet in mistake for one outlined from it.
The lower sketch (Fig. 2) shovvs an open completed packet.
(reduced half size.)
1.
Diagram o shows an arrangement of three sizes of packets,^ say in the
uppermost tier in a small biscuit-tin, a space in the middle being] conve-
niently left for naphthaline.
312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Each packet is numbered and a list of contents pasted on the outside of
the tin. Finally the tin is closed against damp and insects by a strip of
1 inch adhesive plaster all round the edge of the closed cover.
«»f tin Lox
C. For despatch by post.
Tin boxes must be enclosed in a wooden one or they will be crushed
For sending 50 specimens or less small boxes made from cigar-box wood,
taking a few packets only, and with a diagonal partition inside to prevent
the top or bottom being crushed in, are useful.
Put postage-stamps on a tie-on label, not on the box.
Bannu, N.W.F.P..
1st March 1917.
H. D. PEILE.
No. XVIII.— NOTE ON THE COLOUR OF FLOWERS IN
DYSOPHYLLA STELLATA, Bth.
This species of Dysophylla is very common in South India and has purple
flowers and staminal hairs in nature. The plant is apparently ver^'' vari-
able in appearance so much so that Cooke in his Flora of Bombaxj includes
the species D. (/racilis and D tomentosa of the Flora of British India as
mere varieties of D. stellata. Recently specimens collected by me at
Talaguppa in the extreme Western Ghats of Mysore showed a few plants
of jD. stellata with absolutely white flowers and white staminal hairs. In
one of Wight's sheets in the Madras Herbarium (now at Coimbatore) the
corolla is white and the stamens pink. This variation in colour of flowers
has also been noted by Mr. Rangachari in Asystasia coromanddiana
(yellow and white flowers) in Striya lutea (white, yellow, pink and brown
corollas) and by Mr. Tadulingam in Evolvulus alsinoides (blue and white
flowers). While the colour variation in the above plants is a common
feature, the white flowered type in Dysophylla has been very rare. The
few specimens collected by me were in a mass of the pink flowered speci-
mens and no intermediates were observed by me. There is another minor
difference in the colour of the stem near the inflorescence between the two
types, the white flowered type being comparatively white or slightly pink.
I therefore propose the name Dysophylla stellata, var. alba for the new plant.
Bangalore. Hth March 11)17.
M. K. VENKATA RAO,
Senior Assistant Mycologist,
M ISC ELLA XEO UH SOTEb.
No. XIX.— AN INTEKESTINO CASE OF DlSTI!Jm TION.
Tho genus I'o(/<mia of the Orchideiu has two species growing in the
Bombay Presidency, P. carinata, Lindl., and P. plicata, Lindl. In June
last, 1 found an orchid near Koppa, Ktidur District (Western (Jhats of
Mysore), which when sent to Coinibatore was identified as Poyonia jirai-
niana. King and Prantling. This orcliid has not hitherto been described
in Mysore or the Bombay Presidency. Its occurrence in Mysore and its
absence in the neighbouring country is a remarkable instance of dis-
tribution.
Bangalore, iith March lt>17,
M. K. VENKATA KAO,
Senior Assistant Mycologist.
No. XX.— FALL OF SEED IN KAIN STORM.
( )u the night of April li*th last there was a heavy rain storm over a wide-
spread area of the Junagadh State registering from i^O to 7o cents in the
various villages. Over the whole area tlie rain was accompanied by a fall
of seed locally known as Lai Jowari (or red jowari). I enclose a specimen of
the seed collected.
The phenomenon is recognised bj^ the villagers and in their opinion
presages a tine season and generally good luck.
This seed does not occnr in Kathiawar and must have been blown in from
some neighbouring province. I am informed by the oldest Jain priest here
that such falls occur at intervals of five or seven years and are invariably
followed by a bumper season. Perhaps some of our members may have
noticed similar occurrences in other parts of the country ?
E. BIJOOK-FOX.
JUXAGADU, KaTHIAWAK,
nth April 1917.
[The seed sent is a variety of Snrghiiin viilgarc. Pers. — Eds.]
t-'O
314
PROCP^EDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON Isr MARCH 1917.
A Meeting of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural History
Society took place on Thursday, 1st March 1917, the Hon'ble Mr, Justice
N. C. Macleod presiding.
The election of the following 13 members since the last meeting was
announced: — Mr. G. G. Fletcher, Bombay; Mr. Fred. Hallberg, Bombay;
Mr. E. G. Barter, I.C.S., Salem ; Capt. E. J. Gumming, Ahmednagar ; Mr.
S. A. C. Green, I.C.S., Shahbandar ; Mr. J. M. Conder, I.C.S., Kawkareik ;
Capt. W. B. M. Newland, I. M.S., Mesopotamia ; Mrs. 0. Fowler, Bombay ,
Major J. Husband, I. M.S., Bombay; The Honorary Secretary, Vellore
Club, Vellore ; Miss M. E. N. Holmer, m.a., Delhi ; Capt. C. M. Thornhill,
Mesopotamia, and Major Robert E. Wright, I. M.S., Bomba}^.
ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE.
The following gentlemen were elected as office-bearers for the present
yea,T.—Preside7it.~'a. E. The Right Hon'ble Lord Willingdon, G.C.I.E. ;
Vice-Preside7its — Mr. J. D. Inverarit}'^, the Hon'ble Mr. Justice N, C.
Macleod and H. H. The Rao Saheb of Cutch, G.C.I.E. Manmjing Commit-
tPe-M.T. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S. ; Mr. T. R. Bell, I.F.S. : Mr. C. L.
Burns ; Rev. E. Blatter. S.J. ; Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S. ; Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans,
CLE. ; Major M. L. Ferrar ; Capt. F. C. Eraser, LM.S.; Prof. G. A.
Gammie, Mr. F. Hannyngton, I.C.S. ; Mr. G. S. Hardy, I.C.S. ; Prof. V. N.
Hate; Mr. N. B. Kinnear; Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.) ; Major
W. Glen Liston, CLE., I.M.S. ; Mr. F. M. Mackwood ; Mr. L. H. Savile ;
Mr. R. A. Spence ; Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ; Mr. John
Wallace, CE. Hnnorar!/ Secretary — Mr. W. S. Millard. Hononarif
Treasurer. — Mr. L. Robertson, C.S.I , I.C.S.
CONTRIBUTIONS.
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
1 Persian Mungoose, Miingos '
1
persicus.
1 Syrian Hedgehog, JErinaceus
calliyoni.
2 Babylon Sheath-tailed bats,
i
'i'aphozoua babylonica.
1 Mouse, Mus sp.
3 Shrews, Crocidura sp. v_
I Caspian terapin, Clemmys
caspica.
II Snakes
Mesopotamia
1
Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
LM.S.. CM.G.
3 Lizards . . . . . .
1
] Toad
j
1 Scorpion
1 Cockroach . . . .
4 Tibetan Hare, Lepun tibetanus. .
Wano, Waziristan
Capt. W. B. Cotton.
I Jungle Cat, Fells chaus (alive)
II Birds ■
Mesopotamia
i
Col. Sir P. Z. Cox.
VROCEEDINGS.
315
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
::!
Kut, Mesopotamia
D.
Do.
Mekrau
I Jackal, Vanis auvcmf . .
4 Hares, Lepus sp.
II Birds
1 Syrian Hedgehog, i-JnHreceMsJMesopotaniia
calliyoni.
1 lj\tt\Q Grebe, Podiceps alOipen-"]
nis. I
1 Smew, Mergus albelluA . . '
1 "White-fronted Goose, Anser j
albifro7is. j
1 Tatera .s^?. . . , . . . J
1 Jungle Cat, Felis chaui^
1 Large Spotted Eagle, Aquila
maculata.
1 Panther, Felis pardus
3 Foxes, Vulpes sp.
3 Mungoses, Muni/os mungo
2 Porcupines, Hystrir sp.
1 Persian Hare, Lepus craspe-
dotis.
1 Gazelle
1 Palm Squirrel, Funambulus
pennanti argeu tescens.
8 Snakes
48 Birds
1 Indian Jungle Cat, Felis affinis..
1 Wood-Snipe, (r«/^mff^o nemoricola
1 Sheldrake, Tadorna cornufa
1 Grey's Snake, Zcimenis ventrima-
culatus.
2 Wild Dogs, Cuon dukhunensis
juv (alive).
1 Painted Stork, Pseudotautalus
leucocephalus. j
1 Bar-headed Goose, Anser i«- Novvshera
dicus. !
3 Yellow-legged Herring-gull, 1
Larus cachinans. j
1* Dark-backed Herring-gull, I
Larus affinis. i
2 Brown -headed Gull, Larus ]
bruneicephalus . J
Capt.C.K.S. Pitman.
Mr. J.M. S. Culbert-
son.
Capt. 11. Bagnall.
Lieut. Brewster.
Legait, Mesopo-lLieut. T. li. Livesey.
tamia.
Capt. J.E.B. Hotson.
Nowshera
Thana, Bombay
Larkana, Sind
Muscat . .
Narsinghpur
Delhi
Bombay .
Major W. H. Lane.
Major M. L. Ferrar,
Mr. G. A. Shillidy.
Major L. Haworth.
Mr. P. S. Patuck,
LC.S.
Mr. W. E. Ashton
James.
Major C. W. Pre-
scott.
Mr. S. H. Prater.
COLLECTION OF PLANTS.
With reference to the collection of plants which Capt. Hotson had for
about a year, been sending to the Society from Persian Baluchistan, the
Kevd. E. Blatter made some interesting observations. In the course of his
remarks he said : — His collections are of great interest to the student of
ecology as well as of nlant geography, Persian Baluchistan is virgin soil
316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISr. SOCIETy, Vol. XXV.
for the botanist, as no collections have ever been brought home from that
region. There have been travellers passing through that country, yet bota-
nical science has not profited by them. We know a good deal about the
flora of British Baluchistan {i.e., British Baluchistan proper, the Agency
Territories, and the Native States of Kalat and Las Bella). William Griffith
Superintendent of the Hon. East Indian Company's garden at Calcutta, was
the first to collect in Baluchistan. In November 1889, he joined the Army
of the Indus in a scientific capacity, and penetrated, after the subjugation
of Kabul, bayond the Hindu Kush into Khorasan, whence, as well as from
Afghanistan and Baluchistan, he brought collections of great value and
extent. In 1843 a book appeared entitled " Narrative of a Journey to
Kalat," written by Masson, a surgeon. It contains numerous botanical
references but on the whole it is more the book of an adventurer than of a
botanist. The second botanist who visited Baluchistan was Dr. J. E.
Stocks. In 1848, he crossed the Hab River and reached Shah Bhilawal. In
1850, he made another and longer trip into the country via Shikarpur and
the Gundava Pass to Kalat, Quetta and Nushki. Between 1877 and 1880
extensive collections were made by Doctors O. T. Duke and Hamilton.
Their plants were preserved at the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. A few
years later (1884-1885) we find Dr. J. E. Aitchison attached to the Afghan
Delimitation Commission. He collected between Quetta and the Helmand
river along the northern border of Baluchistan, and his results are em-
bodied in the " Botanji- of the Afghan Delimitation Commission," which was
published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society. Of more recent
botanists who increased our knowledge of the Baluchistan flora we must men-
tion J. H. Lace who was stationed in that country from 1884 to 1888 as Deputy
Conservator of Forests, besides, J. S. Duthie, at the time Director of the
Botanical Department of Northern India. He collected chiefly near Quetta
on a visit to Baluchistan in 1888 ; and finally Lieut.-Colonel F. P, Maynard
who, in 1896, accompanied the Baluch-Afghan Boundary Commission as
medical officer. The results were published by I. H. Burkill and D. Prain
in the records of the Botanical Survey of India (1897). Whatever in the
way of publications, or specimens had been contributed towards the botanical
exploration of Baluchistan during a period of 70 years, was collected and
examined by I, H. Burkill and published in his "Working List of the
Flowering Plants of Baluchistan" (1909). His final conclusion is that ''the
flora of Baluchistan is Persian in character, and very much less northern
than that of Afghanistan -, but it is northern enough to contain a violet, a
primula, the English hawthorn, an anemone, a gentian, a juniper and plants
of many genera familiar in north-western Europe."
So far we possess a fair knowledge of the country lying east of Persian
Baluchistan. Much less is known of the parts adjoining it on the west,
namely, of Persia proper. In the Northern Provinces of Gilan, Mazanda-
ran, and Astarabad on the Caspian, from the shore to an altitude of about
3,000 ft. on the northern slopes of the great mountain range which separates
those fjrovinces from the high lands of Persia, the flora is similar to that of
the Mediterranean region. At higher altitudes many forms of a more
northern flora appear. As v/e approach inner Persia, the flora rapidly
makes place to steppe vegetation in the plains, while the Mediterranean
flora predominates in the hills. The steppe vegetation extends in the south
to the outer range of the hills which separate inner Persia from the Persian
Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Beyond this outer range and along the shore
of the sea, the flora is that of the Sahara region which extends eastwards
to Sind.
1 need not point out that the conclusion arrived at by Burkill applies to
the flora of Baluchistan as a whole, and it is easy to see what the verdict
PROCEEDiya^. " 317
will be if wc ilistiuf^uish, r. <j., a northern and southern sub-region and com-
pare their respective floras with each other. The northern part will be
more Afghan, whilst the southern part, (Brit. Makran), will show a greater
resemblance to the Sincl flora of the Indus region. The question, therefore,
remains, whether Persian Baluchistan shi^dd be considered as part of the
connective link between the desert region of N. Africa and Arabia on the
one hand and Sind on the other!' Captain Hotson's collections, together
with what we know of the physical geography of the country, enable us to
form a distinct idea of the plant, geographical position of the vegetation of
Persian Baluchistan. The composition of the flora and its morphological
and anatomical characters point to the conclusion that it belongs to the
Xorth-Africau-Indian desert, containing at the same time in the regions of
higher altitude a number of types characteristic of the Mediterranean flora.
KEPOUT OF THE HONOKAPtY TIIEASUREU ON THE ACCOUNTS
FOR 1916.
Mr. L. Robertson, C.S.I., I.C.S., the Honorary Treasurer said: —
I have much pleasure in presenting the Accounts for 1916.
At the end of 191.5, we had balance in hand of Rs. o,686, inclusive of
Rs. 0,000 in Fixed Deposit.
The year closes with a balance of Rs. o,702 inclusive of a Fixed Deposit
of the same figure as above, Rs. .5,000.
In addition to the above working balance, the Society owns certain in-
vestments. These amounted at the beginning of the year to Rs. 43,000,
at the end of this year this sum amounted to Rs. 47,800, an advance of
Rs. 4,800. Our investments included a sum of Rs. 14,000 in 3f per cent.
(Tovernment paper. When the Conversion Loan was issued last year, Mr.
Millard and I had several consultations and we decided that it was in the
interests of the Society to convert as much of our 3^ per cent, paper as
our resources would admit. Accordingly we bought Rs. -5,000 worth of the
New Loan and were able to convert Rs. .5,:.'00 of our 3^^ per cent, paper into
4 per cent, paper. Thus the invested balance now includes only Rs. 8,800
of 3^ per cent, paper, while we now hold Rs. 10,000 New 4 per cent. Loan.
This operation has, I think, added materially to the resources of the So-
ciety. The remainder of our invested balance consists of Rs. 14,000 of 4
per cent. Bombay Port Trust Unguaranteed Bonds and Rs. 1.5,000 City of
Bombay Improvement Trust Bonds. I have stated all these figures at the
face value of the paper. Of course the market value is at the present time
much depreciated. There appears, however, to be no reasonable probability
that we shall have to sell the Securities which now bring in an income of
Rs. 1,868 a year.
I have said that there is no reasonable probability of <jur having to
sell these Securities for this reason.
The financial prospects of such a Society as ours, depends almost entirely
on the number of members. Last year 1 remarked that it was necessary
to increase the number of members. I lind from the Accounts that the
income from subscriptions, entrance fees and Life Membership fees was
lis 21,695 against Rs. 21,163 last year, which is a slight advance.
I see that our Secretary has collected many arrear subscriptions inclusive
of one outstanding since 1912. On the other hand one generous gentleman
has already paid ] of his subscription for 1918.
We have received our annual grant of Rs. o,000 from the Government
of Bombay on which, I think, in these days of War parsimony we may con-
gratulate ourselves.
3J8 JOURNAL, B'OMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Turning to the Mammal Fund Accounts I find that we have increased
our balance from Rs. 8,526 to Rs. 9,333. Of course we have not appealed
for subscriptions ; but we have actually received Rs. 2,433 in donations.
Only one Collector, Mr. Baptista, has been working. All our English Col-
lectors have joined the Army. Mr. Baptista has recently gone to work
under Capt. Hotson who, as you know, joined the Indian Army. When
the War is over and we can get our Enghsh collectors back again, it will be
necessary to make an energetic appeal for funds.
I think the members will agree that in the circumstances the funds of
the Society have been satisfactorily administered.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 1st MAY 1917.
An " At Home" of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural
History Society took place on Tuesday, the 1st May.
The election of the following 11 new members since the last nieeting was
announced : — Lt. C. H. Delmege, R.E., Bangalore ; Mr. Trimbak Govind
Yeolekar, Poena; Mr. Ralph Randies Stewart, Rawalpindi; Lt.-Col. H. M.
Halliday, Summerpur, Rajputana ; Mr. William Whyte, Rangoon ; Rev. F.
C. B. Jourdain, Europe ; Major C. W. Prescott, LA., Nowshera ; C. H.
Hutton, Esq., Srinagar ; Rev. W. M. Zumbro, Madura ; Mrs. M. C. Arundel-
Barker, Garhwal, and Mr. F. G. Butler, I.C.S.
CONTRIBUTIONS.
The Society is once again indebted to its members serving with the forces
for a large part of its contributions since the last meeting. From Capt. J.
E. B. Hotson, I.A.R.O., comes a collection of 43 mammals, 27 birds and
several snakes, lizards, etc., obtained in Persia. From Mesopotamia Capt.
Pitman, always busy on our behalf, sent us two short-eared owls, 4 Spanish
sparrows, a common bunting and a desert chat, while Lt. Livesey procured
for us a European roller, a blue-cheeked bee-eater, and the skin and skull
of a jackal, a most welcome contribution as the Society is anxious to obtain
a series of skins and skulls of these animals from Mesopotamia and Persia.
Col. Stevens presented us with a teal, a bittern, and one Eastern Baillon's
crake. From Capt. Armitage, R.N.R., the Society has received two Sooty
or Hemprichs gulls from Aden, a very welcome addition to our collection
as this species has been very poorly represented hitherto. Another of these
birds was obtained for us at Muscat by Major Husband, I. M.S., while two
tesselated water snakes, two Gray's rat snakes, and a dozen scorpions
were received from Basra from Col. Anderson.
From within " Indian " limits the Society received a very interesting
little collection of mammals from Mr. P. M. R. Leonard obtained on the
Burmo-Chinese Frontier, among these were four handsome flying squirrels
and a golden cat, two cat bears and two weasels. Mr. C. W. Allen sent us
a large Indian civet and a jungle cat from Henzada, whilst a second speci-
men of the former was together with a Phayres leaf monkey and two
Malay vampires obtained for us by Mr. F. C. Purkis of Magwe. A bar-
tailed cuckoo-dove from Mr. W. Hannyngton, Shwebo, and an imperial
pigeon and Burmese ring dove from Mr. F. Atlay, Mogok, complete the
contributions received from Burma.
Mr. C. H. Dracott sent in a leopard cat and a marmot from Sikkim, the
latter skin was damaged, which is unfortunate as specimens of this animal
from Sikkim and Tibet are amongst the Society's " wants." A Solitary
PROCEEDINGS.
319
Snipe came in from ]Mr. .1. C. Hig<;;in8, T.C.S., of Manipnr aud a Water
Cock from Mr. L. O. Clarke, Dibrugarh, Assam.
The Society is much indebted to Mr. H. D. Baskorville, I.C.S., for the
skin and skull of a small Indian civet shot in Sind and likewise to Messrs.
D. O. "NVitt and (i Evans for specimens of this animal from Chanda and
Jubbulpore respectively. At the request of Mr. R. C. Wroughton, the
Society has made special efforts to obtain this civet from Sind and the
C. P. A second bittern was sent to us by Mr. F. J. Mitchell, Kashmir,
and Major Norman sent down a fine example of the black-tailed Godwit.
One John's earth snake was also received from Poena from Major W. S. J.
Shaw, while Major H. IJ. ^V'atson presented us with the head of a cobra
in which the '"cuneate '' scale is wanting.
The Secretary acknowledged the following coTitributions to the Museum
since the last meeting : —
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
1
i
I 1 Indian Civet ( Viverra zibetha) . .
' 1 Jungle Cat (Felis affinis)
>Henzada
Mr. C. W. Allan.
1 1 Golden Cat {Felis temviincki) . .
1 Ked Cat-bear {Ailurus fulgens)...
•
I Burmese Tiger-Civet (Prionodon
1 maculosus).
2 Weasels . .
4 Flying Squirrels (Fetaurista sp.).
4 Rats
y Burmo-Chinese
Frontier.
P. M. 11. Leonard.
2 Squirrels {Sciwns sp.) . .
1 Water Shrew {Nectof/alc sp.)
1 Blood Pheasant {Ithagenes kuseri)
1 Jackal (C. aureus)
j Shaiba, Meso-
1 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (Merops
Lieut. T. K.Livesey.
persicus).
j" potamia.
1 RoUer (C. affinis)
1 Small Indian Civet {V. malac-
Chanda, C. P. . .
Mr. D. 0. Witt.
censis).
1 Small Indian Civet ( V. malac-
Karachi Dist.
Mr. H. D. Basker-
cc-nsis).
ville.
1 Small Indian Civet (J', malac-
Jubbulpore
Mr. G. Evans.
censis) .
1 Marmot {Arctomys sp.) . .
} Sikkim
Mr. C. H. Dracott
1 Leopard Cat {F. bengalensis) . .
^■^fc M. ■ '^^ ■ ■ ■ t ^b' ^ W ^^ ^mT V W *
1 Phayres Leaf Monkey (P.
1
phayrei) .
1
1
1 Burmese Palm Civet {Parado.v-
1
VMagwe
Mr. F. C. Purkis.
urus burmanicus).
1
2 Malay Vampire Bats {Meyaderma
1
1
spasma).
;
1 Green Imperial Pigeon {Carpo-
i
phaya cenea).
1 Burmese King Dove {Streptopeha
V Mogok
Mr. F. Atlay.
xanthocycla).
J
2 Sooty Gulls {Larus hempricht) . .
Aden
Capt. Armitage.
320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
1 Bittern (Botaunis stellaris)
1
1 Teal {Nettium crecca)
1 Eastern Baillon's Crake {Por-
. Mesopotamia . .
1
Col. H. Stevens.
zana pusiUa).
J
1
2 Short-eared Owls {A. acci-
'
petvimis) .
4 Spanish Sparrows (P. /lispani-
I olensis).
I I Bunting {Emberiza sp.) . .
)■ Do.
Capt. C. n. S. Pit-
man.
1 Corn Bunting (E. milaria) . . j
1 Falcated Teal {E.falcata) . . Delhi
Major A. H. Cun-
ningham.
1 Solitary Snipe (<?. soZ?«ffn«) . . Imphal, Manipur..
Mr. J. C. Higgins,
LC.S.
1 Water-cock {Gallicrex cinerea) . .
Dibrugarh
Mr. L. 0. Clarke.
} 1 Bittern (Botaurus stellaris)
Kasluiiir . .
Mr. F. J. Mitchell.
1 Bar-tailed Cuckoo Dove {Marco-
Shwcbo . .
Mr. W. 0. Hannyng-
pygia tusalia).
ton.
1 Sooty Gull (X. hemprichi)
Muscat . .
Major J. Husband.
1 Black-tailed Godwit (i. belyica).
Risalpur . .
Major A. C. Norman.
1 John's Earth iinake (E. jolmii) . .
Poona
Major W. S. J.
Shaw, I.M.S.
1 Cobra (N. tripudians) . .
Nowshera
Major H. R. Wat-
2 Tessellated Water Snakes ( T.
1
son.
tesselatus).
1
2 Gray's Rat Snakes (Z. eentri-
f- Mesopotamia . .
Lt.-Col. Anderson.
maculatus) .
1
12 Scorpions
J
42 Mammals
1
26 Birds
16 Snakes . .
> Charbar
Capt. J. E. B. Hot-
Lizards and some Insects . . i !
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JOURN. BOMBAY ■■{^. AT. HiST, SOC.
MENPES PRESS. WATFORD
PHASIANUS HUMIy^.
Mrs. Hume's Pheasant.
S^\^^^Wr>
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
Jan. 1918. Vol. XXV. No. 3.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY
E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.
Part XXIIl.
With a Coloured Plate.
PHASlANIDiE.
iieuns—GENNjEUS.
Genn^us lineatus lineatus.
The Burmese Silver-Pheasant.
Phasianus lineatus. Vigors, Phil. Mag. (1888), p. 147.
Gennceus lineatus, Gates, Str. Feath., V., p. 164 (1877) ; Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. B. B. M., XXII., p. 304 (18.93); Id, Hand-List, Game-B., 1.. p. 272
(1895); Blanf., Fauna, B. I., IV., p. 92 (1898); Gates, Man. Game-B., I., p.
351 (1898) ; Id. Ibis, 1903, p. 100 ; Id, Cat. Eggs, B. M., 1., p. 55, P. C. VI.,
Fig. 5 (1901) ; Ghigi, Mem and Acad, Bologna, 0, ( y). P- 140 (1908) ; Evans.
Boin. N. H. S. Journal, XVI., p. oi^O (1905) ; Wall, Ibid, XX I., p. 4(!0
(1912); Hopwod, Ibid, p. 1215 (1912).
Pkaiianus fasciatus, McClell, Calcutta, Jour. N. H., II., p. 14G, PI. III.
(1842).
Euplocomtis linsatuK, Blyth, Cat. Mus. A.8. See. B., p. 244, part (1849).
Gallopha'iis lineatus, Hume, Str. Feath., II., p. 482 (1874).
Euplocamiis lineatus, Hume. Nests and Eggs, In. B., p. 525 (1873) ; Id..
Str. Feath.. 11 r., p. 165 (1875); Fielden, Ibid, p. 168 (1875) ; Humo and
Marsh., Game-B., Ind , p. 205, PI. (1878) ; Hume and Davis., Str. Feath.,
VI., p. 436 (1878): Anderson, Zool. W. Yunnan, II., p. 669(1878): liins-
ham, Str. Feath., IX., p. 195 (1880) : Gates, Ibid. X., p. 236 (1882); Id.,
B of Burma, II., p. 316 (1883) ; Id., 2nd Edit., Hume's Nests and Eggs.
III., p. 416 (1890).
Lojmophorus cumeri, Hume, Str. Feath., III., p. 166 (1875).
1
326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATVRAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Nycthemerus lineatus, Blyth and Walden, Cat. Mam. Birds of Burm., p.
149 (1895).
Euplocamux cuvieri, Gates, B. of Burm., II., p. 318, part (1883).
Gennceus lineatus lineatus, Gyldenstolpe, Swedish, Exped.. Siam, p. l-O?
(1816).
Vernacular Names. — Yit, Kayit (Burmese); Rak (Arrahan) ;
Synkloiik (Talain) ; Phugyk (Karen).
Description — Adult Male. — Forehead, crown and crest black, glos-
sed, especially on last, with blue-green or, more rarel}', purple blue.
Whole of the upper plumage, sides of the neck, wing coverts and
exposed portions of the wing quills silver grey in general appearance,
palest on the neck and longest tail coverts and darkest on the wing
quills and greater coverts. The grey appearance is formed by in-
numerable fine wavj^ bars of white on a black ground, these
being finest and most numerous on the neck and largest on the wing-
quills. The primaries are brown with wavy lines of buff or pale
brown on both inner and outer webs, these gradually changing colour
until the black and white of the inner secondaries is attained. The
ends of the upper tail coverts have the white exceeding the black in
extent, the longest being almost pure ^^'hite at their tips. Outer tail
feathers black with fine longitudinal lines of buff or buffy white, each
succeeding pair having more white and less black, until the central
pair, or two pairs, are more or less immaculate over the terminal two-
thirds of their length, the fine black lines running further up on the
outer than on the inner webs. Below from chin to tail coverts in-
clusive black, the neck, breast and sides of the flanks more or less
glossed with bluish purple ; sides of neck, breast and flanks w^th
white centres to the feathers, these white streaks sometimes extend-
ing over the greater part of the breast and generally vermiculated
with velvety black on the flanks.
Colours of the Soft Parts. — Iris brown, hazel or yellow brown;
facial skin and lappets ci'imson, vivid crimson red or scarlet crimson;
bill greenish or yellowish-horn}-, darker on the culmen and at the
base as far as and surrounding the nostrils ; legs and feet plumbeous,
greenish plumbeous, slate grej', rarely with a greenish bro^vn tinge.
" The legs and feet were generally pinkish fleshy or pinkish
"brown; sometimes a sort of bluish horny or plumbeous brown."
" The irides seem to vary a great deal; some Avere brown, of
" different shades, usuallj^ more or less tinged with red ; others
" are noted as ver}^ pale pink, or even fleshy white." (Hume.)
Measurements. — The series in the British Museum and other
specimens which have passed through my hands, in all some 50
birds, shew an extraordinarv variation in size, even in birds which
are all undoubtedly adult.
Wing from 8-G" (218-4 mm.) to 10-3" (261-G mm.); tail from
9" (228-G mm.) to 13-6" (345-4 mm.); bill from front about 1-15"
(29-2 mm.) and from gape about 1-45" (?G-8 mm.); tarsus 3" to
TUE a ami: iiiiw:s of india. 327
3-5" (7G-2 mm. to 88-9 mm.); the crest runs from about 2-5" (65-5
mm.) to 3-2" (81"2 mm.). The average wing measurement of this
series is 9-5" (241-3 mm.).
H\ime's measurements given of birds measin-od in the flesh shew
nearly as great variation as the above.
''Length, 2o-0 to 30*0; expanse 29-75 to 3275 ; tail from
"vent 10-0 to 13-5; wing 9-25 to 11-5; tai-sus 3-0 to 3-62 ;
-bill from gape, 1-35 to f-5 ; weight 2-5 to 3-0 lbs."
Adult Female. — Whole upper surface of the plumage a golden
})rown formed by very fine wavy bars of black or blackish brown on
a golden buff ground, varying on some birds to a reddish buff; crest
rather darker than the rest of the upper plumage with the black bai-s
broader and closer together ; feathers of the neck and xipper back
with white V-shaped marks, narrowly bordered with black ; these
V-shaped marks are very irregular, and sometimes become mere
central white streaks, especially on the upper back ; wing coverts and
exposed portions of the wing like the back, the primaries and outer
secondaries bi'own on the inner webs. Two central paii-s of tail
feathere buff with narrow bars of black running across at an angle
of aboTit 4-5° to the shaft, but often practically absent over the
terminal half of the inner web of the central pair ; outer tail feathers
rich chestnut with broad, but very irregular bars of white, bordered
with black, and often spotted with the same ; these feathers are also
mottled with buff at the tips, very slightly so on the outermost,
broadly so next the buff central feathers.
Chin and throat smoky buff, changing to rich pale rufous on the
breast and flanks, each feather from the neck to the abdomen with a
wide lanceolate white streak, edged with black and with more or less
black and rufous along the shaft ; abdomen and vent dull rufous
buff, with a little white mottling ; under tail coverts rich rufoi^s,
darker than the breast with white streaks centred and edged with black.
Colours of Soft Parts. — Irides brown or wood-brown; facial skin
crimson or dull crimson ; bill greenish or yellowish horny with
^ O K.' *>
darker culmen and black at base to end of nostrils ; legs and feet
gi-eenish or slate horny, sometimes with a pinkish or fleshy tinge,
never red or scarlet.
"Iris dark amber, bill and legs dirty greenish white; skin
"efface dark lake." (Wardlaw-Ramsay.)
Measurements. — The Miiseum series of about a dozen birds and
fourteen othei's measured by me show far less variation in size than
occurs in the males, a curious fact, which is confirmed by Hume's
measurements.
Wing 8-0" (203-2 mm.) to 9-2" (234-7 mm.); but only one bin-
has a wing over 9-0" (228-G mm.); tail 8-5" (215-9 mm.) to 10"
(254-0 mm.); tarsus 2-75" (69-8 mm.) to 3-15" (80-0 mm.); bill at
front about 11" (27-9 mm.) and from gape 1-4" (35-5 mm.).
328 JOXIRISIAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
The average wing measurement of twenty-six females is 8*7"
(221-0 mm.).
" Weight 2 lbs. to 2-5 lbs." (Hume.)
The crest is considerably shorter than in the male, varying from
2-2" (55-9 mm.) to 2-75" (69-8 mm.), but is generally about 2-5"
(63-5 mm.).
Young Male. — Similar to the adult female.
Chick in Down. — Head above rufous, forehead and above eyes paler ;
a streak behind the eye extending over the ear coverts rich chestnut,
much darker than the crown ; above dull rufous brown, darkest
along the back and paling on tlie sides ; below dirty bufFy white with
very faint indications of a chestnut collar at the sides of the
breast.
The variations in plumage in the male birds are not great, though
in the extreme East and North of its rana^e the markino-g become
somewhat bolder on the upper surface and the extent of white on
the sides of the breast and Hanks somewhat more plentiful.
The females vary considerably ; in many the white markings on
the breast are streaks, and not V-shaped marks, the black edges to
these marks are obsolete or absent, and the general colour is duller
and darker. In some females also the white marks on the upper
plumage commence on the nape, whilst in others the forehead and
supercilia are freely marked with white. The proportion of black
and chestnut on the outer tail feathers also varies extremely, as does
the depth of the buff on the central ones.
Bistrihution. — The fact that on all the boundaries of its habitat
this form grades through its various subspecies into nycilietnerus
and horsfiddi makes it extremeh' difficult to define its range with
any exactitude. On the West the Irrawaddy undoubtedly divides
it from oatesi, biit at the same time one meets with numerous spe-
cimens in the extreme South and East of the Arrakan Yomas
which approach tj'pical linfatn-'^ very closply, and this magnificent
river does not form as sharplv cut a defining boundary as similar
great rivers do with many other species of birds. To the North it
extends up to Thaungja, i.e., 20° about, but West of the Sittang,
where the Northern parts are more mountainous it appears only to
be found as far North as Thauugoo, Thardoiing and Kolidoo. In
the higher hills of the Bree Countrj'- and again East of the Sal win in
the Soutlieni Shan States it is replaced by sharpei. West it
crosses the Sal win South of Dargwin, and has been reported from
Rahang on the JNIewang River, but here, on the higher hills at all
events, a bird more closely allied to sharpei is the common form.
South of Muleyit it again appears to wander East across the Klang
River, and stretches as far South as 14° and quite possibly much
farther South than this, as Gyldenstolpe records a Silver Pheasant
as far South as 12°.
THE a A Ml-: /ilED^ OF INDIA. 329
As regards Siain, its range is ver}- indefinite, and Gyldenstolpe's
notes are invaluable ; he records
" Silver Phejisants belonging to this species were rather
"common in the dense evercjreen iunsfles which cover the hills,
" dividinif Tennasserim and Assam. In the neiirhbourhood of
" Hat Sanuk (lat. N. 12°) especially, they were exceedingly
'• abundant J)nring mj'- staj' in North- Western
" ISiam I once caught a glimpse ot a Silver Pheasant when I was
" climbing up one of the steep hills at Doi Par Satring (lat.
"N. 20°) It looked much more white than
" (t. lineatiis, and was probably G. nyclhemerus ripponi.^'
It will be seen from Count Gyldenstolpe's discoveries that the
map given on page 62 of Vol. XXIII of the Society's Journal
will require some alteration and a great extension of the green
colour shewing the area inhabited by this pheasant.
A large amount of material is still required before we can work
out the limits of the varioiis geographical races ol the Silver Pheas-
ant, and Field Naturalists should remember that very careful minutiae
are necessary with the data tickets of specimens to enable the
Museum Naturalist to formulate an outline of their different ranges.
Thus when birds are got near places on rivers, it is no use merely
to mark " shot near so and so", but it is imperative that we should
know whether it has been got North, East, South or West of the
place mentioned, and that the altitude also be given. In many
cases we may get two forms, or even three, within shooting distance
of one spot, yet a river may divide two races, whilst the other two
may Ve divided b}!" elevation alone, as appears to be the case in this
instance between typical lineatus and the two subspecies oatesi and
sharpei.
Nidificaiion. — The breeding season of the Burmese Silver Pheasant
commences in early March, and continues throughout April and
Ma}'-, but, as usual with this genus of Phensaut, nests and eggs may
be found at odd times through a great part of the year. 1 have
records from various sportsmen of eggs taken in February, March
and April, and again in July, whilst Capt. Fielden obtained recently
hatched young in August at Thayetmyo.
Hume also records eggs having been found in the middle of May.
It seems to breed more often in Bamboo Jungles between 2,000
and 3,000 feet than in the heavier jung'es and evergreen forests
below the former height, or in the lighter deciduous and evergreen
forests above the latter.
Its favourite breeding haunts are, perhaps, in the mixed bamboo
and lis^ht deciduous forest which forms a ieatiire of some of the
Pegu Yomas, but the nest itself is nearly always placed in the
bamboo patches and not in the forested parts. It is certainly
found as high as 4,000 feet during the breeding seasons, and
aSO JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
possibly a good deal higher, but, on the other hand, descends practi-
cally to the plains.
The nest is the usual rough collection of leaves and bamboo spates,
deposited in some natural hollow and more or less protected b}'' a
clump of bamboo, bush or tree. Not infrequently it is placed well
under a clump of bamboos in amongst the roots, so that it is com-
pletely hidden from the passer by, but at other times it may be
found almost in the open. The bn-d is a close sitter, and will
remain on her nest until an intruder is very close, she then,
however, sneaks away so quietl}^ and stealthily that it is very easy
to overlook her.
The number of eggs laid appears to vary between 5 and 10, whilst
6 or 7 are the number most often found in acomplete clutch.
The statements of natives quoted by Hume, to the effect that
these Pheasants sometimes lay 14 or 15 eggs appear to be without
any fou.ndation.
The eggs are typical Gennceus eggs, that is to say like small eggs
of a domestic fowl. Hume thus describes them :
" All the eggs we have obtained are of the usual hen's egg
"shape; they are, of com*se, unspotted, and vary from a pale
" yellowish to a warm pinkish cafe-au-lait colour. The shell,
" though fine, is very full of pores, and these with some eggs
" being filled with whitish chalky substance, give them the
" effect of being stippled all over with white specks. None
" of the eggs that I have seen have had any very perceptible
" gloss, and as a rule, they seem to be, for game birds of this
" class, very dull eggs."
" The eggs vary from 1-81 to 2*03 in length, and from 1*4
"to 1-52 in width, but the average of neai'ly 30 eggs is 1-97
"by 1-46."
The few eggs I have seen including some of those described by
Hume which are now in the British Museum, agree well with the
above description, but the eggs strike one as being singailarly level
in colouration. All are a pale stone buff, varying very little in
depth of colouring, and I have seen none which would really come
under Hume's description of " warm cafe-au-lait." A few have a
tinge of this colour and one pretty clutch of G, given to me by
Mr. Wickham, is quite a bright, though pale, pinkish buff.
The texture is fine and close with a faint surface gloss in fresh
eggs, and the shell is very stout and compact. My series, a poor
one combined with Hume's and others gives a much smaller average
size, 1-8G" X 1-42" (47-3 x 36-1 mm.), than that recorded above.
Oates says that :
" The chickens, as soon as they are hatched, are very strong
" on their legs and run with great speed. I was fortunate
" enough to capture portions of four broods. It is astonishing
THE (iAME lillWS OF INDIA. ;!31
" ill what a short time the little birds make themselves invisi-
" ble. It is (litiieult to secure more than two birds out of one
"batch. It is a case of poiincing" on them at once or losing
"them, 'i'he mother is a great coward, running away at the
" slightest alarm, and thus contrasting very unfavourably
" with the Jiingle Fowl which keeps running round and round
" the intnider with great anxiety until the young ones are in
" safety."
(retii'ml Hahifs. — The prevailing colouration of this Pheasant
gives an excellent clue to its haunts and the general chai'acter of
the country it inhabits. It is not to be found in the humid, ever-
green forests beloved by the Black-Backed Kalij which finds
concealment in their black depths as deep in shade as its own
sombre plumage. Nor on the other hand must it be looked for in
the high open grasslands frec{uented by the whiter forms of the
Chinese Silver Pheasants whose pure w^hiteness find no gi'eat
contrast in the sunlit grasses round them. As might be expected,
the Burmese Silver Pheasant, with its dark silver npper plumage,
will be found either in thin deciduous forest or in bamboo jungle.
Here the glare of the tropical sunlight is filtered and broken by
the intervening branches into thousands of specks or spots, bold
bars and dashes of alternate light and shade of gleaming white, grey,
or black. In such places with every passing breath of air the whole
medly quivers and melts into an ill-defined greyness much like that
on the back of the bird itself.
Davison, writing of the true Uneaius from the neighbourhood of
Moulmein, says : —
" They come continually into the open to feed about rice-
'• fields and clearings. They are shy, and usually run in
" preference to flying wdien disturbed, except when put up by
"a dog, when they immediately perch. Captain Bingham tells
" me that on bright moonlight nights they constantly come out
"into the clearings. Their food consists of grain, seeds of
" various kinds, young leaves and grass, grubs and insects."
"They seem to prefer bamboo, or moderately thin tree
"jungle to dense forest."
Gates' description does not agree well with the above in all
respects, as he writes of it as a rather tame bird avei-se, however,
"to all cultivation, even to the extent of shiuiningthe yaks
" or hill gardens of the Karens, though these may be some
" miles from the nearest tay or village."
He writes of this Pheasant's favourite haunts as follows : —
" It is rare or common jiist in proportion as the country is
'■ level or mountainous. In the plains or undulating country
" of Upper Pegii it will be met within small numbei's if the
" ravines and nallas are sufficiently precipitous to suit its tastes ;
:^;V> JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" but in these places, at best, only one or two will be shot in a
" long morning's work. It is not till we get to the foot of the
" hills that this Pheasant can be said to be common. Here the
" nallas, with their pools of water and rocky beds, are particu-
" larly favourable to it. As we mount higher it increases in
" numbers to such an extent it is no difficult matter to knock
" over half a dozen in a morning while marching, and that
" without leaving the path."
During the breeding season the cock Pheasant of this species in-
dulges in the same form of challenge to other cocks as that already
described in regard to previous species, viz., the drumming sound
made by beating the wings against the sides of the body as the bird
sits on some elevated position, such as an ant heap or some log or
stump.
Gates says that the sound of the birds' wings may be very fairly
imitated by holding a pocket handkerchief by the two opposite corners
and then jerking one's arms apart, and he adds that he has himself
on two occasions shot cock birds ranning excitedly towards the
sound thus made.
Davison also refers to tins method of challenge, which he calls
buzzing, and remarks that the Burmans trap a great number of
these Silver Pheasants by the aid of a decoy bird which is induced
to " buz " and so call up other males around him, when they are
caught in the noozes laid down for this purpose.
Like all Kalij Pheasants the Burmese Silver Pheasant is an in-
veterate skulker, and without a dog it is almost impossible to make
them take to wing as tliey scuttle away to safety on foot with great
speed. With a dog they are easy to flush, but even then when put
up they, like the rest of their tribe, generally take to a tree or
bamboo perch and then glide away from the opposite when the
would-be shooter approaches.
The easiest way to get them where they are at all numerous is to
wander along the edges of cultivation, or along some jungle path in
the early mornings and evenings and trust to luck to coming across
them and getting a snap-shot as they run for the nearest cover.
Of course, sometimes, the birds can be forced by beaters out of
isolated patches of cover, and when such a proceeding is possible,
fair sport may be had as the birds fly well when once started. Like
most pheasants — indeed, like most game birds — they fly down-hill
but always run up-hill when disturbed.
Although Oates found it very hard to rear the young, others have
been more successful, and I am informed that they become very
tame and domesticated, though if allowed to run loose, they gene-
rally disappear when the breeding season approaches.
They feed on both grain and other vegetable food and on insects.
Whito ants, or Termites, and ordinary ants are a very favourite food
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 383
and they also cousume grasshoppers, beetles, worms and other similar
forms. Shoots of many plants, all grain, bamboo and grass seeds,
the ditlerent i'u-i, which are so plentiful in all Indian forests, yams,
ginger and other ground roots all contribute at various times to
their support.
They are said to be good lor the table, but rather dry, though
tender enough if eaten when killed or if hung for two or three days.
The males have a short harsh crow which, however, cannot often
be used, for most writers make no reference to it, and Gates says
that the only s^iind he has heard them utter is a low chuckle fre-
quently uttere:!, both when the bird is alarmed and when it is
going to roost.
GENNiEUS LiNEATUS OATESi (Ogilvie-Grant).
Oates' iSilvcr Pheasant.
Gennceus oatesi, Gilve-Grant, Cat. B. M., XXIT., p. 306 (1893); id,
Allen's Naturalist's Lib. Game-li., I., p. 276 (189i) ; Oates, Ganie-B ,
India, I., p. 348 (1898); Gates, Ibis, 1903, p. 103; Ghigi, Mem. Acad.
Bologna (6), V., p. 141 (1908).
Gennceus lineatus caiesi, Stuart B.iker, B. N. H. S. Jour., XXIII., p. 677
(1915).
Vernaadar Names. — Yit (Burmese), Eak (ArraJcan).
Description. — Aditlt Male. — Similar to Uveatns lineatus, but with
the vermiculations on the upper parts slightly bolder and better
defined, though imnning across the feather as in that bird, and not
followinsr the contour as it does in the more Eastern and Northern
forms. There is still a faint indication of the barring on the inimp,
thoucfh this diffei-s in extent in different individuals. In a male
from Thazi-Thaungi this barring is quite strongly developed, but
in the type, which is merely labelled Arrakan, the rump bai-s are
very faint, though still sufficiently plain to contrast with the back.
The sides of the breast are well streaked with white.
Colours of the Soft Parts. — Apparently similar to those of the
Burmese Silver Pheasant. " The legs are brown or dark flesh colour,
and the skin of the face is crimson." (Oates.)
Meostcrements.—Wmg 9-2" (2,'53-7 mm.); tail 11-G" (294.-6
mm.); tarsus 3-35" (85-1 mm.); spur I'O" (25-4 mm.); bill from
forehead 1-3" (33-0 ram.) and from gape 1-4" (3G-0 mm.); crest
2-2" (55-4 mm.).
I have only been able to obtain the measurements of three males.
Adult Female. — Differs from that of harsfieldi in having the whole
tail chestnut brown or chestnut rufous, barred in-egularly both above
and below with brown. Of the three specimens in the British
Museum Collection, two have the rectrices a dull pale chestnut
brown, and the third has them a chestnut nifous. In each case the
2
334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
central rectrices are somewhat paler and more of a rufous bulF
than the others, but not sufficiently so to cause them to contrast
with the other as they do in liorsfieldi in similai" cases. The type
female has no pale markings on the back, but is redder than are
most female horsjieldi, the two others are both marked \\ith these
central pale striae, though to a less degree than in lineatus. All
have pale buff striae on the breast and flanks instead of Avhite striae
as in lineatus.
Colours of Soft Parts. — Not recorded, but probably similar to
those of lineatus.
Measurements.— \Ying 8-1" (205-7 mm.); tail 8-3" (210-8 mm.);
tarsus 2-9" (73-6 mm.); bill at front 1-2" (30-5 mm.) and from
gape 1-4" (36-0 mm.); crest 2-15" (54-6 mm.).
Distribution. — -The Arrakan Yomas from about 20-5*^ lat. in the
North to the extreme South of Arrakan. To the East its boundary
is the Irrawaddy River, which divides it from the area inhabited by
the true lineatus.
The dividing line between Oates' Silver Pheasant and the Black-
Backed Kalij is not easy to deflne, for wherever there are dense
evergreen forests with low-lying well-watered vallejs the latter bird
is found encroaching South into the Arrakan Yomas ; next these
haunts of liorsfieldi, we find a number of birds with an extraordi-
narily varying plumage, scattered here and there over a very narrow
and broken area. These birds I previously accepted as a subspecies
under the name of cuvieri. Now, however, I find that it is impossi-
ble to allocate to this supposed subspecies any definite range in
which there is a consistent type of plumage obtainable, it is also
impossible therefore to permit it to rank as a geographical race or
subspecies and it must be suppressed.
The reason is merely that in the North-West the transition be-
tween oatesi and horsfieldA is abrupt because the climate and geogra-
phical factors also vary abruptl)', and in consequence it has been
impossible for a staple or permanent form to establish itself over any
definite area intermediate between the two.
In the North-East of its range the change between oaten and
ivilliamsi is very gradual, as are the geographical changes, but in the
centre between the two there is some very dry coimtry, too dry even
for the grey forms of Silver Pheasant, so that we have a well-defined
area into which no pheasant penetrates, except as a straggler, and
on the outskirts of this dry area we have the two good subspecies
tvilliamsi North and oatesi South.
Nidijication. — There is at pi-esent nothing on record concerning
the breeding habits of Gates' Silver Pheasant beyond the fact that
Capt. Fielden obtained young birds in August near Thayetmyo in
Central East Arrakan.
The bii'ds appear to breed principally in March. April and May.
THE (iAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 335
and the tew etjfgt* in my collection have been taken in these months
between tlie 20th ]\Iaroh and the 1 0th May. The nests, as far as
one knows at present, are always placed in bamboo forest or in the
thick secondary g-rowth wliich so qnickly covers deserted cultivation
patches in the same forest. Jt is cpiite possible that they have two
broods in the year, though 1 do not think this is usual with birds of
this genus.
Probably a full clutch of eggs is nominally 7 or 8 as in the other
pheasants, but I have so far only records of o to o eggs, undoubted-
ly, with one exception, incomplete clutches.
They are exactly the same in every respect as the eggs of lineatus
lineatus, and the average in size of 10 eggs 47'0 x 37'] mm.
General Jlohits. — Capt. Fielden ^\■rites regarding Oates' Silver
Pheasant, though he did not differentiate between the various forms
of lineatus : —
•' This bird is tolerably conniion in the hills West of Thayet-
" myo, liut appears to be unknown to any but Burmese. It
'• seems to require rock and very steep hillsides, covered by long
■■ grass for shelter, and flat alluvial soil, bare of grass and cover-
•• ed with brushwood and young trees, for feeding ground; in
•• fact, its feeding ground is exactly the. same as that of the Black
•• Woodpecker, and I have several times lost a bird of each
•■ species by being undecided which to fire at.
'■ An old male is a most extraordinary looking bird. The
"tail only is seen moving through the long grass, and I in-
'• variably thought at first that it was some new porcupine or
•■badger, or some animal. The note, too, adds to the deception.
•• It reminded me a little of the cries of young ferrets.
•' The}' run with great rapiditj^ but rise readily before a dog,
" and would not be difficult shooting, but for the steepness of
"the hillsides upon which they are found, and the nature of the
'• soil, — gravel just stuck together with the material that forms
'• the petrified M-ood so common there. This covered by gra^s
" or dried bamboo leaves makes the footing so slippery that any
•• attempt to raise my gun hurriedly generally brought me to
" ray knees.
•' These birds feed a great deal on tlie young shoot of a kind
■ of Orchis, which rather resembles a large Roselle flower, and
•' its juicy leaves enable these pheasants to live for some time
'•faraw^ay from water; but in the middle of the hot weather
"thej'^are forced to retire from the Thayetmyo Hills by the
" long grass being burnt. They return at the beginning of the
" rains. They hatch in August."
To the above I can add but little, but most of my correspondents.
who know these birds and their haunts, seem to consider them birds
which fJ^i require to have water within reasonable reach for their
336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
morning and evening drink. Their flesh is said to be good, though
rather dry, and perhaps inferior to that of the Jungle Fowl shot in
the same jungles.
Mr. J. P. Cook, writing from the same place as Capt. Fieldeu,
but in 1912, more than thirty years later, says that this pheasant is
still very common there, and that in a comparatively short time he
shot some thirty specimens, but could only preserve three, two males
and one female, lie found them frequenting either the same descrip-
tions of cover as that described by Capt. Fielden or in bamboo
covered slopes. They were most common between 1,000 and 2,000
feet, and did not appear to be birds of high elevation, though they
were, on the other hand, sometimes found on the plain at the foot of
the hills.
Genn^us lineatus sharpei (Gates).
GranVs Silvsr Pheasant.
Gennceus sharpd, Gates, Man. Game-B. I., p. 357 (1398) ; Gates, Ibis
(1903), p. 101 ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p. I'lO (1908); C. S.
Bartan, Journal Nat. His. See, Siam, 1.. p. 108 (1914); Stuart Baker, Jour,
B.N.H.S., XXIII., p. 078(1915); Guildenstolpe, Swedish Exped. Siam, p.
167 (1916).
Vernacular Names. — Yit {l^vrmese).
Description. — Adult Male. — Similar to the male of the Common
Burmese Silver Pheasant, but the lines on the upper siu-face are
well defined regular black and white lines following, for the most
part, the contour of the feathers ; even on the neck next the bare
crimson face the markings could hardly be called vermiculations,
whilst the lines on the sides of the neck lower down are quite dis-
tinct. At the same time the black bars and lines aT*e not so far
apart as they are in rufipes and, broadly speaking, sha/rpei may be
said to be more black and white than lineatus, but less white in
general appearance than rufipes and its other neighbours East and
North of it.
Colours of Soft Parts. —
" Facial skin deep crimson ; bill pale bluish horny ; legs and
" feet dark pinkish lleshy." (Davidson.)
" Legs reddish horny. " (Cook.)
A male taken by Herbert's collectors at Korat is descinbed by
him as having the " facial skin red, irides brown, legs bright red."
Measurements of Tijpe. — Total leneth SO'O" (Davidson). Wing
9-8" (249-0 mm'.) ; tail 13-9" (353-0 mm.) ; tarsus 3 4" (8G-3
mm.); spur 1-3" (33-0 mm.); bill i'rom forehead 1-4" (36-5 mm.)
and from gape 1-G" (40-G mm.) ; " Weight 2-75 lbs. " (Davidson).
A second male procured by P. C. Cook, Esq., had a wing of 9*9"
(251-4 mm.) and a tail of 14-5" (348-3 mm.). The crest is shox-t,
2*5" (63-5 mm.) or under.
THJi GAME BIIiDS OF 12^1)1 A. 3S7
Adult Female;. — The type specimen obtained witii the male can
only be dihiinguished from the tem.ile of lineaius by the great
breadth of the white marks on the lower surface of the body.
Three females obtained at Miileyit and a fourth shot with the male
obtained by Mr. P. C Cook, all have the lower parts much darker
than in any specimen 1 have ever seen of lineaius. The chestniit
or rulmis is in fact almost entirely absent on the lower plumage,
and the feathers may be described as smoky black or dull dark
brown with broad white centres not V-shaped.
It will probably be found that the lower plumage of the female
ranges from a red, little darker than that of lineaius to the deep
smoky brown of the Muleyit birds.
Colours of the Soft Parts. — " Facial skin deep red; irides brown,
bill pale horny colour; legs, feet and claws pinkish brown."
(Davidson).
J/ea.s«rme?/i*-.—" Expanse 29-75"; length 23-5"; weight 2-25
lbs." (Davidson).
The measurements of the five females referred to above are as
follows :— Wing from 8-4." (213-3 mm.) to 9-5" (241-3 mm.) ; tail
from 8-9" (22G-0 mm.) to 10-5" (2GG-7 mm.); tarsus about 3-0"
(7G-2 mm.) ; bill at front about 1-25" (31-7 mm.) and from gape
about 1-45" (3()-8 mm.) ; the crest is about 2-2" (55-8 mm.) or
rather less.
Disirihution. — The distribution of this fine subspecies is not yet
known with any certainty, and much more material is required
before one can say where it meets lineatus on the West and
South, rufipes on the West and North and riyponi on the North.
Where it meets other forms to the East is still quite unknown.
Its range would appear to run from Dargwin North a little
way into the South Shan vStates, East over the Sittang and
Mewaug Rivers at least up to the Mennaui River ; South to
Rareng and Muleyit and possibly in the higher hills as far as
the 15" latitude.
In the Noi-th, Gyldeustolpe saw a bird at Doi-Par-Saken which
he describes as being too white to be of this subspecies, and as nearer
rip2>oni in its veiy white appearance. To the South on the 14°
latitude at both M. Rat Bouri and M. PetchaBouri the true lineatns
is said to be common. It will probably be found to run up towards
the ^lekong River, but as yet the Silver Pheasants of this part are
not known, atd it is not possible to say where Grant's Pheasant will
meet the forms known as annamensis and heli which are found in
Annam and South-East Siam.
The furthest point to the South-T^ast at which we Icnoin it to be
found is the Korat Hills which lie roughly 15" latitude by about
101° — 102-5° longiluda. At this place Pheasants of this subspecies
were obtained by Mr. E. G. Herbert's Dyak collectors, the males of
338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
which were fah'ly typical sharpei, but the females of which shewed a
near approach to true nydhemeTUs.
Nidification . — Nothing recorded.
General HaJdts. — Nothing recorded.
Apparently this bird is not uncommon between 2,500 and 4,500
feet on the Hill Ranges witliin the limits of jts habitat as described
above, but it is such a skulker that it is still very little known, even
by the few Eviropeans who have worked this part of the country.
Messrs. E. G. Herbert. Williamson and others have done their best
to obtain specimens, as also haye Kloss and Robinson, but with
little result. It would appear to be a form of lineatiis replacing
this bird in the higher, more open hills, especially on those hills
which have more or less wide expanses of grass-land covering their
crests and sides.
They stand captivity well, and Mr. Herbert has been successful in
keeping adult birds for some time.
Genn^us nycthemerus nycthemerus.
The Chinese Silver Pheasant .
Vhasianus nycthemerus, Linn. S. N., I., p. 272 (1768) ; Latham, lud. Orni.
II., p. 631 (1790).
Euplocomus nycthejnerus, J. E. Gray, III., Ind. Zool., II., PI. 38, Fig. 2
(1834) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc, p. 244 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-L., II., p.
260 (1870).
Gallophasis craivfurdii, Gray, Gen. Birds, III., p. 498 (1845).
Gallophasis nycthemerus, Gray, Gen. Birds, III., p. 498 (184o).
Euplocamus nycthemeruss, Gould, B. of A., VII., PI. XVII. (1859) ;
Elliot, Mon. Phas., II., PI. 21 (1872) ; David and Ous., Oiseaux Chine, p.
416 (1877).
Genneeus nycthemerus, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, B. M., XXII., p. 307
(1893) ; id., Hand-List Game-B., I., p. 277 (1899) : Gates, Cat. Eggs B. M.,
I., p. 55 (1901) ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p. 138 (1908) ; Ingram,
Nov. Zool., XIX., p. 270 (1912); Stuart Baker, Journal B. N.H. S., XXIII.,
p. 679 (1915).
Vernacular Names. — Yit {Burmese), Wuri (Kachin).
Description — Adult Male. — Forehead, crown and crest black with a
strong pui-ple sheen ; nape to end of upper tail coverts white with from
5 to 7 narrow wavy lines of black on each web following the outline
of the feather, but completely dominated by the white ground ; on
the nape the lines are comparatively faint, and on the ear coverts and
sides of the neck obsolete or entirely wanting. Whole visible por-
tions of the wing like the back, but with only two to four lines on
each web of the feathers, and these lines stronger and bolder than
those on the back ; tail with the tM^o, three, or even four central
pail's white, with a few irregular broken longitudinal lines on the
bases of the outer webs, outermost tail feathers white with two or
three bold black lines on either web ; intermediate feathere grading
THE ilAME lilRDU OF INDIA. 339
tVuni uuo tu tlu' other. Below from chin to end of" under tail
i'overts velvety black with a deep purple-blue gloss.
(hlours of Soft Paiis. — hides brown or red-brown; bill greenish
or yellowish horny, the cuhnen and base darker ; bare facial skin
bright crimson red to almost vermilion red ; legs brilliant coral red.
Measurements.— Whig from 0-8" (248-9 mm.) to 10-8" (274-3
mm.), the average being lOo" (2G1() mm.), tail from 21-C"
(548-G mm.) to 27-8" (70G-1 ram.) in fully adult birds ; tarsus
from :3-75" (05-2 mm.) to 4-0" (101-6 mm.); bill at front 1-2"
(30-4 mm.), and from gape about 1-5" (38-1 mm.K The crest
varies between 3" and 3-5" (70*2 and 88-9 mm.), being generally
well over 3-2" (81-2 mm.). The spur is generallj^ well developed
and i-uns from about -75" (19-0 mn..) to 1-2" (30-4 mm.), being
generally well over the inch in full-grown birds.
Adult Female. — Whole of the upper plumage golden brown, the
t'dge of each feather siighly darker, and with everj^where a po^^der-
ing of dark brown, so minute as to be hardly visible -without a
close examination ; terminal half of crest black, gradually grading
into the brown of the crown. Two central pairs of tail feathers pale
ashy buff, marked with fine broken bars of dark brown, lateral tail
feathers black with straggling broken lines of white. Below, chin and
iipper throat pale ashy, (dianging to asln' brown on the lower
throat and upper breast, the latter becoming paler and much mottled
\\ith brown spots and bars ; lower breast still paler and with bolder
bars and markings; remaiudei- of lower plumage and flanks rather
dingy white with bold, broad bars of dark brown ; centre of belly
and vent duller, and with fine bars of brown instead of broad ones.
Colours of Soft Parts. — Irides brown, golden brown or hazel ;
liill greenish or yellowish horny, pale at tip and dark at the base of
the upper mandible ; facial skin bright crimsom red, crimson or dull
ci'imson ; legs brilliant coral red.
Measure^ments.— Wing from 8-8" (203-5 mm.) to 9-9" (251-4
mm.), wuth an average of 9-2" (233-G mm.) ; tail from 98"
(248-9 mm.) to 12-3" (312-4 mm.), generally about 11" (279-4
mm.); tarsus about 3-5" (88*9 mm.) ; bill at front about 1-1"
(27-9 mm.), and from gape about 1-4" (35-5 mm.); the crest, which
is rather meagre and thin, runs up to nearly 3" (7G-2 mm.), and is
usually about 2-5" (G3-5 mm.).
young Males and Females in First Plumage. — Similar to the above,
l>ut with the whole of the lower parts from throat to under tail
<-oveits more or less uniform buffy brown, varying in depth from a
pale, almost albescent buff (see B. M. specimen. No. 39-4.15.66.)
to a deep umber, almost chocolate brown (see B. M. specimen No.
1907. 12. 31. 121.). In all specimens the shafts are paler than
the webs, and shew up as faint or conspicuous streaks according to
the depth of colouring adjoining.
340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
The extent of mottling, vermicnlations, or bars on breast, flanks
and abdomen seems to vary in every individual ; in some they are
hardly perceptible, in others the centre of the breast and abdomen
alone is faintly mottled or vermiculated, in others again the greater
part of the lower plumage is thus marked, while in one or two the
biiff or brown is broken up everywhere with comparatively bold
barrings or spots as well as with a sprinkling of white.
It would appear that these Pheasants take at least two years to
acquire their fiill plumage, and that ev3u tha females go through the
three moults before acquiring the beautiful black and white, or deep
brown and white, under plumage.
Young Mobles in Second PlmnaKje appear to resemble the females
in adult plumage, and to go through the same variations and
phases, though in some cases they moult direct from the first to the
final plumage, and in others go througli two moults to acquire this
without ever assumino; that of the adult female.
There are two 3'oung males in the B. M. Collection, one from
Kuatun, and one from Canton, which app3ar to be changing from
the mottled plumage into the adult, though it is evident that this
moult would not have been complete for the feathers are parti-
coloured, many shelving adult black bases and juvenile mottled tips.
On the other hand a young male specimen of the subspecies ripponi
shews that it is changing from the more xmiform juvenile garb direct
into the adult black and white.
At ihe same time some j'oung birds in the possession of Mr. E. G.
Herbert in Siam, which were brought in as young birds of the year,
moulted in the same autumn into the complete male plumage
without any intervening stage.
A very remarkable fact about Mr. E. G. Herbert's birds was that
prior to moulting some of the feathers appeared to have assumed
a partial adult coloui*abion by the pigmentation of the dead fea,thers ;
these bacame marked with white or with black, the same in
depth and tone as the feathers which came in their place.
Distribution. — "South China, Fokien, Chiukiang" (Grant),
In my Rsview of this genus I wrote that " the Chinese Silver
Pheasant appears to be found from latitude 28° to about latitude
22° on the Eastern watershed of the Sahvin, bxit not in the
lower lying country adjoining the river between latitude 22° and
24;°." " Salwin " is, of course, a lapsus calicmmi for Mekong, West
of which River within the latitudes given the Chinese Silver
Pheasant is not found.
It is possible that when the range of habitat of this Pheasant has
been more completly worked out, we shall have to extend the area
into the Northei-n parts of Siam South and West of the Mekong to
latitude 19-50° or even further South.
From the neishbourhood of Rabeng we get a form of Silver
Plu'asaut which appears ti) be most closely allied to sharpei as do
othei- specimens obtained by Mr. E. G. Herbert at Korat (lat. 15°,
long. 102*5°), but these latter birds have brilliant red legs, and not
ilesliy gvey or fleshy livid ones as in sharpei.
There still remains a great deal to be done in 8iam and the
adjoining countries before we can definitely lay down the areas occu-
pied by the various siibspecies of Gennaeus.
General Habits. — The Chinese Silver Pheasant is normall}^ an in-
habitant of the highest and driest hills and plateaus above 6,000
feet and up to 9,000 feet or more. Also, as w^e should expect, it
haunts the more open forests or countr}'- which is grass-covered and
only intersected with forest by the lower ^'ing valleys and ravines.
It is doubtful whether this Pheasant ever really enters any part of the
area covered by these articles, and it cannot be considered an Indian
bird ; at the same time the dividing line in appearance between true
nijcthemerus and its subspecies ripponi is so narrow that we may
eventxTally find that the latter cannot stand, and, in this case, the
bird will then have the status of an Indian, or rather, Burmese,
Game-Bird.
GENNiEUS NYCTHEMERUS RIPPONI.
The Yunnan Silver Pheasants
Gennoim ripponi, Sharpe, Bnll, B. O. C, Xlll., p. 29 (1902) ; Ghigi,
Mem. Acad. Bologna (fi), V.. p. 139 (1908) ; Harington, Jour. B. N. H. S.,
XX., p. 377 (1910) ; Stuart Baker, ibid, XXIII., p. 684 (191o).
Gennceusjonesi, Oates, Ibis (1903), p. 97 ; Ghigi, in loc. cit. (1908).
Vernacular Names. — Yit {Burmese^, Wuri (Kachin).
Description — Adult Male. — Only differs from true nydhemerus in
having the black bars a trifle broader in comparison so that the
upper parts at a short distance do not appear to be so piire a white.
The sides of the neck are seldom so pure a white as they are in the
Chinese bird, the tiny black vermiculations beino; more numerous
and more pronounced. The tail also averages shorter.
Colours of the Soft Parts. — As in nycthemerus.
Measurements.— \\mg lO-l" (25G-5 mm.) to 11-9" (302-2 mm.);
tail about 18-0" (457-2 mm.) to nearly 25" (635 mm.); tarsus
3-75" (95-2 mm.) to 4-05" (102-8 mm.); spur up to 1-25" (32-7
mm.), and neaidy always over an inch (25*4 mm.) ; crest from 3"
(76-2 mm.) to 4" (101-6 mm.). The average length of wing of tw^elve
adult males is 10-9" (276-8 mm.), and ^of tail 22" (558-8 mm.).
The bill at front is about 1-2" (30-4 mm.) and from gape about
1-5" (38-1 mm.).
Adult Female. — To the extreme East of its range closely resembles
the females of nycthemerus, but appears never to have so much white
3
342 JOUMNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIHT. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
on the lower plumage and always to have a certain amount of rufous
barring on the feathers like the hen of rufi'pes. To the East of its
range the female more closely approaches rufyies and has still less of
the white and more of the rufous barring below. The tail is on an
average decidedly longer than that of the Ruby Mines Silver
Pheasant, yet shorter than that of the Chinese bird. I have been
able to examine very few females of this species, but the colours of
the soft parts and the dimensions seem to agree with those of the
Chinese Silver Pheasant.
Distribution. — This subspecies is confined to the inter Salwin-
Mekong country from latitudes 21° to 25° certainly; possibly
farther North than the former and probably further South than the
latter. Where this bird meets s/iarpei is at present unknown, but
there is probably a line where the two subspecies meet, and are not
definable one from the other, on the ridges and hills which run East
and West from Karen-nee to Doi-par-Sakem, or a little South of
this in Siam.
Nidification. — Nothing known.
General Habits. — So far nothing has been recorded of the habits
of this very doubtful subspecies, which will not, however, be found
to differ in any respect from those of true nycthemerus. Like that
bird it is found on hills covered either with a sea of grass, with light
deciduous forest, or in places where these are mixed with and broken
up by ravines and pockets of more dense jungle, often more or less
evergreen in character.
It appears to prefer wide stretches of grass-land boi'deredby forest
in which it can conceal itself in case of necessity, and especially does
it haunt such as are rough and rugged and a good deal broken up
with out-crops of rock. It is not, as far as is known at present,
found bf^low 5,000 feet elevation, and is found up to the highest
altitudes of 9,000 feet or more ; that is to say, this bird, a trifle
darker in general tint than its Chinese i*elations, is also found at
slightly lower elevations.
It would appear to be most common in Yunnan in the Trans-
Salwin Hills at about 7,000 feet, where it is found in great numbers
in the thin oak foi-ests which are scattered about in small patches in
the higher grass-lands, and where the only really dense vegetation
is to be found in the wild tangles of growth on the borders of some
of the streams and in the larger ravines.
Writing of such a country as this, a correspondent says iv
epistola : —
" I'm afraid I cannot give j'ou nearly as much information
" about this beautiful bird as you may expect. In spite of its
" being found generally in grass rather than in heavy trees or
•' bush cover, it is not an easy bird to find, and still less easy
/•///; (,.IMK nillDS OF IMJlA, 343
"to briiifj to ba<r\vhpu once found. One imnoincs that such m
" magnificent bird must be extremely conspicuous wherever
" foimd, but such is by no means the case, and I have more than
" once stared at a motionless bird some seconds belbre I could
" make it oiit. The stunted and tliinly foliaged cakes which
"are scattered about at some distance I'rom each other e^ive such
" a queer dappling of light and shade under the blazing Indian
" sun that the outline of even glaring white objects cannot be
" made out at once, and the bioken black and white of the
" Pheasants' back assimilates well with the waving grass and the
" shivering broken shadows of the oak-leaves. Every breath
" of wind which stirs grass and leaves alters your view, and it
'• i? not until the bird lushes headlong away in the open or
" skulks, head and tail down like some wild beast, into the
" nearest raspberry tangle that you grasp the fact that you
" have let a pheasant getaway.
" Of course, once they are on the wing they can be seen and
" heard from a great distance, but e^ en under these circuni-
" stances I have been sometimes so sti-uck with their beauty
" that I have failed to fire until too late.
"One of my first encounters with these birds was when
" working over the crest of a grass ridge with my sepoys, we
" suddenly put up a covey of full-grown birds, and I v^as so
" fully occupied in watching these streaks of silver loveliness
" that I omitted to fire at all, and the whole lot — I think there
" were 7 ov 8 — disappeared, unharmed down the hill into a
"ravine with tree and dense undergrowth.
" Often we used to hear these Pheasants moving in front of
" us as our scouts worked through the grass on either side of
" our track the main body of our men were following, but we
" very seldom put them up within sight. When we were
" working up-hill they continued to run ahead of us until they
" had crossed the ridge or crest of the hill to our front, and
" then, when out of sight, they took to wing with much fluster
"and noise.
" We noticed they always ran up-hill and flew down, and
" always seemed to make for the highest point in the vicinity
" before taking to flight.
" As on the occasion of which I just wrote we several times
" came on coveys of full-grown cock birds without a single
'• hen anywhere near that we could see ; it may have been that
•'the hens had skulked away on foot, but I think not, for
" the sound of the running birds could be followed very clearly
'• when the grass and fallen leaves were dry and rustly.
" They crowed much like the common English Pheasant,
■but a shorter, deeper sound. I never ii^mv them crowing.
;J44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUliAL HLSr. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" but more than once put up cock birds from spots where I
" had heard a vigorous crowing and flaj^ping of wings going
" on the moment before.
" They are not bad eating, but not nearly so tasty as our
"home birds, but then they had not the advantages of hang-
" ing, sauces, &c., except the one sauce, 'hunger.' The flesh
"' was very white, rather dry and, of the old birds, horribly tough.
" One or two hens we shot and ate were much nicer than the
" cocks.
" We never found their nests, eggs or young, but it might
"not have been the right season for them."
GeNN^US NYCTHEMERUS RUFIPES.
The Euhy Mines Silver Pheasant.
Gennoius riifiiJeii, Gates, Man. Game-B., I., p. 362 (1898) ; id. Ibis (1903),
p. 97 ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p. 139 (1908).
Gennoeus atlayi, Gates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. His. (8), V., p. 162 (1910).
Gennmus (jranti. Gates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. His. (8), V., p. 163 (1910).
(?eww(CMs «ssiwz7w. Gates, Jour. B. N. H. S., XVI., p. 114 (1904); Gates,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. His. (7), XIV., p. 286 (1904) ; Ghigi, Mem. Acad.
Bologna (6), V., p. 141 (1908).
Gennceus elet/ans.
Gennceus affinis, Gates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. His. (7), XI., p. 231 (1903) ;
Ghigi, Mem. Acad. Bologna (6), V., p.l43 (1908).
GenncBus nijcthemerus viifipes, Stuart Baker, Jour. B. N. H. S., XX III.,
p. 680 (1915).
Kalij Pheasants, Finn, and Nisbett, Jour. B.N.H.S., XIII., p. 521 .
Vernacular Names. — Yit {Burmese), Wuri (Kachin).
Description — Adult Male. — Similar to G. n. ripyoni, but still darker,
the black lines and bars on the upper plumage being broader and
more numerous, especially on the tail. The sides of the neck are
less pure white, and as a rule are profusely vermiculated all over with
fine, wavy bars of black. The tail is on an averaije much shorter
than in ripponi and nycthemerus.
Colours of Soft Parts. — As in nycthemerus.
Measurements.— Wing i'vom 9-7" (24Sb mm.) to ll'O" (279-4
mm.) with an average for twenty birds of 10-3" (261-6 mm.) ; tail
from 16-0" (406-4 mm.) to 20-8" (528-3 mm.), nearly always
below 19-0" (482-6 mm.); tarsus 3-45" (87-5 mm.) to 3-85"
(97-7 mm.); bill at front about 1-2" (31-0 mm.), and from gape
1-4" (35-5 mm.); spurs nearly alwaj^s under 1" (25-4 mm.), and
crest from 2-7" (68-5 mm.) to 3-5" (88*9 mm.), and averaging
under 3" (76-2 mm.).
Female. — General colour above rich olive brown, crest darker
and tail very I'ichly barred and mottled with deep chestnut and
THE GAME BIRD^ OE IXDIA. Mr>
blackish brown, the outer tail feathers darker than the central
ones. Under parts nitons brown to, rich blackish brown, the
feathers marked with bold concentric bars of rich fulvous, these
bars following- the contour of the feathers, and not in longitudinal
stria9 as in lineatns.
Colours of the Soft J\irfs. \s in ni/dhemerus.
2\[€asurements.—Wmg 9" (228-6 mm.) to 10-1" (256-5 mm.)
with an average for twenty-one birds of 9-6" (243-8 mm.); tail from
9-2" (233-6 ram.) to 12-0" (304-8 mm.), with an average of about
10-8" (274-3 mm.); tarsus about 3-3" (83-8 mm.); bill at front
about I'l" (27-9 mm.) and from gape about 1-3" (33 mm.); crest
about 2-0" (50-8 mm.).
In adult females there is generally an indication of a spur shown
bv a knob which sometimes protrudes from the tarsus as much as
•15' (3-7 mm.).
" Wei(]hts. — The average weight of the male is 3 lbs., and that of
the female 2^ lbs. The above averages have been obtained by
weighing some twenty specimens." (Nisbett.)
Distribution. — Roughly speaking, the range of this bird is bounded
by the Irrawaddy and Salwin Rivers on the West and East respec-
tively, on the North by latitude 27^" and South by latitude 21°.
It must, however, be remembered that Gennceus horsfieldi horsfieldi
wanders down the Irrawadd}^ over the greater part of this area
on the banks of the river and lowest hills, and that between the
habitat of the two birds there is a no-man's land which is occu-
pied not only by birds which are in a geographic (or climatic)
transitional stage, but by a very great number of pheasants which
are hybrids, the result of direct crossing between true horsfieldi
and?i. rujipes.
The article by Mr. Finn and Capt. Nisbett in this Journal XIII.,
p. 521, is of the gi'eatest interest, and it is remarkable that this
combination of acute observers should have got so much nearer the
truth in regard to the subspecies and species of Gennceus than did
Oates with nearly ten times the material to work on. Capt. Nisbett
remarks : —
" The lower in altitude and the nearer the Irrawaddy one
'•finds them, the more they partake of the Black-Breasted
" Kalij in character; and the higher one gets towards the
" Chinese frontier, the more they partake of the appearance of
"the Silver Pheasant."
Mr. Finn adds to this :
" There can be no doubt that the veiy interesting series of
" forms of Gennchus forwarded bj^ Capt. Nisbett and described
" above, are hybrids of various grades between the common
" Black, or Black-Breasted Kalij (^Gennceus horsfieldi) and
346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" Crawford's or Anderson's Silver Pheasant with which I unite
" Mr. Gates' G. rufipes from the Ruby Mines."
Mdification. — Nothing recorded. I am told by my correspon-
dents that March and April are the two principal breeding months
for this Pheasant, though none of them have so far been successful
in taking eggs or chicks.
"It is probable that they will be found to breed in the two
months mentioned and in May as well.
General Habits. — Captain Nisbett writes as follows: —
" These birds are found at an altitude between 3,000 and
" 5.000 feet. They are generally found in parties of 8 to 7,
"though the males often wander about by themselves. They
" generally keep in the nullahs near the water during the heat
"of the day, and in the early mornings and towards evenings
" feed along the hillsides and on high ground, being especially
" fond of long flattish spurs or knolls covered with open ever-
" green forest. They are intensely shy, and one rarely has an
" opportunity of seeing them, as they make off very quickly on
"hearing anyone coming, and then rarely take to flight, unless
"run down by dogs, when they fly up into the trees. They
" are confirmed runners, and it is often hard to make them
" take flight even with dogs. Their food consists entirely of
"jungle seeds, insects and acorns. My usual way of obtainino-
" them was to walk very quickly along a jungle path until I
" heard the sound of their scratching up the dry leaves in
"search of food. I would then send a cooli, who always
" accompanied me, to take a circuit in the jungle and get
" round them ; and on his advancing towards them, they
" nearly always came within shot. This sounds like poaching,
" but it is the only way of getting them : shooting them in a
" fair way is impossible. On my first acquaintance with
"them, it took me over a fortnight to get a single specimen,
" though I met them every day.
" The breeding season begins about April, when the cocks
" can be heard challenging one another in the early morning.
"When breeding, they appear to leave their usual haunts
" in the open jungle, and disappear altogether, probably in
"the thick undergrowth. Since the end of April I have
" hardly come across a bird, though I constantly met them
" before.
" I have not been successful in obtaining any eggs, though
" I have asked Kachins to try and get me some."
All that can be added at present to the above is that after April
the birds probably go into the still higher hills to breed, which
would account for Capt. Nisbett never putting the birds up, and
for the Kachins failing to obtain eggs.
rilK (tAME birds of INDIA. 347
(3! envLS—rilA SIANU8.
True Pheasants .
The True Pheasants form a genus of which the Common and
Ringed Plieasauts are well-known examples. The tail which is of
IG or 18 feathers, is longer than the wing in both sexes, and in the
male often reaches a very great length ; it is strongly graduated,
the outermost pairs being fre(|uently much shorter than the upper
tail coverts. There is no crest, but usuall}'' two short thick tufts on
either side of the crown behind i he eye, which are, however, very
small in some species. I'he males are brilliantly coloured with both
ordinary and metallic colours, whilst the females are plain brown
birds more or less mottled with varying amounts of bufi', rufous,
black and white.
The wings are rounded with a small Urst primary intermediate in
length between the 7th and 10th and the tarsi and feet are strong
and well-formed for running, and are furnished with a spur in the
male which is rudimentary or absent in the female.
The space round the eye is bare in the males, and in some species
is developed into wattles, in the female the eye area is feathered or
bare in a less degree than in the male.
There are two species of true Pheasants found within our limits,
Vhasianus huinice hamice and Fhasianus elegans, and a second sub-
species of the former P. h. hurmannicus. These birds have often been
referred to the genus Callo]jliasis, a genus created by Elliott for
Callophasis eUiotti. — I do not, however, see sufHcient reason for
dividing the two genera.
Elliott gave his reasons for dividing them as follows : —
(1) In the genus Callophasis as represented by elliMi the bare
skin of the face never developes into the heavy wattles found in all
males of true Phasianus.
(2) The feathers of the lower rump
" are rounded and proceed in regular rotation down the back
" and form an abrupt, distinct line ju at above the upper tail
" coverts, leaving them entirely exposed "... In all
" true pheasants these are long, loose, split and of a hairy-like
"texture, very dense and almost, if not entirely, conceal
" the upper tail coverts."
(3) The spur is in shape and character nearer to Gennceus
(Euplocomns) than to Phadanus.
Of the three reasons given (1) is only a matter of degree, (2) is
to some extent a matter of degree, and (3) is not correct for the
spur is actually much more like that of Phasianus than the Gallme
spur of Gennrhus.
348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
As regards the female, Elliott observes that it
" exhibits to an even gi-eater degree than the male, characters
" not found in any species of Pheasant belonging to existing
"recognised genera" ( ? species) "and in her relation to
" him, differs in a more marked manner than is to be witnessed
" among the females of any of the species of the genns
" Phasianus."
The characters to winch he refers are (1) the naked space round
the eye, (2) the comparatively short tail, and (3) the indication of a
spur.
Here again, (1) is the only point which needs to be dwelt upon,
(2) is entirel)^ a matter of degree, and (3) is incorrect, for there is
an indication of a spur in the females of nearly all the Pheasants,
whilst actual spurs are by no means uncommon.
The differentiation between Calloiihasis and Phasiamis rests there-
fore entirel}^ on the supposed structural differences in the rump
feathers of the male and the bare orbital skin of the female. Under
these circumstances, as I have said above, I retaiji all the sj)ecies
under the one title of Phasicums.
Key to Species and Subspecies.
A. 16 tail feathers, cross bars on central tail
feathers an inch or more apart. Crown
green in males.
a. Rump steel blue and white in
equal portions ... ... ... I'.li. humioi.
h. Hump ):)lack and white, the latter
predominating ... ... ... P.h.hurmannicus.
B. 18 tail feathers, cross bars under one inch
apart in both sexes ... ... ...P. elef/ans.
Phasianus humi^ humi^ (Hume).
Mrs. Hume's Pheasant.
Callophasis hwnice, Hiune, Str. Feath., IX., p. 461 (1881) ; id, ibid. XI.,
p. 302 (1888).
Phasianus Immice, Godwin-Aus. P. Z. S. (1881), ^. 715, PI. LI. ; Ogilvie-
Grant. Cat. Birds B. M., XXII., p. 335 (1893) (part) ; Blanford, Fauna B.I.,
IV., pp. 80, 486 (1898) ^part) ; Finn., Jonr. A. S. Beng. (2), LXVI, p. 523
(1897) (part) ; Finn and Turner, ibid, LXIX., p. 144 (1900); Venning, Jour.
B. N. H. S., XXI., p. 632 (1912) : J. P. Cook, ibid, XXII., p. 270 (1913);
Mackenzie and Hopwood, ibid, XXV., p. 91 (1907).
Calophasis hximla', Ogilvie-Grant. Monograph Game-B., II.. p. 42 (1897)
(part); Sharpe, Hand-L., I., p. 38 (1899); Finn, ibis (1898), p. 311 (part) ;
Gates, Man. Game-B., I., p. 304 (1898). Finn, Indian Sportins-B., p. 201
(1915).
Vernacular Names. — Yit (Burmese), Wuri {Kachin) ; Loe-nin-
koi (Maniiniri).
THE (.'AMI-: niliD!S OF INDIA. ;549
Description — Adiilf Malt'. — Crown brown, tinged with olive, the
feathers next the bill unci over the eye next the bare orbital skin
dark brown, faintly glossed with green, chin and upper throat black;
neck, iipper breast and upper back deep velvet-black with broad edges
of deep steel blue, the black centres concealed, or merel}^ shewing on
the posterior parts as half hidden round spots; the blue of the upper
back sometimes descends on to the centre back, almost to the lower
back, and in all cases the chauge between the two colours is gradual,
patches of metallic blue occurring even on the lower back ; iutei--
scapulars and back with iiame-coloured copper instead of green
edges ; lower back and rump steel blue, much paler in tint thxT,n the
back, and each feather with white edges and a white bar bordered
above and below with black ; upper tail coverts grey, faintly vermi-
culated with white and with an obsolete broken black bar across
the centre ; tail similarly vermiculated grey with bars of black,
more or less mottled with chestnut on the central pair of feathers,
and with a broad sub-terminal bar on the four outer pairs, increas-
ing in width towards the outermost ; two or three pairs of these
are also tipped with mottled white. Lesser wing coverts and median
wing coverts like the back, the former with a broad baud of white, nai-
rowl}- edged with steel blue and with bases of glossj' blue-black, and
the latter with a broad bar of black glossed with the same steel blue
as the rump ; greater coverts deep chestnut, those next the quills
with broad white edges and blue-black sub-edges, forming a third
double bar across the closed wing; primaries brown, edged chestnut,
secondaries entirely chestnut on the exposed portions except the
innermost, which have white tips with a narrow sub-terminal bar of
black. Lower breast like the upper back, gradually merging into
deep bright chestnut on the flanks and abdomen ; thighs and centre
of abdomen about vent mottled brown and chestnut; under tail
coverts black with a faint blue-green gloss.
"Male. — Length 33-0 inches; expanse 26-0; tail (of six-
"teen feathers) from vent 21; wing 8-6; tarsus 2-75; bill
"from gape 1-3. Weight 2 lbs. G ozs. The legs, feet, claws
" and spurs (the latter 0-85 length) all a pale delicate drab
" brown ; the facial skin an intense crimson ; irides orange ;
"bill greenish horny, dusky on cere and base of upper man-
" dible. and pale yellowish horny towards the tip of both
" mandibles." (Hume.)
Measurement)}. — The small series 1 luue been able to examine or
obtain measurements of, viz., 6 in the British Museum, 2 at Tring,
and 3 in the Museum of the Natural Histoiy Society of Bombay,
have measurements as follows: — Wing from 8-1" (205-7 mm.) to
8-8" (223-5 mm.); tail from 15-8" (401-3 mm.) (a bird in very
poor condition) to 21-5" (534-6 mm.); tarsus 2-3" (58-4 mm.) to
2-6" (66-0 mm.); bill at front about M" (27-9 mm.), and from
4
350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
gape about 1-3" (33-0 mm.); spur from -33" (8-3 mm.) to -7"
(17-7 mm.), generally under the half inch (12-7 mm.). The
average length of wing is 8*5" (215"0 mm.).
Young Males. — In otherwise fully adult plumage, have the wing
quills mottled brown and dull chestnut, but not barred like the
females.
Adult Female. — Upper parts of the head reddish brown, the
feathers of the crown with more or less well-defined black centres ;
sides of the head, lores, ear coverts and chin dull fiilvous, sparsely spot-
ted posteriorly with black ; neck sandy brown above obsoletel}' barred
with blackish and more boldly so on the sides ; upper back and
scapulars the same, but with bold velvety black edges and bars and
white arrow-shaped mark in the centi-e of each feather ; lower back
rump and upper tail covei'ts mottled sandy-brown and black with in-
definite black centres to the feathers, more pronounced on the romp
where there are also some white marks, and on the upper tail
coverts. Central tail feathers like the tail coverts with ill-defined
mottled bars of dark brown ; outer tail feathers chestnut with black
bars and broad white tips. Below, the breast is pale sandy or
greyish brown with a few black spots; lower breast, flanks and
greater thigii coverts sandy rufous, barred with very pale grey ; thigh
coverts a darker sandy brown, and the vent and centre of the abdo-
men duller and paler than the flanks ; under tail coverts mottled
brown, white and sandy, the longest chestnut with black, bai-s and
broad white tips. Visible plumage cf the wings mottled grey, brown
and sandy rufous with bold markings of black, and with whitish edges
to the median and greater coverts, which form narrow and faint white
bars across the wing ; primaries brown, mottled with rufous and with
broad pale buff bars on the outer webs.
Measurements. — The only female 1 have been able to measure has
a wing of 7-8" (198-1 mm.) ; tail 7-5" (190-5 mm.) , and tarsus of
2-4." (G0-9mm.) ; the bill at iront is about 1-0" (25-4. mm.), and
from the gape 1-2" (30-5 mm.). It should be noted that Godwin-
Austen gives the length of his specimen's wing in the flesh as 8'25'',
and the tail as 7-0" only.
Colours of Soft Parts. — The only note I can find on this point is
in Godwin- Austen's description, in which he says :
" A nude red patch surrounding the eye."
DistrUmtion. — Until very recently all that was known of this bird's
habitat was Hume's description in Stray Feathers, and Godwin-
Austen's in the Zoological Societj^'s Proceedings.
The former recorded them as being found in the Kamhow district
of South Manipur, Eastern Looshai and North- West Independent
Burma, while the latter obtained specimens, as had Dr. Watts, in
North- Kast Manipur close to the Naga Hills.
THE GAME JilliDiS OF INDIA. 351
Latterly they have been repeatedly shot on the Chin Hills as fai-
South as Fahini and Fort White, whilst Venning reports them as
not uncommon still further South at llaka, where he saw Hocks ot
as many as ten birds together. Again East and North-East ol
Mauipur on the hills bordering the Chindwin and Oyu lUvers, it has
been seen and shot, and it certainly extends as i'ar North-East as the
Patkoi Hills, as 1 have seen its feathers on the baskets of the Nagas
trom this district. At present there is nothing to show what is the
boundary between htimitc and harmaynnicus, and this may prove to
be either the Chindwin or the Inawaddj^ as, so far, no birds of this
genus have been found in the inter-land of these two rivers.
Probably, however, consideiing the distribution of humia'. in tlie
N. E. >iaga and Patkoi Hills, the latter river will be found to be
the Western limits of P. h. bunnannicus.
Nidifi cation. — As far as I know, the only collectors wdio have
hitherto succeeded iu finding the nest and eggs of this most
beautiful bird are Messrs. Wickham, Hopwood and Mackenzie, to
whom I am indebted for specimens of the eggs and many valuable
notes.
The two latter gentlemen, when touring iu the North Chin
Hills, had a clutch of 8 eggs brought in to them in the end of
April 1914 by the Chins, said to be those of Mrs. Hume's Pheasant;
unfortunately they were on the verge of hatching, and it was only
possible to save 4 eggs out of the clutch. The eggs were, however,
not such as had been expected, so that it was with the greatest
delight the same two collectors had the good luck to themselves
to take a second nest and see the parent bird within a few dajs of
receiving the first. This nest, which was found on the 1st of May,
contained only 7 eggs.
In the following year, near the same spot and on the same date,
Mr. Mackenzie obtained another nest with 10 eggs, whilst on the
20th April and the 1st May two other clutches were brought to him
by Chins, containing respectively 6 and 7 eggs. In neither oi' these
two instances were the parent birds trapped, though the Chins
produced some feathers to support their story ; the eggs are, how-
ever, exactly similar to those taken personally by Mr. Mackenzie, and
there does not seem to be any reason to doubt their authenticity.
All these eggs were taken from a ridge above and to the West
of Haingyan, near Hankin, at au elevation of some 7,000 feet.
Mr. Mackenzie {in he. cit.) gives a brief note on the breeding of
the Pheasant, but unfortunately tells us nothing about the nest or
where it is placed. He writes :
" Eggs, with a bird skin. The eggs were of the ordinary
" Phasiavtis type : three clutches were obtained, all from about
" 6,500'. The bird seems to breed near the top of the main
ridge."
3oi? JO URNAL, B 0MB A Y NA TURAL HIST. SO CIETY, Vol. XXV.
The eggs are certaiiil}^ not in the least like what I should ha\-e
expected, being far more like small, fragile eggs of the Jungle-
Fowl than those of the True Pheasants. At the same time, even
if Mr. Mackenzie had not, as he informs me in a letter, on the one
occasion seen the bird leave the nest, it would have been difficult
to attribute them to any other bird than Mi's. Hume's Pheasant. The
Jungle-Fowl does not breed at 7,000 feet in this part of Burmah,
and the eggs are much too small for any of the forms of Silver or
Kalij Pheasants which are to be found in the Chin Hills and, more-
over, though superficially just like Jungle-Fowls' eggs, those I have
seen are more finely grained, with a closer texture, slightlj^ glossed,
and with much thinner shells in proportionto their size.
Eggs very similar to those in my collection — which I owe to the
generosity of the above-named gentleman-— are four eggs laid by
P. elegans in the Zoological Society's Gardens in Regent's Park,
and which are now in the Natural History Museum. Both Phasianus,
scintillans and P. elliotti also lay cream or stone-coloured eggs, so
that there is really nothing extraordinary in Mrs. Hume's bird
doing the same.
In shape they are broad ovals, but little compressed towards the
smaller end, and do not appear to vary much, but one egg in Mr.
Mackenzie's series is a comparatively long oval measuring 1-99" x
1-31" (50-5 X 33-2 mm.).
In length the 30 eggs of which I have measurements vary be-
tween 1-78" and 2-03" (45-2 and 52-8 mm.), and in breadth between
1-31" and 1-48'' (33*2 and 37-6 mm.), the average of the same
number being 1-88" x 1-39" (47-7 x 35-3 mm.).
These Pheasants would appear to be earlj^ breeders, for both the
clutches obtained in the end of April were so hard set that they
must have been laid in March, and, though it is hardly safe to
generalise on such scanty material, the 1 5th March to the 1 5th May is
probably the limit of their breeding season.
General Habits. — This beautiful Pheasant, according to reports
made to Hume by his Kamhow collectors, is found
" In dense hill forests at elevations of from 2,500 feet (the
" height of the lower end of the Manipur Plain, or, as it is
"mis-called, valley) to fully 5,000 feet. They prefer the
" neighboui-hood of streams, and are neither rare nor shy."
This description of their habitat is probably not correct. For
fifteen years I lived in the North Cachar Hills next to Manipur, and
yearly visited the Jhiri Valley, and worked it and the adjoining
hills most exhaustively up to 5,000 and 6,000 feet, but never saw
nor heard of this bird being found there. All my Manipuri collec-
tors, also, assured me that the bird was not found until one got into
the far higher country running from the Naga Hills round the far
North and Fast of tlie Manipur Plain at elevations from 4,000 feet
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA.
,000
01- more up to 9,000 or 10,000. Tlic lowest point at wliicli (i
win-Aiisteii got it ^vas ou the Shiroifnra peaks at between 7,(
and 9,000 feet; in the Eastern Chin Hills it is fonnd lietween 4,000
and 7,000 feet, and at Haka at about 1,000 feet and upwards, whilst
in the extreme North of the Chin Hills it is found from G,000 t<>
9,000 feet.
It may, of course, wander down sometimes as low as 2,500 feet in
the coldest part of the cold weather, but 1 think such occasions
must be of the rarest.
Again it does not appear to be a denizen of the dense, tropical
and more or less evergreen forests of the hills of the lower eleva-
tions, but to haunt the more open oak, pine and other forests and
grass lands which are to be found fiom 4,000 feet upwards. Mr.
J. P. Cook found it frequenting heavy patches of grass and dwarf
date palm in more or less open grass land mixed with patches of
forest and found that they had been feeding on acorns. Again,
near Fort White one of my correspondents informs me that he
always obtained these pheasants
" in forest growing on very rocky, broken hillsides, where the
" undergrowth was light, except for open patches of bracken
" and grass, and the trees, for the most part, stunted and grow-
" iug well apart from one another. If not in this kind of
" forest, they were to be found in the open grass-land, feed-
" mg in the more open land, and lying up during the hotter
"hours in the denser patches."
Finn, who was the first writer to draw attention to the differ-
ence between ]Mrs. Hume's Barred-Back Pheasant and the Eastern
Burmese form, quotes at some length an interesting letter from a
Mr. Turner.
" I had left my camp, which was pitched some six miles
" from Fort White, on the evening of Gth March, to go after
'•some Hill Partridges, which one of my men had seen just
''below my camp; not seeing any signs of them, I Avalked
" on for about a mile, and w^as returning along the road
" (the Fort White-Kalemyo Koad) w^hen, glancing down the
" liJmd, I saw something grey disappearing in the long grass
"just below^ me. I immediately started to go after it, when
"I saw what appeared to me to be a light blue streak just dis-
" appearing. I immediately fired, but it was with faint hope
" I walked up to the spot, as not only did I think the bird
"had disappeared before I shot, but I had just at the moment
" of shoo\ing, slipped. I was therefore very much delighted
" when I saw the blue streak tumbling down the l-hnd below
" me. I immediately went after and secured him ; as I was
" descending the original gi*ey bird, which was evidently the
" female, got up and flew a short distance. I walked lier up.
354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" and my dog again pnt her up ; tinfortunately, owing to
"the thick jungle, I was unable to get a shot. Walking
" on, however, 1 again put up another, whether a cock or hen,
" I could not saj', as it was already dark. I fired, but the
" bird flew away, and although I believe it dropped, I
" could not find it. These birds, when I saw them, were
" feeding amongst the dead leaves which littered the ground.
" The next evening I tried the upper side of the road, and
"put several (four at least) of the same birds out of the long
"grass on a steep hillside. I only managed to geb one long
"shot which was not successful. I again tried the next morn-
" ing, and was successful in bagging another ; my dog put it up
" on our right, and flying ver}^ low thmngh the bushes, it
" crossed just in front of me. Unfortunatel}^ the bird was not
" well skinned, and I had to throw it away.
" The specimen that I have retained is a full-grown cock; the
" other one was a young cock without the long tail, the plumage
" was otherwise identical with that of the other bird. The
"hill on which I obtained these specimens was between 4,000
" and 5,000 feet high, being one of the spurs of the Chin Hills
"running down into the Kale Valley, and the birds were
" close to the Fort-Kalemyo Fort White Road, just about at
" milestone 20. The latitude is approximately 23" and the
"longitude approximately 9G°."
Mr, Cook in a letter to me writes :
"P. humvK I often saw and shot. The birds were generally
" to be found in somewhat open jungle, where the trees are
" principally oaks and similar species, and where one finds an
" undergrowth and open spaces of long grass, or long grass and
" bracken mixed. Near Minkin I found them in steep grass
" slopes, and here they were by no means uncommon, and
" associated in small flocks or family parties. On one occasion
" 1 flushed no less than eight or ten birds from an ant-hill
" overgrown with grass and crowned with a clump of dwarf
" dates, upon the fruit of which I think the Pheasants were
" feeding. On another occasion I saw a couple of hens with
" a cock at Pine-Tree Camp in similar jungle and at about the
" same elevation (7,000 feet).
"As far as my experience goes they do not fly very far
" when first flushed, and as a rule they fly low down, seldom,
" if ever, rising above the tops of the trees ; nor does their
" flight strike one as being at all fast, and, indeed, compared
"with the English Pheasant, it seems very much slower.
" They are not hard birds to flush, especially the first time,
"but as I have nearly always had a dog out with me when
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 366
" fifter these birds, I cannot, speak with much authority on
"this point. When aligliting after the first flight, they often
" run considerable distances, but at others one may put a
"bird up lime after time from almost the exact spot at which
'• he drops.
" They are such beautiful birds that their very beauty has
"sometimes saved their lives when 1 have really wanted them
" very badly ; their skins as specimens and their ilesh for the
" pot. To see half a dozen cock birds rise almost at one's
"feet and then scatter in all directions, the wonderful blue and
" white feathers of their rumps shewing up like flags against
" the rest of the brilliant plumage, is a most extraordinary
" sioht, and I have tound the blaze of colour so gorgeous and
" attractive that 1 have sometimes been arrested m the very
" act of raising my gun to fire, and have instead stood to
" watch them and enjoy the sight.
" I think wherever 1 have found this bird there have been
" outcrops of rock here and thtre in the grass they frequent.
" In some cases these outcrops are scattered and tew, but in
" some cases very thick and plentiful, so that the patches of
" grass form little roads in between them.
" The only sound I have heard them make, and which I
" can with certainty attribute to them is a low grunting call,
" exactly the same as that made by Fhasianus hurmaniiicus, a
"bird I'knew well in the South-East of these Hills."
The discovery of this beautiful Pheasant by Hume in 79 was
always considered by him to be one of the, if not the, most im-
portant and interesting of his numerous discoveries. His atlention
in the first place was drawn to some feathers in the head-dress of
a Manipuri Official sent to assist him in getting about in Manipur,
which he at once saw belonged to a J'heasant unknown to him.
These he was told were feathers from a bird called Loe-nin-Koi
which occuired in the extreme South of the Manipur territory and
in the Eastern Lushai country. It was weeks, however, beibre he
succeeded in going with a small force of Manipuris into the
Kamhow district, and even then it was only with the greatest
ditticulty that some Kamhow refugees were induced by a mixture
of threats and promises to secure for him two specimens, one of
which was alive.
Of the living specimen Hume wrote :
"The live bird, though a full-grown cock, became perfectly
" tame in a few days, and a great favourite in the camp. It
" would eat bread, boiled rice, winged wdiite-ants, moths,
" taking them gingerly out of our hands."
Unfortunately this bird was eventually killed in a fire, so never
reached its destination, the London Zoological Gardens.
356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX T.
Phasianus humi^ burmannicus (Gates).
The Burmese Barred-Bach Pheasant.
Cafophasis burmannicus, Gates, Ibis, 1898, p. 124 ; Sharpe, Hand-List, B.,
IV., p. 38 (1899); Finn, Ibis, 1898, p. 311 (part); Harington, Jour.
B.N.H.S., XX., p. 1010 (1911); Gates, Man. Game-B., I., p. 308 (1898):
Finn, In. Sporting B., p. 301 (1915).
Phasianus humiai, W. L. Sclater (nee Hume), Ibis, 1891, p. 152 (part) ;
Gates, Jour. B.N.H.S., X., p. 112 (1895) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. B. M.,
XXII., p. 335 (1893) (part) ; id, Mon. Game B., II., p. 42 (1897) (part) .
Blanford, Faun B. I., IV., pp. 80, 486 (1898) (part) ; Finn, Jour. A. S. B.
(2), LXVI., p. 523 (1897) (part) ; id, ibid (2), LXIX., p. 144 (1900); Cook,
Jour. B. N. H. S., XXI,, p. 632 (1912) ; id, ibid, XXII., p. 270 (1913).
Vernacular Names. — Yit (^Burmese), Wuri (J\.acMii).
Description — Adult Male. — Similar to P. humioe Mimioe, but with
the steel blue of the upper parts confined to the extreme upper
back, and much more sharply defined from the copper-coloured
mantle ; the rump is black and white instead of blue and white,
and even when there is a certain amount of blue gloss, as is some-
times the case, this is of a deeper tint than it is in Mrs. Hume's
Pheasant ; the white fringes are also broader and more dominant
than they are in that bird.
The colour of the tail bars, given Ij}- Gates as one of the dis-
tinguishing features, is not of much use. Generally there is more
chestnut on those of F. h. harmannicus, but this is not invariably
so, and in some birds there is no moi'e than in the type of humiai.
Again, Gates' definition of the differences in the colour of the bases
to the feathers of the lower white wing bar does not hold good. He
says that in humiai the concealed bases to these featiiers are black,
whereas in burmannicus they are " chestnut with a firm black bar."
This is practically coirect as far as the types of the two subspecies
are concerned, though the bases of the innermost feathers are well-
marked with chestnut in the wing of h^imice, hnt in other specimens
this difference is not maintained.
In hurmoMnicus the central black wing-bar is often mixed with
maroon or copper colour, but this is not always so, and in one
specimen in the British Museum series this black wing-bar is
broader than in any specimen of humiai, and is equally free from all
admixture of maroon.
Measurements and Colours of Soft Parts. — The same as in humia'.
In the series of 16 males in the British Museum and at Tring the
wing varies between 8-5" (215 mm.) and 9-3" (236-2 mm.), with
an average of 8-85" (224-9 mm.) ; tlis tails run up to 26-5" (673-1
mm.), and average about 22" (554-8 mm.), tarsus, spur and bill
measure within the extremes given for humvje.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 357
Adult Female. — Similar to that of humiie.
Measurenmits.— Wing from 7-7" (195-8 mm.) to 8-3" (210-8
mm.) ; tail 7-7" (195-8 mm.) to 8-G" (218-4 mm.); tarsus about
2-1." (Gl-0 mm. ) , bill at front about 1" (25-4 mm.) and gape 1-2"
(30-5 mm.).
Distribution. — Yunnan, Northern Shan States, and the greater
part of the Southern Shan States. To the West it appears
nowhere to cross the Irrawaddy, which River probably forms
the dividing barrier between this and Mrs. Hume's Pheasant.
To the East we do not yet know for certain how far it extends, but
up to now there is no record of its having been seen or obtained
East of the Sahvin River. I have records of its having been
obtained at Myitkjma, Sadon, N. E. of Nilamka, Mogok, Maymyo,
Kalaw, Taungyi, Fort Stedman, and Loimai. South of this again,
North of the Bree country, a Pheasant has been seen which will
assuredly prove to be of this species, and almost equally certainly
of the present subspecies, but no specimen has been actually
secured.
Nidification. — There is at present absolutely nothing on record
about the breeding of this beautiful Pheasant, but, with the care
and industry with which our field-ornithologists are now working
Burmah, the finding of the nests and eggs cannot be long delayed.
General Habits. — Like its cousin, Mrs. Hume's Pheasant, the
Burmese Barred-Back Pheasant frequents the mountninous regions
of Eastern Burmah between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, keeping more
to the open than to the very heavy forests, though even in the
former there are always pockets and ravines which liave the trees
and undergrowth very dense and tangled. It is also found on
gi'ass-covered hill-sides, well away from any large tree forest, and
seems to keep together in small flocks, probably composed of the
cock and hen and the last hatched brood.
Mr. J. P. Cook writes in the Bombay Journal of this Pheasant :
" I saw this beautiful bird, or it maj^ have been P. bitrmannicus
•' 1331a" (this it proved to be) " several times, and generally
" in the open jungle on rocky grass-hills. On one occasion I
■' put up five birds singly at intervals of aboiit a minute or
"two. At one time I thought I had found a nest, as a hen
• ' bird rose at my feet, but I hunted everywhere without suc-
" cess. These Pheasants do not seem to be quite so gi-egarious
-'as 6r. lineatus, nor so partial to the proximity of water. I
"should like to have shot one or two, but when I saw them I
"always had my little -410 with me only, which would not have
•' been sufticient to have bi'ought them down. On one occasion
"I put up a Pheasant out of so)De wild raspberry bushes
" amongst long grass, the fruit of which it was perhaps
" feeding on."
358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. HOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Phasianus elegans (Elliot).
stone's Pheasant.
Phasianus elegans, Elliott, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (4), VI,, p. 312 (1870) ;
Sclater, P.Z.S., 1870, p. 670 ; Elliott, Monog. Phas., II., PI. VIII (1872) ;
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B.M., XXII., p. 329 (1893) ; id Hand-L. Game-B.,
II., p. 31 (1897) ; Blanford Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, IV., p. 81 (1898) ; Gates,
Man. Game-B., I., p. 299 (1898) ; Styan, Ibis, 1699, p. 298 ; Davies, Ibis,
1901, p. 408 ; Buturlin, Ibis, 1904, p. 411, id Ibis, 1908, pp. 574, 576, 685.
592 ; Harington, Jour, B. N, H. Soc, XiX., p. 309 (1909); Sclater Ibis, 1912,
p. 554 ; Ingram, Novit. Zool., XIX., p. 271 (1912); Bailey, Geog. Journal,
XXXIX., p. 346 (1912) ; id Jour. B. N.H. Soc, XXII., p. 367 (1913) ; Bangs
and Phillips, Bull. Muse. Comp. Zool., LVIII., No. 6, p. 269 (1914).
Phasianus sladeni (Anderson MSS.) Elliott, P.Z.S., 1870, pp. 404, 408 ;
Anderson, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 214; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 378 ; David and
Oustalet, Ois, Chine, p. 411 (1877) ; Anderson, B.W. Yunnan Exp., p. 671,
PI. 11. (1878).
? Phasianus sucJischanensis, Bianchi, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb., V, Ser. T.,
XXIV., n. 1-2, p, 83 (1906) : Buturlin, Ibis, 1908, p. 574,
Vernacula/r Names. — ?Wucrii (^Kachin), Tso-ka (Tibetan).
Bescrqytion — AJalU Male. — Crown from forehead to nape and hind
neck bronze-green, the ear tufts darker and more bine ; chin and
throat deep green ; neck in front and on the sides deep purple blue
with purple copper reflections in some lights, this colour passing-
round the base of the neck as a collar behind ; upper back golden
chestnut, changing into deep chestnut on the back and scapulars ;
the feathers next the neck are centred with black and their tips are
notched with the same ; the feathers of the back and the scapulars
have black centres mottled and sub-oiit-lined with buff, and the
same notches as on the upper back, but the black obsolete. Lower
back, rump and tail coverts pale green-grey with sub-terminal bars
of lusti'ous emerald green, and each feather with the concealed base
black with buff concentric bands. Tail feathers rufous brown with
broad black bars, narrowly edged above and below with golden buff;
the central pair have wide margins of pink-grey, across which the
black bands are continued as dull crimson purple marks ; on each
succeeding pair the pink edges are reduced in size, and are absent
on the outermost pair, and sometimes on one or two of the next
pairs also.
Wing-coverts pale green grey with emerald green reflections, and
with the innermost greater coverts splashed with maroon, broadly
on the outer and narrowh^ on the inner webs ; quills brown, the
primaries barred with bufl' on the outer webs and Avith broken bars
on the inner ; secondaries broadly edged with olive brown and irre-
gularly marked with buff on both webs.
Below, breast deep glossy green, each feather narrowly margined
with velvety black, and those on the lower breast notched, though
less conspicuously so thaai on the back ; flanks and sides of the breast
golden copper, becoming almost purple copper next the green of the
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 359
breast, each feather with a bold edging of velvet black, which runs
down the end of the shaft towards the greenish base, vent, thighs,
and centre of abdomen dull brown ; under tail coverts chestnut with
black marks.
Colours of the Soft Parts.
" Legs and feet of the male lead colour, inclining to flesh
"colour; naked skin around the eye scarlet." (Elliot.)
Measurements.— Wing SS" (210-8 mm.) to 9-0" (228-Gmm.),
with an average for 20 males of 8-6" (218-4 mm.); tail 15-4"
(391-1 mm.) to 19-2" (487-6 mm.), generally between 17"
(432mm.) and 18" (457 mm.); bill from front about 1-2"
(30-4 mm.), and from gape aboiit 1-4" (35-5 mm.); tarsus 2-5"
(63-5 mm.) to 2-7" (68*5 mm); spur about -4" (10-1 mm.).
Adult Female. — Crown and neck dark brown or black with
narrow bars of buif, sometimes with a distinct tinge of chestnut ;
back and scapulars chestnut with white sub-edging, and very fine
eds-es of black aud a bold bar of the same between the chestnut
and the white ; remainder of upper plumage pale grey brown with
narrow buff edges and black centres with here aud there a tinge of
chestmit shewing very irregularly. Central tail feathers pale olive
brown with narrow paler cross bars broadly margined on either
side with black ; remaining tail feathers dull chestnut with similar
bars ; in all the tail feathers the markings are irregular, aud some-
what mottled, giving a mottled appearance to the whole.
Below, the chin and throat are pale buffish, obsoletely barred
with dark brown ; foreueck and upper breast with bolder bars of
black and black centres and washed with a pinky reddish tinge,
lower breast, flanks and abdomen dull greyish buff with numerous
faint vermiculations of grpy-brown, and with visible centres of deep
chestnut brown ; under tail coverts the same marked with chestnut.
Three females from Chang Youn, in China, are more richly colour-
ed above than any of the more Western birds, but, at the same
time, have practically no dark markings on the lower breast and
abdomen ; the flanks and thigh coverts are, however, fully as boldly
marked as the other birds.
Colours of Soft Parts — not recorded.
Measurements.— ^Ymg 7-8" (198-1 mm.) to 8-2" (208-3 mm.);
tail from 9-7" (246-4 mm.) to 10-7" (271-8 mm.); tarsus 2-4"
(60-9 mm.) to 2-6" (66-0 mm.); bill at front about 1-1" (27-9
mm.), and from gape about 1*3" (33-0 mm.).
Bistrilmtion. — Western Szechuan, Eastern Tibet, at least as. far
West as Batang, Yunnan and the Northern Shan States and
Kachin Hills and Southern Shan States.
As regards Tibet, Bailey says :
" I shot a specimen of this on the Fei-Y'ueh-Ling Pass, South-
" East of Ta-chien-lu. It was plentiful at Ta-chien-lu itself, and
360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXV.
" a few were seen in suitable places tip to Batang again in
" Yangtse Valley, two days South of Batang and near theKia-la."
Harington obtained a male at Ta-shio-tang, Tawnio State, Trans-
Salwin; Major J. Whitehead got another male at Namsang-yang
between Talawgyi and Lawchen, and a third was also obtained by
Captain Bard in the same district close to Myitkina.
It is apparently found as far South in S. Shan States as 21°.
Nidification. — I can find nothing on record concerning the
breeding of this Pheasant in a state of a nature.
I have two eggs in my collection which I owe to the generosity
of Mr. Charles M. Inglis. They were laid by the hen of a pair kept
by him in an aviary in Tirhoot, and are two of a clutch of 7.
In appearance they are typical Pheasants' eggs, exactly like many
laid by torqxicUus and colchicus, in English woods and spinneys, and
not like the Gennceus type of egg laid by Phasianus humia\
In colour they are a clear, deep fawn-brown, and in shape typical
pheasants' eggs, though not of the extreme peg-top shape. The
surface is very smooth and fine grained, and has a slight gloss. They
are rather fragile eggs for their size, considerabl}'- thinner than the
shells of eggs of tne Silver Pheasants.
The two eggs measure respectively 1-75" (44*4 mm.) x 1*35"
(34-3 mm.) and 1-75" (44-4 mm.) x 1-34" (34-0 mm.).
General Habits. — Elliot records of the two specimens of this bird
first brought home to England and deposited in the Gardens of the
Zoological Society that they were very wild, and endeavoured to
hide from anyone who approached their cage. He also say that :
" The voice of P. elegans is harsh and guttural, very different
" from that of any of its relatives."
On the other hand Harington says that its call is exactly like
that of the English Pheasants.
Capt. Davies agrees with the latter, he writes :
" Stone's Pheasants are common in Western Yunnan. They
" are not usually found much below 4,000 feet, and are most
"plentiful near the tops of the ranges at an altitude of from
" 6,000 to 8,000 feet, in long grass and fern, or in fir woods.
" I have usually met with them singly or two together, but on
" one occasion I saw a covey of ten. The crow of this bird is
"hardly distinguishable from that of the English Pheasant,
" and the noise the cock makes when flushed is also the same.
" I have not often seen it in the Tibetan part of the country
" (W. Szechuan) though I shot one a few marches South- West
"of Li-tang at 10,500 feet."
Harington never succeeded in getting a second specimen, though
he often heard them crowing. Those he came across were all on
the almost bare hillsides covered merely with dry weeds and grass
about four feet high, but with no trees or bushes.
(To he continued .)
361
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.
No. XVII.
(^l). — The Shan States Langur. — A Correction.
BY
R. C. Wkoughton.
In the last number of this Journal (p. 4G) I described a series of
laugurs obtained by our Survey in the Shan States. I took (and
gave) much trouble, in making sure that the species could not be
barbel, Blyth, and concluded to give it the name shanicus. I regret to
say that I completely overlooked a specimen in the British Museum
Collection, obtained at Bhamo, by Fea, which Dr. Elliot made the
type of his species melamervs, (A. M. N. H. S. 8, p. 267, 1909).
This cannot be distinguished in anj^ way from shanicus. The Shan
States langur must, therefore, be known as P. melamenis, Elliot,
with P. shanicus, as a synonym.
(B). — A NEW Indian Hare.
BY
R. C. Wroughton.
In connection with a summary of the results from our Mammal
Survey, I have recently had to re-examine all the hares in the
British Museum Collection. Among them I have found a series
sufficiently distinct from the rest to deserve a name of its own.
It consists of four specimens, taken near the Sambhar Lake, in
Rajputana, more than thirty years ago. These are allied by their
brown-coloured scuts to ruficaudatus, Geoff., but their general
coloration is so markedly and evenly like that of so many animals
inhabiting sandy wastes, and at the same time so distinct from the
coloration of all their neighbours, that it seems to me that I am
justified in giving them a name. I propose to call them
LePUS RAJPUT, sp. n.
A hare about the size oi ruficaudalas, Geoff., or simcoxi, Wr., but
differing from both by its bright buff colouring.
General colour above " tawny olive." The individual hairs of
the lower back are white at their bases (8mm.) and thereafter a band
of buff (12mm.) between a black band and a black tip (each
3-5mm.). Tail coloured like the back above, white below. Face
and ears coloured quite like the back, but with the usual white
blaze through the eyes. The nape and limbs ochraceous. The
chin and belly pure white merging gradually into the buffy flanks.
362 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Dimewsioiis of the type. — Hindfoot, lOSmni. ; ear 105nim. (The
dimensions of another very similar specimen are recorded by the
Collector as follows: — head and bod}^, 462mm.; tail, 112mm.;
hindfoot, 107mm. ; ear, 130mm.). Skull. — condylo-basal length, 78 ;
z5^gomatic breadth, 42 ; greatest length of nasals, 41 ; posterior
breadth of nasals, 21; breadth of nasals anteriorly, 16; palatal
foramina, 21 ; diastema, 24; upper molar series, 15.
Habitat. — Eajputana. (Type from Sambhar Lake).
Type.— Adult male. B. M. No. 85, 8. 1. 342. Collected by Mr.
R. M. Adam and presented to the National Collection by the late
Mr. A. 0. Hume, I.C.S.
There seems to be no connection between roj'put and either
dayanus or simcoxi; in the coloration of its nape and scut it
resembles ruficaudatus, of which it is possibly a desert form. The
question of the exact status of the various named Indian hares is a
most complex and difficult one, and I propose, for the present, to
treat them all as species. Mr. Adam took three specimens of
rajimi near the Sambhar Lake, and Blanford a fourth in Alwar.
363
THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GEOGRArHICAL
FOilMS OF THE PANOLIA DEER {RUCEUVUS
ELBI AND ITS RELATIVES).
BY
Oldfield Thomas.
Owing to the somewhat piecemeal way in which the vSangnai or
^Manipur Deer, commonly confused with the Thamin, was discov^er-
ed, and the divided authority for its early description, a good deal
of error has arisen as to the nomenclature of this Deer and its rela-
tives, such as the giving and later withdrawal of the name cornices
by Lydekker.
And I now find that in the latter's latest work* certain essen-
tial points in the history of the animal have been overlooked, so
that its nomenclature is still far from correct.
Recognizing Eucerinis as a full genus, and raising to specific
rank the three forms admitted by Lydekker, we may for the sake
of clearness define them as : —
A. — With naked pasterns, Manipiir ( '■^frontalis " of
Lydekker).
B. — With hair}- pasterns ; the horns not palmated. Pegu,
Burma, &c. (" eldi ").
C. — With hairy pasterns ; the horns more or less palmated
terminally. Siam and Hainan Q^ platijceros ").
But if the nomenclature of each species is carefully investigated
it appears that all the existing names applied to these animals
(except platiiceros and siamensis) were given to specimens originally
from Manipur, as will be seen by the following synonymy : —
Nondescript species of Deer, McClell. Calc. Journ. N. H., I, p.
501, 1841, Manipur.
Cervus elcli, Editor (McClelland) Calc. Journ. N. H., II, p. 417,
1842. (Published at the suggestion of a correspondent, in a
note to Lieut. Eld's account and drawings of the Manipur
" Sungraee ").
Cervus (Riis a) frontalis, McClelland Calc. Journ. N. H., Ill, p.
401, 1843. (Based on Capt. Guthrie's specimens from
Manipur).
Panolia acuticornis, Gray. List Mamm. B. M., p. 180, 1843.
(Based on the account and figure in the Calcutta Journal,
1842, in which the name 0. eldi was only incidentally men-
tioned in a note. Locality therefore ^lanipur).
Cervus U/ratus, Schinz, Syn. Mamm., II, p. 395, 1845. (Based
on McClelland's "Nondescript species of Deer" 1841),
(Manipur).
• Cat. Ung. B. M. IV, p. 100, 1915.
364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HL'^T. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Panolia acvticauda, Blyth. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 370. {Lapsub
calami for acuticornis).
Cervus eldi cornipes, Lyd. Nature LXIV, p. 257, 1901. (Based
on a head and foot from Manipiir, presented by Major C. S.
Cumberland; B. M. No. 1. 7. 13. 1).
The whole of these n^mes without exception refer to the Mani-
pur stag, and to that alone. Consequently it is A, and not B,
which should bear the name eldi, Avhile frontalis, acuticornis, and
the other names referred to are synonyms of it. For this animal
also we may adopt the Vernacular name Sangnai and so avoid the
term Thamin, which belongs exclusively to the next species.
The peculiarly modified naked pasterns of the Sangnai form a
special character far greater in systematic value than anything that
would be used merely to distinguish a subspecies.
For B, the Pegu Thamin, unspotted brown in the adult, with
hairy pasterns and non-palmated horns, there appears to be no name
available, and I w^ould suggest that it be called Rucervus thamin.
The adult male mounted in the Museum, from Pegu, presented in
1900 by Major (now Colonel) G. H. Evans, No. 0. 7. 23. 1 might
be selected as the type. Col. Evans has given a good account of
the animal in our Journal* and now tells me that the type was
shot at Mohaingjd Escape, about 20 miles north of Pegu Town.
With regard to C, the palmated-horned Siamese and Hainan
form, our knowledge is very imperfect. But the close similarity
between the tj^pe horn (B. M, G95. h.), Schomburgk's fine skull
No. 65. 11. 2. 1, and the highl}^ characteristic horns from Annam
collected by Dr. Vassal (8.11.1.18.) shows that the animal is suflS-
ciently distinct to have a name. This, if JR.ucervus is recognized as
a genus, should be 'platyceros, for Gray's Panolia ]ilatyceros is then
not invalidated by Cuvier's Cervus 'platyceros, as Lydekker took to be
the case.
Whether the Western Siamese form is platyceros or thamin
remains to be proved, and it is possible that the two will be found
to grade into each other, but I think it most convenient now to use
a binomial for the comparatively Avell-known Burmese animal.
With regard to the Hainan representative of II. platyceros I am
inclined to believe it forms a distinct local subspecies, which may
be termed
Rucervus platyceros hainamis, subsp. n.
Horns smaller and weaker than those of true platyceros of corres-
ponding ages. Snags at the junction of the brow-antler and the
beam almost or entirely absent, these being large and conspicuous,
often three in number, in true platyceros.
• J. Bomb. N. H. Soc, Vol. IX, p. aSC, ISitr,.
GEOGRAPHICAL FORMS OF THE PANOLIA DEER. 365
Hah. — Hainan.
Type. — Frontlet and horns, said to be of a five-year-old male ;
figured by Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1869, p. 655, fig. 2;'B.M. No. 70.
2.10.72. Ost. Cat. 695. q.
The older horns also figured by Swinhoe on the same page are
imfortunatel)^ no longer in the Museum, but the drawing shows the
very slight development of the basal snags, in marked contrast to
their number and size in old horns of true iilatijceros. And if
they are drawn to anything like the same scale as the others, they
must have been very miich smaller than old lAalyceTos horns.
All the references to Formosa in relation to the Museum speci-
mens of this Deer should be deleted from Lj^dekker's Ungulates
and be replaced by Hainan. The error seems originally to have
been made b}' Gray or Gerrard.
With regard to the distinction of the different forms of these
Deer by the antlers, it may be said in a general way that the
horns of the Saugnai (R. eldi) are long, thin, and rather smooth,
without or with iDut small and few extra basal snags at the junction
of the beam and the long brow-tine. In the Thamin (B,. thamin) on
the other hand, the horns are comparatively rough, and basal snags
are always present, commonly 3-6 inches long, and in one fine pair
of horns from Thatoue (Hume Coll.) the extra snags on each side
are no less than 11 and 8 inches in length. And in addition
more than one snag may be present on a single antler.
Similarl}' in the more Eastern group the horns of jplatyceros are
greatly roughened and may have from 2-5 basal snags on each
horn, these occasionally attaining a length of 5 inches. Even a
j-oung pair of antlers (Coll. Sir R. Schomburgk) has three distinct
"buttons" on each horn, one behind the others. In hainanus on
the conti-ary, in five pairs one onlj^ has one small button on each
horn, one has one on one side only, and the remainder are entirely'
without any trace of them. The much older horns figured bj-
Swinhoe have two small knobs on one side and one on the
other.
Of course throughout the series this development of knobs and
snags is subject to the greatest variation, and wide departures from
the normal must be expected in individual heads, but the above
characters, based on the whole Museum Collection, give a general
idea of the antlers found in the different forms.
P. S. — Since the above was written, the National Museum has
received as a donation from Mrs. Manby a first and liberal selection
of a very fine series of sporting trophies collected in Burma by her
late husband Mr. C. W. A. Bruce, the author of several notes on
Burmese shooting in Lydekker's "Great and Small Game of India,
1900."
Inchided in this valuable present are some skulls and horns of
6
366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
the Thamin (Rucervtis tliamhi) from the Pegu Plains, and also two
of the same genus from the Ruby Mines District.
' These two latter, however, coming from quite a distinct area,
appear to me to represent a special subspecies of the Thamin, which
I propose to name in honour of the sportsman by whom the
specimens were shot.
RUCERVUS THAMIN BRUCEI, subsp. n.
External characters, including foot structure, unknown.
Skull as in R. thamin, except that in both specimens the ridge
which bounds on the upper side the lachrymal pit is comparatively
little developed, its edge rounded, as compared with the strong
and shai'p edged ridge found in other members of the group.
Horns with much roughened surface. Brow-tine and beam not,
as in all the other Thamins, in the same, or nearly the same,
continuous line, but the former bent up at an angle more approach-
ing what is found in the Swamp deer (^R. duvauceli). Viewed from
the side the ordinary Thamins have the brow-tine at about
lyO^-iyS" with the beam, that is, nearly straight, while in
U.t.brucei it is slanted upwards at about 130°-140°. The same
slanting .up produces an angle of about 65° with the occipito-
premaxillary line, as compared with about 40°-45° in others
members. of the genus.
Viewed from above the two beams are directed more backwards,
comparatively little divergent from each other, the middle third of
one beam forming an angle of 70° to 75° with the middle third of
the other, therefore decidedly less than a right angle. In E. eldi and
thamin, on the other hand, the two beams diverge widely outwards
from each other, the middle third of one forming considerably
more than a right angle (110°-120") with the middle third of the
other. This curvature is quite uniform in all the available adult
specimens of R. eldi and thamin.
The tips of the antlers tend a little towards the broadening found
in R. platijceros, but less developed than in that animal. The
extreme tip consist in each case of two small subequal tines.
Supplementary tines at the junction of beam and brow-tine of
moderate development, the type having one of 5 inches on one
side and two small ones on the other ; the second specimen has
two small ones on each side.
Dimensions of the type : —
Skull, greatest length 345 mm. j condylo-basal length 320 ;
zygomatic breadth 129 ; upper tooth row 82,
Horns, length round curve from base 772 (30-4 in.). Circum-
ference of base 153 (6 in.) length of brow-tine 412 (16*3 in.).
The longer horn of the second specimen is 830 mm, in length.
GEOGRAPHICAL FORMS OF THE PANOLIA DEER. 367
Hah. — Ruby ^Mines District, Upper Burma. Type from Thim-
baung-gwin Plain.
T,/^,<.._01cl male slaiU and horns. B. M. No. 17.7.8.17. Shot
by the late C. W. A. Bruce, Esq. Presented by Mrs. Manby.
The fact that the district from which these two skulls come is
a considerable distance from the type locality of any described
form, and that they are qiiite like each other, the different curvature
of their main beams, the bent up brow-tines, unlike those so charac-
teristic of the present group, and the lesser development of the
lacrymal ridges, taken together, appear to justify the distinction of
the Ruby Mines Thamin as a special subspecies. This I have much
pleasure in dedicating to the fine sportsman who discovered it,
Mr. 0. W. A. Bruce, to whose widow the National Museum is
indebted for the specimens.
368
A SELECTION OF LECTOTYPES OF INDIAN MAM-
MALS, FROM THE CO-TYPES DESCRIBED
BY HODGSON, GRAY, ELLIOT AND OTHERS.
By Oldfield Thomas.
Nothing has so much contributed to the difficulty in working out
Indian Mammals, and the confusion that has reigned in their arrange-
ment, as the vagueness with which the identification of the typical
specimens of the early Indian describers has been dealt with, and
there could certainly be no greater lesson as to the vital advantage of
an original selection of tjrpes than a study of the histoiy of Indian
Mammalogy for the last 80 years, with the confusion and innumer-
able errors which non-selection has given rise to.
Such an original selection was not of course practised by, or known
to early writers, and even Blanford, so well balanced and sensible in
other things, was at first inclined to be against selection, and it was
only as he graduall}^ absorbed the lesson referred to, that he was
induced towards the end of his life to select types of the species he
described.
The primary difficulty in the case of Indian Mammals was an out-
come of the wonderful work done in Nepal by Brian H. Hodgson,
who described and figured in various journals both in India and
England the many mammals which he discovered. Writing in
Nepal, away from books, collections and Museums, he not unnatur-
ally made many mistakes, and indeed it has been sarcastically said
that " every animal in India has two names, one its proper name,
and the other which Hodgson gave it," but in spite of all, he was
the real pioneer of Indian Mammalogy, and the maker and donor of
the finest collection ever made in that country until the inception of
the Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey.
Now Hodgson described mammals in the country as he got to
know them, stich knowledge coming from living specimens he saw
or kept alive, and the collection that he gradually built up. No
particular individual was ever selected as a type, and as more and
more later specimens were added to the collection, great difficult}"
was found in obtaining any exact definite idea of the animals to
which his name should technically be attached.
Owing moreover to the fact that he sent other specimens to Cal-
cutta, to the Museums of the Zoological Society and the East India
Company and further collections to the British Museum, and that
most of these gravitated into the National Museum in course of time,
the series representing his species is often very large, and it has often
been with great difficulty that specimens which could be called
typical have been identifiable.
Gradually however in recent years, with the help of Messre.
Wroughton and Lj^dekker, the supplementary and later specimens
SELECTION OF LECTOTYPES OF INDIAN MAMMALS. 369
have been elinuiiated, aud " co-types " selected for many of
Hodgson's names, s\ich co-types being so far as practicable chosen
from the collection ho sent as forming a fii"st typical set to the
National Museum in 1813 and 1845.
Now however in connection with an important paper by Mr.
Wroughton summarizing the progress of Indian Mammalogy since
the date of Blanford's ]\[ammals of India, a paper in which the
types of all the described Indian jMammals will be designated, it has
seemed advisable for the oflicial Zoolocjist in chare-e of the ]\Iuseum
collection of Mammals to select definitelj- " Lectotypes " from the
co-types, so as to avoid the perpetuation of the confusion that has
hitherto reigned. Such a formal selection, made after comparison,
with the other co-types, and examination of the original descriptions,
entries in registers and other pertinent notes, published and unpubli-
shed, is a proceeding which gives these lectotj^pes the status of full
types (holotypes) and is not liable to later reversal unless definitely
proved to be erroneous. The whole subject will therefore be very
materially simplified.
Although the Hodgson types are the most important, owing both
to their number and the diverse methods in which his species were
published, yet it has been thought advisable to treat all the other
Indian IMammals in the same way, including those of Elliot, Gray,
Hoi-sfield, Blanford and other writers.
The following list therefore designates a lectotype for eveiy
Indian species which has not already had a single type nominated
for it.
The designation is simply by the Museum register number in each
case, and no detailed account of locality, or specification of other
co-types, is now thought necessary, as these details, if wanted, are
obtainable from other sources. In fact most of them will be found
in Mr. Wroughton's forthcoming paper.
Since however when one of the several co-types is selected as a
lectotype, the others lose their primaiy typical status, I have thought
it advisable so to label the latter that later workers shall not be led
astray by making comparisons with specimens marked as "co-types "
without further indication. These specimens being now placed, in
relation to their respective lectotypes, exactly in the position that
paratypes are in relation to types, when originally selected as such,
I have labelled them as " lectoparatypes " my selection of them as
paratypes corresponding to the selection of their preferred brothers
as types, that is lectotypes.
With regard to the very difficult question as to what generic na-
mes the species should be placed under in such a list as the present,
I have cut the knot by assigning every one to the genus to which
it would now be referred, irrespective of that imder which it was
first described.
370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
With the help of Blanford's Mammals, and Wroughton's forth-
comiiig list, the proper identification of every name should be
quite withou.t difficult}^, while the complexity resulting from putting
the original names, and thus perhaps rising several different names
in a single genus, is avoided.
The same difficulty is treated in the opposite way in L^^on and
Osgood's Catalogue of types in the United States National Museum,
1909, but that is so large and important a work as to carry its own
explanations with it.
It should be understood that the publication of the present list is
only in preparation for the more complete paper by Mr. Wroughton,
who has thought it better that the selection of lectotypes should be
done by the person officially responsible for their custody.
Pithecus schistaceuSjUodgs. Skin and skull cJ . 43.1.12.1.
Loris lyclekkerianus, Cabr. Skin and skull 3.2.19.1.
Pteropus leucocephalus, Skin and skull j . 45.1.8.273.
Hodgs.
Ciinopterus marginatus cey- In alcohol. j . 68.10.19.12.
lonensis, Gray.
Cynoptems m. ellioti, Gray. Skin and skull j • 40. k.
Bhinolop)hustragahis, Hodgs, In al. ,5 , 43.1.12.135.
IIip)p>osideroslankadiva,l^e\. Skin and skull c?. 7.1.1.311.
,, armif/er, Hodgs. In al. j. 43.1.12.132.
8cotophilus heathi, Hodgs. Skin and skull j. 7.1.]. 446.
Kerivoula jnda, FalV In al. ^. 67.4.12.342.
Plrinaceus megalotis, Bly. Skull only 79.11.21.515.
Soriculus caiidafus, Horsf. Skin and skull 79.11.21.479.
Felis erythrotus, Hodgs. Skin and sku^ll 43.1.12.6.
Viverra melcmura, Hodgs. Skin and skull j . 43.1.12.25.
Prionodwi par dicolor, Hodgs. Skin $. 13.1.12.10.
,, maculosus, Blanf. Skin and skull c?. 85.8.1.28.
Mungos vrva, Hodgs. Skin and skullf s • 43.1.12.33.
(and cancrivorus,
Hodgs.).
,, jerdoni, Gray. Skin and skull c? • 46.11.9.5.
,, nyula, Hodgs. Skin and skull $. 43.1.12.18.
,, auropunctatus, Skin and skull j . 43.1.12.20.
Hodgs.
Vulp)es f err ilahos, Hodgs. Skin only 45.1.8.213.
Martes totifcviis, Hodgs. Skin only 45.1.8.262.
Mustela temon , Hodgs. Skin and skull j . 58.6.24.115,
„ suhhemachalana, Skin 43.1.12.12.
Hodgs.
Ailuriis ochraceus, Hodgs. Skin and skull 43.1.12.35.
* cf. P.Z. S. 1892, p. 316.
t Skull separately registered ; 15.1.8.54 ; 1416.
SELECTIOy OF LECTOTYPES OF INDIAN MAMMALS. 371
Lidra macrodus, Gray.
Eupetaurns cinereus, Thos.
Fetaurista philippeims,
Elliot.
,, <jriseicenter. Gray.
Pteromys alhoniger, Hodgs.
Ratufa macruroides, Hodgs.
• „ elphindonei, Sykes.
Tomeutes lokroides, Hodgs.
,, similis, Gray.
hli/fhi, Tytl.
Dremomys loliriah, Hodgs.
Tamioj)s macclellandi, Horsf.
Marmota hemachalana,
Hodgs.
Marmota dickrous, And.
Tatera hardirichei, Gray.
Meriones hurriaiuv, Jerd.
Bandicota nemoriva(/a,
Hodgs.
Gunomys koh, Gray, and
providens, Ell.
Ttattus fidvescens, Graj".
Millardia meltada, Gray,
Golunda meltada, Gray,
Mus mettada and M. la-
nuginosus, Ell.
Leggadilla saxicola, Ell.
Mas cervicolor, Hodgs.
,, wrhanus, Hodgs.
,, badrianus, Blyth.
,, boodnga, Gray.
Golunda ellioti, Gray.
,, watsoni, Blanf.
Microtits u'ynnei, Blanf.
,, hlanfordi, Scully.
Alactaga indAca, Gray.
Acanthion hodgsoni. Gray.
,, alophus, Hodgs.
Lepus tnacrotus, Hodgs.
,, day anus, Blanf.
Ochotona nepalensis , Hodgs.
,, rufescens, Gray.
,, c%i'r/.onice , Hodgs.
,, ladacensis, Giinth.
macroiis, Giinth.
Skin and skull
J ■
4G. 11.9.11.
Skin onl}-
88.9.28.1.
Skin and skull
d •
115.d.
Skin and skull
6 ■
19 8. a.
Skin and skull
6 ■
43.1.12.49.
Skin and skull
43.1.12.76.
Skin and skull
6 ■
79.11.21.579
Skin and skull
$•
43.1.12.58.
Skin and skull
6 ■
43.1.12.54.
Skin onl}-
6 ■
79.11.21.361
Skin and skull
^ ■
43.1.12.55.
Skin and skull
d ■
79.11.21.372
Skin and skull (y
■oun
g) 45.1.8.237.
Skin and skull
76.2.12.3.
Skin and skull
6 ■
ll.e.
Skin only
67.2.4.1.
Skin and skull
6 ■
43.1.12.67.
Skin and skull
2 ■
30.C.
Skin and skull
6 ■
45.1.8.376.
Skin and skull
6 ■
34.a.
Skin and skull
d-
32.d.
Skin and skull
d ■
45.1.8.383.
Inal.
d-
45.1.8.398.
Skin and skull
?■
56.2.29.4.
Skin onh'
37.a.
Skin and skull
38.a.
In al. and skull
2-
91.11.1.14.
Skin and skull
d •
8.3.9.18.
Skin and skull
d-
8.3.9.17.
Skin and skull
44.9.15.4.
Skin and skull (j-Qun
g) 47.7.22.9.
Skin and skull
53.8.16.11
Skin and skull
$•
43.1.12.39
Skin and skull
90.4.9.3.
Skin and skull
43.1.12.63
Skin and skull
44.9.15.9.
Skin and skull
58.6.24.99
Skin and skvill
75.3.30.2.
Skin and skull
75.3.30.3.
372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXF.
Bubahis bubalis falviis,
Blanf.
Capra falconeri cashmiri-
ensis, Lyd.
,, jerdoni, Hume.
Budorcas taxicolor, Hodgs.
Capricornis thar, Hodgs.
Gazella bennettii, Sykes.
Muntiacus rativa, Hodgs.
Manis aurita, Hodgs.
Skull and horns cJ
Skull and horns ,5
Skull and horns c?
Skin and skull j
Skin and skull j
Skin and skull (^
Skin and skull (j
Skin
91.8.7.215.
12.10.31.54.
12.10.31.52.
79.11.21.662.
43-1.12.89.
42.8.6.9.
43.1.12.123.
43.1.12.85.
873
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LIZARD OF THE GENUS
AOANTHODACTYLUS FROM ^MESOPOTAMIA.
BY
G. A. B0ULEN(iEH, LL.D., D.SC, F.li.S.
(^rublished by jjerrnission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Acanthodactijlus fraseri, sp. u.
Habit rather slender, bodj"- moderately depressed. Head 1^ to
1§ times as loug as broad, its length 3;J or 4 times in length to
vent, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye
and the tympanum ; a lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal to
the middle of the frontal ; snout obtusely pointed, li times as long-
as the portocular part of the head, with rather sharp canthus and
scarcely concave loreal region ; nasals feebly swollen. Pileus twice
as long as broad. Neck narrower than the head. The hind limb
reaches the collar; foot 1^ to 1^ times as long as the head ; fourth
toe, from the base of the fifth, as long as the head. Tail If times
as long as head and body.
Upper head-shields convex, smooth or slightlj' i-ugose. Suture
between the nasals ^ the length of the frontonasal, which is a little
broader than long and broader than the internarial space ; prae-
frontals a little longer than broad, forming an extensive median
suture ; frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
1§ to 1| times as long as broad, rounded in front, narrow behind ;
parietals as long as broad or slightly broader than long, outer
border concave. 3 or 4 large supraoculars, first shorter than
second, fourth small or replaced by granules ; 5 or G sviperciliaries,
first longest and in contact with the first supraocular, the others
separated from the supraoculars by a series of granules. Anterior
loreal shorter than second ; 4 upper labials to below the centre of
the eye, the fourth the longest ; subocular sharply keeled below the
eye and forming an angle wedged in between the fourth and fifth
upper labials. A strongly keeled upper temporal, followed by one or
two smaller shields ; temporal scales granular, smooth, upper very
small, lower large ; a narrow tympanic shield ; 4 pointed scales
forming a denticulation in front of the ear-opening.
5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 first in contact in the middle. 28
or 29 imbricate gular scales in a straight line between the sym-
physis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, enlarged
towards the collar. Collar free, curved, composed of 10 or 11
plates.
Scales granular and smooth or feebly keeled on the nape, rhombic
7
374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
and strongly keeled on the body, larger and imbricate towards the
tail, a little smaller on the sides ; 48 to 50 scales across the
middle of the body, 18 to 20 in a transver&e series between the
hind limbs. Ventral plates tessellated, forming angular transverse
series, as long as broad or slightly broader than long ; 29 or 30
transverse series, the longest containing 1 6 plates. Pracanal plate
small and irregular in the female ; male with a median series of o
transversely enlarged plates.
18 to 23 femoral pores on each side, the two series narrowly
separated in the middle. Fingers feebly serrated, with 4 series of
scales ; toes more strongly serrated, especially on the outer side of
the fourth, the denticles of which are a little shorter than the
diameter of the toe : 19 to 23 strongly unicarinate lamellje under
the fourth toe.
LTpper caudal scales much larger than the posterior dorsals,
oblique, obtusely pointed, strongly and diagonally keeled, the
basals nearly' as long as broad, lower feebly keeled, smooth in the
basal part ; 28 or 30 scales in the fourth whorl.
Greyish above, with four longitudinal series of dai'ker spots on
the back and a rather indistinct darker network on the body,
white beneath.
From end of snout to vent 73 60 millim .
fore limb 2<t 22
Head 19 15
Width ofhead 13 9
Depth of head 9 7
Fore limb 24 20
Hind limb 41 32
Foot 22 18
Tail 102
Two specimens, male and female, were obtained by (Japt. F, C.
Fraser, I. M.S., at Zobeir, Shaiba, Lower Mesopotamia, and
presented by him to the Bombay Natural History Society.
].n proportion and general appearance this species resembles
A. savujniji, Aud. [vaillanti, Lataste), but it differs from it in
having four series of scales round the fingei's, as in A. cantor-in,
Gthr., scutellattis, Aud., and grandis, Blgr., and the ventral plates
not forming longitudinal series. In the latter character it agrees
with A scuteltaius, which differ in the acutely pointed snout and
the stronger pectination of the toes.
ii7r,
A l»()J*ULAll TJUOATISI^J ON THK COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
Illustratep by CoLOUKEi) Plates and Diacjkams
BY
V. Wall, c.m.g., c.m./..«., f.l.s., Lieut.-Colonel, i.m.s.
rart XXrV (with Plate XXIV and Diac/ram.)
(Continued from ixige 215 of Volume XXIII.)
Family — TYPiiLOPiDiE.
(Greek ''tuphlos, "' blind, "ops"'=Eye.)
In the scheme of ophidian classification laid down by Boulengev
in his catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum published
in 1896, the blind snakes are included in the two first of the nine
families, viz., Typhlopidas and Glauconiidae. The species of these
two families are easily recognised from all other snakes by having
ventral shields that are not enlarged. The species of the former
family are peculiar in having tour supralabials, whereas in the
latter there are only two, the 1st situated in front of, and the 2nd
behind the ocular shield (see figure A 4).
The family Typhlopida? compi-ises the most degenerate of all
ophidian forms, their degeneracy being inferred from their eyes which
are purblind, their locomotion which above the surface of the ground
is very laboured, and their extremely defenceless condition, for
they have no weapon of ofience or defence. The mouth being-
small, placed beneath the snout and having few and no opposable'
teeth, is incapable of grasping anything but minute objects. Their
existence depends upon the subterranean life to which they have
adapted themselves, and by which they escape annihilation from a
host of rapacious foes. The family embraces three genera (1)
Relminthoijliis including 5 species all inhabiting tropical America,
(2) Typhlops including over 100 species inhabiting parts of all five
Continents, (3) Ti/pkhphis represented by a single species inhabil-
ing Brazil and (iruiana.
(4emis — Typhlops.
The type of this genus is the S. American T. reticularis, describ-
ed by Schneider in 1801. The genus contains many of the most
diminutive of snakes, some only attaining to a length of but four
or five inches m their adult state. They live for the most part
beneath the soil, and subsist upon worms, grubs and insects. The
eye is situated beneath one or more shields, and is thus protected
376 JOTJRl^AL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
from injury when the snake is burrowing. Vision is more or less
obtuse at the best, but becomes more and more obscured as a period
of desquamation approaches, from scratches sustained during bur-
rowing operations. Some of the species are endowed with a
minute spine at the tip of the tail which is directed downwards,
with which they anchor the posterior part of the bodj^ and against
which they can push, or retract the rest of the body. Many are
not so endowed, and some of these, but by no means all, have the
snout provided with a beak directed downwards. Those with the
snout rounded appear to burrow as expeditious^ beneath the soil
as the beaked species, so that the beak cannot be claimed as a
specialised burrowing organ.
Very little is known of the habits of these snakes, many of the
species of which indeed are only known from solitary specimens.
They are believed to be oviparous in habit, but I am not aware of
any authenticated instance of the eggs of any of them having been
deposited. Some of the species have been observed to exhibit a
gregarious disposition, but whether the attraction is supplied by
the rich store of food a rotten trunk or log has to offer, or is related
to the sexual functions is not certain. It may be that like other
snakes they pass through a period of inactivity, and during the
hibernating season, seek for warmth in their retirement, such as
rotting wood generates. In such an environment they are amply
supplied with sustenance in the form of maggots and chrysalides of
beetles, ants, and other insects. Further as man}^ snakes (perhaps
all) during their retirement live in company with a mate, it is
often at this time that conjugal duties are initiated. If this is so
a third object is gained by the formation of colonies. Once I saw
a colony dislodged from beneath the soil, but I am not prepared to
say that in the jungle where this occurred, there may not have been
rotting roots in which the members were embedded.
The head is covered with shields having a form and relation-
ship that is peculiar to this family, and the Glauconiidae.
The scales on the bod}^ of these creatures are very highly polished
and this appears to be a special adaptation with the object of prevent-
ing earth adhering to them. Owing to this polish it is difficult to see
their outlines. As in many cases too a subterminal dark line is
seen near the scale margins, which seems to indicate the edge of
each scale, one is very easily misled as to the real limits of
the scale. In some species especially, even when the head or body
is dipped into red or black ink to throw up the scale borders, it is
extremely difficult to ascertain with certainty the details one is
specially looking for. The difficulty in many cases is materially
increased by the diminutive proportions of the specimen under
examination.
To count the costal rows round the body is almost m possible
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 377
unless both hands are free, and one has to accnstoni oneself to
the nse of a powerful Avatclunaker's lens. With this in the eye
(and it must be remembered that the eye not in use must be kept
open in order to retain the lens) the snake is grasped in both
hands, and irradiuxllv rolled round as one rolls a cioarette, the eve
never straying or blinking while the count is being made, and it is
necessary to make a pinprick or some such mark on one of the
scales from \\hich the count is commenced, or translix the specimen
with a fine needle. With the head shields too it is necessary usually
to have the freedom of both hands, but some points may have to be
elucidated with the aid of a glass much stronger than that of the
usual watchmaker's lens. 1 have a special lens made by Messri^.
Baker and Co., Opticians, Holborn, for this work, and the examina-
tion of teeth, etc., in minute skulls. I have also used a special
make of watchmaker's lens with double glasses, employed in the
trade to examine the holes in watches in which gems are set, and
this has proved suitable for the fine work the examination of
these snakes necessitates. With the best lens available, however,
it is impossible to see the true outline of the scales unless the light
is allowed to strike obliquel}^ across them, a trick which takes a
little time to acquire dexterouslj'.
Within our Indian limits 20 species have up to the present been
difterentiated, the three commonest of which form the subject of
this paper.
All the species are probabty a great deal commoner than Museum
collections make it appear. Natives usually take them for worms,
and in consequence rarely bring them in for rewards. Most Euro-
peans too do not recognise the smaller varieties as snakes.
TYPHLOPS ACUTUS.
(Latin " acutus " sharp pointed, in reference to the beak.)
The Beaked Blind Snake.
Described by Dumeril and Bibron in 1844. It is not uncommon.
In Malabar it is called •• kooroodam pamboo "' meaning "blind
snake," a term applied equally in the same locality to the cgecilian
Urceotyphlus oxyurus.
Identification. — It is the only Indian species with a beaked snout.
Length. — Grows to about two feet.
Colour. — Brownish or blackish above, paler beneath. Each scale
with a transverse lighter mark.
Habits. — It lives beneath the ground, or takes refuge beneath
stones, and other objects, and sometimes strays into houses. It
uses the beak on the head much in the same way that other species
which are furnished with a spine on the tail use that little organ.
378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RLST. ISOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
and when handled presses the beak into one's sldn. It burrows
dexterously in loose soil. Above the soil it is restless and endeav-
ours to bury itself as speedily as possible. It is believed to feed
on worms. Nothing is known of its breeding habits.
General characters. — Snout pointed and furnished with a sharp
hook directed downwards, fi'om which a horizontal edge passes back-
wards. Eye visible, beneath the nasal, and ocular shields. Nos-
trils beneath the snout, and close to the rostral. Neck not distin-
guishable. Body stout, and of even calibre throughout. Tail short
and terminating in a small spine directed downwards, and slightly
backwards. Diameter of body about ^^^ to J.^ the entire length.
Lepidosis. liodral — Very large; extending behind the level of
the eyes ; about ^ the breadth of the head. Nasals — Not meeting
behind the rostral ; completely divided. The suture above the
nostril shorter than that below, the latter passing to the 2nd labial.
Prmfrontal, frontal, and interparietal — Small, progressively decreas-
ing in size. Supraocular — Broader than parietals, touching two
shields behind. Fraiocular — Small, touching 2nd and 3rd labials.
Ocular — Not in contact with any labial. Stthocular — Present,
in contact with the 3rd and 4th labials. Temporals three.
Supralahials — Four. Gostals — Boulenger says in 28 to 34 rows at
midbody. In the few specimens examined by me I find them 28
anteriorly, 24 to 26 in midbody, and 24 behind.
Habitat. — The Plains and low Hills of Peninsular India, South of
the Ganges Basin.
TYPHL0F8 BRA MINUS.
The Brahminy Snake or Common Blind Snake.
History. — First described and figured in 1796 by Russell in his
first Volume (PI. XLIII). Christened by Daudin in 18u3 under
the name Eryx braminus.
Nomenclature (a) Scientific. — The specific name is a latinised
version of the wed brahmin, and was given in reference to its
brownish colouration. (J)) English. — The Bi-ahminy Snake seems
to me suitable, (c) Vernacular. — The vernacular names " rendoo
thalalay-paraboo " or " reti thalalay pamboo " two-headed snake,
"sevi pamboo" ear snake, " pooriin " centipede, " manallay
"pamboo" earth snake, used by the Tamils, " depat-naya " two-
headed snake, used by the vSinghalese in Ceylon and " do niukh
ka samp," two headed snake, generally used in India are loosely
applied to any snakes of a burrowing habit. In the Cocos Islands
it is called "ular minyah " according to Boulenger.
General characters. — This snake is cylindrical, and of even calibre
in its whole length showing no indication where the head or tail
begin. The head is bluntly rounded anteriorly and somewhat
Journ.BoTnbay Nat. Hist. Soc
Plate XXIY.
nat siv£
touL
IoaL
hold
fiat. svZA.
X 3 WrvES
X 3 tiw^ .
ivaX sUe.
P. Gerhardt del. J Greer., ChTomo.
THE COMMON I N D I AN S N AKES. (Wall.)
1-2 . Typhlops a.cu.i.us, harmless . 3-5 . TypKl ops traiiininu s , /. :irmUrjs .
6 tI . Typhlops diardi , hofmlA^s .
THE COMMON INDIAN fiNAKB^. 379
(lepn'riSL'tl. 'I'hr eyes are indistiuct, and the uostril directed some-
what downwards. The tail is very short and ends in a small spine
directed downwards and backwards. Tlie scales are perfectl}'' smooth
and polished. The diameter of the snake is abont one-thiriy-fifth
to one-fitty-fitth the total length.
fdeniification. — It shows with /uHi/m7i;i (Annandale) the peculiari-
ty that the sut\ire below the nostril passes to the pni30cular shield
and not to the 2nd labial, as in all the other species. It differs
from liinhriclii in being smaller, and by its relatively stouter habit.
Dimentiions. — Grows to about G or 7 inches.
Colour. — Three colour varieties have been described.
Variety (a) tijpicus is brown or blackish-brown above, rather
lighter beneath. The snout, anal region, and end of tail whitish.
This is much the commonest variet3^
Variety (J)) arenicola (Annandale). — In this each scale on the
back is faintly tinged with buft", those on the head being faintlv
verraiculated with the same hue. In life it appeared of a pale
flesh coloui-. T'he belly is white. V)r. Annandale met with this in
S. India.
I have also met with specimens of a pale grey colour like a new
slate pencil. The eyes were invisible. This colour may be a
passing phase due to approaching desquamation. The specimens
were from Assam.
Habits. — The Common Blind Snake is not often seen by Euro-
peans or if seen is not recognised as a snake, its size and general
appearance allowing it to pass for an earthworm. It spends most
of its life beneath the surface soil, through ^^hich it burrows nimbly,
and is often brought to light by the mali's hoe, or the ryot's plough.
It is likely to be met with by the amateur gardener in and
about his pots, in the heap of leaf mould, or in the soil freshly
turned over by the trowel. It not infrequently secretes itself
beneath stones or debris. After heavy rains it is not infrequent^
seen on the ground by those who can recognise it, after being
swamped out of its subterranean burrows. On such occasions it is
met with singly, but it has been occasionally discovered in large
colonies inhabiting rotten wood.
It is an active little creature, making vigorous attempts to escape
if dislodged from its hiding place. When handled it shows its
resentment by vehement struggles, and is most difficult to hold
owing to the high polish of its scales. When its struggUs have
quieted down it presses the little spine with which its tail is
endowed, into the hand, anchoring itself as it were and from the
purchase so derived wriggles about restlessly in all directions,
pushing its nose about, and insinuating itself forcibly between the
clefts of one's fingers. It is able to move backwards and forwards,
but though it wriggles about with much muscular effort 1 have
380 JOVRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
always noticed that its progress above ground is very slow.
Under excitement it protrudes the tongue like other snakes. This
organ is bifid as in other snakes, and wdiite at the tip.
This is almost certainly the species which some years ago invaded
the water supply in Calcutta, many specimens finding their way
into the pipes of distribution. Much surprise and consternation
were evinced by timid residents when a living specimen appeared
through the tap supply. It sometimes invades houses in consider-
able numbers, from the garden, or pot plants. Captain Stevenson,
I.M.S., told me that in Manipur it is extremely common in houses.
He has found 3 in a single evening wriggling about the floor when
he was dressing for dinner, and one subaltern in his regiment col-
lected about one hundred in his house in about a month.
This species affords considerable sustenance to the young of the
common krait (Bungarus cteruleus). In Fyzabad I cut open no
less than eight young kraits, and found one or more of these blind
snakes in their stomachs.
Parasites. — This is one of the many snakes known to harbour
the nematode, intestinal worm called Kallicephalus willeyi by Von
Linstow.
Food. — Most of those that I have dissected have had full stomachs
and the contents when investigated proved to be the larvae, pup»,
and imagines of ants, and probably beetles, and other insects. Dr.
Annandale discovered one in the burrow eaten by a caterpillar in a
stalk of sugarcane. The caterpillar had vacated or perhaps had been
eaten by the snake, and subsequently in captivity the snake was
observed to eat the caterpillar droppings.
Breeding. — The brahminy snake is believed to be oviparous, but
I am not aware of any certain evidence in this direction. All the
gravid females I have known were in A ssam, and these eight in
number were collected in the hot weather from April to July, In
length they ranged between 6" and 6f .'' Six of these were brought
to me on the same day by the same boy, who had evidently unearthed
a colony, and only one male was brought with them. The eggs
which whilst in the abdomen i^semble grains of cooked rice varied
from 2 to 7 in number, the largest measuring ^|-" X ^''2"-
Legends. — The Tamil names •' Sevipambu " or " ear snake " and
•'■poor an " or " centipede," I am told by Dr. J. R. Henderson are
applied because both this snake and the centipede, are popularly
supposed to enter the human ear.
Leindosis. — Snout rounded. Rostral — About one-third the width
of the head, hardly extending to the level of the eyes. Prcefrontal,
frontal and inter-parietal — Subequal. Supraocular, pra>parietal and
postparietal — Subequal. Nasals — Quite divided ; the suture above
the nostril much longer than that below ; the latter extending to the
praeocular; not in contact behind the rostral. Prceocular — Large,
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON
INDIAN SNAKES.
Explanation of Diagram.
A 1, 2 and 3. Typhlo];js bramintis (much enlarged)
A 4. Glauco)da blanforcli (much enlarged).
B 1, 2 and 3. Typhlops acutns (x 4).
0 1,2 and 3. Tijphlops diardi ( x 2).
F.
Frontal.
I.
Interparietal
N.
Nasals.
Oc.
Ocular.
P.
Parietals.
Po.
Postocular.
Pr.
Prae frontal.
R.
Rostral.
S.
Supraocular.
Su.
Subocular.
T.
Temporals.
1 to 4.
Supralabials.
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THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 381
in contact with the 2nd and orrl labials. Ocular — Tonchinj^ the
3rd and kh labials. Suhocidar — Absent. Temporal — One. Suyrala-
bials — Four. Costals — In 20 rows in whole body.
Distribution. — South Asia from Arabia in the West, throughout
India, Assam, Burma, and the Malayan Continent to South China.
'Hie ^lalayan Archipelago to the Philippines. Islands of the
Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Cocos, Andamans (not hitherto recorded
from the Nicobars), Maiiritius, j\Iadagascar, Comoros. Africa at
( 'ape Colony and North America. It is quite a common snake in
every part of the plains I have visited.
TYFHLOrS BIAIWI.
Diard's Bund Snake.
Described by Dr. Schlegel in 1844. After hraminus this is
much the commonest of our blind snakes. In Burma it is called
•• mywe-hsin-pjdt " meaning literally " elephant darting snake."'
There is a legend that it can spring off the gTound and strike its
foe, and it is believed to be so venomous that if it strikes even an
elephant the creature will soon sicken and die.
Identification. — The scale rows are 24 or 26. It will be recogni-
sed if it has 24 rows, by the partial suture above the nostril, and
the absence of pits beneath the snout. If the rows are 26 a rounded
snout will ditierentiate it from acutas, the only other species wdth a
similar number of rows.
General characters. — Snout rounded, nostrils lateral. Ej'e fairly
distinct; beneath the ocular shield. Neck not apparent. Body
stout, cylindrical, of uniform calibre throughout. Diameter ,/,j to
3^3 the total length. Tail short, with a small spine terminally
directed downwards, and slightly backwards.
Length. — Up to 17 inches.
Colour. — There are two varieties (a) tyjnca. This is black or
blackish above, lighter below. The eyes very distinct, (b) cinereu^
(Wall). Pale grey like a new slate pencil, the eyes very indistinct.
The latter I have only seen in Assam, where it is much the scarcer
of the two.
Habits. — This the largest of our blind snakes with the single
exception of acutus lives like the other species for the most part
beneath the soil. It is rarely seen on the surface unless thrown up
with recently disturbed soil, dislodged from beneath stones and
debris, or swamped out of its natural haunts by heavy rains.
When unearthed it struggles most strenuously to regain safe
quarters beneath the soil, which if loose it burrows into with great
ease, and is soon lost to view. Its movements above ground
though energetic are not conducive to progress. In water it
swims expeditiously and strongly. The high polish on its scales
s
382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY yATUUAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
makes it a most difficult creature to maiutain in one's grasp, and
it wriggles unceasingly. It is quite unable to bite one, the mouth
being too small to gain a grip on the skin. Under excitement it
protrudes the tongue which is a bifid organ as in other snakes.
Dentition. The upper jaw bones are placed transversely in the
mouth, and each bears 4 or 5 teeth. There are no other teeth at all.
Food. — Its food consists in the main of the larval, pupal, and
adult forms of ants, but other insects in their various metamorphic
stages are also devoured.
Breedinr/.— Iri Assam and Burma it breeds in the hot weather.
I obtained gravid females in April, and Captain F. E. W. Venning
a gravid specimen in the Chin Hills in June. The embryos attain
a considerable degree of development inside the egg before the
latter is discharged. We do not know yet whether the egg is
voided as such or whether the embryo develops to such a degree
that it is able to rupture its envelope inside the mother, and be
born alive as in the case of most vipers, sea snakes, and some
other ophidians. It is probable however that the embrj^o attains
but a limited degree of development in the egg before it is dis-
charged, as we know to be the case with some snakes notably certain
species of Bendrofliis, and Dendrelaphis, Lachesis monticola, etc.
From 5 to 8 eggs have been observed in oi:ie female.
Lepidosis. — Rostral — About one-third the width of the head.
Prcefrontal, frontal, and interparietal — Subequal. Sujrraoctilar and
prceparietal — Broader than the postparietal. Nasals — Semi-divided ;
the sutui'e above the nostril nearly reaches the rostral, and is about
one-third to one-fourth the suture below it ; th*^ latter suture passes
to the 2nd labial. Prceocidar — Laro-e, in contact with the 2nd and
3rd labials. Ocular large, in contact with the ord and 4th labials.
Suboctdar — Absent. Temporals — Two. Supralabials — Four. Costals
— In 26 rows anteriorly (rarely 24), 24 or 26 rows in midbody, 22
(sometimes 24) behind.
Habitat. — The Teesta and Hooghly Rivers form its Western
boundary and it extends from there through the Brahmaputra,
Irrawaddy-Salween, Menam, and Mekong Basiiis and as far South
as the MalayaT) Peninsula. It has been recorded from the Eastern
Himalayas (Paniaghatta and Buxa Dooars) by me, from the Khasi
Hills by me, from the Abor Hills by Dr. Annandale and from the
N. Chin Hills by Captain F. E. W.Venning.
Our plate is in every way excellent.
(7'o be continued.')
TWO NEW LNDIAN hKACiONFLlES.
r.v
t'MT. K. C. FUASKII, i.M.iS.
1. rUlLLOMAVliOMlA MLaiRLE^SIS n. sp.
,V/a/<' luikiiDwi).
Fenude: Expanse 68 mm. Length 41 mm.
Head broad, very large : eyes Jiirge, br<mdly contiguous, rich ohve greeu
above, bottle-green beneath : occiput small, black : iipper border of occi-
pital cavity fringed with short, stiff hairs : vesicle and clypeus brilliant
metallic green, the former very promim lit and broadly and shallow Jy not-
ched above: the ocelli poorly developeil, the lateral ones lying souiewhat
behind the vesicle : labrum lemon yellow : labial palps very large and foliate,
lemon-yellow at the base, brownish along the borders : labium large, trans-
versely oval, a dirty brown in colour.
Protkoiax comparatively bulky, the lobe small, brown.
Thorax narrow and comparatively small, brilliant metallic green with a
lateral bright lemon-yellow stripe and a triangular spot of the same colour
at the posterior border. Both of these markings are continuous under
the abdomen to meet those of the opposite side, the latter bearing a linear,
black mark about its middle. Thorux coated with short downy hair.
Leys long and slim : femora 1 with a small tuft of hairs at its distal end,
black: femora ii black with yellow markings, spines stouter and more
numerous than those of femora 'A, the latter black, with a row of sparce, fine
hairs gradually lengthening towards the distal end : the yellow markings
on femora 1 more extensive than those on femora, 2. Anterior tibit« black,
the others yellow: tarsi black: claw-hooks well developed and at the
extreme end of the claws, making the latter appear as if bifid.
Winr/s : forewings rounded at the apex and narrow : hindwings very
broad, with no tornus, the base being broadly rounded and approximating
to the shape of some of the male Euphoea : both hyaline with a faint
smokiness towards the apices and a rich amber suffusion towards the bases
extending as far as the distal end of the cubitus where it i;radual]y fades
away : node in forewing well distal to the middle of wing, in the hind, well
proximal ; antenodal ncrvures 12 to 13, the final complete : trigone of
both wings almost equilateral, the hind one consideral'ly larger than the
fore, the hind one well distal to the arc. both entire : arc between 2nd and
.3rd anteuodal uervures, a little distal to the 2nd ; sectors of arc in both
wings fused for a very long distance (rather more than 1 mm.) : one cubital
nervure in the forewing, 2 in the hind : subtrigone in the fore about the
same size as in the hindwing : hj'pertrigone of forewing traversed by one
nervure, that of the hind free: 4tli (i odal sector) and 5th (subnodal sector)
nervures very sharply con \ ex opposite the stigma : 5a of remarkable length
and reaching nearly to the termen : I row of cells between h and .Oa : 7a
absent : discoidal field narrow, broadly dilated at the termen, one row of
cells in its inner two-thirds ; anal loop small, only 9 cells, stunted, its
external angle a little external to the outer angle of the trigone: membrane
moderately large, white. Stigma small, 2 mm., lozenge-shaped as in the
Arjrionines.
Abdomen moderately long and slender, 1st and 2nd segments ventro-
dorsally dilated, ord to the 6th attenuated and much compressed laterally,
7th, 8th and the yth markedly dilated and depressed, 10th very small, the
last few segments with a low keel. Black with a yellow, skull-like mark on
the dorsum of the 2nd segment, vory similar to that seen on the Thorax of
the Death's Head moth.
384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Anal ai^pendages very short and pointed, black. Very similar to those
of the Agnonines. Vulvar scale conspicuous, acuminate, ridged and
transversely striated in its distal part.
Habits. — This rare insect, of which I only possess one specimen,
belongs to the Phyllomacromia and is the first of its genus to be report-
ed from India. Its specific characters are the non-prolongation of
the trigone with the arc, the entirety of the trigones, the dilatation of
the 8th abdominal segment and the single row of discoidal cells.
The single female specimen was taken in a marsh at the foot of
the Nilgiri Hills above Kalar at 2,000' altitude last June whilst in
the act of depositing its eggs in very shallow water. Although I
visited the same spot frequently afterwards in the hopes of obtaining
more specimens, I never saw another. It has a very feeble flight.
2. HYL^OTHEMIS FRUHSTORFERl, Kirby.
(Kirby Catalogue of Neuroptera-Odonata, p. 44, 1890.)
( Tetrathemis fruhstorferi, Karsch.)
Ris, 1911, in his work on the Libellulines. states that the female of this
insect is unknown and I know of no description published since that date.
In his description of the male, made from dried and obviously faded
specimens, he gives the markings of the insect as j^ellow but in the living
state yellow marked males are exceedingly rare.
Blue marked specimens almost invariably fade to a yellowish tint so that
Ris may have fallen into a very natural error when describing the males.
The following is a description of both sexes made from living specimens.
Male: Expanse 60 mm. Length 38 mm.
Head moderately rounded : eyes very shortly contiguous, bottle-green
above, yellowish-green beneath : labium bright yellow, its inner border and
the middle lobe, black ; front rounded, without a marked rounded anterior
border, it and the vesicle a brilliant metallic green, the latter moderately
large and almost imperceptibly notched : epistome and lower part of face,
bright yellow : sutures moderately deep : occiput black with a spot of
bright yellow posteriorly.
Frothora c : lobe large, projecting, rounded and notched centrally, fur-
nished with a fringe of long hairs along its posterior border. Black with a
blue collar anteriorly, an angular spot on the mid-dorsum and the whole of
the lobe, pale blue.
Thorax narrow, deep black with pale blue markings as follows : — Two fine
parallel lines in mid-dorsum with a sniall T shaped mark between them : an
irregular, sinuous, humeral line and 2 broad lateral fascise. Occasionally
the lateral blue markings are a greenish-yellow or become quicklj' so from
post-mortem changes. The underside of the thorax and often the sides,
over-laid with a white frosting which gives the black ground colour a
bluish appearance.
Le(j8 moderately large and robust, black with white frosting on the under
surfaces, giving them a bluish appearance : femora 3 with an external row
of numerous, very small, triangular, apicalwards directed spines : a longer
spine at the distal end : femora 2 with similar spines on its basal half, then
more widely separated, three terminal spines. Tibial spines long and
slim : claw-hooks robust, the points not meeting.
Abdomen slim, base very slightly dilated, 3rd to 6th segments triangular
on cross section and very slim, 7th to 9th a little dilated and together
forming a fusiform enlargement of the abdomen. Black with blue markings
as follows : — a triangular spot on the mid-dorsum of the 1st segment, a
linear mark on the mid-dorsum of the 2nd, lateral spots on sides of
mo NEW ISDIAN DRAG OX FLIES. 385
both those scginonts iiiul on tho sides of the .3rd to (ith, the spots on the
hitter somewhat iniadrihitoral and foUowod posteriorly by a small streak
of tho same colour, two very large, oval, conspicuous spots on the dorsum of
the 7th segment. The 8th. 9th and 10th with no markings. *
Anal appendaycK black, as long as tho 9th segment, cylindrical, pointed
and curving downwards. The inferior fused, narrow, triangular and curving
up to meet the superior.
]\'in;/» long and narrow, the hind a little broader than the fore : apices a
little rounded : the node widely distal to the middle of wing : trigone in
forewing in line with that of the hind : arc between the 2nd and Srd ante-
no^jils : sectors of arc with very long stalks : ^th nervure (Cu. i) in the
forewing out of the posterior angle of trigone, in the hind widely separated :
14 to l(i antenodal nervures : the final antenodal complete; trigone
in hindwing widely distal to the arc, its costal side whole or near its distal
end, obtusely broken or bent : 4th nervure (nodal sector) flat in its
proximal part but bent rather sharply near the termen : only 1 row of
cells between .") and oa : trigone in the forewing very small, the costal side
very obtusely bent at its distal third : subtrigone and trigone in the
forewing entire : trigone in hindwing traversed : all hypetrigones traversed :
'2 cubital nervures in fore and hind-wings : only 1 row of cells in forewing :
discoidal field, nearlj'- up to the termen : 8th nervure nearly straight :
discoidal field nearly parallel or a little dilated at the end : loop very
indistinct, of only 4 cells and sharplj^ limited. Stigma medium sized,
nearly black, '2o mm. Membrane nearly obsolete, grey.
Jl'inf/^ are hyaline with amber coloured spurs in the inferior costal space
(space between the subcostal and radius) and cubital space up to the 1st
cubital nervures.
Genitals of nudi' : 2nd segment large and prominent, with large, foliate
tentacuUe (hamules).
Femalp : Expanse 6o mm. Length 38 mm.
A much larger insect and more stoutly built than the male. The mark-
ings are similar but much more extensive, absorbing much of the ground
colour and bright lemon-j'^ellow instead of pale blue as in the male. Blue
marked specimens of the female are not uncommon. On the under surface
of the abdomen, running parallel with the pleural membrane, on either side,
is an additional blue or yellow stripe.
Abdomen much stouter than that of the male, laterally compressed,
segments 7 to 10 dilated and the borders of the 8th and 9th with a foliate
expansion.
Winys often showing considerable dift'erences : the costal side of trigone
in the forewing is not usually bent and that of the hind may or may not
be bent. The loop is much more developed, the cells numbering from 6 to
7. The node lies nearer the middle of costa than it does in the male.
Genitals of female: border of 8th segment raised into a foliate-like
expansion or projection, its free border e.rched and deeply notched. 9th
ventral plate keeled.
Anal append(i(/efi much smaller than those of the male, more remote, cylin-
drical, straight and about as long as the 10th abdominal segment.
Habits. — This insect is not uncommon in the Nilgiris above Kalar
at about 2,000' in the months of June and July, but it is very local
and unless its haunts be happed upon, it may escape notice al-
together. The females are decidely more rare than the males and
on account of their striking black and yellow archaic colours, they
may be mistaken for Gomphina?. They have a very weak flight and
keep to the shade of heavy jungle lining mountain torrents.
386
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,
INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED.
BY
E. liLATTEK, S.J.
Part XX.
{IViUt Plates GIVto CVL and 7 text figures.)
II. CALAMUS FLORIBUNDUS, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 56 ;
Palms Brit. Ind. 66, pi. CXCVII ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, L37 ; Hook,
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 444; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Siiry. Ind. II, 204 ; Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gar. Calc. XI, 79, 191. — C. mishmiensis, Griff, in .lourn. Nat. Hist.
V, 55 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 65; Mitrt. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 337.— C. multi-
fioru^. Mart, in Wallich's list No. 8613 {»^ide Mart. 1. c. 337, No. 506).
Climbiug ; stem as thick as the middle finger; sheaths densely-
armed with bristles and long spines, rhachis with long spines and
short curved prickles. Leaflets few, inequidistant, 10-18 inches long,
1-1^ inch broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, uppermost crowded
at the end of the rhachis and connate, margins and costa3 beneath
setulose ; petiole and lower spathe armed with very short, stout, and
long, scattered, flattened, pale spines ; lower spathe 18 inches long,
coriaceous, terete, mouth very oblique ; spathels acuminate.
Flagelli with short or long, simple or compound, recurved claws and
jipines, spadix elongate, where exposed plano-convex, armed on thr
convex face with hooked prickles ; branches distant, supra-decom-
pound, the lowermost deflexed, the upper ones ascending, the
internodes concealed by spathes with truncate margins more or
less ciliate, grey from whitish filamentous hairs. Branchlets which
bear the spikes recurved or spreading, with short, acute, often
mucronate spathes. Spikes attached midway between these, short,
scarcely more than half an inch long, subscorpioid. Male
flowers distichous, ovate, suffulted by a small bract which is
ciliate and generally penicillate at the apex, and also by 2
bracteoles less combined than usual, sometimes nearly distinct.
Calyx divided to the middle, segments half-ovate, corolla about
twice the length of the calyx, divided almost nearly to the
base, segments ovate-lanceolate, spreading. Stamens united to the
base of corolla ; filaments long, subulate, flexuose in the bud :
anthers obtusely sagittate, attached above the middle, versatile.
Pistillode of 3 rather small, distinct bodies. Female flowers on
.simpl}^ spiked, more elongate branches. Spikes 2-3 inches long,
alternate, generally recurved, flexuose, pale ferruginous-tomentose.
Flowers rather distant, suffulted by an amplectent bract with a
short, acuminate limb, and by 2 bracteoles, of which the inner
bears an incomplete disc on one side. Calyx (in bud) ovate-
THE PALMS OF BltlTISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 387
conical, a good deal longer than that of the male flower, divided
to the middle. Corolla (in bud) length of the calyx, otherwise as
in the male, l)ut the segments have thin margins. Stamens 6,
monadelphons, lilameuts short, tint ; anthers effete. Ovary cylin-
drical, 3-celled, shorter than the branches of the style, which are
lanceolate and papillose ; ovules 3. Fruit i incli in diameter ;
scales very pale yellow, channelled down the back.
Habit. — Upper Assam; Khasia Hills: Silhet; Mishmi Hills
near Tapan Gam's village.
Found in fruit in Novemlier.
CALAMUS FLORinUNDUS, Griff. I'ar. depauperatus, Becc. in Auu,
Hoy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 79, 194.
Description. — Small, delicate, Im high. Sheathed stem very
slender, 5-6 mm. in diameter. Leaf-sheaths armed with very
small short and broad spines. Ochrea densely bristly hispid.
Leaves 35-4-0 cm. long, with 6-8 leaflets in two groups ;
leaflets 15-20 cm. long. 15-22 mm. broad; petiole and rhachis
armed with small scattered claws. Male spadix slender, flagelli-
form, almost simply decompound, with 2-3 small partial
inflorescences.
Habitat. — Assam.
12. CALAMUS KINGIANUS, Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.
XI. 80, 197.
Description. — Slender, probabl}- scandent. Sheathed stem
10-22 mm. in diameter. Leaf-sheaths densely armed with short
horizontal straight spines. Ochrea inconspicuous. Leaves with
petioles about 70 cm. long, petiole 16 cm. long, armed with small
solitary claws. Leaflets very few, distinctly grouped, 3-sub-5-cos-
tate, the 3 largest costa; spinulous on the upper surface, naked
beneath. Male spadix elongate, simply decompound. Primary
spothes narrow, vevY closely sheathing, entire ; partial inflores-
cences terminating in a spikelet ; side-spikelets horizontal or
deflexed, 8-9 cm. long, with remote flowers.
Habitat. — Assam.
13. CALAMUS VIMINALIS, WiUd. Sp. PI. 11, I, 203, car.faseiculatug.
Becc. in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 444 : Rec. Bot. Surv. India. II, 203 :
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 81, 206. — C. fasciculatus, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. 111. 779 {e.rl. cit. Rheede) ; Kunth Enum. Ill, 208; Mart. Hist.
Nat. Palm, III, 338, t. 116, f. IV : Walp. Ann. Ill, 488, V. 831 ; Griff, in
Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 52 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 62, t. 19oB. rnot A), t.
190A, f. II ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III., 127 ; Palm. Archip. Ind. 27 ; Kurz in
.Fourn. As. ^:oc. Bencr. XLIII. 11.210, t. 27, B; For. Fl. 11, 517.—
C. f.vtensus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 210 (partly), t. 116, f. IV., 1.—
388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI .
C.pseudo-rotang, Mart. 1. c. 209, t. 116, f. VI ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat.
Hist. V, 42 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 63 ; Kunth. Enum. III., 207— Wall. Cat.
8608, 8611.
Names. — English : Chair-bottom cane, rattan cane. French :
rotang flexible, rotang osier. Bara Bet (Beng.), Pepa (Tel.),
Kyein Ka (Burm.), Umba-vetns (Sansk.).
Stem rather stout, scrambling and climbing. Leaves 2-3 feet
longj leaflets many, 4-10 inches long, -l-f inch broad, inequi-
distant or fascled, 3-costate, margins and costse beneath spinulose,
pale green, rhachis and sheath white-floccose ; rhachis very stout ;
petiole short, with scattered, straight -^-Ig- inch long, pale, hardly
flattened spines ; sheath and flagelli with scattered, short, hooked
spines. Spathes cariaceous, mouth obliquely truncate, flagelli with
hooked 2-3-fid claws. Spadix 15 feet long, stout; clothed with
long spathes, tip flagelliferous ; branches paniculate, stout, spikes
4-5 inches long, lower spathes compressed, with subulate spines,
upper prickly. Fruit small, ^-^ inch in diameter, globose, beaked;
scales pale yellow, obscurely channelled down the middle.
Habitat. — Lower Bengal, common in the village Bamboo jungles ;
Orissa ; Ganjam ; Chittagong; Mandalay ; Andaman Islands;
Penang ; Malay Peninsula ; Cochin China.
Flowers during the rains.
Illustration. — Plate CIV.
14. CALAMUS CONCINNUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 332;
Kunth Enum, III, 207; Walp. Ann. III. 483, V. 829; Griff, in Calc. Journ-
Nat. Hist. V. 49; Palms Brit. Ind. 59 ; Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
XLIII, II, 214, t. 20. C ; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 444 ; Brandis,lnd. Trees
653; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India II, 204, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.
XI, 81, 210.— Wall Cat. 8607.
Climbing. Leaflets 30-50 cm. long, 2\-o^ cm. broad, many,
subequidistant, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glossy, 4-6 stout nerves
on either side of midrib, margins and costas beneath setulose, rhachis
and spadix rusty-tomentose, sparingly armed with short, stout,
straight, deflexed spines ; male spadix ultra-supra-recompound ;
primary spathes elongate-tubular; secondary ones infundibuliform,
subscarious, loosely sheathing. Fruiting perianth explanate. Fe-
male spadix simply decompound; spikelets 8-12 cm. long, with
18-20 distichous flowers on each side. Fruits small, globose, 8-9
mm. in diameter. Scales in 18 series, deeply channelled along the
middle.
Habitat. — Tenassei-im.
15. CALAMUS RIVALIS, Thw. ex Trim, in Journ. Bot. XXIII, 268,
(1885); Hooker Fl. Br. Ind. VI, 441 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 332 ; Becc. in Rec.
Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 199 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 50, 218.
THE PALMS OF BltlTLSU INDIA AND CEYLON. 389
Name. — Ela-wel (Singh.).
Stem slende)', scaiident ; sheaths flagelliferous, copiously armed
with straight, flat, lanceolate and subulate, pale spines, ^-1 inch
long. Leaves about 3 feet long ; petiole armed below with flat and
above with stout recurved spines ; rhachis not produced into a fla-
gellum, scurfy, armed with short recurved spines ; leaflets nume-
rous, 12-18 inches long and ^— | inch broad, equidistant, linear-
lanceolate, coriaceous, margins setulose, 3-costate beneath, smooth,
or midrib remotely setulose. Spadix very long, slender, armed
with short recurved spines and terminated by a clawed flagellum ;
lower spathes or all armed with very short spines, mouth of lowest
dilated, lacerate. Male spikes recurved ; sputhels coriaceous, very
obliquely cup-shaped, acute. Male flowers distichous, crowded,
about ^ inch long ; calyx o-fld to the middle, cupular ; petals and
stamens confluent in a stipes; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong.
B^emale flov,-ers in larger spikes, not as much crowded as the males.
Fmit ^ inch long, broadly ellipsoid with a large conical truncate
beak, scales broader than long, aboiit 10 in a vertical series, not
channelled, pale yellow, bordered with red-brown.
Habitat. — Ceylon : Moist low country, rare, Pasdun Korale,
Colombo. — Endemic.
Flowers in September.
16. CALAMUS PSEUDO-RIVALIS, Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Calc. XI, 83, i^22.
Vernacular Name. — Pentong (Nicobars).
Description. — Very probably scandent and of moderate size.
Female spadix very elongate, flagelliform, the clawed flagellum
reaching 2 m. Primary spathes elongate, cylindric, often longitu-
dinally split, more or less prickly ; partial inflorescences slender,
about 1 m. in length, with 10-12 spikelets on each side; secondary
spathes elongate, cylindric. Spikelets 8-10 cm. long, with 18-20
distichous flowers on each side. Fruiting perianth not pedicelli-
fonn. Fruit small, ovate, rounded at both ends, abruptly contract-
ed into a cylindric 2 mm. long beak, about 1^ cm. long including
the beak, about 1 cm. broad. Scales in 21 series, faintly chan-
nelled along the middle.
Habitat, — Nicobar Islands,
17. CALAMUS METZIANUS, Schlecht, in Linnaea XXVI (1853),
727 ; Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 462 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 217,
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 82, 221. — C rudentum (non Lour.), Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 340.
Description. — Size of leaves and leaf-sheaths as in C. rivalis.
Fruit broadly ovoid, distinctly and abniptly contracted into a
^QQ JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
beak about 3 mm. long, 17 mm. in length including • the
beak and perianth, 11 mm. broad. Scales channelled along
the middle.
Habitat. — Kanara.
;f^OTE. — Tliis is a verj- doubtful species. Beccari thinks it might
be a continental form of C. rivalis.
18. CALAMUS PSEUDO-TENUIS, Becc. in Fl. Brit. Intl. VI, 445
(1892) ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 430 ; Talb. Trees Bomb. eel. 2, 345 ; Brandis,
Ind. Trees, 652 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. Pres. II, 806. — C. tenuis, Thw. {non
Roxb.) Enum. 330 {e.vd. syn.).
Stem slender, extensively climbing ; sheaths set with many-
unequal, straight, fiat, verj'- sharp spines, reaching sometimes 1
inch. Leaves about 4 feet long ; petiole 8 inches long, with a few
solitary short spreading spines ; rhachis without flagelluin, armed
with scattered slender flat spines, scurfy when young ; flagellum
of sheath very long, slender, compressed below, thin, cjdindric,
and set with half rings of deflexed hooked spines ; leaflets 50 or
more, nearly equidistant, 8-15 inches long and f-l inch broad,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, with setulose margins; veins
3-5, remotely setulose on the upper surface. Male spadix with long,
slender, decurved spikes ; spathels funnel-shaped, acuminate.
Male flowers usually 2-3 together, ^^--^ inch long, subglobose, calyx
cupular, striate, lobes acute ; petals sessile, short, polished ; filaments
very short. Female flowers : sjjadix very long, slender, branches
distant, armed with short deflexed spines ; spathes flattened, the
lower elongate, tubular, 2-edged. Fruit ovoid, ^-^ inch in dia-
meter; beak stout, ^ inch long, conical; scales 9-12 in a vertical
row, rounded, dull yellow with brown scarious margins ; endosperm
subruminate ; embryo basilar.
Habitat. — Cejdon : Low countrj^, Matale, Ladj^ Horton's Walk.
On the Western Ghats from Kanara southwards ; Kanara : common
in the evergreen forests at the foot of the Nilkund Ghat of N.
Kanara. Madras. Cochin.
Flowers from Januarj^ to April in Ceylon.
19. CALAMUS HOOKERIANUS, Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. XI,
83, 226. — C. borneensis {non Miq.), Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 205.
Description. — Apparently high scandent, slender, or of mode-
rate size. Leaflets numerous, equidistant, linear-ensiform, with 3
bristly ribs on the upper side, the largest 30 cm. long and 13 mm.
broad. Female spadix very long and slender, flagelliform ; primary
spathes long, closely sheathing ; partial inflorescences very long
(up to Hm.) with many remote spikelets on each side ; spikelets
filiform, rigid, zigzag sinuous, with the flowers rather remote and
THE FALMS; OF lilUTISH IMjIA AXD CFA'LON. 391
piished downwards by the very conspicuous axillary callus. Fruit-
ing perianth callous at the base.
Hahitat.— Probably Coroinandel Coast.
-'0. CALA MUS DELICA TULUS, Thvv. Eiuiiu. :',;30, 431 (1864) ; Hookor
FI. Brit. liul. VI, 440; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 331'; Bucc. in Koc. Jiot. Surv.
Ind. II, 206 ; Annals Koy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 86, 246.
Name.— Nara-wel (Singli.).
Stem slender, scandent ; internodes with a tuft of erect, white,
hair-like prickles 1-2^ inch long below the nodes, sheaths flagelli-
ferous, sparsely scurf)', beset with many, spreading, flattened, white,
short and long linear spines up to 4-5 inches long. Leaves 2-3
feet long; petiole of lower 2 feet, of upper very short, both furnished
with a few hooked spines ; rhachis not produced into a flagellum,
scurfy, and with a few straight spines ; leaflets manj'-, equidistant,
close-set, 8-10 inches long and i inch broad, linear-lanceolate,
finely acuminate or acute, and hair-pointed. 3-veined, margins and
veins on both surfaces with a few long black bristles. Spathes
tubular, truncate, unarmed, mouth ciliate ; spathels tubular, imbi"i-
cate, triincate ; spathellules cupular, minute. Spadix polygamo-
dioecious, very long, filiform, decompound, beset with small hooked
spines; flowering branches about 18, 1-5 inches long; spikes very
slender. Male flowers rather distant, about ^ inch long ; calyx
urceolate, 5-toothed ; petals twice as long, oblong, acute, bases
connate ; filaments rather long. Female flowers : petals hardly
longer than the calyx ; ovar}'- oblong, seated in a G-toothed cup.
Fruit (immature?) subglobose, ^ inch in diameter, beak conical,
not long ; scales about 8 in a vertical series, ochraceoua, with a
very dark brown border, centre not channelled.
Habitat. — Ceylon: Moist country below 1,000 feet, rather rare,
Galle, Hiniduma, Pasdum Korale. — Endemic.
Flowei's from December to May.
21. CALAMUS HELFEIUANUS, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
XLIII, II, 213; For. Fl. II, -Wl ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 446; Becc.
inRec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 206 ; Ann. Roy. Bot.Gard. Calc. XI, 87, 247.
DE.SCRIPTION. — Stem slender, scandent. Leaves withoiit flagelli ;
leaflets many, scattered, inequidistant in series of 2-8 on a side,
narrowly linear, finely acuminate, 8-12 inches long, ^-f. inch broad,
uppermost quite free, costte 3-5, strong beneath, margins and lateral
costao above and median beneath setulose ; rhachis slender, trigo-
nous, armed with short scattered recurved spines, with naked inter-
vals sometimes 4 inches long. Spadix several feet long, very
slender, flexuous, as thick as a sparrow-quill, compound, upper
spikes simple, lower panicled, males shorter and more slender.
Lower spathe long, narrow, cornpressed, with a short erect limb
392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
and shoi't spines on the keels, partial 1^-1 inch long; spathellnles
of male flowers very short and crowded, of female ^ inch long.
Male flowei's ^-^ inch long, calyx o-fid.
Habitat. — Tenasserim (or the Andaman Islands?).
22. CALAMUS NICOBARICUS, Becc. in Hook. Fl. Br. Ind. VI,
446 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 654 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Snrv. Ind. II, 206, Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 87, 249.
Vernacular Name. — Tchye (Nicobars).
A very slender plant, with varnished internodes, ^-^ inch in dia-
meter. Leaflets very many, 7-8^ inches long, abont ^ inch broad,
equidistant, linear-ensiform, long-acuminate, sparsely setose on
the median costa only on both surfaces, shining above, lateral
costal slender, naked ; petiole channelled above, armed with long,
straight, marginal spines and short claws on the back, sheath very
pale, at first scurfy, deuselj' armed with very unequal, long, flab
spines and shoi't claws. Flagelli exceedingly slender. Spadix and
fruit unknown.
In Beccari's opinion this species seems to be allied to C. deli-
catulus, from which it is distinguished b}^ the leaflets being setose
only on the median costa.
Habitat. — Nicobar Islands.
Uses. — It is much used b}^ the natives and is in great demand
by ship-traders who take it to the Straits (ex Beccari).
23. CALAMUS TENUIS. Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill, 780 ; Kunth Enum. Ill,
211 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. II [, 335 ; Grift', in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V,
46 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 57, t. 193 A, B, C ; Walp. Ann. Ill, 485, V, 830
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 118; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII, II, 212,
t. 31 B ; For. Fl. II, 520 ; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 447 ; Brandis, Ind.
Trees 652 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 206; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc.
XI, 89, 262— C. royleanm, Griff. 11. cc. 40 and 53, t. 191 ; Mart. 1. c. 335 ;
Walp. 11. cc. 485 and 8?0 — C. amarus, Lour. I, 210? — C. heliotropium,
Ham.; Mart. 1. c. 334 ; Kunth. 1, c. 210 ; Griff. 11. cc. 51 and 61 ; Walp. 11.
cc. 484 and 830.— C. rotang, Brandis, For. Fl, 559.
Namks. — Bet, Bent (Hind.), Jatee Bhet (Assam), May dan
(Cochin China).
Stems very long, slender, scandent ; internodes not thicker than
a goose-quill. Leaves oblong, equally pinnate, 1^-2 feet long ; leaflets
very many, from 20-30 on each side, equidistant, alternate, linear,
polished, the lower 8-12 inches long, ^-^ inch broad, margins
minutely setulose or spinulose, bristles on the nerves \ inch long.
Petiole pale, stout, short, margined with straight spines; rhachis
armed with one row of short, recurved spines ; flagelli filiform,
sheaths flagelliferous, sparingly armed with short, flat spines,
Spadix very long, decompound, flagelliferous ; primary branches
THE PALMS OF lUll I'lSlI ISDIA AND CEYLON.
:{93
'i-Ci, remote, Uexiiose, witii about halt' a dozen alternate, recurved
branches on each side. Spathes elongate, tubular, lower G-10 in-
ches with a short limb and scattered, recurved spines, partial ones
short, unarmed, scurfy when young, spathellules densely crovv^ded,
cymbiform. Flowers very small; male Howers y\, inch long, not dis-
tichous and spreading but secund in 3-4 series, imbricating, sub-
erect. Fruit h inch in diameter, subglobose, miicronate ; scales
pale with a shallow median channel and very narrow discoloured
margins. (Fig. 1.)
Fig- 1 — Calamus tenuis. Some branches of a fruitinjjr spadix-
Habitat, — Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards, liengal,
Assam, Silhet, Chittagong and Burma. — Cochin China.
Uses. — The i*otang of this species is much used for domestic
work .
394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
24. CALAMUS ROTANG, L. Sp. PI. ed. 2,463 {Planta Ceylonensis
tantum et excl. syn. Hort. Malab. et Herb. Amboin.) ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill,
777 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. HI, 334, t. 116, t. 8, and t. ZXXII, f. XII ;
Bl. Ptumphia III, 33; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 117 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb.
423 ; Hook, f . Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 447 ; Becc. in Eec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 206,
Ann. Ptoy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 90, 269.— C. Ro.rburyhii, Griflf. in Calc.
Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 43; Palms Brit. Ind. 55, t. CXCV A (Sub C. fascicu-
latus) and t. CXCII (CXII j^^er errorem) ; Thw. Enum. PL Zeyl. 330.—
C. 7nonoecus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 73 ex Ind. Kew. Suppl. I. — C. monoicus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill, 783 ; Mart.' Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 334 {excl. descn2).
Wallichii no. 8604 ?) ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 48; Palms Brit.
Ind. 58. — C. scipionum, Lam. {partim) Encycl. Bot. 304 {excl. syn. Lour, et
Rheede). — Arundo Rotancj Tieylanica sjnnosissiina , etc., J. Burm. Thes. Zeyl.
36; Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 209, 468; Herm. Mus. Zeyl. 59.— Arundo nucifera
Rotany dicta, etc. Pluk. Almag. 53 ( excl. syn. Clusii ). — Phoenicoscorpiurus
s. Hehotropium Palmites spinosum, Pluk. Phytogr. 5,106. f . {excl. Marcg.).
— Arundo Rotang dicta, Pison. Ind. Orient. Mant. 188. — Arundo indica
versicolor flexilis, 0. Baub. Pin. 18, IV: J. Bauh. Hist. PI. II, 489; Raj.
Hist. Plant, 11, 1277.
Names.
English : Cane, chair-bottom cane, common rattan cane, rotang.
French : Canne de Bengale, jonc de I'lnde, ratin, rotang
ordinaire, rotin, rottain.
German : Palmriet, Rattangpalme, Rotang, Rottang, Rotting,
Spanisches Rohr, Steinrottang, Stuhlrohr.
Butch : Rotting, rottinggewas, rottingriet runt, rnutstek, spaansch
riet.
Perambu, Priampu (Tarn.) : Wewel (Singh.) ; Betamu, Bet-
tapu, Niru Prabba, Pemu, Pepti (Tel.) ; Bet, Beta, Chachi Bet
(Beng. and Hind.) ; Pepa, Prabba (Central Prov.) ; Rotan
(Malay.) ; Bed (Pers.).
Description. — Stem vevy slender, scandent ; sheaths flagelli-
ferons, sparingly armed with short flat spines. Leaves 1^-2 feet
long, petiole yery short, stout margined with small straight or
recurved spines with conical laterally compressed bases ; leaflets
very many, equidistant, lower 8-12 inches long and ^-^ inch
broad, iipper gradually smaller, linear-lanceolate acuminate, 3-
veined, veins naked above or bearing distant bristles sometimes ^
inch long, midrib alone setose beneath, margins setulose. Male
spadix very long, decompound, flagelliferous, sparingly- spinous ;
spathes elongate, tubular, lower 6-10 by nearly f inch diameter,
sparingljr armed with scattered recurved spines, upper unarmed,
scurfy; spikes 1-1^ inch, recurved or revolute, bracteoles densely
crowded, cjanbiform. jMale flowers secund in 3-4 series, ^ inch
long ; calj'x cupular, base thickened, striate lobes broad, acute;
petals sessile, smooth, acute ; filaments very short, subulate. Female
flowers -j^^j inch long, scattered along the slender branches of the
spadix ; calyx conical, tubular, 3-toothed, base dilated, truncate ;
1-4
<3»-
O
C4
■<
t-i
<
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.
395
petals sessile, tips only exserted. Fruit seated on the minute
perianth, subglobose, i inch in diameter, mucronate, scales many
in a vertical series, pale yellow with a very narrow thin discoloured
marsfin and shallow median channel.
(t^
ig-
o
)
Fig. 2— Flowers and fruit of Calamus rotang L, (After Griffith).
Habitat.— Central Provinces, the Deccau, Carnatik, Ceylon, (not
in Bengal). ''
Flowers. — In February and March.
JJSES.— Calamus rotang, and various other long trailing species,
yield the common rattan of commerce, which, though apparently
insignificant, form a considerable article of export. When fresh
gathered, the stems are covered with green sheaths, but are
divested of them while yet in a green state, and then dried. They
are extensively used as props for plants, as well as for cables, ropes,
wicker-work, baskets, chairs, and couches ; being very strong, and
at the same time flexible, they are admirably adapted for those
purposes. Cordage and cables for vessels are sometimes made from
the stems twisted together. In fact, their strength is exceedingly
.great .when several are. twisted in this way, and will answer all the
pui-poses of the strongest cables. Rattans are occasionally used in
396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
India for bridges. Hooker gives a description of" such a cane-
bridge in his " Himalayan -Tournals " where he says : " Soon after-
wards (after crossing the Rungmo), at a most wild and beautiful
spot, I saw, for the first time, one of the most characteristic of
Himalayan objects of art, a cane-bridge. All the spurs, round the
bases of which the river flowed, were steep and rocky, their flanks
clothed with the richest tropical forest, their crests tipped with
pines. On the river's edge, the Banana, Pandanus and Bauhinia,
were frequent, and Figs prevailed. One of the latter projected over
the stream, growing out of a mass of rock, its roots interlaced and
grasping at QYery available support, while its branches, loaded
with deep glossy foliage, hung over the water. This tree formed
one pier for the canes ; that on the opposite bank was constructed
of strong piles, propped with large stones, and between them
swung the bridge, about eighty yards long, ever rocking over the
torrent. The lightness and extreme simplicity of its structure
were very remarkable. Two parallel canes, on the same horizontal
plane, were stretched across the stream ; from them others hung
in loops, and along the loops were laid one or two bamboo stems
for flooring ; cross pieces below this flooring, hung from the two
upper canes, which they thus served to keep apart. The traveller
grasps one of the canes in either hand, and walks along the loose
bamboos laid on the swinging loops; the motion is great, and the
rattling of the loose dry bamboos is neither a musical sound nor
one calculated to inspire confidence." — In Europe rattans are
extensively used for caning chairs, for making brooms, and, when
dyed black, as a substitute for whalebone, for umbrella-ribs, and
for stiffening bonnets. In Japan all sorts of basket-work are
made of split cane, and even cabinets with drawers. Cane is also
plaited and twisted into cordage, and slender fibres are made to
answer the purpose of twine. In Java the cane is cut into fine
slips, which are plaited into excellent mats or made into strong,
and at the same time neat, baskets. Bennet says in his " Wan-
derings " that near Macao the rattans are split longitudinally,
soaked, and attached to a wheel, which one person keeps in motion,
whilst another binds the split rattans together, adding others to
the length from a quantit}^ carried around his waist, until the
required length of the rope is completed.
Cultivation. — When young Calamus rotang is a very graceful
plant, but when it attains a height of 5-6 feet and develops its
whip-like flagella armed with numerous sharp recurved thorns it is
generally considered time to cut it down. (Woodrow.)
Illustration. — Plate CV,
25. CALAMUS DELESSERTIANUS, Becc. iu Anu. itoy. Hot. vJard.
Calc. XI, 91, 276.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND L'Ei'LON. 397
Description. — Probably scnndent and of moderate size. Leaflets
uumeroiis rather closely set and equidistant, elongate-ensi-
t'orm, sub-5-costnlate, the intermediate ones 32-35 cm, long and
20-22 mm. broad, the 3 main ribs furnished with bulbous bristles
on the upper surface, underneath the mid-rib alone bristly ; the
margins closely spiniilous. Female spadix apparently large and
elongate ; upper primary spathes elongate, cylindric ; partial inflo-
rescences with about 1 3 distichous spikelets on each side ; spikelets
inserted just at the mouth of their respective spathes with a distinct
axillar}- callus, the lower ones about 6 cm. long with 20 flowers
on each side ; involucrophorum not pedicellate. Female flowers
3 mm. long; neuter flowers more slender, but as long as the
female ones, their corolla twice as long as the calyx.
Habitat. — Probably S. India.
26. CALAMUS BRANDISH, Becc. in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 448 ;
Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 206 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 91, 278 ;
Brandis Ind. Trees 651.
Stem slender; leaflets few, fascicled, lanceolate, ensiform, naked
beneath, sparsely setose above on the 3 costse ; petiole slender with
few very long, slender, straight spines^ rhachis with long, stout,
solitary, straight and recurved spines ; sheath armed with solitary
or aggregate, slender, flattened, straight spines, mouth with very
long ; needle-shaped spinules. Male spadix elongate, shortly fla-
gelliferous, with few partial inflorescences ; spathes narrow tubular,
"upper funnel-shaped, unarmed, embracing the bases of the spi-
kelets ; flowers 4-seriate in bud.
Habitat. — Travancore, near Courtallam, 3-5,000 feet.
27. CALAMUS ACANTHOSPATHUS, Grifl'. in Calc. Journ. Nat.
Hist. V, 39 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 50. t. 190 B. (not A, f. 1) ; Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. Ill, 333, t. 176, f. VI: Walp. Ann. Ill, 484, V, 830 : Hook. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI, 448 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 206 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Calc. XI, 92, 283 ; Brand is Ind. Trees 651. — C. ?nowfa«7<s, T. Anders, in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 9 ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timb. 242.
Names. — Gouri Bet. (Nep.); Rue, Rhu (Lepchas).
Stems slender, scandeut, as thick as a swan's quill, forming
dense thickets. Leaves 2-3 feet long; leaflets few, large, 10-16
inches long, 2-3 inches broad, inequidistant, elliptic-lanceolate,
strongly 5-7-costate, margins naked or spinulose, both surfaces
quite naked or very rarely with a few small spines on the costae of
the upper surface ; rhachis and long petiole very stout, scurfy,
armed with 2-3 series of \ery stout, recurved spines ; sheath stout,
densely armed with long, flattened and short, stout, straight or
recurved spines; flagellum of the sheath 10-12 feet long. Spadix
4-6 feet, erect, veiy stout, flagelliferous ; peduncle shoi't, com-
pressed, armed on the edges and lower face with unequal, straight,
10
98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Tol. XXV.
subulate spines and prickles, those of the edges being the longest.
Spathes with obsolete limbs, the lowest about 1 foot long, com-
pressed, keeled along the centre of the back and, excepting the
short, erect, half-lanceolate limb, armed with straight prickles
having conical bases. The other spathes are shorter, more clavate,
without an obvious keel and only slightly armed, or as the upper-
most, quite unarmed. Branches of fruiting spadix verj^ stout;
spikes 1-4 inches long, strongly recurved. Fruit obovoid or
globose, f inch in diameter, shortly beaked ; pericarp thin ; scales
chestnut brown, obscurely channelled, shining ; fruiting calyx large,
ctipular, ^ inch in diameter, lobes verjr short. Seed deeply pitted.
(Fig. 3).
Fk;. 3.— Branch of fruiting spadix rtitli part of flaKellum of Calamus
acanthosj)atlnis. (After Griffith.)
THE PALMiS OF BlilTI.'SH IMJlA AND CEYLON. 399
Habitat. — Eastern Nepal; Sikkim and Jiliotaii, Himalaya,
3-6,000 feet ; Khasia Hills, 2-4,000 feet.
28. CALAMUS FEANUS, Becc. in Hook. F. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 448,
Rec. Bet. Surv. hid. II, 206, Ann. Koy. Bot. Gard. Calo. XI, 92, 286.
Description. — Stem scandent ; inteniodes ^-^ inch in diameter.
Leaves rather short, about 3 feet 3 inches long ; ochrea very short,
truncate; leaflets few, 6-8, remote, subequidistant, the larger 8-12
inches long, 2-2f inches broad, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate,
7-9-costate, the terminal one free ; petiole very short and rhachis
armed with short hooked spines, sheath ^-§ inch long, fiagelli-
ferous, cariaceous, green, marbled with black scurfy spots, strongly
armed with scattered long spreading or deflexed and short stout
reflexed spines. Male spadix ] i inch long, decompound, erect,
rigid, with 7 partial inflorescences ; lower spathe tiibular, 2-keeled,
mouth compressed ; keels armed with short stout spines ; upper
spathe obliquely truncate ; spikelets recurved. Fruit liroadly ovoid,
about ^ inch by ^ inch in diameter; beak conical, acute; scales
about 1 5-seriate, not channelled on the back, where thej' are opaque
and as if pulverulent with a broad rather discoloured band. Seed
deeply pitted.
Habitat. — Teuasserim, 3-5,000 feet high.
29. CALAMUS GURAUB,B.a.m., in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 206
and 330, t. 175, f. 1 ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 42 ; Palms Brit.
Ind. o4 ; Kunth Enum. Ill, 210 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII, II,
214 ; For. Fl. II, 522 ; Becc. in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 449, Rec. Bot. Surv.
Ind. II, 207, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 93, 299.— C. mastersianus,
Griff. 11. cc. 76 and 84, t. 206 ; Daemonorops (jtiruba var. Hamiltonianus
et var. Mastersianus, Mart. 11. cc. ; Walp. 11. cc. 479 and 828 : Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. Ill, 100.
Names.— Sundi Bet, Onabi Bhet, Quabi Bet.(Ass.) ; Kyeinn
Kyeingnee (Burm.)
Description.— Tall, climbing; stem with the sheaths about
inch in diameter. Leaves 5-6 feet long; leaflets 12-15 inches
long, ^-f inch broad, alternate, equidistant, narrowly linear, mar-
gins and 3 costse above setose, midrib usually alone setose beneath,
the long slender petiole and rhachis armed with long, brown,
recurved and short, conical spines below and on the margins.
Sheaths flagelliferous, covered with long flattened spines and
crowded smaller ones ; ligule long, membranous (coriaceous, Griffith),
lacerate. Spathes glabrous, tube of lower compressed, margins with
long spines, back with short ones, limb recurved ; upper spathes
nearly unarmed ; flagellum very stout and stoutly armed. Male
spadLx elongate, very slender, decompound, spikes 2-3 inches long,
very slender, flexiious, spreading, spathellules very small and shallow.
Flowei-s distichous, pointing forwards, nch long ; calyx striate
400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX\ .
corolla twice as long, polished. Fruit pisiform, \ inch in diameter,
abruptly beaked ; scales very pale, obscurely channelled, margin
brown.
Habitat. — Bengal, Assam, the Khasia Hills, Silhet, Chittagong,
Burma.
Flowers. — In April.
30. C. NITIDUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 334 ; Kuiith Enum. Ill,
I'll ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., V. 49 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 59 ; Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 117 ; Walp. Ann. Ill, 484, V, 830 ; Wall. Cat. 8609 ;
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI., 449 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 652 ; Becc. in Ann,
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 94,302.
Description. — Probably scandent and slender. Leaves 60-70
cm, long. Leaflets equidistant, rigidulous close-set, 15-18 cm.
long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shining, margins thickened,
co&tae 3, setulose on both surfaces or on the upper only ; rhachis
with simple or compound recurved spines,
Male and female spadices very slender with many partial inflor-
escences and a very slender flagellum at their summit ; primar}''
spathes open and flat duriug the anthesis, broadly linear, somewhat
longer than the inflorescences. Fruiting perianth shortly pedicelli-
form. Fruit very small.
Habitat. — Tavoy in Tenasserim,
31. C. PLATYSPATHUS, M&Tt. Hist. ii&t. Palm. Ill, 210 ; Griff, in
Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 75 ; Pakns Brit. Ind. 83: Kurzin Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. XL., 214 ; Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. VI., 449 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv.
Ind. II, 207, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 94, 304. Dae7no7iorops platki/-
spathus, Mart. 1. c. ed. 2, 206, 329 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. HI., 99 ; Walp. Ann.
Ill, 479, v., 828.
Description, — Leaflets few, 10-12 inches long, 1-1^ inch broad,
scattered, alternate, ensiibrm, acuminate, 5-7-costate, rigid, mar-
gins bristly towards the apex, j'^oung pale, softly scurfy beneath,
margins thickened with obscure distant asperities ; rhachis armed
with straight and recurved, sti'ong, solitary and binate spines with
swollen bases, sheath armed with close-set, straight, subulate spines,
Male spadix long, ver}- slender, sparsely shortlj'' armed, inflorescen-
ces short, 3-4 inches long, subsessile, paniculately branched; spi-
kelets very short, {-^ inch long, few-flowered. Upper spathes
with very short sheaths and flat, linear-oblong, laminse, 3-4 inches
long, ^-| inch broad ; spatliellules ver}^ short, acute. Male flowers
yV inch long, pale, close-set, pointing forwards ; calyx sharplv
toothed, striate ; corolla twice as long as the calyx, not striate.
Habitat. — Tenasserim : Tavoy.
32. C. MYRIANTHUS, Becc. in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 451 ; Rec,
Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 207 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 94, 306 ; Brandis,
Tnd. Trees, 653.
Dkscriptton. — Apparently scandent and of moderate size
THE PALMH OF lilUTISH INDIA AND CEVLOy. 101
Leaflets very long, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, many-costate, pale,
almost white beneath, smooth on both surfaces or with minute
bristles on the costaj beneath, margin obscurely aculeolate; rhachis
ilorsally rounded, shortly spinous. Male spadix very long, slender,
sparsely spinous, spathels tubular, truncate. Inflorescences laxly
decompound ; branches very slender ; spike \-\ inch long, zigzag,
almost filiform ; spathelhiles minute. Flowers minute, pointing
forward, closely imbricate, calyx aciitely 3-lobed, striate ; corolla
twice as long, acute, not striate.
HABITAT. — Tenasserim : Merp-ui.
33. C. HYPOLEUCUS, Kurz. For. Fl. II, o23, f.rcl. descr. spad,
masc ; Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 451 ; Brandis, Iiul. Trees 653 ; Becc. in llec.
Bot. Surv. lud. II, l>07 ; Ann. Uoy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 94, 307. Daemono-
rops hypoleucua, Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII, III, 208 (partim).
t. XVIII. {e.vd. t. XIX.).
Description. — Stem slender, scandent, as thick as a goose-quill
without the sheaths. Leaves 2-3 feet long, not flagelliferous;
sheaths flagelliferous ; leaflets G-9 inches long, alternately and
interruptedly approximate by twoes on each side, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, ciliate towards the apex, many-costate, white beneath ;
petiole short, armed with long and short conical, straight and
recurved spines ; rhachis with scattered recurved spines ; sheaths
densely spiny with unequal spines 1 inch long and less. Female
spadix 1 2 inches long ; peduncle about 1 inch long, spinous ;
spathes oblong-lanceolate, spathels tubular, small, distant. Female
flowers distichous ; calj'x 2V inch long, shortly o-lobed ; corolla
twice as long, segments acute.
Habitat. — Burma ; Thoungyeen,
34. CALAMUS LEUCOTES, Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Calc.
XI, 95, 309. — C hi/poleucus, Kurz Fl. Brit. Burm., TI, 523 {quoad gpadic.
masc. titntum). — Dcemonorops hypolencus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
XLIII, ii {quoad tab. XIX. tantum).
Description. — Probably scandent. Sheathed Stem 2 cm. in
diameter. Leaf sheaths very densely armed with ver}^ unequal, small
and large, ascendent spines. Ochrea short. Leaves rather robust
and large ; petiole robust and long. Leaflets few, grouped, with
very long vacant spaces interposed, firmly papyraceous, lanceolate
or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 40 cm. long and 5*5 cm. broad, plicate,
many-costate, green above, covered with a crustaceous chalky coat-
ing beneath. Male spathe elongate, rigid, with a robust axis.
Partial inflorescences strict, cupressiform, much shorter than the
primary spathes ; primary spathes elongate, open, flat. ]\Iale flowers
3 mm. long, acute.
Habitat. — Burma : Yoonzuleen.
35. C. TRAVANCORICUS, Bedd. mss. in Herb. Kew. ; Hook, Fl.
Brit. Ind. VI, 452 ; Brandis, Ind. Trees 653; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv.
402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Ind. II, 207 : Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 95, 310; Rleede Hort. Mai.
XII, t. 64. — C. gracilis {non Roxb.) Grifl'. Palms Brit. Ind. 64 [quoad tab.
Rheedeanam tantum).
Name. — Tsjeru tsjtirel (M.al.).
Description. — Stem very slender, scandent. Leaves 18-24 inches
long ; leaflets 4-6 inches long, ^-f inch broad, broadest about or
above the middle and thence tapering to a capillary point, in dis-
tant opposite groups of 3-5, narrowly oblanceolate, thin ; costae 3,
very slender, naked above, sparsely setulose beneath ; rhachis and
petiole very slender, armed with small straight and recurved
spines ; sheath armed with slender, straight, flattened prickles ;
petiole 4-G inches long, dorsally rounded, mai'gins acute, much
compressed towards the base and there chieflj^ spiny. Spadix 2-3
feet long, slender, flagelliferous ; peduncle short, flattened, young
white scurfy, margins shortly spiny. Inflorescences about 2 inches
long, shorter than the membranous flat spathes, male decompound
with spreading very slender branches bearing short, flexuous,
almost capillar}^ spikes of flowers ^ inch long ; female inflorescence
with simple, distichous, recurved spikes and rather larger flowers.
Lower spathes tubular, compressed at the base, with shortl}^ spi-
nous angles, produced into a long, membranovis, sheathing lamina ;
upper spathes and spathels tubular, obliquely truncate, spathellules
short, acute, calyx strongly striate ; corolla twice as long as the
calyx, not striate.
Habitat. — Deccan Peninsula ; from Malabar to Travancore.
36. C. RHEEDEl, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 73 ; Palms Brit.
Ind. 36, 83 ; Hook. Bl. Brit. Ind. VI, 452 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 653 ; Becc.
in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 207 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 95, 313.—
Daemonorop& rheedii, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 330; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Ill, 100 ; Walp. Ann. Ill, 479, V, 828 ; Rheede Hort. Mai. XII, t. 65.
Name. — Katu tsjurel (Mai,).
Description. — Leaflets in very distant groups of 3 on a long
rhachis armed with scattered, short, recurved spines, linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate. Fruiting spadix with the flat open acute spathes
longer than the ovoid dense clusters of ellipsoid or oblong fruits.
This plant is onl}^ known from llheede's plate and has never been
described from living or dried specimens.
Habitat. — Malabar.
Uses. — The seed of this Calamus dried and powdered ' genuum
ulcera sanat ' (Rheede).
37. C. HUEGELIANUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 338 ; Walp. Ann.
HI, 488, V, 831 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 452 ; Brandis Ind. Trees 652 ;
Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 207 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 100.
314.— C. wightii, Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 102, t. 216 G.—C. melanolepis, H,
Wendl. in Kerch. Palm. 2'67 .— Dae77ionoro])s melanolepis, Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. Ill, 331, t. 175, f. XI ; 342 under C. dioicus and t. 116, f. XI ; Walp.
. CO. 481 and 829.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH I.\DIA AND CEYLON. 403
Description. — Leaflets many, equidistant, 12-lG inches long,
^-1 incli I>voacl, elongate, ensifonn, acuminate, strongly 3-costate,
margins smooth, unarmed above, beneath pale and with a very few
longf bristles on the lateral costa3, the very distant bristles on the
lateral nerves beneath sometimes absent, at others nearly ^ inch
long ; petiole stout, scurfy when young, back rounded with very
stout, short, recurved spines ; rhachis pale ; sheath armed with very
stout scattered long and short spines. Female spadix stout, erect ;
spathes sparingl}^ armed with stout claws, narrowly tubular, truncate.
Fruiting branches 6-10 inches long, very stout, spikes recurved,
calj'x pedicelled, cupular, with spreading lobes. Fruit globose,
•|-| inch in diameter, very shortly beaked, black shining; scales
subaciite, with fimbriate margins, not channelled.
Habitat. — Nilghiri Hills, 5-0,000 feet high : Sisparah, Nadu-
vatam.
38. CALAMUS GAMBLEI, Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 493 ;
Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 207 ; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 96, 316.
DESCRiPriox. — Probabl)^ scandent and of moderate size. Leaves
large. Leaflets 6-7 cm. apart, ensiform, 60-65 cm. long, 25-28 mm.
broad, with three on both surfaces more or less bristly-spinulous
cost«, margins remotely ciliate-spinulous. Female spadix with
somewhat arched, 25-30 cm. long, partial inflorescences. Spikelets
arched, sub-scorpioid. Female flowers pointing upwards, ovate,
5 mm. long. Fruit globose-obpj-riform or turbinate-globose,
tapering towards the base, 22-25 mm. long, 17-18 mm. broad.
Scales usually in 21 series, pale yellow, shining, stronglj- gibbous,
distinctly channelled. Seed globose, ovoid.
Habitat. — Nilghiris in the Makurti forest at about 5,000 ft.
CALAMUS GAMBLEI, Becc. var. spliaerocar'pus, Becc. 1. c.
Description. — Fruit spherical, not tapering to the base, 18 mm.
in diameter. Seed almost spherical.
Habitat. — Nilghiris.
39. C. GRACILIS, Roxb. {non Blanco neque Thw.) F]. Ind. Ill, 781
{e.icl. Syn. Hort. Mai. XII. t. 64 ;) Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ill, 338; Kunth
Enum. Ill, 209 ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 54 ; Palms Brit. Ind.
64, t. 196 : Walp. Ann. HI, 488, V, 831 : Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
XLIII, II, 212, t. 31 C ; For. Fl. II, 520 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 453 ;
Brandis Ind. Trees 653 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 208 ; Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 96, 318.
Name. — Mapuri Bet (Beng.) ; Oahing Bet (Assam).
Description. — Slender, climbing to a great extent ; naked stem
not thicker than a quill ; all the j-ounger parts included towards
their extremities in the armed sheaths of the leaves and then being:
about as thick as a man's little finger. Leaves 2-3 feet long,
alternate, recurved; leaflets 5-7 inches long, collected in opposite
groups of 3-5 on each side of the slender rhachis, elliptic-lanceolate,
404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
acuminate, 3-7-costate, costae very slender and more or less setose
above, mai-gins obscurely bristly except at the tip v^here the
bristles are long ; petiole very short and rhachis and sheath armed
with short hooked spines ; rhachis fugaciousl}^ scurfy; sheaths green,
glabrous. Spadix elongate, slender, drooping, flagelliferous.
Spathes tubular, acuminate, sparingly spinous, fugaciously brown-
scurfy, Tipper unarmed, spathels not imbricate, unarmed. Corolla
thrice as long as the calyx. Fruiting calyx sessile, shortly cylin-
dric, pedicelliform, lobes very short. Fruit oblong, | inch long ;
scales straw-coloured, with or without a narrow, brown border,
channelled. Seed wrinkled.
Habitat. — The Khasia Hills up to 4,000 feet ; Upper Assam ;
Oachar ; Chittagong.
Flowers. — In May.
40. C. MELAN ACANTHUS, M.&Tt.m&t.^a.i. ^&\m. Ill, m'6, t. 11(3.
f. 13 ; and t. Z. XXII, f . X ; Kunth Enum. Ill, 211 ; Griff, in Calc. Journ.
Nat. Hist. V, 49 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 59 ; Walp. Ann. Ill, 484, V, 830 ; Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 119 ; Palm. Archip. Ind. 27 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. XLIII, 11, 215, t. XX, B ; Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 453 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 652; Becc. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 208, Ann. Roy, Bot. Gard. Calc.
XI, 96, 321 ; Wall. Cat. 8606 B.
Description. — Scandent. Leaflets many, 6-1 3 inches long, ^ inch
broad, upper ones much shorter (2-3 inches), equidistant, mem-
branous, linear with capillary tips, 3-costate, shortly setose or
naked on the costse beneath, tips sparsely bristly or naked, rhachis
with a single row of short re-curved black spines ; sheath with
sub-whorled spines. Female spadix decompound, ending in a
flagellum. Spathes shoi'tly sparsely spinous, upper nearly unarmed.
Fruiting calyx sessile, campanulate, pedicelliform. Fruit ellipsoid,
f inch long, shortly beaked, scales greyish yellow with very
narrow brown margins, channelled ; albumen deeplj'^ ruminate ;
embryo lateral.
Habitat. — Tenasserim : Chappedong.
41. CALAMUS ZEYLANICUS, Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 455;
Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 11, 210; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 103, 379;
Trim. Flor. Cey., IV, 335 — C. rudentum {non Lour.) Moon, Cat. 26 ,
Thw. Enum. 330 {eai. omnibus smn. at C. P. e.rsicc. No. 2874).
Names. — Mamewel, Wanderu-wel (Singh.)
Description. — Stem very stoiit, scandent ; sheaths not flagelli-
ferous. Leaves 4-5 feet long; petiole stout, armed with 3 fid
recurved spines ; rhachis very stout, its stout flagellun) armed with
large, broad, decurved, palmately 5-10-cleft, claw-like, woody
spines, broader than the rhachis, young scurfy. Leaflets many,
equidistant, ^-2 feet long and 1-1^ inch broad, ensiform, long,
acuminate ; veins 3-5, very sparingly setulose above, naked
beneath. Lower spathe acute, armed with very short scattered
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 4().'j
spines, upper striate, unarmed or sparingly spinous, uppermost
fuunel-sluvped, truncate. Male spadix decompound, the long
spreading spikes with short spaihels benring short broad flat
spikelets, ^-1 inch long, of most closely imbricate spathelKiles.
Female spadix very stout, with much longer spikes. Flowers deep-
ly sunk in the tnincate spathellules, ovoid nearly ^ inch long ;
calyx deeply 3-lobed ; petals broad, connate at the base, both
striate. Fruit seated on the enlarged perianth, globose, ^ inch in
diameter, yellow-brown; beak long, stout, conical, scales 8-10 in a
vertical series, tumid, with narrow white furfuraceous margins
and a deep central channel ; seod globose, endosperm deeply rumi-
nate, embryo lateral.
Habitat. — Ceylon : Moist low country, rather common below
1,500 feet. Kalutara, Sabaragamuwa frequent. — (Endemic in
Ceylon).
42. CALAMUS OVOIDEUS, Thw. ex Trim, in Journ. Bot. XXIIT, 269
(1885); Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 457 : Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 335: Becc. in
Kec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 21 1, Ann. Key. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 104, 382.
Name. Ta-mbutu-wel (Singh.)
Stem stout, scandent. Leaves 14 feet long, including the fla-
gellum, and more; leaflets 10-24 inches long and :^-l inch broad,
equidistant, alternate, broadly linear, aciiminate, tip bri&tly, 3- vein-
ed, setulose beneath, margins smooth ; rliachis fugaceously sc\iify,
margins prickly, doisally rounded, with solitary hooked spines;
tiagellum armed with short, broad, many-toothed spines ; sheath
densely armed with rings of flattened, deflexed, often lacerate,
black spines. Lower spathes armed with short, black, reflexed
spines. Flowers not seen. Fruit seated on the shortly pedicelled
slightly enlarged perianth, | inch long; obovoid, strongly beaked,
scales 10-12 in a vertical series, tumid, deeplj'^ channelled in the
centre, pale yellowish-grej^, boruered with orange-brown.
Habitat. — Ceylon : Moist low country, rare, Sabaragamuwa. —
Endemic in Ceylon.
43. CALAMUS ANDAMANICUS, Kmtz in Jowrn. k8\at. Soc. Beng..
XLIII, pt. 2 (1874), 211 pi. XXVII-A and >.XVIlIand Vol. XLV, pt. 2
(1876), 151 ; For. Fl. Brit. Burm. II, 519 ; Hook. F. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 457;
Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 211, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 104,
385.
Vernacular Names, — Chowdah, Charab (Andamans), Nat
(Nicobars).
Description. — Stem lofty, scandent, as thick as an arm (with
the sheoths on). Leaflets 2-2^ feet long, 1 inch broad, alternate,
equidistant, linear, subulate-acuminate, 3-costate, margins thick-
ened and costaB setose ; petiole and rhachis armed with stout,
recurved spines ; petiole with blackish, tuberous-based spines mixed
with long black ones, sheath red brown, covered with seriate whorls
II
406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
of capillary black and broad flat black spines. Spadix decompound,
nodding; spathes siibcompressed, armed with strong, reflexed,
solitary and ternate spines, partial nnarmed. Fruit distichous,
elliptic-ovoid, about ^ inch long, uniformly brown ; scales rhom-
boid, greenish, bordered with chesnut-brown, rather flat, not
furrowed, tips prolonged into a lanceolate, pale brown, opaque
acute, ciliolate, membranous appendage, longer than the scale
itself. Seed semiconvex, grooved ; albumen equable.
Habitat. —Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Coco Isles.
Uses. — The radical (not cirriferous) leaves are employed for
thatching, and then the plant receives the name of Hok-Neak (yx
Becc).
44. C. PALUSTRLS, Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 62, Palms
Brit. Ind. 71, t. 199 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Pahii. Ill, 339 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Ill, 131 ; Walp. Ann. Ill, 490, V, 831 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 458 ;
Brandis Ind. Trees 654 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 211, Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 106, 401. — C-. latifolius, Knrz {non Roxb.) in Jour.
As. Soc. Beng. XLIIl, II, 210, t. 31 A ; For. Fl. II, 518 (partim).
Vernacular Names. — Yamata (Burma), Wai (Andamans).
Description. — Stem scandent, glabrous throughout, with the
sheaths about 2-3 inches in diameter. Leaves 8-12 feet long,
short-petioled ; leaflets 1-2 feet long, 3-5 inches broad, rather thin,
uniformly green, alternate, the median approximate in pairs,
broadly elongate-lanceolate, acuminate with bristly tips, 3-costate
and many-nerved, margins not thickened and costas smooth ;
petiole with 1-2 rows of short, very broad, fascicled or simple
hooked spines with swollen bases ; sheath green, sparingly armed
with short black or broad hooked spines. Spadix bifariously de-
compound, elongate, drooping. Sj)athes tubular, obliquely trun-
cate, armed with recurved spines ; spathels glabrous. Fruiting
perianth stellate. Fruit ellipsoid-oblong, about ^ inch long ; scales
obtuse, slightly biconvex, hardly channelled, pale brown with a
blackish border. Seed almost semi-convex, grooved and irregularly
wrinkled.
Habitat. — Tenasserim, Perak, Andaman Islands, Nicobars.
Flowers. — In October.
Uses. — This calamus is used by the natives of the Andamans to
make knives known by the name of Wai-cho (Man, ' The Anda-
man Islanders,' ex Becc).
45, C. LATIFOLIUS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. HI, 775 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
III. 339,t.l60, f. 5 ; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 60 ; Palms Brit. Ind.
68, t. 198 {e.icl. cit. Hort. Malab.) ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII,
II, {eacl. t. 31 A) ; For. Fl. II, 518 (partim) ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 455,
{e.vcl. C. inennis, T. Anders.) ; Brandis Ind. Trees 653 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot.
Surv. Ind. II, 211, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 107, 406.— C. macracan-
thus, T. Anders, in Jour. Linn. Soc. XI, 10, — C kumilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ill,
773,
THE I'ALM^ OF j;Ul ll>ilL ISDIA AND ('HYI.ON. I()7
Fig- 4- Part of stem of Calamus latifoUus.
Names. — Korak Bent (Beng.); Yamata ( Burm.), Ruebee
Greem and Phekori-Bhet (Lepchas).
Description. — Stem stout, as thick as the thumb. Leaves with
the flagellum 10-15 feet; leaflets 1-2 feet long, 1-2^ inches broad,
scattered or binate, upper sometimes flabellately clustered or
connate at the base, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, o-9-costate, tips
setose, margins aculeolate, costa3 naked on both surfaces, cross
nervules very many and close ; petiole short or long, sometimes
bearing the leaflets far up the flagellum ; rhachis flagelliferous very
stout, variousl}^ armed with scattered spines ; sheath densely covered
with very short broad whorled spines and a few very large straight
flat solitary or whorled ones. Spadix ver}^ large, decompoiTud.
Spathes short, subcompressed, sparsely spinous, mouth oblique ;
spathels short. Male spikes densely imbricate. Fruiting calyx-
sessile, pedicel liform, broadly campanulate, lobes short. Fruit
subglobose, pale dull yellow ; scales convex, deeply channelled,
shining, margin very narrowl}^ scarious.
Habitat. — From the Sikkim, Himalaya and Assam (2,0()0 feet)
to Tenasserim.
Flowers. — In November and December.
CALAMUS LATIFOLIUS, Roxb., viir. marmoratus, Becc. in Ann. lloy.
Bot. Gard. Calc. XII, 107, 409.
Veknacular Name. — Ruebee (Lepchas).
Description. — More slender than the type. Leaf sheaths about
2 cm. in diameter, marbled with meitly and dark green spots and
40S JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
.-u-med with verticillate broad-based and smaller interposed spines.
Leaves smaller, with fewer pairs of leaflets ; leaflets 25-28 cm.
long and 6 cm. broad at moFt.
Habitat. — Sikkim, Himalayas.
46. CALAMUS D0R1A£I, Becc. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 456 ;
llec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 11, 211, Ann. Koy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 111, 430,
Description. — Apparently rather large and scan dent. Female
spadix with rigid, arched, partial inflorescences, which terminate in a
slender barely spinulous, tail-like appendix. Spikelets spreading,
callous at their axils, arched, zigzag, sinuous, up to 6 cm. long,
with 7-9 horizontal flowers on each side. Fruiting perianth de-
pressedly ventricose. Fruit elongate-ellipsoid, stoutly beaked, 22-
25 mm. long, 11-12 mm. broad. Scales in 21 series, narrowly
and deeply channelled. Seed oblong sub-cylindric, pitted ; albu-
men superficially ruminate ; embryo sub-basilar.
Habitat. — Burma, Karin Gheccu mountains,
47. CALAMUS POLIDESMUS, Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot, Gard, Calc.
XI, 111,430.
Description. — Scandent, apparently rather robust. Leaflets
distinctly grouped in fascicles of 2-3 on each side of the rhachis,
linear lanceolate, accuminate, 20-22- cm. long, 18-25 mm. broad,
sub-5- costulate, the costae quite smooth on both sufaces ; margins
spinulons-serrulate. Female spikelets spreading, callous at their
axils, aboiit 10 cm. long with 9 distichous flowers on each side.
Fruiting perianth cylindric.
Habitat. — Central Burma.
Fruit. — In March.
48. CALAMUS KHASIANUS, Becc. in Ann. Roy, Bot. Gard. Calc.
XI, 111, 431.
Description. — High scandent and very robust. Sheathed stem
5 cm. in diameter, naked canes 2^-3 cm,, the internodes about 25
cm. long. Leaf-sheaths armed with very large laminar spines.
Leaves yqvj large ; petiole very short. Leaflets numerous, 2-4
approximate on each side of the rhachis, with long vacant spaces
interposed, lanceolate ensiform, 40-50 cm. long, 2^-3^ cm. broad,
3-5-costulate, the costee almost smooth on both surfaces or sparing-
ly spinulous above ; margins spinulous. Female spadix difl'use.
l*2-l-5 m. long, with many partial inflorescences, which are arched
and spreading with distinct callus at their axils. Spikelets zigzag
sinuous, up to 20 cm, long, with 15-16 flowers on each side; spa-
thels asymmetrically infundibuliform. Fruiting perianth cylindric.
Fruit almost sphoeric, 26-27 mm. long. Scales in 18 series, deeply
channelled. Seed globular, coarsely pitted ; albumen superficially
ruminate ; embryo basal.
I
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 409
Habitat. — Khasi.i Hills.
Uses. — Fruit edible.
49. CALAMUS NAMBARIENSIS, Becc. in Ann. lloy. Bot. Gard.
Oalc. XI, HI, 4o3.
Veknaculak Name. — Hoka Bhet (Assam).
Description. — Scandent, rather robust. Leaf-sheaths 3-4 cm.
in diameter, armed with large, broad, sub-seriate, horizontal or
deflexed spines intermingled with smaller ascendent ones. Leaves
3 m. long in the piuniterous part; petiole very short. Leaflets
spreading, remotely sub-equidistant, lanceolate-ensifoim, about 50
cm. long, 4 cm. broad with 3 or sometimes 5 smooth costse ; mar-
gins obsoletely spinulous. Male spadix simply decompotmd or par-
tially supra-decompound ; spikelets callous at their axils, spreading
or deflexed, 3-4 cm. long, flowers on each side. Spathels closely
packed, concave, ovate, bracteiform. Fruit apparently similar to
that of C. Khasianus. but more ovoid and with scales in 21 series.
Habitat. — Assam.
60. CALAMUS INERMIS, T. Anders Jour. Linn. Soc. XI, (1869)
11 ; Gamble Man. Inrl. Timb. 424. — C. latifolius {non Roxb.) Becc. in Hook,
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VL, 455 {partim).
Description. — High scandent and robust. Leaf-sheaths 5-6 cm.
in diameter smooth. Leaves about 3 m. long in the pinniferous
part ; the cirrus 2 m. long, powerfully clawed ; petiole short,
smooth. Leaflets numerous, inequidistant, in pairs on each side
of the rhachis, 3-9-costulate, the lower ones ensiform, 40-50 cm.
long, 3-4 cm. broad, the others shorter and broader, lanceolate ;
the costaa smooth on both surfaces ; margins spinulous. Female
spadix strict ; partial inflorescences and spikelets not callous in their
axils; spikelets inserted inside the mouth of their spathe, 8-10 cm.
long, with 8-1 0 flowei'S on each side, zigzag sinuous between the
flowei-s. Fruiting perianth ventricose. Fruit ellipsoid, 27-29 mm.
long, 13-14 mm. broad. Scales in 18 series, deeply channelled.
Seed ovoid, sinuously grooved.
Habitat. — Hot and damp valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya.
51. CALAMUS UNIFARIUS, H. Wendl. in Bot. Zeitg. XVII (1859),
158; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 749 et De Palmis 28; Becc. in Rec. Bot.
Surv. Ind. II, 212, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI, 114, AP^Q.—Calamvi^
spp. No3. 9 et 14, Zoll. Syst. Verzeichn. 79.
VAR. PENTONG, Becc. iu Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 458, Rec. Bot.
Surv. Ind. II, 212, Ann. 114, 458.
Vernacular Name. — Pentong (Nicobars).
Description. — Scandent, robust. Leaf-sheaths 3-3^ cm. iu
diameter, armed with long acicular bulbous spines. Leaves large,
1*7 m. long in the pinniferous part. Leaflets not very numerous,
anbequidistant, 6-10 cm. apart, lanceolate, or lanceolate-ensiform,
410 JOhRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
with 5-7 slender costae whicli are smooth on both surfaces.
Male spadix ultra-decompound with several panicled-pyramidate
partial inflorescences. Spikelets (fig. 5) distinctly callous in
b
Fi
I.
1 . Portion of flowering spikelet of C. unifarius var. pentone/.
^. Portion of a fruitinp: spikelet of C. didymocarpus for comparison
rt=involncrophortim. fc=involucrc. c=areola. /i=scar of areola.
•i=axillary callus. 7(;=spathel. (After Beccari).
JouBN. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate CVI.
Calamus Scipionuin, Lour.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH l^^DIA AND CEYLON, J 11
the axils, very slouder, arched, their axes filiform, 1-3 cm. long,
with 5-15 distichous iiowers on each side; involucre calyculi-
Ibrm, subtending and not enveloping the flower. Feniale
spadix siniply decompound, similar to the male one, terminating
in a rather elongate flagellitbrm appendix ; spikelets slender,
5-8 cm. long with 15-20 bifarious flowers on each side ; involucro-
phorium more or less distinctly pedicellate. Fruiting perianth
pedicelliform. Fruit globose, 1 cm. in diameter. Scales sub-
squarrose in 15 series, not distinctly channelled. Seed irregularly
globular, coarselj' pitted, albumen sub-ruminate; embryo basal.
Habitat. — Nicobar Islands.
52. CALAMLS SCIPIONUM, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 3,210; Liim.
Encycl. VI, y04, non Illustr. and e.vcl. si/n.) ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Pahn. ill,
342 ; Kunth Ejium. Ill, 206; Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 35;
Palms Brit. Ind. 43 : Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Ill, 138 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI, 461. — C. micmnthuA Bl. Kumph. Ill, 53 (fol. tantum), t. 157 {crcl.
spad. and anal. /.}.— Clung, Griff. 11. cc. 37, 46.
Description. — Stem 40-60 feet high, sheath 2-3 inches in
diameter. Leaves 4-5 feet long ; flagellum 10-12 feet long ; leaf-
lets numerous, firm, equidistant, upper gradually smaller, elongate-
lanceolate or subensiform, aculeolate, tips bristly ; rhachis as thick
as the little finger, smooth except from the scattered spines, obtusely
trigonous iTT ; costa3 5-7, naked on both surfaces or sparsely aculeo-
late beneath ; margins of leaflets nearl}'" smooth, uppermost pair
connate at the base ; petiole armed with very stout conico-subulate
scattered recurved spines.
Spadices very long flagellifero\is ; lower spathes very long, tubu-
lar, unarmed, or their keels armed. Male spadix about 20 feet long,
lemale about 10 feet; spathels 1 inch long, tubular, truncate,
smooth, unarmed, or with a few conical tubercles ; branches of
female spadix long; spikes 2-4 inches, rather distant, spreading and
recurved, stout ; spathellules and bracts very short imbricate ; female
flowers sessile.
Fruiting calyx very small, pedicelliform, broadly urceolate. base
truncate intruded, mouth much contracted, lobes very short, l^^ruit
small, ovoid or globose, abruptly mammillate, brown, scales shining,
tumid, with broad pale scarious margins. Seed when young sub-
ovoid, alveolate, embryo basilar.
Distribution. — Malaka, Perak, Borneo. Sometimes found in
Indian gardens.
Illustration. — Plate CVI.
UNRECO(iNIZEI) SPECIES.
C. QUINQUENEEVIUS, lloxh.¥l Ind. 111,777 ; Kunth Enuni. Ul.
209; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. .'USD ; Griff', in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V,
412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
61 ; Palms Brit. fnd. 72; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 460; Brandis Ind. Trees
654 ; Becc. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II, 215; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. XI.
503.
Names. — Hurnur-gullar (in Silhet).
Description. — Scandent, stem when cleaned about as thick as a
man's finger throughout, the joints from 6-8 inches long. Leaves
flagelliferous ; leaflets few, remote, alternate, equidistant, narrowly
lanceolate, 5-nerved. Spines in belts, distinct, few, short and
strong. Spadix decompound. Fruit spherical.
Hooker and Beccari have not been able to recognize this species.
Habitat. — Silhet.
PLEGTOGOMIOPSIS, Becc.
(From Plectocomia (cf, foregoing genus) and " opsis " appear-
ance).
" Characters of Plectocomia, but upper leaves reduced to sheaths
with long flagella and no leaflets, spathels small, infundibular,
and frait clothed with very miniite, almost microscopic scales,
arranged in vertical series. Seed globose, smooth ; albumen equable ;
embryo basilar. Species 3, Malayan." (Hooker.)
Fledocomio'psis paradoxus, Becc. in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI, 480; Br.andis Ind. Trees 650. — Calamus jyaradoxus, Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. XLIII, II, 213, t. 29, 30; Forest Fl. II, 521.
An evergreen, extensive climber, all parts glabrous ; stem with
the sheaths 1-2 inches in diameter ; leaves pinnate, 5-7 feet long-
terminating in a whip-like hooked-thorny tendril ; petiole short,
along with the lower part of the rhachis indistinctly puberulous and
armed underneath and near both margins with more or less
straight, sharp thorns; sheaths armed with yellowish, sharp, flat
spines arranged into combs; leaflets 1-1^ feet long, up to 1 inch
broad, of a thin texture, alternating by pairs and i-emote margin-
ate, shortly acuminate, inconspicuously and remotely appressed-
ciliolate. Male spadix bifariously decompound ample, drooping ;
spathes all smooth, tubular, with a truncate, shortly acuminate
limb ; spathules similarly shaped, but much smaller, embracing the
base of the very short (1-3 lin. long), distichously imbricate
bracted male spikelets ; bracts spreading, ovate, acute about 1 lin..
long, brown, glabrous. Male flowers : cah^x about 1 lin. long,
deeply 3-cleft, striate ; petals rigid, connate at the base, nearly
2^ lin. long, oblong, acute ; stamens 6 ; filaments rigid, the lower
part linear-oblong, longer and broader than the anthers, terminat-
ing in an infracted thi-ead, from which the anther is versatilely
suspended ; pistillode hardly any.
Habitat. — Martaban ; in the evergreen tropical forests ofPalawa
Zeik, east of Tounghoo.
Flowers in April.
THE PALMS OF liltlTISH INDIA AND CHi'LON.
413
DJEMONOL'OPS, BlumeUimiph.il., t. 131 ; III., 2, t. 138-145.
(From the Greek " daimou," an evil spirit, and " rhops," a low
shrub).
Mart. Hist. Nat. raliu. III. 203, 326, t. 117, 125, 175-177 ; Kunth
Enum. Pi. Ill, 204 ; Miq. Fl. Incl. Bat. Ill 81, siippl. 90, 255, 592. Luers.
Botan. 11, 329 : Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 452.
The general characters are the same as those of Calamus, but the
outer sheaths or spathes are cymbiform, deciduous, at first enclosing
the inner; the flowers are often more pedicellate (fig. 6.).
Fig. 0. — Cirrhus of a Dcsmonorops.
Species about 80. Distribution : — That of Calamus.
DACMONOKOPS Jenkinsianus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III., 327 ;
Walp. Ann. HI. 475, V, 827 ; Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 462 ; Brandis Ind.
Trees 650.— n. 7iM^awf//?orM.-,-, Mart. 1. c. 3i'6 ; Walp. 11. cc. 474 and 827.
— Calamus jenkinsianus, Griff, in Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist V, 81 ; Palms
Brit. Ind. 89 {excel, fruit et t. 186 A. f. 3) : T. Anders, in Jonrn. Linn. Soc,
XI, 11. — Calnmis nutaidijlorus, Griff, in Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vc. 79;
Palms Brit. Ind. 8^, t. 208.
Name. — Gola Bent (Ass.).
Description. — Stem scandent, very stout, with the sheaths 1^ inch
in diameter; young parts grey-pubescent. Leaves large; leaflets
2 feet by §-| inch, equidistant, linear, finely acuminate ; costae 3,
all sparsely setose above with ver}'- long bristles, the central only
beneath, margins setulose. Petiole, rhachis and flagellum with
many marginal and dorsal hooked spines or 3-5-fid claws ; sheath
armed with very long flat, deflexed and shorter more slender spines.
Spadix elongate, decompound ; outer spathe 1-2 feet long,
flattish, 2 keeled, armed with flat spines, narrowed into a long
s.jinescent beak, spines i-f inch, inner spathe 12-18 inches
long, lanceolate, long-acuminate, quite smooth. Male spadix thyrsi-
form, dense-flowered; calyx oblong, 3-dentate, petals and bracts
12
414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL ULST.. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
deeply grooved. Female spadix with spreading branches, fruiting
erect ; calyx cuptilar, not pedicelliform ; petals twice as long.
Fruit globose, apiculate, f inch in diameter, pale yellow brown ;
fruiting calyx nearly flat ; scales deeply channelled, margins
narrowly scarious. Seeds subglobose, smooth ; albumen punctate, or
the surface ruminate l>y very slender channels, (fig. 7.).
Fio. 7. — Left : Vertical section of fi-uit of Dcemonorops je^Jikiiisiamts. nia<>-nified.
Ri{2:ht : Young- fiiiit of Calamns Griffithianiis. mag-uified (after
Martius.)
Distribution.. — Sikkim, Himalaya, Assam, Khasia Hills, Bengal,
Chittagong.
ByEMONOROPS MANII, Becc. in Hook. Fl. Brit. hid. VI, 46.';,
Brandis Ind. Trees 650.
" Leaflets very many and narrow, naked beneath, setulose on the
3 costae above; spadix very long, slender ; peduncle compressed,
hardly armed ; outer spathe very long, gradually narrowed into a
long, pale, dorsally keeled beak, spines few, large, flat; inner
lanceolate, acuminate. Fruiting spadix erect, glabrous ; fruit
globose, shortly mammillate; scales pale, slightly channelled,
margins pale, tip not discoloiu-ed." Hookei'.
Habit.'VT. — Andaman Islands.
rilE PALMS OF lllil ri!SH 1M)1A AAJJ CKYl.OX. 4ir,
n.EMOyOROPS KUHZIANUS, Hook. f. FI. Brit. Ind. ; Brandis lud.
Treos 650. — D. giandi*, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLIII, II, 208 (not
^\i\ri).— Calamm ;/randi^, Kurz For. Fl. II, ^^S (not of Hriftith).
A lofty climber, the slioatliod stonis as tliick as the arm, the
canes np to 1 inch in diameter. Leaves 4-6 feet long, sliortly
petiolecl ; leaflets 1-2 feet long, 1-1 :}■ inch broad, very many,
equidistant, elongate, ensiform, aciiminate, margins minutely
aculeolate, tips ciliate, costa^ '^-~^, naked or with a few long bristles
above; rhachis enormonsly stont, H inch in diameter, semi- terete,
flat above witii short scattered spines on the margins, dorsally
convex and unarmed, ending in a clawed flagellum ; petiole very
stout, armed below with long, flat and short recurved spines ; sheath
with whorled spines. Outer spathe cymbiform, scnrfy, with seriate
spines ; inner linear, nnanvied. Fruiting spadix erect, branches
very stout. Fruit globose, -| inch in diameter, very shortly beaked,
pale brownish yellow ; scales deeply channelled, mai'gins brownish
with a very naiTOw scarious edge ; fruiting calyx with a very short
base and broad, striate lobes ; petals twice as long, striate ; seed
subcompressed ; albumen punctate, or the siirface ruminate by very
slender channels.
Habitat. — South Andaman Islands.
Uses. — D. Jairzianus is the only species hitherto reported as
affbrdinof the so-called " East Indian Drao-on's blood." This is for
the most part prepared from the fruits of several species of Calamus,
growing in Eastern Sumatra, South Borneo, and Penang. The
gum exudes naturally from between the scales of the fruit, but
inferior qualities are obtained by boiling the fruits or by tapping
the stems. The false Dragon's blood of the Indian market is
imported into Bombay from Sumatra, Penang, etc., in large cakes
or compressed in Bamboo tubes. The true Dragon's blood if
procured from Sokotra. aiul is obtained by tapping the stems of
several species of Dractona.
416
NEW INDIAN SCROPHULARTACE^ AND SOME NOTES
ON THE SAME ORDER.
BY
E, Blaiter, S.J., AND Prof. F. Hallberg.
BON NAY A, Link. & Otto.
Bonnaya bracteoides, sp. nov. (near B. brachiata, Link. & Otto).
Stem erect, up to 8 cm. high, subsimple or dift'uscly branched. Branches
stout, rigid, quadrangular, grooved, glabrate or with a few minute haira.
Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-elliptic, up to i^mm. long and 11mm.
broad, in some specimens only |-^ as large, very sharply spinous-serrate ;
teeth about a dozen pairs, up to I'Smm. apart. Flowers in terminal or
axillary racemes. Pedicels terete, stout, 1-bracteate, in fruit reaching
5mm., opposite, but with a tendency to collect into whorls or clusters,
especially at the top of the raceme. Bracts : the lowest pair leaf-like, the
next smaller, narrower, elliptic or linear, toothed, then linear-spathulate
with about one pair of teeth near the apex, at last very small, entire,
subulate, generally of the len<,;th of the pedicel. Calyx in flower 4, in
fruit 5mm. long, subequally 5-lobed nearly to the base, lobes linear-lance-
olate, acute, margins with minute stiff hairs directed upwards. Corolla
7mm. long, white, spotted with pink, tube 4nim. long, narrow, cylindrical,
outside with minute capitate hairs, lower lip 3mm. deeply 3-loDert, midlobe
larger ; upper lip a little over 2mm. long, rectangular, half as broad as long,
emarginate. Stamens 2 perfect, inserted near junction of lips ; filaments
very short, rather stout, glabrous : poUen globose. Staminodes 2, inserted
on the throat of the lower lip, reaching higher than the stamens (up to the
sinus of lower lip), their lower half broad, connate with the coroUa, the
upper narrow, bent outwards. (They are very similar to those of B.
brachiata, L. & O., but only obscurely glandular, not pubescent). Style
4mm. long, glabrous, stigma bilamellate. bent over to oi.e side, lobes about
equal. Capsule 10mm. long, terete, glabrous. Seeds subglobose or pear-
shaped, with a minute tail, obscurely rugose.
• This species is distinguished from B. brachiata chiefly by its bracts, the
diflerent arrangement of its flowers and the glabrous staminodes.
Locality: Found in October 1916 in various places of Mt. Abu, 4,000 ft.
(Herb. St. Xavier's College, Nos. 1514, 1515, 1516.). Common among grass
on wet ground.
Bonnaya estaminodiosa, sp. nov. (near B. oppositifolia, Spreng.).
Stem erect, ficni. high, stout, quadrangular, nearly glabrous, sparingly
branched. Leaves opposite, except the uppermost which are opposite to
a pedicel, sessile, erect, linear, 30 x 5mm., distantly, shaUowly serrate
(teeth about 3mm. apart), penninerved, midrib very ]iromineut, the others
obscure, margin v\ith tubercles and some minute stifl' hairs. — Flowers in
lax terminal and lateral racemes, consisting of about 5 distant pairs of
pedicels and, in addition, some solitary leaf-opposed ones below. Bracts
of about the same length as the pedicels, rather broad at the base, keeled
acuminate, (hairiness like that of the sepals). Pedicels up to 7mm. in fruit
spreading, stout, flat above, convex below. Calyx in flower 4, in fruit 6mm.
long, divided nearly to the base ; lobes 5, snbcqual, subulate ; margins
and midrib scabrous with minute distant stiff bristles. CoroUa 5"5mm.
long, white, lower lip spotted with pink ; tube straight, 3mm. long, narrow,
not widening, with a few minute capitate hairs. Lips about equal in
NEW INDIAN SCROPIIULARIACEA:. 417
length. I'ppcr lip oroct, entire, slij;htly more than Innn. broad, tip
rounded, with a fow bhort bristles ; htwer lip .spreading, ii-lobed, lobes
about equal, tips like that of the upper lip. Stamens 2, subineluded ;
lilanients very blmrt. a little conipiessed, glabrous ; anther reaching about
half-way up the lower lip ; pollen globose. Staniinodes absent. Style
:imm., rather stout, glabrous ; stigma bilamellate, bent over to one side ;
lobes broad, one slightly larger. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. — Capsule 10 mm,
terete. Seeds ovoid-globose, rugose with numerous circular depressions
in rows.
The distinguishing character of this species is the absence of stami-
nodes and the ctdour of the flowers. Found in November 1916 at Mahim,
Bombay Island, among grass (Herb. St. Xavier's College, No. 1517).
Bonnaija qtanqvelaba, sp. nov. (near li. oppositi folia, Spreng).
Stem erect, Oocm. high, sparingly branched. Leaves, bracts, and
pedicels like those of i)'. ('js<«?/.j'//r;</2(/.>a, except lor the lowest leaves which
are subentire —Flowers in terminal or lateral raceiKes, the lowest flowers
axillary. Calyx like that of li. tracttoidcH. Corolla (nm. loi]g, tube
3mm., cylindrical, rather ^\ide, outside with a few minute capitate hairs.
Upper lip 2mni., entire, erect, tip rounded. Lower lip sliaUov\ly /5-lobed.
Midlobe the largest, the two adjacent ones not much smaller, the last two
very small, but distinct, one larger than the other ; all lobes rounded.
Corolla white, lower lip with pink-purple spots. Stamens like those of
U. e.^taminoiiiusa. ^ta.n\\i\Oi.\ia 2, not reaching as high as the stamens, very
small, narrow, linear, acute, inserted on the throat of the lower lip,
straight, glabrous. Style 3'''nim. long, glabrous. — Capsule 9mni. long, l|mm.
broad, tapering, acuta, minutely striate. Seeds irregularly ellipsoidal,
rugose, with numerous minute circular depressions.
The main distingui.shing characters of this species are the shape and
colour of the coroJla, the absence of leaf opposed flowers below the raceme.
Leaf-opposed flowers are present in B. estauiinodiosa, and, according to
Koxb. Corom. Plants 11. lo7, also in B. oppositifulia, Spreng.
Found in Novtmber 191t) at Bhandup in Salsette, in rice- fields (Herb.
St. Xavier's College, No. 1/)18).
Bonnai/a micrantha, sp. nov. — A small herbaceous plant. Stem up to
10cm. high, with a few pairs of decust^ate branches, which may again
branch in a similar manner, ^tem and branches rather stout, quadran-
gular ; angles hairy with short stifl' tapering hairs. Leaves o[iposite, sub-
sessile, up to io X H'mm., broadly ovate or suborbicular, regularly strongly
serrate-dentate; licrves o-7, fiom the base or neatly so, tomttinus the
midrib which is strongest, with 1-3 j^econdary nerves, all prominent
beneath ; both suriaces of the leaves nearly glabrous, margin hispid with
minute stiti hairs (or teeth minutely serrulate). — Profi.sely flow em g from
all the axils, even the lowest ; the flowers are either sessile, crowded
in the axils, or with slender subqnadrangular pedicels, reaching 2cm. in
length, which are either glabrous or nearly so ; the sessile flowers are
apparently always present, while the pedicelled ones are absent in some
specimens. There seems to be no law as to the distribution of the latter.
In one specimen (Igatpuri) the main stem is terminated by an umbel with
a peduncle 3cm. long, which is slender, 4-grooved, slightly hispid, bearing
4-pedicelled flowers Bracteoles miimle, triangular, acuminate, spinous-
serrulate, one at the base of each pedicel or subtending a sessile flower.
Flowers very minute, but the calix is much enlarged in fruit, when it attains
3mm. in length, teeth 5 the len;:th of the tube, ovate-acute, minutely spar-
sely hispid. I -nerved, nerves running down the tube as ribs ; fruiting calyx
almost always split down to the base on one side. The corolla is white,
418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
2-lipped, divided half way down, cylindrical, rounded at the tip (the lobes
remaining as in bud, upper lip external), 1-l^mm. long, lips equal in
breadth, upper lip suborbicular, hooded, tip emarginate or with a few
irregular teeth, lower lip equally 3-lobed, as long as the upper and with
Buborbicular lobes or shorter than the upper and with oblong lobes. The
corolla is persistent as a small cap on the beak of the growing capsule.
Perfect stamens 2 ; filaments very short, stout, as long as or shorter than
the anthers, anthers 2- celled, cells equal, situated at about the same height,
slightly diverging below, anticous citamens reduced to minute staminodes,
cjdindrical, eglandular or with a lower, swollen glannular and upper sub-
clavate eglandular part. Style very short, stont, conical ; stigmatic bran-
ches conspicuous, longer than the style, reflexed, unequal in length. —
Capsule elongate ovoid, 7mm. long, broadest below the middle (2-5 mm.),
acutely beaked by the enlarged style, bivalved, the valves separating from
the septum, but remaining united with each other at the apex. Seeds
brown, ovoid, with a minute tail at one end, faintly longitudinally ribbed,
obscurely rugose, sometimes slightly echinulate.
Locality: Mt. Abu, on walls, Oct. 1916 (No. 1734), Igatpuri, Sept. 1917
(Nos. 1735, 1736), Lonavla (No. 1765).
This is a very distinct species and of interest from several points of view.
It differs from the other species of Bonnaya with regard to the capsule and
the nervation of the leaves. — The corolla is eafily overlooked, the most
conspicuous feature of the plant being the profusion of fruits. The corolla
never opens and, thus, self-pollination is the only possibility. It is perhaps
worth mentioning that so far no corolla has been observed in the pedicelled
flowers. The pedicel may have developed after flowering.
Bonnaya brachiata, Link & Otto. — This plant is very common near Bom-
bay during the rains. In addition to the localities given by Cooke wo
have obtained the plant from Bombay Island (No. 1526), Salsette (Nos, 1501,
1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506), Khandala (No. 1507), Igatpuri (Nos. 1509,
1510, 1511, 1512, 1513).
It varies considerably with regard to the size of all its parts, branching,
form and colour of the corolla, etc. The bracts are always uniform, subu-
late. The staminodes are shaped like those of B. bvacteoides, but the broad
lower part is pubescent, the hairs being either white or assuming the colour
of the corolla. In this species as well as in the three species described
above, we have always found a few minute cai^itate hairs on the outer side
of the corolla. Extreme measurements of the corolla : 11mm., white with
purplish blue spots (No. 1512), 5*5mm., pink (No. 1505).
Bonnaya veroniccefoUa, Spreng. — This plant seems to be rare about Born-
bay. We have seen specimens only from Kakeri (No. 1519) and Kodai-
kanal Iload (No. 1520).
Bonnaya y randiflora , Spreng. — This, on the other hand, is rather common.
It was obtained from Campooli (No. 1521), Salsette (No. 1522), Penu
(No. 1523), Begur in Mysore (No. 1524).
Bonnaya verbencefolia, Spreng. — It is not common. We have got it from
Castle Rock (No. 1525) and from damp spots on the slope of the High Wavy
Mountain in Madura, alt. 3,000 ft. (Nos. 505, 506).
As regards B. veronicc(ffolia, B. yrandijlora, and B. vevbmcpfolia, there is
apparently no reason why they should not be regarded as distinct species.
J. D. Hooker has brought the last two under the first as varieties. The
habits of the plants, however, are entirely difterent, and agree well with
the figures in Itoxb. Cor. PI. II. 154, 179. and Wicht Ic. t. "^1412. taken in
M:ir iMJi.ix svuophulaiuacea:. 411)
order. Only tho staininodes aro not drawn accurately. They are yellow-
in all our specimens, united with the corolla for about § of their length,
parallel ; the lower portion is broad, yellow-pubescent ; the free upper part
narrow, glabrous, much bent outwards and on itself, tip glandular, obtuse.
When straightened out tho tip reaches beyond tho sinus in tho lower lip.
The measurements given in Hooker's Fl. Brit. Ind. and Cooke's Fl. B.
Pr. for the corollas of tho three plants in question are contradictory. As
a matter of fact, all have rather large flowers, up to 12mm. long, B.
i/randiftura perhaps the largest.
The seeds are always rugose with small circular pits arranged in rows.
The citation of "Wight Ic. t. 144 for B. veronicccfolia is sorawhat doubtful,
because of the close serraturo of the leaves in the plant figured. It may
be B. icptans, Spreng., a plant which has not been observed by us in the
tield.
In our opinion the character of the genus should be widened in order to
include B. eiftamuwdioso. The genus Bonnai/a should, therefore, be distin-
guished from Ilysanthea by havincf no staminodes at all or entire ones,
whilest lhjsa7ithi'S would be characterized by bilobed staminodes. Further,
researches into the relationships between Vandellia , llyscmtlies and Bonnaya
will probably show that it is impossible to separate the three genera by
good characters and that they should be united into one.
ILYSANTRES, Kaf.
It appears that considerable confusion prevails in the nomenclature of
this genus as regards the two Bombay species : Ihjsanthes /ryssojnoides,
Benth. and /. parvi/ioia, Benth. This seems to be due to some erroneous
citations of Bentham's in DC. Prodr. X, 419-20.
Under /. /lyssopioides he gives as synonyms : Gratiola hyssopioides, L.
(correctly) ; Koxb. Cor. PI. Ill, t. 203 (wrongly, as this plate gives Rox-
burgh's original Gratiola parvijiora) ; Bo7inaya hyssopioides, Wight Ic. Ill,
t. 857 (wrongly).
Similarly under I. parvijiora, Benth., Gratiola parviflora, Roxb. Cor. PL
III., t. 204 (wrongly, it ought to be t. 203).
These mistakes are retained by J. D. Hooker, Avho adds to the confusion
by expressly saying that Gratiola hyssopioides, Roxb. Cor. PI. II, t. 128, as
well as the corresponding description in tho Fl. Indica do not refer to
/. hyssopioides, Benth. Hooker refers the plate in question to Dopatrium
lobelioides, Benth. (Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 274), an entiretydifferent plant,
correctly figured by Wight (Ic. t. 859, also cited by Hooker).
Cooke in his Fl. B. Pr. is evidently at a loss, and excludes all references
except Wight, Ic. t. 857, which he, too, wrongly refers to /. hyssopioides,
Benth.
These mistakes should be corrected as follows : —
Ilysanthes hyssojnoides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. X, 419.
Syn. — Gratiola hyssopioides, L. Mant. 174 ; Roxb. Cor. PI. II, t. 128, Fl.
Ind. 1, 141. Bonnaya hyssopioides, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 34.
The plant is apparently rare, at least in the Bombay Presidency. The
localities given by Cooke must be regarded as very doubtful. They refer
in aU probability to i. pari-ijlora, Benth. W^e found the plant at Khan-
dala in August 1917, growing in a damp place near St. Peter's School
(Herb. St. Xavier's College, kos. 1527, 1528). It agrees in every respect
with Roxburgh's figure.
In order to clear up doubtful points we give a description of the plant.
Stems several from the base, very weak, but rather stout, succulent
420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
simple or branched just above the ground. Leaves ovate or lanceolate,
quite entire, subacute, up to 10 X 3mm. Pedicels attaining 3cm, in
fruit, when they become reflexed. Corolla bluish-lilac, tipper lip bilobed,
with rounded lobes. Sfcaminodes large, stout, clavate, glandular, yellow ;
near the tip and overtopping it a long nanowly linear or filiform apend-
agre, hardly glandular ; at the base of each stamiuode a tuft of clavate
yellow hairs which continues along a line down the tube almost to its base.
Seeds elUpsoid, subacute at one end, and with a minute tail at the- other,
.somewhat compressed, the faces with a few strong longitudinal ribs,
minutely transversely rugose.
In Roxburgh's figure the appendage of the staminodes cannot be distin-
guished.
The plant was also found on the slope of the High Wavy Mountain
(Madura District), altitude 3,000 feet (Herb. St. Xavier's College, No.
1529). In this instance the plant has a more slender steyi and smaller leaves
than in the Khaudala specimens. The leaves are ur» to 8nmi. long, linear
or linear-lanceolate, acute coi-olla lilac with purple veins on upper lip ; tube
wider ; upper lip bifid ; lobes subacute. Tlie lateral appendage of the
staminodes much shorter, not reaching beyond the tip, somewhat thicker,
cylindrical.
Ilysanthes pardjlora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. X, 419.
Syn.— Gmfio/rtjo«rm'/?ora, Roxb. Cor. PL HI, 3, t. 203 ; Fl. Ind. 1, 140.
Bonnaya hyssopioides. Wight Ic. t. 857. — Bonnaya pavviflora, Benth. Scroph.
Ind. 34.
A very common plant at all times of the year, often frequenting rice-
fields during the dry season. Tl.e leaves are generally subserrate, and the
flowers white or nearly so. The length of tlie corolla cannot be a distin-
guishing character in the identification of these two species. 1. pavviflora
may have the corolla 1^-4 times as long as the calyx in the same specimen.
Also with regard to this species the staminodes have not been figured
correctly by Roxburgh and Wight. Roth represent them as subequally
bilobed, whilst in reality they resemble those of I. hyssopioides, although
they are smaller.
The usual height o? the plant is about 10cm. We have, however, found
specimens at Mt. Abu (No. 1546), measuring 33 cm.
We have specimens from the following localities : — Bombay Island
(No. 1530), Uran Island (No. 15^1), Penn, Colaba District (Nos 1532, 1533,
1534, 1535, 1536), Khandala (Nos. 1537, 1538, 1539), Igatpuri (Nos. 1540,
1541), Khandesh (Nos. VA', 1543, 1544), Mt. Abu (Nos. 1545, 1546, 1547,
1548) Kambam, Madura District (No. 499), in which case the corolla is lilac.
KEY TO THE TWO SPECIES.
(1) Stems several from the root, simple. Leaves entire.
Pedicels a taining 3cm. Corolla bluish or purphsh I. hyssopioides.
(2) Stem diffusely branched. Leaves often subserrate.
Pedicels rarely exceeding 1cm. C 'roUa usually whitish I. parviflora.
The seeds in the former are twice as Icirge as those of the latter and the
lower lip of the corolla at least twice as broad.
VANDELLIA, L.
Vandellia Crustacea, Benth. — We give some additional characters to the
description furnished by Cooke (Fl. B. Pres. II, 295).
Stem sharply quadrangular, nearly glabrous (No. 1;53) or v\ithafew
minute upwards directed bristles on the angles (No. 1752), reaching 12cm.
.V.fc' »' INDIAN VCliOI'Jl ULAIU. J CE.i:. Jil
with a few sparsely divitlod branches from the base (No. 1763) or with
deiiso, diliuse interlaced branches (Nos. 174L', 174.'5), the latter IGcm. high.
Smallest specimen 1cm. hi<,'h with only two llowers and very small loaves
(No. 17ol). _^Leaves generally strongly dentate, teeth variable in number
(Nos. 17o'J,17o3), or margin 8ubentiro( Nos 17o4, 1 7.);'i, 175(5), or quite entire
(No. 17ol), broadly ovate or ovate elliptic, subobtuse, the lower sometimes
narrowed into a petiole 7mm. long (No. 1719); margin generally minutely
spinoiis-serrulate. Calyx -ribbed, in (lower folded, m fruit expanded by
the capside, ribs with a few (No. 1763) or numerous (No. 17-02), minute spinous
serratures, sometimes tlie whole calix minutely stili'-hairy. Upper lip of
corolla broadly ovate-oblong, with tivo large rounded lobes (No. 1753), or
ovate-acuminate, lip shortly (No 17o2) or deeply (No. 1755) bitid, or broadly
ovate-emarginate (Wight Ic. t. 863). Colour of corolla : Purphsh, tube darker
outside, lobe nearly white with darker margin, with a transver-se purple bar
across mid lobe of lower hp (Nos. 1752, .75 ), or corolla more or less uni-
formly purplish. Appendage on longer filament inserted high up (No. 1753)
or near the base (No. 1752, 1755); it may be from very small, wart-like
(No. 1753) to half as long as the part of the filament above it (Nos. 1752,
1755, and Wight Ic. t. 863), generally narrowly cylindrical with sub-
clavate glandidar tip, never subulate. Seeds ovoid, with a minute tail at
one end, echiuulate (No. 1753) or pitted (No. 1738), sometimes irregular
(No. 1745). "
The fjlant is very common, especially during the rains, but flowers at all
times of the year.
Locality : Bombay Island (Nos. 1738-174-3, 1745, 1752, 1756), Salsette
(No. 1755), Khandala (Nos. 1744, 1740, 1747), Igatpuri (No 1748), Mt Abu
(Nos. 1749,1753), Madura District '^No. 17-50), Mauantoddy, Malabar
(No, 1751).
Varxlellia hirsuta, Buch.— Ham.— This plant is rather difficult to recofrnize
from the descriptions in Hooker's Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 280 and Cooke's Fl.
B. Pres. II. 295. We give the folloaiug additions and correction < : Stem
acutely quadrangular, more or less succulent, especially diiriuo the rains.
Sometimes erect, undivided, short, l-3cm. glabrous (No. \1{\) or with
a few densely hirsute sub.rect branches from the base (Nos. 17.58. 1759. 1760.
1763), or stems many, prostrate, reaching 15cm. dividing at the first node
into 5 branches in one plane (No. 1762); branches often glandular upwards.
Leaves minutely bristle-serrulate on the margin, which may be almost entire
(No. 175-<) or sinuate (No. 17(il) or generally distinctly serrate-dentate
(Nos 17ti2, 1763, 1764) ; sometimes they areglabrons or nearly s.) (No. 1761),
sometimes hirsute on both surfaces (No. 1758), but in general only on the
upper surface and on the nerves beneath (Nos. 1759, 1760) : th*-. last men-
tioned specimens have the largest Kavei, 4 x 2cm. narrowed into a 2imm.
broad petiole. Inflorescence racemose with opposite flowers, lowest'pair
often axillary (Nos. 1761, 1762), pedicels stout, flattened on the upper side
subglabrous (Nos. 1758. 1761), or hirsute and glandular (No. 1759) or slender
and spansely hairy (Nos. 1762, 1763). Calyx subglabrous (No. 1761) or with
short stiff upwards directed bristles ; Nos. 1758, 1759, 1762, 1763) Corolla
from 5mm. (No.s. 1761, 1762, to 8mm. (No. 17.58). upper lip a».out half as
long as the lower, pale greyish-yellow or brownish, obscurely notched
margin finely irregularly serndate ; lower lip white or nearly so. 3-lobed'
lobes obtuse, the mi-Ulle one suborbicular ; throat with some yellow-
pubescence in?ide. Anteriov stamens with long arched filaments, visible
from above outside the closed corolla, each with a small oblong sessile
gland at the base ; pollen globose. Stigma bilamellate, lobes serrulate
Capsule subglobose (No. 1758) or more elongated (No. 1760), glabrous
Seed shaped hke a truncate coue, with a minute tail at one end, ribbed
]S
422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
minutely echinulate (No. 1760), or cylindrical, longitudinally ribbed,
obscurely rugose (Nos. 1758,1762).
Localities : Bombay Island (Nos. 1767, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764), Penn,
Colaba District (No. 1758), Salsette (No. 1759). — It is fairly common about
Bombay, flowering at all times of the year, but chiefly during the rains.
We have never found a plant with the corolla bluish-white as given by
Hooker ex Griffith.
Vandellia laxa, Benth.- — This species was found on the slope of the High
Wavy Mountain, Madura District, alt. 3,000 feet (No. 359). Hooker makes
it a variety of V. scabra, Benth. (Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 281), and he is of
opinion that it deserves not even varietal rank. He adds that the stem is
dichotomously branched.
We think that 7'. laxa, first described by Bentham, should be retained
as a distinct species. The inflorescence is difterent from that of V. scabra,
and the fruiting calyx is about twice as long as the fruit.
Bentham (in DC. Frodr. X (1846), 414) describes the inflorescence of
Y. laxa in these words : " The racemes are slender, the pedicels elongate,
remotely falsely verticillate. The racemes, especially the terminal one,
contracted into a 4-6 flowered umbel ; a branch arises below the umbel,
which is again umbelliferous at its apex." This is exactly the mode
of branching in our specimens.
We add the following characters in order to complete the description :
Branches up to 25cm. long, angular, sparingly strigose-hirsute, very slender,
internodes up to 4.5cm. long. Leaves up to 1cm. long and almost as broad ;
tip rovinded, obtuse or subacute, margin coarsely serrate ; upper surface
and nerves beneath sparmgiy hirsute. Pedicels slender, strict, erect ;
reaching 12mm. in fruit. Corolla with a 3-lobed lower and emarginate
upper lip ; lobes of lower lip subequal, orbicular. Filaments compressed ;
anterior stamens with rather long filaments, which have rounded auricles
at the base ; posterior stamens included, filaments very stout, subulate ;
anther-cells subequal. Style glabrous, stigma bilamellate. Capsule sub-
globose about half the length of the enlarged strigose-hirsute calyx-
segments which attain 5mm. in fruit. ( Y. scabra, Benth., has the capsule
equalling the calyx-segments. Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 281).
TORENIA, L.
Torenia hirtella, Hook, f., Avas found to be common on the High Wavy
Mountain, Madura District, on the slope as well as on the plateau, 3,000-
4,500 feet (Nos. 504, 1549, 1550).
In order to complete Hooker's description in the Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 277,
we add the following : — Branches difluse, very slender, up to ^m. long,
internodes up to 8cm. long. Leaf-margins and nerves below slightly
strigose. Corolla pale lilac, each lobe of lower lip with a large purplish-
blue spot, throat bluish. Stamens purple. The tooth at the base of the
longer filament is as long as the filament itself, stout, cylindrical, obtuse,
glandular.
The Fl. Brit. Ind. gives 2,000 feet as the maximum altitude for the
species in Ceylon.
Torenia cordifolia , Roxb., seems to be rare in the Bombay Presidency.
We have found only two specimens. One is from the Kanary Caves,
Salsette, Aug. 1917 (No. 1551), the other from Kasara Ghats, Sept. 1917
(No. 1652). Both specimens have a lilac corolla, with the throat and
midlobe of lower lip purplish. — Cooke, Fl. B. Pres., describes the leaves as
glabrous, while Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 3715, has them hairy above, glabrous
.\J:II IM>1A.\ ISVROI'HULARIACE^E. 428
below. In our specimens they are distinctly hairy on both surfaces, on the
lowor surface chieHy on the nerves.
SUTEliA, I'toth.
Suteni ;/la7nli(losa,lloth., is somewhat variable with regard to the colour of
the eorolhi. Hooker {¥\. Brit. Ind. IV, rioH) gives it as nearly white, while
Cooke (¥1. B. Pres. 11, l'8o) says it is white. ^Ve found the corolla white
(Nos. l(J()o, 160(i), and pinkish-white (No. ItiU?) in Khandesh along the
Tapti river. In a specimen from Kliandala, in a deep ravine, the corolla is
white with a pink longitudinal line on midlobe of lower lip (No. ItJOH). The
plant is not common and prefers sandy river beds.
MIMULUiS, L.
Mimulus gracilis, R. Br. — Hooker (Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 259) seems to be
mistaken when saying that the calyx-lobes are rounded. Both Benth.
(DC. Prodr. X, 3(39) and Cooke (Fl. B. Pres. 11, 287), give them correctly
as acute. Hooker says that the corolla is white or pale blue. We found
the plant at Alt. Abu flowering in October (No. I(j09), fruiting in May
(No. liJlO). The former specimen had a compressed corolla, I'-grooved on
the lower side of lower lip, pinkish in colour and with brown spots on
midlobe of lower lip. A flowering specimen from the Tapti river near
Bhusawal (No. 1611). found in December 1916, has the corolla white
with a pink tube and pink spots on lower lip. The plant does not generally
turn blackish in drying, as Hooker has it. Our specimens show ciliolate
coroUa-lobes, thus agreeing with Bentham's, but not with Cooke's des-
cription.
MA/jUS, Lour.
Mazus McCannii, sp. nov. — A small annual erect plant, either stemless
with a scape 5-9cm. high or with a slender leafy stem, reaching 16cm.
including the raceme, glabrous or minutely hispid, often glandular, simple
or sparsely branched and with internodes 8^cm. long ; there are no runners
rooting at the nodes, but sometimes a few branches at the base of the
plant, resting on the ground, possibly developing into runners ; the leaves
on these branches are opposite or alternate, subentire, subspathulate,
2-5 X 7mm., with petiole l-lmm. long. The other leaves are either radical
up to 42 X l8mm. or cauline and opposite, reaching 35 X 15mm., thin,
obovate, narrowing into a petiole variable in length and keeled below ;
margin obscurely crenate-dentate or sinuate, lower surface quite glabrous,
upper with a few short soft bristles. Flowers about 10 in lax terminal or
lateral racemes, the basal branches sometimes bearing a few flowers.
Inflorescence acropetal. Pedicels distant, stout, alternate, up to 5mm.
long in flower, 10mm. in fruit, glandular, ebracteate, 1-bracteolate,
bractcole inserted about 1mm. up the petiole, subulate, the lowest
(largest) 2-5mm. long, glabrous. Calyx in flower almost regular, 5mm. long,
5-lobed more than half-way down, in fruit much enlarged, 8mm. long,
irregularly deformed, with spreading lobes. Lobes ovate-lanceolate, sub-
acute, one-nerved. Tube obscurely 10-ribbed, rihs with minute glandular
hairs. Corolla 8 or 9mm. long, tube 4-5mm., upper lip 2mm., external in
bud, erect, pale lilac, triangularly ovate, tip elongate, bifid, lobes narrow,
0-5 mm. long, margin minutely serrulate ; lower Jip nearly white, 6mm.
brv)ad , 3-lobed, lobes 1mm. long, rounded, midlobe the smallest, in-
cisions in lower lip continued on the outer surface of the corolla by deep
424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
depressions which run down for some distance along the tube ; correspond-
ing with those depressions there are rounded ridges on the inner side with
about 6 yellow transverse bands which are also visible from outside ; in the
lower part the ridges are minutely pubescent and have a number of long
clavate scattered hairs. Stamens didynamous ; filaments glabrous, in-
serted in the tube at about equal height, arched ; anthers touching in
pairs; longer filaments bent at the place uhere they leave the tube;
anther-cells small, equal, muticous, diverging, distinct; pollen ellipsoidal
white; shorter pair of stamens included, longer exserted. Style 6mm.
filiform, glabrous ; stigma large, bilamellate, one lobe larger, recurved, lobes
oblong, papillose on their inner surface. Ovary o\oid, slightly compressed,
glabrous. Capsule included in the calyx, loculicidally bivalved, com-
pressed, obtuse. Seeds numerous, angular, slightly falcate, brown.
Locahty : Victoria Gardens, Bombay, March 1917 (Nos. 1718, 1719,1766),
flowers throughout the year ; Igatpuri, September 1917, collected by Mr.
C. McCann (Nos. 1720, 1721, 17:^2).
Stemless with radical leaves in the dry season, with elongated stem
during the rains.
There is some probability that this plant is identical with Wight's Mazus
surculosus (Ic. IV, iii, p. 1, t. 1407). Wight says that the drawing was
sent to him by Edgeworth from Mussoorie. Now the calyx in Wight's
figure comes very near that of our plant, but Wight says that the lobes
are shorter than the tube. Hooker f. (Kl. Brit. Ind. iV, 260) puts Wight's
plant under M. suickIosks, Don, but with a sign of interrogation (the figure
is wrongly cited as t 1467) and adds that " the figure in Wight's Icones
represents the calyx very incorrectly." As a matter of fact, Al. surculosus,.
Don, should have the calyx-lobes ^ the length of the tube. That Wight's
drawing does not belong there is evident, and we have better reasons to
include it under the new species, although we refrain from doing so for the
present. It is not impossible that the slight diflerences will be found to
be due to climatological factors.
Mazvs rvgosus, Lour.- — I>alzell and Gibson (Bombay flora, 176) mention
this plant as occurring in Thana, Salsette : "On garden-walks in the rains. '"
Cooke (H. B. Pros. II. 310) excludes this species from the Bombay Presi-
denc\ , on the ground that neither he himself nor any of the I'oona plant-
collectors have found it in Thana, although they have often searched for
it. He mentions, however, that there is a sheet of DalzeD's in Herb. Kew
with the note : " Found in a garden, but I do not think mdigei ous." It
seems probable that, although no locality is given on the sheet m question,
this was the identical | lant referred by D. & G.
It appears that the distribution of the genus Mazvs offers many points
of interest. We should be much obliged for any communications regarding
the occurrence of the species of Mazus.
LINDENBERGIA, Lehm.
Lindenhergia pnlyantha, Eoyle, should be reduced to L. urticccfolia, Lehm.
There are apiarently many doubtful points in the genus Linden bergiu
which, in the course of time, must be cleared up. We are making an
attempt with regiird to the two sptcies mentioned above.
Bentham (in DO. Prodr. X, 876) makes two subdivisions of the genus,
one comprising the species with a hard, perennial or woody stem, the other
with slender annual stems. In the latter division he places L. uiticcsrolia
and L. polyantlia. These subdivisions cannot be maintained. We have
numerous specimens of L. urtiecefolia which are woody below and in all
probability perennial.
NEH' INDIAy SCROriLULAltlACEA!:, 426
Our reasons for reducing L. polyantha to L. urtic(^folia are these :
(a) No distinguishing character of value can bo found in the various
descriptions pubhshtd.
{b) There is an unbroken chain of intermediate forms uniting the two old
species. There are ovun spuciinens which, in their ditferent parts, exhibit
characters of both the old species.
(c) The various descriptions of the plants are often contradictory, which
seems to indicate that the Botanists concerned found it dilhcult to sharply
separate the two species. Beuthaiu, v.y , says that the corollas in both
species are glabrous. Hooker f. (Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 2tJ2) gives the corolla of
Jj. urtic'efoUa as sparsely hairy, while Cooke (Fl. B. Fres. II, 3U7) states
that both plants have a hairy corolla, and gives a detailed description of
the epiilermal appendages, with which our specimens agree. Siimilarly
Bentham says that the ovary is glabrous in both, which is contradicted by
Hooker and Cooke.
As regards L. polyantha, it does not even deserve varietal rank. Several
of our specimens could, with much better reason, be regarded as belonging
to distinct varieties; but as intermediate forms between them are likely to
be obtained in future, we confine ourselves at present to enumerating the
following forms : —
(1) The form as described by Cooke under L. urticcefolia : herbaceous,
slender lU-20cm. high, stem brittle, villous. Leaves large, broad, up to
6x2-5cm. petioles up to locm. Serratures very coarse, absent in the lower
part of the leaf. Flowers solitary, axillary, far apart. Locality : Bombay
Island, common (Nus. \o&2, 15(33, Io(J4), Bassein (JNos. 1565, 1724), Cvitch
(No. 1566). Generally growing on walls.
(2) Small stunted half shrubby, woody below, st»m brittle, branches
villous. Leaves much smaller and closer together. Locality : Khandesh
(No. 1567), Cutch (No. 1568). Generally growing on rocks.
(3) Large, much-branched, half shrubby, woody below, stem brittle,
villous. Plant reaching 60cm. Leaves like form (1). Locality: Karanja
Island (No. 1569), Koad up to Mt. Abu (Nos. 1570, 1571). Generally
growing on sandy soil, road banks, etc.
(4) Herbaceous, very slender, sparsely branched or with simple, flexuose,
slightly hairy stem. Leaves similar to form (1). but glabrate, very thin,
membranous. This i« the common Mt. Abu form (Nos. 1..7i^, 157a), general-
ly growing in moist, stony places or on cultivated ground. Also found in
Khandesh in the bed of the Tapti river (No. 1574).
(6) Stem slender, up to 15cm. simple, flexuose, pubescent, flower-bear-
in<T down to the ground ; internodes short. Leaves (bracts) much smaller
than in any of the preceding ones, but longer than the calyx, the longest
attaining 15 x 5mm. with a petiole 6mm. long, pubescent; upper leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, .serratures shallow. Calyx in flower only amm. long,
pubescent, enlarged in fruit. Corolla 6mm. Locality : Road up to Mt. Abu
(No. 1575). Similar specimens with more or less branched stem from
Igatpuri (No. 1576) and Cutch (No. 1577). Another specimen from Igat-
puri ^No. 1729) has leaves 25 x 9mm. with a petiole 7mm. long.
(6) Stem very stout, woody below, brittle, tubercled. Branches diffuse,
villous, straggling. Leaves and bracts sparsely hairy, ovate-elliptic,
reaching 7 X^cm. narrowed into a pubescent petiole 2-5cm. long. Serra,
tures close, absent in the lower third of the leaf. Calyx 7mm. in flower-
pubescent. Corolla about 15mm. long. Locality : Khandesh, bank of the
Tapti river (No. 1578). A much more slender specimen of a similar habit
from the same locality (No. 1579).
426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
(7) A minute, extremely slender, slightly hairy plant, stem not brittle,
reaching 3cm. high. Leaves 2-3 pairs attaining 15 X 9mm., broadly ovate
with a few large teeth, very thin, membranous, glabrate. Petioles up to
6mm., capillary. Flowers few, sub-terminal or in all the axils. Calyx
3mm., corolla 5mm. Locality : Mt. Abu (No. 1580), growing on moist
rocky ledges, in shade.
(8) This is the form described by Cooke under L. polyantha. It is gene-
rally much branched, chiefly from the base, which is often woody, with
long brittle branches, forming densely leafy racemes or spikes. Leaves
(bracts) not much exceedii.g the calyx. Whole plant densely villous. It
is a common form. Locality: Bombay Island (No. 1681), Bassein (No. 1582),
Khandeish (No. 1583), Cutch (Nos. 1584, 1585, 1586.) The more southern
specimens have longer, more slender branches than the others, which are
more robust, stunted,
(9) An intermediate form between form (1) and form (8), with a woody
base and diffuse, brittle branches, densely villous. The lower leaves are
like those of No. (1), reaching 3cm., but with closer serratures. The leaves
of the inflorescence are like those of No. 8. Locality : Khandesh, Bori
river (No. 1587).
(10) Another intermediate form between (1) and (8), showing just the
opposite arrangement of the leaves. Locality : Bombay Island, Fort (No.
1588), on the wall of a tank in exactly the same spot as No. 1581. The
latter specimen was obtained in February, the former in June. The plant is
40cm. high with ascending brittle branches, which in their lower part have
got leaves like those of form (8) while they are terminated by a tuft of leaves
like thoije of form (1) but sometimes smaller and with a shorter petiole.
Forms 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10 become black in drying, the others keep their
green colour. It is worth noting that those forms which dry black are also
more or less brittle, whilst the others are not. This may possibly prove to
be a constant character.
DOPATRIUM, Buch.-Ham.
Dopatrium junceum, Buch.-Ham. var. vndtiloba, var. nov.
Characters of the type, except for the following : A small plant, 11cm.
high, calyx 2-5mm. long, 5-or 6-fid to below the middle, lobes linear-oblong
obtus. Corolla 7 mm. long ; upper lip entire, 2mm., square. Lower lip with
5 (in one flower) or 7 (in two flowers) lobes, incisions very variable and in
the three flowers observed in no way uniform. The lobes are linear oblong,
ounded at the tip. Colour of corolla lilac, with purple veins (not pinkish
violet). Locality : Igatpuri, in a rice-field, January 1917 (No. 1597).
Dopatrium junceum, Buch.-Ham. — We make a few corrections and addi-
tions to Cooke's description (Fl B. Pres. II, 293).
Pistil green. Stigma broad, almost flat on top (certainly not bilamellate).
Seen from above it is oval in outline. Anthers yellow. Fleshy hairs in the
tube near the base of the stamens and staminodes. Seeds ellipsoid, very
strongly longitudinally ribbed, transversely rugose (not tuberculate).
Locality : Bombay Island (No. 1589), Salsette (No. 1590), Igatpuri (No.
1591), Mt. Abu (Nos. 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596).
Dopatrium lohelioides, Benth. As to wrong reference in Hook. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. see under Ilysanthes.
SCOFARIA DULCIS, L.
It is interesting to note the great rapidity with which this Tropical
XEW IXDIAN SCROPHULARIACEAi. 427
American i>l!int has spreiid over l!irj:;o iiroas of British Tiulia. Hookor (Fl.
Brit. Ind. IV, 188.">, I'^i)) says : "Though now a superabundant Bengal plant
according to Mr. Clarke, it was unknown in Roxburgh's time, and occurs
in no Indian Herbarium except Clarke's. Voigt mentions it (184/3) as
found about Serampore, whence probably it has spread quite recently."
Dalzell and Cibson in their Uombay Flora (18(51) do not mention the plant.
Woodrow (Journal Bombay Natural History Society, XII, 175) obtained it
in a salt swamp, Bombay, Nov. -Cooke (Fl. B. Pres. II, 1908, 310) mentions
this, but adds that he has not seen Woodrow's specimens. At present the
plant is to be found all over Bombay Island, as the following list of loca-
lities shows.
Mazagon, Aug. (No. looo), Mahim, Nov. (No. Ioo6), Matunga, September
(No. 1557), Sion, November (No. 1558), Fort, November (1559), August (No.
1560). Of other localities we mention Manantoddy, Malabar, November
(No. 1561), Kambam, Madura Distr., May (No. 498). The specimen from
Kambam is quite shrubby.
fJEltOXICA, L.
Veronica anaijallU, L. — Hooker (Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 293) and Cooke (Fl. B.
Pres, II, 301) describe the seeds of this plant as bi-convex. In all our speci-
mens which without doubt, nmst be referred to this species, the seeds are
plano-convex. "NVe have specimens from Mt. Abu, taken in May and October
1916, (Nos. 1623-1629) and from Khandesh, Tapti river, taken in Dec. 1916
(Nos. 1620, 1621, 1622). In both localities the plant is common.
In addition to the typical plant we found two of the varieties given in
Hooker of which we wish to complete the descriptions, and two other
varieties which have not been described as yet.
Var. punctata, Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. IV, 293. — The specimens collected
by us attain 7cm., the leaves are all petioled, up to 13 x6mm. elliptic,
oblong or sub-spathulate, lower sometimes obscurely serrate, the upper
entire. Pedicels 5-lOmm., bracts 2mm., linear, lowest pair often larger,
leaf-like. Locality Mt. Abu, Oct. 1916 (No. 1631).
Var. montioidea, Boiss. — Very small (3cm.), stem with a few branches,
leaves and bracts uniform, 2mm. long, eUiptic-oblong ; pedicels about
twice as long ; flowers few. Locality : Mt. Abu (Uria), May 1916(No. 1632).
Var. bracteosa, var. nov. — Stem about 6cm. high, rather stout, with a few
spreading short branches at the base. Internodes few. Leaves longer
than the internodes, oblong, sessile, 3*5 x l'5om. subserrate, obtuse.
Racemes axillary, many flowered, shorter than the leaver; peduncles 17
cm. ; bracts twice as long as the pedicles, elliptic, or oblong, subacute
attenuate at the base, reaching 5 x l'5mm. Locality : Mt. Abu (Uria),
Oct. 1916 (No. 1633).
Var. calycina, var. nov. — Stem about 6cm. high, rather stout, with a few
slender branches, below. Leaves attaining 3xlcm., elliptic or obovate
attenuate at the base, irregularly toothed, tip rounded. Racemes from nearly
all the axils, very much elongated, lax, the lowest reaching 11cm. and thus
by far overtopping the stem, many-flowered. Bracts generally a little
longer than the pedicels, linear-oblong, attenuate at the base, acute, entire.
Calyx-lobes much enlarged in fruit, attaining a length of 4mm., one pair
2mm. broad ovate, generally enclosing the capsule, the other pair 1mm,
broad, spreading, shaped like the bracts ; all lopes are obtuse or subacute.
Locality : Khandesh, Tapti river, Dec. 1916 (No. 1634), One specimen only.
Veronica beccabunya, L. — The specimen has been sent from Chamba (No.
1635),
428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Veronica beccabunga, L. var. attenuata, var. nov. — The plant is robust, up
to 20cra. high, with thickened nodes, the lower of which are rooting. The
leaves are large, from broadly ovate (7x3-5cm. ) to ovate-elliptic
(7x2-5cm,), very coarsely dentate or serrate, 3-nerved, attenuate at the
base into a petiole about 1 cm. long. Loc. Uria (Mt. Abu), May 1916
(Nos. 1636, 1637). The specimens were not in flower.
Veronica diltiyera, Wall. — We have specimens from Ohamba (Nos. 1638,
1639). The latter specimen has the leaves distinctly petioled ; petiole
about 1mm. long ; in the former the leaves are sessile, agreeing with
Hooker's description (Fl. Brit, Ind. IV, i'9i^).
SO PUB I A, Buch.-Ham.
Sopubia delphinifolia, G. Don. — This plant is very variable. We shall give
an account of some of the forms observed. They pass into each other and
it is not possible to make distinct varieties.
(1) Height i6cm. ; stem with two branches, 3cm. from the root, itself
continuing only two cm. from the node, flowerless. Leaves simple
or nearly so, liuear, up to 25 x 1mm., margins strougly puberulous. Plant
not hairy. Pedicels omm., bracteoles 3-4 mm. Calyx up to 1cm., lobes
narrowly subulate as loug as or longer than the tube. Corolla 22mm. long,
rose-purple. Loc. Mahim, Bombay Island (No. 1767). Similar specimens,
but with slightly more divided leaves and larger calyx were found in
Khandesh (^JNos. 1768, 1769).
(2) Plant reaching Im. in length. Stem stout, woody below.
Branches erect, slender. Leaves very numerous, profusely divided ; lobes
very long and narrow ; margins slightly puberulous, as are also the brac-
teoles and calyx, which otherwise are similar to those of (1). Pedicels
3mm., stout. Corolla rose, with large pink-purple spot in throat (1732).
Loc. Bassein (No. 1732), Salsette (No. 1770), Bombay Island (Nos. 1771,
1772), Trombay (No. 1773). The last specimen less luxuriant.
(3) Stem stout, woody, below, nearly 1 m. high. Leaves compara-
tively few, almost absent below for about 25cm., and also on the inflorescence,
which gives the plant a habit different from that of {2), much divided, mar-
gins slightly puberulous. Pedicels 6mm., bracteoles up to 5mm. Calyx
8mm., lobes broad at base, generally shorter than the tube. Fruiting
calyx much enlarged, distinctly ribbed ; tube 7mm. long, lobes deciduous.
Corolla 20mm., long, rose-purple.
Loc. Bhandup, Salsette, (No. 1774).
(4) Stem about ^ui high, slender, leafless only at the base. Branches
arising from about the middle of the stem, ascending. Leaves like those
of (2), but smaller, and fewer, not so much divided. Pedicels reaching
8mm., slender. ; bracteoles 7mm ; corolla 15mm. long,
Loc. Khandala (No. 1775).
(5) Stem reaching 20cm. slender, slightlj' hairy, simple, or with a few
short branches. Leaves numerous, much smaller than in (4), much divided,
crowded ; margins of leaves and lobes of calyx puberulous ; pedicels and
bracteoles 3mm. Calyx di\ided half-way down, 5-6mm. long. Corolla
12mm, long.
Loc. Panchgaui on Table Land (No. 1776).
(6) Stem very slender, 20cm. high, simple or sparsely branched. Leaves
hardly exceeding 1cm., generally trifid and like the calyx-lobes much
puberulous. Pedicels 3mm. ; bracteoles 2-3 mm. Calyx in flower 4mm., in
fruit 7mm. Lobes hardly as long as the tube, narrow.
Loc. Igatpuri (No. 1777).
NEH' INDIAN HCROPIIULAIUACEA':. 429
(7) Stem scarcely branched, 40cm. high, puboscont below. Leaves
numerous, short, I'cm. long, puberulous. The upper leaves with many narrow
lobes, those near the base of the stem with few much broader (Luun.) lobes
with obtuse tips. The change between the upper and lower leaves rather
sudden. Pedicels and bracteoles r)nim. long.
Loc. Brahmagiri, alt. 4,000-0,000 ft. (No. 1778).
(8) A small plant, reaching 1 ">cm., with llexible stem, naked in its lower
half, profusely branched ni the upper. Leaves very small, rarely reaching 1
cm., liuear-entire or nearly so. Flowers numerous, small ; pedicels 2-4
mm. ; bracteoles omm. (Jalyx in flower ti mm., in fruit somewhat enlarged ;
lobes narrow, only half as long as the tube.
Loc. High Wavy Mountain, Madura Dist. (No. 503). On dry grassy
hillsides, alt. 4,000 ft.
(9) A small plant, IG cm. high, branched from the base ; branches
slender, erect. Leaves up to lomm. long, narrowly linear, entire or with
two lobes at about the middle, 7mm. long. Pedicels reaching 6mm.
Calyx lobes subulate, shorter than the tube in flower, as long as the tube
in fruit.
Loc. High Wavy Mountain, Madura Dist. (No. 1782). One specimen
on dry grassy hillside, ait. 4,000 ft.
The species has been found in flower in the month of May in the
Madura Dist. About Bombay it flowers from August to January.
Sopubia trijida, Buch.-Ham. This species, too, is a variable plant.
We note the following forms :
(1) Short, stout, !-lightly pubescent, little divided. Pedicels 9, calyx 7,
corolla 10mm. long. Floral leaves linear, twice as long as the pedicels,
puberulous and hispid, entire or tritid, bracteoles reaching ymm. in length.
Loc. Panchgaui (^No. 178o).
(2) Plaut 30cm. high, branched from about the middle. Leaves generally
linear entire, puberulous and hispid, the floral ones as long as or slightly
longer than the pedicels which attain 10 mm. in fruit. Bracteoles reaching
1 mm.
Loc. Poolachee (No. 1784).
(3) A much larger plant, reaching 80 cm. Stem stout, woody below, much
branched from about the middle. Lowest leaves very few, sometimes lanceo-
late-acute, 12x2^mm., leaves near the middle of the stem, numerous, up
to 30mm. long, generally much divided, puberulous and hi^^pid. llorai
leaves linear-entire, some much longer, but some also shorter than the
pedicel."^ which attain lOmm. in fruit. Bracteoles about iimni. long. Calyx
•5, corolla only .5mm. long, yellow, throat with a purple spot. Stamens
purple.
Loc. High Wavy Mountain, Madura Dist. (Nos. 262, 1785, 1786), on dry
grassy slopes, alt. 4,000 ft., fairly common.
We have always found that the bracteoles are opposite, not alternate as
stated by Cooke (Fl. B. Pres. 11, 306).
H
430
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.
(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY).
BY
T. R. Bell, i.f.s.
(Gontinv.ed from page 672 of Vol. XXIV.)
Part XIX.
3. Genus — Megisba.
There is only one species of the genus, Megisba malaya, the one des-
cribed below. The distribution is given under the description. It is rather
like Neopithecops zalmora in appearance and markings, but difiers in the
shape of the wings ; the hind wing may be with or without a tail.
129. Megisba malaya, Horsfield. — -Wet-season brood. — Male and female.
Upperside : from dull somewhat pale brown to dark brown, some specimens
nearly uniform, others with a more or less distinct, pale, discal patch on
fore wing. Hind wing: uniform; a slender, short, filamentous tail at
apex of vein 1, very often absent. Underside : white. Fore wing : with
the following brown markings : — a .spot in the cell, a transverse, short line
on the discocellulars, a postdiscal, curved series of transverse spots or very
short bars that cross the wing from costa to dorsum and are in irregular
echelon one with the other ; fallowed by a slender, transverse, broken
line ; a subterminal series of broader, transverse spots and an anteciliary,
slender line ; at apex of wing the markings are diffuse and form a very small,
brown-shaded patch while, further inwards, along the costa, veins 11 and 12
terminate in a minute, brown dot, and there is another further in above vein
12. Hind wing : three spots near base in transverse order ; a large, conspicuous,
rounded, subcostal and a small, similar spot r.ear the middle of the dorsum,
black ; between the latter two : a thin line along the discocellulars and five
irregular, much paler brown, transverse, serial spots and dashes which are
followed, as on the fore wing, by an outer postdiscal, very slender, brown
(here lunulate) line ; a subterminal series of brown or black spots and a
black, anteciliarly line. Cilia of fore and hind wings white, turning to
dark brown at apex of fore wing. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen
dark-brown, the antennse ringed narrowly with white ; beneath: palpi, thorax
and abdomen snow-white ; the third, slender, acicular joint of the palpi
conspicuously brown ; antennal club tipped chestnut.
Dri/ season brood. — Male and female. Very similar to the wet-season
brood, but the fore wing, on the upperside, bears a large, oval, obliquely-
placed, conical, white patch that extends from the middle of the dorsal margin
to vein 4. In certain specimens this white bar or patch is continued on to
the hind wing. Underside : similar to that of the wet-season form but all
the markings broader, coarser, more prominent. Fore wing : costa and apex
in some specimens broadly shaded with diffuse fiscous brown ; the outer,
postdiscal, brown line formed into a series of lunules that extend outwards,
slenderly, along the veins and join the anteciliary brown line, thus
enclosing, in the interspace, a series of spots of the white ground-colour,
each of which is centred with a black, or dark brown, subtriangular spot.
THE COMMON RUTTKliFLlES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 431
Hind winjjj : terminal niiirlvinfiS niodilitHl as on tho fore wing ; the spot in
interspaco 8 of the subterniinal series larger and more prominent than
the others, the larger, subcostal, black spot often broken by an anterior
and a posterior silvery spot superposed on it. Antenn:o, head thorax and
abdomen as in specimens of the wet-season brood but slightly darker above.
Expanse : male and female, 1^3-33 mm.
Larra. — Of the tailless form thwaiten in Ceylon, as described by Moore
in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon, ho gives the description as •' light green,
vermi-form, middle segments swollen." Not very lucid.**
Pupa. — "Thick, blunt at the ends." From the same author.
Ilahifft. — The butterily is very similar to Neopithecoj^s zalmora
and is very difficult to distinguish from that species when on the
wing, frequenting as it does similar localities in the evergreen
jungles and their outskirts, flying low near the ground amongst
vegetation and having the white undersides which make that
species so easy to see when flying. The ilight is, perhaps, more
rapid than that of ;V. zalmora and the insect is, certainly, far less
common. The larva is said by Moore to feed upon Sapindacecv,
(probably Bemigyrosu, Erioglossum, Schleichera, Har^ndlia; all, with
the exception of £>io;//oss2wn, common trees of the Ghats in Bombay).
The butterfly has a wide distribution which Colonel Bingham
gives as " the Hymalaj'as from Kumaon to Sikkim ; Peninsular
India ; Calcutta, Orissa, Ganjam, Poona, the Nilgiris, Travancore ;
Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; Andamans ; Nicobars ;
extending far into the Alalaj^an Sub-region." To this may be added,
under Peninsular India, the Districts of Belgaum and Kanara along
the Western Ghats in the Bombay Presidenc}^
4. Genus — Lyc^exopsis.
This genus was formerly known as Cf/aniris. It is nearly allied to the
genus Li/Cfsna, the largest in the whole family of Li/ecenida- and more or
less palsearetic. Some 20 species of Ci/aniris occur within Indian limits if
we include under that term Cejdon, the Nicobars, the Adamans and Burma.
Onlj'^ four of these are noticed here. The Holly Blue of England is Ctjaniria
argiolus, the only representative of the genus to be found there.
130. Lycsenopsis akasa, Horsfield. — Male. Upj^crside -. fore wing: black;
a medial triangular area that extends from base outwards to the disc
white, suffused at base and anteriorly with iridescent blue that spreads
upwards on to the black of the costa ; along the dorsum the black ground-
colour is much paler, in most specimens dilluse fuscous. Hind wing : white,
basal third and costal margin broadly sufl'used with fuscous, the fuscous at
base posteriorly overlaid with iridescent blue ; a subterniinal series of
fuscous-black dots and a distinct but very slender, black anticiliary line.
Underside : white, very slightly tinged with bluish ; markings all fuscous-
black, minute and very slender. Fore wing: a short, discocellular line
followed by an anteriorly strongly curved, discal series of very short,
detached lines and a more or less obsolescent, transverse series of subter-
minal dots. Hind wing : three subbasal dots in transverse order ; a short
•• Note : — Since writing- this, three specimens of the butterfly have been
bred from larva; found in Kanara on flower-spikes of Allophylhts lobba in company
with those of Nacaduba ardatcs from which, however, they were unfortunately
not distinguished.
432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
line on the discocellulars ; a spot below the middle of the costa with a
smaller spot below it ; a posterior, discal, irregular, sinuous series of five or
six minute spots and a perfectly regular subterminal series of similar spots.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings white. Antennse, head, thorax and
abdomen blackish, the antennre ringed with white ; beneath : the palpi,
thorax and abdomen snow-white. — Female. Very similar. Upperside:
the white area much more extended on both fore and hiud \\ing8. On the
former it spreads well into the cell, on the latter three-fourths of the wing
are white ; the dusky basal and costal areas much more restricted than in
the male. The iridescent blue suffusion is in many specimens entirely
absent, in a few very faintly indicated ; the subterminal series of black dots
so distinct in the male are generally faint and obsolescent. Underside :
as in the male but the markings less distioct. Antennse, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the male. Expanse ; male and female, 28-29 mm.
Larva and Pupa. — The life history of the species, as far as in known,
has not been discovered.
liabiU. — Likewise unknown? Nowhere are they described. The
species has been included becaiise it is faii-ly common where it
exists and may occur occasionally in the Plains of Southern India.
It is found in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulni Hills of that
region ; Cej'Ion ; extending to Java.
131. Lycsenopsis albidisca, Moore. — Male and female. Very closely
allied to C. ^;i<s/)«, from which it differs as follows : — Male. Upperside: dull
indigo-blue, not so dark as puspa when looked at from above vertically and
with much less refulgent iridesceme in an oblique light ; the white on both
fore and hind wings much more clearly defined, never diffuse and appar-
ently present at all seasons: on the fore wing the white is limited to the
basal portions of interspaces 2 and 3 and does not extend into the cell or
above vein 4 ; on the hind wing it occupies the basal half of interspace 6
and is strictly bounded by vein 7 above and vein 6 below. The terminal
margins of both fore and hind wings with much narrower black edgings
than in C. jmapa. Underside : 6iSexs ivom th.&t ol puspa in the markings,
which are smaller and much more delicate ; on the fore wing the transverse,
postdiscal series of abbreviated, line-like markings is bisinuate, placed
further towards the terminal margin and has the component spots some-
what differently arranged ; on the hind wing also the spots on the disc
posteriorly are more regular than in puspa. — Female. Upperside: ground-
colour and white on disc of wings almost as in ^^/w/'a, but always both in
fore and hind wings more limited, the black costal and terminal margins
consequently broader. Underside : the markings as in the male, and there-
fore differ in a similar manner from those of C. 2n(spa. — Female. Antenna,
head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in C. puspa. Expanse: male
and female, 34-39 mm.
Larva and Pupa. — Unknown.
Habits. — They are not likely to differ much from those of L.
pusjpa. The butterfly is very like that species. It occurs in the
hills of Southern India from 2,000 to 6,000 feet.
132. Sycanopsis limbata, Moore — Male. Upperside: uniform dark pur-
plish-blue. Fore and hiud wings : termen narrowly edged with black ; costal
margin of hind wing more broadly fuscous black. Underside : white with
a light greyish-bliie tint ; markings for the most part pale brown, disposed
much as in C. puspa, smaller, more slender ; the transverse, discal series of
abbreviated lines or elongate spots on the fore wing more regular, the
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 433
spots more evenly en echelon, the spot nearest the costa small and shifted
well inwards. Hind wing : the black, subcostal spot in the middle of inter-
space 7 subbasal, not larger than the three subequal spots : tlie posterior
discal series of spots bisiuuous, none conspicuously larger than the others.
Antenna^ head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black, the antenna) ringed
with wliite, the head and thorax clothed above with long bluish hairs;
beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white.— Female. Upper-
side : fore wing : bluish purple, paler outwardJy, in certain lights with a
resplendent iridescence ; costa and apex very broadly, termen somewiiat
more narrowly fuscous black. Hind wing : as in the fore wing iridescent
bluish purple but uniform not paler outwardly; the costal and terminal
margins broailly and evenly fuscous black, this border on the termen with
a series of superpose.l, blue luuules. Underside : gvoand-colonr and mark-
ings as in the male. Antenme, head, thorax and abdomen similar to
those of the male but the thorax ana abdomen above not so dark. Ex-
panse: Male and female, 32-36 mm.
Larra and Pupa. — Unknown.
Habits. — Uuknown. Occurs iu the bills of Bengal ; Southern
India; Bombaj^ on the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris, Anamalai and
Palni Hills; Ceylon; the hills of Assam. The species is fairly
plentiful locally in the Ghat parts of Kanara District in Bombay.
133. Lycsenopsis puspa, Horsfield. — Wet-seaaon brood. — Male. Lppcrddc:
violaceous blue, with brilliant iridescent tints in certain lights. Fore wing :
the costa, apex and termen bordered with black, this edging narrows from
base to the middle of the costa, then broadens greatly at apex, where it
occupies the apical fourth of the wing, and is again narrowed below vein 4,
whence it is continued as an even band to the tornus ; on the disc beyond
the apex of the cell the ground-colour is sensibly pale and the dark mark-
ings of the cell are faintly visible by transparency trom below. Hind
wino- : the costa very broadly, the termen much more narrowly black ; the
black borrlering on the latter consists of a stries of rounded coalescent
spots, which on the inner side are margined by faint dark lunules ; these
are tormed not by actual scaling but by the dark markings of tlie underside
which show through more or less clearly. Undert-ide: slightly bluish white :
the markings, some black, some dusky, but all large and distinct. Fore v\ing :
a short bar on the discocellulars, an anteriorly inwardly curved, transverse,
discal series of seven, more or less elongate spots, of which the spot in
interspace 2 is vertical and sinuous, the next above it irregularly oval and
obliquely placed, the next smaller and almost round, the fourth placed
almost longitudinally, forms a short bar, and the apical three decrease in
size to the costa: bejond these is an itiiier subterminal, transverse, lunular
line, an outer subterminal series of transverse spots and a very slender
anticiliary line. Hind wing : two basal and three subbasal spots in vertical
order : a line on the discocellulars ; a spot above it at base of interspace 6 ;
a much larger spot above that in interspace 7 ; a lower discal irregular
transvi rse series of five 8pot<, followed by terminal markings similar to
those on the fore wing, except that the tpots in the subttrminal row are
rounded, not transverse. (Jilia of both fore and hind wings white alternat-
ed with dusky black at the apices of the veins. Antennit, head, thorax
and abdomen dusky black, the antennas ringed with vxhite and tipped with
ora ge; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. — Fen:ale. Upper-
side: white, the bases of the wings and in some specimens the hind wing
nosteriorly shot with iridescent blue. Fore wing : costa, apex and termen
broadly black ; the discocellulars marked with a very short, fine black line
that extends down from the black on the costal margin. Hind wing : costa
434 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
and apex broadly black ; termen below vein 6 with a regular subterminal
series of black spots in the interspaces, enclosed within an inner luniilar
and an outer straight, slender, anticiliary, black line ; the veins, except vein
•J in the middle slenderly black. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white.
Underside : ground-colour and marking similar to those of the male.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.
Dry-season brood. — Male and female. Differs very slightly from the wet-
season brood. In the male there is a small patch of white on the upperside
of the fore wing beyond the cell and on the upperside of the hind wing on
the anterior portion of the disc : the extent of this patch varies on the fore
wing from a mere touch of white just beyond the cell to a large discal area
of white which is diffused with ill-defined margin. In the female the blue
iridescence at the base of the wings on the upperside is in some specimens
considerably restricted, in others entirely absent. On the underside in
both sexes the ground colour is paler and in form and position the mark-
ings are much less prominent, though entirely like those of the wet-season
brood. Expanse : Male and female, 32-35 mm.
The terminal, black spots of the hind wing may be enclosed in what
amounts to a terminal, black band.
Larva. — The shape is normal. The head is hidden under segment '2 and
is shining, translucent light yellow in colour with brown suffusion about
the jaws. Segment 2 is narrow, shortly parabolic in shape, somewhat
narrowly square in front, slightly constricted laterally behind, indented
slightly just in front of spiracle and with the horizontal top with the usual,
dorsal depression ; segment 3 is somewhat suddenly higher than segment 2,
has an indentation on its vertex in dorsal line anteriorly besides a small,
lateral indentation of the same sort and has the front margin waved gently ;
the margins of the succeeding segments are straight ; segments 4 to 9 are
equal in height to each other, the succeeding segments slope gradually to
anal end ; anal segment rather broad, trapeze-shaped, the somewhat broad-
ly square hinder extremity being very slightly concave ; the variation in
breadth throughout the whole length of larva is very small, though the
middle is, on the whole, the broadest part ; the dorsal line is convex, the
slope from it laterallj% on the whole, straight on each side ; the dorsal,
transverse gland on segment 9 is mouth-shaped, broad ; the organs on
segment 12 are small, circular, white; segment 11 somewhat suddenly
lower than segment 10. The surface of the larva is densely covered dorsally
with tiny, cylindrical, white, star-topped tubercles or thickened hairs, each
surmounted by a little golden, blunt hair which is bent down against the
body ; laterally and along the margin, these little golden hairs are sharp-
pointed and more erect ; the bottom of the depression on dorsum of seg-
ment 2 is covered with minute, red tubercles ; the anal segment is covered
with larger, white, star-topped tubercles than the rest of the body with
similar appressed hairs ; there are a few longish, fine, light hairs round
posterior margin ; there is, also a lateral, depressed, longitudinal line on
each side of the anal segment which leave the dorsum and mars-ins rather
prominent. Spiracles are flush, nearly circular in shape, of ordinary size
and wihte in colour. Colour of larva is a fine plum-pink with dorsal and
spiracular, longitudinal lines the whole length of body ; segments 11-14
dorsally green-yellow ; there are indistinct, diagonal, lateral, white lines,
one to each segment. L : 11 mm ; B: 3. 7-5 mm; H : 3 mm.
Pupa. — The pupa is also normal in shape. The head is bowed and
hidden from view when looked at from above ; segment 2 is square in
shape, nearly as broad in front as behind and as the breadth at shoulders,
convex dorsally and laterally, very slightly laterally constricted at hinder
margin, ascending towards thorax ; thorax with its anterior, dorsal slope
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 435
in the same piano as that of segmont 2, roundly convex in its posterior
part, elightiy flattened laterally on the sides and there is very little
constriction behind thorax ; the abilonien is circular in transverse section
stout, thickest about segment 8, the end rounded with the last segments
sloping perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of pupa : the last seymeuts
turned under, in no way prominent. Surface very iinely aciculate, shiny,
covered all over with short, erect, light hairs that are longest on segments
'2 and 14 ; wings naked, slightly striate. Spiracles of segment '2 indi-
cated by little linearly oval, white risings between the segment margins ;
the rest of the spiracles flush, oval, small, white. Colour of body is pinkish
white, the thorax anil segment 2 translucent-looking ; blotches of yellow-
red dorsally on anterior segments of abdomen ; a blotchy, black, dorsal line
the gland, a blotchy, lateral mark on segments 8, 9, hinder slope of thorax,
and dorsum of segment 2 also black ; a black spot on shoulder, two con-
joined, black spots laterally on segment 4 and a lateral row of tiny, black
dots on abdominal segments ; thorax head and wings dotted all over with
black. L : 7. omm. ; B : iJ. 2mm. H : 3. 2mm.
flahits. — The eggs are laid singly on the young parts of the
plant : flowers, shoots, leaves ; the larva lives generally on the
undersides of the young leaves and is nearl}^ invariably attended
by ants. The pupation takes place anywhere : on a leaf or stalk,
in a crevice, &c., in the open; and the attachment is normal, viz.,
by the tail and a body-band. L. pusjm is probably the most common
of the genus in India. De Niceville says : " except in Sikkim,
where the changes of season are very great, it is fairly constant"
in markings. •' It is somewhat rare in the outer ranges of the
Western Himalaj'as, becoming more plentiful eastwards ; in Sikkim
it is one of the very commonest ' blues ' met with. It occurs
eastward as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, also in Burma and
in the Andaman Isles. On the continent I have taken it in
Beerbhoom District ; it occurs at Parsinath , at Khaudalla on the
Western Ghats, in North Kanara, in Orissa, Ganjam, in the
Xilgiris, Ratnagiri, Cannanoi-e and in Ceylon." It is a low flj^irig
butterfly, but fairly strong on the wing, fond of sitting on the
ground to suck up moisture in damp places and on the leaves of
low plants or on trees near the ground. It is not exactly an insect
of the Plains, but has been taken out in the open fairly far away
from the Ghats in Bombay. Neither is it an inhabitant of deep,
shady, big jungles, preferring the clearings, sides of roads and open
hill-tops to ravines and damp places. It is fond of the sun and the
female may be found laying eggs on Cylista scariosa, a leguminous,
trailing, thin-stemmed plant with yellow, papilionaceous flowers
which is common by the sides of roads and in hedges. She walks
about the flower-heads when in bud and lays the eggs singly in the
axils of the stalks and bracts. The larva has also been found
on the young, red leaves of Iliptage madablota (^Comhretaceo',
Schleicliem trijwja {Sainndacece) and of the leguminous Xylia
dolahriforniis, both trees. It is only sought after by ants in a
perfunctory manner, although, in the case of C//^ts/a at least, there
436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
are nearly always some of these insects on and among the flower-
heads. Colonel Bingham gives the distribution as Peninsular
India, except in the desert tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; the
Andamans ; extending into the Malayan Sub-region. Some of the
wet-season males are intensely brilliant with very little white on the
disc above.
134. Lycoenopsis IMaces. — Male. i7/>;jemd<? : shining purplish-black. Fore
wing : costa narrowly and evenly for three-fourths of its length from base,
apex broadly and terminal mart^in decreasingly jet-black: «'//«; black.
Hind wnig : costa and apex broadly, termen narrowly, bordered with
black: a snbterminal series of snaall, round, black spots that merge anteriorly
into the black at apex ; cilia black, tipped with white. Undemide: opaque
chalk-white. Fore wing : the following black markings : — a broad, short
bar on the discocellulars ; a discal, transverse series of prominent spots in
interspaces I to (i, the spot in interspace 1 elongate, in 2 and 8 oval and
placed obliquely on the wing, in 4 elongate and pointing obliquely outwards,
in 5 and 0 rounded, the spot in interspace 6 shifted a little inward ; beyond
these discal marJdngs is a transverse series of slender, black lunulas,
followed by a snbterminal series of minute, round, black spots, one in each
interspace and a very slender, anticiliary, black line ; cilia on the underside
white. Hind wing : also with the foJJowing black markings : — a minute
spot at base, followed by two larger spots one above the other, a sinuous,
short line on tlie discocellulars, and just beyond it a transverse, somewhat
curved series of four slightly quadrate spots, two subcostal and two
posterior : a discal series of four more spots, the lowest one curved, the
next spot round, the next elongate and placed jDointing obliquely out-
wards ; lastly the apical spot of the series round ; terminal markings and
cilia as on the fore wing. Antennte, head, thorax and abdomen black,
the antennae ringed with white and a white line along the inner and
outer orbits of the eyes; beneath: the palpi thorax and abdomen white.
Female. Upperside: brownish-black Fore wing: from base for a little
more than two-thirds of its length and from the posterior half of the dis-
coidal C3ll to the dorsum white, beautifully glossed with purplish blue at
the upper outer corner of the area indicated above, which is pure white.
Hind wing : glossed with blue over a broad, central area from base to a
broad, brownish black, terminal border, on the inner margin of which and
partially coalsscing with it is a transverse series of large, round, jet-black
spots, inwardly narrowly and obscurely margined with bluish white, this
colour at the anterior spots carried as streaks inwards for a short distance.
Underdde : as in the male Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen also
similar. Expanse : male and female, 3638 mm.
Larva and Pajya. -Unknown.
[lahits. — Unknown. This butterfly has only been recorded from
the Nilgiris but might possibly occur in the Western Ghats of
Bombay. De Niceville looked upon it as a variety of L. imspa, but
Colonel Bingham has recognised it as a separate species.
o. Genus — Zizkka.
The genus is spread over nearly the whole of Europe and Asia and is
found also in North and South Africa. It contains some of the smallest
species of butterflies know^n, Z. f/nika, measuring sometimes little over half an
inch in expanse of wing. In India there are four well distinguished species.
They are all widely spread and may be found in grass-lands everywhere
THE COMMON IWrrEliFLlEa OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 437
from sea-level up to, in the ease of '/,. ma/ia, 9,000' elevation. The known
distribution of each species is given under its description. They are all
four liable to variation according to season and, in consequence, many
varieties have been at ditlerent times wrongly described as good
species. At home we have the genus represented by the Small Blue,
Z. viiuiinn, the larva of which feeds upon vetches as do those of two of ours,
li/stJiion and ofis. The transformations of all fotir are known ; so are those
of minima. The caterpilhirs are only fitfully attended by ants though these
are generally found on the food-plants.
135. ZJzera maha, Ko\\a.r.~ Wet-season brood. — Male. Upperside : silvery
light blue with a satiny sheen in certain lights. Fore wing : the apical
half of the costa narrowly and the terminal margin for varying width
fuscous black, bounded outwardly on the latter by an obscure, anteciliary,
black line. Hind wing: the costa broadly, the termen somewhat more nar-
rowly fuscous black than in the fore wing, with the width of this dark
edging similarly variable ; in addition there is a very diffuse and ill-defined
subterniinal series of spots darker than the fuscous margin. L'ndeisidc :
brownish-grey. Fore wing : a spot in cell, a transverse lunulo on the
discocellulars, and a transverse, anteriorly inwardly curved series of eight
discal spots (which nuiy be very irregularly placed) black ; the transverse
lunulo and each spot encircled with a narrow, white edging : the posterior
two spots of the discal series geminate. Beyond these are a postdiscal and
a sul terminal series of eliort, transverse, dusky-black spots followed by an
anteciliary black line; the ground-colour between the discal and postdiscal
series and between the latter and the subterminal series of spots posteriorly
paler than on the rest of the wing. Hind wing : a transverse, subbasal.
slightly sinuate line of four spots, a short slender, lunular line on the
discocellulars, and a very strongly curved discal series of eight small spots,
black ; the lunule and each spot encircled wibh a narrow edging of white ;
the posterior two spots of the discal series geminate as on the fore wing ;
beyond these, as on the fore wing, there is a double line of dusky spots,
only more lunular with, between them and between the discal and postdiscal
series, the ground-colour in the same way outwards slightly paler ; an
anteciliary, fine, black line. Cilia of both fore and hind wings whitey-brown
darker anteriorlj' on the forewing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
dark-brown, shafts of the antennte ringed with white, club tipped with
whitish ; in fresh specimens the thorax and abdomen with a little light blue
pubescence ; beneath : palpi ; thorax and abdomen white. — Female. L'pperside :
brownish-black ; the basal halves of the wings slightly suffused with light
blue, anteciliary black lines on both fore and hind wings, and on the latter
wing an obscure, subterniinal series of spots as in the male. Underside :
similar, only the grouud-colour darker, the markings larger and more
clearly defined. Antennte, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male,
but with no blue pubescence on the thorax and abdomen on the upperside.
Bri/season brood. — Male. Upperside : pale bluish-grey with, in some
pecimens, a pinkish undertone. Fore wing: as in the wet-season brood,
but the black, terminal edging much reduced in width in some specimens to
a transverse, somewhat diffuse, very narrow band that borders the anteci-
liary, black line on the inner side, in others to a much broader similar band
that coalesces with the anteciliary black line and occupies about the outer
sixth of the wing. This edging along the termen is sometimes even : some-
times it widens from a slender, anteciliary line at and above the tornus to a
broad, black patch at the apex of the wing Hind wing : the terminal,
black edging much narrower proportionately than in wet-season specimens,
most often reduced to a slender, black, anteciliary lino with a series of black
spots on the inner side, bordering and sometimes coalescing with the line.
1.5
438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Underside : As in the wet-season brood but the ground-colour paler, in some
specimens miuch paler, the markings on both fore and hind wings similar,
with frequently the terminal markings obsolescent, sometimes entirely
absent or only indicated anteriorly on each wing. Cilia whitish. Antennse,
head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season specimens. — Female.
Similar to the female of the wet-season brood, but more like the male, with
the light silvery-blue suffusion very irregular, but generally extended
much further outwards from the base, In a female from Poona,
the fore wing on the upper side has the basal half silvery blue, the
outer half black ; on hind wing, however, the blue colour extends almost
to the termen which is only narrowly edged with diffuse dusky black.
Underside: as in the male; the ground-colour slightly darker. An-
tennse, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the male. Expanse :
male and female, 28"32 mm.
Egg. — Is turban-shaped, half as high as broad, the sides perpendicular
to the top and, perhaps, slightly convex ; the actual base flat and slightly
of shorter diameter than the middle of the sides (^. e., than the diameter
of the egg half way up) ; the top sometimes very slightly concave ; the
whole covered with cells on the top : all cells
without any knobs at the inter sections, the
w^alls all slightly raised, not extremely fine, the
cells all more or less hexagonal although, some-
times, seemingly irregularly oval, decreasing in
size inwards, 24 or more of them on the outside
circumference irregularly larger and smaller ;
about 14 round the micropyle which is about the
diameter of two ordinary cells and about l/5th
or l/6th of the diameter of the whole egg, being
just the very centre of the top, depressed below
Zizera maha. the walls of the cells but itself covered with minu-
tely thin reticulations all over its surface ; the sides of the egg different :
because every intersection of cell-walls is swollen into a pyramid shaped
knob with the top rounded coarsely enough and the sides raj'^ed with (I
raised walls which radiate out and down on to the surface to run up again
on to the surrountiing 6 knobs — these knobs not regularly disposed at all
however but, all the same, always 6 in number round whichever is taken
as the central one — there are about 3 knobs from the top of the side to
the bottom and, as stated above (for the cells of the top) about 24 round
the circumference, and seven rows of small cells from the micropyle to it.
The surface of the egg is shining, the bottoms of the cells greenish, the
rays or walls always pure chalk-white. The H : 0'5mm. by B : 02omm.
Larva. — It is of ordinary lycsenid shape with the front part rounded
but somewhat flattened or blunt,* the hinder end semi-circularly rounded
and very nearly as broadly so as the front ; the dorsal outline more or
less convex except on the anal segments 12-14 where it is nearly straight
as the anal segments are themselves somewhat flattened ; the transverse
section a curve between a quarter and a half circle ; segment 2 with thf
central depression rather far back, transversely longly triangular, greyish
and with a tiny black hair-tubercle or hair at each lateral end on its
surface, i. e., near its lateral end, for it is some way removed from the
edge ; segment 3 somewhat suddenly higher than segment 2 and inclined
to be somewhat flattened on dorsum, its front margin somewhat waved
thrice — segment 2 rises up towards segment 3 behind the depression — of
course the front part of larva, as represented by segments 3-6, is, in most
positions, the highest and fattest part of the larva though, when at rest,
normally, the body is slightly fattest about segment 6 as usual with this
THE COMMOy BUTTElll-LlKS OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 4:W
type of larva. The //ert'/ is 8hinin<;j black with a large, triangular clypous,
the labriim whitisli as also tlio antfinml baso. Spiracles small, nearly quite
round, hariUy prominent, very light in colour, whitish. Surface of larva,
dull, covered with many minute, very short, translucent-white, shining,
star-shaped hairs from tho centre (of the rays or branches) of each of
which rises a pointed, short (though much longer tlian the stem of the
stars) hair, this hair generally translucent-white like its base (the star),
but sometimes black and of varying IcMigth : on segments L\ 3, 4 the black
hairs in the subdorsal region are decreasingly numerous : on segment 4
there are about 10 on each side of the dorsal line, on segment 5 about 5,
on all succeeding segments only about 3 though the number is not absolu-
tely constant always; the hairs round the margin of the body, that is
the region bordering the ventrum and some up towards the spiracles, are
a good deal longer, translucent-white (except a few on segments 13-14
which arc brown) and segmented-looking and very minutely feathered —
making a sort of sparse, short fringe round the whole body which is,
perhaps, slightly longest at both extremities ; the segments are well-
marked enough by depressed lines except on the portion consisting of
segments 12-14, where they can only just be distinguished from each other,
^/rtwr/ present on segment 11 near the hinder margin, transverse, mouth-
shaped ; organs on segment 12 difficult to distinguish when in repose, as
the circular openings are the same colour as the rest of the larva. I have
not seen them protruded at any time yet. The ventrum is greenish-
greyish. L : 10mm. ; B : 3mm.
Fupa. — Is of the type of others of the genus ; rather narrow for the
length with the distance from front to segment 7 much longer than seg-
ment 7-14; the front end squarely blunt across vertex of head — or front
margin of segment 2, which is the same thing ; the hinder end rounded
evenly as the anal segment is turned under as usual ; the broadest part is
segment 7 and also the highest ; the front margin of the pupa 's rather
broader than the absolute hinder margin, although, because the front half
is much longer than the hinder half (segment 7-14), it looks otherwise at
first sight. Head has the frons very high and perpendicular to the longi-
tudinal axis, the vertex occupying a verj' small portion just visible in the
widely curved though short emargination of segment 2 ; segment 2 at
about an angle of 4o° to the same axis (its dorsal line, that is, is at that
angle), convex transversely though somewhat flattened dorsally with the
dorsal line slightly carinated, very feebly convex longitudinally, its front
margin narrowly, widely emarginate as already mentioned, its hinder
margin also emarginate, the emargination short and obtusely angled on
dorsal line ; the thorax considerably humped, evenly convex, its apex
about the middle of the segment, the front slope a little less than 60° to
longitudinal axis, the hinder slope less to segment 4 wdience the dorsal
line of abdomen gradually rises again to the highest point at segment 7 ;
the hinder margin of thorax considerably produced backwards in dorsal
line where it forms an angle of about 90° (the two halves, that is, meet in
a minutely rounded angle of 90°) ; this hinder margin meets the wings in a
deep, rather largely rounded angle of about 4o° — so that the lateral
portions of segment 4 are largely exposed, the dorsal line of that segment
being very short and only about half the length of that of segment 5 which
is itself short ; dorsal lino of thorax smooth and shining, that of segment
4 ever so slightly carinate. Spiracles of segment 2 rather large, oval,
slightly raised, rather narrow, opaque whitish ; the rest of the same colour,
small and round. Surface oi pupa very slightly shining, transversely hardly
perceptibly aciculate, the aciculations plainest on thorax ; the segment-
margins finely smooth-shining ; the surface covered with simple white.
440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETl, Vol. XXJ\
erect, fine, pointed hairs about | the length of greatest width of pupa,
those on the head and segment l' longer : about 5U hairs to segment 7 —
they are separated from each other by about their own length so that the
covering is not dense ; a few of the hairs about sides of hinder segments
of abdomen black. Colour : light green all over without any markings,
the front segments 1 — 3 slightly darker. L: 8 mm.; B : 3 mm. at segment
7, and 2-5 at middle of thorax.
Habits. — The eggs are laid generally on the undersides of leaves
and alwaj'S singly ; rarely one finds them on the uppersides. The
little larvee are very light in coloiii- with, as usual, the segments
very well marked and they have long curved hairs. They eat part
of the egg-shell after eating their way out through the top, general-
ly to one side of the middle ; they never, or liardly ever, eat much
of it. They begin feeding on the underside by eating all but the
upper cuticle which then withei's so that it is always quite easy to
find out where they are — much easier than it is to find the egg-larva
or even the caterpillar after it is grown up as they are then just the
same green as the leaf-uppersides ; in the intei-mediate stages they
are various shades of green, gradually getting darker as they
change irom one stage to the next ; and they rest on the flower and
leaf-buds ^^'hich are silky hairy and grey like them so that they are
well protected. In the last stage only does the larva eat from the
edge of the leaf and it quickly demolishes all the available food
yielded by a single plant and has to wander along the creeping
roots or rhizomes to find another — often, when the plant is a yomig
one and has no rhizomes, it does not find another and dies of star-
vation ; if it does not get eaten by a spider before that. Many of
them are thus eaten in the early stages. The eggs do not seem to
be much parasitized as most of those laid produce larvas. The big
lavvge are occasionally attended by ants though by no means
always; the genus noticed was Fheidole. The growth of the
larva is rapid enough but not in any way abnormally so ; the
pupal stage is normal—about seven days. The pupation takes place
anywhere practically : on the underside of a leaf of the plant
itself, or of another plant, or on a well -protected surface of a stone,
&c.; the attachment is by the tail and a body-band as usual. The
imago flies well and erratically, hardly ever straight, in the usual
way of the small Lyccenidw of this type. They keep close to the
ground, are fond of the flowers of vetches and small acanthads
{Justicia, etc.) which flourish in grass-lands and like the sun ; they
rest with the wings closed over their backs in dull weather, often
with them half-open in tne intervals between flights -.md frequently
settle on flower-heads and grasses in the evenings to rest for the
night ; in the early mornings they may be thus seen with the front
wings well bunk between the hinder ones, covered with dew in the
cold weather. They are then, generally, quite numbed and may
easily be caught in the fingers.
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. M I
The larvio feed commonly upon the litMe Indian Wood Sorrel
(^Oxalis corniculnla) whicli is very similar to the English species
witli its 3-divided, clover-like leaf and little yellow flowers,
(lenerally grows in well-sliadod positions, along- ditches, by the
sides of water and under trees during- the rains. Here the females
may be found most al)inulant, in the afternoons, during the las^t
months of the monsoon, intent iipon the business of ovipositing.
The males, naturally, also.
A female was once seen to lay two eggs upon the leaves of a
vetch, Teplwsia paucijiora, so that the species is not always abnormal
in the choice of the foodplant — the usiial foodplants for other
members of the genus are vetches, though Z. h/simon was found
feeding also upon the flowers of Nelsonia and Strobilanthes which
are acanthaceous plants. If you want to find eggs or larvse of
Z. m"ha, however, go to Oxalk and not to vetches. It is waste of
time looking for them upon anything else ; for every one egg on
vetches — and there are many many species of vetches — you will
find a dozen upon Wood Sorrel. The plant belongs to the
Geraniacece and rarely grows erect higher than a foot — that is a
large specimen, though it creeps along the ground for distances
of three feet and more rooting at intervals and producing other
erect stems or tufts of stems. The seed-capsule bursts elastically
often when touched, freeing the little brown seeds — of course it
does this, when siifficiently ripe, of itself, in the same way as do
the Balsams which ai'e of the same family.
136. Zizera lysimon, Huebner. — Male. Uppevside : brown with a more or
less dense suffusion of violet. In some specimens the violet colour is more
clearly apparent in certain lights than in others and extends further out-
wards, but to lesser degree in wet-season specimens than in those taken in
the dry weather or in exceptionally dry tracts of country. Fore wing :
terminal margin broadly dark brown. Hind wing : costal and terminal
margins broadly dark brown. In a few specimens a subterminal series of
round, black spots is more or less clearly apparent on the hind wing.
Underside : grey. Fore wing : a spot in middle of cell, a short, transverse,
lunular line on the discocellulars, and a transverse, anteriorly strongly
curved, discal series of eight spots jet-black, the discocellular lunule and
the spots each encircled vvith white ; the posterior two spots of the discal
series geminate, the three spots above these en echelon placed obliquely ;
beyond these are an inner and an outer, transverse, subterminal series
of elongate, dusky spots or short lines and an anteciliary black line. Hind
wing: a transverse, curved, subbasal line of four well- separated spots, an
abbreviated line on the discocellulars and a transverse, highly curved
discal series of eight spots, black, followed by an inner series of dusky
lunules, an outer subterminal series of round, dusky spots and an antecili-
ary, slender, black line. Cilia of both fore and hind wings grey, paler
outwardly. Antennae black, shafts ringed with white ; head, thorax and
abdomen brownish ; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen sullied white. —
Female. Uppeiside : brown with, in a few specimens, the bases of both
wings with traces of a violet irroration. In the majority of specimens,
however, only the dorsal or posterior half of the hind wing is flushed with
442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
■
violet. Fore wing: the discocellulars with a transveise, dusky, short line.
Fore and hind wings otherwise immaculate, with anteceliary, dusky lines.
Underside: ground-colour darker, in some pale brown; markings on both
fore and hind wings as in the male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
similar to those of the male, but on the underside the palpi, thorax and
abdomen, in some specimens, purer white. Expanse : male and female,
18-24mm.
Larva. — Shape normal, thickest in middle, sloping towards ends, seg-
ment 2 semi-circular in outline, the anal segment about the same breadth as
segment 2, rounded at extremity. The head is small, round in shape, the
colour black-brown ; the neck is long ; segment 2 narrowed somewhat in
front, slightly longer than broad, the dorsal depression 4-sided, the margin
of the segment slightly swollen. The surface of the larva is dull and
covered with comparatively long, erect, brown hairs, springing, for the
most part, from tiny, white, cylindrical tubercles — these cylinders being
brown on the fore part of body — which hairs are interspersed with short,
erect, brown bristles ; the margins of body are clothed with long, fine,
white hairs ,• segment 2 has the bottom of the dorsal depression studded
with tiny, brown, bristle-bearing tubercles. Spiracles are small, light
yellow-brown in colour. Colour of body is green, with a dorsal and spira-
cular, broad line interrupted at the segment-margins and, between these,
two indistinct, lateral, whitish lines ; all longitudinal. L : 9mm. ; B :
3"2omm.
Pupa. — Is of the normal shape, broadest about segment 7, thorax humped,
constriction behind it very slight dorsally and still less laterally ; the anal
end rather pointed for the type, turned under at last segment ; segment
2 with the outline of front margin rounded, widely and shallowly emargi-
nate in front, its dorsal slope in the same plane as that of anterior part of
thorax ; abdomen moderately stout, circular in transverse section.
Spiracles of segment 2, slightly raised, white, linearly oval; the rest
nearly circular, slightly raised, oval, white. Surface is covered with fairly
long, erect light hairs fairly plentifully, these slightly longer at both
extremities; the wings naked. Colour: pale opaque green, with a thin,
dorsal, black line from end to end and a black line along dorsal margin of
wings from middle of thorax to front margin of segment 6. L : 7mm ;
B : 3mm.
Habits. — The egg, very similar to that ofZ. wa/ia, is laid in similar
places to it : on flowers or leaves, stalks. &c. The larva at first lives
in the flowers or flower-buds ; afterwai'ds, becoming too large, it is
generally found on the pods or stalks, leaves, &c. It is often, but
not constantly, attended by small ants. The chrysalis is formed
practically anywhere, often on a leaf of the plant or on a leaf of any
neighbouring thing. It is attached by the tail and a body-band in
the usual way. The periods of growth and rest in the piipal stage
are normal. The foodplant of the larva is Zornia diphiilla, a little
semicreeping, grey-hairy vetch characterized by 2-foliolate leaves
which are often pressed together and its little red flowers : a very
common weed in grassy lands throughout India at all heights up to
4,000 feet and in any rainfall. There may be many other food-
plants among the numerous vetches and probably are. The butterfly
keeps close to the ground, is fond of the sun and open places, has a
weak flight which is never continued for long at a time ; it often
THE COMMOy BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAIMIS OF INDIA. AA.i
rests with the wiugs halt-opened in the heat of the day, is fond oi
flowers and frequents damp places on roads sometimes and may be
found restinii:, nnmhed in the early mornings of the cold weather,
on grasses and Imshes, when it can be easily caught in the lingers.
When resting thus it has the wings closed and is qiiite a conspi-
('U01JS object because of the light-grey underside then exposed,
especially when it is covered, as often happens, with dew,
137. Zizera gaika, Trimen. — Male, Upperside : dull violet-blue, which
changes to a brighter tint of violet in certain lights. Fore wing : the costa
very narrowly, the tenueu much more broadly dull brown ; this edging to
the termen in most specimens decreases in width from apex to tornus, and
is outwardly followed by an anteciliary darker brown line. Cilia brownish
anteriorly, posteriorly brownish at the base with the apical portions white.
Hind wing : the ground-colour brighter than on the fore wing, the costal
and terminal margins much more narrowly edged with brown, which edg-
ing is merged in the anticiliary dark brown Ime, Cilia brown along their
basal halves, white apically. Underside : grey. Fore wing : a dusky brown
luuular line on the discocellulars ; two subcostal spots above the cell, one
on either side of the discocellular lunule ; two more, subcostal, further
along diagonally one above the other ; a very strongly curved discal series of
five spots, of which the posterior three are somewhat lunular in shape and
placed obliquely en echelon, the next above these round, the anterior spot
hook- shaped : both the subcostal spots and the spots of the discal series are
blackish, each narrowly encircled with white ; beyond these are inner and
outer subterminal dusky lines; which anteriorly are continuous, posteriorly
somewhat broken and macular, followed by a very conspicuous, jet-black,
anteciliary, slender line. Cilia greyish white, traversed by a medial, trans-
verse, blackish-brown line. Hind wing : with the following small white
encircled black spots : one basal — a sub-basal transverse series of three,
followed by a highly curved series of eight spots that curve across the disc
of the wing to the costa and along the latter towards the base ; discocellu-
lars with a dusky short lunular line as on the fore wing ; terminal markings
and cilia similar, but the outer and broader, subterminal line more broken
and macular than on the fore wing. Antennte black, the shafts ringed
with white ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, with a little violet
pubescence on the head and thorax ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen
greyish white. — Female. Upperside : glossy brown without any violet tint
whatever ; the anteciliary darker brown lines on both fore and hind wings
well marked. Underside : y^ixy similar to that of the male, the ground-
colour a shade darker, the markings slightly larger and more prominent.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but the latter three
without a trace of violet or blue on the upperside. Expanse : male and
female, 20--2li mm,
Eyy. — Turban-shaped, the top depressed in centre ; the surface covered
with fine, sinooth, raised, irregular reticulations forming irregular-sized
pentagons and hexagons ; the ridges or lines more or less semi-circular in
transverse section. Co/owr blue-green, B: 0"3mm,
Larva. — Normal in shape, somewhat long-slender, the second segment
semi-circular in shape, narrower than segment o ; the anal segment sud-
denly somewhat narrower than the preceding 13th, square at extremity ;
the gland on segment 11 and organs on segment 12 present; the former
mouth-shaped, transverse, with two small tubercles behind it; the latter
circular, protruding at will, each, a rather long, cylindrical, translucent-
looking white cylinder. Surface of body somewhat oily looking; some
444 JOURNAL. BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
rather long, stiff, black hairs round margin of segment 2 and segment 14,
directed straight out ; there is, to each segment 3-12, a depressed dorso-
lateral, longitudinal line making the surface prominent dorsally and later-
ally and the tops of these prominent parts are set with similar, black brist-
les or hairs giving the appearance of bunches. Spiracles in slight depres-
sions, rather large, circular, white in colour. Colour : green with a broad,
dorsal, somewhat interrupted band flanked by a whitish band and a dorso-
lateral white line ; a lateral and subspiracular, interrupted red line ; the
former composed of a red spot on each segment from which the bunch of
hairs arises, the latter sometimes obsolescent ; the front margin of segment
2 also red. The red markings may sometimes be all very faint. L : 7mm;
B : 2mm.
Pupa. — Normal but slender, thickest in middle, anal end very narrow,
rounded at extremity, thorax slightly humped, the middle of body highest.
Segment 2 rather broad and somewhat square in front. Surface covered
with longish, white, erect hairs, especially at both ends. Spiracles very
small, circular. Colour green with a red, dorsal line and a black spot at
front margin of segment 4, subdorsal. L: 6mm ; B : 2 •25mm.
Habits. — The eggs are laid singly and, generally, upon the hairs
of the bracts of the foodplant, NeUonia campestris. This is a com-
mon herb in the damper jungles of Kanara where the larva was first
found, with sticky, soft, haiiy parts. The larva generally'- is found
eating the flowers with the body half-buried inside. The phases of
the egg, larva and pupa are of normal duration in the tropical
countries. The larva is attended by small ants which seem to be
always about the foodplant though not always on the larva or
near it. The butterfljr is a weak flier, and alwaj^s stays near the
ground, resting often like the other species of the genus. It seems
to be more fond of shade than the othei's and is plentiful in the big-
jungles of Kanara, often frequenting damp places where, as a
matter of fact, the above foodplant generally grows. It is probable
that the larva feeds upon several species of Strohilanthes, besides
another acanthaceous genus {Nehonia is acanthaceous), most of the
members of which, or the species of which are inhabitants of the
regions of heavy rainfall.
138. Zizera otis, Fabr — Male. Upperside: pale violet-blue, with a silvery
sheen in certain lights. Fore wing : a broad brown edging along the ter-
men, which covers in some specimens quite the outer fourth of the wing,
while in others it is much narrower. In all specimens it is broadest at apex
and is bounded by an anteciliary darker line, beyond which the cilia are
brownish at base and white outwardly. Hind wing: anterior or costal
third to half and apex brown ; a slender black anteciliary line, beyond which
the cilia are as in the fore wing. Underside : brownish grey. Fore wing : a
short, transverse, dusky lunule on the discocellulars and a transverse, ante-
riorly curved, discal series of seven (or eight) minute black spots, all the
spots more or less roxinded, the posterior two geminate, the discocellular
lunule and each discal spot conspicuously encircled with white ; the ter-
minal markings beyond the above consist of an inner and an outer trans-
verse subterminal series of dusky spots, each spot edge on the inner side
very obscurely with dusky white, the inner line of spots lunular, the outer with
the spots more or less rounded. Cilia dusky. Hind wing : a transverse,
slightly curved, subbasal series of four spots and an irregular, transverse
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE FLAINS OF INDIA. 44r.
discal series of nine small spots black, each spot encircled narrowly with
wliito. Of the discal spots the posterior four are placed in an outwardly
oblique, slightly curved line, the middle two spots geminate ; the three
spots above those are placed in an oblique transverse line further out-
wards ; lastly, the anterior two spots are posed one over the other and
shifted well inwards, just beyond the apex of the cell ; discoceJlular lunule
and terminal markings as on the fore wing, but the inner, subterminal,
lunular Hue in the latter broader and more prominent. Cilia dusky. An-
tennte black, shafts ringed with white and tipped dull orange ; head thorax
and abdomen brown, with a little blue scaling ; beneath: white. — Female.
Upperside : brown, with a more or less distinct suft'usion of violet blue at
the base of the wings, on the hind wing continued obscurely along the
dorsum ; both fore and hind wings with slender anteciliary lines, darker
than the ground-colour. Underside: ground-colour slightly darker than in
the male, markings precisely similar. Antennte, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the male, but the thorax and abdomen above without any blue
scaling. Expanse; male and female, 22-27 mm.
Larva. — Normal. Head round, smooth, shining yellow, the jaws dark
brown, the labrum white, generally hidden under segment 2 ; before the
last moult it is entirely dark-shining, red-brown in colour ; segment 2, semi-
circular in anterior outline with a dorsal, triangular depression ; anal
end flattened dorsally, sloping to end at an angle of about 30^ to the
longitudinal axis of the larva, semi-circularly rounded at extremity, the gland
on segment 11 slit-shaped, transverse, the organs of segment 12, circular-
mouthed protruding a white, cylindrical tube ut intervals ; body highest
about segment 5, broadest about segments 5-7 ; segment 3 suddenly
somewhat higher than segment 2. Surface dull, covered with minute, white
tubercles each surmounted by a minute, sharp spine or hair; there is,
besides, a sub-dorsal row of comparatively large, curved, shiny dark brown
hairs on segments 8-10, only two on each side on segments 7-10, four on the
rest ; the margin of the body is fringed with rather dense, long hairs all
round, those at both extremities being longest. Sjnracles minute, shining,
round, raised, yellow. Colour grass-green with a subspiracular, yellow band
from segment 5 to segment 12 ; an indistinct, dark, dorsal line. L : 9mm ;
B : 3mm.
Pupa. — Normal in shape. Broadest at middle, highest at thorax-apex,
constricted in the dorsal line immediately behind thorax ; narrowly square
in front, narrowly rounded behind ; the vertex of the head (or frons) is in a
plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pupa and rather large
and high ; segment 2 has the front margin straight with a slight triangular,
wide, shallow sinus in the dorsal line, the hinder margin curved convexly
towarde thorax : its dorsal line sloping up at 4-5° to the longitudinal axis,
the transverse section only slightly convex ; thorax humped, the line join-
ing the front and hinder margins at a slope of 30° to that axis : the dorsal
line of abdomen convex, the ventral line straight ; the wings slightly
thickened parallel to each other along their dorsal margins. Surface slightly
shining, smooth, covered all over with minute, erect, stiff, pointed, simple,
light coloured hair-", especially long round margin of segment 2 and about
the anal end. Spiracle.^ of segment 2 indicated by smooth, oval, yellow,
small surfaces between the margrns of segments 2 and 3 ; the rest are
minute, convex, shining white. Colour of the pupa is light green with a
black, dorsal stripe on segment 2, a dorsal, thoracic, dark line, a black
smudge along dorsal border of wings at segments 4-5 ; two supraspiracular
dots on each of segments 7-12 ; a dorsal, dark green line on the abdominal
segments, continuous along the whole length of abdomen ; wings and
shoulders slightly blotched brownish. L : 7mm ; B: 3mm.
16
446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLVI\ SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Another description of the same, made at a later date, is as
follows : —
Egg. — It is very flat, turban-shaped, white in colour. Surface covered
with very irregular, fine, filiform reticulations connecting coarse crater-like
risings on the perpendicular sides ; none of these prominences on the flat
top where the reticulations are numerous, forming a mass of small, irregular
cells which are very minute in centre. B : 0*5mm ; H : 0-25mm.
Larva. — Normal in shape. Head small, round, shining black, the neck
rather long ; hidden under segment 2 in repose ; segment 2 rather narrow,
parabolic in shape, well distinguished from the 3rd, the 4-8ided dorsal de-
pression not much lower than the rest of surface ; the whole body semi-
circular in transverse section except at the two ends, the segments well
marked ; anal end flattened in the usual manner, gently sloping from the
longitudinal axis of body, somewhat squarely rounded at extremity ; the
mouth-shaped gland on segment 11 and organs on segment 12 present; the
former rather large and, as usual, transverse ; the latter circular, occasion-
ally protruding long, gi-eenish cylindrical tubes simultaneously, each tube
again protruding a long brush of white hairs which is flourished rapidly
round and round, and withdrawn again to sink back, together with the
tube, into the body. The surface of the larva is covered with minute star-
shaped, bristle-bearing, white tubercles ,• the bristles brown or white, some
longer than others ; there are also some sparse, brown-ringed, white dots
which are in clusters only round the spiracles and round the gland, being
elsewhere scattered very sparsely except on segment 2 where there are
sometimes also many ; the bristles are not very short ; the margin of the
larva are set with rather long, soft, white hairs. Spiracles are flush, small,
circular and yellowish in colour. Colour of caterpillar is grass-green with
a dark-green dorsal line and an indistinct, diagonal, lateral, white line to
each segment. L: 9-25mm; B: 3mm.
Fupa. — Is normal in shape ; rather narrow, broadest about segment 8, the
thorax moderately humped, the constriction behind it dorsally moderate,
laterally m7; segment 2 slightly emarginate on the front margin, showing
the vertex of the head slightly, the whole segment squarely semi-circular,
the dorsal slope the same as that of the front slope of thorax ; the anal end
rounded, the last segment turned under. <S'«//ace smooth, covered sparsely
with moderately long, erect, colourless hairs which are longest at the two
extremities. Spiracles of segment 2 linear, raised, white ; the rest slightly
broader, also linear, white, raised. Colour green with a double, dorsal,
blackish line on thorax ; a dark-green dorsal line on abdomen ; a black,
lateral spot on segment 5 and a black spot on point of shoulder both these
small. L : 6mm ; B: 2-75mm; H : 2-25 at thorax.
In the larva there are, on segment 3, many more long, brown,
erect, slightly cm-ved, dorsal hairs than on any other segment ; the
two sub-dorsal, long (the longest of these is as much as 0-35mm.,
in length) hairs on segments 7-10 mentioned in the first description
are supplemented by several other, shorter ones on each side ; so
are also the four on the other segments ; the hairs at both ends of
the larva are slightly more numerous than anywhere else ; some
of the dorso-ventral hairs (marginal fringe) ai-e strong and brown in
colour; the "brown-ringed, white dots" round the gland are,
really, tiny, longish, rounded, glassy tubercles and may be quite
wanting about the spiracles ; the diameter of the shortly -stemmed
stars is about 0-05mm, and some of surmounting bristles are about
TUE COMMOA BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 447
the same, length, some longer, some white, some brown ; the distance
between tubercles is about O'lmm; the tiny glandular, glassy-
tubercles about the gland are hardly U-025mni. in diameter
and about the same height. The larva may be plain green
in colom- without any markings except an indistinct, darkish
line.
In the pupa the hinder margin of the thorax is produced back
in the dorsal line where the two halves come to practically a point
making the length of segment 4- short in that region ; this margin
meets the wings in a ver}^ windly open, largely rounded angle of
about CO*-' leaving the lateral portions of segment 5 very largely
exposed ; segment 5 is short. The proboscis only reaches half way
to ends of wings, the antennte are very stoiit and reach the ends ;
the leo-s are only visible for half the way towards ends of wings.
The colour is sometimes nearly immaculate grass-green.
Habiti<. — The eggs are laid single and anywhere on the plant : on
leaves, stalks or flowers ; the little larva eats the pods and flowers
and leaf-cuticle ; even when full grown it is difficult to find, but is
often attended by ants which helps in that, wherever there are two
or three of these gathered together on the plant, there will generally
be one of the caterpillars. The pupa is formed anywhere con-
venient, on the upper or underside of a leaf, either withered or
otherwise, etc. ; and is attached by the tail and a body-string. The
larva has been bi-ed upon Zornia diphijlla (Ler/iiminosecn) , the food
also of that of Zizera hjsimon ; but it probably feeds upon small
vetches as well. The butterfly may be found in any grass lauds in
India, Burma or Ceylon ; it is fairly plentifiil and flies close along
tiie surface of the ground among the herbage or over the little
spreading, creeping vetches, stopping to feed at their flowers at
frequent intervals ; when settled it always rubs its wings
together after the manner of so many of the " blues." It
sits with its wings closed over the back, rarely in any other
position, and is very easy to catch with a net. In the same
manner as Z. lysimon, too, it may be caught with the fingers
when sitting on grass-stalks, etc., numbed with the cold and wet
with dew in the early mornings of the cold weather. It is fond of
sunlight and is never plentiful in the shady, cool jungles of the hills
except in the absolutely open and moderately extensive clearings
where its foodplants grow. It is a very smalk insect, the next
smallest to Chilades trochilus, which is the tiniest of all Indian
Lyccenidw. There is nothing interesting to tell aboiit its habits
in any stage ; nothing to distinguish it from any of its near relatives
which are rather a monotonous lot. The distribution is : Punjab,
Kumaon, Sikkim ; Bengal, Orissa, Central, Western and Southern
India ; Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Tenasserin ; extending to the
Malayan Subregion as far as Java «ind into China.
448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
6. Genus — Azanus.
De Niceville says : " But few entomological writers have used the geuus
Azanus ; I find, therefore, some difficulty in giving its distribution. One
species certainly occurs in Somali land and Aden, as well as in India and
Ceylon ; another seems to be purely Indian ; while a third species occurs in
Africa, Syria, India and Ceylon ; two more are purely African. If, as is
probable, the four species of Mr. Trimen's Section E of the genus Lyccena
(Sovith African Butterflies, Vol. ii, p. 72, 1887) belong to the gfnus Azanus,
then the genus will be further extended into South, and South — and North
— Tropical Africa. No species appear to occur in Europe." In India three
species are enumerated, small insects, not more than an inch in expanse ;
the males blue on the upperside ; one species with a somewhat broad, outer,
pale fuscous border, two (tibaldus, uranus) having a patch of difl'erently form-
ed scales on the disc of the fore wing ; the third (jesous) being uniform.
The females as usual have the blue coloration of the upperside more or less
restricted to the base, or absent altogether. The transformations of two
species are given below. These insects have the thorax robust and wooly,
the abdomen short, the antennse with a well developed spatular club. They
all fly well and actively and are fond of the sun and sunny places in the
plains ; they do not occur in the jungles or in regions of heavy rain, but are
always to be found in dry districts where the rainfall is under say 50", even
in the most desert tracts and frequent the neighbourhood of trees of the
genus Acacia upon the flowei'S of which their larvce feed (uirwus, ubaldus).
They do not fly high but keep on the wing fluttering about the trees for
long periods at a time. They often, similarly, flutter over the ground which
is usually littered with the withered and fresh, fallen flower-heads. They
settle on the ground, on the leaves of the trees, or twigs, etc., and sit in the
usual way with their wings closed over the back, although the males may, at
times, be seen basking in similar positions with them partially open. Ubaldus
is one of the very commonest of blues in Sind and the eastern dry dis-
tricts of Bombay wherever the foodplants occur. The larvj© have been
found plentifully on the flower-heads of Acacia arabica or Babul, A. Senegal
from which we get gum-arabic, and A. Catechu ; and, doubtless, might be
found on others. They are sparingly attended by ants both large and
amall. ,
139. Azanus jesous, Guerin.— Male. Upperside: a paler and much brighter
purple than in Azanus ubaldus, the dark blue tint at the base of the wings
more pronounced. Fore wing : without the clothing of specialized hair-like
scales so conspicuous in ubaldus. Hind wing : with the dark tornal spots very
obscure. Fore and hind wings : with only slender dark anteciliary lines, but
no regular brown edging. Underside: dull pale grey. Fore wing: costal
margin brown, a black white-encircled spot in cell, a dark chestnut-brown
streak between vein 12 and subcostal vein ; similarly coloured but some-
what paler transverse bars cross the upper discal area of the wing as
follows :--one on the discocellulars and three beyond, each bar edged inter-
nally and externally with white: below this two elongate brownish white-
edged spots placed (??^ echelon, and beyond a slender, unbroken, transverse,
postdiscal brown line ; a transverse subterminal series of black spots, each
surrounded with white, and a slender anteciliary dark line. In most speci-
mens there is also a dusky spot below the cell near the base of the wing.
Hind wing : an outwardly oblique short streak from base of cell, a spot
below it, a transverse subbasal series of four spots and a complete
series of subterminal spots in interspaces 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7, jet-
black, each spot surrounded with white ; the subterminal spot in interspace
• >, a terminal small spot in interspace 7, an outwardly-oblique discal line of
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE I'LAINS OF INDIA. 44!)
six elongate spots, the anterior spot shifteil inwards out of line, and a
transverse lino beyond apex of coll, dark-brown, each of these irarkings
margined with white ; on the terminal art a there is an inner subterminul
lunulated dark line on the inner side of the series of black spots and an
auteciliary similar slender line. Ci/ia white, basal halves brown ; on the
fore win::; intorniptod also with brown at the apices of the veins. Antenna;,
head, thorax and abdon\en dark brown, shafts of the antenntc white-ringed,
thorax with a little bluish pubescence ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen
^vhite. — Female. I'jtprriidc: silky brown, bluish at the base of the wings.
Fore wiu'T : a large dark brown discoceilular transverse spot and a small
(luadrate white patch beyond. Hind wing: some two or three obscure dark
subterniinal spots towards the tornus* In some specimens the seiies com-
plete iTo\\\ apex to toruus, more obscure anteriorly than posteriorly. Fore
and hind wings: both with slender dark anteeiliarly lines. Underside:
eround-colour slightly paler, but the markings very similar to those in the
iuale ; the transverse brown bars beyond apex of cell on the fore wing
lont^er. almost extended to the dorsal margin. Cilia, antennaj, thorax and
abdomen much as in the male. Expanse : male and female, 24--'6 mm.
Jlahifs. — The transformatious are unknown up to date ; or, at
least, if known, liave not been published. The distribution of the
insects as given by Colonel Bingham is : Africa, Arabia, and,
within our limits, Baluchistan ; the Punjab eastwards thi'ough
Oudh to the Central Provinces; Central, Western and Southern
Jndia; Cejdon ; Upper Burma; Mjdngan (Watson).
140. Azanus ubaidus, Cramer. — Male. Upperside: brownish purple, dark-
blue at base of wnigs. Fore wing: costa very narrowly along its apical half,
termeu evenly and a little more broadly from apex to tornus, edged with
brown ; the area on the disc, in the cell and beyond it is covered with hair-
like specialized scales and is distinctly darker. Hind wing : similar, the
brown edging to the costa much broader, posteriorly in the tornal area
there is a dark spot in interspace 1 ; and another more clearly defined
similar spot in interspace '2, both spots merged more or less into the terminal
brown edging. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white, with their basal
halves evenly dark-brown. Underside : greyish brown or brownish grey, with
a satiny lustre from base broadly along inner margin : the base of both wings
black and white powdered. Fore wing: two short white lines, one each side of
the discocellulars : and-nesty streak from base, starting black, under costal
vein extending to end of cell, a minute black subcostal dot above apex of cell,
another similar dot a little beyond it ; two parallel, obliquely-placed, trans-
verse, upper discal white lines, followed bj' an inner and an outer obli(|uely
placed, irregular broken, subterminal line also white, the inner one soniewhat
lunular, and an anteciliary dark line; the posterior third from base of the wing
uniform, somewhat paler than the rest. Hind wing: a short blackish or nestj'^
line from extreme base at vein 1 up and out to vein 8 near base ; the follow-
ing black white-encircled spots conspicuous: 4 siibbasal spots in transverse
order, a subcostal spot in middle of interspace 7 (not always minute and
often forming one spot), two minute geminate spots at the tornal angle, and
a larger one in interspace 2 ; two transverse short white lines on either side
of the discocellulars as on the fore wing; a transverse, curved, catenulated,
discal baud of white iiuirkings, followed by a postdiscal and subterminal
series of white lunules and an anteciliary dark line edged invvardl^'^ with
white. Antennre dark-brown, the shafts ringed with white: apex of club
also white : head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown, the thorax in fresh spe-
cimens with a little purplish-blue pubescence ; beneath : palpi, thorax and
450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
abdomen white. — Female. Upperside : rich silky brown. Fore and hind
wings : suffused with purplish-blue at base, and with anteciliary black lines.
Hind wing: with two black spots at tornal area as in the male. Underside:
as in the male, but the markings more regular, more evenly and neatly
defined, and the white transverse lines on the fore wing carried to the dorsal
margin and no satiny lustre. Cilia, antennsB, head, thorax and abdomen
similar to those of the male, the thorax, however, devoid of any bluish
pubescence on the upperside. Expanse : male and female, 21-24mm.
E(/(/. — Circular in shape, about half as high as broad ; the top for about
two-thirds of the diameter ever so slightly convex, the sides starting in
a gentle curve at first ; the sides are slightly convex, the greatest diame-
ter of the egg being in the middle ; the whole shape is that of a broad-based
bowl ; there is no sign of the micropyle as distinguishable from the other
minute punctures. The sides of the egg are studded with little truncate-
conical, pure white tubercles, the top of each tubercle being fiat-circular or
oval with the single puncture in the centre ; three lines of these tubercles
in the height of the egg, the curve to base and top being without any ; the
top row or ring of tubercles — the rows are not straight but irregular — con-
sists of slightly smaller tubercles than the second and there are about 17
in a complete circle. All the tubercles are interconnected by fine, low,
raised lines on the surface of the egg, the lines, when very fine being
greenish, when coarser, pure white. Colour : light green, the surface finely,
minutely punctate. B:0'4mm; H: about 0-2mm.
Larva. — The shape is normal, like that of any of the Nacaduba cater-
pillars. It is somewhat triangular in transverse section, the ventrum being
Hat and rather broader than the sides ; the apex of the triangle or dorsum of
larv^a is rounded; each segment is more or less "humped" looked at
sideways which means that the segment margins are more or less constricted
dorsally : the apex of the hump being nearer the hinder margin than the
front margin— this applying of course only to segments 3-10 ; segment 2 is
more or less semi-circular in shape, the front margin slightly waved and has
a somewhat circular, dorsal, central depression ; segments 11-14 form a
parabolic-shaped piece sloping gradually backwards, the extreme margin
slightly thickened. The head is small, very shining, black-brown in colour,
the labrum whitish, the basal joint of antenntvj also whitish, the second
brown ; the surface is quite smooth ; the clypeus hardly distinguishable, tri-
angular ; the shape is higher than broad, broadly oval ; the colour varies
somewhat and may be light or dark. Segments 3 and 4 are concavely
depressed transversely in the dorsal region ; segments 5 and 6 have a small
depression only in the same place. The surface of the body is slightly
shining and is covered with minute, dark, slightly round-topped tubercles
from the apex of each of which arises a strong, short, stout spinous
hair ; these hairs being sparse except on the " humps " and on the margin
of the body ; there is single row of straight, short, whitish hairs round the
margin of segment 2 and round the anal segments, as well as a few at the
base of each leg and pseudo-leg and in that position on the legless segments ;
there is a dorsolateral, black point on segment 2 in the depression which
bears a minute, light hair ; there is a lengthened depression laterally on
each segment 3-10 and 6 depressed points just inside the margin of the
anal segment. The gland and organs are also present; the former trans-
verse, linear. The spiracles are small, round, white, hardly prominent,
situated above the dorso-ventral line. The colour is watery greenish with
the " hump '' of each segment yellow and a small, brown-rose triangle let in
on the dorsal line at the base of each hump ; a subspiracular, yellow line
interrupted at the segment-margins ; a yellow line, backed by a brown-
rose one joining the yellow, dorsal marking to this subspiracular line near
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 4r>l
tho posterior margin of each sognient : tho backing brown-rose line some-
times obsolete in its miildlo ; a long, triangular, rose-brown mark, broadest
at anal margin, dorsally on segments li*-14. L; 10mm ; B : 3mm.
Pupa. — The pupa is of the ordinary shape of Nacaduha, Castaliun, etc. It
has the thorax rather long and somewhat compressed, very little dorsal
constriction and none laterally at segment 4 ; it is broadest about the
middle owing to the wings being slightly swollen there, and it is highest,
near the hinder margin of the thorax ; the head is bowed. Segment 2 is
fairly broad, sliglitly convex transversely, with the front margin straight,
tho hinder margin slightly convex backwards with a slight tumiditylatorally ;
the frons of head is inclined towards ventral line and the vertex is just
visible beyond the margin of segment 2 ; the dorsal line of thorax is in the
same plane as that of segment 2, ascending gently to just beyond the
middle when it again descends very gradually to hinder margin which is
a strongly convex curve tending to be pointed in the dorsal line ; the
angle between it and the wing is curved, deep and open. The surface of
the pupa is somewhat shining and quite smooth except for a clothing of very
fine hairs which are with ditiiculty visible even with a lens ; there is a
very slight, dorsal and lateral depression on each abdominal segment; the
segment-margins are slightly prominent; the proboscis not visible between
the wings beyond the middle of the part vvhere they meet where only
the legs and antennre appear, the clubs of the latter being hidden under
the front margin of segment 9 ; some minute tubercles at the lower, lateral
anghi of segment 2. Spiracles of segment 2 indicated by narrow, nearly
linear, slightly raised light ovals ; the rest are very small, nearly round,
all slightly raised, on little swellings, light in colour up to segment 6,
blackish after that. Colour of the pupa is light reddish-brown with a
yellow tinge. L : 7mm. ; B : 2*omm.
Ilaliits. — The eggs are generally laid on the flower-heads, either
on a bud or on a full-blown floret, sometimes on the stalk of the
head ; the larva usually feeds on the stamens of the full-blown
flowers among which it is sometimes quite hidden from view.
The caterpillars are attended by ants of the genera Gamponotus and
Prenolcjns, though never very assiduously. The pupation takes
place amongst the withered stamens of flowers which fall to the
ground, sometimes amongst those of fresh ones — all flowers of
Acacia arabica, the foodplant upon which the larva has been found,
fall quickly. The attachment of the chrj^salis is normal but
light; by the tail and a body-band. There is a slight abnormality,
however, characterizing this stage of this particiilar insect which
consists in the fact that the pupa is generally enclosed in a cocoon
formed very lightly of silks woven all round. This cocoon does not
hide the contents completely for the form can be seen througli it
and it is perhaps formed more with object of keeping the withered
(or otherwise) florets together than anything else. The first
specimens of the butterfly were bred, in company with Azaiius
uranus in Sind, in September of the j'ear 1904; and, thence-
forward, many more were reared. It is a truly open-country
insect and is found in all the drier parts of India, eschewing the
regions of heavy rainfall where, for that matter, its foodplant is
either veiy scarce or altogether absent. It is more than probable
452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATVRAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol.XXV.
that the larvjs will feed upon any Acacia, and there are many
species to be found even in the Bombay Presidency. In Sind, and
the Districts of Khandesh, Poona, Sholapur, Bijapiir, Dharwar, the
eastern parts of Satara and Belganm and even the eastern outskirts of
Kanara, it is very common wherever Acacice occnr and may be found
any day, in their flowering season, flying in numbers around these
trees in the hottest hours. They are insects of bright sunshine
and open places, and fly v/ell and quickly though they do not ever
go very far at a time ; they are fond of resting near the ground or
even on it, especially where it is covered with the fallen flowers of
the foodplant. In the bright sun the Avings are often held half-
opened in the position of rest when basking ; the normal attitude
is, however, with them closed over the back in the usual lycsenine
manner. The habitat is: N. W. Himalayas; Baluchistan; the
Punjab ; Oudh ; Bengal ; Orissa ; Central, Western and Southern
India ; Ceylon ; Upper Burma : Tilin Yaw (Watson).
141. Azanus uranus, Butier. — Male and Female. Closely resembles A.
ubaldus, Cramer. The male on the upperside has the ground-colour much
paler and the terminal edging on both fore and hind wings much narrower,
reduced, in fact, to a conspicuous dark-brown auteciliary line, while the two
dark spots at the tornal area of the hind wing are more or less obsolescent.
In the female on the upperside the ground-colour is sometimes also much
paler than in the female of ubnldus, but the suffusion of purplish blue at the
base of the wings is often spread slightly further outwards than it is in the
female of ubaldus. Underside : Male and female : ground-colour greyish
white ; character and disposition of the markings much as in ubaldus, but
sometimes faint and not clearly defined, often many of them scarcely trace-
able, the transverse subbasal row of black spots on the hind wings then
either completely absent or barely visible. The black subcostal spot in
interspace 7, though it may be smaller than in itbaldus, is always present
while the tornal black spots are always large and prominent in both sexes.
Expanse : Male and female, 25-28mm.
Larva — Is very like that of ubaldus. The " hump " of each segment
is, perhaps, more accentuated ; the anal segments 12-14 are perhaps
shorter, have certainly fewer dorsal depressions round the margin ; the
hinder margin is more inclined to be square, the dorsum of these anal
segments is not so flat and the second segment is quite semicircular and
not waved at the side as in ubaldus ; also the surface is more shagreened-
looking, being covered with mimite, more or less appressed, shining,
minute, white-transparent, short, broad hairs all over; there is a dorsal
depression on segments 2 and 3 and a small, roundish, dorsal depression
at front margin of segment 5, The colour is light green with a doreal,
reddish band and signs of a lateral, similar one, both often reduced to
a faint mark in the centre of each segment; the hinder face of the
" humps" is generally yellowish and there is a glint of yellow on the sub-
spiracular region ; at the depressions of segments 3-6 the dorsal, red band
surrounds them and does not extend into them; the depression on segment
2 is black and has a minute lateral black tubercle bearing a black hair.
The head is very light yellowish-brown with the clypeus outlined dark-
brown ; otherwise it is as in ubaldus. The spiracles are minute and whitish
in colour. L : 10mm ; B : 3mm.
Pupa. — The only difference between this and that of ubaldus is that this
THE COMMON BUTTEliFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 453
is always black spotted all over, above and below while the other is quite
l)lain. In this and the other there are some minute tubercles at the lower,
lateral angle of segment i' and the antennjo in both are visible between the
wings ; the ends of the clubs being hidden under the margin of segment 9.
The surface is clothed as in the other species with very lino, minute, hardly
perceptible (even with a lens) hairs. The colour is a shining, very light,
dull pink ; the blotches are subcutaneous looking. L : 7mm ; B : 2i")mm.
Hdhitii. — Tlie caterpillars live like tliose of ttbakhis, altogether on
Howevs oi Acacia arahica and A. se net /a I and probably others; and
are attended by ants of the genus Camfonotas as Avell as others :
the pupation takes place on a leaf, flower stalk or among the flowers
the attachment is very light ; and, while the larva of nbaldiis makes
a more or less perfect silken nest or cell amongst the flowers, this
one never does, but pupates in the open. Both the habits and the
habitat of both species, nbaldiis and aranus, are practically identical
as regards the perfect insects ; the one is found at all times in
company with the other and what is true of one is true of both. The
habitat is: Baluchistan ; the Punjab ; Karachi ; Oadh; Kumaon ;
Bengal ; Central and Southern India.
(7'o be continued.)
454
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
BY
Capt. F. C. Fraser, I.M.S.
(With 13 Plates.)
Hambiir in his account of the world's Neuroptera published in
184-2, described some forty odd species as coming from India.
Since that date, the number of species and genera described has
largely" grown and the figure now stands at about 160. The Baron
Edm. de Selys Longchamps published a series of monographs on
the world's Dragonflies between the years 1854-1886 and Kirbj^'s
Synonymic Catalogue of Neuroptera — Odonata was published in
1890. A long series of papers and works appeared subsequently'
in as nearly as many different journals, transactions and proceed-
ings of zoological and entomological societies. Finally from 1910
there appeared a series of fascicles, published by the sons of the
late Baron de Selys, which included the World's Odonata under
the title of: — "Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Sel3-s
Longchamps", which work still remains incomplete. A glance at
the references, therein given, of any one species will serve to show
how enormously scattered is the literature on the subject.
It is mainly due to this inconvenience that the collecting and
study of Indian Dragonflies has been so neglected in comparison
to the thorough way in which the Lepidoptera and to a less extent,
the Coleoptera have been worked at. There are other drawbacks
in addition to the foregoing which face the collector, especially if
he is collecting in one of the wet areas. Dragonflies are such
voracious feeders that there is always a large store of whoU}^ or
partly digested food material in their bodies, decomposition of
which, unless it be carefully dissected out within an hour or so after
death, completely destroys the majority of specimens. The biilliant
colours found in many species during life, have a disappointing way
of fading soon after death and so, much of the beauty and interest
in the insect is lost. Careful cleansing out of the food material will
however largely prevent this drawback. Lastly there is an intensel}"
destructive little fly which has an insidious way of getting into the
boxes where fresh specimens are drying and depositing their eggs
in the thoraces. There is a large amount of muscular tissue in this
part of the dragonflj^'s anatom)^ which it is impossible to dissect out
and on this the larvJB of the fly feeds and one sees with chagrin, the
specimen decomposing and falling to pieces under ones eyes.
Faced with obstacles such as the foregoing, it is not surprising
that the Indian Odonata have suffered from neglect at the hands
of entomologists in this country and until the scattered literature
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate I.
A.
Anal appendages.
a.
Autennse.
b.
Intersegmental node.
d.
Mid-dorsal ridge.
E.
Eye.
F.
Fore-wing.
H.
Hind-wing.
1.
Fennu-.
t.
Tibia.
u.
Ungue or Claw.
c.
Cilise (or " tarsal spines")
'k.
Tarsus.
T.
Thorax.
P-
Prothorax.
s.
Thoracic spiracle.
h.
Humeral region.
1
to 10. Abdominal segments.
w.
Claw hooks.
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate
Indian Dragonflies.
Dorsal aspect of a Dragonfly (X5).
IXDIAX J)RA(; ON FLIES. ' 455
has been caretully sifted, collected and woven into a whole, this
fine kinuTlom of insects will i'ail to excite their fair share of
interest.
At the present time Mr. F. F. Laidlaw is publishing in the
Records of tlie Indian Mnseuni a list of the Dragoniiies recorded
from the Indian Empire. (Records of the Indian j\Inseuni, Vol.
XIII. Parti.)
The following papers are intended to give firstly a brief outline
of the anatomy and biology of Indian Dragonflies and sidjsequently
a description of the varioiis families, genera and forms found within
Indian limits.
Among the paleontological remains of Nenropterous insects,
fully fifty per cent, have been classified as belonging to the Odonata
thus proving that they are a remarkably ancient order, e.<j., C.
yhitijptera, Charpentier, has been found in the Oligocene and
C. scheuhzeri, Massal, in the Eocene. A large number of/Eschnines
are found amongst these fossils, some of them well preserved and
analoo-ous to existing forms.
This group of insects has a world-wide distribution and although
the number described from India is not large when compared
to its Lepidopterous fauna, this countr}^ will probably be found
to be as rich as most of the other parts of the Old AYorld when
further interest has been paid to them. Their range extends from
the Arctic to the Antarctic circle and unlike most other insects in
their geographical distribution, the confines, of most of the species
are not nearly so circumscribed by natural features such as mountain
ranges, seas and sandy wastes. This is more true as applied to the
Anisoptera than to the Zygoptera on account of the relatively greater
powers of Alight of the former, but even the latter have a wonder-
ful way of spreading along the course of the great rivers for many
h\indreds of miles. Part of this latter distribution must be put
down to water-boume ovse, as man}^ species have a habit of de-
positing their eggs in or on the surface of swiftly running streams.
Certain species have a habit of migrating in vast swarms, many
such having been recorded from time to time and I have myself
seen two, one in Mesopotamia, when as manj- as twenty specimens
could be taken with one sweep of the net and the other some fortj^
miles out at sea, off the Kathiawar coast. Occasionally and ex-
ceptionally, one finds some species restricted to extraordinaril}- narrow
limits. As would be expected from the foregoing, not a few of the
Indian species are found to be common to other countries, specially
Europe and parts of Asia.
Marked differences of opinion have been shown as to the true posi-
tion of the Odonata in the Insect kingdom, most authorities being-
content to follow the old Linnean system and to place them as a sub-
order of the Neuroptera. There seems to be a tendency to place many
456 JOUR^'AL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
odd divisions of insects into the latter order which have not fitted
into other existing and more homogeneous orders. The main
argument for inchiding them in the Neuroptera is on account of
the neuration of their wings, but if we enquire closely into the
comparative anatomy of Dragonflies we find that they possess as close
an affinity to the Orthoptera as to the former order, agreeing
with them especially in regard to the structure of their mouth-parts
and to their incomplete metamorphoses. They appear to lie mid-
way between these tAvo orders and for this reason and by virtiie of
the distinctive facies possessed hj these insects which makes them
as compact a group as are the Lepidoptera or Coleoptera, one is
justified in raising them to a similar rank.
Order — Odonata.
The Odonata are predatory, carnivorous, mandibnlate insects, whose life-
cycle is split up into a larval stage spent in an aquatic environment and
an imaginal stage spent in the air. The head is comparatively large, the
greater part being formed by the eyes : the prothorax is small and incon-
spicuous : the meso-and meta-thorax are bulky and fused into one : the
abdomen is composed of 10 complete segments : the wings, four in number,
are membranous, the membrane supported on a framework of stout nervures
and a closer network of finer, secondary nervures : the legs, of which there
are three pairs, are usually spined or ciliated : the sexual organs of the
male are situated on the 2nd and 9th abdominal segments ; of the female,
on the ventral surface of the 9th abdominal segment : respiration is carried
out by means of a large thoracic spiracle and a sub-ventral, pleural mem-
brane. The larvte are characterised bj'^ the possession of a labium fur-
nished with pincers or jaws and capable, by means of two joints, of
propulsion forwards, by which means the larva seizes its prey ; they are
either direct rectal breathers by means of rectal gills or indirectly so by
means of laraellated processes attached to the anal end of the abdomen.
The metamorphosis is incomplete, in that there is no distinct resting stage
between the larva and the imago corresponding to the pupation of Lepi-
doptera. Their morphology, taken in detail, is remarkably diverse but
their facies as a whole, is so characteristic that there is never any difficulty
in determining whether any particular insect is or is not a Dragonfly. In
their life-cycle they pass through a number of stages, beginning with the
egg and passing through an, as yet luiknown, number of larval stages, the
larva sloughing its skin between each instar. Finally the skin is shed for
the last time, the larva leaving its aquatic home for this purpose and
climbing up some hand}' reed or trunk of a tree. The newly emerged
imago is an almost colourless, soft but remarkably plastic creature. The
wings rapidly expand and the stumpy abdomen lengthens but the full
colouring of the insect is not attained for about four days or more, so that
according to the age of the specimen, a very difterent appearance is
presented. For this reason, newly emerged specimens are sometimes
spoken of as " juvenile *' and those which have attained their full colouring
as " adult " specimens. The former may always be recognised by the
extreme glossiness, amounting almost to an oily appearance of their
wings.
The final instar of the larva does not appear to vary much from the
l)revious ones and although it is sometimes spoken of as a " nymph, " it
can harilly be said to be the analogue of a pupa.
Joui-n., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate II
fr-
np
3
u
a -y
f 'T
e -
;„-np
- - e
Indian Dragonflies
XT 3 J n/r i-U T) t .
INDIAN DRAGONFLIPJS.
Explanation of Plate II.
1.
Head of an Aeschnine ( x 4).
2.
Head of a Gompliine ( x G).
3.
Mouth parts of an Aeschnine, seen from below
(X G.)
4.
Mouth parts of an Agrionine, seen from below
(X 17.)
5.
Head of an Agrionine ( x 9-5).
G.
Head of a Libelluline ( x 4-5).
m.
Vesicle.
P-
Occiput,
0.
Ocelli.
e.
Eye.
a.
Antenna.
ep.
Epistome.
c.
Clypeus. \
la.
Lab rum.
1.
Labium.
n.
Maxillee.
np.
Maxillary palps.
li.
Lingua,
f.
Fauces.
Ip.
Labial palps.
fr.
Front,
IM)IAX DRAdONFLlES. Aol
The Imago (Plato 1.)
The imaiTO is made up of a head, a prothorax furnished with a pair of
legs, a thorax furnished with two pairs of wings and legs, and lastly a
more or less elongatetl abdomen, the terminal segment of which is furnished
with one or two pairs of curious anal appendages.
The Head of which the eyes form the greater part, is ordinarily and
relatively very large and is either globular or more or less, transversely
elongated. Posteriorly it is deeply cupped, the concavity being known as
the " occipital cavity " and here it articulates by means of two condyles,
with the prothorax, which latter structure projects so far into the
occipital cavity as often to be almost or completely hidden. The
condyles allow a very free movement of the head in almost any
direction. The eyes are two, large, compound organs made up of many
hexagonal facets, numbering in the larger species upwards to 20,000
in each eye. The facets are larger on the upper surface than they
are on the lower, an arrangement which affords the insect the
advantages of long and short sight, the latter being very necessary
in order that it may scan the surface over which it is flying. Another
factor which very materially assists the keen sight of these insects
is that the eyes are more deeply pigmented above than below. The qjqs
according to the species are contiguous across the middle line to a greater
or lesser extent or they may be slightly or widely separated. In Plate II,
fig. 1, the eyes of an Aeschnine are shown broadly contiguous, in fig, 6
the eyes of a Libelluline are sbnvn just touching : again in tig. 2, those
of a Gomphine are seen separated and lastly in fig. o the eyes of an
Agrionine are seen so widely separated as to appear as if stalked or pedi-
culated. This pediculation of the eyes is even more noticeable when
viewing the head from bene:xth as seen in fig. 4.
According to the development of the eyes and their relation to one an-
other, depends the size of the ''occiput" or that part of the head lying
between and behind the eyes. In the Aeschnines and Libellulines it is
triangular and small : in the Gomphines and Agrionines it is quadrilateral
and relatively larger. Posteriorly it forms part of the rim of the occipital
cavity, the remaining portion of this lip being formed by the free margin
of the eyes and usually rounded, tuniid or sinuous.
Between and in front of the eyes in the Anisopteridtc and in some of "
the Zygopteridis {Ithinocypha and Micronierus) will be seen a more or
less prominent eminence or tubercle which is known as the " vesicle."' In
the Libellulines this structure is somewhat triangular and cupped in front
and encloses the middle ocellus, one of three accessory eyes known as
" ocelli." In some of the night-flying Odonata the vesicle overhangs the
middle ocellus to such an extent as to suggest the hood of a motor-lamp
and may materially assist the function of sight. The ocelli are small, oval
or rounded, polished bodies placed about the vesicle in a triangle in some
genera or in a transverse straight line in others. In juxta-position to the
outer ocelli, are situated the antennte, slim, short and comparatively incon-
spicuous and formed of two moderately robust basal segments and four
longer and finer terminal segments, the distal one being pointed. (Never
clubbed as in the Ascalaphinte which are sometimes mistaken for Dragon-
flies.) The antennje are often scantily furnished with stiff, minute hairs.
The fore part of the head consists of a broad, angulated plate, the
"clypeus", which is divided by a suture crossing its upper part into the
" front " or part above the suture, and the " epistome " (Plate II, figs. 1, 2
and 6) or the part below it, from which is suspended the upper lip or
" labrum ". The front presents a sharply angulated or rounded border
in its upper part, which is usually more or less, deeply notched. (Anisop-
458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
teridse.) The epistome is usually flat but in two genera of the Zygopte-
ridoe, it shows a remarkable development and in them has the appearance
of an exaggerated, retrousse nose. The lower border is rounded and the
sides are usually prominent and overhanging. The labrum (Plate II, la.)
is narrower than the epistome, its sides and lower border being rounded
and often notched and its middle grooved by a deep sulcus. The lower lip
or " labium ", (Plate II, 1 and Ip.) which differs in the different genera, is
composed of three parts, a median, often very minute and triangular or
elongate and bifid organ, which is the true labrum, and two lateral which
are the labial palps and are composed of two or more segments. The basal
segment is small and inconspicuous, the median large and foliate or very
narrow according to the species. It, together with the labrum, almost
or entirely covers the jaws. The last segment is small and often com-
pletely absent in the Libellulinfe. The labium is attached to the under
part of the head near the occipital articulation, by a narrow piece known as
the "menton.'"
The maxilke are short and very massive, somewhat molar-shaped, the
blunt tooth-like points which they bear, being arranged zig-zag-wise. The
maxillary palps are long and formidably armed with long teeth, usually
live or six in number and furnished also with long, stoiit bristles which are
used to grapple the prey with. In the middle of the mouth and behind
the jaws, is seen a membranous organ, the " lingua '", which is covered
with imbricated spines. (Libellulines.) Its place in the Agrionines, is
taken by the pillars of the fauces or sides of the throat, which also bear
similar, imbricated spines. These latter which line practically the whole
of the inner lining of the buccal cavity, assist the function of passing the
food onward into the tesophagus.
The Thorax.
The thorax is formed Of an anterior part known as the " prothorax,"
(Plate I) and two posterior segments, the meso-and meta-thorax which
are fused into one mass, the line of junction being only defined by shallow
sutures on the sides. The prothorax presents three lobes, an anterior,
the " pronotum," which articulates with the head, a middle and a pos-
terior lobe which last is useful for classification on account of its great
variability. Tiiis posterior lobe has in the different species, a simple or
notched border and it may be bi-or tri-lobed, triangular, obtuse or acute
and often bears on its free border, a ruff of long, stiff hairs which interlace
with a ring of shorter, stiff ciiite lining the margin of the occipital cavity.
The thorax proper, is usually robust, quadrilateral but sloping above
and in front and beneath and behind, so that viewed from the side it
appears somewhat lozenge-shaped. The anterior part of the dorsum
slopes rapidly towards the prothorax, its borders, which form the " humeral
region," often being the site of broad, coloured fascire. Laterally are
seen two sutures, one slightly anterior to the middle line and the other
between the meso-and meta-thorax. Between these two sutures, situated
rather low down, is seen a small papilhe, on the summit of which opens
the " thoracic spiracle." This is the respiratory jjore through which the
insect takes in and expires air. On the upper and posterior part of the
thorax are attached two pairs of wings, springing from chitinous out-
growths and separated by a space, the " tergum," which contains <ither,
minute processes which serve for the attachment of the muscles working
the wings.
(Note. — The systems of nomenclature of the wing-parts, adopted by
French, British, American and (ierman writers are all different, the
French and especially the (<erman being abnormally clumsy. That given
here, is a compromise and a simplification of the whole, e.<j., instead of
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate III.
A.
The Arc.
D.
Apex of wing.
B.
Base of wing.
f.
Term en.
n.
Node.
g-
Membrane or Accessory membranule.
C.
Costa or costal nervure.
s.
Stigma or pterostigma.
T.
TorniTS.
m.
Cubitus or cubital space.
ht.
Hypertrigone.
t.
Trigone.
r.
Subcostal space. (Median space. Needham).
B.
Nodal triangle or Bridge.
ds.
Discoidal field.
St.
Subtriangle.
at.
Anal triangle.
L.
Loop.
X.
Anterior border of loop.
y-
Mid-rib of loop.
z.
Posterior border of loop.
a-n.
Antenodal nervures.
p-n.
Postnodal nervures.
s-c.
Subcostal nervure. (Median nervure. Needham)
3,4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Principal nervures.
5a and 7a. Supplementary nervures.
en.
Cubital nervure.
a-n'.
First antenodal nervure.
i-n.
Intercostal nervure.
cf.
Superior costal field.
scf.
Inferior costal field.
s.a.
Sectors of arc.
w
w
^c-
U . ^,
CO
/ \
VI
CO
as T
p :
y. .2
R
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate IV.
1. Fore-wing of a Libelluline, atypical species (x 2-4).
2. Hind-wing of same ( x 2-4).
3. Fore-wing of a Libelluline, typical species ( x 2-4).
4. Hind- wing of same ( x 2-4).
Journ., Bombay Nat Hist. Soc.
Plate IV.
Indian Dragoxflies.
Atypical and typical wing's of Libellulines.
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate V.
1 and 2. Fore- and Hind-wings of a Corduline ( x 2-5).
3 and 4. Fore- and Hind-wings of an Aeschnine, genus Anax
(x 2-5).
Jo
urn., Bombay Nat. Mist Soc.
Plato V
Indian Dracio.mi.iks.
Fi.ie an 1 Ifiiul wiiiiis of Cor.lulincs :iik1 Aes-.-hnines
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate VI.
1 and 2. Fore- and Hind-wings of a Gomphine ( x 2-2).
3. Hind-wing of a Calopteiygine (Calopteryx chinensis)
(x 2-0).
4. Hind-wing of an Euphoea (E. disjmr) ( x 2-0).
Journ , Bombay HslV Hist, 8oc.
Plate VI
IxniAN DliAC;OXKLlES.
1 and 2— Wings of a Gomphid. :i and 4— Hind-winsfs of a Calopterix and Euph(jea.
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate VII,
1 and 2. J and (^ . Hind-wings of atypical Agrionine ( Argia
quadrimaculata) ( x 4'0).
3. Fore-wing of a typical Agrionine. Genus, Agriou
(x 4-4).
4, Fore-wing of female Micromeiiis ( Micrmmrus
lineatus) ( x 4-0).
Journ , Bombay
Na<. Hist 8oc.
Plate VII.
Indian Dk agon flies.
Win"-s of Agrionines and of a Micromerus.
J^ 1)1 AN DRAG ON FLIES. 4r,9
retaining the long s]>ociiic utinies for each of the olevou main ncrvuros, the
expedient of uuniboring them in order fnmi apex to base, has been adopted
as one more easy to work with when deseribing the species.)
The ]\'in;/!i.
The wings are h>ug. narrow, membranous organs, built on a system of
main sectors or nervures and a secondary reticulation or network of minor
nervures. The wings of the Anisoptericho (I'lates 3, 4 and o), are
iniequal, the hind being broader than the fore and dilated at the base,
that is, the part nearest the attachment of the wings. In the Zygopteridie,
(Plates (3 and 7) the fore and hind wings are usually equal and never
dilated at the base, although there may be a broadening at their middle.
(Plate (1, tig. 4. Euphcea.)
The anterior border of the wing is knowai as the " costa," and presents
somewhere near its middle, the site varying in the two wings and markedly
in the various species, a stout, transverse nervure, the " node,"' at which
point, the costa is generally slightly angulated. Posterior to and running
parallel to the costa, from apex to base, is a second nervure, the " sub-
costal." (The " median ■' of French authors and " 1{-M " of the German.)
Between the costa and subcostal nervures, running from the base to the
node, is an intermediate nervure, the " intercostal."' (The " subcostal" of
French and German writers.) The space above this is called the " superior
costal held" and the space below it, the " inferior costal field." A series
of transverse nervures running between the costa and subcostal nervures,
on either side of the node, are called the "ante — and post-nodal nervures,''
respectively. Traversing the wing, posterior to the subcostal nervure, are
a series of main nervures, the " iJrd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th " and
in addition to these will be found, in many species, lying immediately
posterior to the oth and 7th, two supplementary nervures, the " oa " and
" 7a."' Near the base, the 3rd nervure meets a small, curved n,ervure spring-
ing from the anterior border of the 7th and fusing with it over a varying
distance, to form the " sectors of the arc "', the "arc" being a small, transverse
nervure running back from the basal end of the subcostal. The space
between the sectors of the arc and the 7th nervure is the " hypertrigone."
The outer extremity of the wing, is its "apex," and the posterior border, its
" termen." In the hind wings of the Anisopteridie, the termen
meets the basal border at a sharp or rounded angle, the "tornus."' A
tornus is not a marked feature in the fore wing and is never present in the
Zygopterid;e. In the Anisopteridie, posterior to the hypertrigone, will be
seen a triangle, the " trigone"", with its apex directed towards the termen.
According to the species, the trigone may be equilateral, acute or obtuse
and may or may not be traversed by one or more nervures or again, may
be filled with a network of fine nervures. Its outer angle corresponds to
the point at which the sectors of the arc cuts the 7th nervure. In the fore
wing there is often a third triangular area Ij'ing immediately internal to
the trigone, in the angle formed between it and the 7th nervure and this
when present is called the " subtriangle." The space posterior to the
basal part of the 7th, limited outwardly by the trigone and inwardly by
the base of the wiug, is called the "cubitus"": the space above the same
part of the 7th, limited outwardly by the arc and inwardly by the base,
is the '•' svibcostal space." The space between the 7th and 8th nervures,
limited inwardly by the outer border of the trigone, is the " discoidal
held" and may hold one, two or more rows of cells, thus forming a useful
point for classification purposes. The base of the wings in the Anisopter-
dte, is strengthened by a rudimentary, opaque membrane, more or less
extensive, which is known as the " accessory membrane"' and which is more
evident in the hind than in the fore wings. The angle formed between
460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
this and the posterior border of the cubitus, is known as the " anal tri-
angle" and is usually only present in the hind wing. In the hind wing, in
the majority of the Anisopteridse, (as shown in the diagram given on Plate
III.) three nervures " x, y and z", will be seen springing from the 9th
nervure and the posterior border of the cubitus, directed backwards to-
wards the termen and all nieeting in a point just before the terminal
margin of the wing. The " loop", as it is called, thus formed, is important
both for classification and descriptive purposes. The reticulation of the
Avings formed by a network of small cells or " areoiets" is more or less
close or open in the different species. Usually the wings are clear or
hyaline but in many species they are marked or beautifully coloured, often
with brilliant, metallic hues.
In not a few species, this colouration is found to be limited to the hind
wings, a circumstance which may be explained by a study of the method of
flight adopted by these insects. During flight the fore wings only are
used for propulsion, the hind functionating as a pair of supporting planes,
thus whilst the fore — are in rapid vibration and almost invisible, the hind
wings are held practically motionless, exhibiting their vivid colours to the
full advantage. This method of flight explains also the differences in shape
between the fore and hind wings of the Anisopterid;«. The fore are narrow
so as to oS^er the least resistance to the up-strokes, the hind are broadened
to afford a large supporting surface. The flight of some of the Calopteryg-
ines as they skim over the surface of the water, the fore wings practically
invisible, the hind spread out, almost motionless, scintillating with brilliant
metallic hues, is one of the most beautiful sights that Nature affords.
In order to simplify and render more workable the identification of
specjies, the nomenclature of the wing parts has been considerably modified,
it is therefore necessary to give the following table which compares the
adopted with the Selysian and Needhani notations : —
Simplified nomenclature.
Costa.
Subcostal nnrvure.
Intercostal nervure.
Antenodal nervures.
Postnodal nervures.
Node.
Subnode.
Bridge or Subnodal triangle.
Bridge nervures.
Sectors of arc.
Subcostal space.
Superior costal space.
Inferior costal space.
Trigone.
Hypertrigone.
Subtrigone.
Termen.
Tornus.
Anal triangle.
Loop.
Mid-rib of loop.
Outer border of loop.
LnuT border of loop.
Selys.
Needham
Costal nervure.
C.
Median nervure.
R.-fM.
Subcostal nervure.
Sc.
Antecubital nei-vurcs.
Anq.
Postcubital nervures.
Nodus.
N.
Subnodus.
sn.
Proximal part of subnodal
B. (br.)
sectoT.
Bqs.
Ml 3
Upper sector of arc.
Lower sector of arc.
M4
Median space.
sc.
Costal space.
c.
Subcostal space.
Discoidal triangle.
sc.
t.
Hj'pertrigonal space.
Internal triangle.
ht.
ti.
Postcostal border.
Anal angle.
Anal triangle.
Anal loop.
al
A2
Al
A3
jypiA N DliAGONFLIKS.
461
Simplitieil nomunclatiiru.
Discoidal tiolil.
(.■\ibital space.
Cubital nervuros.
'^viX ni'i'vure.
4th norvnre.
Ath uorvnro.
/ia (supplementary nervure).
(itli nervure.
7th nervure.
7a (supplementary nervure).
<*>th nervure.
9th nervure.
Arc.
Anal Held.
Stigma.
Membrane.
The Let/s. (Plate I.)
The legs consist of the usual
coxa, trochanter, fennir, tibia
segments and ending in a
furnished on their inner
Selys.
Neodham.
Discoidal lield.
Submedian space.
Cu.
Submedian nervures.
Cuq.
Principal sector.
Ml
Nodal sector.
M.'2
Subnodal sector.
lis.
Rspl.
m:j
Median sector.
Lower sector of arculus.
M4
Mspl.
Superior sector of triangle.
Cui
Inferior sector of triangle.
Cu2
Arcnlus.
Arc.
Ptorostigraa.
St.
Membranulo.
mb.
five parts found in
and the tarsns, the
pair of hooked claws
sides with minute
insects, that is, the
latter having three
or inigues which are
hooks, these latter
differing in size with the species. The femorto and tibite are usually fur-
nished with one or two rows of stout or fine and long or short spines and
one or two rows of cilite, varying in size and usually gradually increas-
ing in length from the proximal to the distal ends. The legs are only
used for resting, never for walking but they perform an additional and an
important function by assisting Lo seize the insects prey. This they do
whilst Hying, all the legs being sloped forward, the ends held at an equal
distance apart so as to form a sort of ribbed net with a circular opening
in which the nisects which form the food of the Dragonfly are swept up.
The Ahdomrn. (Plate I.)
The abdomen is made up of ten segments and is markedly polymorphic.
In most of the Libellulines. the abdomen is comparatively short, somewhat
depressed or compressed, often tapering from the base to apex, or clavate or
fusiform in shape : in the Aeschnincs. the base is often more or less tumid
and subsequently somewhat constricted, after which it is again slightly
dilated and of an uniform thickness as far as the anal end : in the ^J'gop-
teridic, the abdomen is very long and very slim, uniformly cylindrical and
with parallel sides : in another genus (Acisoma), the basal segments are
much dilated whilst the terminal are extremely attenuated, in some of the
Oomphines and a few of the Libellulines, the borders of the Sth and 9th
segments may show broad, lateral expansions, whilst most of the former
possess a small tubercle on either side of the 2nd segment. The mid-dorsum
is often strongly keeled and the ventral surface more or less Hat. Along
the middle line of the latter, the ventral plates will bo seen to be split,
their free borders being connected hy a delicate, black membrane, the
" pleural membrane ", which runs from the :>rd to the Hth segment.
The ventral plates overhang the membrane, which is tucked in beneath
their free or overhanging borders. If a living dragonfly be observed,
its abdomen will be seen to rhythmically expand and contract, this move-
ment being permissible owing to the splitting of the ventral plates below
and the interposition of the pleural membrane. The function then of this
interesting structure is to allow expansion and contraction of the abdominal
walls, by which an alternating negative and positive pressure is induced,
the effect of which is to suck in and force out, air from the thoracic spiracles.
18
462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Thus respiration in the dragonfly is carried out, not by the rising and
falling of ribs as in the mammalian thorax but by the relaxation and
taughtening of a lax, pleural membrane, the latter being analagous to the
mammalian diaphragm.
At the end of the abdomen, the anus opens, three valvular flaps
protecting it, and on either side of it, will be found one or two pairs of curious
appendages, the " anal appendages ". ( Plate IX.) These may be very
short or very long, foliate, petiolate, saggitate or cylindrical and usually
coated with fine hairs. In some species they are present as nipper-like or
forcipated processes, closely resembling those seen in the Forficulidse.
Generally in the Anisopteridte, the inferior appendages are fused to form a
single process which is somewhat triangular in shape and often notched at
the extremity. In the Agrionidte, the appendages are very short and
inconspicuous although occasionally in some species, they may be abnor-
mally long and forcipated {e.g., Argia gomphoides).
The Genital Organs.
Male : The genitals of the male are primary and secondary, the former
being situated on the ventral surface of the 9th abdominal segment and
the latter on the ventral surface of the ilnd. The primary organ (Plate IX,
figs. 2 and 3) is a small papilliform eminence, the "seminal vesicle", lying
between the ventral plates of the 9th abdominal segment. It is covered in
by two chitinous folds, the " preputial folds ", which meet in close contact
over it. The seminal ducts open into the seminal vesicle, at the summit
of which is an ejaculatory duct or pore, the function of which will be des-
cribed later on. The spermatozoa are long, spindle-shaped, nucleated cells.
The secondary sexual organs are far more complicated structures and the
manner in which they functionate, is still very obscure. They consist
roughly, of a set of grappling hooks or tentaculse, a bulb which stores the
seminal fluid and a penis which apparently acts more an a swab than as
an injecting apparatus. The parts are so diverse in the difl'erent species
that it is difficult to generalise in describing them as a whole. The " ten-
taculae," (The "hamecons" of French writers) may consist of an anterior
pair of straight or curved hooks and a similar pair of posterior hooks, or
either of these pairs may be absent. The anterior pair are directed back-
ward as a rule and the posterior pair forward. In addition to these, in
some of the larger species, the Aeschnines, etc., there is a curious, bilater-
ally, symmetrical organ, the " receptaculum," shaped not unlike the clip
commonly used for securing papers in a hanging file. Posterior to it, is
found the penis, a very singular and complicated organ which varies con-
siderably in the difl'erent species. It is a polymorphic organ lying in the
middle line, with a dilated base, a long, narrow stem which is jointed in the'
middle to allow of the organ being bent on itself, so that when at rest,
the bulbous end is in close apposition to its base. (Plate IX. fig. 4, c).
The external surface is horny or chitinous and often grooved transversely
and occasionally furnished with minute hooks. The end is bulbous and
somewhat fleshy and in the Calopterygines furnished at its neck with long,
curving, tapering, membranous processes. (Plate IX, figs. I and XI.)
Ordinarily when at rest, the penis is folded upon itself and partially
concealed, its bulbous end being interned in a sac-life organ, the " bulb "
(Plate IX, figs. 1, o and 10. d.) which is a conspicuous object in some of
the Calopterygines and Gomphidjc but ordinarily not very evident in the
Aeschnines. (Plate IX, fig. 4, d.) The bulb either functionates as a re-
ceptacle for the seminal fluid or as a simple sac to protect the fleshy end of
the penis, in front of the latter organ and apparently serving to protect
it, is another curious grooved hook-like structure, the "sheath." which may
also functionate as a director for the penis, preventing over-extension when
., Bombay Nat. Hist. 8oc.
Plate Vlli.
Indian Dragonfliks.
A gnonine*' pairing, showing the two acts of copulation,
A. — The male seizing the female by the prothorax.
"13. — The female copulating with the male.
INDIAN DRAGONPLIES.
Explanation of Plate IX.
1. Male, secondary sexual organs of a Oalopterygine (E.
(Uspar) Ventral view (x 12).
2. Male primary sexual organs of a Libelluline. Ventral
view ( X 12).
3. The same, but the preputial folds opened to show the
seminal vesicle. Ventral view (x 12).
4. Male secondary sexual organs of an Anax. Semilateral
view ( X 5*5).
5. Male secondar}^ sexual organs of a Gomphine ( x 9).
6. Male anal appendages of an Agrionine ( Argia gom-
IJilioides) ( X 10).
7. Female anal appendages of the same (x 10).
8. Female sexual organs and anal appendages of an Anax
(x 5-8).
9. Male anal appendages of a Gomphine (7-5).
10, Male secondary sexual organs of a Gomphine ( x 1 ()).
11. Penis of a Oalopterygine removed from the bulb.
s. First abdominal segment.
r. Second abdominal segment.
u. Third abdominal segment.
p. Ninth abdominal segment,
n'. Preputial folds closed,
n". Preputial folds opened to show the seminal vesicle.
0. Seminal vesicle.
1. Lateral tubercle or " auricle " found in many Gomphines.
a. Anterior tentaculae.
b. • Posterior tentaculae,
m. Receptaculum.
k. Sheath of penis.
c. Penis (x 12).
d. Bulb or the vesicle of penis.
e. Superior anal appendages.
f. Inferior anal appendages.
g. Lateral expansion of 9th abdominal segment,
t. Lateral expansion of 8th abdominal segment.
h. Vulvar scale.
j. Tentaculae or styles.
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plato IX
Indian Dragonflies.
Sexual orj^ans and anal-appenda;ies of Dra^iontiics,
IMJIAX DRAGONFLIES. 463
that organ is erect and gnidiiig it along its grooved, under-surface in the
act of c'opuhition. All these multiform organs are not present in the whole
of the species but as a rule, a pair of tentaculio, the penis, bulb and sheath
may be distinguished.
Female : The female organs, (Plate IX, fig. 8.) are situated on the ven-
tral surface of the !>th abdominal segment. They consist of a •' vulvar
scale,"' which is reall}' a paired organ made up of a pair of triaiigidar plates,
lying when at rest, either in close apposition or slightly separated and form-
ing a more or less projecting, triangular, wedge-shaped instrument.
Concealed between the two plates, in some species, especially in the
Aeschnines, lies a long, curved, slim, pointed hook, the "ovipositor," whose
functions are probably connected with oviposition as will be hereafter
shown. Posterior to the vulvar scale are two pointed bodies, surmounted
by a tine brush of stiff bristles. The anal appendages of the female are
usually considerably smaller than those of the male.
The methods of Copulation and Oviposition.
The sexual act in Dragontiies is apparently a very complicated one and
as yet cannot be said to bo correctly completel}^ interpreted.
The first act of copulation is performed by the male, which whilst flying,
curves the anal end of its abdomen under itself so as to bring in close ap-
position, the ventral surfaces of the I'nd and 9th abdominal segments.
This act accomplished, it is thought that there is a transference of seminal
fluid from the seminal vesicle to the 2nd segment, probably to the part
known as the bulb. This act occupies but a brief space of time but the
insect may be seen to repeat it again and again whilst hovering in the air.
(Note. — I have observed this phenomenon through strong field-glasses and
was not altogether satisfied that the act was a sexual one, particularly as
I have observed the female performing a similar act, but failing the
explanation given, it is difficult to explain how the fluid reaches the 2nd
segment).
The female on first emergence from the nj^mph, has no deve-
loped ovee in its ovaries, these taking some days or possibly weeks
to form. During this virginal stage, it retires into the jungle or at
least is rarely found in the neighbourhood of water, in which places it is
liable to be constantly mobbed by the watching males. The ovaries
after a while are observed to be full of ovie and run the full length of
the abdomen, appearing as long creamy, opaque masses. The female
now resorts to the neighbourhood of water which is to form the future
home of its offspring and here it first makes the acquaintance of the
male. Over any pool or river in India there are tisually to be seen a
large number of Odonata engaged in ceaseless evoluticms, apparently
seeking for food but in reality on the lookout for females which their
instincts tell them must come there to deposit their eggs. The advent
of a female is the signal for a rush of the opposite sex to the spot and the
selection having been made by the female or fought for by the most robust
male, the latter seizes the former by means of its anal appendages, by the
prothorax. In some species, the female rests whilst the male hovers over
it and seizes it by its appendages, but as a general rule, union takes place
in the air. (Plate VIII.) For a time the pair engage in flight, the male
apparently towing the female or both flying strongly but after a short
time, the second act of copulation takes place. The female now curves
its abdomen under that of the male so as to bring its 9th abdominal
segment in close apposition with the sexual organs on the under surface of
the male's 2nd abdominal segment. A close union takes place by means
of the complicated apparatus but an actual penetration does not take
place. Whilst linked up in the first stage, the female extrudes a large
464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY N ATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
bunch of eggs from the vulvar orifice, so large in fact that it may easily
be discerned as a yellow mass at the anal end of the females abdomen
whilst it is flying. A female captured at such a time, will have some
scores of eggs extruded, the mass being kept from falling, partly by its
inherent agglutination and partly by the vulvar scales which are seen to
be gaping and grasping the mass on either side and supporting it from
below. In those species which have a lateral dilatation at the sides of the
8th and 9th abdominal segments, it will be seen that these serve a similar
purpose as does the vulvar scale. Whilst linked up in the second position,
the male works its penis in and out among the mass of ovte, stirring as
it were, the spermatozoa well into it so as to secure complete fertilisation
of all the eggs. In some of the Agrionidte, the prothorax will be found
in the female to be fitted with long hooks which apparently assist the male
in maintaining its grasp of the female prothorax. Fertilisation having been
completed, the insects may or may not sever connection according to the
species. In many of the genera it will be found that the male accompanies
the female during the process of oviposition and even if not linked up to
it meanwhile, will continue to hover over it as if to aftord it protection
from other males in the vicinity. A male on guard in this way may be seen
to tackle and chase away rival after rival, whilst the female pursues its works
of oviposition undisturbed. The males of the Agrionidte accompany the
females, maintaining their hold of the latter's prothorax until the eggs
have been deposited. The females of this family and of the Aeschnines
descend into the water and the former often undergo complete submer-
gence whilst performing the act of oviposition. the male occasionally being
also partially submerged. The male Aeschnines betray some anxiety
when the females descend into the water and hover restlessly above them
until they emerge.
The Aeschnines and Agrionines deposit their eggs on the stems of plants
or on pieces of submerged stick or other debris or they may actually embed
the ovte in these objects by means of the strong pointed hook which they
carry between the plates of the vulvar scale. The Libellulines may or
may not be luiked up with the male during the act of deposition
but usually they separate for this purpose. They never descend into
the water but deposit their eggs on floating weeds or actuallj' drop them
on to the surface of the water. They may be seen descending in jerks or
repeated, rapid vol-planes, whipping each time the surface of the water
with the anal end of the abdomen, until all the eggs have been deposited.
Unlike other insects, the pairing of the female with the male is not limited
to a single occasion but is a repeated act. Thus a female may be seen to
deposit eggs for some time and then link up again with the male, after
which, it will deposit a fresh batch and this may be repeated several
times.
Eggs are usually deposited in quiet water but many of the Libellulines
breed in swiftly running water. Tanks, rivers, stagnant pools and even
the mail's reservoir are among the placesin which the Dragonfly lay their
eggs but no case has been reported where they have bred in sea-water.
Occasionally they may be found breeding in brackish water which is rich
in chlorides and sulphates but this is exceptional and probably limited to
desert forms hard put to it to find a more suitable spot.
The eggs of the Odonata are either small, creamy, opaque objects
or they may be of a brownish hue as seen in some of the larger
Gomphines. As a rule they are oval in shape but some of the Gomphines
are slightly flattened and markedly fusiform in shape. They may be
deposited singly or in masses, the latter applying especially to those that
descend into the water for the purpose of laying eggs. In these, they
lyniAX DliAGONFLlE^. 4G5
appear as long, ropy masses similar but on a smaller scale to thoso of
some of the Batrachians. It is not known how long after deposition,
they take to develop, bnt it appears that th^re is no delinito incubation
]>eriod, as the eggs of any one partietdar batch are ftmnd to hatch ont over
a period or succession of days, the eggs on the periphery of the mass being
the lirst to hatch out and so on towards the centre of the batch. Micros-
oojncal examniation of the eggs shows that they are in diflerent stages of
development.
It has already been stated that the majority of the Anisopteridif
deposit their eggs freely in water, the Aeschnid:e and Vetalurinie appear-
ing to be the only exceptions to this rule. It has now been satisfactorily
proved that the majority of dragonflies, including the latter two families and
th'.> whole of the Zygopteridte, deposit their eggs actually in the tissues of
plants or in decaying pieces of wood in or a little above or in the vicinity of
water. As would be suspected, the former class possess a very incomplete
ovipositor and their eggs are soft and globular. The latter class on the
other hand, have a very highly organised ovipositor and their eggs are of a
shape and consistency fitted for their passage into the nest. They have a
much firmer shell, are oval in shape and pointed more or less at the
extremities.
The ovipositor is a complicated organ consisting of a pair of vulvar scales
which functionate partly as a covering for the boring organs and partly as
tactile organs for grasping the eggs and guiding them into the holes bored
by the other processes. These latter are two paired organs lying between
the vulvar scales, one of which is a stillette-shaped process for making the
punctures in the stems of reeds and water-plants and the other a saw-like
organ for enlarging the punctures to a size sxutable for admitting and
accommodating the eggs. The vulvar scales are further fitted with small
tactile organs or styles which are furnished at their summits with a tuft <ir
pencil of stift" bristles. With these latter, the female insect palpates the
stem of the plant for a suitable spot and thereafter makes a series of
punctures in a more or less irregular line. Into each hole, one or more
eggs are guided by the vulvar scales and stillettes.
In the Moolah IJiver at Poona, specimens of Mieromerus lineatus and
Art/ia f/uadri»;acu'ata were observed depositing their eggs in reeds which
had bent and fallen into the water and were lying flush with the surface,
swept by the current but firmly anchored by their stems. Sections of these
reeds showed manj"^ hundreds of j)unctures on their surfaces, easily observ-
able with the naked eye as minute black points arranged in very irregular
and broken rows. The larvic from these eggs hatched out on the fifth day,
but the incubation period is not always as short and in a colder climate
would possibly be of several weeks duration.
The incubation period depends largely on the climate and the tempera-
ture and in this country, on the occurrence of the wet and dry seasons.
The majority of dragonflies leave the larval state some time before the onset
of tlie rains, this being a natural provision to preserve the species, as most
])')ols are at their lowest ebb and many tanks are completely drying up.
The ovse are deposited in the deeper pools at the onset of the rainy season
so that the larvye are given the fullest time in which to develop before the
water supply fails. Although this is stated as a general rule, it is by no
means applicable to all the species. Tn the hills, the imagines are seen to
ascend the mountain ravines at the onset of the rains, followinc: the course
of the streams and the opposite phenomenon occurs at the end of the wet
season. Many of the ovse deposited in these swift running streams must
be carried immense distances before they develop into larvie.
466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
The Larva.
The young larva on first emergence is enveloped in a filmy skin but this
is thrown oft' as soon as it arrives in the water. Pierre describes one
particular species which as soon as it hatches out from the eggs (these
being deposited on the stems of osiers, some distance above water level)
by a sharp curving or bending of the body, leaps clear of the woody stem
and generally falls into the water where it floats belly upwards. Should it
however fall on to the muddy foreshore, it will continue to leap about by
the same curious contractions of the body until it has made its way down
and into the water. The duration of the first instar is said to be extremely
short, varying between a few seconds to a few minutes but the subsequent
instars of which there are from 11 to 15 are of a much longer duration, some
of the later ones lasting for several months. The larval stages are prolonged
over a period of a minimum duration of ten months up to a maximum of
five years.
The young larvte live in the interstices of water- weed, preferably
in masses of spirogyra or in shallow runlets overlaid by curtains of
the same weed. The Libellulines are nearly always found in such
situations but as they grow to adult size, they become more bold and may
then be seen moving stealthily over the bottoms of deep pools. The
Zygopterygine larvre prefer more open situations such as the borders of
tanks or streams, where they may be found clinging to the stems of
submerged reeds or water-weed.
The larvie of Dragonflies, even in the same genera to a slight extent, are
polymorphic but broad differences are only found when comparing the
forms of the different families. They may be divided up into several
classes according to the shape of their labium but it will be more convenient
here to describe them under the same divisions as the imagines.
The Auisopteridie larvre (Plates X and XI).
Roughly one of these larvte may be said to consist of the same parts as
does the imago, if we except the wings, anal appendages, and the sexual
organs. There is, however, a great difference in the shape of the individual
parts and the prothorax and thorax form one solid, fused mass.
The head is much smaller than in the imago, somewhat quadrilateral in
the Libellulines, Aeschnines, Cordulines and a few of the larger Gomphines
but more conical as a rule in the latter. It is provided with two large
compound eyes, which again, are much smaller than in the imago, and which
are invariably well separated. They may form the whole of the side of the
head or be confined to the outer and anterior angle only. The eyes maj^
be flat, or rounded, entire or crossed b}'- sutures or their central part raised
in a papilliform eminence. In addition to the latter, there are three access-
ory eyes or ocelli as found in the imago, which are more perfectly developed
in some species than in others and which may be, in some, almost obsolete.
The ocelli may be mounted on a vesicle or lie flush with the surface between
and just in front or behind the eyes proper, and it is very doubtful from
their appearance as to whether they functionate mthe larva or not. To the
inner side and in front of the eyes will be found the antennse. They jjossess
a much higher development in the larva than in the imago and the segmenta-
tion is much more evident, the number of the latter being as a rule, about six.
The mouth is situated on the under side of the head and is furnished with
a pair of very massive jaws which are concealed by a jointed, mask-like
labium, the "mask." This latter structure is one of the most interesting
features found in Dragonflies and is quite Tinique amongst insects. (Plate
XII.) The mask shows considerable differences in shape according to the
species, that of the Libellulines being broad, cupped, somewhat foliate and
bearing a row of long, imbricated spines, or interlocking teeth along the
Journ., Bambay Nat Hist. 8oc.
Plato X.
IxDiAN I)i:A(;(»Ni-hii:.s.
Larvic'of — 1. Acschni<l (Xl"3j ; 2. Gompliid (x2s) : 3. Micromerus (X IT)):
4. G<Mni)hid(X'2-2).
Journ , Bombay Nat Hist 8oc.
Plate XI.
'^
TXDTAX DrAGOXFLIES.
larva; of— 1. Libelluline (x:^) : 2. A<rrionine (XSTi) : a. Gomphkl (XlT,)
i. Libelluline (Xi^'O)
INDIAN DEAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate XII.
Masks of: — 1. Aeschnid (x 4-5).
2. Micromerus (x 14).
3. Cordulia (x 7).
4. Libelluline ( x 6).
5. Agrionine (x 12).
6. Libelliiline ( x 6).
7. Gomphine (x 8-2).
8. The inner side of one of the jaws of 4.
9. One of the jaws of 7 (Gomphine).
10. One of the jaws of 2 (Agrionine).
Journ., Bombay Nat Hist. 8oc.
Plate XII.
Indian Dkagonflies.
Masks of Drai,'onfly larvu;.
IXDIAX DRAGONFLIE^. 467
opposing borders of the jiiws : that of tho Aoschninos bears a single tooth
shaped like a spine on either side of the jaws. These si)ine-like teeth are so
long that they cross and overlap each other across the middle lino and
almost conceal a pair of membranous, rhomboidal jaws placed below them.
The latter are furnished with fine teeth along their opposing borders and
that facing the body of tho mask. The mask of the Gomphines is mnch
bn)ader at the base than any other species and it is araied with large, biiid
jaws which are furnished with a row of sharp teeth or spines along their
inner border and which when at rest, cross each other in the middle line.
The mask of tho Cordulines is the most powerful and the most highly
developed. The basal part is triangular, the jaws when placed together
form a cup or basket of which the formidable rows of interlacing teeth
form the ribs. These jaws are sharply bent or angnlated, curving np, to
completely cover the lower part of the face. The function of the mask is
an exact parallel to that of the tongue of the chameleon. It possesses
two joints, one at its attachment to the mcnton and the other about its
middle which enables it to expand forward or to contract back, in which
latter situation, in the Libellulines and Cordulines, the cup-like mask
situated at its extremity, fits closely over the mouth and its contained
jaws. The free end of the mask is furnished with the jaws already des-
cribed, which fold in and out and when approximated, form a concavity
more or less deep according to the species. The function of this organ is
to seize insects on which the larva preys and to convey them to its mouth.
Normally when at rest the labium is kept carefully folded over the jaws
but should an unwarj^ insect pass in the vicinitj'^, it is shot out with
incredible swiftness and before one realises it, the insect is struggling in
the jaws of its captor.
The prothorax and thorax are fused into one mass; the former being
narrower but mnch broader than in the imago. The thorax is small and at
first naked, there being no trace of wings in the first instar of the larva,
later however the wing-cases develop and in the final stage are present,
either as flat, earshaped objects in the Aeschuines and Libellulines and in
some of the larger Gomphines or as long, narrow, cylindrical objects in the
latter family. In the Libellulines the forewing-cases entirely cover the
hind but in the Gomphines the latter are situated internal to the fore.
The ahdomen is made up of ten segments as in the imago and presents
wide dift'erences in shape in the different species. In the Gomphines it
may be long and somewhat tapering or short, squat and enormously
dilated. In the Aeschnines it is narrow, the sides parallel and spined, the
dorsum rounded: in the Libellulines there is always a certain amount of
dilatation and the dorsum is usually keeled. Larvte of the Cordidines
possess a comparatively short abdomen, greatly dilated and with great
development of the dorsal ridge. In some species, on each segment there
is a pair of pigmented spots which at first sight appear to be spiracles and
which possibly represent the site of atrophied spiracles.
The anal end of the abdomen is furnished either with small valvular flaps
as in the Aeschnines, Libellulines, Cordulines, or with a tubular structure
formed from the juxtaposition of hollovved-out and modified valvular
flaps. This tube, in at least one species of (^omphine, is formed from the
last two abdominal segments and is remarkably long and slender with the
end bevelled oft' above in very much the same way as the point of a hypo-
dermic needle. These valves and tubular structures are connected with
the respiratory system of the Dragonfly and by their means, water is
sucked in and driven out of the rectimi. Normally the only means of
locomotion is by means of the legs which are long, especially so in the
Cordulines, and which do not difter markedly from those of the imago,
468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
but should the larva be disturbed, it will at once bring into play the
apparatus described above. The action is somewhat of the nature of a
turbine, for by driving out forcibly through the valves or tube, the water
contained in the rectum, the larva is shot forcibly onward through the water.
The force of the expelled column of water is sufficient to stir up a cloud of
mud in the immediate rear of the insect which serves to cover its retreat
very much in the same way as does the squid with its inky emanations.
The anal aixpendayes of the imago are derived from the anal appendages
of the larva but the origin of the inferior appendage of the Anisopteridte
is not analogous to that of the inferior appendages of the ZygojDterida-.
If the anal extremity of an Anisopterid larva be examined, it will be
seen to present quite a number of appendages. At the extreme end
and centrally placed are three pointed processes lying in close apposition
to each other and forming what is known as the " anal pj'ramid." These
are the true larval anal appendages and are represented in the Zygoptera
by the caudal gills. At the fifth in star, another pair of smaller appen-
dages make their appearance above and to the outer side of the anal
pyramid, whilst in the male larva a third appendage or thickening will be
apparent lying between these two. When metamorphosis occurs, the
following changes take place : — T'lie anal pyramid is entirely lost in the
Anisoptera while in the Zygoptera the median portion only is lost, the
lateral pieces becoming the inferior anal appendages of the imago. The
median process whose late development was commented upon, forms the
inferior anal appendage of the Anisoptera males. The two upper lateral
appendages ultimately become the superior anal appendages of both the
Aniso-and Zygo-pterids.
The Respiratory System.
The larvte of Dragonflies possess a respirator}'- system fitted to their
environment and which afterwards becomes considerably modified in the
imago to meet the needs of a life spent in the air. The systems differ
in important details and so must be described separately under the two
main divisions. The Anisopteridpe larvse are rectal breathers that is they
respire through their rectal lining membrane by a system of rectal gills.
The valvular flaps already mentioned above, are opened and through them
or through the tubular structure also mentioned, water is taken into the
rectum and from it the contained air is extracted and passed on into the
air vessels. (Plate XIII.) The rectum extends for about half the length
the abdomen and then expands into a large sac-like structure which
functionates as a stomach or gizzard. On either side of the alimentary
tract runs a large tracheal tube which narrows rapidly as it passes the sto-
mach towards the rectum, to form the bronchus which ultimately breaks up
into minor vessels called ''bronchi," which latter after anastomosing with
those of the opposite side, gradually lose themselves on the end of the
rectum. From the main bronchus come ofi' smaller bronchial tubes which
pass to the rectum and there break xip into a root-like mass on its coelomic
surface. These tubes are given oft" throughout the whole length of the bron-
chus below the stomach but the larger ones come off in two large masses
at the level of that viscus from the lower end of the trachea and run down
parallel to the main bronchus before passing to the rectum. The terminals
of the bronchi end in small papilhe on the inner lining of the rectum which,
is studded with an incredible number of these minute processes. If traced
above, each trachea will be found to break up into smaller vessels and these
again into smaller which ultimately pass to the head, trunk and limbs.
The alimentary tract and the major part of the respiratory system run up
in the coelomic cavity, the space between the body Avails and the viscera,
which is filled with a pale, green fluid, the blood of the larva.
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
Explanation of Plate XIII.
1.
Trachea.
a.
Tracheal tubes.
b.
Oesophagus.
e.
Stomach.
f.
Rectum.
c.
Bronchi.
d.
Main bronchus.
g-
9th abdominal segment.
h.
10th abdominal segment
J-
Anal valve.
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate XIII.
a. - -
.. a
Indian Dragonflies.
Respiratory system of an Aeschnine larva ( x!»)
IM)LL\ DRAaONFLIES. 469
Tho Zygoptoridto Larvjw.
Theso larviu agroo in their (.-Dinposito parts with those of tho Anisopteridse
with tho singlo exception of tho respiratory organs situated at the anal end
of the abdomen but the shape of the various parts differs considerably.
The head is on a much smaller scale (Plato X, ligs. 2 and o), tho eyes much
further apart and in the genus Micromerus, distinctly conical and broadly
rmmied. The ocelli stand out much more distinctly as three reniform
bodies, the convexities of which are opposed to each other. The whole insect
is more diaphanous and its internal anatomy thereby niore apparent. This
applies especially to the head in which many interesting structures may be
seen, thus two large ganglia, centrally placed, are conspicuous objects from
which run branching root-like nerves forward to the antonme, the "olfactory
nerves," and thick cord-like nerves outward to the eyes, the " optic nerves,"
and lastly two nerve tracts backwards which after traversing the prothorax
and thorax, pass back into the abdomen connecting up with a chain of
ganglia.
The masiv of tho labium is more simple than in the Anisopteridie : in the
Agrioniues the jaws are furnished with a simple bifid tooth and the anterior
border of the end plate is prolonged forward into a triangular projection
furnished with minute points. In the Ilhinocyphiute, the mask is very
much the same but the jaws themselves are bifid at the end, each arm being
furnished with a bifid tooth and there is no projecting anterior border to
the end plate. The masks of the Zygopteridse are never cupped but lie
thit, covering in the mouth parts below the head.
The 2)rothora.v is vawah. smaXlev than that of the Anisopteridse and does
not vary very much from that of the imago, its division from the thorax
being more sharply defined.
The thora.c is longer and narrower and the wing-cases long, narrow
and cylindrical and strongly keeled on the dorsum, their shape being
very similar to those of the Gomphines. The whole larva is much
more attenuated and a more mobile and lithe creature than the
larvte of the Anisopteridix;. The action of the latter is jerky and their
progress made by leaps and bounds whilst the movements of Z3'gop-
teridoe are more smooth, continuous and lissome like that of a fish or sea-
snake, the whole abdomen being brought into play and lashed from side to
side as they pass through the water. This action is materially helped by
tho anal appendages which are found in these species and which form an
important part of the respiratory system. In the Agrionines, these are,
three, stalked, lamellar-liko structures which are shaped differently in the
species. Attached advantageously to the hinder end of the abdomen,
they perform a secondary function as a propelling organ, serving in
the same way as the tail of a lish. The proximal half of these
organs is a stalk, through which runs the bronchial tube, the distal
part being translucent and containing between its layers the branchiae
which here break up into root-like masses, the extremities of which end
in minute, pigmented papilke. Air is absorbed through these latter and
finds its way through the bronchi, which run througli the ctclomic cavity
and so ultimately to the trachto by which it is distributed to the different
parts of the body. Removal of the respiratory lamelke does not result
ni the death of the larvse as would be expected, so that it is evident that
these do not form the only organs of respiration. Very probably the
rectum is also used in the same way as found in the Anisopteridie. In the
llhinocyphinto, the place of these lamellte is taken by two long, tapering
tubes which are nearly the length of the abdomen. The Eupha3a are said
to respire by a system of spiracles situated on the abdominal segments,
but this and many other points in regard to the working of the various
systems of respiration require further iTivestigation ; especiallj- are we in
19
470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the dark as to how the transition from an aquatic to a life in the air is
effected.
The respiratory systems of the larva and imago respectively have
already been discussed but a few additional facts need to be added to
those descriptions. It has been noted that great changes in the system
of respiration occur at metamorphosis and that the rectal or caudal gills of
the larva are exchanged for the spiracles of the imago. If the larva be
closely examined, it will be found to possess spiracles much the same as the
images but smaller, less developed and quite functionless.
The spiracles of the imago consist of two sets, one of which is situated
on the thorax and the other on the abdomen. On the thorax two pairs of
large spiracles are found, an anterior pair on the mesothorax which are
largely concealed by the overlapping of the head and prothorax, and a
posterior pair which have already been noticed on the sides of the meta-
thorax. The abdominal spiracles are microscopic in character and therefore
difficult to see. They will be found on the anterior part of the pleural
membrane of the first eight abdominal segments and gradually increase iu
size from before back, that on the 8th segment being by far the largest.
Immediately upon metamorphosis, the rectal gills become functionless,
the caudal gills are shed and the spiracular system of the larva becomes the
highly developed system of the imago. There is strong evidence to show
that thelarvaj of dragonHies once lived a terrestrial existence but that with
the adoption of an aquatic life, the spiracular system of respiration became
temporarily suppressed.
The food of dragonflies both iu the larval and imaginal states consists of
insects. The former whilst young, live principally on the larvee of mosqui-
toes and other small water larvte : the adult larvie will however attack tish
and are not averse to making a meal off one of their own kind. If a
number of these insects be kept in a jar of water together, they will
invariably live one on the other. Apparently sluggish in habits, they can
on occasion show remarkable activitj'' and what they lack of the latter is
amply compensated by their cunning. The perfect insect as a rule is a sun-
loving creature but a few species of night-fljdng Dragonflies are found iu
India although they are rarely seen and more rarely caught. This is
because they have but a very short time of flight, generally not longer
than about twenty minutes, at or a little after dusk and again at dawn.
The food of these species is apparently entirely limited to mosquitoes.
(Note. — I once noticed one of these night-flying mosquitoes hawking for
mosquitoes in the darkened corridor of a government oflice during the
day-time and on other occasions I have seen them flying in the day-
time, usually on cloudy or dull days, in the depths of wells.)
One particular species, common enough in the Deccan, has a flight of
about one hovir daily, from about seven to eight in the evening. A few
species inhabit dark jungles and never come out in the sun, whilst others
will never fly except on bright sunny days. The males are more usually
taken in the neighbourhood of water where they are awaiting the females,
the latter being usually taken in scrub or jungle some distance from water.
This of course is not universally ai^plicable but it is a general rule and
serves to explain why the females are generally so much more rare than the
males.
Ty^OTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF COLOURS IN
DRAGONFLIES.
One of the great drawbacks of collecting Dragonflies in this country is
the alarming rate with which they undergo decomposition, losing as a
result their brilliant colouration and often dropping to pieces or shedding
IXDIAX DRAG ON FLIES. 471
thoir abilomcn. ^Vith a little practice much of the colouration may be
preserved and the decomposition and destruction of the specimens entirely
prevented. The wholo prot-ess of decomposition depends on moisture and
the amount of food-stutl's anil, in the case of the females, ovae present in
the abdominal cavity so that if the latter be removed and the specimen be
nuiokly dried, j^ratifying results will be obtained.
The insects liaving been killed in a cyanide bottle, should be dealt with
at the earliest opportunity and certainly not later than three or four hours
afterward. The pleural membrane is slit up with a pair of sharp-pointed
scissors as far as the proximal end of the 3rd abdominal segment and as
far posterior as the distal end of the 7th. The incisions should not bo
carried further or the sexual organs will be ruined, but if it be found that
the abdomen cannot be properly cleansed, as sometimes happens, the in-
cisions may be carried round the outer side of the sexual organs, which
thus escape damage. The upper part of the intestine and ovaries are
then seized and the whole drawn out by means of a pair of forceps.
Very little practice is needed to carry out this simple manoeuvre and it
will be found that about two dozen can be cleansed within an hour. The
specimens should then be mounted on setting boards and placed straight
into a drying-tin similar to those used for drying cigars where they may
be kept for two or three days for complete desiccation to take place.
Tillyard recommends what will seem to most collectors a far from humane
method. He places the live insect in a paper packet and allows it to perish
from starvation thus giving it time to get rid of all the faecal contents of
its bowel. The mass of eggs in the female cannot however be got rid of so
easily. The insects are allowed to die and then set up on boards and dried
rapidlv by means of a small oven heated by a 'spirit-lamp. The latter part
of his method should be very effective as rapid drying seems so very essen-
tial for preserving the colours. In the larger forms, the abdomen having
been slit up may be cleansed very easily by holding it under a tap with a
good flush of water which will carry away all the contained viscera. Very
pretty results may be obtained by painting the insides of the abdominal
walls after the specimen is partially dried, and if a living specimen be used
as a copy, but the slightest differences will be noticed in the two after the
treated specimen has been dried.
Specimens until they have been dried should be carefully bottled up or
protected with plenty of napthiline or they will be attacked by a small fly
which deposits its eggs in and around the thorax. Maggots rapidly hatch
from these and make their way into the tissues of the thorax and
ultimately completely ruin the specimen, the colours of which change to
a dark brown and the legs and head drop oft'.
To stiffen the abdomen and prevent it from fracturing oft' when dried, an
old and well-known process, " bristling " should be performed on the insect
before drying. Hog's bristles, super-stout horse-hair or very fine copper
wire such as silk covered electric cables are made up of, may be used and
should be run in between the middle pair of legs and passed through the
thorax and carefully on to the end of the abdomen after which the excess
in front may be snipped off with scissors.
vV
O^iC/Q^
(To be continued.)
47-2
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S
MAMMAL SURVEY OE INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
Repokt No. 29, Pegu.
By R. C. Wkoughton and Winifred M. Davidson.
Collection ... ... No. 29.
Locality ... ... Fegu.
Date .. November, 1915 ; May, 1916.
Earliek IIepokxs . . . . No. 1, East Khandesh, Vol. XXI,
p. 392, 1912 ; No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912 ; No. 3,
Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912 ; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI,
p. 844, 1912 ; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p. 1170, 1912 ;
No. 6, Kanara, Vol. XXII, p. 29, 1913 ; No. 7, Central Pro-
vinces, Vol. XXII, p. 4o, 1913 ; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII,
p. 58, 1913 ; No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XXII, p. 283, 1913 ;No. 10,
Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p. 464, 1913 ; No. 11, Coorg, Vol.
XXII, p. 486, 1913 ; No. 12, Palanpur, Vol. XXII, p. 684,
1913 ; No. 13, South Ceylon, Vol. XXII, p. 700, 1913; No.
14, Shan States, Vol. XXII, p. 710, 1913 ; No. 15, Kumaon,
Vol. XXIII, p. 282, 1914 ; No. 16, Dry Zone, Central Burma
and Mt. Popa, Vol. XXIII, p. 460, 1915 ; No. 17, Tenasse-
rim, Vol. XXIII, p. 695, 1915 ; No. 18, Ceylon, Vol. XXIV
p. 79, 1915 ; No. 19, Bengal, Vol. XXIV, p. 96, 1915 ; No. 20
Chmdwin, Vol. XXIV, p. 291, 1916 ; No. 21, Gvvalior,^ Vol
XXIV, p. 309, 1916 ; No. 22, Koyna Valley, Vol. XXIV
p. 311, 1916 ; No. 23, Sikkim, Vol. XXIV, p. 468, 1916
No. 24, Sind, Vol. XXIV, p. 749, 1916 ; No. 25, Chin Hills
Vol. XXIV, p. 758, 1916 ; No. 26, Darjiling, Vol. XXIV
p. 773, 1916 ; No. 27, BhotanDuars, Vol. XXV, p. 63, 1917
No. 28, Kalimpong, Vol. XXV, p. 19.
This Collection, made bv Mr. J. M. D. Mackenzie, I.F.S., repre-
sents the fauna of the Pegn Forest Division (except for No. 663,
Ca'pricornis mmatrensis mihie-edivardsi, which is from close by),
not the Pegu civil district. This area is peculiarly full of species
made by Blyth on specimens from the collections of Phayre, Berd-
more, Barbe, &c., &c. More representatives of these will be most
welcome, and it would be especially interesting to examine series ot
Scotoiohilas fulvidus, Ili/lomi/s per/ttensis, Mus robustulus (Eathis),
M. con color (Battus), M. badiu'i (Vaoideleurici) , M. peguensis {Chiro-
jjodomys), Hajyalomys loiujicaudatus, and. Lepus ijecjvensis from this,
the type, locality. Very interesting meanwhile are the series of
Tupaia belanr/eri, Tomeuies pyrierythrus, Menetes herdmorei and 31'us
nitid'alus, which are topotypes of Blyth's species.
The collection contains 237 specimens belonging to 29 species
and subspecies in 28 genera. Tomeutes piygerythrus has been obtain-
ed for the first time under the Survey, having been liitherto re-
MAMMAL SURVEY OF IXDI.l, liT'RMA AND CEYLON: 473
presented only by the snbspecillc i'ovu\ Jdiictld. Petaimsta cineraceus,
Paradoxurns raims and Mkikjos hirmnuicxs are also recorded for the
first time.
Mr. J. M. D. Mackenzie has kindh' fiirnished the followinof
notes on the area over which he collected : —
" The country lies mostly within, and includes aboi;t half of the
Pegn civil district ; in the extreme North it goes into Tharawaddy,
and in tlie South into Hanthawaddy. It is a somewhat miscellane-
ous agglomeration of couutrj^, round the town of Pegu. To the
North it extends to the Pegu Yomas, and consists of the drainage
of the Pegu River. Twent^'-five miles Noi'th of Pegu, the Eastern
boundary crosses to the Sittang River, meeting it at the mouth of
the Pegu-Sittang Canal. From there to the sea-coast, the Sittang
River is the boundary. On the West, the boundary runs down the
Pegu Yomas from the North, up to some 20 miles North of Pegu.
From tliere it follows a stream until it comes into the Pesrvi River
some 1 5 miles below Pegu ; thence along the Pegu and Rangoon
Rivei*s to the mouth of the latter, excludino- the town of Ran^roon.
From the mouth of the Rangoon River to the mouth of the Sittang
River it follows the sea-coast, including the Western part of the
Gulf of Martaban. The area is I'oughly 140 miles from North to
South, and 25 miles from East to West, going to a point in the
North and being slightly wider in the South, and represents, parti-
ally at any rate, the fauna of Central Burma, connecting up S.
Tenasserim with the three ai-eas worked by Shortridge in the
North.
" The area admits of division into two distinct types, with an
intermediate area between. From 30 miles North of Pesfu to the
Northern limit, the country consists of nothing but forest reserves,
that is, jungle containing large trees, e.g., teak and ironwood, with
considerable areas of bamboo, more or less pure. There is practically
no permanent cultivation or level land in this area, which is
inhabited by only a few Karens (about 1,000), pi-actising
' Taungya,' or shifting cultivation, within specified areas. (See
Report No. 25). It consists of steep, broken hills of no great
height (the highest is some 2,000), thickly wooded.
" From 30 miles North of Pegu to the level of Pegu, there is
scrub jungle, sometimes replaced by reserves containing big trees
in some parts, and permanent (wet) paddy cultivation in others.
This area contains a considerable population, and there is very
little more 7-oom for cultivation. A good deal of Taungya cutting
is done by men who cannot get fields.
South of Pegu to the sea, the country is one vast paddy plain.
On it everything is subordinated to padd}'. There is no fuel or
timber, and only such grazing as is enforced. The only trees are
those round villages (rain-trees generally) aud a few plantations
474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
made by the Forest Depot. On such lands nothing lives but
bandicoots, rats and mice. This flat Delta land covered with paddy-
continues up to the sea-coast — or to within a few miles of it, where
it is replaced by scrub jungle. In this belt there are considerable
areas of reserves where tidal or coastal forests were originally
protected.
" Every year the Sittang River continues the process of extend-
ing the Indian b]mpire, increasing it by silting up about another
mile of sea. In the first year, this grows a crop of a coarse grass
called 'Pinle Saba' (^sea paddy) which is replaced next year by
tidal shrubs, which are in turn graduall}', and by fairly definite
stages, replaced by scriib jungle. This is grazed down and cut for
fuel by villagers until it has taken the salt out of the soil, and can
be replaced by paddy fields.
^ " The anniial extension seawards is about half a mile to a mile,
and, when the scrub jungle has disappeared, it produces some of the
finest paddy land in the world.
" The whole area is inundated throughout the rains (travelling is
done by sampan), and the seaward part of the scrub jungle belt is
covered with salt water every high tide. This brings up mud,
fills in all cracks, and gradually raises the level of the land until it is
above tide level. After that a deposit of mud is laid down every
year in the rains, and in this way the salt is washed out of the soil
and the level raised until it becomes paddy land. The tidal forest
belt is from four to ten miles wide, and consist of dense thickets of
various bushes which will grow in salt swampy localities.
" The dhove somewhat lengthy dissertation is required to imder-
stand the distribution of species in the district. In the North the
usual fauna is found. That in the South consists, apart from bats,
which are not common, of rats and mice (the terms are not used
scientifically), which live in the paddy-fields while they are dry,
and presumably in villages in the rains, and of the animals living
in the coastal jungle belts, e.g., Viverriculse, and cats of various
descriptions, thamin (brow-antlered deer), hogdeer, and pig, I have
seen the last two, but cannot vouch for thamin. . . . One spot
is called 'Singyum' (Elephant Island), and various 'oldest inhabitants'
say that 60 or 70 years ago elephants were not rare down there.
There are no squirrels, bamboo rats, or tupaias, and I was unable to
hear of any monkej^s."
Mr. Mackenzie adds the following notes on species of which he
failed to obtain specimens : —
" Macaca sp. — Vernacular name. — Karon — Ta-c
" Viverra sp. — Vernacular name. — Karen — Shaw.
" Muntiacus c/randicornis — Vernacular name. — Karen — Daohoh or Tachee
(cA soft.)
" Cervus jwi'cinus and C. eldi. — Occur. See my note on the Delta area.
Vernacular names. — Karen — Dachyeu and Thamakong.
MAMMAL SUlirEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 475
** Rhinoceros sp. — Have found absolutely fresh tracks, but have not shot
one. Very local. I think it is always a local animal in the most restricted
sense. It lives for a wtick, a month, or considerably longer in an area of,
say, three to four sijuaro miles, then moves to a considerable distance, return
ing, often after three or fovir moves, to the original locality. 1 know a small
area in the IV'guYonnis whore alfhino haslived for at least eighteen months.
Old and fresh tracks had been fovnid at Christmas, 1914, and I found fresh
tracks, and tracks from the l91o rains, in January, 1916. With regard to
iMr. Shortridge's notes, 11, J., 13. N. H. S. XXllI, No. 4, I have seen
tracks of four Rhinos together, and have been told by a sahib that he has
seen six of these animals together. So it seems that they are at times gre-
garious, though generally met with singly. (Any notes on this would be
very interesting. The reason may be seasonal, connected with food or
water, or possiblj' with visits to a salt lick) I have several times
followed up tracks, and have never seen a case of a pair meeting during the
night, as mentioned by Shortridge ; nor have I ever heard of the habit
from Chins or Burmans, some of whom are very close observers, especially
of IJhino, which are worth from Us. 1,000 to Rs. Ij-'JiOO to a native shikari.
Every part of the animal is saleable. A good horn alone is worth from Rs.
800 to Rs. 1,000, and almost any horn is worth from Rs. 400 to Rs. 500.
Vernacular name. — Karen — Da dv chaw.
Sus sp. — Vernacular name. — Karen — Ton (o short).
Elephants. — ITairlj' common in parts. That is, 1 suppose there are 60 to
80 wild elephants in the whole district, all North of Pegu. I walked up to
a tine onmusth (tuskless male) which had been causing trouble among tame
elephants. It was reported to be a tusker, and neither I nor the man who
was with me, Mr. Roy of Messrs. Foucar and Co., fired at it
We first met it about 300 yards from camp, on a narrow path, but it bolted
without being properly seen. About two miles further on we saw it, and
it came walking slowly down the path towards us. Apparently it had not
seen us, for when it did, it turned and bolted.
Vernacular name. — Karen — Rhasaw.
Bibo'< ganrus. — Moderately common, but local.
Vernacular name. — Karen — Suerh or Bawkaw (' Yellow legs ").
Bihos sondaicus (Saing). — Local. More common on the whole than the
bison, but much shyer. It does considerable damage in teak plantations.
Grass springs up after the first rains, as they are open. The Saing comes
in considerable numbers to feed on this, and when bored with grass, barks
the j'oung teak.
Vernacular name. — Karen — Bawhuerh (' Yellow horns').
lelis tifjris. — Vernacular name. — Karen — Bawthoo.
F. panhis. — Vernacular name. — Karen — Ohay bwhay {ch soft).
Ursus torquatus. — Occurs.
Lepus peffuensis. — Have been unable to hear of any round Pegu. The
specific name was probably given to specimens from Burma — say, Rangoon
— before that town became important, and when Pegu practically meant
British Burma. {Cf. the ' Pegu Pirates ' and 'Pegu Club ' in Rangoon).
1. PiTHECUS PHAYREI, Blyth.
Phayre's Leaf Monkey.
(Synonymy in No. 14.)
S. Zamayi Res. (60 miles N. of Pegu) S 1 ; Kadat (60 mi. N. of Pugu) S
1 (no skull) $ 1 (no skull).
{See also Reports Nos. 16, 20 and 25.)
Fairly common in the hills. Goes about in flocks. After a flock has been
476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. NXV.
frightened and has run away, an elderly member, generally a male, often
stays in a high tree, and swears at the intruder, or keeps a watchful eye on
him. Flesh eaten, especially by Karens. Burmans say monkey flesh is a
very strengthening food, especially in certain diseases.
Vernacular names. — Burmese — Myetkwin byu ; Karen— Ta thwaw
J.M.D.M.
2. Nycticebtts ooucang, Bodd.
The Slow Loris.
(Synonymy in No. 17.)
50 miles N. of Pegu $ 1.
(See also Report No. 25.)
I have a pair, a female and a young one, in captivity. They were caught
roosting among thick foliage. — J. M. D. M.
3. Pteeopus giganteus, Brunn.
The Common Flying Fo.v.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
Pegu, c? 1, ? 2.
{See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15,
18, 19, 22, 23 and 27.)
Common in Pegu town. I have been unable to find where they roost.
Their flight is most deceptive, and they are very difticult to shoot on the
wing at dusk.
Vernacular names for all large bats. — Burmese— Lin sway ; Karen —
Plake pla.— J. M. D. M.
4. Megaderma spasma trifohum, Geoff.
The Malay Vampire Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Zaungtu (34 mi. N. of Pegu), J 2, 9 1 in al. 5.
{See also Reports Nos. 6, 11, IS, 16, 17, 18 and 20.)
These bats were all shot hanging from the roof of the F. D. bungalow at
Zaungtu.— J. M. D. M.
5. Tylonycteris fulvida, Blyth.
The Piymy Club-footed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 23.)
Dawe (45 mi. N. of Pegu), in al. 4.
{See also Reports Nos. 14, 17, 20, 25, 26 and 28.)
" Shot flying over rivers in thick jungle at dusk. Very common." —
J. M. D. M.
6. Pipistrellus ooromandra, Gray.
'The Coromandel Pipistrel.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Pegu, S 1, in al. 6.
{See also Reports Nos. 2, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 26, 27 and 28.)
MAMMAL SUL'VJ:y OF IM)IA, BURMA AND CEYLON. ^11
"No. 495 was found at midday roosting between the flaps of my Punkah.
Nos. 494, 505 and others were killed at night flying round my room, and in
friends' houses.
" Vernacular name for all sn7all bats. — Karen-PLA or Bla.'' — J.M. D. M.
7. SooTOPuiiA's KUHLi, Leach.
The Common Yellow Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Pegu, $ 4, in al. 3; Thanatpink (7 mi. S. of Pegu), in al. 1.
{See also Keports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, li>, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24
and 27).
8. SCOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos.
Wroughton s Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Pegu, in al. 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12,14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23 and 27.)
9. Taphozous longimanus, Hardw.
The Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 6.)
Pegu, S 2, in al. 6; Sitpinzeik, c? 1, $ 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 22.)
"Nos. 510 and 514 seem to differ in colour from similar bats in the
Collection. All those obtained from Sitpinzeik Rest House were similar.
—J. M. D. M.
10. TuPAiA belaNgeri, Wagn.
The Burmese Tree-Shreic.
(Synonymy in No. 17.)
Pyinbongyi Res. (20 mi. N. of Pegu), $ 1 ; Dawe, (50 mi. N.), d 2 ;
S. Zamayi Res. (6 mi. N.), $ 1 (65 mi. N.), ^ 1; N. Zamayi Res. (80
mi. N.), J 1.
" Common, but not often seen except in the hot, dry weather. I came
up one path for 40 miles and saw dozens, in April. While I was in camp
the other end, it rained heavily on four or five days, and on the way back,
when the ground was wet and I wanted specimens, I could not shoot one.
I saw only three or four the whole way. The same applies to Menetes
berdmorei. The local explanation is that the wet both brings out insects,
&c., and softens the ground, making them easy to dig for, and so Tupaias,
&c., and creep about in holes and under logs and stones, instead of having
to push round on the suface and up and down tree-trunks. This seems
possible, but the Karen is not nearly such a clever observer as the Chin."
" Vernacular name.— Karen — Cheh {ch as in 'nicht')." — J. M. D. M.
11. Pachyura, sp.
The Musk Rat.
Pegu, S 2, in al. 4 ; Thongwa (40 mi. S. E. of Pegu), $ 1.
(.S^e also Reports No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
22, 23, 26 and 27.)
20
478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
12. ViVEKBICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.
The Small Indian Civet.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
Sittong R, Delta, ? sex, 6.
(-See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24,
25 and 27.)
" Shot in the Delta forests "—J. M. D. M.
13. Paradoxurus ravus. Miller.
The Malayan Palm-Civet.
1891. Paradoxurux hermaphroditus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 52. (partini.)
1913. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ravus, MiWer, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.
Vol. 61, No. 21, p. 2.
N. Zamayi Res. (80 mi. N. of Pegu), S 1-
" Shot at dusk in a tree.
"Vernacular name. — Karen— Tok Toh (o. inTok short)."— J. M. D. M.
14. Arotogalidia letjcotis, Blyth.
The Small-toothed Palm-Civet.
(Synonjfmy in No. 17.)
S. Zamayi Res. (60 mi. N. of Pegu), 6 1.
" Shot in a high tree at dusk. Stomach empty ; intestines contained fruit
of Bovaejicus. I shot two together, but the other could not be found.
"Vernacular names. — Burmese — Thit Te Kyee; Karen— Taw Hsee."
—J. M. D. M.
15. MUNGOS BIRMANICUS, ThoS.
The Small Burmese Mum/oose.
1886. Uerpestes auropunctatus birmanicus, Thomas, A. M. N. H. ser. 5,
XVII, p. 84.
1891. Herpestes birmanicus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 59.
Sittang R. Delta (40 mi. N. of Pegu), ? sex, 1.
16. Helictis personata. Geoff.
The Burmese Ferret Badger.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
Pegu, J 1.
"Caught in a garden just outside Pegu, The stomach contained beetles,
flies, some kind of debris (roots, 1 think), and five or six earthworms,
swallowed whole, or bitten into two or three pieces only." — J. M. D. M.
17. Ursus malayanus, Reffl.
The Malay Bear,
N. Zamayi Res. (70 mi. N. of Pegu), $ 1.
This specimen was not sent. It was shot in the extreme North of the
Pegu district, on the Pegu-Tharawaddy border, where, it is interesting to
note, Blanford says it is not found.
18. Petaurista cineraceus, Blyth.
The Tenasserim Broion Flying Squirrel.
1847. Pteromys petaurista, var. cineraceus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. XVI,
p. 865.
MAJJMAL SURVEY OF IMJIA, IWRMA AND CEYLON. 179
1891. Pteromi/s oral, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 2l*7. (partim).
70 mi. N. of Pegu, ? sex, I (no skull).
A large flying scjuirrol, resembling P. philippensis.
" Brought in by a forester.
Vernacular name. — Karen — Blee or Balee {a short)." — J. M. D. M.
19. Katufa puoeopepla mauana, Thes. and Wr.
The Central Burmese Giant Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
S. Zamayi Res. (65 mi. N. of Pegu), $ 1.
" Not common.
" Vernacular names. — Burmese — Linthet ; Karen — Dabaw Kaw." —
J. M. D. M.
'20. Callosciukus ferkugineus, F. Cuv.
The Burmese Bai/ Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
Shovelaung (20 mi. N. of Pegu), $ 1; Daingmhu (40 mi. N.), S 1;
Zaungtu (34 m. N.), cJ 1, $ 3 (two skins and three skulls); (40 mi. N.),
$ 1; Davve (45 mi, N.), $ 2 ; N. Zamayi Res. (70 mi. N.), cJ 1 ; S.
Zamayi Res. (40 mi. N.), ? 2 ; (60 mi. N.), $ 1 ; Aungmya (35 mi. N.),
S 1 fTamabin (27 mi. N.), S 1.
" Common. Varies considerably in shade, some being light red, almost
yellow, and some almost black. This does not appear to be seasonal.
They always appear to have a white tail-tip, though I got one (No. 649)
with the white hairs tipped with rufous. West of the Pegu River. C. fer^
nif/ineus and R. phcsopejyia marana never come down to the ground, and
generally like a good high tree. CaUosciurus comes down to a lower level
than Ratufa generally does.
" Venacular name. — Burmese — Shing Apaw. (At Kindat, Ratufa
giyantea is called this." — J. M. D. M.
21. Tojieutes pygerythku.s, Geofl'.
The Irrawaddy Squirrel.
1832. Sciurus pygerythrus, Geofl'roy, Mag. Zool. 1832, CI. 1.
1891. Sciurus pyyerythus, Blanford, Mammalia. No. 248.
Pegu, S 1 ; Zaungtu (30 mi. N. of Pegu), $ 1 ; Tamabin (25 mi. N.),
d 3, 2 1 ; (27 mi. N.), c^ 3 ; N. Zamayi (80 mi. N.), J 1 ; S. Zamayi
(45 mi. N.), 2 i? 6 juv.), 1.
" Commonest on low ground, and near villages. I have shot one in
heavy jungle, on a high ridge. It appears to be indifl'erent to height, as
it will run across an open spai^e or up a high tree. It never seems to go
to the top of the highest trees unless shot at.
"Vernacular name. — Karen — Lee Pa — Aw." — J. M. D. M.
22. Menetes berdmokei, Blyth.
Berdmore's Sqirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 17.)
(45 |mi. N. of Pegu), $ 1 ; Dawe ,(50 mi. N.), $ 1 (skull missing) ; N.
Zamayi (70 mi. N.), $ 1 ; S. Zamayi (60 mi. N.), $ 1 ; (65 mi. N.), $ 1 :
Kadat (40 mi. N.), d 1 ; (60 mi. N.), ? 1.
480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" A ground squirrel (see note on Tupaia). This squirrel seems to prefer
the ground, or bamboos or branches lying on or close to the ground. I have
never seen it in a high tree (^. e., over 10 high). " — J.M.D.M.
23. Mus NiTintJLUS, Blyth.
Berdmore's Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Pegu, 6 1, inal., 43; (16 mi. S.E.) of Pegu, d 3, $ 5, in al., 6;
Vitkangale (12 mi. S.E.), $ 1, in al., .5 ; Kyinigyaung (40 mi. S. E.), ^
4, $ 1 inal., 7; Swedawchaung (40 mi. S.E.), ^ 1, $ 2, in al., 12 ;
To laingma Res. (25 mi. N.), in al., 1 ; Rangoon, (S 1.
{See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 25 and 27.)
"All rats and mice except Nos. 655 {Rattus rufescens var.) and 656 {Mus
nitidulus) caught in houses and paddy-fields in the Delta. They make large
and fairly deep holes in the kagins (bunds) between the paddy-fields, in
the hot and cold weather. The entrance can be easily found by the pile
of excavated earth lying in front. I do not know where they go in the
rains ; into houses, I expect, and up trees, as the whole area is flooded." —
J. M. D. M.
24. Rattus bufescens, var.
Pegu, d 1, 2 1, in al., 2 ; Tolaingma (25 m. N.), 5 1 ; (40 m. N.),
in al., 6 ; Swedawchaung ( 40 m. S.E.), d 1, $ 1 ; Kyinigyaung (40 m.
S.E, Pegu), p 1. _
" Nos. 655 and 656 were caught in a hole in the jungle. I was out doing
' a job of work ' in the middle oi day, when 1 saw this rat running along the
ground. I had a snap shot at her, but she streaked into a hole, about a
foot across. On investigation I found two or three tunnels running from
it, and one of my men saw her go down one of these, and we got busy.
After a bit he saw something move, and rashly put his hand in ; he brought
it out again quickly with a yell that he had been bitten by a hamadryad.
Luckily it was only a very big rat-snake, eight or nine feet long which
contained the mangled remains of four or five young rats and No. 656.
No. 655 was found hiding down another passage, and duly extracted and
killed. The nest containing the young and the snake was made entirely of
dry leaves, some of which appeared to have been put in green.
" Vernacular names. — Karen — Yu or Yuerh. Big field rats — ^Yu Tea.
House mice — Yti "VVa Cher Her (ch soft)."— .T. M. D. M.
25. GuNOMFs VARITJS. Thos.
The Malay Mole Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 17.)
Vitkangale (12m. S. E. Pegu), S 3 (and one skull), $ 3: (13 m.
S.E.), in al., 1.
26. Bandicota nemokivaga, Hodgs.
The Smaller Bandicoot Rat,
1836. Mus {Rattus) nemorivacjus, Hodgson, J.A.S.B. V.. p. 234.
1863. Mus bandicota, Blyth, J.A.S.B. XXXII., p. 333.
1891. Nesocia nemonvat^a, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 297.
Vitkangale (12 m. S.JE. Pegu), d 2, $ 4 ; (13 m. S.E.), J 2;
Kyinigyaung (25 m. S.E.), $ 1; (30 m. S.E.), $ 4 ; (60 m. S.E.), 2 1.
MAMMAL SUJiVEy OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. isl
'27. Cannomys PATEit, Thos.
Popa Bamboo Rat,
184l\ R/iizomi/g //adiun, Hodgson, Calo. Journ, N. H. 1[, pp. 60, J 10.
184o. Ri/zomi/s castancus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. Xll, p. 1007.
lSi)l. lilii/zomys badius, Blaiiford, Mammalia, No. 'dVl. (partim.)
11)15. Cannomi/s pater, Thomas, A.N. M.H. ser. 8, Vol. XVJ, p. .'Jl:!.
Dawo (r>0 m. X. of Pegu), $. 1.
•JS. CaPKICOUNIS SU.MAXKENSl.S .AriLNK-EDWAllDSI.
T/ic Sze Chuen Scrow.
Shwegvin ( probably) ; bought in Pegu bazaar, frontlet and part of
skull only.
{See also Report No. 17. Supp.)
" One pair of horns sent, bought in the bazaar. Serow do occur in* the
district, but are rare. I think this pair of horns camo from Shwegyin, N.
W., on the other side of the Sittang.
" Vernacular name. — Karen— Ta Pa."— J. M. D. M.
i'9. Manis aurixa, Hodgs.
The Eastern rayvjolin.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
(40 m. N. of Pegu), $ 1 (imm.).
*' Caught walking along a path at dusk.
" Vernacular names. — Burmese — Thingway ky'at ; Karen— Yu-ha\v." —
J. M. D. M.
482
HERBACEOUS MONSOON FLORA AT CASTLE ROCK
AND A NEW SPECIES OF BALSAM.
BY
L. J. Sedgwick, f.l.s., i.c.s.
The flora of the Western Ghats has been well explored in the
dry season, but very little in the monsoon. The present visit to
Castle Rock was made in the second week of August 1917. AVith
the wa-iter were Messrs. T. R. D. Bell and P. F. Fyson. The
visit was necessarily a short one, and the plant collecting work was
too arduous to leave anj?- time for an oecological analysis of the forma-
tions. Castle Rock is well below the water shed and well under
2,000 feet elevation. The rainfall is excessive, 250-300 inches or
more. It would vary from point to point, so the exact average oi
any one gauge is immaterial. The following notes relate to
herbaceous monsoon flora only : —
Gekaniace^.
Imjmtiens acaulis, Aru.
A beautiful plant, growing on stone faces, such as culvert walls, unci
occasionally on the lower parts of tree trunks. Gregarious when it
occurs, and owing to its large and handsome flowers very conspicuous.
The plant dries to the merest transparent film.
/. oppositifolia, Linn.
Extremely abundant in the opener places. Its peculiar feature is the
wide range of colour exhibited by its flowers. The commonest colour is a
curious shade of deep brick-red. But within a few square feet will be
found twenty or thirty difl'erent shades from rose pink and salmon pink,
to deep vermilion and crimson. This point is rather important, as colour
is sometimes used in the systematic analysis of the genus.
/. kleinii, Wt. and Aru.
Very abundant.
I, sp. noca, near to kleinii.
Below will be found a full account of this plant. By the Railway line and
elsewhere. Not nearly so common as I. kleinii, but closely associated
with that species.
Begoniace^e.
Bcfjonia crenata, Dryand.
Very common on stones in forest.
Begonia concanensis, D.C.
Only observed in one place, at the foot of a steep bank, hidden by other
vegetation. A much larger and more robust plant than crenata.
RUBIACE.E.
The prevalence of Rubiaceous herbs is certainly one of the features of the
monsoon flora.
MOXSOOX FLORA AT CASTLE ROCK. 483
Aryostemma courtalli'usp, Am.
On stone faces beside ii stream in forest. A iilaiit of dense shade.
Arffostemina verticillatiun, Wall.
On stones in streams, culvert walls, iV.c., common, and gregarious where
it occurs. A delicate and beautiful [>laut with spreading liluiy leaves, and
white, star-like (lowers. This plant is recorded in Cooke's Flora B. P. as
occurring " on trees in the Wari Country," yWe Dalzell. It is not, however,
an epiphyte. Like Be(/onia cronata, Impatiens acaulis, &c., it prefers rocks
and stones, but will accept the base of a tree as a substitute. It is a plant
of wide distribution, within the Indo-Malayan area, occurring at suitable
elevations and humidity along the Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim, in
Assam, Burma, and Penang.
Hedyotiii auricularia, Linn.
On the ground, prostrate, common. Hardly worth mentioning except to
note its general resemblance to Sperniacoce Inapida, with which it is liable
to be mistaken.
Oldenlandia dijfusa, Koxb.
In a damp place on a path in forest.
Aiiotis rheedii, Benth. and Hook.
Very abundant in opener places,
A. quadrilocularis, Hook. f.
Apparently rather a rare plant in the Presidency, but common at Castle
Rock.
A. foetida, Benth and Hook.
Very common.
Opphiorhiza harrisiana, Heyne.
Common. An extraordinarily variable plant. The maximum length of
leaf given by Cooke is 2|" and by Hooker 4", but some of our plants have
leaves 5" long. In one case the flowers are pseudo-racemosely disposed
along the cyme branches ; in another they form a perfect corymb. The
undersurface of the leaves is either green, grey or pink. In no case are
the plants with numerous branches as described by Cooke. They are
usually simple.
Lentibulakiace.«.
Vtricularia arcuata, Wt.
In one clearing in the forest on sheet rock. A handsome plant. Corolla
with a yellow eye, ringed round with white, and outside that pale blue.
Utviculana affinis, Wt.
On rocks and gravel, common. Flowers much smaller, and of a much
darker and more lurid blue than arcuata.
TJtriculavia ■■itiiatula, Sni.
Very common both on stone faces and on trees, growing well up the
tree, and not only at the base. The corolla varies from pale violet to pure
white, with a yellow eye.
GeSXEUACI/E.
Ejnt/iema carnosum, Benth.
On the face of one culvert.
A second Gesneraceous plant with a lilmy unequal-sided leaf was coming
on at the ends of a railway tunnel.
484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
SCKOPHULABIACE^.
Torenia bicolor, Dalz.
With Oldenlandia diffusa (q. v,)
LABlATyE.
Scutellaria discolor, Coleb.
On a bank.
Urticace^e.
Fleurya inter rupta. Gaud.
Edges of the forest.
Elatostemma lineolatum, Wt.
Forming great bushy patches by the side of a stream in dense shade in
forest.
Okchidace^.
Habenaria subjjubens, Rich.
Very common in grass.
Habenaria stenostacliya, Benth.
In a natural clearing in the forest, on sheet rock. This elegant orchid is
not mentioned by Cooke in F. B. P. but as Hooker gives Deccan peninsula
from the Concan southward, its discovery within our limits is not unnatura^.
Liparis nervosa, Lindl.
Pcristylus fjoodyeroides, var affinis, Lindl.
One plant of each by forest edges.
Microstylis versicolor, Lindl.
Very common at one point in forest, on and by exposed boulders iii
dense shade.
SCITAMI]S*E.E.
The prevalence of Zin/.iberaceous plants is one of the most conspicuous
features of these Ghat forests during the monsoon.
Zinziber nimmonii, Dalz.
Z. cassianar, Itoxb.
Both common in the opener forest,
Costus sjjeciosus, Smith.
Not uncommon.
Cypejjace^.
Scleria data, Thw.
This splendid plant, which grows in a nallah near the Salt Bungalow at
Castle Rock, is not mentioned by Cooke. It is widely distributed through-
oat India, and its discovery within our limits is therefore not unnatural.
Most of the above plants are definitely monsoon plants, and of them the
following: — Inpatiens acaulis, Beyonia crenata, Aryostemma both spp., Epithema
carnosicm, the other Gesneraceous plant noted as coming on and Utricularia
striatula represent a fugacious class of hygrophytes, wliich do not root in
earth at all, but attach themselves to crevices of stones and trees, and
subsis ton the constantly changing surface moisture. They all of them dry
MOy^OON FLORA AT CASTLE ROCK.
486
to transparent lilms, and an investigation of the cytology of their leaves
would probably show that there is practically no diflerentiuted epidermis,
and largo inter-cellular spaces.
Below will bo found a note showing the difi'erences between the new
species of Impotietis and I. kleinii.
A NEW SPECIES OF BALSAM.
I. KLEINII, Wt. and Aru. Impatiens, sp. nova.
Habit— 2-12 in. high.
Leaves —
shortly petioled ;
base narrowed into the petiole ;
base of leaves with one or
two glands on each side.
Note. — It has been assumed that
these glands are metamorphosed
stipules, but they are marginal on
the leaf base, and often more than
one. They seem more probably to
represent a glandular development
of the basal, and sometimes also the
suprabasal, serrature of the leaf
margin.
serratures of leaf-margin very
shortly subulate.
Pedicels quite glabrous.
Flowers : —
dorsal petal slightly puberu-
lous;
corolla uniform pink or white,
only slightly marked with darker
colour.
Habit— 8-14 in. high.
Leaves — As in kleinii, but usually
longer and more parallel-sided ;
lower leaves almost sessile,
upper quite sessile ;
base of lower leaves narrowed
into the short petiole, base of upper
leaves increasingly rounded up to
quite cordate.
base of leaves always e-glan-
dular.
serrature more longly subu-
late.
Note. — This is a rather uncertain
characteristic.
Pedicels with two distinct lines of
pubescence.
Flowers : —
dorsal petal markedly pub-
escent ;
corolla
cuous darker
pink with a conspi-
line down the inner
edge of each of the lip-petals.
l\ipe capsule not seen ; immature
capsule as in kleinii, but longer.
Seeds as in kleinii.
There seems little doubt after a careful examination of many fresh speci-
mens that we have here two distinct species. Balsams being often endemic
in small areas, it is possible that the new species is not widely distributed.
On the other hand, since Hooker (followed by other botanists) says that
the glands at the base of the leaves of /. kleinii are sometimes absent, there
seems reason to believe that the two species are mixed up in herbaria.
The new species can be distinguished at once by the lines of pubescence on
the pedicels, the sessile upper leaves with cordate base, and the absence of
glands.
It is proposed to name and describe the new species in a later issue
along with some other new species in other families.
21
486
SOME NOTES ON GAME BIRDS IN MESOPOTAMIA.
BY
Capt. C. M. Thoknhill, 24th PrxjABis,
1916.
Right Bank Tigris was not visited. These notes were compiled on the
Left Bank between Wadi and Sannaiyat. Country open level plain, a little
grass in places and a few scrubby bushes up to 3 foot high. The Wadi,
an open stream, about 20 to 50 yards high with banks 5 to 15 foot high,
no vegetation.
Suweikieh marsh. — A marsh that is about 30 miles long, maximum width
10 (winter when full of water) with only 5 small clumps of reeds, each about
30 yards long by 10 wide. A strong wind shifts the marsh 1 to 2 miles in a
few hours.
1917.
The country traversed was the Left Bank Tigris from Sannaiyat to Bawi
and the right bank from Bawi to Samarra.
[N.B. — When year is not mentioned, the reference is to 1916.]
1. Imperial Sand-Grouse — Pterocles arenarius.
Small flocks seen and a few birds shot between November
1st and March 10th.
2. Large Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse — Pferocluncs ulchata.
Very common and in enormous flights. Partial migration in
October and the end of March. Nesting in large numbers in
May and June. All my eggs were broken. I have frequently
seen this bird pitch on water to drink.
3. Spotted Sand-Grouse — Pteroclurus senoyallus.
Not rare. One or two shot every time we were out after Sand-
grouse. Apparently bred in May as I frequently saw the birds,
but never found the nest. The birds were present all through the
hot weather.
4. Common or Grey Quail — Coturnix communis.
Very plentiful in April 1916, but this year (1917) there was no
corn and only a few seen about the end of March and in April.
No other kinds were seen.
5. Seesee — A')nmoi)er(lix bonhami.
A few at Harbe and Istabulat on the Old Canal Banks, fairly
plentiful in the broken ground and ruins above Samarra, nest with
8 eggs found May 24th, 1917, about 5 miles beyond Samarra.
6. Black Partridge. — Frcmcolimis vulgaris.
Plentiful wherever there is cover. In many places they literall}'
swarm. The caU is shriller than that ol the Black in India and
has an extra syllable thrown in. Several people have spoken of
grey partridges but where I was able to see the so called greys
they were either hens or immature blacks.
.SOME NOTES ON GAME BIRDS IN MESOPOTAMIA. 487
[Several corrospoiKleiits have remarked on the dift'erence of the call of the
Black Partridges in India anil Mesopotamia. In this connection it is inter-
esting to draw attention to some remarks by Dr. Hartert of the Zoological
Mnsenm, Tring, on Fra7walinus francolinua {z= Franc dmus rith/ciris of the
Fauna) in the last number of Novitates Zoological, Vol. XXIV, pp. 288-
290). From these notes it would appear that the Black Partridge in-
habiting Sind. Baluchistan, South Eastern and Southern Persia to Fao
and Bagdad belongs to a different race to that found in North- Western
India. The former is called F. francolinus hennci and is a much paler bird
than the latter, which Dr. Hartert says should go by the name of F. f.
asi(e. The Black Partridge ranging from " easternmost Nepal to Assam,
Manipur, Dacca, jMaunbhoom" differs in the barring of the rump besides
other peculiarities, which were noticed by Hume in 1899 ( vide Stray
Feathers, XI, p. 305). This race is called F. f. ^nelanonoius. — Eds.]
7. Common Crane — Grus communis.
Seen in fair numbers on Suweikieh Marsh.
8. Demoiselle Crane — Anthropoides virgo.
Seen in fair numbers on Suweikieh Marsh.
9. Great Bustard — Otis tarda.
Seven seen just S. of the Wadi in the first week of March, but
was unable to get within 500 yards of them and could not say
whether they were European or Indian."
10. Little Bustard or Butterfly Houbara — Otis tetrax.
Four seen about 3 miles S.-E. of the Wadi during the 3rd week
of March.
11. Houbara — Houbara macqueeni.
Fairly plentiful. Seemed to leave Hanna district early in April
and return in early August.
They remained round Samarra throughout the hot weather, 1917,
and were breeding there.
12. Woodcock — Scolopax rusticula.
One flew into a camp on the bend of the river one mile below
Falahiyeh at dusk on the 6th October. The camp was in Tama-
risk scrub about 2^ to 3 foot high. No one had a gun to shoot it
with.
One crossed the river at dawn on 11th November about 300 yards
upstream of the camp. It flew straight over my bed not 15 yards
from me, and pitched in some scrub about a mile away. To get to
the spot one had to go round by the bridge, a total distance of 3
miles, and though I went off' at once we could not tind the bird.
13. Solitary or Great Snipe — Gallinayo major.
A small patch of flooded wheat and coarse grass near Harbe in
April 1917 seemed to be full of these birds.
I came on the patch after sunset on the 10th April, and shot one
Common and one Solitary Snipe and missed several others. On
the 11th two of us shot two, lost two more in the thick grass and
missed two others. There were more than ten birds, all Solitary
Snipe as far as one could see. but there being no other cover they
at once made ofi" and circled high and disappeared in a Northern
direction.
* The Great Indian Bustard E- edwardsi is not found outside India. — Eds.
488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
On the 12th (General Peebles, Capt. Haughton and I). Two
guns got five lost two in addition to the five bagged and missed
five ; we calculated there were fifteen birds there. Owing to opera-
tions we did not get another chance of trying the place.
The following are the measurements of the 8 birds bagged : —
Bill,
Total length. ^
iVing spread.
April 10th ,
.. m
in.
lOi in.
8 in.
„ nth ,
,. n
314 „
84 „
2|
12f. „
9 „
„ 12th .
. 2i
12i „
9x\ „
n
11+ „
8i „
n
11^
9 „
n
lOf „
8 „
^A
104 „
84 „
The above measurements were made by putting pins into a
board on which the bird was laid and then measuring the distance
between the pins with a protractor. The first bird of the 12th was
an enormous one and I got him weighed at a hospital and though
the accuracy of the weight is open to doubt, it was just a shade
over 11 oz. The other snipe were not weighed on scales, but were
roughly weighed against Common Snipe and=3 Common Snipe.
The Solitary Snipe were in good condition and the Common
Snipe were skeletons almost.
14. Common or Fantail Snipe — Gallinago ccelestis.
Common and plentiful wherever there is suitable ground. Seen
up till May 8th. First wisps coming in seen and shot on
August 19th.
15. Jack Snipe — Gallinayo gallinula.
Saw and shot one at Wadi, March 11th and one at Harbe,
April nth, 1917.
16. Painted Snipe — Rostratula capensis.
Not seen though I heard of one being shot near Wadi, but
the bird had been cooked and eaten and I was unable to see any
feathers.
17. Swan,
Variety unknown, thirteen seen flying over the Suweikieh Marsh,
22nd and 23rd of January.
18. Grey Lag Goose — Anser ferus.
Large numbers in winter. I fancy these geese breed in the large
marshes in small numbers, though the majority appear to migrate.
Seen at Sannaiyat up to 8th May. Thirteen birds seen on
Suweikeih Marsh at Hanna, 7th July, got to within 100 j^ards of
them with L. J. Macdouald, all birds seemed through glasses the
same size and old ones.
Saw a few in the thick reed marshes about Ezra's Tomb on the
3rd and 4th July 1917.
19. Dwarf Goose — Anser erythrojms.
Saw five on the Wadi, 20th-21st March ; tried hard to get a shot,
but they were very shy. On the 2l8t we tried to drive them but
unfortunately though they flew over my companion he missed
SOME NOTES ON GAME BIRDS IN MESOPOTAMIA. 489
them. Am protty euro of their idoutity as I watched them
through ghisses at 80 yards and have shot thoin iu India.
'20. A Bhick Goose — (?) liranta ruJlcoUu.
Unablo to identify or shoot. A flock of eleven were about Hanna
from March 11 to March 17, and were usually accompanied by five
or six Grey Lag.
'The Black Goose is probably Branta ni/tcollis, the Red-breasted Goose, a
species found in Siberia and migrating to the Caspian, Turkestan and
Egypt. Several correspondents have mentioned this species. — Ed.s.]
:.'l. Common Sheldrake — Tadorna cornuta.
A fair number seen. One shot out of flock of seven at Hanna,
17th March 1916. One shot at Falahyek, 26th Sept. One pair
seen at Hanna, Ist July 1917.
22. Ruddy Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck — Casarca rutila.
Fairly common. Breeding about Istabulat and Samarra, April-
Mav 1917. One clutch of 8 eggs found in a hole in the low hills,
N.-W. of Samarra (Right Bank Tigris), 14th May 1917. Eggs fresh.
The hole looked like an old jackal hole. Eggs were about 14 feet
below the surface and about 20 feet in. Saw many pairs that
were nesting.
23. Mallard — Anas boscas.
Common, probably breeds in marshes as I saw them in every
month. A few only in June-July.
24. Bronze-capped Teal — Eunetta falcata.
A drake in full plumage shot out of a small flock of Gadwall on
19th March at Hanna.
25. Gadwall — Chaulelasmus streperus. ,
Common. Saw none in hot weather.
26. Common Teal — Nettiuvi crecca.
Common. Seen xip till May 8th and again from 2nd August
onwards.
27. Wigeon — Mareca penelope.
Very plentiful in winter, 1010-1916, and a fair numb.r about in
winter, 1916-1917.
28. Pintail — Dafila acuta.
Fairly plentiful.
29. Garganey Teal — Querquedula circia.
None seen in 1916. A single bird seci: and shot March 4th,
1917,
Several flocks seen and some birds shot April 10th, 11th and
12th, 1917, atHarbe.
30. Shoveller — Spatula clypeuta.
Common, not seen later than May 8th or before August 29th.
490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
31. Marbled Duck — Marmaronetta anz/ustirostris.
None were seen till April 10th, when they appeared about Hanna
and Sannaiyat, several flocks up to twenty in number. They soon
split up and bred nesting on the grass and scrub on the river
bank. I got no eggs but one pair nested in " No man's land " at
Sannaiyat, one pair on the river bank at Falahiyeh and one at
Hanna, the two latter nests 1 found, one had 5 hard set eggs, the
other 6 on the 15th and 18th of May. The nest was made in a
tamarisk bush in one case and in a large tussock of grass in the
other.
The birds were about till September 20th, when they disappeared.
A fair number of young seen and caught in June. Twelve were
seen at Harbe, April 10th, 11th, 12th, 1917. One pair regularly
seen in May and June 1917, 5 miles above Samarra.
32. Red-crested Pochard — Netta rufina,
A few seen and shot.
33. Pochard or Dun-bird — Nyrocaferina.
Common.
34. White-eyed Pochard — Nyroca fernif/inea.
Common,
35. Tufted Duck — Nyroca fuligula,
A few seen and shot.
36. Golden-eye or Garrot — Clanyula ylaucion.
Single bird drake, shot at Hanna, 20th March. Two ducks shot
out of a flock of 10 or 12 birds flighting at dawn on the Tigris at
Hanna, 5th September. A pair of birds seen and shot on the
River at Hanna, 25th September,
37. Stifl'-tail Duck — Erumatura leucocephala .
Single bird came down the river in an exhausted state and was
shot from the Falahiyeh Sandy Ridge Bridge, February 6th, 1917.
The bird was a drake in nearly full plumage.
38. Smew— ilfer^MS albellus.
A pair seen and shot on the Tigris at Falahiyeh, 5th September.
491
:NriSCELLANEOUS NOTES.
\o. I.— A FIGHT BETWEEN A DOG AND A rORCUPlNE.
I am sending you an account of the curious result of an encounter
between a dog and a ix)rcupine. The other morning my servants told me
that there had been a tight on the road between a dog and a porcupine,
that the porcupine had driven a quill into the dog's skull, and that the dog
maddened with pain had run into my compound and plunged into an open
garden reservoir and died there. True enough I saw a large dog with a
porcupine's quill firmly imbedded in the skull just above the eye. The
evidence of there having been a light on the road was the sweeper's state-
ment that he had seen a ntunber of quills lying on the road, but these had
been removed before I could see them. However much the servants may
have drawn on their imagination it seems clear that the dog was killed by
the porcupine and it would be interesting if any of your readers could
enlighten me as to the porcupine's mode of attack.
1{. D. MACLEOD, i.o.s.
MUTTKA, 1*-^ AuffUst 1917,
No. II.— BUFFALO IN THE NICOBAR ISLANDS,
In that interesting and informing book, Ball's Jungle Life in India,
mention is made of the buli'alo which were found by the author in a wild
state on the Island of Kamorta in 1869.
These buffalo are supposed to be descended from tame animals imported
during the earliest European occupation of the Island, that by the Jesuit
Missionaries, about the year 1711.
Two or three years ago an officer of my acquaintance saw buffalo on this
Island and endeavoured to get a shot at one, but failed owing to want of
knowledge of the locality and the short stay, a few hours only, of the
steamer.
It would be very interesting if some visitor to the Island could obtain
heads ot a bull and a cow for the Society collection. Probably the horns will
exceed in measurement those of the Indian wild buffalo of the present day
as the animals can have been but seldom molested, and, having run wild
for close on 200 years, have probably reverted to type, the original wild
stock.
I{, W. BURTON, Lt.-Col.
Bombay, August 1917,
No. III.— NOTES FROM THE ORIENTAL SPORTING MAGAZINE,
NEW SERIES, 1869 TO 1879.
A perusal of the Oriental Sporting Magazine for the ten years 1869 to
1879 furnishes material for notes on various subjects, and these are here
collected as being likely to interest some of the readers of our Journal.
WEIGHT.S AND MeASUREMENX.S OF AnIMALS.
Tigers : Deccan Ranger (Colonel H. Eraser), who shot for many years
in the Hyderabad Dominions, came to the same conclusion as the present
writer as to the measurement being an insufficient guide to size ; and,
during the last few years of his shooting days, weighed all tigers killed by
him.
492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
It would be of general interest if sportsmen would weigh animals they
shoot. A Salter's circular spring balance to weigh 300 lbs. will give sufficiently
accurate results as, with due care, an animal can be weighed in two or
three pieces with but little loss of blood and consequent guess work.
Perhaps an Engineer member of the Society can suggest a simple
weighing balance to weigh up to say 2,000 lbs. ; such as that used by
Mr, Roosevelt during his African expedition ?
Here are Deccan Rangers' records —
Tiger 10' 1" 425 lbs. Tigress 9' 330 lbs.
9' 10" 432 1 „ „ 9' 282 „
9' 10" 425 „ „ 8' 11" 284 „
„ 9' 6" 447i „ „ 8' 11" 245 „
„ 9' 6" 420 „ „ 8' 9i" 281 „
„ 9' 6" 370 „ „ 8' 8" 270 „
„ 9' 4" 400 „ „ 8' 8" 285 „
„ 9' 4" 368 „ „ 8' 6" 250 „
„ 9' 2" 330 „ „ 8' 5V' 240 „
„ 8' 5" 256 „
" ,,8 5 253 ,,
Averar/e ; Tigers: 402 lbs., tigresses: 270 lbs. All these animals were
shot in the Hyderabad country, and those obviously not full grown are
excluded. Col. Fraser records that a friend (Col. Baigree), who had shot
over 200 ligers, said that the 432^ lb. beast was the largest — excepting
one, that he had ever seen.
In 1872 (Vol. V, p. 73), the late Sir Montagu Gerard contributed mea-
surements of some tigers shot by him in Central India.
His last expedition, which was in 1898, in the Northern part of the
Hyderabad country, brought his personal bag of tigers to 227.
His 1872 records are as follows : —
Average of 15 tigers, 8' 11"
„ of 20 tigresses, 8' 1^"
Measurements taken from point of nose to tip of tail, the tape loosely
following the curves of the body.
Other writers to the Magazine record measurements of tigers, but
there is nothing to indicate that these are reliable, or how they were taken,
so they are not mentioned here.
In " Shooting in Cooch Behar " the Maharajah records that the largest
tiger — tail included — that he ever saw or shot was 10' 5", this animal weigh-
ing 504 lbs. The heaviest tiger actually weighed 546 lbs. " fully gorged "
and amongst the records given are 7 tigers which weighed 500
lbs. or more. From this it is evident that the tigers of Bengal attain
larger dimensions than those of Central India and Hyderabad. At page
144 of Vol. XXIII of our Journal, the measurements of a Central India
tiger are given as 11' 6'', the body being 8' 2" and tail 3' 4", It is a pity
this animal was not weighed.
*&'
Vaiuou.s Notes as to Tigers.
Colonel Fraser records it as the result of his experience, his conclusion
being finally arrived at owing to an instance which he relates (Vol. VIII,
1875, p. 101) that " there is no doubt now in my mind that a male tiger
does provide for his offspring in the absence, from causes unknown to him,
of the mother.'"' This is a valuable note as it is made by a sportsman of
great experience who is also a careful writer.
There are several contributions regarding tigers feeding on carcases of
animals not killed by themselves, and of them feeding on carrion.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 493
It is, of course, a well-known fact that tigers invariably commence feed-
ing at the hind quarters of a kill. That panthers as invariably begin their
feed at the foroquarters is a popular belief, repeated in a recent work on
the Game Animals of India (11. Lydekker, 1907). In the writer's experience
it is the exception for a panther to commence feeding at the foroquarters
of an animal and doubtless most sportsmen will concur that this is so.
Contributors to the Oriental Sporting Magazine, when they mention the
matter, express conflicting opinions.
Poisoning Ticers.
The Bhowany Taluq of the Coimbatore District in the Madras Presidency
was a tiger slayers paradise in 1873. Tigers were so numerous that
poisoning was resorted to, these operations resulting in recovery of 13
poisoned tigers, while 24 vomitting beasts crept away to die or recover
according to their fate. Also 14 tigers were shot by shikaris, and 2 were
trapped.
Another method of slaying tigers was ventilated by a contributor and
received the approval of the Editor of the day. It is what might be
topically described as very " Home-like'' the present day sportsman's
ideas on such matters. An instance is recorded in 1871 of a tigress climb-
ing a tree in the Neilghery hiUs. The tree trunk was a foot in diameter
and perpendicular and branchless to a height of 25 feet. The beast
climbed up, and lay along a branch some six feet above the lowest bough.
Such a performance is very exceptional, but makes one feel quite unsafe
at the usual 10 or 12 feet !
In the Days of the Emperor Akbar.
" Young Nimrod", a sportsman of experience disguised under this nom-
de-plume, contributed a series of very interesting articles on the methods
of shikar as pursued in the time of the Emperor Akbar and recorded in the
*' Ain-i-Akbari.'' Space and time do not permit of lengthy extracts. That
some of the methods were cruel is illustrated by the recommendation that
the tethered goat should have red pepper put in the eyes to ensure
sufhcient bleating ! The device of strewing hay smeared with "glue"
on the ground around the tethered bait so that the tiger gets his claws,
paws and face covered with sticky grass which also gets into his eyes, is
ingenious. History does not relate that it is practical I The presumption
is that the tiger is found rolling about helpless in the near vicinity of
the " kill " or tethered bait.
R. W. BURTON, Lt.-Col.,
Indian Army.
Bombay, Srd October 1917.
No. IV.— FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS NESTING IN THE
TONS VALLEY.
Accounts of two birds nesting trips to the Harke Dun, near the source of
the Tons river, undertaken in June 1896 and 1897 are given at pages 64-72
and 468-473 of Vol. XI of this Journal.
In June 1917, I again visited the same locality and wish to add a few
notes supplementary to those previously recorded.
Lophophanes dichrous (The Brown Crested Tit). — On arriving in the hills
on April .30 at Deoban, elevation 9,000, about 4 miles from Chakrata,
I noticed the Brown Crested Tit fairly common in the Kharsu oak forest.
A little patient watching and 1 was rewarded by seeing one of these birds
disappear into a circular hole in a rotten oak branch, about 20 feet from the
ground, which proved to contain the nest.
22
494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETl, Vol. XXV.
The hole, which had evidently been excavated by the parent birds, lead
to a small cavity about 5 inches deep in which was placed the nest, which
was composed of moss copiously lined with grey hair. There were 5 fresh
eggs, white Sf)Otted all over but mainly at the large end, with red brown.
They measured about 0-69" by 0'50". So far as 1 am aware the only
previous record of the taking of this bird's eggs is in a note of mine at page
542 of Vol. XIII of this Journal.
Falco subbuteo (The Hobby). — On May 16th, at Konain, elevation 7,800
feet, my attention was drawn by a lot of squealing to two little falcons
engaged in driving off a Jungle crow. The falcon's nest was placed near
the top of a large deodar tree, some 100 feet from the ground.
I examined the birds carefully with my glasses and they were unmistake-
ably the European Hobby.
The nest was unfortunately empty, and 10 days later it was still in the
same condition. This is, I believe, the first record of the nesting of the
Hobby within Indian limits.*
A^A/ithaliscus niveigularis (The White-throated Tit). — The white-throated
tit is not very rare in the wooded areas just below the snows.
On June 11th in rather open mixed broad leafed forest of cherry, birch,
&c., I noticed one of these birds carrying food in his bill.
It was not long before he gave away the position of his nest, which was
placed in the fork of a cherry tree, 10 feet from the ground.
The nest exactly resembled that oi the English long-tailed Tit. It har-
monized so closely with its surroundings (lichen-covered bark) that it
would probably have escaped my notice had its position not been betrayed
by the parent bird.
The nest was copiously lined with feathers, mainly those of the
Monal pleasants. It contained half fledged young.
The nidification of this bird has not been previously recorded.
Siva striyula (The Stripe-throated Siva) — A nest of this bird found at
9,500 feet in a dense thicket of dwarf willow was placed at a height of
about 7 feet from the ground.
It was composed of dry grass, bamboo and other dry leaves, held to-
gether with 2i\itt\pi\iG]\Qn{Usneabarbata) and was lined with fine black
roots and the dry (brown) needles of the Blue Pine.
It contained three slightly set eggs, hedge sparrow blue with black spots
perfect little miniatures of those of the English song thrush. These agree
exactly with those described by me at page 469 of Vol. XI of this Journal,
and one cannot help suspecting that the eggs found by Hodgson and
described in the F. B. I. as being " pale bluish speckled with red " must
have belonged to some other species.
Chelidorhynx hppoxanthum (The "i ellow-bellied Flycatcher), — The Yellow
bellied fantail is common in the valley between 10,000 and 11,500 feet, in
the zone of the birch and of the high level silver fir {Abies n-ebbiana).
In the cold weather it descends to the lower valleys and even to the sub-
Himalayan tract, but so far as my experience goes, it is absolutely confined
to the big level forests in the breeding season, pace R. Thompson's state-
ment to the effect that it breeds in the Kumaon Bhabar.
I found three nests, at about 10,500 feet elevation, two in birch trees,
about 20 feet from the ground and one in a silver fir, 12 feet up. The nests
are beautiful little cups with nearly vertical sides measuring 2" in height
by 2i" external and 1^" internal diameter. They are composed of fine
moss decorated on the exterior with bits of a foliaceous lichen, and are
lined with red moss fruits.
• The Central— Asian Hobby has been recorded as breeding' in Kashmir, Kurran
and Khapran Valleys, Murree Hills, the Galls and Simla.— Eds. ''J
MlaCELLAyEOUS yOTES. iyr>
On Juno IGth two nosts containtnl tlirte frosh fggs each and the- third
was empty and nearly ready for ofiigs.
The eggs are very delicate, pinkish white with a faint cap of pnrplJRh
grey at the big end.
The nests are usually placed on branches at least as thick as the
diameter of the nest and they are very diHicult to spot.
(ir(in<lala avlicclor (Hodgson's (irandala). — These beautiful birds were
observed on June lOth feeding close to the melting snow in a small colony
at ab.mt 1^,000 feet.
Thej' were in pairs, but 1 failed to discover a nest and fancy they had
not begun to breed.
V/telidon nepahm^is (Hodgson's Martin). — ^Several small colonies of
Hodgson's Martin were found breeding under overhanging rocks on
vertical precipices at about I3,o00 feet.
With the aid of a long pole carried up '2 or 3 miles from the forests
below we succeeded in reaching some 8 or 10 nests, but the birds were only
just conimencing to lay, so we only secured seven eggs.
The nests were exactly like those of the English House Martin, only
smaller, and were lined with fine grass.
The eggs were, of course, pure white and measured from 0""70 to 0"'77 in
length and from 0"48 to 0""51 in breadth, the average being 0"'75 by 0"oO.
The breeding of this species at such high elevations has not, 1
believe, been reported previously.
B. B. OSMASTON, i.f.s.
Dehea Dun, October 1917.
No. v.— BIRD'S NESTING IN THE BHILLUNG VALLEY,
TEHIil GARHVVAL.
Scolovax rusticola (The Woodcock). — On my way back to camp from
shooting I flushed a bird at my feet and looking down found four eggs on
the ground. I was near the top of a ridge some 11,000 feet high over-
looking the Bhillung Valley. The nest was on the side of the hill under
a single root of rhododendron, and was just a mere hollow lined with a few-
leaves. The surrounding grtmnd was grass with patches of brush-wood like
heather. I waited for the return of the bird which turned out to be a
Woodcock. The eggs were large for the size of the bird and measured
1-81 X 1-4: 1-8 X 1-39: l-7oxl-4 and 1-76 X 1-4. They were in colour
a bullish brown, with spots and blotches especially at the larger end of
dark brown with underlying marks of purple. They were within about
three days of hatching. Birds that I took to be Woodcock used to ^y
round the camp like flying foxes every night making a most extraordinary
buzzing noise. I tried in vain to shoot them but they always appeared
when I was not ready Their long beaks showed out clearly in Silhonatte
in the evening sky.
Merula albicincta (The White-collared Ouzel). — I found two nests of this
birds on the same day, June 6th, at an altitude of 10,-'500 feet. Both nests
were made of moss and roots and lined with grass and were situated in the
fork of a small tree about 4.'^ feet from the ground. The first nest contain-
ed four fresh eggs {l-lb /,o,l : li'.^xy: li^4x9: 1-24 X 1-89) and
were exactly like those of the English Blackbird, a bluish green background
with brow^li8h spots and blotches especially at the larger end. The second
nest contained one egg just hatching and one newly hatched young. The
birds were very shy in both cases and flew ofi" with a loud noise.
This bird was very common about this part and must have been breeding
in fair numbers.
496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
Merula castanea (The Grey-headed Ouzel). — A nest of this bird was found
on June 14th at 10,500 feet made of moss and roots, and situated on the
trunk of a fallen tree covered with underground. It contained 3 fresh eggs
in colour of a greenish blue ground profusely speckled all over with brownish
spots and freckles. In shape they were very long and narrow measured
1-36 X -89: 1-37 x -89: 1-36 x '88.
Myiophoneus temmincM (The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush). — I found
this bird's nest with three fresh eggs on June 18th at about 10,000
feet.
Oreocincla mollissiina (The Plain-backed Mountain-Thrush). — I found one
nest of this bird on June 14th situated in a low fork almost on the ground
on the side of a hill. The nest was made of moss lined with roots and fine
grass.
It contained four fresh eggs (1-41 x '96 : 1-4 x 93 : 1-4 x "92 : 81 -39 x -90)
very handsomely marked the ground is whitish and especially at the larger
end the eggs were profusely blotched and spotted with chestnut and reddish
brown, and in some cases almost blood red. The bird was a close sitter
and when disturbed hung about close by in a great state of agitation.
Oreocincla dauma (Small-billed Mountain-Thrush). — I found two nests of
this bird. The first on June 12th at 10,000 feet was situated in a low fork on
a grassy bank made chiefly of moss and dry grass and lined with grass, and
roots and contained two eggs just hatching and one newly hatched young.
The second nest found on June 14th was built among large stones covered
with moss and undergrowth on the side of a hill. The nest was similiar to
the first and contained three fresh eggs in colour of a whitish background
profusely speckled all over with small red brown specks. They measured
1-25 X -92 : 1-27 X -9 : 1-28 x-91. The birds sat very close.
Rorornis fortipes (The Strong-footed Bush- Warbler). — A xxes,i of Ihis bird
was found on June 17th at about 9,500 feet. It was built of coarse grass and
loosely put together so that it looked almost domed. It was profusely
lined with feathers, and situated at 3 feet from the ground in a bramble at
the foot of a bank. It contained four eggs of the most striking colour I
have ever seen. A imiform deep chocolate tinged with purple. They
measured 0-70 x 0-51: 071 x 0-53: 072 x 0-82: 072 x 0-51.
Pnoepyr/a squamata (The Scaly-breasted Wren). — On June 6th, I came
across a nest of this bird at about 10,500 feet. The nest was built almost
entirely of moss and was situated under an overhanging moss clad rock on
the side of a ravine. It was domed with a hole at the side and contained
three fresh eggs, pure white with the exception of two or three reddish
brown specks on two of the eggs. They seemed very large for the size of the
bird and measured 0-8 X 0-61 and 079 X "06. Unfortunately the third egg
got broken before 1 measured it. The bird sat very close and I almost
caught it in the nest.
Rhylloscopus proregulus ( Pallas's Willow- Warbler). — On the 8th June,
I moved camp and after marching some 6 miles, I sat down under a
tree. My attention was soon attracted by two tiny birds which I took to
be Goldcrests at first, making a great twittering and seemingly greatly
agitated. Thinking there was probably a nest somewhere near I retired
about 15 yards in cover where I could watch the tree. After some minutes
the twittering suddenly ceased and the birds seemed to disappear. I
approached the tree and gently shook the branch on which I had last seen
the bird and to my amazement a bird flew out of the moss covered bough.
I examined the branch carefully and eventually found a minute hole in
the moss into which I carefully inserted my finger. 1 was delighted to
feel 4 eggs. This was, I think, the most wonderfully concealed nest I have
ever seen.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 497
The branch on which it was built was itself thickly covered with moss
and the nest was half suspended and closely biiilt into the branch. It was
made entirely of moss and profusely lined with feathers. The entrance
hole at the top on one side was only about an inch across. When examin-
ing the bough at about 1 foot, I was unable to find the nest except by
feeling with my lingers. The bird turned out to be Phylloscojnii prorcyulus
and the eggs half incubated were white with reddish brown spots chiefly
at the larger end. One unfortmuitely broke when being blown. The
• tther measured 0-o7xO-4o : 0()X0-48 : 0-o8x0-46.
The nest was on the outside of the tree (moss covered oak) and about
7 feet from the ground.
Another nest of this bird found on June 17th contained four fully
and fledged young. The nest was about 18 feet from the ground suspen-
ded from the outside branch of a fine tree and made entirely of moss.
lanthia rif/ilata (The Ked-flanked Bush-Kobin). — A nest of this bird was
found on June 1 5th at about 10,000 ft. The nest was in a hole in a bank
about 4 ins. in and about 4 ft. from the ground. It was very well concealed
and made of fine grass and lined profusely with the hair of the musk deer.
It contained 3 fresh eggs of a whitish colour very faintly and sparingly
spotted at the larger end with pale reddish brown. They measured
0-72xO-o7 : 0-73 x 0-57 and 0*74 xOo3. The birds kept in the neighbour-
hood wheu the nest was being robbed and showed great agitation.
Accipitev riryatiis (The Besra Sparrow-Hawk). — On May 9th near Bhim
Tal, I found the nest of this bird in a tree about 20 feet from the ground in
a fork, overlooking a khud. The nest, made of sticks of various dimen-
sions and about 18 inches across contained 2 fresh eggs, of a white ground
colour blotched and spotted with blood-red and brown, one at the larger
end, and one at the smaller. These I took. Three days later the nest
contained another egg, white with a sort of pale brown smear over one side.
The first 2 eggs measured I'Oo x 1-35: 1-57 x 1'32 and the third one
1-75 X 1-3.
The birds showed the utmost concern when the nest was being robbed
and flew and swooped at me again and again compelling me to ward them
off with my hand. At intervals they would settle about 3 or 4 yards away
screaming the whole time and then would attack with renewed vigour.
V, S. Club, Lucknow, W. H. MATTHEWS.
July, 1917.
Xo. VI.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE INDIAN PITTA {PITTA
BRACRYURA) IN THE KANGRA DISTRICT, PUNJAB.
In the Fauna of Br. India, Vol. II, page 394, the range of P. brachyura
is given as : — " The whole of India from Eastern Rajputana and Garhwal
to Sikkhim, and Calcutta, extending South to Cape Comorin and Ceylon"
so its occurrence in the only Province from which it is excluded, will be of
interest. I first saw a single bird flying across the road on June 15th,
and on the 2.5th of the same month, while motoring past, I noticed a bird
leave a tree. I stopped the motor and waited and in a few minutes, it, or
the pair, returned to the same tree. I got oft" and took my lunch to the
foot of the tree and waited further developments and soon discovered
the nest. It was some 30ft. from the ground, in the fork of a large
" Bird-cherry." A large nest made of long strands of coarse grass and
straw and lined with the leaves of the " pipul " tree, which must have been
green w^hen they were brought to the neat. Inside were 5 youngsters
which could not have been more than a day old, as they did not show a
single quill between the lot of them, except a faint trace of the wing quills.
498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
I brought away two in the hope of rearing them. One died very shortly
after but the other, though backward to start with, flourished, and 1 had
every hope of succeeding with him when an accidental fall from the hand
proved too much for him and he died a couple of days later.
Since the young of this family are supposed to resemble the adults in
plumage, except that the colouring is not so vivid, it will perhaps be of
interest to some of our members, to give the progress and development
of the little one I had, and show how very far the first plumage is removed
from that of the adult.
A. — Before any quills appeared on the scene ; on 26th June 3 917. Head,
neck, upper parts of back and wings and breast, a shiny lead black, like
polished india-rubber. Lighter on abdomen, the latter very distended.
Legs, a dirty salmon pink. Beak, black on top with the edges of both
mandibles orange yellow, darker at the tip and lighter at the gape. Lower
mandible slightly longer than the upper.
June 28th. — Very little if any difference.
July 1st. — One died. The second growing ; wing quills more apparent
and various feather tracts becoming visible.
July 3rd. — Eyes opened. Wing quills about ^" long and those on the
back and tail becoming conspicuous. Quills very similar in
colour to the skin though somewhat lighter.
July 6th. — Wing quills developing very fast and becoming extraordinari-
ly long being nearly f as long as the body. The quills on
the head and body also very long when compared with other
birds in a similar stage. The quills on either side of the
abdomen and round vent assuming a faint tinge of pink.
July 8th. — Feathers just apparent and bursting through two of the primary
quills. The tips of secondary quiJls very light coloured,
almost white, but no feathers showing.
July loth. — Feathers have broken through all the wing quills. The tips
much lighter than the rest which is a very deep green, almost
black with a green sheen, tips whitish. A few pink feathers
showing round the abdomen and dark grey or brown tips
showing through the quills on breast.
July 12th. — Most of the feathers come through on the wings, including
the coverts. Breast feathers and scapulars also through.
Quills on head about J" long but no sign of feathers. Eating
ravenously and recognises voices. Sits up in his nest as soon
as he hears anyone talking with wide open mouth. Quite a
loud, though pleasant, single note whistle. Sits up on his
long tarsi but cannot stand.
.July lyth. — Fell out of his nest and later on out of the bearer's hand on to
the floor. Am afraid he is hurt.
July 15th. — Not eating well in the morning. Found him in his nest in the
evening very limp and icy cold, with all his food coming out
of his mouth. Gave a few drops of brandy, wrapped him up
in cotton wool and put him between two hot-water bottles.
Revived considerably by midnight, and wanted food.
July 16th. — Very sorry for himself and completely ofl' his food. Died by
the evening.
Descnption as on IQth.
Feathers come through the quills everywhere except a few on the head
and tail.
B. — Colouration. —
Head dark grey, each feather with a blackish tip.
MI.SC EL LA A i:o UH NO TEs. 491)
A black stripe from below the eye to the nape. Ear coverts black. Chin
white, neck and breast grey-brown the centre of the foathers faintly
marked with vinous.
Lower breast an«l sides grey. Abdomen pink.
Scapulars grey, faintly tinged with deep green.
Lesser wing coverts black faintly tipped with grey.
Median coverts black at base, deep green for the last third of length,
narrowly tipped white.
tireater coverts similar to the median coverts, but colours more pro-
nounced.
Winglet black.
Primaries black fading to grey near the tips, where the outer web is
narrowly margined with white.
Secondaries black near shaft, both wings tinged with a dull greenish
blue. Tip of each feather white.
Tertials similar to secondaries but no white on them.
Tail — no feathers visible.
Legs and feet almost orange now. the upper portion of the tibia covered
with grey feathers.
Except for the very faint tinge of blue on the secondaries which is
hardly discernible except in good light, there is no blue about the young-
ster and the whole is as unlike the adult as one could make it.
The nest was found in the Kangra District at an altitude of about 3,000
feet above sea level, between Nurpur and Kotla, and this point must be
about 100 miles as the crow flies, to the nearest portion of its recorded
range, with a succession of high ranges in between.
I have never seen this bird in the Simla District, a portion of which
adjoins the U. P. but is still a long way from the nearest limit of Garhwal,
and it seems strange that a pair should skip so many miles of country and
find their way up here.
Dharmsala, Kanoka District. C. H. DONALD, f.z.s.
2Uh July 1917.
No VII.— ARRIVAL OF DUCK AND TEAL IN THE DARBHANGA
DISTRICT, BEHAR,
The first duck seen was a female Red-crested Pochard (iVX fa rufina) which
was f ot on the 22nd of last month ; since then I have seen about half a
dozen teal, but they can hardly be said to be in yet. There is no water, at
least in this part of the district, except in the very big jheels, and if the
smaller ones are not filled up a bit before the end of the monsoon, shooting
is likely to be very local.
Baghownie Fly, Laheria Sarai, CHAS. M. INGLIS.
2nd Auffust 1917.
^,, VIII— NIDIFICATION OF THE LESSER OR COMMON WHIST-
LING TEAh {DENJJliOCrCNA JAVAXICA) A'^If BO'SELLVS
EAGLE iHIERAETUS FASCIATUS).
On the 12th August 1 took a nest of the Lesser Whistling-Teal, shooting
the bird herself as she put up her head out of the nest hole in the mango
free. I found she was sitting <>u 10 eggs of her own, which were all a trifle
incubated, and also two eggs of the Comb Duck, which were absolutely
resh. Possibly this lazy domestic habit of the Comb Duck is weU known,
500 JOURNAL, BOMB 4.Y NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
but the only instance I can find in such books as I have is that Colonel
Marshall found it laying in the nest of a White-necked Stork. Possibly
also this habit accounts for Anderson finding 40 eggs under one bird.
As regards the nesting of BoneDi's Eagle, it may be of some interest to
say that what Dewar writes on page 10 of his recent Bird Calendar which
presumably represents the latest information on the subject is rather mis-
leading, for my experience in this district leads me to believe the eggs can
be got without much difficulty, and without attacking high cliffs. In the
second week of February 1916, I found a nest on a small tree, only about
12 feet up, in a shallow ravine running parallel with the Jumna and about
a mile from it. As there were two nestlings in the nest with the parent, I
returned to this ravine on the 9th January 1917, and about 600 yards
further along the ravine I found " Mrs. Bonelli " sitting on two fresh eggs.
The nest was about 20 feet up a banyan and on the edge of the tree. I
shot the bird for purpose of identification. I then moved camp away from
the Jumna, and on the 18th January again found a Bonelli sitting on two
fresh eggs. This was about 30 feet up on a peepal tree, again at the edge
of the tree. This nest was found about If miles north of the Canal, which
makes it between 5 and 6 miles from the Jumna, and its tree was just on
the edge of a patch of dhak jungle, where it overlooked cultivation. Next
day, the 19th, 1 found a third Bonelli, not far from the second nest,
constructing its nest. I regret to say I shot the second bird also, in order
that there might be no possible mistake in identification. Thus 3 nests
were found within 11 days, none near cliffs.
S, G. DE C. IRELAND.
Fatehpue, U.P., IQth Auf/ust 1917,
No. IX.— EXTENSION OF HABITAT OF THE HAIPt-CRESTED
DRONGO {CHIBIA HOTTENTOTTA).
Mr. Fitzgerald of Baijnath Tea Estate, wrote and told me that a pair of
birds, with 2 or 3 presumably young ones, had made their appearance in
Baijnath, Kangra District, Punjab, and as he had never seen them before,
in all the years he has been in the District, wondered if I could tell him
what they were. I went down to Baijnath a few days later and we shot
one to make certain and it proved to be Chibia hottentotta.
I have never seen this species in the Punjab before and Mr. Fitzgerald,
who is a very old resident and a very keen observer, did not know it either.
There were some ordinary King Crows about at the time and the difference
in size between the two genera was very perceptible.
The measurements are no criterion of the actual difference between them.
When on the wing the Chibia looked at least If times the size of the
Black Drongo (Z>. ater.)
I see Gates records its furthest Northern range as " from Garhwal to the
extreme East of Assam," so its appearance in the Kangra District is
interesting and I think worth recording.
Our thanks are due to Mr. F. Fitzerald for the discovery.
C. H. DONALD.
Egerton Hall, Dharmsala Cantonment.
August 261/1, 1917.
No. X.— SOME NOTES ON THE BURMESE PEAFOAVL {PAVO
MUTICUS) IN CAPTIVITY.
I was much interested in Mr. Stuart Baker's article on this bird in No. 1
of Vol. XXIV of this .Journal and having had some of the birds since the
MiaCELLAMJOUS AOTIJS. oOl
eotl of 1908 I kept some notes. I am seudiug these in case they may
prove interestiup;.
As regards getting the train, my birds start acquiring theirs in October
and it is beautifully developed by February and they start dropping it in
May.
I have noted the following as to the colouring of the soft parts in a male.
From nostrils to above, below and behind the eye purplish blue, near the
nostrils it is more of a pale prussian blue tinged with yellow ; below this
purplish blue the colour is chrome vellow. During the breeding season
the colours are greatly intensilied, the yellow assuming an orange yellow
colour, and that portion of the skin seems to expand during this period, and
has a slight fold behind at base below the ear orifice. Also the whole
plumage of the bird gets a brighter and more brilliant hue.
Nobody, except Finn in his (lame Birds of India, seems to mention one
diti'erence between the cock and hen and that is that whereas in the cock
the patch of scaly feathers in front of the eye (lores) is metallic green, in
the hen it is reddish brown. I did not notice this myself till i made
water colour studies of both birds. This would be an easy means of
telling the sexes in the young. In my female, the feathers on the front and
sides of the neck are more coppery than in the males.
Chick. — Sides of head and throat lemon yellow ; crown and a streak
from occiput to near ear blackish brown ; occiput and rest of neck and
breast brownish buft" ; back of neck browner ,- a dusky streak from nape
to below coverts; remainder of lower plumage pale lemon yellow; back
sepia brown ; down on wings rufous brown, feathers pale Indian red
tinged with yellow and marked with black except at tip ; on the primaries
the markings are lighter ; tail brown : sides of thighs pale rufous yellow.
Bill creamy yellow, purer yellow above the nostrils and reddish in front of
nail ; iris greyish brown ; legs and feet yellow reddish between the scutte in
front of tarsus ; claws pink and soles of feet yellower than rest.
On the twenty-third day after birth the crest was noticeable but one
chick did not show any signs of it till nearly two months old. When a
month old, they started getting feathers on the body. When two and a
half months old they began getting the metallic feathers on the back and
sides of neck.
I saw a fortnight old chick fly on to the roof of a small house in the
garden and when a month and a half old they began showing off.
Mr. Baker does not note the scale-like appearance of the neck and breast
feathers of the adult which is quite unlike the plumage of the Common
Peacock (P. cristatus).
Brecdin;/. — I got my birds, a pair, in November 1908, but they did not
breed till 1910. Then only two eggs were laid ; the small number of eggs
being presumably on account of the birds being young. The eggs were
laid at the end of March in a little hollow in the ground and were not
hidden in any way. One was broken, I believe by the cock bird. For
some unaccountable reason they did not breed at all the following year.
I may mention that this was the same with some Swamp Partridge
{Francolinus yidaris) which had also bred in 1910 and did so again
in 1912.
In 1912 I saw the peafowl in copulation for the first time. The cock bird
was strutting about showing oft" with upraised train after the manner of his
kind, the hen being nowhere near him ; but this did not seem to afl'ect him
at all. The hen then came quietly near him and on seeing her, he gave a
loud scream and with drooping train made a rush at her, holding her down
by the head with his bill. After she left him, he began strutting about
as before and showing off.
23
502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
She started laying on the 5th March on the bare pucca floor in a corner
of the house and laid on the 5th, 7th, 9th, 12th and 14th, making five eggs
at close intervals Avhich would have formed a clutch ; three more were laid
from the beginning to the 3rd April and one again on the 6th and three
more eggs from the 22nd to the 25th of that month, or a total of
eleven eggs in seven weeks forming three clutches. The chicks hatched
out on the 26th day.
The cock was unfortunately by mistake killed by my sweeper on the 24th
March and though through the kindness of Mr. D. Ezra of Calcutta I was
able to purchase another one in April of the same year, I have not been
successful in getting any more fertile eggs. I have kept a cock from the
chicks hatched in April and it is now five and a quarter years old but
no fertile eggs have been laid by the hen, so I am afraid she is too old.
Et/gs. — Some of the eggs are only slightly and others very deeply pitted,
a number having some circular swollen ridges at the thin end. The ground
colour varies from pale cream to pale salmon buff and deep rich buff, some
being freckled with a darker shade of the same colour, others with deeper
or lighter purplish grey ; one egg was deeply spotted with fine spots espe-
cially round the thick end forming a small zone, there being some, large
blotches of reddish brown at the other end ; another was speckled all over
with reddish brown, and another had no freckles at all, only a few
brownish pink blotches scattered about the centre and small end. The
average of a number of eggs measured was 3" x 2-11" ; the lengths running
from 2 '90" to 3-19," the breadths from 2" to 2-20".
Habits. — The call of this bird, I make out as Aow awe, Aow awe, Aow
awe. This is sometimes made whilst resting on his perch inside the house
during the heat of the day and sometimes on the ground outside the house,
whilst uttering it his head is v."ell raised up. It is a much pleasanter note
than that of the Common Peafowl and like that of the latter bird can be
heard from a great distance. He does not appear to have any special time
for calling as 1 have heard him from 6 a.m. right up after 6 p.m., generally
at shortish intervals, the longest break being between 10-30 a.m. and 1 p.m.
I have seen the cock bird running round and round his enclosure and call-
ing Aow, Kavv, Kavv, Kaw, Kaw, 1 think this note is uttered when some-
thing has frightened him.
In showing off. which he does at all times except during the heat of the
day, he gives his tail a shake and up goes his train : every now and again he
shakes his tail, probably this is done when the train starts to droop and he
steps about as if on hot bricks, sometimes with his back, and sometnnes
with his front to the hen. She appears to pay no attention whichever side
is facing her. Should she come near him in front, he gives his quills a
shiver and should she continue to remain in front of him this is repeated
several times, probably to draw her attention. Whilst showing oft', the head
is kept down and the bill slightly open. 1 have heard him calling whilst
displaying.
Baghownie Fty, Laheria Saeai, C. M. INGLIS.
August 1917.
No. XI.— OCCURRENCE OF THE PINK-HEADED DUCK
(RHODONESSA CARYOPHYLLACEA) IN THE PUNJAB.
On the 29th September 3917 I was crossing the Keshopur Jheel in a
punt where we put up three large duck which I did not recognise. I shot
one. It was a large duck chocolate brown above and dark brown below
with a very distinctive rose pink-head and a very distinct tinge of the
same colour to the white lining of the wings. The Shikaris (who reside in
the locality of this jheel and are very knowledgable folk) declared it to be a
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 503
very rare bird. On Ejettinjr home Messrs. Mitchell (P. W. D.), Salusbury,
(T.C.S.) jviul myself hiokod tlio bird up in Blanford and Oatos. It tvas
undoubtedly the Fink-headed Duck {lihodonessa canjiq)hyllacca, Lath.)
A. H. MARSHALL,
GuKDASprR, Punjab, (Indian Police).
Uh October 1917.
[In Vol. XXIV, page 590 of the Journal, Mr. H. AVhistler recorded seeing
two of these ducks in the Ambala District in March 1910. — Eds.]
No. XII.— FOOD OF BULBULS.
I am sending you separately a lizard which formed the meal of a young
bnlbul hatched out only about 5 — 6 days. The bulbul, one of a family of
three Common IJed-vonted Bulbuls [Molpastes hcemorrhous), was found lying
on the ground below the nest at its last gasp with the hind feet and half an
inch of tail of the lizard sticking out of its mouth. 1 pulled the lizard out
and the bird appeared better but died later. It seems rather curious for
the bird to have tackled a mouthful nearly as big as itself.
B. D. RICHARDS.
LoxAVLA, \oth October I9I7.
[The lizard, a young Calotes versicolor, measured 3^ inches in length.
The circumstance is remarkable as this bulbul is chiefly a fruit eater — Eds.]
Xo. XIII.— NOTES ON THE NIDIFICATION OF THE
COMMON GREY HORNBILL {LOPROCEROS BIROSTRIS).
Our garden at Batala, Gurdaspur District, has usually had these horn-
bills nesting in it. One season a predecessor of ours, the Rev. F. Lawrence,
used to feed the imprisoned female hornbill from the end of a fishing rod.
But this year. 1017, we had unusual opportunities of observing the details
of the incubation period closely, as there was a hornbill nesting in a " jaman "
tree in a hole about eighteen feet from the ground. A good view of it was
commanded from an upper window and also from a first floor verandah of
which the creeper-covered balustrade gave perfect cover to the observer.
The hole was on the outward side of the tree and had presumably been
used by parrots. For when the hornhills were investigating the hole with a
view to nesting, there was vociferous competition from the parrots. On
the 2nd of April the hornbiUs began enlarging the hole, on the 3rd the
female went in.
In the account by Mr. Home given in Hume's Nests and Eggs of Indian
Birds, Rough Draft, it is stated that the hole observed was filled up from
inside by the female with her own ordure. I cannot think that a hole
could have been stopped up with merely the droppings of one bird for two
days in the case of my hornbills. They had a large hole to reduce to the
dimensions of the small upright feeding slit, and I observed the male
bringing pellets of mud from the garden irrigation channels where the
water had just been running. The pellets he handed to the female appear-
ed to be quite round, like the pellets of which a swallow's nest is built.
She plastered them on from inside making the opening smaller inside than
out like the slit windows in a Fort : it had a downward slope too like a
windowsill. Then the hole was reduced till it had only a narrow slit which
allowed a little more than the stretch of an open beak. From the time that
the hole was plastered up about April (ith the female did not appear till
April i'2nd. The male was assiduous in feeding her. But being apparently
a iiDrmal case we did not make any special observations. When on April
22. id, we saw the hole enlarged, we thought the female must be out and
504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
did not expect to see the hole closed up again. No account that I had seen
or heard mentioned the fact that after the emergence of the mother, the
parents shut up the remaining young again just as the mother was shut up !
The female, I may mention in distinction to Mr. Home's account which
describes an emerged female he saw as having lost many of her feathers
and being in bad condition, was exceedingly well-looking and in beautiful
plumage. She was easily distinguished from the male by being slightly
smaller and darker in plumage.
AVhen the female came out the hole was again reduced to a feeding slit,
but as we thought the young were out too we did not watch for the hole
being filled up, and I cannot say if the young birds helped to plaster the
hole from inside as their mother had done.
We were much surprised at seeing the hole again blocked. From April
22nd till July 2nd the hole remained a mere slit. The male and female
fed the young at frequent intervals from light till midday and then seemed
to take cover from the heat themselves till about 4 p.m. The surface of the
bark below and at the sides of the hole became quite worn and smooth.
The food was given from two positions, the parent would alight on a bough
near at hand and then fly to the hole, clinging on to the trunk below it with
legs wide apart, and feed directly into the open beaks of the young. Or
the bird would feed from one side of the trunk stretching its neck round
the curve of the trunk to the hole. During the preliminary rest in which
the food bringer often indulged, the bird frequently regurgitated the
food it was about to give, shortening and stretching its wonderfully
elastic neck and gulping with great swellings of the throat.
The diet was very mixed, but had certainly carnivorous elements in it.
The sweeper's boy told me he had seen grass-hoppers being picked up off
the ground and fed to the young, and Colonel Farmer, Superintendent
of the Civil Veterinary Department of the Punjab, staying with us on
June 22nd, saw the same distinctly. On June 26th, one of the parents
brought a headless mouse (or lizard possibly) with a white underside. The
young took it eagerly. The head was regurgitated and given separately. 1
think it was a mouse for the young toyed a long time Avith it — the opening
was open that day as I shall mention later — and 1 saw them throwing the
guts up and down playing with them on the windowsill of the hole.
A variety of food would be brought at one beakful. Pipal figs were
much used, but once I noticed a green leaf regurgitated and fed in morsels
to the young and the feed ended with a pipal fig. My husband on June
26th, saw one beakful consist of no less than seven figs. They were gulped
up by the bringer one by one, but the last two were rejected by the young
and thrown out. The male patiently picked them up several times and
offered them again but they were refused. I have seen a fig thrown out
by the young and caught in the beak of the mother and handed back to
the young again !
On Thursday, June 29th, the diet for two hours was as follows, observed
with field glasses from the balcony.
8-25 a.m., green leaf brought by male who flew off directly.
8-27 one of the first ripe jaman berries, brought by the male, rejected
by the young and swallowed by the male himself.
9-7 „ green leaves, fed by the female.
9-10 „ do. do.
9-12 „ green leaf regurgitated and fed by the male.
9-30 „ green loaf and then pipal fig fed by the male.
9-33 „ something undeterminable brought by the male.
9-40 „ do. do.
10-25 „ fig, which was refused by young, brought by the male.
MISCELLANEOUlS SOTES, 505
Nothing more was brought between then and 11 u.ni., after which time
observation ceased.
On .lune 30th observation was as follows: —
10- 1 1* a.m., some small black thing, like an ant, fed by the female.
10-17 .. pipal tig brought by the female.
10-26 ,, black ant brought by the female.
10-40 ,, something undeterminable brought by the male.
10-43 ,, mixed food ending with a fig, brought by the female.
After the young had left the nest, the old birds continued to feed them
as they sat on the trees.
The arrival of the parent with food was nearly always announced by the
young with a loud cry and we were able to run to a window and see what
was being fed to them. Even when the parent sat on a bough and did not
approach the hole at first, the young seemed to be able to see through
their narrow slit that food was at hand.
On June i'4th we heard this cry from another direction than the nest and
rushed out, thinking the young were out. Strange to say the hole was
opened, but the young hornbills were ttot those from this nest bvit two young
ones just emerged from another nest in a mango tree in another part of the
garden. The young in the jaman tree nest remained in and were regu-
larly fed. We now watched very closely as the hole was open and we
expected the young to come out any moment. But on June 27th the male
was seen carrying lumps of mud to the hole and on the 28th the hole was
rather smaller again, and on the 29th very distinctly filled up. On the
30th a very heavy rain with wind came and I conceived it possible that the
hole had been closed on second thoughts because of the premonition of rain.
The hole of the mango tree nest did not face the wind, the jaman tree did.
On the 2nd of July the hole was again opened, but the young remained
in and were fed. On one day in July, in spite of much observation, the young
birds flew without my being present. There were only two as in the other
nest, and in each case the young birds were very little smaller than the
parents and had apparently mature plumage. The birds, young or old, never
came near the hole agaiii, though there are nearly always hornbills
sitting or flying in the garden.
A thing that could not but be remarked on was the accuracy of the
young birds in voiding their ordure through the narrow slit, as well as the
distance to which they propelled it. The ground quite a distance from the
tree was white with their droppings as well as sprinkled with bits of
dropped pipal figs burst. But I never saw any bones of castings such as an
owl voids.
GuRDASPUB, Punjab, ELEANOR FRANCES HALL.
October 29t/i, 1917.
No. XIV.— NOTE ON KALIJ PHEASANT, ESPECIALLY ON
A SPECIMEN FROM THE GOALPARA DISTRICT, ASSAM.
Some years ago my friend Mr. E. O. Shebbeare of the Forest Service
sent me the skin of a cock kalij shot by him at Bengtol Camp, Goalpara,
on the 21st March 1909. He had provisionally marked it Gennaus
leucomc'lanus, but on receipt of the skin it did not appear to me to belong
to any described species. I sent the skin to Mr. Ogilvie Grant at the
British Museum for identification. Not hearing from him for a long time,
I wrote him about the skin and he replied that he had passed it on to
Mr. E. W. Oates, who was at that time working on this group of pheasants
and that Mr. Oates had promised to write to me ; but as he did not do so,
he said that Oates placed it as Gennceus mearsi.
506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT .
I was greatly interested in Mr. Stuart Baker's revision of the genus
Gennceus in No. 4, Vol. XXIII, of this Journal and also in his article on some
of the species and sub-species of Gennceus in the last Journal (No. 2),
Vol. XXV. According to Mr. Baker, Oates species Gennceus mearsi is
nothing more and less than Gennceus horsfleldi horsfieldi. Under that
species he makes the following remarks : " The lower plumage is very
seldom marked with white, but I have seen specimens from Goalpara
again from the extreme East ( vide Oates, mearsi)
with five lines on the feathers of the sides of the breast and flanks, the
streaks appearing either as central strite to the feathers or, less often,
on the outer web only."
Now to come to my Goalpara skin. I have not got the specimen with
me at present. I believe Mr. Baker has it, but I made a most careful
life size water colour sketch of half or more of the bird and have
that sketch. The first thipg that struck me on receipt of the skin
from Mr. Shebbeare and also on examining my water colour sketch
was the lanceolate feathers of the breast just like those of melanonotus
and not at all like the rounded breast feathers of horsfieldi. The breast
feathers have white central striee as mentioned by Mr. Baker and quoted
by me, but in Mr. Baker's article there is no mention of the breast feathers
being lanceolate or rounded. I believe the breast feathers of horsfieldi
are invariably rounded ; if so, then my Goalpara specimen cannot belong to
that species, and if the breast feathers of mearsi are rounded which, 1
presume they are, as Mr. Baker places that sub-species as a synonym of
horsfieldi, then my skin is not mearsi though named so by Oates, who
originally described that sub-species. I believe my skin will turn out to be a
hybrid of between Gennceus melanonotus and G. horsfieldi horsfieldi, having
the lanceolate breast feathers of the former and the white barred rump of
the latter. I have asked Mr. Stuart Baker to re-examine my Goalpara
skin and to give us his views on the subject. It would be interesting if
one could get further Goalpara specimens. I am trying to do so. I have
been greatly interested in the Kalij pheasants for some time and have been
collecting specimens from various parts of Darjiling and the Duars to try
and find out the exact range of G^mnceus melanonotus, which is the
common species of those parts. This species is not the only one
got in that region, as some years ago while shooting from an
elephant in the forest near Sivoke, which is in the Kurseong Division
of the Darjiling District and is situated at the foot of Hills and on
the boundary of the Duars, the Tista river separating it fx'om that
District, I distinctly saw at very close range a Kalij pheasant with
white bars on the rump. I quickly changed my lethal cartridges for shot
ones, but in the meantime the Kalij had scuttled into some high elephant
grass, and though I beat this thoroughly with the elephant, I never got
another glimpse of the bird. The bird was quite close to the elephant,
when I saw it and the undergrowth being thin 1 got a complete view of
the bird and not only a glimpse ; knowing Gennceus horsfieldi horsfieldi well,
the white bars on the rump at once drew my attention. I have tried to
get specimens of white barred rumped birds from this locality and from the
Duars, but so far unsuccessfully. Several of the Duars planters are
interested in the subject and have promised to send me skins should they
get any, and Mr. Shebbeare, who moves about the whole of the District from
the Goalpara to the Darjiling boundaries, is also on the look out for
specimens. So far the only pheasants I have got from the Duars have
been from the Jalpaiguri Division and all G. nnelanonotus, but I hope to get
some from the Buxa Division which runs up to the Goalpara District, the
Sankos being the boundary. Should any pheasants be forthcoming from
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
507
that Division thoy should pn»ve interesting, they may be pure molano-
notus or may bo like my Goalpara spocimen. Under nidilicatinn of
(ieitnivus leuctDnclaniit, Mr. Baker mentions getting some eggs of that
species from Dr. H. N. Coltart which had originally been brought to
Mr. Ferry from the hills above I3ettiah. 1 have also four eggs in my
collection which 1 got from Dr. Coltart, who received them from Mr. Ferry,
and which were got from the same spot or from the hills near Bhikiia
Thori ; they behmg to two separate clutches. The vernacular name for
Getmuus vwlanvnotitx, which I have heard in many parts of the hills, is
Kalij.
Since writing the above on the Goalpara skin shot by Mr. E. O.
Shebbeare, I have come across a letter from Mr. Stuart Baker who wrote as
follows about this specimen. The letter had got mislaid and I did not
remember that he had made any remarks about it. He wrote " I make your
bird out to be huojicldi with an inclination towards the melanonohis form
which is what one niisht expect at that point, Goalpara." I still wonder
what the bird I saw at Sivoke could have been.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
Baghownie Fly, Lahekia Serai, P.O.
Qth November 1917.
No. XV.— CURIOUS POSITION OF A DOVES' NEST. .
I send a photograph of a doves' nest. It was made as you will see in a
508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
lamp bracket on a verandah which is in constant use. Nothing worried the
parents and they hatched out a couple of young ones. The dove is I think
Turtur cambayensis, the Little Brown Dove.
W. G. BARNETT.
PooNA, September, 1917.
No. XVI.— HABITS OF THE GREEN TVHIIJj^ {CHELONE MYDAS).
We all know that a turtle lays its eggs in the sand, but there does not
appear to be any record in the Society's Journal of exactly how this opera-
tion is performed.
When at Karachi early in July I was fortunate enough to witness the
whole procedure, so send a note of the occurrence. The turtle emerged
from the surf at about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the tide being near the
full, and proceeded about 40 yards inland to the foot of a cliff. She then
stubbed her nose against some stones, so turned them aside until, having
found a place to her satisfaction, she settled herself down with the aid of
her flappers and by sideways movements of her body, until she was sunk
below the sand level about two inches in front and some six inches behind.
Then, using each hind flapper in turn, she scooped out a handful of sand
and deposited it to one side. As each "handful" was thus deposited,
the body was moved over towards that side so as to bring the opposite flap-
per into position, and this was then reached down to draw up its " handful"'
of sand, and so on.
The hole scooped out was about 24 inches in depth, 30 inches from sand
level, the depth being regulated by the utmost extent to which the flapper
could reach, and this coinciding with the reach of a man's arm. Sufficient
excavation having been made the turtle — panting with its exertions — lay
quiet for about 20 minutes, and then, the eggs having been laid, proceed-
ed to fill in the sand, using the flappers the reverse way to that em-
ployed for the excavation. She then drew herself slightly forward and
patted down the sand over the hole with her flappers, moved her body over
the place to flatten it out, and turning round crawled back the way she
came, being " turned turtle " and also stood on, on the journey, and disap-
peared into the surf.
Throughout these operations, which took about an hour, she paid no
attention to the interested lookers-on. A dog sniffed at her nose, children
and "grown up's " stood around and made rude remarks, but she did not
mind in the least and went steadily on with her business. Needless to add
that no sooner had she vacated her position than the eggs were dug up by
eager children and the spoil divided. The eggs numbered about a
hundred. They were in size and shape like a ping-pong ball, including the
small indentation caused, apparently, by each egg being dropped on to
the others below. I let some of the eggs fall from a height of about four
feet on to rock, and they bounded ofl" undamaged ; this being, no doubt,
Nature's provision to enable them to be dupped on to one another from the
necessary height when being laid. The turtle was about thirty inches long.
. I much regret the absence of a camera and neglect to accurately time the
various operations. The sand at the bottom of the hole was slightly damp.
R. W. BURTON, Lt.-Col.
Bombay, Aur/ust 1917.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 509
No. XVII.— OCCURRENCE OF THE TREE SNAKE (DENDROVHIS
riCTL'S) IxN KUMAON.
Wheu 1 wrote my popular article on this Snake in this Journal, (Vol.
XIX, p. 787, et i^eq.), the only evidence that it occurs in Northern India,
West of Bengal was from Stoliczka, who reported it common in Kuniaon
and Sutlej. Further, out of 7U4 snakes collected by me in Fyzabad, U. P.
no single specimen came to bag.
It is interesting therefore that on my journey from Ranibag to
Kathgodam at the foot of the Naiui Tal Hills on the loth of this month
I came across a iine 5 specimen.
It crossed the road holding its head some 9 inches or a foot high,
having something in its jaws. Hurriedly dismounting I managed to
disable the snake before it gained jungle cover, and was surprised to find
it a Dcndrophis pictus. Its intended victim which was held transversely,
in the jaws as a dog carries a stick, was dropped on the road, and when
picked up proved to be a large gecko (probably Hemidactylus eoctaei),
1 identitied the snake fron\ its colouration chiefly, from D. tristis [vide
remarks on page 779 of the article above referred to). I did not examine
the dentition, nor count the ventrals and subcaudals. The costals were
15 anteriorly and in midbody, 11 posteriorly.
F. WALL, Lt.-Col., i.m.s.
J H BLUM, 22nd October 1917.
No. XVIII.— PYTHONS BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY.
A female Python {F>/thon molurus) measuring 8'-G" had been caged for
four years in the vivarium of the Nagpur Museum, and on the 10th October
1916, a male measuring 5'-8" was introduced into the same cage. At first
there was a tendency to disagree but after a day or two the pair became
friendly and invariably lay coiled together. After the winter fast the
dam appeared to be falling ofl' in her appetite and began to refuse food
oftered to her. In February she ate but one chicken and a rat, in March
nothing, in April only one rat, after which she refused food entirely. On
ll^th May she deposited 16 eggs. Deposition began at about 7 a.m. and
ended at 2 p.m. The snake lay coiled during the process and as each egg
was laid she proceeded to cover it with her coils.
One egg which was opened contained an embryo in an early stage of
development which measured 3 inches when unravelled. The heart was
seen pulsating and the hind limbs were indicated by two minute promi-
nences. The weight of this egg was 6:^ oz.
On the following day it was noticed that she had completely covered
seven eggs under her coils and rejected the rest. This was probably due
to her inability to cover more than seven eggs or they may have been put
out of place by the movements of the male snake which still remained in
the same cage. These eggs measured as follows: —
1.
3-4"
X
2-5"
2.
3-8"
X
2-4"
3.
3-4"
X
2-3"
4.
3-6"
X
2-5"
5.
3-7"
X
2-5'
6
3-1"
X
2-5"
1 .
3-5"
X
2-2"
8.
2-2"
X
1-8"
9.
2-5"
X
1-9"
34
510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
All contained embryos similar to the one described, except Nos. 6, 8 and
9 which were unfertile, 8 and 9 were discoloured and not fully formed,
while 6 was joined to 5.
The snake incubated these eggs till 30th June and throughout the
period she was noticed twitching at short intervals. On the 2nd June
she left the eggs, had a drink and after immersing herself in the watertank
returned to the eggs. On the 16th June she ate a dead rat and a bird
placed near her. On the 30th June she left the eggs which were removed
and examined. All proved to be addled except one which contained
a living snake 1A\" long and about f of an inch in thickness. The foetal
tooth, which ended in a blunt point was distinctly visible to the
naked eye.
The dam had sloughed on the 7th April before the incubation period and
did not shed her skin again till the 19th July.
Central Museum, Nagpuk, E. A. D'ABREU, f.z.s.
%th August 1917.
No. XIX.— THE VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN CENTRAL
INDIA.
Please see Col. Bannerman's paper on the distribution of varieties of
Cobra in Vol. XVI, page 638, and Vol. XVII, page 1031, of our Journal.
Central India is mentioned as the habitat of the variety caeca.
On 3rd June a Cobra was brought to me of the ordinary '' typica " variety
with well developed ocellate marks. It was 3'-10" in length.
On the 11th June I was brought a Cobra of the variety "caeca"' 4'-3
long. I made a careful lepidosis of the snake although I was certain tha
it could be nothing else. So far as I recollect Goona is the onlj^ place
given in Col. Bannerman's map, lying in Central India. Here (Manpur)
the two varieties occur. It will be interesting to see which prevails when
more have been collected.
C, E. LUARD, Majok.
The Agency, Manpuk, C. I.,
2nd September 1917,
No. XX.— COBRAS WITHOUT THE CUNEATE SCALE.
I am sending to-day the head of a snake which was killed by a servant
in the compound last night. I proceeded to identify it this morning and
at once came to the conclusion that it was a Cobra {Naia trijmdiatis) on the
following points : —
1. 3rd supra -labial touches nasal shield and eye. This separates
Cobras and Coral snakes from all other snakes, vide Wall's
" Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes," page 23.
2. ' The prteocular shield touches the internasal ', peculiar to the
cobras with two rare exceptions (page 28 same book).
3. Other marks as tail, etc., point to the Cobra and scale pattern on
back makes distinct chevron shape.
I went over all this mcist carefully and could not find that I was mistaken
in anj'^ point fmt 1 could find no ' cuneate ' scale and the scales differ in
the two following points. The 2nd temporal does not touch 5th and 6th
supralabials but the 4th and 5th, and the 4th supra-labial does not toxich
the eye as figured in Wall's book, page 29. I have not identified
many snakes and most of those of this part of India are new to me, but
MISCELLA NEO VH NO TES. r, 1 1
this species which I have once before examined and taken for a Cobra
puzzles me. T shouhl bo much obliged if you would let mo know what
species it is and how tho apparently contradictory 'marks' can be explain-
ed. 1 could find no fangs but took it that they might have been knocked
out.
NowsuERA, N.W.F.P., H. R. WATSON, Major,
\st April 1917. Slst Pioneers.
[Since writin-i- the above, Major Watson has sent us another Cobra from
Nowshera without the cuncate scale. This led us to examine all the specimens
of Cobras in our collection and we found, out of 5(; specimens from all parts of
India, 2 (from Parachinar and Taunji-yi. Burma) without any cuneate scale. — Eds.]
No. XXI.— FIGHT BETWEEN VESFA CINCTA, Fabr., AND
rOLISTES HEBRAEUtS, Fabr.
The other day while in the Factory, I saw two wasps ( ] ''. cincfa, Fabr., and
P. hebraeuf, Fabr.) so to speak clasped in each others arms (legs). They were
in the air but came down to the ground and there rolled about like a pair
of wrestlers, each stinging the other for all he knew. After a few minutes
the larger wasp Hew away leaving the other, crippled but not defunct, on
the ground.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
Baghowria Ftv, Lahbria Sarai,
2nd Aug. 1917.
No. XXII.— THE INFLUENCE OF THE MONSOONS ON INSECT
LIFE IN INDIA.
On the 9th of November, after dark, at about 120 miles W. S. W. of
Bombay, quite a number of insects came on board the HospitalShip "Madras."
Amongst these I noticed the Sphiugid, Chaerocampa theylia, some undeter-
mined Geometers and two species of dragonflies — Diplacodes tfivialis, an
insect with a weak flight and Tholymis tillarga, a night-flying species. A
moderate N. E. monsoon was blowing at the time which is ordinary for the
time of the year. It would be impossible for any of these insects to beat
up against the wind for a distance of I'lQ miles, especially for the w'eaker
flying species, and it would be equally impossible for any of them to survive
the vast distance separating them from the African coast. The paucity of
Indian forms amongst the African fauna bears out this latter point. The
monsoons must therefore be immensely important factors in keeping down
insect life in India, as incalculable numbers must be blown out to sea,
eastwards or westwards according to the prevailing monsoon, and there
perish. A calculation based on the nimibers coming aboard any ship during
the course of a single day, the breadth of beaiti of the ship and the extent
of coast- line to windward will give some idea of these numbers and inci-
dentally of the wealth of our Indian fauna which can spare such great losses
over many weeks without showing any appreciable diminution.
Hospital Ship " Madras,"
Bombay, Nov. 1917.
F. C. FRASEH, Capt., i.m.s.
No. XXIII.— THE DISTANCE MOSQUITOES CAN FLY.
In our Journal for 190''5, Vol. XVI., page 36, Patton, in his article on
" TheCulicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland — their haunts and habits " gives
the maximum flight of Anopheline Mosquitoes as observed by him at that
time as \\ miles.
512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
It may be of interest to record here that while the Hospital Ship
" Madras " was lying off the bar of the Shatt-el-Arab aboat lat. 29'-46', long.
48'-4?', 15| miles from ths nearest land on the 28th May 1916, swarms of
Cellia jmlchen-ima appeared on the ship. I do not think there is any doubt
that they came from the shore. As far as I know there was not a single
mosquito observed on the voyage up from Bombay, but on the day after
our arrival at the bar C. pulcherrima was biting freely in the saloon and
numerous specimens were caught and identified.
A search was made on board for a possible breeding place with — as
might be expected on a Hospital Ship — a negative result.
The light-ship lay about a mile off; no other ship was nearer than the
land, a light breeze blew from the shore. This is not the only occasion on
which Cellia pulcherrima has visited the ship at the bar, they have been
frequently caught after the ship's arrival. On the 12th of September this
year I caught throe in my cabin. I have never taken any mosquitoes on
the voyage up to the bar except Culicmae.
Hospital Ship " Madras ",
3rd October 1917.
EGBERT E. WRIGHT, Ma.tob, i.m.s.
No. XXIV.— PHOSPHORESCENCE IN THE PERSIAN GULF.
Many of our members have probably travelled from Bombay to Basra
in the last three years, and some or them have doubtless been struck by
the wonderful phosphorescent phenomena of the Persian Gulf. Phosphor-
escence may be observed in these waters in varying degrees of brilliance
at practically any time of year. I cannot say at what time it is at its best
but I have never seen anything comparable to a night early in March IQlti,
between the Farur Islands and the bar of the Shatt-el-Arab. It was a
fine still night, the Hospital Ship "Madras" was steaming towards Basra,
all around the vessel the water was glowing with palebue light, the ripples
thrown out on either side stretched away iu diverging lines of flame, towards
the horizon, the sea was illuminated by the glowing crests of waves, a depth
of fiery liquid boiled round the bows, and the wake shone like a moonlit
river.
The vessel herself was illuminated with a pale ghostly light. The fish
darting about in the water close by, made their presence known by deve-
loping rocket like trails. The ship's cat, sitting in " the chains," Avatched
these rapidly moving streaks intently ; as if he knew that they were pro-
duced by something that was fair game. With diflicalty we, who were
watching, tore overselves away from the fascinating spectacle, but before
going to bed a salt-water tap' was turned on and a number of glowing balls
of fire captured. On investigation it appeared that the creatures of the
floating fauna mainly responsible for the night's illuminations were little
Crustaceans, easily visible to the naked eye, belonging to the groups Cla-
docera and Copepoda.
On superficial examination with a low-power glass, the chief representa-
tions of the former looked like minute pink bivalves, whilst those of the
latter resembled to a certain extent minute shrimps.
In immense munbers they form part of the " plankton " which one
hears referred to by seafaring men as " whale spawn " amongst other
names.
ROBERT E. WRIGHT, Ma.tor, i.m.s.
Ho.spiTAL Ship "Madras,'
Zrd October 1917.
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MISCELLAMiOUS NOTES. 513
No. XXV.— PHENOMENA OF INTERCHANGEABILITY OF VEGETA-
TIVE AND FRUIT STRUCTURES IN OFUNTIA ELATIOR, Mill.
{Withriates I and II.)
lu many a village of the Deccan, this Opuntia occurs gregariously
filling up all unoccupied spaces of the village site. It is also found growing
as a tall and compact hedge along boundaries of cultivated iields border-
ing on much frequented village paths or cart tracks. In these positions
it forms a pest of the village as it harbours wild pigs, snakes and other
obnoiious creatures.
This Cactus (^prickly pear) usually bears its crimson coloured fruits on
the margins of phylloclades in variable numbers. Sometimes two or
three are found to occur at the same level growing near each other. In
the ordinary course, these fruits drop down on ripening, lu size they are
about 1-| inch to If inch by 1:^ to f inch pear-shaped and deeply coloured.
Sometimes one finds a fruit growing from the top of a sister fruit. Dr.
William Burns mentions i^vide Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. IX,
Fart IV, pages 336-365) a case of a negative structure growing from the
fruits of this species of Cactus. But the peculiarities presented by the
subjects photographed in figures 1, II and III are not recorded. The
specimens pictured here were found growing as branches of individual
plants in the village hedge-row at Bliatkunki, a village in the Bijapur
district (h-At. \~^ N., Long. 76'^ E. approximately). They were collected by
the writer on 27th May 1914.
lu Fig. 1 is to be seen a succession of 4 fruits place one upon another
growing in succession. The fourth or the topmost one bears at its rim,
other fruits which again have another succession of 3 or bunches of fruits,
the last maintaining the saine kind of succession again. At the extremity
of each bunch are to be seen dried remnants of one or more flowers. In
this specimen (Fig. I) the usual colouration of the fruit was fully developed
upon the lowermost four fruits. In the upper ones also although the
intensity of the colour gradually diminished from bottom to top ones
(increasing to green) still a tendency to develop it more and more accord-
ing to the maturity of the fruit was to be seen here very clearly indeed.
I cut open all the four lower fruits. They were full of soft pulp which
tasted rather insipid or very slightly sour. No seeds were found. The
two fruits on the upper branches were also examined. They were rather
hollow not containing any pulp, but had some juice. One seed was found
in each.
In Fig. II we find a phyUoclade which has produced marginally five
fruit structures, two of which had fully developed the normal coloration
and are devoid of any lateral branching. The three others were not so
deeply coloured. One of these has produced two joints successively.
From one of the remaining, a fruit is produced which again bears three
sister fruits from its top and a phylloclade from one of the last. The
second bears a succession of fruits.
Fig. Ill is a still more curious specimen. In this, one can see alternate
developments of fruits and joints from one another and a string of fruits
also. A transitional stage is to be seen at // . I cut open the middle
lowermost, thick and swollen fruit of the specimen photographed here.
It contained juice and one fairly large seed.
The seeds found from specimens of figures I and III were unfortunately
lost before they could be sown.
In the three specimens above described, it was noticeable that the fruits
were always more strongly coloured and the phylloclades generally green,
although these also, now and then, presented pink colour. Besides their
shape, the presence of a terminal hollow with a marginal rim and the
514 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
remains of a few floral parts specially stamens indicate their real nature.
The phylloclades were generally green flattened out normally elliptical
lanceolate or obovate.
Ordinarily we do not find cases of vegetative phylloclades growing from
the top of a normal fruit. The subject of the right hand picture of plate
XXXI in Dr. Burns' article quoted above was a specimen cultivated by me
in a pot in the Ganeshkhind Botanical Gardens, Kirkee, India. Not having
myself noticed previously in nature such vegetative out growths of phyllo-
clades from fruits, I referred to Dr. Burns personally. He informed me
that he had repeatedly seen joints growing from unripe fruits dropped on
ground.
In the cases presented here these growths were found on ripe as well as
green fruits while themselves standing on parent members which latter
were either fruits or phylloclades. Besides we see in them additional
features of interest.
The above facts indicate the iuterchangeability of vegetative and re-
productive structures in this plant.
G. B. PATVARDHAN,
Agricultural College, Assistant Prof, of Botany.
PooNA, Sept. 1917.
No. XXVI.— A SPOKT FROM OPUNTIA ELATIOR, Mill,
(^With Plate III.)
On the evening of 23rd May 1917, on my way to one of the fields of the
Jagirdar of Bhatkunki (Lat. 17° N., Long. 76° E. approximately) a village
in the Bijapur District, India, I happened to notice, casually, a curiously
appearing form of Cactus peeping from amidst a hedge of our common
Cactus {Opuntia elatior). A close inspection of it revealed that the form
was growing as a branch sport from one of the flat joints of the indigenous
Opuntia. I showed it at the time to a student of our College, Mr. G. C.
Limaye, two of his uncles and another gentleman (Mr. M. R. Bhide of the
Ferguson College, Poena) who had accompanied me. I got it collected
and brought it with me to Poona. A photograph of it Fig. IV" (2) taken
here shows the kind of structure that it has. It was so strangely difl'erent
from the common Opuntia of our hedges, namely Opuntia elatior, Mill, that
I thought it must be recorded. It appears to me a bud sport from one
of the hedge plants. It was found growing from the region (A) on the
subject represented in Fig. IV (1). It is regrettable that the two subjects
could not be photographed while remaining attached to each other as they
were collected separately. Because, also, there was no photographer on
the spot and if one had been present, it would have been very diflicult to
isolate a sporting plant from the crowds of the hedge for photograph-
ing in situ. The plant has cylindrical joints of varying length, the older
ones are longer than the young ones. The terminal joints bear globular
or oval protuberances produced at every position of an areole. They
consist of a glabrous green lower part and an upper part with tufted hairs
which are interspersed with minute fleshy coloured scale. Thorns are
absent.
The whole branch as collected was planted in a pot. But the lower
thickest part got rotten soon. Slips from the upper joints are planted
and are expected to thrive.
G. B. PATVARDHAN,
Agricultural College, Assistant Prof, of Botany.
Poona, Sept. 1917.
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 515
No. XXVII.— THE BARTON SHOOTING SEAT.
{With a plate.)
About 15 years ago Mr. E. L. Bartou, who was then in Bombay and a
mombor of our Committee, invontod a portable revolving shooting seat
which was found to be peculiarly suitable for duck shooting. A certain
number of the seats were made and sold to members of the Society. A
recent enquiry from a member for one of these seats has elicited from Mr.
Barton, wlio is now living in England, a rough sketch from which I have
prepared the sketch and plan given on the accompanying plate.
The seat can be taken to pieces and packed in a small canvas bag.
It is thought that the sketch may be of use to some members who require
a revolving seat (for duck shooting) which will not sink in the mud.
L. H. SAVILE.
Bombay, December 1917.
516
PROCEEDIK(^S
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 26th JULY 1917.
A meeting of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural History
Society took place on Thursday, the 26th July, Mr. John Wallace presiding.
The Secretary said since the last meeting the Society had lost by death
two of their oldest members the Revd, Father Dreckmann, S.J., and Lt.-
Col. Kirtikar, I. M.S. Father Dreckmann was for 30 years a member of
the Committee and until recently one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society.
He was one of the most regular attendants at the meetings and had done a
great deal of valuable work for the Society in connection with reptiles.
Lt.-Col. Kirtikar was a member of the conmiittee for many years and had
contributed many valuable notes on Botanical subjects.
The Secretary said he was sure that members would pass a vote of deep
regret at the loss of these old and valued members both of whom had
helped so largely in the researches of the Society.
The election of the following 23 new members since the last meeting was
announced : — The Secretary, Darjeeling Gymkhana Club, Darjeeling ; Capt.
E, Selby Phipson, I.M.S., Bombay ; Capt. J. S. Armstrong, R.A.M.C,
Basra ; Capt. the Hon'ble R. A. Addington, Poona ; Mr. J. C. T. Fair-
weather, Khandwa, C.P. ; Capt. H. F. Murland, Karachi; Mr. C. R. Part-
ridge, Jalpaiguri ; the Honorary Secretary, Station Library, Simla ; Mr. H.
J. Winch, Shivrajpur ; Lt. E. J. Green. I.A.R.O., Mesopotamia; Lt. E. D.
A. Cuvelier, Nowshera ; Mr. C. P. Vitty, Europe ; Mr. A. E. LeMarchand,
Indore ; Major A.H. Cunningham, R. E., Roorkee ; Mr. F. D. Spencer, Siam ;
Mr. W. D. Wheeler, Bombay; Capt. A. Fitzgerald, Bombay; Capt. J. G.
P. Drummond, Kacha, Baluchistan ; Mr. Hasan C. Latif, Aurangabad ;
Lt. F. Kingdon Ward, Mesopotamia ; Mr. A. E. Elmore, Tharrawaddy ; the
Forest Botanist, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun ; and Capt. N. H.
Prendergast, Miranshah.
The Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the Museum
since the last meeting; : —
Contribution .
Locality.
Doner.
1 Fox {Vulpcs, sp.)
1 Jackal (C aureus)
1 Wolf (C. lupus) (body skin
only.)
2 Hyjenas {H. hyaena) (skins
damaged).
1 Short-eared Owl (A. accipiti
nus) and several Snakes
104 Birds' skins
16 Fish
3 Lizards
8 Snakes and a few insects
33 Birds' skins
2 Ibex heads (C. ccgayrus)
1 Marten {Maries, sp.) and
1 Cheetah {C.jubatus) . .
J
Mesopotamia
Do.
Do.
Do.
Pushti Koh Rf
Lt. T. R. Livesey,
Capt. C. R. Pitman.
Capt. H. L. Macken-
zie, I. M.S.
Sir P. Z. Cox.
Capt. Napier.
I'ROCKEDiyaS.
2 Hoacls of Persiau (iazello
(^r. sub(/uttui'0Ka)
1 Fox ( rul/H's, sp.)
1 Persian Gazelle (6'. subyuttu-
rosa) alive.
6 Jerboas (.7. loftus ?) alive
1 Gerbille {Gerhillus, sp.), alive
12 Snakes , . . . . .
0 Lizards . . . .
2 Scorpions
1 Terapiu (C caspica) and
A few Insects
20 Snakes
9 Snakes
1 Marbled Teal {M. angustiros-
tns).
1 Snake (i. diadema)
1 Fish {Barbus seich ?)
Few Insects
2 Markhor heads (C. falconeri).
2 Martens ( Mustela, sp.) and
1 Snow Partridge {Lerva nivi-
cola).
1 Porcupine {H. leucura) . .
1 Malabar Civet {V. civettina) . .
1 Flying Squirrel {T, himalaicus).
1 Pahn Civet (P. niger)
2 Rats (-B. rufescens) . . . . 1
2 Palm Squirrels (i^. pennanti). S
1 Ferret Badger {H. nipalensis) . *
1 Bat {Kenvoula picta) . . f
1 Otter {L. ellioti) . ,
1 Jackal ( C. indicus) , .
Mesopotamia . . 'F. Ludlow,
Do.
Do.
. . jLt. Ii. E. Cheesman.
f Capt. L. H. Mac-
1 kenzie.
1 Southern Mole Rat {G. kok)
1 Rufous-necked Hornbill
nepalensis).
1 Black-browed Flycatcher
f/urkii).
14 Birds
.J Snakes and a few fish
1 Hawk Owl {N. scutulata).
•O Earth Snakes (Silybura) an
1 Leech
4 Birds' skins
{A.
(C.
'A
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
No locality
Lushai Hills
Trevandrum
Churabi Valley . .
Hissar, Punjab . .
Purulia, Bengal . .
jHasimara
Dharwar
Risalpur, N. W.
F. P.
Ootacamund
Darjeeling
Cachar
Capt. C. R. Pit-
V man.
(Maj. F. E. Ven-
) ning.
Capt. C. F. In-
goldby.
Lt.-Col. F. Wall
I. M.S.
Col. H. S. Wood.
I
Capt. S. J. Hearn.
Maj. Light.
Maj. F. P. Connor.
Maj. E. H. James.
H. A. Coloquhoun.
TrevandruraMuseum
C. H. Dracott.
C. E. Brauford.
H. M. Crawford.
H. V. O'Donel.
J. R. Jacob.
Lt. G. C. Shortridge.
L. H. Savile.
. jN. A, Baptista.
J. P. Mills.
Madura District . .
Xelimpatty Hills..
'Mount Victoria..
S. H. Prater.
A. M. Kinloch.
P. F. Wickham.
518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, fol. XXV.
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
o Birds' skins . . . . . . \
11 Nests and . . . . . . f
3 Eggs of Reed Warbler f
Various . .
F. Field.
{A. stentoreus). )
1 Painted Tree Snake (i). tristis).
Manpur, C. I. ..
Major C. E. Luard.
1 Indian Monitor {V. benyalensis) ,
Godhra, C. I. . .
I. Ali.
2 Sea Snakes
Bombay . .
AV. Alcock.
1 Anamallay Viper (A. anamal-
Nagercoil.S. India
D. G. Cameron.
lensity).
1 Golden Tree Snake (C. ornata)..
Minbu, Burma . .
C. G. Stewart.
2 Cobras {N. tripudianti)
Nowshera
Maj. H. R. Watson.
3 Koels' eggs {E, honorata)
Bombay . .
W. S. Millard.
Eggs and nest of Madras
Do. . .
E. C. B. Acworth.
Eed-vented Bulbul {M.
hmmorrhous).
29 Fish . . . . ■ . .
Wahvan Lake,
B. D. liichards.
Lonavla .
Minor contributions from Messrs. G. Rose, F. Lobo, F. Hearson, Maj. G.
Husband, Major Shaw, F. S. Xavier, C. Narayan Rao, Major Hilson
and C. H, Donald.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 26th SEPTEMBER 1917.
An " At Home '■ for members and their friends of the Bombay Natural
History Society took place on Wednesday, the 26th September.
The election of the following 16 new members since the last meetino- was
announced: — Major J. C. Coldstream, I. A., Bombay; the Curator, State
Museum, Puddukkottai ; Mr, N. C. Braham, Siam ; Mr. W. Davies, Poona •
Mr. J. G. Hogan, Indore, C.I.; Mr. E. A. Steward, Assam ; Dr. H. C.
Berlie, Bunder Abbas ; Mr. H. G. Spence, Rangoon ; Mrs. F. Hastino^s,
Bombay ; Second-Lieut. G. T. H. Bracken, Bombay : Second-Lieut. R.
Smales, Bombay ; the Registrar, Burma Educational Syndicate, Rangoon ;
the Honorary Secretary, Tavoy Club, Tavoy, Burma ; H. H. the Maharaj
Rana Udaibhan Sahib Bahadur of Dholpur State, Rajputana ; Mr. F. E.
Mackwood, Colombo ; the Department of Biology, Ewing Christian College,
Allahabad.
The Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to the Museum
since the last meeting : —
2o Birds' skins
12 Mammals
17 Fish, Snakes
md Lizards
Mesopotamia
Capt. C. R. Pitman.
VROCEEDlNCiii.
519
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
Do.
Mastnng,
chistau.
Eggs of Imliau lJoller(C in-'\
dtca). I
Persian Bee-eater {M. persi- I
cus). r Mesopotamia
Great Stone Plover {£. re- I
curciroxttis). I
Swallow Plover {Glareola, sp.) J
4 Hey's Seesee Partridges {A.^
heyi), alive. I
2 Box Fish (O. cornutus). . . )" Muscat
'2 Snakes and . . . . '
1 Scorpion . . . . . . ■'
23 Birds' skins
1 Jackal (C. aureus)
0 Afghan Hedgehogs, (-£". »ie-
(falotis).
H „ Gerbills {M. eryth- {.
rceus).
2 ., Mouse Hares (O. ru
fe^cens) and
1 Grey Hamster {C. phceus).
2 Leopard Cats {F. bengalensis), Siam
alive.
2 Spiny Mice {P. lasiurus)
1 Tree Mouse ( V. oleracea)
2 Shrews (C'rocidura, sp.)
21 Snakes . . . . . . i
13 Lizards and . . . .
Hair-crested Drongo (C hot-
tentota).
Eggs of Chestnut Bittern {A. "|
cinamorneo.) . r
Yellow Bittern {A. sinensis), j
Eggs of Eastern Bayer (P. -i
megarhynchus) I
Hodgson's Broadbill (<S'. rub- j.
npygius) \
Nepal Babler (.-1. nepcdensis) }
2 Tree Snakes (Z>. forsteni), ahve.
6 Sea Snakes
1 Fat-tailed Lizard {E. macula-
rius), alive.
4 Snakes
1 Horsfield's Tortoise ('/'. hors-
fieldi).
1 Vh^xiwcleon {C. calcavatus), alive
36 Frogs
Balu-
Capt. Thornhill.
Coonoor
Kangra . .
Monacherra, As-
sam.
Cachar, Assam
Chaaiparau
Alibag, Bombay . .
Cherat
Zairat, Balnchist
an.
Wano, Waziristan
Narsingpur, C. P
Capt. C. W. Sanders.
Do.
Capt. J. E. B. Hot-
son,
E. W. Trotter.
Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
I. M.S., C.M.G.
C. H. Donald.
W. H. O. Shortt.
J. P. Mills, i.c.s.
P. Broucke.
W. O. Alcock, i.c.s.
Capt. A. i;. W.Tate.
C. Acton.
AV. B. Cotton, I.c.s.
P. S. Pattuck.
520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HllST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
Giant Stick Insect
Several Insects . .
2 Spiny Lobsters . .
Xagercoil, S. I. . .
Satara
•Singapore
D. G. Cameron.
Mrs. N B. Kinnear.
Capt. Rodgers.
Minor contributions from Messrs. W. S. Millard, H. R. Hume, C. Nara-
yan Rao, D. G. Cameron, L. B. Holland, C. D. Crofton and L. H. Savile.
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JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
June 1918. Vol. XXV. No. 4.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY
E. C. Stuart Bakek, F.L.S., F.Z.S, M.B.O.U.
Part XXIV.
Witk (I, Coloured Plate-.
Phasianid^.
QenwQ—PUGUASIA.
This genus difFei-s from the true Pheasants (Fhasiamis) in having
greatly lengthened upper tail-coverts, together with a proportion-
ately shorter tail, the feathers of which are graduated so that the
central, and longest, rectrices are about twice the length of the
outermost pair The head has a well-developed crest, in addition to
which the feathers above the ear-coverts are elongated into two long-
lateral plumes, contrasting in colour with the occipital crest. There
is no bare orbital space, the sides of the face being feathered.
The wings are rounded, the first primaries being ver}?- short and
the second about en;;;! to the eighth.
The tarsus is stout and strong, and in the male is armed with a
spur, generally short and blunt.
Species and Sub-species,
The Koklas Pheasants belong to a genus which extends over an
immense area of country, stretching from the Western Himalayas
in India through Tibet and China into Manchuria.
Naturally, therefore, we find that it splits up into a considerable
number of species and sub-species, but it is not always easy to
1
522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATVRAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
decide what forms are deserving of the rank of species and what
should be merelj'" designated sub-species or geographical races of
those species.
Adhering to my rule that the classification which is most con-
venient is also the most scientifically sound, I accept four forms, or
groups of forms as sufficiently well-defined from one another to
merit the title of species. In no case can any one of these four
forms be mistaken for another, and in no case is there a line be-
tween the two in which they merge into one another in such a
manner as to make it in the slightest degree difficult to say to
which they belong.
The two points in the plumage of the various Koklas Pheasants
which in combination make discrimination between them easy are :
(1) The colour of the tail feathers, and (2) The pattern of the
feathers of the back. The first feature divides them into two well-
defined groups, and the second breaks each of these up yet again
into two further divisions.
Beebe, who uses only the pattern of the upper plumage as a dis-
tinguishing feature, places P. oneyeri as a sub-species of P. xantho-
spila ; this, however, it certainly is not, as the tail of the two forms
are utterly different, but as the back plumage pattern on the other
hand is equally different to that of P. macroloplia, it must stand as
a species intermediate between these two. The fact that its tail is
like one species and its back like another, does not alone reduce it
to a form such as would constitute a sub-specific link between the
two for this combination of features is quite definite, and does not
shew — as far as we know at present — any sign of merging into the
other forms.
As regards the sub-species into which they may be further
divided, in these, of course, the differences are only a question of
degree and though they are sufficiently pronounced within certain
areas to enable us to give them a definite status as geographical
races, yet on the confines of each area we find perfectly interme-
diate specimens, which we may allot to either of the adjacent sub-
species as it best pleases us.
In " Zoologica " Beebe thus describes the difierences in the three
species he accepts.
" In macrolopha the mantle feathers are cold ashy grey,
" with a wide black shaft stripe extending almost to the tip, .
" A white wedge has been driven some distance up the shaft, but
" . . . is not visible when the feathers are in place.
" In xanthosinla and its congeners . . . there are two
" lines of black instead of one.
" In darivini two additional lateral white wedges have ap-
"peared, splitting the two longitudinal black lines into
" four."
IRE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA.
528
If, however, daruini, is to rank as a full species on account of
the different pattern of the upper plumage, then, ^pso /ado, we must
raise meyeri to the rank of species on the ground of the totally
difterent tail colouration. We then have, as 1 have already shewn,
four species and five sub-species with the following key : —
A. — Basal portion of tail feathers black,
more or less marked with rufous,
a'. Feathers of back with single black
central streak.
. Sides and flanks principally grey.
tt\ No red nuchal collar ...macrolophamacrolopho..
b^. A red collar on nape ... ,, Inddul^hi.
. Sides and flanks principally black
with narrow grey edges ... ,, nepalensis-
Sides and flanks principally chest-
out with little black or light
a'
Ir
marking
b^. Feathers of back with two black
streaks ...
B. — Basal portion of outer tail feathers
grey, not rufous.
c'. Feathers of back with two black
streaks.
d'. A yellow collar
e*. A rufous collar
d^. Feathers of back with four
streaks ...
castunea.
meyeri mey&n.
. . .xanthosinla xanthospila
,, ruficollis.
black "I darwini daruini.
... J ,, joretania.
Females.
A.
a
h\
Basal portion of outer tail feathers
black or black and rufous.
Outer paii'S of tail feathers with black
markings more or less following
contour of feather
All but outermost pair with black
markings more in the nature of
bars
All but outermost pair mostly
chestnut on outer and blackish
on inner web with whitish tips...
Both webs of all the outer tail
feathers mostly chestnut with
white tips
B. — Basal portion of outer tail feathers grey.
e\ Black bars across tail complete
d\
m. macrolopha.
■m. biddulphi.
w. nepalensis.
meyeri.
X. xanthospila.
X. ruficollis.
524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
f\ Black bars across tail broken \nto ^ d. darioini.
two spots ... ... ...) dj. joreiania.
Of the above, P. m. macroloiolia and its various sub-species in-
habit India from the extreme North- West and the borderland of
Baluchistan and Afghanistan to Western Tibet, we then have meyeri
in Central Tibet through the North ot Burmah into Yunnan, next
comes P. X. xanthospila and its geographical races in Eastern Tibet
and Western China, and finally in the extreme East P. d. darwini
and joretania.
If we accept Tibet as being within the geographical range with
which we are dealing, the two last are the only ones which do
not come within our coonizauce.
'&'
PUCRASIA MACROLOPHA MACROLOPHA.
The Kohlas or PuJ<ras Pheasant.
Satyra macrolopha, Lesson, Diet. Sci. Nat. LIX., p. 196 (1828); id,
Traite d'Orn. 494 (1831) Thien Fortpflanz ges Vog, p. 53, pi. xii., fig. 6,
(1845-54) (egg.)
Fhasianus pucrasse, Gray, in GrifF. ed. Cuv., iii., p. 26 (1829).
Phasianus pucrasia, Gray, in Hardw. Ill, Ind. Zool., p. 40 (1830-32) ;
Gould. Cent. Himal. Birds, pis. 69 and 70 (1832).
Euplocamus pucrasia, Jard. Nat. Lib. Orn., iv., p. 216, pi. xxi. (1834).
Tragopan pucrasia, Temm., PI. Col. text to No. 545 (pi. 15) (1834).
Phasianus macrolopha, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc, p. 245 (1849).
Pucrasia macrolopha, Gray, Gen. B., iii., p. 503 (1844) ; Button, J. As.
Soc. Bang., xvii., pt. 2, p. 694 vl848) ; Jardine, Contr, Orn,, 1850, p. 145, pi.
(eggs); Gould., B. Asia, pi. 26 (1854); Adams, P. Z. S., 1858, p. 500
(Simla); Jerdon, B. of India, iii., p. 524 (1863) (pt. N. W. Himalayan);
Tytler, Ibis., 1868, p. 203 (Simla to Mussooree); Pelzeln, Ibis, 1868, p. 321;
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 321 (Koteghur) ; Beavan, bis, 1868, p. 380 ; Stoliczka,
J. As. Soc. Beng., xxxvii, pt. ii., p. 68 (1868); Elliot, Monog. Phas. 1, p. 28
(1872) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 60 (Naini Tal, Almorah) ; Hume and Marshall,
Game B. 1. p. 169, pi. ii. (1879), p. 431 (1880) (Himalayah, 3,000-14,000);
Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 422 (Chamba) ; Gates in Hume's Nests and Kggs,
2nd ed., iii., p. 411 (1890) (part); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bird B. M., xxii.,p.
311 (189.3); id Man. Game-Bird, 1, p. 281, pi. xxi. (1895) (Kumaun to Cham-
ba); Blantord, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv., p. 84 (1898) (part); Gates
Man. Game B I., p. 313 O-^'-'S) : Gates Cat. Eggs Brit. Mus. I, p. 56,
(1901) ; Rattray Jour. B. N. H. S., xvi., p. 663 (1905) (Murree), Nests with
Eg!?s; Ward, ibid, xvii., p. 944 (1907) ; " Pine Martin," ibid xix., p. 797
(1910).
Pucrasis macrolopha macrolopha, Beebe, Zoologica I. No. 15, p. 279
(1914) (Kumaun and Gahrvval).
Vernacular Names. — Koklas, Kokla (Simla to Almoo-a) ; Pokras
(Bhote Parganas of Kumaun and Garhival).
Description- — Adidt Male. — True coronal crest chestnut fawn ;
longer lateral tufts and whole head, chin, throat and hind neck black
glossed with deep green ; sides of the neck with large patch of
white ; whole upper plumage from neck to upper tail-coverts
silver grey, a lanceolate streak down the centre of each feather
THE GA.}fE BIRDS OF INDIA. 625
velvety black, shafts on the lower back and rump paler, and the
longer npper tail-coverts more rufons, the longest being almost
entirely of this colour, edged with grey and with broken longi-
tudinal lines of black ; central tail feathers rufous, tipped grey and
with black shafts, and aline of black on either web running from
base to tip along close to the shaft with a I'ainter similar line close to
either edge ; wing coverts like the back, but having the grey replaced
by pale rufous brown, shading again into grey on the wing-
coverts ; quills brown with broad edges of bull', and the innermost
secondaries mottled and blotched with velvety black.
Below from foreneck to vent deep, but bright chestnut, varying
considerably in width and extent, but normally covering the
greater part of the breast and abdomen ; sides of the lower neck,
breast and Hanks grey, each feather with a central streak of black
and those next the breast with the outer web chestnut ; under
tail-coverts chestnut with white spots at the tips ; vent pale chest-
nut with blackish bases to the feathers, thigh-coverts r.nd adjacent
feathers dull buff with mottled black and chestnut webs ; under
aspect of tail black with white tips.
Colours of soft parts. — Irides dark brown ; bill dark horny brown
or black, the tip always black; legs plumbeous hornj' or brown,
sometimes tinged with greenish or purplish and at other times
almost a fleshy brown or livid-flesh colour.
Meamrements.—'^ing from 8-5" (215-9 mm.) to 9-6" (243-8
mm.) ; the average of nearly 50 birds being 9-3" (230-8 mm.) ; the
tail varies from 8-7" (220-9''mm.) to 10-9" (276-3 mm.) ; and aver-
ages about 9-7" (246-4 mm.); tarsus about 2-6" (66-0 mm.) ; bill
at front about 1-1" (27-9 mm.) and from gape about 1-25"
(31*7 mm.). The crest varies greatl}', in full-grown birds, being
generally between 3-5" (88-9 mm.) and 4-0" (101-6 mm.)
though it sometimes exceeds the latter a trifle. The spur is short
and seldom exceeds half an inch (12-7 mm.) and never three-
quarters (19-0 mm.).
Adult Female. — Crown chestnut or buff, with broad black cres-
centic bars, decreasing towards the end of the short crest, which
is also paler than than the rest of the crown ; supercilia pale and
broad, though ill-defined, and varying from pale huffish white to
creamy buff"; upper parts, including scapulars and wing-coverts pale
brown with numerous fine broken bars of blackish, striking pale
buff stripes and black centres ; generally the upper back and
shorter upper tail-coverts are most richly coloured, the black
being bolder and more prominent and the shaft stripes broader
and often more rufous than elsewhere ; the longest upper tail-
coverts want the bolder marking, and are finely vemiiculated with
dark brown, and to a less extent with buff", in addition to which
they have pale edges ; central tail feathers rufous buff*, pale tipped
526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
and with irregular bars of black with pale rufous centres ; outermost
tail feathers chestnut with white tips, black sub-terminal bands
and black mottling on either web ; intermediate feathers the same,
but with comparatively less and less black on each succeeding pair.
Chin and throat creamy buff, with a line of black spots running
down each side from the angle of the gonys ; foreneck and hind
neck buff, with broad black or dark brown edges, remainder of lower
plumage pale buff to a creamj^ rufous, each feather with longitudinal
markings of dark brown, narrowest on the breast, and broadest
on the posterior flanks ; under tail-coverts chestnut with white
spots ; vent and centre of abdomen whitish with drops of dark
brown on either web.
The depth of colouring, both above and below and its prevailing
tint varj'- very greatly in individuals from the same locality, some
being very much more rufous than others.
Colours of soft imrts. — The same as in the male.
Measuremenis.-^y^ mgivom1-\" (180-3 mm.) to 8-6" (218-4
mm.), with an average of 8-15" (207-0 mm.) ; tail from 6-8"
(172-7 mm.) to 7-7" (195-5 mm.), and averaging about 7" (177-8
mm.) : bill at front about 1-0" (25-4 mm.), and from gape about
1-2" (;;0-4 mm.); tarsus about 2-45" (36-8 mm.).
Huiiie gives the weight of the male as being from 2-lbs. 2-ozs.
to 2-lbs. 14-ozs., and that of the female as 1-lb. 10-ozs. to 2-lbs.
DistriJmtion. — Naiui-Tal, Almorah, Garhwal and Tehri-Garhwal,
the Simla States Northwards into Lahul. According to Ward the
true macrolopha is found in Jammu in the South of Kashmir, and it
is not until one works further North- West that one comes across
P. m. hidduljphi, but Jammu birds appear to be intermediate,
though perhaps nearer m. macrolopha than to m. hiddulphi. Speci-
mens from Murree are also nearer the former than the latter, and
it appears that the Common Koklas Pheasant inhabits the extreme
South of Kashmir, through Jammu, Naoshera and Punch as far as this
town, its place being taken throughout Northern and Central
Kashmir by Marshall's Koklas. Probably in the North-West the
Jhelum River above where it turns due South forms the Southern
boundary, and in the same way the Chenab, where it runs East
and Wi'st forms its Southern boundary North of Jammu.
NidificafAon. — Throughout its range the Koklas Pheasant breeds
principally between 6,000 and 9,000 feet, sometimes higher up to
12,000 feet, at which altitude Whymper found them breeding freely
in Garhwal in the Niti and Nila Valleys, and occasionally lower
down, perhaps to some 4,500 feet, but though it maj'- stray even
lower than this in the cold weather, more birds will be found
breeding over 7,500 feet than below this range.
Rattray has a beautiful photograph of this pheasant's nest
which appeared in this Society's Journal, taken by him near
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 527
Miarree, and in the article accompanying it he ri'corded it as
breeding very commonly in the Galis in the vicinity at between
7,000 and 1),000 feet. In letters to me he describes the nest as
being nearlj' always placed in thick green undergrowth on the
sides of hills in forest, either evergreen or fir. Sometimes in
amongst bracken in the same forests and sometimes in amongst
tangles of briars, raspberries or other canes, but, wherever
placed, generally well hidden from the view of the passer-by,
and often protected by a fallen tree or some densely foliaged low
bush. Occasionally the nest is wedged in amongst the roots of a
tree, either standing or fallen, and in such cases va&Y be in a hole
or hollow almost ont of sight.
Kattray also observes that of the nests he took round about
Danga Gali every one v^'as placed under thick bushes of a kind of
Rhue with a strong aromatic smell.
The nest itself appears to be a trivial affair of a few leaves,
sticks and dead weeds, more often than not merely the accumula-
tion of fallen odds and ends Avith a receptacle scratched in the
centre ; less often a more pretentious affair, the materials having
been collected together in a heap in the centre of which the eggs
lie in a soft, well-lined depression.
The nest may often be found in forests of Paludna Pines, and in
these is generally placed in some damp, mossy ravine, in which
the rocks, bracken and bush undergrowth offer protection and con-
cealment. It is seldom, if ever, found in the more open parts,
where the undergrowth is scanty, and the surface of the
hillside unbroken.
Dodsworth found it breeding near Simla amongst Deodars in
exactly the same kind of position as that generall}' found in the
Paludna Pine Country, so that undergrowth and possibly the near
vicinity of water would appear to be the two essentials in the
selection of a nesting site.
The number of eggs laid have been variously reported as being
from 4 to 9. Eattray gives the ntimber as 5 to 7, a full clutch nearly
always containing the latter number. Hume says 5 to 9 ; Wilson
says that 7 are laid. Whymper has found as many as 7, but says
that generally 5-6 are laid. 1 have had clutches of 4 sent me,
which have been much incubated, and have only heard of one
clutch of as many as 9.
The most common number in a full clutch thus seems to be 5 to
7, whilst often only 4 are laid, and but rarely 8 or 9.
In general appeai'ance the eggs are more like those of Grouse
than those of our true Pheasants. The ground colour is a pale buff,
usually rather dull and dirty in tint, sometimes richer and brighter
and sometimes with a slight reddish tint. The markings consist of
spots, specks and blotches of reddish brown, dark, light or medium
528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
iu different clutches, and occasionally with a chocolate or purplish
tint, I have seen no &gg^ with secondary or subsidiary markings,
though in some cases the spots may be of two tints, one richer and
darker, and one paler and more sepia than red-brown in colour ;
in each case, however, the spots are superficial and not sub-surface.
Variation in the character of the eggs consists almost entirely in
the number and size of the markings, and to a slight extent in the
depth of their colour. In the majority of eggs the markings are
quite small, a few dots and small blotches, but mainly specks and
spots, scattered all over the surface of the egg, equally numerously
at either end. In some eggs the larger marks are comparatively
bigger and more numerous, giving the egg a bolder, brighter look
whilst in a few eggs the smaller specks and stipplings are absent or
practically so, and, as in these eggs the bolder markings are often
of some size, they have quite a handsome appearance.
I have one clutch taken in Garhwal by Mr. S. L. Whymper, in
which the markings consist of scanty but rather bold blotches of
purple brown, the surface of each spot looking as if mildewed ; in
these eggs some of the blotches, which consist of very regular
round spots, ywu up to as much as 4mm. in diameter.
The surface of the shell is hard and close, but there is little or
no gloss. In shape the normal egg is ordinary " hen's egg" siiape
sometimes a little compressed and pointed at the smaller end.
Hume gives the dimensions of 50 eggs as averaging 2-08"
(52.Bmm.) by 1.47" (37.omm.), which is rather larger than the
average measurements of those I have had pass through my hands,
which are only 51.25 x 37.45. The extremes of length he gives as
1.85" (47.0mm.) and 2.29" (58.1mm.) and of breadth as 1.39"
(35.3mm.) and 1.57" (39-8mm.)
The series I have seen all come within these extremes, with the
exception of two eggs which have measured 40.0mm. in breadth,
and the eggs of this Pheasant are, on the whole, even more remark-
ably constant in shape and size than they are in colouration.
The breeding season over the greater part of its range above
7,000 ft. commences in the beginning of May and continues until
well on into June. On the other hand, at its lowest level, a few
birds may be found laying at the end of April.
The hen-bird is a very close sitter once incubation has commenced,
but, unless almost trodden on sneaks away before being discovered
as stealthily and silently as a cat. If suddenly disturbed, she goes
away with the fluster and noise common to all pheasants under
similar circumstances.
It is almost certain that these Pheasants are monogamous, and
the cock-bird may generally be found in the close vicinity of where
the hen is sitting, and once the chicks are hatched he shai'es with
her the laboiir of looking after and protecting them.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 529
Hume believed that tlie Koklas pairs for life, and the observa-
tious of modern sportsmen to some extent confirm this. J have re-
peatedly been told that year after year, if not too much disturbed,
the same pair of Pheasants will haunt and breed in some particular
small patch of jungle in the same ravine. " Pine Martin " in a
very readable article on this bird and the Kalij l^heasant, which
appeared in the Bombay Nat. His. Journal, Vol. XIX., does not
agiee with this. He writes : —
«' In the shooting- season the old cocks are almost always
" found by themselves . . . In shooting, if your dog puts
" up an old cock, do not trouble to look for any more birds
" near him.'"
Incubation takes 20 or 21 days, and the young are able to fly
well within a very few days after they emerge from the shell.
General Hahits. — The Koklas is normally a bird of high elevation,
being found up to 14,000 feet and being most common between
7,000 and 10,000 feet. Wilson says it is found down as low as
4,000 feet, and Hume records it as venturing even lower than this,
n'i?., to 3,000 feet, but to these low hills it only wanders in the cold
weather, and then but very rarely. To sportsmen who want to
make a bag, it would belittle use attempting anything under 5,000
feet and wiser to work at least 2,000 feet above this.
This Pheasant appears to be especially partial to forests of Cypress,
Paludna and other Pines, but may also be found in Oak and
Rhododendron and Evergreen forests. They prefer broken ground
and are often to be found on very precipitous hillsides, so steep
indeed as to make it hard ^^•ork following them ; on the other hand,
they may sometimes be found in smooth and even country, such as
a plateau of a hilltop or the cup lying between tw^o or more.
Wherever they may be, however, there must be lots of cover in
which to hide, and plenty of undergrowth in addition to the trees
themselves. Wilson, or "Mountaineer ", undoubtedly the keenest
observer-sportsman of the middle of the last century, wrote of this
bird :
" In the lower regions its favourite haunts are in wooded
" ravines, but it is found in nearly all hillsides which are
" covered with trees and bushes, from the summit of the ridges
" to about half-way down. Farther in the interior it is found
"scattered in all parts, from near the foot of the hills to the
" top, or as far as the forest reaches, seeming most partial to
" the deep sloping forest composed of oak, chestnut and
" Morinda Pine, with box, yew and other trees intermingled,
"and a thick undergrowth of Riugall.''
As a sporting bird the Koklas ranks veiy high, and even now
few will be found to dispute Hume's diclum that of ail the Hill
Pheasants " the Koklas is the best eating and affords the best sport.''
2
530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
One cauuot get bags of 20 and 30 couple as one can of the
Jnnglef'owl and the Kalij Pheasants, but there can be no denying
the fact that in sporting appearance the latter birds cannot
compete with the Koklas, handsome though thej' may be in their
own way.
The Ibllowing account of a Koklas shoot written by a friend
who desires to remain anonymous gives a good description of the
bird, its haunts and the sport it gives under favourable circumstances.
He writes : —
** R., an old hand at the game, who has worked Murree and
" its Galis, both ornithologically and oologicallj'- for many
" years with great success, had put me up to all the ropes
'' about the Koklas before I paid my visit to the Hills, so that
" A. and I came up to this giddy whirlpool of Indian Society
" determined to have at least a couple of days' shoot before we
" went down again to perspire in the Plains. Our first day's
" shoot was not a success, as we only had three shots and
" got but one bird, so I will not descant on it here. The
" second time out, however, we were much more successful —
"shot between lis a dozen birds, which 1 think may be consi-
" dered a good bag nowadaj'S anywhere close to the better
" known Galis.
" It was getting late in February, but the cocks had not
" started crowing as regTilarly and as often in the morning as
" is their wont later on in the season, but our ' Shiliari '
" Jowala, had marked down for us at least half a dozen places
" in which he had seen or heard cocks crowing and half a dozen
" more in which he thought there were birds.
" Starting as soon as we could see our way from the rest-
" bungalow, we were soon at the first spot where he hoped to
" pick up a bird, and where indeed the previous evening we
" had ourselves heard the ringing ' pok-pok-pokras ' crow of
" an old cock as he retired to rest.
" We had three good dogs with us, half-bred cockers, two
"of which had been lent to us by a man who had shot over
" them in the country we proposed to shoot, and as soon as we
" arrived in good positions we sent the dogs in. The ravine
" was a deep and verj' broken one, covered with rather thinly
" scattered oak and other trees, but with lots of bracken and
" other undergrowth, and with banks rising rather steeply to
"some 2 or 3 hundred feet on either side. Starting at the
"lowest end of the ravine A. took one side and I the other,
" working along about 50 yards apart, and some 20 j^ards up
" the hillside from the bottom of the ravine. We were very
" soon on to some birds, and could hear them scuttling through
" the dry Tindergrowth in front of one of the cockers before,
THE CAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 531
" with a whirr of wings, first one and then two other birds got
'• up, rocketed np into the air, and, turning, flew down towards
" us at a tremendous pace. A. had his bird down with a
" ripping shot, but I'm sorry to say I tinkered my first bird
" badly, though 1 somewhat retrieved the first shot with my
" second as I managed to swing round and get the other bird
''just as she disappeared from sight. As I fired at this, a
'• fourth bird got up, but, frightened by our shots, went uphill
"and settled again within 100 yards, for though we could not
" see her, we heard her go down.
" Picking up ouv two birds we went on up the ravine, but
"thoTiah the do2 feathered constantly we came on no other
" bird until we had gone some distance, when we picked up
" the scent of the fourth bird, which, on alighting, had evidently
" scurried ofi' uphill on foot as fast as she could. The dogs
" were after her, however, hot foot, and just as they reached
" the crest of the hill, up flew the bird and hurtled down over
■' our heads, biit out of shot. We had not, however, done with
"the ravine, for as we got nearly up to the higher end the dogs
" shewed there was more business afoot, and after a few
"minutes' work amongst the rocks, which here were large and
" numerous, drove out another two birds, one of which found
" its way within a straight shot from my gun, and the other of
" which escaped xV. in between the treetops out of sight of
" where he was standing.
" Leaving the ravine, we proceeded to our next beat, this
" time a hillside covered with the same forest as that we had
" left, but with the ground much more precipitous and very
"rocky. According to our guide, the birds were probably
" about half-way up the hill, so we made our plans accordingly.
" With dogs the prohahiliUi was that the birds would rise
"quickly and fly straight down, without dogs the certainty
" would have been that the birds would have run uphill until
" they had topped the crest. We, therefore, worked round the
" lower part of the hill, A. taking the bottom and I keeping
" about 100 feet above him, whilst Jowala and one of thedog&
" started in about the same distance above me. We had near-
" ly finished the hill, and I had given up all hope of any bird,
" when without any notice from the dogs who had worked
" well up the hill after somethhi fj for nearly 200 yards back, five
" birds got up together, and came spinning down past us, giv-
" ing us beautiful shots within easy range. In my eagerness,
" however, I stepped forward too quickly on a rolling stone,
" and sitting down with a most emphatic bamp emptied both
" barrels into the air without a feather falling in response
"thereto. A., more fortunate, kept both head and feet, and
532 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
"bowled over a nice right and left, but missed one of two
" other birds which got up almost immediately a little further
" on. Just beyond the brow of this hill we put up yet another
" bird, evideiitlj^ one of the same flock, but failed to get a shot
" on account of the trees.
" The next beat in which Koklas had been marked down for
" us was some distance away from the hill just shot over, but
" there were one or two likely places en route and beating
" through these, we picked up a brace of Hill Partridge and
" A. also bagged a cock out of some oak bushes from which the
" spaniels flushed her. This, by the way^ was the only Wood-
" cock we saw all day on this occasion, though they are not
" uncommon, and indeed breed in the Galis.
" Our third beat was a very long ravine running round the
" side of a hill, the steep hillside rising high above it on one
" side, whilst on the lower there was only a high bank, perhaps
" 30 or 40 feet higher than the centre of the ravine. A toss
" of a coin gave A. the choice of places, and he selected the
"side of the ravine next the hillside, whilst I took the lower.
" Immediately the dogs were let go, they shewed that birds
" had been on the ground, and feathering briskly, they work-
" ed up the hill after them.
" They had moved on again, however, and nothing resulted
" for the time being, but about 200 yards further on it was
" evident that one of the dogs was close on to them, and pre-
" sently up they got, first a pair which proved to be an old
" cock and hen flustered up directly in front of A., and were
" neatly disposed of, and within a few seconds another three
"birds got up one after another from amongst which A. and
" I each managed to bowl over one and miss another. A good
" long tramp followed this with nothing to show except a
" Pigeon which I got as it flew overhead. It was fast getting
" hot, for even at 7,000 feet and more it can get very hot
"tramping a difticult hillside, so we called a halt and had hmch
"and a pipe, whilst we rested for an hour or so. Shortly after
" resuming we got into a very pretty bit of country ; the ravine
" through which we were working widened out into an open
" hollow nearly 100 yards across in which the scattered oak-
" trees grew amongst dense bracken in a way which reminded
"usver^^ much of an oak copse on some of the Welsh Hills.
" Evidently we were both taken up too much with the pic-
" turesque side of nature, for when two birds got up within easy
" shot of me, I managed to miss both, whilst two shots fired by
" A. in an attempt to wipe nx^ eye were no more effective.
" From this ravine Jowala took us to a wide natural liollow
" between three peaks, which shut it in on three sides, the
THE GAME BIRI)!S OF I^DIA. 533
•• fourth t<ide just risin<4- gently for a few j'aids, aud then
" dipping down again into a valley far below. The centre and
•' fourth side of the hollow were practically free of all cover
"except a few scattered bushes and Jowala informed us that
" auv birds which mjoht be within working" distance would
*• certainly fly straight down to the hollow and then out by the
" open fourth side into the valley below. There was no special
'' choice of stands, so A. took up one side of the gap and I the
••other, both making \\se of a thick bush to screen us from the
" hillside. Putting in the dogs we worked one of the small
" peaks without any result, though a Barking-Deer was put
'' up which tied uphill, barking loudly as he went. Calling
" the dogs back, we then sent them into the cover on the
" second peak, aud in this soon had some Pheasants put up,
•' but these birds evidently thought it too hot to face the open,
" and merely flew into the nearest trees so that it was not
" until Jowala, guided by the yapping of the spaniels, came
" to their assistance, that the birds left. First came an old
" cock with wings almost closed as he got way on and came
" down towards us at express speed, so fast was he that A.
" was behind him with his first barrel, and only winged him
•' with his second. Down he came, with a thud on the ground
" and feathers flying in all directions, but as soon as he
" touched the ground he was tip and off like greased lightning
" into the nearest cover. We had no time, however, for the
" moment to spare retrieving him, for A.'s shots had started
"the rest of the covey, and down they came too. On starting
" they beat their wings with great rapidity, continuing to
" rise in the air, but as soon as they had got to what thej con-
'• sidered the right height and had got fairly going, they half
" spread their wings out and swept down upon us at a pace
"that deceived me, although I had just seen A. miss. The
"consequence was I was behind with both barrels, and had
" the mortification of seeing five birds sail over the edge into
" the valley below with never a feather rumpled.
" The third peak yet remained to be worked, and from this
" the dogs turned out three birds, who took to trees I'list as the
"last lot had done, and, like them, when turned out by
" Jowala came straight down for the opening into the valley
"below.
" Determined to give them enough law this time, I pitched
" forward a good three yards ahead of the leading bird, and had
"the pleasure of seeing him turn turtle in the air, and before
" he touched Mother Karth had his wife falling with liim.
"A. also managed to get another bird, and we then sent
' the dogs after the runner, which they failed to recover.
534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
" Doubtless he had treed, and they were thus beaten. We
•'could hear them following up his trail right far down into
" the hluul below, but it was miles round had we tried to get
" there ourselves, so reluctantly we had to give him up.
" We noticed, as we had been told would be the case, that
" the birds always tried to run uphill, but when once flushed,
" they rose fairl}^ straight iip into the air, making a tremen-
" dous commotion with their wings until high enough to clear
" the denser vegetation. Once up as high as this, they turned
" and came downhill towards us, and over the dogs, either
" sailing down Avith half-spread wings, or, especially when it
" was nearly level alternately sailing and rapidly beating their
'• wings. When they pitched over a steep place,' they nearly
" closed their wings, and the pace they came at was very
" great, and this combined with the fact that often one only
" got the quickest of snap-shots at them made the shooting
" very difficult, much harder, we both thought, than taking
•' rocketing pheasants out of a home covert.
" Most of the birds when put up by the dogs made a noise
" which reminded us of the Common Pheasants' crow under
" similar circumstances, but it was not as loud and might be
" described as a harsh chuckling protest at being disturbed.
" The crow, which is indvilged in morning and evening, is a
" fine ringing call, quite characteristic of a true game-bird."
It is said that the Koklas will crow in response to a clap of
thunder or any other sudden loud noise, such as the fall of a rock
or tree, or the firing of a gun.
At one time round about Naini Tal the Koklas was a com-
paratively common bird, and Mr. S. L. Whymper tells me that he
has shot as many as eight birds before breakfast on " Cheena."
They have, however, been much shot at there as elsewhere, and are
certainly much less common now in all the easily got at places than
they were twenty-five years ago
In ejnstola Mr. Whymper says : — *
" The open places in the forests (Oak and Rhododendron
" principally) were their favourite haunts in the mornings
" and evenings, and they were to be found day after day at
" the same time in the same place, a trait which, of course,
" leads to their easy destruction.
" The Koklas when young is, I think, the best of all the
" Indian Pheasants for the table, and is certainly the best for
" sport, rising very rapidly and flying with immense velocity.
" A very curious thing in connection with these Pheasants
" is that I have twice known of their being f^und fast asleep
" (almost as if dinigged) on paths. I once myself caught in
" this manner a full-grown young cock, and an old sportsman
TUE a A ME lilRD^ OF IAD I A. 535
•' in Naiiii Tal told me that he also was aware of similar
'• iustauces.
" I once had the pleasure of seeing a hen Koklas knocked
•' over in full flight b}' a tS}>v:ivtus nepalensis, the Crested Eagle ;
" I ran up and caught her, and after a short while let her go,
'• when she ran oil' as if nothing had happened."
The Koklas feeds on all kinds of grain, grass seeds, acorus,
berries and buds, and also upon insects, worms, etc., though it is
probably more of a vegetai'ian than insectivorous feeder on the
whole. Mr. Wilson says that it feeds principally on leaves and
buds, and that owing to its disinclination to a restricted diet of
grain, is harder to rear in capacity than either the Cheer or
Monal.
PUCKASIA MACROLOPHA BIDDULPHI.
The Kashmir KoJdas.
Pucrasia macrolopha. — Adams, (nee. Less.) P. Z. S. 1859, p. 186 (Cash-
mere) ; Gates iu Hume's N. and E , 2nd ed. iii, p. 411 (1890) (part, Cash-
mere) ; Blanf. Fauu. Brit. lad., iv., p. 84 (1898) (part, Cashmere) ;
Magrath, Jour. B. N. H. S., xviii, p. 298 (1908) (Thandiani).
Fucrasia b{ddid2)fii.— Marshall, Ibis, 1879, p. 461 ; Id. J. F. O., 1879,
p. 424 ; Id. Str. Feath., viii, p. 445 (1879) ; Gates, Man. Game-B. I., i,
p. 318 (1898).
Pucrasia macrolopha hiddulphi. — Ggilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M., xxii,
p. 313 (1893) (Cashmere and Gilgit), id. Man. Game-B., i, p. 284 (1895) ;
Beebe, Zoologica 1, No. 15, pp. 273-279 (1914) ; Ward, J. Bomb. N. H.
Soc, xvii, p. 944 (1907) (Cashmere and Jammu).
Vernacular Names. — Plas, (Kashmir) ; Kukrola, (Chamha).
Descrii^tion — Adult Male. — Differs from true P. m. macrolojjlia in
being slightly darker above and in having the chestnut on the
foreneck extended to the hindneck. Below, the chestnut is much
darker and more mixed with black, whilst the feathers of the
upper breast often have very narrow margin of black, which give
this part of the plumage a still darker appearance.
Colours of the soft jmrts. — As in /*. m. macrolopha.
Measurements. — I have been able to examine only a small series
of this form of Koklas, but the average dimensions work out to
much the same as in the Common Koklas.
The type (British Museum) has a wing of 9-2" (233-6 mm.) with
a rather short tail of only 9" (2 2b- 6 mm.), but another specimen from
Kashmir has a tail of 9-8" (249-0 mm.) and doubtless a big series
would show as great a range of variation as does P. m. Tnacrolojpha.
Adult Female. — As a rule, the females of the Common Koklas
have the outer tail feathers much mixed rufous and black, but the
general trend of the marking is to follow the contour of the feather so
that it is longitudinal in character. In the Kashmir bird the black
generally forms bai-s except on the outermost pair. The bars are
636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. liOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
ciomparatively well-defined on the terminal half of the feathers, and
also form a well-marked, broad sub-terminal band.
Colours of the soft parts. — As in P. m. macroloplia.
Measurements. — About the same as in P. m. macroloplia.
Distribution. — Northern Kashmir from Ladak to the extreme
West, where the Indus probably forms its Western Boundary,
where this River runs due North and South. Where, however,
the Indus runs East and West, it does not fDrm the Northern
Boundary for the birds from Gilgit, the Gangri Kange North of
Leh and Northern Ladak are all quite typical hiddidphi.
Where this form meets castanea is an undecided question, and
sportsmen shooting on the N.-E. Frontier have still to settle it so
that they should remember that any skins, of males especially, are
very badly wanted from practically anywhere in the N.-W. Frontier
Provinces.
Nidijication. — This Pheasant breeds in Ladak at elevations
between 7,000 and 10,000 feet, and its nest and eggs have been
taken there by Col. A. E. Ward and his collectors on several
occasions. Nests have also been taken by different collectors, north
of Srinagar, and Mr. Davidson remarked that he found it common
above Gund, but apparently failed to obtain the nest.
Like the Common Koklas, the Kashmir bird nests in forests,
often of pine or fir, and lays its pggs in a collection of leaves and
rubbish under the protection of a thick bush, tree or bank ; aome-
times under a boulder or projecting rock. The nest itself may be
either a mere heap of wind-blown leaves and grass, gathered
together in some partially sheltered corner or a mass of similar
material scraped together by the bird itself.
The number of eggs laid appears to vary from 4 to 9, 5 or 6
being the more often found.
I have but two clutches of eggs of this form of Koklas. These
in appearance cannot, of course, be distinguished from many of
those of its more southern cousin. One clutch of 6 and one clutch
of 4 contain eggs varying in size from 49'8 x 36*2 mm. to one
51-4 X 36-3 mm., and another 50-4 x 38-2 mm.
The breeding season seems to commence in the end of May and
last through June into the mid ''•> of July.
General Habits. — The Kashmir Koklas inhabits much the same
kind of country as does the Common Koklas, but would not seem
ever to descend below some 5,000 feet, and not often as low as this.
It is curious, therefore, that its general plumage should be darker
than that of the latter bird and evidently in this sub-species eleva-
tion and humidity are not the dominant factors in producing depth
of colouring, a course of reasoning which is emphasised when we
find that the Chitral bird, of still more arid clime is darker and
redder vet.
Tiu: (i.iMJ-: imu)s of im)ia. .'■>37
It is possible, howevor, tliat the depth of colouring may be in
some measiu-e protective, the darker bird being less conspicuous
when lying hid in the deeply-shaded gorges and ravines which it
frequents. It keeps iniu'h to the Pirn* and Fir forests, but is also
to be met with in Oak, Jlhododendron and other kinds as well,
but wherever it is found the country is nearly always precipitous
and rocky, and where the hills are more or less rounded the birds
betake themselves to the steeper places in between them a)id
eschew their smoother summits and easier m-adients.
Like other members of the genus, this Koklas keeps very close
to the same groiind, and may be found morning after morning and
evening after evening haunting the same open glade in its search
for food, which consists as usual of a mixed vegetarian and insect
diet.
In flight, voice and general habits there is nothing to dis-
tinouish tliis bird from the last. ^'
a
PUCRASIA MACROLOPIIA NFPALENSIS.
The Xepal KoJdas.
Fucrasia macrolop/ia, J erdon {nee. Less.) ; Jerdon B. of India, iii., p. ol'4
(1863) (part, Nepal).
Fucrasia iiipalensis, (Joiild. P. Z. S., 18o4, p. 100 (Nepal. Bootan) ;
Gould. B. of Asia, vii. pi. 1^8 (]8."';4) ; Hume, Str. Feath. vii., p. 42s (1878);
Hume and Marshall, (Jame B. 1, p. Itio pi. (1878) ; Marshall, Ibis 1879, p.
463 (Bootan) : Scully, Str. Feath viii, p. 343 (1879) (W. Nepal); Hume,
ibid, p. 449 (1879); Gates, Hume's Nests and Eggs, iii., p. 411 in (1890)
(part); Blanf. Faun. Brit. Ind.. iv., p. 84 (1898) (part) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat,
Birds B. M., xxii.,p. 314 (1893) (Nepal) ; id. Man. Game B. 1 p. L'84 (189o),
(W. Nepal) ; Gates, Man. Game B. 1, p. .320 (1898) (Nepal).
Fucrasia duvauceli, Bonap. Comp. llend., xliii., p. 879 (18ot''): Elliot,
Monog. Phas., 1, pi. 28 (1872) id. Ibis 1878, p. 12."5.
Fucrasia ducauceli. — Hume Str. Feath. v., p. 138 (1877) id. vii.. p. 124
(1878).
Fucrasia macrnlnplia nipalen.<is, Beebe, Zoologica 1, No. l-">, p. 278 n914).
Vernacular Names. — Pcjcrass, (Nepal).
Descrvption- — Adult Male. -- J^iffers from F. m. hidA/idphL and to an
even greater extent from P. m. macroloplia in being everywhere
much darker both above and below ; the black centres to the fea-
thers occupy practically the whole of both webs, leaving only a
narrow edging of pale bull' or whitish. The chestnut colouring on
the foreneck also extends right round the neck, auvd on to the
shoulders, the feathers here, of course, having black centres as in
true P. m. macrolopha. On the breast and abdomen tlie black runs
even on to the centre of these parts, though varying much in ex-
tent in different individuals.
Colmirs of soft parts. -As in P.m. macrolopha.
Measurements. -The Xepal Koklas is a decidedly smaller bird
than either the Common or Kashmir form. The- wing runs from
3
538 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXT\
8-3" (210-8 mm.) to 9" (228-6 mm.), with an average of only ^-^^
(218-4 mm.); tarsus about 2-6" (66-0 mm.); crest from' 2-7"
(68-5 mm.) to 3-6" (91-4 mm.).
Nearly every specimen I have been able to examine lias the tail
broken or incomplete, so that the measurements are valueless.
Adult Female. — Similar to the others of this species, but as a
rule all except the outermost pair ol tail feathers are chestnut on
the outer web, blackish on the inner with white tips, and a well-
marked subterminal black band. The female Nepal Koklas also
often has a more decided tint of rufous on the hind-neck and outer
scapulars.
Colours of soft})arts. -As in the Common Koklaa.
Measurements. — Wing about 8-2" (208-2" mm.). Crest in th&
few I have been able to examine, very short and thin, generally
under 1-5" (38-1 mm.)
Distrihut'ion. — Beyond the fact that this Pheasant is found in
parts of Western Nepal, we reall}' know nothing about its distribu-
tion. The only specimens known are those got by Scully and
Hodgson for Hume from natives, so that their exact localities are
still unrecorded. Hume and Captain Marshall both speak of
Bhutan as being included in their i-ange, but there is nothing to
shew on what grounds these statements are made, and there has
been nothing since ascertained to confirm them. At the same time,
it is possible, nay, extremely probable, that it will be found to
range from West and East Nepal and through Sikkim and Bhutan
until it meets mei/eri or some hitherto undescribed from linking it
with that bird.
Nidification. — Not known.
General Habits. — Of this Pheasant, Scully writes :
" In the beginning of 1877, Mr. Hume urged me to procure
*■ specimens of the Nepal Koklas, in order that the question of
" its identity with, or distinction from inacrolopha, might be
•' definitely settled. This proved no easy task, as the bird,
" though not uncommon in the Western portion of the Nepal
" Himalaya, does not occur in any part of the hills so far East
" as the Valley of Nepal. However, after waiting for some
" six or seven months, I received the seven birds whose mea-
'• sm-ements are recorded further on, from Jumla in Western
•' Nepal. Thi'ee other specimens were subsequently seen in
" coiifiuement in the valley, and these also had been brought
" from Jximla."
" Unfortunately I can give no details about the habits of
"■ this Pheasant from personal observations ; it is said ro be
" plentiful about Jumla, where it is fovind not far from the
" snows. In confinement the birds become very tame, and
"seem to prefer green leaves and shoots, etc., to grain for food, "
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 539
PUCRASIA MACROLOPHA CASTANEA.
The Cliestnut-Mantlsd KoJdas.
Pucraitia castanea, Gould., P. Z. S., 18.54, p. 99 (Kafiristan) ; id, B. of
Asia, vii., pi. 27 (1864) ; Hume Str. Feath., v., p. 138 (1877) ; Elliot, Ihis
187s. p. 1l>.-, ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii., p. 314 (1893) (N.
Affrhanistau and Katiristau) ; id, Mau. Garao B. 1, p. 28'") (189o) ; Oatos,
Game B. 1, p. 312 (1898).
Pucrasia durauceli, Marshall (nee. Bonap.) Ibis 1879, p. 463 (N. Afgha-
nistan).
Ihicrasia macrolopha var castanea, Fulton, Jour. B. N. H. S., xvi.,
p. 61 (19U4) (Chitral).
Fucrasia macroiop/io, Perreau, Jour., B. N. H. S., xix., p. 919 (1910)
(Chitral).
Vernacular Names. — None recorded.
Description — Adult Male. — Differs from P. m. macrolopha in having
the chestni:t. on the foreneck extending to the hindneck and
mantle ; the rump is more weakly marked with black and the
chestnut of the throat runs further up into the chin. Practically
the whole of the breast and abdomen are chestnut, darker than in
true macrolopha and marked with lilack, especially on the flanks. The
white marking on the breast and flanks of macrolopha are in this
form confined to a few narrow margins on some of the feathers at
the sides of the breast.
Colours of soft parts. — Not recorded.
Measurements. — Wing about 9-5" (241-3mm.) ; tail about 7*0''
(177-8 mm.); tarsus about 2-7" 48-2 mm.); spur about 0-4"
(10"1 mm.) ; bill at front about 1" (25*4 mm.) and from gape about
1-2" (30-5 mm.) ; crest up to 4-1" (104-1 mm.).
The Female of this Pheasant is still unknown.
Bistrihution. — The ranges of mountains of Afghanistan, Kafiris-
tan and Chitral, where they border on the Norih-VVest Pro-
vinces.
The limits of the habitat of this sub-species and where it meets
P. m. hiddtdphi are at present unknown. At Gilgit, as already
noted, hiddidphi is the svib-species obtained, though the birds here
do, to some slight extent, approach the Chitral bird.
Fulton and Ferreau both record the bird as common in Chitral,
and doubtless it will be found to be so throughout these hills in
suitable localities from N. of the Kabul River in Kafiristan to
Wakkan or even further North and East.
Nidijication. — Unknown.
General Hahils. — There is so far nothing on record except
Fult«m's interesting remarks in this Journal. He writes :
" This fine Pheasant is common on some of the heavily
timbered mountain-side of Lower Chitral, viz., Pattison,
Asreth, and the valley behind Hiosh Fort.
((
540 JO URNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HIST. SO CIETY, Vol. XX V.
" It is generally found above 7,000 feet, but ranges lower
" in winter. Specimens are very difficult to obtain owing to
" the dense nature of the ground they keep to. There are
" probably large numbers of them in Dir and Kafiristan. At
'•' the head of the Pattison Valley their harsh cry can be con-
'■tinually heard in spring. It is also to be heard in the
" Asreth Valley. It is the call of the male that has led to the
" belief that the Jungle- Fowl {Gallus ferrugineus) is to be found
" in the country. I made a special point of trying, if possi-
" ble, to find the " Jungle-Fowl and have no doubt that none
" exist. All the camps at which the cry of the Jungle-Fowl is
" said to have been heard, are far above the limit of elevations
*' to which they are known to extend. It can easily be under-
" stood that the cry kok-kok-kok — kokras, or the plain kokras
•' has been mistaken for that of the Jungle-Fowl when heard
" at any distance. When, however, the call is once heard
" near at hand, it cannot be possibly confounded with that of
" Gallvs ferniriineus.''
PUCRASIA MEYERI.
2Ieyeys Kolclas.
Pucrasia mei/eri, Madarasz, Ibis, 186(3, p. 145 ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B.
M. xxii, p. 314 (1893), id, Haud-Book Game B. 1, p. 285 (1895).
Pucrasia .ranthosjnla meyeri, Beebe, Zoologica, 1, No. 15, p. 182 (1914).
Vernacular Names.— 1^^ one recorded.
Description — Adult Male. — Has the upper plumage similar to that
of xanthosjnla, with the same single central streak of black on each
feather, but the tail is similar to that of macrolopha. It is said by
Madarasz to differ from the former bird in having the centre of the
breast and abdomen a more vivid chestnut ; the central tail feathers
fulvous with black striations, the lateral tail feathers rufescent
\\\t\\ white tips, and black sub-terminal bands.
Colours of soft 'parts and measurements. — As in onacrolojiha -, with
more material it will probably be found that in measurements
meyeri will come between inaorolopha and xanthospila, the latter
being a decidedly smaller bird than the former.
Adult Female. " Differs from the female of xantliospila in
" having the middle tail feathers fulvous vermiculated with
" black, and the outer tail feathers rufous, black towards the
" apex and tipped with M'hite." (Ogilvie-Grant.)
From the female of wacro^oji/ia, with which the female meyeri
may be more reasonably compared, it differs in having both webs
of all the outer tail-coverts chestnut-rufous with white tips and
broad, well-defined sub-terminal black bands.
Colours of soft parts. — As in macrolopha.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA.- 541
MeasHi-emenis — Wiiii>-, 8-5" (215- 9 mm.); tail in moult, G-9"
('175-2 mm.) ; tarsus 2-i5" (62-2 mm.) ; bill at front about -9"
(22-S mm.) and from gape about 1" (25-4 mm.); crest 1-45"
(36-8 mm.)
Distrihution. — " Yerkalo, Upper iMekong to Central Thibet. "
(Ogilvie-Grant.)
The actual distribution of this Theasant is really not known.
Certain specimens were obtained in Verkalo and somewhere in
Central Thibet, and it has been also obtained on the Upper
^lekong River in Yunnan, how far it extends North and East of
this is quite unknown.
Nidification and General llahils. — Nothing recorded.
PUCRASIA XANTHOSPILA .XANTHOSPILA.
The Yelloic-necked Koldas.
Piicrasia xanthospila. Gray, P. 'A. S. (1804). p. o'l^, pi. xx, Sanrin, ibid,
1866, p. 437 : Gould., B. of Asia, vii., pi. :.^4 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-L. of B. ii,
p. 259 (1870) ; Swinh. P.Z.S., 1871, p. 399 : id, ibid, 1872, p. 550 ; Elliot.
Men. Phas. 1, pi. 30(1872); Sclater, Ibis, 1874, p. 169;Dav. and Ous.
Ois. Chine, p. 407, pi. 104 (1877) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1891, p. 380 ; Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. B. M. xxii., p. 315 (1893) ; id, Haiid-Book, Game B. 1, p. 285,
1895.
Pucvasia vanthospila .vanthospila . Beebe. Zoologica 1, No, 15, p. 281
(1914).
Vernacular Names. — Song-ky (Chinese).
Description, Adult Male. — Differs from macrolopha in having a
o-olden-buff nuchal collar extending from the chestnut foreneck
round the hind neck and into the extreme upper back. The feather
pattern of the upper plumage, though somewhat like in general
character, is quite different in detail. The feathers of the back and
upper parts have mottled gi-ey and black centres, next a broad lon-
gitudinal line of black and finally grey edges ; the upper tail-coverts
have broad grej^ centres, next following the contour of the feathers
consecutively lines of black, chestnut, black and finally grey. The
tail feathers are grey with white tips and three broad bands of black.
Below, this Pheasant is superficially much like macrolopha, but
ai'ain the distribution of the colours on the feathers is different,
the grey and black being arranged in the same sequence and
manner as on the feathers of the upper plumage.
Colours of soft parts. — Apparently these do not differ from
macrolopha.
Measurements. — Wing about 8-35" (212-lnim.); tail from 8" to
9" (203-2 to 228-6 mm.); tarsus 2-4" (GOO mm.) to 2-6" (66-0 mm.);
bill at front about -95" (24-lmm.), and from gape about M"
(27-9 mm.) : the spur seems to run very small in this species, in
several it merely consists of a blunt knob and in none does it reach
542 JOUUNAL, BPMBAY NATURAL HIST. fiOVIETY, Vol. XXV.
•5" (12-7 mm.) ill length. The crest varies from 3-1" (78-7 mm.) to
3-7" (93-9 mm.) in length.
Adult Ifeinale. — The females of xanihospila xanthosjnla and of
xantliospiLa rujlcollis difter from the females of macrolofha and its
sab-species in having the chestnut of the outer tail feathers replac-
ed by gre}' marked with black, these colours being generally in
well-defined cross bands.
Colours oj soft parts. As in macrolo'pha.
Measurements. — Wing about 7'9" (200-G mm.) ; tail about 0-5"
(1G5-1 mm.) to 7-1" (180-3 mm.); tarsus 2-35" (59-6 mm.) to 2-5"
(63'5 mm.); bill at front about -9" (22-8 mm.), and from gape about
1" (25-4 mm.); crest from 1-2" (30-4. mm.) to 1-4" (35-6 mm.)
lyistiihution. — " Mountain forests of North-Western China, ex-
tending into Manchuria and Eastern Tibet." (Ogilvie-Grant.)
The types of this species were obtained in the j\Ionntains North-
West of Pekin, and very far from our Indian limits, but it has
also been obtained at Tachien-Lu, just within the borders of
extreme Eastern Tibet.
Nidification. — Nothing recorded.
General Habits. — This Pheasant is fairl}^ common in the Pine
Forests on the more rugged mountains of North- West China as
, far West as the Yun-Ling Mountains in Eastern Tibet, where it
seems to have similar habits to those of our Indian bird.
According to Pere ]3avid, their habits are much like those of
the true Pheasants ; they are said never to stra}^ far from thick
cover, either of the Pine Trees or vmdergrowth, where they are to
be found either singly or in pairs, feeding on grain and other
vegetarian diet, and especially upon conifers. They are said to
be excellent eating, and much superior in this respect to the other
kinds of Pheasant found in the same parts of China.
Genus CIIBYSOLOrUUS.
The genus Chrysolophus contains only two species, one the well-
known Golden Pheasant, the other the Amherst Pheasant which
just enters our limits in the extreme East.
The distinguishing feature of the male is the curious cape-like
arrangement of feathers arising from the nape and hanging over
the neck and extreme upper back. There is also a true crest of
hairy feathers.
The tail is composed of 18 feathers, and is of very great length,
the central pair being four times as long as the outermost. The
wing quills are graduated, the fifth being the longest, and the first
the shortest, being shorter than the tenth. The tarsi are long and
stout, and armed with a spur in the male. 'r-jv. -;
THE (iAMF. ninns of INDIA. .04.3
riiHYsoLornrs amfieksti.?-:.
]'/if(!<ianux amfier!<ti(r, Leadbeater, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi., p. 129, pi. l-O
<1S28); Blyth. Cat. Mns. As. Soc, p. iMG (1849).
rhaumalea amheraticp, Wagler, IbIb. 183L', p. 1*228; Gray, Genera Birds,
iii., p. 497, pi. cxxv (184o) ; Sclater, List Thas., p. •'">, pi. 3 (186.3); Swinh.,
P. Z. S., 1863, p. 307.
Gould., B. Asia, vii., pi. 20 (1866) ; Sclater, P.Z.S., 1870, pp. 128 and 670
(Vun-ling Mts.) ; Id, Ibis, 1S70, p. 297 (Tachicnlu) ; Swinhoe, P.Z.S., 1870
p. Ill : Elliot, Monog. Phas., ii., p. xx., ])1. xiv. (1S72); Sclater, Ibis, 1874
p. 169; David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 41.'), pi. 108(1877); (W. Sze
chuen, Yunnan. Quei-chow. K. Tibet) ; Anders., W. Yunnan, p, 671 (1878),
(Yunnar Frontier); Seeb., Ibis. 1891, p. .380 (W. Sze-chuen); Bailey, Joum.
B. X. H. S.. xxii., p. 367 (1913) (Tachienlu ).
C/in/.<olophii.'' am/ifirsticj, Gray, List. Gallinaj Brit. Mns., p. .30 (1867) ;
Swinh'., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 398 ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M., xxii., p. .342
(1893) ; id Hand-L. Game B., ii., p. 46 (1896) ; Seth-Smith, Avicult. Mag.,
iv., p. 142 (1898) ; Gates, Man. Game B., ii., p. 497 (1899) (Myitkyna) ;
O.Tilvie-Graut, Ibis, 1900, p. 606 (Chen-chi) ; Davies, Ibis, 1901, p. 408
(\V. Yunnan and Kweichow) ; Gates, Cat. Eggs, B. M., 1, p. .'59, pi. vi., fig.
6(1901); Finn., Avicult. Mag. (new ser.) iii.. p. 102 (190-')); Comber,
Journ. B. N. H. S., xvi, pp. .>12, o30 and 7-53 (Sadon 9,000 ft.) Harington,
Journ. B. N. H. S., xix., p. 309 (1909).
Vernacular I^ames. — Ja (Tibet an) ; Sen-ohi (Chinese);? Woo-
clivee (Burmese, I'^han l^taies).
Description, — Adult Male. — Occipital crest of hair-like feathers,
blood crimson ; feathers from the back of the head and behind the
ear-coverts falling in a broad cape over the back scapulars and
shoTilders of the wing, pure white with edges of velvety black,
a'lossed with steel bine, and the lono'est with a second bar of the
•same about |" from the tip ; remainder of head, neck, throat, upper
breast and mantle bi-illiant peacock gi-een, the feathers of the breast
and mantle sub-bordered with black and with tiny scintillating
•edges of emerald green ; lower back and rump brilliant golden bufi',
each feather with a broad band of metallic dark blue-green, which
shows up here arjd there, and with a hidden black bas*^ ; upper
tail-coverts black and white, the central and some of the lateral
ones with flame-coloured tips ; the longest tail-coverts fall in pairs
■on either side of the true tail feathers, making them look as if
tasselled with orano;e sold. Central tail feathers white with bars
of metallic blue-black, and with irregular broken bars of dead black,
more or less at right angles to those on the white interspaces ; outer
tail feathers mottled black and white on the inner webs, white on
the outer webs with regular bars of blue-black, and Avith broken
black edges ; the white next the edge changes to a dull buft-
brown.
Wings : primaries brown, the outer edges white over all but the
last inch or so, outer secondaries brown, the outermost only edged
with white ; inner secondaries, coverts and whole visible portion of
wing deep steel-blue, each feather edged with velvet black.
riU JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Below, lower breast, abdomen and flanks white ; anterior flanks,
thigh-coverts and vent white with black bars and mottlings : under
tail-coverts deep blue-green with black edges,
A very bright-coloured male from Moupin has the feathers of the
throat, chin, foreneck, and upper breast with white centres, con-
spicuous on the throat and foreneck, but concealed on the
upper breast. One or two other specimens have these same white
centres, but in a much smaller degree, and in none are they visible
unless the feathers are lifted so as to expose their basal portions.
Colour of soft parts. — " Iris clear yellow " (Pere David.) Orbital
skin blue, varying in brightness and depth of colour according to
season ; bill yellowish horny, darker at base and round nostrils;
legs and feet plumbeous or bhiish horny, toes and claws darker.
Iris bright straw-j^ellow.
Measurements. — " Total length about 60 inches ; wing 8*2 ; tail 30;
tarsus o-l." (Ogilvie-Grant.)
The series in the British Museum have wings running from 8-1"
to 0-2" (205 to 233 mm.); tails from 34" to 45" (803 to 1,143 mm.);
bill at front about 1-05" (20 mm.); tarsus from 3" (7C-2 mm.) to
3-4" (86-3 mm.) ; spur a mere knob, never as much as half an inch
(13 mm.) ; the crest is generally about 2" (50-8 mm.), and in
the longest only measures 2*4" (61 mm.).
Ad/alt Female. — Forehead and feathers over the eye rufous, more
or less tipped black ; feathers of crown and nape and sides of neck
barred black and rufous-buft' with a sheen, strongest on the hind
neck, of steel-blue ; whole upper plumage barred buff and dark-
brown, the buff bars to the feathers of the mantle more rufous, with
the edges mottled with black and buff, the black mottling extend-
ing to the lower bars on the rump, lower back and upper tail-
coverts ; primaries and outer secondaries brownish black, barred
M'ith rufous buff; inner secondaries like the wing-coverts.
Chin and throat albescent and generally immaculate or nearl}- so,
sides of throat, neck and breast chestnut-buff paling to creamy-buft'
on the flanks, narrowly edged \\'itli black and with broad semi-
concealed bars of black ; centre of breast and abdomen paler creamy,
unmarked ; under tail-coverts barred dull rufous-buff and black.
Colours of soft parts. — " Iris yellow " (Wingate.)
Orbital skin dull blue; bill yellowisli or greenish horny, darker
at Itase and on culmen ; legs plumbeous horny ; iris yellow or
brownish yellow.
Meimiremeats.--'Wu-ig 7-2" to 8" (183 to 203 mm."); tail
12-2" to 14-5" (309 to 373 mm.); bill at front about 1" (25-4
mm.); tarsus 2-6" to 2-9" {ijiy to 73-6 mm.)
YouTKf Male in first plumage resemliles the female, but acquires,
apparent]}- at its first moult, a black and white barred throat and
neck and a nnich moz-e boldlv marked breast and flanks; the
THE QAME BIRDS OF lAJJIA, 54.>
forehead and crown become glossed with green and the \\hite featliertf
of the cape show as palt^ grey feathers with black tips and white
sub-tips. Short central tail feathers some 8 to 12 inches in lengtln
similar to those of the ^adidt, but duller, are also acquired diu-ing
the first autumn.
,1 CkicI: with the wing cjuills Avell developed and evident ]\
capable of strong flight, has the head fulvous, a dark line of chest-
nut running from the base of the bill and widening at the crown,
and again on the nape to cover the whole hind neck ; side of head
pale dull chestnut, buff with two tiny bars of black behind the ear-
coverts; chin, throat and foreneck dull, ver}^ pale buff; upper parts^
wings and tail barred and freckled chestnut, buft" and black ; below
dull pale buff' with wide, but indistinct bars of blackish.
Distribution. — ^Mountains of Western China, Eastern and Soutli-
Eastern Tibet, Yunnan and Northern Shan States, and the Kachin
Hills in Upper Burmah. It will probably be found at suitable eleva-
tions, and in suitable country as far West as the Irrawaddy River.
The first record of this fine Pheasant being found in Burmah was-
that of Gates in the Appendix to his iNJanualof Indian Game-Birds,
\\here he notes on a specimen shot by one of the officers on the
Burmo-Chinese Boundary Delimitation Commission. The exagt
localitv is not given, but the bird was said to have been shot either
in the Bhamo or ]\l3^itkyina District.
In 1904 Lieut, YskW Someran shot an exceptionally fine male
near Sadon in the Myitkyina District, and another was obtained
in the cold weather of 1910-11 by Capt. Burd of the 93rd Pun-
jabis, somewhere on the borders of the same district.
Nidiu'cfition. — As far as [ know there is nothing at present on
record about the nidification of this bird in a wild state, and the
only details I have in regard to their nests are some given by
native collectors, together with' two clutches of eggs taken in
Szechuen, These notes declare the eggs to have been taken
from off' the ground in heavy forests where they had been laid on
a few fallen leaves under the protection of a bush. The two
clutches were of 4 and 7 eggs respectively, but, judging
from the number of eggs laid by these birds in captivity — a A-ery
unsafe guide — they probably lay 10 or 12 eggs in a sitting.
The two clutches of eggs referred to are both a buff" stone
colour, slightly paler in the four clutch than in the other, and
the former again has one egg much paler and also moi'e of
a creamy tint than the rest. The eggs in the larger clutch
are in shape rather long ovals, distinctly compressed towards
the smaller end, those in the smaller clutch are more regular
ovals, shorter in comparison and with the smaller end but little
more compressed than the larger. The texture is that of an
ordinary fowl's egg,
4
546 JOURXAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vul. XXV.
la length the 11 eggs vary between 46*2 and 52-5 mm., and
in breadth between o4.-2 and 30-6 mm.
The breeding season appears to commence very early, for one
of these clutches is dated 0th April 1890,- and continues through
May well into June. They would not seem to breed below 7,000
feet if as low as that.
General Ilahits. — There is but little on record about these birds,
but where found they appear to be not uncommon from 7,000 feet
upwards, at least as high as 10,000 feet, and less frequently up to
12,000 feet, or even higher, where there is sufficient cover. Major
F. M. Bailey found them plentiful on the Fei-yueh-ling a few days
South of ' Ta-chien-lu, bet\Neen 7,000 and 9,000 feet. He
describes the cocks as noisy birds, and unwilling to fly. Lieut. Van
Someran writing to Mr. Comber says that he found them only at
heights of 8,000 feet or over, and that the}' Avere common birds on
the Chinese side of the Chino-Burmese Frontier.
In China, the habits of this beaiitiful Pheasant are described at
some length by Pore David, who writes :
" Lady Amherst's Pheasant lives, the whole year round, in
" the highest jungle-covered hills of Western Szechuen,
" Yunnan, Keoucheou, and the highest hills of Eastern Tibet.
" It especially frequents the chimps of wild bamboos which
" grow at an altitude of 2,000 to 3,000 metres, and the shoots of
"these are its favourite food ; indeed it is from this its Chinese
" name of Seng-ky (Shoot-fowl) is derived In the
wild state it shows a very jealous disposition, and will not
allow the Golden Pheasant to ap^Droach the locality in
" which it resides ; and so one never meets these two bril-
" liantly coloured pheasants on the same hill or in the same
" valley."
Capt. Davies adds a little more information to that given by
previous writers, and says :
" In Yunnan this species is about as common as the last
" mentioned (P. elegans), and is found at fairly high eleva-
" tions, usually in forests. It is difficult to make individuals
" fly, and when they rise they do so without crowing, and with
" verj'' little noise of the wings. They appear to be ' soft '
" birds, very easily killed. The note is a peciiliar rasping
'" sound. Specimens were obtained in Western Yunnan at
" 7,000 feet and in Kweichow 7,700 feet."
The}^ are easy birds to keep and breed in captivity, crossing
freel}'^, as might be expected with the Golden Pheasant, the result-
ing hybrids often being of great beauty. According to Seth-
iSmitli their hybrids are perfectly fertile.
(To he continued.)
-.17
summary of the results from tjie inhian
ma:\imal survey
OF THE
B()^rP.AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIFTY.
(By R. C. Wrolghton.)
INTRODUCTION.
A SHORT IIISTOJ{V OK INDIAN MAMMALOGY.
The Ct olden Age of Indian Maniniology was \indoubtedly the
second quarter of the nineteenth century, and equally without
<lo\ibt the chief figure in it was Brian Houghton Hcxigson, Before
him only a verv few adventurous foreign travellers such as Belanger.
»g"-
Leschenanlt, Szc, did a little sporadic collectiiii
Hodgson collected in Nepal from about 1830 to 1845, and the
following is a list of some of his contemporaries who were interest-
od in ^lammalogv • —
Barbe, in Pegu. Hutton, in Kandahar and Mns-
Boys, in Rajputana. soorie.
Berdmore, in Lower Burma. McClelland, in Assam.
Elliot, in S. Maratha Country. Phayre, in Lower Burma.
Griffith, in N. AY. Frontier and Sykes, in the Dekhan.
Assam. Tickell, in Orissa.
Heath, in Madras. Tytler, in Kumaon and
Andamans.
While all these were collecting, Gray, in London, Blyth, in
Calcutta, Jerdon. in Madras, and Kelaart, in Cevlon, were studvini>-
and classifying. It must not, however, be understood that the
former only collected and the latter only studied. Quite the
i-everse is the case. Hodgson published many studies and
caused to be made an exhaustive collection of drawings, by native
artists, of the vertebrate faima of Nepal, and almost all the others,
mentioned in the list of collectors, published studies to a greater
or less extent. Similarly, except Graj', all the students mentioned
collected as opportunity oflered.
After 18-jO, huwever, little was done, and there are scarcely an}'
names of workers to record, the chief were Hume, especially in
South Burma, Dr. Theobald, Col. Ward, in Kashmir, H. Ferguson,
in Travancore, Maj. Birrell and Maj. Dunn in the Punjal) and
Capt. Wiiitehead, mostly in Central India as collectors, and Ander-
son, Blanford, Horsfield and Scully as students.
When l^lanford prepared his "Mammalia," 25 years ago, he
found but little in the National Collection to help him beyond the
548 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XNV.
remains of the collections of the early part of the century, and even
lip to and after the commencement of tlie present century the
jiosition was not much more satisfactor3^ In the early days collec-
tions consisted to a very large extent of spirit specimens, and where
this was not so, the specimens were not only badly made up but
no details of exact locality and date were recorded.
In 1911 this Society launched its Mammal Survey of India,
which has now unfortunateh" been interrupted ( temporarily let us
hope ) by the War, before its work was even half done, but not
until some 17,000 specimens had been collected and despatched to
the British Museum of Natural History for study.
Scope of this Summary.
About a year ago Mr. Thomas suggested to me that the
present time and circumstances presented a favourable oppor-
tunity to summarise the results from the study of the Survey
Collections. On approaching the task it was evident that if limited
to a mere list of the forms obtained, both old and new, the Sum-
mary, though not without interest, would be of little practical
value. Something of the sort will be found in an Appendix at the
end of this Summar3^ When the restricted meaning which we
have given to the word ' results ' in the Journal, in connection
with the survey, was widened to include also the indirect results,
the question at once arose, where is the line to be drawn ? The only
logical solution appeared to be that the Summary must deal with
all changes of the nomenclatiire adopted by Blanford in his Mam-
malia which have been shown to be necessary not only in the
coiu'se of our study of the Survey material, but also by those of
other Mammalogists who have worked at the subject since that
work was published.
Form of the Summary.
A further and no less important question which had to be
solved was the form to be given to the Summary. Blanford's
Mammalia, though out of date, is still the recognised handbook
of Indian Mammalogy, and it seemed absolutely necessary that
the Summary should be kept in close touch with it. Very
considerable changes have been adopted in nomenclature
during the last 25 years. Groups treated as • (renera ' by Blan-
ford are now in many cases accepted as ' Subfamilies,' each
including several, often manj^ Genera. The only satisfactory way
seemed to me to link the ' Mammalia ' and the ' Summary ' through
the ' Species,' and to that end I adopted the following arrange-
ments. The larger groups from ' Orders ' down to and including
' Genera ' have been arranged with keys at each stage. It should
be I'emembered that all the keys in this Summary have been drawn
su^^^rAli'r of the ixdiax mammal survey. ->w
up for the foniis foniul in India, Burmni and Cej'lon and that if
applied to forms outside that launa they will be found in many
cases to be entirely misleading.
The information under each Genus has been arranged in three
parts : —
Firstlji. — In the margin are given the ' No. .and specific name,'
exactly as r^sed by J^lanford. while atjainst tliem is recoi'ded, as
shortly as possible, the alterations and additions adopted since
1891, with references as far as possible to the places where the
reasons for the changes in question are recorded in greater detail.
Secondli/. — A key to the forms thus shown to be included ir. the
G enus.
Thirdhj. — A note headed UisTRiHUTiON, under which the inform-
ation is arranged under three heads.
" Tijpe localitif ". — The exact place, so far as it is ascertainable,
\vhere the type of the Species was taken, followed in brackets by
the name of the Collector, where known. (It was originally sug-
gested that I should record the name of the person who first took
the species, but I found that this would require much more work
than it Avas worth and I compromised as explained above.)
" Other localities ". — Blanford's heading • Distribution,' in view
of the chano-es which it has been found necessary to make in his
' species,' has become actuallj^ misleading. The localities recorded
here are those from which there are specimens in the National
Collection, (B. M.), or those from \vhich the form has been obtained
by the Mammal Si-irve}' of India, (M.S. I.). (Where specimens
other than the tj'pe have been obtained fi'om the type locality that
localitj' is repeated under this head. Where the entry is ' none ' it
denotes that the type specimen is still unique.)
" Ti/pe ". — Under this head it has been endeavoured to record as
exactly as possible the present resting place of every tj'^pe specimen.
Where lists of t3^pes have been published (e.g., Ind. Mus. Calcutta,
U. S. Nat. Mus., &c.) the exact specimen is indicated, but elsewhere,
though a probable place is denoted, this must not be taken as a
guarantee that the type still exists. In a considerable number
of cases, especially' of Hodgson's names, no one ' type ' was selec-
ted b}"" the aiithor and in such cases the series on which the name was
based have been treated as ' co-types ' and after careful examination
and investigation Thomas has fixed ' Lectotypes ' (J. B. N. H. S.,
Vol. XXV, p. 308,1918). These have beenVecorded here. Where
the types or lectotypes of synonyms have been traced they have
been recorded in brackets after the pi-incipal type.
Desiderata.
Our Honorary Secretary has suggested that a list of fonns of
which specimens are specially required should be added, but this I
ooO JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIIITY, Vol. XXV.
have found to be quite impossible. Any Member who desires to
help, and 1 hope there may be many, need only study the heading
' Other localities ' and compare it with the Appendix to be able to
see for himself the direction in which he can best help. T may
take this opportunity however to point out that what is most
required are series from the fauna which surrounds the Collector,
and that recorded details of locality and date accompanying a speci-
men enormously increase its value, and finally that a series is very
much more valuable than single specimens.
In conclusion I venture to offer my congratulations to Messrs.
Millard and Kinnear on the great success of the Survey to date,
which is so lareelv due to their untirinjif services in its organisation
and administration, and to the work in the field of Messrs. Crump,
Shortridge, Mayor, Prater, and N. A. Baptista. I triTst that the
example set by Mr. J. M. D. Mackenzie, I.F.S., in making col-
lections in the Chin Hills and Pegu in aid of the Survey may find
many imitators. Finally I desire to record my indebtedness to my
friend Oldfield Thomas, who originallj^ suggested this Summary, and
without whose continuous advice and help I could not have comple-
ted it ; also to Mr. W. R. Sherrin of the Natural Plistory Museum,
whose ever ready help in handling the specimens and recording the
results has enormously lessened my labours.
SUMMARY.
Mammalia.
This class is represented in India by only one subclass, the
placental mammals, or Eutheria.
Subclass : Eutheria.
This subclass contains nine Orders, which are arranged by
Blanford in a key (slightly modified) as follows : —
Key to the orders of the Eutheria.
/. Posterior limbs present.
A. — Hallux, or pollex, or both, opposable
to other digits ... ... ... ... /. Prwiates.
B. — Neither hallux nor pollex opposable,
a. Animal modified for free flighi". in
the air ; fingers abnormally develop-
ed to support a membranous wing... //. Chirrptera.
h. Animal not modified for free flight
in air.
a\ Jaws armed with teeth,
a.^ Feet terminating in distinct toes,
with claws or nails.
SUMM.iJn nF Tin: /.\/)l.l.\ MAMMAL .SURVEV.
)61
h\
liK-ii^ois ill IViiiil ol'tlu' upper
and lowtM- jivw, either not two
in iiiiinber, or not chisel
ijhnped.
. Anterior and posterior
limbs connected by an
integumentary expansion
forming- a parachute ; in-
cisors compressed, multi-
cuspidate
Anterior and posterior
limbs not joined to form
a parachute • incisors
conical.
«'. Snout very pointed ;
upper lip projecting far
beyond lower ; median
pai: of incisors larger
than the others
h\ Upper lip, not project-
ing beyond lower ;
median pair smaller
than the other incisors. V.
Two chisel shaped incisors in
front of each jaw ... ... VI.
h'. Feet either not terminating in
distinct toes, or furnished with
hoofs, or hoof-shaped nails ... VII.
l>\ Jaws toothless VIII.
II. No external jDOsterior limbs ; body modi-
fied for swimmino-.
o
A. — Homodont, or toothless ; breathing
orifice usually on top of head ; mam-
ma3 inguinal IX.
-B. — Heterodont ; breathing orifice at end
of snout ; mammto pectoral ... ... X.
Order I. ruiMATES,
There are two Suborders, distinguishable as follows
Key lo the ISuhordem of the Primates.
-I. — Orbit completely enclosed by bone
behind ; poUex short, or wanting ;
second digit of fuot with a nail ; upper
incisors not divided by a vacant space
iu the middle... ... ... ... /,
[V. Bermojptera,
HI. Iiisectivora .
h\
Carnivora .
Eodentia.
Ungulata.
Fdentata.
Cetacea.
Sirenia.
Aathroi)oidea^
-)52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
B. — Orbit opening behind into temporal
fossa, beneath the postorbital arch ;
pollex long ; second digit with a long
claw ; upper incisors divided by a
space in the middle ... ... ... II. Lemuroidea.
Suborder I. Anthropoidea.
Besides the IIominidae, there are two families recognisable at
follows : -
A'ey to the families of the Anthropoidea.
A. — No tail ; arm longer than leg ... /. Simiidce.
B. — A tail present ; arm not longer than
leg ... ... ... ... ...II. CercopitliecidjOi.
Family I. SiMiiD^.
The family is represented by onl}^ one
<jrENUs Hylobates. genns. I have found no reason to make
No. 1. hoolock, Harl, any changes in this group. I reproduce
No. 2. lar, L. a key to the C-renns from Blanford, for
convenience of reference, as follows : —
Key to the species of Hylohates.
A. — A white, or grey, band across the fore-
head ; hands and feet same colour as
the body ... ... ... ... 1 . JI. hoolock,
Harl.
7?. — Hands, feet, and a ring of hair siir-
rounding the lace, white or whitish... 2. II. lar, L.
Distribution : —
1. II. hoolocli, Harlan. Tijpe locality : — GaroHills. (Dr. Burrough).
Other localities : — Sadya. Upper Assam (B.
M.), Upper Chindwiu (M. S. I.).
Type : — Unknown.
"2. II. lar, Linnteus. Type locality : — " India. "
Other localities : — S. W. Siam ; Malacca ;
&c. (B. M.), Tenasserim (M. S. I.).
Type :— Unknown.
Family II. Cercopithecid^.
The following is a key to the only two genera (Indian) of this
family, viz. : —
Key to the (jenera of the C'ercopithecid^.
.1. — Cheek pouches ; tail variable ... /. Macaca.
li. — No cheek pouches ; tail always long... //. Pithecm.
SUMMARY OF THE IXDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. o53
There is little doubt that the real name for this genus is Simia,
biit that name has been used for alorg- period
Gen. 1, -Macai'A. of years for the Orang Utan, and it is now
proposed to except it, by " liat, " from the
strict rule ot priority (Thomas. A. M. M. 11. (b), xvii, p. 170,
191(5). Pending the final settlement of this matter it seems most
convenient to use the next oldest name. Blanford accepted
Lacepode's name Macact'S (1801) but two years earlier the latter
had used Macaca (Tabl. Mamm. 4, 1799;.'
Considerable misunderstanding seems to have arisen as to these
two species owing to the loss of the
No. 3. rhesus, Kwdi. •'•' type of «ssamfe//M".s, and the absence
No. 4. ossamensxs, 'McCl. of topotypes. Stud}- of the Survey
specimens leads me to the conclu-
sion that the assamensis of Blanford represents the macaques of the
Chindwin and Shan States, and that pelops, Hodgson, is a distinct
species (J. B. N. H. S., XXIV., p. 476, 191G). It seems to me
impossible to lump these three species under one heading, viz. : —
" Colour brown," as in Blanford's key, under A. b.
True (Proc. U. S. N. M., xvii, p. 2, 1894) has given the name of
villosus to the Kashmir form of rhesus. (A specimen collected by
Capt. F. D. Sterling at Kaotai, 3,600', Lower Chitral, sent to the B.
^I. for identification by the B. N. H. S., would seem to be this form.)
Blanford notes that neither silenus nor veter are applicable as
names for this monkey, consequently
No. 5. silenus, Schreb. thename /eyoa?, Shaw (Mus. Lev., p. 69,
1792) must be used for it.
The name nemestrinus, L., was based on the form from Sumatra.
Miller established adusfa, (Proc.
No. 6. arctoidjis, Geoff. U.S. N. Mus. xxix., p. 559. 1906)
No. 7. leo'ninus, Bl. for the continental form, marked by
No. 8. nemestrinus, L. the almost complete absence of the
No. 9. cynomolgics, Sshreb. dorsal black stripe and by the black
No. 10. sinicus, L. annulations present in the hairs of
No. 11. pilaetus, Shaw. the back (J. B. N. H. S., xxiii,
p. 700,1915). Blanford admitted-
ly uses the name cijnomohjiis wrongly (Mamm., p. 23.) Bonhote
pointed out (Fasc. Mai. I, p. 4, 1903), that the oldest name for the
Malay macaque is fcucicularis, llaff. AVitli these alterations the
marginal list stands.
1 propose to substitute for Blanford's the following modified key,
viz. : —
Key to the species o/Macaca.
A. — Tail less than three-fourths of head and
body together.
or,4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
a. Colour black, a grey ruff round face ... \. ferox Shaw.
h. Colour brown or greenish grey.
a' Tail about half as long as head and
body together,
a^ Colour rich brown; size large (great-
est length of skull 150 mm.). 2. pelops, Hodgs.
//" Colour greenish grey ; size smaller
(greatest length of skull 130mm.)
(i' Throat, chest, and abdomen,
well haired, white.
«*. Hair comparatively short and
sleek (45 mm.) ,,, ... 3. r. rhesus, And.
/>*. Hair comparatively long and
rough (80 mm.) ... ... 4. r.villosus,Tvxie.
h' Throat, chest, and abdomen,
very sparsely haired, greyish, [McCI.
or reddish ... ... ... 5. ossamensis,
' Tail less than half the length of
head and body.
a"^ Tail about one-third as long as
head and bodj^, very slender,
a" A distinct horseshoe-shaped
crest on the crown ... ... G. leonina, Bly.
b^ No distinct crest ... ... 7. adusta, Mill.
b"^ Tail very short, onl}^ one or two
inches long ... ... ... 8. arctoides, Geoff.
B. Tail more than three-fourths of head
and bod}^ together.
a Hair of crown lengthened and dis-
tinctly radiating from the middle.
a\ General colour greyish brown, not
rufous ... ... ... ... 9. sinica, L.
h. General colour rufous or yellowish... 10. pileata, Shaw.
h Hair of crown neither lengthened
nor radiating ... ... . ..11. fascicularis,^SiS',
Distribution : —
1. M. ferox, Shaw. Type locality : — Ceylon.
• Other localities : — Ceylon (B. M.).
Type : — Unknown.
-. M. pelops, Hodgson. Type locality: — North Nepal (Hodg-
son.
Other localities. — Nepal(B.M.),Bata-
sia, Dikchu, Dariiling,Sikkim ( M. S.
L).
Type:—B. M. No. 43.1.12.4.
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.
o. M. rhesus, Audebeit.
I . M. rhesus villcsus, Ti'ue.
5. M. assamensis, McClel-
land.
6. M, leonina, Blyth.
7. M. adusta, Miller.
8. M. arctoides, GeofFrov.
0. M. sinica, Liunaeus.
10, M. pileata, Shaw.
Type locallfi/ : — Unknown.
Other localities : — Sikkim (Blanford)
(B. M.) ; Central Provinces;
Kiimaon ; Behar ; Orissa ; Darji-
ling ; Bhutan Duars (M. S. I.).
Ti/jJe : — Unknown (Type of ainops,
Hodgson, B. H. No. 43.1.12.5).
T!/j)G locality: — Lolab Kashmir (Ur.
Abbott).
Other localities : — None.
2^v»e:— U.S.N.M. No. -^^ ^ .
•^^ 85485
Type locality : — Assam ( McClel-
land).
Other localities : — Chindwin ; Shan
States; Mt. Popa (M. S. 1.).
Type: — Lost. (Ty pe oi proUematicus,
Gray, B. M. No. 69.3.5.15; Type of
rheso^similis, Sclater, B. M. No.
69.3.5.15).
Type locality : — Arakan ( Col.
Phayre).
Other localities : — Arakan (B. M.) ;
Chindwin (M.S.I.).
Typje : — Ind. Miis. Calc. No. 43a.
Type locality : — Champang, Tenas-
serim (Dr. W. L. Abbott).
Other localities : — Malay Peninsula
(B. M.) ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.).
Tyye-.—V. S. N. Mus. No. 124023.
Tiipe locality : — Cochin China
(Diaid).
Other localities : — Malay Peninsula
(B. M.).
Type : — Unknown. Perhaps in Paris
Museum. (Type of melanotus, Ogilby,
B.M. No. 55.12.21..25 ; Type of
brunneus, Anderijon Ind. Mus. Calc.
No. 45b.).
Type locality: — "In India orientale."
Other localities : — Travancore ; * Ma-
dras" (Jerdon) (B. M.) ; Western
Ghats ; Dharwar ; Kanara ; Bellary
Mysore ; Coorg (M. S. I.).
Typ)0 : — Unknown.
Type locality: — Ce3'lon.
f •
Twt) JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Other localities : — Habbentota, Cey-
lon (B. M.), North and North-east
Provinces, Ceylon (M. S. I.).
Ty]je : — Unknown.
11. M. fascicularis , Raffles. Type locality: — Sumatra (Raffles).
Other localities : — Malay Peninsula
(B. M.) ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.).
Type : — Unknown.
Thomas has recentl}^ pointed out (A. M. N. H. (8), xvii, p. 179.
1916), that this name was based by Geo-
Gen. II, PiTHECUS. ffroy and Cuvier (1795) on a Ceylon
monkey which, whatever its species, was a
langur and not a macaque, hence it is the oldest name for the
langurs, and must be used in place of Semnopithecus, adopted by
Blanford (Mamm., p. 25).
These four species form the first section of Blauford's kej'. But
in addition to these Dollman pro-
No. 13. entellics D\\h\ poses to revive the name anchises,
No. lo. schistaceus,ILodgB. Bl3^th, for the southern race of
No. 14. priam, Bly. entellus. (J. B. N. H. S., xxii., p.
No. 15. hypoleiccos, Bly. 442, 1913), Elliot has established
the name lanius for the race of
schistaceus living on the northern slope of the Himalayas. Finally
I have recentl}^ described a langur from the Northern Shan States
under the name of shanicus (3 . ~B . N. H. S., xxv, p. 46, 1917).
This, however, had already received a name, by which it must be
known, from Elliot, viz., melamerus (Rev. Prim., iii, p. 47, 1913).
True femoralis was named but not described by Horsfield
(Mem. Sir T. S. Raffles, App. p. 462,
No. 25. femoralis, Horsf. 1830), who gave the type localit}' as
" in Sumatra et Java." The specimen
however was fully described by Martin in 1833 (Charl. Mag. N. H.,
ii, p. 436) under the same name. Robinson and Kloss separated
the Tenasserim form as a subspecies of neglecta (i.e. of femoralis'),
(Jour. F. M. States, Mus. IV, p. 174, 1911), distinguising it
under the name heatii, "by its generally brown coloration, absence
of white on the chest, and by having the white femoral line pro-
duced quite to the heel ( J. B. N. H. S., xxiii, p. 702, 1915).
These species form a third section (^ciz. : C. a.) of Blanford's
No. 16. johni, Fisch. ^'.^y- ^^i^^^^'ermann spelt his spe-
\r^ 1 f? 7 7 i ry- cies name kenhaloiiterus and this
-Mo. 17. cep/ialovterus, Zmim. .,. i -. ^ , , ,,,,
No. 18. senex, Erxl. "P^^^^^S ^"'^^^ ^"^ accepted Ihe
No. 19. ursimis, Bly. ^^^^J"^ '"''''' appears to be undoubt-
No. 22. harhei, Bly. ^'^^^ a synonym oi veter, L. Both,
'' as well as aunnus, Kei., seem to
.slMMAJiY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. r,",:
represent tax albino oi" some form of Ceylon monkey, probal)ly
either Icophnlo^tienis or ursinus. Still as this is also the genotj'pe
of PiTUKCTS (Thomas, A. ;M. N. H,, xvii, p. 179, 191C), I propose
to retain it for the present among the species in my ke3\ J Myth
in his original description oi hdrhci (J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 734, 1847)
gave the type locality as the Ye Province of Tenasserim, bnt in
I860 (Cat. Mamm. Mns. As. Soc, p. 48) he corrected this, on the
authority of the collector, 31. liarbe, to "interior of Tipperah
Hills'". After carefnl consideration I decided (J. B. N. H. S.,
XXV, p. 40, 1917) to adopt, at any rate provisionally, the
Tenasserim Uionkey as the representative of harbei.
This species forms a fom'th section of Blanford's key, viz., C. b.,
-T ^A •? J in where it represents the Assam langui's.
^ ■' in 1910 (J. B. rs. H. b., XXIV, p. o54),
1 stated that the name jnlentas was inadmissible for a langiir ; I fear
I was mistaken. As now advised, I must withdraw that statement
and conseqiiently my name f?/ov/a must fall, as a synonym oi inleatus,
Bl}'. I may note here that 1 have been successful in tracing the
type of arge7itatus, Horsf. (Cat. Mamm. E.I.C. Mus., p. 7, 1851),
ranked by Blanford as a synonym of phaiirei, and it too proves
to be jiileains, Bly. At the same time that I described diirga, I
proposed the i\a,me hrahma for the langur of Upper Assam. Finally,
in dealing with the Chindwin Collection I had already described
shm'tridijei (J. B.N. H. S., xxiv, p. 56, 1915), but the subspecies
belli(jer, then proposed, cannot stand, for Mr. Shortridge assigns its
difference in colour from skortridijei, its chief characteristic, to an
effect of wood smoke while drying the skins of the specimens.
Thus the following must be substituted for iiileaias in Blanford's
list, viz., pilecdus, Bly., Lower Assam ; brahma, Wr., Upper Assam ;
and skortridijei, Wr., Upper Chindwin.
These two species represent section C. c. of Blanford's ke}', i.e.,
,, ^,-, , . Til the crested langurs. The second is
No. 23. phai/rei, Bl. + i • i /
^_ c , , -r> • 1 represented in our area by ere »MSC2( tits.
No. 24. obscuras, Keid. yy,. j 1
This name, which forms the conchiding section of Blanford's key,
T,, ,,, , , -r> "^vas first used as a synonym of
No. 21. chrysoiiaster, Bon- , . • / r t? at xx q
•^ •' potenziani, (J. B. JN. H. b., xxiv, p.
P" 653), and consequently must be
allowed to drop altogether. The langurs as thus altered may be
arranged in a key as follows : —
' Keij to the species of Pithecus.
I. Hair of crown radiating from one or more
points on the forehead.
J. — Hair of crown radiating from a central
point on forehead.
nm JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. •SOCIETY, Vol. XX V.
a. Limbs and tail black 1. hy])oleticos., Bly.
h. Limbs and tail not ( or little) darker
than the body.
a\ Hands and feet same colonr as the
limbs.
a". Crown ot head scarcely paler
than body ... ... ... 2. priam, Bly.
/>^ Crown of head whit*'.
a. Hair silky ... ... ... 3. schistaceus.
Hodgs.
h. Hair woolly ... ... ... 4. s. lanms, VAl.
h\ Hands and feet black.
a'. Small ( condylo-basal length of
skull 75-85 mm.) Pattern prac-
tically nnicolorous ... ... 5. "melmnerus. Ell.
}>\ Larger. Pattern mixed dark
and light.
a^. Large (condylo-basal length
of skull 95-105 mm.). Tail
only occasionally with a long
white tip ... ... ... 6. entellus,T>Viiv.
I)\ Smaller (condylo-basal length
of skull 90-95 mm); tail most
usually with a long white '
tip... ... ... ... 7. e . ancldses , ^\y .
li. — Hair of crown radiating from two
frontal points, one on each side of the [Kl.
head ... ... ... ... ••■ 8. /. Aea^w, Rob. t'tt
J 1. Hair of crown directed haolcwards
throughout, not radiating.
A. — No crest.
a. Hair of crown not longer than that on
temples and nape.
a\ Body black or dusky l)rown above
and below. •
a^. Head black throughout like body. 9. barbei, Bly.
1)^. Head pale brown.
a\ Cheeks the same colour as
crown ... ... ...10. johni, Fisch.
I/. Cheeks paler than crown.
a\ Sacral region grey ..-.11. heplialopterm,
Zimni.
//. Sacral region black ...12. ursinus, lily.
//. Body yellowish white throughout... 13. veter, L.
h. Hair of crown longer than that of
temples and occiput, forming a "cap ".
suMMAin OF nil: /.\/)IA^ mammal survey.
;■)<»
u\ General colour cinereous.
a\ Whiskers only slightly paler
than the general body colour ;
under surface coloured like the
back ... ... ... ...14. KkortriihieA, Wi-.
/'*. Whiskers pui-e white ; under
surface greyish on the chest,
bufi" on the abdomen ... ... 1 5. hrahma, Wr.
/>'. General colour dusky l)ro\vn ;
whiskers and under surface
ochraceous ... ... ...16. /n'lfafus, Hly.
B. — A crest of longer hairs.
a. A pointed crest on occiput ; adults
ashy to blackish brown ... ...17. <yrepusculu.--.
Elliot.
Ik ('vest compressed and longitudinal on
crown of head.
a\ Body dark grey above, whitish
below... ... ... ...18. ijhayrei, Bly.
/''. Body white above, grey ))elow ...19. robinsoni, Thos,
DiSTRlBLTlOxX : —
1 . r. hi/polencos, Blyth. Type locality : — Travancore (Dr.
Coles).
OtJier localities : — South Coorg
(M.S.I.).
Type :— Ind. Mus. Calc No.
1 3a."
Ty2:)e locality : — Coromandel
(Joast (Elliot).
Other localities : — Travancore
(B. M.) ; Ceylon (M. S. I.).
Type : — Ind. Mus. No. 12a.
Typ)e locality : — Nepal (Hodg-
son).
Other localities : — Nepal ; Sik-
kim ; Kashmir (B. M.) :
Kumaon (iM. S. I.)
Oo-t>/pes :— B. M. No. 43.1.12.
1-3.
Lectotype:—B. M. No. 43. 1.
12.1.
4. P. schistaceus lanins, Elliot. Type localiti/ : — Chumbi, Thi-
bet (B. N. H. S.— F. M. Bailey).
Other localities : — None.
%)«:— B. M. No. 9.7.ir,.i.
2. 1\ p'riam, Blyth.
o. /'. schistaceus, Hodg.soii.
r,dO JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
o. r. melamerus, Elliot. Type locality : — Bhamo (Fea).
Other localities : — N. Shan
States (M. S. I.)
T/zpe :— B. M. No. 88.12.1.64.
(Type of shaniciis, Wroughtou,
B. M. No. 14.7.8.5).
(J. T. entellas, Dufresne. Type locality : — " Bengal."
Other localities: — "Bombay"
(Sykes) ; Central Provinces (B.
M.) ; Kathiawar ; Nimar ; Berar :
Central Provinces ; Behar ; Orissa
(M. S. I.)
Type : — Unknown.
7. r. e7itell'us anchises, Bhrth. Tiipelocalitij: — " Deccan. and
along the foot of the Western
Ghats". (Elliot).
Other localities : — Dharwar; Ka-
nara; Bellary (M. S. I.)
Tt/2ye :— Lost (?). Not in Cat.
Ind.'Mus. Calc. (1881); (Blyth's
Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc,
18G3, No. 27 j.)
8. P. femoralis keatii, Robin- Tyj^e locality : — Trang, S. W.
son & Kloss. Siam (Robinson).
Other localities : — S. Tenasserini
(B. M.); S. Tenasserim ( M.
S. I.)
Tyj^e : — Selangor Mus. No.
123i/10.
9. F. harhei, Blyth. Ty2^s locality: — 1st. Ye Pro-
vince, Tenasserim ; 2nd. Interior
of Tippera Hills. (See above).
(Rev. J. Barbe).
Other localities : — N. Tenas-
serim (B.M.)
^Vi^e:— Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
19a.'
lU. P./ohni, Fischer. Type locality : — Tellicheri, Ma-
labar.
Otlber localities : — Nilgiri Hill^';
Coorg (Blanford) ( B. M.) ; S.
Coorg (M.S.I.).
Type : — Unknown.
11. I'. lit'i>halo/)teriis, Zimmer- Type locality : — " East Indies."
mann. Other localities : — " Raj^gun
Corola" (Colombo Museum) ;
SUMMAliV OF THE IXDIAX MAMMAL tiURVEY.
r,(ii
12. P, ursinus, Blylli.
13. r.veter, Linnaeus.
Adam's Peak (B. M.) Kottawa,
Ceylon (M. S. I.).
Type : — Unknown. ('IVpe of
thersites, Blj'th, Ind. Mus. Calc.
No. 12c. Type of <dliiirus, Kelaart,
Ind. Mns. Calc. No. 15s.)
Tj/pe locality : — Nevvara Ellya,
Ceylou (Kelaart).
Other localities : — Pattipola and
Hakgalla, Ceylon (M. S. I.)
Type: — Ind. Mns. Calc. No.
15p.
Ty2}e localitij : — " In Zejdona''.
Other localities : — None.
Tiipe : — Unknown.
14. 7'. .s/iorfnrf(/ei, Wroughton. Tijpe locality: — Homalin, Up-
per Chindwin River. (B. N. H.
S. — Shortridge).
Oilier localities : — Homalin and
Hkamti (under the name helliger),
Upper Chindwin (M. S. I.)
Type-.—B. M. No. 15.5.5.10
(Type of s. helUqer, Wroughton
B.'m. No. 15.5.5.14.).
15. r. Iirahma. Wroughton. Type locality : — Lakhimpur.
Upper Assam (H. Stevens).
Other localities : — None.
Type:—B. M. No. 13.2.21.1.
Type localiti/: — Unknown (me-
nagerie specimen).
Other localties : — Silhet; Assam
(B.M.).
'Type:— 'Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
14 d. (Tj^pe of arqentatus, Hors-
lield, B. M. No. '79.11.21.597;
T^'pe of d^irqa, Wroughton, B.
M. No. 86.10.18.1.)
17. L\ crejtnsculus, Elliot. Ti/iie localittj : — Mt. Muleyit.
Tenasserim CHume-Davison).
Other localities : — Mt. Mule^ it.
(M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 85.8.1.11.
Ti/pe localiti/ : — Arakan (Col.
Phayre).
Other localities : — Siam (?) (B.
]\r.) ; Kin, Lower Chindwin ;
IC. r. [dleatiis, Blj'th.
18. P. phaijrei, Blyth.
r>&2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. HOCIHTl', Vol. XX}\
I
Ngapyiniuni, Upper Irrawady ; Mt^
Popa; Pegu (M. S. I.).
Ty2?e :—Ind. Miis. Calc. No. 20 a.
Type of crep'(scula. Elliot. B. M .
No. 85.8.1.11).
19. /'. robinsoni, Thomas. I'ype localitii : — Traug, S. W. Siaiu
(Robinson).
Other localities : — None.
Ty2Je:—B. M. No. 10.10.1.1.
Suborder II. — Lemuroidea.
There is only one family, viz., the Lemueid.?-:.
Family. — Lemurid^.
There a^'e two genera distinguished by Blanford as follows :^
Key to the genera of the luEUvmoJE.
A. — ^Either oni}^ two incisors, or four of unequal
size, the inner pair much larger than the outer ;
tail present, but very shoi't ; limbs not remarka-
bly slender ... ... ... ... ... 1. Nycticehi s.
/i — Four small upper incisors, of equal size; tail
none; limbs very slender ... ... ... II. LoRis.
Gen. I. — Nycticebus.
'J'his name belongs by right to the Slender Loris of Oeyk»ii
(Thomas, A.M.N.H.,p. 468, 1908:
No. 2b. tardigradvs, L. and P.Z.S.,p.l29, 1911). The next
oldest name is couco.vg, based by
Boddaerton the "tailless Macauco " of Pennant (Elench. Anim. i,
p. 6/, 1785). Pennant's actual description of the animal, a specimen
in the Leverian Museum, is unmistakeably that of a NYCTiCEBifs.
although in his other remarks he seems to confuse Nycticebus and
Loris. No specimen, so far as I know, has ever again been
obtained from the type localitj-. i.e., Bengal (.T.B.N. H.S., xxiv., ]).
702, 1915).
Distribution : —
N. coucaoig, Boddaerr. f'jpo locality: — ' Bengal."
Other localities : — Lower Pegu (B.M.) ;
Chindwin ; Pegu; Tenasserim (M.S. I. J.
T'ype : — Unknown.
Gen. II. — Loris.
-Miss Kyley has pointed out how the name gracilis came to be substi-
tuted for the original tardigradic
No. 27, gracilis, Geott". (J. B. N. H. S., xxii., p. 285, i91oJ.
This latter name beino- the oklfi;
SUMMA/n OF THE I.\D/A.\ MAMMAL sUliVEY
i\:\
must heusod for the (Vvloii Lovis;. Lydekkor, in 11)01(1*./.
o45), separated the Madras i'roni tlie Ceylon form, but put the Jiann-
gracilis on the Madras animal, making the Ceylon form a snbspecie^-.
under the name zet/lanicus. Thomas having in the meanwhile (A .
M. N. H., i., p. 408, 1908) shown that the Ceylon animal must In-
called tardiffradus, Cabrera pointed out that the JNladras form was
now without a name and suggested for it that of li/deJikerianiis.
(Bol. 11. S. Espan. Hist. Nat., p. 211, 1908). While goinp
through all the available material for the preparation of this
Summar)', I found that the Ceylon specimens, though they approach-
ed those of lydekkeriannn from Mysore, were markedly larger and
otherwise differed from animals from ^lalabar, 1 therefore con-
cluded to separate these latter under the name mcdabaricus (J. 11
N. H. S., XXV., p. 45, 1917). These three species, which are nil
included in the name (/racilis of Blanford, may be arranged in a
key as follows : —
Kei/ to the species o/Lokis.
A. — Size large (head and bod}^, 245 mm.; greatest
length of skull 52 mm.) ; ears large.
a. General colour grey ; a median dorsal stripe 1 . lydekhu-
ianus, Cabr.
h. General colour brownish grey ; na dorsal
stripe ... ... ... ... ... 2.
/.'. — Size small (head and body 220 mm.:
length of skull 45 mm) ; ears small.
gi'eatest
o.
tardiijra-
diis, L.
malabari-
cus, "V\ r.
Distribution.
1 . /-. lifdekkerianus, Cabrera.
I)i>-
8.2.
2. L. Uirdiyradus, Linujeus.
8. L. irMlaharicvi' . Wroughton.
Type locality : — " Madras.
Other localities : — Kolar
irict. East Mysore (M.S. I.).
Co-ty2)es :—B. M. No.
19.1. and 2.
Lectotype :— B.M. No.3.2.19.1 .
Typ)e locality : — " Ceylon."
Other localities: — Ceylon (.M.
S.I.).
Type: — Lnkuown. (Type of
Zeylanicus, Lydekker, B. M.
No. 4.10.12.3.).
Type locidittj : — Kutta, S.
Coorg (B.N.H.S.— Shortridge).
Other localities : — Travancorc
(B.M.) ; S. Coorg (M.S.I.).
Type:—B. M. No. 13.8.22.:;.
.564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX T.
Order II. — Chiroptera.
Such great strides have been made in the classification of the
liats since Blanford published his " Mammalia," that I have found
it necessary to go into the currentlj^ accepted distribution, not
only as it affects the genera, but the Families and Suljfamilies.
The most recent works are ]\Iiller's " Families and Genera of
Bats," 1908, and K. Andersen's " Catalogue of the Chiroptera,"
Vol. I. (Fru.it Bats), 1912. Both these, it will be seen, were
published before Svirvey specimens were available. I have follow-
ed as closely as possible the two works quoted above, so far as they
deal with the Indian fauna, ri.-:., Miller for the general classifi-
cation and Andersen for the MEGACHiRorTERA. The Families may
be arranged in a key as follows : —
Kef/ to the Families of the Chiroptera.
A. — Neither nose-leaf nor tragus present ... I. PlEROPODiDiE.
B. — Either nose-leaf or tragus, or both, present.
a. Both nose-leaf and tragus present.
a'. Face not grooved; nose-leaf
up-standing
h'. Face grooved ; nose-leaf small,
down
//. Either a nose-leaf or a tragus present, biit
not both.
(('. A nose-leaf but no tragus present ... II. Rhinolophid^.
/''. No nose-leaf but a tragus present.
a'. Tail entirely enclosed in inter- [id^e.
femoral membrane Y. Vesfertilion-
()'. A portion of the tail free.
a"'. Tail emerging from the upper
surface of the interfemoral
membrane comparatively short KiDiE.
and stout A'l . Emp.allo.n r-
//'. Tail emero-ino- from the end of
the interfemoral membrane.
a*] Tail very long and slender ... YII. lliliNOPOMiDiE.
//'. Tail comparatively short and
stout ... ' VI 11. MOLOSSID^..
Family I. — Pteropodio^.
The six Genera of the Family may be arranged in a key as
follows : —
Key to the Genera of the Pteropodid^.
I. Tongue moderate; inner margin of the
nostril projecting. «
large,
[MATIDiE
... III.
Megader-
folded
... IV.
NvCTERlDiG.
SlMMARl' OF THE IMJIAX MAMMAL SURVEY. ofir,
A. — Upper part of one colour throughout.
(I. Five teeth in upper molar series,
six in lower I. Eousettus,
/'. Four teeth in upper molar series,
five in lower.
./'. Caloar present 111. Cynopterus.
//. Calcar absent IV. Spii^RIAS.
7)'. — Hind neck and shoidders generally
paler than back 11. Pteropus.
II. Tongue very long ; no projecting mar-
gin to nostril.
((. Xo claw to index ; wing from base
of first toe; tail distinct ... V. EoNYCTERis.
h. A claw to index ; wing from
base of fourth toe ; tail rudi-
mentary ... VI. MACR0GL0SSU8.
Gen. I. — RousETTUS.
Blanford uses Xantharpyia, established by Gray in 1843 (List
Spec. Mamm. B. M., xix, p. 37) but that author had already used
llousETTUs in 1821 (Lond. Med. Repos., xv, p. 299) which there-
fore as the older name must be used for the genus.
Xo. 137. amplexicnudatus, Geoff. Blantord uses this single
name to cover all the Indian forms of the genus.
K. Andersen however recognises three species which may be
arranged in a kev as follows : —
Key to the species of Eousettus.
A. — Pollex 30-37.5 mm; second phalanx of
third digit 50.5-61.5 mm. ... ... 1. arahicus, And.
de Wint.
B. — Pollex 24-30 mm.; second phalanx of
third digit 36-47.2 mm.
a. Fur on nape and shoulders not unusu-
ally sparse; forearm 80.5-87.5 ... 2. leschenaulti,
Desm .
h. Xape, and shouldei-s semi-naked ; fore-
arm 79-85.5 mm. ... ... ... 3. seminudus, Kel.
Distribution : —
1. /?. ((/-rt/yic^fct, Anderson & de Wiuton. Tyjie locality: — Lahej.
Aden (Col. Yerbury).
Other localities : — Mus-
cat, Oman ; Karachi, Sind
(B. M). Not obtained by
Survev.
Tt/pe :— B. M. No. 95.
6.1. 47.
r,66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
2. U. leschenaulti, Uesmarest. Tyi^e locality : — Pondicheiy. (Les-
chenault).
Other localities : — Nepal ; Nasiria-
bad, Rajputaua (Boys) ; Myingan,
Burma (B. M.) ; Western " Ghats,
Bombay ; Coorg ; Kumaon ; Bhutan
Duars ; Mt. Popa ; Upper Burma ;
Tenasserim (M. S. I.).
Co-types : — Paris Museum (Type
of Cynopterus affi7iis, Gray. B. M.
No.'38.3.13.37. Type of Pteropus
pyrivonis, Hodgs. B. M, No. " not
registered." Type of Eleutherura
juliginosa, Gray. B. M. No. 62. 8. 18. 5.
Type of Eleutherura fusca. Gray.
B. M. No. 49.8.23.10.).
o. B. seminudu.^ , Kelaart. '^Vpe. locality : — Mt. Lavinia,
Ceylon (Kelaart).
Other localities : — Punduloya, Cey-
lon (B. M.) ; Hambantota, Urugala,
and Kandy, Ceylon (M. S. I.).
Type :— Ind. Mus. Calc. No. 94 b.
Gen. II. — Ptfropus.
The specific names in this genus have been so confusingly
XT AOA T m intermixed that it would be a
No. lo4. mecmis, iemm. ^ ,. ^. ^ ^ ^ n ^,
TVT 1 o e J f n £c waste 01 time to try and nx the
No. loo. edutis, Geoii. ^ . , , .. ,•{, r •,, ^^
-K-r , o£? • / • i:i-x exact equivalents 01 Blaniord s three
No. loo. nicobaricus, ritz. • i- a t j ^ xi
species. K. Andersen adopts the
name (jiganteus, Briinnich, for the common Flying Fox of India,
with a doubtful subspecies, leucocephalas, Hodgs., from the high
hills above Nepal. Besides this he recognises the following forms
as occurring or likely to occur within our area, m^:., hyijomelanvs,
intern icdius, and melanot-as. These may be arranged in a key as
follows : —
Key to the species of Pteropus:*.
A. — Posterior basal ledges of large pre-
molars distinct.
a. Interfemoral scarcely'- developed in
centre; forearm 134-137 mm. ... 1. hyp. geminontm, Mill.
h. Interfemoral distinct in centre ;
forearm 153-1(35 mm. ... ... 2. melanotus, Blyth.
B. — Posterior basal ledges of premolars
practically obliterated.
a. Underside of body paler than back;
forearm 1G3-177.
SUMMAh'y OF THE INDIA A MA.\fMAL SURVEY. r,G7
ti\ l''av shorter, {^-12 mm. im
l>ack ... ... ••• o. </»•;/. f//f/a7i<««, Briinn,
b . Vwv IdiijJ-ei', l't-18 mm. on
linck ... ... ... 1. <//;/. leucoceyhalvs,
Hodgs.
/'. Uuderside of body quite or ueaily
as dark as back ; forearm about
180 mm. ... ... ... 5, inter medius, K. And.
Distribution : —
1 . r. hypomelanus <iH,iiinoruin, ^J^ype localittf : — South
Miller. Twin Island, Mergui Archi-
pelago (Dr. W. L. Abbott).
Of her localities : — S. Twin
Island (B. M.;.
Type:—V. S. Mus. No.
104464.
2. P. mdanotus, Blyth. Ti/jje locality : — Nicobar
Islands. (Capt. Lewis).
Other localities: — Nico-
bars (Hume) (B M.).
Type: — Ind. Mus. Calc.
No. '92b.
^3. P. giyantev.s giijaatem, Brtinnich. Ti/jje locality : — Bengal.
(Unknown).
Other localities: — Saugor,
Central Provinces ; Nee-
much, Rajputana ; Dharwar
(E 11 i o t j ; Travancore ;
Ceylon (B. M.) ; Cutch ;
Kathiawar ; Palanpur ; Ni-
niar ; Berars ; Central Pro-
vinces ; Koyna Valley ;
Dharwar ; Bellary ; South
Mysore; Ceylon ; Kumaon ;
Bengal; Sikkim ; Bhutan
Duars; Pegu (M. S. I.).
'Type : — Copenhagen
Museum.
4. P.fjiganteusliuyjcephalus, Type locality: — Nepal
Hodgson. (Hodgson).
Other localities: — Nepal ;
Assam ; Manipur (B. M.).
Not obtained by Sui'vey.
Co-ttjpes : — B. M. Nos.
45.1. 8^273-275; 45.5.15.4.
o68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
5. 7^. intermeclius, K. Andersen.
Ledoti/pe: — B. M. No.
45.1.8.273.
Tyi^e locality : — Amherst^
Burma (Hnme-Davison).
Other localities : — None.
%je :— B. M. No.
85.8.1.101.
Gen. III. — Cykopterus.
Miller has separated hlanfordi, Thos., as a distinct genus. An-
^^ ^ „,, . , /"I jr dersen adopts sphin.v, Vahl, as
No. 138. marqinatus, breon. , . n A
^ „,, , ^ , \t-u bemsf an older name than
No. 139. brachyotus, Mill. ^. , jit . -
^ ,,-, , "^ . -r4.- mamwiaws and declines to accept
No. 140. scherzeri i^itz. . -^ -. i .- -^f..^^
^, , , ^ , , T-, 1 true brac/iyotis, Mull., as occurr-
No. 141. bramysoma, Dobs. . .,, .-^ ^■ -l ^ *. i.
ing withm our limits, but sub-
stitutes for it the subspecies angulatus, Mill. The change required
in the key may be made as follows : —
Key to the species o/"Cynopteki;s.
A. — Ears relatively longer, 18-20.5 mm.
a. Smaller, forearm GG-73.5 mm.
b. Larger, forearm 73-78 mm..
B. — Ears relatively shorter, 13-18 mm.
a. Larger, forearm 65-72 mm.
h. Smaller, forearm 54.5-70 mm.
a\ Ears relatively larger, 15-17
mm.
//. Ears relatively shortei", 13-15
mm.
%'. Smaller, forearm 59-6G
mm. ...
b'. Larger, forearm 09.5-
70 mm.
1 . sph. sphinx. Yahl.
2. sph. (jangeticus, K.
And.
3. brach. angulatus.
Mill.
4. brach. ceylonensis,
Gray.
5. brach. brachysoma.
Dobs.
G. braclb. scherzeri,
Zeleb.
DiSTKIBUTION : —
1. C. spthinx sphinx, Vahl.
Type locality : — Tranque-
bar, Madras.
Other localities : — Bom-
bay ; Dharwar ; Madras
(Jerdon) ; Travancore ( B.
M.) ; Kanara ; Mysore ;
Coorg ; Ceylon ; Bengal ;
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY
069
3. C. brachyotit anqulatiif:, Miller.
Kiimaon ; Sikkim ; Darji-
liug ; Bhutan Duars ; Chin
Hills ; Chindwin ; Shan
States (M. S. I.).
I'l/pe : — Unknown (Co-
types of G. ellioti, Gray, B.
M. Nos. 40 k & 1. Lec-
totype, B. M. No. 40k).
2. C.Sjjhinxgangeticus, K. Andersen. Type locality: — Lnck-
now. (B. N. H. S.— Maj.
Begbie).
Other localities : — Palan-
pur ; Nimar ; Central Prov-
inces (M. S. I.).
Tyj>e:—B. M. No. 10.
11.14.1.
Tt/2^e locality : — Trang,
Lower Siam. (Dr. W. L.
Abbott).
Other localities : — Chind-
win ( B.M. ) ; Tenasserim
(M.S.I.).
Type :— U. S. Nat. Mus.
No. 83569. (in al).
Ty2)e locality : — Ceylon
(Thwaites).
Other localities : — Pun-
dnloya, Ceylon (B. M). Not
obtained by the Survey.
Co-types : — B. M. Nos.
52.2. 19.1. & 58.10.19.12.
Lectotype : — B. M. No.
58.10. 19.12.
Tyjie locality:. — Soutii
Andaman Island (Col.
Tytler).
Other localities : — None.
Tyj)e : — Ind. Mus. Calc.
No.'99/.a. (Co-types of G.
'inarcjinatus andamanensis,
Dob.B.M. Nos. 9.4.4.1. & 2.)
Type locality : — Car Nico-
bar.
Other localities : — None.
Co-type.f : — Presumably
in Vienna Museum.
4. G. hrachyotis ceylonensis, Gray.
5. G. hrachyotis hrachysoma,
Dobson.
6. G. hrachyotis scherzeri, Zelebor.
570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL MIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Gen. IV. — iSPHiERiAS,
No. 142. blavfordi, Thos. Miller separated this genus from
Cynopterus in 1906 (Proc. Biol,
Soc. Wash., XIX., p. 83).
Distribution : —
S. hlanfordi, Thomas. Tyjye locality : — Karin Hills, Burma.
(Fea).
Other localities : — The original three
specimens collected by Fea are the only-
ones known.
Co-ty2Jes :—B. M. No. 90.4.7.0. and
specimen in Genoa Museum.
Gen. V. — EoNYCTERis.
No. 144. speloia, Dobs. No change required.
Distribution : —
E. Sj)elcea, Dobson. Type locality : — Farm Caves, Moulmein.
(Theobald).
Other localities : — Nan, Siam ; Malay
Peninsula (B. M). Tenasserim (M. S. I.).
Type:— Ind. Mus. Calc. No. 100 a.
Gen. VI. — Macroglossus.
Blanford used the name Carponycteris, holding that Macroglos-
sus was antedated by Macroglossa, Oclis. 1816, but this view
is not generally accepted, the terminal difference being held to be
sufficient in the case of a generic name.
Dr. Andersen restricts true minimus to the Java form and
establishes a subspecies sobrinus
No. 143. minimus, Geoff. for the Malay Peninsula and noith-
wai'ds.
Distribution : —
M. m,i7iimus sobrinus,}^., Andersen. Type locality: — Gunong
Ikari, Perak (A. L. But-
ler).
Other localities: — Tenasse-
rim (M. S. I.).
Tv2Je:—B.M. No. 98.11.
29.1.
Note : — In preparing this summary of the Pteropodid^, I have
relied entirely on Vol. 1 of Dr. Andersen's " Catalogue of the
Chiroptera " (1912), the latest authoritative work on the subject.
It was published before the Survej'^ was at work, but so far as I
can judge, extremely little or no change (certainly no important
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.
571
ciiange) would have been necessitated, had it been otherwise,
beyond some additions to the distribution details, whicli are liere
furnitshed. The comparison and study for Vol. 2 have been
practically completed by Dr. Andersen, and I have his assurance
that for the Indian portion of his work, the Survey material has
been of invaluable assistance. Unfortunately the formulation and
publication of his results have been unavoidably postponed, and
they are not available to me in preparing- this summary. Dr.
Andersen however published in 1905 several papers on the
RHiNOLOPHin^ on which I have relied.
Family II. — EiiiNOLOPHiDiE.
Three Genera are represented which may be distinguished as
follows : —
Key to the cjenera of the Rhinolopiiid^.
A. — Firet toe with only two joints ; a dis-
tinct antitragus separated by a
notch from the outer margin of the
ear...
B. — All toes with only two joints ; no notch
separating the antitragus from the
outer margin of the ear ...
a. Anterior nose-leaf on horseshoe not
divided in the middle
b. Anterior nose-leaf divided into dis-
tinct lappets
Gen. I. — Rhinolophus.
In 1905, Dr. Andersen published a paper (A. M. N. H. 7., xvi.
p. 648), in which he divided this genus into a number of groups,
and I think the most satisfactory aiTangement will be to take them
one at a time. They may be arranged in a key as follows : —
Key to the groups of Rhinolophus.
I. Rhixolophus.
II.
III.
HiPPOSIDEHOS.
COELOPS.
A. — Connecting process absent
B. — Connecting process present.
a. Sella trifoliate
b. Sella not trifoliate.
(i\ Connecting process
below top of sella
^/\ Connecting process starting at
top of sella.
a'. Connecting process high and
prominent
V. Connecting process low.
starting
VI. arcuaiiis Group.
IV. 'philippensis
Group.
V. macroiis Group.
II. tepid us Group.
r)72 JOUJiNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol XXV.
a'\ Connecting process tapering
iTpwards almost to a point. III. midas Group.
//'. Connecting process not tape-
ring upwards ... ... I. sinvplex GroMip.
I, simplex Group.
No. 15U. ajjinis, Horsf. These live species represent
No. 151. andamanensis, Doby. the simplex Groiip of Ander-
No. 152. petersi, Dobs. sen's arrangement, in which
No. 156. /emtm-e^j'ttm?tm, Schreb. he includes nine forms which
No. 157. tragahts, Hodgs. may be arranged in a key as
follows : —
Ke;/ to the sp>ecies of the B. simpled: Group.
-I. — Size smaller, forearm about 50 mm.
(t . Sella pandurate.
a\ Margin of posterior nose-leaf
concave. . [And.
d'. Ears large ; tail long ... 1. "//. macrurus, K.
//". Ears small ; tail short.
«'. Size larger; horse-
shoe narrow ... ... '2. <if. liii unlay anus, K.
And.
/>■'. Size smaller; horse-shoe
broad ... ... ... 3. ap'. teiier, Iv. And.
I)\ Margin of posterior nose-leaf
sti'aiizht ... ... ... 4. andamanensis, Dobs.
I. Sella parallel-sided.
a\ Horseshoe broader ... ... 5. rouxi, Temm,
//. Horseshoe narrower ... ... 6. thomasi, K. And.
//. — Size larger, forearm about GO mm.
". Size larger, forearm 58.7-63 mm.
<i\ Horsehoe broader, 8.8-9.7 mm. 7. /'. ft'/ui. tixviatus,
Hodgs.
Ii\ Horseshoe narrower, 8.2-8.
8 mm. ... ... ... 8. /'. ejini. requlus. K.
And.
/'. Size, smaller. 56.8-58 mm ; horse-
shoe 7.7-8 mm ... 0. f. eqai. proxhmis, K.
And.
Distribution : —
1. Jl. afjinis macrurus, K. Andersen. Type locality: — Karin
Hills, Burma. (Fea).
Other localities' — None.
Tt/pe:—B. M. No. 90
4." 4. 7. (in al.).
I
\
SUMMAliV OF Tin-: IXDIAy MAMMAL SUltVKV
.',::{
2. li. (tfjiitia khuakiiianns, K. Ander-
sen.
o. li. iiifuiis lei>Pi\ K. Andersen.
1'. //. aiulamanensis, Dobson.
o. //. rouxi, Temminck.
(). ft. thomasi, K. Andersen.
li. f&rTuirb-equimem tragatus,
Hodgson.
8. Tl. ferrum-equinum regulvs,
K. Andersen.
Ti/pe localiti/ : — .M ussoorie,
United Provinces ( llut-
ron).
(Jl/ier locaiU'ifS : — Alus-
soorie ; Nepal; I)arjilin<(
(B. M.). Bhutan Duars;
Chindwin (M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 79.
11.21. 148. (in al.).
Type localit i/: — Pegu,
Burma (W. Tlieobald).
Other localities : — None.
Ty2:>e:—B. M. No. 87.3.
4.11. (ill al.).
Type localit ij : — South
Andaman Island. (J. Horn-
fray).
Other localities : — None.
Type : — Indian Mus. Talc.
No. 110a.
Type locality : — Pondi-
cheri and Calcutta.
( ? Roux).
Other localities; — Nepal;
Darjiling ; Kanara ; Nil-
giri Hills ; Ceylon (B. M.) ;
Dharwar ; Kanara : Ceylon
(M. S. I.)
Type: — Leydeu Museum.
Type locality : — Karin
Hills, Burma (Fea).
Other localities : — None.
Type:—B. M. No. 90.4.7.
10. (in al.)
Type loca lity : — Nepal
(Hodgson).
Other localities: — Dariilin g
(B.M.) ; Sikkim Ql. S. I.)
Go-types : — B. M.
Nos.
No.
43.1.12.135-137.
Lectotype : — B. M
43.1.12."l35.
Type locality : — Mussoori,
U, Provinces (Hutton).
Other localities : — Kumaon
(B. M.)
674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
9. R. femtm-equinum proximus,
K. Andersen.
No. 154. minor, Horsf.
Type :— B. M. No. 79.11.
21.153. (in al.)
Type locality : — Gilgit.
(Scully.)
Other localities : — None.
^7/^56 :_B. M. No. 81.3.1.
10. (inal.)
II. lepidus Group.
Following Andersen, four forms are
included in this group, and these may
be arranged in a key as follows : —
nasal swellings narrower
Key to the species of the R. lepidus Group.
A. — Size large, forearm 37.5-42 mm.
a. Larger ; nasal swelling broader ;
metacarpals longer
h. Smaller
metacarpals shorter
B. — Size smaller, forearm 34.2-36 mm
a. Sella parallel-margined ...
h. Sella tapering
Distribution : —
1. R. lepidus, Blyth.
1. lepid'jj Bly.
2. monticola, K. And.
3. gracilis, K. And.
4. suhbadius, Bly.
2. R. monticola, K. Andersen.
3. R. gracilis, K. Andersen.
4. R. snbhadius, Blyth.
Type locality : — "Calcutta?"
Other localities : — Wynaad ;
Ganges Valley (B. M.) ;
Central Provinces ; Koyna
Valley ; Kanara ; Kumaon ;
Bengal; Mt. Popa (M.S.I.)
Tyjje : — Unknown.
'Jype locality : — Mussoorie,
United Provinces (Hutton).
Other localities : — Kumaon ;
Chindwin (M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. .79.11.
21.151. (in al.).
Type locality : — M a 1 a b a r
Coast.
Other localities : — None.
Typei—B. M. No. 73.4.
16.2. (in al).
Type locality : — Nepal
(Hodgson).
Other localities : — Mussoorie,
United Provinces ; Garo Hills
Assam (B. M.)
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 675
Type: — Ind. Mus. Calc.
(No. ? ) (Type of garoensis
Dobson, Ind. M\is. Calc. No.
113a).
III. midas Group.
No. 155. hip2wsiderus, Becbs. The only representative of
the group.
Distribution : —
E. Iiipposiderv s, Bechsteiu. Type locality: — Caspian Sea,
Other localities : — Gil git (B. M.)
Type : — Unknown.
IV. philippinensis Group.
No. 145. luetics, Temm. To these two species Andei*sen
No. 147. tri/oliaius, Temm. adds two more, the whole may be
arranged in a key as follows : —
Key to the species of the R. philippiyiensis Group.
A. — Size large, forearm 71.5-78 mm ... 1. joernif/er, Hodgs.
B. — Size smaller.
a. Size larger, forearm 63-68 mm.
a\ Third metacarpal (45.5-50 mm),
and tail (50-55.2 mm) longer ... 2. luctus, Temm.
V. Third metacarpal (37.5 mm), and
tail (35mm) short ... ... 3. heddomei, K. And.
b. Size smaller, forearm 4-5-56 mm. ... 4. trifoliatus, Temm.
Distribution : —
1. R. perniger, Hodgson. Type locality. — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities : — Mussoorie, United
Provinces ; Nepal ; Sikkim (B. M.) ;
Chin Hills; Shan States (M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 79.11.21.55.
2. R. luctus, Temminck. . Type locality: — Tapos, Java (Boie).
Other localities : — Malay Peninsula
(B. M.) ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.).
Type : — Leyden Museum ( Type of
m(yAo, Gray, B. M. No. 40.5.17.36).
3. R. heddomei, Yi. Andier- Type locality: — Wynaad, Madras
sen. (Beddome).
Other localities : — Kanara ; Coorg ;
Cevlon (M. S. I.).
Type :— B. M. No. 82.3.3.1. (in al.)
.576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
4. /)'. trifoUatus, Tern- Type locality : — Bantam, Java
minck. (Hasselt).
Tyi^e localities : — Malay Penin-
. siila ; S. W. Siam ; Tenasserim (B.
M.) ; Darjiling ; Tenasserim (M. S. T.)
Ty2ye : — Ley den Musevim.
V, macro tis Grroup.
These two representatives of the
No. 149. yearsoni, Horsl. group may be distinguished as
No. 1 53. macrotis, Hodgs. follows : —
Key to the species of the mojcrotis Group.
A. — Third metacarpal shortened (656 mm)... l.pearsoni, Horsf.
B. — Third metacarpal longer (703 mm j ... 2. macrotis, Hodgs.
Distribution : —
1. B. 2Jearso7ii, Hors^eld. Tlipo locality: — Darjiling (Pear-
son).
Other localities : — Kumaon ; Darji-
ling (M. S. I.).
Type:—B. M. No. 79.11.21.56.
2. R. macrotis, Hodgson. Ttjpe locality : — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities : — Mussoorie, United
Provinces, Nepal (B. M.),
Type:—B. M. No. 45.1.8.416.
VI. arciiatus Group.
No. 146. coelophyllus, Pet. This is the solitary representatire
of the Group within our limits.
Distribution : —
R. coelophyllus, Peters. Type locality : — Sal ween River, Bur-
ma (Oapt. Beavan).
Other localities : — Malay Peninsula ;
Moulmein, Lower Burma; Tsagine,
Upper Burma (B. M.).
Ty]>e: — Berlin Museum.
Note: — With reference to Blanford's No. 148, mitratus, Blyth.
Dr. Andersen informs me that he has examined the co-types (Ind.
Mus. Gale. Nos. 105 a. and b.), which were taken by Tickell at
Chaibassa, Orissa, in 1843, and they are in such bad condition
that it is impossible to discover with any certainty even the affi-
nities of the species. The animal has never again been taken.
Under the circumstances I have omitted mitraius altogether from
the above review of the genus.
SVMMAJiY OF riLK IMHAS MAMMAL sUmEY. r,??
(Jen. 11. — HiPPOSiDEKOS.
'Iliese t\v«. species tbnii the Hrst section of BlantbrcVs ke}^
. ..-. - to the genus, but diadema does
No. 159, armtj/er, Hodgs. ^^^ ^^^^^. .^^ ^^^^, ^^,^^^ ^^ the
Xo. Ibl, dia.hmu, Geoff. ^ther hand, Andersen has revived
lanlcadiva, Kelaart, to contain the bats included in diadema bj-
Blanford, and Thomas has established a species for a bat from S.
W. Siam, which proves to occur within our limits, and finally
Andersen has provided a subspecific name debilis (A. M. N. H. 7,
xvii, p. 37, 190G), for the southern race of armiger.
These eight species maki' u]) the rest of Blanford's key. In
" vT 1 r o ^ ■ J n a "^7 I'eports I used fulvns. Gray,
No. 158. tridens, Geoii. j ? 77 • a„i,^c +'r.r-
,, -, «^ , , 7 7, 1-. 1 and duk/ninensis, feykes, tor
No. 160. lepto^>hyllum, Dohs. ^^.^.^^^. ^^^ .^ ,espectively (J .
No. 162. mcoharensis, Dobs. ^3 ^ ^ g^ ^^.^ ^^^^g ^^^
No. 163. galentus Cant ^^^^ ^^^2), I am now advised
No. 164. speons, Schneid. ^^^^^ ^^^^J^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^^.^^^
No. 165. kirvafus Rovsi. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^.^ .^ ^^^ sufficient
No. 10b. bicolor, Gray ^.^^^^^ ^^ substitute duhhunensu
No. IQ7. amhoxnensis, Pet. fo, ,^,,^,,:,. The species (/a/mhf6-
does not seem to occur within our limits and therefore the
name brachyohis, Dobson, should be substituted for it. Finally
true tridens does not come into our area, where it is represented by
a subspecies tridens murriana, K. Andersen. The species as thus
modified may be arranged in a key as follows : —
Key to the species o/Hipposidero.s.
J.— Size large, forearm 78-97mm.
(f. A large frontal glandular sac ; posterior
leaf narrower than horseshoe.
a\ Size larger, forearm 84 mm. and
upwards i. ariaUjer, Hodgs,
h\ Size smaller, forearm about 78 mm. 2. %/ei, Thos.
h. No frontal sac ; posterior leaf not
narrower than horseshoe ... ... 3. lankadiva, Ke\.
B. — Size small, forearm less than 75 mm.
" . Posterior margiti of nose-leaf terminat-
ing in three sharp points ; forearm
44 mm ... ... ... ... 4. tridens murra-
iana. And.
Posterior mai'gin <if nose-leaf
rounded.
(I.' Supplementary leaflets on each
side of the horseshoe.
". Three leaflets on each side
678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
a. Surface of posterior nose-
leaf divided into two cells ;
forearm 65 mm
h. Surface of posterior cell divi-
ded to four cells.
a. Posterior leaf narrower than
horseshoe; forearm 61
mm.
/). Posterior leaf a« wide as
horseshoe or wider.
a. Hinder margin of inter-
femoral membrane
straight; forearm 50
h. Hinder margin of inter-
femoral membrane a
salient angle ; forearm
56 mm.
b. Two leaflets on each side ; fore-
arm 44 mm. ...
6'. No supplementary leaflets.
a. Ears laid forwards extend to
muzzle; forearm 39 mm
h. Ears laid forwards do not extend
to muzzle; forearm 35 mm ...
Distribution : —
1. H. armiger, Hodson.
5.
nicobarensis,
Dobs.
6.
Leptophyllus,
Dobs.
7. speoris, Schneid.
8. larvatus, Horsf.
9. hrachyotus. Dobs.
10. fulvus, Gray.
11. amboinensis, Pet.
2. H. hjlei, Thomas.
Type locality : — Nepal (Hod-
gson).
Other localities : — Khasia Hills
(B. M.) ; Kumaon ; Darjiling;
Chin Hills ; Ohindwin ; Shan
States; Mt. Popa (M. S. 1.)
Co-types : — B. M. Nos.
43.1.12.132. and 133. (Type of
debilis, K. Andersen, B. M. No.
79.11.21.80).
Lectotype : — B. M. No.
43.1.12.'l32.
Type locality : — Chiengmai, N.
Siam. CLyle).
Other localities : — Shan States
(M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 13,4.18.3.
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL ^SURVEY.
r<79
If. tridens murraiana,
Andersen.
6.
No.
(Sto-
7. I£. speoris, Schneider.
3. H. lanhadiva, Kelaart. Type locilUy : — Kandy, Ceylon
(Kelaart).
Other localities : — Central Provin-
ces ; Kanara ; Bellar}' ; Mysore
(M. S. I.)
Co-iypes :— B. M. Nos 52.5.9.11.
& 7.1.1.311.
Lectotype:—B. M. No. 7.1.1.311.
T{i2^e locality : — Karachi, Sind.
(? Murray).
Other localities : — None.
TyjJe: — Ind. Mus. Calc.
12l'hh.
n. nicoharensis, Dobson. Type locality : — Nicobars
liczka).
Other localities : — None.
!?^/^e:— Ind. Mus. Calc. No. 127 a.
H. leptophyllus, Dobson. Type locality : — Khasi Hills, Assam.
(Godwin Austen.)
Other localities : — None.
Type:— Ind. Mus. Calc. No. 125a.
Typie locality : — " Timor and Am-
boina ".
Other localities : — Dharwar ; Trin-
comali, Ceylon (B. M.) ; Dharwar;
Kanara ; Bellary ; Mysore ; Coorg ;
Ceylon (M. S. I.)
Type : — Unknown. (Co-types of
aureus, Kelaart, B. M. Nos. 52.5.9.
3 & 4 & 5 ; Co-types of templetoni,
Kelaart, B. M. Nos. 52.1.24.2 & 3
& 4 ; Type of apiculatus, Gray, B. M.
No, 19.a.b.c.d.f. ; Type of peni-
cillatus. Gray, B. M. No. 19e.)
Type locality : — Java (Horsfield).
Other localities : — Chindwin ; Shan
States; Mt. Popa (M. S. I.)
Type-.—B. M. No.79.11.21 .93.
Type locality : — Central India.
(Staples).
Other localities : — Pal an pur ; Ka-
nara ; Ceylon; Bengal (M. S. I.)
Ty^e :— B. M. No. 9.1.4.70. (in al.).
Type locality : — Dharv/ar (ElliotV
Other localities : — Sind ; " Bom-
bay "; Madras (Jerdon) ; Ceylon ;
8. H. larvaius, Horsfield.
9. H. brachyotus, Dobson.
10. H. fuhms, Gray.
o80 JOURNAL, BOM HAY SATURAL HItST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
] I. //. amboinensis, Peters.
Gen.
No. iOti, frithi. Bly.
Distribution : —
a.frifhi, Blytli.
Upper Burma (B. M.J; Palanpur;
Kathiawar ; Cutch ; Central Pro-
vinces ; Western Ghats ; Dharwar ;
Kanara ; Bellarj^ ; Mj'^sore ; Ceylon ;
Sikkim ; Darjiling ; Bhutan Duars ;
Bengal ; Chindwin ; Shan States,
Mt. Popa ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 22a.
TyiJe locality : — Amboina.
Other localities : — " Dekhan
M.)
Tyjje : — Berlin Mnseum.
III. COELOPS.
The only species of the genns.
-Sundarbans, Ben-
(B.
Type locality :
gal (Frith).
Other localities : — None.
Tyi^e :—Ind. Mus. Calc. No. 132a.
Family ill. — Megadermatid^.
In 1907 Dr. Andersen and I made a study of the material
available in this Family (A.M. N. H. (7), xix., p. 129, 1907) when
we decided to revive the genus Eucheira to contain the species lyra,
GeofFroy, Later it was found that the name was prp-occupied in
Entomology, so that the next oldest name, Lyroderma must be
substituted for it. These two genera may be distingxiished as
follows : —
Key to the genera of the Megadermatid^b.
A. — Posterior termination of nose-leaf rounded. I. Megaderma.
B. — Posterior termination of nose-leaf truncated. II. Lyroderma.
Gen. I. — Megaderma.
Further we found (1. c. supra.) that
true spasma, L., must be limited to the
Celebes and Philippines, and that the subspecific name trifolium,
must be used for the Indian form.
Distribution : —
M. spasma trifolium, Geoflfroy. Tupe locality :
nault).
Other localities
Ceylon; S. W.;
No. no. spasma, L
-Java. (Lesche-
- Western India ;
Siam (B. M.) ;
Dharwar ; Kanara ; Coorg ; Ceylon ;
(Jhindwin ; Mt. Popa ; Pegu ;
Tenasserim (M. vS. I.)
.sT.i/. )/.(/.')■ or rni: j.\/)i.i.\ mammal siin fa. :,h\
'I'HI"'- — Unknown. IV'ili.ips in
l\ivis JMuseuni. (Tyjje of hovK Heidi,
Blyth.B. M. No. (;0..V|..13.)
(Jen. IJ. — Lykdokh.ma.
No. I iV.K l„rn, U.'oir. ^T,^T removing /.v.v.to llu.s genu..
wt' established a sulispecies aturina, for
the specimens from the West Coast of India whirh mav be dis-
tingnished from true ////•« as follows : —
Keij to the sidtspecies of M. I;/ re.
A. — On the avei'age larger, forearm
65-69 mm ... ... ... ] . li/r>i (i/ra, (it^oW.
B. — Ou the average smaller, forearm
63-64 mm ... ... ... •l.li/ra caurina, A. S^W .
UlSTKlBUTlON : —
1. L. li/ra hjra, Geoffroy. Tifpe localiiij : — I^Jast Coast f)f
-Madras ?
Other localities :— Secimderabad ;
Bengal (B. M.) ; Palanpnr ; Khan-
desh ; Central Provinces ; Bellary ;
Mysore ; Knmaou ; Bengal ; Sik-
kim : Bh^^tan Dnars ; Shan States
(M. S. I.)
Type: — Unknown. Perhaps in
Paris Museum.
2. ij. h/ra caurina, Andersen Typb localiti/ : — Surat District
& Wroughton. (Wroughton).
Other localities : — Western Ghats;
Dharwar; Kanara (M. S. I.)
Tijpe :— B. M. No. 98.4.2.2.
Family W . — Nyctekid^.
There is only one genus.
Gen. NYCTERI8.
^avoAvica, Geoff. 'l^li^"8-l\ ^^ot inchided iu his list, Blanford
mentions this species as occurring in the
Malay Peninsula (Mamm., p. 295), but Dr. Andersen has separated
these northern specimens under the name tragata (A. M. N H S
X, p. 546, 1912).
Distribution : —
N. tra/jata, K. Andersen. Type localitif :— Sarawak, Borneo
(C. J. Brooks).
582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Other localities : — Malay Penin-
sula (B. M.) ; Tenasserim (M. S. I.)
Ti/pe:— B.M. No. 3.3.31. 1. (in al.)
Family V. — Yespertilionid^.
Blanford ranged all the species of Vespertilionid^ in eight
f^enera, but the iuorease in the namber of genera and species since
his work was done is so great that it would only cause confusion
to try and give equivalents for his genera, I propose therefore to '
ignore them altogether and to maintain touch with him only
throuo-h his numbered species. The latest work on the classifica-
tion of the Chiroptera is Miller's " The Families and Genera of
Bats", 1907, which I have here followed as closely as possible so
far as it deals with our fauna. Miller recognises four subfamilies
of the Vespertilionid^, which may be arranged in a key as
follows : —
Key to the subfamilies of the VespertilioniDjE.
4. — Nostrils elongated, tiibular ... II. MuRiNiE.
B. — Nostrils not elongated.
a. — Ears funnel-shaped ... ... III. Kerivoulin^.
h. — Ears not funnel-shaped.
a\ — Second phalanx of third finger
nearly three times as long as
first ... ... ... ... IV. MlNIOPTERlN^.
&\— Second phalanx of third finger
not elouLfated ... ... I. VESPERTiLiONiNiB,
Subfamily I. — Vespertilionin^.
In this subfamily Miller recognised 1 6 Genera (two of them by
different names to those used here), which may be arranged in a
key as follows : —
Keij to the Genera oj the VESPERTiLiONiNiE.
A. — Cheek teeth six, on each side, above
and below.
a. Feet large ... ... ... ... XVI. Leuconoe.
h. Feet normal ... ... ... ... XV. Myotis.
B. — Cheek teeth less than six on each side
above and below.
c. Upper premolars 2-2.
a^ Lower premolars 3-3 ... ... II. Plecotus.
h^ Lower premolars 2-2.
0^. Outer, upper incisor not extend-
ing beyond cingulum of inner. XI. SCOTOZOUS.
If. Outer, upper incisor extending
distinctly beyond cingulum
of inner.
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY
683
ft'. 5th finger only a little longer
than metacarpal of 4th and
oi'd ... ...
^^ 5th finger longer than meta-
carpal and 1st phalanx of
4th and 3rd.
a*. Upper surface of rostrum
concave ; ears joined
b\ Upper surface of rostrum
convex ; ears separate.
a. Outer upper incisor nor-
mal in position, its con-
cavity directed back-
wards
h\ Outer ripper incisor
pushed outwards from
its normal position,
the concavity directed
outwards
Upper premolars 1-1.
a'. Upper incisors 2-2.
a". Skull noticeably flattened ; soles
of feet expanded into fleshy pads.
h'. Skull not noticeably flattened ;
soles of feet normal,
ft'. Outer apper incisor large,
crowded inward between inner
incisor and canine
6\ Outer upper incisor small, on
outer side of inner incisor
and separated from canine.
ft\ Rostrum evenly convex lat-
erally ; palatal emargina-
tion deeper than broad . . .
6\ Rostrum noticeably concave
on each side of middle
line ; palatal emargination
broader than deep
b\ Upper incisors 1-1.
a^. Ears noticeably enlarged
b'. Ears not noticeably enlarged.
a\ 1st and 2nd upper molars with
" W " pattern distorted or
nearly absent
6'. 1st and 2nd upper molars with
" W " pattern not distorted.
VII NvcrrALUs.
I. Barbastella.
VIII. PiPISTRELLUS.
IX. Glischropus.
VI. Tylunycteris.
X. Hesperoptenus.
VI. Eptesicus.
V. Vespertilio.
III. Otonycteris.
XII. SCOTOPHILUS.
rm JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
a\ Depth of maxillary eniar-
gination equal to distance
between canines ... XIII. Scoteinu>s.
/)\ Depth of maxillary emargi-
nation scarcely more than
half the distance between
canines ... ... ... XIV. Sgotomanes.
Gen. 1. Barbastella. Blanford uses the name Synotus for
this Genus.
No. 172. darjelingensis, Hodgs. The sole species.
Distribution : —
B. darjelinc/ensis, Hodgson. Type Localiki : — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities : — Murree ; Kajpu-
tana (B. M.) ; Darjiling ; Bhutan
Duars (M. S. I.).
Ty^oe :— B. M. No. 54.9.1 .1 8.
Gen. II. — Plecotus.
Hode'son irave the name homochrous to
No. 171, aarihis, L. the Nepal form (J. B. N. H. S., xxiii., p. 288,
1914). Barrett Hamilton described a species
imch from the Punjab, (A. M. N. H. (7) xx. p. 521. 1907) and
Thomas another, wardi, from Lndak. (A. M. N. H. (8) vii. p. 289,
1911). These may be arranged in a key as follows: —
Key to the si^edes of Plecotus.
A. — Size smaller, forearm 40 mm or less;
colonr darker.
ti. Size larger, forearm 40 mm ... ... 1 . ho^nochrous,
Hodgs.
//. Size smaller forearm 38 mm ... ... ^. ^wc/r, B. Ham.
B. — Size larger, forearm 43 mm ; colour paler. 3. wardi, Thos.
Distribution : —
1 . P. homochrous, Hodgson. Type locality : — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities : — Kumaon(M.S.l.).
Type:—B. M. No. 54.9.1.1.
2. P. p'ucli, Barrett Hamilton. Type locality : — Murree, Punjab
(Birrell).
Other localities : — None.
7i,/^,e:_B. M. No. 5.11.19.1.
3. r. a-ardi, Thomas. Tyj'e locality; — Leh, Ladak (Ward-
Crump).
Other localities : — None.
Type:—B. M. No. G. 10. 3.2.
SUM MAR} OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL .ISURVEW r,><r>
Note : — There is some doubt >vhptlier homoclirovs and jnick art*
really separable but. with such poor material a confident
decision is impossible. Series of these long-eared bats are a
great desideratum.
(Jen. 111. — OrONYCTKHis.
No. 173. /wmfvichi, Pel. The sole Indian representative of
the Genus.
J)lSTRlBliTlON : —
(>. Aempric/ii, Peters. Type hcaliitj : — N. K.Africa.
Other ZocaZiVte-s :— Gilgit (Biddulph) (B.M.)
Type: — Berlin Museum.
Gen. IV. — Kptesicus.
No. 174'. serotinus, Sschreb. Substituting pachijomus, Tomes's
name for the Indian form of serotinus,
No. J 75, nasutus. Dobs. these five species may be arranged
in a key as follows : —
No. 176. horealis, Nils.
No. 178. atratus, Blytb.
No. 179. pach'ijotis, Dobs.
Key to the species of Eptesicus.
J. — No thickened base to ear.
I'. Size larger, forearm 50 mm or more... 1. jjachijomus, Tomes.
Ii. Size smaller, forearm less than 50 mm.
"'. No postcalcaneal lobe; forearm
■jO mm. ... ... ... 2. nasutus, Dobj«.
/'\ A postcalcaneal lobe present,
a/. Eai-s much shorter than ihe
head; forearm o8 mm. ... -l. horealis, l^iU.
h-. Ears nearly as long as head ;
forearm 12 mm. ... ... 'L atratus, Bljth.
II. — Base of ear thickened ; forearm 40 mm, 5. pachijotis, Dobs.
Dl.-^TRIBUTION : —
1. K. puchiioinvs. Tomes. Type locality : — Rajputana (Boys).
Other localities : — Kashmir (B. M.)
Type:—B. M. No. 48. 2,18.7. Co-
types oi' andersoni, Dobson, Tnd.
Mus, Calc. No. 141. a. i^ b.
2. hJ. nasutus, Doh^im. Type locality: — Shikarpuv. Sind
(Blanford).
Other localities : — None.
y^^y,^ :_Ind. Mus. Calc. No. J 1.2.y.
586 JO URNAL, B 0MB A Y NA TURAL HIS T. SO CIET Y, Vol. XX V.
3. B. horealis, Nilsson. Type locality : — Scandinavian Pe-
ninsula.
Other localities : — Gilgit (Scully)
Type : — Unknown.
4. E. atratus, Blyth. Tyjje locality : — Darjiling (Stol-
iczka)
Other localities : — None.
Co-types: — Ind. Mus. Calc. 14o.
a. & b.
5. E. pachyotis, Dobson. Ty^je locality : — Khasi Hills, Assam
(Bourne).
Other localities : — None.
Co-types : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
145. a. & b.
Gen. V. — Vespertilio.
Blanford uses the name in quite a
different sense.
The name murinus, L., is now ge-
No. 177. discolor, Natt. nerally accepted for this species,
which appears to be identical with
the European form, and which scarcely enters our area.
Distribution : —
V. murinvs, Linnaeus. Type locality : — Northern Europe.
Other localities : — Gilgit (Scully).
Type : — Unknown.
Gen. VI. — Tylonyctekis.
Temminck's name is that of the
No. 180, pachypus, Temm. Java form. Recently Thomas made
an attempt to assign these bats to several existing species but
further specimens received later did not altogether support his
conclusions and it was decided (J. B. N. H. S., xxiv., p. 778,
191G) to use fulvida, B\jth, for all Indian animals except those
from the West Coast, for which Thomas has provided the name
aurex (A. M.N.H. S., xv, p. 228, 1915). These two forms may be
distinguished as follows : —
*o'
Key to the species of Tylonycteris.
A. — Colour dai'ker, deep rufous ... ... 1. fulvida Ti\jth.
B. — Colour paler, brownish gold ... ... 2. aurex, T\\oq.
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 587
Distribution : —
1. T. fulvida, Blyth. Type locality : — Shwe Gay en, Burma.
(Maj. Berdmore).
Other localities: — Manipur (B. M.);
Sikkini ; Darjiling; Chin Hills; Chind-
win ; Shan States; Pegu ; Teuasserim
(M. S. I.).
Co-types : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No. 146.
a-e.
2, T. aurex, Thomas. Type locality : — Belgaum (Wrough-
ton).
Other localities : — Sirsi, Kanara (B. M.)
Dharwar; Kanara; Coorg (M. S. I.).
Type:—B. M. No. 0.4.2.15.
Gen. VII. — Nyctalus.
Schreber's species is the Euro-
No, 181. noctula, Schreb. pean form, Hodgson gave the name
No. 182. leisleri, Kuhl. lahiatus to the Indian one and
Thomas has recently added a third species. These may be
arranged, by size, as follows : —
Key to the species of Nyctalus.
A. — Large, forearm 50 mm. or more ... 1. lahiatus, Hodgs.
B. — Small, forearm 41 mm. or under.
a. — Forearm 41 mm. ... ... ... 2. leisleri, Kuhl.
h. — Forearm 39 mm. ... ... ... 3. joffrei, Thomas.
Distribution : —
1. N. lahiatiis, Hodgson. Type locality: — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities : — Kashmir (B. M.);
Kalimpong, Darjiling ; Chin Hills
(M. S. I.).
Type:—B.M.^o. 43.1.12.146.
2. N. leisleri, Kuhl. Type locality : — Hanau, Germany.
Other localities : — Mun-ee, Punjab ;
Mussoorie (Hutton) (B. M.).
Type : — Unknown.
3. N. joffrei, Thomas. T'ype locality : — Chin Hills (Mac-
kenzie).
Other localities: — Chin Hills (M. S.
I.).
Type:—B. M. No. 16.3.2G.2.
588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX J' .
Gen. VIII. PiPISTRELLUS.
No. 183. rnordax, Pet. The Indian representative of" ^/V/-
No. 184, affinif!, Dob. ramus, Temm. (which is a Japa-
No. 185. circumdatus, Temm. nese species) is cormnandra, Gray.
No. 186. ceylonicas, Kel. I established a species onivius, for
No. 187. ahramus, Temm. a dwarf form of coromandjra, (J.
^o. 188. 2npistrelhis, Schreb. B. N. H. S., xii., p. 722, 1900),
No. 189. kuhli, Natt. and later a subspecies of it, r/lau-
No. 190. annedens, Dobs. cilUs, (J. B.N.H.S., XXI., p.'768,
1912). Thomas has made several
new species, viz., laphtirus, cadornie, shanonav, bahu, and paterculus,
on specimens obtained by the Survey, and has recognised four
subspecies of Kelaart's ceylonicus (J. B. N. H. S., xxiii, p. 413,
1915). This raises 'the number of recognised forms to 20. which
maj'' be arranged in a ^ej as follows : —
Key to the species of Pipistrellus.
A. — Size large, forearm about 40 mm.
<i. Tragus very broad, about 4ram ; colour
black and hoary; forearm 40 mm... ], mordox, I'et.
//. Tragus narrower.
'/'. Tragus pointed above; forearm
40mm. ... ... ... ... 2. annectens, DohB.
Ii\ Tragus rounded at tip.
a'. Colour black ; forearm 1 L mm 3. crrcumdatvs, Temm.
h"^. Colour brown.
a^. Outer upper incisors acutely
pointed ; forearm 39 mm. ... 4. a finis, Dobs.
Ii\ Outer upper incisors hollow-
ed to receive lower canine.
«.'. Skull smaller and slighter :
anterior premolar smaller ;
forearm 37 mm. ... b. skanorum.'^ho^.
h\ Skull larger and stouter ;
anterior premolar larger.
n'. Colour brown.
"/'. Smaller.
a'' . Colour darker, fore-
ami 37 mm. ... i). ceylonicus ceyloiri-
cus, Kel.
/''. Colour paler, fore-
arm 37 mm. ... 7. c. chrysothrix. W v.
h'''. Larger, forearm 10
mm. ... ... 8. c. indicus. Dobson.
/''. (Jolour grey, forearm 38
mm. ... ... ... \K c. fiiil>nanv-'<.T\u*u\ns
SUMMARV OF TJU-: IXUIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. r,Kt>
/;. — Size rimall. forearm about '-'.b mm.
or lessi.
If. Size larger, forearm about 35 mm.
«'. A dorsal gland at root of tail, fore-
arm o 5 in m . 10. Uyphuru.'i, Thomaj^ .
I>\ No dorsal gland.
a'. Interfemoral membrane edged
with white, forearm 35 mm.
II. Colour darker ... ... [\. kukli Icuhli, Kat-
terer.
I). Colour paler ... ... ]'2. kiMi lepidut),
Blyth.
Ir. Interfemoral membrane not
edged with white, forearm
35mm. ... ... ... \ 3. halm. Thomas.
/'. Size smaller, forearm 33 mm. or less.
>i.'. Tragus very broad, about 4 mm. ;
forearm 33 mm.
It'. Colour rich brown ... ... 14-. cador7ice, Thos.
Ir. Colour black, hoary ... ... 15. austenianus,
Dobs.
I>\ Tragus narrower.
"". Outer margin of ear, below tip, •
concave; forearm 31 mm. ... IQ. pvpistrellu^,
Schreb.
/'". Outer margin of ear. below tip.
straight.
" '. Anterior premolar not entire-
ly inside the tooth row :
interior incisor not reaching
as high as outer cusp of
outer incisoi' ; forearm 31-5
ram. ... ... ... 17. [laterculu^, Thos.
/' '. Anterior premolar entirely in-
side tooth row ; interior
incisor reaching higher than
outer ciisp of outer incisor.
a\ Skull longer (12*5 mm.) :
tooth row longer : fore-
arm 29-33 mm. ... ] b. co/WHftwdra, Gray.
/''. Skull shorter (11-5 mm.) ;
tooth row shorter ; forr-
arm 27-29 mm.
(C. Colour bistre brown ... V.^. inimus mimus,
Wr.
I>'. Colour mouse i>reA ... 20. m. qlaMcilliis.W v.
590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Distribution : —
1. P. mordax, Peters.
2. P. annedens, Dobson.
3. P. circumdatus, Tem-
minck.
4. P. affinis, DobsoB.
5. P. shanorum, Thomas
6. P. ceylonicus ceylonicus,
Kelaart.
7. P. ceylonicus indicus,
Dobson .
8. P. ceylonicus chryso-
thrix, Wroughton.
Tyioe lo>:alitii : — Jnva.
Other localities : — Kumaon ; Cal-
cutta (B. M.) ; Darjiling (M. S. I.).
Type : — Berlin Museum.
2\ipe locality : — Naga Hills,
Assam (Capt. Butler).
Other localities : — None.
Type : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
155a.
TyjJe locality : — Java.
Other localities : — " India''
(Jerdon) (B. M.).
Ty2Je : — Leyden Museum.
Ty2}e locality : — Bhamo, Upper
Burma (W. Yunnan Exped. —
Arderson).
Other localities : — None.
Type : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
151a.
Ti/pe locality : — Pyaung-gaung.
N. ' Shan States. (B. N. H. S.-
Shortridge.)
Other localities : — Shan States
(M.S.I.).
Type:—B. M. No. 14.7.8.6.
Type locality : — Ceylon (Kela-
art).
Other localities: — Panduloya.
Ceylon (B. M.).
Ty2y& ' — Lost.
Type locality : — Mangalore, Mala-
bar Coast (Dobson).
Other localities : — Ratnagiri ;
Belgaum ; ICanara (B. M.) ; Kanara
Coorg (M.S.I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 9.1.4.73.
Type locality : — Mheskatri, Surat
Dangs (Wroughton).
Other localities: — Bulsar; Surat
Dist.; Nawapur, Khandesh ; Bom-
bay ; Poona ; Satara ; Dharwar
(B. M.); Khandesh ; Berars ; Satara ;
Dharwar ; Mysore ; Bengal
(M. S. I.).
Type:— B.M.-^o. 98.5.5.3.
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.
591
9. /'. cei/lonicns subcanus,
Thomas.
10. P. lophnms, Thomas.
1 . P. kuhli kuhli, Natterer.
12. P. kuhlilepidus, Blyth.
13. P. babu, Thomas.
14. P. cadornce, Thomas.
15, P. austenianus.
Dobson .
16. P. pipistreUut< .
Schrebei.
Type localilti : — Jimagadh State,
Katiiiawar. (B. N. H. S. — Crump.)
Other localities : — Sind ; Cutch ;
Palanpur (M.S.I.).
Type-.—B. M. No. 13.8.8.30.
Type locality : — Maliwiin, S.
Tenasserim (B. N. H. S.— Short-
ridge).
Other localities. — None.
Type.—B. M. No. 14.12.1.6.
Type locality : — Trieste, Austria-
Hungary.
Other localities : — Khairpur,
Sind (M. S. I.).
Type : — Unknown. (Co-types ot
camis, Blyth, Ind. Mits. Calc. Nos.
164. a. and b. ; Type of leucotis
Dobson, Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
154. p.)
Type locality : — Kandahar (Hut-
ton.)
Other localities : — Kashmir, Up-
per Sind Frontier (M. S. I.).
Type : — Unknown.
Type locality : — Miu-ree, 8,000',
Punjab (Maj. Dunn).
Other localities : — Garial, Pun-
jab : Mussoorie (Button) ; Simla ;
Nepal (Hodgson) ; Darjiling
(Blyth) ; Sylhet (B. M.) ; Central
Provinces ; Darjiling ; Bhutan
Duars (M. S. I.)
Ti/pe:—B. M, No, 7.11.21.2.
2)/pe locality : — Pashok, 3,500'.
Darjiling (B. N. H. S.— Baptista).
Other localities • — None,
Type:—B. M. No. 16.3.25.6.
Type locality : — Cherrapunji. As-
sam (God win- Austen),
Other localities : — Shan States
(M, S. I.).
Type : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
150,b.
Type locality :■ — France.
592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXl
\, . J', jiaterculvs, Thomas.
lb. P. coTomand/ro; C-rray.
19.
20.
mimus mvmus.
Wroughton.
]\ mimus (ilaucillus.
Wroughton.
Other localities: — No Indian speci-
men in B. M.
Type : — Unknown.
Type locolitii : — Mt. Popa, litir-
ma.'(B. N. h'. 8.— Shortridge.)
Other localities : — Chindwin ;
Shan States ; Mt. Popa (M. S. I.).
Type-.—B. M. No. 14.7.19.242.
Ty2^e locality: — Coromandel Coast.
Other localities : — Surat ; Bom-
bay ; Ratn agiri (B. M.) ; Dharwar ;
Mysore ; Coorg : Ceylon ; Kumaon ;
Bengal : Sikkim ; Darjiling : Bhu-
tan Duars (M. S. I.).
Typje : — Unknown. Perhaps in
Pai'is Museum (the name is a renam-
ing of F. Cuvier's Vespertilio de
Coromandel) .
Type locality : — Mlieskatri, Surat
Uangs (Wroughton).
Other localities : — Surat; Khandesh ;
Poona (B.M.) ; Ciitch ; Palanpur ;
Kathiawar ; Khandesh ; Berars; Central
Provinces ; Dharwar ; Kanara ; Bella-
ry : Mysore ; Coorg : Ceylon ; Kumaon ;
Bengal : Sikkim ; Bhutan Duars ;
Chin Hills; Chindwin (M. S. I.).
Type :— B. M. No. 98. 5.5.G.
Type locality :— Multan, Punjab
(Maj. Dunn).
Other localities : — Sind (M. S. I.).
y,,pe .— B. M. No. 10.1.18.15.
Gen. IX.— Glischropus.
Though Blanford does not mention this bat in the body of his
work, he refers to it, under the name Vesperugo tylopus, Dobson, in
the appendix (Mamm., p. 60 2 J. I can find no mention otherwise
within our area, thouah Thomas has recorded it from Perak (Jourii.
F. M. S. Mus., vii., p^ 2. 1916).
Distribution : —
(t. fylapKS, Dobson.
Ty^je locality : — Nortliern Borneo.
Other localities : — Biapo, Karennee,
(Thomas-Fea.)
Type:—B. M. No. 71.2.1(1.2.
.N/M/J/.(A'} or riLE IXDl.lA MAMMAL SURII'A. r)93
(ieu. X. — Hespeuoptenus.
These two species can be easilv
No. \.\} \.. tkkelli, \i\yt\\. separated by size. Section (J of Blun-
No. 1 92. /)/<f»/orrfj, Dobs, ford's key may therefore be adopted
as it stands, H?:. : —
Keij to the species o/'Hesperoptenus.
A. — Size large, forearm 53 mm. ... ... 1. tic/celli, lily th.
B. — Size small, forearm 28 mm. ... ... '1. Idanfordi.Tioh^.
J)ISTR1BITTI0N :
1. fr.tid-elli. Blvth. TypelocalUi/ : — Chaibassa, '-Central
[ndia" (Tickell).
Other localities : — Kaipiitana ; Thana
District, Bombay; Kauara; Madras
( Jerdon ) ( B. M. ) ; Dharwar ;
Kanara ; Ceylon : Bengal ; Bhutan
Duars (M.S.ll)
Co-types: — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
156. a. b. and c.
2. H. Idanfordi, Dobsou. Tyjte locality : — Tenasserim.
Other localities : — ]\Ialay Peninsula
(B. M.)
Type : — Ind. Mns. Calc. No. 157. a.
Ceu. XI. — ScoTOZOUS.
,^ ,,.17 • r. 1 Thomas lately, in pro vidiui>- a new
No. lyo. dormeri. Dobs. , • r ^.'i at ^u "f ^+-
subspecies tor the Northern torm oi
ihrme'n, i.e., caurinus, decided to follow INIiller and accept ScOTOZOUS
as a full genus (J. B. N. H. S., xxiv., p. 83. 1915). These two
forms may be distinguished as follows : —
Key to the forms of Scorozous.
A. — iSkull and teeth rather smaller; colour
brown ... ... ... ... 1. (/. rforyvien, Dobs.
U. — Skull and teeth rather larger; colour
hoary arey ... ... ... ... 2, (/. ca«miws, Thos.
DlSTKlBUTION : —
1. S. dormeri flx)rmeri, Tyjie locality : — Bellary Hills, South-
Dobson. ern India (Dormer).
Other loc(dities : — Berars (Blanford) :
Surat and Konkan ; Bombay (B. M.) ;
Khandesh : Berars : Central Provin-
ces ; Dliarwar ; Bellarj' ; Bengal :
i^hutan Duars (M. S. I.)
Type :— B. M. No. 65.5.20.8.
10
594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
2. 8, dcrmeri caurinus,
Thomas.
Type Locality : — Junagadh State,
Katiiiawar, (B.N.H.S. — Crump).
Other localities : — Cutch ; Kathia-
vvar ; Palanj)ur (M. S. I.)
Type:—B. M. No. 13.8.8.32.
Gen. XII. — ScoTOPHiLus.
No. 194, kuhli, Jjeach.
This is the only species in Blan-
ford's work which comes into the genn.s
ScoTOPHiLUS as now accepted. The species heathi and castaneus,
included by him in the synonymy of kiihli, must be revived to
represent the forms of Soiith India and Tenassarim, respectively,
while Thomas has added a species uirourjhtoni. (J. B. N. H. S.,
xi., p. 274, 1897). These fonr forms may be arranged in- a key as
follows : —
Key to the species of Scotophtlus.
A. — Size large, forearm 65 mm.
B. — Size smaller.
Size larger, forearm 58-62 mm!
Size smaller, forearm 50 mm.
a\ Colour chestnut above and below. 3. castaneus, Horsf.
fe\ Colour almost white below ... A'.wroughtoni,'J!:\iOi^.
a.
h.
1. heathi, Horsf.
2. kuhli, Leach.
Distribution : —
1. 8. heathi, Horstield.
2. 8. huhli. Leach.
Type locality : — " Madras
(Heath).
Other localities : — Raj pu tana
(Boys) (B. M.)
Co-types:— B. M. No. 7.1J.
146 &' 447.
Lectotype:—B.M. No. 7.1.1.
446.
Type locality : — Unknown.
Other localities :- Khandesh ;
Sehore, C. F. (Whitehead) ;
Ajunta Oaves ; Ueklian (Sykes) ;
Surat ; Thana ; Kanara ; Tra-
vancore ; Trichinopoly ; Ceylon
(Layard) ; Bengal; Malay; Siam
(B.M.) Sind ; Cutch ; Palanpur ;
Khandesh ; Central Provinces ;
Mysore ; Kanara ; Kumaon ; Ben-
SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL iSURVEY.
696
3. 'S^. caataneus, Horsfield.
4. .S". wroughtoni, Thomas.
gal ; Sikkim ; Bhutau Duars ;
Chin HiJls ; Chindwin ; Mt.
Popa ; Shan States.
Ty2>e: — B. M. not registered.
No. a. of Dobson's catalogue.
Ti/iJG localiti/ : — Malacca.
Other localities : — Malay Penin-
sula; Siam (B. M.) ; Tenasserini
(M. S. I.)
Ti/po:—B. M. No. 79.11,21.
116.'
Type locality : — Kim, Surat,
(Wroughton).
Other localities : — Surat, Khan-
desh, Thana, Poona, Satara
Districts, Bombay (B. M.), Pa-
lanpur ; Kathiawar; Khandesh ;
Central Provinces ; Dharvvar ;
Kanara ; Mysore ; Coorg ; Cey-
lon; Bengal; Kumaon ; Sikkim,
Bhutan Duars ; Mt. Popa (M.S.I.)
7'^^je:—B.M. No. 97.6.8. 12.
Gen. XIII. — ScoTEiNUS.
No. 195. emarginatus, Dobs.
No. 196. pallidus, Dobs.
These two species, the only
ones found within our area, are
easily distinguished by size as
follows : —
Key to the species of ScoTEiNUS.
A. — Larger, forearm 55 mm,
B. — Smaller, forearm 35 mm.
Distribution :' —
1. S. emarginatus, Dobson.
2. »S^. pallidus, Dobson.
1. emarginatus, Dobs.
2. pallidus. Dobs.
Type locality : — " India."
Other localities : — None.
Ty2}e : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
160. a. (in al.;
Type locality : — Mian Mir, Pun-
jab (J. S. Gunn).
Other localities : — Northern Sind
Frontier (M. S. I.).
'I'ype : — Ind. Mus. Calc. No.
161. a.
596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCJUTY, Vol. XX V.
Gen. XIV. — Scotomanes.
No. 197. ornatus, Blyth. The only species.
DiSTEIBUTlON : —
8. ornatus, Blytli.
TyjJe locality : — Darjiling.
Other localities : — China ; Sikkim
(B. M.); Sivok, Bengal (M. S. I.).
Ti/pe-.—lnd. Mils. Calc. No. 162. a.
Gen. XV. — Myotks.
No. 207. nepalends. Dobs.
No. 208. murinus, L.
No. 209. dobsoni, Trouess.
No. 210. form osus, Hodgs.
Thomas has recently advocated the separation in a distinct genus,
Leuconoe, of the species with abnormally large feet. (J. B. N. H. S..
xxiii, p. 6C7, 1915).
Miller in his " Mammals of Wes-
tern European "" 1912, placed
murinus as a sj'nonym of myotis,
and Thomas (I.e.) indicated blythii.
No. 211. onysfaeinus, Leisl. Tomes, aa the Indian representative
No. 212. muricola. Hodgs. oi myotis. Both Blanford and Tho-
mas regard dobsoni, Trouessart, (i.e.,
murinoides, Dobs.j as merely an aberrant individual of blythi, and 1
therefore omit it. Similarly Thomas has indicated caliginosus,
Tomes, and siUgorensis, Tomes, as the representatives of mystacimis,
Leisler. I have described a species, jjeytoni, irom Kanara, and
Thomas one from Darjiling, under the name of sicarius. These
seven species may be arranged in a key as follows : —
Keij fo the species' of MvOTis.
^1. Size large, forearm 40-57 mm.
a. Colour pale, fawn or clay colour.
a'. Larger, forearm 57 mm. ...
A'. Smaller, forearm 42 mm. ...
I). Colour dark-brown.
a\ Under side pale
l)\ Equally dark above and below
/>'. Size small, forearm 32-35 mm.
a. Under side pale, silvery
/'. Equally dark above and below.
a\ Forearm 32 mm.
I>\ Forearm 35 mm.
... 1. blyt/iii, Tomes.
... 2. /b^'mostts, Hodgs.
... 3. sicarius, Thos.
. .. 4. pteytom. Wr.
... 5. muricola, Hodgs.
... G. calvjinosus. Tomes.
... 7. .siZir/ore9m.«, Tomes.
SUMMAliY OF TILE L\DIAy MA^f^fAL .SURVEY
.•)97
DlSTHIlUTTlON : —
I. V. hhjtiiii, Tomejj.
1. M. f'ormoiiit<, Hodgson.
M. sirarius, Tliomas.
1. M . peytoni, Wronghton
•J. M. itiaricola, Hodgson.
0. M. I'aliqinomis, 'J^omes.
-V. sil,i(ioreiisis, Toniet
Ti/ptf locality : — Nasira})ad. llaj-
putana (Bqys).
Other Localities : — Simla (Ji. Al.).
Type:—B. M. No. 48. 8. 18. G.
(Type of murinoides, Dobson, lud.
Mils. Calc. No. 176. a.)
Type locality : — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities: — Dharrasala, Pun-
jab ; Miissoorie (B. M.).
T;ipe :— B M. No. 43.1.12.141 .
Ti/pe locality : — Northern Sikkini
(Mandelli).
Other localities : — None.
Type :— B. M. No. 91.1017.5(j.
Tyjje locality : — Gersoppa Falls,
Kanara (B. N. H. S. — Shortridge).
Other localities : — Gersoppa P'alls,
Kanara (M. S. I.)
Type :— B. M. No. 12.8.25.1.
Ti/p)e locality : — Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities : — Bhutan Duars ;
Tenasserim (M. S. I-).
Type :— B. M. No. 45.1.8.143.
Type localitu '. — -'India".
Other localities :— Simla, Punjab ;
Sikkim (B. M.).
Type-.—B. M. No. 7.1.1.512.
(Co-types of blanfordi, Dobson, B. M.
Nos.' 75.10.27.1. & 2. Type of
-Vipalensis, Dobs. Tnd. Mus. Cal.
172. a.).
Type localitt/ : — Darjiling.
Other localities : — Sikkim (B. JM.),
Kumaon (M. S. I.)
Type :— B. M. No. 79.11.21.125.
Gen. XVI. — Leuconok.
Thomas has recently dealt with tliis
No. 203. hasselti, Temm. Genus in this Journal (J. B. N. H.
So. 204: lowjipes, B\jth. S., xxiii, p. 010, 1015). and he
No. 205. da;uieiitoni, Leisl. there points (nif that it is most doubt-
No. 206. rnerfalopus, Dol:>s. ful whether daubeutoni reaches our
region at all. He also gives reasons for
considering that loinjipes and nieijaloiriis are one species. Two spe-
•598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
cies, viz., dryah and peshwa, have been added since Blanford
wrote. This makes a total of four species which may be arranged
in a key as follows :--
Ket/ to the species of Leuconoe.
A. Size larger, forearm 40 mm.
a. Colour paler ; hindfoot longer, 13 mm.;
middle premolar crushed inwards, less
than one-third the size of first premolar... 1. hasselti, Temm.
b. Colour darker ; hindfoot shorter 11 mm. ;
middle premolar not or little crushed
inwards, at least two-thirds the size of
the first premolar ... ... ... 2. peshwa, Thos.
B. Size smaller, forearm 36 or 37 mm.
a. Slightly larger, forearm 37 mm.;
underside almost as dark as upper ;
general colour dark ; skull length 15 mm 3. cbryas, K. And.
h. Slightly smaller, forearm 36 mm. ;
underside silvery ; general colour pale :
skull length 14 mm. ... ... ... 4. longipes, DohBon.
Distribution : —
1. L. hasselti, Temmiuck.
2. L. peshwa, Thomas.
3. L. dry as, K. Andersen.
4. L. longipes, Dobson.
Type locality : — Java.
Other localities : — Northern, Central
and Eastern Provinces, Ceylon
(M.S.I.)
Type : — Leyden Museum.
Type locality : — Poona, Bombay
(Wroughton).
Other localities : — None.
Typ)e :— B. M. No. 0.9.16.1.
Type locality : — Andamans.
Other localities : — None.
Go-tyjM :— B. M. No. 6.12.1.31.
(Other co-type in Genoa Museum).
Type locality : — Caves of Bhima
Devi, Kashmir.
Other localities : — None.
Go-tyiJe :— B. M. No. 76.3.10.4.
(Type of megalopus, Dobson, B. M.
No. 73.4.16.13.)
{To he continued)
599
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SEA SNAKES
EROM MADRAS.
BY
LiEUT.-CoL. V. Wall, c.m.g., c.m.z.s., f.l.s., i.m.s.
During the months of June and July 1917, 192 sea snakes
were collected for me in Madras through the instrumentality of Dr.
J. R. Henderson, to whom my thanks are due. It was my inten-
tion to make a survey of the Coromandel Coast and to compare
results with a similar sj'-nchronous survey on the Malabar Coast.
The latter project however failed to crystallise. I selected the
months of June and July because past observations had led me to
expect the capture of many gravid females, and it will be seen that
my expectations were justified.
As I had to pay a certain price per head, I stipulated that no
Enht/drina valakadyn should be included, my previous experiences
of marine collecting having shown me, that it might be quite
possible to get two or three hundred specimens, and find them all
of this species. Fifteen young specimens of this species however
did come to bag not being recognised as such. The following
remarks on this collection I think worth drawing attention to, in
the light of my previous knowledge of sea snakes.
Although I knew that Enhydris curtus was a very common
species I was not prepared to find it even more common than
Enhydrina valakadyn. On the Malabar Coast (Cannanore) 1 found
the latter verj'- much more abundant.
After these two species it was my impression that Hyd/rophis
cyanocindus cnme a good third in numerical strength and spiralis
(vel. briujmansi) a good fourth. It is remarkable th&t cyanocindus
proved so uncommon when it is much the most abundant species
one meets with on the Sind and Persian Shores, and so common
on the Malabar side. Gracilis proved to be very plentiful, far more
so than it is on the Malabar side of India judging from my records.
It is further remarkable that no specimen of caerulescens came to
bag though this is quite one of the commonest sea snakes about
Bombay.
Once the monsoon had well set in the sea grew too rough for
the fishermen to venture out, so that my captures for the whole of
July were far fewer than for the last ten days of June. I give a
synopsis of the collection for easy reference, and details of the more
interesting specimens under their various headings.
600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI'.
Synopsis of Species.
o
■*3
Xi
X'
§^
*•«
«j
Vi
^•
s
.
-^
5a
1
5
s
5^
s
'^
f^
IS-;
f^
c*^
'^
f^*-
^"
Si
;^"
^
t?'
t^""
f^""
f§
rune.
■2y)
. .
1
21
1
'22
1
23
4
24
l\
1
25
I
r>
26
27
■>
4
28
2
•7
2il
2
iiO
1
1
July.
1
2
i
3
3
3
7
12
1
Total
10
29
liemarks.
s
3
s
8
6
6
1
3
3
1
1
13
()
16
8
1
t
1
1
4
8
10
^)
1
4
1
•
1
4
]
1
o
•J
2
3
■}
1
1
i}
81
60
Sea very rough.
Fairly calm.
Do.
Bo.
Rough.
Calm.
Rough .
Calm .
Fairly calm.
Do.
Rough and ruining.
Fairly calm.
Do.
Rough.
Do.
Do.
= 192
yarns ox sea sxakes from madras
ffOl
nynnoi'jns spiralis (Shaw).
UOSTALS.
to
3
00
00
J3
^ r^
^ <»
•!-•
>»
r*
03
*i
on 'T
r: c
c
7i
tD
^ "5
^
ri O
-►J
X
^
0) — 3
r--
M
C8
02
1^
3>
>
K'kmakks.
June
J4
:.'")
28
30
•Inly
6
6?
6
d
6
6
50
20^
4oi
32 i
49i
43^
36
28
20
29
2 (J
48?. 31
30 28
29
28
26
31
31
•)0
31
•jO
31
31
31
30
31
31
34
28
30
36
357
357
343
347
.'530
358
323
329
A mumenicl "iu gastro."
The intervals between the
bantls have vertebral and
ventral spots posteriorly.
Var : linii/)nar,si (Boie).
38 black bands. A black ver-
tebral spot in first 12 in-
tervals, in the IGth and
17th, 27th to 30th, and
36th to last. A black ven-
tral stripe interrupted to
leave spots in last 6 inter-
vals.
A mursenid in the stomach
37 black bands. A black
vertebral spot in last inter-
val.
A murtenid "in gastro." An-
terior temporal broken into
3 rrj. parts on left
side. 45 black bands. Black
vertebral spots in last 3
intervals. A pinkish suft'ii-
sion on lips.
Anterior temporal not des-
cending to lip. 43 black
bands. Vertebral spots in
all the intervals from the
5th backward.s. A con-
necting ventral stripe.
Var : bncf/mamii (Boie).
Var: hrvgmand (Boie).
349 41 black rings on body.
The mur.icnid appeared to be of the same species as
nnder f/racili".
those mentioned
11
602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXK
HYDROPHIS GRACILIS (Shaw).
CoSTALS.
<S
CO
<o
r-*
O
r^
• •M
c
• r-<
^
-tj
.
bC
y.
C
dj
<»
m
(-1
June
20
21
23
24
27
ft
28
29
o
Xi
CO
c a
m a)
" >
CO 0)
CM
(-1
-t-a
3
Remakks.
c?
m
17
28
31
229
J
28i
19
28
32
231
d
28
19
32
33
259
c?
29i
18
29 .
27
228
$
25
19
31
29
256
$
24
19
33
32
279
d
30
17
29
31
236
2
29
19
31
34
272
c?
lU
19
29
31
230
2
11*
19
30
30
261
o
36
19
29
29
254
$
25
19
30
30
258
c?
28
19
31
29
249
$
24
18
28
32
251
J
97 3
4
19
29
31
263
9
22i
19
30
32
272
9
2oi
19
29
30
222
2
28f
• •
2
10
19
30
31
215
$
28
19
31
32
255
c^
9|
18
28
28
224
6
10 f
18
p
31
237
2
27i
19
29
31
261
9
12|
19
29
28
227
2
12f
18
29
29
240
2
27f
19
29
32
247
6
lU
19
29
31
238
2
lU
19
28
29
242
6
33
18
29
30
2^0
o
26
19
31
31
239
r?
26
?
33
33
?
Contained 2 sacs (2f"x|">
with embryos ( c? H^^, 2
IH). The stomach con-
tained 3 murtenids.
Contained 1 sac with an
embryo $ 10". Two miir-
nenids found in stomach.
Contained 2 embryos (c5'9|/'
d lOf").
Contained 2 embryos ( $ 12|"^
$ 12f''?).
7 Contained 2 embryos ( cJ IH",
2 Hi").
Two mursenids in stomach.
NOTEa ON SEA SNAKES FROM MADRAS.
60a
03
Costa L8.
SO
1
CO
to
M
JQ
o
jj
-u
JS
tD —
tc .
u
C cd
Z -4^
a> 0)
o, c
• ^
—' J3
— • o
OO r-
>>
go
o
-4->
HP
Heac
belun
'5
is
m 03
•— •
u
S
y:
H^l
■M
r^
-M
>
IJ.EMAUK8,
July
12
2
6
6
2
d
2
2
2
2
2
33
19
29
30
30
19
30
31
28i
19
29
31
25
17
30
30
30
19
32
34
36f
19
31
33
12i
* '
. .
12f
••
m
36
19
30
32
14|
. .
■ «
. .
14A
267
241
2-55
243
284
256
One munenitl, 8 inches long,
lying full length in gullet
and stomach.
257
Contained 3 sucp, with em-
bryos {6m, 2 i2f, 2
13i).
Contained 2 sacs (4 inches
long) with embryos (2
14|?, 2 14i?).
It will be observed from the above that the sexes are evenly balanced,
there being 18 males to 25 females. There are no dill'erences in the costil
rows or in the ventrals to distinguish the sexes. Both sexes grow to a
similar leni;lh.
As regards the breeding this is the l3ast prolific of all the snakes I know
competing with Enhiiilri" ci/rius for this distinction.
Some of the eloT.gate fish that I removed from the stomachs were sub-
mitted to Dr. J. R Henderson for identification, and were pronounced
murajnids with an element of doubt as to whether they were ( p tichtk>/8
Aoro (Ham : Buch.) or O orientaH^ (McC'UUand).
Dr. Henderson tells me (he Tamils call this and other slender necked
sea snakes '•milactu kadiyan" literally " the pepper-grain-headed-biter" in
allusion to its small head like a peppercorn ^^railagu).
604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
HYDROPHIS CANTORIS (Gunther).
ft
COSTALS.
OS
CD
s
Hi
CO
00 fl
o
9
01
GO
O)
o
CO
It'EMARKS.
June
27
6
r>2
23
36
40
409
Posterior sublinguals quite
separated.
29
S
29
23
33
40
408
ditto.
July
1
d
6rji
23
36
38
425
All the specimens were quite typical except the posterior sublingual
shields in two specimens.
HYDROPHIS FASCIATUS (Schneider).
.June
20-30
•July
3
J)
CoSTALS,
.
w
m
CO
^n=-
o
be «3
bJ]-i^
fl
a o
a ^
3-a
S ?
r— 1 ^_^
>>
©
GO
:g
CO d
T5
O
OS ^
ro o
03
©
y.
be
©
ft
U2
yA
CI
(M
t>
?
37i
29
46
47
445
?
13^
30
42
43
448
?
13i
29
42
44
462
p
14
31
43
41
430
p
14^
damag
od.
2
36
31
49
45
483
p
14^
'28
49
46
473
p
14i
29
4')
44
474
p
14,f
29
47
47
449
p
14A
30
47
49
466
Remarks.
Contained 4 sacs (2^,") with
embryos (13|", ISh", 14",
145").
Contained 4 sacs (2-^" to 2f")
with embryos (14^", 14; ,
14f", 14i").
Both specimens were quite typical. The embryos could not be sexed as
none had the genitals extruded. I have noted recently with regard to a
land snake {Plactrurus perroteti) that the male claspers become ensheathcd
before birth. In the species referred to the sex is revealed with cort;iinty
NOTES ON SEA SNAKES FROM MADltAS.
605
by tlio number ot the subcaudal shields, and this enabled me to clear up a
point that I had previously never been able to elucidate. If one is justified
in assuming that the same habit hoUls good for all viviparous snakes, one
may infer that the male embrj'os of H. fayciatiis above referred to had
retracted the claspers, and were very near their nativity.
In both adults the posterior sublingual shields were completely separated.
UYjmOVUIS ORNATUS (Gray).
COSXALS.
r^ 00
w
Xi
r-
+»
^J
^T*
be
bc
c
fl
IvEMAKKS.
fl
c3
OQ O
>»
fl
tn
.
o
XI
on O
-3 >
=3 a>
+3
-u
^
0)
in
©
-fi.2
X!
• »-«
2 »-'
fl
O
>
June
20
??
14|
38
4.S
39
287?
A typical young specimen, apparently this year's progeny. The tem-
porals are Ixl. The supralabials 7, the 2nd not in contact with the
praefrontal. The costals juxtaposed throughout.
There are 4.j black crossbars on the body, o on the tail. On the body
they are much broader than the intervals. A subcostal row of faint darkish
sports alternate with the crossbars.
HYDROPBIS CYANOCINCTUS (Daudiu).
Costals.
o
d
Q
o
m
o
S
2 heads lengths
behind head.
o
2 heads lengths
before vent.
33
-t->
O
>
Remarks.
•Tune
24
6
59
28
39
40
357
59 complete black bands on
the body.
The claspers are not bifid.
<306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL KIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
HYDROPHIS JERDONI (Gray).
COSTALS.
CO
,13
-P
-M
o
leng
eacl.
® 0
Remarks.
rl3
>.
ID
^
'^^
"w
TJ aj
03
,
+3
03 .2
o
c3 JH
l-l
O
,
bX)
® ^
,o
a) o
-s
■♦3
«
O
^-s
-^3
^ ^
m
►-5
•<-«
g
>
June
26
2
33
17
19
19
226
Contained 2 (probably 3) sacs
(2f" X f") with embryos
($lir, d 11 1"). A d 11"
long with the claspers ex-
truded was found in the
same bundle which had
apparently been liberated
through cuts in the abdo-
men of the mother.
28
d
21 i
17
19
21
239
30
6
36
17
19
19
230
)>
6
27i
17
19
19
23:-
July
3
S
23
17
21
21
236
ENHYDRIS CURT US (Shaw).
CoSTALS.
o3
rQ
t>B a>
H
C C rC
01
3 •'' o
m
^ .2
Remarks.
June
21
2
28
22
2
29
?>
2
m
23
2
30i
25
2
3-2i
26
2
27
)•
2
29f
27
2
30
)j
2
30i
July
2
2
30|
))
2
32
r»
2
28^-
Contained one large sac (3f"x 1^") with a single em-
bryo (13J").
Contained two sacs (3"xl') with embryos (c? 10", 2
9i").
Contained two sacs (4|") with embryos (llf", 12^").
Contained two sacs containing embryos (llA", IH")-
Contained four sacs with embryos(10^", ll'^ll",!!!").
Contained two sacs with embryos (cJlliV', $ IH")-
Contained two sacs (4") with embryos (12f", 13').
Contained two sacs (3"x 1") with embryos ( d" 8^", $
Contained one sac with an embryo (12^").
Contained two sacs with embryos (II5" and 12-^')
and one unfertilised egg.
Contained one embryo (14").
Contained one embryo (IS").
NOTES OX 6EA SXAKES FROM MADRAS. mi
Altogothor 84 specimens woro colKictoil, Of 49 soxed, 21 proved to bo ^ ,
aud 28 $. The largost males were .'51, 'Ml, and 31.V inches, and the largest
females were {V2, .'52, .'52, 82 .^ and 3;5.\ inches.
The breeding season is evidently from May to Angust. Nine specimens
evidently young of the year, ranged betsveen l.'i and 17. V inches. The
young are at birch about 1;5 to 14 inches in length, 14 inches being the
longest fcetal measurement. A specimen 17' inches long on the 24th
June was probably born in early May or even April. After the male
embryos attain tt> about 11 ^ inches the genitals become enshcathed (see
remarks on this subject under //. fasciatus), so that it is impossible to
record the sex in nianj'- of the fcotusos. The clasper" in a foetus were
observed to be not bifurcate. The brood is retained " in matri" for an
unusually long period, for in viviparous land snakes 1 find at birth, the fcc-
tus is about one-fourth the average length of a mature adult. In curtus
it will bo seen that they are nearly half the average maternal length at
nativity. Seven specimens ranging between 19 and 21J inches seem to
indicate that the growth during the first year of life is about 6 to 6 inches.
This species and Ht/drojihis yrncills are the least prolific of all the snakes
I know.
ENHTDRINA VALAKADYX (Boie).
Although 1 had arranged to exclude this species entirely from those
being collected, fifteen were forwarded to me. Forty-five were rejected.
Nearly all those I received were j'onng of the year. Eleven specimens
ranging between 12^, and 17 inches, were taken in .Tune, and four others in
the same month measured 27, 27^, 26, and 29^ inches, evidently the last
year's production.
Dr. Henderson tells me the Tamil fisherfolt call this snake "pottai
pambu " literally " female snake", the reason for which is obscure.
608
INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
BY
Capt. F. C. Frasei{, LM.S.
(With 5 Text-jhjv/i'es)
(Contimied from ])age 471 of Volume XXV)
Part II.
Order— Odonata, Fabricius.
Imago large sized, carnivorous ; biting mouth-parts ; reduced, bristle-
like auteunie. Very large, facetted eyes : 3 accessory eyes (ocelli). Thorax
bulky and composed of three parts — the prothorax, small, variable and
separate which bears the fore-legs ; the meso — and the meta — thorax fused
together, complexly built, flattened above and in front, and below and
behind, the former bearing the mid-legs and the fore-wings, the latter the-
hind-legs and the hind-wings. The legs made up of the usual parts, never
used for walking, held forward when the insect is flying to assist the jaws
in catching their prey. The wings four in number, all uniform in th«ir es-
sential characters, never folded when at rest, with long, straight or curved
nervures and a system of secondary, finer nervures.
The costa and subcostal nervures joined at about the middle of the whigs
by a stout, transverse nervure (the " node "), 10 complete abdominal
segments ; the ventral plates narrow, folded under the overlapping borders
of the abdomen. Genital orifice of the male (primary sexual organs) on
ventral side of the 9th abdominal segment ; secondary sexual organs of
the male on the ventral side of the 2nd abdominal segment. The female
sexual organs between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments, llespiratory
organs, 4 thoracic spiracles and a pleural membrane and abdominal spira-
cles on the under surface of the abdomen.
Larva ; similar to the imago in its essential characters ; aquatic,
carnivorous, without any resting stage (pupation). Labium with a pro-
longed chin (" mask") which is capable of snapping in and out. Antennie
similar to the imago. The facetted eyes as in the imago but smaller and
in a less developed form. Ocelli generally more or less obsolete ; wings
gradually developing in successive instars, in the final stage showing
almost the complete reticulation of the imago, liespiratory organs either
caudal or rectal.
The Dragonflies split up naturally into two large suborders, the Anisop-
tera and the Zygoptera, which are differentiated by several important
characters of which the principal is the difference in shape of the fore and
hind-wings in the former and the uniform character of the wings in the
latter. The Anisoptera are further sub-divided into 2 families and these
again into 7 sub-families ; the Zygoptera are sub-divided into 2 families
and numerous genera without any intervening sub-families.
Suborder I.— ANISOPTERA.
Lnago : the hind-wing differing from the fore by reason of its broad anal
field. Between the 7th and 8th nervures, a complicated-shaped trigone
and hypertrigone. Running from the trigone, between the 7th and 8th
nervures, a distinctly limited discoidal field. Eyes variable. Labium
INDItIX DlLUiOS flies. (iU'.t
variable. Male witl) a i>air of suporior anal appeiulagt-s sprini^in^
from the eud of lOtli segment aiul infi-rior anal appendages, often fused.
deeply fissured or notched. Male oenitai organs extremely variable.
"\Vings held in a horizontal plani' when at rest.
Larva: gills at the enil of tlu' dilatetl intestine, proteetcd by a small,
foliate opening. The anal opening eneircled by three pointed spines ; oni-
unpaired dorsal spine from the llthtergit and a ventral pair from the
11th sternit. The appendages of the male and female appearing in the
adult larva between the ventral spines at the border of the 10th torgit, the
inferior appendages of the male at the base of the dorsal spine.
Key to Families.
Labial palp (lateral lobe of labium) much larger than
the middle lobe, which is very minute ; the former form-
ing a mask-like segment in contact, by a long, straight
junction, with that of the opposite side across the
middle line ; the terminal segment obsolete.
The eyes always more or less contiguous.
The ocelli arranged in the form of a triangle around
the vesicle, the middle one in front, lying at its foot,
the hinder ones Ij'ing laterallj^.
The antenodal nervures in superior (1st series) and in-
ferior (:?nd series) costal spaces in continuation with
each other, except the terminal one which in many
Libellulines is only present in the superior costal space.
Trigone generally different in the two wings, lying in
the transverse axis in the forewing and in the long axis
in the hind-wing.
Trigone in the hind-wing generally in prolongation of
the arc, in the forewing usually, widely distal to it Libellululff.
Labial palj) (lateral lobe of labium), of nearly the same
dimensions as the middle lobe, of two segments, the ter-
minal of which is slim and pointed.
The antenodal nervures in the superior (1st series)
and inferior (2nd series) costal spaces usually not in
continuation with each other except occasional pairs,
one or two of which are somewhat proximal to the
middle point between the node and base of wing. These
pairs meet at an angle which is bridged across by a
triangular membrane stretched tautly between costa and
subcosta.
Trigone in both pairs of wings uniform or but slightly
differentiated.
In both wings, the trigone an equal distance from the
arc.
In the male, the anal border or base of the hind-wing
usually notched and possessing a prominent t(»rnus .... Acschndc .
Key to the Sub-familie.s of thk Liv.ellulid.k.
No projection to the hinder border of the eyes or if
present, then indistinctly circumscribed.
Anal bi-)rder of the hind-wing in both sexes rounded or
straight. '
No tuft of hairs at the distal end of the anterior
femorie.
12
€10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Ear-shaped processes on 2nd abdominal segment
jibsent.
The male generally with poorly developed and differ-
entiated anal appendages.
Very marked differentiation in the sexual organs of
the 2nd abdominal segment.
Only occasionally species coloured metallic Libellulince.
A small, triangular or arched, circumscribed projection
at the middle of the hind border of each eye
Anal border of the hind-wing notched in the male.
Nearly always a tuft of small hairs at the distal end of
the anterior femorte.
A small ear-shaped process at the sides of the 2nd
abdominal segment in the males. (Very poorly marked in
the Hemicordtdia).
The male with robust, small appendages.
Considerable differentiation in the sexual organs on
the 2nd abdominal segment.
Usually bright metallic coloured species . . . . Cordulince.
Key to Sub-families of the Aeschnid.e.
Eyes broadly contiguous.
Vesicle prominent. (In the Petalia group the eyes
only just touching and the vesicle very small).
The trigone in both pairs of wings nearly identical,
vf ry considerably elongated in the long axis of the wing.
Subcostal space free or traversed, cubital space with
numerous uervures and only slightly differentiated.
A right-angled svibtrigone in both wings.
Female with an ovipositor lying between a pair of val-
vular scales on ventral surface of the 9th abdominal
aegment.
Middle lobe of labium whole or with a flat, compress-
ed, oval process terminating in a small swollen border.
(Deeply notched in the Petalia group).
Larva : labium flat, the lateral lobe similar to the
Gomphinte ; no mental bristles. Antennse slim, 7-jointed,
robust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AeschniTKB.
Eyes separated by abroad space, the interval sharply
edged posteriorly and considerably more narrow than
the diameter of the eyes as seen from above.
The ocelli lying free or partially overhung by a pro-
minent ridge whose shape, in the group approaches that
of a vesicle.
In shape the trigone of fore and hind-wings is con-
stantly slightly dift'erentiated so that the trigone of the
hind-wing appears somewhat elongated in the length of
the wing ; in the fore-wing, generally the costal and
proximal sides of the trigone of uniform length.
Subcostal space always free of uervures and only a few
in the cubital space.
Subtrigono in both fore-and hind-wings.
Female with a divided vulvar scale at the moditied
border of 8th ventral plate.
Middle lobe of labium whole.
jyjJIAN DRAUOy FLIES.
Gil
Larva ; middlo lobe of labium tlat, the lateral lobo
shaped as a double hook ; the lateral, tlexible claw that
terminates the basal part, extending beyond the middle
line : no mental spines.
Antenn;e 4-jointed ; the third joint prolonged and
llattened, the 4th small and clubbed.
Claw-hooks present
Eyes separated by a very small interval,
A vesicle present behind the ocelli.
The trigone in the fore-wing nearly right-angled, in the
hind-wing elongated in the transverse axis of the wings ;
in the hind a very broad anal Held with rows of straight
reticulation.
Several nervures in the subcostal and cubital spaces.
No subtrigones.
Femalw with a split vulvar scale.
Middle lobe of labiuiu with a small notch at the end.
Larva unknown , .
Eyes just touching or else separated by a very small
interval.
The two hinder ocelli situated at the lateral ends of a
transverse protuberance whose form resembles slightly
that of a vesicle.
Trigones in all four wings uniform, their costal side
moderately longer than the proximal.
No nervures in the subcostal space but a few in the
cubital space.
An imperfect subtrigone of uniform shape in both pairs
of wings.
Female with a large, projecting but not fissured
ovipositor.
Middle lobe of labium notched a little at the end.
Larva : the basal segment of the labium arched, the
lateral lobes robust and complicated, their toothed borders
overlapping or dovetailing across the mid-line. Chin and
labial bristles. Antennse 7-jointed, slim. .
Eyes narrowly separated.
Vesicle poorly marked.
Head similar in shape to the Gomphinte,
The trigone a little different in the two wings, in
fore-wing its length lying in the transverse axis of the
wing, in the hind in the long axis of the A^ing.
Subcostal space entire. A few nervures in the cubital
space.
In the hind-wing an imperfect subtrigone as in Cor-
dulegaster, in the fore-wing a highly differentiated sub-
trigone as in the majority of the Libellulines.
Female with an ovipositor like that of the Aesch-
ninse.
Middle lobe of labium notched at the end.
Larva with a flat mask, the lateral lobe of which is
more like the Gomphines and Aeschnines than the Cor-
dulegasterinea and Libellulines.
Antennie 7-jointed, short and moderately robust
Gomphiruc.
Chlorogomphince.
CordulegaAterinrp.
Petalunnce,
612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Suborder II.— ZYCIOPTERA.
Both pairs of wings identical in shape or at least nearly so. No forma-
tion of trigone or hypertrigone bnt in place of these, in the same area, an
entire or traversed, right-angled or irregular rhomboid. Between the 7th
and 8th nervures no differentiated discoidal field. Ej'^es clubbed, laterally
prominent, separated, the space between them much broader than the
breadth of one eye as seen from above. No vesicle present ; the ocelli
lying free in the middle of the forehead. The middle lobe and the two
labial palps approximately the same size, the middle lobe deeply fissured.
Male with pairs of superior anal appendages at the end of the 10th abdomi-
nal segment and pairs of inferior anal appendages at sides of anal orifice.
The female with an ovipositor very similar to that of the Aeschnince, only
more developed.
[Wings of the imago held closed together over the dorsum when
at rest.]
Larva : o-tailed, foliate or stillette-shaped tracheal organs, the mid-
dorsal out of the nth tergit, the latero-ventral out of the 11th
sternit.
Key to FAMiiiEis.
Node of wing remote from base.
Numerous antenodal nervures between costa and sub-
costa.
A general tendency to very close reticulation.
Often with partially metallic-coloured wings . . . . C'cdopterygidce.
Node of wing close to base.
Only two antenodal nervures.
A tendency to the reduction of reticulation of wings.
Only minor secondary nervures.
Only very occasionally with coloured wings . . . . Af/riomdcs.
Suborder 1.— ANISOPTERA.
Family I. — Liuellulid.e.
S ubf amily I . — Libellulince.
The Libellulime are represented in India by species belonging to 34
different genera and form by far the largest subfauuly of Dragonflies,
Although possessing a characteristic facies, considerable differentiation
is found in shape, size and colour, and more especially in the morphology
of the sexual organs of the males. They have a fairly general distribution,
being found in the wet and dry zones, in the temperate, subtropical and
tropical.
Generally they are insects of medium size with a robust thorax and a
stout abdomen which latter part however is extremely variable and may
be long and slender, short and depressed or compressed, cylindrical,
parallel-sided, fusiform or a combination of any of these shapes.
They may be recognised by the following characters: — •
1 . Eyes always to a greater or lesser extent contiguous.
2. Occiput always triangular in shape.
o. The ocelli always arranged in a triangle around the vesicle.
4. The mid-lobe of the labium much smaller than the lateral, the
terminal segment of the latter being missing,
o. The base of the hind-wing straight or rounded, never indented.
JXDIA X DliA a ON FLIES.
613
(). Thf Ist and 2u(l series of the antenod.il norvnres corresponding.
The outoiMuost aiitenodal nervuro often incomplete.
7. No ear shaped process to the sides of the '2nd abdominal seg-
ment.
S. No marked projection on the hind border of the eyes.
9. No tuft of hairs at the distal (uid of the fore fomorte.
Kis, moi'e for the sake of convenience in classification than for any natural
philogenetic sequence, has divided the Libellulin:o up into 10 groups and
a still hiter classification has split up the subfamily into S tribes, which
latter arrangement it will be convenient to follow here.
Of the 34 Indian genera, 2 fall into Tribe 1 ; 8 into Tribe 2 ; 1 each hito
Tribes 3 and 4 ; 9 into Tribe o : 3 into Tribe 7 ; and 10 into Tribe 8, whilst
Tribe 6 has no Indian representatives.
Key to the Genera of the Libellulin.?c.
1. Arc between antenodal nervures 2-3, less often between 1-1?.
Tribe], — Trigone nearly equilateral and poorly dove-
loped in the transverse diameter of the fore-
wing.
Discoidal field commencing with but one row
of cells.
Costal side of trigone in fore-wing bent.
7a absent or rudimentarj'.
Loop poorly developed or absent.
i. Arc between antenodal nervures 1-2.
Antenodal nervures numbering 7-9.
Trigone in hind-wing entire . . . . Tetrathemis.
ii. Arc between antenodal nervures 2-3.
Antenodal nervures numbering 14-16.
Trigone in hind-win"' traversed. . .. Hi/fceothemis.
Tribe 2. — Trigone well-developed in the transverse dia-
meter of the wing ; its costal side in the fore-
wing not bent (except in very occasional spe-
cimens of Amphitheniis) and considerably
shorter than the proximal or distal sides.
Discoidal field with at least 2 rows of cells.
Antenodal nervures never less than 10 (ex-
cept in occasional specimens of Li/notJie-
wn".s).
Sectors of arc fused for a short distance in
the fore-wing (except in LiJtellula) and to
a longer extent in the hind.
Loop generally well-developed, often reach-
ing well beyond the external angle of
trigone.
The lateral border of 8th abdominal seg-
ment of female more or less dilated (ex-
cept in Am2)hithemis and variably in
Libellula).
A. Lobe of prothorax small, not fringed with long
hairs,
i. Not more than 2 rows of cells in discoidal field.
More than 1 cubital nervure in hind-wing.
(>ften supplementary nervures to bridge.
614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
B.
i^ Eyes broadly contiguous.
fetigma large. (2-5-3 mm.) ..
ii^ Eyes only slightly contiguous or just
touching.
Stigma small. (2 mm.)
X. 8th nervure slightly separated from the
posterior angle of trigone.
Trigone in fore-wing entire.
Sectors of arc in fore-wing long.
Abdomen slim and cylindrical.
Border of 8th abdominal segment in the
female not dilated
y. 8th nervure not separated from the poste-
rior angle of triangle.
Trigone in fore-wing traversed.
Sectors of arc in fore-wing short.
Abdomen cylindrical and depressed.
Border of 8th abdominal segment in the
female dilate 1 . .
ii. More than 2 rows of cells in discoidal field.
Not more than 1 cubital nervure in the hind-
wing.
a. Supplementary nervures to bridge
b. No supplementary nervures to bridge.
i^ Eyes broadly contiguous.
Abdomen slim and narrow.
Discoidal field not dilated.
X. Arc between antenodal nervures 1-2.
2 rows of cells between 5-5a.
In the loop, bisected cells at trigone and
external angle . .
y. Arc between antenodal nervures 2-'j.
1 ro>v of cells between .'i-Sa.
In the loop, bisected cells at external
angle only
ii\ Eyes just touching.
Abdomen broad and depressed.
Discoidal field much dilated . . . . •
Lobe of prothorax large and fringed with lon^r
hairs
II.
Arc always between antenodal nervures 1-2
(except in some species of Newotfiemis).
Tribe 3.— Wings parti-coloured with black and golden
yellow.
Sectors of arc of fore-wing shortly fused, oc-
casionally separated.
Hypertrigoue in fore-wing usually traversed
many times.
Cubital nervures in fore-wiug often nume-
rous.
Occasional supplementary nervures to bridge.
Loop large ; its mid-rib nearly straight.
The part of costa, lying between node and
base of wing, markedly indented.
Lobe of prothorax large
Ayvionoptera.
Amphithemis.
Lyriothemis.
Cratilla,
PvtaDiarcha.
Lathrecista.
Libellula.
Orthetnan.
I'cilpopleura.
IMJIAX DllAGUM'LIES.
610
Tribe 1.
-^Villgs uncolourod.
in
fore-
tlinmgh a
wing fused shortly, in
longer extent.
Sectors ^>f arc
hind-wii
4, o, 6a slightly convex, running parallel to
one another.
Final antcnodal nervure complete.
6a often broken.
7a variable, absent or rudimentary.
Supernumerary cubital nervures often pre-
sent.
Trigone of hind-wing a little distal to arc
Tribe 6. — Wings uncoloured or coloured.
Sectors of arc as for Tribe 4.
4, 6 and 6a variable.
Final antenodal nervure nearly always in-
complete (except Pachydiplax and individ-
ual specimens of Acisoma).
6a strongly concave to the 6th nervure.
7a usually well-lornied.
Only 1 cubital uerviire to all wings.
Eyes just meeting or only shortly contiguous
(except Bradinopyga.)
Trigone of hind-wing at the arc or a little
proximal.
TentaculiB of male usually bipartite.
Vulvar scale usually prominent.
1. Lobe of prothorax large, often bilobed and bear-
ing a fringe of long hairs,
a'. Antenodal nervures numbering less than
10^.
i^ Abdominal segments 1-6 greatly dilat-
ed, the remainder much attenuated..
ii\ Abdominal segments 1-6 not dilated, at
least 4 and 6 not dilated,
a". Eyes moderately contiguous.
Discoidal field contracted at termen . .
b'-. Ej'^es only just touching.
Discoidal field dilated at termen
b'. Antenodal nervures numbering not less
than lOi.
The discoidal field commencing with 3 rows
of cells, then 2 rows as far as line of
bridge
ii. Lobe of prothorax small.
a. Discoidal space much dilated.
a'. A great develoimicnt of secondary reticul-
ation in the wings.
Wings for the greater pait coloured
golden yellow or dark brown
b\ No secondary reticulation in the wings.
W^ings either not coloured or not so ex-
tensively,
i'. Eyes broadly contiguous,
'2 or more rows of cells between 6-6a
ii' Eyes moderately contiguous or only just
touching.
Brachydiplax,
Acisoyna.
Sympetrum.
Diplacodes.
Rhodothemis.
Neurothemis.
Bradinopyga.
CIO JOURXAL, nOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX J'
b.
1 or only occasionally 2 rows of cells
between .'i-oa.
, Abdomen depressed and broad, bright
red in colour.
Discoidul field nsnally with 3 rows of
cells
Abdomen depressed but sides parallel,
dark brown, yellow or black.
Discoidal Held commencing with 3 rows
of colls and then for a short distance
2 rows . .
Discoidal Held very slightly dilated, or
even width throughout.
Antenodal nervures 6^-7^
y
f
Tribe 6. — No Indian genera.
I' rocothnmis.
Indothomis.
Brachi/tliemis.
Tribe 7. — Node of fore-wing considerably distal to the
middle of the wing.
Antenodal nervures usually vei-y numeroiis.
Sectors of arc as for Tribes 4 and o.
Mid rib of loop bent at an obtuse angle but
little larger than a right angle.
Trigone in hindwing nearly always a little
proximal to arc.
Discoidal field of even width throughout or
contracted at the termen.
Tentacuhe divided but the outer division
small.
Vulvar scale verj- small.
a. Large, black and metallic-green species, with
bright yellow markings.
Discoidal field of even width throughout.
Wings unmarked.
i. Supernumerary cubital nervures present
in fore-wing.
Trigone in hind-wing traversed.
1 row of cells between o-oa.
Claw-hooks unusually robust.
Lobe of prothorax small . .
ii. No supernumerary cubital nervures.
Trigone in hind-wing entire.
2 rows of cells between o-oa.
Claw-hooks entirelj'^ absent.
Lobe of prothorax large . .
b. Moderately large, non-metallic species, generally
red, yellow or frosted with blue.
Discoidal field nuich contracted.
Wings usually bearing a basal spot.
No supernumerary cubital nervures.
Lobe of prothorax small. .
'I'ribe 8. — Sectors of are either separate or only fused
for a short distance in the forewing. (A
longer fusion often present in Pnntala.)
liasal area of hind-wing very broad with the
cells often arranged in transverse rows.
Zygonyx.
OnycJiothemis.
Trithemis.
IMJIAA DRAGOyFLIES.
or
11
III.
b.
1.
Often a sector leaving the posterior border
of loop which splits up the basal area into
an inner Held of small, closely arranged
cells and an outer of larger, irregularly
arranged colls.
Lobe of prothorax small.
Final antenodal nervure incomplete (except
Aothriamanta and Macnxli/ila.r).
Wings usually long and broad.
Costal side of trigone in fore-wing short, shorter
than half the proximal.
Stigma in fore-wing much longer than that of
hind-wing,
a'. Transverse ridges to 2nd, 3rd 4th and oth
abdominal segments.
Basal marking of hind-wing a clear, hyaline
amber tint . .
b\ Transverse ridges to L'nd, 3rd, and 4th ab-
dominal segments only, none to the oth.
Basal marking of hind-wing a dark, opaque
brown. (In T. basilaris this mark lies
in a clear amber setting) . .
Stigma in fore-wing only a little larger than in
hiud-wing
Stigma in fore and hind-wings the same size.
Loop open at the apex. . .
Costal side of trigone in the fore-wing long,
longer than half the proximal.
Antenodal nervures in fore-wing more than 7.
PantaUi.
Tiamea,
HydrobasiletiK,
Tholymis,
i'. Trigone in hind-wing entire.
Cubital nervures in hind-wing not more
than 1.
No supplementary nervures to bridge.
No secondary reticulation in basal area of
hind-wing,
a'. Eyes as broadly contiguous as the antero-
posterior diameter of occipital triangle.
Sectors of arc separated in the fore-
wing, shortly fused m hind-wing.
Wings marked with black and yellow,
fuliginous, often with a metallic gloss. Rhijothemi><.
b'. Eyes as broadly contiguous as twice the
antero-posterior diameter of occipital
triangle.
Sectors of arc not separated in the
fore-wing, long fusion in hind-wing.
Apex of loop not closed.
Wings not marked with black and yello-v
and with no metallic gloss . . Zy.vomma.
ii'. Trigone in hind-wing traversed several times.
Cubital nervures in hind-wings more than I.
Nearly always supplementary nervures to
the bridge.
A secondary reticulation of small, closely-
Bet cells in basal area of hind-wing . . Camacinia.
ii . Antenodal nervures in fore-wing not mpre than 7,
13 '
618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
Wings short and broad.
Subtrigone formed of only 1 cell
Wings long and broad.
Subtrigone formed of 3 cells.
Small forms, abdomen moderately long
and tapering, dull coloured
Larger forms, abdomen broad and de-
pressed, bright, scarlet red
Genus Texkathemis.
Acthriamanta.
Macrodipla.f.
Urothemi.'S.
Y\\x 1. — ^^VinjiS of Tetrathemis i)latijptera (XHy) showini^- main neuration,
.. 2. — Female sexual organs of same (Xld).
1-2, pp. 259, 309, tab.
front broadly rounded
vesicle high, notched
Tetrathemis, Brauer, 1868. Kirby, Trans. Zoo., Soc. Lond., 12, pp. 259,
309, tab. 56, tig. 8 (1889).
Neophlchia, Selys. Kirby, Trans. Zoo. Soc, Lond.
56. fig 8 (1889).
Type, T. platyptera, Atkinson.
Head moderately large ; eyes broadly contiguous ;
and without a marked foreborder. Suture flush
above and with a small tubercle on each side of the indentation.
Prothorax lobe large, outwardly rounded, its free border slightly notched
in the middle and furnished with a rufl' of long hairs.
Thora.x; moderately narrow.
Legs robust and long. Male ; hind femone in their second fourth with
a row of regularly sized, small, quadrilateral spines with apices sloping
somewhat basahvards ; ordinary spines at the end. Mid femorte with the
usual, s(miewhat triangular, gradually lengthening spines with a final,
single, long spine at the distal end. Female with no specially difl'erentiat-
ed armature from that of the male. Mid femorte with fewer, widely
separated, gradually lengthening spines ; tibial spines moderate, slim and
fragile ; claw-hooks ordinary.
IMJiAy DRAGON FLIES. 019
Abdomen short, slim and slightly fusiform in the male, cylindricul in the
female.
Genitals ; male; small tentacuhe with no distinct ontor branch ; superior
appendages slim and strongly curved. Female ; border of 8th segment not
diluted : 8th ventral plate proh)nged in a somewhat projecting vulvar scale:
ventral plate of 9th segment drawn out into a long, tongue-like process
which overlaps a small 10th segment, tho latter furnished with long, fine
bristles.
Wings small to moderately broad, nearly always partly coloured ; reti-
culation moderately open; trigone in the fore-wing with a nearly, uniformly
broken or bent costal side ; trigone in fore-wing in line with the trigone of
tho hind ; arc between antenodal nervures 1-2 ; sectors of arc stalked for
a long distance ; 8th and 9th nervures joined at the posterior angle of the
trigone in the hind- wing or occasionally separated for but a short distance;
7-9 antenodal nervures, the tinal one complete ; trigone in the hindvving
distal to the arc : 4th nervure with but a single, flat curve ; 1 row of cells
between o and 5a ; oa only poorly developed ; cubital nervures in fore-wing
varying, the distal one corresponding to the costal side of subtrigono which
is not regularly formed ; 2 to o cubital nervures in the hind-wing ; all
trigones entire ; hypertrigones usually traversed ; 1 row of cells in discoidal
field of fore-wing : 8th nervure in fore -wing nearly straight, the discoidal
field nearly parallel and a single row of cells nearly up to thetermen where
the field is a little dilated ; no supi,lementary nervures to bridge ; variable
loop, small, closed, seldom of more than 4 cells.
Stigma medium. Membrane nearly obsolete.
o
Key to Specik?.
i. Base of wings a deep yellow colour, in the fore
up to trigone, in the hind up to node.
Brown colouration of apices if present, only
poorly so and diffuse.
2-0 cubital nervures in the hindvving . . . .T. platyptem.
ii. Base of wings hyaline.
Brown colouration of apices well-marked and
sharply limited.
2 cubital nervures in the hind-wing . . . . 7'. yerOunjii.
1. Tetrathemis platyptera, Selys.
r. flava, KriKjer.
T. pulchra, Lnidlaic. Proc. Zoo. Soc, Land., 1902, I, p. 71, tab. i't.fifj. 3.
Expanse 4o mm. Length 24 mm.
Head, thorax and abdomen a dark yellow colour.
Wings ; hind-wing rather short, the base bearing a constant bright yellow
suffusion extending from the base to the node or a little beyond it ; in the
fore-wing this suffusion reaches only to the trigone and has a somewhat
diffuse outer border. Bej^ond the node, the wing hyaline with, in some
specimens, a brown marking of the posterior part of the apex.
Antenodal nervures in the fore-wing 9, in the hind 7 ; cubital nervures in
the fore-wing 1-2, in the hind 3. Superior appendages short, cylindrical,
pointed and in the female somewhat remote.
Genitals : female : vulvar scale reaching up to the 9th abdominal seg-
ment, not projecting, terminating in a small, sharply curved arch. 9th
ventral plate prolonged in a small, elliptical tongue, placed somewhat
below and behind, overlapping the 10th segment which latter is furnished
with set£e. Stigma 2 mm.
Hab. Bengal, Malacca.
620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
2. Tetrathemis yerburyil, Kirby, Linn. Soc. Jour., Zoo. 24, jj. 536, tal^. 41,
fir/. 4, 1893.
Expanse 46 mm. Length 30 mm.
Male ; head ; labrum and labium yellow, marked with black ; face yellow ;
forehead black metallic green with yellow markings below its external
border and a yellow spot near the eye ; occiput and occipital cavity black.
Prothorax large, notched in the middle, black with a broad, yellow border.
Thorax, deep black with three yellow bands, the first over the lower two-
thirds of the humeral region, the second traversing the anterior thoracic
spiracle and the third over the hinder half of the metathorax.
Abdomen cylindrical, fairly robust, a little dilated at the base, black
with yellow markings as follows : — A basal lateral stripe running from the
2nd to 5th segment, gradually tapering away on the sides of the latter, an
interrupted mark on the raiddorsum and a half ring extending about one-
third the length of the segments from their bases.
Superior appendages small, the pointed apex turning outwards, the didtal
half of the underside dentate or spined. Inferior anal appendages of
uniform length. Genitals ; 2nd abdominal segment very small, the tenta-
culas scarcely visible from tho side, fairly slender, backwardly and inwardly
directed hooks. Lobe usually narrow and indistinctly separated from the
segmental border.
Wings hyaline, the base very light yellow and the apex with a rounded,
brown spot reaching as far as the stigma. 9-10 antenodal nervures in
fore-wing, 8 in the hind ; 1 cubital nervure in the fore-wing, 2 in the hind.
Stigma 2 mm.
Female; colour same as in the male except that the spots on the abdo-
men are somewhat larger. 8th ventral plate overlapping the 9th segment
up to about its middle, its Iree border forming a low arch, the 9th ventral
plate prolonged into a long, narrow, tongue-like process nearly pointed at
the apex and ciliated.
Hab. Bengal, Assam, Tenesserim.
Genus Hyl.eothemis.
3 4
Fvj; ;?. — Wing's of Hi/locotlicnus (X2i) showing;- main neuration.
.. i . — 3Iale secondary oruans of s-anie ' X IH) viewed from below.
INDIAN DIIACWNFLIES. 621
Hijlceothemis, Ris.
Tetrathemis, Karsch. Ent. Nachr., 15, p. 321 (1889).
Head moderately rounded ; eyes very shortly contiguous ; front rounded
without any prominent foreborder ; suture moderately deep ; vesicle
large, with a scarcely perceptible notch, the ocelli projecting from its
lateral ends,
Prothorax lobe large, projecting, rounded and notched centrally.
Thorax narrow. Legs moderately large, robust. Male ; hind femorsB
with an external row of numerous, very small, triangular, apicalwards
directed spines ; a longer spine at the distal end ; mid femur with similar
spines on its basal half, followed by three larger and more widely separated
spines. Tibial spines long and slim ; claw-hooks robust, the points not sloping.
Abdomen slim, cylindrical ; male ; segments 7-9 a little broadened ;
female much stouter than the male, laterally compressed, segments 7-10
dilated, especially the 8th and 9th whose sides are foliately expanded.
Genitals of male ; 2nd abdominal segment large and prominent, tentaculsB
foliate. Genitals female; border of 8th segment raised into a foliate
projection, its free border arched and deeply notched ; 9th ventral plate
keeled. Anal appendages of male as long as 9th segment, cylindrical,
pointed, curving strongly ventralwards. The inferior fused, narrow, tri-
angular and curving upward to meet the superior. Superior appendages
of the female much smaller than those of the male, more remote, cylindrical,
about as long as the 10th abdominal segment.
AVings long and narrow, the hind a little broader than the fore, apices
rounded. The node widely distal to the middle of the wing ; trigone in
fore-wing in line with that of hind ; arc between the 1st and 2nd antenodal
nervures ; sectors of arc fused to a long extent ; 8th nervure in the
fore-wing out of the posterior angle of the trigone, in the hind widely sepa-
rated ; 14-16 antenodal nervures ; trigone in hind-wing widely distal to the
arc, its costal side whole or near its distal end obtusely bent ; 4th nervure
flat in its proximal part but rather sharply bent near the termen ; only 1
row of cells between 5-.5a ; trigone in the fore-wing very small, the costal
side very obtusely bent at its distal third ; subtrigone and trigone in fore-
•wing entire ; trigone in hind-wing large, traversed ; all hypertrigones
traversed ; 2 cubital nervures in fore and hind-wings ; only 1 row of cells
in discoidal field of fore-wing nearly np to termen ; 8th nervure nearly
straight ; discoidal field nearly parallel or a little dilated at the end ; loop
very indistinct, of only four cells and sharply limited. Stigma medium-
sized. Membrane very small. In the female the wings are apt to show
considerable differences. The costal side of the trigone in fore-wing is not
usually bent and the same side in hind-wing may or may not be bent. The
loop is much more developed, there being 6 to 7 cells in its composition.
The node is nearer the middle of the wings.
3. Hylseothemis fruhstorferi, Kirby, Cat. of Neuroptera-Odonata, pp. 44
1890.
Tetrathemis fruhstorferi, Karsch.
Male, Expanse 60 mm. Length 3S mm.
Female, Epxanse 6") mm. Length 38 mm.
Male, head : labium bright yellow, the inner border and the middle
lobe black ; epistome and lower part of face bright yellow ; vesicle and
forehead a brilliant metallic green or bluish-green ; occiput black with
a spot of bright yellow posteriorly ; eyes bottle green above, yellowish
green beneath.
Prothorax : lobe of large size, pale blue, notched in the middle and fur-
nished with a ruff of long hairs. Front part of prothorax with a pale blue
collar, the remainder black with an angular blue spot in middorsum.
622 J0UR:SAL, BOMBAY natural BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Thorax deep black with pale blue markings as follows : — A middorsal, fine
geminate line with a T-shaped mark above it ; an irregular, sinuovis,
humeral line and two broad, lateral fasciae. Overlaid or frosted with blue
beneath, the frosting sometimes extending to the sides.
Occasionally the lateral, blue markings are greenish yellow and after
death, the blue always tends to fade to a yellow tint.
Jjegs black with a bluish bloom on the under surfaces ; hind femone
with very small, numerous spines and a longer one at the extreme distal end.
Abdomen slim, base very little dilated, 3rd to 6th segments triquetral on
cross section and very slender ; 7th to 9th a little dilated and together
forming a fusiform end to the abdomen ; black with blue markings as
follows : — a triangular blue spot on middorsum of 1st segment, and a linear
blue mark on the dorsum of 2nd, lateral blue spots on the sides of both of
these two segments and also on the sides of the 3rd to the 6th, the spots
on the latter somewhat quadrilateral and followed posteriorly by a small
streak of the same colour, lastly 2 very large, conspicuous blue spots on
the dorsum of 7th segment. The 8th to 10th segments with no markings.
Anal appendages black.
Female much larger and more stoutly built than the male. The mark-
ings similar to the male but much more extensive and although blue-
marked specimens are not uncommon, as a rule, the markings in the female
are a bright greenish yellow. Beneath the abdomen, running parallel
vfith. the borders of the pleural membrane, is an additional blue or yellowish
stripe.
Wings of both sexes with an amber coloured spur in the inferior costal
space, reaching as far as 1st antenodal nervure and another in the cubital
space reaching as far as the 1st cubital nervure.
Stigma nearly black, 2'5 mm. Membrane nearly obsolete, grey. Wings
hyaline.
Hab. Beds of rocky mountain streams, where they keep to the edge of
the jungle. Foot hills of the Western Ghats, Nilgiris.
Genus Agrionopteka.
/ 8 9
5 6
Fijr. .'). — Wings of Agrionoptera insignis (X2J) showing' main neuration.
,, <;.— Male secondary sexual organs (xlO) vie^ved from the side.
INDIAN DRAdONFLIES. tJi)3
Af/rionoptera, Braner,
Lihellula, liambiir.
Head medium sized ; cj-es broadly contiguous ; front in the male promi-
nent with a distinct foreborder and sharjily pointed anj^les, in the female,
rounded and less pr(miinent, the angles and foreborder only indistinctly
seen. Vesicle deeply notched.
Lobe of prothorax very small, flatly convex, not projecting.
Thorax robust. Legs long ; male; hind femone with numerous small
spines with a few longer ones at the distal end ; tibial spines, fine, short
and numerous ; legs of the female short; the hind femone only differing
by the spines being less numerous.
Wings : reticulation very close ; antenodal nervures l;j-l(> ; ] cubital
nervure in the fore-wing, 1-3 in the hind ; 4th nervure with a slight costal
convexity ; 1 row of cells between o-.5a ; trigone in fore-wing traversed, in
the hind entire ; supplementary nervures to bridge variable : discoidal
Held beginning with 3 rows of cells, then live sets of two : 7a distinct in the
hind-wing, variable in the fore ; loop well formed, without bisected cells.
Stigma moderately large, :^'o-3 mm.
Abdomen slim, somewhat fusiform in the male, cylindrical in the female.
Genitals, male : secondary sexual organs small, procumbent, coated with
many yellowish bristles ; tentaculre small, semi-arched, narrow, with small
hooks. Lobe broadly rounded and somewhat dilated at the end. Female ;
lateral borders of 8th abdominal segment broadly and foliately dilated ; at
the end of the 8th ventral plate a very small vulvar scale in the form of two
rounded, glossy, leaf-like organs which approximate to each other ; 9th
ventral plate raised into a stunted, yellowish carination bearing a long
bristle at its end and barely projecting beyond the 10th abdominal
segment.
4. Agrionoptera insignis, Ris.
Agrionoptera (juatornata, Brauer.
A. insignis, Brauer. Lihellula insignis, Rambur.
Agrionoptera nicobarica, Brauer.
Agrionoptera siinilis, Selys.
Agrionoptera j^apuensis, Selys.
Agrionoptera insidaris, Kirby.
Agrionoptera variabilis, Kruger.
Expanse, male o4 mm. Length, male 36 mm.
female 08 mm. female 36 mm.
Small species.
Thorax : dorsum a dark bronze green with two fine yellow stripes in the
middle line ; a humeral, linear spot below and a more prominent band
above it ; the sides bright yellow with bronze green markings or the ground
colour a bright brown tint with three dark bands traversing it, the first,
undivided, passes directly behind the humeral region, the second, often
forked, crosses over the lateral thoracic spiracle, the third also forked,
somewhat ventral to the middle of the thorax, the hind branch of the fork
passing to the anal border of posterior part of thorax. All these markings
are extremely variable and often broken up and anastomosing with each
other so that most specimens show an irregular collection of spots. In the
female, the markings are similar but darker and more defined.
Abdomen, male: segments 3-7 scarlet red, the lateral. borders and the
distal end of segment •"> narrowly black, segments 8-10 and the anal
appendages black. Female brown instead of red, otherwise similar.
Genitals of female : dilatation of 8th segment uniformly present ; 9th
ventral plate specific in character, the basal part somewhat grooved, the
624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
apical part laterally compressed and projecting more ventralwards than
usual in the subfamily.
Wings hyaline with occasional dark yellowish brown rays in subcostal
space nearly up to the 1st antenodal nervure and in the cubital space as
far as the cubital nervure. Stigma 2'.'} to 3 mm.
Hab. Assam, Bengal, Burma, Malaysia.
Gemis Amphithemis.
Amphithemis, Selys. 1891,
Head moderately large, globular ; eyes shortly contiguous : forehead
somewhat prominent, flattened above, with a very prominent foreborder ;
suture flush ; vesicle notched.
Prothorax lobe small, a little arched above, not projecting.
Thorax moderately narrow.
Legs moderately long, spined but without any particular specific charac-
ter ; claw-hooks moderate, situated about the middle of claws.
Abdomen long or moderately long, dilated at the base, then cylindrical
or fusiform.
Genital organs, male ; 2nd abdominal segment large : tentacnke fur-
nished with foliate hooks ; female; border of 8th abdominal segment not
dilated ; vulvar scale very small, deeply notched at the apex.
Wings rather narrow, the hind not much broader than the fore ; trigone
of fore-wing in line with that of hind ; sectors of arc fused for a moderate
distance ; arc between 2nd and ?>rd antenodal nervnres ; 8th nervure in the
hind-wing removed a short distance from the posterior angle of the trigone ;
antenodal nervures 11-13, the final incomplete ; the base of trigone in
hind-wing usually moderately broad and variably distal to arc : I cubital
nervure in the fore-wing, 3 in the hind ; 1 and occasionally 2 supplementary
nervures to the bridge ; trigone in fore-wing broad, its costal side near the
distal end, often broken or bent in a somewhat obtuse angle ; trigone in
fore-wing free, in the hind, free or traversed ; subtrigone in the fore-wing
entire or traversed by one or two nervures ; all hypertrigones traversed
(seldom entire in the hind-wing) ; 4th nervure nearly straight but bent
slightly basalwards near the termen ; 1 row of cells between /J and 5a ; dis-
coidal field in the fore- wing beginning with 2 rows of cells, occasionally only
1, near the termen strongly dilated ; 8th nervure short and sharply curved;
anal field in fore-wing with 2 rows of cells, in the hind moderately broad
with a normal-shaped loop formed of some (i cells and with an obtuse outer
angle.
Stigma small ; membrane very small.
Key to Species.
A. Discoidal field beginning with 2 rows of cells.
(Very rarely with one.)
i. Abdomen long and slim, j'^ellow or black.
Superior anal appendages slim, twice
or more than twice as long as the
inferior A. racillans,
ii. Abdomen short and cylindrical, red.
Superior anal appendages robust but
not half as long as the inferior A. curdstyla.
I>. Discoidal field beginning with only 1 row of
cells.
Thorax with antero-dorsal, bright-yellow
bands A. marice
5. Amphithemis vacillans, Selys. -4mm, Mus., Civ. (leiwcci, .30, ;>. 4o7 (18'Jl).
ISDIA N DBA (1 OXFL IJJS.
62")
•^ ^•
6 7 8
I
9
Fiu'. 7. — Win.ys of Amphithemis vaciUans (x;0 showin<;' main neiiration.
.. 8. — Male secondary sexual organs of same viewed from the side (xlG).
.. 'J. — Anal appendages of male of same (XlGJ.
Expanse 54 mm. Length 36 mm.
Male difters according to its age. Male, subjuvenile and juvenile speci-
mens and females : — Labrum, labium, epistome and clypeus white ; front
and vesicle metallic green.
Thorax yellowish, somewhat darker or brownish on anterior dorsum.
Abdomen long and very slim, segments 1 to 3 yellow, 4th segment
similar but the borders and distal end narrowly black, .5th to 7th segments
black with narrow yellow dorsal spots, 8th to 10th entirelj' black.
Adult males entirely black without any yellow markings.
Wings : trigonoin fore-wing entire ; subtrigone usually traversed once and
very seldom entire, occasionally in the female 3-celled ; trigone in the hind-
wing usually free but sometimes traversed once or twice or the trigone of
one side may be traversed and that of the other entire. Usually 1 cubital
nervure in fore-wing and 3 in the hind. Stigma 2 mm. Superior anal
appendages of male slim, bases approximating, the ends long and taj^ering
and curving strongly dorsalwards.
Genital organs of the female': lateral borders of the 8th segment not
dilated; vulvar scale very small and very sharply roiuided.
Hab. Burma, Bhumo and Karen Hills.
H
626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
6. Amphithemis curvistyla, Selys, Ann. Mus., Civ. Genova, 30, p. 4o->
(1891).
10
11
12
Fi^-. In.— Male secondary sexual org'ans of Avipliitlicmis curvistyla ( Xl2) seen from the side»-
.. 11. — Anal appendai^es of same fXlG).
„ 12. — Anal appendages of male seen from above (X16}.
„ 13. — Sexual organs and anal appendaji'es of female of same seen from below (X lii).
Expanse 44 mm. Length 30 mm.
Male and female : labrum, labium epistome and clypeus white, forehead
and vesicle metallic green.
Thorax on its dorsal anterior surface and the humeral region blackish-
brown or in juvenile forms yellow with a black, humeral stripe, laterally
bright yellow with a median, oblique, black band ; ventral surface black.
Abdomen moderately short, nearly cylindrical, 1st segment red with its
proximal end edged with black, 2nd and 3rd segments red, 4th to the 8th
black with a red dorsal spot, 9th and 10th and the whole of the ventral
surface black.
Wings : trigone in the fore-wing usually entire ; subtrigone in fore-wing
entire or one or either side may be traversed in the female : trigone in the
hind-wing usually traversed ; usually 1 cubital nervure in the fore-wing, 3 in
the hind or, the number diflering in the four wings of the same specimen ;
no supplementary nervures to the bridge (occasionally one present) ; all
hypetrigones traversed. Stigma 2 mm.
Superior anal appendages of the male robust, the lower edge projecting
a little, the ends approximating, not curving dorsahvards but diverging,
laterally.
Genital organs of the female ; lateral borders of the 8th abdominal seg-
ment slightly dilated ; vulvar scale very small, in the form of a semi-arch^
fissured.
Hab. Burma.
1 XniA X DRAa ONFL lE^.
6-27
7. Amphithemis mariae, LaiiUaw, Records, Indian Museum,Yo\. XI, UUo, p
'I'j'pos. Imliiiu Musouni.
Expanse 44 mm. Lonpjth :29 mm.
Mtvlo : Heail, cream-colonrod, bordered with black ; labnim and face
creamy \'ello\v ; forehead, vesicle and occiput metallic-green.
Prothorax black.
Thorax : dorsum black with a broad, oreenisli-yellow, humeral stri])i^
on either side ; tergum brick red. Laterally brownish yellow
with two well-defined, dark bands ; ventral surface j'ellow.
Wings hyaline, the bases with a yellow suffusion reaching as far as
the trigones. Relatively shorter and broader than in cacillanx
and cnrvixtrla. Trigones and hypetrigones not usually traver-
sed : .'? cubital nervures in the hind-wing ; oa j^oorly developed
discoidal field beginning with but a single row of cells.
Legs black, the anterior femonu with a yellow stripe on their
ventral surface.
Abdomen : segments 1-3 brick red, the last with a narrow, distal
annulus, remaining segments black, 4-7 with a proximal yellow
annulus, broadest laterally and diminishing in size as traced to-
wards the anal segments.
Anal appendages black, scarcely difl'ering from those of curvistyla.
(Jenital organs : lamina very small ; tentaculre, internal segment
with a fine, backwardly-directed spur. Lobe small, triangular,
arching a little forward.
Female : Head as for male.
Prothorax pale yellow.
Thorax brownish black on the dorsum, with a pair of very wide,
pale yellow, ante-humeral bands which meet together above.
Laterally pale yellow.-
Abdomen : segments l-"> pale yellow, 3 with a fine, black, proxi-
mal annulus, 4-8 yellow proximally, the distal half yellow,
the yellow annulus being rather broader on the 8th segn^nt.
A fine, mid-dorsal, black line. Segments 9-10 entirely black.
Anal appendages black.
Genitals : border of 8th abdominal segment not dilated. Vulvar
scale very small.
Hab. Southern India, Cochin State, 1,600.
^G\C^7>,
(To he contimied.)
628
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
Illustrated by Colol'Keu Plates and Diagrams
BY
F. Wall, C.M.G., O.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Lieut.-Colonel, I.M.S.
Part XXF (ivitJi, Plate X-XV and Diagram).
(Continued from iMfje 382 of Volume XXV.)
CALLOPHIS MAGCLELLANBI (Reinhardt).
Macclelland's Coral Snake.
Of proteroglyphous cohibriues, or colubriiies that cany canal-
iculate poison fangs in the front of their maxillge there are two
sub-families, the Hi/dro2)hiinaj or sea snakes, and the THainnce
including the cobras, kraits, coral snakes, &c. The Elajnnci:
inckides 29 genera, only 5 of which are represented in India. Calloxiliu
one of the 5, contains 5 species according to Mr. Boulenger's
classification, and 4 of these including the subject of this paper
occur within Indian limits.
Kistorij. — Macclelland's Coral Snake was introduced to scientific
notice by Reinhardt in 1844.
Nomenclature, (a) Scientific. — The generic name initiated b}'-
Gray is from the Greek " kalos " beautiful, and "ophis" snake.
The specific title conferred by Reinhardt is in honour of Mr. J.
j\Iacclelland, a member of the Indian Forest Department, during
the middle of the last century.
(/>) English. — Macclelland's Coral Snake. Named in honour of
the late Mr. J. Macclelland of the Burma Forest Departraent.
(c) Vernacular. — In the Chin Hills Captain Yenning says it is
one of the snakes called by the natives " sar-vut-saw."
General characters. — It is a little snake chiefly remarkable for
its beautiful and very distinctive colouration. The head is flattened
and broad, the snout broadly rounded as seen from above, and the
neck hardly evident. The nostril is chiefly contained in the ante-
rior nasal shield occupying about two-fourths of its depth. The
suture below it passes to the 2nd labial shield, a distinctly rare
condition. The eye is rather small, its diameter being rather less
than half the length of the snout. The pupil is often not discern-
able, but in some specimens there is an arc or a ring of ruddy gold
that enables one to see that it is round, '^fho body is cjdindrical,
moderately robust and of even caliljre throughout. The tail is
THE COMMON INDIAN liNAKES. (L".i
short, usually being only about one-ninth to one-eleventh the total
length of the snake.
J dentiji cation. — The broad onanu^l-^vhite band across the head is
very distinctive, and quite peculiar to this snake. The most important
shield characters to pay attention to are as follows: — (1) The
costals which are in 13 rows m the entire body. (2) The suture
below the nostril which passes to the 2nd labial, (o) There are
7 supralabials. (4) The temporal shield touches the 5th and 6th
supralabials. These points taken together will distinguish it from
all other snakes within Indian limits.
Colouration. — (^4) Variety ti/pica is reddorsally, the colour vary-
ing in richness from a bright strawberry-red to cherry-red, and
more rarely purplish-red. In the tlanks these hues are lightest and
l)rightest. From IG to 35 black rings encircle the body, and 2 to
5 the tail. These rings are frecjuently interrupted in the flanks.
The black may or may not be narrowly outlined with yellow or
buff. Each ring involves about two scales in the body length.
In a specimen sent me by Captain Venning from the Chin Hills,
and in another obtained by Evaus and me from the Pegu Yomas a
series of small dorso-lateral spots were present iu each interspace,
and I have rarely seen a similar single series down the spine. The
head is shining Ijlack with a sharply defined broad ivory-white or
more rarely cream-coloured cross-band behind the eyes. The belly
is saffron, and the intervals betw^een the rings exhibit large
irregularly-shaped black blotches.
(B) Variety univirgahis . — Differs from ti/jnca in that a black
stripe runs down the spine, and the )-ings are frecjuently incom-
plete near the spine, especially in mid-body. The rings vaiy from
23 to 32 on the body and 3 to 4 on the tail.
(C) Variety gori. — Differs from the two preceding in the
absence of the black rings and the spinal stripe. There is a series
of 27 to 38 small black spots down the spine, usually round, some-
times rather broader than long.
I'lie belly has irregularly-shaped median l^lack spots smaller
than in the other two forms.
(JJ) Variety niririventer. — Differs from the above in having a
l)lack stripe down the spine as in univinjatus, but no rings. A con-
tinuous irregular black stripe passes along the middle of the belly.
TIahifs. — Speaking of the genus, Fayrer says : " Its representatives
are sluggish, and allow themselves to be approached with little sign
of fear. They are not aggressive, and bite reluctantly." These
remarks certainly apply well to the subject under discussion.
Venning remarks: " 1 could never provoke any of them to bite or
show temper." The very few living specimens that have come into
my hands were most inoffensive, and exhibited no temper in spite of
much provocation. The " type " of '/ori resented being handled^
(330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
but would not bite any object with which I attempted to irritate
it. it merely flattened its bodj^ posteriorly, and when I picked it
up by the neck secreted poison copiously which collected as a drop
in the rostral arch. Through the drop its tongue flickered in and
out tremulousl}'.
The fact that there are no records of a bite from this snake
though common enough in certain localities, seems to confirm the
opinions expressed above as to its placid nature.
It is eminently a jungle as well as a hill species. In all the
localities where it is met with, the country is heavily forested. The
little specimen Evans and I got in the Pegu Yomas was trodden
on by a wounded elephant, and pressed firmlj' into the soft soil.
The trackers discovered it wriggling vainlj^ to extricate itself, and
it was practically undamaged. One of Venning's largest speci-
mens was discovered on the parade ground while a game of foot-
ball was in progress. It is always found in hills or in their near
vicinity. For choice it inhabits a zone at an altitude of about 4,000
to G,000 feet, but may occur lower. The specimens sent to me by
Mr. Gore were from probabl}' about 1,000 feet elevation, but
quite close to outliers of the Naga Hills in Assam . Those from
the Abor Hills were from a similar elevation.
Food. — Fayrer sa3-s that it feeds chiefl}^ on snakes. I have no
single record of its diet though more than 50 have passed through
mv hands.
Breeding, tCc. — Ver}^ little is knoAvn of its breeding habits. A
gravid female measuring 1 foot 11 inches that I obtained from
Shillong in August 1911, contained 6 eggs, 2 in one ovary, 4 in
the other. The longest of these esgs meastired ly^ inches bv -,'',■ ot
o e » 1 () lib
an inch. When cut into they Avere found to contain young embryos
about 1 to 1^ inches long. It is not certain however that the
young are born alive, it may he that the eggs are discharged as
such still harbouring j^oung that are destined to hatch some time
later, as in the case of some of the tree snakes of the genus Ben-
(Irophis, and the pit-viper Lac/iesis monticola. The length of the
hatchling or young, as the case may be, is not known. The smallest
specimen I have seen was 9j inches.
The anal glands secrete a custard-like material.
Boison. — Little or nothing is known about the virulence of this
venom.
No case has been recorded of a bite in the human subject.
Faj'rer remarks that fowls succumbed to its bite.
Length. — It grows to about 2 feet, but specimens exceeding
this are uncommon. 1 have however had a specimen 2 feet 7-^
inches from Burma, and three specimens sent to me from Haka in
the Chin Hills by Captain A'enning measured 2 feet 5f inches;
2 feet 6 inches; and 2 feet 8 inches respectively.
THE COMMON INDIAN ."SNAKES. (531
BhlrUnition. — From tlie Western Himalayas tluougli other
mountain ranges to Southern Cliina, and Formosa.
Variety iw/ri venter (Wall). — I'^rom the Western Himalayas as
far W^est as Kasauli. ^ ery rare. ( )nl\' one specimen is known
which is in our Society's collection.
Variety loiiviniatus (Ciunther). — rrum Nepal, through tlu'
Fastern Himalayas as far Fast as Sikkim. Fairly abundant in
Sikkim.
Variety iijinca (Reinhardt). — Hills of Assam and Burma to
South China and Formosa. Annaiulale has recorded it from the
Abor country, Assam, North of the Brahmaputra at about 1,000 feet
elevation. \t is quite common in the Khasi Hills. Venning found
it fairly common in the Chin Hills. There is a specimen in tlie
British Miiseum from Pegu (presumably Hills), and Evans and 1
got a specimen from the Pegu Yomas.
I have had it from the Hills in the Southern Shan States
(Mogok), and there are specimens in the British I\Iuseuni from
Hills in South China, and Formosa.
Variety (jori (Wall). — Naga Hills in Assam, and Manipur.
Apparently uncommon. Only four specimens are known, three
were sent me from Jaipur near the Naga Hills, and one from
Manipur.
Lepidods, llostral. — Touches G shields, the rostro-nasal sutures
are about four-thirds the rostro-internasals, and twice or three times
the rostro-labials. Internasals . — Two, the suture between the fellows
about tvro-thirds that between the prefrontal fellows, and about
two-thirds the intern aso-pne frontal sutures. Frcffrontuls. — Two,
the suture between them equal to, or rather greater than, the
prasfrouto-frontal. Frontal. — Touches 6 shields, the fronto-supra-
ocular sutures equal to, or rather less than the fronto-parietals.
Supruoadars. — About two-thirds the length and breadth of the
frontal. Nasals. — Two, in contact with the first three labials (rarely
first two only). Lureal. — Absent. Frwocular. — One. I'ostoculars. —
Two. Temporal. — One anterior, touching the 5th and Cth labials
only. S^ipralahials . — Seven, the ord and 4th touching the eye.
Infralahials . — Four, the 4th largest, about as long, and twice as broad
as the posterior suhlim/uals : touching two scales only behind.
Sul)lin(j2ials. — Two subequal pairs, the posterior touching the 4th,
or ord and 4tli infral.'Jnals . Costals.- — In 13 rows in the whole
body length; smooth; vertebrals not enlarged. Ventrals. — 182 to
240, more numerous in the $ . Anal. — Divided. Sulicatulals. —
20 to 36 pairs.
Anomalies. — It is not unusual to find a few of the earlier subcau-
dals entire. I have seen the last ventral divided in one specimen.
The 2nd infralabial rarel}' fails to touch the anterior sublinguals.
1 have also seen a confluence of the temporal and 6th labial more
t)
682 JOUIiNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
than once, and a confluence of the lower postocular and 5th labial
at least once.
Dentition. — ( From 6 skulls in my collection). Maxilla. — Two
strong canaliculate fangs anteriorly, no teeth behind. Palatine. —
G to 8, decreasing in both directions from the 3rd or 4th ; grooved
on their inner faces. Pteryijoid. — 2 to C, small. Mandihle. — 9 to
1 1 , decreasing in size in both directions from about the •dth or 5th ;
e'rooved on their outer faces.
Plate. — Our figures are good as regards colouring but incorrect
in the following matters. The scale rows are shown as 15 instead
of 13. The eye is too small and the iris far more conspicuously
a'olden than is the case in life.
The second subject of this paper belongs to a family as yet not
touched upon in these popular series, vi^.., Uropeltidaj .
Family VBOPELTTBJE.
(From Greek " oura " tail, and Latin " peltis " shield, referring
to the curious terminal shield peculiar to the tails of these snakes).
According to Boulenger's scheme of classification this is the fifth of
the nine families into which the snakes of the world are divided
(Cat. Snakes in Brit. Mus. 1896). All the representatives are
to be found exclusively in the Hills of Southern India and Ceylon.
The members of the family are most easily recognised by the
Ijreadth ot the ventral shields which though distinctly enlarged are
not twice the breadth of the last costal row. In this respect they
agree with those of one other family, viz., Ili/siidae. The snakes of
the latter family however have G supralabials, and those of the
Vropeliida: only 4.
The family is sub-divided into 7 distinct genera (comprising
4'2 species), one of which, viz., Silyhiora includes the species dealt
with hereafter.
Genus HILYBURA.
(From Greek " silubou " a thistle, and " oura " tail, in allusion Id
the two terminal points on the last caudal shield). At least 22
difterent species are known.
SILYBVRA OGELLATA.
The Ocellate Thistle Tail.
Iliitory. — Discovered bj^ the late Colonel Beddome who described
it in 18G3 from specimens collected by him at Walaghat in the
Nilgiri Hills.
Nomenclature (li) Scientific. — The specific title conferred b}'-
Beddome is from the Latin and is a diminutive form of " ocuhis "
Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
Plate XXSf.
^ \
/.r , . ^
P Gerha.T?dt del.
«I . Gr een , CViromo
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES .(Wall)
1—3. Callopl^is Triaccle]landi,vap. typica,poLt?c'n<5iw.
4. Silybura occellata,/tar?nZ£<5^.
alL ruxt siize-
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 633
.tu eye. This refers to the many little, I'oiind, yellow spots grouped
so as to form irregular cross bauds on the body.
(/*) EiKjlish. — The Ocellate Thistle Tail is the (iquivalent of its
scientific designation.
(c) Vernaadar. — Nothing distinctive is known to me.
General characters. — A small snake rarely exceeding 18 inches.
The head smaller in girth than the body, tapers to an obtuse point.
The nosti'il is open, and pierced in the front of the nasal shield.
The eye is contained in the ocular shield and is small, being about
one-third the length of that shield. No neck is indicated, on the
contrary this region is swollen, and the body then maintains a simi-
lar calibre in its whole length. The tail is short and subtruncate
and ends in two small spines placed side by side.
Colour. — The scales are olivaceous-brown, or olivaceous-green at
their edges, lighter centrally. The whole body is beset with small
round bright yellow spots, grouped so as to form irregular chains
across the back, incorporated in ratlier ill-defined dark crossbars.
These bars end subcostally where, many spots become confluent to
form a yellow patch with an outline like a bunch of grapes. The
yellow which is often a bright canary is a very unstable colour
dissolving in spirit in a few hours. In some specimens I have found
it so intense as to stain the inside of the skin, the muscles, and
even the viscera a turmeric yellow. I have seen some specimens with
the yellow adornment almost wanting.
Dimensions. — My largest specimen whicli came from Paralai in
the Anamallay Hills measured 17|- inches, much the largest mea-
surement 1 know. (S specimens frequently reach 12 to 18
inches, and $ 14 to 16 inches.
Identijicaiion. — The breadth of the ventrals, vk., about :j that of
the last costal row, taken with the two spines placed side by side
on the terminal tail shield will establish the genus, but attention
to many more points is necessary tp identify the species.
These are : —
(1) Costal s in midbod}' 17.
(2) Nasals in contact behind the rostral.
(3) Diameter of eye ^ or less than ^ that of the ocular shield
horizontally,
(4) Poi-tion of rostral seen from above longer than its dist-
ance from the frontal,
(o) Rostral not more than ^ the shielded part of the head.
(6) Ventrals 185 to 234.
Tf is position. — I have found it a very inoffensive quiet little
creature, allowing itself to be picked up and handled without
trying to bite, and with very little show of displeasure. It is a
restless little reptile, continually pushing its snout between the
clefts of one's fingers as though seeking to hide itself. When
15
634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
encountered it )3etrays little or no alarm, and even when given
a chance to burrow in loose earth only does so in a quiet leisurely
fashion if it does so at all.
Habits. — It lives for choice beneath the soil but is sometimes
seen on the surface or only partially submerged. It burrows in
loose earth with facility using its snout only for this purpose. I
frequently observed specimens in captivity, and never saw the tail
used in any way as to suggest its aid in burrowing, and I failed to
discover any use for this curiously fashioned appendage.
Food. — The many specimens I have dissected contained in the
stomach nothing but earthworms. These are rarely found whole,
but in many fragments, snggestiug that the M'orm when seized
breaks itself off by its contortions only to be seized again, and lose
another instalment. The intestines and cloaca of the snake are
invariably loaded with liquid mud derived from the alimentary
systems of the worms ingested, and I have no doubt that every
snake accounts for a large number of worms weekly.
The sexes. — Of 21 specimens from the Wynaad sexed by me
13 were $ and 8 c? . The female attains to a greater length than
the male. The average of my six largest females from the Wynaad
was 14^ inches, against 11| inches for mj six largest males from
the same locality. The body is relatively longer, and the ventral
shields more numerous in the female, and the tail is relatively
shorter with fewer subcaudals in this sex. The tei-minal caudal
shield also shows slight sexual differences. It is rather broader in
the 2 5 ^^^^ the terminal spines less well developed than in
the S -
Breeding. — I have latelj^ ascertained that it is viviparous in habit.
The season of birth apparent!}^ ends in July in the Nilgiris, and the
brood is a small one for an ophidian, viz., 3 to 5. I had two gravid
mothers in July measuring respectively 144 and 11 inches. The
former contained 5 foetuses seemingly fit for birth, the largest of
which measured 4^ inches. The latter had 3 embryos, the largest
measuring 4| inches. In both cases these were contained in trans-
parent membranous sacs, as one sees in vipers. No other females
subsequently received (some dozens) were in a gravid state. I re-
ckon that the smaller mother would be just about 3 years old.
Growth. — The smallest specimens I have had were about 5 inches
and my notes make it appear that the young grew from 2 to 3
inches in the first j'ear of life.
Bistrihution. — The Nilgiri Hills, Anamallays and conterminous
Hills to the South of India between about 2,000 and 4,500 feet
elevation. In the Nilgiri Hills this year I obtained 101 speci-
mens all of which came from the Wj'uaad. The slopes in this
locality face West, and it is perhaps remarkable that the slopes
facing Soutli and Kast furnished no single specimen.
^
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON
INDIAN SNAKES.
Explanation of Diagram.
An.
Anal.
A. S.
Anterior Sublinguals.
C.
Costals.
F.
Frontal.
I.
Intern asals.
M.
jNIental.
N.
Nasals.
Oc.
Ocular.
Pa.
Parietals.
Po.
Postoculars.
Pr.
Praeocular.
Pit".
Pr£efrontals.
P. S.
Posterior Sublinguals
R.
Rostral.
S.
Supraocular.
Spc.
Supracaudals.
Subc.
Subcaudals.
T.
Temporals.
T.Sc.
Terminal Scute:
V.
Ventrals.
1 7.
Supralabials.
I IV.
Infralabials.
Callophis riiacclellandi.~A, B, C are tln-ee views of the head.
SiiijJnora ocellata. — A, B and C are views of the head shielding. D
shows the anal region with ventrals, subcaudals, and 3^ rows of
costals visible on each side of the ventrals. E. View of top of tail
to show the terminal sc\ite and pluricarinate supracaudals.
^
E
D
^ X
§^
o
a
I— I
o
(a
<:
!?;
cc
>'.
o
o
S
u
o
CO
X
4'
rt
z
>.
d
a
3
« X
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 63o
Lepidosis. Jiosfral. — Touches 4 shields, the rostro-nasal beiug
about twice the length ot" the rostro-labial ; the portion visible
from above is greater than its distance to the frontal, and nearly
one-fourth the shielded part of the head. N'asals. — In contact
behind the rostral ; touching the 1st and 2nd labials. Frcefrontals. —
In contact with the 2nd and 3rd labials. Frontal. — In contact
with G shields ; about as long as the parietals. Ocular. — In contact
with the ord and -1th labials, Supralahials 4 ; the 4th longest.
Xabiin(jHal!i absent. Mental groove absent. Costals. — Broader than
long, smooth, with rounded outlines posteriorly; 19 (rarely 21) two
heads-lengths behind the head, 17 (rarely 19) in midbody, and 17
(rarely 19) two heads-lengths before the vent. About three
lieads-leugths behind the head, the rows reduce to 17 by a fusion
of the 4th and 5th rows above the ventrals. About three heads-
lengths further back the 4th row again divides to establish, 19 fur
a few rows, and again about two heads-leng-ths further back the
4th row is again absorbed, and the scale rows then remain 1 7.
Ventrals. — About 5 the breadth of the last costal row. In Wynaad
specimens they number 185 to 197 in the cf , and 194 to 208
in the $ . In Anamallay specimens they range from 214 to 231
in the c? , and from 218 to 230 in the 5, Anal. — Divided;
about twice the breadth of the ventrals. Suhcaudals. — Divided ; 9
to 12 in the cJ , and 6 to 8 in the 2 . Supracaudals. — The scales
on the subtnincate part of the tail have many keels. Terminal
shield. — Large and furnished with two points placed side by side.
Anomalies. — One specimen obtained at Paralaihad 21 scale rows
anteriorly and 17 at midbody and behind. I considered this
merely an aberrant specimen of ocellata and sent it to the British
Museum where my view was confirmed.
I have seen the last ventral sometimes divided.
Dentition. — The maxilla supports 4 to 5 teeth. There are iiu
palatine, or pterygoid teeth. The mandibular series numbers 6 or 7.
(To he continued.)
636
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.
(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE H[LL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY).
BY
T. E. Bell, i.f.s.
{^Continued from 'page 453 0/ Vol. XX V.^
Part XX.
7. Genus — Chiladbs.
There are only two species belonging to this genus and they are both
fairly widely distributed, laius over the whole of India. Ceylou and Burma,
trocliilus inhabiting the same places with Europe, Africa, Asia Minor, Per-
sia to the west in addition as well as the Maiayau sub-region and Austra-
lia ; the former also extends into China. The former is more of a jungle
insect, the latter is found in the driest regions ; the transformations of
both are known and will be found below ; the lar\ le of both are attended by
ants ; that of lams feeds upon Limes, of the other upon Lotus corniculatus.
Colonel Bingham says that the genus is "vtry closely allied to Lyccena,
from which the two forms that are placed under it are kept separate,
more for convenience and because of the character of the wing-markings on
the underside and the peculiar range of the forms, than for the slight
structural difference of veins 3 and 4 of the hindwing being both emitted
from the lowsr apex of cell."
142. Chiiades trochilus, Freyer.— Male Upperside: brown, somewhat variable
in tint. Specimens from dry localities are much paler than those taken in
areas with a comparatively heavy rainfall. Fore wing : uniform, with a
very ill-defined anticiliary dark line in some specimens. Hind wings: a sub-
terminal series of round black spots crowned with pale ochraceous, orange
or even, rarely white ; the posterior four spots generally well defined and
outwardly edged witii white ; the anterior spots obsolescent and without
the interior edging of yellow or the outer edging of white ; a well marked
slender anticiliary black lino. Cilia white, basal halves brown. Underside
pale silky brown. Fore wing : with the following white markings : — a short
line on the inner and outer sides of the discocellulars ; a transverse,
slightly curved, discal series of small, sometimes more or less incomplete
rings ; a transverse, postdiscal series of disconnected slender lunules ; a
sub-terminal series of similar but more regular lunules and a terminal broken
line, followed by a dark unbroken anticiliary line ; the ground-colour
between the two short discocellular lines, that enclosed within each ring of
the discal markings, and between the subterminal lunules and the terminal
line slightly darker than on the rest of the wing ; sometimes nearly black
between the upper three or four pairs of discal lunules. Hindwing: two
short white lines on the discocellulars ; the discal, postdiscal and terminal
markings as on the fore wing, except that enclosed between the subtermi-
nal series of white lunules and the terminal white line is a complete series
of dark spots, the posterior three or four jet-black sprinkled outwardly
with metallic-green scales and encircled with pale ochraceous. In addition
there are a transverse subbasal series of four white-encircled black spots
and a similar subcostal spot in middle of interspace 7. Antennae, head,
thorax and abdomen brown, the shaft of the antenniTC speckled with white
THE COMAJON B UTTERFLIE^ OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA . 637
beneath : palpi, thorax ami abdomen white. Female. Upper and Undersides:
Jiround-colour and markiiiiis as in the male, but the latter ]arfi;er and more
clearly dotined ; on the hind wing the yellow crowning the black spot.s on
the tornal area on the upper sid.- and surrounding the same on the under-
side, wider and more prominent. Antenn;e, head, thorax and abdomen
as in the male. Expanse : Male and female, 171*0 mm.
Larva. — Shape, tliat of the normal /Azera, Nacaduha, &.c. The ventrum
is flat, the dorsum rounded, the sides sloping, the segments somewhat
constricted, especially on the dorsum ; segnmnt 2 semi-circvdar in out-line
thickened round the free margin , the dorsum with the usual diamond-shaped
ilepression at eacb lateral corner of which is a single, erect, short hair ; the
rest of the segment covered with small, porrect, darkish hairs along the free
margin and minute, sessile, star-topped hairs on the rest, the bottom of
the depression benig smooth and occupying nearly half the width and
length of the segment ; anal segment parabolic in out-line, dorsally
more or less Hat, sloping to hinder margin ; segments 11, 12, 13 are also
rather flattened dorsally and slope siiiularly to the anal one ; the larva is
broadest at segment o, thence gently narrowing to anal end The head is
large and generally kept hidden under segment 2 ; round, smooth,
shining, black or very dark brown ; labrum and autennie white ;
clypous triangular. The surface of the body is covered more or less
thickly with minute, white, sessile, star-topped hairs and there is a
subdorsal line of erect or, sometimes, slightly curved, simple, longer
hairs as well as a similar line along the dorsoventral margin : all more
or less white ; the circular organ-holes on segment 12 are present, large
and orange in colour ; the transverse, mouth-shaped gland on segment 11
is also very evident. The spiracles are small, nearly round, white and flush
with the general surface. The colour of the body is green, rendered hoary
by the presence of the white-topped hairs ; with a subdorsal, white line, the
dorsum above it (^or them, as there are of course tw^o) dark-green and a sub-
spiracular, white line all along the dorsoventral margin ; in between the
aubspiracular and subdorsal lines there are two, indistinct, parallel, white,
diagonal lines running from anteriorly above backwards towards the hinder
juargin of each segment o to 10 ; ventrum green with the sides also set
with star-topped, white hairs. L : 9 mm.; B. 2'75 mm.
Pupa. — The pupa is of the usual type belonging to the larva : it is neither
very stout nor yet very narrow; it is constricted dorsally behind the thorax
though not laterally ; it is broadest at segments 7, 8 ; it has the anal end
rounded and segments 13. 14 turned under; the sides from the somewhat
prominent shoulders backwards to segment (i are nearly parallel ; the
thorax is distinctly humped and inclined to be keeled in the dorsal line
with the hinder margin a somewhat narrow curv^e making an angle with the
wings which is rounded and open ; segment 2 is a nearly perfect oblong in
shape seen from above, the head just showing in front of it as a short con-
vexity, thus making the front of the pupa rounded ; the frons is in a plane
at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the pupa and is high. The
surface is shining and smooth except for a lot of minute tubercles, each
>)earing a single, short, erect, white hair: there are also some hairs on the
margin of the mouth in front ; there are none on the wings. The spiracles
of segment 2 are light brown, linear ovals ; the rest are small, nearly round,
very slightly prominent and yellowish in colour. The colour of the pupa
is plain grass-green. L : 11* 0 mm. ; B: 2* 2o mm.
Habits. — The eggs are deposited singly in the axil of a leaf or on
the underside of one, or on a Hower or fruit. The larva lives any-
where on the plant when it is full-grown and is intermittently at-
638 JOUHyAL. BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
tended by ants of the geniis Vrenolepis, probabl}- also by others ;
but the imagines always seem to choose plants with ants on them
for ovipositing. It was noticed that, in Sind, a species of the
hymenopteroiTS genus Ammofhila takes large toll of these caterpillars
to bury in the ground in burrows prepared for the purpose. The
wasp stores a certain number at the bottom of the hole, lays one egg
amongst them when it judges there are sufficient to satisfy the
resulting grub and then closes up the passage with earth, always
finished off, to more effectually hide the mouth or opening (?) wdth
a small piece of stone or shell. The butterfly is one of the very
smallest of the Lyca'nida', easily distinguished from all others by
the prominent, marginal row of 3-6 more or less round, black spots
on the underside of the hindvving, each spot speckled with metallic-
green. It inhabits desert tracts and regions of heavj^ rainfall,
jungles and open countrj^, plains and hills, but does not seem to
occur at any great elevation. It is a weak-fljdng insect and never
rises an}' great distance from the ground, it settles frequently on
low herbage, diligently visits flowers and rests in the usual manner
with closed wings but sits often with them well opened basking in
the sun. It is fond of open spaces wherever it occurs and loves the
sun at all times. The foodplant of the larva is Lotus corniculaius .
De Niceville also gives Heliotropum strkjosuw which often grows
with Jjotus. The distribution of the insect is : throughout British
India; South-eastern Europe; Africa; Arabia; Central Asia; and
through the Malayan Sub-region to Australia.
143. Chiiades laius, Cramer. — Wet season brood. — Male Upperside : bluish
purple. Fore wing : base and basal half of costa flushed with pale blue
costa and termen edged by a slender dark brownish-black even line, beyond
which along the termen the cilia are brown at base, white outwardly.
Hind wing : costa somewhat broadly dusky black ; a slender black cons-
picuous anticiliary line, beyond which the cilia are white traversed medially
by a brown line ; dorsum broadly pale brown, two subterminal pale bord-
ered black spots in interspace 1, and one similar spot in interspace 2,
often obsolescent and barely indicated. Underside: grey. Fore wing : a
transverse broad hinule on the discocellulars and a transverse discal
series of six spots dark brown, the lunule and each of the discal spots
edged with white ; the posterior four spots of the discal series elongate
and each obliquely placed, the anterior two round and curved inwards ;
a subterminal series of transverse elongate spots with an inner series of
lunviles dusky brown, both series edged inwardly and outwardly with
white ; finally, an anticiliary slender black line. Cilia white, medially
traversed by a dark brown line. Hind wing : the following jet-black spots
slenderly encircled with Ytfliite : — a transverse subbasal series of four and
a subcostal spot somewhat larger than the others in the middle of inter-
space 7 : below the latter a catenulated line of slenderly white-edged
dusky-brown spots, including the lunular spot on the discocellulars,
crosses the wing, and beyond these opposite the apex of the cell are three
similar discal • spots, the middle one elongate ; the terminal markings
consist of an inner continuous subterminal series of dusky lunules, bordered
inwardly and outwardly with white, an outer subterminal series of
THE COMMOX nUTTEliFLlES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. ()39
inv\nrdly couical dusky-brown spots, and a slender anticiliary black line.
TIr' posterior two spots of the outer line of subterniinal markings are also
black. Cilia white. Antenna" black : the shafts ringed with white ; head,
thorax ami abdomen brown, the heail, thorax and base of the abdomen
with a little blue scaling ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Female. L'yjyw.Naff : dark brown. Fore and hind wings from their bases
outwards to a varying extent shot with bright iridescent blue, this colour
not extended on either wing to the costa, termon or dorsum. Hind wing :
in addition a curved postdiscal series of whitish lunules very often
obsolescent, in some specimens entirely wanting; followed by a subter-
niinal series of black, narrowly white-encircled spots that are often
"bscure and in some specimens do not reach the apex. Anticiliary black
lines and cilia as in the male. Underside : precisely similar to that of the
male. Antennte, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.
Dri/-seas</n hvood. — Male and female. Closely resemble specimens of the
wet-season brood, but can always be distinguished by the somewhat paler
ground-colour of the upperside, while on the underside both sexes bear a
large nebulous brown patch on the hindwing posteriorly. Sometimes the
ground-colour on the underside is much paler, almost white, especially in
the female. Expanse : Male and female, 28"-32 mm.
Larra. — Of the usual normal shape of Nacaduha, ttc. Head black, smooth
shining. The constrictions between the segments slight ; the usual gland
and extensile organs present. The surface of the body but very slightly,
shagreened, covered with extremely fine and short, downy hairs. Colour
green of the shade of the lime leaves it feeds upon ; a dark green dorsal
line ; a pale, subdorsal line and a similar, subspiracular one. L : 10 mm.
Pupa. — Of the Nacaduba type, with a dorsal and lateral series of some-
what obscure, conjoined, brownish spots on the dorsal region ; otherwise
plani green.
Ikihits : — The above description of larva and pnpa is taken from
de Nicevilles Butterflies of India. Burma and Cejdon. The follow-
ing habits have also been noted by that author : — The larva feeds
upon the young leaves of Lime and Pomelo. The pupa is formed
on the iindersides of leaves and is quite normal in its attachment.
The butterfly is found in Baluchistan ; X. W. Himalayas, not
ascending above 6,000 or 7,000 feet; N. W. Provinces, eastwards
to Bengal and Assam, southwards through Central, Western and
Southern India to Ceylon ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Southern China.
8. Genus — Talicada.
The genus consists of a single species confined to Western and Southern
India ; Ceylon, Assam and Upper Burma. The sexes are absolutely
similar, the upperside glossy black with a large vennillion, anal patch on
the hind wing and the cilia chequered black and white ; the underside is
white with black spots and bands. The larva is peculiar in that it feeds in
the inside of leaves of Bnjophyllum cfdycinum and Kalanchoe of the order
Crassulaeea;, the home Stonecrops. It is hardly ever attended by ants.
The flight of the butterfly is weak : it never rises high and does not often
come to flowers. It is found from sea-level up to, at least 2,o00 feet and
slightly over.
144. Talicada nyseus, Guorin. Male — (PI. G. fig., 46) — and Female.
Upverside : black or brownish black, in fresh specimens in certain lights
with a dull purplish flush. Fore wing : uniform, with a very slender
thread-like edging of white to the costa. Hind wing : a large conspicuous
640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
orange-red patch on the posterior terminal half of the wing between the
dorsum and vein 7 ; this patch does not extend quite to the termen but
leaves a narrow edging of the black ground-colour which is produced
inwards in short conical projections in interspaces 2 to 5. Cilia oi both fore
and hind wings chequered with black and white alternately. Under-
side : silvery white. Fore wing : a short line inider the costal vein from
base ; a quadrate spot on the discocellulars ; a broad, transverse, discal
band and the terminal third of the wing : jet-black ; the discal baud is irre-
gular, dislocated on vein 3, the posterior portion shifted inwards and
joined on to the black area on the posterior terminal third of the wing by
projections of black on the dorsum, along veins 3 and between venis 4 and
~> ; the black area on terminal third of the wing encloses a transverse, post-
discal series of small, round and a subterminal, transversely-linear series
of spots of the white ground-colour. Hind wing : one spot at base, a
subbasal transverse series of three spots; a medial, similar series
of four somewhat elongate spots and a transverse, short, postdiscal
bar between veins 4 and 6, and, often, some postmedial, further dots
jet-black ; terminal third of the wing above vein 7 jet-black, below that
vein deep orange-red, the whole area (both the black and the red) medially
traversed by a transverse curved series of round spots of the white ground
colour and margined outwardly by a series of transverse, verj^ short and
very slender lines of the same in the interspaces : anticiliary line black.
Cilia of both fore and hind wings chequered as on the upperside ; a short
lilamentous tail at ajiex of vein 2 black, tipped white. Antenmy, head
thorax and abdomen black, shaft of the antennse ringed with white ;
beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Expanse ; Male and female,
.33-42 mm.
Effff. — Turban-shaped, covered on the sides with rough, convex, roundish
excrescences, each one with a depression in the middle and each connected
with the immediately surrounding ones by fine low ridges ; the top of the
egg is nearly fiat and is finely reticulated except in a small, central area
which is slightly raised and smooth. The colour is light enamel-green, the .
ridges and excrescences pure white. B : O. 8 mm.
Larva.— The shape is that of Nacaduba more or less, but is somewhat
llattened. It is broadest at segments 8 and 9, although nearly of the same
breadth from 3 to 10 ; highest at segment 7 ; anal segments flattened, anal
segment itself rather square at extremity ; each segment has a lateral de-
pression parallel to its margin, the yrd and 4th being dented also in the
dorsal line more or less circularly, giving these two segments a depressed
appearance in that region. Surface covered with sparsely disposed, short,
light hairs wliich are longer round the body margin. Spiracles conspicuous
being rather large, quite circular and deep black. Colour shining trans-
lucent-looking yellowish white, nearly transparent on the margins of the
body ; ventrum the same colour. L : about 10 mm ; B : 3 mm.
fupa — Rather narrow but, on the whole, normal and like the Nacaduha
group. Head hidden from above ; segment 2 rounded in front ; thorax is
convex and slightly compressed ; the constriction at segment 4 is slight
dorsally and still less laterally ; transverse section of abdomen nearly
circular, slightly depressed ventrally ; anal end rounded ; broadest at
segments 7 and 8 ; highest at thorax. Surface of the body clothed with
comprativly long, light-coloured, diffuse, erect, translucent hairs all over
except on the wing-cases. Spiracles of segment 2 are indicated by
longly oval, raised, light coloured, low risings ; the others are longly oval,
light in colour — the colour of the body. The colour of the pupa is
a light cream with two black spots at each shoulder, another, dorsal,
at the hinder margin of segment 2, a lateral black spot near the
THE COMMON JiUTTEliFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA . 64 1
anterior margin of thorax, a lateral, oontrnl one on segment 4 ; a
lateral ami dorsal ono on each of the segments 5 to 10, two central spots
on segment 1 1 ; abdomen darker in colour than the rest, ventrum lighter.
Ij : II mm. ; 11 : nearly I mm.
7/«/n7.s : — The egg is laid, one at a time, on a leaf stalk or on the
stem ; sometimes, even on a dry leaf on the ground near the plants
which are always gregarious. When the little larva emerg-es it
immediatel}' bores into one of the flat leaves and, during the whole
of its life, lives between tlu> upper and under cuticles, raining the
soft tissue between and oidy ct)nung out to pupate. Its habits of
internal feeding accounts for its livid colouring; the passages which
often widen out and disappear in wholesale mining, are always
damp and dirty as the excremental refuse remains where it is
<leposited. The larva shams death when taken out of its leaf
and is then (juitt^ hai'd to the touch. It is only rarely attended by
ants. The pupa is often attached to a leaf, either on the upperside
or underside ; Init it may be found auyAvhere in the vicinity of the
plants and is strongly attached by the tail and a bodj'-band. The
stages are rapidly passed throiigh and the butterfly emerges generally
in the morning as do, indeed, nearly all the Li/ccenidce. It is a
somewhat vveak-flying insect and never rises far from the ground,
upon which it frequently settles, it invarial)ly rests with the Avings
t;losed over the back and always upon the upper surface of Avhatever
it alights upon ; it is Ibinid always in the neighbourhood of the
foodplant where it flies about in the aindergrowth for quite long-
periods without coming to rest. It is extremely plentiful wher-
ever it exists and prefers shade to the bright, hot sunlight. The
foodplant it has been bred on is Bryrophylhrin calycinum, of the
Natural Order CrassiUaceai, the Stonecrop Famih^ The plant grows
in shady places all over the } 'residency of Bombay from sea-level
upwards and may be recognized at once by its succulent, opposite
leaves with crenate margins which, if placed on moist soil, produce
new plants from the notches round the margins ; by its large termi-
nal, erect panicles of greeuish-purpie, pendulous rather large, oval
shaped flowers with large, inflated cahces ; and by these liowers-
'■ popping" when squeezed between the lingers. De Niceville*
says the larva feeds also upon Kalancho'a, another member of the
same family. The presence of the larva can be easily seen by
the withered look of the leaves with the inside eaten out of them.
The insect is found in Central, West and Southern India ; Ceylon ;
Assam and Upper Burma. The figure 49 on plate G, published at
page 482, A'ol. XXlIf, is a very successful representation of the
insect.
9. Genus — LyOiENESTHEs.
There are only two species belonging here and both exist, practically,
throughout India and right away through Burma to Australia ; more particn-
16
642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
lar details are given under the species. The genus is characterised, by
havino- three very short tails to the hind wing, hardly more j)rominent than
the cilia or fringe-hairs — they are, in fact, slightly elongated cilia. The
two species difler in shape and have slightly difi'erently shaped larvae and
pup^e also. De Niceville says " The venation of this genus is most ordi-
narjr ; it does not present a single peculiarity, nor has the male any
secondary, sexual characters." (Butterflies of India, Burmahand Ceylon).
He also informs us that there are 29 species in the genus, mostly from
Africa, but that a few are from the Malayan Archipelago. The transforma-
tions of both our species are known. The larvte are both attended by ants,
th.?it ot emolus always and constantly by Q'xovhijlla smarar/dina, that of
lyccenina very occasionally by Camjmnotus, (Ecophijlla and others. The
butterflies are both strong fliers and the males bask on the upper surfaces
of leaves on the tops of the high trees; both sexes come sparingly to
flowers and may be seen sucking moisture from damp places on the ground
on hot days at the beginning of the monsoon and just before it. They rest
with the wings closed over the back but bask with them partially opened.
Both the species are not at all uncommon in the Kanara District of the
Bombay Presidency but are more or less confined to the hillj^ parts from
sea-level upwards.
145, Lycaonesthes lycaenina, Felder. — Male. Upperside -. purplish-violet ; in
certain lights with a bluish shade because of a covering of appressed, white,
longish hairs all over the disc of both wings, leaving only the costal and
terminal margins bare. Fore wing : a narrow decreasingly broad costal
margin bare of hairs and. therfore, darker looking ; the apex itself again
more 'broadly bare decreasing to tornal angle ; deep blue at base where
the hairs are also much loncer below vein 1 and a fringe alono; inner mar-
gin. Hind wing : similar, but the hairs are much more sparse on the disc,
longer again below vein 2 ; costal and abdominal and inner margins brown,
the former bare, the latter clothed with long, white hairs ; a faint, blackish
spot near the margin in interspaces 1 and 2. Underside: light satiny brown
with white, transverse lines on both wings and black spots on the hind
wings. Fore wing: a short line on each side of tlie discocellular nervules ;
a medial, lunulate, line in continuation of the outer discocellular line down
as far as vein la ; a postmedial, lunulate line from costa to vein la : all more
or less parallel to, and equidistant from, each i)ther; another, further out,
also equidistant and parallel, from costa to vein P> ; all the lunules outwardly
convex ; a lubterminal, complete, transverse series of lunules inwardly con-
vex-angulate and a pair of terminal lines, the inner more or less lunulate,
the outer faint, broken and straight ; and deep brown line or narrow band
before the cilia ; the cilia brown except in interspace la where they are
white — the colour of the wing below vein la is itself white. Hind wing : a
black, white-ringed, subbasal dot or spot in interspace 7 touching vein 8 ;
another, similar, on inner margin ; a minute, black spot nearly blinded by
the surrounding, white scales at the anal angle in interspace la ; a larger
one, submarginal, in interspace 2 crowned interiorly by an orange lunule
and margined exteriorly by plentiful, white scaling ; the following mark-
ings, beginning from outside : cilia golden light-brown with extreme base
pure white ; a narrow, brown, anticiliary line finely bordered inside with
white : then a series of inwardly angulated lunules from anal margin to
interspace 5 ; followed by another series of similar lunules in the same
interspaces, these two series enclosing the orange-crowned, black spot in
interspace 2; and the following pairs of lunules in the specified interspaces,
the outer one convex outwards, the inner concave, each pair forming a
sort of broken ring : in interspace la : one pair near the middle ; in inter-
space 1 : 2 pairs, one postmedial, the other antemedial ; interspaces 2 and
THE COMMON BUTTEllFLIEU OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. «)4.i
;i : one pair in each at the base : iiiturapace 4 : throe pairs, one basal, one
medial, one postmcilial ; interspace 5 : two, the one at middle, the other
postmedial ; interspaces (J and 7 : two. one at base, one snbterminal ; all
these broken rings forming irregnlar ell'orts at transverse bands. Head
above dusky, the eyes ringed with white, the frons dusky black ; thorax
black with long, appressed hairs, blue in front, white behind ; abdomen
black powdered with white scales ; palpi : black. Helow : abdomen and
thorax whitish, the former with long hairs ; palpi speckled black and white
on end joint ; white on second joint. Antennju black, tinelj' ringed white ;
club long, orange on the inside, t'ilia with the basal half brown, preceded
by an anticiliary, brown line ; the extreme half grey. Female. Uppcrside :
hair-brown with a slight bronzey lustre, darkest along costa, the base of
wing powdered with violet-blue scales getting sparser outwards to a vary-
ing extent but always leaving a more or less broad, costal margin and a
rather broader, terminal margin of ground colour ; a slight anticiliary,
dark-brown line or narrow band. The discs of the wings have no appressed
hairs. Fore wing : cilia with basal half the colour of wing, the outer half
dark-grey. Hind wing : similar to fore wing but at the anal angle the
anticiliary, brown band or line finely bordered bluish-white in inter-
spaces 1,2, 3 ; a dusky spot, faint in 3, each one finely margined
bluish-white inwardly ; a frfnge of c27/rt-like, fine, white hairs along
inner margin and some appressed, white, longish hairs on hinder, basal
area. Underside : darker brown than in the male with no satiny gloss ;
markings similar but plainer ; sometime, on the hind wing, some black
scales at the outer margins of interspaces 1 and 3 as well as the black spots
in la and 2 ; also the terminal, white, fine line bordering the anticiliary,
brown line, is continued to the costa and the cilia are more largely white
at base. Head and eyes, thorax and abdomen as in the male ; antennte
with hardly any orange on the club. The wings similar in shape with the
same tufts at ends of veins 1-4 of the hind wing. Expanse : 28'32 mm.
De Niceville says : " Lt/c(Pnest/ies lyccenina may be usually known from
emolus in the male by its brighter and lighter piirple coloration f»n the
upperside ; the apex of the fore wing is more acute, the outer margin
straighter ; in the hind wing the outer margin seems to be truncated, the
anal angle acute instead of being rounded. On the underside the markings
are usually more prominent, the discal band in both sexes on both «\ings is
more or less broken in the middle, very markedly so on the hind wing,
while in emolus it is continuous. In hiccenina there is almost always a
black spot near the base of the hind wing touching vein 8 which is never
present in emolus ; this spot is often small and inconspicuous, sometimes
absent altogether ; similarly also the subanal, black spot is sometimes
entirely absent ; and this latter variation has been described as a distinct
species by Mr. Moore iLyc(Pnestkes orissica, Moore, Journ. A. S. B., vol. iii
Jit, 2, p. 23.) Habitat: Orissa. Expanse: Male, 99 of an inch equalling
i:2"5 mm. It is always a fact that, in undersized specimens, spots and mark-
ings tend to disappear. Colonel Bingham says : " the short band on the
discocellulars and the anterior portion of the discal band form two bran-
ches, the lower portion of the discal band the stem, of a rough Y-shaped
ligure" which they do, distinguishing the species at once from emolus.
Larva. — This is of the ordinary wood-louse, shape, rather broad and stout,
and has each segment prominently swollen-looking, this being caused by
each segment rising from the front margin to the hinder margin where it
suddenly falls again : the thickening is rounded and not angled anywhere
and is most prominent between the dorsolateral lines on the dorsum, for
below that region the surface is more or less flat though still somewhat
higher than the actual margins of the segments ; the anal end shelves
H44 JOVIiNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
from the gland on segment 11 ; segments 12-14 are one piece with
the divisions invisible, the slope being at an angle of about 30 ° with
the longitudinal axis : the extremity is broadly rounded. Besides thc
rather small, transverse gland on segment 11, the two small extensile
organs on segment 12 are also present, the openings being circular and in
the usual position ; segment 2 is semi-circular in outline and has the usual
dorsal depression which is shallow ; segment 3 has the thickening from the
hinder margin forward instead of vice-versa as in the other segments so
that it overhangs segment 2. Head small, round, light-yellow in colour,
very smooth and shining — the clypeus is triangular, the jaws and eyes dark
red-brown and black respectively. Surface only slightly shining, covered
with mmute, short, light, semi-appressed hairs all over, these hairs with
thickened bases and only visible with a strong lens ; some longer hairs
round the front margin of segment 2 and round the extreme margin of the
anal flap ; there is a small, round depression on dorsum of each segment
3-5, another on the front margin of segment 2 and a lateral, longitudinal
depression on, and parallel to the margins of segments 3-6. The spiracles
are small, flush, round, white in colour and are situated well above the
dorso ventral line. The colour is enamel-white with a dark-green, dorso-
lateral triangle with its base on the front margin of each segment, the apex
running back in a thin band to join a green' band along the hinder margin
.jf the segment from the dorsolateral region to the dorsoventral line ; this
band about one-quarter as wide as the segment is long; besides: a dorsal,
green triangle on each segment, its base on the front margin, not
reaching the dorsolateral line or triangle, its apex situated about the
middle ot the segment ; the upper side of dorsal triangle border-
ed thinly maroon ; also a maroon spot at the bottom of tne band along the
hinder margins of the segments near the dorsoventral margin and a
maroon, thin, dorsal line, interrupted on the green triangles ; ventrum
light-green.
Another larva was dark-green with a deep rose-coloured but rather fine,
very distinct, dorsal line ; . a large, triangular, greenish-yellow, subdorsal
patch touching the dorsal line in one basal angle at hinder margin of each
segment 3-10, each triangle bordered below narrowly by deep rose-
colour ; a subspiracular, yellow band interrupted at segment-margins by a
deep rose-coloured mark on segments 4-10 : the dorsal line extends from
segments 3 to anal extremity. L: 16 mm.; B: 3-5 mm. at segment 7
which is the broadest part.
Pupa.—'lhe pupa resembles that of Li/ccenest/ies emolus in general appear-
ance except that it is more robust than that, more compact. The dia-
mond-shaped mark on the hinder dorsal slope of the thorax is also present-
indeed it is this mark which makes the resemblance so striking. The body
is blunt in front, the vertex of the head being flat and in a plane at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the pupa ; the head is quite invisible from
above : segment 2 is more or less semi-circular in outline as regards the
front margin though somewhat adapted to fit the flat head-surface; the dorsal
slope of segment 2 is ascending at an angle of about 4-5° to the longitudinal
axis and is the same as the slope of the anterior part of thorax; the thorax
is but little humped, its highest part being very close to the hinder margin,
the fall to segment 4 being sudden though small; there is no constriction
worth the name at segment 4 either dorsally or laterally ; the broad-
est part is at segment 7 though there is very little dift'erence any-
where between that and the shoulders ; the anal end is somewhat broadly
rounded. The surface of the body is covered with very minute, white
tubercles, not particularly dense. The spiracles of segment 2 are narrow,
white slits, the rest are slightly raised, oval and white. The colour is
THE COMMON B UTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA . «J45
green with inlorsal, thoracic, yellow lino, the thoracic, ilorsal diamond-mark
being yellow margined with brown ; a lateral, interrupted, yellowish line ;
ventriim whitish ; margins of segments 1-2 and 2-3 and the wings show
whitish-yellow ; the whole pupa more or less spotted. L: 10 mm.; B: 4* 5 mm
at middle, 4 mm, at thorax-apex.
Habits: — The egg is laid on a flower or in the axilola flower-stalk
and the larva at first bores into a flower-bud but afterwards lives
outside, generally curled round a bud, feeding on it ; and it is very
diflicult to see owing to its patcli}^ colouration. It pupates amongst
the flowers or on a flower-stalk, or on a leaf, fixing itself by a body-
band and the tail. The larva is not much attended by ants and does
not seem to be in awy way dependent on them ; these insects do, how-
ever, occasionally visit it — which, of course, besides, is proved by the
existence of the gland and extensile organs. The butterfly is a
strong flier and frequents the tops of trees rather more than the
lower places. The foodplauts of the larva are Wagatea spicata
(Leyuminoseoe) and Buchananm latifolla (Anacardiucece), the one an
extensive, thorny climber with long spikes of scarlet and yellow
flowers known in the vernacular as Wagati ; the other a small tree
of not much worth, with large leaves and masses of small, greenish-
white flowers when in bloom, called Char or Charoli in marathi and
Nurkal in kanavese. Both these plants are often infested with red
ants from which may be gathered the fact, as they are so far apart
botauicall}" from each other, that the butterfly is guided, in the
choice of a place for its eggs, more by the presence of these insects
than by the species of the foodplant of the larva, which seems
curious considering the casual way in which the ants att%nd the
latter. The butterfly is a powerful flier resting on the leaves ot
high trees, b;Asks with the wings half opened, sits with them closed
over the back in the normal wa}-; is often to be found sucking-
moisture from damp places on the ground and is occasionally met
with on flowers. It has a wide distribution : Sikkim ; Bengal; Orissa;
Western and Southern India ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenass-
erim ; Siam ; the Mala}^ Peninsula and Borneo. It is probably more
or less confined to the hills.
146. Lycaenesthes emolus, Godart. — Male. Upperside : bright, shining pur-
ple in certain lights ; duller in others, the wings more romuled on the outer
margins than in hjcanina, the tufts of hair at the ends of veins 1-4 of the
hind wing less developed ; no appressed, white hair on disc of fore wing but
the cell of hind wing and below vein 1 clothed sparsely with such ; the cUia
perhaps browner than in lijccenina, otherwise everything as in that species.
Underside : darker brown with no lustre, marked with white, transverse lines
on the fore wing and black spots in addition on the hind wing. Fore win" :
a white line on each side of the discocellulars ; a pair of straight or lunulate.
parallel lines, forming a postmedial, outwardly convex band of the same
width as the distance between the discocellular pair of lines and about the
same distance removed from the outer of these ; in each of the interspace.s
1-7, arranged in detail as follows : in interspace 1, both parallel, straight,
directed diagonally outwards, in interspace 2 erect, parallel, also straight, in
646 JOURyAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXF.
continuation of these : in 3, both outwardly convex, parallel, the inner one in
continuation of the outer of interspace 2 ; in 4, the outer outwardly convex,
the inner outwardly concave and from a point half way between the pair iu
interspace 3 ; in interspaces 5, 6, 7, the lines in continuation of each other,
the outer convex outwardly, the inner concave outwardly, the outer con-
tinuous with the outer line of interspace 4, the inner originating from a
point further in than the inner line of interspace 4 ; the spaces included
between these pairs of lines darker than the ground-colour : afterwards : a
narrow, dark-brown band or broad line, transverse, submarginal, bordered
outsiile by a fine, white line : the margin beyond dusky, followed by the
anticiliary blackish line and the brown cilia. Hind wing : the same black
white-ringed, subbasal dot or spot on the inner margin as in lyecsnina — the
costal spot of that species is never present here ; neither is the minute,
black spot at the anal angle in interspace la ; instead of that there is one
ill interspace 1 not to be found in lyccenina ; the black, orange-crowned
spot in interspace 2 present ; and the following white, transverse, lines
arranged in pairs in the interspaces as follows .- — subbasally in interspaces
1, the cell and 7, a pair in each, the inner line of the first being continuous
with the outer line of the pair in the cell, the outer one of the pair in the
cell, continuous with the inner line of the pair in interspace 7, the pair in the
cell besides converging strongly upwards : medially, a pair formed by a
white line on each side of the discocellular nervules ; postmedially, a some-
what irregular band composed of pairs of lines in the interspaces as follows :
in la the two straight, parallel, slanting down from below the subbasal
black spot on inner margin ; in interspace 1 a pair at right angles to the
veins and in continuation with those of la ; in :2 the lines slightly convex
outwards, the inner angiilate, and continuous with the outer of interspace 1 ;
in 3 a short pair at the base of the interspace, the inner angulated and
starting from between the pair iu interspace 2, the outer convex outwards
and starting further out than the outer one of that interspace ; in 4 and o
the lines continuous, both outer ones convex outwards, the inner concave
outwards; and starting slightly further out than the inner of interspace 3 :
in 6 both outwardly convex, parallel, the outer starting between the two of
•'), the inner further in than the inner of 5 ; in 7 exactly the same with
regard to those of tJ, that is, both convex outwards, parallel and moved
inwards ; after these markings there are two complete series of subterminal,
white, angulate lunules concave outwards ; a brown anticiliary line bordered
on each side by a fine, white line, the outer of which is formed by the
white bases of the cilia, but ends at vein 3 after which the bases of these is
dusky as a rule, the outer portion grejash — but this varies in different
specimens. Head dusky on vertex, the frons black, the eyes bordered,
thinly pure white ; thorax black clothed with long, appressed hair which is
dark in front, bluish behind ; abdomen black ; palpi black. Beneath : palpi
with the end joint black, the second white, fringed with black ; thorax
covered with bluish-white, longish hair ; abdomen whitish. Antenna) black,
thinly ringed with white ; the club orange inside and at tip. Female.
TJpperside : brown, the basis of the wings glossed with pale violet-blue on
the fore wing ; in some specimens extended for two-thirds the length of the
wing but leaving always more or less of a broad margin of ground-colour
along the eosta, a still broader margin along the termen and a narrow
edging (often none) along the dorsum ; on the hind wing the blue rarely
extends beyond the basal third. Head, thorax, abdomen, palpi the same
as in the male but the black replaced by brownish. Expanse : 29 — 36 mm.
The species is more constant in markings than lyccenina. Colonel Bing-
ham says, in describing the transverse band formed by the subbasal pairs
of lunules on the underside of the hind winsf that each lunule touches " the
rUK COMMOX BrrTEItFLIES OF TILE PLAINS OF INJ)IA. 647
corresponding lunnlo of the lino next it on the inner sitle, so that in each
interspace the two touching lines of Innules seem to form a series of mark-
ings like X'", which is characteristic of the species.
Lana. — In s/nijx' this larva is somewhat abnormal and rather like that
of Arhopala ceutaurus. The breadth gradually increases from segment 3 to
segment 10 after which it decreases again to the anal end which has
the extermity semi-cireularly ronnded rather broadly ; these last segments
12-14 being llatteiied dorsally with the slope at abont 30^ to the longitu-
dinal axis of the body : there is, however, nowhere any very great difi'er-
enco in breadth : the highest part is about segments 7-9 (varies with the
position the larva assumes ; this being the normal one when it is neither
stretched nor contracted) ; the segments are not anywhere constricted ;
the head is hidden under segment '2, is small, nearly round in shape, shiny
green or greenish yellow in colour ; segment 2 is rather small, nearly semi-
circular in shape, th<iugh somewhat produced in front, rather abnormally
convex transversely, slightly constricted at hinder margin, stretching far
down laterally and with no sign of a dorsal depression — another abnor-
mality. Sur/acf inclined to be greasy-looking, the segmental margins
nowhere well defined ; a central dorsolateral depression on segments
4- 0, the segments sightly shallowly corrugated on sides, a depressed line
above each spiracle and a dorsal, transverse depression on segments 3, 4 ;
the whole body covered with minute, round, white tubercles ; the margins
of segments - and 14 very sparsely and shortly haired ; the gland on
segment, 11 large, transverse, mouth-shaped ; the organs on segments 12
small, circular, white, inconspicuous. tSjiiracles small, flush, round, white,
situated on the very margin of the subspiracular, yellow (yellowish green
in some specimens) band. Colour either dark rose or grass-green ; when the
latter, the sxibspiracular band is yellowish green, bordered above and below
by a yellow line ; this band about .|rd the breadth of the body, the gland rust-
pink as well as the surroundings for a short distance ; when rose-coloured
there is a broad, spiracular, yellow band and a lateral, narrow yellow band
both curving towards the gland on segment 12 at the ends ; and there is
dark, dorsal line on segments 7-9 ; segment 2 has a dorsolateral, green,
longitudinal mark or band on each side of dorsal line in continuation of
the general body pattern ; the markings or pattern of this larva recall those
f Arhopala cPiitaurus very inuch ; the belly or ventrum is dark green.
L : 15 mm.; B : 2*o mm. at segment 2, 4 mm. at segment 10.
Pupa. — More or less normal in shape except as concerns the anal segment
which is here dilated to resemble a horse's hoof though not very accentua-
tedly so — in which, as in the larva, this species resembles Arhopala centau-
ries ; — with its surface absolutely at right angles to the longitudinal axis
of the pupa instead of being turned under as in the majority — nearly all —
lyctenines ; front margin of segment 2 square in front, slightly concave
perhaps along margin — semi-circular in, outline on the whole — hiding the
head from above ; the head with frons fully exposed and not bent
under, rather high ; segment 2 very convex transversely, its dorsal
slope in the same plane as that of the anterior part of thorax ; this
latter humped a little, transversely convex, its apex being the highest
part of the body ( or, perhaps it is segment 7, for there is very little
difference, if any), the apex slightly depressed, the dorsal line obscurely
thin-carinate, its hinder margin produced rather far back in dorsal line,
very nearly triangularly, leaving the segment 4 more than usually
exposed and long, especially laterally because of the broad, rounded, deep
angle at which it meets the wing lines ; constriction behind thorax very
slight, the dorsal outline of abdomen only slightly convex, the ventral
line of pupa straight. -"Surface pupa is slightly shining and covered all over
II
648 JOURNAL, BOMBAl NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
with minute, erect hairs and ghibroiis, fiat tubercles ; a small, depression
laterally in centre of each abdominal segment ; the gland-scar is linear, large,
transverse. The spiracles of segment 2 are very narrow, slightly raised,
rather long and whitish in colour — not very conspicuous : the rest roundly
oval, flush, white, rather conspicuous. Colour varies from blackish pink to
green with the thorax varying from pinkish green to green ; on the pos-
terior slope of the thorax, dorsally is a very conspicuous diamond-shaped
mark extemling from the apex to the hinder margin, light brown in colour
with a broad, brown border ; a dark dorsal, longitudinal line on abdomen,
a lateral row of black spots, one to each little lateral depression and some
small black dots — generally 3 — immediately below each spiracle. In one
green pupa the diamond on the thorax was rustly pinkish with a yellow
dorsal line from its apex to anterior margin of thorax ; another one was
green with a darker green, abdominal, dorsal line ; the green of abdomen
rather yellowish in hue; wings light; ventrum pale; lateral abdominal
depression sometimes touched with black, sometimes not ; shoulder-points,
ditto. L : 15 mm B : 4 mm.
Another larva was rather dark, bright yellow-green with a dark green
dorsal line from segment 3 to segment 14, flanked by a violet tinged, broad
band which, in its turn, was flanked by a dark green, broad, lateral line ;
round the gland : reddish purple.
Habits I — The eggs are laid, generally singly, on the under-
sides of the fresh young leaves of the foodplaut Saraca indica
or Ashok ; these yoiihg leaves hang down limply from the young
branches and twio-s and are often stuck together bv their fresh,
moist surfaces, delicate pink in colour, deeper on the underside
than on the upper, and are nearly always the resort of red ants
(Ecophylla smaragdina, which invariablj^ attend the larvfe. These
latter live on the undersides of the leaves, often half a dozen of dif-
ferent ages together and eat the substance irregularly in holes and
patches ; they exude a copious juice from their large glands and
the ants lap it up wicfi considerable energy and celerity. They are
sluggish larva3 and stick tight to their leaves even when touched,
trusting, possibly, in their immunity from ordinary enemies which
the}^ enjoy through the presence of their defenders, the ants. Ked
ants 65?. masse are never pleasant customers to tackle.
The above foodplant, a well-known small tree where it occurs, is
confined to cool jungles and evergreens, being very plentiful along
water courses in the hilly parts of the Western Ghats in Kanara and
elsewhere. It is a striking object when' in bloom as the flowers are
arrayerl all along the branches — sometimes even on the stems — in
dense, orange, yellow and red clusters and are at times so numerous,
as to produce an absolute blaze of colour against the backgi'ound of
dark green leaves and sombre grey stems which form their usual set-
ting. Place numbers of these trees along the banks of a silver-rip-
pling stream under a dense overhead canopy of giant stems in a deej)
ravine with the clear water sparkling and playing over a
shallow bed of pebbles and many coloured gravels to an insistent
music of gentle gurgles and lonely little splashing noises amidst a
mysterious surrounding of dark corners and dead silence and — there
THi: COMMON BUTTERFUE^i OF THE I'LAISS OF INDIA, (i lit-
is the honit^ of this butterny. Such, at least, was the place where
the Hi'f^t caterpillars were found. Such is the best huuting f^rouud.
surely ; the best place to find them at all times, and to catch the
buttertlies. However, Ashok is not the only foodplant. It is pro-
bable, as happens with most lycasnids the larvae of which ai-e always
attended by ants, that the main attraction or requisite is the pre-
sence of these protectors. Caterpillars have been thus found on
Coinbretum evtensiinl and Torminalia panicnlata ; both belonging
to the family Comhretacea- . Saraca is a genus of Le^juminosece. The
butterfly is a fairly strong flier but keeps more or less to the lower-
vegetation and small trees in the jitngles. It does not fly far at one
time and rests with it wings closed over the back. It has been re-
corded from Sikkim ; Bengal : Orissa ; Kanara on the Western Ghats
in Bombay ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Andamans ; extend-
ing into the Malaj'an Sub-region as far as New^ Guinea.
10. Genus — Everes,
This is a group of tive distinct species covering the whole world except
South America and the Pacific Islands. In India there are three recognised
species of which only Eveirs argiades concerns ns here. This particular
butterfly is found in North America, all through Central and Southern
Europe except in Britain and Spain : practically throughout Asia except in
the extreme north ; throughout the Malayan Sub-region to Australia and, in
the limits of British India, throughout India ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ;
Tenasserim : the Nicobars.
147. Everes argiades, PaUas. A very variable form especially in the colouring
on the upperside in the female. Male. Upperside : violet of lighter or darker
shade. Fore wing : a terminal edging of brown of varying width and an
obscure, anticiliary, black line ; costa generally with a very narrow line of
brown ; cilia brown at base, white outwardly. Hind wing : costal margin
more or less broadly brown, this brown edging continued in some specimens
down the termen to the tornal angle, in others only for a short distance
or not at all ; subterminal, black spots in the posterior three or four inter-
spaces, the one in interspace 2 largest, the two in interspace 1 minute,
sometimes geminate ; generally the spots are outwardly edged very narrowly
with white ; finally an anticiliary slender black lijie much more prominent
than on the fore wing ; tail black tipped with white. Underside : white to
brownish-grey, the markings sometimes prominent, very often pale and
faint, those constituting the discal bands on both fore and hind wings
round and black, or transverse, linear and pale brownish. Fore wing : a
short transverse line on the discocellulars : a transverse discal row of spots
followed by an inner and an outer subterminal maculate band which may be
slender and well marked or with the inner band broad and each spot com-
posing it diffuse ; finally, an anticiliary, very slender, black line. Hind-
wing : a transverse, subbasal series of two, sometimes three, black spots ;
a slender, short, brownish line on the discocellulars ; a transverse, discal,
bisinuate series of black spots followed by a somewhat obscure, postdiscal,
transverse series of black or pale brownish lunnles, a subterminal series of
black spots and a slender, anticiliary, black line ; the subterminal portions
of interspaces 2 and 3, sometimes of 4 and 5 also, that lie between post-
discal series of lunules and the outer edge of the subterminal row of spots
uchraceous yellow, the spots themselves in interspaces 12 and 3 much larger
17
<j.j0 JOUlilSAL, BOMBAY yATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, T'U. XXF.
than the others. Antenuse black, the shafts speckled as usual with white ;
head, thorax and abdomen brown, with a pale purplish flush on the thorax
and abdomen in fresh specimens ; beneath : palpi, thorax and abdomen
white or grey. Female. Upperside : in the commonest form dark greyish-
blue. Fore wing : the costa, apex and termen very broadly fuscous-black,
with an obscure, black, anticiliary line as in the male. Hind wing : as in
the male but the costal dusky brownish-black edging much broader, always
more or less contmued along the termen ; the subterminal rows of spots
often nearly complete to apex, those in interspaces 2 and 3 very large and
■crowned inwardly with ochraceous yellow, in some specimens more or less
obsolescent. Specimens of the female with the ground-colour on the upper-
side entirely brown and the terminal markings on the hind wing indistinct
a,re not uncommon. Underside: as in the male, the markings on the whole
more distinct. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but
without the purplish flush seen on some specimens of the latter. Expanse ;
male and female, 23-30 mm.
Egg. — Circular in shape, depressed ; the upper surface very slightly sun-
ken, almost flat ; twice as broad as high. Surface covered with reticula-
tions, forming little cells of various shapes with an irregular net -work-
pattern of triangles and squares with irregular sides ; the intersections of
the lines forming the cells are thickened in various degrees and prominent,
some more prominent than others ; on the depressed part of the top or
crown the reticulations are without knobs at the intersections ; the knobs
on the sides diminish in height towards the base; the central micropyle is
darker than the rest of the egg and is more or less smooth and irregular in
•contour on the whole ; surface is slightly shining ; the bottoms of the cells
finely granular. Colour clear greenish-blue with the reticulations and
knobs white. B : O. o mm. ; H : O. 25 mm.
Laroa. — In the first stage is like all other lycfenid larvje in shape. Head
shining, greenish-olive with black mandibles and eyes ; round in shape.
Surface dull, sprinkled with minute, black points ; the dorsum is depressed
down the dorsal line and, on each side of it on each segment are two
subdorsal long, white, serrated hairs curving backwards, the anterior one
the longer ; laterally are two spiracle-like discs outlined with dark olive :
below these again, supraspiracular, are two minute tubercles, each bearing
a club-shaped hair except on segments 6, 7, 8 which have hairs only on the
X^osterior tubercle ; a subspiracular row of three long, dark-based hairs
projecting laterally on each segment ; some similar serrated hairs on the
lateral, ventral surface and shorter ones on the pseudo-legs. The sides of
the body are sloping from the dorsal hairs to the dorsoventral margin.
Colour pale ochraceous in shade, pale grey in bright light ; whitish to the
naked eye. L : O. 7o mm. finally 2 mm. before the first moult. In the
second stage the body is considerably humped doisally in segments 3 to 10,
segments 2, 11, 12, 13 being rather depressed with a decided lateral ridge.
Head shining black, set with a few fine, whitish hairs. Surface is finely
granulated and studded all over with serrated hairs of various lengths,
the subdorsal and lateral ones longest and curved ; the former dusky,
the latter whitish, all with bulbous bases from which rise thorn-like,
minute spines so that each base forms a star-like body ; numerous
discs, besides, scattered over the body. Colour pale yellow with a dorsal,
longitudinal, brownish stripe ; a diagonal, lateral, brownish stripe to
each segment and a sub-spiracular, rust-coloured line, bordered above
with whitish. Other forms occur : pale greenish with slightly darker
markings. L : 2 mm.
After this, the shape is very similar to the last, but on segment 11 there
is a rudimentary gland surrounded by minute, star-like processes and a
TIU: CO.yfMOX BUTTERFUKS of tile I'L. \ISS of IMJIA. Gol
fringe of Jolicato white sjunos ami bristles, each bearing' a tuft of oxtreiiioly
tine spino-liko liairs. Both forms of colouriiif^ now more or less approach
oiuh other. L : o mn\.
After the third uionlt in the fourth stage that is — the sm-facr' is thickly
sprinkknl with serrated hairs of ditiereut lengths, the subdorsal ones the
longest, all with swollen, star-like bases varying in form and colour : some
are brownish, others shining whitish resembling little glass petals ; numer-
ous discs scattered all over the body. Spirac/fs prominent, round, outlined
with brown. Colour a beautiful, clear green with a darker green, longitudi-
nal, dorsal line, three longitudinal rows of diagonal, green, lateral mark-
ings and a waved, dull-green, lateral band bordered below by a pale line ;
jind faint dull brownish-pink streaks. The gland on segment 11 is now
more distinct and surrounded with similar processes and bristles. L :
i'yj') mm.
Fourth moult or lifth stage. The shape is of the usual onisciform type
with slightly flattened sides and a very shallow, ilorsal furrow. Hertd
round, black, shining, hidden under segment 2 except when protruded.
Surface densely studded with short, spine-like, serrated bristles which vary
much in length and colour, from white to pale brown ; a subdorsal row of
longer spine-like, slightly serrated bristles or hairs ; of varying length ; all
these hairs or bristles with wonderfully formed bases (similar but more
pronounced than in the previous stages), composed of a bull-centred star,
the iioints rising from the base : some are wholly white, others, olive-
green ; also numerous shining whitish-green discs outlined or set in more
or less starred black rings of various sizes scattered all over the body ; the
gland of segment 11 is similar to that in the previous stage, being a small,
elongated, transverse tissure, fringed with tine, white bristles as described ;
•on segment 12 are the usual, dorsolateral organs, circular in opening,
from which are protruded on occasion, one from each, little white cylinders.
.Sf)ir(ic/e-« round, whitish, small, bordered brown. Co/our pale green with a
darker, dorsal stripe or line; fainter green, diagonal, lateral lines, L:
nearly lO mni. ; B : 3 mm.
Fupa. — Normal in shape ; the hiad truncated in front, the thorax slightly
humped ; the dorsal line of abdomen rising from segment 5 to 7 and then
falling away in a gentle curve to extremity which is bluntl}' rounded.
Surface minutely reticulated ; sprinkled all over except on the wings with
slightly curved, moderately long, white, serrated hairs, each with a minute,
swollen base ; near the insertions of the wings are a few fine, white erect
hairs, the points branched. Spiracles small^ oval, whitish, slightly raised.
Colour pale green : the wings rather lighter with still whiter veins, irregu-
larly sprinkled with minute, black specks ; a dorsal line composed of a
series of black marks and specks forming a well-defined line over the head
and thorax, broken up into a series of spots on a darker ground-stripe on
the abdomen ; a supraspiracular series of small, black dots, one on each
segment -i-T and a large, somewhat oval, black blotch on segment o ; two
•others : one at the base of the wing on thorax, another on segment 4, also a
small spot on segment 2 ; all and a few other tiny specks sprinkled all over
the body are black. L : 0 mm. ; H: '.i mm., of fairly uniform breadth all
through.
Habits : — This butterfly Everes anjiades is called the Short-tailed
Blue at home in England and has not, as far as is known, ever
been bred in India. All the toregoing life-history is taken direct
from V. W. Frohawk"s description in The Enivmologrst of October
1004, volume xxxvii, Xo. t07. He says of the eggs " imdoTibtedly
652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETl, Vol. XXV.
in tlie wild state, they are laid singly .... on account of the
cannibal habits of the lai'va^ ". In the process of rearing the larvfB
he further remarks : " All the eggs hatched on July oOth, remain-
ing six days in the egg state, the larva makes its exit by eating
the crown as well as a portion of the side of the egg-shell. Direct-
ly after emergence it is exceedingly small. It is very active
when first hatched, crawling rapidly for such a small creature and
feeds on various parts of the plant (Lotus coruiculatus). I found one
feeding with its anterior half buried in the end of a stem wdiich had
been cut off. First moult August ord, the first stage only lasting
four days. Shortly before the first moult it measures only 1*6 mm.
long. During the early stages these larva?, like other Lifca'nida/,
require the greatest attention to distinguish their changes, on ac-
count of their small size and similarity of stages, and unless most
carefully watched under a lens it is practically impossible to
detect their moults. Second moult, August 7th, In this stage it
greedily feeds on the seeds of Medicago lupuUna, eating through the
capsule, and devouring the contents, but appear to feed mostly at
nights. Third moult, August 12th, In this stage they feed
as much by night as by day but are much slower between
the moulting, occupjdng eleven da^^s from the third to the fourth
moults. Fourth and last moult, August 23rd. Although the gland
is so similar to the gland oi Lijcana arion, I have been unable to
detect any liquid exuding from it when touched ; also it appears
less sensitive when touched. During the last stage I supplied the
larvffi with both the common white and red clover-blossoms,
which they greedily devoured. One larva completely ate up the
whole of the petals of a red blossom in two daj^s ; it appeared to
be feeding continually both day and night the whole time. It
also feeds on the flowers, seeds and leaves of Lotus cornievlatus.
During their earlier stages the larva3 are decidedl}' cannibalistic,
I noticed one after the first moult feeding on a newly-hatched larva,
which it seized as it emerged from the egg ; but during the last
two stages I did not find them attacking each other, which agrees
with the cannibalism of L. anon larvae. The pupa is attached
to the foodplant by the cremastral hooks to a pad of silk and a
girdle round the bod}^ ; all nine were attached to the centre of
the leaves, and the general resemblance, both in form and colour,
between a decaying Jjottis leaf and the piipa is very great. The
pupa remains in that state from about ten to fourteen days accord-
ing to temperature. The first imogo emerged on September Gth,
the last on September 18th, 1904,"
Scudder saj'-s that, in Europe, the larva feeds on ' ^ Lotus, Avthyl-
lis, Medica'jo, Trifolmm, Pisum and Onohrychis, and even on Fham-
nus; in North America it feeds ou Les2>edeza,Flias€olns, Desmodiiim,
(taladia, Trifolium and Astrayalus.^'
THE COMM (jy n VT TKliFLI KS OF THE PLAIX.S OF IMJlA . (i53
l)e Niceville states tliat Kveres anjiades occurs in the inoister
portions of Ladak in India, thro\ighout Kashmir, all alonj^- the
Himalayas, c'te. He continues •' 1 am siirprised to find that it does
not occur on the Western (Hiats."' In this he is wrong, for it does,
as it has been taken in Kanara District of the ]5oml)ay J'residency;
hut it is very uncommon there.
11. (jlouus — Xacaduba.
This group contains a uumber of species which are all some shade of blue,
violet or pliimbeons-purplo <»n the iipperside in the males ; the female has
the npperside black with the base marked with iridescent blue or
purple scales, sometimes largely pearl-white on the disc and base beneath
the scales. The undersides are greyish or ochraceous-brown crossed by
whitish lines in pairs or chain-like bands. The genus is chiefly Indian but
two species extend to Australia. Fourteen occur in India limits, only two
of which are mentioned here although there are several others which really
occur in the hill-stations of the Western Ghats, but these cannot be called
common: viola, pi umbeomican-<<, dana and macrojMhaima. The larvse and
pupie of three species are known, the two described below and plumheo-
micans ; the larvte are attended by ants. All are insects of moderately
strong flight but never stay long on the wing ; they go to flowers, but not
very much ; they are, however, often found sucking up moisture from the
ground in the hot weather and some are especially found of fresh cattle-
<lroppings : dana for example. All are species of scrub-jungle or real
forest and only ardates is commonly found in the Plains. The peculiarity of
the genus consists in that it contains both tailed and tailless species ( dana
from Kumaon to Sikkim ; Bhutan ; Bengal ; Southern India ; Nilgiris ;
Western Ghats in Bombay ; Cochin ; Chittagong ; Burma ; Tenasserim ;
and hampsoni from Mussoori and the Nilgiris), as well as one species
{ardates from Peninsular India, avoiding the desert tracts, to Travancore ;
Cevlon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; Andamans and Nicobars ; extend-
ing across the Malayan Sub-region to the Philippine Island) which is some-
times tailed, sometimes tailless. The transformations of N. atrata and N.
ardates are given below. Those oi plnmbeomicans are given in addition.
148. Nacaduba ardates, Moore. Male, — Uppevside : purplish-brown or pur-
plish with a dark tint, some specimens brown with a very slight purplish
sheen seen only in certain lights. Fore and hind wings : nearly uniform,
both with slender black anticiliary lines, the hind wing in addition with the
costal and dorsal margins paler : in most specimens with a subterminal
black spot in interspace '2, sometimes seen only by transparency from
underside ; tail black tipped with white. Underside : brown, hoary,
brownish or pale dull brown. Fore wing : a subbasal pair of transverse
white strigte, a shorter pair along the discocellulars and a discal pair ; these
strigie all uarr<jwly edged on the inner sides of each pair with fuscous which
gives the appearance of transverse bands somewhat darker than the ground-
colour ; the subbasal pair extend from vein 1 to vein 1?, beyond the disco-
cellular pair from upper to lower apex of cell and the discal pair are very
irregular and dislocated at each vein, the whole having the appearance of
a dark sinuous band ; terminal markings often very faint and ill-defined or
again fairly prominent and consisting of a double, subterminal series of
transversely linear, sometimes, lunular, dark spots, with edgings paler than
the ground-colour ; lastly, an anticiliary dark line. Hind wing : with trans-
verse pairs of white, inwardly fuscous-edged strigic similar to those on the
fore wing, but even more irregular and broken ; the subbasal pair extend
from costa to vein 1, below which the dorsal area is whitish; the discocellular
654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATl'ItAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
pair extend from the costa and posteriorly coalesce Avith the discal pair
which are as irregular and dislocated as in the fore wing ; terminal mark-
ings similar to those on the fore wing : but the double subterminal series
of dark spots more lunular and a prominent round black subterminal spot
crowned with ochraceous in interspace 2. Antennte. head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown ; the shafts of the antennre speckled with white ;
beneath : the palpi fringed with black, thorax dark greyish-brown, abdo-
men white. Female. U^^perside : brownish purple, sometimes fuscous.
Fore and hind wings : as in the male with anticillary dark lines, but difi'er
as follows : — fore wing : an iridescent bluish sheen from base outwards to
disc ; hind wing : a slender more or less prominent white line edging the
anticiiiary black line on the inner side, a subterminal geminate double
black spot in interspace 1 and a similar larger single spot in interspace 2.
Underside : ground-colour paler and brighter than in the male, the mark-
ings similar but more neatly and generally more clearly defined ; both fore
and hind wings in most of the specimens that I have seen with a Avhite
terminal line before the anticiiiary dark line. Antennte, head, thorax and
abdomen much as in the male. Expanse : male and female, 20-25 mm.
This is a variable insect both in the shade of the groiuid- colour and in exact
shape and disposition of the markings as is pointed out by Colonel Bin-
gham. He says " In females from the Andamans, the ground-colour on the
underside of the wings seems always to be a rich, golden ochraceous. I
have also seen specimens of the female from Continental India, Assam
and Burma, with the ground-colour of the same shade. The markings on
the undersides of these specimens are always narrower, neater, more
clearly defined ; and the pairs of white lines, instead of being edged on
the inner sides of each pair by fuscous are margined by black lines. Also
certain specimens from Sikkim. from Ceylon and from the Andamans
resemble very closely, both in ground-colour and in markings of the under-
side, the figure of A^ nora, Felder, on plate xxxiv, fig. 34 of the 'Novora
Reise' volume on the Lepidoptera. 1 believe Felder's species is simply a
variety of A'', ardatesy As for the form N. noreia, Moore, cle Niceville
says : " Of all these, the only one that presents any difficulty in identifica-
tion is A", noreia. That species has no tail, aiid I have always consider-
ed it to be a dimorphic form in both sexes of A', ardates, Moore." From
breeding in Kanara, Bombay, the " rich golden ochraceous " colour of
the underside seem to be due to heavy rainfall and is always confined to
the female.
Eyy. — TnTh&n-shaped. The surface covered all over with reticulations
forming cells, the walls moderately broad and high, especially just at the
change between the fiat, somewhat depressed top surface to the perpendi-
cular sides where the intersections are thickened and prominently raised
into little round-topped prominences which are erect, slightly flattened
above and below and shining ; these prominences lose themselves towards
the base as well as very soon after they get over the rim on to the fiat top ;
the highest prominences are quite the height of one cell diameter where
they are ; the largest cell is just over the rim on the side of which it takes
up, indeed, most of the height — the cells in this particular row are all
hexagonal and from each knob or intersection-prominence radiate 0 thin
lays to the intersections surrounding it ; all the other cells are, nearly
without exception, more quadrangular and decrease in size from the brim
to the centre of the top, but not rapidly, those around the central, irre-
gular, low-walled surface containing the micropyie being 7 or 8 in number
and somewhat distorted, the smallest of all ; the rows of cells are arranged
more or less — this is not quite regular — either in wide sweeping curves, all
having their origin at the micropyie theoretically and curving out like
THE COMMOy BUTTEltFLlES OF TILE PLAINS OF INDIA. Or,5
the picture of a catliarine-wheel firework ; the bottoms of all the cells are
Huely <:jraniilatG(l and that of the micropyle-snrface is pitted; the whole
surface is shiniuj^ like glass iu a strong side-light. The colour is very
light bluish-greeuish to the eye ; under the lens all the walls and promi-
nences are white and the bottoms of the cells greenish. B: O. 4 mm.;
H : O. L> mm.
Larva.— \% of the typo of Lampido^ Ixtticus ; in shape very like that of
Naeadnha atrata ; head light, translucent yellow, eyes black ; hidden
under segment '2, round ; body the same breadth from segment 4 to seg-
ment 10. and, if anything, getting broader towards the latter segment ;
broadest about middle or segment 10, highest in middle — nearly the same
height from segment o to segment 10; segment l* is more or less semicir-
cular in outline, convex transversely and tumided, with a deep, central,
dorsal 4-sided depression at each lateral angle of which is a single
hair and tho bottom of which is clothed with minute, sparse, erect, star-
hairs and the segment has a depressed, lateral point just above the
spiracle and a further longer depression in front of it : the anal segments —
11 to 14 — are, together, nearly indistinguishable one from the other, have
their dorsal line sloping gently to end, arc more or less flat on top and the
surface pitted dented aU over, the extreme end of segment is broad and
round ; segment 11 suddenly lower than 10, the latter somewhat tumid
at hinder margin : segment 11 has the hinder margin curved convexly for-
wards slightly ; segment 1 2 has the hinder margin very strongly curved
forward. The surface of the larva is clothed densely (about a star-diame-
ter apart) with short stemmed, shining, whitish yellow stars and dark red,
star-based, slightly curved, feathered bristles, all very small, producing,
by their colour, the j)attern of lines and patches ; the margin of body and
bases of legs clothed with longer, fine, light hairs from simple, conical —
tubercular bases, those at the ends somewhat fulvous. The star-tops are
not as wide as a spiracle, the bristle from them about o x their length,
the simple-based marginal hairs 3 x these and still very short ; seginents
o, 4 dorsally dented a good deal, giving the appearance of flat tops to
those segments ; segments 8-10 with a lateral dent just above spiracles,
the dent being long and transverse (to body); all segments well distin-
guished from each other, the hinder margin of each one being higher than
the front margin of the succeeding one ; gland rather large, mouth-shaped ;
organs of segment 12 with the circular openings white. tSjnracles round,
rather small, flush, white, the protrusible white cylinder with feather — hair
bristles thinly dark-rimmed. Colour of larva dark or light green with an
interrupted, broad, dark red or greenish, dorsal line on segments o-lO ;
this line flanked by a more or less bright j^ellow (or whitish) line on each
segment, which gets broader towards the hinder margin and runs (mt late-
rally along the hinder margin ; a broad, subspiracular. dirty, pinkish band,
bordered sometimes by a more or less bright cream yellow interrupted
band below : a dark, red spot near the hinder, lower margin of each seg-
ment; segments 11-14 dirty pinkish; segment 2 dirty green. L : 9 mm. ;
B : 2"7o nnn=:a little more than greatest height.
Pupa. — The shapr- is quite normal and like the other Nacaduha pupjo..
It is square in front, rounded behind where the anal segment is turned
under, the head being a good deal broader than the anal end ; highest at
the thoracic apex, visibly higher than at segment G; broadest at segment
8 where the wings are somewhat roundly prominent seen from above and
they are prominent back to the shoulders; the shoulders are also rather
prominent ; the thorax is very convex, large and rounded ; the ventral
line is ever so slightly concave ; segment 2 has a straight front margin,
the hind-margin is slightly waved forwards dorsally, the dorsal line is
€56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
slightly under 45° to the longitudinal axis, it is a long segment, equalling iu
that respect segment 7 ; the thorax is large, the front slope at 45"^ or even
slightly more to the longitudinal axis, the apex behind the line joining
the shoulders, the posterior slope also considerable to segment 5, the
hinder margin somewhat broadly, triangularly produced backwards with
the apex rounded, meeting the wings in a very deep, broadly rounded
ungle of rather less than 30° ; segment 4 is quite long, segment 5 rather
short as is the manner of pupse of the genus ; segment 6 onwards nearly
twice the length ; the antennae reach the end of the wings and broaden out
there ; the proboscis reaching the middle of the wing-length. Head large,
the vertex showing in a thin hne beyond the front margin of segment 2,
the rest of the vertex is high, square and in a plane perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis, the frons is ventral. Surface of pupa minutely reticulate,
rugose ; the thorax also widely, transversely shallow-corrugated, segment
2 coarsely pitted ; covered sparsely with minute, translucent, white, erect,
blunt-topped hairs, especially plentiful at both ends and in the intraspi-
racular region of the abdomen ; some hairs just in front of the spiracles of
segment 2 are plumed ; otherwise the surface is shining. Spiracles of seg-
ment 2 linear, raised, pinkish-white ; others very small, oval light in
colour. Colour light pinkish-brown except on wings where it is yellowish-
livid ; a blotched, plentiful dorsal and supraspiracular band of black, the
dorsum of segment 2, a patch above each shoulder and another laterally
on segments 4 and 5 all black ; speckled with black dots besides. L :
6'25 mm.; B : 2-5 mm.
Habits : — The eggs are laid on the little flower-heads before they
are open, the butterfly walking all over them gingerly while
looking for a safe place for each one. Each is deposited near the
base of a bud, well concealed from casual observation, the end of
the abdomen being thrust well dov/n between the heads. The
larva at first, when very small, bores into the flower-heads, later
on feeds, as far as been observed, exclusively on the flowers, lying-
curled round them. It is attended by small ants, but not con- •
tinuously. It is very difficult to see owing to its patchy colouration
which blends well with the interstices between the flowers and
the colours of the stalk, &c. The pupa is formed amongst the
flowers, or anywhere else, and is attached in the usual way by
the tail and a body-baud. The foodplant is Acacia cmda or Shembi
as it is called in the vernacular of the countr}-. It is more than
probable that it will also be foiind on Acacia concinna, the
Shige of the Kanarese people and others, as well. Both these
are scandent, climbing, large, excessively thorny plants that are
common all over India in suitable situations. Their leaves are bi-
partite and the leaflets small and feathery looking as in all Acaciit ;
the flowers are in little round heads, each composed of many florets,
arranged in large panicles and are yelloMish in colour with a
pleasant odour. The butterfly is generally verv plentifid where
the foodplant occurs and is fond of the sun and open, warm places
in the jungles — in fact the places where Acacia ca'sia. grows and
flourishes. It spreads, sometimes, over high trees. Tlie distribu-
tion of the species as given b}'^ Colonel Bingham is : Peninsular
THi: coMMoy nrrTKRFLiEs of Tin-: plaixs of imjia. (;.-,:
India from the outer Jlinialayas to Travanoore, avoiding desert
tracts; Ceylon ; Assam ; Bm-nia ; Tenasserim ; the Andamans and
Xieobars ; extending- into thn ]^Ialavan Sub-region to tlie rhilip-
ijuue&.
149. Nacaduba atrata, HorsHold.— Male (PI. (}., fig. 4l'). Uppcrmle: paU-
dull violet with, in certain lights, a silvery sheen and the white lines of
the underside showing through faintly ; bases of wings suffused slightly
with blue. Fore wing ; a dark-brown line just before the cilia which are
Jialf brown like the Hue, the outer half dusky-grey with an occasional
brown space ; the extreme base with appressed, sparsely disposed, greyish,
rather long hairs becoming more plentiful below vein 1 ; a long, white
fringe of hairs along the inner margin merging in the cilia at the tornus.
Hind wing: eosta broadly somewhat paler, hinder margin brownish:
appressed hairs at the base as on fore wing ; in most specimens the subter-
miual, black spots of the under side showing through by transparency, in
a few they are marked by actual scaling ; an anticiliary, brown line as in
fore wing, the cilia brown, less grey at the ends. Uiiderside : brown with a
pinkish shade ; both wings crossed by transverse white lines, all about
I nmi. apart from each other, forming more or less perfect or broken bands
by being arranged in pairs, the interval between each pair being some-
times darker than the rest of the wing-surface, occasionally lighter in
colour. Fore wing : one subbasal pair running across the middle of the
cell from the costa to vein 1, both waved, parallel ; a medial pair from
eosta to the end of cell, one line on each side of the discocellular nervules
and a single one continuing down to vein 1, starting from vein 3 where it
joins the cell — generally seemingly from between the discocellular pair :
a postmedial pair starting froni vein 12 by the costa and reaching to vein
o, the inner line continued, but slightly dislocated inwards, to vein 1 and
with a white short mark on the costa inside it, the continviation composed
of two lunules in interspaces 2 and !,• both lunules convex outwards; a
complete series of submarginal, inwardly slightly convex lunules and just
inside the margin, followed by an inner and outer series of white lines ;
the last two closer together than the distance of the inner line from the
submarginal, lunulate series ; the colour of the wing between these last
three lines darker forming series of brown quadrate marks between the
veins, the inner double as broad as the outer ; an anticiliary, narrow,
brown line ; the bases of the cilia brown, leaving the tips dusky-grey for
rather less than half the length. Hind wing : the extreme base in the lower
half of the cell and below as far as inner margin black sprinkled with a
few blue scales ; the following markings, starting from the outer margin ;
cilia brown, anticiliary line and outer and inner, inframargiual white
lines as in the fore wing except that, here the inner is more lunulate with
the convexity inwards, the inner lunule replaced in interspaces 2, 1 and
lb by jet black spots: that in 2 large, round, bordered inwards and pos-
teriorly somewhat narrowly by a band of dull orange ; and with a sprink-
ling of metallic green scales round the inner circumference except inward-
ly ; in 1 by a much smaller spot, als<j bordered by orange and nearly
covered with green, metallic-scales ; in lb by a still smaller, similarly
ornamented spot without any orange border. Then follows a submarginal
complete series of inwardly convex lunules nearly touching with their
ends the inner series of the inframargiual ones as on the fore wing really
except that in interspaces 7, 8 they are rather more internal ; and then
follow the following pairs of white, short lines, interspace by interspace,
forming, sometimes short bands, but rarely, for two interspaces, never
more : in interspaces la, one medial on the inner margin; interspace lb, one
18
658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
postmedial, lunulate, oiitwartllj' convex ; interspace 1, two of which one
is more or less siibbasal, the other postmedial : 2 and 3, one at base of each
interspace ; interspaces 4, 5 including cell : one subbasal, one medial (the
discocellular band), one postmedial, bilunulate, outwardly convex, paral-
lel ; 6, one medial to the interspace ; 7, one subbasal, one medial ; none in f>.
The subbasal pairs of lines form a subbasal band from vein 1 to vein f<,
the middle portion of which, composed of the cell band, is displaced inwards
so that the outer line is half way between Jthe lines of the upper and lower
parts or pairs. Antennte black above, the club also altogether black
with a white anteapical band and a greyish tip ; palpi black : head, thorax
and abdomen purplish-brown ; beneath : antennae black, thinly banded
white reaching onto the sides ; palpi white fringed with black ; eyes
rimmed with white, frons black : thorax bluish-white, longly haired ;
abdomen whitish. Female, (PI. G, fig. 43a). Upperside : fore wing : eosta,
including half the cell and above vein 5 including the whole apex, and a
terminal edging that occupies about one third of the wing, slightly narrow-
est in interspace 3, jet-black ; tho remainder of the wing white shaded at
the base and along inner margin broadly with greyish-blue which, in
certain lights, has a beautiful, opalescent, blue iridescence : the veins
black outwardly ; the base clothed with sparse, appressed, rather long,
white hairs. Hind wing : the costa above the cell and vein 6 dusky-black ;
posterior portion of wing whitish-grey, the base shot with the same blue-
as on fore Aving, with the veins blackish : a comparatively well-defined,
transverse postmedial series of dusky blackish, inwardly-convex lunules
edged inwardly and outwardly by thin, white lines ; followed by a slightly
narrower series of dusky-black spots edged outwardly again with white,,
the spot in interspace 2 generally more prominent; an anticiliary, fine,
black line ; the cilia light grey : tail at end of vein 2 thread-like, black,
tipped with white. Underside : markings as in the male but the colour of
ground grey tinted with brown, the transverse, white lines broader and
more diffuse with the middle of the portions enclosed by these lines often
lighter forming an obsolescent sort of medial line, the lines on the fore
wing a little bit more irregular ; an extra white, short line along the base
of vein 7 (not really extra but. in the male, this is hardlj' noticeable); the
inner series of oblong, inframarginal marks on the fore wing are nearly
black in interspaces 1 and 2 — or, at any rate, very dusky. Otherwise as-
in the male. Expanse : 30-32 mm.
iv/y. — The egg is tnvhun-sfiaped : the top only very slightly concave ; the
change from the top to the sides is gradual and rounded ; indeed the top
can only be said to be sunken near the middle where the micropyle is
situated, the surface is shining and covered all over with high, but not par-
ticularly thick-walled, seemingly 4-sided cells with a little, round-topped,
somewhat flattened knob or prominence at each intersection which becomes-
more or less obsolescent immediately around the central depression which
is moderately large and surrounded by a few small cells in a couple of rows,,
the bottom of the depression minutely pitted ; around these two rows of
small cells the others rapidly get larger down to the sides and the rows
are very diagonally arranged so that it is nearly impossible to say how
many rows there are from top to base : there are about 8 or 9 cells from
the central depression along a diagonal row and, perhaps 6 along a meri-
dional line ; there are about 24 cells in a complete circumference at the
broadest part which is some way above the base ; each intersection-knob is
surrounded by six others and the shining top of each knob is connected by
very thin, white ribs or lines which run down its sides and across the open,
so to speak, up to another knob ; there are about ten such thin lines dnwn
each knob, i.e., more than one to each surrounding knob. The colour of the
Tin: co.hMox in'TThSFi.iiis (,F riii: riAiys or im>i.\. c.-o
tgg is white, tlu- thin linos i-onnoftin^ thu knobs shn\vin<^ white against
a darker cDlour; and all walls and knobs are more proiiiintntly white,
B : O. ;■) mm. ; B : O. io mm.
Lana. — In ^hajw «if the nsunl oniscifonn (wood louse) type but the se*,'-
ments o-lO are dorsally very tumidly prominent as for that, also laterally
along the dorsoventral margin they are well separated ; segment L* is more or
less semicircular in shape, hiding the head in repose completely, but it is very
nuich thickened, the dorsal portion being difierentiated from a dorsoventral,
tumid tlange by a deeply impressed spiracular line (that is in the spiracular
region) this dorsal part trapeze-shaped, somewhat depressed in the dorsal
line with a diamond-shaped, tlat-bottomed, rather snuiil depression on the
posterior, dorsal region up against the posterior margin ; segment 3 is sud-
denly broader and higher than segment '2, and longitudinally very convex ;
segment 4 rather similar in shape except that the fall to the front margin
is not so iierpendicular as in 3 and it is also not so long as 3 ; segment h
exactly like 4 and is the highest part of the larva, after which the dorsal
line graduall}-^ slopes away to the anal v\\(\, segments 6-10 being like o ;
segment 11 much lower and flatter dorsally than 10, the gland situated,
mouth-shaped and transverse, on its hinder declivity ; segment \'2 also
only very slightly convex longitudinally, nearly Hat dor.sal]y transversally,
its hinder margin strongly curved forwards, the small round-mouthed,
short, white, cylindrical, sparseh' spine-topped protrusible organs in the
usual position, the segment being perhaps slightly tumid where they are ;
segment 13 again lower than the hinder margin of 1:?, nearly quite flat,
sloping at about 30*^ to the longitudinal axis of the larva and hardly difie-
rentiated at all from segment 14, these two together — if indeed segment
13 is the portion anterior to the end which is indicated by a transverse,
rather indistinct furrow — forming the anal end of the larva which is
shortly parabolic, slightly tumid and inclined to truncation ; the lateral
outline increases suddenly in breadth at segment 3 and very gradual to
middle of body after which it gently decreases again to segment 12, then
slightly more rapidly- to the extremity ; transversely the section of the body
is a short parabola and the body is very prominently, tumidly flanged sub-
spiracularly though the flange is not sudden or very pronounced in apjaear-
ance: its ventral surface (of this flange) being in a horizontal plane, the bod}-
being suddenly narrowed below it so as to form a sort of pedestal for the
dorsal visible pai-t which is a usual formation in all lycienid caterpillars.
Head shining, round small, light yellow with the labrum white, the broad,
transverse, shallowly and widely emarginate ligula reddish-brown, the basal
antennal joint white, the second reddish, the mandibles light, tipped brown,
the eye curve filled in with black ; the clypeus is large, triangular, more
than half the height of the face, outlined slightly dusk}'. The surface of
the body is extremely minutely shagreened-shining and covered all over
densely with very minute, shining tubercular prominences w hich are gene-
rally higher than broad and are separated from each other by about their
own height, sometimes by more ; these prominences are irregularly and
very minutely spiued ; there are also some little regular , star-like bodies,
some very low and sessile so to speak, others very shortly stemmed —
though the stems are not in the nature of stalks at all but are the same
thickness all along — and they are either brown or green or nearly white;
each one of these prominences has a little glass-like, shortly stemmed disc
proceeding from the top and directed out at right angles to it — otherwise,
parallel to the body-surface : in some cases this disc is hardly developed
at all, formirg what looks like a thick, glassy hair, sometimes it is quite
undeveloped ; There are a few very short, porrect, fine, whitish hairs on
the dorsoventral margins of segments 2 and 14 and a few on the leg-bases
600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, VrA. XXV.
but absolutely no others ; each segment 3-9 has a small; dorsal, funnel-
shaped, shallow depression and a lateral, lengthened one reaching from
the dorsolateral region to the spiracle, the spiracles being situated in the
bottoms of them. Spiracles small, round, whitish. Colour of the larva is
bright and rather light grass-green with a dorsal (sometimes dull plum
coloured), lateral and subspiracular, narrow, maroon-coloured band from
segment 3 to anal extremity, even encroaching laterally round segment 2
at times ; these maroon bands often more or less interrupted, sometimes
obsolescent ; belly darker green. L : 13 mm. ; B : 4 mm.
In some cases the star shaped tubercles have a kind of small globule-
like centre to them which looks as if the glassy hairs and discs are pro-
trusible from inside and this is the more probable because of the fact that
the hairs seem to be of variable
flossy — -~^^ N (}r>eafly e/y/sr-^ed breadths and shapes. The same has
ISC /<r^ — ^ :st3n-shapecl been noticed also in the larvre of
\J vA i b I w'fh its Tarucus theophrastus ^Yievethe discs
y^ ' L_ , ^ . , , are more irregularly shaped and
dentate along tneir front edge. An
effort has been made in the margin
to depict the shape and appearance of one of the spined prominences with
a fully-formed disc.
Fupa. — Normal in shape : very bluntly rounded in front, equally bluntly
rounded behind where segment 12 is at a very steep angle to the longi-
tudinal axis, segment 13 jierpendicular to it, segment 14 turned under
ventrally ; the shoulders are broader than the front and slightly promi-
nent ; there is a very wide, shallow constriction reaching thence to the
broadest part at segment 7 ; the thorax is evenly rounded, the highest
part, the apex, being just behind the line joining the shoulders, the descent
thence to segment o gentle, segment 4 being included in it, the hinder
margin triangularly produced in the dorsal line though the apex of the
triangle is narrowly rounded, this margin meeting the wings in a very deep,
widely rounded angle of about 30^ ; the highest point of pupa is segment
(j though little higher than apex of thorax ; segment 4 is rather large,
segment 5 very short, the succeeding segments more than double its length,
coequal. The antennte reach to the end of wings, broadened at extre-
mity; the probocis only half way; the legs fall far short of it ; the palpi are
broad. Siirfacc shining, minutely, coarsely reticulate under the lens and,
on the thorax, transversely shallow-corrugate ; a few minute, plumose,
short, erect hairs just in front of spiracles of segment 2 ; both ends: head,
segment 2, segments 12-14 with some sparse, erect, transparent, blunt-
topped, short, minute hairs ; the other segments also but the hairs even
shorter — not visible except under the lens; segments well-marked. Spiracle?
of segment 2 linear-oval, raised, slightly pitted^ pinkish-white ; the rest
oval, conspicuously raised round the rims, slight in colour. Colour light
pinkish, yellowish brown, the wings greenish with black marks : a dorsal,
very macular line, a patch on each shoulder, another laterally on segment
•J ; a lateral spot on each abdominal segment; a sprinkling of dots and
small spots all over, including the wings. L : S- ."j mm. ; B : 4 mm.
llahiU : — The egg is laid on the young leaves and, generally, on
the underside. The larva lives free on the surface and eats from
the edge, often piipating on the underside. ^Nfany larva; are often
found on one plant but the eggs are laid singly. The pupation
takes place, really, anywhere, fretjuently even on the ground. The
attachment is by the tail and a body-string. The larvie are often
THE COMMOy BlTt'ERFLIEiS OF THE I'LAIMS OF INDIA. (iCl
ichneuruoned or parasitised by small Dijtii'ro. The tbod])laiit is
Endtelia rohvsia, one oi t\v^ ii\m\\y ^lyriii)iea\ a large climber uitli
'1 or 3-iuch long, longly-ovate leaves of a someAvliat light, olivace-
ous green with prt)mintMit ]mr])le veins, coinnutn in the moist
forests of the Western Uhat. Other fuudplants are Eitibclia ribci', a
small shrnb with very similar leaves (but larger) and Ardisv'
hwiiilis, both of the same family ; the lattei- confined to the ever-
green jungles where it often forms a gregarious undergrowth : it
has large, thick, longly-ovate leaves, dark green on top, pale
beneath, and little waxy, thick-petalled pink-red Howers. The
butterfly is a fluttering, weak-winged insect, generally found in the
iunglesofthe Western Ghat in Bombay where the rainfall is
heavy. It never flies very far and is mostly to be found wheie its
foodplant exists. It visits flowers in a desultory way and may
sometimes be seen on the ground sucking moisture from damp earth
or sand. It sits in the iisual way with the \\ings closed and
rarely basks. Its haujits are chiefly close to the groiind in moder-
ately shady jungle. Its distribution is : JSikkim : Bhutan ; Southern
India ; the Nilgiri and Shevaroy Hills ; the Western Ghats in the
Kanara and Belgaum Districts of Bombay ; Ceylon ; Assam ;-
('achar; Burma; Tenasserim ; the !Xicobars ; extending to the
Malay Peninsula and Java.
The figiires 43 and 43a on Plate G, on examination, seem to
ivpresent the male and female of Nacaduha idumheoinicans and not
'itrata which they were at first supposed to be. The two species
are very similar on the uppersides but the figiires are too dark
and too pink ; especially that of the female on the upjDerside of
which the blue colouration is absurdly dark. It should be whitish
with light blue scales at the base of the shade depicted on the
figure of Castalius rosimon, No. 46 of the same Plate.
On second thoughts the figures above are, perhaps, after all,-
nearer to atrata. But, to avoid mistakes, a description of ijlnm-
lieomicaits follows here : —
149. Nacaduba plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason and de Nice villc. — Male. Upper-
Mile: dull piirplish-bhio, in certain lights with a shining, plumbeous
frosting due to the wings being covered all over with small, appressed,
white hairs (never present in atrata) ; the white markings of the underside
never showing through. Otherwise exactly as in iS . atrata except that, on
the hind wing the bases of the cilia are inclined to be narrowly whitish
Underside: purplish-brown — the colour is difiicult to describe — with the
white markings and black spots nearly exactly as in atrata but with the
following dilferences : — Fore wing : the cilia dusky grey with a brown line
through the middle : the terminal markings more blurred than in atrata:
all markings narrower. Hind wing : nearly exactly the same except that
the white markings are slightly finer ; the black terminal spots in inter-
spaces '2, 1, lb are completely surrounded with dull-orange ; the terminal
markings more blurred and the cilia as on fore wing. Female. Upper-
!'idi-: fore wing; costa from the middle of cell and above vein ">. the apex
<662 JOUKNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL H1S'J\ SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
ibroadly and a tenniiial edging that occupies about oue-third of the wing
bUick ; the remainder of the wing white shaded with dusky-greyish
which, in certain lights, has a beautiful, opalescent bhie iridescence ;
.uu the inside of the terminal edging is a dift'use, dusky area defined in-
wardly by a line running from the edge of the black, at vein 4 to about
middle of the inner margin which encloses near the black outer margin spots
.of whitish in interspaces 1, 2 and o, one in each. Hind wing: costal
margin above a line through the middle of the cell and above vein 6 duskj'-
black ; posterior portion of the wing dusky-bluish, veins prominently black ;
a comparatively well-detined, transverse, postmedial series of dusky-black
dunules edged inwardly and outwardly by similar series of finer lunules,
all inwardly convex, followed by a subterminal series of dusky-black spots
edged outwardly thinly with white ; an auticiliary, black line ; the spots
decrease in size upwards, those in interspaces 2, '■) being most prominent
and, occasionally, jet-black, those in interspaces I very small. Tail thread-
like, black tipped with white. Undcrsidr' : The same as male, i:>erhaps
slightly browner ; the transverse, white lines broader, the bases of cilia
whiter ; otherwise as in the male. There is no appressed hair on the disc
<}f the wings except at the base and below vein 1. There is often a dark
dine along the discocellular nervules of the hind wing. Palpi black above ;
eyes rimmed with white ; frons blackish ; antennte black above, the club
also black throughout with a white band near apex ; thorax above black
iwith brownish hairs in female, whitish in male ; abdomen brown. Beneath :
palpi with stiff mixed black and white hairs ; antennae finely banded white,
reaching on to the sides ; thorax brownish-yellow in the male and w'hite
;in the female ; abdomen whitish. The legs are striped longitudinally
black and white (also in atrata). Expanse : 28-31 mm.
Colonel Bingham has described the female of this species as the female
of atrata and, of course, the female of atrata as plumbeomicann. He gives
the habitat as Tenasserim ; Assam ; Chittagong hill-tracts : the Andamans
:and Nicobars. To this is now added Kanara District in the Bombay Pre-
sidency.
The life-history of the species is as follows : —
Eyij. — Txirh-Aw-sliaped ; the top slightly depressed. Surface shining,
covered all over with diagonal more or less parallel rows of small knobs
with rounded tops, each knob connected with the surrounding ones by
'little, raised ridges or lines that meet in the interspaces at various angles
and the interspaces formed by their meeting on the fiat so to speak, are
again covered with minute cross lines or ridges ; without, however, any
signs of thickening at the intersections of these minute lines ; the knobs are
very numerous, are somewhat variable in size, rather flattened on the top
with a minute hollo v in the centre of each flat top ; they are separated from
•each other by their own breadth or four wall widths; they are largest at the
rim and the outer circumference of the egg and down the sides, decreasing
in size and prominence inwards to the micropyle which is, of course, central
•and of the size of, say, the interval between three of the largest knobs :
<the bottom shagreened-cellular ; the rows of knobs radiate outwards in
slowly diverging curves like a catherine-wheel firework going round and
there are 16 such lines round the whole egg : from micropyle out to rim
there are about *J cells and three cells from base to rim — all these cells on
the perpendicular sides are nearly perfectly quadrangular and the knobs
•are low and small, tlie really prominent one being situated at, and
for a short space on each side of, the brim. Colour pure enamel-white —
•really honey-yellow but this colour is not always strikingly visible
(because of the multiplicity -of white knobs and lines. B: <). •"i2 mm.;
H : O. 2.'5 nnii.
THK COMMOX UUrTKKFLIKS OF IHF. PLAINS OF IM)IA. titiO
I.ana. — Xonual in !</i(i/i/> ; tlaugod all along the d(>rs<iveutral margin ; the
highest point is about the midiUe of the body ; the transvorso section is
somewhat triangular ; segment 2 is semicircular in shape seen from above,
rather thick, convex transversely with the dorsal central portion agaui
thickened above a spiracular, linear, length-depression which does not
reach the front margin, the central, dorsal depression not very large,
diamond-shaped, deep, light bottomed; the anal segment Hattened dorsally,
sloping gently to extremity, bntadly rounded at end, or even somewhat
squarish. Head, completely hidden by segment 2, is small, round, shining,
soiled yellowish-white ; the clypeus is triangular, large, bordered by a
soiled line ; the mandibles brown-tipped ; the eye-curve black inside.
Segment -'J is abruptly higher than segment '2 and more or less overhangs
the hinder margin of that segment with its middle, <lorsul, prominent
portion which is tumid between the dorsolateral lines ; segment 4, in a
similar manner, rises above the hinder margin of segment 3 ; segments
■")-10 art' all dorsally slightly convex longitudinally; segment li^ has the
hinder margin curved strongly forwards in a simple, wide curve, the lateral
portion on each side forming thus, more or less, a lobe upon which is
situated the protrusible organ — the lateral portions of segment 12 are thus
longer than the dorsal part — which has, as usual, a circular mouth ; it is
indistinct when in repose being the colour of the rest of the surface more
or less, protruding white, cylindrical tubes with dilated, hair-set tops ;
segment 11 has the transverse mouth-shaped gland near its hinder margin.
Surface minutely shagreened ; besides, covered densely with translucent-
white, star-tubercles as also with conical tubercles ( these nearly all
on the coloured parts to which thej'^ actually impart the colour ) which
are red in colour and about the same size as the stars, all bearing a
short, longly-conical, colourless hair, the conical tubercle being generally
slightly inclined and more or less simple, dark-coloured sometimes, while
the longlj' conical hair is obconical and more or less erect ; some compara-
tively long — -still very short, however — hairs all round the dorsoventral
margins ; tliere may be a few slightly longer subdorsal hairs on segments
4 to 10; each segment 3-7 has a small, funnel-shaped, central, dorsal depre-
sion as well as a long, linear, lateral one at the bottom of which and in it
is situated the spiracle. Spiracles are small, round and raised, hollow
ins de, light in colour but not easy to see because in the depressions.
(Jol')icr of the body is apple-green, sometimes faintly sufl'used with rose and,
also only sometimes, with a dorsal and subspiracular (dorsoventral), diffu-
sed band with the margin of segment 2 green. L : 10 mm.: 4 ; B : 2 mm.; H :
3 mm.
Pupa. — Is normal in xhapf. The head just appears beyond the straight,
never emarginate, front margin of segment 2 : showing the vertex and the
bases of the antennre, the frons being flat, high and broad, perpendicidar
to the longitudinal axis of the pupa. Segment 2 is squarish in front,
convex transversely with a gentle dorsal ascent to the thorax, the hinder
margin waved somewhat strongly forwards in the dorsal region ; the front
slope of the thorax is at an angle of rather more than 120" to that of
segment 2 and abmit 4o" to the longitudinal axis of the pupa, the hinder
slope very feeble, the hump not considerable or very convex, the slopes of
the sides to the slightly prominent shoulders very steep, the hinder margin
produced triangularly backwards, t^e apex of the triangle slightly
rounded, the line of margin meeting the wings in a. deep, broadlj' rounded
angle of somewhere about 4o' ; the body is somewhat compressed later-
ally about segments 4-<J so that the wings are there somewhat roundly
prominent ; the body is broadest at segment 8 though little broader
than at shoulders and the i)ortiou between is very slightly concave ;
664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the greatest height is at the thoracic apex although only slightly higher
than at segment 6 ; the anal end is rounded, as visible from above
about the same breadth as the front of the pupa, segment 12 is
steeplj' sloping, segment 14 slightly turned under ventrally at the ex-
tremity. Surface slightly shining, the segments well-marked if thin,
very minutely reticulate-rugose and very thinly so ; under the lens covered
with minute, erect, blunt-topped, white-glassy hairs all over, specially
dense on the margins (when looked at from above) and at both ends of the
pupa, the hairs in front of the spiracles of segment 2 being, a few of them,
plumose or feathered. Sjnracles of segment 2 linear-oval in shape, rather
prominently raised, white in colour ; the others are oval in shape, raised,
small and light-coloured. Colour of pupa is light yellowish-rose with a
brown tint with a blotchy, dorsal, black line, a black shoulder-patch,
another patch laterally on segment 5, a lateral dot above each abdominal
spiracle ; spotted besides all over, on wings and everywhere else, with
black ; the wings always lighter, yellowish or greenish, L : 8 mm.; B :
•■'> nmi.; H : .3 mm. at thorax, A slighter pupa than that of N. atrata.
Habits : — That eggs are laid on the very youug shoots and gener-
ally towards the axils of the leaf-stalks or on a leaf-bud. The larva
lives between the folded leaves, often getting in betv.-een the two
halves which are folded somewhat tightly together when very
young ; eats in round holes right through both half-leaf portions ;
afterwards, when grown, lives on the undersides of the tender
leaves which it only eats. It is attended by ants but only fitfully.
The pupation takes place generally in a w^ell-sheltered place on the
underside of a leaf, on an old withered leaf, &c., often near or on
^he gTonnd ; and the attachment is b}'" the tail and a body-loop.
The habits of the butterfl}^ are those of Nacachiba atrata precisely
in flight, resting position, localities, &c. The onl}'- difference is that
this present species has chosen for the food of its larva the legumi-
nous Wafjatea spicata instead of the myrsinaceous Emhelia robusta ;
l)oth these plants are common on the Western Ghats in Bombay
though the former seems to be more particularly fond of laterite
soil. Waga.tea is a more local climber than Emhelia. Perhaps, on
second thoughts tlie butterfly is a little stronger on the wing than
atrata and is, seemingly, confined to the regions of heavj^ rainfall
and jungle. It is quite plentiful on the coast in the Kanara Dis-
trict, Bombay, and in also found up to 2,500' on the Ghats.
(^To l>e continued.')
605
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF AMBALA DISTT., PUNJAB.
BY
H. Whistler, M.B.O.U., F./.S.
Ambala Git}- and Cantonments form the headquarters of a
district of the same name, which is one of the most easterly in
position of all the districts of the Punjab. It lies between 30° 2'
and 30° 13' N. and 70° 19' and 77° 36' E., with an area of 1,851
square miles. It extends from the Sutlej river, which separates it
from the district of Hoshiarpur to the north, to the Jumna river,
which divides it from the district of Saharanpore in the United
Provinces on the south-west. On the north-east it is bounded by
the Submontane States of Nalagarh, Patiala Sirmur, and Khalsia ;
on the soiith by the district of Karnal ; on the west by Patiala
and the district of Ludhiana. The district is very irregular in
shape, and consists of two almost separate portions. The main
portion lies between the Ghaggar river and the Jumna river,
comprising the three tehsils of Ambala, Naraingai'h and Jagadri.
This is formed of the plain which descends from the Siwalik Hills
toward the south-west ; it is fertile, generally speaking a good
alluvial loam, but intersected by torrents, .which pour down from
the hills at intervals of a few miles ; and it is interspersed with
blocks of stiff clay soil, which in years of scanty rainfall are
improductive. In this part of the district lies the Morni hill tract i
which culminates in a height of 4,910 feet in the Karoh peak on 'r
the Su'moor border.
, The second portion of the district is the Rupar Sub-division,' .
comprising the tehsils of Rupar and Kharar, which forms a submon-
tane plain of great fertility, highly cultivated, and well wooded^
with numerous mango groves, between the Ghaggar and the Sutlej
rivers.
The district also includes the detached tracts containing the
town of Kalka (2,400 feet), and the hill Cantonment of Kasauli* :
0,300 feet.
As may be expected from the above description the district'
embraces ground suitable for several types of bird fauna. Un-
fortunately 1 was not in the district long enough to investigate
their distribution and composition thoroughly, as I only spent some
G months there, namely, the period from 23rd October 1915 to 20th
April 1916. But I have here placed on record the results of my
observations in order that tliey may perhaps afford a ground work
for future Ornithologists who have time and opportunity to.
• These particulais have been extracted from the Imperial Gazetteer of India,
Provitjcial Series, Punjab, Vol. 1.
19
666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
complete the survey of the district. Bii'd life is rich and varied, and
of peculiar interest as comprising several distinct types of distribu-
tion. Kasauli is high enough to provide many of the typical
Himalayan species ; Kalka and the tracts about Chandighar afford
opportunities of meeting submontane species ; while the plains of
the greater part of the district appear to be the meeting place of ths
typical Punjab and United Provinces faunas, with a most distinct
bias towards that of the latter.
Ambala is the district of the Punjab about which there appears
to be most on record in Ornithological literature, although what
there is is scanty enough. Without being able to give a complete
list of the men who collected there, I may note the more important
records that I have come across.
First and foremost in importance come the notes made there by
Captain R. C. Beavan, Bengal Staff Corps, who died at sea in 1870
at the early age of 29. These are incorporated in a general series
of notes entitled " On Various Indian Birds" which appeared in the
volumes of the "Ibis" for 18G7, 1868 and 1869 and "Additional
Notes on Various Indian Birds" in the " Ibis " for 1869 and 1870.
A few short notes by him also appeared in the "Ibis" about the same
time. These notes did not include the Raptores which appeared
separately as " Sundry Notes on Indian Raptores", published in
the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1868."
Capt, Beavan appears to have been a friend and correspondent of
Dr. David Scott, h.e.i.C.S., who was stationed at Ambala and died
there about 1868. The latter collected a number of birds and
mammals for the Montrose Museum, Scotland, and the majority of
these specimens appear to have come from Ambala. In answer to
my enquiry the Hon. Curator of the Museum very courteously
informed me that the collection was still in existence in fair con-
dition. He kiudly gave me a copy of the catalogue printed in 1868,
entitled " A, list of Indian Birds, collected b}^ the late Dr. D. Scott,
H.E.I.C.S., and presented to the Montrose Natural History Society,
1867, corrected and revised by Lieut. R. C. Beavan, c.M.z.s.,
Bengal Staff Corps." Species contained in this list, with the
locality ' Ambala ' are indicated by an asterisk placed after the serial
number of my list.
I have found no published notes by Dr. Scott beyond a couple of
notes on the habits of the Hoopoe at Ambala (' Ibis," 1866, p. 222
and 1867, p. 135).
Colonel Tytler appears to have resided or collected at Ambala,
but I have not been able to trace many notes by him. The
remains of his collection have, however, recently come to light and
been presented to the Lahore Museum ; when these skins are made
available for study — they are at present in packing cases — I hope
to ascertain more about Colonel Tytler's activities at Ambala.
XOrUS ON THE BIRDS OF AM BALA DliSTlilCT, PUNJAB. GG7
There are a few specific refereuces to the district in the four
volumes of ' Birds' by Blanford and Gates in the Fauna of India
Series, and in Gates' edition of "Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds".
From time to time sliort notes on individual species have appeared
in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, in "Stray
Feathers " and other publications. I have discovered and included
a few odd notes from my father's old game books.
So far, however, as far as I know, no attempt at a collected
account of the birds of the district has yet appeared. It is in order
to provide the frame-work fctr such an account that I have prepared
this list. In it I have included such published references as I have
discovered under their respective species for the convenience of
other observei's : but working fa)' I'rom any complete library of
Ornithological works I have doubtless omitted manj^ published notes
in volumes that are not included in my small private library. For
the sake of uniformity the variant forms of the word ' Ambala ' have
all been corrected to the now official spelling. The nomenclature
is for the most part that adopted by Blanford and Gates in the
' Fauna of India ' volumes, and the serial numbers are those of the
species in that work.
1.* The Raven — Corvus cora.r, L.
" Numbers of these birds may be found around Ambala in the
cold weather ; most of them disappear again, but some remain
to breed. I found a nest. . . .on 28th March 1866. It contain-
ed a nearly fledgeil young one." (Beavan).
Personally i found the Raven much scarcer at Ambala than
at any other Punjab station where 1 have been posted. The
only ones that I saw were a pair at Mubariqpur on the
3rd and 6th of November, a very few at Rupar in December,
and a pair at Kalka at the end of December.
4.* The Jungle Crow — Corvus macvorhifuchus, Wagl.
This crow appears to be widely spread in the district during
the cold weather, occurring in company with C. splendeiis. In
November, 1 found it common at Mubariqpur, Chandighar, and
Bilaspur and at Chandighar again in February. In December
numbers were collecting to roost in the bamboo jungle about
Kalka, though in March they had gone leaving only a few
individuals who would probably breed in the vicinity. On Janu-
ary 3l8t and February 4th, a flock was observed in Ambala
itself, and a single bird came into my compound on February
10th. The species was abundant in Kasauli in the first week
of March.
7.* The Indian House Crow — Corvus splendens, Vieill.
General distributed, abundant, and resident, mixinp; freely
with the last species where it occurs. A few were noted as high
as the bazaar in Kasauli during the second week in March.
Beavan records the large flights of these birds which assemble
for roosting about Ambala, but states that they only occurred
in the cold weather; at Jheliim, however, 1 noticed that the
habit was cuntiuued also during the hot weathor ('* ibis."
1916, p. 4 .)
668 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
9. The Jackdaw — Corvus monedula, L.
Ambala is given as the eastern limit in the plains of this
species (Fanna of B. 1. Birds, Vol. I., p. 23.).
16. The Indian Tree Pie — Dendrocitta rufa (Scop.)
Common throughout the district, including the low hill
Jungles about Chandighar and Kalka. Beavan records it
"about Ambala in 1866."
•31.* The Indian Grey Tit — Parus atriceps, Horsf.
A winter visitor to the plains portion of the district, where
1 met with it commonly from November until the 1st March; it
was perhaps most numerous in January and February. During;
the second week in March I found it common and generally
distributed in Kasauli where it doubtless breeds.
99. The Himalayan Streaked Laughing Thrush — Trochalopteron
lineatum (Vig.)
Found to be common on the upper parts of Kasauli Hill in
the second week of March. One was seen in a nullah just
above Kalka in the last week of December.
105.* The Common Babbler — Argya caudata (Dum.)
Although Beavan records this Babbler as abundant about
Ambala 1 found it very much scarcer than in most of the Punjab
districts, and indeed only met with a few individuals in the
plains. There were a few in the cultivation below the Kasauli
lload near Kalka in December.
107. The Large Grey Babbler — Ariji,a malcolmi (Sykes.)
Met with fairly commonly throughout my stay in the vicinity
of Aiiibala and in the country about Sirhind and Morinda. A
nesfc with young was found at Ambala on the 16th of November.
Beavan says : " First procured in the neighbourhood of
Ambala, October 1866, where it is not uncommon."
110. The Jungle Babbler — Crateropus canorus (L.)
" Abundant about Ambala " (Beavan). I found it common
in the low hill jungle above Kalka during the last week of
December.
116. The Slaty-headed Scimitar-Babbler — Pomatorhinus schisticeps,
Hod^s.
On the 2Sth December I met with a pair in the bamboo and
Euphorbia jungle just above Kalka : they were not particularly
shy but kept in the thicker clumps of bamboo.
139.* The Yellow-eyed Babbler -Pt/ctDrhis .mient^is (Gm.)
Occurs in the catalogue of the Scott collection with the locality
Ambala. 1 cannot remember meeting with the species myself.
187. The Himalayan Whistling Thrush — Myiophoneus tennninicki, Vig.
This hill bird may be expected to occur throi ghout the low
foot hills of ilu; (list)ict in \\inier: during tie last week in
Decembtr 1 iound many in a nullah just above Kalka and on
visiting the same place on March rjth, I observed a couj'le of
individuals. Two were seen by the Ghag!.ar at Chandighar
on lith hVbruary. It probably breeds at Kasauli as I saw
several there in the second week of March.
2'2Q. The Indian White-eye — Zosteroj)ii palpeb-oia (Temm.)
JV^et viilh c( n nu-i'ly fn ni Hie end of CcUlcr until the end
of March at Ambala, Kupar, Mubariqpur, Chandighar, and the
NOmS ON THE lilRD.S OFAMUALA IJI^TRICI, PUNJAB. (i(i9
low hill jungles about Kalka ; in the last mentionod locality the
species was very common in the first week of March, when the
flocks had already paired ofl' for breeding.
" It is seen also m gardens about Anibala " (Beavan).
269. The Himalayan Black Bulbul — Hypsipetes psaroides, Vig.
Parties were noted along the road between Kalka and
Kasauli on oth and 10th of March : two birds were seen just
above Kalka on 28th December.
278. The Madras Red-vented Bulbul — Molpastes hcemorrhous (Gm.)
283. The Punjab Ked-vented Bulbul — Molpantes intennedius (Hog.)
Common throughout the district, including the low hills about
Kalka. Unfortiitiately 1 preserved no specimens, so am not sure
which of the above races is the form represented in the district.
284.* The White-cheeked Bulbul — Molpastes leucof/eni/s (Gray.)
Met with in numbers ou Kasauli hill in the second week in
March and in the low hills above Kalka at the end of December.
Beavan records it as extremely abiind.mt all along the road
from Kalka upwards to Simla : he further adds " Dr. Scott writes
to mo lately that he has seen several specimens in the station
at Ambala during the last hot weather. I never before had
heard of its occurring in the plains." Ou Dr. Scott's list occurs
the note " seen this year for the first time.*'
321.* The Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch — Sitfa castaneicentrU, Frankl.
Beavan states : " I made my first acquaintance with this hand-
some little bird when staying at Ambala with the late Dr. Scott
(who had not previously observed it there, though Colonel Tytler
had) ; and on the 22nd Uct. 1863 shot one in his garden ....
two others procured in the same locality a few days later."
I found it common in the fine roadside trees of the fJupar
sub-division from November till March, and also met with several
at Ambala; on one occasion two entered my compound in a
hunting party of various small insectivorous birds. I found
a nest with young in a roadside Cirrhus tree in Civil Lines on
19th April. The ordinary call of this species is a shrill squeak
very similar to that uttered by the common musk rat ; the male
has also a \<^ng tremulous whistling call. They are very fond
of perching on twigs at the summit of high trees,
327. The Black Drongo — Dicrurus ater (Herm.)
Common and generally distributed, but their numbers seemed
to be greatly increased during the second half of March by
immigration. Beavan writes : "This species occurs also fre-
quently about Ambala " and refers to a note on it there by Dr.
Scott in the " Ibis" for 1867, at p. 1.36.
330. The White-bellied Drongo — Dicrurus ccvrulescens (L.)
Beavan says : "I have since procured the species at Ambala
where it is rare. However, I procured an example in Dr. Scott's
garden there, October 27th, 1866."
341,* The Himalayan Tree-Creeper — Certhia himalmjav, Vig.
The first, Tree-creeper was met with at Mubariqpur on 7th
November; from the 9th to the 11th one was seen at Chandi-
gar, and one was seen at Bilaspur on the 26th and 29th of the
same month. It probably breeds in Kasauli as I met with on«
670 JOVRNAL, BOMBAY XATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
or two there during my stay in the station during the second
week of March.
366. Blyth's Reed Warbler — Acrocejyhnlus dumato)-um,W,.yt\i.
On April 1st one was heard singing lustily in a bramble bush
in the jail garden.
374.* The Indian Tailor Bird — Orthotomus sutorius (Forst.)
Common, generally distributed, and resident. Found to be
very abundant in the Bamboo jungles about Kalka both in
December and in March.
377. The Moustached Sedge- Warbler — Lusciniola onelanopogon (Temra.)
On loth and 14th December 1 found this little warbler to be
common in a thick patch of rec ds nsar the Canal at Chamkaur.
It was not particularly shy, es} ec ally in the mist of the very
early morning, when it was perching on the tops of the reeds.
But for the most part it crept about out of sight in the
tangles of vegetation, from preference rather than shyness, as
my near presence seemed to make no difference to it.
381. The Rufous Fantail Warbler — Cisticola cursitans, (Frankl.)
A few were noted about the marshes of Chamkaur in Decem-
ber, and of Mubariqpur in February.
382. Franklin's Wren- Warbler — Franldinia (jracilii (Frankl.)
Found to be common in parties in the more open patches of culti-
vation by low bamboo jungle on the hill sides above Kalka in
December ; when 1 passed that way again in the first half of
March the flocks seemed to have divided up into pairs, and the
cocks were singing lustilj'^, perched in conspicuous positions.
384. The Rufous-fronted Wren- Warbler — Irankliniabuchanani (Blyth.)
" Some found about Lallroo " (Beavan.).
A flock was observed in grass jungle at Mubariqpur on 4th
November and some more were seen at Kamalpur on 1.5th
December,
389. The Striated Marsh Warbler — Meyalunis palusfris, Horsf .
This curious warbler was not uncommon in some dense reed
beds near the Canal at Chamkaur when I was there on the 13th
and 14th of December. It was not shy, but perched freely
on the tops of reeds and flew across the open. It might easily
be mistaken for Avfjya bar Hi, but that not more than two seem
to go about together, whereas the latter bird is always found in
flocks. t
399.* The Eastern Orphean Waibler — Sylvia jerdoni (Blyth.)
Beavan states : " 1 found it tolerably common at Ambala in
October 1866, where it frequents the babool trees {Acacia sp.?),
creeping about very silently, and, when disturbed, trying to
sneak away into the thickest parts. Specimens procured on
22nd October had no trace whatever of a black head, and were
considered by Col. Tytler to be the young of the year. But
in my opinion the state of the plumage was not sufliciently
juvenile ; and I think that the old birds adopt a different
t Under the headinpr of Aru7idinax oUvaceus (=: No. 393 A. aedon) Beavan says :
"Col. Tytler has referred some small warblers procured by me at Ambala, in
October I86tt, to this species, bnt my dimensions do not agrree at all with Dr.
Jerdons" : description follows- I have not been able to work out exactly what
species this refers to.
NOTEfi ON THE JilRl)^ OF AM BALA DUSTltlCT, PU^SJAB. 071
colouring acconling to the time of the year, probably putting
on the black head as the breeding season approaches.* [That
this view of the case is correct, there is probably little doubt vf.
Von der Miihle. Monoge. Eur. Sylv. p. 48. Editor. " Ibis"].
The specimens just mentioned (A. and B.). . . .were moulting,
the tail not being fully developed, but the white outer feathers
beginning to show in it.
A specimen (C), killed 27th October, was beginning to get a
black head. It also was moulting, and was the first 1 had
come across with any trace of the black plumage. Irides grey,
A fourth specimen (D.), killed on November 12th, had a fully
developed black head, audits colour altogether of a brighter and
purer hue than the specimens above-mentioned, one of which
was a female ; but the sexes of the others were not ascertained."
402* The Indian Lesser Whitethroat — 6>//rz« afpnis (Blyth.)
Beavan has the following note about this species : —
" A bird found very abundantly throughout the station of
Ambala in the cold weather appears to be referable to this
species. (Lord Walden, however, suspects it to be identical
with the Common SVhitethroat of England (.S'. einerea), as Dr.
Jerdon formerly it. See, however, Mr. Blyth's remarks on this
point (Ibis, 1867. p. 28.) My specimens agree fairly in
their measurements with the dimensions given by Dr. Jerdon,
except in length, since none of mine exceed /j'O. It seems
probable that Col. Tytler is mistaken in referring the Ambala
bird to this species instead of to S. curnica with the description
of which it agrees equally well."
1 found this Whitethroat to be a most abundant and generally
distributed winter visitor to all the plains portions of the district.
It had already arrived when I reached Ambala on 23rd October
and there were r.till many about when I left on the 20th of
April.
The note is a slightly harsh chipping one, but about February
the birds seemed to become rather silent until the end of March
when I first heard the short but pleasant song. The species is
usually solitary in habits but 1 came across a party, perhaps
migrating, on 6th April. On 11th February I found two preparing
to roost in a kikur bush ; they were sitting side by side close
together in love bird fashion.
407, The Siberian Chiftchaff — F/ii/l/oscopics tnsfis, Blyth.
" Procured at Ambala, 2yrd October 1866." (Beavan.)
Found to be common during November when I met with it at
•Jagadri and Bilaspur as well as at Ambala, After that I did
not note it until 2oth January after which date it was observed
occasionally at Ambala, Rupar and Chandighar until 3rd April,
than which I have no later record.
408. The Olivaceous Willow- Warbler — Phylloscopus indicus (.Jerd.)^
First observed at Chandighar on 26th March when it was very
common on migration. Here I made the following note on its
habits : — " Seoms to combine the habits of a willow wren and an
accentor ; found commonly, often 2 or 3 together, in small
bushes or wandering about on the ground at their bases, both
about cultivation, or on the stony bush clad hill sides behind
• Beavan's own specimens shew that this view is wronf? : the colonration of the
head is a question of sex and age.
(372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Chandighar. In large trees it is fond of creeping about the
wood of the larger boughs, especially on the main stems of
horizontal ones, and is then very reminiscent of an accentor in
its demeanour. When hunting about amongst foliage it is very
lively and active. The call-note may be represented by the
word " trick," and is more of the harsh chipping type of an
Acrocephalus or Hypolais than Phylloscopine in character."
On my return to Ambala I found that it had also arrived
there on migration and was not uncommon on the 30th and 31st
March and during the first fortnight of April. One was seen
on the 19th of the month.
416. Brooks' Willow- Warbler — Phylloxcopus suhviridU (Brooks._)
A female was shot at Chamkaur on 13th December in a tree
on the canal bank.
418. Hume's Willow- Warbler — Phylloscopus Jiumei (Brooks.)
This Willow-Warbler was by far the most common of the
genus throughout the district and was observed during the
winter from my arrival on 23rd October until the end of March,
if not later. It frequents the upper branches of trees and the
call — which may be represented by " teh-weet " or " te-we-ut "
pronounced in one note — may be heard incessantly during the
winter. About March the species seemed to become silent, and
a nervous flitting of the wings probably heralded the approach
of the breeding season.
Note — There are certainly some other species of willow-wren
which visit the district as winter visitors or passage migrants and
also one or two species are certain to breed on Kasauli hill, but
1 have not been there in the summer months.
484. Hodgson's Grey-headod Flycatcher Warbler — Cryptolopha xan-
thoschista (Hodgs.)
Met with not uncommonly at Chandighar, Jagadri and
Bilaspur in November, at Morinda and Eiipar in December,
and at Mubariqpur in February. Observed at Kasauli in March.
458. The Brown Hill- Warbler — Suya crinir/era, Hodgs.
During my visit to Kasauli early in March I observed a pair
of these birds frequenting a more or less open hill side near the
Dak bungalow. Here they had a nest ready for eggs in a
Barberry thorn bush close to a path. The nest was large,
about the size of a striped squirrel's " drey," and very firmly
woven of various kinds of grass, green inside. The entrance
was diflicult to find, but the nest was quite unconcealed and
depended for protection on its likeness to an old bundle of
rubbish thrown into a bush.
464. The Ashy Wren-Warbler — Prinia socialis (Sykes.)
Common and probably resident; observed at Ambala,
Morinda, Bilaspur, and Chandighar.
466" The Indian Wren-Warbler. — Prinia inornata, Sykes.
Common and probably resident; I did not however observe it
elsewhere than Ambala except at Chandighar where it was
found in the grass jungle of the Ghaggar river.
" Ambala, October 24th" (Beavan.).
169* The Indian Grey Shrike — Lanius lahtora, Sykes.
Met with in small numbers in the plains, except in the actual
neighbourhood of Ambala, but not nearly so numerous as in the
NOTHS ON THE BlliUii OF AM HA LA DISTRICT, PUNJAB. 673
sandy plains of the inoro desert portions of the Punjab.
Beavan however notes that *' this species is particularly abundant
about Ambala whore I procured several tine examples about tht-
station in October 1800.''
1 found a nest with 3 moderately incubated eggs on an
island of the IJiver Sutloj above the Kupar headworks on 21 st
March, and also procured 4 hard set eggs from a nest at
Morinda on 31st March,
473. The Bay-backed Shrike— iawms vittatiia, Val.
"The moat abundant and characteristic shrike near Ambala,
and it apparently extends some little distance up the hills."'
(Beavan.)
Met with in small numbers and generally distributed through-
out the winter until my departure on the 20th April.
476. The llufous-backed Shrike — Laniiis crythronotus (Vig.)
f^rom November till the middle of Aj ril this si rikc was found
to be commonly distributed throughout the plains portion of
the district. One was also seen in a nallah near Kalka on 29th
December. Beavan states : " This species extends as far as
Ambala, where I procured a fine specimen on the 26th
October 1866."
479. The Fale-Brown Shrike — Lanius isahellinus, Ehr.
A single specimen was observed near Morinda on 12th
December.
481* The Brown Shrike — Lanius cristatus, L.
Included in Dr. Scott's list with the remarks "very rare here."
448* The Common Woodshrike — Tephrodornis pondiceviantiR (Gmel.)
Common and generally distributed throughout the district,
even extending a short way into the foothills above Kalka where
I saw one on 10th March. They seemed to become more
abundant in March, but perhaps this increase was more
apparent than real and due to the birds being more noisy
during courtship as the number noticed wa3 normal again by
the end of the month. Nests with eggs were found on 16th
and 28 h March. During the winter these woodshrikes often
collect into parties and flocks.
Beavan's note on the species is as follows :—
" I have since observed this species at Ambala, and killed my
first specimen there on 30th October 1866 in a garden. On the
morning of November 9th, I procured 2 more from near the same
spot ; so that the species is evidently not uncommon there,
although from its peculiarly quiet and silent habits it is likely
to escape observation, and indeed had done so in the case of
Dr Scott, who told mo it was the first time that he had ever
seen the bird."
495* The Short-billed Minivet — Fen'crocotus brevirostris (Vig.)
"In the cold weather it apparently migrates to as far as
Ambala, in the plains ; for Dr. Scott told me that he had fre-
quently procured specimens there, as I myself did, in his
garden, in November 1866. From his notes it would seem that the
species leaves the plains for the hills about the end of February
or the beginning of March, breeds in the hills in June, and
returns to the plains at the beginning of the cold weather, in
September and October. Some examples, however, were seen
20
674 JOUnisAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, FoL XXV.
by Dr. Scott on August 29th, 1866 ; but these were probably
exceptional stragglers." So Beavan, who also notes obtaining
a specimen at Ambala on January 18th, 1866.
For some reason but few of these Ked Minivets visited the
district while I was there ; a few were noted at Mubariqpur
and Chandighar in November ; one, a female, was seen at
Morinda on 8th December, and two at Kharar on the 20th of
the same month.
500. The Small Minivet — Pericrocotus peregrinus (L.)
" It was the common species about Ambala, where I procured
several examples, the first on the 30th October 1866; but they
were much more plentiful after an interval of a few days, since I
fii^d that on the 3rd November 1 obtained three specimens,
and on the 9th no less than six." (Beavan).
Abundant and generally distributed during the cold weather
in parties which split up into pairs by the middle of March,
though I met with a party still undivided in the last week of the
month. They breed in March and April.
oOl* The TV hite- bellied Minivet — Pericvocotus crythropyc/iu^ (Jerd.)
Recorded from Ambala in the Fauna of B. 1. birds. Vol. I,
p. 488.
510* The Large Cuckoo-Shrike — Gravcalus macii, Less.
Included in Dr. Scott's list as obtained at Ambala.
518. The Indian Oriole — Oriolus kundoo, Sykes.
A summer visitor only ; it was first observed on 7th April and
several more were met with before my departure on the 20th of
the month.
528. The Rose-coloured Starling — Pastor roseus (L.)
A party of i were seen on 29th October and some more on
1st November. A flock were seen on 15th January ; a party of
3 was observed at Morinda on 19th March. During the first
half of April !-everal flocks were observed on different dates,
usually hurrying northwards.
529-534. Starlings — All races of Sturnus vulgaris.
Beavan saj's : " Sturnus vulgaris* abundant at Ambala in
January 1866."
I found Starlings to be abundant and widely distributed in
November and December, and less common in January and
February. During March I only saw a flock on the Ist at
Ambala, a flock at Rupar on 23rd, and several flocks at Kharar
on the 24th. Of these birds the majority were doubtless
Sturnus vulgaris polturatshyi (Hartert. Vog. Pal. Fauiia^=^
S. menzbieri. F.B.I. No. 532.), which is the common bird of the
Punjab. But three individuals shot from 2 enormous flocks
at Chamkaur on 14th December proved to be Sturnus v.
porphyronotus.
538*. The Grey-headed Mynah — Sturnia malaharica (Gm.)
This species occurs in Dr. Scott's list of birds presented to
the Montrose Museum with the following note " Ambala : very
rare here, — this being the only one I ever saw. /, Jiotoever,
procured it thereon the 30th October 1866. — li. C. B. "
544 The Black -headed Myn ih — Temenuchus pagodarum (Gm.)
Not uncommon and usually observed in pairs during March
and April ; in addition to these I saw a flock and a pair near
NOri:S ON THE BIRDS OF AMBALA DISTRICT, PUNJAB. t)7o
Bassi on December 11th, and a pair near Lalru on February 14th :
Beavan notes that it is rare at Umballa.
549*. The Common Mynah — Acridot/ieies trisiis (L,)
Abundant, resident, and generally distributed it was found to
be common in Kasauli in March.
551. The Bank Mynah — Acridotheres f/ini/inianus (Lath.)
" Abundant at Ambala in November 186t) " (Beavan).
Observed commonly throughout the plains portions of the
district, from the beginning of November till the end of March.
552. The Jungle 'i^lynixh.- —/Ethiopsar fmcu^ (Wag.)
A few were observed at Chandighar on 11th November and
13th December. There were many about at Morinda on 18th
March.
555*. The Pied Mynah — Stuniopastor coifra (L.)
" Still more so [i. e., rare] at Umballa" Beavan,
561*. The European Red-breasted Flycatcher — Siphia parva (Bechst.)
This flycatcher was seen throughout the winter in nmaU
numbers, but it is noteworthy that only two red-breasted males
were seen at Bilaspur on 27th November. Directly, however,
the species became abundant on passage about the middle of
March, such males were plentiful ; the passage was stiU in
evidence on I9th April. During the winter individuals are very
sedentary and remain continuously in one area.
567. The Slaty-blue Flycatcher — Cyornis leucomelanurus (Hodg.)
A male was shot in a nulla above Kalka on 3Uth December
and two more were seen in low hill jungle at Chandighar on
13th February. In both cases the elevation at which the
birds were seen would be about 2,000-2, .500 feet.
568. The White-browed Blue Flycatcher — Ci/ornis SKpevciliaris, (Jerd.)
A pair were shot in the llest-house compound at Chandighar
on 26th March, and another male was seen there on the follow-
ing day.
579. The Verditer Flycatcher — Stoparola melanops (Vig.)
Two w-ere seen at Chandighar on 10th November, and a female
was obtained there on 26th March.
592. The Grey-headed Flycatcher — Culicicctpa ceylonensis (Sws.)
Observed at Chandig ar, Jagadri, Bilaspur, Morinda, and
Kharar during November and December ; it was usually
met with in the large shady mango-groves about these places,
and there appeared to be an individual or two in almost
every grove, each keeping roughly to its own beat. The loud
scolding note was frequently to be heard and called attention
to what was otherwise an inconspicuous little bird, spotted with
difficulty, as it perched on fairJy open boughs in the trees
catching insects in the spaces amongst the foliage.
598''. The Indian Paradise Flycatcher — Terpsiphone paradisi (L.)
A fine male in the adult white plumage was shot in the jail
g&rden on 3rd April, and a female or young male was also seen;
a bird similar to the last was observed in the District Board
garden on 7th April.
Beavan records : " I have observed several examples in the
Chestnut plumage in the trees which line the main road between
67a JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Ambala and Kalka in March 1866; and Dr. Scott told me that he
had occasionally seen specimens in the immediate neighbour-
hood of Ambala itself."
60o. The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher — Chdidorhynx kypo.xanthwn
(Blyth.)
JSot uncommon ; several were observed at Chandighar in the
low-hill jungles on 13th February ; single examples were also
observed as follows : at Chandighar on 9th November, Bilaspur
on 26th November, and at Mubariqpur on 19th and 21st of
February. It is a bold self-possessed bird with little fear of
human intruders and pirouettes and spreads its wings and
tail with all the grace of a lihijAdura ; it also sallies into the air
' after insects like the typical flycatchers.
In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol.
XXiV, p. 357, Mr. A. E. Jones records that he obtained a speci-
men of this flycatcher near Ambala on 30th January 1915.
604. The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher — RMpidura albifrontata,
Frankl.
Common and generally distributed throughout the district ; I
also met with one in Kasauli on 8th March. A nest with 3 fresh
eggs was found in the District Board garden built on a bough of
a large Eucalyptus tree about 20 feet from the ground on 13th
April.
Beavan says " also procured by me at Ambala, at the same
time as the preceding [i.e., R. albicollis.'], my first specimen
being killed on the 30th October 1866, but it was apparently
not so commonly distributed."
605. The White-throated Fantail Flycatcher — Rhipidura albicollis.
(Vieill.)
So far Ambala is the only district in the Punjab where I have
found this fantail fljcatcher to be common ; it is apparently
more migratory than the last species and probably deserts the
district during the hot weather. At any rate there were none at
Chandighar at the end of March, though it had been as com-
mon as the last species there in November and February. It
was also common at Mubariqpur in November and February,
at Jagadri and Bilaspur in November,'at Kalka in December,
and a few were met wirh in Ambala on various dates between
23rd December and 29th January.
Beavan says : " not uncommon about Ambala in October and
November 1866, my first specimen being procured there on the
29th October."
608. The Common Pied Bush-chat — Pratincola cnprata (L.)
Beavan writes: " Kalka, April 1, 1867, this species is tolerably
abundant about here now they are plentiful between this
and Dhurniinpore " ; he also describes a female he obtained at
Ambala on 12th November 1866. I found the species to be
plentiful along the Kalka — Kasauli Boad and in Kasauli itself
from 5th to 10th March, and it was probably about to breed. I did
not meet it in the Kalka nulahs in December. Otherwise in
the plains, I only met with a male on 10th December and a few
others from March 23rd, until my departure. For the most part
it is probably a summer visitor only to the district.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF AMBALA DISTRICT, PUNJAB. 677
610. Tho Indian Bush-chat — Pinlincola mavra (Palh)
Connnou during the winter from Isovoniber onwards ; then-
was a very noticeable " rush " on migration through Ambala
about the 14th and l^Hh April. The species doTibtless breeds
at Kasauli where 1 saw many from the Cth to 9th March.
Beavan records a specimen procured at Ambala on 22nd
October 1866.
613. " Hodgson's Bush-chat — Pratincola tnsf'ynz's (Hodgs.)
Beavan: states " a specimen procured at Lallroo near
Ambala, on the 14th of November 1866 agrees with Dr.
Jeniou's description in having a conspicuous white-throat
upper-tail coverts patch on tcrtials, and at the base of the pri-
mal ies." Its description is given at length, but this record
does not appear in the Fauna of India birds, Vol. J I, so the
author would seem to have overlooked or discredited it.
615. The Dark-grey Bush-chat — Oreicola ferrea (Hodgs.)
A winter visitor in small numbers to the plains. On January
11th i shot a female which had been haunting the District Board
garden since 26th December, and on February 8th I shot a
male whici had been about the jail garden since 14th January.
Males were also seen at Kamalpur on loth December, and at
Mani Majra on 21st December.
618*. The Pied Ch-At—Sa.ricnin picata, Plyth.
A male was observed at Chandighar on 10th November, and
another waf haunting my garden and verandah from 14th to
the I' 1st of that month.
Beavan says; " I obtained a male at Ambala, October 23rd
1866, near the race course, and the next day a female in the
same place."
619". The White-headed Chat — Saricola capistrafn, Gould.
Beavan states : " 1 procured some specimens at Ambala in
November lf^66 " and goes on to say that a male and female shot
on 14th November at Lallroo were the only two of the species
seen that <lay, though other chats were not uncommon.
620*. Strickland's Chat — liaxicola opistfio/euca, Strickl.
Several were observed on different dates between 10th
December and March 20th, but only at Kupar and Ambala.
Beavan states : " Ambala, November I2th, 1866. — I obtained a
fine male in Cantonments, near the race course."
625*. The Isabelline Chat — Saxicola imbcUiva, Cretz.
Beavan evidently refers to this species under the name of
S. (enanthe when he says " all the specimens of this species pro-
cured in the cold weather of 1866 at Ambala .... were in the
duU winter plumage. ... a common species at Ambala. . . .in the
cold weather only". He obtained specimens on October 24tb,
November lOth and 14th.
626*. The Desert Chat — Sa.ricola deserti, Temm.
Beavan states : " This is perhaps the most abundant wheatear
about Ambala " and gives details of specimens obtained on
Novt-mber 8th and lOth at Ambala. and on November 14th
1866 near Lallroo ; on the last date in company with Dr.
Scott he obtained six males and a female.
678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
629. The Brown Bock Chat — Cercomela fusca, Blyth.
Probably a permanent resident. Several were seen during
the winter in Ambala, and others were observed at Mubariqpur,
Bilaspur, Rupar and Karar.
630. The Western Spotted Forktail — Henicurus maculatus, Vigors.
Several were seen in a nala close to Kalka on the Kasauii Koad
during the last week of December.
638. The White-capped Redstart — Chimarrhornis leucoeephalus (Vig.)
I shot a male in the Nalahs at Chandigar on I2th February and
saw one in a stream close to Kalka in the last week of December.
Beavan states that he observed it on the streams of the
lower hill range on the Simla cart road between Kalka and
Dhurumpore. At Ambala on 12th November 4 specimens in the
flesh were brought in by my shikari which he said he had
procured in the neighbouring hills."
644. The Indian Redstart — Ruticilla rufiuentris (Vieill).
This very abundant winter visitor had already arrived and was
generally distributed when I arrived in the district ; it re-
mained common until the end of March and there were still
some about during the first half of April, but I saw none after
the 15th. None were observed in Kasauii during my visit in
March, but there were a few in the Nalahs about Kalka in the
last week of December,
647 ■ The Red-spotted Bluethroat — Cyanecula suecica, (L.)
" Observed about Ambala in sugarcanes in lb65, tolerably
abundant. Again at Ambala, October 24th, 1866, when I
secured specimens". (Beavan.)
I found this Bluethroat to be numerous about Mubariqpur
early in November ; it was also 1 think common in the crops at
Headquarters about that time. Then with the excei tion of 3
seen near Chamkaur on 12th and 13th December, 1 saw no more
until 26th March, when a single specimen was found at Chandi-
ghar ; another (perhaps a second) was seen at Ambala on
9th April.
6o7. The Blue-headed Robin — Adelura ccBruleicephala (Vig.)
During the last week of December 1 found this Robin common
in the n ore open parts of the low nalahs between Kalka and the
Kasauii Road toll-gate ; there were also some about the hiU
sides. From 6th to 9th March it was also fairly common on the
open hill side in sparse Chir jungle on the north slope of Kasauii.
The bird is not shy and as it flutters about the branches of
trees, picking off insects and then sitting still for a space, the
demeanour is that of a true Redstart. But the movement of
the tail is more of a shake than the quiver of the latter.
661.* The Brown-backed Indian Robin — Tlummohiacambaiemis (Lath.)
Beavan has recorded: "Ambala, October 27th, 1866 — I have
noticed that this species, which is so abundant here a little
later, and which breeds here in numbers in February and March,
has almost entirely disappeared, and is conspicuous by its
absence. ' This statement is referred to by Hume in his Nests
and Eggs of Indian liirds (2nd Ed., Vol. fl, p. 75), with ^he
remark that he had not himself been able to verify the fact of ihe
species being migratory. 1 however found it abundant throi gh-
out the winter, but noticed that it became more conspicuous
NO TES ON THE BIRDS OF AMBAlk DISTRICT, PUN J A B. 07! •
about tho beginning of March, when the approach of tho breeding
season made tho males nioro noisy and active. Jn my opinion
the species is strictly resident and non-migratory, but has the
habit of moving about locally rather more than most resident
species. It was not observed in Kaaauli but was found in tho
Nalahs about Kalka both at tho end of September and in March.
I found a nest with y hard set eggs on Sid April; as usual
the lining of tho nest contained small pieces of cast snake's
slough.
662.* The Black-backed Indian Robin — Thamnobia fulicafa (L.)
Occurs in Dr. Scott's list with the locality Ambala, but I
should view this record with suspicion until corroborated.
663. The Magpie Robin — Copsi/cfius saularis (L.)
Common, generally distributed, and probably resident.
673. The Grey-headed Ouzel — Morula castanea, Gould.
One was seen at Kasauli on 10th March.
676.* The Grey-winged Onzel—Merula boulboul (Lath.)
A party of some 5 or 6 of these Ouzels was met on 13th
February in low hill jungle near Chandighar.
677.* The Black-throated Thrush — Menda atrif/vlaria (Temm.)
Beavan's note on this species is as follows : — "According to
information given to me by Dr. Scott, this species is tolerably
abundant about Ambala in the cold weather, and several were
procured by him, although it did not occur while I was there."
In the 'Ibis' for 1869, p. 124, a paper on the plumages of
Thrushes by Colonel Tytler includes descriptions of two males of
this species procured at Ambala.
A few were met with about Ambala on November 16th,
January 11th, during February, and on March 15th. The real
stronghold however of this species as a winter visitor is in the
low jungle clad hills to the north of the district. I found it
most abundant in the bamboo jungle above Kalka during the
last week of December, and there were still a few about there
on March 10th, a flock of some 70 to 80 individuals was
disturbed in the jungle at Chandigarh on 13th February,
693. The Western Blue Rockthrush — I'etrophila ci/ajim (L.^
Two were seen, apparently both males, in some broken ground
near Mani Majrah on 25th March, and a female was seen on a
building in Cantonments on J.Oth April. They were of course
on migration.
716. The Black-throated Accentor — Tharrhaleus atngulans, (Brandt.)
A party of accentors seen close to the Patiala toU-gate on the
Kasauli Road above Kalka on 28th December were referred to
this species.
719. Jerdon's Accentor — Tharrhaleus jerdnni (Brooks.)
A male was shot in the Nalah above Kalka on the 30th
December and one or two others were ssen.
720. Blyth's Baya — Ploceus bai/a, Blyth.
Beavan records it as common near Ambala.
This species is probably for the most part a summer visitor
as although I saw many old nests hanging on the trees about
Chandighar, the only birds that 1 observed were a small party
on 30th November on the road between Bilaspur and Jagadri.
680 JO URNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HIST. SO CIETY, Vol. XXV.
734. The White-throated Munia— TJroloncJid vialabarica (L.)
Common and apparently resident.
738. The Indian Red Munia — Sporceginthua amandana (L.)
A few were seen near Mubariqpur on 6th November ; at Oham-
kaur on 13th December I observed a couple of flocks in the belt of
trees, bushes and pampas grass along the canal bank. This
Munia is practically always found in the vicinity of water.
761.* The Common Rose-Finch — Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.)
Included in Dr. Scott's list. •
.775.* The "i ellow-throated Sparrow — Gymnorhis flavicollis (Frankl.)
In the more northerly parts of the Punjab 1 have been accus-
tomed to find that this sparrow was a well marked migrant,
common and breeding in the summer, and disappearing in
winter. Hence it was with some surprise that J observed it
to be very common, mostly in flocks, about Ambala during this
winter, from the end of December onwards. These flocks were
accustomed to feed on the ground in dense order, and when
disturbed would fly into a neighbouiing tree, and from thence
gradually disperse, not leaving together. Towards the end of
February the flocks showed signs of breaking up and by April
the species seemed to be generally dispersed and preparing to
! breed.
776. The House Sparrow — Tasser doine^ticus, L.
Abundant everywhere even occurring in Kasauli in company
with the next species. Beavan includes it.
780. The Cinnamon Tree Sparrow — Falser cinnamomens, Gould.
A solitary female w as shot in the Bamboo jungle near Kalka
on 30th December. During my visit to Kasauli in the early
part of March I found this beautiful sparrow common, occurring
round the houses and visiting the fields.
792. The Pine Bunting — F^mheriza leucocopliala, S. G. Gmel.
In the Journal of the Bombay ^.atura] History Society, Vol.
xxiv. p. 357, Mr. A. E. Jones records that in the early months
of 1914 and 1915 he often came across these Buntings at
Ambala. '
793. The White-capped Bunting — Emberiza stevarti, Blyth.
From January 1 4th uutil April 19th I found these Buntings
to be common in the neighboiirbood of Ambala, wherein espe-
cial they where found to frequent a wilder part of the jail
garden. Their usual habit when not feeding is to sit about
stolidly in the hafless boughs of small trees, or to perch in
bushes near tlie ground. The call is twittering and resembles
that of the Linnet
It was also found in the low hills above Kalka on 28th Decern
ber and early in March, some parties were seen at Chandi-
ghar on 26th March.
794. The Eastern Meadow ^■antivg--E'mbmza ftrachcyi, Moore.
Several were seen in Kasauli on 6th March.
803.* The Crested Bunting — Melophus melmiictervs, (Gm.)
" Found by the late Dr. Scott feeding in numbers on the
ground at Ambala.' (Beavan.)
yOTES ox THE BIRDS OF AM BALA DISTRICT, PUNJAB. (J81
POo. Tho Kashmir Martin — C/ielidon /cashniripn.nii, CJonld.
1 obtained a male at Chandigluir on l;jth Fobrnary when tho
species was abundant. On 5th March 1 saw a party of Swal-
lows in a valley by Kalka which appeared to bo of this species.
800.* Tho Indian Sand Martin — Col He sinimsis (Gray.)
B«avan says : " I observed this species in some abundance on
the 1st April 1S(!(>, when on the March from Ambala to Kalka and
within some 10 or li' miles of the latter place.'' This j^robably refers
to Mubariqpur where I found tho species common in November
and February : in the latter month it was breeding in the
sandy banks of the (ihagger near the Rest House and I obtain-
ed eggs and skins. Sand Martins were common and widely
distributed in tho district throughout the cold weather.
810. The Crag Martin — Pti/onoprof/he rupp^tris (Scop.)
A party of Martins, which 1 believe to have been of this
species, were frequenting the Kasauli Road, above the water-
works, on both the 6th and 10th March when I passed along,
811. The Dusky Crag Martin — Ptj/anopror/ne concolor (Sykes.)
Some were flying about the Bazaar at Chichrowli on Soth
November, and a solitary specimen was observed by the canal
at Kamalpur on loth December.
{To be continued.)
SI
682
THE OYPERACE^ OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
BY
L. J. Sedgwick, f.l.s., i.c.s.
The Flora of the Bombay Presidency by T. Cooke, the last
part of which, containing the Cyperace^ and GRAMiNEiE was
published in December 1908, is not entirely complete, and probably
no family is so incomplete as the CYPERACEiE. The idea of this
paper is, therefore, to provide a more up-to-date flora of this family.
The number of species given by Cooke is 102. To these I have
added 20, viz. .• —
Cyperus cephalotes Vahl.
„ platystylis Br.
„ (Pycreus) flavescens L.
„ distans L.
„ pilosus Vahl.
„ stoloniferus lietz.
„ esculentus L.
Marisus Sieberianus Nees.
Kyllmga brevifolia liotth.
Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl.
„ tenera, var. oxylepis Che.
Steiiophyllus puberula {Fair.)
,, capillaris, vai'. trifida
(Kunth.).
Scirpus mucronatus L.
„ erectus Pair.
Lipocarpha argentea Br.
„ sphacelata Kunih.
Scleria caricina Benth.
,, elata Thiv.
melanosperma Nees.
It is noticeable that several of these where collected by the late
Mr, Talbot as early as 1884, which makes it clear that Cooke did
not have the advantage of using the Talbot Herbarium when
writing the last part of his Flora. As against these 19 added
species I have excluded 6 out of those given by Cooke, viz. : —
Scirpus kylliiigoides Boeck.
Ithyncospora Wallichiana Kimth.
Carex condensata Nees, —
Cyperus pulcherrimus Willd,
„ corymbosus Bottb.
Fimbristylis mouticola Hochst.
mentioning in each case the reason for their exclusion.
The material on which this paper is based are the sheets in
the Herbarium of the Economic Botanist and the Talbot Her-
barium, both of them kindly lent me by Dr. H. H. Mann, the
Principal of the College of Agriculture, Poena, — a vast quantity
of material collected by Father Blatter and Mr. Hallberg of the St.
Xavier's College, Bombay, and kindl}'' lent to me by them, — and
the collections made by myself in the 4.hmedabad District and in
the Dharwar District and adjacent parts of North Kanara.
As this paper was unavoidably prepari-d far from civilization I
have had virtually no literature to help me except the Flora of
British India and Cooke's Flora. Through the kindness of Dr.
Mann [ was lent the volanie of" Ilkxstrationsof Cyperacete," London,
1909, a posthumous work of C. B, Clarke, and this has been useful
in one or two cases. But very few of the Bombay Cyperacea? are
figured there ; and a few sj'stematic puzzles have arisen, which I
have thought better to leave unsolved, but merely stated, rather
THE CYPERACE.E OF TILE /iOMfJAV PRESIDENCY. 6-3
rliau to attempt a sohition by describing new or reducing existing
species without seeing Clarke's other posthumous notes, as well as
monographs ot other cyperologists, wiiich may have been published
since Cooke wrote. For the same reason it has been out of the
«(uestion to attempt anything in the way of synonymy ; and I have,
therefore, given synonyms onh' incases where the Flora of B. I. and
( "ooke's Bombay Flora diU'er.
This ])aper is intended to be essentially a practical guide in field
work. .1 have framed my clavises as practically as possible ; and
in the matter of habitat and distribution I have given them as
broadly as is possible at the present daj^ not citing particular
places or names of collector except for very rare species. It is to
be regretted that there is practically no av^ailable material from
Sind. But the probability of any species occurring there or not
can be deduced from the distribution given for the Presidency
proper.
Cyperaceae. English :— " Sedges.'
Anmcal or perennial Jierhs with the habit of grasses or rushes.
Hoot system various. Stems solid, usually trigonous, sometimes terete
or polygonal, usually simple. Phyllotaxy ^-, constant, leaves never
petiolate, composed of a closed sheath and a free blade, which is
occasionally absent. Liqule 0. Inflorescence— (l) in Scirpoide.^^
typically a simple or compound bracteate umbel of spikelets, often
a capitate cluster of sessile spikelets, or a single spikelet, — (2)
in CARiCOiDEiE typically a number of paniculatel}'- arranged
spikes, often a single spike. Spihelets 1-many flowered. Flowers
glumaceous, 1-2-sexual, typically a bisexual floret in the axil of a
single glume. Palea 0. Perianth 0, or of 2 or more hypogynous
bristles or scales, or (in Carex) of a utricle enclosing the ovary.
Stamens I — 3; filaments flattened ; anthers linear, basifixed, dehi-
scing ventrally by longitudinal slits. Pollen light, gi'anular,
conveyed by wind. Ovary superior, 1-celled, consisting of 3 (or,
by suppression, 2) wholly combined carpels, free (except in
Carex), compressed or trigonous. Ovule solitary, basal, erect,
anatropous. Style short or long, terete or flattened, 2- or 3-partite.
Stigmas as many as the style-branches, always exerted. Fruit a
Outlet, usually trigonous or compressed, free (except in Carex).
Seed erect, free. Embryo miniite, within the base of the usually
flourj' albumen.
(Genera about G^j, species about 3,000, universally distributed).
It is customary to speak of the inflorescence of the Scirpoidece as an
umbel. The umbel is, however seldom as perfectly regular and flat-
topped as in such families as UinhelUfcrce, A^clepiadaceix, etc. An umbel
may be either monopodial or sympodial. That the scirpoid umbel is
monopodia lean be clearly seen from such plants as Cy penis bulbosus and C.
alternifolius ("Umbrella-grass" of Anglo-Indians), where the contraction of
684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
the main rachis at the base of the inflorescence is not so complete as to
prevent the development of a branch (umbel ray) from the axil of each
bract. The secondary branchings of the primary rays however often give
the appearance of being sympodial (cymose) especially in siich supra-
decompound forms as Fimhristijlis quinquangularis and Scirjms (/rossus. In
some of the Caricoidece the ultimate branchings, and even the spikelet
itself, seem to be certainly cymose.
In the Caricoidece the morphology of the spikelet is often a matter
of dou'bt. For instance, the utricle of Care.v and the spike or spikelet of
Hypoli/trum are variously regarded by difi'erent authors. It would be
beyond the scope of this paper go into any detailed discussion of these
points, especially as these genera are poorly represented.
The Cypemcece form a satisfactory family of fairly constant habit.
They are usually recognizable at once by their 3-angled stems, which dis-
tinguish them from grasses. The species with terete or polygonal stems
are recognizable by their o-ranked leaves or leaf-sheaths, the leaves of
grasses being always 2-ranked, by the sheath being perfect and not split
down the front as in grasses, and by the bracteate inflorescence. The
Juncacece ("rushes") can be distinguished by having a definite peri-
anth and 3-celled capsule of the Liliaceous type. The discrimination of
some species of Eriocaulon ("Hat-pin grasses'") from some Cyperace-
ous forms such as Eleocharis is a matter of more difllculty. As a rule
the Eriocaidacece can be distinguished by their dense rosettes of suc-
culent radical leaves. Failing this the inflorescence must be dissected.
The Eriocmilacece have a three-celled capsule containing separate seeds,
and the whole morphology of their flowers is quite difi'erent.
The " sedges" are typically denizens of marshes, though some species
inhabit dry localities and even deserts, and some forests.
Though so closely allied to grasses the "sedges," are of little economic
importance, being as a rule very poor fodder. The ancient "papyrus" was
made from the stems of Ci/perus papyrus, Linn., a Nile plant. Of the Indian
sedges a few have edible tubers or bulbous stem-bases. The stems and
leaves of some are used for mats. From the tubers of Cyperus rotundus,
Linn., is obtained the fragrant powder used in the " agarbattis", or fragrant
tapers burned in Hindu temples and houses. The same species is a notable
pest in agricultural land.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
I. SCIRPOIDE^^^. Primary branching of the inflorescence usually
umbellate {i.e., of several closely-placed rays subtended by several bracts),
or spikelets in a contracted head, or spikelet solitary (reduced umbels).
Spikelets always 2-sexual. Florets usually § . Nut free, but concealed
or partially concealed by its glume, even when ripe.
A Flowering glumes all distichously arranged on a flattened or sub-
quadrangular rhachilla. Hypogynous bristles 0. (CYPEIIE^'F).
1. llhachilla not disarticulating above the two
lovvest glumes, but the fertile glomes and nuts
ultimately deciduous from the permanent rha-
chilla. Spikelets many-flowered, elongate .. 1. Cyperus.
2. llhachilla disarticulating above the two lowest
(empty) glumes, falling away with its fertile
glumes and nuts, leaving a knob on the rhachis.
(a) Spikelets 1 — many-flowered, elongate, usually
spikately arranged on the branches of a true
umbel, sometimes capitate ; style 3-fid . . 2. Mariscus.
THE CYPEUACE.^ OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 085
(/') Spikelets 1 — 2-flo\vero(l, ovoid, pale (white or
oToonish), crowded in dense j^lobose or eylin-
dric solitary or capitately arranged spikes.
( Jlumtv? slightly winged on the keel ; style 2-fid. ."!. Kijllhii/a.
(o) Spikelets 1 — o-llowered, ovoid, golden-yellow, in
globose heads on the branches of an open
nmbel. Keels of fertile glumes with cotinu-
ous glistening wing ; style ."J-tid . . . . 4. Courtoisitf.
/'. Flowering glumes all spirally arranged around a terete or Ipolygonal
rhiiohilla. Hypogynous bristles or scales often present. {SCIIiPEJe.)
1. Hypogynous bristles or scales 0. (See also
tScirpus).
(a) Style-base swollen, constricted above its point
of insertion on the nut, leaving no prominence
on the nut after dehiscence . . . . ..•"». Ftm/jiisti/lis.
(6) Style-base swollen, constricted above its point
of insertion on the nut, leaving an apical
(usually dark) tumour on the (usually white)
nut after dehiscence. Leaves very finely ca-
pillary and with the rest of the plant often
puberulous . . . . . . . . . . (5. StenoplnjUw.
•_'. Hypogynous bristles or scales present (absent in
those species of -^cirpiis whose nearest affi-
nities are with that genus),
(i) Nut with hypogynous bristles (exception as
above),
(a) Spikelets solitary, terminating the. stems.
Leaves 0. . . . . . . . . . . 7. Eleocharis.
{hj Spikelets several or many (in the Bombay
species.) Leaves present or not . . . . H. Scirpus.
(ii) Nut with hypogynous scales, or scales and
bristles (bristles only in one sp. of Fuirma).
{a) Hyp. scales 6, divided to the base into
innumerable hairlike segments . . . . 9. Eriophorum.
{h) Hyp. processes 0, in two series, the outer
(sepals) typically bristles, the inner (petals)
t3'pically scales; sometimes one or both (in
non-Bombay) species reduced . . , . ..10. Fuirena.
(o) Hyp. scales 2, closely adhering to the nut, and
difficult to discern (two species both with
compact heads of several stout spikelets) . . 11. Lipocarjyha.
II. CAKICOIDE.l'E. Primary branching of the inflorescence usually
paniculate (?.<»., of a terminal panicle as well as of partial panicles from the
axils of the stem leaves), or of several capitately crowded spikes or a
single jpike (reduced panicles). Stem generally leafy upwards. Spikelets
l-2-6exual. Florets less commonly 5, usually 1-sexual and monoecious.
A. Nut not enclosed in a utricle.
(i) Nut dark, cylindric or compressed, usually
beaked,
(a) A maritime herb with crowded pungent, re-
curved leaves, and very short, ovoid oi
oblong, capitatelj' arranged spikelets , . 12. liemirca.
(tji) Inland herbs. Spikelets golden yellow,
acute, bearing one beaked nut. Bristles
usually present . . . . 13. lihi/nco<pora.
686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
(c) A gtont herb of streams in dense forest with
long and very broad 3-nerved leaves.
Spikelets (spikes) obtuse with many obtuse
glumes. Bristles 0. Scales 2 .. .. \^. Hypclytnan.
'2. Nut prominently exserted (except in S. cari-
cina) globose or globosely ovoid, osseous,
white and glabrous or puberulous with red-
dish hairs, smooth or variously sculptured.
Inflorescence panicled . . . . . . lo. Selena.
//. Nut enclosed in a bottle-shaped utricle with an
entire or bifid beak . . . . . . . . . . 16. Care:r,
1. Cyperus, ^m'"-
Annual or perennial glalDrous herbs. Root system various.
Leaves from sheathes without blades to ver}^ long and prominent.
Inflorescence capitate or umbellate, subtended by foliaceous bracts.
Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes fertile except the two lowest
and the few terminal. Stamens 1-3. Stigmas 2-3 (v. rarely 1).
Nut compressed or trigonoxis. Habitat various. (Species nearly
400 almost all over the world).
I have followed Cooke in including under Cyperus the genera Pycreu»
and Juncellus of the F. B. I., but have differed from him in maintaining
Mariscus as a separate genus. In the case of the two former the characters
relied upon by those authors who regard them as genera are the compressed
(not trigonous) nut, and the 2 (not 3) style-branches. The same characters
could however be equally well relied on to break up the genera Scirpus and
Fimbristylis. Moreover in at any rate some of the species of Juncellus the
suppression of the third carpel is sometimes incomplete, as is shown by the
fact that in the same individual there may be either two or three stigmas,
while the nut is obscurely three-sided. In the case of ilfamcws the disarti-
culation of the rhachilla seems to be an important morphological character.
In the Gramineai the morphology of the rhachilla is regarded as of generic
importance and on the same analogy it should be so regarded in the Cypi-
racecR also. Nor is Coke correct when he says that this character "cannot be
applied in the field, but niay be said to be limited to herbarium specimens"
(F. B. P. II, p. 8o3). As a matter of fact when a Mariscus is ripe the
spikelets come off in handfuls on the merest touch even when the plant is
standing. Articulations are not usually apparent Avhen the parts are im-
mature. But this applies to many other morphological characters
which are used in systematic botany. Lastly, in most species of Mariscu<
the morphology of the spikelet, including shape of glume and shape of nut,
is very much removed from the typical Cyperus spikelet, which certainly
cannot be said of Pycreus or Juncellus.
Sub-genus I (ANOSPORUM) Nut corky helotv oron the angles-Tank' floater ^ .
1. C- CephaloteS, VaM. Stolonifenis — floating in tanks.
]jeafy. Bracts long. Infl. a dense head of pale, manj-^-flowered
spikelets. Style v. long, almost entire or slightly 3-notched at tlu-
tip. Nut with a thickened, white, corky base, enabling seed dis-
persal by water.
Forming floating islands in association with Pistia Stratiotes in a very
few tanks in the above Chat Talukas of Kanara. (Indo-Malayan and K.
Asian).
THE CYPERACE^K OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. i)87
-. C. platystylis, l^r. Stolon iferous, floating in tanks. Lealy,
stems strong, 2-o ft. Leaves broad, scabrid, cutting the hand.
Umbel broader than long, compound. Bracts long, leafy. Spikelets
numerous, digitate on the rays, elongate, flattened, linear,
parallel-sided, 20 — 40-flo\vered, brown. Nut triquetrous (or trigo-
nous) one side much broader than the others, angles whitish.
V. rare. Tank near the Dovimana ghat, N. Kanara (H. Agr. Coll.),
(Indo-Malayau^.
Sub-(;eniuII (PYCRECS). Nut laterally compressed— Stigmas 'I.
Key to the subgenus:- —
A. — Superficial cells of the nut lonyitudinallif elonyate. Ripe nuts usually
appearing irrer/ularli/ zonate bij the short sides of the cells runninr/ into v
iracy line.
{Note. — The species of this section are very imperfectly characterized.)
1. Nut black, narrowly obo void, subacute,
not much compressed, the transverse*
ridges prominent, glistening white ., :5. C. /tavescens.
'J. Nut black, broadly obovoid, obtuse,
rather compressed, the transverse ridges
distinct, not white , . . . . . 4. C. latespicatw.
■i. Nut black, quite coucolorous, almost
completely rotund, very compressed,
the transverse ridges rather obscure . . o. C Malabaricu.<.
B. — Superjicial cells of the 7iut quadrate. Ripe nuts not zonate.
1. Spikelets short, broad, | in, redish . . 6. C. sanyuinoleni ua .
2. Spikelets elongate, many-flowered,
with parallel sides, ^ in, stem robust,
1-:^ ft. . . . . . . . . . . 7. C. puncticulatii-1.
•i. Spikelets gradually attenuated from
base to tip, glumes lax, yellow, with
prominent white margin . . . . 6. C albomarginatvx.
4. Spikelets elongate (as 2) but stems
slender, tufted, 8-18 inches . . . . 9. C. globosus.
-■). Spikelets narrow, pale, in contracted
umbels ; perennial, maritime . . . . 10. C odoratus.
6. Small and slender; spikelets few-
flowered with hump-backed glumes
with strong raised, curving nerves on
the sides .. .. .. .. . . 11. '''. hyalinus.
7. Small and slender, spikelets many-
flowered, elongate, parallel-sided, with
normal glumes . . . . . . VI. C. pumilus.
o. C. flavescens, Linn. P. Jlavescens, Nees ; and incl. I\
f-tramiiieus Cke. Annual, slender, 1-12 inches. Umbel simple, small,
with few short slender rays and few rather short spikelets ^ x y„
inch, compressed, dark with rather light margins all round the
glumes. Nuts as clavis.
Besides material from Mt. Abu there is one specimen from Maval, Poena
Dist. in Herb. St. X. Coll. The plant is liable to be passed over as re-
sembling poor forms of C. ylobosus and C Malabaricus.
I cannot from descriptions in F. B. I. distinguished Clarke's P. strami-
neus The colour of the spikelets of the Abu and Maval specimens is darker
<338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
than described in F. B. I. but the shape and appearance of the nut seems
to leave no doubt that they are not C. Malabaricus, which they otherwise
resemble.
4. C. latespicatUS, Boeck. P. latespicatus Cke. Ratber
stouter in the stem, 4-16 inches. Umbel as the last but spikelets
move numerous and larger, f x i in., not so compressed, bullate from
the ripe-nuts, j^ellowish brown, concolorous, parallel-sided,
obtuse.' Nut as clavis.
Occasional throughout the ghats and adjacent regions. (Scattered
throughout India).
5. C. Malabaricus, T. Cool-e. {F.B.V. 11, i^ 8b6) r. Malaba-
ricus Cke. as No. 3 above, but nut as clavis, and glumes very dark
with prominent paler margin all round. In the Bombay examples
the spikelets are not conspicTiously parallel-sided.
Distribution of the last. (App, endemic in W. India).
6. C> sanguinolentUS, VaM. P. sanguinolentus, Nees. Rhizome
creeping. Stems 4-20 inches, strong, either erect or decumbent at
the base, leafy up to sometimes one-third of the stem. Umbel
simple, often contracted. Spikelets few, about | x ^ in. dark red,
not very compressed, bullate from the ripe nuts, tapering to the
sub-obtuse tip. Nuts sub-rotund, dark, apiculate.
Fairly common in the ghat tracts and the regions adjacent, in marshes.
(Warm regions of the old world).
7. C. punctiCUlatUS, Vahl. P. puncticvlal'm, Cke. Stems sub-
solitarj', robust. 1-2 ft. Leaves rather thick. Umbel large,
simple or compound, with rays up to 6 inches. Spikelets many,
distant on the rhachis, pale or reddish brown, rather many-flowered,
i X g^ in. (width x^o — ^ in. Cooke, | in. Clarke) parallel-sided.
Nut dark, obovate, obcordate, apiculate.
App. very rare. Heavy rainfall regions in the South of the Presidency
(Deccan Peninsula of India, Ceylon, China).
8- C. albomarginatUS, Mart, and Schrad. V. alhomarginatus,
Nees. Tall, 1-3 ft., stems solitary. Umbel small or quite large
with rays up to 7 inches. Spikelets distant on the rhachis, f in,
as clavis. A very distinct species.
Konkan, ghats and sub-ghat tracts. Fairly common in marshes. (India.
W. Peninsula. Burmah. Tropics generally.)
«*• C. glObOSUS, ^■l^^- P- {ilohosus, Reich. P. ccqnllaris, Nees.
Slender, tufted, 8-18 in. spikelets crowded in heads or simple
umbels with few short rays, verj- many-flowered, conspicuously
parallel-sided, -| x ro in., pale in North, dark in South India, and
with 3^ellow margins to the glumes. Nut obovoid, dark, smooth.
('. malaharicus is very close to this especially as the nut is very
often onlj^' very slightly reticulated when young.
THl-: CYPEliACE.i: OF THE liOMBAY rUESIDENCY. 689
A very abumlant st'dge of rict'-fields and ntlu-r damp places throughout
the President' V. (Ohl world).
10. C- OdoratUS, /■'"''• C. [iolydnclbyo.<, Kottb. ' Vycrens jiolysl-
cliijo^ JJciiiir. JVreiiuial, tiil'ted, 1---^ ft., base thickened. Steni
sometimes obsolete. Umbel simple with very short raj^s, or
contracted into one liead. Spikelets many. v. narrow, |- x ] in.
pale, sub-erect, even in fruit, very many-tiowered. X-at brown,
oblong'-ellipsoid. apicalate.
Coasts of the Pri'sideucy and the regions just inland, ajip. very rare. (All
warm regions, mainly maritime).
11- C. hyalinus, I '*'/</. ('. inmiilas, Nees. P. pumilus,!^^^^.
Annual, small, slender, 2-8 inches. Umliels simple with few short
rays or reduced to a head. Spikelets i x jl. in., yellowish, about 7-
flowered. much compressed. Glumes of a ver^^ unusual shape,
back (which is strongly nerved) curved convexly and then shortly
recurved at the apex, something like a question mark ; sides with
several very strong raised nerves, radiating from the base of the
glume, and then cinn-ing along the sides parallel to the curve of the
back. Xut brown, obliquely oblong, obovate. A very distinct
species.
Very rare. Apparently only from Sion, Bombay. (India. W. Peninsula,
Ceylon, Timor). ^
!-• C. pumilUS, Li, 1 1). C. nitens, Yahl. F. nifens, Xees. A
small tufted annual, 2-8 inches. Spikelets in terminal heads (or
occasionally the head umbellateh^ broken up), very many-flowered,
exactly parallel-sided, g x ,\ in., very pale, glumes with a short cus-
pidate point, spreading in fruit.
Throughout the Presidency, but rarer in the South. One of the common-
est sedges on sand in the drier northern tracts and thence onward into
the desert. (Warm — presumably drier — regions of the old world).
Subgenus III.— (JUNCELLUS)— .Ym« dorsally co)npre$sed— Stir/mas 2 or G.
Key to the sub-genns : —
(a) A dwarf herb, .spikelets close packed in a
small terminal head .. .. .. }:}. C. pi/r/maeus.
(,/-») A glaucous herb, about 1 ft. high, spikelets
in a small, apparently lateral head . . 14. C. kieviyatus.
(fi) A tall stout herb, spikelets in a large com-
pound umbel .. .. .. .. \'}. C. alopecuroides.
1-5- C> pygmaeus, liottli. Stems only a few inches high,
densely tufted and ring from leafy bases. Heads dense, \ in. in
diam. J3racts several, large, spikelets ovate, small, green maturing
to pale brown. Glumes closely imbricate, acute or cuspidate, with
strong green keel and hyaline sides. Nut minute, elipsoid, acute,
flat on the ventral, convex or sub-aneular on the dorsal side
brown. Closely resembles Scirpus Michelianus (q. v.).
22
690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, T'ol. XX J .
A gregarious herb of dried rice-fields or the margins of tanks below high
flood-level. Abundant throughout the Presidency. (Most warm countries
of the old world).
14. C> laevigatUSi J-ii'i^n- Rhizome creeping in mud. Stems
solitary or tufted, sheathed below, leafless oi* almost so, pale.
Heads compact. Bracts 2, the lower erect like a continuation ot
the stem, the upper very small or 0. Spikelets pale. Glumes
(closely imbricate broadly boat-shaped with acute tips. Nut obtuse,
plano-convex.
A gregarious rhizomatous herb of soft mud. In the beds of nullahs ami
similar localities, common throughout the Presidency. (Most warm
countries).
(/>) Var junciformis, Glarl-e. Spikelets few. rigid, shining,
chestnut or black,
Sind, Stocks 7ol in Herb, Kew, No specimens are available now.
15. C. alopecuroides, Boith. Tall, 2-3 ft. Stem thick.
Leaves and bracts long and broad. Umbel large, compound,
Spikelets in dense spikes, terminating the rays of the secondarj'
umbels. Glumes closely imbricate, with thick green, sometimes
slightly excurrent keel, pale sides, and a very narrow wavy,
glistening margin. Nut very small for the size of the plant, shortly
ellipsoid, acute, plano-convex, pale l?ut darkening to ashy brown
with age. Stigmas indiscriminately 2 or 3 on the same plant,
A large solitary herb of standing or running water. Common through-
out the Presidency. (India and Ceylon, tropical Africa and Australia).
Sub-genus IV (CYPERIJS)— Nut trigonous, stigmas .'1
Section I. SpiJceletn dif/itnte on the ultimate rays, not spikate.
Key to the Section : —
A. Annuals with fibrous roots {e.ccept C. Haspan).
1 . Glumes mucronate
(a) Spikelets i-^ in. broad, reddish . . . . lb, C. tencnffa:.
(b) Spikelets narrow, nut obovoid . . . . 17. C uncinatus.
(c) Spikelets very narrow, nut exactly oblong. IR. C. castaneus.
2. Glumes not mucronate
(a) Spikelets innumerable in globose heads,
green to blackish . . . . . . . . }9, C. diffortnis.
(b) Spikelets fewer in each head, golden
yellow
(i) No stolons, nut globooely trigonous,
granulate . . . . . . . . 20. V. jiacidus.
(ii) Stoloniferous, nut usually triquetrous. 21. C.haspdn.
H. A perenydal ivith short rhi'Mme and t/lobosc
whitish heads. A plant of heavij rainfall
tracts , . , . . . , . , , . . 22. C\ leucocephfilu~<^
C. Perennials icith rhizomes creepim/ in sand.
Plants of sandy xhores and desert tracts.
1 . Spikelets in one head, dirty straw coloured . . 2o. ('. arenarim.
2. Spikelets in one head, pure white . . 24. C, niveus
THE CYPEliACE.^: OF THE BOM RAY PRESIDENCY. 691
li. Spikelets in a contracted umbel, pinkish
grey, roots wooly . . . . . . 2'}. C. c<mf/loitu'ratui>.
4. Spikelota in a contracte«l umbel, roots wiry. 26. C. athinsoni.
K>- C. teneriffae, I'oir. l-l inches lugh. I'arcly more, tuiVed.
Spikelets usually few, largt^ for the size of the plant, bearing a
superficial resemblance to the spikelets of C. compressus.
Barren waste land, occasional in the Deccan and Carnatic. (Indo-
African).
17. C> uncinatUS, l^oir. (in Cooke's F.B.P.). C. casiyidatus,
H. B. and K., in F.B.I. 3-G inches high. Tufted. Spikelets
small and narrow. Nut minute, obovoid.
Very rare. Specimens from Igatpuri in Herb. St. Xavier College are
not certainly allocable to this species or the next for want of mature nuts.
(African and E. Asian).
18. C- castaneus, WUkl. 1-7 inches high. Tufted. Spike-
lets very small and narrow, dark chestnut. Nut minute, exact!}
oblong.
Very rare, Koukan. (Scattered throughout S. E. Asia.)
Note. — Here belongs C. pulckerrimus, Willd., given by Cooke on the
strength of the record " Sind, Pinwill" in F. B. I. It is very close to the
next, but has more numerous umbel rays and crisped incurved tips to the
glumes. It should not occur in Sind, being a plant of the inner Indo-
Malayan region.
19. C. difformls, Linn. Very variable in size, from 4 inches
to 2 feet. Stems tiaccid triquetrous, bracts long, leafy. Inflores-
cence of one head or of several umbelled globose heads of innumer-
able, densely-crowded, short, very narrow^ spikelets, green when
3'oung, almost always dark-brown or blackish when ripe. Glumes
short, very obtuse.
Abundant throughout the whole Presidency in damp places, or in stand-
ing or running water. (Warm regions of the old world).
20. C. flavidus, Retz. 1 inch to 1 foot. Tufted but, not
densely so. Stem flaccid. Umbels compound or decompound
with long rays, occupying most of the plant. Bracts long. Spike-
lets ^ inch, very narrow, very acute, golden yellow, stellately
spreading from the tips of the rays. Glumes oblong with rounded
hyaline tips and hyaline sides. Nut minute (as clavis) white.
A very abundant weed of rice- fields throughout the Presidency. (Warm
regions of the old world),
21. C. Haspan, Linn. Closely resembles the last, but
larger in all its i)arts and with a creeping slender rhizome. Nut
as clavis, but probably would have obtuse faces in a perfectly
mature state, white in the Bombay examples.
692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HlSr. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Apparently rare, the only authentic specimens being from nullahs and
rivulets in open places on the crest of the Southern Ghats. (All warm
regions).
Probably C. Jlavidus is only a smaller annual form of this plant.
22, C. leuCOCephalUS, J^e.tz. Rhizome short woodj'. Stems
numerous 6-12 inches, each with a solitaiy globose head of small
white spikelets. Bracts spreading and deflexed. Nut oblong-
ellipsoid, apiculate, black, i-ough. Habit of a Kyllinga.
In open spaces in forests in the heavy rainfall belt on the crest of the
Southern Ghats. Flowers only in the early monsoon and common at that
time in the habitat given. (Tropics generally, presumably only in the
wetter regions).
2o, C. arenarius, Tleh. Rhizome wiry, far-creeping in sand.
Stems distant on the rhizome, Aviry, 6-10 inches. Spikelets short,
broad, often almost amorphous, dirty straw-coloured, in solitary
globose heads. Nut obovoid, dark.
On sand either on sea-shores or inland (in North Gujarat and Sind),
not uncommon. (Perso-Arabian and Indian).
24. C. niveus, Betz. Rhizome woody. Stems approximate,
6-10 inches, Spikelets large, many-flowered, white. Grlumes
shortly mucronate at or below the apex, multi-striate. Nut
obo\^oid triquetrous, ultimately dark.
On dry hills and banks, Sind and North Gujarat. (From Afghanistan
to China occasionally spreading southwards in drier India).
25. C. COnglomeratUS, Fiotth. Rhizome woody, roots often
wooll3^ Stems 6-20 inches. Spikelets few-flowered, softlj'- pin-
kish grey, in sessile and shortlj^ umbellate heads. Glumes shortl}'
mucronate. Nut unec|ually trigonous, ultimately dark.
Sind and North Gujarat in sand. (Westward to the Mediterranean).
(h) Var. pachyrhizUS, Trimen. (Sp. Nees) A maritime form,
Avith very thick crowded stem -bases, clothed with brightlj^-coloured
sheaths, and heads up to 2 inches across bearing more numerous
spikelets.
Coast of Kathiawar and the North Konkan. (Also Ceylon and the
Laccadive Is.)
LC. effusus, ^t'otth. Like the last sp. but with many-flowered
spikelets with densely- crowded glumes.
Sind, Pinwill {Rr F. B. I.). This should occur in Sind.]
26. C. atkinsoni, ^'larli-e. Like C. confilomeroius, but roots not
woolly and spikelets pale-brown, rather many-flowered.
Karachi— Stocks {Ex. F, B. I,) (Afghan.)
Section II — Sjnkelcts sjnA-atc <»• racemosf not dif/itate.
A. — Small annual with sr/tmrrnse f/lumfs.
I HE CYPERACE.E OF THE liOMBAY PRESIDENCY. (i9.3
■11
C. aristatus, liofUt. o-(i inches, tufted, very slender,
Umbel I'lipitate ur simple with short ra3's. Spikelets golden
yeliow, often very closely spikate, \ x .vinoh. Glumes with a long
squarrosely recurved arista. Usually ])laeed here on account of the
shortly spikate spikelets, but all its afhnities are with species lG-18.
An abundant weed throughout the Presidency. (Tropics generally).
Xofc. — Some of tho very abundant Bombay material shows spikelets
deciduous as in MnriscuK, which wouhl seem to api)roximate to M, squar-
rns'ci Clarke. But as all specimens show the typical striate glumes of C.
nrt''ffifii<, and as neither Clarke's description nor his illustration indicate
the striate condition 1 have had to leave all the mateiial in this species.
B. — Meiliitm annual icith compressed spikelets.
-^. C. COmpreSSUS, Linn. Annual 5-1 G inches. Umbels
with few rays. Spikelets 1 X i inch, compressed but Avith a me-
dian ridge on each side (so that a cross-section would be diamond-
shaped), usually greenish. Glumes with a compressed very slightly
recurved mucro.
Fairly common in (\xy ground, especially cultivated land, throughout the
Presidency (Tropics generally).
C. — Medium annual with distant, obtuse, f/olden yellow ;/hunes.
20. C. Iria, Linn. Annual, very variable, 4 ins. to 2 ft.
Umbel simple or compound. Spikelets normally j x jV,- inch.
G-20 flowered (often much less), spreading or secund, ahvays
golden yellow. Glumes distant, very obtuse, almost globose, with
hwaline margins. Nut shortly obovoid.
Very abundant throui^hout the Presidency, usually in damp places.
(Warm regions of the old world).
(/') Var. paniciformis, Clarhe. Spikelets with 1-4 flowers, very
secund, on spikes which are drawn out into almost linear racemes.
Standing or running water, especially in North Gujarat. Taller than
the type. A distinct variety, but the type is so variable that many indi^
viduals show the tendency to develop few flowered secund spikelets.
(c) A very slender form, with filiform stems 4-10 inches; low'est
bract erect, filiform, like a continuation of the stem. Umbel rays
few and short. Spikelets few but of normal size.
Ghats and Konkan, (Herb, St. X. Coll. — a good many collections).
D. — Perennials, lihachilla of spikelets not much winyed, slender. Gluines
(mature) ivith concave backs, not appressed.
Key to the Subsection : —
1. Spikelets very slender, almost filiform, spread-
ing stellately, glumes very distant . . .'iO. C. disfnns.
2. Spikelets less slender, secund, in tassel-like
clusters on tho ends of the very long rays. .'51. C. nutans.
3. Spikelets less slender, firm, erect or spread-
ing . . . . . . . . . . . . '62. C. elcusinoides.
694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
30. C. distans, Linn. Usually about 2 feet. Slender. Um-
bel large, occupying nearly half the plant, compound, with nume-
rous spreading rays. Spikelets as clavis, red or dark-brown,
rhachilla filiform, wavy.
Apparently rare. Only authentic specimen from Castle Rock (Herb
Agr. Coll.) (All warm regions).
31. C. nutans, VaM. 2-3^ ft. Umbel with very long ray
and secondary rays. Clusters (mature) droojJing.
Apparently rare. Scattered throughout the Southern Ghat region
(^ India generally).
32. C. eleusinoides, Kunth. H-4 ft. Umbel small or large
according to general development. Spikelets crowded on the
ultimate rays, supported hy bracteoles, almost always erect. Glumes
not very distant, but loosely spreading with hollow curved back!
Easily recognised when known, but not ver}- easy to describe.
Abundant throughout the Presidency in standing or running water.
(Warm regions of the old world).
E. — Leafy perennials. Spikelets coinpressed. Glumes closely imbricating
with scarious margins and tips. Tail herbs of marshes.
Key to the Subsection \- —
1. Rhachis of spike pilose-scabrid . . . . . . 31. C. pilosus.
2. Rhachis of spike glabrous . . . . . . 32. C. procerus.
33. C. pilosus, Vahl. Upto 3. ft. Umbel medium-sized,
compound. Spikelets distant on the hairy rhachis, spreading at
right angles about 5X^2 iiich, dark-coloured, acute, margins of
glumes hyaline white.
In marshes in the Mallad tract of the Carnatic, not uncommon. Occa-
sional further North. (Tropics except America).
34. C. procerus, Kotth. Upto 3 feet. Umbel usually not
very large for the size of the plant. Spikelets rather distant, larger
than pilosus, 1 x J inches, bright red or paler (when young), not
very acute. Margins of glumes hyaline white.
In marshes in the Mallad tract, of the Carnatic, often gregarious, not
Tincommon. (E. Asia).
F. — Maritime herbs with terete pale spikelets.
Key to the Subsection : —
1. Glumes crisply incurved all round .. .. ^5. C. malaccensis.
2. Glumes appressed . . . . . . . . 36. C. stoloniferus .
35. C. malaccensis, Lam. Rhizome creeping. Stems l|-3 ft.
Stem triquetrous almost three-winged at top. Leaves few, short.
Umbel small for the size of the plant. Bracts leafy. Spikelets
\ X 5*0 inch, as clavis.
In brackish mud, Konkan Coasts. App. ra-e. (Asian and Australian,
maritime).
THE CyPEnACiLE OF THI-: liOMLiAV rUESIDENCY. 69r,
•iG. C. StolonifePUS, Iteh. l^liizome creeping. Stems leafy
4-8 in. usually (('larke in F. Vt. I.) M-IO inches in the Bombay
example, nodose at llie base and (;lothed tor some way (in the
Bombay example) with lacerated coloured sheatlis, trigonous at top.
Umbel small and contracted, spikelets terete, \ x J^r inch (in the
Bombay example). Glumes closely imbricating, obtuse, dirty
white, speckled with pink on the back.
t couclmlo that this is No. 2741 in Horb. St. X. Coll. from the shore at
Mahim, Bombay. (Shores of E. Asia.)
G. — Tall f/labrous vhizomatous plants, almost la/less. Stetns terete, spongy,
often appearin;/ trans>^ersehj septate vhen dri/. Umbels small for the size of
tfie plant. Bracts veri/ short. Spikelets pale.
37. C. Articulatus, fA^^u. As above. Stem noticeably trans-
versely pseudo-.septate. Bracts very short, scarious with ovate
base.
Scattered throughout the Presidency in shallow water, but not common
except in the Mallad tract of the Carnatic. (All warm regions).
38. G- tegetiformis, Rozh. As above. Stem trigonous at top,
hardly septate when diy. Bracts leaf-like green, up to |ths of the
inflorescence.
Rare. Khaudala (Herb. St. Xav, Coll.) (E. Asian).
Note. — Both C. ter/etiformis and C. corymbosus, Rottb., are given by Cooke
as occurring at Kalyan {fide, Woodrowe). These two species are very im-
perfectly characterised, and are very probably forms of one species.
Cooke doubts whether they both occur. 1 have placed the St. Xavier's
College specimen in teyetiformis as the spikelets are pale, whereas the
spikelets of corymbosus should be red. The bracts, however, are more than
half the inflorescence.
H. — Base of the stem an ovoid bulbil covered ivith a blade, striated, splittiny
tunic.
39. C. bulbosus, Vahl. Stolons very fine. Stem slender 4-12
inches. Leaves numerous. Umbels interrupted, i.e., with an
interval between the lowest bracts and the next one above it and
so on, the displaced bracts bearing partial unbels in their axils.
Rays ^hort up to 2 inches. Spikelets elongate, narrow, reddish.
Rhachilla with ovate persistent wings. Glumes appressed, obtuse.
Essentially a sand plant. Near the sea and inland in sand or very
light soil, extending into the desert. The small bulbils are dug up and
eaten in famines and even in ordinary years in N. Gujarat. (Baluchistan)
Ceylon, Tropical Africa and N. Australia).
I. — Rhizome short, Woody. Lateral shoots from the base of the stem imme-
diately ascending. Stems tall, very thick at the base. Sheaths long, but blades
very short or O. Umbel fairly large, compound. Glumes spreading {not imbricate)
in fruit.
40. C. tegetum, Roa:h. As above. Spikelets f x j;^ inch red-
dish.
696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX J'.
A gregarious tall sedge (up to 4 ft. high or even more) often filling the
margins of tanks and river-beds ; occasional throughout the Presidency.
Used in Bengal for mat-weaving. (Ceylon, Tropical Africa).
J. — Stolons creeping under r/ivund, bearing tubers at intervals.
41. C- rotundUS, Linn. Stolons up to many yards long,
bearing at intervals of 4-8 inches ovoid tubers, black outside, pale
within, fragrant. Stems distant, one from each tuber, usually
about 12 inches. Umbel small or large. Spikelets usually long
(occasionally very long) narrow, normally reddish (pale even to
white on clay soil, coal black on carboniferous soil, e.g., station
platform, Khandala.) Nut narrowly obovoid, trigonous, ashy
black. Very variable owing to its wide range of habitat.
A superabundant and pestilential weed throughout the Presidency,
often difficult to eradicate, especially in garden soil. (Most warm coun-
tries).
The tubers are roasted and eaten, and are pounded and the powder
used in medicine or in the preparation of the fragrant sticks burned in
Hindu houses and temples.
42. C. tuberoSUS, llotth. As the last, biit larger and stouter,
with slenderer spikelets, and more distant, less imbricating glumes.
Tubers less prominent, and a short rhizome present in addition
to stolons.
Distribution uncertain. Probably scattered throughout the Presidencj-,
in rather lonelier f.nd wetter situations than the last. (Probably as the
last).
Cooke remarks that this is a doubtful species, but perhaps the differences
of habit noticeable in the field become less noticeable in Herbarium
specimens.
43. C. esculentUS, Linn. As No. 41, but with shorter and
broader (usually paler) spikelets, and glumes striate-plicate. Often
viviparous.
Occasional throughout the Presidency. Not uncommon in Bombay
Island. (S. Europe, India, Africa, America).
I suspect that this species is an alien introduced into India.
K. Tall stout marsh sedf/es, %cith compound umbels, bearin;/ vcni Ion;/ s]nl:es
with very numerous croirded short spikelets.
Note. —This very distinct yroup contains accordiny to the F. B. I. 6 species,
which are for the most part very imperfectly characterized.
[C. radiatUS, Vald. Stems up to 3 feet. Umbels usually com-
pound. Spikes of the ultimate clusters sessile, cylindric, very
densely crowded with dull brown spikelets less than ^ inch long.
Distinguished from the next two by the sessile spikes.
Specimens in the Talbot Herbarium referred here are doubtfully of this
8i)ecies. Genuine specimens from Mt. Abu are in Herb. St. Xav. Coll.
(North India, especially Bengal, E. Asia, Africa, America).]
THE CrrERACEJ-: OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. mi
41. C. exaltatUS, Jiet::. Stems up to G ft., Umbel large.
Spikes (at ail} rate some) pedunclecl, not so dense as the last and
following spp. Spikelets very flattened, chestnut, ^ x -^ inches ;
secund.
A gregarious setlge of marshes. Throughout the Presidency. (Tropical
ami sub-tropical countries.)
(It) Var dives, Clie. Spikelets more tnrgid, divaricate, golden.
(Distribution uncertain.)
(c) Spikelets longer up to § inch or more, red gold, sinuately
curved.
A very common form in the Presidency, especially the Mallad tract of
the Carnatic.
45. C. digitatUS, i^oxb. As the last, but spikelets narrower,
more attenuate and acute, not secund, less brightly coloured.
Not so common as the last (Tropics generally, but not specially Indo-
Malayan).
2. Mariscus, ^'M.
Spikelets few^ — sometimes only one-flowered. Rhachilla disarticu-
lating when mature above the 2 lowest (empty) glumes, leaving a
knob or scar, on the rhachis. Nut trigonous. Styles 3. Habitat
various. (Species 160, warm regions).
For remarks as to this genus, see the notes to the last genus.
Key to the szenus :--
A. — Stem short, stout, thickened at the base tcith
coloured sheaths .. .. .. .. 1. M. bulbosus.
B. — Stem tall, or when short, then slender ; spikelets v.
narroit, not turffid, ])ale, bearing one, rarely
tuo nuts.
(Note. — The species of this section are very imperfectly charaeterizecT.
They are mostly considered by some authors to be varieties of the origi-
nal C. umbellatus, Benth. They are as yet imperfectly known and studied
in this Presidency and the account of them now given is merely tentative)
1. Stolons slender, creeping, stem slender,
10 inches Spikes few, short, sessile or
V. shortly peduncled, in a simple con-
tracted umbel or head. Spikelets some-
what curved.. .. .. .. .. '2, M. paniceus.
2. The same but taller and with spikes rather
longer and borne on short rays up to 2
inches . . . . . . . . . . M. paniceus. var.
lloxburt/hiana.
3. Rhizome rather short. Stem about 1 foot,
fairly firm. Umbel simple of several
spreading rays terminated by cylindric
narrow spikes of crowded, straight, diva-
ricate spikelets . . . . . . , . 3. .V. sieberianus.
23
698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATVliAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
4. The same, but umbel compound, i.e., primary
rays bearing several digitately spreading
spikes . . . . . . . . . . M. sieberianun. var.
subcojnposita .
o. Taller and more robust. Umbel large, rays
up to 7 inches. Spikes digitate on the
rays. Spikelets fewer and more distant,
subsecund, larger, f inch . . . . . . 4. iJf. Konhanensis.
C — Stem tall. Spikelets pale, turf/id, bearinij several
nuts . . . , . . . . . . . , 5. M. albescens.
D. — Stem tall, robust. Umbel larye, spreadinf/ .
Spikelets innumerable in short (jlobose spikes,
very narrow almost filiform, golden red . . 6. M. microcephalus.
1. M. bulbOSUS, Cl-e. C. Olarhei, Cooke. Stolous slender.
Stem 3-8 inches, as clavis. Umbel simple with very short rays
practically reduced to a head. Spikes about 6, ovoid, dense,
pale, about f x {^^^ inches. Spikelets densel}^ packed, spreading,
broad- oblong.
Rare. Carnatic, (Herb. Talbot.) (India, W. Peninsula, Endemic).
2. M. paniceus, V<(hl. Stolons slenders, creeping. Stems
about 10 inches very slender. Bracts long. Inflorescence as
clavis, usually only ^-f inch across.
A forest-plant. Ghat and Carnatic Mallad tracts. Flowers in the au-
tumn. (iQdian in the damper regions, Mauritius).
(l>) Var, Roxburgh iana, Che. Larger, stems up to 2 It. Umbel
expanded with raj^s up to 2 inches.
I refer here specimens from Igatpuri and Salsette in Herb. St. X. Coll.
In one of these the spikelets are darker in colour and the plant might with
almost equal justification be referred to M. ci/perinus, Vahl.
o. M. sieberianus, Nees. Rhizome short, stems 1-2^ ft.
Umbel simple, Avith 5-12 straight rays teminated by cylindric;
dense spikes of divaricate, pale, straight spikelets.
1 refer here specimens observed in the Carnatic, and one or two sheets
in herbb. But I am not sure what the real line of division is between the
last variety and this species. (Warm regions of the old world.)
[ (6) Var, subcomposita, Cke. Umbel compound as clavis. Mentioned
because it is likely to occur.]
4. M- konkanensiS, Coohe (under Cyperus), F. B. P. II 874.
M. Sieherianns Woodrow in J. B. N. H. S., Vol. 13 (1901) p. 431
(^not of Nees). " M. 8ieheriamis var stthcom/posita (forma <ii<jantea)
sp. nova ?" Clarke Ms. note on sheet Woodrow No. 34 in Herb
Kew. Tall. Rhizome (when present) short, wood3^ Stems solitary
or approximate on the rhizome, up to 30 inches high, stout, trigo-
nous, striate, clothed far above the base Avith coloured striate
sheaths, terminating in long, flat, many-nerved leaves. Inflorescen-
ce a laige umbel subtended by leafy bracts. Rays up to 7 inches,
THE CYPERACE/K OF THE liOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 099
unequal. Spikes spikately arranged on the. rays, or digitately
arranged as secondaiy umbels, subtended b}^ filitbrni l>racteoles,
l-'2 inches long, with man}' secund or divaricate linear-lanceolate
and accuniinate spikelets j,; inch long. Glumes prominently
midti-striate.
Central-parts of the Western Ghats and adjaceut outlying hills, Khan-
dalla, Pnraudhar, Singhar, (Herb. Agr. Coll.), also in a compound of the
bungalow of Dr. (^animio at Kirkce, but possibly there introduced. (Not
otherwise known.)
A distinct species with larger spikelets than the rest of the group.
5. M. albescens, Gaud. C. pennatus, Lam. Perennial with
Axood}'^ root-stock, stems iip to 3 ft. and leaves up to 4- ft. Leaves
thick, many-veined and septato-punctate between the veins.
Umbel large with stout rays and long spreading stout spikes of
rather distant terete, turgid, pale, lanceolate spikelets, which bear
o-(i nuts.
Central parts of the Konkan and Ghats, app. rare, (Indo-Malayan,
Tropical Africa and Polynezia).
t>. M. microcephaluS Presl. C. dilutus, Vahl, C. sjnnulosics Koxb.
Tall and stout with thick leaves, Umbel umbrella shaped, as clavis.
Spikelets bearing 4-14 nuts. Easily recognizable by its globes of
golden-red, almost subulate spikelets.
In standing water throughout the Konkan, ghats and sub-ghat tracts
Fairly common in the Mallad tract of the Carnatic. (Indo-Malayan,
E. Asian, Mauritius).
3. Kyllinga, Hotth.
Small or medium herbs. Root S3'steili various. Inflorescence of
1-4 sessile dense spikes. Spikelets strongly laterall}^ compressed,
1-2 flowered, if 1-flowered then with one bisexual and one male
flower. Fruit a laterally compressed obvoid nut. (Species about
33. All warm regions except Europe).
The species of this genus, of which six are given by Clarke in the F. B.
1. are imperfectly characterized. The wings to the keel of the glumes are
variable in width and character.
Key to the genus : — ^
A. Keels of the fertile glumes not much winged
in the upper half.
1 . Spikes 3 or 4, pure white, a low herb of
dry ground . . . . . . . . 1. A', triceps.
~. Spike 1 (rarely more) green or brownish
rhizome elongate . . . . . . 2. K. l/reii folia.
3. Spike 1 pale green, rhizome thick, short,
with quickly ascending stems, nuts
ultimately black, a herb of marshes . . 3. K. melanospenna.
B, Keels of fertile glumes winged in the
upper half.
700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
1. Spike 1 (rarely more) green or disco-
loured, rhizome slender, creeping,bract8
very long, flaccid, a herb of shady
places . . . . . , . . . . 4. A'. v\onocaj)liala.
1- K- triceps, HoWj. 2-8 inches high. Bracts spreading or
deflexed, np to 3 inches, usually less, stiff. Heads pure white,
usually one central and two or three smaller lateral, ovoid-cyindric,
the central one usually j x f inch. Glumes with green keels and
striate sides, not winged in the upper half.
A herb of open grass land, especially in the drier tracts. Matures in
the mid-monsoon period. Throughout the Presidency. (African and
Indo-Malayan).
2. K- brevifolia, llotth. 4-18 inches high with a slender
creeping rhizome. Bracts short, usually not more than 4 inchet?.
Heads greenish, usually of only one spike, small, ovoid-globose ;
glumes with a narrow (usually slightly crested) wing in the lower
half.
Distribution uncertain, but probably often confused \\ith K. monocephala.
(.411 warm regions except the Mediterranean.)
3. K- melanosperma, ^^ees. Rhizome very short, stout, horizon-
tal, with ascending stems up to 20 inches. Head solitary, bee-hive-
shaped, pale green. Bracts short broad, spreading, leaf-like, firm,
sub-obtuse. Nuts at first white, afterwards black.
In the Presidency apparently confined to soft mud in marshes on the crest
of the southern ghats. (Common on the Nilgiri Hills, Ceylon, Singapore,
African and Indo-Malayan.)
4. K* monocephala, -^^cf^/j. 5-18 inches high with a very slender
creeping rhizome bracts very long up to 8 inches, leaf-like, usually
erect or spreading, not deflexed, flaccid. Heads green or dirty
white, usually of only one spike, globose, j inch. Glumes with a
more or less prominent wing especially in the upper half, which
may be either entire or lacerate, or sub-spinulose, sometimes
speckled with minute red glands. Sides of glumes often smooth
and speckled with brown, sometimes striate.
A flaccid herb of shady places, under trees and forest edges, especially
in the wetter tracts. Throughout the Presidency except the extreme
North. (Most warm regions).
( To he continued. )
701
A UMVISION OF THE INDIAN SPECIES OF WTALA
AND AMMANNIA.
15Y
K. Blatter, S..)., and Prof. F. Hallberg.
Since ('. B. Clarke described the Indian Li/fhracerxi in Hooker's
llova of British India (Vol. II, 1879) a number of new species have
been described, but, niifortnnately, the chief literature seems to be
confined to a few botanical centres in Eiu'ope. Even those botanists
\\lio have written local floras during the last twenty j'ears were
ap])arently not aware of some important publications regarding the
order Li/tkracete. The consequence is that many mistakes as to
identification, description, and synonymy have crept into the more
recent works on Indian botany. This is quite particularly the
case with regard to the genus Ammaiinia (sens, ampl.). We are
sure, everybody who has ever tried to name members of that genus
nnist have experienced the great difficulties which arise, partly from
the small size of the flowers, and partly from the want of well-
defined species and adequate descriptions, not to mention evident
mistakes that have been perpetuated in consequence of the com-
Vunation of diagnoses which, originally, referred to distinct species.
The fact, that many identifications in European as well as Indian
herbaria are wrong or at least doubtful, has induced us to revise the
genus as far as the Indian region is concerned. We must acknow-
ledge our indebtedness to Koehne who monographed the Lythraceoe
in 1003 (Engl. Pflanzenr. IV, 216). How far we agree with his
treatment of the subject will be seen from our -paper. We wish to
thank the curators of the Herbaria of Calcutta, ]\Iadras, and
Baroda, and Mr. Sedgwick for kindly putting their plant-material
at our disposal. The number of specimens examined amounts to
almost two thousand.
Bentham and Hooker divide their genus Ammannia into two
sections and they call the division a very natural one. Clarke
considers the two sections as two sub-genera and calls them respec-
tively : Jlotala and Eu- Ammannia. At the same time there have
always been a number of botanists who distinguished the genera
Rotala and Ammojinia. We follow the latter. Botala L. is charac-
terized by septicidal capsules, whilst Ammannia has the capsules
indehiscent, or bursting irregularly.
Rotala, L. (sens. ampl.).
Annual or more rarel}' perennial, water-or marsh-plants, quite
glabrous. Leaves decussate or verticillate, rarely alternate, sessile
or subsessile. Flowers small, solitar^'-axillary, or forming spikes
or terminal racemes, rarely axillary umbels ; bracteolee 2, rarely
702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV,
absent. Flowers 3-6-merous, actinomorphic, sometimes dimorphic.
Calyx semiglobose, campantilate, urceolate -tubular, scarious-corol-
line or very rarely herbaceous, 3-6-lobed, cornua (appendages)
present or absent, base of calyx often provided with a nectarifer-
ous ring. Petals persistent or more rarely caducous or absent.
Stamens 1-6, episepalous. Ovary sessile or substipitate, incom-
pletel}?^ 2-4-locular ; ovules few or many and minute ; style present
or absent. — Capsule septicidally 2-4-valved, cartilaginous, the walls
microscopically horizontally striate. Seeds very small.
Key to the Indian Species.
A, — Petals absent.
a. Bracteoles minute, scarious . . . . . . I. R. mexicana,
b. Bracteoles 2-or more times longer than calyx,
herbaceous . . . . . . . . . . '1. R. occultiflora.
B. — Petals present.
a. Leaves alternate . . . . . . . . h, R, floribunda.
b. Leaves verticillate.
(«) Flowers spikate, flowering calyx campa-
nulate . . . . . . . . . . i. R. Wallichii.
(b) Flowers not spikate, fl. calyx suburceolate-
tubular
c. Leaves decussate.
{a) Macroscopic stipules present (as long as
calyx)
{b) No macroscopic stipules.
I Petals deeply fimbriate . .
• II Petals entire or minutely erose-dentate.
1. Calyx almost truncate (capsule 4-
valved) . .
2. Calyx distinctly lobed.
* Bracts absent, stamen 1 . .
■'■■*Bract8 2, stamens ,2-6.
t Stem with broad interrupted
wings . . . . . . . . 12. ii. cordata.
tfStem with narrow or continuous
wings.
§ Bracteoles herbaceous, calyx
suburceolate-tubular . . . . 15 i?. tenuis.
§§ Bracteoles scarious, calyx
broadly campanulate.
ACapsules always 2-valved, no
cornua . . . . \'i R. indica.
A ACapsules normally not 2-
valved.
O Flowers spicate . . 14 R. rotimdifolia.
OOFlowers not spicate.
LD Capsules 3-4-valved on
the same plant . . 8 -R. Fysonii.
□ Capsules 3-valved,
very rarely 2-valved . . 7 R. pentandra.
Rotala mp.iicana, Cham & Schlecht in Linnaea, v (1830) 567 ; Koehne
in Fl. Brasil. xiii, 2 (1877) 195, t. 39, fig. II, a. b, in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv,
216 (1903) 29. — Amynannia pyymaea, S. Kurz in Seem. Journ. Botany, v
3.
R. verticillaris.
11.
R. stipulata.]
10.
R.fimbriata.
9.
R. Ritchiei.
6.
R. simpliciuscula.
A JiJJf'lsloX OF THE 1M)1AX SVKCJKS OF HOTAl.A. 703
(1867)376. iu.lourn.As. Soc. lion<;. xl.L' (1871) oo et xlvi, i\1877) 8.') ; Clarke
ill Hook. f. FI. Brit. Intl. ii (1879) r,GH.~Kotala verttciUari.'<, Hiorn in Oliv.
Kl. trop. Afr. ii (1871) 4<i7, iion L. — Ammatitiia vie.neana, Baill. Hist. pi.
Madao;. atl. (l89o) t. '6<V.\.
Creeping or erect, caespitose or tufted, submerged or with the tips
emerged, or on wot ground ; branclu's liliform. Loaves 3-o-iiate, or decus-
sate, the submerged ones linear, .'{-lo mm. long, scarcely ()"o-l nun. broad,
the emerged ones lanceolate or oblong, 3-4 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, all
obtuse, or retiise-bimucronulate.
Flowers 4-o, rarely o-or (5-merous, axillary, solitary, sessile, bracteoles
whitish, as long as the calyx or shorter. Calyx 0-6-1 mm. long, in fr.
semiglobose ; nectariferous scales present or absent, when present 2-5,
minute or reaching half the length of the tube, sometimes bifid. Petals 0.
Stamens 1^-3. Ovary globose.
Capsule globose, I'-o-valved.
Distribution: Trop. Africa: Asia: India, China, Japan, Phihppines ;
Australia ; America : Mexico. (Guatemala, Cuba, Venezuela, Brazil.
The habit of the plant makes this species a very chai-acteristic one. It
varies to a certain extent, as we shall see below, but, in our opinion, not in
such a way as to justify Koehne's division of the species into two subspecies
with two varieties. Quite apart from many practical ditticulties, which arise
from this method of splitting up species, there are, in our case at least, so
many intermediate forms passing into each other that it is impossible to
mention any particular plant which does not show a tendency towards
\ariation in some way or other.
We have carefully examined all the specimens from the Indian region
which were at our disposal. We group them under two heads and point
out the variations observed in each.
A : Capsule almost always 2-valved.
1. Densely caespitose in masses up to o cm. in diameter. Leaves decus-
sate or ternate, reaching 3 mm., linear. Internodes generally much shorter
than the leaves. Calyx minute, much extended by the rigidly spreading
valves of the capsule, teeth 4, as long as the tube. Bracteoles shorter than
the calyx.
Pegu in Lower Burma, Jan. (S. Kurz, No. 1967 !).
2. Stems erect, stout, with many stiff ascending branches, the latter
densely leafy towards their tips and with very short internodes. Leaves
decussate or ternate, reaching 3 mm. linear. Calyx with 4 teeth, about as
long as the tube.
Central Provinces: Mahonadi, Dec. ISo" (Herb. Calc. !).
3. A minute plant with simple stem, ] cm. high, with a few pairs of leaves,
Maubhoom, banks of streams, Jan. 1868 (O. Ball!).
4. Several ascending, Heshy stems radiating from the root about o cm.
long, slightly branched. Leaves reaching o mm., the lower shorter than the
internodes. Calyx-teeth 4, shorter than the wide tube.
Chota Nagpur : Parasnath, alt. 2,000', Nov. 1874 (C. B. Clarke, No. 24856 !).
B : Capsule almost always 3-valved.
5. A slender plant, -5-6 cm. high. Internodes about as long as the
decussate (rarely ternate) leaves which reach 6 mm. Stems slightly fleshy,
tufted : branches many, slender. Bracteoles about as long as calyx-tube.
Calyx teeth 4-"), deltoid acute, almost .as long »s the tube. Capsule
puberulous.
Shannoo, Oct. 1870 (Herb. Calc.!).
6. Habit somewhat like that of form 2, but the stems are shorter,
probably prostrate. Calyx-teeth 4.
704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Tol. XXV.
Bengal : Rajmahal Hills south of Salnbganj, common among the ridges on
the loamy moist paths, alt. ca. -500', Oct. 1870 (S. Kurz ! ).
7. A minute terrestrial prostrate plant, growing in tuf ts 1 cm. in diame-
ter, with very few flowers (generally the species flowers abundantly).
Calyx o-merous.
K. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, Aug. 1857 (S. Kurz. !).
8. A large form, reaching 10 cm. in height, with very long weak fleshy
stems, densely interlaced and rooting at the nodes, evidently trailing in
very shallow water. The trailing stems are leafless. Leaves on the erect
parts reaching 5 mm., about as long as the internodes, decussate, rarely
ternate. A few smaller oval leaves below. Flowers minute. Calyx-teeth 4.
N.Bengal: between Titalya and Silligoree, dried-up pools, Oct. 1868
(S. Kurz !).
9. Caespitose, growing in tufts 2-3 cm. in diameter. Leaves 2-3-nate.
Calyx-teeth 4, longer than tube. A few L'-valred capsules observed.
N. Kanara : on garden-walks at Kadra, Oct. 1885 (Talbot, No. 1317 !).
10. Similar to the last, but with weaker trailing stems.
Khasia Hills, alt. 2,000' (J. D. Hooker and Thoms. !).
11. Very similar in habit to form 4, but the stems are much more
numerous, stouter, and with contracted internodes, subsimple. Calyx-teeth
3-5, deltoid-acute, shorter than the tube. Capsules certainly 3-valved,
which seems to have escaped Clarke's notice (see his remark in Hook, f .
Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. c).
Chota Nagpur : Parasnath, alt. 1,000-4400' (Clarke, No. 33811 !).
12. A very densely tufted plant with erect stems, apparently growing on
soft mud. Leaves reaching 3 mm. as long as the internodes. Calyx elongated,
quadrangular, reddish, teeth 4-5, deltoid-acute, almost as long as the tube.
At the bottom of the calyx-tube a few minute hypogynous scales. Bracteo-
les shorter than calyx.
Sikkim: Labhath, alt. 8,000' (Ribu and Rhomoo, No. 2637!). Similar
specimens from Upper Chindwin, Burma, collected by Meebold, Dec. 1907,
Nos. 7569 ! 7808 !
13. A small difl'use herb, lying flat on the ground in damp places. Stems
reaching 7 cm, generally shorter, stout, fleshy, quadrangular, slightly 2-
vvinged. Leaves opposite, reaching 3 mm, sparsely hairy on the upper side
when old. Bracteoles as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx-teeth 4-5, greenish-
white and fleshy when young, brown when old. Stamens 2 or 3 ; anthers
brown. Stigma 3-lobed, green when young, brown when old. Capsule almost
spherical, flattened on top, tubercled all over, largest tubercles on the sut-
ures of the capsule. Seeds many, black, irregularly half-ellipsoidal, excava-
ted on the flat side, shining.
Mt. Abu in Rajputana, Oct. 1916 (Blatt. and Hall. Nos. 3275! 3276!).
14. Stem submerged, quadrangular, weak, spongy. Leaves mostly 3-4
nate, sometimes opposite on the branches, reaching 7 mm. Calyx verv
small, teeth 4. The capsule has the appearance of a mulberry on account
of the pressure of the seeds from within, pale green, translucent. Seeds
twice as along as broad, trigonous with one curved and two plane surfaces,
and with a minute beak at one end.
Mt. Abu: Salgaon Tank (Blatt. and Hall. Nos. 3280 ! 3281 !).
15. Much like the last, but with 3-5-nate leaves, reaching 11 mm., narrow-
er and more acute.
Bundclkund (Vicary !).
We have referred the last two specimens to this species although their
habit is difl'erent from that of the other Indian specimens. Perhaps they
come nearest to No. 17 below. The only alternative would have been
to put them under Rutala rfvtiUnris, L. But we have not observed
A ItEVISIOX or THE INDIAN SPECIES OE IIOTALA. 70r,
petals, and tho i>liints arc, in addition, stibmergcd and abundantly moting
at tho nodos, a habit which has not bi uu observed in Ji. rcrticillavi^.
Decussate loaves are more common in Indian specimens than ternate
ones, and tho llowers have usually got "2 stamfens. The necteriferoiis scales,
if present, are very obscure.
Wo have compared two foreign specimens with the Indian material.
10. Mexico : State of Chihuahua, Sept. 1887 (Pringle. No. 1 ;K)") !). This
is almost identical with No. 7, although the leaves are slightly longer and
more acute.
17. North Korea, Aug. 1897 (Komarov, No. 1128 I). This is a somewhat
larger plant than No. 4, but otherwise very much like it. The capsule,
however, is o-valved, and the leaves l?-4-nate.
2. Jiotala occultijiora, Koehne iu Engler"s Bot. Jahrb. I (1S80) lo2, et in
Engl. Pdanzenr, iv, I'lO (U)03) 30.
Plant eroct or ascending, red-brown or green, o-lO cm. long, simple or
sparsely branched. Stem trigonous, coriaers rounded. Leaves 3-nate, the
lowest opposite, linear, subauriculate at the base, ■'>-\'2 mm. long and 1 mm.
broad, sessile, spreading, recurved.
iJracteoles '2, about 6 mm. long, 3 times as long as the capsule, enclosing
the latter from two opposite sides, leaving the two other sides, free,
meeting above the ovary and then spreading, green, thick leathery,
lanceolate-acuminate, boat-shaped, generally bimucronnlate. Flowers
•"-morous: calyx membranous, teeth triangular-acuminate, a little shorter
than the bell-shaped tube. Petals none. Stamens ;'>, anthers large. Ova.ry
almost globose, slightly 3-lobed and a little depressed on top. Style very
short ; stigma capitate.
Capsule 2-3-valved, broadly ovoid, not quite 3 mm. long. Seeds black,
twice as long as broad, thickest in the middle, on one long side straight,
flat, on the opposite long one rounded, ends rounded, surface minutely
striate.
Habitat : Malabar, Konkan (Herb. Hook. f. and Th. !) ; Bombay Presi-
dency : Bombay Lsland, at Sion (Blatt. and Hall. No. 3277 !) ; Salsette
between Andheri and Marol in rice fields (Blatt. and Hall. No. 3303 !) :
Igatpuri (Blatt. and Hall. No. 3304 ! 3279 !) ; Khandalla (Blatt. and Hall.
No. 3278 !);N. Kanara : Yellapore, Oct. 1884. Nov. 188-"> (Talbot. No.
1036! 1332!) ; Mysore: Shi-moga, 2-3000', Oct. 1908 (Meebold. No. 10281!)
This is a very distinct species, and it is strange that it should have been
overlooked both by C. B. Clarke and T. Cooke.
Koehne's var. ji. Leichhardtii (in Engl. Bot. .Jahrb, iv (188-3) 387) cannot
be retained as a distinct variety. The leaves of Talbot's specimen from N
Kanara are linear, not plicate, with the base very slightly dilated and the
midrib less thickened on the back. The bracteoles are linear-lanceolate
flat, thin, obtuse. This plant must be considered as a transition form
between the typical plant and Koehne's variety.
3. Rotala vevticillaru , L. Mant. (1771) 17o,excl. ic. IJheed. : DC. Prodr.
Ill (1828) 76 ; Wight Ic. I (1838-40) t. 260, f. A ; Dalz. and (iibs, Bombay
Flora (1861) 96 ; Khoene in Pflanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) 30.— 7i'. verticillata,
Koem. and Schult, Syst. I (1817) 521. R. petaloidea, Wight ex Steud.
Nom. ed. 2, II (184) 474, sec. Ind. Kew.—Ayn'.nannia rotala Clarke in
Hook f . Fl. Brit. Ind. II (1879) 567, non F. Muell. : Cooke Fl. Bomb.
Fres. I (1903) 507.
Stems rooting, 5-15 cm. long, branching, angular in the upper part. Leaves
4-8-nate, linear, cuneate at the base, rarely oblanceolate or nearly oblong,
3-10 mm. long, O'S — 1, rarely 2-5 mm. broad, retuse or bimucronulate, the
submerged ones (if present) narrower than the emerged ones.
24
706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Flowers 3-4-merons, axillary ; bracteoles half as long as the calyx or
shorter. Calyx I'o-'l mm. long, suburceolate-tubular in flower. Petals as
long as the lobes or slightly longer. Stamens inserted 5 inside the tube,
scarcely reaching the sinuses of the teeth. Style very short.
Capsule 3-4-valved, globose-ellipsoidal.
Habitat : Bombay Presidency : Konkan (Law) ; Halilal in Kanara (Talbot) ;
Madras Presidency : Ambattnr in the Chingulpet Distr., Feb. 1915 (Herb.
Pres. College, Madras ! ). Ceyhm (Herb. S. Kurz !). Seems to be rare.
In the specimens from Ambattur the stems are branching near the base.
Stems and branches erect or ascending, rooting below, stout, flexuose,
reaching 20 cm. Bracteoles minute. Flowers 3-merous. Calyx-teeth
deltoid-acute, about \ of the length (jf the tube. Petals broadly obovate,
rounded or retuse, 1-nerved. Stigma rather large, trigonous.
The Ceylon specimen has the stems erect, simple, or branched near the
top, up to 10 cm. high. Leaves reaching 7 mm. Flowers 3-merous.
Distribution : India, Ceylon, Sunda Islands (after Miquel).
4. Rotala wallichii, Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I (1880) l-'")4, Engler's
Pflanzenr, iv, "iY^ (1903) 31. — Hijdrolythrum Wallichii, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic.
PI. xi, (3- ser I) (1885) 5, t. 1007 ; Clarke in Hook, f . Fl. Brit. Ind. II (1879)
572, except syn. Wdicitschiano. — Ammannia Wallichii, S. Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xlvi, 2 (1877) 84.
A glabrous aquatic herb. Stem about 20 cm. long, emerged part about
7-10 cm., rooting at the base; angular, sometimes branching. Leaves 4-10-
nate, the submerged ones scarcely 0'5 mm. broad, bimucronulate, the em-
erged ones lanceolate or almost oblong, 2"5-4 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. broad
obtuse or bimucronate.
Spikes 2 em. long or longer. Flowers 4-merous ; pedicels about 0"75 mm.
long; bracteoles .} the length of the calyx. Calyx 1'5 mm. long, broadly
companulate, lobes half as long as the tube. Nectariferous scales 4, bilobed
or bifid, united below into a ring. Petals as long as the calyx, broadly
obovate-obtuse. Stamens inserted f^ down the throat.
Style half as long as the ovary.
Capsule globose, 2-celled.
Habitat : Tenasserim : Tavoy (Wallich n. 9059, Heifer), Moulmein (ex
Clarke).
Distribution: India, Java, (ex Clarke).
That Hifdroliithrum, Hook, f, cannot be retained as a distinct genus seems
to follow from a remark made by Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. II. 571 :
"A genus (m~. Hydrolythrum) only separable from Ammannia by habit."
5. Rotala ;fionbunda, 'Koehne, m^ng\. Bot. Jahrb. I (1880) 156, et in
Engl. Pflanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) 32. — Nimmoniajlorilnmda, Wight, in Madras
Journ. Science, v (1837) 312, t. 20.—Am<'letiaJioribunda, Wight, in Hook. Ic.
PI. new ser. v (1840) t. 826, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. ser. xi (184) 173, in Illustr.
Ind. Bot. I (1840) 206, excl. tab. ibid, cit Dalz and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (18<il)
96. — A'mma7inia f.orilmnda, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. II
(1879) 567.
Erect or shortly creeping at the base. Stem 10-25 cm., subterete, often
much branched. Leaves alternate, narrow-oblong or linear, sessile, obtuse,
base obtuse or cordate-amplectent, lower ones up to 5 cm. long, 1-4 mm.
broad, upper ones much smaller, sometimes only 5 mm.
Ilacemes up to 1 cm. long, mostly dense on filiform peduncles ; bracts
lanceolate-linear ; pedicel about 1 mm. long ; bracteoles similar to the bracts,
lanceolate, exceedhig half the length of the calyx. Calyx 2-2-5 mm. long,
campanulate ; teeth 4, acute, without cornua. Petals 4, obovate, nearly
twice the calyx-teeth, bright rose. In the short-styled flowers the stamens-
A JiEVISIOX OF THE IXDIAA SPECIES OF ROTALA. 707
aro hiilf-cxsiTteil and the style almost as lone; as the lobes, in the long-
styli'd (lowers the stamens are half the lenjith of the lobes and the style is
three times as long as the ovary ; stigma bilobed.
Capsule I'-valved, ellipsoid, much longer than broad. Seeds brown-yellow,
elliptic, peltate.
Habitat : Bombay Presidency : On bare rocky ground on the highest
(ihats, also below the (ihats at Shivapore (ex Dalz. and Gibs.) ; V. Western
C4hats, l(ii>4 m alt. (Delessert) ; Mahableshwar in large dense patches on
the bare damp rocks (known as ' Mahableshwar heather' ), Dec. 1890 : Jan.
1S91, Jan. 18S»L> (T. Cooke !) ; Mahableshwar to Pratapgad on wet rocks,.
Nov. 1902 (R. K. Bhide. No. li'lt? !) ; ' Malabar Concan ' (Stocks, Law, etc.,
in Herb. Hook. f. andTh. ! ). Apparently endemic in the Bombay Presi-
dency.
(i. Rotala slmpliciusoida, Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880) lo9, et
in Engl. PHanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) 33. — Ammannia siinjdiciuscula, S. Knrz,
in Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xl, 2 (1871) 54, et xlvi, 2 (1877) 85, (descr.
erron.) ; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii (1879) 568.
Decumbent herbs, creeping at the base and rooting, glabrous ; erect
part 1-4 cm. high. Stem 4-gonous, simple or sparingly branching, filiform.
Leaves opposite, oblong or oblong-linear, 2'5-o mm. long, l'5-5 mm. broad,
upper ones smaller, often obovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, the lower ones
narrowly oblong.
Flowers minute, scarlet, solitary, axillary, shortly pedicelled, in the
axils of the upper leaves. Bracteoles 0. Calyx o-4-lobed, hemispheric in
fruit; lobes broadly triangular, as long as the tube: cornua 0 or very
minute. Stamen 1. Petals extremely minute, linear. Style very small.
Capsule 3-v^alved, subglobose, twice as long as the calyx, red. Seeds
black, subhemispheric, excavated on the plane face.
Habitat : Chittagong : on muddy ground around ponds and in inundated
rice-fields, rare (Knrz \), 0 -1,000' (Hook, f . and Thorns. No. 23 !) ; Khasia.
1850 (Herb. Calc. !).
7. Rotala pentandra, nov. comb. — Ammannia doisiflora, Roth in Roem
tt Scliult. Syst.iii (1818) 304; Nov. Spec. Ind. Or. (1821) 99, cum diagn.
erronea ; DC. Prodr. iii (1828)79. — Ammannia pentandra, Hoxb. Fl. Ind. i
(1820) 448; DC. Prodr. iii (1828) 79; Wight and Arn. Prodr. i (1834)
305 ; Blume Mus. Bot. ii (1852) 134, t. 2, f . 46 ; Knrz in Journ. As. Soc,
Beng. (1877) pt. ii, 85; C. B. Clarke in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii (1879)
568 (excl. var. fimbriata) ; Tnmen Fl. Ceyl. ii 224; Duthie Fl. Upper
Gang. Plain, i (1903) 350 ; Cooke Fl. Bomb. Pres. I (1903) 507.— .4. nana,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i (1820) 427 sec. Wight, an recte ? — Selloicia ulif/inosa,
Roth Nov. Sp. Ind. Or. (1821) 156.— Winterlia ulif/invsa, Spreng. Syst. i
(1825) 7 SS. —A)n)na7i7iia )iib>-cf,Ilam. in D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. (1825)220.—
Rotala ro.rbuiyhiana, Wight Ic. i (1840) t. 260 B, Illust. i (1840) 206.—
A)}imannia leptopetala, BlnmcMws. Bot. h (1852) 134 — Tritheka pmtandra
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i (1855) 614, 10S9.— 1)1 t/ieca dnisi/tora, Miq. 1. c. 615.—
Ammannia littorea, Miq. Pvo\. F\. Jap. (1866-67)149. — Rotala illecebroidex,
Koehne, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880) 161, in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 216 (1903)
;;4. — Rota/a leptopetala, Koehne, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. iv (1883) 388, in Engl.
Pflanzenr. 1. c. M.— Rotala densiflova, Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880)
164, iv (1883) 388, in Engl. Pflanzenr, 1. c. 35 (cum subsp. et \&r.)— Rotala
alata, Koehne. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880) 171, et in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv,
216 (1903) 40.
Stem 5-45 cm. long, erect or creeping at the base and rooting, 4-gonou8,
often winged and with numerous 4-gonous opposite slender branches.
Leaves decussate 2-32 mm. long, 1-9 mm. broad, broadly ovate or almost
708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
round, lanceolate or oblong, or linear-lanceolate, base cordate sub-cuneate or
obtuse, apex subretuse or emarginate, obtuse, acuminate or acute.
Flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils of nearly horizontal floral leaves
(bracts), 3-6-merons ; bracteoles shorter or longer than the calyx. Calyx
1-2 min. long, usually shortly campanulate, slightly longer than broad, teeth
small, triangular, acute ; accessory teeth as long as the primary ones, or
shorter or longer, or absent. Petals subulate or obovate and subbilobed,
or sabrotund, narrowly acute or acute-bilobed, retuse or emarginate, often
erose-denticulate, rarely oblong-elliptic-acute, half as long as, or shorter
than, the calyx-lobes, rarely as long as the tube. Style half as long or as
long as the ovary, or almost absent.
Capsule normally 3-valved, very rarely 2-valved, hemispheric or broadlj^
^ ellipsoid.
There are at least five characters that might be used in classifying the
numerous variations which fall under this species : (1) the presence or
absence of uninterrupted wings on the stem, (2) the presence or absence
of minute stipules on the margin of the leaf near the base, or in the axil
itself (cf. Kurz's specimen from Bengal), (3) the size of the coruna, (4) the
size and shape of the petals, (o) the presence or absence of minute
tubercles on the valves of the capsule, — not to mention the habit of the
plant, the shape of the leaves, and the number of the floral parts. We have
spent many days in trying to bring order into this chaos of varying char-
acters, but our attempts were futile. There might have been some hope of
a final success, if some of the characters remained constant at least in the
same specimen. You may examine twenty flowers of one specimen and find
them agreeing in one particular point, and if you dissect one more flower
you are sure to discover that it has developed in a diflerent direction.
Habitat: Bombay Island . . Bombay Pres.
Salsette . . „ „
Khandala . . ,, „
Igatpuri .. „ „
Khandala, Duke's
J?
>>
Nose.
Lonavla
jj
>)
Panchgani
)>
>J
Hulkop, Dharwar
Dist.
Ambewadi
V
jj
Poladpurto Wada
jf
i>
N. Kanara
}>
>>
Siddapore
Malwan
if
Belgaum
Londa
On the Kala Naddi
Marmagoa
Aglatti
Kulhutty Babab . .
Goa
Mysore
S. India
1917, Blatter* Hallberg,
No. 3312!
VJII. 1917, Blatter ct Hallberg.
No. 3313! 3314!
VII, 1916, Blatter & Hallberg.
No. 3315 !
I, 1917, Blatter & Hallberg.
No. 3316-24!
IX, 1907, Meebold, No. 8909 !
IX, 1907, „ No. 15499 !
VIII, 1892, Herb. T. Cooke !
X, 1908, Blatter, No. 3325 !
XII, 1917, Sedgwick, No. 3450!
X, 1907, Patwardhan, No.
1184!
X, 1890, Kanitkar !
Talbot, No3. 2 !
586 ! 1034 ! 1066 !
XI, 1884, Talbot, No. 1054 !
Woodrow.
Ritchie, No. 1750 !
Woodrow.
Ritchie, No. 1185.
X, 1908, Meebold, No. 10280!
II, 1908, Meebold, No. 8235!
X, 1908, Meebold, No. 9757
A lilJl'ISION OF THE ISDIAy SPECIES OF ROTALA. 709
Habitat : Kollogal 2000' . . Coimbatore
X .1905, Fischer, No. (560!
Virarajoudra pot
Hill . . Madras Pres . .
T a n d i g u d i .
Pulnoys . . „ „
Mt. Abu . . llajpiitana
Clienab River . . Punjab
N. W. Frontier.
N.W.Himalaya
Nepal
W. Rauchi, 2,000'. Chota Nagpur.
Lodhwa, 2,000' . . „ „
Ranchi ....
AVight !
X 1915,Fyson!
Ill 1899, Herb. Pres. Coll.
Madras, No. 2024 1
X, 1916, Blatt. & Hall. No.
^327—^33.5 !
X, 1846, Herb. Calc!
Deaue !
Grittith !
Scully, No. 357 !
1821, Wallich, 2 10 7!
2107A !
XI. 1880, Gamble, No. 8705 !
X, 1883, Clarke. No. 34200 !
IX, 1896, Mokim!
IX, 1873, Clarke. No. 20C32 !
VIII, 1902, Herb. Calc. !
XI, 1868, Herb. Calc.!
Herb. Calc. !
1867, Kiirz!
X, 1866, Kurz !
III. 1867, Kurz!
Herb. Griffith, No.
2311 !
X; 1915, Delbarman, No. 733!
Masters !
Wallich, No, 2102 !
X, 1869, Kurz !
Distribution : Africa : Sudan ; Asia : Afghanistan, India to Australia.
8. Itotala Fysonii spec. nov. — Stem reaching 10 cm., erect, stout, or
slender, quadrangular in the upper jjart, simple or branched. Branches
ascending, filiform, quadrangular. Leaves decussate, generally reddish in
colour, sessile, broadly ovate-cordate and half amplexicanl, reaching 4 x
3 mm., getting smaller upwards, acute, 1-nerved.
Flowers present in most of the axils, solitary, sessile. Bracteoles 2,
subulate, whitish, not as long as calyx. Calyx a little more than 1 mm.
long, widely campanulate, scarious ; teeth 4, about as long as the tube,
acutely triangular. Cornua 4, subulate, diverging, a little longer than the
teeth. Petals 4, most minute. Stamens 4. Filaments inserted |- way
down the tube, but continuing inside the tube to its base, linear, flattened,
and with a red spot just above their insertion. Anthers included. Style
very short.
Capsule red, included in the calyx-tube, 4-3-valved, generally the former,
red. Seeds ^ ellipsoidal, twice as long as broad, pale brown, one face flat.
one curved, very finely longitudinally striate.
Habitat : Anamallay,alt. 2,000', Dec. 1916 (P. F. Fyson, No, 3292 ! in Herb.
Pres. Coll., Madras). Apparently rare and local.
This species comes naar 7?. y>«ifa?2(/;«, but the habit is quite difi'erent.
Besides, the flowers are always 4-merous and the capsule generally 4-valved.
9. Rotala Ritchiei,Kofi\m(i,'n\Ena,\. Bot. Jahrb. iv (1883) 386, Engl.
Pflanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) ^Q—Ammania Ritchiei, C, B. Clarke in Hook, f, Fl.
Brit. Ind. ii (1879) 566; Cooke Fl. Bomb. Pres. i (1903) 508.
Manbhum
• ■ )> ))
Goghat
. . Bengal
Parasnath
. . Chota Nagpur
Siliguri
. . Bengal
Lower Bengal
W. Bengal
Rajapore
. . Bengal
Khasia
. . Assam
Tipperah, 500-
700' Bengal
Assam
Ava
Arakau
710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXY.
Stem 15-30 cm. long, 4-gonous, creeping and rooting. Leaves opposite, the
cauline 7-10 mm. long, about 3-4 mm. broad, sessile, elliptic-oblong, rounded
:it the apex, not conspicuously nerved.
Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicels up to 1 mm. long, bracteoles minute,
subulate. Calyx about 2 mm. long, subtubular-campanulate, 4-gonou8, at
last narrowly cyathiform and terete, teeth 4, minute, the accessory teeth
rather larger than the primary ones. Petals 4, minute, scarcely 1 mm. long,
(ivate or obovate, pale rose coloured. Stamens 4, inserted a little below the
middle of the tube, reaching about % the length of the tube. Ovary narrow-
ly ellipsoid, style scarcely longer than the broadly capitate stigma, as long
as the anther.
Capsule 4-valved, ellipsoid, included in the calyx. Seeds elliptic, peltate,
brown-yellow.
Habitat : Bombay Presidency : Belgaum, in rice fields, rooting amongst
floating weeds, rare (Ritchie 1184).
10. Rotala flmbnaia, Wight Ic. I (1840) t. 217 ; 111. ii, 106; Koehne in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880) 166, et in Engl. Pflanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) 37,—
Ammannia Heipieana, Wall. Cat. (1828) No. 2104. — A. pentandra var. Jim~
hriata, C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit, Ind. ii (1879) bm, partivi.
Stems 16-53 cm. long, scarcely winged. Leaves 7-26 mm. long, 2-5
mm. broad, exstipulate, the lower ones sometimes linear, scarcely cordate,
the upper cordate and often dilated at the base, lanceolate or oblong,
obtuse.
Flowers 4-5-6-merous. Bracteoles very short, ovate, acute, slightly
falcate, or half as long as the calyx, subulate. Calyx 2-2*5 mm, long, broadly
oampanulate. Petals large, deeply fimbriate-incised. Stamens 4-5-6,
exserted. Filaments inserted near the base of the calyx-tube. Style 1-2
times as long as the ovary.
Capsule 3-valved, elongate-ellipsoid, large, scarious.
Habitat : W. India : Badami, Sept. 1911 (Bhide ! ), Sanvardem, Goa,
Oct, 1908 (Meebold, No. 10282 ! ) ; Mysore in paddy fields or on borders of
tanks (Wight, No. 975 !). Without locality (Wallich, No. 2104 ! ).
11. Rotala stipulata sp. nov. — Ammannia hexandra, Wall. Cat. (1828)
No. 2103. — A. pentandra vsir. fiinbriata, Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii
{1879) 569 (partim). — Rotala hexandra, Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880^
167, e\ in Engl. Pflanzenr.— IV, 216 (1903) 37.
Stems 20-35 cm. long or more, rooting below, very stout, sharply
quadrangular, almost winged. Leaves 6-25 mm. long, 2-5 mm. broad,
auriculate-cordate, amplectent, broadly linear, lanceolate, or oblong, obtuse
or subemargiuate. Stipules herbaceous, subulate, 2 mm. long, situated on
the sharp corners of the stem,
Bracteoles deltoid-acute, scarious, slightly falcate, 1 mm. long or less,
llowers 5-6-merous. Calyx 2 mm. long, very broadly companulate-subhe-
mispheric. Teeth about ^ the length of the tube, deltoid-acute. Cornua 0.
Petals about as long the calyx-teeth, rhomboid or obovate, erose-denticu-
late. St^'le as long as the ovar}^
Capsule 4-(perhaps also 2-) valved, scarious, globose.
Habitat: Ava: near Segaen (Wallich, No. 2103!): Arracan : Kolodync
valley, wet pastures and swamps, frequent, Oct. 1869 (S. Kurz!).
Note. — In Wallich's specimen the flowers are 6-merous and the stamens
far exserted, whilst Kurz's plant has 5-merous flowers with the stamens
subexserted. This is the reason why we had to make a new species which
includes both plants.
12. Rotala cordata,T^oe\\\w,\n Engl, Bot. Jahrb. I (1880) 172, ct in
Engl. Pflanzenr, iv, 266 (1903) 40.
A FEI'ISIoy OF THE INDIAN SPECIES OF HOT ALA. 711
Stem croi'iiiiii; at tliu basi\ tin- iToct jiart 28 cin. long, broadly 4-\viiigf(l.
Loaves i^-lA mm. long, ;;-(> mm. broad, the tloral ones even smaller, ovate-
i>blong or oblong, distinetly uurieled at the base, with a minute stipule on
the Tipper surface of eaeh auricle. Below the auricles the base is suddenly
contracted and runs down the stem as a broad wing, ending a little above
the next node in an obtuse process.
Flowers .')-4-nu'rous. Bracteoles ] — .', the length of the calyx. Calyx 2-
l*o nun. long, broadly campanula te, teeth o-4, as long as the tube ; cor-
nua absent ; nectariferous ring adnate, reaching :] the length of the tube.
Petals l.V times the length of the calyx-teeth, persistent, broadly elliptic or
obovate. Stamens inserted half way down the tube. Style as long as the
ovary or § of it.
Capsule .'j-valved, globose, minutely tnbercled.
Habitat : Tropical region of Bengal {.). D. Hook and Th. ! ).
l;]. Rotala indica nov coivib. — Peplis indica, Willd. Spec. PI. ii (1799)
2-\\.—Atnmannia nana, lloxb. Fl, Ind. i (1820) 427 ex Clarke, non Wall. —
Ammannia peplokles. Spreng, Syst. i (1825) 444 ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii (1872) 742;
Clarke in Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii (1879) mQ ; Duthie, Fl. Upper Gang.
Plain, i (1903) 349 : Cooke, Fl. Bomb. Pres. i (190-3) bQii.—Ameletia indica
DC. in Mem. Soc. Gen. iii, 2 (1826) 82, t. 3, f. A ; Prodr, iii (1828) 76 ;
Wight, Ic. i (1838-40) t. 257 A ; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii (1852)
135, t. 47 ; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (1861) 96. — Ammannia polystachya,
Wall., Cat. (1828; n. 2094, 2094 a, b ; Wight and Arn. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Or.
(1834) 304. — Ameletia clonyalu, Blume, 1. c. 135. — Ameletia acutidens, Miq.,
Fl. Ind. Bat. i (1855) 617. — Ammannia ^ubvottinda, Wall, ex Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. iv, 2 (1871) 55, and xlvi, 2 (1877) 85 ; Clarke in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. ii (1879) 571. — Ratal a indica, 'Koehne, \n 'Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i
(1880) 172, in Engl. Pflanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) ^Si.—Rotala subrotunda,
Koehne, II. cc. 174 and 41.
Stems 4-40 cm. long, decumbent at the base and rooting or erect, 4-gonon8,
rarely simple, mostly once or twice branched. Leaves 4-20 mm. long, 1-5-10
mm. broad, decussate, obovate or subspathulate-oblong or suborbiciilar, or
narrowly oblong, the base cuneate or obtuse or cordate, the apex acute or
very obtuse-mucronate, distinctly or obscurely cartiloginous-marginate,
penninerved.
Flowers tetramerous, subsessile or with pedicels iipto 2 mm. long, soli-
tary in the axils of generally reduced leaves. Calyx 2-3 mm. long, narrow-
ly or broadly companulate. Petals persistent, obovate or obovate-rotund,
slightly acute or subemarginate at the apex. Stamens included or exsert-
ed. Style very variable, shorter or longer than the ovary.
Capsules 2-valved, narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid oblong.
Ii. indica is a most variable species. It can easily be distinguished
from all other species, but the niimerous variations are not such as to
enable us to make distinct subspecies or varieties. We have tried to
arrange the difierent forms in groups, and there is scarcely a morphological
point that we did not make the basis of distinction, but without success.
Even the distinction which Koehne pointed out in order to establish his two
species Rotala indica and 7i'. sithrotunda, i-iz., included and excluded anthers
does not hold good. There are a great number of transition forms con-
necting the two extremes. We shall, therefore, confine ourselves to des-
cribing a number of forms. In doing so we wish to prevent the unnecessary
umltification of species in the future, on the one hand, and, on the other,
to oti'er materials to those who are interested in the study of variations,
the problems of distribution and evolution of i)lant8. Many will agree with
us when we say that the variations of plants in the tropics, and especially
in India, have been too much neglected in the past.
712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV
Forma a. spicata. — Stem stout, 10-20 cm. high, quadrangular, not much
branched, erect or ascendhig, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves large,
up to 15 X 8 mm., broadly obovate, attenuate at the base, penninerved,
nerves prominent beneath, tip obtuse, or rounded. Flowers densely
crowded in axillary spikes which generally are of the length of the leaves.
Bracts elliptic-lanceolate, up to 0x2 mm. Otherwise as form b. axillaru.
This is the common Western India form ; it has been found in the follow-
ing localities : —
Bombay Pres.
(1) Condita, Salsette.
(2^ Andheri, ,,
(3 Bhandup, ,,
(4) Kalyan, Konkan . .
(5) Penn, Colaba Dist.
(6) Khandala, near tank
(7) Igatpuri, rice fields ,
XII, 1916, Blatt. & Hall. No. 3258 !
XII, 1916 „
XI, 1916
XI, 1916 „ „
II, 1917
(8) Mt. Abu, 3,900' . . llajputana .
(9) Cambam, Madura
Madras Pres.
. Bombay Pres.
Distr
(10) Surat
(11) Chikhalee, Surat .
(12) Castle Rock
III, 1917
I, 1917
XI, 1916
V, 1917
3259!
3260!
3261!
3262-
3264!
3266-
3266 !
3267-
3269!
3270!
3271!
Kanitkar !
II, 1891,Bhiwa !
X, 1902, Gammie, No. 15720 !
ad (5) No. 3264 has spikes about twice the length of the leaves.
ad (6) Spikes 2-4-times the length of the leaves; flowers less approximate.
ad (12) This specimen is intermediary between (2) of form a. and (2) un-
der form *5». ,.but has no axillary flowers.
Forma b. axillaris. — Stem G cm. high, sharply quadrangular, with several
pairs of branches, rooting at the lower nodes. Internodes on stem and lower
part of branches almost equal in length (5-10 mm). Leaves on main stem 12
X5 mm., elliptic obovate, obtuse, those on the branches about 10x3 mm.,
elliptic or oblong, acute, attenuate at the base. Flowers remote,
axillary, sessile, not on axillary spikes. Bracteoles subulate, not overtop-
ping the calyx. Calyx narrowly quadrangnlar-campanulate, the four trian-
gular acuminate teeth much shorter than the tube, erect, tube with 8 faint
nerves, slic^htly striate. Petals minute, elliptic-acute, ^ the length of thi^
calyx-teeth, pink. Stamens reaching tips of petals, inserted near base of
calyx-tube. Style about the length of capsule; stigma reaching tips of
calyx-teeth. Capsule and seeds as usual.
Igatpuri (Bombay Pres.) Jan. 1917, (Blatt. and Hall. 32741).
We have a specimen from the same locality (No. 3273 !) on which axillary
spikes with approximate flowers begin to appear, but the bracteoles are not
much smaller than the leaves. Also strictly axillary flowers occur.
Forma c. elonyata. — Stem stout, quadrangular, creeping on the ground, up
to 50 cm. long, the top ascen<Hng. Most of the nodes rooting. Internodes
about 25 mm. Primary branches slender, tufted, profusely flowering,
much divided, about 15 cm. in length, leaves on the main stem caducous,
broad-elliptic, up to 15mm. long, tip obtuse or rounded, on the branches
smaller, about 7x2*5mm., elliptic, acute, narrowed into a petiole. They
subtend either a flower (usually in the lower part of the branch), or a
slender, up to 10 cm. long, subspicate secondary branch, which may again
divide. Leaves on these branches similar to those of the primary ones,
but getting smaller upwards, always subtending a flower, when not a
anchlet. Flowers in slender spikes, generally remote ; bracteoles 2,
A lii:rLsl(j.\ OF THE IXDIAN SECIES OF JiOTALA. 713
subuhitc. scarcely rcachins tin- siiiusos of the calyx-tooth. Calyx-tooth
often only .; of the k-ngth of tho tubo, doltoiil-acute ;tiibo with 8 faint norvos.
Petals minute, ovate-acute. Stamens inserted about half-way down the
tube, but the tilanients may bo traced to tho bottom of tho tubo. Anthers
roaehing tips of calyx-tooth. Stylo about as long as tho ovary.
S.Andaman: Port Mouat, March 1893 (King's collector!), Cadellganj
Hill .Tungle. April If^Sto (King's collector!); Car Nicobar, Johnson's Village
Hill Jungle (King's collector I)
Forma d. conferta. — Stem stout, erect, subquadrangular, about 30 cm.
high, with one similar branch half as high, and numerous short axillary,
subspicato branchlets, densely crowded towards the tips of the stem and
primary branch, both of which are almost naked in the lower part and with
iuteruodes about '2 cm. long. Louvos usually conspicuous, caducous, much
larger in the lower part of tho plant than in the upper, the lowest reaching
17 X 8 mm., broadly oblong, strongly nerved, obtuse, the upper compara-
tively narrow, subacute. Bracts on the spicate branchlets a little longer
than the tlowers, elliptic-acute ; bracteoles subulate, reaching the sinuses
of the calyx. Flowers larger than usual. Calyx-teeth % the length of the
tube, deltoid-acuminate. Tube A'ith 8 very faint linos.
Petals largo, as long as tho teeth, broadly obovatc-suborbicular, 1-
norved. Stamens ex sorted. Style twice the length of the ovary, far
exserted.
Burma : Pogu-Yoma (S. Kurz, No. 1327 !).
Forvia e. sub rotunda. — Stem creeping, rooting at the nodes below, sending
out erect, slender, sharply quadrangular branches, 10-15 cm. high. Leaves
decussate, sessile, suborbicular, rounded at the tip, those on the stem 8 X (i
mm., subtending a primary branch ; this has slightly smaller leaves, which
subtend a secondary branch, terminating in a small dense raceme. The
leaves get slightly narrower upwards, are sometimes ovate-elliptic, sul)-
acute or minutely mucronulate. Bracts lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse
abtmt as long as the llower. Khachis of raceme very slender, naked
below, sometimes slightly branched, o-i'O mm. long, many-flowered.
Pedicels capillary, lowest sometimes reaching 2 mm., distant, upper
shorter, approximate, all paired. Bracteoles 2. situated on the pedicels
immediately below the calyx, minute, subulate, reaching about h way up
the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube narrow, broadened upwards ; teeth 4, deltoid-
acute, slightly shorter than the tube, erect. Petals 4, slightly longer than
the calyx-teeth, obovate-spathulate, apex rounded. Stamens 4, fixed
about }i way down the tube ; filaments long, slightly curved ; anthers
exserted. Style twice as long as tho ovary, far exserted ; stigma capitel-
late.
(1) Myitkyina Dist. ..Upper Burma. II, 1909, E. M. Buchanan!
(2) Segain in Ava . . „ „ X, 1826, WaUich, 2096 !
(3) Mandalay . . . . „ ,. L 1868, Anderson !
(4) ,, . . „ „ ,. ,, Anderson !
(0) Bhamo • • ,, „ • ■ ■ • Anderson !
(6) Kha-tha .. ... „ I, 1868, Anderson !
(7) Monywa .. . . ,. „ XII, 1907, Meebold, No. 7928 !
(8) Tamil . . ,. „ XII, 1907, Meebold, No. 7602 !
(9) Laireen . . Manipur . . IV, 1882, Watt, No. 7312 !
ad (1). Type for the above description.
ad (2). Type for Wallich's Aimnannia nubrotunda, described by Kurz (1).
There are three specimens on the sheet, one of which comes very
near our form, except for the very short pedicels. The other two
specimens are much poorer in flowers and richer in leaves.
2.5
714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX^'.
ad (3). Near (1), but with longer internodes and larger leaves; there
is a tendency towards the formation of panicles, and the pedicels
are short.
ad (4). Like (1), but with short pedicels.
ad (5). A luxuriant robust specimen with many stems from the root
less conspicuous petals and shorter pedicels than (1).
ad (6) A specimen more like (2), with longer leaf-Jike bracts and fewer
flowers,
ad (7). Very similar to the two extremes on WallicL'sshee j.
ad (8). Very close to the intermediary specimen on VV^allich's sheet
erect,
ad (9). The only specimens obtained outside Burma, Thej^ come close
to (8), bat are smaller.
Formaf. inncvnndra. — Stem ascending, rooting at the lower nodes,
branched, subqnadrangular. Leaves broadly obovate, upto 15x6 mm.,
rounded at the apex. Flowers in axillary, sometimes branched spikes,
which are longer than the leaf, cylindrical, dense. Bracts as long as the
flower, elliptic, subacute. Bracteoles 2, only half as long as the calyx-tube.
Calyx-tube with the usual 8 very line lines, narrow ; teeth less than half
the length of the tube, deltoid-acuminate. Petals red, obovate, as long as
the calyx-teetl) Stamens inserted near base of tube, far exserted. Stj'le
twice the length of the ovary, far exserted. Stigma capitellate.
Upper Burma : Zemyn village in Minbu Dist., Jan. 19U3 (Shaik Mokini,
No. 1123!).
Forma g. philippinensis. — Stem 6-25 cm. high, sparingly branched. In-
ternodes 1-2 cm. long. Leaves elliptic, up to 12x5 mm., with strong
(1) S. Kurz C" On some new or imperfectly known Indian plants " in Jour.
As. Soc, Ben^., XL, II (1871) .^)5) grives the following: description of a plant which
he calls Ammannia subrotunda. Wall : " Leaves sessile, almost orbicular, penni-
nerved ; flowers on slenvier s^hort, pfidicels, forminjr shorter or lorser slender
racemes. "^Clarke (Hook. f. Fl. Brit. hid. ii (:879j 5(591 copies Kurz's description,
retaining the name, and adds, that he has not seen the plant. He does not give
the other reference to Kurz \ " Contributions towaids a knowledge of the Burmese
Flora" in Jour. A.. S. Beng., xlvi, ii 1877) 84), in which Kurz gives an almost
identical description of the plant, ad' ing however : " Wall. Cat. 20!tC>. Hab. Ava.
from Segain and Mandalay northwards in the Irrawady valley. — Fl. Fr. Jan." —
We find in Herb. Calc a sheet bearing the label " 2()i)(> Ammannia subrotunda,
Wall." in Wallich's own handwriting. Below is the following rote by G. Watt,
dated 1882 : '' T can see no diflference between the abovp, and they should, in my
opinion, be regarded as in Fl. Brit. Ind.as forming a variety at most of the common
A. peploides. Since the name A- subrotunda is not published by AVallich, I presume
that the above label is Kurz's authority for that name." A.s a matter of fact, Clarke
gives ''A. latifolia\ Wall. Cat. 20'J(), partly, under A. peploides, Spreng. The
same reference, however, occurs also under A. rotundi folia.. Hj,m. in Fl. Brit. Ind.
Now ' latifolia' is written in pencil above' SHtro^w^ifZa', probably by Wallich
himself. There is another label on the sheet in question, also in Wallich's hand,
which seems to be the original one, since the locality and date are given. It bears
the name ' A. rotundifolia. Buch.'
The history of the name ' A. subrotunda. Wall.' is probably this : Wallich first
thought the plant was A. rotundifolia, later, that it was a new species and wrote?
on one of the sheets bearing the number 20'.)(i the name A. subrotunda For some
reason or other he foiuid the name unsuitable and changed it into A- latifoli"
writing down the name on all the sheets. The first sheet was the one in Herb.
Calc. seen by Kurz who retained the name A. suirotunda.. Wall. The other sheets
wei'e studied by Clarke who put them under ^1. fcpl. and A. rotundifolia, respect-
ively. This is the reason why Clarke does not mention Wall. Cat JODti as referring
to A. subrotunda. He must, however, have seen Kurz's second note, since he gives
Ava as localitv.
A ME VISION OF THE IX 1)1 AN SPECIES OF ROT ALA. 71.-,
midrib, minutely nuicronulate. Flcnvt-rs on axillary branclihts, generally
shorter than the loaves, crowthul amonf; rediicod opi osito floral loaves
(bracts) which often conceal the flowers and are about twice their length.
These bracts are generally dedexed. BracteoleS '2, half the lei gth of th(!
i'al3'X. Cal^'x long and narrow, teeth nearly or quite as long as the tube,
deltoid-acuminate, tube with 8 very faint nerves Petals minute, oblong or
I'lliptic, with tin- tip obtuse. Stamens 8>ibiiichided. >ilaments very
slender, inserted low in the tube. Style half as long as the tube.
(1) Manila . . . . Luzon . . XTI, lo92, Loher, No. inr,9 !
(L>) Province of Ilizal . . „ . . XII, 189i>, L'edlo, No. 191.57!
(3) Prov. of Cnvite . . „ . . 11, 1913. iJobinson, No. 18268 \
(4) Prov. of Ri^al . „ .. V, I9t)7, l.'amos. No. 2602 !
ad (1) Sp-'ci nens small, unbranched, with larger leaves and short axillary
spiuekts.
ad (2) Specimens large, sparingly branched from the base, and with a few
slender branches higher up. Leaves and spikes similar to (1).
ad (3) Specimens small, with many erect stout stems from the base, with
a tufted hab't. Leaves smaller, as are the bracts, and the flowers.
ccmseiiuently, more conspicuous.
ad (4) Similar to the last, but larger and not branched from the base,
with sjukes longer than the leaves.
Forma h. horeana — Stems one or two from the root, stout, reaching lU
cm., quadrangular, a] parently fleshy. Lower internodes 12 mm. upper
nuich shorter. Leaves small, obovate and up to 10x3 mm., or subcrbicular
and up to 5 x 4 mm. leathery, with narrow white cartilacinous margins,
tip rounded or retuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, or sometimes 2-3
clustered in the axils of greatly reduced leaves, formirg thus a condensed
spike. Calyx large, up to 3 mm., wider in fruit than is i suall> the case; teeth
deltoid-acute, about half the length of the tube, which has 8 very faint nerves.
Petals minute, broadly ovate, acute Stamens inclin^ed, inserted near
base of tube. Style equal in length to ovary, half as long as the capsule.
Stigma subincluded, ca| itate.
N. Korea : Jalu river near Chudshu-ulei, Aug. 1897 (Komorov, No.
1124!).
We add the localities of a number of specimens from all over India and
of a few others which we cannot include in anj' of the above f< rms. Neither
can we detect any distinct forms amongst them, as they pass insensibly into
each other. The extremes, however, differ so much from each other
that, if examined without the intermediate forms, they might easily be
taken for difl'erent species. It appears, on the whole, that the flowers
become more distant and the axillary branches more slender, the further
east we go. But there are exceptions to this rule.
Bombay Pres. . . Dalzell !
N. Kanara . . XII, 1884, Talbot. No. 1116!
C. Provinces. . XII, 1857, Herb. Calc. !
„ „ . . . . Vicary !
Punjab-Ben-
gal. . . T. Thomson !
Chota Nagpur. . Prain !
XII, 18G6, S. Kurz!
(1)
(2) Belcherri
(3) Mahanadi
C4) Burhanpur
(•>)
(6) Parasnath
(7)
(8)
(9) Bettiah
no)
(11)
.Bengal .. 1894, P. Hicronym.us!
. Sikkini . . II, 1867, T. Anders.ai !
,, . . II, 1911, Ivibu and Rhomoo, No.
4954!
716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT
(12) . . . . Chota Nagpur
J. J. Wood, No. 1032 !
(13) Loharclaga, 1,000'. . „ „ ..
XII, 1874, C. B. Clarke, No. 25128 !
(14) „ ^ 2,000'.. „ „ ..
XI, 1882, „ „ „ 34092 !
(15) Manipur . . . . Assam
XII, 1813, Wallich, No. 2093 !
(16) . . . . Nepal
1821, ,. „ 2094 A
(17) .. .. „
„ 2094 B !
(18) Naga Hills, 3,000'. . Manipur
XII, 1907, Meebold, No. 7475!
(19) . . . . Assam
1842, Jenkins !
(20) . . . . Yuiian
1875, Anderson !
(21) Shanmxira, (JOO-900'. Tipperah
XII. 1914, P. M. Deblarman, No.
394! -
I. 1868, Anderson !
(22) Kah-tha . . . . Burma
(23) Bhamo . . . . „
■ • >>
(24) . . . . Upper Burma
Collet !
(25) Pegu . . . . Burma
S. Kurz, No. 1327 !
(26) Ahyab, Arracau . . Lower Burma
S. Kurz !
(27) Pegu Yoma . . „ „ . .
■ • >,• ))
(28) Tonkyerhat, Pegu . . „ ,, . .
'J )?
(29) Rangoon . . , . „ „ . .
I, 1857, Cleghorn!
(30) Hulkop (Dharvvar)
2,000'. Bombay Pres.
XII, 1917, L. J. Sedgwick!
(31) . . . . Java . .
. . Horsiield !
(32) Chiengmai . . . . Siam . .
I, 1911, A. F. G. Kerr. No. 1647 !
(33) Guiting Kabok . . Perlis. .
Ill, 1910, Herb. Calc, No. 15034 !
ad (I). Comes very close to forma spicata.
ad (2). A small plant with a pj^ramidal habit, due to the greater length of
the lower branches. Bracteoles a little shorter' than calyx, whose
teeth are a little shorter than its tube. Stigma reaching tips of
calyx-teeth ; stamens subincluded. Petals g the length of the
calyx-teeth, ovate-acute.
ad (2). and (3). Very close to forma spicata.
ad (6). Three sheets. More or less similar to forma spicata, one almost
identical with No. 8 below.
ad (6). Two sheets. Specimens with slightly elongate lax spikes. Brac-
teoles almost as long as calyx. Calyx-teeth about as long as
tube. Stamens included, stigma exserted.
ad (7). Suberect, lower branches long. Spikes not ver^' dense. Stamens
subincluded, style slightly exserted.
ad (S). Extensive. Stem ascendinij, much-branched. Spikes dense,
short. Stamens and style slightly exserted.
ad (9). " Ad confines Nepal, in paludibus." Erect, more or leas branched,
sometimes of almost spherical growth. Flowers like those of the
next.
ad (10). Large, creeping, probably growing flat on the ground, much
branched. Spikes not very dense. Bracteoles as long as calyx-
tube. Calyx-teeth only } the length of the tube. Petals A
long as the calyx-teeth. Stamens subincluded, style as long
capsule, slightly exserted.
ad (11). Very much like the last.
ad (12). Much branched, but not compact. Spikes short, rather lax.
Petals obovate-acute, ^ length of calyx-teeth. Stamens sub-
included, stigma exserted.
ail (13). Stem creeping, rooting. Spikes short, dense, very unlike those of
the next specimen. Petals ovate-acute, I as long as calyx-
teeth.
as
as
A nJCriSlOX OF THE INDIAX SPECUuS OF ROT ALA. 717
:i(l (14). Stom creeping, rooting, sending;- up many stout branches, jtm-
fusely flowering. Spikes lax, braetenlcs shorter than calyx.
Petals small, authors snbincluded.
ail (1 0-17) and (19). Kugged plants with more or less densely crowded
tlowors and generally la,ncoolaterellexed bracts. Stamens inserted
near base of calyx-tube. Petals small. Anthers an<l stigma
subiucluded.
ad (IS). A small erect plant. Spikes rather lax, about the length of
the leaves. Bracts small. Calyx broadly eampanulate. Style
about as long as the ovoid capsule,
ad ('20). Intermediate between forma a. and forma //. Stems several
from the root, profusely flowering. There is an abrupt change
from the largo leaves to the bracts proper. Ikacteoles as long as
the broadly eampanulate calyx. Anthers and stigma suboxserted.
Style only i as long as the capsule. Petals small,
ad (21). Stem creeping and rooting, long and stout, sending up
slender branches along its whole length. Leaves on stem up to
'20 X 10 ram. (the largest observed in this sijecies), broadly obovate.
Leaves on the branches gradually passing into bracts. Petals
minute. Stamens and style snbincluded.
ad (22). Erect or ascending, rooting at the base. Bracteoles hardly as
long as the calyx-tube. Petals small. Style shorter than capsule,
ad (23). Compact. Branches long, again divided. Bracteoles a.s long-
as the broadly eampanulate calyx. Petals minute. Stamens
included,
ad (24). A tall slender plant, 10 cm. high, with a poor rugged appear-
ance. Branches reaching 5 cm., almost horizontal. Flowers in
axillary clusters or very short spikes. Calyx long and narrow.
Bracteoles as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx-teeth ^ as long as
the tube. Anthers and stigma reaching tips of calyx-teeth.
Petals large,
ad (25). Creeping, tip of stem ascending, much branched. Petals
very small, suborbicnlar. Style shorter than capsnle.
ad (26). Erect. Upper leaves subacute. Spikes short, adpressed,
dense. Flowers small, concealed by crowded adpressed bracts.
Bracteoles twice the length of the calyx,
ad (27). A slender weak plant, with broadly obovate leaves, short lax
spikes, large calyx, its teeth almost as long as the tube. Petals
minute .
Stamens included. Style slightly exserted.
ad (28). Much-branched. Branches long, ascending, flexuose. Leaves
/^ovate-oblong, acute. Spikes lax ; bracts rather large. Calyx-tube
slender, teeth ^ its length. Petals as long as the calyx-teeth,
suborbicnlar. Stamens exserted. Style twice the length of the
capsule, far exserted.
ad (29). Not unlike forma c. but with much shorter spikes.
ad (30). An erect plant of very regular growth, tinged with pink. Stem
simple, except for the axillary spikes, which are shorter or longer
than the leaves. Calyx pink, narrow, teeth as long as tube ;
bracteoles longer than calyx. J'etals pink, .j length of calyx-teeth,
acute, 1-nerved. Stamens ami style subiucluded.
ad (31). Spikes not dense, reaching 4 cm. Bracteoles .\ the length of
the calyx. Calyx-teeth haif the length of the tube. Stamens
included, stigma exserted.
ad (32). Very unlike the other specimens from the Philippines under
forma //. and more similar to certain Burmese specimens.
718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Axillary branches sometimes exceeding 30 mm., very slender and
with long iuternodes, the lowest up to 8 mm. Flowers in the axils
of reduced leaves.
ad (23). Much like forma (j. Bracteoles as long as calyx-tube. Calyx
teeth acuminate ; stigma reaching their tips. Style shorter than
ovary. Petals half as long as the calyx-teeth, ovate acute.
ad (34) bpikes reaching 25 mm., not dense. Bracteoles shorter than
calyx. Petals minute. Stamens subincluded. Style as long as
capsule. Stigma almost reaching tips of calyx-teeth.
Distribution of the species : Tanscaucasus, Afghanistan, India, Cejdon,
Java, Tonkin, China, Philippines, Japan.
14. Rotala rotundifolia nov. comb. — Amniania rotundifolia, lioxb. Fl.
Lnd. 1 (1820) 446; DC. Prodr. iii (1828) 79 ; Wight and Arn. Prodr. i (1834)
306; Benth. Fl. Hongk. (1861) III ; Clarke in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. lnd. ii (1879)
o66; Duthie Fl. Upper Gang. Plain (1903) 349 ; Cooke, Fl. Bomb. Pres. i
(1903) .508 —Ameletia rotundifolia, Wight Ic. i (1840) t. 258 ; Dalz. and
Gibs., Bomb. Fl. (1861) 96.— Ammannia subspicata, Benth. in Hook. Lond.
Journ. Bot. i (1842) 484. — Ameletia subsincata, Benth. in Hook. Kew Journ.
Bot. iv (1842) 81. — Rotala rotundifolia, Koehne, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i
(1880) 175, in Engl. Pflanzenr., iv, 216 (1903) ^l.— Rotala macrandra,
Koehne, in Eogl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880) 176, in Engl. Pflanzenr. iv, 216
(1903) 42.
Stems rooting and creeping extensively, erect part together with the stem-
like branches reaching 6-38 cm. Leaves decussate, 3-20 mm. long, 2*5-14
mm. broad, sessile or shortly petioled, rotund or obovate, rarely oblong,
ubtuse at the apex, subacute or subcordate at the base, penninerved.
Racemes dense, pedunculate, often three, sometimes one only, sometimes
panicled ; pedicels scarcely 1 mm. long ; bracts herbaceous or scarious,
ovate or oblong, bracteiform ; bracteoles subherbaceous or scarious, minute.
Flowers typically 4-merous. Calyx 1*5-2 mm. long and as broad, campanu-
late ; teeth 4, acute, triangular, Avithout interjected folds. Stamens in-
cluded or exserted. Petals 4, obovate, twice the length of the calyx-teeth,
bright rose. Ovary globose, style half as long as the ovary.
Capsule 4-3-valved, ellipsoid, a little longer than broad. Seeds brown-
yellow, ellipsoid, peltate.
We have united R. macandra, Koehne, with R. rotundifolia. Koehne
founded his species on the greater length of the stamens, a character which
18 not at all constant in his subsection Mirl'ooa.
Sawantwadee . .
Bombay Pres. .
XI, 1891, Herb. T. Oooke !
Kanitkar.
Malwan . .
>}
?>
Woodrow.
Belgaum . .
7>
>»
Ritchie, No. 1069.
Castle Rock
>)
M
IV, 1909,Bhide!
Londa
)>
»)
X, 1910,Bhide !
Poona
J»
>»
Herb. Ec. Bot.,
Poona !
Dharwar District
>>
)»
. III. 191 7, Sedgwick, No.
2,000'.
2396!
* Malabar Concan".
;)
j>
Stocks, Law, etc. !
V
j>
Dalzell!
)?
>)
Gibson !
Ganjam . .
Madras Pres. .
I, 1900, C. A. Barber, No.
1223 !
Kodaikanal
?•
>>
VI, 1911,Fy8on, No. 1239!
A REVISION OF THE INDIAN SPECIES 01 ROTALA. 719
Tliibitfit: Ootacnmund, gar- ]\I;ulras Pres.
don.
Kakori
Noilghorit'S
Ananthapura
Gorna
Kangra, 4,000-
0,000'.
Patliankhot
Hoshiarpur Dist
Hosliiarpur
Chamba . .
Jaunsar . .
Dhoon
Thadgor, 3,000'
Parolha, 3,000'
Gharwal . .
Dohra Dan
Almora, 5, 500'
Kheri
Dehra Dun
.000'
-Mysore
C. India
Punjab
X. W. India . .
X. W. Himalya.
U. Prov.
X.'W. Prov. ..
n. Prov.
Ivumaon
Oudh . .
U. Prov.
Kuraaon
Kumaon
Nepal . .
Sikkim . .
V, 1907, Gammio!
Vlll, 1878, King!
Xn, 190(5, Herb., St. Xavier's
College, Bombay,
No. 3306!
Herb. Ec. Bot.,
Poona !
X, 1908, Meebold,No. 10284!
IV. 1867, King, No. 2o!
Thomson !
Herb. Calc. !
Golma . .
,,
liumbhughora . . „
Bengal. .
Darjeeling Dist. ,,
Between Mati- Dar j c e 1 i n g
geru and Nax- Dist.
albari.
Kurseong . . ,,
Mongh\'r. . . . Bengal. .
Manblioom . . ,,
N. Bengal
. Chota Nagpur.
Baragaon
Pothuria, 1,000'.
Parasnath . . ,,
Tingale Bam Jun- Assam . .
ni,
111.
VI,
v",
vr.
IV,
IV,
II,
IV,
fl',
IV,
I,
1902, Watt, No. 15208 !
1902, Watt, No. 15577 !
Aitchison !
Herb. Royle !
1864,Braudis,No. 4295!
1891, Gamble!
Vicary !
1896, Gamble, No. 23029 !
1893, Gamble, No. 24402 !
King !
Herb. Calc. !
Strachey and Win-
terb.. No. 1 !
1898, Herb. Calc., No.
21575 !
1881,Gollan!
Wallich, No. 2095
E!
Anderson !
P. Hieronymus, No.
290!
1820, WaUich, No. 2095
B!
1867, Anderson!
1914, Herb. Calc. !
Gammie !
1908, Ribu
J. D. Hook, and T. !
1908, Smith!
l9il,'Burkill !
V, 1915,Modder, No. 131!
Wallich, 2095 A !
Ball !
X, 1868, S. Kurz !
V, 1878, Wood !
1886, Campbell in Herb.
Watt., No. 8276 !
Ill, 1887, Campbell, No. 27 !
HI, 1899, Herb. Calc, No.
800!
Jenkins !
720 JOVRXAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Habitat : Br a h m a p n t r a Lower Assam .
Plains.
Plains . . . . Assam . .
Shillong . . .,
Banks of Brahma-
putra.
Golaghat, .'lOO'
Sibsagar . . . . ,,
Sibsagar . .
Garo Hills, Kam-
riip Dist.
Manipur Valley Manipur
Noung Shong.
Khong Valley . . ,,
Kangl a t o n g b i, .,
P,,000'.
Kohima, 3,000- Naga Hills
6,000'.
Kohima, o,000' . . „
Choorapunji,4,000' Khasia Hill
Herb., S. Knrz, Xo.
27!
Lister !
V, 1893, Herb. Calc. !
II, 1896, Herb. Calc, No. 40 !
III, 1896, Herb. Calc. No. ol :
IV, 1890, Herb. Calc, No.
10495 !
IT, 184o,Herb. Calc. No.
1246!
I, 190.3, Marten !
II, 1882, Watt., No. -OSyo !
IV, 1882, Watt., No. 6297!
II, 1906, Meebokl, No. .5o06 !
IV, 1886,Praiu!
Choorapun3i,.5,000' ,,
Bhamo . . . . Burma
Poonshee . . ,,
S. Shan States . . ,,
Ruby Mines
Kachin Hills
S. Shan States
Bhamo
. IT, 1882, Collet. No. 131!
. VI, ]911,Burkilltt Banerjee,
No. 170 !
. VI!, 1878, Gallatlv, No. 418 !
. II, 1868, Anderson!
„ . . Ill, 1868, Anderson !
1894, Abdul Khalil !
Upper Bi^rma. . Ill, 1892, Abdul Huk, No.l4><!
149!
V, 1898, Shaik Mokim !
.XII, 1909, Mac Gregor, No.
1211!
. V-VI,1911, Sidney Toppin, No.
3083 !
1897, Henry, No. 9.3oo !
Burma
Yunnan, 4,'500- China
■5,000'.
Yunnan .. .. „ ..IV, 1902, Herb. Calc. !
Hupeh Prov. . . Central China. . . Henry, Xo. 220 !
N. W. Formosa. 1862, Swinhoe.
In some .specimens collected by Fyson in S. India (Xo. 1475 ! 4371 !)
some or all the leaves are linear to linear oblong, attaining 10 X 1 mm.,
obtuse or retuse, the nerves anastomosing. As the parts of the plant, on
which these leaves occur, show no flowers, we conclude that they were
submerged in analogy to what takes place in Rotala tenuis under similar
circumstances.
15. 7?ofa/a fc«Mis, Koehne, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i (1880) 177, in Engl.
Pllanzenr, iv, 216 (1903) A2.—Amdetia tmuis, Wight, Ic. i (1840) t. 257
li ; Dalz. and Gibs., Bombay Fl. (1861) 96. — Aonmannia tenuis, C. B. Clarke,
in Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. ii (1879) 567 ; Duthie, Fl. Upper Gang. Plain (1903)
349 ; Cooke, Fl. Bomb. Pres. i (1903) 506.
Stems often caespitose, creeping at the base, erect part 5.35 cm. long,
simple or branching. Leaves 2-12 mm. long. 1-5 mm. broad, sessile or nearly
so, broadly ovate or deltoid, tometimes rotund or oblong, obtuse or slightly
J liiniSIOA OF THE IXDIAN SPECIES OF ROTJLA. 7i'l
acuto, base subcordate, Tho leaves on submerged parts of the plant clianpo
their character entirelj' and boconio linoar-lauceolate or narmwly limar.
attaining 40 x 1 mm.
Flowor-spikes slender, t-stiohons, dense or Inx in the lower part. Bract
one to each Hower, obhnig or lanceolate ; braeteoles herbaceous, lanceolate,
exceeding half the length of the calyx. Calyx i>-')-3mm. long, innch more
elongate than that of J{. mtinulifo/ia; teeth 4, many times shorter than
tube acute, ct>rnua 0. Petals 4, obovate, twice as long as the calyx-teeth
or slightly shorter. Stamens inserted a little below the middle of the calyx-
tube. Ovary narrowly ellij^soid ; style half as long as the ovary.
Capsule I'-vahed, narrowly ellipsoid. Seeds brown yellow, elliptic-
peltate.
Habitat : Kolapur, Deccan : Bombay Pres
Belgaum, S. M. ,,
Country.
Daugs, on rocks, ,,
Gujerat.
Igatpuri . . ,,
Purandhar
X. E. of Bhusaval, ,,
Tapti.
Penn, Colaba Dist. ,, ,,
"Malabar. Concan. ,, ,,
etc."'
Concan . . ....
Sayu
Sevalia, Kaira
Dist.
Dhulia, Kandesli.. .. ,
S. Thana
Pashan near ., ,,
Poona.
Poona . . . . ,,
Mahim Range,
Thana Dt.
S. Thana. . ., ,,
Jamdevoli Dhaini. ,, ,,
Bhusaval
Pashan
Poona.
Airra
n (' a r
I'nited Prov.
Behar, 1,000' . . Bengal
W. Bengal
Mvijgowan, PevvahC. India
(loona . . „
Bundelkhand . . United Prov.
Sendwal, Khand-C. Prov.
wa Dt.
Kalapur.
Ritchie, No. 1068.
Ritchie, No. 1068.
.... Woodrow, No. 10.
I, ]917, Blatt. andHall.No.
3iHU-9() and 3298!
XU, 1917, Blatter, No. 3305 !
I, 1917, Blatt. and Hall. No.
3297 and 3299 !
II, 1917, Blatt. andHall.No.
3300-01 !
.... Stocks, Law, etc. I
Dalzell !
T. Cooke !
XII, 1890, Gaugaram !
XII, 1907, Chibber !
XII, 1907, Chibber !
V, 1 905, Gammie !
II, 1903, Gammie !
II, 1905, Pahardan !
XI, 1903, G. M. Ryan, No.
2069 !
V, 1906, G. M. Ryan!
XI,1903,G. M. Ryan, No.
1905 !
XII, 1904, L. D. Garade !
XII, 1913, N. P. Paranjpye !
Dr. King, No. 19 !
J. D. Hook.!
S. Kurz !
1, 1874, S. Kurz!
King, No. 25 !
.... Vicary !
XIL, 1888, Duthie, No. 8295 !
•jr,
722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Species excludenda.
Ammannia dentelloides, Kurz, in Joiirn. As. Soc. Beng. XXXIX, ii (1870)
76 ; Clarke in Hook, f . Fl Brit. Ind. ii (1879) 568.
This plant, of which we have seen Kurz's specimen, does not belong to
the Lythracecc. It is Microcarpaea muscosa. It. Br. (^Scrophidariacecc .)
Kurz gives the following localities: "Frequent in Northern Bengal, as in
Purneah, Kissengunge, Titalaya up to the Sikkim Terai, in dried up ponds
and ricefields, shortly after the rains ; also in Behar, and Arracan in Kolo-
dyne Valley, Akyab, etc." — To this must be added the localities mentioned
by Clarke under M. muscosa. I.e. The Herbarium of the Bombay Nat. His.
8oc. contains a specimen collected by Talbot at Yellapore (N. Kanara) in
Aug. 1883, and named Ammania pentandra, Ifoxb. Microcarpaea tnuscosa, Ii.
Mr., therefore, is a new member of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency.
( To he continved. )
ri>.'{
CON'JTvlBUTlOXS TOWARDS A FLORA OF PEUSEAN
BAI.UrillSTAN AND MAKllAN.
KUnM MATERIALvS SIPPLIKK T.V CaI'T. J. E. B. HoTSON, I.A.K.O.
I!Y
E. Blattek, S. J. AND Pkof. F. Hallreuu.
Capt. J. E. B. Hotsou has been sending considerable colloctiona of plants
from Persian Baluchistan and Makran and from British Bahichistan to our
Society. Those from the Persian part of Makran and Baluchistan furnish
the materials for this paper. A ver}-^ small number from British Makran
have been included, as they were collected during the same journe^'^ and
were found almost on the borders of Persia.
The area in which the plants have been gathered lies between 25° and 28°
.'?o' N. Lat. and between 60° and Oo^ .'50' E. Long. In order to facilitate
the finding of localities on the map, we give the geographical position of the
more important places :
Bampur
. 27" 11' iN.— 60" -^7' E.
Champ
. 26° 38' „ —60° 29' „
Dehak
27° 8' „ —62° 14' „
Dizak .
. 27° 21' ., —62° 22' „
Grawag
. 27° 10' „ —63° 2o' „
Gusht
. 27° 48' „ —61° 57' „
Hong
. 26° 18' „ -62° 8' „
Khwast
. 28° 13' „ —61° 13' „
Kuhak
. 27° 14' „ —63° 8' „
Mand
. 26° 7' ,. —62° 3' „
Mnrti
. 26° 48' „ —62° 43' „
Pahrah
. 27° 12' „ —60° 42' „
Pasknth
. 27° 34' ., 61° 39' „
Purchinan l>;if
. 26^ 36' „ —62° 39' „
Qasrqand
. 26° 12' „ —60° 43' „
Sar-i-Jaugan
. 26' 48' „ —62° 34' .,
Sangnn
. 28' 35' ,.—61° 19' „
Sib '
. . 27° 14' ., —62° 6' .,
For the physical geography and geology of Persian Baluchistan we refer
to " Eastern Persia, an account of the journeys of the Persian Boundary
Commission, 1870-71-72." The two volumes were published by the autho-
rity of the Government of India in 1876. V"ol. 1 contahis the " Geography
with narratives by Majors St. John, Lovett, and Evan Smith,'" whilst in
Vol. II W. T. Blanford gives an account of the zoology and geology.
PiAXUNCULACE/^.
Ranunculus sp. (mat. insuff.). — Vern. name : Sanchal (information from
I'unjabi sepoy).
Pers. Bal. : Champ, 60 m. N. N. W. of Quasrqand, 4,000',— 23. XII, 16;
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,500',— 10. I. 17.
Ranuncuhit -^p. (mat. insuff.).
Pers. Bal.: Bint, 1,400',— 15. 1, 17.
FrMiRlACE.^.
Fuiiiatia parvijloru, Lam.
Pers. Bal. : Bint, 1,400', -18. I, 17.
Distribution : Temperate regions of the Old World.
7i'4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL IlLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX f.
CRrcii'KR.T;.
Draha i<p.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 4i' in. N.-W. of Dizak, 4,600',— 31. VII, 16.
Malcobnia up. near alh/ssoides D.C. — Vern. name : Shag vishag. (Bal.).
Pers. Makran : Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, oOO',— 28. I, 17.
Brasaica nifira, Koch.
Pers. Makran : Geh, 1476', — 21. I, 17. '" I have not seen anj'^ mustard
or other similar seed cultivation, but odd plants are found amongst
wheat". (Hotson).
Moricanda arvensis, D C.
Pers. Makran : Pishmant, :]2 m. X.X. W. of Chararbar, 000',— 31. I, 17.
Distribution : Sind, Persia, Arabia, Mediterranean region.
Crumhc cordifolia, Stev. — Vern. name : Pilgosh (Bal.).
Pers. Bal. : Sirah, 34| m. N. N. W. of Geh, 3970',— 19. I, 17.
Distribution : W. Tibet, AV. Himalaya, Persia, Caucasus.
Cappakidace.t-"..
Cleome qidnquenervia, D C.
Brit. Makran : Ispikan, 16 m. N. E. of Mand— V, 1916.
Distribution : India, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia.
Cleome sp.
Pers. Bal.: Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 2Sm. X. W. of Dizak, 4,230'— 30.
VII, 16.
Capparis f/aleata, Fres. — Vern. name. : Gorilimbuk (Bal.).
Pers. Bal.: Gusht, Mazaban Pass, 4,600'-6,300'— 1. VIII, 16—11.
VlIT, 16 ; Ziaizat, 29 m. kS. of Geh, '^00'— 2S._I, 17.
Distribution : Sind, Persia, Arabia, Nubia, Abyssinia.
Capparis ijaleata var. lanceolata var. nor. — ^Foliis lanceolatis.
Pers. Bal. : Sib.— 18-24. VII, Ki : Gusht, 42 m. N. AY. of Dizak. 4.600'
—VIII, 16.
Capparis decidua, Pax (^=C'. aphylla, lloth) — Vern. name: Kaler.
Pers. Makran : Geh, 1,476'— 21.' V, 17.
Distribution : India, Persia, Arabia, N. Trop. Africa.
Caryophyllace-?:.
DiantJnis sp. near crinitus, Sm.
Pers, Bal. : (xrawan to Kant — If), VII, Ki.
Sai/ina sp.
Pers. Bal. : Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 28 m. N. AV. of Dizak, 4,230'— 30..
VII, 16,
TaMABICACEvE,
JVanari.i articulata, Vahl.
Pers. Bal. : Between Grawan and Kant, 20 m. S. AV. of Sib.-- l-"i.
\U, 16.
Distributitm : Punjab, liajpvitana, Sind, Baluchistan to Kgypt and
S. Africa.
Tamari.r dioica Poxb. — A''ern. name : Padha gaz.
Pers. Bal.: Kaigar Pass, Bampusht IJange, up to 4,o00' — 17. IX, 16.
Brit. Makran : Purchinan Daf, 2,300'.
Distribution : India.
Tamari.r pallasii, Desv.- — Vern. name : Sorem gaz.
Brit. Makran: Ispikan 16 m, N, E, of Mand; Purchinan Daf, i>u
Xihing river, 2,300' ; never found far from water, goes up to about 4,000'.
Reaumuria stocksii, Boiss.
Pers. Bal. : Sib.— 21 . XT, 16,
FLOltA (>l I'EHsIAS liM.rcUlSTAy AM> ma KUAN. 72.5
HvrEUK'At'E.T:.
Ui/jii'i-icum ■<p. — V'ern. name : Hini. hani (Bal.).
lijut. 1,400'— lo. I, 17.
Zvi;ornvLLAi'K.K.
rribidiu alatits. Ucl. — Vern. name : Puzho.
Brit. Makran : Crawaj: <hi JNlashkhil. i\()00'.
Distribution: Punjab, Uajputana. Sinil, Arabia, Egyi>t, Nubia.
Tiihulns up. —
I'orsian Makran: Hong.— 29. VI. l(i.
Fa(/onia cn-ticu L. — Vern. name : Duhulak (Bal.), Karkawag, Karkauk.
Pers. Makran : Ziarat, L>i) m. S. of Geh, oOO'— 28. I, 17.
Pers. Bal. .• Foothills of Pampusht, N. W. of Purchinan, 2,-500-3000'— 18.
IX, 16 ; Sib,— 21-24. VII, 10.
Uses: " Good camel grazing" (Hotsou).
Distribution: Both shores of the Mediterranean, in S. extra-tropical
Africa, warmer dry parts of Asia, AVestern N. and S. America.
I'pf/anum harmola L. — Vern. name : Ispantan.
I'ors. Bal.: Between Grawan and Kant, 20 m. S. "VV. of Sib — l-'). VII, 10 ;
Shirwan, 16 m. N.W.of ^-ib, 3,800'— 17. X. 16; Chah-i-khundabakhsh, 28m.
N. W. of Dizak, 4,230'— 30. VII, 16 ; Maindar on N. slopes of Bampusht
Range- 22. IX, 16 ; between Sunt-i-Facil and Paskuh— 22. VIII, 16.
Distribution: India to Mediterranean.
Peynnum harmala L. var. Janata rar. nov. — Foliis snperne et inferne
coopertis lana contexta alba. — Vern. name : Ispantan.
Pers. Bal. : Shirwan, 16 m. X. W. of Sib, 3,800'— 15. X, 16.
GEllAXIACE.li.
Erodium (jlaucophi/llum, Ait.
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,476'— 23. I. 17.
Distribution : Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania,
ItUTACE.E.
(^itrus medir.a,!^. — Vern. name : Turunj (Bal.).
Pars. Makran : Tis, 7 m. N. of Chaharbar, 40', in a garden— 1. II, 17 ;
a few of these trees can be seen at many places S. of Bampur (Hotson).
Celastbace.e.
fiymnospona montana, Benth.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII, 16.
Distribution : Central Africa, Afghanistan, India, Malaya, Australia.
Rhamnace.i:.
Zizifphusjujuba,lia.m. — Vern. name : Kunar, Ber.
Pairs. Bal. : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht Kange, very ccmimon from about
3,700' down.— 17. IX, 16.
Pers. Makran : Iloghan ravine {e.v Oliver B. St. John).
Distribution : Trop. Africa, Afghanistan, India, Malaya, Australia.
'/jizyphus rotundifolia, Lam. — Vern. name : Kunar.
Pers. Makran : Geh, 1,476'— 21. I, 17.
Distribution : India, Persia,
Sapindace.e.
Dodunaea viscosa, L. — Vern. name: Anartri (Brah.),
Pers. Makran : Pugunzai Daf, ITj m. E. of Geh, 1,8">0'— 3. I, 17.
Distribution: All warm ci>untries.
7:?6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HLST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Anacardiace.*:.
Pistacia khinjah, Stocks. — Vern. name: Kasur, Gwan.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar Pass. Bampusht Range, above 3.000' — 17. IX, 16 •
Gu8ht,42 m. N. W. of Dizak— 1-3. VIII, 16 ; Maindar— 23 IX, 16; Grawan
—15. VII, 16.
Uses: " Red berries are eaten." (Hotson).
Distribution: Baliiuhistan, Afghanistan, Gilgit, Chitral, Persia.
Fistacia mutica. Fish. & Mey. (=-^. calmlica, Stocks).
Pers. Bal. : Surchah Paskuh— 22-24. VIII, 16.
Distribution : Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kuram Valley, Gilgit.
Leguminsos.35.
Leobordia (/unistoides, Fenzl. — Vern. name : Kahurkah.
Pers. Bal : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht range, up to about 3,500' — 17. IX, 16.
Distributi on : Taurus.
Cioia'nr'ta hurhia, Hamilt.
Pers. Makran : About 5 m. N. of Chahurbar, 200'— 1. II, 17.
Distribution : Gujarat, liajputana, Punjab, Sind, Afghanistan,
Baluchistan.
Melilotiis officinalis, Willd.
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,500'— 10. 1, 17.
Distribution : Europe, Orient.
Medicayo denticidata , Willd.
Pers. Makran: Geh. 1,500'— 10. I, 17.
Tephroda tinctoria, Pers. — Vern. name : Matkenu, Matkianok (Bal.).
Pers. Makran : About 5 m. N. of Chahurbar, 200'— 1. II, 17 ; Geh, 1,470'
—21. I, 17 ; Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 28. 1, 17.
Pers. Bal.: Tuturan in Valley of Kaja river, 17 m. N. of Quasrqand,
2,300'— 28. XII, 16.
Distribution : India.
Astragalus fohiacanthv.s, Royle — Vern. name : Bazbogh.
Pers. Bal.: Kalgar Pass. Bampusht Range, 4,000-4.800'— 17. IX, 16.
Uses: "Eaten by goats and sheep. Gives much milk" (Hotson).
Distribution: N. W. India, Afghanistan.
Astrarjalns sp. — Vern. name : Baluk.
Brit. Makran : Grawag on Mashklul river, 2,000' — 1. X, 16.
Uses : " Seeds eaten by men " (Hotson).
Astrat/alus sp. — Vern name : Bazhogh.
Pers Bal: Maindar, on N. slopes of Bampusht Range— 22. IX, 16.
" This is said — but not positively — to be the male bazbogh. It certainly
has a considerable resemblance to the ordinary bazbogh." (Hotson). It
seems to be a popular fancy in Persian Baluchistan to call nearly allied
species male and female. A similar case, mentioned by Capt. Hotson,
will be recorded under the order Cj//)erac&(c .
Astragalus sp. — Vern. name : Shinisg.
Pers. Bal.: Chitram Pass, Bampusht Range, above about 3,000' — 21. tX, 16.
Uses : Very good camel grazing.
Scorpiurus sp. (near nairicata W.) — Vern. name : Palak (Bal.).
Pers. Makran: Geh. 1,400'— 10. I, 17 ; Bint, 1,400'— 14. I, 17.
Jlippocr^pis sp. (possibly uni-nlir/uc.^a W.)
Pers. Makran: Bint, 1,400'— 13. I, 17.
Tavernic-rn eplifdroidea, J&uh. & Spach. — Vern. name: Shinzok (Bal. and
Brah), Latug (Bal).
Pers. Bal. : Kaigar Pass, Bampusht Range, 2,500 — 4,000', very common at
all heights — 17. IX, 16. Brit. Makran : Grawag, on Mashkhil river, about
i>600'— I. X, 10.
f
ILORA OF I'FlifilAX liALUCHLSTAN AND MAKRAN. 7i'7
I'ses : Camels oat the plant, excellent sheep grazing, men eat the roots
which are said to be very strengthening."' (Hotson).
Distribution : S. Persia.
yote: Baker, in Hook f. Fl. Brit. Ind., II, 140, has iniited this species
with Tareniicra nummnlaria, DC, but without suliicient reason. A careful
study of t. (52 iu Jaub. and Spach 111. with the correspondnig description
will show that T. ephedroidea must be retained as a distinct species. Hotson
has collected specimens representing both species, and it is not ditticult t"
«listing»iish the two.
Tatentina numyuularia, DC. — Vern. name. : Lati, Lanti, Latug (Bal.),
Shinzok (Bal. and Brah).
Pers. Makran : Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500', very widely spread— 28. I,
17; Geh, 1.17G'— 22. I, 17. Persian Baluchistan: Gantaf, 46 m. S. E. of
^5ib — lo. ix, 16. On the borders between Persian and Brit. Makran:
Purchiuan Daf, Nihing river. 2,200'— 20. IX, 16.
Uses : '• Very favourite camel grazing*' (Hotson).
Distribution: S. Persia, Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab. (We are not able t<>
say whether Baker's " Afghanistan, Orient" refers to this species or T.
phcdioidea] .
Al/tttf/i cameloi'um, Fisch.
Pers. Bal. : Grawan to Kant — 15. VII, 16.
Distribution : India, Baluchistan, Arabia, Egypt.
Desmodium iii//uetru}>i, DC.
Persian Makran: Hong, 29. VI, 16.
Distribution India, China, Philippines, Seychelles. The distribution of this
species seems to be rather erratic.
J)esm<)diuy,i trijtorum, DC.
Pers. Makran. : Hong, 29. VI, 16.
Distribution : Cosmopolitan in the tropics.
I'^icia anyustifolia, lloth.
Pers. Makran : Geh, 1,476', in damp places — 21. I, 17.
Distribution : Europe, Orient, India.
Note: Baker (in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind., II, 178) has reduced Roth's T.
anf/ustifolia to a variety of V. mtiva, L. The dwarf difl'use habit of the
plant, the shorter leaflets, the lower leaves deeply emarginate at the apex,
and the smaller flowers and pod seem to be suflicient reason for retaining
J', ariffustifvlia as a distinct species.
Lathyrua aphaca, L. ^
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,476', appears to be sprinkled round the edges of
bean fields chieflj^ — 21, I, 17.
Distribution : Europe, Orient, Abyssinia, Mesopotamia, India.
Teramnus, sp.
Pers. Bal.: Suran, 24 m. E. N. E. of Parah, 2,800'— 10. XII, 16.
J)alber(/ia sissou, Roxb. — Vern. name : Jak (Bal.).
Pers. Makran: Tankh-i-Sirha, 27 m. N. N. W. of Geh.— 19. I, 17.
Pers. Baluchistan : Kunarbasht, 22 m. W. of Kuhak, 3,600'— 5. X, 16.
Distribution : India, Baluchistan, Afghanistan.
Sojihora f/rijfithii, Stocks. — Vern. name: Shahkistar, iShahkastir, Shampa-
shtir.
Pers. Bal. : Near Gatab, 46 m. S. E. of Sib— 16. IX, 16 ; Maindar on
X slopes of Bampusht Range.
Distribution : Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Persia.
Prosopis stephaniana, Kuuth. — Pers. Baluch. : Between Grawan and Kant,
20 m. S. W. of Sib.— 15. VII, 16.
Distribution : Gujarat, Punjab, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Orient.
Prosopis i^inciijcra, L. — Vern. name : Kahur.
7i'8 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL KIIST. SOCIETi , Vol. XXV.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht llange, up to about 4,000' — 17. IX
Uses : Gives an orange dye (Hotson).
Distribution : India, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Persia.
Acacia up. — Pers. Baluch. : Shastun, o m. X. W. of Dizak — :.'8. VII, 1(5.
ItOSACE^E.
Prunus amijgdalus, BaiU. — The Ahnond-tree. Vern. name : Archin.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht Eange, 4,000'-4,800'— 17. IX, 16.
Distribution : Indigenous in Western Asia. Cultivated in the Mediter-
ranean region, Persia, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Punjab.
Prunus ebuniea, Aitch. and Hemsley. — Vern. name: Kotor, Mazhmong.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht llange, 4,000'-4,800'— 17. IX, 16.
Prunus jacfiur'montii, Hook f. — Vern. name : Kohi Putrunk.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht Range, up to about 3,-jOO"— 17, IX, 16.
Prunus sp. (mat. insuff.) — Vern. name : Gwathari.
Pers. Bal. : Maindar, Bampusht llange — 22. IX, 16.
Uses : " The berries are boiled to take away the bitterness. The Balu-
chis of these parts carry them about with meat, grains and dates as
provisions for a journey." (Hotson).
Rosa sp.
Pars. Bal. : Koh-i-Tafton, 7,400-9,000'— 31. X, 16.
COMERETACE.15.
Tenninalia cattappa, L. — The Indian Almond tree. Vern. name : Bidam
(Bal.). The Baluchis know it is not an Almond but give it a similar name.
In Mesopotamia it is called Lo (Hotson).
Pers. Makran : Tis, 7 m. X. of Chaharbar, 40' — 1. 11,17. Bears flowers
and fruits at the same time.
Distribution : A widely spread literal species within the tropics.
Myktace^.
Eu(/enia jmnbi liana, Lam. — Vern. name. Jam. (Bal).
Pers. Bal. : Champ, 2r> m. N.N.-W. of Qasrqand, 4,000' ; Putak, in
valley of .Jasis river, 33 m. N. of Qasrqand, 2,900'— 27. Xll, J 6.
Pers. Makran • Kalag-i-Jam, 13 m. E. of Bint, 1,700'— 16. 1, 17.
Distribution : -India, Baluchistan.
LTTHKACEiE.
Punica f/ranatum, Lam. — Vern. name : Anar.
Pers. Bal.: Maindar on N. slope of Bampusht Itange — 22. IX, 16.
'• Appears to have larger leaves than the usual Indian pomegranate. It is
said to have larger seeds and little juice (Hotson).
ONAGBAOE.Ti,
Epilobiuni hirsutum L. rar. lactum, Wall ?
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 16. VIII, 16.
Epilobium hirsutum X. rar. sericeum, Benth.
Pers. Baluchistan : Grawan to Kant— 15. VII, 16: Shirwan, 16 m. N. W.
of Sib, 3,800'— 17. X, 16.
Distribution of the type: Europe, Africa, Asia.
CUC0RBITACE.«,
Cucumis .^p.
Pers. Bal. : Chah-i-khudubakhsh, 28 m. X. W. of Dizak, 42S0'— 30.
VIl, 16.
FLOliA OF PERSIAN BALUCHISTAN AND MAKRAN. 72^
FlCOIDE.I^.
MoUiigo hirta, Thunb. — Vorn. name: Hazar dam.
Pors. Hal.: Gataf,— lo. IX, 16.
Distribution : All warm regions.
Umbelliker.t-:.
Bupleui'um, up.
Pers. Bal. : Sib,— 18-24. VII, 16.
Apium yraveolens, L.
Pers. Makran : Bint, 1,400'— 14. 1, 17.
Distribution. : Europe, N, Africa to India.
I'ycnocycla i<pinosa, Dene — Vern. name : Sagi dantan ( = dog's tooth).
Pors Bal. : Gusht, Mardamani nala and pass, 460U'-7300'— 18. VllI, IH,
between Grawan and Kant, i.'0m. S. VV, of Sib — lo. VII, 16 ; Kudani
Kaur, E. N. E. of Murti, Bampusht Uange, 3,600'— 27. IX, 16.
Ferula foetida, Kegel. — Asafoetida.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht. 42m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII, 16 ;
Surcha, Paskuh- 22-24. VIll, 16.
" Unlike the other plants of the same family in Persia which seem to
prefer barren plains or arid and exposed hills, the asafoetida is found in
sheltered and comparatively damp spots among the mountains. Pot-
tinger found it in the vicinity of Nushky, where it is collected
by the Baluchis both for export and their own use. As far as 1 could
learn, its value either as a condiment, or as an article of commerce is un-
known in Western Baluchistan" (St. John in Eastern Persia, Vol, I.
(1876) 57).
JJaucus carota, L.
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,476'— 21. I, 17.
Distribution : Mediterranean and temperate Asiatic.
RUBIACE^.
Jaubertia auchen, Guill.
Pers, Bal. : Between Chak-i-Khudabakhsh, 28 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,230*—
Gusht, 14 m. further up some valley, 4,600'— 31. Vll, 16.
Rubia tinctorum, L.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,600'— 14. VIII, 16 ; Surchah.
Paskuh— 23-24. VllI, 16.
Distribution : From Kashmir through Sind and Afghanistan to Spain,
wild or cultivated.
DlPSAOB^.
Scabiosa candolleana, Wall.
Pers. Bal. : Grawan to Kant— 15. VII, 16.
Scabiosa sp. prope S. olivieri.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, Mardamani nala and pass, 4,600-7,300'— 10. VIII, 16.
Scabiosa sp.
Pers. Bal. : Sib— 18-24. VII, 16.
COMPOSITiE.
Pha'/nalon nii'eum. Edgew. — Vern. N. : Mor pujhok,
Pers. Bal. : Sitharo, 21 m. S. E. of Khwash, 4,600'— 9. X, \Q ; Hills
between Gazu and Sangun, 25 m. N. W. of Khwash, about 4,500' — X, 16.
Distribution : Western Himalaya, Baluchistan.
Inula yrantioides, Boiss. — Vern. N. : Kolmur (Brahui), Kolmir, Kulmir.
Pir (Bal.).
Pers. Makran: Ispikan, 16 m. N. E. of Mand— V, 16; Geh, 1,476'— 21.
1,17; Qasrqand, 1,710'— 29. Xll, 16; Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 28.
730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL REST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
I, 17. Pers. Bal. : Surmich, 40 m. S. of Bampur, 3,200' ; Kudani Kaur, E.
N, E. of Murti, Bampusht Kange, 3,o00', common to about 2,800' — 27.
IX, 16 ; common in parts of the Bampusht country and in the Nihing
vaUey— 22. XII, 16.
Uses : Good camel grazing.
Distribution: Sind, Baluchistan, Wuzuristan, Arabia.
Pulicana glaucescens, Jaub. «& Spach. — Vern. N. : Kolbur (Bal. and
Brah.) Kunchid.
Fers. Makran: Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 20. I, 17; Geh, 1,476'— 22.
I, 17. Pers. Bal. : In the Shahrikaur up to about 3,500' ; Kalgar Pass,
Bampusht Range up to about 3,500'— 17. IX, 16; Sar Bug, 10^ m. W. of
Qasrqand, 1,500'— 2. I, 17; Brit. Makran : Purchinan Daf— 20. IX, 16.
Uses : " It is ravenously eaten by camels and is reputed to be strengthen-
ing to them ; but it is a strong purgative." (Hotson).
Distribution: Punjab, Wuzuristan Baluchistan, Persia.
Pulicaria boisderi, Hook. f. — Vern. N. : Kunchid.
Purchinan Daf (Brit. Makran)- 20. IX,16.
Distribution. : Sind, Baluchistan.
Pulicaria sp.
Pers. Bal. : Gor-i-Kabal, 35 m. E. N. E. of Pahrah, 3,300'— 8. XII, 16.
Pulicana sp. Saidran — 14. VII, 16 (geographical position?).
Tanacetum gracile (?) Hook. f. and Th. — Vern. N : Drani.
Brit. Makran : Gravvag on Mashkhil river, about 2,600'— 1. X, 16.
Distribution : West. Tibet, West. Himalaya, Brit. Baluchistan.
Uses: " Said to be used as a cooling medicine" (Hotson).
Artemisia sp. (possibly stricta, Edgew.).
Pers. Makran: Nur Muhammadi, 12 m. N. W. of Chahabar, 60' — 31.
I, 17.
Calendula sp. — Vern. N. : Padamok.
Pers. Bal. : Surmich, 40 m. 8. of Bampur, 3,200', common all over the
country on the edge of running water — 22. XII, 16.
Pers. Makran : Geh, 1,476'— 21. I, 17.
Cousinia sp.
Pers. Makran : Bint, 1,400', dry hillsides— 14. I, 17.
Cousinia sp.
Among hills, 10 m. S. W. of Dizak— 25. VII, 16.
Carduus nutans, L.
Pers. Bal.: Gusht, Mardamani nala and pass, 4,600'-7,300' — 10.
VIII, 16.
Distribution : Northern Asia, Western Tibet, Western Himalaya, Punjab
to N. Africa and W. Europe.
Launcea sp.
Pers. Bal. : Shastan, 3 m. N. W. of Dizak— 28. VII, 16.
Launcea sp. — Vern. N. : Shahri karchok.
Pers. Bal. : Gati, in valley of Kaja river, 16 m. N. of Qasrqand, 2,200' —
28. XII, 16.
Launaea polyclada (?) Boiss.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N. W. of Dizah, 4,600'— 14. VIII, 16.
Scorzonera ramosissivia DC. — Vern. N. : Khargosh kah.
Pers. Bal. : Maindar on N. slope of Bampusht Kange, very widely spread
where there is a little moisture — 23. IX, 16.
PLUMBAGINACE.a5,
Statice sp., nearest to S. carnosa, DC., fortassis sp. nox\
Pers. Bal. : Paskuh, 32 m. N. W. of Sib., 4,C40'— 18. X, 16.
Uses : Eaten by camels and goats (Hotson).
FLOliA OF PERSIAN BALUCHISTAN AND MAKIiAN. 7.'!l
Primulaoe.k.
Anaf/allis arrcnsix, L.
Pers. Bell. : Uusht— 1. VUl,' IG.
Anagallis arveiistK L. rar. caeiulea {=A. caerulea, Lam.).
Pers. Makran: Geh, l,6o0'— 4- I, 17.
Distribution of the species : Europe, Western Asia, introduced into
most temperate regions.
Samolus ralcintt'/i, L.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht— 16, VlIT, 16.
Distribution : From the Western Himalaya westwards, most temperate
regions.
Oleace2E.
Olea cuspidata, Wall. — Vern. name : Hath.
Pers. lial. : Maindar on N. slopes of Hampusht liaiige, 4,500', on the
highest parts of the range both N. and S. of the crest. Said to grow into a
big tree.- L>3. IX, 16.
Uses : The wood is very hard and makes good charcoal (Hotson).
Distribution ; N. W. Himalaya, Cabul, Baluchistan.
Salvadorace^.
Salvadora oleoides, Dene. — Vern. name : Pir (Bal., W. Makrani), Kabad
(Brahui), Kabar (Kech Makrani, etc.).
Pers. Bal : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht Eange, up to about 3,500', very
common up to about 3,000'.
Distribution : Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Baluchistan, Arabia.
Apocynace^.
Nenum odorum, Solaud. — Vern. name : Jaur.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar Pass, Bampusht Range, common wherever land has
gone out of cultivation (Hotson) — 17.»IX, 16.
Distribution : Baluchistan, Afghanistan, India, Japan.
Rhazya sineta, Dene. — Vern. name: Hezhwary, Herhwar.
Pers. Bal : Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 28 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,230'— 30.
VII, 16 ; common wherever laud has gone out of cultivation.
Pers. Makran: Pugunzai Daf, 15 m. from Geh, 1,850' — 4. 1,17; Geh,
1,476'— 21. I, 17.
Distribution : India, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Arabia.
Note: Cooke (Fl. Bomb. Pres. II, ]3U) says that the bracts are pubes-
cent and ciliate. In our specimens thej' are quite glabrous.
ASCLEPIADACE^.
TylopTiora tenuis, Bl.
Ispid Zamin— 1. VIII, 16.
Distribution : India, Java, Borneo.
Penploca aphylla, Dene.
Brit. Makran.— 12 and 14. VII, 16.
Distribution ; Punjab, Sind, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Nubia.
Calotropis procera, R. Br. — Vern. name : Kurag (Bal.), Kark, Ak, Ank,
Akda, etc.
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,476', throughout Makran in suitable ground — 21.
I, 17.
Pers. Bal. : Kunarbast, 22 m. W. of Kuhak, 3,600', seen in flower all over
Bampusht and the North side of the Mashkil — 5. X, 16.
Tijucerosia auckericina. Dcno. — Vern. name: Marmot.
732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Pers. Bal. : Maindar on N. slopes of Bampnsht Range — 23. IX, 16.
Uses : Has a very bitter taste. Is said to be used as a cure for worms
(^Hotson).
Distribution : Punjab, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia.
Gentianace^.
Erythrcsa ro.vburghii G. Don. var. macrantha var. nov. — Corolla multo
longior typo.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, Marzaban Pass, 4,600'-6,300'— 11 . VIII, 16.
Distribution of type : India.
Boraginace.*;.
Cordia myxa, L.
Pers. Makran : (Jeh, 1,476', 'so far as I remember this is the only tree of
the kind I have seen. It is in the garden of a small mosque' (Hotson). —
21. 1, 17.
From Egypt to Cochin China, and Australia, often planted.
Heliotropium eichwaldi, Steud.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII, 16.
Distribution : W. and C. Asia, India, Australia.
Heliotropium eichicaldi, Steud. ?'«/■. lasiocarpum, C. B. Clarke.
Pers. Bal.: Gusht— 1. VIII, 16.
Distribution : N. W. India.
Heliotropium undulatum, Vahl.
Brit. Makran : Grawag on Mushkhil, 2,600—1. X, 16.
Distribution : N. Africa, W. Asia, Baluchistan, India.
Heliotropium rariflorum, Stocks. — Vern. name : Washbu.
Pers. Makran : Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 28. I, 17.
Distribution : Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Socotra, Nubia.
Heliotropium tuberculosum, Boiss.
Pers. Makran ; Nur Muhammadi, 22 m. N. W. of Charbar, 60'— 31.
Heliotropium 2))'ope brevifolium, Wall.
Brit. Makran : Grawag, on Mashkhil, 2,600'— 1. X, 16.
Uses : Eaten by sheep (Hotson).
Heliotropium sp.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N. W. of Dizah, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII, 16.
Heliotropiu77i sp. — Vern. name : Meshir.
Brit. Makran : Grawag, on Mashkhil, about 2,600'— 1, X, 16.
Uses : Eaten by sheep (Hotson).
Trichodesma africanum, R. Br. — Vern. name : Charmaing (Brah.).
Pers. Bal. : Tuturan, in valley of Kaja river, 17 m. N. of Qasrqand, 2,300'
—28. XII, 16.
Distribution : Trop. Africa, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Sind, Punjab.
Trichodesma indicum, Br.
Bint, dry hillsides, 1,400'— 14. I, 17.
CoNVOLVUliACE.*;.
ConvohmluH arvensis, L.
Bint, on the edge of water channels, 1,430' — 15. I, 17.
Distribution : Nearly all temperate and subtropical countries,
Convolimlw up. prope microphyllus, Sib. — Vern. name : Hushtarkah (Bal.).
Pers. Makran : Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 28. I, 17.
Cresna cretica, L.
Pers. Makran : Nur Muhammadi, 22 m. N. W. of Chahbar, 60'— 31.
17.
Distribution : All warm regions.
FLORA OF PERSIAN BALUCHISTAN AND MAKRAN. 738
Cuscuta ch{tie7i!(iii, Lam. vnr. minor, Chois.
Pers. Bivl. : Chah-i-Kuclabakhsh, 28 m. N.-W. of Dizak,-4,:i30'— 30. VD,
16. — Parasitic on Ephedra.
Distribution of type; From Persia to Australia.
Solan ACE.-E.
Solanum nigt-uyn, \j. — Vern. N.: Tolangur,
Pers. Bal. : Gusht— 1-16. VIII, 1(3 ; Shastun, 3ni. N.-W. of Dizak— 28. VII,
16.
Brit. Makran: Grawag on Mashkhil, about 2,(500' — 1. X, 16.
Uses: The berries are eaten by men. (Hotaon).
Distribution : All temperate and tropical regions.
Solarium sp. (prope fero.v) . — Vern. N. : Gonch (Bal.).
Pers. Bal.: Putak— 27. XII, 16; Qasrqand, 1,710'— 29. XII, 16; Tuturan
in valley of Kaja river, 16 m. N. of Qasrqand, 2,200' — 28. XII, 16.
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,650'— 4. I, 17.
Withania somnifera, Dun. — Vern. N. : Kapink (Bal.).
Pers. Makran : Geh, 1,476'— 21. I, 17.
Pers. Bal: Gusht, Mardamanin nala and pass, 4,600' — 7,300', 10. VII, 16 ;
Shastun, 3 m. N.-W. of Dizak— 28. VII, 16.
Distribution : Mediterranean region. Cape of Good Hope, India.
Withania coagulant, Dun. — Vern. N. : Panerbad (Bal.), Panrband (Brah.).
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar pass, Bampusht range up to about 3,500' — 17. IX.
16.
Note: " This plant is said to get its name from its use in curdling
milk to make cheese" (Hotson).
Distribution: Punjab, Sind, Afghanistan.
Lijcium europaeum, L. — Vern. N. : Zirok (Bal.), Zirab (Bampnri Bal.),
Kotur.
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,650'— 4. I, 17.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar pass, Bampusht range up to about 3,500' — 17. IX,
16; Kuh-i-Soptah, 17 m. E. of Bampur, 2,500'— 11. XII, 16. Grows at all
heights from 1,500', possibly lower, to 5,000' at least (Hotson).
Uses : " Has a pretty red berry with a pleasant flavour. Its leaves are
cooked and eaten " (Hotson).
Distribution : Mediterranean region, W. Asia, W. India.
Hyocyamus muticus, L. — Vern. N. : Kohi-bhang (Bal.), Bhang-i-divanah
(Pers.).'
Pers. Bal. : On rocks at Moren Pish, 27 m. S. S. E. of Bampur, 3,100'-
21. XII, 16.
Pers. Makran: Pugunzai Daf, 15 m. E. of Geh, l,850'-3. I, 17.
Distribution: Punjab, ?ind, Afghanistan, Baluchistan to Egypt.
Hyoscyamvs reticulattis, L.
Pers. Makran: Bint, 1,400'— 14. I, 17.
ScROPHULARIACE.*;.
Linaria cabulica, Benth,
Pers. Bal. : Grows in clefts in rocks at Moren Pish, 27 m. S. S. E.
of Bampur, 3,100'— 21. XII, 16.
Distribution : India to Persia.
Anarrhinum sp. props laxijlorum, Boiss.
Brit. Makran : 14. VII, 16.
OrOBANCHACEjE.
Cistanohe tubulosa, Wight. Vern. N. : Birahi (Bal.).
Gati, in valley of Kaja river, 16 m. N. of Qasrqand, 2,200'; a number
of plants in flower among neglected wheat cultivation, 2,200'— 28, XII, 16.
734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Ko/. XXr.
Distribution : Central Asia, Punjab, Rajputana, Sind to Arabia.
Orobanche hirtijlora, Rent.
Pers. Bal. : Near Gazar 25 m. N. E. of Khwash, 4,808'— 28. X, 16.
Pedaliace^.
Sesamum indicum, DC.
Pers. Bal. : Dizak— 28. VII, 16.
Distribution : Native country doubtful. Cultivated in all hot countries.
Verbenace^.
Vitex agnus cashes, L. — Vern. N. : Gwanik.
Pers. Bal. ; Murti onN. slopes of Bampusht range. — 25. IX, 16; Surchah,
Paskuh— 22-23. VIII, 16.
Vitex negundo, L.
Pers. Bal. : Between Grawan and Kant, 20 miles S. W. of Sib, — 15. VII, 16.
Distribution : Afghanistan, India to the Philippines,
LABIAT^iE.
Ocimuin basilicum, L. var. thyrsijlora, Wight. — Vern. N. : Nazbu.
Pers. Bal. : Hiduch, 18 m. S. of Sib, 4000'— 13. IX, 16.
Distribution of type : Hotter parts of Old World, probably cultivated.
Mentha syloestris, L. — Vern. N. : Purchink,
Brit. Makran : 14. VII, 16. Pers. Bal. : Maindar on N. slopes of
Bampusht Range, common everywhere near water — 22. IX, 16.
Uses: Used like mint as a vegetable and flavouring material (Hotson).
Distribution: Europe, W. and 0. Asia.
Peroioskia abrotanoides, Kiril.
Pers. Bal.: Kho-i-Taftan, about 3,000'— -SO. X, 16; Gusht, Marzabaii
Pass, 4,600-6300'— 11. VIII, 16.
Distribution : Western Tibet, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Persia, Tur-
comania.
Pei-oivskia sp. Gusht, Mardonani nala and pass, 4600-7.300' — 10. VIII, 16.
Saloia santulina; folia, Boiss.
Pers. Bal. : Sitahro, 21m. S. E. of Khwash, 4600'— 9. XI, 16.
Distribution : Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Persia.
Nepeta sp. prope leucolaena Benth. — Vern. N. : Simsok (Bal. and Brah.).
Pers. Bal. : Zardan, 55 m. S. E. of Sib— 16. IX, 16.
Uses : ' The water in which this plant is soaked is said to be good for
colds and fevers' (Hotson).
Otostegia aucheri, Boiss. — Vern. N. : Shinisg (Bal.)^small shinz (camel
thorn).
Pers. Bal. : Sib— 18-24. VII, 16 ; Hamkan Kaur. N. N. W. of Irafshan,
3,000*- 13. vn, 16.
Brit. Makran : Ispikan, 16 m. N. E. of Mand— V, 16.
Uses : Very greedily eaten by camels.
Distribution : S. Persia, Baluchistan.
Otostegia sp. (prope aucheri, Boiss.) — Vern. N. : Kuntak.
Pers. Bal.: Chitkani pass, Bampusht range, above 2,500'; between
Grawan and Kant, 20 m. S. W. of Sib— 15. VII, 16.
Uses : Good camel grazing (Hotson).
Otostegia microphylia , Boiss. — Vern. N. : Guldir (Bal.), Gulgidir (Brah.).
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII, 16 ; Kalgar
pass, Bampusht range, up to about 4,000' — 18. IX, 16.
Uses : The leaves are either boiled or soaked in water all night and the
water drunk as a medicine (Hotson).
Distribution : S. Persia.
Leuca» glaberrima, Jaub. Spach. Grawan^lS. VII, 16.
FLORA OF rFUSl.iy HALUCHISTAy AXJ) \/.lh'RAy. 7'.in
Distribution : Arabia.
Frt')nostac/n/s licari/i, Heiith.
Urawan.
Teucn'um xtocksianion, Boiss. — Vorn. N. : — Kalporag.
Pers. Bal. : Chitkani pass, Banipusht range, about 4000' — '22. IX, IG.
Maiudar— 22. IX, 16.
Uses : Has a pleasant scent, the plant is boiled and allowed to stand
all night. The water i.n then drunk as a remedy for colds (Hotson).
Zizi/phora clinopodioidof, Bieb. — Vern. N. : Purchink (Bal.), Pudina (Pers,).
Pers. Bal.: Chitkaui Pass, Bampusht Range, .'j,000' and above — 21.
IX, 16.
Zitaria midti/iora, Boiss. — Vern. N. Isghand (Brah. and Bal.), Isgind
(Bal.).
Pers. Bal. : Sar-i-Jangan, N. of Kalgar Pass, Bampusht Ilange,^ 4,400,
—16. IX, 16; Taukh-i-Sirah, 27 m. N. N.-W. of Geh, 3,400'— 19. I, 17:
Tuturan, in valley of Kaja river, 17 m. N. of Qasrqand, 2,300' — 28. Xll,
16 ; Maindar— 25. X, 16.
Uses : A specific when soaked in water for stomach complaints. It is
used to give a pleasant smell to ghi. ( Hotson).
Plantaginace^e.
lHanta</(i amptexicaulis, Cav.
Pers. Makran, : Geh, 1,476'— 21. I, 17.
Distribution : From India to Egypt and Greece.
Plantaf/o ciliata, Desf.
Pers. Bal. : Shastun, 3 m. N.-W. of Dizak,— 28. VII, l(i.
Distribution : From the Punjab to Arabia and Egypt.
Planta(fo coronopus, L.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 42 m. N.-W. of Dizak, 4,600'— 14. VUl, 16.
Nyctaginace.e.
Boerhaavia elegans, Chois. — Vern. N, : Sohrpol (Bal.).
Pers. Makran. : Ziarat 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 28. I, 17.
Brit. Makran : Ispikan, 16 m N.-E. of Mand.
Distribution : Punjab, liajputana, Sind, Baluchistan, S. Arabia.
Amabantace^.
^rua tomentosa, Forsk. (=A.javanica, Wight. Vern. N. : Puzhalo.
Pers. Bal. : Kaigar pass, Bampusht range, up to about 3,700' — 17. IX, 16.
Aptar, 12 m. E. of Pahrali, 2,000'— 18. XII, 16.
Brit. Makran : Ispikan, 16 m N.-E. of Mand — V, 16.
Uses : The white flowers are used as a substitute for cotton to fill
pillows (Hotson).
Distribution : Cape Verd Islands, E. and W. trop. Africa, North Africa.
Yemen, India, Ceylon (not Java ! ).
j'Erua lanata, Juss.
Pers. Bal. : Pahrah, 1,870'— 13. XII, 16.
Pers. Makran : Geh, 2,476'— 22. I, 17.
Distribution : Throughout Africa, and warm parts of Asia to the Philip-
pines.
yErua sp. — Vern. N. : Sib.
Pers. Bal. : Gazbastan Tankh, 6 m. N. E. of Kuhak, about 2,800'— 28.
IX, 16.
Uses : Eaten by goats (Hotson).
Aei-ua sp.
Brit. Makran: Grawag, on Mashkhil river, about 2,600' — 1. X, 16.
736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Chenopodiaceae.
Chenopodium sp.
Pers. Bal. : Among hills, 10 in. S. W. of Dizak— 25. VII, 16.
Chenopodium sp.
Pers. bal. : Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 28 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,230'— 30. VII, 16.
Salicornia sj). — Vern. N. : Shurdog.
Pers. Bal. : Foothills of Bampiisht Range, N. W, of Purchinan Daf,
2,500'— 18. IX, 16.
Suaeda sp. Veru. N. : Simsur.
Pers. Bal. : Kudani Kaur, E. N. E. of Murti Bampusht range, about
3,500'— 27. tX, 16.
Note : This plant with red stem is reputed to be the male of the Simsur
with green stem. Both kinds are eaten by men. When mature they are
bitter, but are said to be sweet when young (Hotson).
Haloa-ylon recunmm, Bunge. — Vern. N. : Gwamich.
Pers. Bal. : Gazbastun Tankh, 6 m. N. E. of Kuhak, about 2,800', found
up to 5,000'— 28. IX, 16.
Uses : The plant is made into soap by being rotted with a little water
(Hotson).
Distribution : India, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Yunan.
Haloxtjlon salicornium, Bunge. — Vern. N.: Trat, Chahmugh.
Pers. Bal. : Rabat, 19 m. S. W. of Kwash, 4,300'— 20. X, 16 ; foothills of
Bampusht Range, N. of Purchinan, 2,800'— 18. IX, 16.
Uses: Excellent camel grazing (Hotson).
Distribution : Sind, Baluchistan, Afghanistan.
Salsolafcetida, Del. — Vern. N.: Sorag, Mesh-sorag.
Pers. Bal. : Foothills of Bampusht range, N. W. of Purchinan — Daf,
about 2,500', found up to at least 4,800'— 18. IX, 16.
Uses : Excellent grazing for sheep and goats ; also eaten by camels.
Distribution : N. Africa, Arabia, Persia, Baluchistan, N. W. India.
Salaola sp.prope decurrens. — Vern. N. : Chamagh, Chakmagh, Chamaga.
Pers. Bal. : Darin Chak, 51 m. N. W. of Sib, 4,500'— 14. X, 16. Paskuh,
;'.2 m. N. W. of Sib, 4,500'— 19. X, 16.
Uses ; Contains much water ; greedily eaten by all grazing anir^als
(Hotson).
POLYGONACE.K.
Calligonum polygonoides, L.
Pers. Bal. : Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 28 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,230'— 30.
VII, 16.
Distribution ; Syria, Armenia, Persia, Sind, Rajputana, Punjab.
Ptevopyium olivieri, Jaub. & Spach. — Vern. N. : Tul-i-Mach (W. Makran)
Kura wan-Kush .
Pers. Bal. : Sib— 18-24. VII, 16 ; Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 28 m. N. W. of
Dizak, 4,230'— 30. VII, 16; Aptar, 12 m. S. of Pahrah, 2,000'— 11. XII, 16.
Pers. Makran: Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh, 500'— 28. I, 17.
Distribution ; Persia, Baluchistan, Sind, Afghanistan.
Polygonum plebejum. Br.
Pers. Bal. : Gu8ht,'42 m. N. W. of Dizak, 4,600'— VIII, 16.
Distribution : Trop. and S. Africa, Egypt, Baluchistan, Afghanistan,
India, Trop. Asia, Java, Philippines.
Polygonum barbatum, L.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 4,600'.
Distribution : Trop. Asia and Africa.
Polygonum sp.
Pors. Bal. : Surchah, Paskuh— 22-24. VIII, 16.
FLORA OF PERISIAN UALUCHISTAA AND MAKIiAN. 737
Rume.v dentatus, L.
Per. Bal.: (Jusht.— 16. VIII, i() ; butwoen Grawan and Kant, 20 m. S.
W. of Sib.— lo. VllI, 16.
Rume.x roseus, L.
Pers. Bal. : Aspagan, 46 m. S. of Bampur, 8,500'— 23. XII, 16.
Rtimex sp.
Brit. Makrau : Ispikan, 16 m. N. E. of Maud— V, 16.
Rumex sp.
Pers. Makran: Chahbar, 20'— 2. II, 17.
THYMELiKACB/E.
rhymeUea arvensis, Lam.
Pers. Bal.: Gusht, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII. 16.
Distribution : From Kashmir and the Punjab to N. Africa and Franc'b.
ELAEAGNACEiE.
Elaeagnus hortensis, M. Bieb. — Vern. N. Sintad.
Pers. Bill. : Koh-i-Taftan. up to at least 8,000'.— 30. X, 16.
Distribution : Spain to W. and C. Asia and China.
Euphorbia CE/E.
Euphorbia helioscopia , L. — Vern. N. : Sohrbulok (Bal.).
Pers. Makran : Geh.. 1,476' — 21. I, 17; Bint, 1,400', near water channels
15. I, 17.
Distribution : From the Atlantic to India, Japan.
Euphorbia falcata, L.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, 4,600'— 1-3. VIII. 16.
Distribution : From the Mediterranean region to the Punjab.
Euphorbia tirucalli, L. — Vern. N. : Dedar (Bal.).
Pers. Makran: Geh, 1,476', very common as a hedge at the Qasrqand-
Geh-Bint level (1,300'-1,70C'), but not seen at greater elevation — 21. I, 17.
Distribution : Native of Africa, introduced into Asia.
Euphorbia sp. — Vern. N. : Patibe (Brah.).
Pers. Makran : Nokh-i-Jahan, 14 m. S. of Geh., 700'— 27. I, 17.
Euphorbia sp. Bint, 1,400' — 15. 1, 17.
Euphorbia sp. Pers. Bal. : Gusht — 1. VIII, 16.
Chrozophora v/'rbascifolia, Willd. — Vern. N. : Tirok.
Pers. Bal: Murti, on N. slopes of Bampusht range — 2o. IX, 16; Shas-
tun, 3 m. N. W. of Dizak— 28. VII, 16.
Ukticacea;.
Ficus bengalensis, L. — Vern. N. : Wad, Bar.
Pers. Makran : Tis, 7 m N. of Chahbar, there are a considerable number
of well-grown trees here, the first place we have seen them in this country.
—1. II, 17.
Distribution : Indigenous in parts of India, planted elsewhere.
Ficus palmata, Forsk. — Vern. N. : Hinjir, Anjir.
Pers. Bal. : Kalgar pass, Bampusht range, 3,500'-4,500' — 17. IX, 16 ;
between Grawan and Kant — 13. VII, 16.
Distribution : From India to Egypt and Abyssinia.
Morus alha, L — Vern. N. : Tut.
Pers. Bal. : Maindar, on N. slopes of Bampusht range — 22. IX, 16.
Distribution : Indigenous in N. and W. Asia and Afghanistan, cultivated
elsewhere.
SALlCACEiE.
Salix tetrasperma, Roxb. — Vern. N. : Bhed.
Pers. Bal. : Kaigar pass, Bampusht range, up to about 3,800' — 17. IX, 16.
28
738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS2\ SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Distribution : Indo-Malayan.
Populus euphvatica, Oliv. — Vern. N. : Padagh.
Pers. Bal. : Sar-i-Sorag, 40 m. N. W. of Sib., about 4,100'— 19. X, lU.
Distribution : Central Asia, Western Tibet, N. W. India, Sind to Sjria
and Egypt.
Ephedra inU'rmedia, Stapf. — Vern. N. : Horn.
Pers. Bal.: Maindar, on N. slopes of Bampusht Range — 23. IX, ](i :
Uabat, 19 m. S. E. of Khwash, 4,300'— 20. X, 1(5.
Uses : Is mixed with Tobacco and smoked in pipes (Hotson).
Ei)hedra intermedia var. ff/auca, StApt. — Vern. N. : Roghan gaz (Bal.i.
Por.gaz (Brah.).
Kalag-i-jam, 13 m. E. of Bint, 1,700'— 16. I, 17.
Distr bution : From Mongolia to Kashmir and Turkestan.
Ephedra intermedia var. tiOetica, Stapf. — Veru. N. : Marizad.
Pers. Bal. : Kudani Kaur, E.N.E. of Murti, Bampusht range, 3,500'—
■27. IX, 16; Chah-i-Khudabakhsh, 4,230—30. VII, 16.
Distribution : Western Tibet, Afghanistan, Khoten.
Ephedra nebrodensis, Stapf. — Vern. N.: Gwatham.
Pers. Bal : Chitkani pass, Bampusht range, about 4,000' — 22, IX, 16.
Brit. Makran : Puchinan Daf, Nihing river, 2,300'— 20. IX, 16.
Uses : The fruits are eaten. They are bitter and are soaked several
times to take out the bitterness. They have little taste (Hotson).
Distribution : Kuhlwar, Lahul, Western Tibet, Afghanistan and eastward
to Greece.
Ephedra foliata, Stapf. car. ciliata, Stapf.
Pers. Makran : Nur Muhammadi, 22 m. N.-W. of Chahbar. 60—31. I, 17.
CoNIFEBJ3.
Cujjresitus sempernrena, L. var. J/orizontaJis.
Pers. Bal. : Sangun, 31 m. N.-E. of Khwash, about 5,o00'— 29. X, 16,
" This particular individual is venerated as a prophet and named Mir
Umr." (Hotson). Probably planted.
Distribution : Persia, Syria, Asia Minor.
Ikidace^,
Iris aitchisoni, Boiss. — Vern, N. : Chabuki.
Bint, 1,400', in great profusion along water chaiuiels and in irrigated
land.— 13. I, 17.
Distribution: Punjab, Baluchistan, Afghanistan.
LiLIACEiE.
Asphodelujs tenuifolius, Cavan,
Pers. ]6al'. : Sar Bug, 10^ m. W. of Qasrqand, 1,500'— 2. 1, 17.
Distribution : From India to the Canary Islands,
JuNCACEiE.
Juncus maritimua, Lam.
Pers. Bal. : Grawan — 15. VII, 16.
Distribution : Cosmopolitan.
Palma;.
Phoenix dactylif era, L.
Pers. Makran : Geh. 1,476'— 2(5. I, 17.
FLORA OF PEnSJAy UALUCUlslWy AM) MAKRAN. 739
CVPERACE/I:.
Schcenu^ nii/ricana, L. — Vorn. N. : Tnsg.
Pers. Bal. : Grawan — Vll, 1(5; Maiiulur, on N, Slopes of Bampusht
range, common near water, especially marshy places — 22. IX, 16.
Distribntion. : Nearly cosmopolitan, except S. E. Asia and Australia.
Uses : For matting, particularly tlie mosques.
Cypprua sp.
Pers. Bal. : Grawau— lo. Vll. IC.
Gkamine.k.
V)yi/zasativa, L. — Kice.
E'ers. Makran, 1,476 — :.'l. 1, 17.
•'iThis rice is sown in late December or early January. Some has already
beeii transplanted, most has not. The variety is called ' Siah '= black '"
(Hatson).
J.ndropoffon contortus, L. — Vern. N. : Abdarkau (Bal.)
>ers. Makran : Ziarat, 29 m. S. of Geh., 600'— 28. 1, 17.
Distribution: Medittrranean region and tropics generally.
Vhraymitea commu7iis, Trin.
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, Mardamani nala and pass, 4,600' — 7,300' — 10.
VIII, 16.
Triticuiii vulyare, ViU. — Wheat.
Pers. Makran : Geh., 1,476'— 21. I, 17.
" Is sown in November to December. Local wheat is red and hard "
(Hotson).
Aristida plumosa, L. — Vern. N.: Mazh.
Pers. Bal. : Gazbastan Tankh, 6 m. N. E. of Kuhak, about 2,800'— 28.
IX, In.
Distribution : From W. Tibet to North Africa.
Aristida sp.
Pers. Bal.: Gusht, 4600'— 31. VII, 16.
Eremurus sp. — Vern N. : Shej.
Pers. Bal. . Murti, X. W. slopes of Bampusht range — 25. IX, 16.
Uses : Very good grazing, especially for horses (Hotson).
FiLICES. ^
Adiantum eapillus Verieris, L. <-,
Pers. Bal. : Hong— 29. VI, 16; Gusht, Mardamani nala and pass, 4,600'
7300'— 10. VIII, 16 ; Marzaban pass, 4,600'— 6,300'— 11. VIU, 16.
Distribution, : Cosmopolitan,
Cheilanthes f' agranii, S w artz .
Pers. Bal. : Gusht, Marzaban Pass, 4,600— 6,300'— 11. VIII, 16.
Distribution. : Kashmir, Cabul, Mediterranean region.
740
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.— NOTES FROM THE ORIENTAL SPORTING MAGAZINE.
NEW SERIES, 1869 to 1879.
Size op Wild Boars.
A number of contributors corresponded as to weight and size of wild
boars, and what appear to be the more careful records of these are given
below : —
Length. Girth. Neck.
Seroor, Beema River
Deccan, Poona
Sind, Jacobabad
Durbungah, Reyam Factory
Tirhoot, Assam
Height.
38A
37*
36i
35
33i
33
38
37
37f
36
36
35
34
32
32
, 31
31
37i
mk
36
36
35
34
34
32
30f
64i«
61
58i
60
59
61
60
59
55
53
57
69^
65
62
60
56
68
66
57
64
60
51/'
46i
42
48i
44
46
44
40
40
45
46
43,
36
Weight,
lbs.
300
258
155
216
196
162
234
191
162
209
185
185
165
iso
iso
281
270
26i>
236
247
270
243
250
252
The Sind boars appear to be "lean kine " as compared with those of the
Deccan and Assam.
A monster boar is recorded from the Helmund River, Afghanistan.
Height
J7^, length 62, girth 55, forearm 11, weight 266 lbs.
Musk Deek.
At p. 300 of Vol. IX, 1876 : mention is made of the belief that the size of
the pod of the musk deer varies with the increasing and waning of the
moon. Marco Polo mentions the same in his travels, and it is commonly
believed and asserted by the hill men and shikaris of the lower Himalayas.
The writer has shot two musk deer only, each of which weighed 30 lbs and
the pod of the one, shot on a day when the moon was full, was larger than
that of the animal killed when the moon was 5 or 6 days on the wane : but
a large series of observations would be necessary to arrive at a proper
conclusion in the matter.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 741
Hillmen, north of Mussoorio, told the writer that the panther is some-
times killed by the male musk deer who, when seized by the throat, jabs his
tusks into the panther's head I It can bo imagined that no instance of such
an occurrence could be quoted by the relators of this fanciful story.
Wkii;uts and Measurements of Animals.
The following may be of interest : —
13 Panthers, male, Central India, Av. Length 7'
3 „ female .. „ „ „ 6' 6"
9 Bears, male „ ,, ,, „ 6'
2 „ female „ „ „ „ 5' 9f
f 6' 10"
2 Cheetahs, male „ ,, ,, „ J ^^ ^„
1 Panther, male, Dharmsala, length 7' 5" weight 110 lbs.
Sloth-bear, male, 4' 9", 1^32 lbs.
Porcupine, female, 33 lbs.
Black Buck, Allahabad, 95, 91, 91, 84, 86 lbs.
Budaun (C.P.) 80, 74, 70, 69, 61 lbs.
Chinkara, male, 39^, 38, 36, 33 lbs.
female, 30, 28^, 24 lbs.
Wolf, female, 52 lbs.
Thibetan Antelope, 62, 60, 50 lbs. these gralloched and with heads
removed.
Thibetan Gazelle, 47, 40 lbs.
To these the writer can add : —
Chinkara, Hyderabad, Deccan, male 42 lbs.
„ Delhi District, male 50 lbs.
Musk Deer, Chakrata Hills, male 30 lbs.
R. W. BURTON, Lt.-Col.,
Bombay, Zrd October 1917. Indian Army.
No. II.— CROWS IN BUSRAH.
A few days ago I observed, at quite close quarters, and on the ground, a
" Hooded " crow which, from the extreme duskiness of the light parts of
its plumage, could, I consider, only have been an example of Corvus coi-nix
comix. A short distance away was a pair of C. c. capellanus with which to
compare it, and the difference in shade of the light parts was most marked.
Possibly the single bird may have been a case of melanism of the latter
species. But, in view of the fact that many European birds are winter
migrants to Mesopotamia, the first supposition seems the more probable,
and if correct, would mean that three races of C. corni.i are to be found ia
this covmtry, C c. sharpci being the third.
The 'Fauna', I believe, accords specific rank to capellanus. Why, 1
fail to see. In size, habits, and its " caw " it is a true " Hoodie ". Only
in the shade of the light parts of the plumage, which is almost white, does
it differ from the others. It is the only representative of the genus to be
found in Busrahin summer.
The only other representative to be found throughout the year is the
Rook, which arrives in October, and, in midwinter, can be counted, by
hundreds, scavenging around the camps and lines.
H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lx.-Coi,.
lii'SRAH, February 1918.
742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
No. III.— BLACK-HEADED STBIA (LIOPTILA CAPISTRATA)
IN THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL.
According to the Fauna of British India this species is obtained at
elevations of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet, so it is interesting to be able to
record it from the plains. I got a specimen to-day at Goruraara which is
about 13 miles from the foothills and at an elevation of only 300 feet above'
mean sea level. It was from this place that I recorded the occurrence of
the Ashy Wood Pigeon (Alsocomus pulchricollis), so evidently round about
here is a favourite place for birds recorded from fairly high elevations.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
Camp Gt)RU]MAEA, Jalpaiguri.
2\st January ^SilS.
Xo. IV.— OCCURRENCE OF THE WHITE-TAILED BLUE ROBIN
{NOTODELA LEUCURA) IN THE BUXA DUARS
DISTRICT, BENGAL.
While staying with my friend Mr. E. O. Shebbeare, I.F.S., I got a male
of this species to-day at Jamguri, which has an elevation of about 300
feet and is about 13 miles from the foothills. In the Fauna of British
India, Gates gives it as " found from about 4,000 to 9,000 feet "; so this is
unusually low for it to occur.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
JaMGTJRI, BuXA DUARS,
^th January ^^l^i.
No. v.— AN ADDITION TO THE INDIAN LIST OF BIRDS.
1 have to record the occurrence of the Corn-Bunting, Emberiza miliaria
in the Jhang district of the Punjab. The species is not included in the
volumes on birds in the ' Fauna of British India ' series, and there appears
to be only one previous record of its supposed occurrence within our
borders. This record, relating to Sindh (' Stray Feathers,' vii,
114), was, however, not accepted by Hume.
On 20th November 1917, I came upon a flock of some twelve to fifteen
Corn-Buntings near Massan, between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. They
were feeding on waste ground, covered with bushes of desert types, near
water on the edge of cultivation. I secured a female; it was a little fat
and weighed If oz. ; there were grains of rice in the gullet.
On the 22nd December, a party of 3 Corn-Buntings was observed (and
one obtained) in the same locality by Lieut. C. B. Ticehurst, m.e.o.u., v.lio
was spending a short spell of leave camping with me.
HUGH WHISTLER, f.z.s.,
Indian Police.
Jhang, Punjab,
'60th December 1917.
No. VI.— SOME FURTHER NOTES ON CUCKOOS IN MAYMYO
When up in Maymyo this year in April and May, 1 was lucky enough to
tind a good many Cuckoo's eggs myself and to see several others which
were found. My notes may be interesting as an appendix to Mr. B. B.
Osmaston's notes, which appeared on page 359, of Volume XXIV of the
Society's Journal.
ML'SCKLLA ^ EO US NOTES. 743
1. Common Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus. I found two eggs myself, both in
nests of Marsh "Warbler, Mer/alurus palustris. Both are of the samo type,
elliptical, and slightly pointed at one end : very little gloss ; ground colour,
very light stone, with irregular blotches, spots, and streaks of a light
reddish brown, and underlying (subsurface) markings of dull reddish grey.
Tho markings are scanty at the small orid, but form a rough ring at the
large end.
The dates and other details are : —
c/1. ex M. patusfn.'^ {c/:\) 2-o-17. -91" X -Gi" Fresh,
c/l. ex .U. i>a/ustris {c/A) ii-C)-l7. SS" x -65" Fresh.
Mr. J. C. Hopwood obtained two more eggs, both in the same piece of
marsh (which is quite small) both ex Af. palu'^fris and similar to mine in
size, shape and markings about May 10th. It is likely that these four eggs
were laid by the same bird.
Mr. Hopwood and I found a young C. canoi-us, nearly fully fledged in a
nest of Al. j>alu.<tris on the race course on :i5-5-17. In all, we found 10
nests of M. palustris. Of these, 6 contained no Cuckoo's eggs, but one of
these was destroyed by rats : the other 5 are noted above. This gives a
mortality among the new generation, of 60 per cent, before they are even
hatched. Allowing that we may have failed to find the best hidden nests,
it seems that the bird must have some difficulty in getting a brood o8F.
These Maymyo eggs are all different from the other C. crmorus eggs in
my collection ; of these two are blue, from the North Chin hills, and measure
•92" X -71" and -88" X -69". The other four are from the collection of
the late P. W. Mackinnon ; and the markings are more indefinite : 3 arc
distinctly reddish speckled with brown, and one is stone coloured,
speckled with grey and brown.
Their details are : —
c/I. no fosterer given : Masuri, 13-6-88. 191" X -69").
c/l. ex Upland Pipit : Oreocorys sylvanus (c2 young lairds) '88" x "70
(evidently an addled egg),
c/l . ex Upland Pipit, Oreocorys sylvanus (c/2) : 24.5.91", Mnssoorie
•91" x 70".
c/l. ex Crested Bunting, Melophus melanicterus (c/3) : Tehri Garwhal.
19-O-90. •9o"x-73".
My Maymyo eggs are less broad than either the Chin Hills, or the Indian
eggs in mj' collection. One of Mr. Osmaston's Maymyo eggs apparently
resembles mine, and one resembles the Indian eggs in size.
Mr. P. F. Wickham took an egg of the ordinary type from a nest of
Antkus rufuhif!, and a blue C. canorus egg whose fosterer I cannot remember.
2. Large Hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides. I took 5 nests containing
eggs of this Hawk-ciickoo. One on 28-5-17 was a very pleasant find, as
it defeats even Mr. Osmaston's "surprise-packet" in the number of
Cuckoo's eggs in one nest. The nest belonged to Garrulax monliyer, but
contained only one egg of this bird, which was punctured. There was
one egg of H. sparverioides, a long thin egg, measuring 1-31" X '79 and
no less than four eggs of the Red-winged Crested Cuckoo, Coccystes
coromandus, (M3" X 91," 106" X "88," 1 03" X -86" and 1 03" x -86".
The last 3 eggs are very like each other and may have been laid by the
same bird. All the eggs were fresh. If all the eggs had hatched, it would
be interesting to know what would have happened.
The puncture in the Necklaced Laughing — Thrush, G. moniliyer, egg was
probably made by the bill of one or other of the Cuckoos in trying to eject
it. The same thing was noted in several nests.
All the other eggs found were in nests containing an egg of C. coroman-
dus.
744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY Vol. XXV.
Details as follows : —
15-5-17 1-22" X -83" (with 1. C. coromandus, -97" x -85", and
(two G. pectoraiis : all slightly set.
13-5-17 1-18" X -84" (with 1. C. coromandus, -97" x -85", and
(3 G. moniliger : set.
14-5-17 1-24" X -84" (with one C. coromandus, Ml" x -86", and
(3 G. moniliger : slightly set.
23-5-17 1-16" x -80" (with 1. C. coromandus 1-02" x .81", and
(2 G. moniliger : fresh.
All the eggs were blue, 4 a little, and one considerably lighter than eggs
of G. moniliger : except the egg found on 28-5-17 which was very long and
thin, all were of the usual shape. All are glossy. There are no eggs with
the very light blue colouring which two of my Chin Hills eggs have : The
details of 7 eggs found in the Chin Hills are as follows : —
1-29" X -83" : at 4,500.' 24-4-14 ex MaClelland's Scimitar Babber Poma-
torhinus macclellandi (c/3) : very
light blue, fresh.
1-27" X -85" : at 4,500' 28-4-14 ex Ashy Laughing-Thrush, lanthocincla
cineracea (c/2) : slightly set :
colour, rather light. •
1-26" X -84" : at 4,500' 20-4-14 ex Poinatorhinus macclellandi {cl2) : hard
set : coloar, normal.
1-26'' X -82" : at 5,000' 24-4-15 ex P. macclellandi (c/1) : fresh : colour,
very light.
1-28" X "88" : at 4,500' 3-5-15 ex I. cineracea (c/2; : hard set: colour,
rather light.
1-14" X -83" : at 5-500' 6-5-15 ex 7. cz«emce« (c/2): fresh: normal
colour.
1-20" X -81" : at 4,000' 10-5-15 ex I. cineracea (c/2) : fresh : colour
normal but very little gloss. Is
rather like C. coromandus in tex-
ture.
The average of 12 eggs, is therefore, a little over 1*23'' x "83" ; the length
varying from 1'14" to 1-31", and the breadth from -79'' to -88". Mr. Hopwood
found a nest containing 1. K. sjiarverioides, 2. C. coromandus and 3. G.
moniliger eggs, all fresh, in Maymyo this year, about May 15th.
3. Red-winged Crested-cuckoo, Coccystes coromandus.
Four nests were found containing these eggs (apart from those
mentioned above) in nests also containing H. sparverioides eggs as well :
1-09" X "85" on 15-4-17 ex G. monilicjer. c/2 : fresh.
1-11" X -90" 1
1-05' X -88" \ on 14-5-17 ex H. pectoralis, c/3, slightly set.
1-13" X -83' )
1-07" X -91^" J
1-09" X -8."/' I on 29-5-17 ex G.monil.i(/oi: c/3: sliijhtlv set.
1-08" X -87" \
1-03" X -88" I oo - IT ^ -r
1-07" y S-" I ^" 22-0-17 ex G momhger, c,2 : set.
Only one nest contained one Cuckoo's egg only. That was the first one
found and was absolutely fresh. More might have been laid had J left the
nest for a day or two, as I always did subsequently.
The average size of my 17 Maymyo eggs is 1*06" x '86", and they vary
in length between 1-13" and '97", and in breadth between -92 and -81"
They run slightly smaller than Mr. Osmaston's eggs, in length, and very
considerably so in breadth. His 10 eggs average 1"075" x •9.3". My four
Indian eggs are 1 -06" x -98", Ml x 9fi", 105" x -03" and 1-07" X -91".
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 746
The first throe are from the Khasia Hills, autl the last is an ovary egg
from Mussoorio. My series this year appears to be considerably smaller
than usual.
Oi \5 nosisoi (i. monili<;er i\ui\ pectorali>i found, 11 contained Cuckoo's
eggs, and rats or crows took the eggs out of two of the rest. This means a
loss of l;i out of 1.5 nests, 14 per cent, being all that run any chance of
successfully hatching out, unless the Cuckoo's eggs were addled : in all
but one nest, two or more Cuckoo's eggs would have to be addled. It
seems extraordinary that the Laughing-Thrushes do not rapidly disappear
under such adverse conditions.
For some reason, no Cuckoos appear to patronise the White-browed
Laughing-Thrush, Dryona tcs snnnio ; we found about 20 nests of this bet-
ween us, and kept one or two under observation, but they were never
interfered with. . Possibly the Cuckoos do not like facing the thick rasp-
berry brakes in which the nests are generally built. In connection with D.
sa7mio, of the nests found this year about half contained white eggs, and
half blue ; the full clutch was 3 or 4 — more commonly the latter. Mr,
Hopv\ood tells me that when up in Maymyo with the late Col. H. H.
Harington about 10 years ago, white eggs were much more common than
blue, and a 4-clutch was a variety. Possibly the reason may be connected
with the weather (the season was rather late and dry). Notes taken in
future years will be interesting. They may show that the bird is turning
into a layer of blue eggs. Of the 31 eggs of D. sannio, of which 1 have
notes, the average size is I'Ol" X 76"; the length varies of from "94" to
1-09" and the breadth from -70" to -80" ,-...;,
J. M. D. MACKENZIE, m.b.o.u., f.z.s.
Prome,
^th December 1917,
No. VII.— OCCURRENCE OF THE EUROPEAN GREAT BUSTARD
OTIS TARDA, NEAR PESHAWAR.
It may interest you to know that I have had a specimen of the Great
Bustard brought in to me. Hume and Marshall state that this bird has
only once been obtained in the Indian Empire, but five or six years ago
a good many came here and this year now that this one specimen has been
obtained, there will probably be more. This one is a male and appears to
be quite typical with french grey head and neck, the top of the head French
grey and the breast and under body a pure white, the only way in which
it differs from the illustration in Hume and Marshall being that the black
and brow'n feathers seem to come slightly further up the back of the neck
than in the illustration. It measures 83" across the wings (not fully extend-
ed), 43" from toe to beak, wing 39 ', tail from vent 10', tarsus 6 ', foot
3-!o", width 3-4o", beak lavender, weight 14 lbs. It is probable that more
will be obtained and if you would like to have it I may be able to send
you a skin if 1 can get one in good condition.
G. ROOS-KEPPEL.
Peshawar, \st December 1917.
[In the cold veather of I'JlO- a number of Great Bustard appeared in N.-W.
India, •^tme were obtained near Mardan, one at Jacobabad, Siiid, and anothtr in
Chitral. Sir Georjfe's specimen appears to be a female from the weight. — Eds.]
29
746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
No. VIII.— THE WHITE-NECKED STORK IN THE PUNJAB.
In the ' Fauna of British India ' Birds, Vol. iv., p. 871, there occurs the
following statement with regard to the White-necked Stork, Dissura ejnscopus
(Bodd.). " Except in the Punjab and Sind (where, however, a solitary
specimen was once obtained), this Stork appears to occur almost through-
out the well-watered plains of India, Ceylon, and Burma." The inference
to be drawn from this utatement obviously is that the White-necked Stork
does not occur in the Punjab, but this inference is so far removed from
fact that it may not be out of place to set on record some notice of its
occurrence and status in this province.
To begin with, Blewitt had already shown that the species occurred at
Hansi ; he .states ('Humes' Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, 2nd ed., p.
268) : — " I found several nests of this species in the neighbourhood of
Hansi during the latter half of June and the early part of July. They
were all placed on peepul or burgot trees, mostly in the neighbourhood of
the canal, and at heights of from 20 to 25 feet from the ground. They
were densely built of kikur and ber and sheeshum twigs, and thickly lined
with straw, leaves, and feathers. Thej'^ varied from 14 to 17 inches in
diameter, and from 4 to 7 inches in depth."
" Four was the largest number of eggs found in any nest, and, as in
more than one instance when this number was found, the eggs were more
or less incubated, this would seem to be the normal complement."
About the same locality on a Canal Bank near Hansi I found a nest of
this Stork on 8th July 1914. To quote from my diarj^ : —
" I found a White-necked Stork sitting on a large untidy stick nest placed
in a side bough of a large Shisham. The bird sat close and when disturbed
kept on flying round, returning as soon as I left the tree ; from the clucking
noise, when the bird moved, it was evident that the nest contained young.
However I sent a man up to examine and secured 3 very stained and
addled eggs with a nestling. The latter Avas apparently about a week old,
so I kept it with a view to rearing it if possible."
This chick was described as follows : —
The skin plumbeous in colour ; on the crown extending from the fore-
head, which was covered with white down, to the level of the ear orifices
a thick growth of black decomposed feathers with a blue gloss. The facial
skin and pouch sparsely, the nape and neck all round thickly, clothed with
white down.
Entire upper parts, lower neck and breast covered with sooty coloured
down, with minute grey tips. Flanks, sides of abdomen, and underside of
tail covered with white down.
Iris hazel. Bill brownish black slightly tipped with orange yellow, the
latter colour broken by a brownish black bar. Legs fleshy plumbeous
speckled most closely on the feet with dark brown. Claws fleshy
yellow.
Eyelids plumbeous black. Facial skin and pouch plumbeous grey, the
latter tinged with green.
The chick was reared successfully on frogs, small fisli, insects, and raw
nieat soaked in water and made a most amusing pet ; it lived loose in the
compound until it was killed one night by a dog or jackal.
The species is certainly common and probably resident at Hansi ; it is
found throughout the remaining parts of Hissar district, including Sirsa,
and majr be observed throughout the j'^ear although varying somewhat in
numbers. I have once seen a couple standing on the domed roof of a
mausoleum at Hissar, but for the most part this Stork is to be seen standing
wrapped in meditation on the ground or feeding with other storks and
MISCHLLAMJOI.S .XOTJJi;. 74/
Ibises on tieUls Hooileil with caunl water. While occasionally solitary, it
is usually to be seeji in siuall parties of four or live to a dozen individuals.
In tho neighbouring district of Ferozepori,' I cannot recollect seeing the
species, but 1 have the following notes on its occurrence in certain districts
of the Punjab : —
Amhaht district, 1915-1'). A favourite resort of this species was the Ghag-
i;ar nala close to where it debouches from the foot hills about Chandighar ;
here I fomul a large flock resting in the nala about noon on lOth November,
and many individuals, including a party of 11, wheal was therc:! again in
February and March. It also appeared to be sparsely distributed through
the district during the winter months. I was not there in summer.
(rKidasjjiir district, llUo. Two were seen near Gurdaspur on loth Jiuie.
La/tore district. Mr. A. J. Currie writes (Jour. B. N. H. S. xxiv, •'576)
'• r have seen this stork at Lahore in September, and on one or two other
unrecorded dates in the cold weather."
Ciiijranvala district, 191o. "One was seen from the train between Guj-
ranwala and Kamoke on :?9th March. One was seen on some fli)oded rice
fields in Gujranwala im oth July. Two were seen from the train near
Akalgarh on 3rd October, soaring in the sky with some vultures." (Jour.
P.. N\ H. S. xxiv, 709).
J/ulum ilistrict, 1914. "Two were seen at Saugor on the 1st of February
and 2 (possibly the same) flying down the river near the Rak at Jhelum on
April li'th" {Ips(' Ibis, li»lU, p. 113).
dhan;/ district, 1917. On 19th November two birds and then a solitary
individual were seen near Chund Barwana, and on S5th December a nest
was found in my presence by Lieut. Claude B. Ticehurst, m.b.o.u.
This nest was situated on the extreme summit uf a lofty Keekur tree
standing by the side of a .small half dry Jheel about 5 miles S.-W. of
Ivadirpur. The nest was a flat structure of large sticks, plentifully bespat-
tered with whitewash, and said by the climber to be lined with grass. It
contained 4 eggs. One bird was sitting on the eggs and the other stand-
ing on or near the side of the nest. There were some Black Storks {Cico-
nia iiif/ra) feeding on the Jheel, but neither their departure nor the excite-
ment consequent en the flying of a trained Shahin Falcon at a Pond Heron
disturbed the pair. When they were finally roused one bird flew away but
the other kept on circling round and settled on a neighbouring tree, clat-
tering her bill at the approach of one of the members of our party.
The White-necked Stork does not yet appeared to have been recorded
north of the Salt Ifange or from the North- West Frontier Province. While
further details of its range and status in the Punjab are desirable, enough
has been said to shew that the species may be considered by no means
uncommon in the province : it would, however, be interesting to know if
this is a recent extension of range connected with the gradual transform-
ation of the country by the various canal projects.
.hiAXo, Pi-NJAi;, HUGH WHISTLER, m.b.o.u., f.z.s.,
Jan. 1918. (Indian Police).
No. IX.— COMB DUCK {SARCIJJIOENLS MELAXONOrUS) IN SIND.
I write to record the occurrence of a Nukhta or Comb Duck, l^arcidiDrni.-i
vielanonotus, in Sind.
On the 15th instant I was shooting on a jheel near IJajo Khanani in the
extreme north of the Tando Bago taluka of this district. I saw a duck
which seemed strangelj^ familiar in flight at some distance and as it came
nearer, I saw it to be a male comb duck. I had a couple of long shots at it,
748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Tul. XXV.
but unfortunately failed to get it. But 1 am quite certain of its identity
as 1 have seen and shot a good many in the Kaira district where it is
common. It was apparently in full plumage and the comb on the bill was
very evident. I expected to see the female about but only the male was
on the wing. T asked the local " Mohanas " what the duck was and they
said they did not recognise it, but thought it must be a foreigner.
The jheel was a low hollow formed out of old flooded rice fields and the
only cover was afforded by " pan " or the common bull-rush reeds, with a
fair amount of open water in the middle.
1 see from page 24 of "Indian Ducks and Their Allies" that Hume
speaks of it as " a mere straggler to the easternmost portions " of Sind.
Camp, da Hyderabad, Sind,
I9th Februanj 1918.
Pt. E. GIBSON, i.o.s.
No. X.— A FEW NOTES ON THE NESTS AND EGGS OF SOME
OF THE BURMESE SCIMITAR BABBLERS.
When writing his notes on the Indian Timeliides and their allies (J.,
B.N.H.S. Vol. XXIII) the late Col. H. H. Harington asked me for nesting
notes on some of the Burmese species of Pomatorhinus ; at the time I could
not give him any information, but I have since found nests of 3 species and
subspecies. Grant's Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler, I'omatorhinus schisticeps
meavsi, Shan States Scimitar Babbler, P. olivaceus ripponi, and Tweeddale's
Scimitar Babbler, P. nuc/mlis, notes on which may be of interest.
The eggs are, of course, all white, and of what appears to be the usual
shape, gloss and texture for this part of the subfamily. Those of the 8
subspecies which 1 have taken are indistinguishable from each other in
these respects. The shells are fine-grained and rather thin and fragile,
especially when compared with eggs of White-browed Laughing-Thrush,
Dryonastes sannio, of which 1 was taking some clutches at Maymyo at the
time when I found P. o. riyyoni. In this, I have found some difterence
between these eggs and those of MacClelland's Scimitar Babbler, P. enjthro-
(jenijs inacclellandi , which are not only bigger but have comparatively stouter
shells. In shape, the eggs of this last species are generally less pointed ;
my eggs of P. s. vu-arsi, P. o. ripponi and P. nuchnlis are all considerably
ponited at the small end while the greater number of my series of P, e.
macclellandi are distinctly obtuse as are those of Phayre's Scimitar Babbler,
P. ferruyinosus phai/rei in a smaller degree : all my eggs of this group are
glossy.
The nests of the three Scimitar Babblers bear a close family resemblance,
both to each other, and to those of Baker's Rufous-necked Scimitar Babbler,
P. ruficoUis bakeri, P. e. macchllaiuli, and Phayre's Scimitar Babbler, 1\
ferriiyinnsus piiayvei, all of which 1 have taken several times m the North
Chin hills. They are domed, built rather untidily of bamboo leaves, lined
with grass and fibres. As far as I remember, I have only found two cup-
shaped nests, and in both cases the dome was replaced by an overhanging
tuft of grass. One of these was P. e. viacclellandi, the other P. r. hakeri .
All the other nests were domed although the roof was sometimes rather a
flimsy affair.
(1). Pomatorhinus schisticeps viearsi — (116a) Grant's Slaty-headed Scimi-
tar Babbler. Upper Chindivin, about 40 miles North of Kindat. Fonnd 2 fresh
eggs on 21-4-14 which I had to take as I was moving camp next day. Size
1-02" X • 78", and 106" X -78". The nest was placed in a clump of dead
bamboos, about a foot from the ground.
MUSCELLASEOUS NOTES. 749
Mr. J. C. Hopwood found another nost near Kindat on :i7th March 1907
in a hollinv <mi the ground, containiufj '2 fresh ej^'^s, siniihir to mine.
(•_M. PomatDildini* olirnceus rif}pt,ni—{\\S(t) The !Shan States Scimitar
Babbler. Maymyo, 3-5-17, nest with 3 fresh eggs, one of which was unfor-
tuiiati'ly bri)ken in blowin^. The nest was jilaced on the ground, among
dead bamboo leaves. Eggs -O.V'x 70". and iUi " x (iO". Mr. Hopwood found
a nest in a simihir situation containing ^l fresh eggs on 9th May 1917. His
eggs measureil about the same as mine.
Mr. J3. B. Osniaston found a nest in 19l(J about tlie middle of October,
containing 3 hard set eggs. This seems to indicate that the bird is some-
times at any rate doubk^-brooded.
(3). Poinator/iiiitis nuc/ialis — (117) Tweeddale's Scimitar Babbler. Prome,
t*4th July 1917. 1 found this nest the evening before, containing two
eggs. On returning on the i'4th, I shot the bird to put its identity out of
question but the nest only contained one egg. measuring -95" X'74". The
nest was the usual domed structure but with its long axis horizontal, not
vertical, placed in a bamboo clump, supported by 3 cidms about 4' 6" from
the ground. It was on a little used path, on the edge of a patch of bamboo
jungle, where it joined a ' Ponzo' or piece of abandoned hill cultivation.
It was raining hard at the time when I took it, but the nest was ap-
parently waterproof, as the egg was dr}\
(4). Pomatorhinus hifpoleucus hiipoleucus — (131) The Arracan Scimitar
Babbler. Upper Chindwin. 2 fresh eggs, in December 1913. The nest was
in a thick bamboo clump, about '2 feet from the ground.
Mr. J, C. Hopwood took a nest on the Arracan Yoma on 26th January
1909 in dense bamboo jungle. He has kindly permitted me to quote from
his notes: "'A domed cup, measuring 13" x 7" outside, and 3"x3" inside.
Foundation of dead bamboo leaves, the nest itself of the twigs and tendrils
of a creeper, cuj) thickly lined with roots and fibres of fern, placed in the
twigs of a broken bamboo. Two fresh eggs, measured r29"x "Se" and
l-30"x-88".
Mr Hopwood found another nest near Kindat, in a cane brake in Janu-
ary or February, similar to this one.
(o). Pomatorhinus ferruf/inosus pJiai/rei — (124) Phayre's Scimitar Babbler.
Chin Hills. 3 or 4 nests taken, 24-4-14 and 10-5-15. Average size of 6
eggs, •98"x-72".
(6). Pomatorhinus rujicollis baker i — (125«) Baker's Rufous-necked Scimitar
Babbler. Chin Hills. Taken 13-5-13 (2 nests), 25-4-14. Average size of 6
eggs -87" X -66".
(7). Pomatorhinus erytkroffent/s macclellandi — (130) McClelland's Scimitar
Babbler. Chin Hills. Taken 6-."j-13 to lfi-.")-l.'5 (10 nests). Average size
of 30 eggs, 1-02" X -76".
It is invariably a very dangerous thing to generalise, especially with in-
sufficient material and I do so with great diffidence. Judging from the
small series of these eggs to which I have had access, it seems that the
family divides itself " Oologically " into two groups, the first (P. s. mearsi,
P. o. ripponi, and P. niichalis) laying pointed eggs with thin and fragile
shells, the second {P.f. phayrrd, P. h. hypoleucus, P. r. hakeri, and P. e. mac-
clellandi) laying eggs which are generally more obtuse, and have both
actually and comparatively thicker and stouter shells than the first
group. The second group appears to contain the larger birds of the group
but the difference in eggs does not ap])ear to coincide exactly with the
difference in the bills among the birds of the sub-family as noted in Oates,
F.B.I.
P. h. hypoleucus is aberrant in laying in the cold weather. Of the others
P. 0. ripponi is certainly, and the remainder are possibly, sometimes if
7o0 JOUEXAL, BOMBAY XATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
not always double-brooded ; with regard to the nests, they appear to be
almost invariably domed, while each species seems to stick to one situ-
ation in which to build. P. s. mearsi builds on the ground (my nest found
on a clump of dead and broken bamboos was practically on the ground) as
do P. o. ripponi, P. r. bcikeri, P. f. fhayrei and P. e. macclellandi , while P.
muchalis and P. h. hypoleutus build in bamboo clumps 2 to 5 feet above the
ground. All these facts want further proof.
J. M. D. MACKENZIE, i.f.8., .m.b.o.i., v.y..^.
Prome,
2SiA Dec. 1917.
No. XJ.— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON SOME BIRDS IN THE
CHIN HILLS, BURMA.
In 1916 I was touring in the Chin Hills (Latitude 23°) during April and
the beginning of May and made the following notes which may of interest.
I was fortunate in discovering a new species of Larrivora the description
of which as described by Mr. Stuart Baker in " Novitates Zoologici©,"
Vol. XXIII, page 288, September 1916, I enclose.
This bird was obtained by me on the 1st May on the march from Fort-
White, Chin Hills, to the plains, the nest was situated on the cleared space
above the actual side cutting uf the hill side mule track ; at this place the
cutting was about 4 feet high. The nest was placed under a dried bracken
leaf bent down, made of leaves, moss and lined hair, the parent bird flut-
tered off as 1 came near, into the jungle below the path, but waiting for it
1 secured it on its return which the bird soon did. The white legs drooping
as it flew away off the nest were most conspicuous.
Unfortunately I did not reach my Camp till dark when failing to identify
the bird I had to skin it by candle light and failed to sex it — the nest con-
tained 4 eggs of a greenish blue colour. 1 also secured 2 nests and the
parent bird of (13) Yellow-billed Blue Magpie, Urocissa ftarirostrif. Mr.
Stuart Baker says of this bird " it differs from the more Western form in
several particulars which may however be only individual." I believe,
however, this is the first record of this bird in Burma.
Other birds obtained and nidification of some are recorded below, to-
gether with some recorded from the Mount Victoria part of the Chin Hills
in 1917.
Ashy Laughing-Thrush, Icmthocincla cineracea (79). C/'2 — 28th April and
young, bird shot.
McCielland's Scimitar Babbler, Pomatoyhinv.< maclellandi — (130). C/o,
2oth April. Bird shot and identified.
Rippon's Bar-wing, ^-IcfmoAira ecjcrtoni ripponi — (21 1«). C/3, 24th April.
Grey Sibia, Lioptila f/vacUis — (20o). C/2, Bird shot, common and noisy
enough to be almost a nuisance.
Orange-barred Willow-Warbler, PluiUoscopus pulchcr — (414). C/3, 13th
April and C/4, 24th April ; the former contained an egg ("84 X ■•56) white
with a few red spots at the large end of Cuculus saturatus; Bird identified
in England by Mr. Stuart Baker ; common.
Brooks's Crey-headed Flycatcher Warbler. Clii-i/ptoloplia jcnhmi — (43o).
C/4, 19th April. Bird shot.
Indian Skylark, ^4/a?«/« //«///«/« — (861). At 9,U00 feet elevation in the
short grass of the wind swept bare top of the Kennedy Peak ridge, the
highest point of this part of the Hills. C/3, C/3 Fresh C/3, just hatching
and one nest with young, 26th April.
Dimensions of bird shot were length 6'o", tail 2"4", wing 3"6", tarsus "8",
bill from gape -6", flank stripes present, but few.
MISCELLAyKOUS NOTHS. im
Oennaeut Imrnjlchli irilliamsi. — ViS, ubtaiiiod near Tiddini ; the i>ariiit bird
was unfortunatoly not obtained. I gave 3 eggs to Captain Blandy of the
Military Police who kiiidlj- inidortook to try and hatch thoiii out under a
hen. One hatched and lived for a week or two, enough to shr)w lie told me
white on the wing coverts which makes me think my nest might have been
Mr.s. Hunu-'s Pheasant. P. hnniii, but the e^gs are " Kalij|" and the lijider
told me. the bird had t. crest which the female of l\ /iintiii has not.
Mount Victoria, part of Chhi Hill (Latitude 2P), 1917.
Ashy Laughing-Thrush, lanihocinda ctncrarra -{79). 0 '2, ■J')ih .April.
Mt. Victoria iJabbler, I>a/>a.i n'ct<>n'<^'—{H\). C 2, 27th April.
Skin kindly identified for me by the Societj' who have it in their
collection.
Shan States Scimitar Babbler, ronuitovkiuus olivaceus tipponi i^t) — (118).
C/3. Fresh, 2oth April.
I missed this bird oft' the nest, but obtained a species almost on the same
spot off the nest some years ago and identified it then.
Mandelli's Tit-Babbler, Shccnipavux mandellii— (179). C/2 Fresh. -Tith
April.
Blyths' Bulbul, Zant/ii.vu.< ^/farexcc/is — (287). C,3 Fresh. 2-2nd April, bird
shot.
Finch-billed Bulbul, Sptzivus can > from— (292). C/2, 2()th April. This is
a late date for this bird, thej'^ mostly had young.
Mt. Victoria tailed-AVren, Urocichla oaiesi — (35o 6). C 2 Fresh. Xest
brought to me by a Chin woman 28th April.
Burmese Scarlet Miuivet, I'encroc<jtn< fraterculus — (491). Nest inaccessi-
ble, bird sitting 24th April. Just 12 years before I found a nest being
built almost, if not, in the same tree near an Inspection Bungalow, but
the Ghoorkha Durwan did not then get me the eggs. Same pair of birds i-"
Eastern Slaty-blue Flycatcher, Cj/ornis leiccomekmurut cirveniventris —
(•")67a). C '3, 2oth April. Female kindly identified for me by the Society
who have the skin — the Eastern variety of Ci/omix leucnmelanuyus.
Eastern Spotted Forktail, Hentcurus ffuttatui — (631). C'3. Parent bird
shot -, the nest was lined with the skeletons of leaves.
In both years the nests and eggs of the following were common during
the month of April in these hills.
Dark-grey Bush-chat, Oreic(jlaferrea — (61 o).
Chestnut-bellied Pock-Thrush, Petruphila prythrofjastra — (690).
Rufous-bellied Niltava, Niltava Kimdava — (-594).
Verditer Flycatcher, Stoparola iiielanaps — (o79).
Eastern Slatj'^-blue Flycatcher, C. I. cirveniventris — (•">67). The four
latter all in holes on the roadside cuttings. I also shot the following on
the Mt. Victoria side.
Striated Green Bulbul, Alcurus striatus — (277).
Slaty-bellied Short-wing, Tesia cyaniventris — (201).
Chestnut-headed Short-wing, Oliffurn castaniacoronata — (202).
Rangoon, Jan. 1918. P. F. AVICKHAM, P. W. D.
No. XII.— CLOSE-BARRED SANDGROUSE AT MUSCAT.
Owing to the disturbed state of the country we are unable to go beyond
our out-post line, so that there is only a very limited area to observe the
Close-barred Sandgrouse in. We came here in January 1916, and the birds
were here then, they were only in small numbers, and one very seldom
flushed more than six or eight birds at once. They were feeding on the
seeds of a shrub, which is, as far as I can recollect the same as what we
752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
call " bastard Indigo " in India. From about the Ist April, very few-
birds remained here and the last two days 1 looked for them I only put up
four birds. They seemed to have paired then, but I found no eggs and I
fancy they migrate to the higher ground in the interior, anyway from the
middle of April till now, I have neither seen nor heard of any birds in the
valley or hills accessible to us.
From what I heard from the officers of the regiment we relieved, these
sandgrouse arrive here in September or October, but J will make a careful
search of the whole valley and let you know the result.
The only other Sandgrouse I have seen here is the pintail — the same
bird one gets in India. They were here from early February to about the
middle of March — one always saw one or two large flocks of them in the
Valley — they left some three weeks before the Close-barred Sandgrouse
disappeared. If we are still here when the birds return I will get you a
few more specimens of both sexes. The female is very different in plumage
to the male.
Since writing the above I have satisfied myself that there are no Sand-
grouse in the limited area available for search here and am convinced they
migrate from the Coast of Oman in April. They probably move to the
elevated plains in the interior of Oman to breed.
A. R. BURTON, Major,
Muscat, Arabia, 94th Russell's Infantry.
\Mh July, 1916.
[We greatly regret to learu of the death of Major A. E. Burton some few
months ago. Major Burton helped our Soceity in many ways and sent the museum
many interesting' specimens from Muscat and other places.— Eds.
No. XIIL— THE SPAN OF LARGE BIRDS.
In reference to the correspondence in the Society's Journal on "■ The
Span of Large Birds," the following figures measured by myself from fresh-
shot specimens in the flesh may possibly be worth putting on record :—
Ft. ins.
Shoebill, Balotniceps, rex, Bahrel Ghazal, Sudan, March 1900 . . 8 6
Marabou Stork, Leptoptilus crumeniferus, Kaka, Sudan, March
1900.. 8 4
Black Vulture, Otor/yps calvus, Kedha, Malay Peninsula, May
1898.. 7 5
Indian White-backed Vulture, Pseudoyyps henyalensis, Kedha,
Malay Peninsula, May 1898 . . 7 1|
Pallas's Fishing Eagle, Haliaetus leucovyphus, Jalhopur, India,
December 1894. . 6 7
Do. do. do. do. Dhorahra, India,
February 1895.. 6 5
White Nile Crane, Balearica cecilice, Abu Zeit, Sudan, March
■ 1900. 5 8
White-necked Stork, Dissura episcojms Harrowah, India, Dec.
1894.. 5 9
Do. do. do. do. . . 5 3
Hooded Vulture, Neophron monachus, Bahrel Zeraf, Sudan, March
1900.. 5 6i
Smaller White Scavenger Vulture, Neophron yinyinianus,
Harrowah, India, Dec. 1914. . 5 3
Do. do. do. do ..51
Do. do. do. Chunar India,
Nov. 1894.. 4 9
^ miscellam:ous notes. iry^
Ft. ins.
African Open-bill, Anastomua laynpllif/erux, Abu, Zeit, Sudan,
March 1900.. 4 9
Brahminy Kite, Maliastur indus, Harrowali, India, Doc. 1894 . . 4 1
Do. do. On Ganges, do. do. . . 4 1
GizA, EfiYPT. S. S. FLOWEll, Capt.
13th December 1917.
No. XIV.— CAPTURING TIGERS WITH BIRD-LIME.
At page 493, Vol. XXV of our Journal, there is a note by Colonel
Burton on the method of capturing tigers with hay smeared with
" glue," in the days of the Emperor Akbar. Ho enquires whether the
plan is practical.
Whether practical or not, the practice seems to have survived in the
Central Provinces. In 1890-91, 1 was stationed at Sambalpur in the
Chattisghar division of that province, and was told that the jungle people
there were in the habit of getting at tigers by laying down leaves smeared
with bird-lime on paths frequented by the tiger they were after. It was
mostly in the hot weather they did this in the neighbourhood of water pools,
but probably thej^ did it round a kill as well.
They told me that the tiger was annoyed by the leaves sticking to his
paws, and tried to rub the leaves oft' on his head. The leaves then stuck
to the face in such numbers as to blind the tiger, which could with safety
be approached and speared, while in this helpless state.
W. B. BANNERMAN,
Surgeon-General, I. M.S.
Madras, 13^^ March 1918.
Xo. XV.— OXAN UNDESCRIBED COLOUR VARIETY OF THE
SNAKE {ZAOCYSMUCOSUS) FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.
This snake, which I am inclined to regard in the light of an albino,
difl'ers from the usual colours displayed by the species and forcibly brings
to mind the variety atriceps of Zamenis diadcma.
Dorsally the prevailing hue is a very pale brown, slightly darker poste-
riorly and on the top of the head ; but paler, almo.st whitish anteriorly, and
at first sight I took it to be an exceedingly pale coloured Z.fai^ciolatus.
The under parts are white or pinkish white and practically without mark-
ings, though in some places the scales are somewhat clouded in the centre
with paler margins. The line of demarcation between the pale brown of
the upper parts and the white of the under parts is fairly even anteriorly
but posteriorly it becomes very irregular and follows the margins of the
scales. The tip of the snout from the prtefrontals is intensely white and in
strong contrast with the brown of the head. Several dark brown patches
are disposed irregularly along the dorsum and sides of the body. Most of
these patches are small, covering, sometimes part of a scale only, sometimes
the complete scale, or a group of scales. The largest patch covers a group
of about 21 scales. In addition to these patches of colour there are
red patches also irregularly disposed, though fewer in number than the
brown. In most cases the red colour is distributed over but a single
scale.
Half of a ventral and a group of three subcaudals are also red.
30
754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY yATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, J'ol. XX1\
*
This snake which is the only one I have seen, measures about 2i feet in
length. It was taken on a plantain tree at Nagpur in October and is at
present alive in the Vivaria of the Nagpur Museum. I propose calling it
Z. mucosus war imllidus, as I see no diflerence in lepidosis between it and
Z. mucosus.
Cextkal Museum,
Nagpur, (Mh December 1917.
E. A. D'ABEEU, r.z.s.
No. XVI.— NOTES ON A GRAVID HYDROPHIS CYANOCINVTUS
AND HER BROOD.
( With a diarjrmn.)
In my monograph of the Seasnakes" under the species HydropMs [Distira)
spirates (Shaw), and H. ci/unocinctus (Daudin) I questioned the validity of
several species described by various authors. I pointed out that many of
these were merely separated from the two species above cited on char-
acters affecting the postoculars, temporals, and supralabials, all shield
subject to great variation tt\ individuals of the same species. This varia-
tion is such that these shields are in my opinion not even an aid in the
separation of species, and certainly too insecure as the basis for describing
species.
This was merely an opinion, and one that is open to anyone to contest.
It is obvious that anyone might contend that the individuals upun which
I based my opinions were not of the same species. This being so the most
convincing means of establishing the truth of my contention is to sub-
ject a gravid female and her unborn brood to critical examination. There
can be no doubt in such a case that the specimens are of one species.
It is not often such a specimen comes into my hands, but one such I
reported upon in this Journal (Vol. XX, p. ^^)S) the subject being a spiralis
(Shaw).
I have now obtained through Dr. Malcolm Smith from Siam a gravid
cyanocinctus (Daudin), and the information derived from an analysis of the
lepidosis of dani and brood forms the subjects of this note. I append out-
line drawings of the head of the mother, and two of the brood, (Nos. 2 and
7 of the synopsis). I also give a synopsis of the salient features concern-
ing these, and some other specimens to be referred to later.
It will he observed from the figures that in the dam there was but one
prieocular on both sides. In No. 2 there are two ou the right side only,
and in No. 4 two on both sides. This shield is confluent with the supra-
ocular in No. 3.
In the dam there is one postocular on both sides, but in Nos. 2, 4, G and
7 there are two on one or both sides.
In the dam there is one small anterior and one larger posterior temporal,
but in Nos. 6 and 7 there are two posterior temporals on both sides.
In the dam the iirst four labials are large, the rest small, but in No. 2
the 3rd right labial is divided to form a lower postocular, and the 4th right,
and 5th left are also divided.
With the gravid female I received six foetuses tliat had been removed
from their sacs, and two sacs in which the embryos lay coiled. Also four
adults, one young specimen and the head of an adult, all without any
doubt examples of the same species. All of these are included on the
synopsis, and figures are given t»f three of them.
* ^lemoirs Asiatic Society of Benpal, 190!).
Journ., Bombay Nat Hist. Soc.
Djag^ram.
A<-\ J
A B
NO 2
yv^ z
A^^ S.
A B
wo /y.
Ao /2.
VaUIAXION UF LePIUOSIS «»)• ILyDHOI-IIIs CYMiOCiyCTLU
M ISC ELLA yj'JO US X O '/'US.
I •}■)
These spocimons were sent to me as J{. tuhcrciilntn (Anderson). In my
monograph already reforrod to, 1 tried to show that this "species " (at that
time resting on a sohtary specimen in the Indian Museum, the "type"
whioii I had examined) was not entitled to rank as a species apart from
ci/fntdciiictus (Daudin). I consider these thirteen Siam specimens are fi/(rn<>-
cinctii.^ (Daudin) for the following reasons : (1) Because the numbers of the
costal rows accords with the range given in Boulenger's description in his
Catalogue (Vol. Ill, p. 205) (2) These costals have tubercles bituberculate
in character, and exactly like those seen in Indian specimens of ci/anocinctus,
(figured in No. 8C). (3) The range of ventrals is well within that given
by Boulenger. (4) There is nothing in the lepidosis of the head by which
they can be considered distinct, (o) A critical examination of the skulls
of Nos. 9 and 13, bone for bone, beside two skulls in my collection from
Indian examples, show no differences that I can discover. (0) The denti-
tion agrees with that of my Indian specimens, and is as follows — The post
maxillary teeth vary from 7 to 10 (Indian specimens 6 to 10) ; the palatine
are 7 (Indian specimens 7 to 0) ; the pherygoid J 7 to 24 (Indian specimens
15 to 18) ; mandibular 17 (Indian specimens 16). (7) Further the gravid
Siam specimen measured 2 feet 9 inches, and I have examined a gravid
female of cifanocinctus (Daudin) in the Indian Museum 2 feet 1 1 inches
in length. (8) The colouration is, as 1 have remarked it, in Indian
specimens.
s
CD
o
d
foetus
f<)etu8
foetus \
4 !$
foetus
o
foetus !
6 j$
Costal
3.
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Gravid. Contained f< sacs with
embryos,
3rd right labial divided to form
a lower prrecocular. 4th right,
and 5th left labials divided.
2 postoculars on left side,
Prpecocular confluent with su-
praocular both sides, 5th left
labial divided.
Two prtecoculars on both sides.
Two right postoculars. Two
post-temporals on right side.
756
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Costals.
,
02
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Two postoculars on both sides.
Two post-temporals both
sides.
8
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31
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56
8
3rd left labial divided to form
a lower prrococular. Two
post-temporals on both sides.
Two postoculars on both
sides.
9
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Two post-temporals on both
sides.
10
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Prtecocular confluent with su-
praocular both sides. Three
anterior temporals on left
side. 3rd labial divided on
left side into two upper, and
on lower part 5th right
labial divided.
12
^
29i
3i
32
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290
54
11
7
3rd right labial divided to form
a lower prsecocular. Two
post temporals on right side.
13
"
10
Head only.
JheluxV, December 191/
F. WALL. Lt.-Col., i.m.s.
No. XVII.— NOTE ON THE BREEDING OF THE RASP-SKINNED
WATER SNAKE CHERSYDRUS GRANULATUS, SCHNEIDER.
I have lately received from Dr. J. R. Henderson an interesting speci-
men of Chersydrus killed on the 19th of August in the timber pond, Madras
Harbour (saltwater).
On dissection it proved to be gravid, and contained twelve embryos in
an advanced stage of development. The mother was 48 inches in length,
the tail accounting for 5 inches. She was the usual colour of adults, being
an almost uniform dark umber. Any lighter markings have to be closely
sought for, and are then hardly visible.
The embryos unfortunately were in a very sodden condition, and
broken. Four that were whole measured 12^, 13, 13tV and 13f inches
respectively. They could not be sexed as none showed the genitals
extruded. They were chiefly remarkable for their zebra-like appearance
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 757
The body from just bohiiul the head aiul the tail, wore encircled with well-
defined blaokish-brown bands, many of which became conlluent for a
short space about midcosta, presenting very much the appearance of
the stripes seen in zebras. The intervals were a pale bntf, and rather
narrower than the dark bands. The head was blackish with a few, small,
whitish, symmetrically disposed spots on the crown, and a larger spot on
the temporal region.
This is the lirst instance of whi<:h I am aware demonstrating the vivi-
parous habit of the species.
F. WALL, Lieut. -CoL., i.m.is.
Jhelum, 25th November 1917.
Xu. XV 111.— NOTES ON FLIES FOR TROUT FLY
FISHING IN KASHMIR.
I have been asked to write something of trout flies which may help
anglers in Kashmir, and 1 do so with considerable difhdence for several
reasons.
The catching of trout is only one of the joys of the true angler, but
many are only attracted at tirst to the sport by some success obtained
with help from a friend and it i.s as the friend of the would-be angler
that I would approach the subject with as few technicalities as possible.
Like all pursuits of the ferce naturte, success in angling calls for a good
deal of personal observation. Many who have never cast a line in their
lives may have noticed the position trout take when resting or feeding
in a clear stream, and maliy others may have noticed the insects that
creep or fly about the banks of such trout streams and even the seasons
in which they are commonly seen without once using the knowledge so
acquired. But to the true angler such observation is part of the game.
In Kashmir the seasons very closely correspond to those in the British
Isles and the insects common to these seasons also closely correspond, so
that there is no great difficulty in the way of the British angler when he
pays a visit to this country, if he has his outfit with him.
With the neophyte, however, it is different. He arrives in Kashmir and
and heai's that trout are many and big in some of the streams. With a
friend who knows perhaps a little more about it than he does himself, he
proceeds to Lambert's or (jluffaras shop and is promptly provided with a
rod and reel. Cast lines which should stand the strain of a first strike are
next selected and then boxes of phantoms, lures and flies are produced
which are all guaranteed to have been successful at some time or another.
With the first two, our present interest does not lie. They are made to
resemble small fish and to lure old cannibals or jealous young trout to
destruction. To do this succes.sfuily requires some skill, but the hires vary
little with the seasons. With flies it is different. Here in Kashmir trout
fishing only bea;iu8 in .April, so that some of the flies which are much valued
in Britain for early spring fishing, such as the purple and teal, the hare lug
(ear), &c., are less in demand than in England where fishing begins earlier.
These flies will often kill trout, but they are not the only flies about when
the hot sun comes out and the streams clear out here.
Among the daintiest of the early eftemeridie — the stone fly aud creeper
have already been on the water for a month or more but are still much
appreciated. A common representation of the fly is "Greenwell's glory," an
artificial fly often successful all through the season. Canon Greenwell
after whom the fly is named is now in his 08th j'ear and still a keen fisher.*
• Since the above was written we rei^ret to say Canon Green wells death has
been announced-— Ed<.
758 J OVRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
A bright, orange coloured beetle is sometimes seen about at the opening
of the season, and this is fairly well represented by the " Challoner," a fly
much valued on Loch Awe, where it was introduced by an old Parson of
that name fifty years ago. The red and teal and red body with the
Heckham Peckham wing are both good flies in the early season,
but what they resemble in nature, I have not yet found out. There are
so many black flies of sorts about all the year round that it is decidedlj'
wise to have one on the cast. Black Palmer, Zulu, black and teal, black
and mallard, black and woodcock wing all have their votaries, but pro-
bably Watson's Fancy is better than any of these out here. The fly was
so called by a Scotch fishing tackle maker named Watson who has adver-
tised it, but was known years earlier on Tweedside as " the wee black
deevil" and in Ireland as " the Connemara black." Another useful
fly with a black wing and silver body is the "butcher". Personally, out
here, 1 preffer this fly dressed with a feather from the blue black of a
duck's wing, and thus dressed it closely resembles a small beetle which
is always in great numbers on the bushes and plants of some of the
streams. I have seen this beetle in nearly every month of the fishing season,
and where I see it, I put the fly on. At times I have seen ladybirds in
considerable numbers by the waterside, and have found the " Cock i
Bhondhu " a killing fly at such times, but I have never seen the true
bracken clock out here, and the fly is not always a killer. The " Soldier
Palmer" is a good fly in the early part of the season, but the red palmer
and the worm fly are better in May and June. Another hackle fly which 1
have seen do well on the Budwan stream in August is known as the dotterell,
and probably like the Palmers, is taken for some kind of caterpillar. There
is no doubt that when such are about, a fly which looks fairly like them in
the water proves attractive.
Another spring fly with which I have had considerable success is a color-
able imitation of the fresh water shrimp {Gammerus 2}ulex) which Hardy
dr»!ssed for me. It is a fly I do not use regularly, generally putting it on
when there is not much doing, and this may be the reason I have caught
trout in rather poor condition when using it.
With warmer weather a lot of flies with green and yellow bodies hatch
out, and there are times Avhen trout will hardly look at anything else. As
to the shade of body and wing to be used, one has to be guided a good deal
by the flies one sees. Probably the best all round green fly is the green
and woodcock wing, but the teal wing comes very near it. At times I
prefer the blue or the mallard wing and the heckham peckham wing also has
it's day. When the green flies are really about, I have occasionally fished
green bodies only with difl'erent wings and hackles, and have been satisfied
with the result. The great green beetle comes out in June, and the
Moonal imitation can at times be very eft'ective.
One of the best flies from the beginning of the season is the blae wing
and blue body, though there are days later on when the old blae and black
is equally effective. I have also found a bright little Zulu useful in May,
but it is not a certain killer. Yellow bodied flies seem specially attractive
in streams which come through a forest countrj', and this is no doubt due
to the presence of one specially fat bodied fly which is rather a heavy
flier and often copies down on the water from overhanging branches.
A dark mallard or dark teal wing most closely resembles that of the fly,
but the woodcock wing seems to serve the purpose, and may possibly,
from the trout's point of view, be more like it. The March brown is pro-
bably the best known fly in the British list, and out here all the various
dressings including the Irish variation, the Invicta, at times kill well.
In saying this, I should remind the reader that I am dealing with wet flies
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 7r)[)
only, and that those (lros8ini;s are accepteil chiully bi-cansc' they repre-
sent a fly or creeper for which the fish are looking at the time it is pre-
sented to them. There are tunes on our lakes and quieter pools when
trout may be seen greedily taking a lioating lly when they will not look
at a wet one. At those times a *lry fly tisher would score heavily, but
these occasions do not come so fraqueutly as they do at home and the
day has not come yet when the close study retjuired for success with the
dry tly, is necessary to the acquisition of a full creel. Observation, how-
ever, can make a big ditierence. Another p lint that helps much is the
size of the fly. Most neoi)hytes use flies nuich larger than the natural
insects, and when the water is big or a little thick this sometimes sives
good results, but when the water is clear, flne trout are becoming more
discriminating, especially on waters that have been much fished, so that
the nearer to nature one can get the better.
As the season advances, flies with a peacock harl body seem to become
more attractive. The alder is the earliest of these, and is most effective
when Avell sunk. Hardy's Favourite is a modification of this fly which is
often very successful. The Coachman is, perhaps, one of this most successful
flies after June, and is useful much earlier, in the evening. AVith June
also the big sedge comes out in numbers, and from that time onward the
cinnamon wing is distinctly useful. A "Wickham's Fancy v.-ith a cinnamon
wing will often score where duller flies have tailed, the gold body giving
the glint that a natural fly in bright sunshine often has.
On the Bringhi and some of the higher streams where bright red and
blue winged grass hoppers are about, a fairly big blue winged fly with a
red body and a bit of golden pheasant let into the wing is efl'ective. The
Durham Ranger also does at times.
Some anglers use our sea trout flies and kill tro at witii them. The Jock
Scott, Silver Doctor, Black Doctor and Alexandra are all at tin.es effective,
but if one can diagnose the reason for their being so, one is a step nearer
clearing oneself of the stigma of being a chuck and chance fisherman,
which dry fly men throw at wot anglers generally.
I see I have omitted two of the best of flies, the claret (or brown) and
Mallard, and the red spinner. Both are effective when the lower sides of
big stones in the stream are to be seen covered with gnats, some of which
have a red look about the body, often caused bj^ a parasite.
On the high lakes where red erustacea of the order Copepoda are to be
seen, 1 think the Cardinal might be tried and any thing resembling a Daddy
long legs would 1 am sure be appreciated, these flies being very
numerous.
Skinagak, Kashmik,
December 1917.
F. J. MITCHELL.
Xo. XIX.— NOTE ON THE HABITS OF THE DEVTHS-HEAD
MOTH, ACUERONTIA STYX.
This morning on entering my bathroom I was surprised to find a huge
larva of Acheronlia styx on a wooden stool. T had been watching it for
some days with interest feeding and growing on a tomato plant about ten
feet outside the door, but had not expected to see it inside the house.
When lifting it out with two toothbrush handles I was surprised to hear
it squeak distinctly, not once nor twice merely but every time it was thus
handled.
760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
I see that Bainbrigge Fletcher in his " South Indian Insects," page 402
says, " The moth sqeaks when disturbed," but says nothing about the
ability of the larva to do likewise. I do not know whether this is a common
accomplishment of moth larvae !■'
W. B. BANNERMAN,
Surgeon-General, I, M.S.
Madras, 27th November 1917.
No. XX.— A NEW SPECIES OF PRYTOPHTHORA PARASITIC
ON THE PARA RUBBER TREE.
Recently a new species of Phytophthora has been found parasitic on
Hevea brasiliensis, the Para rubber tree. It occurs on the leaves, fruits and
shoots, causing the leaves to wilt and to fall, the fruits to rot, the branches
to die back partially and the tapped surface of the trunk to i-ot. It has
been named after Mr. A. H. Mead who first brought the disease to notice.
Phytojihthora Meadii, nov. spec. Mycelio ramoso ex hyphis primo conti-
nuis tandem septatis, 3-6/x usque ad lOw crassis, inter et intracellularibus;
sporangiophoris raraosis 10-200/^ longis sed aliquauto brevibus ; sporangiis
inversipyriformibus sed variis, terminalibus vel lateralibus, in fructibus
33-67 X 14-28^, in aqua submersis 20-44x16-29//,; zoosporis ovatis vel
ellipsoideis, biciliatis, ciliis 16-26;u. longis, sporis globosis 7-10/x ; oogoniis
pyriformis, hyaliuis, levibus vel rugosis, in fructibus 20-48 X 20-40ya in
cultibus 22-49 x 20-45/it ; antheridiis persistentibus, hyalinis, rotundis vel
ovoideis, levibus 8-16 x 10-16yu, et oogonii basem et oogoniophori partem
circumclaudentibus ; oosporis sphfericis, in fructibus 18-28 X 18-26/,t in
cultibus 16-32 x 15-32^ membrana 2-4^ crassa, mellea aut fulva, levi.
Hab. in foliis, fructibus, ramis cortice Heiea brasiliensis.
Travancore, Cochin, Malabar, Indite orient.
W. McRAE, •
Government Mycologist.
CoiMBATORE, 2nd January 1918.
No. XXI.— EXAMPLES OF MIMICRY IN SPIDERS.
( With an illustration.)
I am sending in a small phial by registered post two spiders illustrating
examples of mimicry.
The one is a small spider imitating a black ant, but the second mimics
a piece of dead leaf hanging in the web. The sjjider is a bright yellow,
precisely the shade one often sees in dead leaves, with black markings and
the abdomen is attenuated to resemble the stalk. The resemblance, when
the spider is at rest, is so close that I was deceived even after handling the
creature. 1 saw the usual debris hanging in a web and alongside what 1
to 3k to be par'- of a dead leaf, with the sides partly eaten away or weather-
ed away and the a ex dried and broken off. Expecting to find a spider
among the debris 1 poked my finger into them when the '^ leaf " ran up the
web. I then thought from the '' leaf " being somewhat convex with the
concave side away from me, that the spider was inside the flexed leaf and I
could see its legs protruding beyond the leaf; so I seized what I took to be
the stalk to look for the spider and it was only by a close scrutiny that I
saw the "leaf" was actually "the spider, the whole spider and nothing but
the spider."
Journ.i Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
(Sitlc ricw* of liaf-lihi- .</>ii/ir.)
Leak-likk >;imi)Eu i.v wei; (i'ohtioxi w
nir KKi-.itis.
AH three figures somewhat eiihir<:e(l. Actual total length in this position about
I", t'olour briifht dead leaf vellow Mi'th )tl;uk uiiirkiiiirs.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 761
I have rarely if ever seen an oxamplo of so close and exact a resemblance,
certainly novor a more deooptivo one.
To give some idea of the position of repose taken up in the web, which
is not likely to be retained after the tumult of its death in spirits, I have
made r? roupjh (very rongli I fear) sketches. The two first pair of legs are
extended forwards and liexcd, the others are closely apposed to the sides
and are indistinguishable without a lense from the body markings.
In many years of spider collecting and observation I have never seen
this species before. 1 should be much obliged if it can be named. I have
no work of reference with me and shall be glad if this note is of any value.
I took this spider in low jungle on a low hill in this district, about 30
miles from the sea and 150 feet above it.
The ant-mimic was on my office table at Gudar in this District.
C. E. C. FISCHER, i.r.s.
Nellore, 22nd November 1917.
No. XXII.— ON RED SEAWATER.
Very few of the numerous people who have travelled up and down the
Persian Gulf during the last three years can have failed to notice the
numerous patches of sea which look as if they had been sprinkled with
particles of red sand, or as if they were composed of a thick tomato
soup. These patches often extend over many acres, and a ship may pass
through such coloured patches for many miles.
The colour is a rather bright rusty red, and the appearance is due to
myriads of unicellular organisms (Protozoa), belonging to the Order
DINOFLAGELLATA, of the Class FLAGELLATA. They belong to the
genus NOCTILUCA* ; and, like the rest of the Dinoflagellates, they are
marked by the presence of a cellulose cuticle Avith transverse and
longitudinal grooves, each containing a whip-like thread or flagellum.
Noctiluca is one of the largest of the Dinoflagellates, and is visible to the
naked eye. It varies somewhat in size, averaging about one millimeter
(1/25 inch) in diameter. In shape it is globular, but slightly bilobed. It
swims freely in the sea by means of great vacuoles within the cell which
enable it to float. The protoplasm is situated eccentrically in the cell,
and is aggregated into a more or less spherical mass not exceeding about
0"05 millimeter (iJo inch) in diameter. From the periphery of this central
compact mass of protoplasm branched processes extend across the vacuoles
to the colourless cell wall ; the latter is rather thin and very slightly
wrinkled, but seems to be tolerably tough.
The longitudinal groove is not well developed, and its flagellum is so
minute that it is difficult to make it out. The other flagellum has the form
of a thick tentacle arising from a short transverse groove. This tentacle
exhibits constant, slow, worm-like movements in the living organism ; its
length corresponds to about half the diameter of the cell, but is somewhat
variable.
The colour of Noctiluca is due to that of the central clump of pro-
toplasm ; the fine branched processes Avhich extend from it are almost
colourless. As already stated the central mass of protoplasm is only
about jj^ inch in diameter ; a fact which enables one to realise the enor-
mous number of organisms which must be present to colour the surface
of the sea so deeply over such large areas.
• By some Xaturalif>ts Noctiluca i;? made the type of a Special Order, CF<S TO-
FLAGELLALA,
31
762 JOVRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Hist. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Besides the interest which is attached to Noctiluca as the cause of the
red colouration of the sea, there is another property of this I'lagellate which
brings it even more prominentlj^ before one's notice. As its name suggests,
Noctiluca is perhaps the commonest organism to which the diffused phospho-
rescence of the sea at night is due. So many marine animals and plants are
luminous that it is impossible to say off-hand to which one of them the phos-
phorescence on any particular night is mainly due; but, whatever other light-
emitting creatures are present, Noctiluca usually accompanies them, and it
is frequently the predominating form, both in tropical and home seas.
A common method of studying the minute marine floating organisms
(Plankton) is to run seawater from a bathroom tap through a very fine-
meshed silk net. By this means the solid contents of a considerable
quantity of water can be concentrated and examined. The solid particles,
animals and plants, are strained oft', and collect in a receptacle at the
bottom of the net. Unfortunately Noctiluca is a very fragile creature,
and is so broken up, if subjected to this process, tha^ nothing remains of
it, but its empty and shrivelled up cell wall ; in which condition it ceases
to be phosphorescent and easily escapes notice. It is easy, of course, to
procure undamaged specimens of Noctiluca by lowering a bucket over the
side of the ship at night, but it is difficult to isolate such a small creature,
for microscopic examination irj such a large quantity of water.
On a recent voyage through the Persian Gulf, I collected a bucketful of
* red water " about midday. With the exception of a very few minute
Entomostvaca, the only organism present was Noctiluca, which was in large
numbers. It remained alive and active up to 11 p.m. Whenever the bucket
was jarred, as by a sudden kick, the upper layer of the water became
intensely phosphorescent immediately, and remained so for a second or
two. Any concussion seems to cause these Flagellates to become luminous ;
one sees this very well in the momentary glow which appears in the waves
caused by the ship's progress through the water.
Although Noctiluca seems to be the usual cause of red water in the
Persian Gulf, a red colouration of the sea is not always due to it.
Dr. G. S. West mentions several other Peridinians (Dinoflagellates)
which cause a distinct colouration of the sea, by their presence in very
large numbers. He says (Cambridge Botanical Handbooks, Algpe, Vol. I.)
" In the Indian Ocean, Ceratiuni volans sometimes gives the water a
brownish purple colour ; in the Japanese Seas, Gonyaula.T polygramma is
frequently the cause of a brown colouration of the water ; and in the
vicinity of Bombay, Peridijiium sanyuineum has been known to colour the
sea red. Gonyaulax polyedra causes a red colouration of large areas of the
sea off the coast of California during the summer months ; it also exhibits
a luminosity at night,"
Another Alga, one of the Myxophycete, Trichodesmiuni evythraum,
frequently colours the Red Sea. One of my brother officers tells me that
he also collected some " red water" in the Persian Gulf about a year
ago; the organism that he found was "rod-shaped "; possibly this was
Trichodesmium, which, however, I have not observed myself.
In spite of much good work that has been done for its determination
in all these cases, the exact nature of the red pigment, and its disposition
in the cell, remain uncertain. The species of Noctiluca found in European
Seas is N. miliaris. That which is so common in the Persian Gulf appears
to be indistinguishable morphologically from this form, but I do not know
whether it is actually specifically identical.
H. J. WALTON, C.M.Z.S., Lieut. -Col., i.m.s.
Bombay, February 1915.
L*" -mik^^
i-< #
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 763
No. XXIII.— CULTIVATION OF THE EDIBLE DATE PALM
PHCENIX DACTYLIFERA IN SOUTH INDIA.
(With a plate.)
At the present time when eflbrts are being made to develop the indigen-
ous resources of India, the following account of the successful cultivation
of the date palm in the Central Jail at Trichinopoly may be of interest to
members of the Society.
In the article on the date palm by Father E. Blatter, in Vol. XX of our
Society's Journal, it is said at page 681, that the tree has been grown in
the Deccan, but there is no notice of cultivation in any region to the South
of that. It was therefore quite a surprise to me to find a flourishing grove
of these palms growing vigorously inside the walls of the Trichy Jail.
The following account is from information supplied to me by the late
Mr. R. Shubrick, who for many years was the Superintendent of the
Central Jail, one of the largest of the prisons in the Madras Presidency.
The photographs sent herewith were got from him also, and show the results
of his experiment very well indeed.
Mr. Shubrick told me that he got the first idea of date growing from the
Boer prisoners camp near Trichy. It seems that the Boers w^ere very fond
of dates and were in the habit of spitting the stones out over the verandah.
These stones germinated freely, and it appears that the only remains of the
prisoners camp is the numerous date trees that have grown from these ejected
stones. One is inclined to ask whether the date groyes of Sind did notarise
from the date stones spat out by the soldiers of Alexander the Great.
In the autumn of 1900 Mr. Shubrick bought a box of " Muscat " dates
from the Army and Navy Stores in Bombay, and encouraged by their
freshness sowed some of the seeds in a large flower pot. These germinated
80 freely that the rest were sowed in a seedbed in the jail where they
safely passed through the hot weather of 1901. In the rains they were
planted out in front of one of the rows of cells which sheltered them from
the S. W. winds. They were planted in pits three foot square and ten feet
apart. In 1902 another row was planted making, in all, some 70 trees.
Nearly the whole of these trees are still alive and flourishing, and the
few that died were replaced by seedlings sown in the pit direct, as it was
found by experience that a seed bed was not really necessary. The time
of year for sowing appears to be immaterial, as seeds do equally well sown
in March or July at Trichinopoly. " All the cultivation that was given to
the plants was that the soil round them was kept loose and clean and that
during the hot and dry weather, the plants were watered daily. About the
third year the young trees change colour and become a greenish grey. As
the leaves at the base become dry they need lopping." The trees appear
to be hardy.
In February 1907 three trees came into flower of which one was a male.
Not knowing at that time that artificial fertilisation was necessary the
fruit came to nothing and by May had disappeared In February 1908
seven trees flowered, of which four Avere males. Mr. Sampson, the Dy.
Director of Agriculture, saw them in flower and demonstrated the proper
method of performing artificial fertilisation on one of the trees, by tying
one of the male spikes among the female ones. A few days later. Colonel
Bamber, I. M.S., saw the trees and under his advice another was similarly
fertilised. Both these trees produced good fruit which ripened in June.
The third unfertilised tree produced imperfect fruit, " inasmuch as all
three ovules have survived, while in fertilised trees one ovule survives at
the expense of the other two. This fruit is only ripening now, July, and
is seedless and poor."
764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
As to cultivation, the cost would be about the same as for a cocoanut
tope. Whether watering is really necessary or not Mr. Shubrick does not
know but opines that they might do without it. But vide instructions for
cultivation printed at p. 688, Vol. XX of the Journal.
W. B. BANNERMAN, Surgn.-Genl., i.m.s.
Madras, 12t?i January 1918.
[ The Revd. El. Blatter, S.J., has kindly furnished the following-
note on the above : —
'' Experience has shown that, on an average, the rainfall during the
flowering and fruiting period should not exceed 5 inches. This condition
is fulfilled in the case of Trichinopoly. Its mean annual rainfall is 37
inches. Up to the latter part of April, but little rain falls. At the end
of this month and in May thunderstorms are frequent, and the average
rainfall of May is nearly 4 inches. June and July again are dry months,
there being on an average only 6 rainy days in the two months. Rain
becomes more freqvient in Angust and September, and reaches its maxi-
mum in October, in which month there are about 11 rainy days. Novem-
ber and December are also more or less rainy (ex Blanford). As to
temperature and humidity, the conditions of Trichinopoly are the best
possible. The mean temperature is 82*^ F., and the mean humidity is 63
per cent., and in April, the driest month, only 54 per cent. Even in June
and Jidy it is only 57 per cent., but in November it rises to 76 per cent.
It is interesting to note that the trees mentioned by Surgeon-General
Bannerman flowered on February and ripened their fruit in June, viz., a full
month (or perhaps even more) before the usual flowering and fruiting season
in the well-known date-producing countries. A month later would be
fatal to flower and fruit
There is apparently no reason why the cultivation of the date-palm
could not be conducted successfully in many parts of the Deccan and
Southern India, provided always that there is a dry period sufficiently
long for the reproductive action of the palm. Prof. J. N. Eraser informs
me that excellent dates have for a long time been grown at Shorapur
(Gulberga Dist. of Hyderabad)." ]
No. XXIV.— FALL OF SEED IN A RAINSTORM.
Under the above heading in Note XX of the Journal of 15th September
1917, Mr. Brook-Fox records a "fall" of grains of a red variety of Jowari
during a rain-storm in the Junagadh State, on 12th April 1917. He con-
siders that the grains must have been ^' blown in'' ^ fiom a neighbouring
province.
I venture to question the probability of this explanation and to ofl'er
another. The dispersal of seeds by wind is, of course, a recognized scien-
tific fact. But the phenomenon is confined either to seeds having a defi-
nite wind-dispersal mechanism, or to seeds of extreme lightness. Of the
former the achenes of the compositse with their parachute pappus are the
best known instance,-— of the latter the seeds of Orchids. To take the
latter first it is by reason of their lightness that the seeds of Orchids are
able to reach and germinate in the branches of trees. But the distance
which such seeds are able to travel is probably slight, and this is borne out
Dy the extremely restricted distribution of the majority of the species. As
regards the achenes of compositte they can certainly travel great distances.
Recently experiments have been made to discover the air-movement re-
quired to keep various achenes upon the wing (so to speak) : (Proceedings
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 765
of tho Liiuiacan Sneiety, October 1917, p. T)). Of thoso toatod it was foiind
that tho bost llier was tlio achoue of T'li.-'ailayo farfara L., tho English
" Colt's-foot," which ro([uiro(l an air-moveniont of only "62 of a mile per
hour. The ri'st varied between that and 7*7 milea per hour. But it is to
bo remembered that these are all seeds with a pappus at the top specially
designed for this very purpose. The carriage over at least l!0 miles of sea
of certain air-borne spores and seeds was proved by Treub, who found on
Krakatoa, ;5 years after tho eruption, eleven ferns, two species of composi-
tse, and two grasses, all of which could have been conveyed by wind (Schimp-
er, Plant (Geography, Eng. Edn. 1903, p. 80). Unfortunately Schimperdoes
not mention to what species the two grasses belonged. But there are a few
grasses whoso seeds possess a definite wind dispersal mechanism. None
of theabove observatitni lend any colour to the idea that a comparatively
large, smooth seed like that and jowari, artificially developed over ages
in order to contain as much farituiceous luatter as possible, and therefore
heavy even for its size, could be transported any considerable distance by
a storm.
Moreover any wind strong enough to raise and hold the grains of jowari
would inevitably raise and hold also a quantity of other matter, leaves,
straw, paper, &c.
I venture therefore to suggest that this jowari was deposited in the
excrement of migratory birds, which at that time (April) would be going
north in large numbers. 1 take it that the grains were not actually seen to
fall, in which case it may be assumed that flocks of birds either intention-
ally, or through pressure of the storm, alighted at the point where the
grains were afterwards collected. If the home of the jowari variety could
be traced that would give the line of passage of the birds. Seed dispersal
by birds is, of course, also a recognized method of plant distribution.
As a means of "forecasting the weather this phenomenon is almost
certainly useless, like all other special extraneous phenomena ; and Mr.
Brook-Fox does not suggest otherwise.
L. J. SEDGWICK.
Dharwak District, )
22th January 1918. \
766
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 6th DECEMBER 1917.
A meeting of Members and their friends of the Bombay Natural History
Society took place on Thursday, the 6th December 1917, Mr. John Wallace
presiding.
The election of the following 22 new members since the last meeting
was announced : — Mr. B. H. Bird, I.C.S., Mianwali, Punjab; Mr. T. De
(jrruyther, Lucknow ; Mr. W. St. G. Ashe, Moran P. O., Assam ; Lt. 0. E.
Fellows Manson, Kohat ; Capt. W. E. Brierley, I.M.S., F.Pt.C.S., Bombay;
Mr. R. C. Busher, Naini Tal ; Mr. Wm. Douglas, Namrup P.O., Upper
Assam ; Mr. H. Frohlick, Bombay ; Major C. F. Scroope, Basra ; Mr.
Charles Northway, Ceylon ; Mr. Oscar Lindgren, Darjeeling ; Mr. C. E.
Lynch, Assam; The Secretary, Public Library, Allahabad, U.P. ; Rev. P. O.
Bodding, Dumka, Santal Parganas ; Mr. W. J. B. Brooke, Bombay ; 2nd Lt.
G. H. Porter, Poona; Mr. D. F. Woods, Kurduvadi, Deccan ; Mr. A.
Steel, Virudupatti, S.I.,; Mr. E. 0. King, Madura, S.I.; Mr. A. F. Osborne,
Madura, S.I. ; Mr. E. Erb, Bombay ; and Mr, M. N. Murray, Harda, C.P.
The following contributions to the Museum were received since the last
meeting : —
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
1 Otter {Lutra Intra)
Ludhiana, Punjab
Mr. H. Whistler,
,F.Z.8., M.B.O.U.
1 Bengal Porcupine {Hyi<tri.v
Sylliet, Assam . .
Mr. John Curror.
bengalensis.)
1 Loris {Nycticebus sp.) . .
(Purchased in
Bombay).
Mr. W. S. Millard.
11 Mammals . . . . "^
53 Birds 1
2 Boxes of Insects and several f
Dalhousie
Capt. N.B. Kinnear.
botanical specimens. J
1 Pig Skull . . 1
59 Birds |
2 Hares |
5 Snakes . . . . . . )■
Mesopotamia
Capt. C. R. Pitman.
2 Lizards . .
2 Fish ,
I Persian Mongoose {Mungos^
pemicus.) |
1 Great Snipe {Gallinago v
Basra
Lt.-Col. F. P.Connor.
major.) \
2 Snakes and few Insects i
1 Owlet {Scops giu)
Off Bunder Abbas.
Corpl. F. L. Hunni-
kin.
1 Javelin Earth Snake {F^rgd
Mesopotamia
Capt.C. W.Sanders.
jaculus.)
10 Insects . .
Do.
Mr. J. M. S. Cul-
bertson.
1 Banded Krait (Bimgarus fasci-
Upper Assam . .
Mr. W. Douglas,
atus.)
PROCEEDlXaS.
767
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
1 Cicada . . J
1 Booted Eagle ( Hiertetus \
Ilasimara
Mr. H. V. O'Donel.
pennatus.) i
1 Mantis . . 3
1 Chameleon (alive) {Chama^/eon
Ajmere . .
Mr. W. E. Shipp.
calcarcituK.)
26 Birds' Eggs
Sutlej Valley,
Kashmir.
Mr. W. Davies.
6 Birds
Kurla, Bombay
Island.
Mr. S. H. Prater.
1 Bat {Rhinolophus rou.vi) 1
2 Lizards {Calotes sp.) . . j
1 Tree Frog {Rhacojihorus tna- [
labaricus.) i
Mt. of Guirim,
Mr. P. F. Gomes.
Bardez, Goa.
2 Dragon Flies . . |
4 Butterflies . . . J
1 Fat-Tailed Lizard (Eublepha-
Nowshera, N. W.
Major H. R, Watson.
rius maculanus.)
F, P.
1 Black-crowned Finch-Lark
10 miles of Kara-
Uo.
{Pi/rrhulatida vielanauchen .)
chi.
1 Pigmy Shrew . .
Basra
Capt. F. C. Fraser,
A collection of Snakes, Birds and
Bagdad . . • . .
I. M.S.
Capt. CM. Ingold-
Mammals.
by.
A collection of Bird and Mammal
Baluchistan
Capt. J. E. B. Hot-
skins.
son.
Minor contributions from Mr. J. G. Morris, Mrs. M. Xeville, Mr. A. E.
Jones, Capt. Anderson, and Col. Stevens.
PAPER READ.
The Rev. E. Blatter, S. J. and Prof. F. Hallberg then read a paper
entitled "Across the Indian Desert" in which they related their recent
experiences in a botanical tour in Rajputana.
PR0CEEDI>;GS of the meeting held on 21st
FEBRUARY 1918.
A meeting of members and their friends took place yesterday, the 2l8t
February 1918, Mr. John Wallace presiding.
The election of the following 32 members since the last meeting was
announced: — Mr. E. Lieberherr, Bombay; Capt. P. H. Gosse, R.A.M.C.,
Poona ; Mr. A. Narayanan Nair, B.A., Travancore ; Mr. B. H. Duxbury,
Bombay; Capt. D. H. Hadden, M.C., R.A.M.C, Poona; Mr. H. R. Rish-
worth, Bombay; Lt. C. B. Ticehurst, M.A., M.B.O.U., R.A.M.C, Karachi;
Mr. W. H. Lewis, Bettiah ; Mr. Sarban C. Latif, Calcutta ; Capt. G. Laverton,
A.D.C, Bombay; Mr. J. A. Duke, Seoni-Chappara ; Mr. C W. Scott Coward,
Ahmedabad ; Mr. W. J. M. Peebles, Shahibag, Ahmedabad ; Mr. J. Steven-
son, Ahmedabad ; The Mess Secretary, Officers' Mess, 99th Infantry,
Ahmedabad; Mr. Wm. McRae, Coimbatore; Capt. A. J. Hawes, R.A.M.C,
Poona: Corporal H. Whitehead, R.A.M.C, B.Sc, Mesopotamia; Mr. F. J
768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Rimington, Bombay; Mr. D. M. Stewart, Ajmer ; Mr. L. A. Krishna Iyer,
B.A., North Travancore ; Mr. Sara Higginbotham, Allahabad ; Lt. R.
McConnell, R.N., Bombay ; Mr. N. M. Billimoria, Bhuj, Ciitch ; Mr. S. Basil
Edwards, Calcutta ; Mr. W. H. H. Young, Lahore ; Raja Pratap Singh,
CLE , AH Rajpur, C.I. ; H. H. Rana Ranjit Singh, K.C.S.I., Barwani, C.I. ;
Mrs. R. C. Edge, P. W, D., Ranchi ; Mr. R. H. G. Hastings, Tavoy, L.
Burma ; Lt. H. Thomson, Poona ; and the Librarian, Central India Agency
Office, Indore, C.I.
ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE.
The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present
year ;—P/'<'.sit?ew^ : H. E. the Right Hon. Lord Willingdon, G.C.I.E. Vice-
Presidents: Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B., the Hon. Mr. Justice N. C.
Macleod and H. H. the Maharao of Cutch, G.C.I.E. Managing Committee ;
—Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S. ; Mr. T. R. Bell, I.F.S. ; Mr. C. L.
Burns; Rev. F. Blatter. S.J. ; Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S, ; Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans,
CLE. ; Major M. L. Ferrar ; Col. F. 0. Eraser, I.M.S.; Prof. G. A. Gammie ;
Mr. F. Hannyngton, LC.S.; Mr. C M. Inglis ; Prof. V. N. Hate ; Mr. N. B.
Kinnear ; Major W. G. Liston, CLE., I. M.S. ; Mr. F. M. Mackwood ; Mr.
H. P. Macnaghten ; Mr. L. H. Savile, A.M.I.C.E.; Mr. R. A. Spence ; Lt.-
Colonel H. J. Walton, LM.S., C.M.Z.S. ; and Mr. John Wallace.
Honorary Secretary : Mr. W. S. Millard and Honorary Treasurer :
Mr, L. Robertson, C.S.I., LC.S.
Contribution. ♦
Locality.
Donor.
1 Tiger {Felis tigris)
Central Provinces.
Mr. A. A. Dunbar
Brander.
2 Bengal Porcupines (Hgstri.i
Imphal . .
Mr. J. C Higgins,
bengalensis).
I.C.S.
] Beatrix Antelope {Oryx hea-
Western Arabia. .
Supdt., V. Gardens,
tri.v).
Bombay,
3 Persian Gazelles (alive) {Gazel-
Basrah . .
Dy. Civil Commis-
la sp.)
sioner.
4 Jackals {Canis aureus) "|
1 Mongoose {Mungos persicus) I
Baghdad . .
Capt. C M. Ingold-
1 Tatera (Tatera sp.) . . C
by.
8 Birds j
3 Saw-scaled Vipers (JScAis ca-
Lahore
Do.
rinata).
23 Snakes . .
Jullundhur
Do.
1 Persian Hare {Lepus craspe- \
dotis). \
Bushire . .
Lt.-Col. G.P.Evans.
1 Jackal (Canis aureus) . . j
1 Kalij Pheasant {Gennoius albo-
Kumaon . .
Do.
cristatus).
2 Grizzled Indian Squirrels (Ra-
Madura, S. I. . .
Mr. R. F. Stoney.
tufa sp.)
2 Persian Gazelle masks {Gaz-'\
ella sp.) j
1 Fox ( Vidpes) . . . . I
1 Head and neck and wing of [
Mesopotamia
Capt. C R. Pitman.
a Grey Lag Goose {Anser
anser).
PROCEEDINCIS.
■69
Contribution.
Locality.
Donor.
'2 Hoafls and nocks anil wing \
of Whito-frontoil Geese /
{Anser albifruns). "
iiS Birds . . ' . , . . I
1 Partridge egg . .
1 Squirrel ( Tomeutes sp.) . .
1 Bonelli's Eagle {Hieraiitus ^
Jasciatus). t
1 Indian Tawny Eagle {Aqui- j
la vindhiaiio .) )
1 Arakau Hill Partridge {Arhi-^
ricola intermedi.) . . [
1 Tufted Duck (S'l/roca fnii- [
f/ula) . . . . . . J
1 Bittern {Botaurus stellaris)
I
1 Shoveller {Spatula clypeata)
1 Smew {yieryus albellus)
1 Comb Duck (Sarcidioniis vie-
lanonotus).
1 Painted Snipe (Hostratula^
ca2)eni<i-<).
1 Little Button Quail {Twni.r |
(hifisumiefi). )■
1 albino Grey Quail {Coturniv
communis),
1 albino Jungle Babbler (C'ra-
tf-ropus canorus).
■J Common Sandgrouse [Pteio-
clurus e.iustus).
1 Holler ( Coraciaa india) . .
1 Water Scorpion
1 1 Birds
3<l Snakes . . . . . . ■)
0 Lizards . . . . . . J-
U Frogs J
4 Snakes
1 Horse-shoe Viper {Lachesis stri-
f/atus).
1 Ifose-coloured Starling [Pastor
roseus).
1 Variegated Kukri Snake
( (Jlii/odon sub(/ri*eus) .
Botanical Specimens
A collection of mammals, birds,
and botanical specimen.
Mesopotamia
(ialaghat, Assam.
Fatehpur, U. P.. .
Putao. I '. Burma.
Kauna J heel, 6
miles from If a
walpindi.
Samara, Mesopo
tamia.
l^markot, Sind . .
Siud
Muscat
Naga Hills, Assam.
Wynaad . .
Mibag
Kundas, 8,000* . .
BycuUa, liombay.
Narsinghpur, ('.P.
Mesopotamia
Panjgur-Tarbat . .
Capt. C. i;. I'itman.
Mr. E. L. C. Bishop.
Mr. S. G. deC. Ire-
land, i.c.s.
Major W. J. Massy.
Mr. F. J. Mitchell.
Capt. R. Hobkirk.
Mr. H. D. Basker-
ville, I.c.s.
Mr. C. O. Lowsly
Capt. C, W. Sanders.
Mr. J. P. Mills.
Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
C.M.Ii., I..M..S.
Mr. A. Alcoek. i.c.s.
Major K. E. Wright,
I. M.S.
Mr, T. M. Evans.
Mr. P. S. I'atuck,
I.c.s.
Corporal H. White-
head.
Capt. J . E. B. Hot-
son, I.A.Il.O.
770 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL RIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV.
Minor contributions from Mr. F. Atlay, Major F. A. H. Clarke, r.a.m.c,
Mr. W, S. Millard, Mr. J. E. Needham, Mr. W. S. Rogers and Sir J. S.
Donald.
ACCOUNTS FOR 1917.
Mr. L. Robertson, C.S.I., I.C.S., the Honorary Treasurer, presented that
account for 1917. Referring to the membership he remarked that the total
number of members at the end of 1917 was 1,738 as compared with 1,711
at the end of 1914. It was a matter for congratulation that there had
been no decline in the number of members during the years of war. It
was, however, very desirable that members should endeavour to persuade
others to join as the income from members' subscriptions was the mainstay
of the finance of ttie Society and, indeed, the Journal which the members
received free was well worth the small annual subscription of Rs. 15.
Turning to the figures in the accounts Mr. Robertson explained that
the year opened with a balance of Rs. 5,700 and closed with the balance of
Rs. :2,y46. Ordinary income and expenditure were about the same as last
year. A sum of Rs. 10,000 was invested in War Bonds. The staff had
also been assisted to subscribe to the War Loan by advances on easy terms
and a sum of Rs. 1,032 had been utilized in this way.
The Mammal Funds Accounts were also dealt with. Owing to the ab-
sence of the collectors on active service not much work was being carried
on, but several of the members had been good to work for the Society and
some interesting collections had been received from Mesopotamia and
Baluchistan. The year opened with a balance of Rs. 9,333 and closed with
a balance of Rs. 8,962. This will suflice to carry on the work in the present
restricted scale, but when collectors again become available an energetic
appeal would have to be made for funds.
Mr. Robertson mentioned that the Secretary of State, Mr. Montagu, paid
a visit to the Society's Museum in January last and took great interest in
the collections and in the work being done by the Mammal Survey.
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were read : — (1) " The Cultivation of the Edible
Date Palm in India " by Surgeon-General W. B. Bannerman, C.S.I.,
I. M.S. :— In which an account was given of the successful cultivation of
this palm in Trichinopoly Gaol. Photographs of the trees and fruit were
exhibited and it was suggested that the cultivation might prove successful
at many places in the Deccan. (2) " On Non-parasitic Plant Diseases " by
the Revd. E. Blater, S. J. The papers will be published in full in the
Society's Journal. The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the various
contributors.
^omban llatut^l Ipistarn S^0cictn.
OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE ME31BERS, AND MEMBERS
ON 1st DECEMBER 1918.
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
Ipre5i&ent.
H. E. The Right Honourable Lord Williagdon, g.c.i.b.
Dice*lpresiDcut5.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, b.a., ll.b. ' The Hon'ble Mr. Justice N. ('.
I Macleod.
H. H. Sir Shri Keiigurji Savvai Bahadur (g.c.s.i., G.c.I.e.),
the Maharao Saheb of Outch.
1l3on. Secretary?.
Mr. AV. S. Millard.
Ibon. Uceasurcr.
Mr. li. H. Savile
Ibon. EMtors.
Mr. W. S. Millard.
Mr. R. A. Speuce. | Mr. N. B. Kinnear.
/IDanaoiiuj Committee.
Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, f.b.s. ) Mr. C M. Ingli!^.
Mr. T. R. Bell, i.f.s. Mr. X. B. Kinnear.
Rev. E. Blatter, S.J. 1 Lt.-Col. W. G. Liston , c.i.e.
Mr. E. Comber, f.z.s. lm.s.
Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans, c.i.e., f.l.s. Mr. F. M. Mackwood.
Major M. L. Ferrar, i.a.
Major F. C. Eraser, i.M.s.
Prof. G. A. Gamniie.
Mr. F. Hannyngton, i.c.s.
Prof. V.iS. Hate.
Capt. J. E. B. Hotx.n. i.a.k.o.
Mr. H. P. \V. Macnaghten.
Mr. L. H. Savile, a.m.i.c.e.
Mr. R. A. Spence.
Lt.-Col. H. .J. Walton, I. M.S.,
C.M.Z.S.
Mr. John Wallace, c.K.
§mrthK^ '^utmul pistnrg .Socutn*
LIST OF MEMBERS.
LIFE MEMBERS.
Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sultiin Mahomod Shaha
(g. C.S.I.) ... ... ... ... Europe.
Alwar, H. H. the Maharaja Sawai Jey Singu
BahaJoor Ck.c.s.i., k.c.t.b.)..- ... ... Alwar.
Baker, E. (-. Stnart (f.z.s., m.b.o.u.) .. ... Europe.
Balkrishna Venayok VVassoodew (b.a.) ... Bombay.
Baroda, The Curator, State Museum ... ... Baroda.
Barodti, H. H. tlie Maharaja Sir Sayaji Rao
(g.C.s.I.), Gaokwar of ... ... ...Baroda.
Barton, E. L. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Barwatii, Capt. H. H. Rana Ranjit Singh, k.c.s.i. Barwani, O.I.
Beale, H. F. .. ... ... .. Europe.
Bliownag<»r, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Bhaosingji
Takhtsingji (g.C.s.i.) ... ... ... Bhownagar.
Bhurie Suioh, ti. W. Sir (k.c.^M., O.I.B.) ... Ohamba.
Bikiineer, H. H. Colonel Sir GuDga Singh (g.C.s.i.,
G.C.I.E.), Maharaja of ... ... ... Bikaneer.
Bridgeman, The Hon'ble Major H. G. 0. (r.b'.a.) Europe.
Biirder, H. 0, ... ... ... ... Europe.
Bute, Tlie Most Hon'ble Marquis of ... ... Europe,
Caccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) ... ... ... Europe.
Cassamalli J.iinijbhoy Poerbhoy ... ... Bombay.
Clarke, L. 0. fi.C S.) ... ... ... Dibrugarh.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. ... ... ... Europe.
Oooch Behar, Maharaj Kumar Victor N. Narayaii. Cooch Behar.
Coode, J. M. ... ... ... ... Lahore.
Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. ... ... ... Rawni Pindi.
Cr.iw, H. H. (i.C.S.) ... ... .. itan2:oon.
Currimbiioy Ebmhim, Sir, Bart. ... ... Bombay.
Cursetji, Kh m Bahadoor C. M. ... ... Bombay.
Outch, H. H. Sir Shrj Kengurji Sawai Buliadoor
(G.c.r.B., G.C.s.I.), Maharao Saheb of... ... Cutch.
Davidson, Major J. (i.m.s., d.s.o.) ... ... Dehra Dun.
Dawson, W. H. fl.C.s.) ... ... ... Europe.
Dhar, 11. H. Mahar ija of Tk-CS.!.) ... ... Dhar.
Dbrangadhra H. H. Ghanshy.im Sinhji, Rajah
Saht'b of ... ... ... ... Kath'awiir.
Dliiinjibiioy Bomanji ... ... ... J'ombay.
Drak()-l5rockma!i. Lt.-Ool. 11. E. (i.M.s., F.z.S.) ... F*)Ombay.
Duxbury, Major 0. P. ... ... ... Anibula.
LIST OF LIFE MEMIiERS. xxxi
Foulkes, Lt.-(Jol. T. 11. (i.m.s.) ... ... Adon.
Gtiiniuie, Professor G. A. ... ... ... Kirkee.
Gonsalves, A. F. ... ... ... ... Bandra.
Hide, P. ... .,. ... ... ... Europe.
Hill, Major R. D. 0. ... ... ... Europe.
Holkar, H. H. tlie Maliaraja Tukuji Ivao ... liidore.
Htisliaiv.l?, H. W. S. (M.C, A.M.I.c.E.) ... ... Europe.
Hjain, Judah (g.b.v.c, f.z.s.) ... ... Pusa, Bengal.
Iclialkaranji, Tho Hon'blo ]\Ioherban Narayenrao
Goviiul, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of .. Kolbapur.
Idar, Maharaj Kumar Major Dowlatsingh, A.D.c... Idar.
Inglls, C. M. ... ... ... ... Laheria-Sarai, P.O.
Darbhanga.
[nverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b.) ... „. ... Europe.
Ivens, J. H. ... =,. ... ... Europe.
Jainkliandi, Shrimant Parashrain Ramchandra
Patwarilha)!, The Chief of ... ... Kolhapur.
Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Navvab of ... Janjira.
Jinil,H. H. The Maharaja 8ir Raiibir Singh (K.u.S.l.,
G.c.i.E.) ... ... ... .... Jind, Punjab.
Kagal, iMehorban Piraji Rao Ba[>oo Saheb Ghote,
Chief of ^ ... ... ... ... Kagal, S. M. 0.
Khan, Muueherji Framji ... ... ... Bombay.
Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Sliahu Chhatrapati, The
Maharaja of (g.C.S.i., G.c.v.o., G.c.i.E.) ... Kolhapur.
Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor (k.c.s.i.,
G.C.S.I.), the Maharaja of ... ... ...Kotah.
Lamb, Sir Richard (i.c.s., k.c.s.i., c.le.) ... Europe.
Lee, D. H. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Long, G. R, (i.F.s.) ... ... ... Rangoon.
Manavadar, Khan Shree Fatehdin Khan, Chief of... Kathiawar.
Mandlik, iS'arayan Vishvanath ... ... Bombay.
Marshall, Arch. McL. ... ... ... Europe.
MarshuU, J. McL. ... ... ... Europe.
Martin, Cob Gerald... ... ... ...Europe.
Millard, VV. S. (f.Z.s.) ... ... ... Bombay.
Mills, J. D. ... ... ... ... Europe,
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadlrarrao Ganesh, aZ^oeBaba-
saheb Patwardhan, Chief of ... ...Miraj.
Montcatli, G. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Jalgaon.
Morris, Lt.-Col. D. 0. ... ,.. ... Saugor, C. P.
xxxii LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS.
Mosse, Major A. H, E. (i.A.) ... ... ... Kathiawar.
Murland, Major H. F. ... ... .. Bombay.
Mysore, H. H. Krishna Raj Woodayar Bahadoor
(g.c.s.i.). the Maharaja of .,,. ... ... Mysore.
Naraenji Dwarkadas ... ... ... Bombay,
Narotum Morarji Goculdas ... ... ... Bombay.
Nurse, Lieut.-Col. C. G. (f.b.s.) ... ... Europe.
Ogilvie, G. H. (i.f.s.) .. ... ... Rangoon.
Olivier, Col. H. D. (r.e., f.z.s.) ... ... Europe,
Patiala, H. H. the Maharaja of ... ... Patiala.
Pestonji Jivanji (N.C.s.) ... ... ... Hyderabad, Deccan,
Petit, Dhuujibboy Bomanji ... ... ... Bombay.
Petit, Jehuugir Bomanji ... ... ... Bombay.
Phipson, H. M. (F.z.s.) ... ... ... Europe.
Poncins, Viscount Edmond do ... ... Europe.
Rae, Major M. E. ... ... ... ... Bushire.
Ravenshaw, Gol. C. W. ... ... ... J'Jjirope.
Roberts, Lieut.-Col. M. B. ... ... ... Gortiwal, U. P.
Ross, Major Tyrell ... ... ... ...Europe.
Sangli, Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasuheb Pat-
wardhan, Chief of Sangli ... ... ... S:ingli, S. M. C
Scindia, H. H. The Maharaja, Sir Madhowrao
(g.c.s.i., G.C.v.o.)... ... ... ... Gvvalior.
Seton-Karr, Capt. B. W. ... ... ... Europe.
Smith, H. C. ... ... ... ... Bombay.
Spooner, T. J. (c.b.) ... ... ... Gadag.
Standen, B. (g.i.e., i.c.s.) ... ... .. Pachiinxrhi, (;. P.
Tata, Sir Dorabji J. ... ... ... Bombay.
Tehri, Garhvval State, H. H. Raja Narendra Shah
Sahib Bahadur of Tehri ... ... ... Ajmer.
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas ... ... Andheri.
Tilly, T. H. ... ... w. ... British Columbia.
Travancore, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sultan Rama
Raja Bahadoor (g.c.s.i., G.C.I.E.) ... ... Trivandrum.
Vaughan, W. (f.e.S.) ... ... ... Europe.
Venning, Major F. E. W. ... ,„ ... Mesopotamia.
Venour, Lt.-Col. W. E. ... ... ... Kohat.
Walker, Roland ... ... ... ... Bombay.
Wroughton, R. C. (f.z.s.) ... ... ... Europe.
Yerhury, ('ol. •). W. ... ... ... Europe.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
XXXUI
MEMBERS-
Abbay, Capt. B. N.
Abbott, H. G.
Abbott, Major S. H. L. (i.m.s.)
Abraliam, E. F. (i.c.s.)
Acott, A. S. V. (i.c.s.)
Acworth, E. C. B. ...
Adiim, J. B. Mercer (i.f.s.) ...
Adam, N. M. (r.a.)
Adam, C. G. (i.c.s.)
Adams, G. G.
Addington, Capt. the Hon'ble R. A. ...
Advani, M. S. (cs.)
Aga Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan Mahomed
Shah [Life Me?nber)
Aga Shah Rook Shah
Agharker, Shankar Purshotum
Ahmedabad P. R. Training College, Principal ...
Ainslie, Lt.-Col. H. P.
Ainsworth, Major H. (i.m.s.)...
xxlFCly (/ • ••• »•• ««« ••• •••
Aitchison, D.
Aitchison, P. E. (i.f.s.)
Aitken, A. B. (m.c.)
. Lucknow.
. Europe.
, Europe.
. Europe,
. Nawabshah, Sind.
. Bombay.
,. Europe,
,. Mesopotamia.
,. Bombay.
,. Dar-es-Salaam.
.. Bombay.
.. Broach.
Aitken, C. E.
Aiyar, T. V. Ramkrishna
Akalkot, Raj'4 Fatesingrao ...
Ali, Amir A.
Ali Rajpiir, C.I., Raja Pratap Singh (c.i.E.)
Ali, Salim A.
Allahabad Public Library, The Secretary
Allan, C. W. (b.f.s.)
Allen, C. H. P.
Allen, G. 0. (i.c.s.)
Ailing, K. S.
Alwar, H. H. Maharaja Sawai Jaisingh Bahadur,
K.C.S.I., K.c.i.B. (Life Member)
Amur Singh, Ca})t. Kumar ...
American Museum of Natural Higtory, The
Librarian
Amman, A. C.
Anderson, Major F.
Anderson-Morshead, Capt. R. Y.
Andrew, G. P. (i.c.s.)
Andrews, E. A.
Andrewes.H. Leslie
Angelo, Capt. N. L.
... Europe.
... Poena.
... Europe.
... Ahmedabad.
... Bangalore.
... Europe.
... Nilgiris.
... Madras.
... Thana.
... Mesopotamia.
... Bushire.
... Coimbatore.
... Akalkot.
. .. Mahboobnagar
... Ali Rajjiur.
... Bombay.
... Allahabad.
... Maymyo.
... Sabarmati.
... Mussoorie, V .
.. Europe.
Alwar, Rajputana.
Delhi.
New York.
Champaran.
Gapun, Burma.
Trimulgherry.
Gorakhpur.
Assam,
Africa.
Mesopotamia,
XXXIV
LIST OF MEMBERS.
AnnanJale, Dr. N.... ...
Anuesley, F. C.
Anstead, R. D.
Antram, C. B. (f.b.s.)
Appleford, W. P. ...
Archbald, W.
Armstrong, Capt. J. A. (r.a.M.c.)
Armstrong, R. S. ...
Arnoiild, F. G.
Arthur, Capt. D. (lm.s.)
Arthur, Major E. J.
Arthur Library, The Honorary Secretary
Arundel- Barker, Mrs. M. C...
A.sn, xl. xJ. ,. ... ...
Ashe, W. St. G.
Aspmwal), J. E.
Allay, J?. j.< •*. ...
Austin, W. Y. ... ,i.
Autstralian Museum, The Secretary
Backliouse, Rev. B. H.
Bacon, A. L.
Baguall, Major R. ...
Bailey, Major F. M. fc.i.E.) ...
Baini Parshad (M.Sc.)
Baker, 0. D.
Baker, E. C. Stuart (f.z.s.) {Life Member)
Baker, P. M. (b.sc, a.m.i.m.e., a.m.i.e.b.)
Baker, P. N. H.
Bakewell, F. W. ...
Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ld,, Messrs. John
Balkrishna Venayok Wassoodew (b.a.)
Member)
JDaii, ±1, L • ... ^«. ••• ...
Ballantine, W. J. H.
Balston, Lt.-Col. G. R.
Banatvala, Hon'ble Col. H. E. (i.m.s.. c.s.i.)
Bannerji, Girindra Ch. (b.a.)...
Bannerman, Surgeon-General W. B. (o.s.i.. k.h.p.,
M,D.,D.HC., I.M.S.), Retd.
Barbour, Major J. H. (r.a.M.c.)
Baria, Maharaja Ranjitsinghjee. of
Barkley, Mrs. L. G. M.
Barlee, K. W. (i.c.s.)
Barlow, G. T. (c.i.E.)
Barnes, B. D.
Barnett. W. G. ... •••
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
... Bangalore.
... Ootticamund.
... Kashmir.
... Rangoon.
... Bombay.
... Ceylon;
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Castle Rock.
... Lansdowne.
... Europe.
... Moran, P. 0.
. .. Bombay.
... Mogok, Burma.
... Kaira.
... Sydney.
... Hoshangabad, ( \ P.
... Mogok.
,,, Mesopotamia.
... Gilgit.
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Colombo.
... Europe.
{Life
Bombay.
Rutlam, C. I.
Sadiya, Assam.
Mhow, C. I.
Shillong, Assam.
Monghyr, Bihar.
Europe.
Europe.
Euro'pe.
Baria.
Ceylon.
Bombay.
Agra,
Bombay.
Poena.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
XXXV
l^iiivuhi, 11. ii. the Miiluiraja Sir Say.iji
Gaekwar ot'(G.c.s.i.) (A.//(' .i/^»j/*<?9') ...
Baroda Miismim. The Curator
l^arr, Mrs. A. D. ...
Barrett, Capt. F. W.
Barrington, A. H. M. (A.C.f.)
Barron, P. A. H. ...
Barrow, Col. H.J. Waller (r.a.m.c.)
Barter. ?.. G. (i.C.s.)
Barton, G. S.
Barton, E. h. {Life Member)...
Barwani. Capt.H. H. Rana Banjit Singh (k.C.
Ba^il-i'^dwanles, S.
Baskerville, H. D. (i.c.S.)
Batten, Dr. C. A. Clifford ..
BattisGombe, E.
Battye, Major W. R. (i.m.s.).-.
Baumbach, R.
Baxter, N. B.
Bajley, Sir Chas. (l.o.s., k.o.b.i., i.s.o.)...
Beadnell. C. B.
BeadoD, W. R. C. (f.g.s.)
Beale, H. F. (^Life Member) ...
Beamish, H. E.
Beazley, Capt. W. E.
Beebe, 0. William
Beechej, A. St. V. (i.f.s.)
Beeson, Capt. C. F.
Beg, Nawab Nazir Jung Bahadur Mirza Nazi
Begbie, Li.-Col. A. S.
Belgachia Medical College. The Principal
Bell, E. N. (i.c.s.) ...
Bell, Dr. L. H. I. ...
Bell, R. D. (i.c.s.) ...
Bell, T. R. (i.F.s.) ...
Bellairs, Major R. G. (o.b.e.)
Bennett, H. C. (i.f.s.)
Benson, J. J. B. (c.b.)
Berlie, Dr. H. C. ...
Bernhardt, K.
Berthon, Lt.-Col. H. W.
Best, The Hon'ble James W. (i.f.s.) ...
Betham, Brig.-Genl. R. M. ...
Betterton. F. A. ...
Betts, Major A. J. Y. (i.m.s.)-..
Beynon, F. C.
Rao
... P>aro(la.
... Baroda.
... Jodhpur.
... L'lu-ape.
... Rangoon.
... Lakon Lampang,
Siam.
., . Kurope.
... Mandapam.
... Maudalay.
... Exirope.
S.I.). Barwani, C. I.
... Simla.
... Karachi.
. .. Mu3?oorie.
... Nairobi.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Hyderabad, Sind .
... Europe.
... Bellary.
..; Tavoy.
... Europe.
... Rangoon.
„. Europe.
... America.
.„ Jubbulpore, C. P.
... Dehra Unn.
r ... HyderabadjDeccan.
... Europe.
... C'alcntti.
... Mandalay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
.. Belgaum.
... France.
.,. Coimbatore.
... Thana.
... Bandar Abbas.
... Europe.
... Kathiawar.
... Hosliangabad, C. P.
... Lansdowne, U. P.
... Motihari.
... Europe.
... Kasauli.
XXXVl
LltiT OF MEMBERS.
Beyts, Col. W. J. (r.a.m.c.) ... ... ..- Bombay.
Bharatpur, H. H. Maharaja Kishen Singh ... Bharatpiir.
Bharda, J. D. ... ... ... ... Bombay,
Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna, Kt. ... Bombay.
Bhatia, G. R. ... ... ... ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
Bhownagar, H. B. the Maharaja Sir Bhaosingji
Takht Singji of (g.c.s.i.) {Life Member) ... Bhownagar.
Bhurie Singh, H. fl. Sir (k.c.s.l, c.i.e.) {Life
Member) ... ... ... ... Chamba.
Biddulph, Lieiit.-Col. S. F.(i.A.) ... ... Neemuch.
Biggie, H, W. ... ... ... ... Shillong.
Biggs, A. A. ... ... ... ... Goa.
Bignell, Capt. G. N. ... ... ... Africa.
Bikanir, H. H. Col. the Maharaja Sir Guuga
Singh of (g.c.s.i., G. c.i.e.) [Life Member)
Billimoria, N. M. ...
Binning, D. B.
Binny, Capt. A. C. M.
Birch, C. V.
Birch, G.
Bird, Rev. A. F. R.
Bird, B. H. (i.c.s.) ...
Birkett, Lady T. W.
Bishop, Fred.
Bishop, L.
Bisset, Major E. (i.M.a.)
Blackie, Capt. F. B.
Blair, Capt. D. P. (r.a.m.c.) ...
Blandy, Capt. R. (m.c.)
lilanford, H. R. (r.F.s.)
Blathwayt, C. H. ( i.c.s.)
Blatter, Rev. E. (s.j.)
Bloech, E. 0.
Blunt, H. R.
Boag, G. T.
Boahh, V. H.
Bodding, Rev. P. 0.
Bodkin, Major L. F.
Boles, Capt. D. C... ... .«.
Bolitho, Capt. E. VV. (r.f.a.)...
Bolster, R. C. (i.c.s.)
Bomanji, K. R. (i.c.s.)
Bombay Government, The Chief Secretary,
Separate Department ... ... ... Bombay.
Bombay Veterinary College, The Principal ... Bombay.
Boinford, Capt. T. L. (i.M.S.)... ... ... Peshawar
Booth, Capt. C. H. B. (r.a.m.c.) ... ... Basra.
Botham, A. W. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Shillong,
.. Bikanir.
... Bhuj.
... Bombay.
... Tientsin, N. China.
... London.
... Karachi.
... Nandyal, R. S.
... Mianwali.
... Bandra.
... Rangoon.
„. Badlipar, P. 0.
,.„ Bombay.
.. Mesopotamia,
,. Bushire.
., Mesopotamia
.. Rangoon.
.. Broach.
.. Bombay.
.. Rangoon.
„. Srinagar.
.. Palamcottah.
.. Lahore.
.. Dmnka.
.. Mesopotamia.
.. Europe.
.. 'Ihansi.
.. Laliore.
,. Cambay.
Bouike, Lt. D. li. S.
Bowen, 'T. C. G.
Bowcn, i^Jajor J. P. (r.e.)
Boxwell, F.
Bovd, Capt. J. E. M. (r.a.m.c.)
Brack(Mi, 'Ind'Lt. G. T. H.
Bradfield, Major E. W. (\ (i.m.s.)
Bradley, J. W.
Bradshaw, J, P.
Braham, N. C.
Bramlev, Major P. B. (i.a.r.)
Branford, R.
Brassey, Lt.-Ool. L. P. (i.m.s.)
Breslauer, B.
Bridgenian, Major, tlic Hon. H. G.
Brierley. Capt. W. E. (i.:\r.s., f.r.g
Bright, Geo. E.(c.e.)
Bristow, C. f£. (i.c.s.)
Brodie, N. S. (i.c.s.)
Brook-Fox, E. (c.E.)
Brooke, A. F.
Brooke, Capt. A. S.
Brooke, R. H.
Brooke, W. J. B. ...
Broucke. P.
Brougliton, Major T. D. (r.e.)
Brown, Lt.-Col. H. R. (i.m.s.)
Brown, L. N. (i.c.s.)
Brown, Prof. R. S. C. (b.s.c.)
Browne, Major C. H.
Browne, D. R. H. ...
Browning, C. S.
Brunlees, Capt. L. H.
Buckweli. B. E.
Budd, Col. N. A. H. (i.A.) ...
Budden, Major J. A.
Balkley, W. W. ...
Burd, Major E. <^i.a.)
Burder, H. C. (Life Member)...
Burke, E. P.
Burke, Major R. C.
Burkill, I. H. (m.a.)
Burn, J. G. (i.c.s.) ...
Burnett, Prof. K. ...
Burns, C. L.
Burns, Dr. W.
Burton, Brig.-Genl. R. G. ...
Burton, Lt.-Col. Richard W.
lE.UBE
'HS. xxxvii
• ••
... Mesopotamia.
, ,
... Bombay.
• • t
.. Bombay.
• • •
... Cliittagong.
• ••
... Europe,
• • •
... Bombay.
• ••
... Bombay.
• •
... Europe.
• •
... Bombay.
• ■•
... Lakon Lampang.
• • •
... Mesopotamia.
... Punjab.
• • •
... Europe.
• • •
... Bombay.
0....
... Europe.
s.)
... Bomliay.
• • w
... Tirodi, P. 0.
• • •
.. Mesopotamia
• •*
... Europe.
• ••
.. Junagadh,
• • •
... Europe.
• «•
..,, Mesopotamia.
• • •
... Bombay.
• ••
... Bombay.
• ••
... Ba^aha, P. 0.
• • •
... Mhow.
« »•
... Poona.
• • •
... Basra.
• • •
... Poona.
• • •
... Madras.
• • •
.. Mesopotamia.
• ••
... Europe.
• ••
... Mesopotamia.
... Rangoon.
• • ■
... Gorakhpur.
• ••
.. Saugor, C. P.
• ••
.. Sabarmati.
• • •
... Rangoon.
• ••
... Europe.
■ ■ •
... Silchar.
• • •
... Simla.
• ••
... Singapore.
■ a*
... Trichinopoly.
• • •
... Europe.
• ••
... Europe.
• ••
... Poona.
■ ••
... Madras
... Satara.
XXXVIU
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Burma Educational Syndicate, The Registrar
Burma Forest School, The Director
Bury, Lt.-Col. Charles H. ...
Busher, R. C.
Bute, The Most Hon'ble Marquis of {Life Member).
Butler, A. L.
Butler, F. G. (i.c.s.)
Butler, Major H. M.
Byoulla Club, The Hony. Secretary
Byrne, Major E. G. J.
Oaccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) {Life Member)
Cadell, Hon'ble Mr. P. R. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Calcutta, Hony. Secretary, Zoological Gardens
Caldwell, John
Caleb, Dr. C. C.
Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, The
Superintendent ...
(Jameron, D.
Cameron, I. M.
Cameron, Thos. H.
Campbell, A. S,
Campbell, The Hon'ble Sir. J. S. (k.c.sj., k.c.i.b.,
I.c.s., C.B.E.j ... .. ...
Campbell, R. G.
Campbell, W. E. M. (i.c.s.)
Canning College, The Professor of Biology
Canning, Fred. (i.F.S.)
Capper, Lt.-Col. A. Stewart (d.s.o.)
Capper, Brigadier- Genl. W. ...
Cardozo, C. H.
Carmichael, Tlie Hon'ble Mr. G. (c.s.i., i.c.8.) ...
Carmichacl, The Hon'ble Lord (g.c.I.B., k.c.m.g.).
Carroll, E. W.
Carter, Major J. F. C.
Carter, Lt.-Col. J. R. ...
Carson, A. de C.
Carson, G. M.
Casling, Dr. P. V. (i.s.m.d.) ...
Cassamali Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy {Life Memher) ...
Cassell, R. H.
Cater, A. N. L. (i.c.s.)
Cattell, J. G.
Cavanaoli, B. F.
WilVG) VV • I\. »«• ••• ■•• ,,,
Central Circulating Library, The Secretary South
Indian Railway Co., Ld. ... ... ...
('entral India Agency Office, The Residenc}^
Rangoon.
Pyinmana, U. B.
Europe.
Naini Tal.
Europe.
Europe.
Koraput.
Khamptee, C. P.
Bombay.
Nowshera.
Europe.
Bombay,
Calcutta.
Calcutta.
Lahore.
Europe.
Piudijeb.
Champaran.
Nagercoil.
Sholapur.
•
Naini Tal
Bombay.
Pilibhit, U. P.
Luoknow.
Almora, TJ. P.
Guna, C.l.
Europe.
Europe.
Bombay.
, Europe.
Gangaw.
Rangoon.
, Sadra.
, Badulla.
, Australia.
. Peshawar.
. Bombay.
, Moniarali.
. Hyderabad, Dn.
. Kanichi.
. Gwalior.
Colombo.
Trichinopoly.
Lidore, C. L
LJSr OF MEMBERS.
XXXIX
Central Kest^arch Institute, The Director
Champion. H. G. (I. F.s.)
Channor, Lr.-C/ol. B. G.
Chanter, E. D.
Chatfield, H, 8. (b.a., Bur.-at-Law)
Chaiidhiui, B. L. (b.a., ii.ac.)
Cheesuian, Lt. R. E.
Cheyne, G. (■.
Chibber, H. M. (m.a.)
Chitty, The Hon'ble Sir C. W.
Christopher, S. A. ...
Clark, A. J. (i.C.s.)
Clarke, A. M.
Clarke, L. 0. (r.C.s.)(Z//V Member)
Clayton, Major E. P. "
Clayton, F.
Claxton, P. ... ... ..,
v-'iGtir^ x«««« ••• ••• ••
ClifTord, M. W. (i.f.s.)
Clifford, Major U. ...
Clitt, F. A.
Clogstoun, H. S. (r.f.c.)
Clutterbuck, P. H. (i.f.s., f.z.s., c.i.e.)...
(joateg, C. F.
Coates, Capt. V.
Coats, Capt. D. H. (r.a.m.c.) ...
Cochin, The Diwan of
Cochrane, R. A.
Cockburn, E. D.
Coen, W. W.
Coghill, N. S. (l.A.)
Coggan, H. D.
Coggin-Brown, Jolin (m.sc, f.g.S.)
Coimbatore, Librarian, Agricultural College
Research Institute
Colam, H. N. ... ... ...
Coldstream, J. (i.G.8.)
Coldstream. Major J. C. (i.a.)
CollingB, F. W. (i.f.s.)
Collins, M. V. H. ...
Colombo Museum, The Librarian
Coltart, Dr. H. N. {Life Memher)
Colvin, Lt.-Col. E. J. D.
CoWin, Miss B,
Comber, Edward (f.z.s.)
Condon, E. C. H. (m.a.t., a.m.i.c.b.)
Conder, J. M.
Congreve, C. R. T. ...
and
Kasauli, Punjab.
Almora, U. P.
Haiigu.
Delhi.
Bombay.
Calcutta.
Basra.
Tharrawaddy.
Poona.
Calcutta.
Rangoon.
Europe.
Bombay.
. Dibrugarh, Assam.
, Europe.
. Muzaffarpui .
Bhatiuda.
. Vellore.
. Bahraich.
. Rawalpindi.
. Loilem.
. Europe.
= Naini Tab
. Bangkok.
. Europe.
. l^araohi.
, Trichoor.
. Mogok.
. Lahore.
. Hubli, S. M. Ry.
. Palanpur.
. Kamptee, C. P.
. Tavoy.
Coimbatore.
Europe.
Lahore.
Simla.
Shwegyin.
Mesopotamia.
Colombo.
Europe.
Simla.
Bomljay.
Bombay.
Fatehgarh.
Kawkareik.
Coimbatore.
xl
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Conley, Andrew
Connor, Lt.-Col. F. P. (f.r.c.s., i.m.s.)
Conservator of Forests, N. C. Division...
Cooch Behar, Mabaraj Kumar Victor N. Narayan.
Coode, J. M. {Life Member) ...
Cook, Ohas.
Cook, J. Pemberton
Cooke, E. Bernard...
Cooper, Oapt. D. G. (i.m.s.) ...
Cooper, G. E. R.
Cooper, H. L.
Cooper, T.
Corbett, Q. L. (i.c.s.)
Cosens, Capt. F. R....
Cosens, Lieut. G. P.
Cotton, C. W. E. (i.c.s.)
Cotton, W. B. (i.c.s.)
Courthope, E. A. „.
Coverntou, Professor A. L. ...
Covernon, S. H. (i.c.s.)
Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. {Life Member) ...
Cox, C. E. C. (f.z.s.)
Cox, Lt.-Genl. Sir P. Z. (f.z.s., f.k.g.s.,
iV*L/«I»K» I .«. ••1 ••• ««• ,.•
Craw, H. H. {Life Memher) ...
Crawford, F. L.
Crawford, Leslie
Crawford, W. M. (i.c.s.)
Crerar, J. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Crompton, Capt. J.,..
Crosthwaite, B. M.
Cruicksbank, Capt. J. E.
Cruickshank, W. D. (a.m. i.c.e.)
Crum, W. E. (c.b.e.)
Cubitt, G. E. 8. (i.F.s.)
Cuffe, Lady 0. T. W.
Culbertson, J. M. S. (a.m. i.c.e.}
Cumming, Cupt. E. J.
Cunningham, Lt.-Col. A. H. (r.b.)
Curran, Oapt. W. J.
Currey, E. S. ... ... ..•
Currie, A. J.
Currie, M. M. L. (i.c.s.)
Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Sir, Bart.
Curror, John
Curry, J. C.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. {Life Member) .,.
Jamaica.
Mesopotamia.
Jubbulpore, C. P.
Cooch Behar.
Lahore.
Europe.
Africa.
Bina, C. P.
Bombay.
Mussoorie.
Jorhat.
Europe,
Sanger, C. P.
Evrope.
Sudan.
Madras.
Wano.
Simla.
Bombay.
Thar and Parkar.
Punjab.
Simla.
Teheran.
Rangoon.
Raipur.
Bombay.
Purulia.
Bombay.
Bannu.
Daloo P.O.jCac bar
Ywatoung.
Dehra Dun.
Bharatpur.
Calcutta.
Kuala Lnmpnr.
Maymyo.
Karachi.
Ahmednagar.
Roorkee.
Europe,
Europe.
Bandar Abbas.
Delhi.
Bombay.
S. Sylhet.
Karachi.
Bombay.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xli
Cutcb, H. H. Sir Shri Kengiirji Sawai Bahadoor,
the Maluirao Saheb of (a.c.i.E., g.o.s.i.) (Life
Mrmher)
('livelier. E. D. A....
... Bhuj, Cutch.
... Nowshera.
... Nagpur.
... Europe.
... Dharmsala.
.„ Europe.
D'Abreu, E. A.
Daly. Col. Sir Hugh (k.c.i.b., o.s.i.) ...
Daniel, C. J.
Dauson, J. W. W. ... ..
Darjeeling, The A^ice-President, Natural History
Museum ... ... ... ... Darjeeling.
Darjeeling Gymkhana Club, The Secretary ... Darjeeling,
Dart, G. Weschd ... ... ... ... Bombay.
Datia, U. H. the INIaharaja Lokendra Govind
Singh, Bahadur ... ... ... ... Datia, C I
Datta, Dr. D. N. P. (m.d.) ... ... ... Hoshiarpur.
Daukes, Major C. T. ... ..-. ... Lansdowne.
Davidson, J. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Davidson, Major J. (i.m.s., d.s.o.) {Life Member).,. Dehra Dun.
Davidson, Norman ...
Davidson, H. M. M. ...
Davies, H. J. (f.g.s.)
Davies, W.
Davis, G. (i.c.s.) ...
Davison, A.
Dawes, Lt.-Col. C. D. (i.M.s.)
Dawkins, C. G. E. (i.f.s.)
Dawson, H.
Dawson, W. G. (f.e.s.)
Dawson, W. H. ^.c.s.) (Life Member),,.
D'CrUz, A. M.
Deakin, Mrs. M. E.
Deane, N. B.
De Carteret, St. G. ,,,
De Gruvther, T.
De Rhe-Philipe, G. W. Y. (f.b.s.) ...
De Zwart, W.
Delany, M. F.
Delmege, C. H. (r.e.)
Delme-Radcliffe, Major A. ...
Delm^-Radcliffe. Lt.-Col. H. (f.z.s., f.r.g.s.;
Deputy Director of Agriculture, Burma
Dew, Lt.-Col. A. B. (c.s.i., c.i.e.)
Dewar, D. (i.c.s.) ...
Dewes, Lt.-Col. F. J. (i.m.s.)...
Dhar, H. H. The Raja of (k.c.s.i.) (Life
Member) ... ... ... ... ... Dhar, C. i.
Dharamdas Tribhuvandas Varjivandas ... ... Bombay.
6
Raichur.
... Behali P.O., Assam.
... Luckuow.
... Poona.
... Sukkur.
... Mandla, C. P.
... Bombay.
... Katha, U. Burma.
... Chittoor.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Calcutta.
... Orai, U. P.
... Lucknow.
... Lahore.
... Medan, Sumatra.
... Bombay.
... Mesopotamia.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Mandalay.
... Quetta.
... Benares.
... Rangoon.
xlii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Dhol}Dur State, The Maliaraj Rana Udaibhan
Saheb Bahadur, Dholpur .„
Dhrangadhra, H. IL Ghanshyam Sinhji
Dhanjibhoy Bomanji {Life Member) ...
Director of" Agriculture, Bombay ...
Director of Agriculture, F. M. S.
Dixit, D. L. (b.a.) ...
Dobbs, J. G. ... ... ...
Dobbs, W. E. J. (r.c.8.)
Dodgson, Major R. 0.
Dods, Capt. E. R. S.
Dods, W. X.
Donald, C. H. ... .,,
Donaldson, A. E. ...
Donaldson, Pte. H. .,, ...
Donaldson, R. ... ... .,,
Donovan, Lt.-Ool. C. (i.m.s.)...
Doran, H. F.
Douglas, Col. A. P. (r.a.)
Douglas, W. M. ... .. .„
Dow, H. (i.cs.)
Downing, A. K. Weld
Draoott, C. H.
Drake- Brockmau, Major D. H.
Drake-Brockman, D. L. (i.c.s.)
Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (i.m.s., f.z.S.)
{Life Member)
Drumniond, C)a[it. J. G. C.
Drummond, J. R. (b.a., f.l.s.)
Drummond-Hay, H. M.
Drury, B. W.
DuBoulay, The Hon'ble Sir J. H. (i.c.s., k.c.i.e.)...
Dubash, K. D.
Duckworth, G. P. ...
Dutf, A. C. (i.c.s.) ...
J-^UKS, A.% JrJ . ,.. ... ... •••
Duke, J. A.
Dumayne, Sir F. G.
Dunbar-Brander, A. A. (i.F.s., o.b.b.) ...
Dunn, C. W. (i.c.s.)
Dunaterville, Col, K. S. (r.a.) ..,
Durie, G. A.
Duxbury, B. H.
Duxbury, Major C. D. {Life. Member) ...
pwane, E. H.
Uwane, F. C.
Dwane, H. M.
Rajputana.
Kathiawar.
Bombay.
Poena.
Kuala Lumpur.
Poona.
Raich ur.
Simla.
Europe.
Bombay.
Calcutta.
Dharmsala.
Rangoon.
Bombay.
Bandikui.
Madras.
Abu Roail.
Simla.
Namrup P. 0.
Surat.
Coonoor, Nilgiris.
Gangtok.
Lansdowue, Garh-
wal, U. P.
Saharanpur, U. P.
Bombay.
Seistan.
Europe.
Ceylon.
Ohanda, C. P.
Delhi.
Bombav.
Poona.
Europe.
Siam.
Seoni-Chappara.
Europe.
Khandwa, C. P.
Rangoon.
Europe.
Jub])ulpore.
Bombay.
Ambala.
Secunderabad.
Ballarpur.
Madras.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xliii
Dwane, Lt.-Col. J. VV.
Dyson, Liout,-Col. T. E. (i.m.s.)
Ebden, .). W.
Eccles, P. (i.c.d.) ...
Economic Botunist to Government, U. P.
Ede, F. J. (a.m.i.c.e.)
Edge, Mrs. U. C. ...
Edwards, F. H.
Egerton, Sir Brian (k.c.i.e.I ...
Elgee, Lt.-Col. J. W. L.
Elliott, A. (c.i.E.) ...
Elliott,, J.
Elliott, R. E. A. (i.c.s.)
Ellis, R. H. (i.c.s.) ...
Ellis, S. F.
Elmhirst, L. K.
Elmore, A. E.
Elwes, G. F. VV. ...
Elwes, H. J. (f.r.s.)
Emanuel, A. E. L. (i.c.s.)
Embleu, H.
English, E. E.
Erb, E. ...
Erskine, J.
Evans, Evan
Evans, Geoffrey (b..a.)
Evans, Col. G. H. (I.CV.D., f.l.s., c.i.e.)
Evans, Lt.-Col. G. P.
Evans, T. M.
Evans, Capt. J. W, D.
Evans, Lt.-Col. W. H. (r.e.)...
Evans, Wm.
Evershed, Jobn
Ewing Christian College, The Professor,
ment of Biology
Fairbank, Rev. H. ...
Fairweather. J. C. T.
Faith, N. W.
Farr, E. T. (j.
Farrell, R. C, (i.f.s.)
FaiTington, Sir H. A., Bart, (i.f.s.)
Fawcett, E. B.
Fawcus, L. R. (i.a.r.)
Favrer, Major F. D. S. (i.M.8.)
Fell, The Hon'ble Mr. G. B. H. (u.i.e., i.
Fellowes, Kyrle
... Europe.
... Lahore.
...Mesopotamia.
...Bombay.
...(yawn pore.
...Silcliar, Caohar.
. Ranchi.
...JMaymyo.
...Secandenbad,
Deccan.
..Europe.
. . . Europe.
...Madura.
...Europe.
...Europe.
...Sholapur.
...Europe.
...Tharrawaddy.
...Nilgiris.
. . . Europe.
...Surat.
...Cachar.
...Bombay.
...Bombay.
...'(^'eylon.
...Dibrugarh, Assam.
...Jul)bulpore, C. P.
...Rangoon.
...Bushire.
...Bombay.
...Risalpur.
...Europe.
...Bombay.
...Kodaikanal.
Depurt-
... Allahabad.
... Ahmednagar.
...Khandwa, C. P.
„ Bombay.
...Ceylon.
...Hyderabad, Dn.
...Nagpur.
...Europe,
...Meerut.
...Bombay.
c.s.) ...Delhi.
...Satara.
xliv
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Fellowes-Mansou. Lt. C. E. ...
Fenton, Col. L. L.
Fenton, Capt. L. S.
Fernandes, B. A. ...
Fernandes, J.
Ferrar, Major M. L. (r.A.)
Field, Frank
Field, F. M. S.
Field, G. G.
Field, W. P.
Fields-Clarke, V. H. T. (i.f.s.)
Finlay, Sir C. Kirkman
Fischer, C. E. C. (i.f.s.)
Firth, Lt.-Col. R. A.
Fitz-Gerald, Capt. A.
Fitz-Gibbon, Lt. F. (r.a.)
Fitzpatrick, G. V. ...
Fleming, Lt.-Col. A. M. (i.m.s.)
Fletcher, A. B.
Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge (f.e.s.)
Fletcher, G. G.
Florence, James ... ...
Flower, Capt. S. S.
Flynn, A. A.
Forbes, Aiister
Forest Botanist, Forest Research Institute
Forsham, R.
Forster, T. W. (b.f.s.)
Forsyth, Dr. W.
Foster, 0. B.
Foster, R. Guy
Foster, Major R. T.,..
Foulkes,R.
Fonlkes, Lt.-Col. T. H. (r.M.s.) {Life Member)
Fountaine, Miss M. E. (f.e.s.)
Fowler, Mrs. 0.
Francis, H. F. (r.g.a.)
Francis, Capt. R. F.
Fraser, Duncan
Eraser, D. de M. S.
Fraser, Major F. C. (l.M.s., M.D., f.l.b.s.)
Fraser, J. S.
Fraser, Sir Stuart (i.c.s., c.i.e., k.c.s.i.)
Fraser, S. G. G. ...
Fraser, W. S.
Frei, Max
French, H. A. L. ...
Frenchman, D. P. (b.Sc.) ...
... Kohat, N.-W. F. 1'.
... Europe.
... Mesopotamia.
... Bandra.
... Pachmarhi, C. P.
... Bombay.
... Gonda, U. P.
.,. Mesopotamia.
...Allahabad, U.P.
... Jalpaiguri.
... Maymyo.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Nowshera.
... Bombay.
... Africa.
... Mesopotamia.
... Europe.
... Mesopotamia.
... Pusa.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Egypt.
... Karachi.
.. Bombay.
... Dehra Dun.
... Bombay.
... Mansi.
... Europe.
... Ambala.
... Sallebile P. 0.
... Europe.
... Madura.
... Aden.
... California.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
... Jullundur.
... Europe.
... Shiraz, Persia.
... Poena.
... Madras.
... Hyderabad, Dii.
... Mesopotamia.
... Ajmer, Raj}Hitaua.
... Bombay.
... Karachi.
... Bombay.
LIST OF MEM BE US.
xlv
Frere, Cnpt. A. G. ...
Friedlander, F. L. ...
Frizelle, Major J. ...
Frohlick, H.
Fry, John T.
Gaikwad, Slirimani Sainpatrao
Gairdner, K. G.
Gale, A. C
Gales, Sir R.
Gamraie, Prof. G. A. ( Lift Member) ...
Garbett, C. G. (i.C.S.)
Gardyne, Major A. D. G.
Garrett, H. B. G. (l.F.s.)
Garrett, R. S.
Gatherer, Capt. R. G. T.
Gaye, AV. C.
Gebbie, F. St. J. ...
Gent, J. R. P. (i.F.s.)
Gervers, Major F. R. S.
Gharpurey, Major K. G. (i.m.s.)
Giberne, ii. D.
Gibson, E. 0. (i.c.s.)
Gibson, R. E. (i.e. s.)
Gibson, Dr. W. R. (f.r.c.s., l.r.cp.) ...
Gilbert, C. G.
Gilbert, C. E. L. (i.f.s.)
Gilbert, R. N.
Gilbert, T.
Gilbert-Cooper, W. J. (i.f.s.)...
Gilcbrist, G. W.
Gillj H. ... ... .,»
Gillura, Hon'ble Mr. S. J.
Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (c.i.e., i.m.s.)
Gimson, C. (i.c.s.) ...
Girard, George
Girvin, Lt.-Col. J. (r.a.m.c.)...
Gladstone, H. S. (f.z.s., f.r.s.e.)
Glascock, L. C. (m.v.o.)
Glaascn, J. W. (i.c.s.)
Gleadow, F. (f.r.m.s.)
Glennie, E. A.
Godfrey, E. J. (b.sc.)
Godson, Capt. C. A. (i.M.b.) ... ,^
Goldsmith, Dr. B. K.
Goldsmith, Capt. H. A.
Gombert, Rev. F., s.j.
Gomme, D. E. (i.a.r.o.)
... Cannanoro.
... Calcutta.
... Canipbellpur.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Baroda.
... Bangkok.
... Rojapm'am.
... Simla.
... Kirkee.
... Baghdad.
... Europe.
... Bangkok.
... Delhi.
... Lansdowne.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
..,. Nowshera.
... 3Iuscat.
... Europe.
... Bbaratpur.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
... JMadras.
... Europe.
... Nasik.
... DongriP. 0.
... Dharwar.
... Kado, Moulmein.
... Bombay.
... Cachar.
... Bombay.
... Bangalore.
... Sylhet.
... Calcutta.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... f.ahore.
... Madras.
... Europe.
... Karachi.
... Bangkok.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Mesopotamia.
... Trichinopoly.
... Calcutta.
xlvi
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Gondal, Kuinavi Sliri Bakiiverba
• • •
... Gondal.
Gonsalves, A. F. [Life Member)
> • •
... Bandra.
Gooding, G. 0.
<•••
• ••
... Calcutta.
Gordon, D. M.
• •*
• ••
... Keng Tung, S
Shan States.
Gordon-Canning, (J. J.
• • «
«••
... Bettiah.
Gore, F. W.
u«*
• ••
... Assam.
Gosse, Capt. P. H. (r.a.m.c.)
• • •
... Poona.
Gouiih, Lt.~GoL H. (la.)
• « ■
• • •
... Shiraz, Persia.
Gould, B. J. (I.C.S.]
• «r
« • •
... Seistan.
Graham, A. A.
■ ••
• a •
... Mussoorie.
Graham, A. K.
• • •
• ••
... Europe.
Graham, C. T.
• • •
0««
... Rangoon.
Graham, Capt. G. F. (i.m.s/
I ...
• • •
... Jhelum.
Graham, L. (i.c.s.) ...
* • •
• • •
... Rajkot.
Graham, R. J. D. (m.a.)
• • •
• • •
... .Nagpur, C. P.
Grant, F. A.
• « •
■ « •
.o. Rangoon.
Gravely, F. H.
« • •
■ • •
... Calcutta.
Greaves, H. R.
.<••
• • •
... Europe.
Green, E. Ernest (f.e.s.)
*•«
• «•
... Europe.
Green, E. J. (i.a.r.o.)
• • •
■ • •
... Basra.
Green, S. A. C. (i.c.s.)
• # •
,.. Shah bandar.
Greer, Major F. A
• »•
« ■•
... Shwebo.
Greer, W. (i.c.s.) ...
• 4 •
• • •
... Belgaum.
Gregory, Major C. ...
• • •
• « •
... Mesopotamia.
Gregson, Capt, C. D.
• ••
■ « •
... Europe.
Gregson, E. G. (c.i.e.. c.m.g.)
m^*
... Baghdad.
Gregson, T. S.
• ••
• ••
... Bombay.
Grieve. A. N. (i.f.s.)
• « •
• <i,4
... Purulia
Grigson, P. St. J. B.
• • •
«>«•
... Pakokku.
Grdnvold, H.
• • •
• • «
... Europe.
Grubbe, Major E. A.
• • *
• ••
... Europe.
Gruer, H. G. (i.c.s.)
• «•
• •*
... Amraoti Camp.
Gupta, B. Sen
• ••
• <• ■
... Tezpur.
Gupta, Basant Lai (m. sc.)
• ••
• ••
... Lucknow.
Gwyer, C. (i.f.s.) ...
• ••
• • t
... Europe.
Hacker, K.
• • •
• ••
... Europe.
Hadden, Ca])t. D. H. (m.c,
u.a.m.c.)
...
... Bombay.
Haefliger, 0.
• ••
• 9«
... Lyaljpore.
Haffender, E. D. H.
• ••
• ••
... Henzada, Burma.
Haigh, P. B. (i.c.s.)
• • ■
• • '
... Satara.
Hall, C. J.
• • •
• ••
... Koni, 8. I.
Hallberg. F.
• • •
• • ■
,. Bombay.
Halliday, Lt.-Col. H. M. (la.)
• • ■
... Summerpur.
Hamber, L. G. W.
• •■f
« • •
... Dharmsahi.
Hamid, A. Ali
• • •
• • «
... Godhra.
Hamilton, A , G.
• • •
• • •
... pAirope.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xlvii
Hamilton, '1. D. (b.f.s.)
Hamilton, W. S. (i.c.s.)
Hanipson, A.
Hampson, S.
Hunkiu, A. C. (c.s.i., c.r.E.) ...
Hanhart, S.
Hankin, Dr. E. H....
HanuyngtoUj F. (i.c.s.)
Hannyngton, W. 0.
Harcouvt, ]\tajor J. S. j\l.
Hare, ^lajor G. A. (r.a.)
Haro reaves, C. K. ...
Harker, Mrs. E. M.
Harper, E. W. (f.z.s.)
Harris, Lt -Col. 0. M. (r.h.a., r.s.o.)
Harris, W.
Harrison, A. J.
Harrison, Major C. F.
Harrison, Mrs, U. Z.
Harrison, J. S.
Harrison, R. T. (a.m.i.c.e.)
Harrold, W. P. ...
Hart, G. S. (C.i.B.)
Harter, R. W.
Hartshorne, J. F. B. {'i.c.s.)
Harvey-Kelly, Capt. C.
Harvey, Major W. F. (i.m.8.)
Haslani, R. E.
Haslehnrst, H. M. ...
Hassells- Yates, Major G. A. (r.G.a.)
Hasted, H. R. G. ... ...
Hastings, J. R. G.
Hastings, ]\Irs. G. F.
Hatohell, D. G.
Hate, Prof. Vinayek N.
Haugliton, Major H. Jj.
Hawes, Capt. A. J. (r.a.m.c.)
Hawes, C. G.
Hawkins, T. B.
Hawley, Capt. "\V. G.B.
Hay, J)r. A.
Hay, E. Alan
Hay, E. F. A.
Hayden, H. H. (c.t.b.)
Hayos, B. H.
Hayne, A. R. S.
Headlam, Comdr. E. James (r.i.m.)
•••
•••
... Taungdwingyi,
Burma.
... Gujranwaltt.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Secunderabad.
.. Bombay.
... Agra.
... Meroara, Coorg.
... Shwobo, Burmii .
... Dehra Dun.
... Dum Dum.
... Taungoo.
... Nasik.
... Calcutta.
... Europe.
... Gauhati.
... Europe.
... lavoy.
.. Jodhpur.
... Secunderabad.
... Karaclii.
... Abu Road.
... Simla.
... Bombay.
. . . Poena.
... Karachi.
... Kasauli,.
... Europe.
... Ranooon,
... tSimla.
... Madras.
... Tavoy.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Bombay.
... Bomba}.
... Quettu.
... Bangalore.
... Eurojie.
... Pyinmana.
... Calcutta.
... Meiktila.
... Mesopotamia.
... Mombasa.
xlviii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
•••
Hearn, Capt. E. S....
Hearsey, T. N. (t.f.s.)
Heath, R. H. (c.e.)
Hector, G. P. (m.a., b.sc.)
Henderson, Gapt. H. D.
Henderson, W. L. ...
Herbert, E. G.
Herbert, Capt. V. A.
Heron, F. A.
Harvey, A. C. C. ...
Hervey, C. 0. D. ...
Hewson, R. B.
Heyder,H. M.
Hezlett, J.
Hichens, G. W.
Hickey, B. S.
Hickman, R. St. J.
Hicks, E.
Hide, P. {Life Memher)
Higginbothara, Sam
Higgins, J. C. (i.c.s.)
Higgiuson, G. R. ...
Hignell, S. R. (j.c.s . c.i.b.)
Hiley, A. C. (l.F.s.)
Hill, Hon'ble Sir Claude
Tv P ^ T ^
Hill, iiajor R. D. 6. {Life Memher) ...
Kingston, ^apt. U. W. (i.m.s.)
Hirst, Dr. L. F.
Histed, S. E. ... .,.
Hitchcock, R. H. ... ... ...
Hitchcock, R. V. ...
Hobart, R. C. (i.c.s.)
Hobkirk, Capt. R. ...
Hodgins, R. D. Scoble
Hodgkins, C. J.
Hodgson, H. P.
Hogan, J. G.
Hojel, Lt.-Col. J. G. (c.i.b., i.m.s.)
Hole, R. S. (i.F.s.) ...
Hclkar, H. H. the Maharaja Tukuji R
Memher)
Holland, L. B. (i.f.s.)
Holme, A. T. (i.c.s.)
Holmer, Miss M. R. M. (m.a.)
Holmes, H. R.
Holmes, J. F.
Hood, A. F. ... ...
H, (i.c.s., C.I.E.,
... Bombay.
... Vellore.
... Europe.
... Dacca.
... East Africa.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Punjab.
... Peshawar.
... Trichinopoly.
... Jalua.
... Arabala.
... Assam.
... Rangoon.
... Cbamparun.
... Cachar.
... Assam.
... Indore.
... Allahabad.
... Imphal, Manipur.
... Fatehgarh.
... Purulia.
Belgaum.
Delhi.
... Dehra Dun.
... Mesopotamia.
... Colombo.
... Karachi.
... Calicut.
... Shahabad.
... Roorkee.
... Travancore.
... Europe.
... Europe,
„ Indore.
... Bombay.
... Dehra Dun.
ao {Life
... Indore, C. 1.
... Lahore.
... Oodeypore.
... Delhi.
... Kamptee, C. P.
... Bilaspur.
... Europe,
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xlix
Homfray, Jeston (i.f.s.)
Hoosein Beltrami, The lion'ble Mr. Syed Nawab
Imuil-ul-Mulk BiiliaJoor (c.s.i.)
Hope, A. J. R.
Ho|)kin.s, G. H. E. ...
Hopwooj, J. C.
Hopwood, S. F. (i.F.s.)
Horsfall, G. L.
Hoseason, W. S.
Hosken, A. Fayrer...
Hotson, Lt.-Col. J. E. B. (o.b.e., i.a.r.o.)
Howell, E.B.
Howell, E. Berkley (o.r.B., i.c.s.)
Howell, G. C. (i.c.s.)
Howletr, b\ M. (M.A., F.B.S.J ...
Rudlikar, S. B. (m.a.)
Hudson, Lt.-Col. C. T. (i.M.s.)
Hudson, ."Major C. (d.s.o., i.m.s.)
Hudson, E. H. (a.m.i.c.e.) ...
Hudson, L. S.
Hufigins, J. K.
Hughes, E. A. •
Hughes, Major J. E.
Hume, H. R.
Humm, Lt. P. S. ..,
Humphrys, Major F. H.
Hundley, G.
Hunt, Rear Admiral A. T. (r.n., c.i.b.)...
Hunt, Dr. E. H
Hunter, W. H.
Husband, i\lajor J. (i.M.s.) ...
Musbands, H. W. S, (m.c, a.m.i.c.e.) ...
Husbands, Capt. G. S. (i.M.S.)
Husbands, J. E. (i.c.S.)
Hurchins, B. K.
Hutchinson, Lt.-Ool. F. H. G. (i.m.s.) ...
Hutchinson. Major L. T. Rose (i.m.s.) ...
Hutchinson, Major W. G.
Hutchison, L. P. ...
Hutton, C. H
Hutton,C. I.
Hutton, G. M.
Hyain, Judah (g.b.v.c, F.z.s.) {Life Memher)
Hyderabad, The Librarian, State Library
lohalkarunji, The Hon'ble Meherbau Narayen
Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of
{Life Member)
7
Calcutta.
Hyderabad, Deoo'in,
Sinda.
I'ombay.
liantjoon.
Europe.
Europe.
Bombay.
Europe.
JShiraz, Persia.
Shanghai.
Basra.
Europe.
Pnsa.
Indore.
Dharwar.
Bombay.
Jalna, Deccan.
Bombay.
Tanjore.
Munnar, S. India
Baohdad.
Ahinedabad.
Dagshai.
Europe.
Blepale.
Europe.
Secunderabad.
Europe.
Bombay.
Europe.
Lahore.
Europe.
Sluvegyin.
Poena.
Bombay.
Quetta.
Gunda.
Srinagar.
Ywataung.
Mesopotamia.
Pusa, Bengal.
Hyderabad, DeO' at).
Kolhapur.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Idar, Mahiiraj Kiinwar Major Dowlatsing, A.-D.-C.
{Life Member)
Imperial Library, The Librarian
Inglis, Chas. M. {Life Member) .,,
Inglis, H. A.
Ligoldby, Capt. 0. M. (r.a.m.c.)
Inman, Capt. H. M. (i.m.s.) ...
Innes, Charles (b.sc.)
Inspector of Schools, Surma Valley & Hill Dists...
Inverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b.) {Life Member)
Ireland, S. G, de C.
Irvine, Capt. M. L. C. (i.m.s.)
Irvine, Lt.-Col. T. W. (i.m.s.)
Irwin, G. J. (i.c.s.)
I vena, J. H. (p.w.D.) (Life Member)
Iyer, V. Subranianiu (bi.a., F.l.s.)
Iyer, L. A. Krishna (b.a.)
Jackson, Mrs. F. E.
Jackson, Or. T. k^. ..
Jackson, Lt.-Col. rhos.( i.m.s.)
Jacob, f J . a. ... ... ... ...
Jacob, W, R. Led! rand (i.F.S.)
James, Lt.-Ool. (". H. (i.m.s.)
James, Capt. F. IL
James, G. P. Lidlard
Jarakhandi, Shrlmant Parashram Ramchandra Put-
wardhan,The Chief of (Zf/^ Member)
Jamsetji M. Doctor (c.M.Z.s.^...
Janjira, H. II. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan (k.c.i.e.),
Nawab of {Life Member) ...
Janson, V, I. ... .,,. ... ...
Jardine, M. R.
Jardine, W. E. (i.c.s., C.I.b.)
Jeddere-Fisher, ]\I;ijor H. C.
Jenkin, R. Trevor (i.F.S.)
Jenkins, J. B.
Jenkins, S. E, F. (i.f.s.)
Jennings, Lt.-Col. ^V. E. (i.m.s.)
Jermyn, Col. T.
Jesse, William, m.a.
Jind, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Ranbir
(K.C.S.I., g.c.i.e.)...
Johnston, S. E.
Johnstone, J. W. D. (c.i.E.) ...
Johory, Prof. I. W. (m.a., b.d.)
Jolly, Capt. G. G. (I.M.S.)
Singh
Mahi Kanta,
Calcutta.
Durbhanga.
Anarh Laheria
Serai.
Mesopotamia.
Bombay.
Rangoon.
Cachar, Assam.
Europe.
Sitapm*.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Sanger, C. P.
Europe.
Travancore.
Travancore.
Tnra, Assam.
Bomba3^
Bombay.
l^harwar.
Dibrugarh.
Amrirsar.
Europe.
Calcutta.
Kolhapur.
Bombay.
Janjira.
Karachi.
Europe.
Gwalior.
Europe.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Tharrawaddv.
Poona.
Europe.
Meerut.
Jind, Punjab.
Toungoo.
Europe.
Indore.
Ettrnn"
LIST OF MEMBEIiS.
Jolly, E. H. P. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Jalgaon.
flones, A. E. ... ... ... ... Simla.
Jones, Lt.-Col, »J. Lloyd (i.m.s.) ... ... I'Jnrope.
Jones, Brig.-Gonl. M. D. Goring (c.m.g., n.s.o.) .. /'Jnrope.
Jou<;uet;, H. ... ... ... ... Dehra Dun.
Jonrdain, Rev. (f.C.R.) ... ... ... Europe.
Joynson, H. W. ... ... ... ... Nakon Lanipang.
Jukes, J. E. C (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Delhi.
Julius, V. A. ... ... ... ... Colombo.
JunupuUi Durbar. The Administrator ...
Junagadh.
Kagal, Meherhan Piraji Rao Bapu Saheb Ghoto,
Ciiief of {Life Member) ... ... ... Kagal, S. M. 0.
Karaohi, Frere Hall (Municipal) Library ... Karachi.
Karachi, Victoria Museum, The Curator ... Karachi, Sind.
Kashmir, General Raja Hari Sing Saheb Bahadur
Hari Sin<ih uf
Kealy, E. H. (i.c.s.)
Kelly, Major C. R. (r.g.a.) ...
Kelly, Capt. E. D. F.
Kemball, Lt.-Col. A. G.
Kemball. H. L.
Kemp, S. W.
Keniiard, M. T. (f.z.s.)
Kennedy, Major R. S. (l.M.S.)
Kennion, Lt.-Col. R. L. (f.z.s., c.i.B.) ...
Kenrick, Major W. H. (i.M.s.)
Keppel, Cajjt. T. R. H.
Kerr, Dr. A. F. G....
Kerr, Xigel
Keys, Major W. D. A. (i.m.s.)
Khan, Muncherji Framji {Life Member)
Khan Saheb Zada Sardar Mahomed
Khare, L. G. (b.a.)
Kharegbat, M. P. (i.c.s.)
Kiddle, J. A. C.
Kidner, Capt. W. E. (r.b.) ...
Kilkelly, Lt.-Col. P. P. (i.m.s.)
Kilner, Dr. J. N. (m.B.)
King, A. W.
King, E. 0.
King, R. C. H. Moss (i.c.8.) ...
Kingston, A. H.
Kinloch, A. M.
Kiuloch, A. P.
Kirby, Brig-Genl. A. D. (r.a.)
Kirpalani, N. K.
Kirwan, Noel G. B.
Jammu.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
^„ Rawftlpindi.
... Bombay.
...■ Calcutta.
... Srinagar.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Khandwa.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Portugal.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Larkhana.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Jodhpur.
... Calcutta.
... Europe.
... Madura.
... Nagpur.
... Bombay.
... Kollengode.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Chickinairiilur.
iviMC^
<
Y
y
lii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Kishen Singh, Sirdar
• « •
... Dharmpur, Simla
Hills.
Knapton, Lt.-Col. H. A. F. (i.m.s.
) ...
... Ahmednagar.
Knyvett, Capt. W. A,
• • *
... Calcutta.
Koechlin, M. C.
• « •
... Europe.
Kohiyar, Dr. A. J. ..
«••
... Bombay.
Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja Sir
Shahu Chhatra-
pati (g.c.s.i., G.C.V.O., g.c.i.e.) {Life Member)
... Kolhapur.
Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Umed Sing, Baha-
door (k.c.S.I.,. g.c.s.i.) (Life Member).,.
... Kotah.
F^unhardt, Major J. C. G. (i.m.s.)
« « •
... Bombay.
Ku&hal Pal Singh, lion'ble Baja
• ••
... Kotla, Agra Dist.
Lace, John H. ^_c.i.e., f.l.s.) ...
• ••
... Europe.
Lahore, Curator, Central Museum
• « •
... Lahore.
Lahore Punjab Veterinary College,
The Principal.. Lahore.
Lahore, The Registrar, University of the Punja
b,.. Lahore.
Laird-MacGregor, E. G. L. (i.c.s.)
• * •
... Bombay.
Lake, Capt. E. A. W,
• « •
.,. Karachi.
Lamb, Sir Richard (i.c.s., k.c.s.i., c.i.e.) {Life Europe.
;. Member).
'
Lamb, W. S.
• ••
... Rangoon.
Lambert, G. B. (i.cs.)
■ ••
... Benares.
Lane, E. ...
• ••
... Kodarma P. 0.
Lane, H. S.
• • •
... Gooty.
Lane, Lt.-Col. VV. H.
• ••
... Bombay.
Langford, Capt. E. G. (k.F.A.)
• •«
... Europe.
Langmore, G. H. ...
• • •
... Lopchu.
Larkana, Madrassatul-Islam, The P
rincipal
... Larkana, Sind.
Larymore, W.
• ••
... Chnmparan.
Latif, Hasan, C.
• «•
... Hyderabad Dn.
Latif, Sarban, C.
• •■
... Calcutta.
Laughton, G. A.
■ ••
... Karwar.
Laurence, T. R.
■ ••
... Bombay.
Laverton, Capt. G. (a-d-c.) ...
• • ■
... Bombay.
La^vrenco, Revd. F. (c.m.s.) ...
• • •
... Lahore.
Leach, F, B.
• ••
... Port Blair.
Lean, R.
• ••
... Hnbli.
Lecky, R.
• • •
... Chaman.
Lee, Capt. A. J. (i.m.s.)
• ••
... Europe.
Lee, Lt.-Col. A. W. H.
• • •
... Myitkyina,
Lee, D. H. (Life Member)
• •■
... Europe.
Lee, Brig.-Genl. F.
• ••
... Europe.
LeMarchand, A. E. M.
• ••
... Indore.
Lemarohand, J. R,
• •'\
... Kookiia Mook,
Assam.
LeMesurier, H. P. (c.b.)
> . ■
... Calcutta.
Lea- Wilson, Revd. H. W. „.
• ••
... Bombay.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
liii
Loeto, F. A. (F.C.H., i.F.s.) ... ...
Leftwich, C. G. (i.c.s.)
Legard, Capt. Clins. ... ...
Leonard, Major W. H.
Leonanl, P. M. H. ... ... ...
Leslie, Lt.-Col. G. A. J. (r.b.)
Leslie, M. ... ••• ...
Levett- Yeats, G. A. (i.s.o., c.i.K.)
Lewin, Lt.-Col. E. 0.
Lewis, W. H. (I.c.s.)
Ley, A. H, (c.i.e., i.c.s.)
Ley, W. E. (i.c.s.) ...
Librarian, Students* Library, St. Xavier's
Lieberherr, E.
Lightfoot, S. St. C. .c.
Limaye, S. P. ... ... .■>.
Lindgren, 0.
Lindley, E. S. (c.e.)
Lindsay-Smiti), Major J. (i.A,)
List, John N.
Lister, K. S.
Listen, Lt.-Col. W. G. (I.M.S., CLE.) ...
Little, E. ... ... ... •••
Livesey, T. K. (i.a.r.o.)
Lloyd, Major 0. R. (a.«.c.) ...
ijlovd, J. B.
Lock, Brig.-Genl. F. R. E. (i.s.c.) ...
Lodge, G. E.
Logan, Capt. R. 0....
Logan Home, Capt. W. M. ...
Lomas, H. A. (i.c.s.)
Long, G. R. (i.F.s.) {Life Member)
Long, Major VV. C...
Lory, F. B. P. (m.a,)
Love, T. E. ... ... .c
Lovegrove, W. H. (i.f.s.)
Lovell, E. H. (r.a.)
Lewis, F. C.
Lewis, Lt.-Col. R. M.
Lowndes, Lt. D.
Lowndes, The Hon'ble Sir G. R. (k.c.s.i.)
Lowrie, A. E. (i.f.s.)
Lowsley, C. 0. ... ... ...
Lowson, Major C. S. (l.M.S.) ...
Lowther, E. H. N. ...
Luard, Lt.-(/ol. C.E.
Lucas, Col. T. J. R. (c.b.)
Lucas, W. H. (c.s.i., i.c.s.) ...
... Europe.
,.. Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Sima, tJ. Burma.
, .. Europe.
... Bombay.
... Ghazipur, U. P.
... Europe.
... Bettiah.
... Delhi.
.„ (handa, C. P.
Colleg'^. Bombay.
. . . Bombay.
... Monywa.
... Kanara.
... Darjeeling.
... Lyallpur.
... Lahore Cant.
... Rangoon, Burma.
... Bengal.
.,, Bombay.
... Kirkee.
... Mesopotamia.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Lahore.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Mesopotamia.
... Gonda.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Poena.
... Travancore.
... Jummoo.
... Calcutta.
... Myityina.
... Europe.
... Lansdowne.
... Delhi.
... Chindwara, C P.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
... Bombay.
... Sahebgunge.
... Manpur, C. L
... Europe.
... Europe.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Lucknow, The Curator, Provincial Museum
Lucknow Public Library, The Honorary
I^lciXJ- • • • • • • • • • ■■•
Ludlow, F.
Luke, J. H. ... ... ...
Luke, K. J. .., ... ...
Lumsden, Hon'ble Mr. 0. F. (l.c.s.) ...
Lunham, Lt.-Col. J. L. (i.m.s.)
Lyall, J. H. (i.F.s.)
Lyall, Major II. A.
Lydiard, G. G.
Lynch, C. B.
Lynch- Blosse, C. E.
Lynch Blosse, H- R. ^i.c.s.) ,.,
... Lucknow.
Libra-
... Lucknow.
... Karachi.
... Narayenganj.
... Barrackpore.
..^ Lahore.
... Bombay.
... Europe,
... Egypt.
... Sifanijihri.
... Badlipur.
... Junagadh.
... HyderabadjDeGcan.
Macaulay, F. G. A....
MacOaw, V. H.
Macdonald, A. 8t. J.
Macdonald, K. C. (d.s.p.)
Mac Bwen, Lt.-Col. D. L. ...
MacFadden, R. R, ...
Macgregor, D.
MacGregor, J. A....
MacGregor, Capt. R. F. D. (i.m.s.)
Machave, Dr. S. R. (l.r.g.p. & s.)
Macllvaine, Miss Anne
Macintyre, Capt. D.
Mackay, C. J.
Mackenna, J. (C.I.E., i.c.S.) ...
Mackenzie, Capt. E. A. H. ...
Mackenzie, G. H. L.
Mackenzie, J, M. D. (i.f.s.) ...
Mackenzie, Major li. H. L. (i.m.s.)
Mackenzie, J. M. ...
Mackenzie, M. M. ...
Mackie, A. W. Vv. (i.c.s.)
Mackinjay, Lt.-Col. Chas.
Macklin, A. S. R. ([.C.S.)
Mackwood, F. M. ...
Mackwood, F. E. ...
MacLachlan, R. B.
MacLachlan, Capt. D. (i.a.r.o.)
Macleod, The Hon'ble Mr. Justice N. C.
Macleod, R. D. (i.c.s.)
MacMichael, N. (i.c.s.)
Macnaghten, H. P. W. (b.a.)
Macnee, E. A.
Maconochie, The Hon'ble Mr. E. (c.s.i., i.c.s.)
Madras.
, Calcutta.
Mesopotamia.
Europe,
Poona.
Calcutta.
Bombay.
Europe.
Bombay.
Bombay.
JSeio Jersey, U.S.A.
Dehra Dun.
Calcutta.
, Pusa.
Jask.
, Calcutta.
, Rangoon.
Bombay.
Said pur.
vSaran, Bihar.
^fawabshah.
Europe.
Larkana, Sind.
Colombo.
Colombo.
l^oona.
Panjgur.
Bombay.
Aligarh.
Chatrapur, Ganjam,
Bombay.
Europe,
Europe.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
U
Macphail, G.
Maeiiiierson, R. E.
JMacttivish, Capt. A.
Macwatt, Liout.-Col. R. C. (l.M.B.)
3Jadan, F. U.
Maddook. Major E. C. G. (i.M.s.)
Madras Forest Colle^io, The Principal ...
Madras. The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum
]\Iadias, The Principal, Presidency College
Europe.
Mirzaj)ur.
Kuroj)e.
Raj|)ntana.
Ivurnuol.
Bombay.
Coimbatore.
Madras.
Madras.
Madras, The Professor of Zoology, Christian College. Madras
The
Mao rath, Lt.-Col. H. A. F.
]MahaluxmiwaIla, C. D.
Mahomwdbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahira,
Hon'ble Mr.
Mahon. E. L.
l*i.iilTi^ X«X* «•• ••• ••• ••«
Major, Chas. R.
Major, Col. F. F. ...
Makeig-Jout'S, J. (i.c.S.)
Maltby, Capt. C. M.
Manavadar, Khan Shree Fatehdinkhan, Chief of
{Life Meinher)
Mandlik, Narayan V. {Life Member)
Mann, Dr. H. H.
^*iann, i.. o.. ... .*• •«« •••
Manners-Smith, Lt.-Col. J. (v.C, C.I.E., C.v.O.) ...
Marjoribanks, Lt.-Col. J. L. (i.M.s.)
MarjoribanUs, N. E. (i.c.s.) ...
i^XiirrSy xvavr- ••• ••• ••• •••
IM tXl r \ ^t't* A.\ • •«■ ••• «a« ••■
Marshall, A. H.
Marshall, Arch. McL. {Life Member)
Marshall, A. W.
Marshall, Mrs. H. A.
Marshall, Dr. H. H. (L.R.O.s.)...
Marshall, J. 3IgL. {Life Member)
Marshall, Lt.-Col. T. E. (r.a.)
i-Ucirirllia x\« Ila ••• ■»• ••• •••
Martin, Capt. E. H. de C.
Martin, Col. Gerald {Life Member)
Martin, F. A.
Martin, Major J.
Martin, S. J.
Martiiidoll, H. E. W.
Massy, Major W. J.
Matthews, W. H. ...
Maung, Po Bye (k.s.m. & f.r.o.i.)
Maxwell, Lt.-Col. J. (R.f.a.) ...
Mesopotamia.
Bandra.
Bombay.
Pollibetta.
Mirpurkhas.
Katha.
Nowsliera.
Dera Ismail Khan.
Bombay.
Kathiawar.
Bombay.
Poona.
Europe.
Rajputana.
Boinbav.
Madras.
Bombav.
Bombay.
Pnujab.
Europe,
Karachi.
Travancoro.
Hangoou.
Europe.
Europe,
Bangalore,
Mesopotamia,
Europe.
Penang.
Europe.
Binsar.
Maymyo, Burm*,
Lashio.
Luc know.
Myaung-Mya.
Europe.
Iv)
LIST OF MEAIBERS.
Maxwell, K. M. (i.c.s.)
Maxwell, Major AV. F. (r.e.)
Mayes, W.
Mayno, Lt.-Col. H. B. (r.g.a.)
Mayo, H. T.
Mayo College, The Principal
MoArtliur, Lt. A. G. (i.a.r.o.)
McClftverty, Capt. G. M. ...
McConnell, C. H. Q.
McCounell, Lt. R.
McGormack, Dr. H.
McOrie. 0. M. (i.F.s.)
McCudden, Oapt. J. H.
McDonald, Capt. E. J. 0. (i.m.s..^
McDonald, J.
McDonough, Lt. A. D.
McGlasban, John (c.e.)
Mcllwrick, L.
McLitosh, Alex, (cb.")
MGlver,a D. ..'.
McKerral, A.
McMahon, Col. Sir A. H. (k.c.i.e., g.c.v.o., c.s.i.).
McNeale, J. H. ...
McNeill, J. (i.c.s.)
McRae, Wm.
Mead, P. J. (c.i.e., i.c.s.)
Mears, Lt.-Col. A. (i.a.)
Meaton, E. G.
Meek, Dr. D.
Mehta, Dr. M. V. (m.r.c.p.. l.m. &.s.) ...
Meinertzhagen, Major R.
Mellor, J. E. M
Menezes, Hector
Menon, K. G,
Mercer, D.
Meredith, H, R. (i.c.s.)
Merrikin, M. S. ..
Mess President, R. A. Mess ...
Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess ...
Mess President, Leicestershire Regiment.
Mess President, 1st Connaught Rangers.
Mess President, The 1st Border Reoiment.
Mess President, 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots.
Mess Secretary, 2nd Q. V. 0. Sappers and Miners.
Mess Secretary, nth Ammunition Column, R. F. A.
Mess President, 6th Jat. Light Lifiintry.
Mess President, 7th Hussars.
Mess President, 2/8th Gurkha Rifles, Nowshera.
Ahmedabad.
Delhi.
Naggar, Kula.
Europe.
Karachi.
Ajmer.
Bombay.
Mesopotamia.
Ceylon.
Bombay.
Peermade.
Balaghat, C. P.
Lahore.
Assam.
Europe.
Cawnpore.
Calcutta.
Gokak Fails.
Trichinopoly.
Satara.
Insein, Burma.
Europe.
Saugor, C. P.
Europe.
Coimbatore.
Bombay.
Calcutta.
Oorgaum.
Europe.
Bombay.
Europe.
Europe.
Bombay.
Triohoor.^ Cochin
Bombay,
Si wan.
Burma.
Bombay,
Cambellpore.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Ivii
Mess Presidont, XI K. E. 0. Lancers.
Mess Secretary, 13th Rajputs.
]\Ie3s Secrtftary, 18tli Intantry.
Mess President, 41st Dogras.
Mess Prosidont, 42n(l Deoli Regiment.
Mess President, l-ith Mervvara Infantry.
Mess President, 4.'»t,li Rattray's Siklis.
Mess President, 4()th Punjabis.
Mess President, r)2nd Sikhs.
I\le3s Sv"Crot:iry, nHtii Rifles.
Mess Secretary, f)9th Scinde Rifles.
Mess President, 62nd Punjabis
Mess President, 64tli Pioneers.
Mess Secretary, S7th Punjabis.
Mess President, ?Otn Punjabis.
Mess President, 94th Russells Infantry, Tank,
N.W.F.P.
Mess President, The jOlst Grenadiers.
Mess I 'resident, lOHrd Mahratta L. Infantry.
Mess Secretary, 109th Infantry.
Mess President, 1 10th Mahratta L. Infantry.
Mess President, 117th Marathas.
Mess President, l22nd Infantry.
Messent, P. G. (c.i.e., c.e.) ... ... . ...
Metcalfe, J. G. E. ...
Milburne, Wm.
Millard, W. S. (f.z.s.) {Life Member') ...
Miller, A. C.
Miller, W. A. H. (i.f.s.)
Millett, G. P. (l.f.s.)
Mills, J. D. (Lit'e Member)
Mills, J. P. (i.c.s.) ...
Milner, C. K.
Milner-Moore, D. ..
Milroy, A. J. W. ...
Miraj, Shriniant Gungadhar Rao Ganesh alias
Babasaheb Patwardhan, Chief of (Life Member),,
Mitchell, F. J.
Mitchell, Major H. H. G.
Mitchell, Capt. R. St. J.
Molesworth, Major A. L. M.
Molesworth, AJiss
Montagnon, D. J.
Monte, Dr. D. A. de (l.m. & s.)
Monteath, G. (l.C.S.) {Life Member)
Monteath, J. (I.c.s.)
Montgomerie, A. (i.C.s.)
Montgomerie, H. (i.c.s.)
8
Bombay.
Bombay.
Mesopotamia.
Bombay.
Karachi.
>'asik.
Europe.
Europe.
Naga Hills.
Europe.
Eiirope.
Gauhati.
Miraj.
Kashmir.
Europe.
Bombay.
Abbottabad,
Pakokku.
Assam.
Bandra.
Jalgaon.
Bombay.
Belgaum.
Tan do, Hyderabad.
Iviii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Montgomery, Miss E. -A. ... ...
MGiitmorency, G. F. de (l.c.s.)
Moore, G. D.
Moore, J. ... ... ...
Moore, T. D. ... ».. ...
Moore, W. G.
Morgan, Capt. R, R. ... .„
Morley, W. C.
Morrell, A. 0.
Morris, Lt.-Col. A, H. (r.A.m.C.)
Morris, A. P. (b.sg.)
Morris, Lt.-Col. D. 0.
Morris, Brig.-Genl. G. M.
Mosse, Major A. H. B. {Life Member)...
Motibil VuUabliji
Moule, Major li. E.
Moulton, Capt. J. C.
Mowbray, G. B, De...
Moylan, W. M.
Moysey, E. L. (i.c.s.)
Madhol, Shrimant Malojirao Raje Gtiorpade,
Chief of
Muir Central College, The Principal
Muir, G. B. F. (i.c.s.)
Muirhead, J. M. ... ...
Mullan, J. P. (m.a., F.L.S., F.z.s.)
Mulling^, C. T.
Mulraj, Lala
Miindy, N. S.
Mann, Capt. Leonard ... ...
Murdoch, F.
Murland, Major H. i*". [Life Member)
Murphy, E. J.
Murray, Oapt. A. D.
Murray, Major J. H. (i.M.s.)...
Murray, M. R.
Murray, R. A. C, ...
Musgrave, Brig.-Genl. A. D. (r.f.A.) ...
Muspratt, Brig.-Genl. Sir F. C. (k.c.b.)
Mysore, The Director of Agriculture ...
Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government
Museum
Mysore, H. H. the Maharaja Krishna Raj Woodayar
Bahadoor (g.C.S.i.) (if/e J/^m/>6'r)
Europe.
Delhi.
Saran.
Anantapur.
Bombay.
Maymyo.
Calcutta.
Bombay.
Travancore.
Europe.
Insein,
Saugor, C. P.
Mesopotamia.
Kathiawar.
Bombay.
Europe.
Singapore.
Europe.
Janitee.
Mirpurkhas.
Mudhol, S. M. C.
Allahabad.
Tehri.
Anandi, West.
Bombay.
Rajahmundry.
Quetla.
Silchar, Cachar.
Europe.
Jalpniguri.
Bombay.
Rangoon.
Quetta.
Bombay.
Harda, C. F.
Agra.
Mesopotamia.
Bombay.
Bangalore.
Bangalore.
Mysore.
Nagpur, Central Museum, The Curator
Nair, A, Narayanan, b.a. (Hon.)
... Nagpur, C. P.
... Trivandrum.
Lf8T OF MEMBERS.
lix
Nahar Sinijh Rao ...
Nanijoshi, V. K.
Nam] Kumar Tewari (n.Sc.) ...
Naiiolo, Major ]\!. 0.
Xa})ier, A. G. Fitz. (af.so., a.m.i.c.e.) ...
Naraenji Dwarkadas (/vZ/t^ Member)
Narrotumdas ]MorarjI (loculdass {Life Member)
jNasn, rl. 'J. ... ..• >••
Nasriilla Klian. H. H. Nawab ^lajor Maliomed
Neale, Capt. W. G. (i.A.)
Needham, J. E. (o.ij.e.)
Nevill, Capt. G. A....
Nevill, Humphry ...
Newcome, Lionel ...
Nicholetts, W. A. ...
Newland, Capt. W. B. M. (i.m.s.)
Nicbolls, Major W. A.
Nicholson, Lt.-Col. E. H.
Nicholson, E. M. F.
Nisbet, R. H.
Nizam's College, The Librarian
Norman, Major A. C.
Norman, Lt.-Col. H. H. (r.a.m.c.)
Norman, J. B. ... ...
Noyce, F. (i.c.s.)
Nurse, Lt.-Col. C. G. (F.E.s.){Life Member)
Nuttall, W. M.
Oakley, R. R.
Oberholser, Harry C.
O'Brien, Lt.-Col. Edward ...
O'Brien, F.
O'Callaglmn, T. P. M.
O'Oonnell, Dr. J. M.
O'Donel, H. V.
O'Donnell, 0.
O'Hara, R. R.
Ogilvie, A. ^V. (i.f.s.)
Ogilvie, Col. G. C. (r.e.)
Ogilvie, G. H. (i.f.s.) (Life Member) ...
Oldfield, Lt.-Col. G.
Oliver, A. W. L.
Olivier, Col. H. D. (r.e., F.z.a.) (Life Member)
Ollenbach, 0. C.
Ormistoii, W.
Orr, Major H. M. C
Orr, Hon'ble Mr. J. P. (c.s.i., i.c.s.) ...
... Bedla, near Udai-
pur.
... Cam bay.
... Lucknow.
... Rangoon.
... Ranchi.
... Bombay.
,.. Bombay.
... Ajmere.
... Bho])al, 0. 1.
.,. Bombay.
... Bombay. .
. .. Tezpur.
... Lahore.
... Snanivarsante P.O.
... Assam.
... Egypt.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Egypt.
... Siam.
... Hyderabad, Deccan.
... Mesopotamia.
... Europe.
... Champaran.
,..' Bombay.
... Europe.
... Dibrugarh.
... Europe.
... Washington, U.S.A.
.,. Porbandar.
... Nawabshah.
.. Bannu, N.W.F.P.
,.. Europe.
,.. Hasimara.
,.. Etirope.
... Rangoon.
... Prae, Siam.
... Qnetta.
... Rangoon.
... Dargai.
... ( "hinwangtao.
,.. Europe.
,.. J)ehra Dun, U. P-
... Ceylon.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
Ix
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Osborne, A. F.
Osmaston, A. E. (i.F.S.)
Osmaston, B. B. (i.f.s.)
Ostrehan, Capt. M.
Owen, W. Tador (i.c.S.)
Oxford University, Professor of Forestry
Oxley, Lt.-Col. J. C. S. (i.m.s.)
Page, A. J. (i.c.s.) ...
Page, W. T. (f.z.s.)
Fainter, H. L. (i.c.S.)
Palanpur, H. H. Capt. Nawab Zada Taley Maho-
med Khan
Panday, Mrs. J. L.
Fanikkar, N. P.
Panna, H. H. the Maharaja Mohendra Yadvendra
Singh Bahadur ...
X urioLi^ -ln o -E-j« (i*» ••• «•• •••
Parker, H. (i.C.S.) ...
Parker, R. N. (i.f.s.)
Parkin, Thomas (M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. , M.B.O.U.)
Porr, Lt.-Col. H. 0.
Parrington, Lt.-Col. J. W. (r.a.)
Parsons, A. A. L. (c.s.)
Parsons, Capt. A. E. B.
Parsons, S. R.
Partridge, 0. R.
Partridge, E. A.
PasGoe, J. Harding
Pasteur Institute of India, The Director
Pasteur Institute, The Director
X clt"l. x. • XJ , ••# ••• «•■ •••-
Paterson, Eev. John M.
Patiala, H. H. the Maharaja of (Life Member)
Patna College, The Librarian
Patton, Major W. S. (i.M.s.) ...
Patuck, P. S. (I.c.s.)
Pears, S. E. fc.i.B., i.c.s.)
Pearse, Lt.-Col. J. L.
Pearson, Capt. G. H. A.
Pearson, R. S. (i.f.s.)
Pearson, Major W. B.
Peck, N. F. (i.c.s.)
Peebles, W. J. M. ...
Peile, Lt.-Col. H. D. (i.m.s.)
Pentland, The Right Hon'ble Lord (P.O., G.C.I.B.
V^tOtO*!* ) ••• ••• ••• ••
Madura.
Garhwal.
Dehra Dun.
Imphal.
Palitana.
Europe.
Chanda, C. P.
Nyaunglebin.
Europe.
Ahniednagar.
Nasik.
Palanpur.
Bombay.
Quilon.
Ajmer.
Bikaner.
llomalin.
Lahore.
Europe.
Europe.
Quetta.
Simla.
Bannu.
Chhindwara, C. P.
Jalfiaiguri.
Secunderabad.
Nilgiris.
Kasauli, Punjal).
Ranfjoon.
Bombay.
Srinagar.
Patiala.
Bankipore.
Mesopotamia.
Narsingpur.
Khyber, Peshawar.
Europe.
Jullundur.
Dehra Dun, U. P.
France.
Baripada.
Shahib.ig.
Mesopotamia.
Madras.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Ixi
Peppe, Capt. F. H....
Pei-civ!il, A. P. (i.F.s.)
Pereivul, G. S. P. ...
Perry, Miijor S. (it.A.)
Pershouso, Major S.
Peshawar Club, Ld., The Honorary Secretary
Pestonji Jivanji (N.C.s.) {Life Member)...
Petit, Dhunjibhoy Boinanji [Life Member)
Petit, Jehangir Bomaiiji {Life Member)
Petley, C. A.
Phrtlps, Lr.-Col. M. P.
Philip, C. L.
Phillips, C. A.
Phillips, Caj)t. J. A. S. (l.M.s.)
Phillips, J. U.
Piiipson, Capt. E. S. (i.M.p.) ...
Phipson, H. M. (f.z.s.) {Life Member)...
Phyth^an-Adams, Lt.-Col. *E. G. P. ...
Pinfold, E. !S.
Pipe, T. S.
Pitman, Oapt. 0. R. !S.
Pitt, VV. H
Po<:son, Cajit. F. V.
Pollurd, Lt-Col. A.E. St. V.
Ponoius, Viscount Edmond do {Life Member)
Ponsonby, W. G. ...
Pope, J. A. i.c.s.) ...
Porbiindar State, The Administrator ...
Port Blair Settlement Readiuii Club ...
Porter, A. A.
Porter, H. G. H. ...
Pottinger, Capt J. A.
Pottinger, Lt -Col. R. S.
Powell, J. E.
Powell, J. W. ...
Powell, V N. F
Powell, W. S. (I.F.s.)
Prull, Lt.-Col. S. E. (i.M.s.) ...
Prendergast, H. H. L.
Prendergast, Capt. N. H.
Prentice, James
Prcscott. Major C. W. (i.A.) ...
Prescott, Major H. W. B.
Priestley, E.
Primrose, Alex. M.
Prince, Chas. S.
„. Rawalpindi.
... Europe.
... lianuiad.
... Mesopotamia.
... Europe,
... P e s h a w a r,
N. W. F. P.
... Hyderabad, Dec-
can.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
,.. Toungoo.
... Europe.
... Sambalpur.
.., Calcutta,
... Mesopotamia.
... Insein.
... Simla.-
... Europe.
... Secunderabad.
... Calcutta.
... Aiimednagar.
... Mesopotamia.
... Madras.
,.-, Mesopotamia.
... Bombay.
... France.
... Secunderabad.
... Bombay.
... Porbandar.
... Port Blair.
... Lakon, []. Siam.
... Poena.
...Tank,N.W. F. P.
... Bhuj, Cutch.
... Ghiizipur.
... Bombay.
... Hawalpindi.
... Rangoon.
... Jullundur.
... Arkonam.
... Miranshah.
... Cossipore.
... Nowshera.
... Bon^buy.
.. Bijapur.
... Sootea, P. 0.
... Nagercoil.
Ixii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Procter, Sir Henry E.
Pudukkottai, State Museum, The Curator
Pujarj, Tribikram (b.a.)
Punjab Agricultural College, The Principal
Parkis, F. C. (b.f.s.)
Purkis, H. V.
Quarry, P. S.
Qninlan, D. (m.r.c.v.s.)
Quinn. Dr. T. W. (m.k.c.s.) ...
Quin, Lt.-Col. R. P. W.
Rae, Major M. E. {Life Member)
Raikes, E. B.
Rajkuniar College, The Principal
Rajkuraar CuUege, The Principal
Ruke, ij. \j. ... ... ...
Ralston, Capt. W. H. (d.s.o.)
Rane, Y. K.
Rankin, Major W. B.
Raper, J. C. D. (a.m. i.e. b., v.d.)
Ravenshaw, Col. C W. {Life Member) .,.
Rawalpindi Club, The Secretary
Readyraoney, N. J. ...
Rector, St. Mary's College
Reddoch. Mrs. F. H. L.
Reeve, C. F.
Reid, Sir M. F. (c.i.E.j
Reid, W. J. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Reilly, Major N. E.
Reinhold, Major C. H. (t.m.s.)
Remington, G. L. ...
Rendall, H. U. (i.c.s.)
Reynolds, Cupt. G. N.
Reynolds, L. VV. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Rice, E. M.
Richards, B. D. (b.Sc.)
Richmond, R. D. (i.F.s.)
Ridland, J. G.
Riley, R. C.
Rimington, F. J. ...
Rishworth, H. R. ...
Ritchie, A. B.
Rivett -Carnac, P. K.
Robert, A. W.
Roberts, A. A. 7,ane (i.c.s.) ...
Roberts, Major A. S. B.
... Europe.
... Pudukkottai.
... Purulia.
... Lyallpur.
... Rangoon.
... Kishtwar.
,.. Calcutta.
... Kanchi.
... Drug, C. P.
... Miranshah.
... Bushire.
... Europe.
... Rajkote.
... Raipur.
... Insein, Burma.
... Fattehgarh.
... Juvejn, Bombay.
... Juvem, Bombay.
... Jhansi.
... Lanowli.
... Europe.
... Rawalpindi.
... Bombay.
... Mazaoon, Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Nasrapur.
... Europe.
... Silohar.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Ajmer.
.,. Junagfidh.
... Sanger, C. P.
... Ajmer.
... Mesopotamia.
... Lonawla.
... Coimbatore.
... Bombay,
... Nowshera.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
... Qustta.
... Vellore.
... Delhi.
... Europe.
LIST OF MEMUEJiH.
IXlll
Robert^, Lt.-Col. 8ir J. R. (i.m.s., c.i.e.)
Roherts, Lt.-Ool. M. B. {^Life Member) ...
Robertson, Hon'hlo Sir B. (i.C.s., C.i.k., k.c.S.i/
Robertson, J. H. (i.c.s.)
Robertson, Laurenco (c.s.i., i.o.s.)
Robinson, A. 0.
Robinson, H. (J. ... ...
Robinson, 0:i|>t. J. A.
Robinson, Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. M. ...
Rocke, Cnpt. C. A.
Rodger, A. (i.f.s.) ...
Rogers, C. G. (i.f.s.)
Rogers, Rev. K. St. A.
Rogers, W. S.
Roudano, Rev. A. G. (s.j.) ...
Roper, F.
Rorie, J. J- ... .,. .„
Rosenthal, F. M.
J-VO\)bj cJ • -L • ••• ■«• ««•
Hoss, Major Tyrell (Life Member)
lioughton, N. J.
Routh, Lt.-C'ol. G. F. S.
Ro«% Lt.-Col. G. II. (i.A.)
Row, Dr. R. fM.D.) ...
Rowliind^^cn, B. C. ...
Royal Asiatic Society, The Honorary Secretary
Ruddle, W. H.
Rudkin, Capt. B. A.
Rudinan, F. H. R. (i.c.s).
Rumboll. A. 0. (o.B.E.)
Rushton, C. E. ... ...
Russell, Major G. H.
Rutherford, W. F. ...
Ruttledge, R. F. ...
Rynd, Major F. F. (r.a.)
Ryves, The Hon'ble i\lr. Justice A. E....
, Bombay.
, (iarliwal.
Nagpur, 0. P.
JiJii rope.
Europe.
Sukkur.
Kuala Lumpur.
Boniliay.
RanjTOOD.
Europe.
Msymyo.
Mavmyo.
Momlasu, L^ E. A.
Bombay.
Igatpuri.
Europe.
Meiktila, Burma.
Socunderabad.
Bombay.
Europe.
Khandwa.
Rawalpindi.
Calcutta.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Dacca.
Bombay.
Secunderabad.
Mesopotamia.
Xiniar.
Bombay.
Mandalay.
Miranshah.
China.
Ambala.
Bombay.
Allaiiabad.
Sabnis, T. S. (ij.a.. b.s.c.)
Sabour, The Priiicifial, College of Agriculture
Salar Juug, H. E. The Nawab
Sale, EcLvaid L. (I.c.s.)
Salkeld, Capt. R. E....
Salmon, Capt. W. H. B.
Sanders, A. D.
Sanders, Capt. C. W.
Sanders. D. F.
.. Bombay.
,. Sabour, Bengal.
.. Hyderabad, Deccan.
.. Belgauni.
,t Europe.
.. Europe.
.. Europe.
.. Bombay.
.. Hyderabad. Dn.
Ixiv
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Sanders, J. H. (i.C.s.)
Sanderson, Capt. P. M. D.
Sangli, Shrimant Chintainaurao Appasaheb Patwar
dhan {Life Member)
Poona.
Europe,
Saone, Gr. Prier De
Sarangarh, Tha Hon'ble Uaja Jawahir Singh
Sarkar, Capt. S. (l.M.S.)
Satya Churn Law ...
Saunders, C.
Saunders, H. F.
Saunders, Lt.-Col. F. W. (r.e.)
Savile, L. H.
Savory, Capt. R. A.
Saxby, H. B.
Saxton, W. T.
Scaldwell. R. W. ...
Scarlett. Major J. S. (r.h.a.) ...
Schmid, W.
Schomberg, Major R. C. F.
Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Madhowrao
(g.c.s.i., G.C.v.o.) {Life Member)
Scot, J, S. (i.F.s.) ...
Scott, A. G.
Scott, Capt. F. B. ...
Scott, R. P.
Scott-Coward, C. W.
Scribner, Fleet Surgeon R. B. (R.N.)
Scroggie, Major W. R. J. (i.M.S.)
Scroope, Major C. F.
Seale, Dr. C. E. B....
Sealy, Major A. E. ...
Secunderabad Club Library, The
Secretary
Sedgwick, L. J. Ci.c.s.)
Sangli, S. M. C.
... Eurofte.
... Sarangarh, C. P.
... Calcutta.
... Calcutta.
... C-alcutta.
... Gvvalior, C. 1.
... Quetta.
... Bombay,
... Miiltan.
... Ajmer.
... Rawalpindi.
... Hasam.
... Eurupe.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
Seervai, Dr. Rustom F.
Senior- White, R. /f.e.s.)
Seton-Karr, Capt. H. W. {Life Member)
Sewell, J. H.
Seymour Sewell, Capt. R. B. (i.m.s.) ...
Shaud, Capt. J. G. B. (i.M.s.^...
Shannon, G. C. (l.c.S.)
Sharp, F. E.
Sharp, The Hon'ble Mr. H. (c.s.i.)
Shaw, G. Vj.
Sheather, A. L.
Shebbeare, E. 0. ...
Shephard,T. F. G. ...
Shepherd, W. C. (i.c.s.)
... Gwalior, C. I.
... Salem.
... Bilaspur.
... Quetta.
... Ijombay.
... Ahmedabad.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Mesopotamia.
... DarjeoUng.
.. Bakloh, Punjab.
Honorary
... Secunderabad.
... D bar war.
... Bombay.
... Ceylon.
.., Ell rope.
... Rangoon, Burmti
... ''alcufta.
... Bombay.
.„. Bijapur.
.,. Kaira.
... Delhi.
... Pivang.
... Muktesar.
... Jalnaiguri.
... Bii-iar.
... Bombay.
I
LIST OF MEMBERS.
\x\
Shepherd, W. S.
Shepparil, Capt. S. T.
Shova le, vS. V. (b.sc.)
SliiUiily, G. A. ... ..^ ... '
Shipniati, Major H. 1.
Shipp, W. E.
Shirluy, G. S.
Shivram Kashyap (M.sc., B.a.)
Shortlaiul, C. V. N. (a.m.i.c.e.)
Sliortt, Capt. H. E. (i.m.s.) ...
Shortt, W. H. 0. ...
Shuttleworth. H. L. (m.a., k.r.q.s., i.c.s.)
Siam, H. 1\. H. Prince Abhakara of Chumporu
Silvester, C J.
Simcox, A. H. A. (i.c.s.)
Simla Station Library, The Honorary Secretary
Simonds, Major M. H.
Sims, R. G.
Simson, Lt. R.
Sinclair, R. L.
Sind Olub, The Hony, Secretary
Sirdar Anandrao Scindia
Sitwell. Major N'. S. H. (r.a.)
Sitwell, S. A. H.
Sitzler, Capt. E. A..-,.
Skeen, Maj.-Genl. A.
Skelton. J. H.
Skilling, W.
Skinner, Capt. J. M. (i.m.s.) ...
Skineer, Cat.t. R. B. (k.b.) ...
Slade, G. E.' R.
Sladen, Dr. R. J. L.
Slater, A. F.
Slater, Major A. F. M.
Slater, J. Sanders ...
Smales, (has. 13. (i.F.s.)
Sinales, R.
Smart, Dr. A. G. H. (m.b.) ...
Smith, A. Kirke
Smith, Major E. C. ...
Smith, Lt. E. Cecil ...
Smith. G. R.
Smith, H. C. ... ... ...
Smith, J. H.
Smith, J. L (I.c.s.) ...
Smith. Lt.-Col. F. A. (i.m.s.) ...
Smith, Capt. H. H.
Smith. Dr. Malcolm
9
.. Europe.
.. Borjibay.
.. Poona.
.. Larkana.
.. Rawalpindi.
.. Ajmer.
.. Kan<^oon.
.. Lahore.
.. Nagjiur.
. . Bombay.
.. Roorkee.
... Nawar Kuki.
... Bangkok.
... Calcutta.
,., Sholapur.
... Simla.
... Bolaram.
... Rangoon.
... Fyzabad.
... Castle Rock.
... Karachi.
... (iwalior, C. I.
... Kirkee.
... Calcutta.
... Mesopotamia.
... "Simla.
... Bombay.
... C/ulcutta.
... Bombay.
... Bannu, N.-\V.F.P
. .. Bombay.
... Jhansi.
.. Aligarh.
... Snabkadr.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
.. Bombay.
... Europe.
... Mesopotamia.
... Mi ran shah.
... Europe.
... Mesopotamia.
... Bombay.
... I'asra.
... Narsapur.
... Indore, C. I.
... Fv ziibad.
... Bangkok, Siam.
Ixvi.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Smith, Major 0. A.
Smith, S. D.^B.A.)...
Somervaille. Geo. ...
Souter, G. A, (i.c.s.)
Spalding, Major W. B.
Sparke, W.
Sparrow, Lt.-(Jol. R.
Spence, Dr. A. D. ...
Spence, H. (t.
Spence, R. A.
Spencer, S. D.
Spink, H.H. M. ...
Spooner, T. J. (c.e.) {Life Member)
Sprott, Capr. F. H.
Srinagar CluH, The Secretary
Stables, Major Alex, (r.a.m.c.)
Stack, Mrs. C. E. ...
Stamps, Lt. W. L.
Stanbridge, Capt. W. J. (r.a.)
Standen. B. (i.c.s., CLE.) {Life Mem
Stanton, W. C.
StefTen, 0.
Steichen Rev. A. (s.j.)
Stent, P. J. H. (i.c.s.)
Stephen, Mrs. Bl M.
Stephens, L. B.
Stevens, Herbert
Stevenson, ("apt. F. (i.M,3.)
Stevenson, Capt. W. D. H. (l.M.S.)
Stevi^art, A. F.
Stewart, E. A.
Stewart, C. G.
Stewart, D. M.
Stewart, Major G. E. (l.M.S.)
Stewart, Major G. H. (l.M.S.)
Stewart, John
Stewart, R. R. (ph.d.)
Still, John
Stirling, J. H.
Stoekley, Capt. C. H.
Stokes, H. G. (c.i.B., I.c.s.) ...
Stokes, I. W.
Stone, Capt. F. H. S. (r.N.R.)
Stoney, R. F.
Stoner, W.
Storey, Thos. H.
Story, S, S. ... ...
her)
... Hazaribagh.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
... Coimbatore.
... Cawnpore.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Rangoon.
... Rangoon.
... Bombay.
... Siam.
... l^urope.
... Gadag.
... Bombay.
... Srinagar, Kashmir.
. . Europe.
... Risalpur Cantt.
•• Egyp<^-
... Europe.
... Pachmarhi.
... Calcutta.
.- Yirudnpatti.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Simla.
... Europe.
... Gopaldhara.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Behali.
... Minbu.
... Ajmer.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Travancore.
... Rawalpindi.
... Oylon.
... Jodhpur.
... Mesopotamia.
... Kurnool.
... r)ombay.
... Bombay.
... Madras.
... Morriston.
... Oode3'pur.
... Bombay.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
ixvu
Striic'han, N. J.
Street, E. ...
Stringfellow, H. P. ...
otu;irt, »l, JL/. ••• ••• •••
Stubbs, L. M. (r.c.s.)
Sulivan, Col. G. D. F.
Sunth.MahaninaShri Jorawarsinhjee. RajaSaliob
Surveyor, Dr. N, F. (m.d.)
Suter, Dr. JM. F.
Sutherland, Rev. W , S.
Sutton, A. T. C.
Swete, M. H. F.
Swinhoe, General C
Sykes, C. M. (c.E.)...
Symons, C T. ... .. .,.
Symons, Lt.-('ol. T. H. (i.m.s.)
.. Travancore.
.. Mandalay.
.. I^^nibay.
.. KanfToon.
.. Saharanpiir.
.. Bombay.
.. P. O. Sunth Ram-
pur.
.. Bombay.
. . Europe,
.. Kalimpong.
.. Africa.
.. Papun.
,. Europe.
.. Europe,
. (Colombo.
. BomKiv.
Talbot, G. W .
Talbot, R H.
Tambe,Dr. GopalRamchandra (M.A.,B.se.,L.M. & s.).
Tanner, Lt.-Col. C. 0. 0.
Tasker, T. J. (i.c.s.)
Tata, Sir Dorabji J. (Life Member) ...
Tate, Capt. A R. W.
I avoy Club, The Honorary Secretary ,„
Taylor, Major G. (r.h.a.)
Taylor, J. N. (i.A.R.o., M.E.) ...
Taylor. J. R.
Taylor, Dr. W. R. (m.r.c.s., l.r.c.s.)
Tebbutt. H. J.
Tebri Garhwal State, H. H. Raja Narendia Shah
Saheb Bahadur ...
Tejpal, Goverdhandas Goculdas (Life Member J ...
Tenisnn, Caj.t. W. P. C. (r?.F.A.)
Tew, G. C. (I.c.s.) -..
Thateher, E. C.
Thorn, "VV.S.
Thomas, E. F. (i.c.s.)
Thomason Co'Iege, The Principal
Thompson, Miss A. ...
Thomson, Major D. B.
Thomson, H.
Thomson-Glover, Capt. J. VV.
Thornbill, Capt. C. M, (d.s.o.)
Thornhill, Lt.-Col. Sir H. B. (k.c.i.b.) .„
Rangoon
Cachar.
Narsingbpur.
Mhow," C. I.
Anantapur.
Bombay.
Quetta.
Tavoy, Burma.
Risalpur.
Europe.
Topchancbi.
Insein.
Bombay.
Ajmer.
Andheri.
Europe.
Pyinmana.
Debra Dun.
Paletwa, Aracan
Hill Tracts.
Madras.
Roorlcee.
Europe.
Europe.
Poena.
Mesopotamia.
Quetta.
Europe.
Ixviii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Thornton, H. A. (i.o.s.)
Thorns-Hoberts, J. W. B.
Thruston, L. A.
Thuillier, Brig.-Genl. H. F. (r.e.)
Thullier, Major L. C. (l.A.) ...
Tiblis, Rev. P. G. ...
Ticelmrst, Capt C. B. (ma., m.b.o.h., r.a.m.c.)
Tietkens, A. J. H. ...
Tilden, h. B. (f.c.s.)
Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ...
Tod, Alex. M.
Tonikins, S.
Tomlinson, A. G. ...
Tomliiisou, Mtijor W. Paget ...
Tottenham, W. F. L. (l.F.s.) ...
Townseiid. \xM)o\. E. V.
,. Lashio, Shan States*
,. Kindat.
,. Europe.
,. Europe.
,. Ahmednagar.
., Mesopotamia.
,. Karachi.
.. Darjeeling.
.. Boml)ay.
.. (^anada*
.. Bombay.
.. Simla.
.. Busrah.
.. Mesopotamia..
.. Shillong.
Rangoon.
Travancoie, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Sultan Rama
Raja BiihacJoor (g.C.S.i., G.C.I.e.) {Life Member). Trivandrum.
Travers, VV. L. ... ... ... ... JalpaigurL
Tray 1 en, G. D. ... .. ,.. ... Bomhay.
Trevolyan, W. R. F. ... ... .. Mesopotamia..
Trevor, 0. G. (i.F.s.) ... ... ... Simla.
Trigos, B. ... ... ... ... J^.mmu.
Trinity College, The Principid ... ... Kandy, Ceylon
Trivandnnn, The Director, Government Museum
and Public Gardens
Trotter, E. W.
Trot er. H (i f s.) ...
Troup, R. S. (I.F.s)...
Truninger, L. (c.iE.)
Tunnard, T. E.
Tunsiall, A. C.
Twrkhiul, Dr. D. A....
Turnt,., F J S. ...
Tumor, li. G.
Turner, Sir Montague
Tweeilie, A. G.
Tweedie, U.-Col. J. L.
Tysiliji, !S. H.
Tvers, G. A. V
Tyler, H. H. F M. (i.c.s.)
Tyrrell, Major J. R. (i.M.S.)
Tytler, Col. II. C. ...
Trivandrum,
Ban-kok, Slam.
Mesopotamia.
Simla.
Calcutta.
Europe.-
Calcutta.
Bombay.
Matara, Ceylon.
Europe.
PJuriipe.
Gdcutta.
Cairo.
Ahmedabad.
Europe.
Baghdad.
B<;ml)ay.
Bushire.
Udaipnr. IJ. H. The Maharaj Kunwar Bhup:il
Siiij^li Bah:idur ...
Underwo. d, Rev. J. E. ... ....
Udaipnr,Rftjputana.
Saliu, Burma.
L IS T OF MEM BERS.
ixix
Ungetroren, H.
United Provinces, Judicial Secretary to Govern-
IIlc'll' »•• ••• «•• ••• a«(
United Service Club, The Secretary
United Service Library, Hony. Secretary
Urwin, Lt.-Col. J. J. (i.m.s.) ...
U. S. De[»artment of Agriculture, The Librarian ...
Van Het Algenieen Proefstation Der, A. V.R.O.S,
De Directour
Van Ligen, E. M. ...
Varviil, Oapt. M. N.
Vauglian, W. (f.e.s.) {Life Member)
Vellore (Jlub, The Honorary Secretary
Yenning, Major F. E. W. {Life Member)
Venour, Lt.-Col. W. E. (r.A.) {Life Member)
Vernon, H. A. B. (i.c.s.)
Vesugar, J.
Victoria Collej/e, The Principal
Victoria Technical Listitute, The Curator
Librariun
Vijayiirajji, Maharaj Kumar Shri
V illar, A. it. ... ... ...
Vincent, H.
Vincent, The Hon'ble Sir William (i.C.S.)
Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersev, Sir
Vitt" C P
Volkart, L.
and
Lohardaga,
Allahabad.
Bangalore,
Poena.
Europe.
Washinyton D. C.
Medun, Sumatra.
Mysore.
Bon) bay.
Euro/>e.
Vrtjlore, S. I.
Mesopotamia.
Kohat.
Kurnool.
Rawsilpindi.
Puljihat.
NjlOr
AVainwright, F. M...,
AVait, W. E.
Waite, H. W
Wakefield, G. E. C. (c.b.e.) ...
Wakefield, J. G, ...
Walker, Capt.E. T....
Walker, .]. S. E.
Walker, Roland (Life Af ember)
Walker, Major W. B. (R.A., F.a.)
Walker, Lt. Col. F. Spring (l.A.)
Wall, Lt.-Col F. (i.i\i.8., C.M.Z.S., c.m.g
Wallace, John (c.e. )
Wallace, R. ... ...
Walsh, C. L.
Walsh, E. P. (i.c.s.)
Walsh, M. P.
Walters, O. H.
Walton, Lt.-Col. H. J. (i.m.s., o.m.z.s.).
Wapshare, J. H.
pur.
)
Bhuj, Ciitch.
Shvveoyin.
Poona.
Delhi.
Bombay.
Europe.
Bombay.
Dowlaishweram.
Colombo,
J he) urn.
Hyderabad, Dn.
Gaya, Benoal,
Delhi.
Motihari, Bengal,
Bombay,
Ringoon.
Jhansi.
Europe,
Bombay.
Europe.
Europe.
Rajah mundry.
Akola, Berur.
Barsar.
Bombay.
Nilglris.
Ixx
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Warbuftoi), A. P.
Warburton, Major H. G.
Ward, Lt.-Col. C. H.
Ward, F. Kingdon....
Ware, F.
Wasey, G. K.
Waterfield, E. H. (i.c.s.)
Wathen, Mrs. G. A.
Watney, Major C. W.
Watson, E. A.
Watson, Major H. K.
Watson, H. W. A. (i.f.s.)
Watson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (i.m.s.)
Watson, Philip
Watts, Major G. A. R.
Wauohope, Capt. R. S. (j.a.)
Way, J. D.
Webb, G. K.
Webb, M. (i.c.s.) ...
Webb, J. E. N
Webb-Ware, G.
Webster, Lt.-Col. J. R.
Webster, Lieut. D. (k.n.)
Webster, W. H. A....
Weldon, W. L
Wells, Capt. F. VV. A
Wells, Dr. H. E. (m.b.)
Wells, Capt. R. T. (i.m.s.) ...
Wehiian, P. H.
Wenden, H. (c.e., c.i.e.)
Wernicke, E. A. ...
West, L. C.
West,W.
Western, Miss R. H.
Weston, A. T
Weaton, W. V
Whailey, G. P
Wheatley, Major P. (k.f.a.) ...
Wheeler, W. D. „
Whiean, D.
Whistler, Hugh (m.b.o.u., f.z.s.)
White, Colin R. ...
White, Chas. W. ...
White, G.H
White, L. S. (i.c.s.)
White, Capt. W. T
White, W. P
... Rangoon,
... Mesopotamia.
... Europe,
... Mesopotamia.
... Madras.
... Europe,
... Larkana.
... Amritsar.
... Mesopotami^i.
... Calcutta.
... Nowshera.
... Mogok, Burma.
... iN'owgong, C. L
... Rangoon.
... Mesopotamia.
... Bombay.
... Vizagapatam
... Bombay.
... Belgaum.
... Calcutta.
... Madura.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Kyankse.
... Bombay.
... Jhansi.
... Akyab.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Darjeeling.
... Hubli.
... Meerut.
... Pulampur, Punjab.
... Papnn.
.,, Europe.
... Berhampur, Ben-
gal.
... Mhow, C. i.
... Bombay.
... Panposh, B.-N. Kv.
.. 'Ihang.
... Cawnpore.
,,, Europe.
... Kolaba.
awnpore.
... Europe.
... Bilaspur, C.P.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
IXXl
(O.M.G., C.I.E.)
\Vliit^l»eu(l, H. (u.t^c.)
\\'l]itoheu<.l, John (l.F.S.)
Whyinper, S. L.
Whjte, W.
Wickhum, P. F. (c.e.)
W'ilkinson, Dr. S. (m.R.c.S.) ...
W llKSj iM«..» ... ... •••
Wilkis, J. y.
\Villcos, A. V.
Williams, E. Alhiin...
Willia;uri, Lt.-Col. C. E. (i.M.6.)
Williams, Ciipt. J. K.
Williams, Dr. N. S. (m.d., b.Sc.)
Williamson, A. (i.c.s.)
Williamson, W. J. F.
\Villin<!:don, H. E,, The Right Hon'ble
^G.CI.A. y ••• ••« •••
^V^llock, Comdr, A. R. G. (r.i.m.)
^\'ilson, Lt.-Col. Alban
Wilson, A. F.
\Vilsou, A. R.
Wilson, P. R.
Wilson, Lt.-Col. A.
Wilson, C. IJ. E. .
Wilson. Mrs. D. W.
Wilson, J. C. C
Wilson, (Japt. P. N. W.
Wilson, C;ti)t. N. F, J. (c.m.Ct., o.b.e.)
Wilson, R. A. (i.c.s.)
Wimbush, A.
Winch. H..).
Wise, G. M.
Withers, D. S.
Witt, D. 0. (i.F.s.) ...
Wood, Major H. (R.E.)
Wood, John A.
Wood, Major W. M. P.
Wood, T. D.
Woodcock, A W
Woodhouse, ¥j. J. ...
Woods, D. F.
Wooldridge, Miss A. W.
Wordsworth, (Japt. R. G
W organ, Lt.-Col. R. B.
Wrangham Hardy, G.
Wright, A.J.
AV rirht, H. (1 .... „.
Wright, J. M. (I.c.s.)
... Moso}>otamia.
... Chukruttu, U. P.
... Europe.
... Rangoon.
... Rangoon.
... Ajmer.
... Bombay.
... Madras.
... Eurojje,
... Exkrope.
... Rangoon.
... Bombay.
... Abu Road.
... JShvveuyin.
... Bangkok, Siam.
Lonl
... Bombay.
... Mesopotamia.
... Europe.
. Arkonam.
... Almora, U. P.
... Bombay.
.;. Baghdad.
... Quetta.
... Bombay.
... Papun, Burma.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Yeotmal.
... Dehra Dun.
... Shivrajpur.
... Bombay.
... Assam.
... Clianda, C. P.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Aden.
... (klcuttn.
... i)Ombay.
... Sabour.
... Kurduvadi.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Neemuc'h.
... Darjeeling.
... Travancore.
... iiurope.
... Falam, Chin Hills.
Ixxii
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Wright, Major R. E, (i.m.s ) ...
Wriffht, Major W. D. (i.m.s.;
Wroughton, R,. 0. (F.z.S.) {Life Member)
Wyndham, P. (i.c.s.)
... Bomba}'.
... Egypt/
... Europe.
... Kumaon.
Yeolekar/r. G. (m.a., B.sc.) ...
Yerbury, (^'ol. J. W. (b.a.) {Life Member)
Younan, Lt Col. A. C. (i.m.s.)
Young, Lt.-Col. H. G. (d.s.o)
Youug, J. V. (I.F.S)
Young, L. W. H. .^-.
Young, R. H.
Young, W. H. H. ,.
Yule, Major li. A. ...
Bombay.
Europe.
Europe.
Lahore Oantt.
Rangoon.
Bombay.
Karachi.
Lahore.
Peshawar.
Zollinger, A. E.
Zumbro. Rev. W. M
... Amraoti, Berar.
... Madura.
Ixxiii
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NEW GENERIC TERMS.
Tatekona (Mammalia)
GrUYIA ( .. )
DlOMYS ( ,, )
Page
4
201
203
Ix
XVI
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Abies webbiana . .
Abisara echerius angulata
Abromis superciliaris
Acacia
sp.
arabica
caesia
catechu . .
concinna . .
Senegal . .
Acanthion alophus
bengalensis
hodgsoni
leucurus
Acanthodactylus cantoris
fraseri . .
savignji
scutellatus
vaillanti
Acanthopneuste davisoni
Accipiter
nisus . .
virgatus .
Acherontia lachesis
Styx . .
Acisoma . .
Acomys dimidiatus
flavidus
russatus . .
segyptiacus
Acridotheres ginginianus
tristis
Acrocephalus
448,
236,
90, 236, 240,
— dumatorum
— dumetorum
— stentoreus
Actinodura egertoni ripponi
Actinopteris
Adelura caeruleicephala
Adiantnm capillus veneris
Number.
.. 494
.. Ill
.. 83
448, 452
.. 728
451, 453
653, 656
.. 448
.. 656
448, 453
70, 371
.. 70
70, 371
70
374
373
374
374
374
83, 88
.. 238
240, 246
246, 497
.. 165
.. 769
.. 616
205, 206
.. 205
205, 206
.. 205
.. 675
84, 676
.. 672
.. 670
.. 143
.. 517
80, 750
.. 292
.. 678
.. 739
Adiantum can datum
Adina cordifolia . .
Adolias dirtea
Aedon familiaris . .
-^gialitis alexandrina
asiatica
' j3Cgithaliscus manipurensis
niveigularis
^githina tiphia . .
^gosoma tibiale , .
Aeromachus indistincta . .
^]rua sp. . .
javanica
■- lanata
^salon
chicquera
reguluo . .
v'Ethiopsar fuscus
Aethriamanta
Agama
isolepis . .
Aglaoapis brevipennis
■ fasciata
Agrionoptera
insularis .
nicobarica .
papuensis .
quatoniata
similis
variabilis .
Ailurus fulgens .
ochraceus
Alactaga indica .
Alastor
Alauda arvensis .
gulgula .
Alcedo grandis . .
ispida
Alcippe uepalensis
Number
..292
. . 291
..108
. . 803
..306
..305
. . 75
..494
..81
.. 155
..119
..735
.. 735
..735
..238
. . . 236, 241
236, 241, 246
. . 675
617, 618
..157
..160
. . 94
. . 155
614, 623
..623
..623
..623
. . 623
. . 623
. . 623
..623
..319
..370
..371
.. 102
.. 160
86, 750
.. 87
.. 87
.. 80
lynux OF SPECIES.
Ixxvii
Alcippe phococephala phayrii
Alcunis striatus . .
Alhagi cameloruiu
manorum
Allodape pictitarsis
pumilio
Allophyllus lobba
AUotiiuis drumila
horsfiekli
nivalis . .
Bubviolaceus
Alsocomus pulchricollis
Aniblypodia anita
Ameletia elongata
floribimda
indica . .
rotundifolia
subspicata
tenuis
Ammannia
densiflora
dentelloides
floribunda
hexandra
heyneana
latifolia
: leptopetala
littorea
mexicana
nana . .
pentandra
timbriata
- peploides
— polystachya .
— pygmjjea
— ritchiei
— rotala . .
— rotundifolia .
— rubra . .
— simpliciuscula
— subrotunda .
— subspicata
— tenuis . .
— wallichii
Ammobates solitarius
NUMBJER.
.. 80
.. 751
.. 727
.. 305
. . 95
. . 95
. . 4.n
.. 113
.. 113
. . 113
.. 113
MOO, 742
. . 117
.. 711
. . 706
.. 711
.. 718
.. 718
.. 720
.. 701
.. 707
.. 722
.. 706
.. 710
.. 710
.. 714
.. 707
.. 707
.. 703
707, 711
707, 722
.. 710
711, 714
.. 711
.. 702
.. 709
.. 705
714,718
.. 707
.. 707
718, 714
.. 718
.. 720
.. 706
.. 99
Amniopurdix bonhami .
, heyi
Ammophila
Amphithemis
curvistyla.
maria)
vacillans
Ampulex pilosa . .
Anadebis diademoides . .
Anagallis arvensis
■- caerulea
caerulea
Anaphjeis mesentina
Anarrhinum sp. . .
laxiflorum
Anas boscas
Anastomus lamelligerus
Ancistrophyllum . .
Andre na exagens
harrictae
Andropogon contortus
Aneura indica
levieri . .
Anogeissus latifolia
Anotis foetida
- quadrilocularis
rheedii
Anser albifrons . .
— anser
-- Hrythropus.
— ferus
— indicus
Anthidium
bingami
binghami
conciliatum .
desidiosum .
fedtschenkoi
flaviventre .
■ florutinum
philorum
abotti
- rasonum
- raternuni
- satlat<ir
Number
304, 486
. . 159
. . 638
613, 614, 624
624, 626, 627
624, 627
624, 627
..101
. . 107
.731
. . 731
. . 731
. . 139
. 305, 489
.. 753
.. 52
.. 102
.. 103
.. 739
.. 280
.. 280
.. 291
.. 483
.. 488
.. 483
.. 315
.. 768
.. 488
158, 305, 488
.. 315
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
. . 94
.. 94
. .. 94
.. 94
Ixxviii
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Aiithidium temariuui
viaticum
Anthipes leucops
Anthoceros chambensis
erectus
himalayensis
Anthophora amolita
antiope
. ^ cellularis
cingulata
cingulifera
comberi
crocea
deiopea
delicata
iole . .
khambana
— — liriope
megarrhina
. soluta
orophila
pseudobomboides
pulcherrima
• rothneyi
rowlandi
zonata
— — puttalama
Anthracoceros albirostris
Anthrena brunneipennis .
burkelli
Anthropoides virgo
Anthus sp. ?
rufulus
striolatus
Anthyilis . .
Apatura ambica . .
parisatis
Aphnasus . .
ictis
lohita . ,
syama . .
■ vulcamis
Apis
binghami sladeni
dorsata
Number.
94
94
85
:iSl
281
281
98
97
97
97
97
98
96
97
98
97
98
97
97
97
98
102
98
97
102
97
97
87
98
98
487
86
743
86
652
107
108
140
141
116
116
141
98
108
98
Apis ilorea
indica
nursei
testacea
Apium graveolens
Apomma h
Appias albina confusa
indra
lalage
libythea . .
zelmira
lyncida hippoides
melania adamsoni
Aquila
- — bif asciata . .
— chrysaetus
— heliaca . .
— maculata . .
— vindhiana..
Aquilaria agaUocha
Arachnothera magna
Arboricola atrigularis
intermedia
Archibuteo
hemiptilopus
Arctogalidia lencotis
Arctomys sp.
• himalayanus
Ardea cinerea
Ardisia humilis
Argia gomphoides
quadrimaculata
Argostemma courtallense
verticUlatum
Argya caudata
earlii
malcolmi . .
Argynnis hyperbius
Arhopala aberrans
amantes amatrix
atoBia arici
bazalus
N'UMBEK.
98
98
98
98
729
149
112
112
112
139
112
112
112
233, 237, 244
233, 236, 239, 243, 248
. . 233, 235, 339, 242,
243, 303
232, 233, 235, 239, 242,
243, 303
233, 236, 239, 242, 315
233, 235, 239, 243
291
86
91
91
238
235, 239, 243
478
319
158
305
91
661
462
465
483, 484
-^83, 484
667
670
668
138
117
117
117
117
INDEX OF ^SPECIES.
IxitiK
\rh<>|->rtlH contaurea
centaunis
oumolphus farqulinri .
1 ■ hewitsoni
tounguvH
Vristida sp.
■ — plumosa
Vrnetta atkinsoni
Vtamus fuscus
K.rtf!iiisiii sp,
stricta . .
Knindo indica versicolor flt^xilis
— nucifera . .
rotang
dict.-i
^sellia
Vsio accipetrinus . .
Vsphodelus tenuifolius
^stictopterus henrioi
Astragalus
sp
polyacanthtis . .
Astur
— badius
— palumbarius
Vsystasia coromandeliana
V.tella phalantha . .
Vzanne
'.to.
jesous
ubaldus
iiranus
141, 448,
141, 448,
NoMBEK.
. . 104
117, ()47
.. 117
104, 117
104,117
. . 739
. . 739
.. 119
. . 84
. . 730
. . 730
. . .-'.94
. . :594
. . 394
. . 394
. . 260
3i>0. 516
. . 738
.. 119
. . 652
. . 726
.726
.. 238
236, 240, 246
236, 240, 246
. . 312
110,138
. . 448
141, 448
449, 452, 453
451, 452. 453
Sabax victorite
^adamia exclamationis
Balearica ceciliae. .
Woeniceps rex
iambuaicola fytchii
iandicot;! elliotana
uemonvaca
Jarbastelia
751
iL'O
/ Ol
(larjelingeiisi
■52
.91
. . 70
159, 371, 480
275, 583, 584
. . 65, 275, 584
Barbus seich
Batrachostonuis hodgsoni
Begonia . .
concanensis . .
crenata . .
Belanogaster
Bhringa remifer
Biboo gaums
sondaicus
Biduana melisa . .
Boerhaavia elegaus . .
Bombax malabarica
Bombus ahenus . .
gilgitensia
haemorrhoidalis
lapidarius gilt.ensis
longiceps
waltoni . ,
Bonnaya . .
brachiata
bracteoides
— eataminodiosa
grandiflora
hysopioides
niicrantha
oppositifolia
parviflor
• quinqueloba
reptans
verbeniefolia
vovotiiciefolia
Bas bubalis
Botaurus stellaris
Boucerasia aucherian.i
Brachydiplax
Brachythemis
uacofalliata
Bradinopyga
? Branta ruficoUis
Brassica nigra
Bryophyllum calycinum
Bubalus bubalis fulvus
Buchanania latifolia
Budorcas taxicolor
Bufo melanostictiis
Nttmbek.
309
88
292
482
482, 484
. 102
^3, 89
. 475
. 475
. 118
. 735
. 186
. 103
lt8, 103
98
103
103
98
416, 419
416, 418
416, 417, 418
416, 417, 419
418, 419
419, 420
417
416, 417
.. 420
.. 417
. . 419
. . 418
418,419
64
160, 305, 320
.. 731
.. 615
. . 616
.. 282
. . 615
. . 489
.. 724
<;-;9, 641
.. 372
. . 645
. 372
.. 153
XXX
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Bungarus cseruleus
fasciatus
Bupleurum sp.
Burmannia
Butastur. .
— teesa
■ Buteo
' desertorum
ferox
leucocephalus
Number.
160, 380
159, 76(i
.. 729
. . 292
238, 244
235, 240, 246
. . 238
235, 240, 243
160, 235, 239, 243
235, 240, 243
Cacergates f uscopalliata
Calamosagus
laciiiiosus .
58, 59,
Calamus . .
acanthaspathus
araarus
andamanicus . .
'- — — arborescens . .
. ... borneensis
Brandisii
colliuus
conciunus
delessertianus. .
delicatulus
digitalus
dilaceratus
dioicus
^ dorises..
erectus .. 120,220,
• bii'mannicus . .
coUina
. . macrocarpus . .
— schizospathiis
extensus
fasciculatus . .
feanus
flagellum
kariueiisis
floribiindus . . . ;
depauperatus
gamblei,
.. 282
.. 210
.. 211
216, 292
223, 397
.. 392
223, 405
221, 226
.. 390
222, 397
207, 223
222, 388
222, 396
222, 391
221, 229
221, 229
.. 402
223, 408
223, 225
.. 225
. . 223
.. 223
. . 225
. . 387
.. 394
222, 399
220, 225
.. 226
221, 386
.. 387
223, 403
NUMBEB.
Calamus gamblei sphserocarpus . . 403
gracilis . . 223, 229, 402, 403
grandis
guruba
helferianus
heliotropium
hookerianus
hostilis
huegelianus
humilis
hypoleucus
inermis
jenkinsiana
khasianus
kingianus
kurzianus
laciniosus
latifolius
— — marmoratua
leptospadix
leucotes
longisetus
macrocarpus .
mastersianus .
maximus
melanacanthus
melanolepis
metzianus
micranthus
monijecus
mouaicus
moutanus
myrianthus
nambariensis .
nicobaricus
nitidus
nitipus
nutantiflorus .
ovoideus
— pachj'stemonus
palustria
paradoxus
platyspathus . .
polidesmus
polydesmus
..415
222, 399
. . 222, 391
. . 392
.390
. . 226
223, 402
..406
222, 401
223, 406, 409
226, 413
223, 408, 409
221, 387
. . 415
.211
.223, 406,407,409
.. 407
. . 221, 226
222, 401
221, 223, 226, 22t;
223, 406
. . 399
. . 21.'
223, 404
.405
. . 222, 388
..411
.394
.394
. . 394
222, 400
223, 409
. . 222, 392
... 400
. . 222
. . 413
223, 406
221, 22»
223, 406
..412
222, 400
..408
. . 223
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Ixxxi
< ulanms polygauuis
pseudo-rivalis
pseudo-rotang
pseudo-tenuis .
quinquonervius
radiatiis
rheedei
--- rivalis
rotaug . .
roxburghii
royleanus
nidentum
schizospathus . .
scipionum
tenuis . .
thwaitesii
— cauaraniis
Number
2:26
•2-22, 389
. . 388
22-2, 390
..411
.. -221, '2m
. . 222, 402
. 222, 388, 389, 390
. 222, 892, 394, 395
396
389
404
. 223, 225
394, 411
222, 390, 392
. . 221, 227
Canipophaga )uelanoschi8ta
sykesi
Camptopoeum rufiveutro
schowyrewi
Canis auretie 158, 315, 319, 5
tigrinus
travancorieus . .
unifarius
viminalis
fasciculatvis
wightii . .
zeylaniciis
Calendula sp.
Calligonum polygonoides
CaJlophasis
elliotti
humite
Callophis
macclellandi
Callosciurus ferrugineus
Calophasis burmannicus
humise
Calotes sp.
• versicolor
Calotropis procera
Calycularia crispula
Camacinia
Catnena icetoides
Camponotus
11
; . 227
227
222, 401
223, 409
222, 387
.. 387
. . 402
223, 404
. . 730
.. 736
347, 348
. . 347
. . 348
.. 628
.. 628
629, 631
nigriventer 629, 631
typica . . 629, 631
univirgatus 629, 631
. . 479
. . 356
. . 348
. . 767
. . 503
.731
. . 280
..617
..118
':51, 453, 642
indicus
— - lupus
pallipu.s
Canuomys badius
— - pator .
Cajiparis . .
aphylla
decidua
galeata
69,
lauceolata
sepiaria
Capra falconeri cashmiriensis
- jei-doni
gon
Oapricornis sumatrensis milnc
thar
Caprimulgus tegyptius . .
asiaticus . .
jotaka . . • •
niacrurus . .
Caprona ransonuettii alida
syrichtus
Caranx arniatus (?)
ciliaris (?)
speciosus (:■')
Carduus nutans . .
Carex
Carpodacus erythrinu.s . .
Carponycteris
Carpophaga ienea
Casarca rutila
Castalius . .
ananda
• decidia
rosimou
roxus . .
cnejus
lithargyria
— pandava
strabo
NuMBBU.
.. 84
. . 84
y5
.. 95
516, 519, 768
158,277,517
. . 516
. . 158
169
..481
.137
. . 297
. . 724
.724
. . 724
..140
..342
..372
edwardsi
472, 481
. . 372
.. 303
.. 88
.. 88
.. 88
.. 119
.. 119
.. 124
.. 123
.. 123
.. 730
(i84, 686
.. 680
.. 570
!»0, 319
.. 489
.. 451
.. 114
.. 115
114, 661
.. 115
114, 141
.. 114
114, 141
114. 141
Ixxxii
INDEX OI' SPECIES.
Catapaecilma elegans
Catopsilia catilla
• crocale
florella
pomona
pyranthe
Celsenorrhinus affinis
— ■ aurivittata
chamunda
leucocera
munda . ,
Cellia pulcherrima
Cephalostachyum pergracile
Ceratina , .
appendiculata
bhawaoi
binghami
cerea . .
comberi
corinna
curvilineata
divisa . .
. eburneopicta
incognita
mo
Isevifrons
loquata
mnscatella
ornatifera
punjabensis
spilaskis
Ceratium volans . .
Ceratolobus
Cercomela fusca . .
Certhia himalayana
manipurensis
victoriee . .
Cervus duvauceli
eldi
platyceros
' porcinus . .
Ceryle. Jugubris . .
— rudis
— vana
Number.
.. 118
.. 139
112, 139
.. 139
.. 112
112, 139
.. 119
.. 119
.. 119
.. 119
..119
.. 512
.. 88
95, 96
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
. . 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 762
58, 210
.. 678
.. 669
.. 83
.. 83
7
.. 474
.. 364
.. 474
.. 87
.. 304
.. 87
Cethosia cyane
Chajrocampa theylia
Cheetura indica {?)
Chalcophaps indica
Chamseleon calcaratus
Chanos salmoneus
Chapra mathias . .
Chaptia senea
Charana mandarinus
Charaxes fabius sulphureus
polyxena hierax
Chaulelasmus streperas . .
Cheilanthes fragrans
Chelidon kashmiriensis . .
nepalensis
Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum
Chelone mydas
Chenopodium sp. . .
Cheritra freja
Chersydrus granulatus . .
Chettusia leucura . .
Chibia hottentotta
Chilades . , . . . .
laius . , 114,
trochilus . . 114,
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus
Chliaria etolus
141,
141,
othona
Chloridolum nympha
Chlorion subfuscatus
Chloropsis hardwickii
Choerocampa celerio
theylia
Chrozophora verbascifolia
Chryptolopha jerdoni
Chrysolophus
amherstise .
Chrysophrys haffara
Ciconia albo
Cinclus sp P
Circaetns . .
gallicus . .
Circus
serugmosus
235,
236,
Number.
.. 110
.. 511
.. 88
.. 90
519, 767
.. 133
.. 142
.. 82
.. 118
.. 107
.. 107
305, 489
.. 739
.. 681
.. 496
494, 676
.. 508
.. 736
.. 118
.. 756
.. 305
83, 600
.. 636
636, 638
447, 636
86, 678
.. 118
.. 118
.. 118
.. 155
.. 101
.. 81
.. 155
.. 156
.. 737
.. 750
.. 542
.. 543
.. 128
.. 305
.,. 86
.. 238
240, 245
.. 238
240, 244
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Ixxxiii
Circus cineraceus
cyaneus . .
macnirus . .
Cirrochroa mithila
Cissa chinensis
Cistanche tubulosa
Cisticola cursitans
Citrus
medica
Clangula glaucion
Clemmys caspica . ,
Cleome sp.
quinquenervia
Clerome arcesilaus
Coccystes coromandus
Coelioxys afra
cariniscutis
conf usa
fulvitarsis
fuscipes
■ khasiana
latus
ruficaudis
stolidus
sulcispina
taunis . .
• teouilineata
turneri . .
"Coelops
f rithi
Coladenia indrani iiposatha
Colias fieldi
Colotis amata
Calais
etrida
fausta
phisadia . .
protractus
vestalis
Coluber hodgsoni . .
Combretum extensum
Convohnilus sp. . .
arvensis
microphyllus
Copsychus saularis
Nu
MBER.
Number.
.. 159
Coracias affinis . .
87, 319
•2m, 240
garrula . .
..303
240, 304
indica . .
..619
.. 110
Cordia myxa
..732
, 73
Corvus capellanus
..741
. 733
corax
303, 607
. 670
comix
..74]
. 137
capellanus
..741
. 725
.
.. 741
. 490
..741
— snarpei
. 314
macrorhyuchus . .
73, 667
. 724
monedula
..668
. 724
splendens
73, 667
. 107
Costus speciosus . .
..484
7-J
V6, 744
Cotile riparia
..303
. 96
— sinensis
86, 681
. 96
Coturnix communis
304, 486
. 96
spadicea
. . 18
. . 96
Courtoisia
.. 685
. . 96
Cousinia sp.
..730
. 96
Crambe cordifolia
..724
. 96
Crateropus canorus
..668
. 96
Cratilla
..614
. 96
Cressa cretica
..732
. . 96
Criniger burmanicus
. . 82
. 96
Crocidura sp.
. . 314, 519
. 96
Crocisa
. . 96
96
= — ceylonica . .
. . 96
. 580
elegans . .
. . 96
. 580
kashmirensis
. . 96
. 119
ramosa
. . 96
. 139
rostrata . .
. . 96
. . 140
Crocopus phoenicopteriis . .
. . 90
. 140
Crocothemis
..616
. . 140
Crosoptilon
1
. . 140
Orotalaria burhia . .
..726
. . 140
Cryptolopha xanthoschista
..672
. . 140
Ctenoaspis flavomaculata
. . 99
. . 140
lutea . .
. . 99
. . 159
Ctenoptilum multiguttata
..119
. 649
vasava
..119
. . 732
Cuculus canorus . .
88, 743
. . 732
saturatus
88, 750
. . 732
Cucumis sp.
..728
t
i6, 679
Culicicapa ceylonensis . .
85, 675
Ixxxiv
IN DUX OF SPFCIES.
Number.
Cuon dukhunensis
Cupha ery man this lotis . .
Cupitha purrea . .
Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis
Ouretis bulis
— — — malayica . .
Cursorius gallicus
Ouscuta chinensis minor. .
Outia nepalensis . .
Cyanecnla suecica
Cyaniris . .
albidisca.
argiolus
• - jynteana ,
marginata
melfena
64,
puspa
Cyanops asiatica
— franklini
Cyathea spinulosa
Cycas
Cylista scariosa . .
Cynopterus
affinis
blanfordi
— brachyotis
433.
— angnlatus 568,
— brachysoma 568,
— ceylonensis 568,
— scherzeri 568,
— brachj'soma
— ellioti
-— marginatus . .
andamanensis
ceylonensis
ellioti
— scherzeri
— sphinx
— gangeticvis
sphinx
64,
568,
Cyornis leucomelanurus . . . . 675,
cirvoniventris. .
molanoleucus
rubeculoides
superciliaris
85
85,
315
110
120
738
116
116
304
733
81
678
431
114
431
114
114
114
114
87
87
292
291
435
568
566
568
568
569
569
669
569
568
569
568
569
370
370
568
668
569
568
751
751
85
,89
675
Cyperus
sp.
albomarginatus
^- alopecuroides
alternifolius
— arenarms
— aristatus
articulatus
atkinsoni
— - — bulbosus . .
capillaris
casteneus
cephalotes
compressus
conglomeratus
corymbosus
cuspidatus
difformis
pachyrhizus
digitatus
distans . .
eflfusus
— eleusinoides
— esculentus
exaltatns
dives . .
— flavescens
— (Pycrens) flavescens
— flavidus . .
— globosus . . ...
— haspan . .
— hyalinus
— iria
paniciforniis
— laevigatas
junc;iformi.s
— latespicatus
— leucocephalus . .
malabaricus
— malaccensis . . •
— nitens
— nivens
— nutans
— odoratus
— papyrus , . . .
Number.
684, 697
.. 739
687, 688
.. 690
.. 683
690, 692
.. 693
. . 695
.. 692
683, 695
.. 688
690, 691
682, 686
691, 693
. . 692
.. 692
682, 695
. . 691
690, 691
. . 697
682, 693, 694
. . 692
. . 693, 694
682, 696
. . 697
..697
. . 687
682, 687
690, 691, 692
687, 688
690, 691
687, 689
.. 693
.. 693
.. 690
.. 690
687, 688
690, 692
. 687, 688
.. 694
.. 089
690, 692
. 693, 694
. 687, 689
.. 684
INDEX Of SPECIES.
Ixxxv
C'vporns pilusus . ,
platystylis
procerus
• pulcherrimus
pumilus . .
puncticulatus
pygmaens
radiatus . .
- rotundus
aanguiiiolentxis
— - - stoloniferiis
- stramineiis
tegetiformis
- tegetum
- teneriffjie
tuberosiis
uucinatus
( ypselus murinus
Cyrestis periander
rahria rahrioides
risa
Cyrtonops punctipennis
Number.
682, 694
682, 687
.. 694
682, 691
087, 689
687, 688
.. 689
.. 696
684, 696
687, 688
682, 694, 695
.. 687
. . 695
.. 695
690, 691
.. 696
690, 691
.. 303
.. 120
.. 109
.. 109
.. 155
Daemonorhops
Dsemonorops
Dana is aglea melanoidcs
agleoides
alcippus . .
— chrysippns
dorippus . ,
genutia , ,
— limniaco . .
inelanippus indicus
plexippus
Dasypoda comberi
Daucus carota
Delias aglaia
agostina . .
grandis
guruba hamiltonianus
mastersianus
hypoleucus
jenkinsianus
knrzianus . .
manii
melanolepis
nutantiflorus
plathyspathus
rheedii
Da61a acata
Dalbergia latifolia
paniculata
sissoo
58, 59
.. 413
.. 415
.. 399
.. 399
.. 401
. . 415
. . 414
. . 402
. . 413
.. 400
.. 402
305, 489
.. 291
.. 291
.. 727
descombesi leucacalitha
eucharis . .
hierta
pyramiis . .
Dendrelaphis
Dendrocitta rufa . .
himalayeiisis
Deodrocopus atratus
Dendrocycna javanica
Dendrolaphis tristis
Dendrophis
pictus
tristis
Desmodium
triflorum
triquetnun
Deudorix epijarbas
Diantheidium
rasorium ,
sinapinum
Dianthus sp.
crinitus
Dicaeum ignipectus
Dicheta densiflora
Dichoceros bicornis
Dichorragia nesimachus
Dicrurus ater
cserulescens
— cmeraceiis
Dilephila livornica
Uiomys
cr'impi
NUMBEK.
.. 105
.. 105
.. 137
105, 137
137,138
.. 137
105, 137
.. 105
105, 137
.. 99
.. 729
.. 112
.. 112
.. 112
.. 139
.. 112
.. 112
.. 382
74, 668
.. 74
.. 87
.. 499
. . .306
382, 630
.. 509
. . 509
.. 652
.. 727
.. 727
.. 118
.. 94
.. 94
.. 94
.. 724
.. 724
.. 86
.. 707
. . 87
.. 198
82, 669
.. 669
.. 82
.. 156
.. 203
.. 204
xxxvi
INDEX OF SFECIES.
Diplacodes
trivialis
Dipsadomorphus hexagonatus . .
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus
Discophora celinde contiuentalis
tuUlia indica
Dissura episcopus
Distenia kalidasse
Dodonesea . .
viscosa
Dopatrium junceum
multiloba
lobelioides
Draba sp. . .
Dremomys lokriah
Drepane punctata
Drosera
Drymocataphus tickelli,
Dryonastes galbanus
ruficollis
Dryonastes sanni
Ducula griseicapilla
Duranta
Dysophylla gracilis
stellata
alba
— tomen tosa
Echis carmata
Eleeagnus hortensia
Elanus
caeruleus . .
Elatostemma lineolatum . .
Eloocharis . ,
Hlephas maximus
Eleutherura fuliginosa . .
fusca
Elis crassipunctata
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria
nesaea timandra
tinctoria
235,
Number,
Number.
.. 615
Embelia ribes
.. 661
.. 511
robusta . .
661, 664
.. 160
Emberiza sp.
.. 320
.. 104
hortulana
,. 303
.. 107
.. 107
leucocephala . .
.. 680
miliaria
320, 742
746, 752
.. 155
140, 141
.. 725
.. 426
4'^6
stewarti
stracheyi
Enhydrina valakadyn
.. 680
.. 680
599, 600, 607
Enhydris curtus . . . . 599,
BOO, 603, 606
Enispe euthymius
.. 107
419, 426
Eonycteris
. 670
. . 724
spelsea
. 570
.. 371
Epeolus . ,
. 103
. . 124
— assamensis
. 99
.. 292
fervidus . .
. 99
.. 80
peregrinus
. 99
6, 77, 78
— pictus
. 99
.. 76
tibetanus
. 99
745, 748
Ephedra . .
. 733
.. 90
foliata ciliata . .
. 738
137, 139
intermedia
. 738
.. 312
— glauca
. 738
.. 312
tibetica
. 738
.. 312
nebrodensis
. 738
.. 312
Epilobium hirsutum lactum
. 728
sericeum
. 728
Epimys rufescens
. 517
Epithema carnosum
. 483, 484
Eptesicus . .
. 583, 585
— — andersoni
.. 585
■ atratus
. 585, 586
.. 308
borealis
. 585, 586
.. 737
■ — nasutus
.. 585
.. 238
pachyomus
.. 586
239, 245
pachyotis
. 585, 686
.. 484
serotinus
.. 685
684, 685
Eremospatha
.. 52
.. 64
Eremostachys vicaryi
.. 735
.. 566
Eremurus sp.
.. 739
. . 566
Ergolis ariadne , .
.. 110
.. 100
merione . .
.. 110
.. 107
Eriades tenuis . .
.. 95
.. 107
Erinaceus calligoni
. 159, 314
.. 104
megalotis . . ]
58, 37
0, 519
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Ixxxvii
Eriocaiilon
Erioglossiim
Eriophorum
Erismatura leiicocephala
Erites rotumlata
Erithacus hyrcanus
Erodium glaucophyllum
ErythriBa roxburghii macranthf
Eryx bramiiiiis . .
couicus
jaculus
johnii
Esacus recurvirostris
Eu-Ammannia . .
Euaspis smithi
Eublepharis macularius
Eucera cassandra
diana
— medusa , .
melanostoma
phryne
pomona . .
spectabilis
turcestanica
Eucheira . .
Eudynamis honorata
Eugeissonia
Eugenia jambolana
Eulabes intermedia
Eulepis arja
athamas . .
deephis concha .
eudamippus
nigrobasalis
Eumenes latreille
Eunetta falcata . .
Eupetaurus cinereus
Euphsea
Euphorbia sp.
falcata
hehoscopia .
tirucalli
160,
Euplsea alcathoe
apicahs
aesatia
Number.
.. 684
.. 431
. 685
. . 490
.. 105
.. 160
.. 725
.. 732
.. 378
.. 151
.. 766
.. 320
.. 519
.. 701
.. 94
519, 767
.. 97
.. 97
.. 97
.. 97
.. 97
.. 97
.. 97
.. 97
.. 580
89, 517
. . 58
.. 728
.. 8J
.. 107
.. 107
.. 107
.. 107
.. 107
.. 102
320, 489
.. 371
.. 459
.. 737
.. 737
.. 737
.. 737
.. 105
.. 106
. . 105
Euploea burmeisteri . .
core
crassa
diocletiana
godarti . .
harrisi hopei
layardi
masoni
mulciber . .
pembertoni
Euplocamus horsfieldi
leucomelanus
lineatus
nycthemerus
pucrasia
Euplocomus all^cnstatus
albocristatus
cuvien
horsfieldi
leucomelas . .
lineatus
melanonotus
nycthemerus
Euripus halitherses
Eurystomus orientalis
Euthalia anosia . .
apicalis
appiades julii
Everes
argiades
dipora
Evolvulus alsinoides
Fagonia eretica
Falco
. barbarus
cherug
jugger
milvipes
peregrinator
'peregrinus
Number.
..105
.137
..105
..105
..105
.. 105
. . 105
..105
..105
. . 105
..181
. . 172
. . 325
..338
..524
. . 164
. . 164
181,326
..181
..172
. . 325
..175
. . 338
..108
. . 87
..108
..108
..108
..649
649, 651, 653
..114
..312
..725
..238
159, 236, 240
236, 241
236, 241
236, 241
90, 236, 240
236, 240
I
Ixxxviii
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Falco severas
<- subbuteo
Felis affinis
■ bengalensis
binturong . .
chaus
erythrotus . .
ornata
parclus
temmincki . .
viverrina
Fenila foetida . •
Ficus bengalensis
palmata
Fimbriaria reticulata
Fimbristylis
acuminata
quinquangularis
tenera oxylepis
Fleurya interrupta
Fosso aabronia himalayensis
Francolinus chinensis
ti-ancolinus francolinus
— henrici
melanonotus
gularis
vulgaris
Number.
236, 241
236, 241, 494
67, 276, 315, 319
64, 319, 619
..149
159, 314, 315
..370
157, 158
67, 158, 315, 475
..319
. . 158
" .. ..729
..737
..737
..279
, . . 685, 686
. . 682
684
682
484
281
91
487
487
487
501
..159, 304,486, 487
670
83, 670
Gallinago nemoricola
solitaria
Franklinia buchanani
gracilis
rufescens
Fuirena . . . . . . . . ■ • 685
Fumaria parviflora . . . . . . 723
Funambulus pennanti . . . . . . 517
argentescens . . 315
Galactia . .
Galerita cristata magna . .
Gallicrex cinerea . .
Gallinago cselestis
— gallinula
major . .
.. 652
.. 303
160, 320
305, 488
.. 488
487, 766
Gallophasis albocristatus
— crawfurdii .
■ horstieldi
leucomelanus
lineatus
melanonotus
muthura
nycthemenis
Gallas
bankiva
bankiva
' ferrusineus
ferrugineus
gaUus
■ lafayettii ,
lineatus
sonnerati
— stanleyi
Gannnerus pulex
Gangara thyrsis
Gareola sp.
Garrulax gularis
leucolophus
moviliger
pectoralis
Garrulus leuootis
oatesi
Gazella sp.
benuettii
subgutturosa
Gecinulus grantia
Gecinus chlorolophus
occipitalis
Geeenes nostradamus
Gennseus
- affinis . .
- albicristatus
-albocristatus
- annamensis
- assimilis
- atlayi . .
- batemani
Number.
149, 315
.. 320
164
338
181
172
325
175
175
338
1,2
2, 3, 18
3, 18
3, 18, 26, 32
2, 3, 18, 91, 174, 540
3 4, 18
2, 30
31
2 21
758
120
519
77
77
77, 743, 744
77, 79. 89, 743, 744
74
74
768
372
517
87
87
86
142
345, 347, 506
344
164
162, 163, 164,
172, 173, 174, 183
..337
..344
..344
..181
1, 161, 325,
IXDJEX Oh urECIE^s.
JXXXIX
(leniuous beli
cuviori
elegans
granti . .
horslieldi
leucomelanus
lineatus
NUMBBK.
337
161,185
344
. . * . . 344
Itil, 162, 172, 173, 177,
181, 183, 185, 188, 189,
196, 197, 198, 333, 334,
345, 506, 507.
cuvieri . . . . 91
horsfieldi 91, 163, 181,
196, 345, 506
williamsi 91, 161, 163,
195, 196, 751
162, 163, 172, 173,
174, 177, 184, 505,
607.
162, 325, 329, 331, 334,
335, 336, 337, 345, 357.
cuvieri . . . . 334
lineatus 163, 326, 335.
oatesi 16g, 329, 333, 334.
sharpei 163, 329, 336.
williamsi . . . . 334
macdonaldi . . . . . . 195
mearsi 177, 181, 182, 505, 506.
— - — melauonotus 162, 163, 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 177,
184, 506, 507.
rauthura . . . . . . 175
nycthemerus 162, 197, 338, 841,
342, 344
nycthemerus 163, 345
ripponi 163, 329, 341,
344
rufipes 161, 163, 344
oatesi . . . . 161, 196, 333, 334
• ommaneyi . . . . . . 195
prendergasti . . . . . . 181
Gorbillus sp.
afcr. .
— hardwickei . .
indicus
nigricanda . .
Gorydus biggsii . .
gopara . .
Glareola lactea . .
pratiucola
Cxlaucidium cuculoides
radiatuni
Glischropus
tylopus
Golunda . .
Golunda ellioti
meltada . .
watsoni . .
Golyaulax polyedra
polygramma
Gorytes coerulescens
Graculipica sp. ? . .
burmanica
Graculus intermedius
Grammatoptila striata austuni
Grandala ccelicolor
Gratiola hyssopioides
parviflora
Graucalus macii . .
Grus communis . .
Gunomys bengalensis
kok
providens
varius . .
nppom
rufipes
— . sharpei
— - turneri
— williamsi
Geocichla citrina,
12
337, 341, 344
196, 197, 336, 337, 342,
344, 345
. . 336, 338, 341, 342
195
161, 185, 195, 196, 197
86
Guyia
kathleente
Gj-nuiorhis fiavicoUis
Gymuosporia montana
Gypaetus . .
barbatus
Gyps
fulvus
himalayensis
indicus
tenuirostris .
..234,
246,
..234,
234, 239,
Number.
.. 517
.. 40
.. 41
40, 41
.. 40
.. 113
.. 113
.. 301
.. 304
.. 89
.. 90
583, 592
.. 592
.. 202
70, 371
.. 371
.. 371
.- 763
.. 762
.. 101
. . 84
.. 84
.. 297
.. 79
.. 495
.. 419
419, 420
84, 674
304, 487
70, 278
371,517
371
480
201
201
680
725
234, 237
235, 239, 243,
247, 302, 303
..237
239, 245, 504
245, 302, 303
234, 239, 245
234, 239, 245
xc
INDEX 01 SPUCIEH.
87,
Habenaria stenostachya
subpubens
Habropoda fulvipes
krishna
turner!
Halcyon smyrnensis
Haliaetus . .
albiciUa . . 235, 240, 242,
leucoryphus 235, 240, 242, 243,
Haliastur . .
Indus . ,
Halictus kalutarse
•— timidus..
vinctus . .
Haloxylon recurvum
salicornium . .
Halpe burmana . .
— ■ — — raoorei
sikkima
zema
Hapalomys longicaudatus
Harpactes duvauceli
erythrocephalus
— fasciatus
— — orescius
Harpiocephalus lasyurus
Harpullia . .
Hebomoia glancippe
Hedyotis auricularia
Helictis personata
Heliotropium sp. . .
brevifolium
■ eichwaldii
rariflorum
strigosum
tuberculosum
undulatum
Helminthopis
Hemichelidon sibirica
Hemidactylus coctaei . .
Hemigyrosa
Hemilophus pulverulentis
Hemionitis
Hemirhamphus far
NtJMBEK.
.. 484
.. 484
.. 96
.. 97
.. 97
304
238
243
752
..238
235, 239, 753
..102
.. 102
..102
..736
..736
..120
..120
..120
..120
..472
. . 88
. . 88
. . 88
. . 88
. . 66
..431
.. 113
..483
..478
..732
..732
..732
732
.. 732
.. 732
.. 732
.. 732
.. 375
.. 85
.. 509
.. 431
.. 87
.. 292
133, 134
lasiocarpum
Hemirhamphus georgii
Hemixus macclellandi
Henicurus guttatus
maculatus
schistaceus
Herpestes auropunctatus
auropunctatus birmanicus
birmanicus
Hesperia galba
Hesperoptenus
blanfordi
tickelli .
Hieraetus
fasciatus
■ pennatus
Hierococcyx nisicolor
sparverioides
vanus
Himantopus candidus .
Hippocrepis sp. . .
unisiliquosa
Hipposideros
■ amboinensis
apiculatus
Nttmbek,
133, 134
.. 82
85, 761
678
86
68
478
478
141
583, 593
.. 593
66, 693
. . 237, 248
235, 239, 244, 499
235, 239, 244, 767
..89
..89, 743, 744
. . 89
.. 305
..726
..726
578, 580
578, 580
.. 679
armiger
. . 275, 370, 577, 678
debilis . , . . 677
579
260, 577
577, 578, 679
..260
..260
..577
..677
65, 169, 275, 677,
578, 579
260, 577
370, 577, 679
578, 579
678, 679
577. .578
578, 679
..679
260, 577, 578, 679
..679
577, 579
aureus
bicolor
brachyotus
caffer
commersoni
dadema . .
• dukhunensis
• f ulvus
galeritus . .
• lankadiva . .
■ larvatus . .
■ leptophyllus
■ lylei
■ nicobarensis
penicillatus
speoris . .
templetoni
tridens murraiana.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
xci
304,
Hiptage madablota
Hirundo erythropygia
rustica . . . ,
Holocanthus xanthurus (r )
Hoplocerambyx spiniconiis
Horaga moulmeina
Horornis fortipes . .
Houbara macqueeni
Hoya
Huphina nadina . .
nerissa. .
dapha . .
phryne
Hyaena hysena
Hyaratis adrastus
Hydrobasilcus
Hydrocheledon leucoptera
Hydrolythrum
— wallichii . .
Hydrophis caemlesceus . .
cantoris . .
cyanocinctus 599, 600, 605, 754
fasciatus . . 600, 604, 605,
gracilis . . . . 599, 600, 602,
308,
600,
— jerdoni . .
— omatus . .
— spiralis •. .
brugmansi
— (Distira) spirates
Hylseothemis
fruhstorferi
Hylobates
hoolock
lar . .
Hylomys peguensis
Hyoscyamus muticus
reticulatus.
Hypericum sp.
Hypolais . .
pallida . .
Hypolimnas bolina
misippus
Hypolycaena erylus
Hypolytrum
Hypopicus hyperythrus .
NUMBEK.
.. 435
.. 86
.. 303
.. 125
. . 155
.. 118
.. 496
487
117
112
139
112
139
516
119
617
305
706
706
599
604
-756
607
607
606
605
601
601
754
621
621
552
552
552
472
733
733
725
672
303
138
138
118
686
87
600,
600,
600,
599,
384,
110,
684,
Hypothymis azurea
Hypsipites psaroides
Hystrix sp.
bengalensis
leucura . .
Number.
.. 85
82, 669
.. 315
.. 766
.. 517
lauthia rufilata
lanthocincla cineracea
Ictinaetus . .
malayensis, 90
llerda epicles
llysanthes
hyssopioides
parviflora
Inipatiens. .
, n. sp. . .
— acaulis . .
kleinii . .
oppositifolia
Indothemis
Inula grantioides.
Iraota rochana
timoleon .
Iris aitchisoni
Ismene mahintha
Issoria Sinha
Ithagenes kuseri . .
Iton semamora . .
Ixias marianne
pyrene
latifasciata
Ixnlus flavicollis flavicoUis
..497
77, 79, 89, 744,
750, 751
237
235, 239, 242, 243
.. 116
.. 419
419, 420
419, 420
.. 292
482, 485
483, 484
482, 485
482
616
729
117
117
738
120
110
319
120
139
140
112
81
Jambrix salsara .
Jaubertia aucheri
Juncellus . .
Juncus maritimus
119
729
686
738
XCll
INDEX 01 SPECIES.
Junonia almana .
atlites
hierta
iphita
lemonias
orithya .
Kalauchoe
Kallicephalus willeyi
Kallima inachus limborgi
Kendrickia walkeri
Kerana diodes , .
Kerivoula picta . .
Ketupa zeylonensis
Klugia notoniaiia
Korthalsia
andamanensis
laciniosa
scaphigera
Koruthaialos xanites
Kyllinga . .
brevifolia
melanosperma .
monocephala . .
■ triceps..
Lachesis uKinticola
Lagerstrtemia microcarpa
Lampides bochus
— boeticus
— celeno . .
elpis
pura
Lamproapis maculipennis
Lanius colluroidea
• — ■ cristatus
crythronotus
NUMBEK.
LIO, 13^
.. IK
109, 13!
.. 101
109, 13^-
109, 13.^
. . 292
.. 380
.. 110
.. 291
.. 120
370, 517
.. 89
.. 292
■58, 59, 210
.. 211
.. 211
.. 211
.. 119
685, 699
682, 699, 700
682, 699, 700
. . 700
699, 700
382, 630
.. 291
.. 115
. . 655
113, 115
.. 115
.. 115
.. 99
.. 84
84, 673
.. 673
Lanius isabellinus
lahtora
minor
nigriceps
vittatns
Laringa horsfieldi glaucesceus
Lams affinis
brimeicephalus
cachinano . .
hemprichi . ,
ridibundus
Lathrecista
Lathyrus aphaca . .
Launiea sp.
polyclada
Labadea martha . .
Leggadilla saxicola
Leobordia genistoides
Leptocircus meges viresceus
Leptoptilus crtimeniferus
dubius
Leptosia xiphia . ,
Lepus sp. . .
craspidotis
dayanus . .
— macrotus . .
peguensis . .
raj put
ruficaudatus
simcoxi
Lerva nivicola
Lespedeza
Lethe chandica . .
confusa
europa
mekara
mmerva
muirheadi bhiraa
vindhj'a
Leucas glaberrima
Leuconoe . ,
daubentoni
dryas . .
hassolti
longipes
Number,
303, 673
.. 672
.. 303
.. 84
.. 673
.. 110
. . 315
. . 315
.. 315
319, 320
.. 305
.. 614
.. 727
.. 730
.. 730
.. 109
.. 371
.. 726
.. 112
.. 752
.. 302
.. 112
.. 315
158, 315, 768
362, 371
.. 371
472, 475
361, 362
1, 361, 362
361, 362
.. 517
.. 652
.. 106
., 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 734
582, 596, 597
597, 598
.. 698
597, 598
597, 598
lX/)i:X Oh SPECIES.
xcin
Lmiconoe inogalopus
poshwa
Libellula . .
Libythoa niyrrha . .
Liminitis procris. .
Liiuosa bolgica . .
Linaria cabulica . .
Lindbergia
pol^-antha .
mticaefolia .
Lioptila capistrata
gracilis , .
Liothrix hitia callipygus
Liparis nervosa , .
Lipocarpha
argentea
sphacelata
Liris ducalis
nigripennis
Lobelia
Logania marmorata
watsoniaiia
Lophoceros birostris
Lophophanes dichrous
Lophophorus cuvieri
Lophopizias trivergatus . .
Lophosternns indicus
Loranthus. .
Loris
gracilis
— zeylaniciis . .
— — lydekkeriamis
inalabaricue
tardigradus . .
Lotus
corniculatus
Loxura atymmis . .
Lusciniola luelanopogon . .
LiitjanuB argeiitimaculatus
fulviflamma
roseus
Lutra ellioti
lutra
macroduB
NXFMllKK.
.. r,97, 098
..598
(513. 6L4, 623
.. ()23
..110
..109
. . .305, 320
.. 733
. . 424
. . 424, 425
.. 424
.. 742
80, 750
..81
. . 484
. . 685
. . 682
..682
..101
. . 101
. . 292
.. 113
. . 113
.. 503
. . 493
. . 325
. . 90
.. 155
..291
.. 562
. . 45, 562, 563
. . 563
45. 46, 370, 563
. . 45, 46, 563
45, 46, 562, 563
.. 652
636, 638, 652
..118
..670
..129
..121
..129
..517
. . 277, 766
..371
Lycajua
arion
Lycaenesthes
eniolus 115,
lyciicnina 1
orissica
Lycsenopsis
akasa . ,
albidisca
lilaces
liinbata
_. puspa
Lyciuin europaenin
Lycopodium
Lyncomis cerviniceps
Lyriothemis
Lyroderma
lyra
canrina
lyra .
— nisra
Number.
-131. 448, 636
. . 652
..641
642, 643, 644, 645
15,642,643.645,646
. . 643
..431
..431
. . 432
. . 436
..432
432, 433, 435, 436
. . . . < Ou
288
88
. . 613, 614
580
. . 65, 580, 581
. . 581
581
101
Macaca
— sp.
— adusta
— arctoides
— assamensis
— brunneus
— cynomolgus
— fascicularis
— f erox
— leonina . .
— melanotus
— nemestrinus
— oinops
— pelops
— pileatas . .
— problematicus
— rheso-similis
— rhesus
rhesus
. . 552, 553
..474
553, 554, 555
553, 554, 555
553, 554, 555
. . 555
. . 553
553, 554, 555
. . 553, 554
55.3, 554, 555
..555
..553
. . 555
. . 653, 554
553, 554, 555
. . 555
.. 555
64, 553, 555
.. 554
XCIV
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Ntjmbbr.
Macaca rhesus villosus .
silenus
sinica
veter
Mahathala ameria
atkinsoni
Machlolophus spilonotus
Macrodiplax
Macroglossus
553,
553,
minimus
-sobrinus
Macropygia tusalia
Malcolmia sp. . .
allyssoides
Mangusta auropunctata
Manis aurita
crassicaudata
Marcopygia tusalia
Mareca penelope
Mariscus . .
albescens
bulbosus
684,
konkanensis . .
microcephalus
paniceus
Roxburgh! an a .
sieberianus . . 682,
subcomposita
squarrosus
Marmaronetta angustirostris
Marmota dichrous
hemachalana . .
Maries sp.
fiavigula . .
tOuf JBUS . .
Matapa aria
Mazus
McCannii
305,
rugosus .
surculosus
Mdaspes folus
Medicago . .
denticulata
lupuliua
Megachile »
554, 555
,. 553
554, 555
.. 553
.. 117
.. 116
.. 76
617, 618
.. 570
.. 670
.. 570
.. 90
.. 724
.. 724
.. 68
372, 481
.. 148
.. 320
.. 489
686, 697
698, 699
697, 698
.. 698
698, 699
697, 698
697, 698
697, 698
.. 698
.. 693
490, 517
.. 371
.. 371
.. 516
69, 277
.. 370
.. 120
.. 424
.. 423
.. 424
.. 424
.. 120
. . 652
.. 726
.. 652
.. 102
Megachile aberrans
albifrons
apicalis
appia . .
asiatica
atrata
— bellula
— binghami
-- bombayensis .
— caroli . .
— cathena
— Oeylonensis .
— Ceylonica
— chrysogaster .
— cinyras
— coelioxysides
— cratodonta . ,
— creusa
— desertorum . ,
— devdatta
— Dimidiata
— disjuncta
-- erythrostoma
— f aceta , .
— ferozepurensis
— f unebricornis . .
— gathela
— habropodoides
— hera . ,
— heterotrichia
— implicator
— indostana
— inepta
-- katinka
— khasiana
-- ladacensis
— lefroma
— leptodonta
— lerma . .
— lissopoda
— luculenta
— maligna
— maritima
— melanoneura . .
— monoceros
Number.
.. 92
.. 94
.. 92
.. 92
.. 92
.. 94
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 92
.. 92
.. 92
.. 93
.. 92
.. 92
.. 93
. . 94
.. 94
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 94
.. 93
.. 93
.. 92
.. 93
.. 93
.. 92
.. 92
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 93
.. 92
. . 93
.. 93
.. 92
INDEX OF SPECIES.
xcv
Number.
Megachilc muraria
mystacoa
nadia . .
nana . .
nicevillei
— obtiisata
— otriadea
— parvula
— patella
— patellimana . .
— phaola
— puujabensis . .
— rotundata
— rugicauda
— rupshuensis .
— saphira
— semireticulata
— semivestita
— shelfordi
— Simlsensis
— sladeni
— striolata
striostoma
— studiosa
studiosella
stulta . .
suavida
subfuscus
sycophanta .
taprobane
Ulrica . .
umbripennis .
- — velutuia
vera . .
viriplacea
Megadenna
horsfieldi
spasma
trifolium
Megakema marshallonun
Megalurus palustris
Megaspis . .
Megisba malaya . .
Melsaanpis niifrons
319,
476,
670,
9-2
93
9-2
93
93
92
93
92
92
92
93
92
93
92
93
93
93
93
93
94
93
92
93
94
92
92
93
93
93
92
92
92
93
94
92
94
580
581
580
580
87
743
98
430
99
Melanaspis violaceiponnis
Melanitis ismeuo . .
leda ismene
phedima bela
Melanochlora sultan ea
Melilotus officinalis
Melipona . .
cacciae
Melissina viator . .
Melissodes
Melitta altissima. .
anthophoroides . .
harrictse . .
Melittophagus swinhoii . .
Melophus melanicterus . .
Menetes berdmorei
janetta
Mentha sylvestris
Mergus albeilus . ,
Meriones hurrianse
Merops apiaster . .
persicus . .
philippinus
viiidis
Merula albicincta
atrigularis
boulboul
castanea , .
potomomeljBna
Mesia argentauris
Methoca bicolor . .
rufonisra
Metro xylon
niermis
Ruffia
rumphii
sagus
viniferum
Metzgeria Himalayansis
pubescons
Micraspis . .
Microcarp£ea muscosa
Microhierax eutolmus
Micromerus
■ lineatus
Number.
99
137
106
107
82
726
99
99
99
97
99, 103
103
103
87
680, 743
472, 479
.. 478
.. 734
315, 490
.. 371
.. 304
159, 304, 319, 519
.. 87
.. 87
.. 495
.. 679
.. 679
496, 679
.. 86
82, 88
.. 100
.. 100
52, 58, 59
.. 60
.. 53
61, 62
.. 60
.. 66
.. 280
.. 280
.. 98
.. 722
.. 90
.. 457
.. 465
XCVl
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Microstylis versicolor
Microtus blanfordi
wynnei . .
Milium paspalum
Millardia . .
kathleense
meltada
dunni
listoni
. meltada
pallidior
Milvus
govinda
melanotis
migrans
Mimulus gracilis . .
Mixornis rubricapiliiis
Mollugo hirta
Molpastes burmanicus
haemorrhous
intennedius
leucogenys
leucotis
Moricanda arvensis
Morus alba
Mugil waigiensis . .
Mungos auropmictatus
bimianicus
cancrivorus
jerdoni . .
nepalensis
— nyula
— pallipes . .
■ Persians . .
iirva
Munia atricapilla
Muntiacns grandiconiis .
ratvva
vaginalis
Mnrina cyclotis .
tubinaris.
Mus sp.
bactrianns ,
badiiis
Number.
..484
.. 371
..371
. . 20
201, 203, 205
..201
202, 203, 371
. . 202
.. 202
202, 203
202, 203
..238
90, 235, 239, i43
235, 239, 243
2.35, 239, 243, 304
. . 423
. . 80
..729
. . 82
503, 669
. . 669
. . 669
..297
. . 724
..737
. . 133
68, 370
473,478
..370
. . 370
..315
. . 68
..370
. . 68
159, 314, 766
69, 370
. . 86
..474
..372
. . 71
. . 276
..276
. . 314
..371
..472
Mils bandicota
booduga
cervicolor
concolor
dubius
homourus
■ (Gerbillus) indicus
lanuginosus
mettada
nemorivagus
nitidulus
pahari
peguensis
robustiilus . .
Mustela sp.
subhemachalaiia
temon
Mntilla acidalia . .
analis
bicincta . .
foveata
hexaops . .
humbertiana
indostana . .
insiilaris . .
lilliputiana
ocellata . .
— sorror
Mycalesis anaxioides
intermedia
malsara
meda . .
mineus . .
— mnasicles perna
mystes..
perseoides
perseus
subdita . .
visala . .
Myiophoneus sp.
— eugenu
— temmineki
Myotis
blanfordi.
blvthii I .
Number.
..480
70, 371
..371
. . 472
69, 277
69, 278
.. 41
. . 371
. . 371
,.480
472, 480
..278
. . 472
..472
.. 517
.. 370
158, 370
.. 100
. . 100
. . 100
..100
. . 100
. . 100
.. 100
.. 100
.. 100
. . 100
. . 100
. . 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
.. 106
106, 138
.. 106
.. 106
.. 80
.. 80
80, 496, 668
. 582, 696
.. 697
. 596, 697
INDUX OF SPECmS.
xcvn
Myotis caliginosus
dobsoni . .
formosus . .
muricola . .
murinoides
murinus . .
myotis
mystacinus
nepalensis
peytoni . .
sicarius . .
siligorensis
NUMBEK.
TiOe, 597
.. 596
596, 597
66, 596, 697
596, 597
.. 596
.. 596
.. 596
.. 596
596, 597
596, 597
596, 597
>Jacaduba. . 450, 451, 637, 639, 640, 653
ardates . . 431, 653, 654
atrata . . 115, 653, 645, 657, 661,662,
664
CEelestis
dana
hampsoni
kerriana
macrophthalma
nora
■ noreia . .
pavana . .
plumbeomicans
viola
Naia bunganis
tripudians
Nectogale sp.
Neleonia . .
campestns
Neophlebia
Neophron . .
nionaclius
percnopterus
Neopithecops zalmora
Nepeta sp.
leucoliena
Nephele hespera . .
13
.. 115
115, 653
.. 653
115, 653
. . 115, 654
. . 115, 654
.. 115
653, 661, 662
115, 653
.. 151
.. 510
..319
..441
..444
..618
237, 242, 247
234, 23;), 752
.. 752
234, 239, 304
113,431
. . 734
..734
Neptis columella martabana
harita
heliotlore . .
hordonia
hylas adara
paraka
soma
-VI
Nerium
raja
odorum
Nesocia nemorivaca
Netta rufina
Nettium crecca . .
Neurothemis
Niltava grandis . .
301,
sundara
Nimmonia acutidens
floribmida . .
subrotunda . .
Ninox scutulata . .
Niphanda cymbia marcia
Noctiluca ' .
miliaris
Nomia
albofimbriata
antennata sykesiana
aurifrons
carinata . .
exagens . .
fuscipennis
scutellata
ustula
Nomoides
appendiculata
-- cerea . .
— comberi
— curvilineata
— divisa
— karachensis
Notacrypta f eisthamelii ,
— restricta
Notodela leucura
Notothylas levieri
Nyctalus . .
jofifrei .
Number
. . 109
.. 109
.. 109
.. 109
.. 109
. . 109
. . 109
.. 109
.. 137
.. 731
.. 480
490, 499
305, 320, 489
614, 615
.. 85
.. 751
.. 711
.. 706
.. 711
.. 90
.. 115
.. 761
. . 762
.. 10
.. 102
.. 102
. . 102
.. 102
.. 102
.. 102
.. 102
. . 102
. . 95
■ . . 95
.. 95
.. 95
.. 95
., 95
.. 95
.. 120
.. 120
. . 742
.. 281
275, 583, 587
.. 587
XCVlll
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Nyctalus labiatus
leisleri
noctula
Nycteris
javanica
tragata . .
Nycthemerus lineatus
Xycticebi^s
sp. . .
tardigradus
Nyctiornis athertoni
Nyroca f erina
ferruginea
fulignla . .
Nysson basalis
decoratus
• dubitatus . .
excavatns
NXTMBBK.
. . 276, 587
.. 587
.. 587
. . 260
. . 581
. . 581
. . 326
. . 562
. . 766
476, 562, 563
. . 562, 563
. . 87
306, 490
..490
..490
..101
..101
.. 101
. . 101
Ochotoua aurita . .
Ochotona curzonise
ladacensis
macrotis
nepalensis
. rufescens
Ocimum basilicum thyrsiflora
Odontolarra nigra
Odontoptilum angulata . .
OEcophylla smaragdina . .
(lEdicnemus scolopax
Oldenlandia diffusa
Olea cuspidata . .
Oleandra musaefolia
Oligodon siibgriseus
Oligura castaniacoronata
Onobrychis
Onychothemis
Ophichthys boro . .
— orientalis
Opphioi-hiza harrisiana . .
. . 158
.. 371
. . 571
.. 371
.. 371
.. 371
.. 734
.. 101
.. 119
642, 618
.. 304
483* 484
.. 731
. . 292
159, 769
.. 751
.. 652
.. 616
601, 603
.. 603
.. 483
Opiintia elatior . .
Oreicola ferrea . .
ferrea haringtoni
Oreocincla dauma
moUissima
Oreocorys sylvanus
Oriolus kundoo . .
tenuirostris
■ trailii
Orobanche hirtiflora
Orsotrioena meda
Orthetrnm
Orthotomus sutoriiis
Oryza sativa
Otis tarda
tetrax
Otocompsa flaviventris . .
Otogyps ..
— calvus . .
Otonycteris
hemprichi
Otostegia sp.
avicheri
microphyilla
Ovis nahura
Oxalis comicidata
Pachytlissus parvicollis
Pachyura, sp.
hodgsoni
Pagrus spinifer
Paguma
Number.
513, 514
677, 751
85
496
496
743
674
84
84
734
138
614
83, 670
..739
304, 487, 745
. . .304, 487
• • • • *-' —
..237
234, 237, 242, 752
. . 583, 585
585
734
7-34
734
302
441
PaliBornis fasciatus
finschi
— — indoburmanicus
torquatus
Palpopleura
Pandion . .
heliietus
iPandraoDa dara
.. 155
66, 276, 477
67
127
48
517
89
89
89
89
614
237
234, 239, 245
..141
INDEX Ot Sir E cms.
xcix
^
Fiinolia acuticauda
acuticornis
platyceros
Pantala
Paiitoporia cama . .
kanwa
nefte inara
perius
pravara
selenophora .
Papilio leacus
-— aristeus hermocrates
— aristolochia?
— chaon
— clytia
— demoleus. .
— helena cerberns
— helenus
— mahadeva
— memnon agenor
— minos
— nomius swinhtei
palinurus . .
pammon . .
polytes
romulus . .
sarpedoii . .
zaleucus .
Faradoxornis guttaticoUis
Paradoxurus aureus
birmanicus
bondar
oochinensi
crossi
— felinus
hamiltoni.
hermaphrodita
hermaphroditus
hirsutus
jerdoni
kutensis
leucopus
NUMBEK.
3t>4
363, 364
364
ol6, 617
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
111
112
111
111, 138
111
111
11], 139
111
111
111
111
154
111
111
139
130
111
111
111
76
48
•"iO, ol, 319
49
51
49, oO, 51
49
49
49
48, 49, 478
ravuB 49, 478
49
. 48
. 51
49, 50
Paradoxurus nmsaugoidos
nictitatans
mger
nigrifrons
pallasi
pennanti . .
prehensilia
quadriscriptus
quinquelineatus
ravus
49
strictus
typus
tytleri
vicinus
Parapiagetia wickwari .
Parata chromus . .
Pareronia hippia
Valeria hippia
Parevaspis abdominalis .
carbonaria
Parnara bada
bevani
guttatus
— — mathias
oceia
tooua
Partheuos gambrisius
Parus atriceps
monticola . .
Pasites maculatus
Passer cinnamomeus
domesticus
hispaniolensis
Pastor roseus
Pavo cristatus
muticus
Pavoncella pugnax
I Peganum harmala
-lanata .
Pelargopsis gurial
PeUia calyciua
Pelloriieum iguutuui cinnainonieum
ruticepsmiiuis
Penthema darlisa
lisard
NUMBKK.
.. 49
49, 50
48, 50, 67
.. 49
49, 50
.. 40
.. 49
49, 51
. . 49
50, 5] . 478
49, 5(1, 51
49, 50
.. 158
49, 51, 67, 68
.. 101
.. 14 J
.. 140
.. 113
.. 94
.. 94
.. 120
120, 142
.. 142
.. 120
. . 120
.. 120
.. 109
75, 668
.. 75
.. 99
86, 680
303, 680
.. 320
.. 674
29, 160, 501
.. 500
.. 305
.. 725
.. 725
. . 87
. . 280
79
79
110
. 110
INDEX OF &PECIEb.
Penthema yoma . .
Peplis indica
Perdicula asiatica
Perdix ferruginea
Pericrocotus brevirostris
•■ erythropygius
_: fraterculus
peregrinus . .
roseus
Peridinium sanguineuuo
Periploca aphylla
Peristylus goodyeroides
Pernis
cristatus
Perowskia sp.
abrotanoides
Petaurista sp.
cineraceus
sriseiventer
philippensis
Petrophila cyanus
erythrogastra
Phagualon niveum
Phalacrocorax carbo
Phaseolus
Phasianus ,,
albocristatus
bankiva
burmannicus
, colchicus
elegans
NUMBEB.
.. 110
.. 711
.. 29
.. 18
.. 673
.. 674
84, 751
84, 674
.. 84
.. 762
.. 731
affiiiis . . . . 484
.. 238
90, 235, 239, 246
.. 734
.. 734
,. 319
473, 478
.. 371
.. 37}
.. 679
86, 751
.. 729
.. 306
.. 652
347, 348, 521
.. 164
.. 18
.. 355
.. 360
347, 348, 352, 358
360, 546
. . 352
.. 325
3, 21
..164
- elliottj
- fasciatvis
- gallus
- hamiltoni
- humii^. 75, 91, 348, 354, 356, 360,
751.
_ burmannicus 347, 348, 351,
356.
humiaj, 347, 348, 351, 356
- mdicus . . • • . . -w
-leucomelanus .. .. ..1/2
- lineatus . . • • 325
- macrolopha . . . . ■ 524
Phasianus muthura
nycthemerus . .
pucrasia
pucrasse
scintillans
sladeni . .
siichschanensis
torquatus
Pheidole
Phoenix
dactylifera
Phragmites communis . .
Phyllomacromia nilgiriensis
Phylloscopus humei
indicus
. proregulus
pulcher
- subviridis
tristis
Phytophthora Meadii . .
Pieris brassicpe . .
Pigafetta
Piper
Pipistrellus
. . abramus
. ■ affinis
. annectens . .
— . austenianus
■ babu . .
^ cadornte
ceylonicus . .
. ceylonicus
chrysothrix
indicus . .
subcanus
circumdatus
coromandra
kuhli
kuhli
— lepidus
lophurus
mimus
glaucillus
mimus
NUMBEK.
175
338
524
524
352
358
358
360
440
291
738, 763
739
383
672
671
496
750
672
671
760
139
58
291
. . 583, 588
..588
. . 588, 590
.. 588,590
. . 589, 591
65, 588, 589, 591
.588, 589, 591
. . 588
588, 590
588, 590
588, 590
588, 591
. . 588, 590
65, 276, 476, 588,
589, 692
..588
. . 589, 591
. . 589, 591
588, 689, 591
.. 588
588, 589, 592
65, 589, 592
INDEX OF SPECIES.
ci
Pipistrellus mordax
paterculus
pipistrellus
shanorum
Pistacia khinjak . .
mutica . .
Pistia stratiotes . .
Pisum ,
Pithecops hylax . .
Pitheciis . .
albinus . .
argentatus
barbei
brahma
cephalopterus
chrysogaster
crepusculus
durga . .
entellus . .
Number.
588,590
588, 589, 592
588, 589, 591
. . 588, 590
726
726
686
652
113
552, 556
556, 561
557, 561
46, 47, 48, 361, 556, 557
558, 559, 560
557, 559, 561
556
557
. 557, 559, 561, 562
557, 561
48, 556, 558, 559, 560
anchises 556, 558, 559, 660
femoralis . . . . . • 556
keatii 556, 558, 559, 560
hypoleucos.. 47, 556, 558, 559
johni . . 556, 558, 559, 560
■ kephaloi)teru8 556, 557, 558, 559,
560
melamerus 361, 556, 558, 559, 560
- neglecta . . . . • • 556
keatii ■ • 556
obscurus . . . . 48, 557
phayrei 46, 319, 475, 557, 559, 561
pileatus . . 557, 559, 561
potenziana . . . . . . 557
. priam . . . . 556, 558, 559
robinsoni . . . . 559, 562
schistaceus. 48, 370, 556, 558, 559
lanius. 556, 558, 559
■ senex . . . . . . . . 556
- shanicus . . 47, 361, 556, 560
shortridgei . . 557, 559, 560, 561
. beUiger . . 557, 561
- thersites . . . . . . 561
- ursinus . . 556, 557, 558, 561
- veter . . . . 556,'558, 561
Pitta brachyura ..
cucuUata
Plagiochasma simlensis
Plantago amplexicaulis
ciliata . .
coronopus
Plecotus
auritus
homochrous
puck . .
wardi . .
Plectocomia
assamica
elongata
himalayana. .
khasiyana . .
macrostachya
montana
Plectocomiopsis
paradoxus
Plectrurus perroteti
Plesiopanurgus einerarius
Ploceus baya
megarhynchus
Plumbago capensis
Pncepyga squamata
Podalirius albigenus
atricillus
binghami
connexus
fulvipes
fulvitarsia
khasianua
orientalis
picicornis
— sergius
vedettus
velocissimus
wickwari
Podiceps albipennis
Poecilotheria fasciata
formosa
metallica
ornata
regalis
Number.
..
497
86
279
735
735
, ,
735
582,
584
• •
584
584,
585
584,
585
584,
585
58,
212
212,
215
215
213
212
214
"213
5
8,
• ♦
412
412
604
99
679
519
141
496
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
315
153
153
153
153
15S
Cll
INDEX 01 UPECISS.
Number.
Poecilotberia Btriatii
pnbfuscn
vittata
Poponia
carinata. .
plicata . .
— . prainiana
Polioaetus
. humilis
ichythaetus
Polistes hebraens
Polygala . .
P(>lyi;onum sp.
barbatuni
plebejum
Polyommatus bcwticns
Pomatorhinus
. . 153
.. 813
. . 813
. . 813
. . 813
.. 238
■l-6h, 240, 245
235, 240, 245
.. 511
.. 292
.. 736
.. 736
.. 736
.. 141
. . 748
— erythrogenys macclellaiidi, 79^
748, 749, 750
— femiginosus phayrei, 79, 748,
749, 750
— hypoleucus hypoleucus , . 749>
750
— maccleUandi. 89, 744, 750
^ nucbalis . . 748, 749, 750
Pratincola insignis
maura
Prenolepis
Prinia inornata
lepida
Eocialis
Prionodon maculosns
pardicolor
Pristocera eironeformis
Proanthidium solifertim
Prosopis spicigera
stephaniana
Proteparce convolviili
Prunus sp.
■ amygdalus
ebiirnea . .
jacquemontii
olivaceus ripponi .
ruficoUis bakeri
schisticeps
Pompilus cassius
horatius
nudatus
reflexus
Pcipulus euphratica
Poritia erycinoides
harterti
— hewitsoni
phalena
phalia
Porzana pusiUa
Potamarcha
Pratincola caprata
748, 749,
750, 771
79, 748,
749, 760
.. 668
mearsi. 79,748, 749,
750
.. 101
.. 101
.. 101
.. 101
.. 738
.. 116
.. 116
.. 116
.. 116
.. 116
.. 320
.. 614
85, 676
Psammochares detectus
' nudatus
Psarisomus dalhousite
Pseudergolis wedah
Pseudogyps
benealensis
Pseudotantalus leucocephalus
Psithyrus . .
Psittiparus gularis transfiavialis
Pteris aquilina
Pterocarpus marsupium . .
Pterocles alchata caudata
arenarius
coronatus
lichtensteini
Pteroclurus alchata
caudata
exustus
senegallus
NUMBEK.
. . 677
. . 677
451, 638
84, 672
. . 303
..672
819,370
..370
..100
. . 95
297, 727
..727
155
..728
..728
..728
..728
..101
..101
. . 86
..110
. . 237
90, 234, 245, 752
.. 315
.. 98
.. 76
.. 292
.. 291
159, 160
160, 486
. . 159,
Pteromys alboniger
(Hylopetes) alboniger
oral . . . .
petaurista cineraceua
Pteropus
edvdis . .
aisanteus
160,
64,
giganteus . .
leucocephalnB.
.. 160
.. 159
.304, 486
.. 149
160, 769
304, 486
.. 371
.. 69
.. 479
.. 478
.. 566
.. 566
476, 666
.. 566
566, 567
]M)i:X OF .SPI'JCIE^.
cm
Ptbropus liypomelauus
intermetliuB
— - leucocephalus
— • medius . .
melanotns
uicobaricus
pyrivorus
Pturopyrum olivieri
Ptemthius erythropterus
melauotis
Ptyonoproghe concolor . .
rupestris . .
Pucrasia . .
biddulphi
■ castanea
■ darwini
— darwini
— - joretania
Ntjmbek.
.. me
566, o67
566, 567, 568
.. 370
..566
566, 567
. . 566
. . 566
. . 736
. . 81
..81
. . 681
. . 681
. . 521
. . 535
. . 539
.',■22, 523
. . 523, 524
523, 524
duvauceli . . 5i'7, 539
macrolopha . . 522, 524, 526, 535,
537, 539, 540, 541, 542
biddulphi. . 523, 526,
535, 537, 539
castauea. 523, 536, 539
-— macrolopha. 523, 524,
526, 535, 536, 537,
538, 539
nepalensis. 523, 537
nipalensis . . 537
522, 523, 524, 540
. . 523
.. 537
522, 540, 541
.. 540
523, 542
523, 524,
541, 542
.. 730
.. 730
.. 730
.. 728
.. 729
686, 687
.. 688
PycroTis capiliaris .
flavesceiia
globosus
latespicatus
malabaricns
nitens
polystachyos
puinilus . .
puncticulatus
sanguinolentus
stramiueus
Pyctorhis sinensis
Pyrvhocorax alpiuus
Pyrrhnlauda melanauchen
Python luolnrus . .
Quercus dilitata . .
Qnerquedula circia
meyen . .
meyeri.
nipalensis
xanthospila
— meyeri
ruficollis
xanthospila .
Pulicaria sp.
boissieri
glaucescens
Punic a granatum. .
Pycnocycla apinosa
Pycreus
albomarginatus . .
liana tigrina
Ranunculus sp. .
Rapala
jarbas
uielampus
petosins .
• schistacea
~ sutfusa
Raphia
lyciosa
nicaraguensis
pedunculata
polymita . .
ruffia
tamatavencis
vinifera
nicaraguensis
NUMBKK.
688
687
688
688
688
689
689
689
688
688
687
668
302
767
150, 509
244
489
Rattus
berdmorei
- fulvescens
manipulus
.. 152
.. 723
.. 140
.. 118
.. 141
.. 118
.. 118
.. 118
. . 'r2
.. 53
.. 53
.. 53
.. 53
53, 55, 56
.. 53
53, 56, 57, 58
.. 53
203, 204
.. 204
278, 371
.. 204
CIV
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Rattus nitidus
rufescens. .
Ratufa elphinstonei
gigantea . .
macruroides , .
phoeopepla marana
Reaumuria stocksii
Recurvirostris avocetta
Remirea . . . .
Rhacophorus malabaricus
Rhamnus . .
Rhazya stricta
Rhinoceros sp.
Rhinocypha
Rhinolophus
affinis
. himalayanus
macrurus
tener. .
andamanensis
arcuatus
. beddomei . .
ceelophyllus . .
cinerascens . .
ferrum-equinum
gracilis
hipposiderus
lepidus
luctus
macrotis
midas
minor
■ mitratus
■ monticola
- morio
pearsoni
perniger
- petersi
philippensis
NUiMBEK.
.. 278
70, 278, 480
.. 371
277, 479
.. 371
.. 479
.. 724
. . 305
.. 685
.. 767
.. 652
.. 731
.. 475
.. 457
260, 264, 270
65, 572
572. 573
. . 572
572, 573
572, 573
.. 571
. . 575
.. 576
. . 260
.. 572
572,
574
573
572,
573
.. 675
.. 574
.. 575
571, 574
.. 675
671, 576
.. 572
.. 574
.. 576
276, 674
.. 575
.. 576
.. 675
.. 672
.. 571
proxnnus
regulus 572,
tragatus . .
Number.
Rhinolophus rammanika . . . . 260
rouxi 249, 250, 260, 261, 262,
264, 269, 270, 275, 572,
573, 767
sinicus
— rubidus
— simplex
— subbadius
— thomasi
— tragatus
— proximus.
— regulus .
— tragatus .
trifoliatus
Rhinonycteris
Rhinopalpa polynice birraana
Rhipidura albicollis
albifrontata . .
Rhizomys badius
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
Rhodothemis
Rhopalosoma
Rhopodytes tristis
Rhynchops albicollis
Rhyncospora
Rhyothemis
Rhytidoceros undulatus . .
Rhyzomys badius
castaneus
Riella indicast
Rosa sp. . .
Rosalia formosa . .
hariola
Rostratula capensis
Rotala
alata . . /. .
cordata
densiflora . .
fimbriata . .
floribunda
Fysonii
hexandra . .
illecebroides
-. indica
axillaris . .
.. 261
.. 260
.. 572
.. 674
. 572, 573
. 370, 572
. 572, 674
572, 573
572, 573
, . 575, 676
.. 260
.. 110
85, 676
85, 676
.. 481
.. 602
.. 615
.. 101
.. 89
..301
..685
..617
. . 88
..481
..481
..279
. . 728
..165
.. 155
. . 488
. . 701
..707
702, 710, 713
707
702, 710
702, 706
702, 709
..710
..707
. . 702, 711
..712
INDEX OF SPECIES.
cv
Rotala iudica conferta . .
elongata . .
koroana
macrandra
philippineusis
spicata
subrotunda
leptopetala
macrandra
-\2,
— mexicana . ,
— occultiflora
Leichhardtii
pentandra
fimbriata
petaloidea
— — -- Ritchiei
rotundifolia
roxburghiawa
simpliciuscula
stipulata . .
subrotunda
tenuis
verticillaris
verticillata
verticillatis
vertillaris . .
Wallichii . .
Rotang dicta
Rousettus . .
arabicus
ieschenaulti
seminudus
Rubia tinctorum . .
Rucervus cornipes
duvauceli
eldi
cornipes
frontalis
lyratus
— platyceros
NUMBKII.
.. 713
.. 712
.. 715
.. 714
.. 714
716
718
707
718
702
705
705
709
710
705
709
721
707
707
710
711
720
705
705
702,
702, 707,
. . 702,
702, 718,
702,
702,
. . 702,
702, 703,
. . 702,
702,
65, 275, 565,
. . 565,
. 363, 364, 365,
. . 363,
hainanus 364,
siamensis
thamin.
brucei . .
,368, 364, 365,
364,
364, 265,
Rumex sp.
14
704
706
b94
565
565
566
566
729
363
366
866
364
364
363
366
365
363
366
366
737
Rumqx deiitatus
roseus
Rusa unicolor
Rnticilla rufiventris
S agin a sp.
Sagus
farinifera
— mennis
— koenig
laevis
pedunculata
Ruffia
Rumphii
vinifera
Salicornia sp.
Salix tetrasperma
Salsola sp.
decurrens
foetida
Salvadora
oleoides
Salvia santolinsefolia
Samolus valerandi
Sancus puUigo subfasciatus
Saraca
• indica
Sarangesa dasahara
Sarcidiornis melanonotus
Sarcogranunus indicus
Sasia ochracea
Satariipa bhagava
Satyra macrolopha
Saxicola ienanthe
capistrata
deserti . .
isabeUina
oenanthe
opistholeuca
picata
NaMBEK.
.. 737
.. 737
64,71
.. 678
.. 724
.. 52
53,61
.. 61
.. 60
.. 60
53, 60
.. 53
53, 66
60,61
56
736
737
736
736
736
137
731
734
731
119
649
648
119, 142
747
305
87
119
524
677
677
677
677
303
677
677
CVl
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Scabiosa sp.
candolleana
olivieri . .
Scseorhynchus gularis
Schtenus nigricans
Schizoloma ensifolia
Schleichera
trijuga
Schoeniparus dubius niaiidellii
Scirpus
erectus . .
michelianus
mucronatus
Sciurus sp.
pygerythrus
Scleria
caricina . .
elata
Scobura cephala . „
Scolopax rusticola
Scoparia diilcis
Scops giu . .
Scorpiurus sp. . .
■ muricata
Scorzonera ramosissima ,
Scoteinus . .
91,
emarginatus
pallidas .
Scotomanes
ornatus
Scotophilus
Scotozous
— castaneus
~ fulvidus
— heathi
— kuhli
— wroughtoni
6H,
dormeri
caunnus
■ dormeri
Scutellaria discolor
Sebastonyma dolopia
Selaginella . . 284, 285,
caulescens
Number.
' • • •
. . 729
. . 729
.. 76
. . 739
. . 292
. . 431
291.435
. . 80
685, 686
. . 682
. . 684
. . 689
. . 382
,319
. . 479
. . 686
. . 682
484, 682
..119
305, 487. 495
. . 426
. . 766
. . 726
. . 726
..730
. . 584, 595
.. 595
. . 595
584, 596
. . 596
. . 583, 594
. . 594, 595
. . 472
. . 370, 594
66, 477, 594
477, 594, 595
. . 582, 593
66, 593
. . 593, 594
.. 593
. . 484
..119
286, 287, 288
.. 286
Selaginella chrysocaulos
• chysorrhizos .
ciliaris
Emmeliana
flabeUata
helvetica
kraussiana .
Martensii
oregana
pallidissima
piimila
serpens
spinosa
viticulosa
Walichii
Sellovvia uliginosa
Semnopithecus
Serilophus lunatus
rubripygius
Serranus miniatus
Sesamum indicum
Sewardiella tuberifera
Shseniparus mandellii
Shorea robusta
Silybura . .
ocellata
Simia
Sipbia parva
Sitta castaneiventris
cinnamomeiventris
fonnosa
frontalis
Siva strigula
Solanum sp.
ferox . .
Sophora griffithii
Sorghum vulgare
Soriculus caudatus
Spatula clypeata . .
Sphserias . .
blanfordi
Sphecodes tumeri
Sphenocercus apicauda
NUMBEK.
284, 285, 287, 288
284, 287, 288
..284
284, 287, 288, 289
. . 285
285, 286
284, 287, 288, 289
284, 286, 287, 288
. . 285
284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 289
286
, 284, 287, 288, 289
284, 287, 288
..288
.. 285
707
656
86
86
r. 129
734
281
751
7
632
632
553
675
669
. . 82
82
82
494
733
. . 733
733
727
313
67, 276, 370
. . 305, 489
570
570
102
90
INDEX OF SPECIES.
cvit
Spiloruis
cheola . .
Spizaotus . .
limiiaetus . . 90,
uepalensis
Spizixus canifrons
Sporsegiiithus aniamlava
Stachyrhidopsis nigrifrons
Stachj'ris nigriceps coltarti
Stactocichla menilina
Staphidia castaneiceps . .
Statice sp.
carnosa . .
fortassis
Stenophylliis
capillaris tritida
puberula . .
Sterna anglica
fluviatilis. .
— melanogaster
minuta
saundersi
seena
Stoparola melanops
Streptopelia turtur arenicola
xanthocycla
Striga lutea
Strix flammea . .
Strobilanthes
sp
Sturnia malabarica
Stumopastor contra
Sturniis vulgaris . .
Suaeda sp.
caucasicus
poltaratskyi
porphyronotn
swerga
Suastiis gremius
Sumiculus lugubris
Surrendra quercetoruni
Sus sp.
— - cristatus
— salvanius
Sutera glandulosa
NUMBEK.
.. '2SS
90, 2S5, 240
. . 237
235, 239, 245
235, 239, 245
82, 751
..680
. . 80
. . 80
. . 79
.. 81
. . 730
..730
. . 730
. . 685
. . 682
..682
. . 300
.. 305
..301
. . 305
. . 305
. . 301
..85,675, 751
. . 159
..319
..312
. . 89
38, 441, 444
..27
84, 674
.. 675
160, 674
. . 303
..674
.. 674
..736
..119
. . 119, 141
475
71
64
423
Snthora subsj^. iiov.
Suya crinigera . .
khasiana . .
superciliaris
Sylvia affinis
cinerea
curruca
jerdoui
Symbrentliia Incina
Sympetrum
Synotiis
NUMBEK>
.. 76.
83, 672
83
84
671
671
671
671
110
615
Tadorna cornuta
Tagiades alica
attic us
litigiosa
obscurns meetana
pinwilk
ravi khasiana
Tajiiria jangala ravata
maculata
Talicada
nyseus
Talpa micrura
Tamarix articulata
dioica
pallasii . .
Tamiops macclellandi
Tanacetum gracile (?)
Taphozons babylonica
longimanus
Taractrocera msevius
Taraka hamada
Tarucus plinius
theophrastus
89 : Tatera
sp
ceylonica .
cuvieri
dunni
hardwickei
305, 315, 489
.. 119
.. 119
.. 119
.. 119
.119
.. 119
.. 118
.. 118
. . 639
. . 639
. . 159
. . 724
.. 724
.. 724
.. 371
.. 730
314, 315
.. 417
.. 119
.. 113
114, 141
114,141, 660
40, 41
.. 315
41, 42, 45
42, 44, 45
42, 43
42, 44, 45, 371
cviii
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Tatera indica
persica
sherrini
taeniura
Taterona . .
afra
Taverniera ephedroidea
nummularia
Taxila haquinus fasciata
Telicota bambusse
dara
Temenuchuspa godarum
Tephosia pauciflora
Tephrodornis pelvicus
pondicerianus
Tephrosia tinctoria
Teracolus vestalis
Teramnus sp.
Terias andersoni . .
harina bumiana
hecabe
Iseta
silhetana
venata
Temiinalia
paniculata
Terpsiphone affinis
paradisi
Tesia cyaniventris
Tetralonia
brevipennis
claripennis
— commixtana
duvacelli
erythrocera
glabriocornis
■ leucopoda
ovatula
pnimosa
punctata
punctilabis
Punjaubensis
rufolineata
taprobanicola
testaceitarsis
Number.
42, 43, 44
42, 43
42, 43, 44
42, 43
40, 41
.. 40
726, 727
.. 727
.. Ill
.. 120
. . 120
.. 674
.. 441
.. 84
.. 673
.. 726
. . 155
.. 727
.. 113
.. 113
112, 140
112, 139, l4lO
113
140
728
649
85
675
751
97, 102
96
97
97
102
97
97
97
97
97
96
97
97
97
97
97
Tetraloniella aliena
calidula
Tetrao ferruginous
Tetrathemis
tlava
fruhstorferi
• platyptera
piilchra
yerburyii
Teiicrium stocksianum
Thalictruni javanicum
Thamnobia cambaiensis
fulicata
Tharrhaleus atrigulafis
jerdoni
Thaumalea amherstise
Tliauria aliris intermedia
Thereiceryx lineatus
Tholymis . .
tillarga
Thygatina fumida
Thymlsea arvensis
Tinnunculus
alaudarius
Tomeutes blythi . .
lokroides
pygerythrus
similis . .
Torenia
bicolor . .
cordifolia
hirtella . .
Totanus fuscus . .
Tragopan blythii
pucrasia
Tramea
basilaris . .
Treron nepalensis
Triaenops . .
Tribulus sp.
— alatus
Trichodesma africanum
indicum
Trichodesmium erythneum
Trichostoma sladeni
Number.
.. 97
.. 97
.. 18
613, 618, 621
.. 619
384, 621
618, 619
.. 619
619, 620
735
292
678
679
679
679
643
107
87
617
511
99
737
238
236, 241
.. 371
69, 277, 371
472, 479
371
422
484
422
422
305
91
524
617
61V
90
260
725
725
732
732
762
99
INDEX OF SPECIES.
cix
Trifoliuin . .
Trigona
Trinchostoma assamensis
Tringa alpina
Tritheka pentandra
Trithemis . .
fiiscopalliata . .
Triticum vulgare . .
Trochalopteron lineatum
Trochalopterum chrysopterum
erytbrocephalum
erythrolajma
erythrolsem a
lineatum
phceniceum
virgatum
bakeri
Number.
. . 652
. . 99
. . 103
. . 30r>
.. 707
. . 616
. . 282
. 739
. . 668
.. 78
.. 78
78
. 78
78, 79
. 79
. 78
78, 79
. 150
. 765
chinensis
tenaster
Clarissa
ferruginea
lacernata . .
nilkinsoni
Tropidonotus piscator
Tuissilago farfara
Tupaia belangeri. . 199, 200, 201, 472, 477
66, 276
. . 201
200, 201
. . 199
.200
. . 199
. . 200
. . 304
. . 90
. . 90
583, 586
. . 586
275, 476, 686
. . 586
. . 731
..375
377, 381
378, 381
379
379
wilkinsoni
Turtur communis
ferrago .
tigrinus .
Tylonycteris
aurex
fulvida
pachypvis
Tylophora tenuis. .
Typhlops . .
acutus . .
braminus
Udaspes folus
Upiipa epops
indica
Uncotyphlus oxyurus
Urocichla oatosi
Urocissa flavirostris
occipitalis
Uroloncha acuticaudata
malabarica
Urosphena squamicops
Urothemis
Ursiis malayanus
torquatus
Usnea barbata
Utricularia
— ■ affinis
arcuata
striatula
Vandeleuria
dumeticola
oleracea
Vandbllia . .
Crustacea
hirsuta. .
laxa
■ — • scabra
diardi
arenicola
typicus
cinereus
typica .
limbricki
reticularis
381
381
381
379
375
Vanellus vulgaris
Vanessa cardui
Veronica anagallis
bracteosa
calycina
montioides
punctata
beccabunga
attenuata
deltigera
Vespa cmcta
Vespertilia
discolor
— murinus
Vesperugo tylopus
Number.
142
304
88
377
83, 751
760
73
86
680
83
618
47&
64, 476
494
292
483
483
483, 484
. . 64
69, 277
619
419
420
421
422
422
306
138
427
427
427
427
427
427
428
428
611
583, 586, 692
586
686
592
ex
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Vicia aagustifolia
sativa
Viola
Vipera libetina
Virachola isocrates
perse
Vitex agnus castas
negundo
Viverra sp.
bondar
civettina . .
hermaphrodita
malaccensis
melanura
niger
nigra
prehensilis
zibetha . .
Viverricula malaccensis
Vulpes sp.
arabica
bengalensis
ferrilatus . .
leucopus . .
monachus .
Vultur
234,
Number.
..727
. . 727
. . 292
..160
..118
..118
..734
. . 734
.-, 474
49, 50
..517
. . 49
.. 319
. . 370
. . 50
. . 49
. . 49
67, 277, 319
67, 478
315, 516, 517
159
64
370
158
237
239, 243, 298, 303
Wagatea spicata . .
Winterlia uliginosa
Withania coagulauo
somnifera
645, 664
.. 707
. . 733
Xanthixus tlavescens
Xantholtema haematocephala
Xylia dolabriformis
Xylocopa . .
amethystina . .
.. 82
.. 87
.. 435
.. 98
98, 102
Xylocopa ceylonica
_ coUaris
esica
gardineri
madurensis
minor . .
tranquebarica
Xylotrechus subdepressur
Yoma sabina vasuki
Ypthima asterope
baldus . .
dohertyi
hiibneri . .
indica . .
philomela indecora
savara . .
sirailis . .
sobrina . .
watsoni . .
Yuhina gulai-is
NtTMBEK.
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
155
.. 110
.. 138
.. 105
.. 105
.. 105
.. 137
.. 105
. . 105
.. 105
. . 105
. . 105
.. 81
Zalacca
beccarii
— edulis
— macrostachya
— rumphii
— segnnda
— wallichiana
Zamenis diadema atriceps
ventrimaculatus
Zanthixus flavescens
Zaocys fasciolatus
mucosus
pallidas
Zeltus utolus
58, 59, 207
. . 210
.. 208
.. 208
.. 208
.. 207
208, 210
.. 753
.. 315
. . 751
.. 753
.. 753
.. 754
.. 118
INDEX OF SPECIF!^.
cxx
/Jomeros ttegyas . .
Zoylauica spinosissima
Zinziber cassumar
iiininionii
Xitaria multi flora
Zi'-jora
gaiku
lysimon
maha
minima
Otis
Number.
Ill
394
484
484
730
43G, 637
.. 114, 141. 436, 443
114, 141, 437, 441, 447
114, 141, 437, 441, 442
437
.. 114, 141,437, 444
Zizypliora clinopodioides
Zizyi)lins . .
jujuba . .
rotnndifolia
Zonopterus tiavitarsis
Zoothora sp. '■:'
Zoniia diphylla . .
Zostorops palpebrosa
simplex
ZygoTiyx . .
Zvxomma . .
NUMBEU.
.. 735
.. 137
297, 726
.. 725
.. 155
.. 86
442, 447
.. 668
.. 81
.. 616
.. 617
Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and
published by W, S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 6808-17.
i
THE .^^-b
JOU RNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History S(Jciety.
EDITED BY
W. S. MILLARD,
R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNE
-VOL. ixiixi^v, 3sro. 1.
Date of pitbliccttion, 30th March 1917.
Price to No7i' Members ... ... ... Bs, 7-8-0
or £ 0-10-0
LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
•
Page
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXI.
(With a Plate of Gallus sonneraii, the Grey Jungle-
fowl.) By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., f.z.s., m.b.o.u.... 1
Scientific Results from the Mammal Survey. No. XV. 40
A. — The Indian Gerbils or Antelope Rats. By R. C.
Wroughton 40
J5.— The Slender Loris of Malabar. By R. C.
Wroughton 45
C. — A New "Leaf Monkey" from the Shan States.
By R. 0. Wroughton 46
D. — Paradoxurus niger and hermaphroditus of Blan-
ford. By R. C. Wroughton , 48
The Palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous
and introduced. (With Plates XCVI to XCIX and 3
text figures.) By E. Blatter, s.j.... 52
Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 27, Bhutan
Duars. By R. C. Wroughton '. 03
A List of Birds from the North Chin Hills. By J. C.
Hopwood and J. M. D. Mackenzie 72
A Catalogue of New Wasps and Bees. Part III. By
T. V. Ramakrishna Aiyar, b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s 92
Butterflies of Tharrawaddy and the Pegu Yoma. (With
a Map). By E. V. Ellis, i.F.s 104
The Game Fishes of the Persian Gulf. Part II. By
Major W. H. Lane 121
The Butterflies of Lahore. By G. W. V. de Rhe-
Philipe, F.E.S 136
Review: — A Bird Calendar for N. India by D. Dewar....... 143
Roll of Honour 1 45
Miscellaneous Notes : —
I. — Measurements of Markhor and Urial Heads. By
Capt. LA.. L. Molesworth 14(3
II. — Jackals ki Lower Burma. By C. W. Alien 146
III. — Kathiawar Black Buck. By H. D. Kendall, i.c.s 147
IV. — An Arboreal Panther. By J. R. Jacob, i.p 148
V. — Note on the Scaly Anteater (Manis crassicaudata)
By S. F. Hopwood, i.f.s 148
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—{contd.)
%
Page
Miscellaneous Notes — contd.
VI. — Large Pintailed Saudgrouse (7'. a. caudata) sottliug
ou water. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Magrath 149
VII. — Occurrence of the Wood-Snipe {Gallinago nemovicnla)
in Salsette. By Major M. L. Ferrar, i.a 149
VIII. — Note on the habits of the Checkered Water Snake
{Tropidonotus piscator). By B. D. IJichards 150
IX. — Feeding habits of the Python {Python molurus). By
C.G.Stewart 150
X. — Occurrence of Russell's Earth Snake {Eryx conicus)
at 2,t:00 f^iet altitude in the C. P. By C. (i,
Chevenix Trench, i.c.s 151
XI. — Note on the Hamadrayad or King Cobra {yaia
bungarus) in North Kanara. By Lt.-Col. L. L.
Fenton 151
XII. — Food of the Bull Firog {Rana tujrina). By N. David-
son 152
XIII. — The Great Indian Spiders, Genus Fcscilothena, By
Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton. . ; .' 153
XIV. — The " Preying Mantis" as an Entomologist. By Lt.- ,
Col. L. L. Fenton 154
XV. — Some CemmOi/cids from Kurseong. By E. A.
D'Abreu, f.z.s 155
XVI.— Note on a Fhght of Sp/iinyidce. By Capt. F. C.
Eraser, i.m.s 155
XVII. — Notes on the Larva of Dilephila liiornica (Striped
Hawk Moth). By Capt. F. B. Scott, i.a 156
Proceedings 157
Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and
published by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 6931 -le.
THE
JOU RNAm
OF THE
Bombay Natueal History So^ciety.
EDITED BY
W. S. MILLARD,
R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.
^SrOL. IXIIXl^V', ITO. 2.
Date of publication, loth September 1917.
Price to No7i-Memhers ... ... ... Bs, 12-0-
or £ 0-16-0-
LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
Page
The Game Birds of J-sdia, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXII.
(With a Plate of Gennceus albocridatus, the White-
Crested Kalij.) By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.l.s., f.z.s.,
M.B.O.U 161
Scientific Eesults from the Mammal Survey. No. XVI. 199
A, — The Tupaias of South Tenasserim. By Oldfield
Thomas 199
B. — Notes on Millardia and its allies. By Oldfield
Thomas 201
C.—A New Genus of Muridce. By Oldfield Thomas... 203
D.— The Spiny-]\Ionse of Sind. By Oldfield Thomas.. 205
The Palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous
and introduced. (With Plates C to CIII and 8 text
figures.) By E. Blatter, S.J. 207
The Raptores of the Punjab. (With 2 Plates). By
C. H. Donald, f.z.s 231
•On the Determination of Age in Bats. (With a Plate.^
By Knud Andersen, F.z.s 249
■On the so-called colour phases of the Rufous Horse-
shoe-Bat OF India (Reinolophus rouxi, Temm.)
(With Plates I and II.) By Knud Andersen, F,z,S.,.. 260
Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 28, Kalim-
pong (Darjiling.) By R. C. Wroughton 274
Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Punjab,
with notes on known species and descriptions of the
NEW species. By Shiv Ram Kashyap, m.sc 279
The Female of the Dragonfly, Brachyteemis fusco.
PALLiATA (Ris.) (With a Plate.) By Capt. F. C.
Eraser, i.M.s 282
The Cone of Selagisella pallidissima. Spr. (With a Plate.)
By S. L. Ghose, m.sc 284
Preliminary Notes on a recent Botanical Tour to the
High Wavy Mountain (S. India.) By E. Blatter,
s.j., and Prof. F. Hallberg 290
Obituary Notice : Rev. P. Dreckmann, s.j., and Lt.-Col.
K. R. Kirtikar, i.m.s. (Retired) 293
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—{contd.)
Page
Miscellaneous Notes : —
I. — The Breeding of the White-eared Biilbul {Molpastea
leucotis). By H. W. Waite . . .' 297
II. — The Indian Grackle or " Hill Mynah " {Graculus
intermediu):) resident iu Calcutta. By Capt, A,
E. Lowrie, i.a.r.o 297
III. — Note on the Great Brown Vulture (Vidtiir monac/nm)
in captivity. By the late Major F. L. Hughes. . . . 298
IV. — Occurrence of the Ashy Wood-Pigeon {Alsocomus
pulchricollis) in the Jalpaiguri District. By C. M.
Inglis 300
v.- — The Breeding of the Gull-Billed Tern {Sterna anglica). ,
By H. W. Waite 300
VI. — Late stay of Teal {Xettiuni crecca). By Capt. E. J.
D. Colvin 301
VII.— The height at which Birds are able to fly. By C. H.
Donald, f.z.s 302
Vin.— The Span of Large Birds. By C. H. Donald, f.z.s. . 302
IX. — Notes on the Bird Jjife of Ahwaz, Persia. By F.
Ludlow, I.A.R.O .' 303
X. — The Weights of Pintail and Fantail Snipe. By Pt. F.
Stoney 306
XI. — The Bronze-Backed Tree Snake {Dr-ndrolaphis tristis)
in Central India. By Major C. E. Luard, i.a 30G
XII. — The Bronze-Backed Tree Snake {Dendmlaphis tristis)
in the Central Provinces. By E. A. D'Abreu, f.z.s. 306
XIII. — Notes on the Russell's Viper. ( With a Plate. )
By C. Pi. Narayan Pao 307
XrV. — Exceptionally large Saw Scaled Viper {Echis carinata).
By Lt.-Col. F. F. Major 308
XV. — Notes on an interesting specimen of the Sea Snake
( Hijdrophis ccerulescetis ). By Lt.-Col. F. AVall,
I. M.S., C.M.G., C.M.Z.S. 308
XVI. — A large Carp from the Euphrates River. By Major
W. A. Light 308
XVII. — The Packing of Papered Butterflies for safekeeping or
despatch by Post. (With o text blocks.) By Major
H. D. Peile, i.M.s 309
XVIII. — Note on the colour of Flowers in Dj/sophi/lla stdlata,
Bth. By M. K. Venkata Rao 312
XIX. — An interesting case of distribution. By 31. K.
Venkata Rao 313
XX.— Fall of Seed in Rain Storm. By E. Brook- Fox 313
Proceedings 314
accopnts foe 1916 321
Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bomhay, and
published by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 2422'1 7.
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K. siynifies " Beprint " with no plates.
THE
JOU RNArn
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
EDITED BY
W. S. M I L L A R D,
R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.
-V03L. SZSl^V, 3SrO. 3.
Date of publication, 15th January 1918.
Price to Non-Members
... Rs. 12-0
or £ 0-16-0
LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, EOMPAY.
CONTENTS^ OF T'H IS NUMBER.
Page
The Game Birds of India, Bukma and Ceylon. Part XXIII.
(With a Plate of Phasiamis humice, Mrs. Hume's
Pheasant). By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.z.S.,
M.B.o.u. 325
Scientific Results fkom the Mammal Survey, No. XVII.
A. — The Shan States Langur — A Correction. By
R, 0. Wroughton .". 361
B. — A New Indian Hare, Lepus rajput. By R. C.
Wroughton ; 361
The Nomenclature of the Geographical Forms of the
Panolia Deer (Rucervcs bldi and its relatives).
By Oldfield Thomas 363
A Selection of liECTOTYfEs of Indian Mammals, from the
Co-types described by Hodgson, Gray, Elliot and
others. By Oldfield Thomas 368
Description of a New Lizard of the Genus Acai^thodac-
TTLvs from TMesopotamia. B}' G. a. Boulenger, ll.d.,
D.SC., F.R.S. ' 373
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part
XXIV. TypUopi^. (With Plate XXIV and Diagram.)
o
By Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., c.M.z.s., f.l.s., i.m.s 37
Two New Indian Dragonflies. By Capt. F. C. Fraser,
^M.s. ^. ' 3B3
The Palms of British India and Ceylon, Indigenous
AND Introduced. Part XX. (With Plates CIV to
CVI and 7 text figures.) By Rev. E. Blatter, s.j 386
New Indian Scrophulariace.i-: and some Notes on th]:
SAME Order. By Rev. E. Blatter, s.j.. and Prof.
F. Hallberg [16
The Common Butterflie$> of the Plains of India. Part
XIX. By Mr. T. R. Bell, i.f.s I.30
Indian Dragonflies. (With 13 Plates.) By Capt. F. C.
Fraser, i.m.s ' 1,54
Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon. Report No. 29. Pegu.
By R. C. Wroughton and Winifred M. Davidson 472
I
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—{conid.)
;, • Page
ilERB&CEous M0N800N Flora at Oastle Hock and a New
Species of Balsam. By L. J. Sedgwick, f.l.s., i.c.s. 482
Some Notes on Game Birds in Mesopotamia. By Capt. C.
M. Thornhill 480
Miscellaneous Notes : —
I. — A Fight between a Dog and a Porcupine By It. D.
MacLeod, i.c.s /J.t) 1
II. — Buffalo in the Nicobar Islands. By Lt.-Col. K. W.
Burton, i.a .[(11
III. — Notes from the Oriental Sporting Magazine, New
Scries, 1869 to 1879. By Lt.-Col. K. W. I5urton,
I.A 491
IV.— Further Notes on Birds Nesting in the Tons Valley.
By B. B. Osmaston, i.f.s 49:3
V. — Birds Nesting in the Bhillung Valley, Tehri Garhwal.
By W. H. Matthews ,' 1 95
VI. — The Occurrence of the Indian Pitta {Pitta hrnchyuro)
in the Kangra District, Punjab. By C. H. Donald,
t'.z.s 1.97
VII. — Arrival of Duck and Teal in the Darbhanga District,
Behar. By C. M. Ingli.s 499
VIII. — Niditioatiou of the Lesser or Common Whistling Teal
{Dendrocycna javanica) and Bonelli's Eagle {tLierce-
tus fasciatus). By S. G. deC. Ireland, i.cs 499
IX. — Extension of habitat of the Hair-crested Drongo
{Chihia hottentotta). By 0. H. Donald 500
X. — Some notes on the Burmese Peafowl {Paio 7)inticus)
in captivity. By C. M, Inglis 500
XL- — Occurrence of the Pink-headed Duck (li/iodonessa
caryopln/Uacea) in the Punjab. By A. H. Marshall. . .502
XII.— Food of Bulbuls. By B. D. Richards 503
XIII. — Notes on the Nidification of the Common Grey
Hornbill {Lophoceros birostris). Bv Eleanor Frances
Hall ' 503
XIV. — Note on Kalij Pheasant, especially on a specimen
from the Goalpara District, Assam. By Chas. M.
Inglis 505
XV. — Curious position of a Dove's Nest (with an Illustra-
tion). By W. G. Barnett 507
XVI. — Habits of the Green Turtle {Chelonc mydas). By
Lt.-Col. R, W. Burton, i.a 508
XVII. — Occurrence of the Tree Snake {I)endroj)Ms jnctusj in
Kumaon. By Lt.-Cr.l. F. Wall, i.m.s 509
CONTENTS OF TH N U M B E R—contd.
Pagb
XVIII. — Pythons breeding in captivity. By E. A. D'Abreu,
F.z.s 509
XIX. — ^The varieties of Cobras in Central India. By Major
C. E Luard 510
XX. — Cobras without the cuneate scale. By Major H. R.
Watson 510
XXI. —Fight between Fespa cincta, Fabr., and FoUstes hebra-
e'^s, Fabr. By Chas. M. luglis 511
XXII. — The influence of the monsoons on Insect Life in India.
By Capt. F. C. Fraser, i m.s 611
XXIII. — The distance Mosquitoes can fly. By Major Robert
E. Wright, i.M.s : 611
XXIV. — Phosphorescence in the Persian Gulf. By Major
Robert E. Wrif;ht, i.M.s 612
XXV. — Phenomena of interchangeability of Vegetative and
Fruit Structures in Upuutia elatior, Mill. (With
Plates 1 and 11.) By G. B. Patvardhan 513
XXVI.— A sport from Opuntia elatior, Mill. (With Plate III.)
By G. B. Patvardhan 514
XXVII.— The Barton Shooting Seat. (With a Plate.) By L.
H. Savile 615
Proceedings 616-520
Printed by K. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Prp>!S, Bombay, and
published by W. & Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 6357*17.
THE
JOU RNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
EDITED BY
W. S. MILLARD,
R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR,
"VOXi. 1X13:"^, isro. 4.
Date of publication, 10th June 1918.
Price to Non-Members
• • • •••
... Rs. 9-0
or £ 0-13-6
LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.
IRISTKD AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
Page
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. Part XXIV.
(With a Plate of Pucrasia mojcroloijha.; the Koklass
Pheasant.) By E. 0. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.z.S.,
M.B.O.U 521
Summary- of the Results from the Indian Mammal
Survey of the Bombay Natural History Society.
By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s 547
Notes on a Collection of Sea Snakes from Madras. By
Lt.-Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., r.L.s., i.m.s 599
Indian Draggnflies. Part IT. ( With 5 Text-figures.)
By Capt. F. C. Fraser, i.m.s. (308
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part
XXV. (With Plate XXV and Diagram.) By Lt.-Col.
F. Wall, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., I.M.S G28
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part
XX. By Mr. T. R. Bell, i.F.s 636
Notes on the Birds of Ambala District, Punjab. By
Mr. H. Whistler, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 665
The CYPERACEiE OF the Bombay Presidency. By Mr. L.
J. Sedgwick, i.c.s 682
A Revision of the Indian Species of Rotala and Amma-
NiA. By E. Blatter, s.j., and Prof. F. Hallberg 701
Contributions towards a Flora of Persian Baluchistan
AND Makran From Materials supplied by Capt. J.
E. B. Hotsou, i.A.R.o. By E,. Blatter, s..t., and Prof.
Hallberg \ 723
Miscellaneous Notes :—
I. — Notes from the "Oriental Sporting Magazine," New
Series, 1869 to 1879. By Lt.-Col. II. W. Burton,
lA ' 740
II.— Crows in Busrah. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Magrath .. 741
111. — Black-headed Sibia ( Lioptila capistrata ) in the
Jalpaiguri District, Bengal. By C. M. Inglis .... 742
IV. — Occurrence of the White-tailed Blue Robin (Noto-
dela leucura) in the Buxa Duars District, Bengal.
By C. M. Inglis 742
iV. — An Addition to the Indian List of Birds. By Hugh
Whistler, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 742
VI. — Some further Notes on Cuckoos in Maymyo. By
Mr. J, M. D. Mackenzie, m.b.o.u., f.z.s 742
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—[contd,)
Page
VII. — Occurrence of the European Groat Bustard {Otis
tarda) near Pesliawar. iJy 'llio Hon'ble Sir (icorgo
Ivoos-Keppel, ci.i'.i.K., K.<!.s.i 745
VIII.— The White-necked Stork in the Punjab. By H.
Whistler, M.B.O.U , F.z.s 7i6
IX. — Comb Duck (SarcuHoi-nin vwlanonntuf^) in Sind. By
R. E. Gibson, i.cs 747
X. — A few Notes on the Nests and Eggs of some of the
Burmese Scimitar Babblers. By J. M. D. Mackenzie,
M.B.O.U., p.z.s 748
XL — Miscellaneous Notes on Some Birds in the Chin
Hills, Burma. By P. F. Wickham, r.w.D 750
XII. — Close-Barred Sandgrouse at Muscat. By Major
A. K. Burton 751
Xill. — The Span of large Birds, By Capt. S. S, Flovver . . 752
XIV. — Capturing Tigers with Bird-lime. By Surgeon-
Geueral Banuorman, c.s.i., i.m.s 758
XV. — Ou an Undescribed Colour Variety of the Snake
Ziiocys mucosus from the Central Provinces. By
E. A. D'Abreu, f.z.s 753
XVI. — Notes on a Gravid Jli/dropfiis ctjanncinctus anil her
brood. (With a Diagram.) By Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
C.M.G., C.M.Z.8., F.L.S., I.M.S T 754
XVII. — Notes on the Breeding of the Hasp-skinned Water
Snake (t'/ifrsi/drtis f/ranulatus), Schneider. By
Lt.-Col. F.Wall, c'.M.G., C.M.Z.S., f.l.s., i.m.s 756
XVIII.— Notes on Flies for Trout Fly Fishing in Kashmir.
By F. J. Mitchell 757
XIX. — Notes on the Habits of the Death's-Head Moth
(Acherontia stt/.i). By Surgeon-General Bannerman,
I.M.S 759
XX. — A new Species of Phytniyhthora parasitic on the Para
Rubber 'Cree. 'By W. McRae 7G0
XXI.— Examples of Mimicry in Spiders. (With an illustra-
tion). By C. E. C. Fischer, i.F.s 7G0
XXIL— Onlled Sea Water. By Lt.-Col. H. .T. Walton,
C.M.Z.8., I.M.S 761
XXIII.— Cultivation of the Edible Date Palm {Fhanit dacty-
lifera) in South India. (With a P late) . By Surgeon-
General W. B. Bannerman, c.s.l., i.M.s 763
XXIV.— Fall of Seed in a Rainstorm. By L. J. Sedgwick,
I.cs 764
Proceedings 766
Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bonibuy, and
published by W. S. MiUard for the Bombay Natural History Society— 76a6'18.
V
THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
EDITED BY
W. S. MILLARD,
R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.
■v^ooL. s::x:-v, isro. 5.
Containing Title Page ; Contents of Vol. XXV ; Alphabetical List
of Contributors ; List of Plates; Index to Illustrations;
Errata ; List of Office-Bearers ; List of Members ;
Statement of Accounts for 1917 ; New Generic
Terms ; Index of Species.
Date of pjihlication, 28th December 1918-
Price to Nori'Memhers ... ... .... ... Rs. 4-8-0
or £ 0-6-9
LONDON AGENTS-
DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMB AT.
NOTICE TO THE BINDER.
The contents of this Number should be arranged in the
following order, when Volume XXV is being bound : —
Title Page ... ... ... Frontispiece.
Contents of Vol. XXV
List of Contributors
List of Plates . .
Index to Illustrations
New C4eueric Terms
Errata
List of Ofiice-Bearers
List of Members
Accounts for 1917
Index to Species
r To follow the frontispiece in
this order.
J
J
At the end of the Volume
in this order.
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