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THE

TOU RNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
The QUARTERLY JOURNAL of CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. IL

L390 43's 2. | (LEG
ZLAAV3 41

Pondon:
DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. MarTIn’s LANE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C.

LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET.

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INDEX TO VOL. III.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

\ PAGE.
A white variety of Succinea elegans Risso—J. D. Butterell 240
A list of the shells of the ‘‘ Lower Tees” Yorks.—C. Ashford 278
A list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca- observed in the neighbour-

hood of Beverley—J. D. Butterell Ai 289
Additional notes on Helix arbustorum —J. W. Taylor : 302
Authenticated list of Land and Freshwater Methees of Western Sussex,
with a few observations on the distribution and habits of some
. species—W. Jeffery a 305
A parasite of Limnzea truncatula 329
A few remarks on the species of Astarte—J. G. ‘Jeffreys, Tuy, 1D). F.R.S. 233
Bulimus acutus v. bizona in the Isle of Wight—Chas. Ashford 116
Bibliography of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the county of
Sussex—W. D. Roebuck ... 318
Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridz, with remarks on their geographical
range, Station and descriptions of eee new species—A.,
Garrett 20 & I
Cyclostoma elegans in the Lake district—R. Scharff .: 178
Circe versus Gouldia—Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F. R. Sub BELLAS: 209
Descriptions of new species of Land Shells from the east coast of Africa— ;
J. W. Taylor 142
Description of a new species of the genus Conus—G. B. Sowerby, junr. 234.
meee Tene of a new species of the genus Ennea from West Africa— e
. A. Smith, F.Z.S. is 301
Destruction e shell-life by floods—C. Ashford __.. 195
Fresh-water Mussels in the Ouse and Foss—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. 268
Helix virgata monst. sinistrorsum and H. caperata v. albida near Yar-
mouth, Isle of Wight—C. Ashford . 73
Helix aspersa monst. sinistrorsum at Redcar-—Rev. W. C, Hey, 1 M ee 74.
Hyalina Draparnaldi (Beck) in England —Mrs. Fitzgerald 177
List of the Land and Freshwater shells found at Hornsea—J. D. Butterell 136
Lymneea peregra var. picta in Derbyshire—Rey. H. Milnes, M.A. ie 2053
List of Mollusca obtained in South Carolina and Florida (prineipally in in” 7S
the Island of Key West)—J. C. Melvill, M.A., She 155
Limnza truncatula var. albida at Folkestone—Mrs. F Pesala 232

List of shells collected at Burlington, Bempton, te and Flambro’
Head, Yorks.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. as

il.

Limnzea palustris y. albida at Lewes—C. H. Morris __... ie5 392
Limneea palustris v. albida—Mrs. Fitzgerald ae BOs ... 240
Life History of Helix arbustorum—J. W. Taylor 241
List of species and varieties of Succinez collected in Hungary—Mrs
Fitzgerald... : sco yl
Note on Bulimus detritus—Philip B. Mason, LS, 118
Note on Bulimus heterostomus of the ee I. of Wight—C. Ashford 129
Notes from the Isle of Wight—C. Ashford.. : 5 bag weliey
Note on Planorbis corneus—J. D. Butterell 137
Note on the shells in the neighbourhood of Bristol—J. W. Cundall ... 1 37
Note on Helix rosacea (Petterd)—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. ... 175
Note on the association of species—J. D. Butterell ... os ee 7/71
Note on Yorkshire shells—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. 178
Note on the anatomy of Helix hispida and H. Cantiana—C. Ashford . 239
Note on Bulimus Goodallii—C. Ashford 5 240
Note on Gundlachia—J. S. Gibbons, M.B.... 267
Note on the specific distinctness of Helix Chilowéensis—J. H. “Thomson,
C.M.Z.s. os ; ae 273
Note on Testacella Maugei—J. D. Butterell wi cs pon ey)
On Rhytida caffra—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. : 95
On the association of Limnza glabra, Hee hypnorum and Planorbis
spirorbis—-W. Nelson.. 115
Observations on the genus Astarte, with a list of the known recent
species—E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. 196

On the action of the heart in the Helicidee during Hibernation—C. Ashford 321
On the MacAndrew collection of British shells—A. H. Cooke, M.A.,

YAS stg JO
Proposed system of Cenchological ocality records—W. D. Roebuck 138
Proposed Monograph of the Unionidze of North America... on0 LAO
Proposed International Conchological Congress at Venice 600 176
Planorbis complanatus m. sinistrorsum—Miss F. M. Hele _... 232
Suggestions for a serial arrangement of the variations of our banded land

shells—C. Ashford aa a 89
Succinea Pfeifferi at Folkestone—Mrs. Fitzgerald oC ye Bea 7/7/
Sutherland and Caithness field notes—W. Baillie fi a 207
The mollusca of Bristol and vicinity—J. W. Cundall oh fe) 260
The mollusca of Birstwith, Yorkshire—F. T. Walker... wee 275
Unio iluteolus and its allied forms—Prof. F. M. Witter 500 poo) UY/3}
Yorkshire localities for Sphzrium and Pisidium—J. Wilcock Sek 327

~ NEW SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

Bulimus Bawriensis—Taylor ae Sick a RE AS
,, | Zanguebaricus—Taylor a uae Ke Bie 143
Conus Brazieri—G. B. Sowerby, junr. ah Loe ace Mop 2a
Ennea Martensi—Smith BG oe 300 as 301
Helix arbustorum v. marmorata—Taylor 208 bbc eae e249
5, arbustorum v. PE ee ite. Set ee oto 250

», dubia—Taylor ... : oe on aK soo 4
Mitra eburnea—Garrett 506 aie ee cia Sei 15

»» eburnostoma—Garrett rz ied ee uk Reta) i

iil.

PAGE

Mitra humeralis—Garrett ... “ies sae Bik 360 18
>, propinqua—-Garrett eae wits 206 was foo 22
», Spiripuncta—Garrett ... ue ais ih A 27
>, subtexturata—Garrett oh Ao ah x AAS)
», JLahitensis—Garrett ... see oss ate at 30.

Pupa turricula—Taylor ... — aos as ob peg
», sexdentata—Taylor ... mat ae ane Lae 144

Strigatella zebra—Garrett BE rs aa ae sees TS

Turricula bicolor—Garrett ... xy oe 5A ae 38

35 castanea—Garrett a0 me Ge ae he 2
3 flexicostata—Garrett % ae Ba aaa 46
a festiva—Garrett oe as st ae aoe |) 2G)
Ae fusco-nigra—Garrett BS ae at ae 47
3 Hoyti-—Garrett See » see Ber ac ney
i instricta—Garrett ... woe so oe. a 48
», levicostata—Garrett ... i Ban Bar Hast 250
oe modicella—Garrett ape oa coy ails 53
5 pulchra—Garrett ee ae Fa ans fs 56
as Peaseii—Garrett ... aah aoe ast whe 57
», propinqua—Garrett ... a ee Fee Soe cays)
an unilineata—Garrett ze ae “oe oes 60
SPECIES OR VARIETIES NEW TO BRITAIN
MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.

Helix arbustorum vy. conoidea Westerlund ... ae ae see AY]
is 5 v. marmorata Taylor is es ie 249
55 5 v. pallida Taylor as leh na aie ooo . AO
Ae os v. Repellini Charp. ... Ad ae. a 304
»» aspersa v. grisea Moq.-Tandon ae Se oa sho iL!

Hyalina Draparnaldi Beck ... : es ane cee 177

Limnezea auricularia v. ampla Hartmann... sie 676 joan eg

Ks truncatula v. albida.. was we ae au 232
Planorbis complanatus monst. sinistrorsum... ae BoC UR 232
Succinea elegans v. albida ... neh se ah ine 240

99 Pfeifferi Rossm. cae nee the eh ee eG.

LIST OF AUTHORS
WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THIS VOLUME.

Asiniorrel, Gy oe ee 73 ee) 116, wee 132, 195, 239, 240, 278, 321
Baillie, W. aes i 3 Se 297
Butterell, Vo 1D. aS ah 136, 137 tae 240, 277, 289
Cooke, A. ee M.A, BZ . Be ag 340
Cundall, J. W He cai he : 137, 260
Fitzgerald (Mrs. ), J. oe bee ae ae 177, 232, 240, 274

Garrett, Andrew uae ide a Ae
Gibbons, J. S., M.B. ser ye is Ke 95, 175, 238, 267

iv.

PAGE.
Hele (Miss) F. M. : ian sie ae sa ao, Re
Hey (Rev.) W. C., M. a at se Pa Boe 74, 178, 268
Jeffery, W. Bee ie e305
Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, LL. Dy, EaRe Se NOM S., “&e. ie nee 233
Mason. Philip B <3 a sa foo WES
Melvill, J. Cosmo, M.A., So) eae sa ae ae 155
Milnes (Rev.), H., M.A. ng le Par So foo UGS
Morris, C. H. a oe aay vee ah or 302
Nelson, W.- .. 500 Sas Ue he ie Spe BLS
Roebuck, W. Denison see sas ene one aos Ue BIS
Scharff, Re eh ue au nae Bis po Gf)
Smith, E. Ae RAZA: a: ee Ber nee ... 196, 301
Sowerby, G. B., junr .. he ae oe Be ano BVA
Taylor, J. W. Lak dcp les At 142, 241, 302
Thomson, J.-H., C.M.Z.S. no bod 160 60 aso. BB
Walker, F. T. 00 400 ie Wwaee lice ee 275
Watson (Reyv.), R. Boog, Bee H.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c. is wae, 200
Wilcock, J. ee 60 sats 600 ane 327
Witter (Prof.), F be ane se ne “ids can) 19/2

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

74, 97, 154, 179, 235, 286, 328.

PROCEEDINGS OF CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

86, 119, 145, 282, 330, 390.

THE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

CATALOGUE OF THE POLYNESIAN M/TRID#, WITH

REMARKS ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE, STA-

TION, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SUPPOSED NEW
: SPECIES.

By ANDREW GARRETT.

The family JA@ztrzde, which includes some of the most
beautiful shells as regards elegance of form, sculpture and color,
is represented in Polynesia by nearly 200 species, many of which
are very rare.

They inhabit various stations; many being strictly reef
shells, where they lurk in holes and crevices under sea-weed, but
are most generally concealed under stones and blocks of dead
coral. Others burrow in sand or sandy-mud at various depths;
some delight in stony ground inside the reefs, where they remain
concealed under clumps of coral during the day, and like the
sand species are nocturnal in their habits. All the species
belonging to the section or subgenus Zvers/zna are found beneath

2 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

water-worn stones in the middle region of the littoral zone, on
rocky coasts usually associated with WVerzte.

Every species enumerated in the following list were collected
by the writer, so that the habitats, station and geographical range
may be relied on as trustworthy.

Further exploration will I am sure add many more species
to the list and modify the geographical range of others.

In addition to the 167 species collected by myself, I have
added 29 species on the authority of other authors.

The Polynesian shells which have been described under the
name of Zhala,a subgenus of J/tride, are much more nearly
related to Pleurotomide than with the former family, and with the
exception of Thala alba and T. sa/tata, which are true Jtre, I
have excluded the others from this catalogue.

The structure of the folds or wrinkles on the columella are
not true plaits, but simply more or less irregular transverse
rugosities precisely of the same structure as observed in certain
species of Clathurella and Cithara.

In fact the earliest known species was described by Dr.
Mighels, under the name of Plewrotoma todilla. Myr. Reeve in
his Monograph of A/angelia has described a Philippine species
under the name of Mangelia solida. ‘The latter is exactly the
same shape, and the granulate sculpture, linear aperture and the
columellar wrinkles do not differ from Polynesian species.

The above two species, together with 7/ala angiostoma Pease,
and 7. exguisita and violacea Garr.,should be embraced in a new
genus and removed to the family Pleurotomide.

I also exclude from the AZ¢rzde Mr. Pease’s genus M7tropsis,
which undoubtedly belongs to the family Co/umbellida.

¢ 1Mitra

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZA.

adusta Aart.
ambigua Szazzs.
annulata /eeve
astricta Reeve ...
amphorella Zam. ...
ancillides Szvazns.
aurora Dohrn
anthracina Peeve
alba weasens.
assimilis Pease...
abbatis Chem.
brumalis Reeve...
eardinalis Gvov.- ...
chrysostoma Szwazns.
chrysalis /eeve
coronata Chem.
coerulea Reeve
cucumerina Zam.
caeligena /eeve
digitalis Chem...
episcopalis Z.

eburnostoma Gavvr. ...

eburnea Gaz7.
fasciata Mazz...
fusescens Pease...
flammea O. & G.
ferruginea Zam.
fulva Szwazzs.
filosa Born.
humeralis Gazz.
ignobilis Reeve
interlirata /e¢ezie
latruncularia Reeve

x < | Viti Islands.

XC oo

KG KR KE OK KE XSL

a
ao

EE. Polynesia.

W. Polynesia.
wm oO], |2
SIS la(Slele
q si ||Sla
o | & |) os |
iS et al! Mitt | ay
aA | ee eI n
a |g |
3/S] Al |e
50} O | op | | Oo
Si siagifyors
O|alslai Clo
Bn |M Ic) ||O ln
iran aaa
S|) 86 |] Se |] se lll Se] Se
x
| x
lx |x
|} |x
|
x
4 |] S< |] S| se tll S¢ |] Bs
X|X|XI1 x I] xX] Xx
xX) xX)|X]»x x
x |x] x
x | x1 x] x Ilx |x
x1x}x]xilx]x
x|x}]xix
| 2S |) SS i SS I SS eX
i|
x|x
|
x |x all
Be Nes fh OS PSS Ios
“|x| x]x il x |x
| Xx
x
| |
|
fal Sd iH}
|

x | Panmotu Islands.

| Marquesas Isles.

x | Sandwich Isles.

“e

GARRETT: ON

34 Mitra lugubris Szazns.

oe)

be)

miriculata Zam.
micans /eeve ...
nevia Szwazvs.
nexilis AZarz.
nebulosa Swazzs. ...
oleacea /Reeve ...
propinqua Garr.
peculiaris Reeve
pontificalis Zam.
peregra Reeve ...

pellis-serpentis Reeve

papalis Z.
procissa Leeve
robusta Reeve ...
rubritincta Reeve
retusa Lav.
subtexturata Gav.
serpentina Lam.
sphaerulata JZaz7....
Splripuncta Garr.
scabriuscula Z.
typha Reeve
tabanula Zawz.
testacea Szwazis.
tessellata AZart.
texturata Zam...
tuberosa Reeve
turgida Reeve ...
Ticaonica Reeve
telescopium ecve
Tahitensis Garr.
ustulata Reeve...

POLYNESIAN MITRID.

W. Polynesia.||E. Polynesia.
18/8) 4/-)3/ Sle |s
a/e(S|2i21S/ ela l)2
C/S|S/2(4 (Sei 21a
E14 hslol4)4|2/ 8)
As| Stak] || Se ==
0) Sb an|"6 Is 2) S| Sia
SSS SS || Lralsl ails
TIOlalhZ| S| Slo/Sisis
> 14 |AIM 1D IO [a | |S |
x x |x ix |x x
x
x x
x|xlx)x}xi_x]xlx x
A| xX |
x x |x
|X
x
x|x]xixixix|xlx)x{x
x|x}x] x} x x | x x
x x |x| x x
xX | x
x |x 1x
x x
x x
2S |) oX | OS Se
x
| x x
fal al cal liscalli<a lal en eee
x |
x x | x |
Ix |
x
x X 1x1 x |
Xx x |x|
x bales
Sec iss ies le fssiiez iL
|X |x| x] x] x Ses) x
| x | xa
x |
x
bts

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

67 Mitra versicolor AZarz.

be)

Sp.
sp.

sp.
Sp.

Strigatella acuminata Swazvs.

39
Turricula
bp)

auriculoides Reeve
brunnea ease

columbelleformis Avex.

litterata Zam.
maculosa /ecve
paupercula Z.
virgata Reeve ...
zebra Garr.
amabilis /eeve
aurantia Szazms.

amanda fecve ...

assimilis Garr.
angulosa? Mart.
bilineata Feeve
bella Pease
bicolor Garr.
Cumingi Reeve

cadaverosa Reeve ...

concinna Reeve
crocata Lam.
consanguinea /teeve
crebrilirata /Reeve
concentrica Reeve
cruentata Chem.
cimelium Reeve
crispa Garr.
castanea Gavr...

x x | Viti Islands.

BRO ie Oh eRe Le

W. Polynesia.

Xam eae ENS

OS Ph eS OS

| Tonga Islands.
| Samoa Islands.

oS os oS OS

os 0d oO OX

Se EK OS OX PKS

KE Ra OK

| Kingsmill Isles.
| Caroline Isles.

x xX

KT IKE I

mS OS. OS 828

| Cook’s Islands.

De OS eS OK OS OK

| Society Islands.

XK OK OS KOK

| Panmotu Islands.
| Marquesas Isles.

MOK KOS KS

E. Polynesia.

| Sandwich Isles.

6 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID@.

W. Polynesia.|E. Polynesia.
ie | él.
| ea\enee ter a | PS EE | 8
S2s/h22 228
S\s|e 7 |2/s S14 \al4
SSeS O14) 3/13
SPS Ve Se | C2 OS
Blala| als | |s)o\|s/e
: on g oN) o |l-4|).2/ a ale)
SISle.slale|5)a\8/ 8
PIG AIMIO lO la | |e ln
100 Turricula diachroa Ads. G& Reeve| x | x | x
IO1 Rs discoloria Reeve x
102 a exasperata Chem... x|x]x|x |x
103 au exquisita Garr. x x x |x| x
104 Emilie Schmelts... x
105 » flammulata Pease x |X| se Salas
106 x flexicostata Garr... sit x
107 or festiva Gazz. ... Sei |
108 a fusco-nigra Gary... x
109 sv fortiplicata Pease... | x
110 A Gruneri Reeve... x
ie ~ Hoyti Garr ... peau
oie? a3 TOCA (GROFF sce sa
113 en lyrata Lam ... BS alax
IT4 a luteo-fusca Garr... x
115 3 luculenta Leeve soolf <1 38. 8
116 ‘ leucodesma /eeve Sa |
I17 53 lauta Reeve ... soall 561] 58 |] 52 Il Se I] SS UI se |} 38 |] Se x
118 * laevicostata Gaz7r... | x
119g bes microzonias Lam. ...|x|x|x|x|x x | x
120 os mucro ata Szwazms. baile
121 sa millicostata Szvazzs. ... x
122 F, modesta Reeve ... x x
123 Me multicostata Szvazzs...| x x x} x | x
124 55 Michaui Cn ef Fisch.) x | x |
125 - modicella Gazv. ee | x
126 As nodosa Szazus. ... OS |) 234 SS) 56 |S I SII Se Ih xs
127 a obeliscus Reeve velo all |
128 a purpurata /eeve ... x
129 patriarchalis Gmel. ...| x x
130 ss IPAVCIICE), JRGBIE anc x x | x x | x
131 ns plicata A7Zezn... Pm, x
ae fA porphyretica (Reeve ? x x

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&..

133 Turricula pulchra Garr. ae
134 iG putillus Pease
135 Ks PEASE GaGP oo sai
136 x propinqua Gavr....
137 an rosea Szwains...
138 ip rubra Szazus.
139 - subulata Zam...
140 ae semifasciata Zam...
IAI a stigmataria Lam.
142 s speciosa Reeve
143 - tusa Reeve
144 ii unilineata Gaz7r. ...
145 Bs vittata Szvazzs.
146 a variata Reeve
T47 vulpecula Ws...
148 be Zebuensis Reeve?...
1a 5, sp.
150 i sp.
isl Ls sp.
152 “ sp.
153 ” Sp.
154 A Sanaa ca
155 Ae sp. we Soe
156 3 Sy es
157 Cylindra nucea Gron.
158 ss dactylus Z.
159 is crenulata Chem.
160 5 fenestrata Zam.

v161 Imbricaria Oliveeformis Szazzs.
162 55 COMICAL SOLE
163 i punctata Szvazzs.
164 i virgo Swazns.

165

bb)

Vanicorensis Q. ef G.

{

W. Polynesia.

x | Viti Islands.

x xX

SEX eM coe eas

OS PS PS OS POMS OR OR OS

| Tonga Islands.
x | Samoa Islands.

XX, XX

| Kingsmill Isles.

| Caroline Isles.

| Cook’s Islands.

| Society Islands.

OS ON GON) Se Oh ee Oh” ON

| Panmotu Islands.
| Marquesas Isles.

x Ok 2h OS OS OK ONS

| Sandwich Isles.

E. Polynesia.

8 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

167 Dibaphus Philippi C7osse ... x x ale pesle (a:
NINN! NIN! NN! WM) MN) MN) KN
SUB ube PIbE pet IIBSt pea bt bel bs
O;VO1TO!1O]/O}_O} 0) 0/0) 0
O1O}0!0}/ 0} OO} 0} 0/0); 0
2.) 2.) G4] A) Ol A.) O] O) .) a.
nin! n n|n NIM! nN! mn) nN
BE /SO | 69) YO |] | SE] LNINO |
ret SE] |] St] 0] SO] Se)

Lon!

132 species were found in Western Polynesia, 72 of which
did not occur to our notice in Eastern Polynesia.

In Eastern Polynesia we obtained 96 species, 35 of which
were not found in Western Polynesia.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 9

Genus MITRA Lamarck.

1. Mitra adusta Martin. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. iv., fig. 25.

Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained this species in all

parts of Polynesia, but comparatively rare in every group except

the Viti Islands, where they occurred in abundance in a single

location in the eastern portion of Vanua Levu. They were

found congregating in numbers of all ages, beneath large
masses of dead coral near low water mark.

Reeve’s figure is much lighter colored than any South Sea
examples, and has the appearance of a weathered shell.

2. Mitra ambigua Swainson. Reeve, 1. c., pl. ii., fig. 8a, 8b.

Not uncommon under large blocks of coral near low
water mark, Viti Islands; more rare at Samoa and very scarce
at the Society and Panmotu Islands. Examples obtained at
the two latter groups are less than an inch in length and have
the subsutural band very clearly defined.

Viti specimens attain a length of two inches, which is
smaller than Reeve’s figure of a Philippine shell. Our shells
are darker colored, more slender, and the aperture more
contracted than the above mentioned figure.

3. Mitra annulata Reeve. l.c. pl. xiv. fig. 193.

A rare species, found burrowing in clear sand in the
upper region of the laminarian zone, inside the reefs at the
Society Islands.

Mr. Reeve who records it from Zanzibar, does not
mention the color; and his figure which agrees very closely
in shape and sculpture with our shells, is, like many of his
figures carelessly colored.

Society Island examples are livid-white, sometimes
stained with light ferruginous, and more or less mottled and

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

longitudinally striped with brown. Aperture wh.te, with a
slight orange-brown tinge deep in the throat.

The transverse ridges are rather sharp, their interspaces
with or without the smaller ridges, and longitudinally with
closely-set incised lines.

It is closely allied to, but quite distinct from JZ. flammea
Quoy and Gaimard (not of Reeve), and JZ. zuterlirata Reeve.

Paetel records it from New Caledonia.

‘The animal is creamy white, profusely maculated with
small irregular opaque-white spots, and the anterior portion
of the foot, base of tentacles and siphon tinged with brown.

4. Mitra astricta Reeve, l.c., pl. xxiv., fig. 188.

This somewhat rare species only occurred to my notice
at the Sandwich and Marquesas Islands, where they were
found near low water mark on rocky coasts.

The color varies from light yellowish-brown to olive-
brown, with or without the five transverse brown lines and
subsutural pale band mentioned by Reeve. The surface is
more or less striated parallel to the axis of the shell, and the
upper whorls are finely granulated.

5. Mitra amphorella Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. xi., 83a, 83b.

Not uncommon at the Viti, and very rare at the
Panmotu Islands, where they were found beneath masses of
dead coral on the shore or fringing reefs.

Viti examples which are larger than Pafimotu specimens,
differ considerably in the size of adults, which in shape are
about intermediate between Reeve’s two figures, which are
colored precisely the same as our shells. ‘The spiral incised
lines or grooves are generally obsolete on the middle of the
body whorl and are either simple or punctated.

It is frequently referred to the genus S¢rigatella ; but as
none of my examples exhibit the peculiar peristome of that

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. II

genus, I think its position should be in the subgenus
Nebularia.

6. Mitra ancillides Swainson. Reeve, |1.c., pl. xxxviil., fig. 319.

An exceedingly rare species of which I found two dead
but perfect examples washed up on the outer beach at Anaa,
one of the Pafimotu Islands.

Mr. Swainson’s type specimens were collected by Cuming
in the same locality. My largest example is 20 mill. in
length, and both are creamy-white with a very faint luteous
tinge. The upper whorls are granulated and the columella
six-plaited.

7. Mitra aurora Dohrn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 205,

Ol, Boqyalan tate, 2s

This rare and beautiful species occurred to our notice at
the Sandwich, Society, Cook’s and Parmotu Islands, where
they were all found washed up from deep water on the outer
reefs. All my examples are in the condition of more or less

perfect dead shells.

The colour, which varies from light orange to orange-red,
is undoubtedly darker in the living shells, and is more or less
frecked and striped with white.

The late Mr. Pease considered it a large variety of AZi¢tra
coronata. It appears to me, however, sufficiently distinct to
rank as a separate species.

My largest examples which were found at Anaa, Pafmotu
Islands, are 45 mill. in length, which is nearly twice the size
of Polynesian specimens of covonata. As compared with the
latter, the whorls are not spirally ridged, the incised lines are
finer, the punctures smaller, more crowded, and the colu-
mella has one more plait.

Polynesian examples of coronata are dark brown with a
tawny-yellow subsutural band, and the whorls are encircled

12 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

with convex ridges. They also inhabit different stations and
belong to different subgenera.

8. Mitra anthracina Reeve, Conch, Icon., pl. xvii, fig. 137.
This is also a very rare species of which I found two
examples under stones, in the middle region of the literal
zone, at Taviuni, Viti Islands.
Our shells are a little smaller and the spire is more robust
than represented in Reeve’s figure.

9. Mitra alba Pease, Zhala alba, Pease, Amer, Jour. Conch.,
T8075 De eis, Dl kv, He. 6.

A few examples of this small rare species were found in
iA ‘4 beach sand at the Pamotu and Society Islands.

Its small sixe, ($ mill.) uniform glossy white color and
fine spiral impressed strize will readily distinguish it.

Mr. Pease referred it to the genus Zhala.’ It should I
think be embraced in the subgenus AZutyca.

ro. Mitra assimilis Pease, 1]. c., 1867, p. 211, pl. xv., fig. 1.

Three dead specimens found beneath stones in the
lower region of the litteral zone at the Marquesas group.

They agree in every particular with Mr. Pease’s descrip-
tion and figure, except in being a little smaller and the pale
subsutural band not so distinctly defined.

11. Mitra abbatis Chemnitz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xii.
fig. 1.

This, which is one of our rarest South Sea Mitres, has
occurred tous only in the condition of beach shells, at
Huahine, Society Islands.

Reeve’s figure which represents a Philippine example,
though one third larger than Polynesian, agrees in every other
particular with our shells.

12. Mitra brumalis Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxxiv., fig. 280.
Occurs beneath dead coral on reefs, and, excepting the

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 13

Marquesas, ranges throughout Polynesia. A large series of
specimens connect it with JZ. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
It is more common in the western groups than elsewhere.
The animal is uniform pale luteous.

Mitra cardinalis Gronovius. Reeve, 1. c., pl. iv., fig. 26.

This fine species, which is not very common, is usually
found in shallow water inside the reefs and is generally
diffused throughout Polynesia. We have collected examples
in all the groups except the Marquesas Isles.

The animal is uniform creamy-white.

14. Mitra chrysostoma Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. il, fig. 12.

16.

Common under dead coral on the inner margins of the
outer reefs at the Samoa Islands; less abundant at all the
other western groups. In Eastern Polynesia it is rarely found
at the Society and Panmotu Islands.

Mitra chrysalis Reeve, |. c., pl. xxv., fig. 200.

Common under dead coral on the reefs at the Viti,
Tonga and Samoa Islands; more rare in the Kingsmill group.

It is very closely allied to MZ. cucumerina, from which it
differs in its smaller size, less robust form and different color.
Our specimens which are larger than Reeve’s figure, are 23
mill in length.
Mitra coronata Chemnitz. Reeve, 1. c, pl. xiv., fig.
104a, 1040.

Excepting the Marquesas, we found a few examples of
this species at all the South Sea groups. ‘They live under
coral on the outer and inner reefs.

The animal is brown, the margins of the foot and tenta-
cles white

All our examples are very uniform in their specific
characters, except a slight variation in the size of the white
sutural nodules. They are smaller and more contracted

i070

18.

19.

20.

21.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

towards the base than represented in Reeve’s figures of
Philippine specimens.
Mitra caerulea Reeve, 1. c., pl. xv., fig. 113.

A rare species of which we found four dead but perfect
specimens on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.

They were undoubtedly washed up from sandy bottoms
outside the reefs. Though a little smaller and narrower
towards the base than represented in Reeve’s Philippine
example, they agree in every other particular with his figure
and description. One specimen has the “ white flake-like
spots” nearly obsolete, and the whole shell is regularly
grooved longitudinally so that the sculpture closely resembles
that of Mitra spherulata.

Mitra cucumerina Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxv., fig.
201. Voluta ferrugata Solender, MS.

A common and yariable species found on reefs, and
excepting the Marquesas is generally diffused throughout
Polynesia. Panmotu examples, which are much larger than
obtained elsewhere, are sometimes nearly uniform white.
The animal is whitish with creamy-yellow dots.

Mitra caeligena Reeve, |. c., pl. xxviii, fig. 227.

Four dead examples found under stones at the Marquesas
Islands.

They agree in every particular with Reeve’s description,
but are rather darker coloured than his figure and the pale
band is less decided.

Mitra digitalis Chemnitz. Reeve, |. c., pl. ii, fig. 21.

Obtained sparingly in all the western groups where they
were found washed up on the outer reefs.

Mitra episcopalis L. Reeve, 1. c, pl. i, fig. 5.

This fine and well-known species, which is more
abundant at the Society Islands than elsewhere, occurs in all
parts of Polynesia except the Marquesas. They live inside

22.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA, 15

the reefs on sandy bottom in the upper region of the lamina-
rian zone.

- They differ remarkably in the size of adults, averaging
from 24 to 6 inches in length. We have now before us a fine
Society example which is a little larger than Reeve’s beautiful
figure.

Mitra eburnostoma sp. nov.

Shell cylindrically fusiform, solid, creamy-white, sparingly
mottled with brown ; spire rather long with slightly convex
outlines ; suture crenulate; whorls 9, flatly convex, spirally
ridged, ridges rather small, unequal, angular, decussated by
longitudinal incised lines which gives the surface a depressly
granulated appearance ; aperture ivory-white, half the length
of the shell; columella with four plaits.

Length 41, diam. 13 mill. (Coll. Garrett).
Hab. Papmotu Islands.

A very rare species of which we found two examples
buried in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone.

The sculpture is almost precisely the same as in JZ
spherulata, but may be at once distinguished from that
species by its paler color, more slender form and pure white
aperture. The latter character connects it with JZ scadbrius-
cula, but the sculpture is quite different in the two species,
and the shape is more regularly fusiform. The outlines are
exactly similar to JZ. fasciata.

23. Mitra eburnea sp. nov.

Shell small, fusiform, smooth, shining, base strongly
recurved, ivory-white ; spire rather long, acute, with flattened
outlines ; whorls embryonal 2, smooth, normal whorls 8,
planiform, last one convex, strongly contracted at the base ;
striated with rather crowded spiral impressed lines and the
upper whorls with fine spiral granulated ridges; aperture

16 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

half the length of the shell, and furnished with 5 columellar
plaits.

Length r2 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Panmotu Islands.

We found two perfect dead specimens of this very rare
Mitra on the sands at Anaa Island.

It is closely allied to JZ. ancillides but may be distin-

guished by its ivory-white color, more contracted base, smaller

size and more robust form.

24. Mitra fasciata Martyn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vi., fig. 4o.
Voluta casta, Solander, MS.

This appears to be a somewhat rare species, and occurred
to our notice only at the Marquesas, Society and Cook’s
Islands. They live in sandy-mud in the laminarian zone.

Mr. Reeve is correct in stating that the broad brown
band is superficial. Weathered shells are uniform white.
The above author’s figure, though very accurate, represents
a poor specimen. Fine examples have a sharply defined,

shining, deep brown-black zone.
a

; ; é : : &
25. Mitra fusescens Pease. Afitra (Volutomitra) fusescens
Pease,” Paetel, Cat. Conch., p. 40. ‘

Strigatella fusescens, “Psey) Carpenter, broc, Zoolmsoc
1865. ie

I gathered a few examples of this species on the rocky
coasts of Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, where it appears to be
peculiar.

It can scarcely be distinguished from JZ. Ticaonica,
except in being small and having a smoother peristome.

26. Mitra flammea, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrol., vol. 2,
p. 659, pl. xlv., fig. 23-25, ddctra flammigera, Reeve, Conch.
NEO, lL VON, IMeks POA, 1a eV

Common in the Viti Group, where I obtained many

Pile

28.

20.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID/. 17

living specimens by digging in coarse sand at low water mark
inside the reefs. It is much more rare at longa and Samoa.
Mr. Pease records it from the Sandwich Islands.

The shell Mr. Reeve described and figured as flammea,
is not that species, but—=JZ. Philippinarum Adams, and his
MM. flammigera is the fammea, Q. & G. Mitra foveolata,
Dunker, is probably a synonym of the latter.

‘Reeve’s description and figure are evidently taken from
a discolored specimen. ‘The living shell is a pale olivaceous-
grey, mottled and striped with slate color. The aperture
and upper half of the columellar lip are blackish-brown and
the inner margin of the peristome is whitish. The inter-
mediate ridges mentioned by Reeve are not constant.

Mitra ferruginea Lamarck. Reeve, Conch, Icon., pl. iv.,
fig. 28.

Obtained in all parts of Polynesia, except the Mar-
quesas and Sandwich Islands; and more abundant at the
Society and Pafimotu groups than elsewhere. Invariably
found lurking beneath masses of dead coral on reefs.

The animal is cinereous or pale luteous and slightly
varied with reddish-brown.

Mitra fulva Swainson. Reeve, 1. c, pl. iv., fig. 24, pl. vi.,
fig. 45.

Much more rare than the preceding species, and has the
same range and station.

Animal chestnut brown, the creeping disk white and the
siphon pale brown. The ocular region and tips of the
tentacles, white.

Viti examples are more attenuated than specimens in-
habiting the other groups. Reeve’s variety “ affenwata” is the
most common form.

Mitra filosa Born. Reeve, |. c., pl. xi, fig. 81a.
This somewhat rare and graceful species only occurred

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&.

to our notice at the Viti and Society Islands, where they were
obtained in coral sand on the fringing reefs. They are ex-
cessively rare and much smaller at the latter group.

Our largest specimens are smaller, lighter colored and
more slender than represented in Reeve’s figure 81a, which
has the spiral ridges too large.

It differs from wexz/7s in its much more attenuated form,
longer and more slender spire, lighter color, finer and more
distant lirule, more produced and contracted base. They
also inhabit different stations.

Linneeus’ Voluta filarts may possibly be the same as our
shell.

. Mitra humeralis sp. nov.

Shell small, solid, fusiform, smooth, glabrous, spire
acute, base contracted; whorls 7-8, flattened, the last one
convex, obliquely striated toward the base; body and penul-
timate whorl margined next to the suture with an obtuse
keel; aperture contracted above, half the length of the shell ;
peristome slightly sinuous and thickened above; columella
with five plaits; color white, the body with two and the spire
with one broad yellowish spiral band.

Length 10 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Several more or less perfect examples found in beach
sand on the outer coast of Anaa, Paimotu Islands. As
compared with JZ peculiarzs it is more robust, and differs in
the number and position of the bands, as well as in the
absence of spiral strize.

. Mitra ignobilis Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xx., fig. 152.

I obtained two dead but perfect examples of this very
rare species on the shore reefs at the Viti group, and a single
less perfect one at Huahine, one of the Society Islands.

My largest Viti specimen is one-third larger, and the
spire is more produced than the Philippine example figured

GARRELT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ. 19

by Reeve. The grooves are more or less distinctly punctured,
and the spots as represented in Reeve’s very accurate figure
are disposed in three transverse series on the body whorl.
The largest specimen shows the “hair-like” lines mentioned
by the above author.

32. Mitra interlirata Reeve? |. c., pl. x., fig. 70.

I am somewhat doubtful in regard to the correctness of
the identification of the single discolored example now before
me, which was found on a sandy-mud flat in the Viti group.

Mr. Reeve’s description accords better with our shell
than his figure; but as some of his species are poorly deli-
neated, the latter may also be somewhat imperfect.

The spiral ridges are smaller and more compressed than
in M. flammea, and the one on the shoulder is larger and
more prominent than the others. The intermediate smaller
ridges mentioned by the above author are confined to the
middle of the shell. The whorls of the spire have three
spiral ridges, the middle one the larger; Wammea has four of
nearly equal size. ‘The color which is too much faded to be
of any use in a comparison, appears to have been mottled
similar to the latter species. The aperture seems to have
been white. :

Mr. Pease considered zx¢erdivata to be a variety of flam-
mea. It is at least very closely related to the latter.

33. Mitra latruncularia Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxi., fig. 166.

We were fortunate in finding six dead but very perfect

specimens of this pretty species on the Kioa shore reefs, Viti
Islands.
_ Our examples are a little smaller and more slender than
Reeve’s figure which is not very correctly colored. -The
whole surface is beautifully checkered with numerous small
chestnut-brown square spots.

20 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.

34. Mitra lugubris Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxi, fig. 166.

Mitra (Chrysame) lacunosa Schmeltz. Cat. Mus. Godeff.
No. iv., p. 83. Mitra (Scabricula) lacunosa Paetel. Cat.
Conch., p. 40. Mftra lugubris Schmeltz. Cat. Mus. Godeff.,
INO) Wey (Db TF

Excepting the Marquesas and Cook’s Islands, we found
this species distributed throughout Polynesia. Though not
uncommon in the Western groups it is very rare elsewhere,
and occurs in reefs.

Our shells are colored the same as stated by Reeve and
represented in his figure; but the latter is more ventricose,
and the description reads “she// ovate,’ whereas our shells
are precisely the shape of his /acwmosa, which he describes as
“‘oblong-ovate.’ He states that /ugubris is “encircled with
impressed strie.” Several very perfect specimens now before
me are all transversely ridged, the ridges more or less convex
or angulate and the conspicuously grooved interspaces are
punctured. The whole surface is also more or less distinctly
grooved longitudinally. The aperture is white or bluish-white
and the upper half of the columella lip is deep brown.

It will be observed that the sculpture of our shells are
prcisely the same as /acunosa, but he represents the colors as
different, and states that the columella has only four plaits,
one less than the shells under consideration.

I am inclined to believe the two species are identical.
Reeve’s /acunosa may have been discolored, and his /uwgubris
may have had the transverse ridges so much flattened that
the shell appeared to be simply grooved.

The Pacific shells which are shaped and sculptured like
the former, with the precise coloration of the latter, are by
some authors referred to /acunosa and by others to /ugubris.

35. Mitra muriculata Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 205.

A single specimen found washed up on the beach on

36.

37:

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#. 21

the south coast of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.
It agrees in every respect with Reeve’s figure except
in being smaller and less robust.

Mitra micans Reeve, |. c., pl. xxxiv., fig. 285.

One dead but perfect example was obtained on the
Rarotonga reef, Cook’s Islands.

Mitra nevia Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. vi., fig. 41.

This very rare and graceful species was obtained at
Anaa, Panmotu Islands, where we found four tolerably
perfect dead shells, and a single much weathered specimen
was picked up on the Rarotonga reef, Cook’s Islands.

The color is creamy-white, with a few small, irregular,
pale brown sutural spots. One example exhibits a few im-
perfect rows of minute dots of the same color in the transverse
erooves.

38. Mitra nexilis Martyn. Reeve, l.c., pl. xi, fig. 810.

Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained this species in
more or less abundance at all the South Sea groups, but much
more common at the Society, Tonga and Viti Islands than
elsewhere. They are invariably found on sandy bottoms
inside the reefs.

Our finest examples which were obtained in the Viti and
Tonga groups are a little larger than Reeve’s excellent figure,
and like the latter the spiral cord next the suture is quite
obsolete. Society Island specimens are smaller, darker
colored and the sutural cord 1s fully developed.

Contrary to the views of most writers I fully believe this
to be a distinct species from JZ. filosa Born.

Mitra nebulosa Swainson. Reeve, l.c., pl. 1, fig. 3.

A rare species of which I found two dead but very
perfect examples on the fringing reef near Sandal-Wood Bay,
Viti Islands.

Our specimens have the whorls more flattened than

40.

41.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

represented in Reeve’s figure, and one exhibits the same color
and markings. The other is ornamented with numerous
narrow longitudinal reddish-brown stripes which are minutely
dotted wlth white. The columella has five plaits.

I am inclined to believe the latter is the form which
Dillwyn describes under the name of “ Voluta nubila” Gmel.
variety a, which he says has “J/ongitudinal interrupted reddish-
brown stripes and the pillar five platted.”

It is very nearly related to AZ. versicolor Martyn, which
is Dillwyn’s Voluta nubtla variety B.

Mr. Reeve on the authority of Mr. Cuming gives Anna,
Pafhmotu Islands as the habitat, which is probably an error.
Mitra oleacea Reeve, l. c., pl. xiv., fig. 105.

A few examples obtained under large clumps of coral on
reefs at the Samoa, Viti and Society Islands. _

The spiral incised lines are occasionally obsolete on the
middle of the body whorl, and the color though usually
olivaceous is sometimes of different shades of brown.

Mitra propinqua sp. nov.

Shell solid, elliptically-oblong, chestnut-brown with an
indistinct irregular pale line on the upper third of the body
whorl; aperture and a few small spots near the base, whitish;
spire rather short, with slightly convex outlines, suture
grooved; whorls 6-7, flat, last one large, convex, all with
regular spiral incised lines which are closely punctured;
aperture equal to half the length of the shell; outer lip
crenulated and the columella with five plaits.

Length 28, diam. 13 mill. (Coll. Garrett).

Hab. Society Islands.

This appears to be a rare species. ‘They were taken
from under coral on reefs. It is somewhat similar in shape
to MW. punctata Swain., and lke that species is punctate-
striate but differs in color and number of columellar plaits.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 23

42. Mitra peculiaris Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xxxvi., fig. 305.
Two dead specimens found on the shore reef at Kioa,
Viti Islands.
They agree in every particular with Reeve’s description
and figure, except in having fine spiral incised lines and one
more columellar plait.

43. Mitra pontificalis Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. iv., fig. 23.
Occurs in more or less abundance in all parts of Poly-
nesia. The spiral punctures are not constant.
Animal creamy-white, with opaque-white dots.

44. Mitra peregra Reeve, |. c., pl. xxiv., fig. 186.

M. rotundilirata Pease (not of Reeve); Mus. Pease,
1863. MM. coriacea Schmeltz (not of Reeve); Cat. Mus.
Godeffroy, No. i, p. 33. Zurricula ( Pusia) spadicea ‘Dkr.’
MES pemocunmelec. luca NOM ivan soe Oe les (NOM vA. py o,
210. Mitia (Pusia) cortacea Paetel (not of Reeve); Cat.
Conch, p: 3a)

Under coral cn reefs. Excepting the Marquesas and
Cook’s Islands, occurs in all the South Sea groups, but more
abundant at Samoa and the Viti Islands than elsewhere.

I don’t think there is much, if any doubt in respect to
the correctness of the determination of this species, which
agrees very closely with Reeve’s short diagnosis and tolerably
well with his indifferent figure.

Perfect shells are dark reddish-chestnut, the spiral ribs
articulated with tawny-yellow, and the aperture is yellowish-
brown. Weathered shells are dark red and the costal spots
whitish. ;

Society Island specimens, which Mr. Pease received of
‘me, were referred to Reeve’s rotundilirata, which latter is
quite a different species.

Mitra cortacea is more slender, and the sculpture and
color quite different from our shells.

ae!

45.

46.

47.

48.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

It belongs to the section or subgenus Chrysame, not
Turricula nor Pusia.

Mitra pellis-serpentis Reeve, |. c., pl. x., fig. 66.

A rather scarce shell found under dead coral on the
outer reefs in all the eastern groups except the Marquesas.
We also obtained it at the Kingsmill Islands.

Society Island specimens, which attain a much larger
size than Reeve’s very accurate figure, vary considerably in
the small decussated ridges, which become nearly obsolete
in some individuals. All are densely striated parallel to the
axis of the shell.

As previously stated, it is connected with JZ. drumalts
by intermediate forms.

Mitra papalis Linnzus. Reeve, 1. c., pl. iL, fig. 9.

This is a very rare South Sea shell, and only occurred
to my notice at the Kingsmill and Caroline Islands. Mr.
Reeve on the authority of Cuming gives Anaa, Pafmotu uw}
Islands as its habitat. I very much doubt its occurrence /
there; at least after several months exploration in a dozen
different islands of that group, and the examination of many
collections made by others, I failed to discoier a single
specimen.

Mitra procissa Reeve, l. c., pl. xxii, fig. 177.

A few examples occurred under coral on the outer reefs
at Samoa and Viti Islands.

Our shells are a little smaller and a trifle more robust
than Reeve’s figure, though in every other respect they
accord closely.

Mitra robusta Reeve, Ic. pl. xvilin figs ra40:

We obtained this interesting species beneath large
water-worn lava stones on rocky coasts, Viti Islands. They
were all found in the upper half of the littoral zone, associated
with Patella, Littorina and Nerita. It appears to be very

49.

50.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA., 25

local and abundant at the above group and very rare at Samoa.
They vary in color fromeinnamon-brown through all the
intermediate shades to deep blackish-brown, and in shape
from ovate to ovate-oblong. The latter form differs none
from Reeve’s description and figure of JZ Woldemariz,
which is very closely allied if not identical with our shells.

Mitra rubritincta Reeve, |. c., pl. xix., fig. 147.

A very rare species found under dead coral on reefs at
Samoa and Viti Islands.

Mitra retusa Lamarck Ann. du Mus., vol. xvii., p. 217.

Voluta paupercula Schroeter; Einl., vol. 1., p. 217, pl. 1.,
fig. 11. Voluta paupercula (var.) Dillwyn, vol. 1., p. 534.
Mitra virgata Reeve (part); Conch. Icon., pl. xxv., fig. 197¢.
M. retusa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxv-, fig. 199. AL ( Strtgatella )
retusa Paetel; Cat. Conch., p. 41. JZ. (Strigatella) virgata
Chenu; Man. Conch., vol.1, fig. roor. Strigatella retusa
Schmeltz; Cat. Mus. Godeff., No. v., p. 118.

Not uncommon under dead coral and in crevices on
reefs, at all the Western groups.

This species has been confounded with wrgata Reeve,
and both with paupercula L. ‘They are nevertheless quite
distinct. ‘The two latter belong to the genus S¢/7ga¢e//a, and
the species now under consideration is a true A@tra as
restricted, and will fall in the section or subgenus Vebwlazza.
It is in fact much more nearly related to .W. Zzcaonica than
to the above two species, with which it has been united.

It is rather surprising that Mr. Reeve should have
figured it to represent in part his wrgata (fig. 197@). Huis
fig. 1974, which is quite a different species should retain the
latter name. Dr. Chenu’s figure is an exact copy of Reeve’s
fig. 197@.

The latter author’s ze¢usa, fig. 199, has very much the
aspect of a weathered or rubbed shell, and agrees exactly

ele

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

with similar examples in my possession. In his description
he does not allude to the crenulated peristome which is
precisely the same as in AZ, Ticaonica; that is the crenula-
tions occupy nearly the whole length of the lip.

The whole shell is longitudinally strigated with narrow
white and deep brown stripes of nearly equal size, so that it
is difficult to decide which is the ground color. With few’
exceptions all have a transverse whitish line on the upper
portion of the body whorl. Perfect shells are in\ ested with
a thin translucent epidermis which gives the white strips a
tawny-yellow color. The aperture and columella are dark
brown with whitish plaits.

They vary in the convexity of the body whorl as
in the length of the spire. ‘The transverse impressed lines
also vary in distinctness and are sometimes obsolete.

Mitra sulbtexturata, sp. nov.

Shell solid, ovate, cinereous, with a white aperture;
spire short, less than half the length of the shell; whorls, 6,
flat, last one iarge, strongly convex ; sculpture consisting of
moderately sized angular spiral nbs, 14 on the body, 5 on
the penultimate whorl, the narrow interspaces very scabrous
with crowded longitudinal laminee-like strize, and the whole
shell more or less longitudinally guttered ; columella, with 5
plaits, and the peristome thick and crenulated; length 19,
diam., 14 mill., (Coll. Garrett.) Hab., Society Islands.

The animal is greyish-white, closely maculated with
small irregular milk-white spots. The end of the siphon and
the upper anterior portion of the foot stained with deep
brown.

We obtained several examples in the upper region of
the laminarian zone, sandy bottoms, at Raiatea Island.

It is somewhat related to JZ. fexturata, but may be
distinguished from that species by its uniform pale color,

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 27

more abbreviated form and the peculiar intercostal laminze-
like striz.

Mitra serpentina Lamarck. Reeve, Conch. Icon. SOG Rn
fig. 112a. 112d.

A rare and very beautiful species, of which we found a
single dead, but very perfect example on the Kiva fringing
reef, Viti Islands, and several more or less perfect ones in
the Panmotu group. All the Mitres of this peculiar type
burrow in sand.

Our shells are a little smaller than Reeve’s largest figure,
and have one columellar plait less than stated by the above
author. ‘The color is creamy-white, with two light orange
bands on the body whorl, and ornamented with longitudinal
more or less waved ferruginous lines and spots, which are
most conspicuous on the bands, where they have white
shadows.

53. Mitra sphzerulata Martyn. Reeve, |. c., pl. v., fig. 37.

This fine species is generally diffused throughout
Polynesia, and, excepting the Society Islands, occurs spar-
ingly at all the groups. At Raiatea, one of the former group,
it is so very abundant that I collected about 1500 specimens
in a few days. Though very common in that particular
locality, it is not by any means abundant elsewhere. They
live in sand in the upper region of the laminariam zone. It
appears to be absent from the Marquesas Islands.

They vary considerably in the size of adults, but not
much in colour. The sculpture is remarkably uniform. It
may be readily distinguished by its buff-colored aperture.

54. Mitra spiripuncta sp. nov.

Shell acuminately turreted, slender, white, tinged with
rose-red and spirally dotted with light brown, the dots con-
fined to the ridges; whorls 9, spirally ribbed, the ribs
slightly crenulated, four on the upper and fourteen on the

O55

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

last whorl; interstices with two or three raised revolving
lines ; aperture narrow, a little less than half the length of
the shell; outer lip rather thin and crenulated; columella
with 5 plaits. Length 17 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy.)

Habitat Viti Island.

A single perfect example was obtained on the Koro

reefs.

Mitra scabriuscula Linneus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl.

Yoo 1G, QSp

This fine species is not uncommon at the Society, rare
at the Panmotu, and very rare at the Viti Islands. It is
invariably found in sandy stations, and vor on reefs as stated
by Reeve.

Our specimens are a little larger and more attenuated
than Reeve’s figure, which is shaped foo much like sphaerulata,
from which it differs in its more acuminate spire, more
delicate sculpture and different color. The aperture is in-
variably pure white.

Dr. Greeffe obtained examples at Upolu, Samoa.

The animal is diluted-white, maculated with numerous
small opaque white spots.

Mitra typha, Reeve, lc, pl. xxxiil., fig. 267.

We found four examples of this small rare AZz¢va on the
fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Island.

Mitra tabanula Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl., xxxix., fig. 332.

The single very perfect specimen now before me was
obtained in the Viti group, but am unable to state the precise
locality.

It agrees in every respec: with .\eeve’s description, and
very closely with his incorrectly colored figure. It is shaped
like AZ. turgida, and is of a dark brownish-red color, with
rather large, keel-like spiral ribs, which are very pale and
smooth on their edges,

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&. 29

58. Mitra testacea Swainson. Reeve, |. c., pl. xiv., fig. 98.

A very rare species found in the condition of dead shells,
on reefs, at the Kingsmill, Cook’s, Society, and Panmotu
Islands.

Varies considerably in the size of adults, and some
examples have the spiral impressed lines so deeply cut that
the suface appears to be corded with convex ribs.

59. Mitra tessellata Martyn. Reeve, 1. c., pl. ii., fig. ro.

This fine large A/ztva appears to be a scarce shell. A
few examples were obtained on reefs at the Kingsmill,
Society and Panmotu Islands. I also found two fine speci-
mens at Guam.

Our largest example is 92 mill. in length, he same as
Reeve’s very accurate figure.

Animal creamy-yellow. The small triangular foot is
reddish-brown above, and the siphon is varied with a lighter
shade of the same color. ‘The eyes are situated on the
middle of the small tentacles.

60. Mitra texturata Lamarck. Reeve, |. c, pl. xx., fig. 155.
Four dead, but very perfect examples were collected on
the fringing reefs, Viti Islands. Dr. Greeffe obtained specimens
at Samoa.
Viti shells are more robust and have a shorter spire
than represented by Reeve’s figure.
61. Mitra tuberosa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxx., fig. 237a@, 2370.
Excepting the Marquesas, we found this species gener-
ally diffused throughout Polynesia ; but appears to be rare
everywhere except the Viti Islands, where they occurred in
considerable numbers in crevices on the fringing reefs.
Our examples which are larger than Reeve’s figure,
which is slightly magnified, are whitish under a luteous

epidermis, the base and the transverse band blackish
brown.

30°

62.

63.

64.

65.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA,

Mitra turgida Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiii., fig. 273.

M. erwea Pease; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 146. MM.
peregra Schmeltz (not of Reeve); Cat. Mus. Godeffroy,
IN@; Wis Os Be

Common under dead coral at the Viti, Tonga and
Samoa Islands, but rare at all the other groups, except the
Marquesas and Cook’s Islands, where it did not occur to our
notice.

Reeve’s figure which represents a Philippine example is
not so much contracted at the base as noticed in South Sea
shells. The color is uniform pale luteous, and the transverse
grooves are very faintly striated parallel to the axis of the
shell.

Mitra Ticaonica Reeve, l. c., pl. xxi, fig. 181.

This rare South Sea J/@z¢ra only occurred to our notice
in the Viti and Society Islands, where we found several
examples under coral blocks on the outer reefs.

Mitra telescopium Reeve, 1. c., pl. xx., fig. 80.

Two imperfect specimens collected on the fringing reef
at Kioa, Viti Islands.

They coincide well with Mr. Reeve’s figure, except in
having the spire less produced and of a smaller size. One
example is colored exactly like the above mentioned figure,
but the two yellow bands which he does not allude to in his
description are paler than in his figure. The other specimen
has the spire and the upper third of the body whorl pale
flesh color.

Mitra Tahitensis sp. nov.

Shell elongate-ovate, solid, dark brown with paler shades;
whorls 8, flatly convex, minutely crenulated at the suture,
closely cancellated with longitudinal and spiral impressed
strie, which are most conspicuous on the upper whorls;
aperture less than half the length of the shell, pale brown ;

66.

67.

68.

60.

70.

Fin

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#&. 31

outer lip much thickened, crenulated om the inner margin
and slightly sinuate above; columella with five plaits.

Length 37 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy). |

Hab. Society Islands.

A single very perfect example was found at Tahiti. It
belongs to the same group as JZ. adusta and fusca.

Mitra ustulata Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xii, fig. 89.
A single imperfect specimen found at Kioa, Viti Islands.
Though only two-thirds the size of Reeve’s figure, it
accords in every other respect.
Mitra versicolor Martyn. Reeve, 1. c., pl. i, fig. 2.

A rare species inhabiting sheltered ground inside the
reefs at Tonga and Viti Islands.

Our specimens are a little smaller than Reeve’s figure
and the mottlings are more delicate and less conspicuous.

Martyn’s specimens were also collected at the Friendly
Islands, —Tonga.

Mitra sp.

We found three imperfect examples of this rather large
Mitra on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.

It is quite distinct from any of the species figured in
Mr. Reeve’s monograph. ‘The specimens, together with the
three following species, are deposited in the Museum Godeff-
roy, Hamburg.
Mitra sp.

Four examples obtained at Upolo, Samoa Islands.
Mitra sp.

Three imperfect specimens were collected on the Kioa
fringing reefs, Viti Islands.
Mitra sp.

A single specimen obtained at Samoa.

32 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

Genus STRIGATELLA Swainson.

72. Strigatella acuminata Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
Dex 11g) ESO.

Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained a few examples
of this species at all the South Sea groups. They occurred
under dead coral on the outer reefs.

Some specimens exhibit three faint, transverse bands on
the body whorl, which are a shade darker than the ground
color. The spire, which has slightly concave outlines, is
usually striated with delicate spiral grooves, which are some-
times continued on the body whorl.

Animal uniform luteous yellow.

73. Strigatella auriculoides Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxviii, fig. 228.

This somewhat rare species is diffused throughout Poly-
nesia, and is found under dead coral on the outer reefs.

Reeve’s figure and description accords tolerably well
with the five perfect specimens before me, which are not so
robust as represented by the above author. The ground
color varies from brown to deep brown-black, with a narrow,
transverse, more or less interrupted whitish band on the
upper half of the body whorl, which latter 1s also dotted with
the same color. The aperture is bluish-white. The whole
surface of the shell is encircled with fine punctated incised
lines, which are sometimes obsolete on the middle of the
body. Outer lip crenulate on the inner margin.

Our largest example, from the Cook’s group, is larger
than Reeve’s figure, and measures 27 mill. in length by 13 in
diameter. Weathered shells when deprived of their epidermis
are reddish-chestnut with white markings.

Chenu’s figure of Columbella unifascialis appears to be
the same as Reeve’s A/i¢rva auriculoides.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 33

The animal is deep chocolate-brown. The creeping
disk the tentacles and siphon pure white.

74. Strigatella brunnea Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867,
De Qi, Dilan Whey ile Ge

Excepting the Marquesas, Tonga and Viti Islands, this
rare species occurs at all the other groups, and like the
preceding lives under dead coral on the outer reefs.

Perfect fresh shells are dark ashy-brown, olive-brown or
chestnut-brown with a bluish-white aperture, and the edge of
the outer lip is dotted with light brown.

Animal milk-white.

75. Strigatella columbellzeformis Kiener. Reeve, Conch.
Icon., pl. xvill., fig. 138.

This fine large S¢7zga¢e//a which is somewhat rare, occurs
beneath large coral blocks on the outer reefs, and was
obtained at the Kingsmill, Society, Cook’s and Patmotu
Islands. In the ‘Catalogue Museum Godeffroy’ it is recorded
from Samoa group. Reeve and other authors cite Mada-
gascar as its habitat.

Our shells vary from uniform dark brown to olive-brown,
more or less varied with white under a thin olive-yellow
epidermis. ‘The transverse impressed lines mentioned by
Reeve are minutely punctured.

The animal is rich chestnut-brown with a diluted-white
creeping disk. Head slightly varied with white.

76. Strigatella litterata Lamarck. Reeve, |.c., pl. xx., fig. 153.

More or less plentiful in all parts of Polynesia except
the Marquesas, where we failed to obtain examples. They
are found lurking under dead coral in holes and _ crevices on
the outer reefs.

They are subject to considerable variation in size and
character of the markings. Reeve’s figure is very accurate.

34 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

77. Strigatella maculosa Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxi, fig. 175;
pl. xxv., fig. 194.

This species has the same range and station as the
preceding, and is nearly as plentiful.

The only difference between this species and //terata
is, the latter is more distinctly strigated, larger, and the
former has the upper half of the shell pale brownish-buff.
Panmotu examples are typical, and are accurately répre-
sented in Reeve’s second figure. Society Island specimens
are larger and more nearly allied to /ztferata, but may be
distinguished by the brownish-buff color which marks the
upper half of the shell.

78. Strigatetla paupercula Linneus. Reeve, |. c, pl. xii.
fig. 84.

Distributed throughout all parts of Western Polynesia,
and usually found lurking under lumps of dead coral, and
in crevices on both the outer-and inner reefs. At the
Kingsmill Islands I gathered several hundred specimens
which were larger and finer than obtained elsewhere.

This species is smooth, with a few basal grooves, and
the upper whorls near the apex are spirally striated with
delicate incised lines. The thin, subpellucid epidermis gives
a yellowish tint to the white stripes, as represented in Reeve’s
very accurate figure.

79. Strigatella virgata Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxv. fig. 1972.

This species, which is less abundant, has the same
range and station as the preceding.

As stated in my remarks on Afitra retusa, Mr. Reeve
has figured that shell (fig. 197@.) to represent, in part, his
virgata, and his description, which is drawn from the two
species, should have the following character erased :—‘“ Las f&
whorl encircled round the upper part with a small narrow

pale zone,” which accords with vefwsa but not with vzrgata.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 35

The species now under consideration, is, without doubt,
the same as the above author's figure, 1974, which resembles
very nearly the South Sea shells. The color and markings
are the same as 5S. pauwpercula, but may be distinguished from
that species by its more abbreviate form, more contracted
aperture, outer lip more heavily calloused in the inner
margin, and the conspicuous spiral grooves. ‘The latter are
generally obsolete on the middle of the body whorl, and are
frequently punctured. ‘The interspaces between the grooves
are either convex or convexly-angulate. Many examples
have the body whorl more or less distinctly fluted, a character
never observed in pawpercula, with which it is by some
authors united. It is, in my opinion, as closely connected
with /e¢¢evata as with the above species.

Dr. Gould, in his “ Expedition,” cites one of the
Pagmotu Islands as its habitat, where I very much doubt its
being found.

80. Strigatella zebra sp. nov.

Shell ovate, solid, smooth, spire short, retuse, base much
contracted, obliquely grooved anteriorly, rarely with spiral
impressed lines on the upper whorls; dark brownish-black,
longitudinally striped with white, the stripes narrow, more
or less flexuous, sometimes interrupted ; epidermis thin, pale
yellowish-brown ; whorls s—6, the last one shouldered and
very turgid near the upper portion of the aperture ; outer
lip with a heavy deposit of callus, slightly crenulate near the
base, slightly contracted above.

Found in the Viti and Samoa Islands.

Genus TURRICULA Klein.
81. Turricula amabilis Reeve. Conch. Icon, pl. xxxiii., fig.

274.
This small species which is rather rare, was obtained at

82.

83.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

all the groups except the Sandwich, Marquesas and Caroline
Islands. They were found under dead coral on the fringing
reefs.

Some of our examples differ slightly from Reeve’s
description in having the shell alternately banded with white
and luteous. The grooves are darker than the ground color
of the shell.

In Paetel’s catalogue it is recorded from the Sandwich
Islands.

Turricula aurantia Swainson.

Tiara aurantia Swain., (Broderip), Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1835. Mitra pyramidalis Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 208.

A very rare species of which we found two examples
washed up on the lagoon shore at Anaa, Panmotu Islands,
the same locality where Swainson’s type specimens were
obtained.

The genus 7urricula being now most generally accepted,
Swainson’s name should be restored, as Gmelin’s auvantia is
embraced in the genus JZ@¢ra as restricted.

The two examples before me are smaller than Reeve’s
figure, and the sculpture agrees precisely with his description,
and one is exactly the same color as mentioned by him,
viz. : orange-yellow, with a white band. ‘The other is white,
with two transverse orange-yellow bands on the body
whorl.

Turricula amanda Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxviil., fig. 318.

Occurred in the condition of dead shells on the fringing
reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands, where it appears to be not
uncommon, and probably inhabits sandy bottoms in deep
water. Dr. Greeffe obtained examples at Samoa.

Mr. Reeve’s slightly enlarged figure, which very ac-
curately represents the species as regards shape and sculp-
ture, is incorrectly colored. He describes the shell as being

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 37

white, banded with reddish-brown. Our examples, which
are, no doubt, somewhat faded, are the same color, and the
bands are always three, as represented in the figure. Living
shells are probably banded with dark brown. or brownish-
black.

84. Turricula assimilis Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p.
481.

A very rare species found under dead coral on the outer
reefs at the Cook’s, Samoa, and Viti Islands.

An oblong, subfusiform, shining species of a whitish
colour, with closely-set slightly-raised deep brown lines.

85. Turricula angulosa Martini (?) Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
pl. xxviil., fig. 223@, 2230.

I obtained many fine living specimens of this species
by digging in sandy mud, at low water mark in sheltered
places, at Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.

Not being quite satisfied with the above determination,
I have marked it with a doubt.

Our shells are a little smaller than Reeve’s fig. 2232,
which they much more nearly resemble than the larger
figure, 223, which has the appearance of a distinct species.
He describes the colors as “/ght brown, stained here and
there with brown spots.” Viti examples are ashy-slate, and
all have a more or less distinct pale band just beneath the
sutural angle. ‘The aperture is brownish, with a white zone,
and some have the throat bluish-white. The columella is
brown, with four or five pale plaits.

The sculpture, which is very uniform and beautiful,
consists of about 20 narrow longitudinal ribs, which are
decussated with about the same sized but more crowded
spiral flattened ridges, which form crenulations at their points
of intersection and gives the whole surface a regular foveolate
appearance.

86.

87.

88.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.

The spiral ridge on the angulate shoulder is a little
larger than the others and forms a row of larger granules, but
not pointed as stated by Reeve. The spiral row of foveze
immediately above the angle is also twice the size of the
others, forming shallow square pits with two contiguous
ridges next to the suture.

Turricula bilineata Reeve, |. c., pl. xxxv., fig. 294.

A very rare species of which we obtained two dead
specimens on the fringing reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.

Mr. Reeve’s figure and description accords so nearly
with our shells that I do not hesitate to consider them the
same, though having one columellar plait less than mentioned
in his description. His figure shows four plaits the same as
our shells. The two spiral lines on a polished blackish-
brown ground will readily distinguish the species.
Turricula bella Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 145.

This somewhat scarce species appears to be peculiar to
the Sandwich Islands, where they live on sandy bottoms in
the upper region of the laminarian zone.

Turricula bicolor sp. nov.

Shell small, fusiform, slightly shining, cinereous, with
two transverse rose colored bands on the body whorl, the
upper one traversing the whorls of the spire; spire with
slightly concave outlines; whorls embryonal 3, smooth, irregu-
larly increasing, normal whorls 6—7, nearly flat, somewhat
shouldered, the last one convex, depressed on the right side,
base strongly contracted, granulated and produced into a
short recurved canal; surface longitudinally ribbed, ribs
smooth, angular, 12-13 on the body whorl, interspaces with
fine transverse grooves; aperture narrow, little more than
half the length of the shell; peristome moderately thick and
distinctly sinuous above; columella with four plaits.

Length 8 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#. 39

Hab. Samoa and Panmotu Islands.

A somewhat rare and beautiful species found beneath
dead coral on the outer reefs. It belongs to the same group
or section as 7! exgudisita and differs from that species in its
larger size, fewer ribs, more distant transverse grooves and
wants the sharp spiral brown lines.

89. Turricula Cumingii Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. x., fig. 67.

This is one of the rarest and most beautiful of the South
Sea Mitres. We were fortunate in taking a large and very
perfect example on the outer reef at Makimo, one of the
Panmotu Islands ; also a single and very much worn specimen
was picked up on the beach at Upolo, Samoa Islands.

Mr. Reeve’s poor figure gives no idea of the beauty of
this shell. Our Panmotu example, which is larger than the
above-mentioned figure, is a rich shining orange-red, mottled
with pure white, and the transverse grooves on the orange-
red ground are lineated with chocolate-brown. ‘The aperture
is the same, but darker than the ground color. The whorls
are crenulated next to the suture, and the grooves gradually
become obsolete towards the apex.

go. Turricula cadaverosa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxi, fig. 160.

Very abundant, buried in sand in the upper region of
the laminarian zone, inside the reefs at the Society, rare at
the Panmotu, Samoa and Viti Islands.

Mr. Reeve, on the authority of Cuming, ‘frequently
gives the station of the sand Mitres ‘‘ under stones,” where
they are zever found except when dragged there by hermit
crabs.

Reeve’s figure of this species, which very correctly
represents the sculpture, is too robust to accord with the
usual form. They are subject to considerable variation in
the size and number of the ribs, and in the distinctness of
the two angles on the body whorl, as well as in the size of the

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

tubercles. When they depart so widely from the type, they
can scarcely be distinguished from 7: Pacifica, Reeve. The
band is occasionally obsolete, and is usually more or less
interrupted.

gt. Turricula concinna Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 203.

A few more or less perfect dead shells were found on
the reefs at Samoa and Viti Islands.

Our examples, which are somewhat faded, accord very
nearly with Reeve’s figure and description of a Philippine
specimen. The Polynesian shells vary from yellow to orange-
yellow with the interspaces between the transverse ridges
brownish-red, and the third ridge beneath the angle is white
as represented in the above mentioned figure but not alluded
to in the text. Some examples have the angle on the upper
portion of the whorls nearly obsolete.

92. Turricula crocata Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig.

206.

Like the preceding species dead specimens only, oc-
curred on the reefs at all the groups south of the equator,
except the Marquesas and Panmotu Islands.

Our examples are light orange-yellow, and like the
preceding species which they closely resemble in shape and
sculpture, have a similar transverse white band on the third
ridge beneath the angle. The ridges are more distinctly
granulated than on coucinna, which with the concolored
interspaces will at once distinguish it from the latter.

93. Turricula consanguinea Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxx., fig. 241.

More abundant than the two preceding species, and
occurs at all the groups except the Caroline and Marquesas
Islands. Found under dead coral on the outer and inner
reefs.

Our shells which are darker than Reeve’s figure, are
deep brownish-red, and all have a transverse row of whitish

94.

95:

96.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID£. 4I

spots on the middle of the body whorl, and smaller ones may
be observed on the base and spire. The outer lip and
columella are also more or less stained with brownish-red.
They vary considerably in the length of the spire, which is
generally shorter than in Reeve’s figure, and one large
example before me has it a trifle more produced. ‘The spiral
strize are minutely punctured.

It is frequently confounded with Z: dermestina, with
which it is very closely allied.

Turricula crebrilirata Reeve, |. c., pl. xii, fig. 92.

I found several dead specimens on the fringing reefs at
Kioa, Viti Islands.

Though only two-thirds the size of Mr. Reeve’s figure of
a Ceylon example, they agree so exactly with his description,
except in color, that I do not hesitate to consider them
the same. Our shells are dark ashy-brown, and all have the
pale line on the upper portion of the body-whorl.
Turricula concentrica Reeve, |. c., pl. xvii, fig. 128.

I obtained many living specimens of this species by
digging in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone,
in a sheltered place at Kioa, Viti Islands. Though carefully
searched for, I failed to get a single example in any other
part of the group. Reeve states that Mr. Cuming found it
on the reefs at Anaa, Patmotu Islands.

Our shells are smaller, more slender, and the wide basal
band is paler than represented in Reeve’s figure.

The ground color is a pale flesh tint, and the band
varies from tawny-flesh to light brown.

Turricula cruentata Chemnitz. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xvii,
fig. 126.

We gathered a few living specimens of this species in a
sheltered bay on the east end of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.
They were found adhering to stones and driftwood in shallow

42 GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

water on a sandy-mud flat.

They agree closely with Reeve’s description, but his
figure, which is a little larger than our shells, is very poor.

The color is ashy-brown, encircled with a whitish band,
and the ribs vary from light yellowish-brown to brownish-
orange. The conspicuous transverse incised lines, though
generally continuous, are. sometimes interrupted by the ribs.

97. Turricula cimelium Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiL., fig. 260.

T. (Pusia) nodulosa Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867,
De ZILA mpl xxv., mig. 5.

A few specimens found on sandy beaches at the
Panmotu and Society Islands. -

Mr. Reeve’s very accurate figure and description coin
cides exactly with our specimens, except in not mentioning
the fine, crowded, transverse, impressed lines or striz. His
figure represents the transverse, interrupted brown lines very
correctly. They are confined to the right slope of the
longitudinal ribs, and do not extend quite to the nodules on
the shoulder of the body whorl.

All the specimens I sent to Mr. Pease were too much
worn to be of any use in identification or description.

98. Turricula crispa Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences,
1871, p- 201.

A few specimens taken in sandy-mud a little below low-
water mark, inside the reefs at Upolu, Samoa Islands. A
single large dead example occurred in the Viti group.

The livid color, angular whorls, crisp-like and foveolate
surface, and the violaceous columella are its most essential
characters.

99. Turricula castanea, sp. nov.

Shell oblong, rather thick, turreted, shining, longitu-
dinally plicately-ribbed, ribs somewhat angular, closely set ;
interspaces concave and marked by transverse impressed

100.

IOIl

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 43

strie ; whorls 8, flatly convex, last one contracted and
slightly granulated at the base; aperture bluish-white, a trifle
less than one-half the length of the shell ; columella with
four plaits ; colour dingy-brown, with a single pale revolving
line.

Length 18 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy.)

Hab. Samoa and Viti Islands.

Three dead examples found on the fringing reefs at the
above groups.

Turricula diachroa (Mitra) Adams and Reeve. Voy.
Samar., pl. x., fig. 29.-—MJitra Graffi, Crosse, Jour. de Conch.,
TNO Gs Ws BO7e DIL ake Ks, G.

Not uncommon under clumps of dead coral in the
lower region of the littoral zone, inside the reefs at Samoa,
and more rare in the Viti and Tonga Islands. They are
usually found associated with EZugina mendicaria which they
resemble so closely in shape and color as to be easily mis-
taken for small specimens of the latter species.

M. Crosse’s- figure, which is slightly enlarged, very cor-
rectly represents the usual form. They, however, frequently
differ in being more slender, and the ribs are sometimes
nearly obsolete. The bands which are generally three on the
body whorl, the upper one following the course of the spire,
are flesh-white under a thin luteous epidermis on a jet-black
ground. ‘lhe aperture and triplicate columella are tinted
with purple-brown.

Animal black. The foot is oblong, margined with
yellow, slightly auriculate in front, and about three-fourths
the length of the shell. Siphon rather long, irrorated with
white. The pale tentacles are marked by two black zones.
Turricula discoloria Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xxix.,
fig. 230.

We obtained several more or less perfect specimens of

102.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

this species on the shore reefs at Kioa, Viti Islands.

Our examples agree in every particular with Reeve’s
description and figure, except in the absence of the pink
bands, which are not represented in the latter, though alluded
to in the text. The ‘“‘ burnt black” spots between the ribs,
which are faithfully represented in his figure, appear to be
constant. The bands are whitish, under a very thin luteous
epidermis, which is generally more or less worn off in the
most perfect examples. Between the spots the ribs are of a
burnt-umber color, as represented in Reeve’s figure. The
basal granules are whitish on a burnt-black ground. ‘The
locality was unknown to Mr. Reeve. Paetel records it from
the Philippine Islands.

Turricula exasperata Chemnitz. Reeve, l.c., p. xxi,
fig. 162.—MMitrea arenosa, Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., p. xxi,
fig. 161.

This elegantly sculptured species appears to be confined
to Western Polynesia, where they occur at all the groups.
We gathered thousands of living examples at the Tonga and
Viti Islands by digging in clear sand and sandy mud at low
water.

Mr. Reeve gives the station “‘ under stones” where they
never occur except when dragged there by hermit crabs. All
the MZitres of this type bury themselves;in sand and only
come to the surface during the night.

Reeve’s accurate figure, which represents a Philippine
example, is a little larger than our shells and may be con-
sidered the typical form.

The whole surface is covered with small granules formed
by the longtitudinal and transverse incised lines. The ribs
vary considerably both in size and number, and sometimes
are nearly obsolete. The angle on the shoulder is also sub-
ject to variation and is occasionally very indistinct. The

103.

104.

105.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 45

color is white or cinereous, and sometimes nearly uniform
blackish-brown. ‘The ribs are frequently lineated with light
brown or blackish-brown, the lines often interrupted.so as to
form two transverse rows of linear spots which gradually
merge into the conspicuously banded variety which represents
Lamarck’s avenosa.

Turricula exquisita Garrett. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872,
p. 842.

This lovely little shell inhabits the Viti, Samoa, Cook’s
Society and Panmotu Islands. The few living examples
which came under my observation were obtained from
beneath large blocks of dead coral, on the outer reefs.

Its small size (5 mill.), slender fusiform shape, shining
pinky-red color with two transverse brown lines inclosing a
white band, numerous plicate ribs and transverse imprcssed
lines will readily distinguish it.

Turricula Emiliae Schmeltz. Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 5,
p- 119.

T. (Costellaria) plicatula Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch.,
HOO, lh, Hon USE Al

A few more or less perfect dead specimens were found
in beach sand at Anaa, Panmotu Islands.

Mr. Pease’s name being preoccupied for a fossil species,
it has been changed as above.

It is a small, oblong-ovate shining species of a reddish-
chestnut or light brown, with three yellowish or pale brown
transverse bands on the body whorl.

Turricula flammulata (Mitra) Pease. Amer. Jour.
COMIN. USO, ob Bue.

Mitra zebrina Garr. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 842.

A very rare species ranging from the Panmotu to the
Viti Islands. Mr. Pease records it from the Sandwich
Islands. All my examples were found in a more or less

106.

Toye

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

perfect though dead condition on the outer reefs.

The smooth shining surface, numerous narrow longi-
tudinal flexuous brown stripes on a bluish-white ground are
its most obvious characters.

Turricula flexicostata, sp. nov.

Shell acuminately turreted, rather slender, ashy-brown,
with a single narrow pale zone on the upper portion of the
body whorl, which is continued upward on the middle of the
whorls of the spire; whorls 9, convex, longitudinally plicately
ribbed, ribs narrow, smooth, flexuous; interstices with rather
close, transverse incised lines; base contracted, slightly
produced and somewhat twisted; aperture less than half the
length of the shell, brownish with a whitish zone; columella
with four plaits.

Length 15; diam. 5 mill. (Coll. Garrett).

Hab. Pafimotu and Viti Islands.

A few more or iess perfect dead specimens found on
sandy beaches.

As compared with odel¢scus, the nearest allied species,
it is much smaller, differently colored, the ribs smoother, ~
more flexuous and the narrow pale zone is nearer to the
suture on the body whorl] and more distant on the spire.
Turricula festiva, sp. nov.

Turricula formosa Garr. M.S. (not of Pease).

Shell acuminately turreted, somewhat fusiform, cine-
reous, slightly mottled with ashy-brown; whorls 8, flatly
convex, angulate beneath the suture, longitudinally plicately
ribbed, ribs narrow, rather closely-set, rather nodose on the
angle; interstices transversely striated with impressed punc-
tured lines; aperture elongate; columella with five plaits.

Length 13 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Viti Islands.

During two years’ collecting in the above group I found

108.

TO9Q.

IIo.

Til.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID., 47

two examples only (living), which were dug out of sandy-mud
near low water mark in Sawa Sawa Bay. ‘The general aspect
of the shell is somewhat like 7! AZtchauiz Crosse & Fischer,
but differs in color and details of sculpturing.

Turricula fusco-nigra, sp. nov.

T. nigricans Garr. M.S.

Shell acuminately turreted, slender, somewhat fusiform,
base contracted, slightly produced into a slightly twisted
canal; dark brownish-black, with a whitish spiral line above;
whorls ro, flatly convex, somewhat roundly shouldered,
longitudinally mbbed, ribs small, rounded, narrower than
their interspaces, about 14 on each whorl; interstices with
large crowded transverse grooves; aperture less than half the
length of the shell, black or livid within; columella with four
plaits.

Length 18 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Three dead examples found on the Kaioa shore reefs,
Viti Islands.

Turrricula fortiplicata Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch.,
TNO, [04 BilSe (lle xayey wee

Several examples found in beach sand at Anaa,
Pahmotu Islands.

A small species with stout plicate ribs, impressed strize
in the interspaces, and of a light chestnut color with the base
and apex whitish.

Turricula Gruneri Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xvi., fig. 119.

A single example was picked up on the sands at Upolu,
Samoa Islands. It is also recorded from the Pelew group.
Turricula Hoyti sp. nov.

Shell oblong, fusiform, rather solid, shining, whitish,
mottled and striped with chestnut brown; spire moderate,
with flattened outlines ; whorls 8, planulate, slightly shoul-
dered, last one large, convex, strongly constricted at the base,

I12.

TB.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

longitudinally ribbed ; ribs small, rather distant, somewhat
angular, indistinctly constructed beneath the suture ; inter-
stices with rather crowded, transverse impressed lines;
aperture nearly half the length of the shell; columella with
four plaits.

Length 14 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Viti Islands.

A single specimen found on the sands at Kioa Island.
Turricula instricta sp. nov.

Shell small, oblong, fusiform, slightly shining, cinereous,
with a dark line just beneath the suture, and the aperture
with a brown band; spire moderate with slightly convex
outlines; whorls 7 (?); (apex fractured), convex, last one
very slender towards the base, which is produced into
a recurved canal ; surface longitudinally ribbed, ribs
rather small, angular, about 14 1n the penultimate whorl,
constricted just beneath the suture, forming a row of nodules;
interstices transversely impressly striated ; base granulated ;
aperture narrow, nearly half the length of the shell; peris-
tome rather sharp, with a distinct sinus above; columella
with 4 plaits.

Length 8 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Viti Islands.

A single specimen found on the shore reef at Kioa Island.
Turricula lyrata Lamarck. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vii,
fig. 46.

This beautiful species which only occurred to our
notice at the Samoa and Viti Islands, is not by any means
common. All our living examples were found buried in
muddy-sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone.

Our examples are more of an olive-gray tint than “‘ashy-
blue” as stated by Reeve, and the narrow brown bands are
constant. The aperture is bluish-white, the outer lip and

IT4.

ily.

116.

117.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 49

columella varied with brown.
Turricula luteo-fusca (Mitra) Garrett. Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1872, p. 842.

Two dead specimens occurred on the Raratonga reef,
Cook’s Islands.

A small shining species of a yellowish-brown color,
varied with large whitish spots.

Turricula luculenta Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. 30., fig. 245.

A rather scarce species of which I found several ex-
amples lurking under dead coral on reefs at Samoa, Tonga
and Viti Islands.

Our specimens, which are the same size as Reeve’s
figure of a Philippine shell, are alternately banded with
luteous and chocolate-brown.

Turricula leucodesma Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxx., fig. 243.

Three examples found adhering to dead coral on a sandy-

mud flat on the eastern part of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.

Our shells agree well with Mr. Reeve’s description and
tolerably well with his poor figure. The color is nearly jet-
black, encircled by a chain of large white spots.

Mr. Brazier records it from Torres Straits.

Turricula lauta Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxx., fig. 244.

Excepting the Marquesas, this rather rare species oc-
curred to our notice at all the groups where they were found
under dead coral on reefs.

The color varies from dark brownish-red to nearly black
with orange-yellow ribs. Sometimes the middle of the body
whorl is encircled by a row of spots which are a little paler
than the ribs. The pale aperture is not spotted with brown
or dark red as in dermestina and consanguinea.

The interspaces between the smooth ribs are finely and
closely striated with transverse incised lines which under the
lens are closely punctured.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

It is very closely allied to the above two species.

118. Turricula laevicostata sp. nov.

Shell small, elongate, fusiform, shining, white, more or
less stained with straw-yellow; spire rather long, acute ;
whorls 8, planulate, last one narrow, convex, contracted and
recurved at the base; longitudinally costate, costz small,
smooth, rounded, interstices with transverse impressed striz;
aperture narrow, with very prominent lirae; outer lip rather
thick, and slightly sinuous above; columella with five plaits.

Length ro mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Panmotu Islands.

Two examples found on the sands at Anaa Island.

119. Turricula microzonias Lamarck. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

pl. xxiv., fig: 13i5, pl. xxvi., ire, 202:

Notwithstanding the wide range of this species, it is,
indeed, a very scarce shell. It occurs in all parts of Western
Polynesia, and in the Eastern groups we obtained it at the
Society and Panmotu Islands.

The only two living examples found were taken from the
under side of stones on the shore reef at Kioa, Viti Island.

Of Reeve’s two poor figures the second one is the most
correct. Both Lamarck’s and the above author’s description
refer to faded examples.

When perfect, the color is jet-black. The white zone,
which is constant, usually consists of a chain of small white
spots, but is sometimes expressed by a simple continuous
line. Some examples havea second line beneath the middle
zone. ‘The aperture is bluish-white, margined with brown-
black. The columellar plicze are bluish-white on a more or
less dark brown ground.

The ribs are sometimes nearly or quite obsolete on
the back of the body whorl. Mr. Reeve does not allude
to the peculiar plicately wrinkled base, which latter is

wei

120.

121.

122.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 51

also obliquely ridged.
Turricula mucronata Swainson. Reeve, l.c, pl. 17,
fig. 125.

This species, which appears to be rather scarce, was
found buried in sand inside the reefs, in shallow water, at
the Society and Panmotu Islands.

It is shaped very much like 7. concentrica, and has a
similar wide basal band, but may be readily distinguished by
the double row of sharp tubercles and granulated base.

The animal has the upper surface of the foot a rich
reddish-brown, irregularly dotted with yellow, and the creep-
ing disk cinereous. Siphon dusky with yellow dots.
Turricula millecostata Swainson. Reeve, | c, pl.
XXXV1., fig. 301.

Of this very rare species we have found only four dead
examples on the outer beach at Anaa, Papmotu Islands, the
same locality of Swainson’s type specimens.

The color appears to be somewhat variable: one speci-
men is dark chestnut with a white apex, as mentioned by
Reeve, and two are orange-yellow, with two broad interrupted
ferruginous bands. The other is reddish-chestnut, faintly
mottled with orange-yellow, with two remote transverse lines
of the latter color. The transverse impressed strize extends
over the whole surface, and the base is conspicuously
granulated.

Mr. Reeve’s figure correctly represents the shape, but
the color is different from any specimens known to me, and
does not accord with the text.

Turricula modesta Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxi., fig. 254.

Several dead specimens found on sandy flats at Samoa
and Viti Islands.

Our examples, though of smaller size than represented
by Reeve, agree in every particular with his description and

22.

124.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

very accurate figure.
Turricula multicostata Swainson. Reeve, 1. c., pl.
XXXVilL., fig. 322.

A rare and beautiful species, inhabiting all the groups
South of the Equator, except the Marquesas and Tonga
Islands. On the outer reefs, and found only in the condi-
tion of dead shells.

The narrow white zone mentioned by Reeve is some-

times nearly obsolete or reduced to a thread-like line. The
base is distinctly granulated, and the whole surface exhibits
distant incised lines between the ribs.
Turricula Michauii (Mitra) Crosse et Fischer. Jour.
Conch., 1864, p. 337-—“tra rigida, Reeve, not of Swain-
son, Conch. Icon., pl. xxii, fig. 169.—Zurricula ( Costellarta )
Dunkeri, Schmeltz, Cat. Mus. Godeff., iv., p. 84; Z: (C.)
Deshayesti, Schmeltz, (Reeve ?) 1. c., v, page 119.

We obtained hundreds of living examples of this elegant
species by digging in sand near low water mark in sheltered
places at the Tonga and Viti Islands.

Our specimens, which are the same size as Reeve’s figure
have three rows of brownish-orange spots on the body whorl,
the upper one continued up the spire. The ground color is
white or bluish-white, and the aperture is marked with two
transverse brownish patches in the throat. All have the in-
terspaces between the ribs more or less distinctly striated
with transverse incised lines.

Not having access to Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations,
I am unable to form an opinion with respect to Reeve’s de-
termination of this species, of which he gives a good figure,
which only differs from our examples in having one more
row of spots on the whorls of the spire. He gives no locality.

Messrs. Crosse and Fischer who had an oportunity of
examining Cochin China specimens, state that Reeve’s v7gzda

m215.

126.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 53

is not Swainson’s species. Presuming their conclusions to
be correct I have adopted their specific name. They men-
tion four rows of spots on the body and two on the spire.

It has been referred to Reeve’s Deshayeszz, which is
described and figured as simply noduled on the angle, smooth
beneath, and no ribs mentioned.

Turricula modicella, sp. nov.

Shell small, fusiform, glossy, white, with the upper
portion of the whorls and base tinged with brown; spire
rather long, with concave outlines; base strongly contracted
and produced into a short, slightly twisted canal; whorls
embryonal two, smooth, normal whorls six, flatly convex,
somewhat roundly shouldered, last one slightly turgid; longi-
tudinally ribbed, ribs smooth, angular, about 13 on the body
whorl; interstices transversely impressly striated; aperture
narrow, less than half the length of the shell; outer lip with
a slight sinus above; columella with three plaits.

Length 7 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Pammotu Islands.

A rare and pretty species of which we found several
examples under coral on the outer reefs.

Turricula nodosa Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl.
xxv., fig. 196a, 1960.

Excepting the Marquesas, this species was obtained at
all the South Sea groups, where they are found on the inner
margins of reefs.

They vary, some in the size of the tubercles and in the
distinctness and number of incised lines. At some of the
Panmotu Islands, where they are more abundant than else-
where, a small variety occurs which has a row of pale slate-
colored spots on the middle of the body whorl, the spots
confined between the ribs. Some have a slate-colored band
articulated with orange-yellow.

127).

128.

129.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.

Turricula obeliscus Reeve, |. c., pl. xv., fig. 107.

Several dead examples of this rare species were found
on a sandy mud flat at Kioa, Viti Islands.

All our specimens exhibit the same style of sculpture as
mentioned by Reeve, and are shaped exactly like his figure.
The most perfect examples are of a yellowish-brown color,
rather paler on the ribs, and all are encircled with the white
line mentioned by the above author. Three specimens
which are somewhat weathered appear to have been of a
deeper brown than the typical color.

The interspaces between the ribs are marked by rather
large closely-set transverse grooves. The largest example
which is the same size as Reeve’s figure has 12 convex whorls
divided by a rather deep suture.

Turricula purpurata Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiii., fig. 275.

A few specimens of this pretty species were found on
the outer sandy beaches at Anaa, Pafimotu Islands.

Our examples which are more or less rubbed agree
closely with Reeve’s description and figure, except in being
of a light pink color with traces of a white zone, and some
seem to have had spots or streaks of the same color on the
ribs. ‘The description reads “‘znterstices tmpressly cancellated,”
which term appears to signify that the impressed lines are
interrupted by the ribs and not continuous as in our
specimens.

Notwithstanding the above discrepancy I do not hesitate
to consider our shells identical with the Philippine species.

Turricula patriarchalis Gmelin. Reeve, lc, pl. xix,
fig. 146a, 1460.

A few dead specimens of this handsome species were
found washed up on beaches at the Samoa and Viti Islands.

They differ considerably in the development of the
nodules on the shoulder, and the broad band varies from

130.

Lone

132.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 55

dark red to deep brown-black. Our largest specimens are
the same size as Mr. Reeve’s figures of Philippine shells. I
obtained some fine examples at the small group of Aiou
Islands near Waigion in the eastern part of the Moluccas.
Turricula Pacifica Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxiii-, fig. 272.

Not uncommon, buried in sand in shallow water, inside
the reefs at the Paymotu, Society, Samoa, Viti, and Kings-
mill Islands.

The brown band, which is seldom continuous, usually
consists of a row of small spots, which are frequently nearly
or quite obsolete. The longitudinal ribs vary much in size
and number, and some of the forms gradually pass into Z.
cadaverosa, with which it is more nearly allied than with
exasperata, as stated by Reeve.

Turricula plicata Klein. Reeve, l. c., pl. viii, fig. 56.

A single perfect adult and a young example was found
buried in sand at the Caroline Islands.

The adult specimen, which is one-fourth smaller than
Mr. Reeve’s figure, is not nearly so gaudily colored, but
agrees precisely in coloration as mentioned in his description.
He does not allude to the transverse impressed lines, which
are very distinct.

Turricula porphyretica Reeve, (?) 1. c, pl. xxv., fig.
195.—T. ventricosa, Garr. MS.

A very rare species, of which we obtained two examples
on the outer reefs at the Samoa and Viti Islands.

Our two shells, which are a little larger than Reeve’s
figure of a Philippine example, agree very nearly in shape
and sculpture with the above species. The Viti specimens
are differently colored, the ribs smaller, more numerous and
are distinctly striated with spiral impressed lines; the latter
character is neither alluded to in the text or represented in the
figure. However, after some hesitation I have adopted

133.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

Reeve’s name with a doubt, using mine as a synonym, which
latter can be retained if it should prove to be new to science.

In order to assist in clearing up the doubt, I subjoin
the following description :—

Shell solid, ovate, ventricuse, slightly shining, rapidly
tapering towards the base, longitudinally plicately ribbed ;
ribs rather small, decussated with impressed lines and granu-
lated near the base ; whorls 9-10, planulate, angulately
shouldered ; aperture half the length of the shell, bluish-
white, varied with brown ; columella four-plaited; outer lip
crenulate; color dingy-brown, with two pale transverse lines;
upper whorls whitish.

Length 22 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Turricula pulchra, sp. nov.

Shell acuminately turreted, solid, subfusiform, slightly
shining, contracted and obliquely grooved towards the base,
which is somewhat twisted; whorls 9-11, nearly flat, angular-
ly shouldered, longitudinally plicately-costate, costae smooth,
12 to 14 on the body; interstices with fine longitudinal strize
and with or without transverse impressed lines; columella
four-plaited ; aperture about two-fifths the length of the shell.
Color variable; whitish, bluish-white, ashy-blue, ashy-green,
brown with pale ribs, and generally with four or five
transverse fillets of small alternately orange-yellow and brown
spots; some of the dark examples have a whitish spiral line
and the articulated fillets are nearly obsolete; aperture and
columella brownish with a pale zone above.

Length 18, diam. 64 mill. (Coll. Garrett).

Hab. Viti and Samoa Islands.

About 30 fine living examples were obtained by digging
in sandy-mud at low water mark at Kioa, Viti Islands, and
a few smaller ones at the Samoa group. Specimens from
the latter group are only about half the size of the Viti

135.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 57

examples and are equally as variable in color.

It is closely related to Zi Afichawiz in shape and
sculpture, but quite different in the character of the markings,
and the shoulder is more tabulate. The upper termination
of the ribs are less nodulous and the color of the columella
differs.

. Turricula putillus Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867,

Dp. 2045 ply xv te.) 2/45

A few specimens found in beach sand at the Paymotu
and Society Islands.

Mr. Pease’s type specimens, which were obtained from
one of the small guano islands in ‘“‘Central Pacific” are a
little larger than our shells.

Rubbed specimens are reddish-brown, and when fresh,
black or brown-black with a more or less distinct narrow white
zone, and most generally with a few large white spots on the
upper half of the shell. The whole surface is regularly
granulated.

Turricula Peaseii, sp. nov.

Shell elongate, fusiform, shining, ashy-grey, transversely
lineated with light brown and marked above with a spiral
ashy-white line; spire rather long, acute; whorls 9, flatly
convex, subangulate above, longitudinally plicately ribbed;
interstices concave, transversely striated with imjressed
lines; base contracted, granulated, produced and _ slightly
twisted to the left; aperture a little more than half the length
of the shell, bluish-white stained with brown; columella four
plaited.

Length 23 mill. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Viti Islands.

Only two examples found in sandy-mud at low water
mark at Vanua Levu Island. It is shaped very much like
T. lyrata.

136.

Tai.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

Turricula propinqua, sp. nov.

Shell elongately fusiform, ashy-white, spire rather long,
turreted, longitudinally ribbed; ribs angular, as large as their
interspaces, 14 on the last whorl, intersected by small trans-
verse ridges; whorls 9, angulately rounded on the shoulder,
where two of the spiral ridges are wider apart than elsewhere
and slightly noduled; base strongly contracted and produced
into a short slightly twisted canal; aperture nearly half the
length of the shell; columella with five plaits, the upper one
remote and large.

Length 15 mill. (Coll. Garrett).

Hab. Viti Islands.

A single example found in beach sand at Kioa Island.
It closely resembles 7. smodesta Reeve, but is more contracted
at the base, and the transverse ridges are much smaller and
more numerous. It is shaped very much like 71 Pharaonis
H. Ads., which inhabits the Red Sea, but is smaller, differently
colored and the ribs are more numerous.
Turricula rosea Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl.
XXXVI, fig. 300.

Two dead specimens found in beach sand at Anaa,
Panmotu Islands.

Our two shells differ none from Reeve’s degscription and
figure except in having the upper portion of the last and two
preceding whorls, white. The transverse row of small brown
spots between the ribs, can be seen on our perfect specimen.

Mr. Swainson’s type examples were obtained in the same

_ locality as our shells.

138.

Turricula rubra Swainson. Reeve, l. c., pl. xxxv., fig. 285,
pl. xxxvi., fig. 298.
Several specimens found in beach sand at the Pafmotu

Islands, where Mr. Cuming obtained Swainson’s type
examples.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA:. 59

139. Turricula subulata Lamarck. Reeve,1 c., pl. xi, fig. 79.

140.

I4I.

A single dead example was found on a sandy flat on the
south coast of Vanua Levu, Viti Islands. Mr. Reeve on the
authority of Cuming cites Anaa, Panmotu Islands, as one of
its localities.

As compared with Reeve’s indifferent figure, which does
not represent the longitudinal ribs, it is larger and the spire
is not so slender. The numerous small ribs are very regularly
disposed and about the same size as their interspaces. The
whole surface is marked by equidistant transverse incised
lines, which gives the shell a regular cancellated appearance.

The color which undoubtedly is somewhat faded is
creamy-yellow with traces of white patches.

Turricula semifasciata Lamarck. Reeve, l.’c., pl. xvii.,
fig. 131a, 1310.

Numerous living specimens were obtained by digging in
sandy localities, a little below low water mark, inside the
reefs at Samoa, Tonga and Viti Islands. It is also recorded
from the Caroline Islands.

None of our numerous example are so large as Reeve’s
figure a, and only very few equal in size his smaller variety 0.
The color varies from pale flesh white to cinereous, and the
bands on the basal portion of the body whorl vary from
yellowish-clive to olive brown; all have the three transverse
brown lines on the last whorl, which are also articulated with
yellowish.

Turricula stigmataria Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. iii,
Ge as,

This lovely species, which is somewhat rare, only oc-
curred to our notice at Rioa and Vanua Levu, Viti Islands,
where we found a few living examples by digging in sandy-
mud, at low water mark, in sheltered bays. Some had
buried themselves at a depth of twofeet. It is also recorded

ALD

T44.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

from Samoa and the Pelew Islands.

Our specimens are one-third smaller than Reeve’s figure
of Philippine examples, but agree in every other particular.
Turricula speciosa Reeve, |. c., pl. xix., fig. 148.

This rare and handsome species occurred only in the
condition of more or less perfect dead shells. They were
found on the outer reefs at the Cook’s and Panmotu
Islands.

Our shells differ none from Reeve’s description and
figure of Philippine examples, except in the ribs being some-
what angular and nodulose next the suture; the latter
character though faintly expressed in the above mentioned
figure is not alluded to in the text.

Turricula tusa Reeve, |. c., pl. xxxiv., fig. 283.

This interesting little species which is rarely obtained,
occurs under dead coral at the Paymotu, Society, Sandwich
and Samoa Islands.

They accord in every particular with Reeve’s description
and figure of a Philippine specimen. ‘The upper third of the
body whorl and the spire exhibits large tessellations on a
white ground, the spots and lower portion of the body whorl
varies from reddish-brown to blackish-brown. A _ single
transverse white band marks the deep brown aperture. ‘The
upper portion of the whorls are distinctly concave and the
ribs granulated.

The animal is greenish-white, and beautifully marbled
with chocolate-brown.

Turricula unilineata, sp. nov.

Shell acuminately turreted, subfusiform, rather slender,
base contracted and slightly twisted, shining, brownish-lead
color with a single spiral whitish line on the upper portion of
the body; whorls ro, flatly convex, somewhat roundly
shouldered; longitudinally ribbed, ribs not very prominent

Peron,
eer

145.

146.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 61

nor closely-set, obsolete or nearly so on the last whorl;
interstices with distant transverse linear grooves, most
conspicuous on the upper whorls; aperture less than half the
length of the shell; columella with four plaits.

Length 19 milll. (Mus. Godeffroy).

Hab. Viti Islands.

Appears to be rather scarce; only several dead specimens
found on the sandy-mud flats at Kioa Island. It may easily
be distinguished by its peculiar color and constant white line.
The low distant ribs give the whorls a polygonal outline when
seen from above.

Turricula vittata Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vi,
fig. 50a, 500, 500.

We were very fortunate in discovering five hying examples
of this superb species, which were found on sandy-mud
bottoms in sheltered bays at Vanua Levu, Viti Islands.

Reeve’s poor and indifferently colored flgures give but a
slight idea of the beauty of this scarce shell.

Our examples, the largest of which is 24 inches long,
are of arich orange-yellow or orange-red, encircled with a
broad white zone, which sometimes carries a median narrow
brown line. The lower portion of the body whorl has a
second but smaller band of a pale yellow color. Both bands
are edged with dark brown fillets, and the upper one occupies
the lower half of each whorl of the spire. Aperture white,
more or less stained with orange.

The upper portion of the body whorl is somewhat
angulate and slightly concave above the angle.

Turricula variata Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvi., fig. 209.

Mitra fratercula Garr. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 482.

This rare and pretty species, which is seldom found in
good condition, occurs under dead coral on the outer reefs
and ranges from the Panhmotu to the Viti Islands.

147.

148.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#.

The five examples now before me are shaped exactly
like Reeve’s figure and agree very well with his description.
The upper portion of the whorls can scarcely be considered
angulated as stated by the above author, but roundly
shouldered the same as represented in his figure, which is
quite distinct from the angle on concinna and crocata figured
on the same plate.

The impressed strize are not fine, but on the contrary
are rather coarse, distant, and more like transverse linear
punctures than striz. ‘The upper portion of the ribs are
slightly noduled. The color is pale luteous or white, encircled
by several chestnut-brown lines which are usually grouped in
pairs.

My /ratercula is undoubtedly the same as Reeve’s species.
The ribs are smaller, more numerous, and their upper portion
is divided by an incised line, forming a row of yellowish
nodules.

Animal light brown, frecked with yellowish-white.
Turricula vulpecula Linnzus. Reeve, lc, pl. viii,

fig. 554, 550, 55¢.

We obtained a number of living examples of this
handsome species by digging in sandy-mud, at low water
mark in sheltered bays in the Viti Islands.

None of our specimens are so large as the Philippine
shells figured by Reeve. The color is whitish-yellow or
orange-yellow, with from one to three blackish-brown belts
on the body whorl. Some of the specimens have the above
colors and markings reversed, being of a dark brown or
blackish-brown with yellowish or orange-yellow bands.

The animal is delicately mottled with purple-black, gray
and white. The long siphon is blackish-violet, dotted with
creamy-white.

Turricula Zebuensis Reeve (?), l. c., pl. x., fig. 73.

140.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 63

T: incisa Garr. MS.
A very rare Viti Island species, of which we found four
examples (dead), on the Kioa shore reefs.

Having serious doubts of the correct determination of
this species I have added the MS. name by which it has
been known in my collection for the past several years. If
really distinct from Reeve’s shell, and cannot be referred to
any described species my name can be retained. I add the
following description.

Shell acuminately turreted, somewhat fusiform, rather
thick, slightly shining, base contracted, somewhat produced ;
color creamy-yellow, variegated with different shades of
ferruginous-brown disposed in a rude transverse band on the
body whorl and irregularly tessellated above; whorls 1ro-r1,
convex, last one faintly angulate above; longitudinally ribbed,
ribs small, numerous, convexly-angular, the same size as their
interspaces, and the whole surface with rather close deeply
incised spiral lines; aperture creamy-yellow with a faint
pinky tinge in front, a little less than half the length of the
shell; columella four plaited.

Length 27, diam. 9 mill. (Coll. Garrett).

Our shells though very nearly similar in shape are
considerably smaller than Mr. Reeve’s figure of a Philippine
example. He describes the surface as being “very finely
cancellated with rather flat closely set ridges of which the
longitudinal are the larger,” which will scarcely apply to our
shells, unless he considered the interspaces between the
incised lines to be ridges.

Turricula sp.

A single dead specimen found on the Kioa reef, Viti
Islands.

It is a small elongate-oval species, cancellated with

150.

See

153.

154.

155.

156.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID,

longitudinal and transverse ribs, and the whorls angulately
shouldered. . Color brownish with a white band beneath the
suture.

Length 17 mill.

This and the following undetermined species are
deposited in the Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg.

Turricula sp.

One example of this minute species occurred in beach
sand at Anaa, Panmotu Islands.

It is closely allied to Z! rubra, but differs in its more
angulate ribs, less swollen whorls, coarser striz and has
no brownish spots or lines. ‘The color is light pinky-red
with a revolving white band.

Length 7 mill.

Turricula sp.
A few specimens were found buried in sand at low water
mark at the Caroline Islands.

Turricula sp.

Three examples found in beach sand at the Panmotu
Islands.
Turricula sp.

One specimen obtained on the shore reef at Kioa, Viti
Islands.

Turricula sp.

Five specimens obtained from beach sand at Anaa,
Panmotu Islands.
Turricula sp.

Two examples found on the Kioa reef, Viti Islands.
Turricula sp.

A single weathered example found in shallow water at
the same locality as the preceding.

157.

159.

I60.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA. 65

Genus CYVLINDRA Schum.

Cylindra nucea Gronovius. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl.
xii, fig. 86.

Excepting the Marquesas, we obtained this somewhat
rare species at all the South Sea groups. The habitat “ New
Zealand” usually assigned to this species is undoubtedly
wrong.

Our examples, which are smaller than Reeve’s figure,
are white, with or without transverse rows of small brownish
dots, and when in good condition are invested with a very
thin translucent tawny-yellow epidermis, which is more or less
stained with brown-black.

The animal is diluted white ; the foot and siphon mar-
gined with dashes of black and white.

Cylindra dactylus Linneus. Reeve, |. c., pl. xii., fig. 88.

Occurs in the same station as the preceding species—
that is, in sand or sandy-mud inside the reefs. ‘They were
obtained at all the groups except at Cook’s Island. It appears
to be scarce everywhere.

Our largest examples, which were found at the Viti
Islands, are larger than Mr. Reeve’s excellent figure of a
Philippine specimen.

Cylindra crenulata Lamarck. Reeve, 1. c., pl. xxiv.,
fig. Igoa.

Found in the same station, and is as widely diffused as
the preceding species. It is rather a scarce shell at all the
groups.

Our largest Viti example, which is nearly two inches
long, is considerably larger than Reeve’s figure.

Cylindra fenestrata Lamarck. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxiv.,
fig. 189.

161.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

A common Society Island species found buried in sand
in shallow water inside the reefs, and mzof under stones as
stated by Reeve. It is very rarely found at the Pamotu
and Viti groups, and has been recorded from the Pelew and
Caroline Islands.

The three Viti examples which I obtained are much
smaller and more slender than Eastern shells, and are nearly
a uniform white color. Mr. Reeve’s figure is colored pale
bluish-green, though he very correctly describes the ground
color as whitish. The transverse lines are brownish or jet-
black. The columella is eight-plaited—not nine-plaited as
stated by Mr. Reeve.

Genus IMBRICARIA Schumacher.

Iimbricaria Oliveeformis Swainson. Reeve, Nes, oll
OQ 1 AIT,

We found this species inhabiting all the groups except
the Marquesas, Cook’s and Tonga Islands. It appears to
be rather scarce everywhere except the Society Islands,
where it is very abundant and gregarious in sand inside the
reefs.

It appears to be an aberrant form intermediate between
Cylindra and Imbricaria, and might with equal propriety be
referred to either genus, though it is usually placed in the
latter. Mr. Swainson considered it to bea A@ttrella ( = Swatm-
sonia), the type of which is Mitra fasciata. It attains a
larger size than represented by Reeve’s figure. The color is
ivory-white, under a very delicate luteous epidermis. The
punctured spiral lines are confined to the upper portion of
the shell.

The animal is creamy-white, with a cream-yellow creep-
ing disk.

162.

163.

164.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID. 67

Imbricaria conica Schumacher. Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvii.,
fig. 216.

This species, which appears to be confined to the islands
south of the Equator, was obtained at all the groups except
Tonga and the Marquesas. ‘They occur in sand in sheltered
places inside the reefs, and are gregarious. During two
years exploration in various parts of the Viti Islands, I found
only one large colony in a small patch of sand in the Kioa
shore reef.

Imbricaria punctata Swainson.

Mitra ossea Reeve, |. c., pl. xxvii., fig. 2109.

Not very plentiful and ranges through all the groups
south of the Equator. Station the same as the preceding
species.

It will be observed that I have restored Swainson’s
name, which has precedence over Reeve’s ossea.

Imbricaria virgo Swainson. Reeve, 1. c, pl. xxvii.,
fig. 234.

Found (rarely) in all parts of Polynesia, except the
Marquesas. Lives in sand at low water mark. ‘The colora-
tion is the same as Oliveformis.

. Imbricaria Vanicorensis Quoy & Gaimard. Reeve,

Ik, Gog Jol SOAMMlen Ue, DEI.

Somewhat rare and only occurred to our notice at the
Viti Islands, where they were found in sandy-mud near low
water mark.

The spire and upper part of the body whorl is ashy-
grey, and the lower parts brownish-grey, and everywhere
dotted with flake-white and brown.

Genus MITROIDEA Pease.

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865. p. 514.
Mauritia, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 273.

166.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDZ.

This genus was established by Mr. Pease for a singular
species of Mvtride shaped like Dibaphus, Phil., but has the
spire much more produced and the columella with numerous
small slightly oblique plaits.

Mitroidea muitiplicata Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865,
De Siete

This species, which appears to be very scarce, was
obtained at the Panmotu and Samoa Islands. A single
example was found at each of the above groups. The
Panmotu shell, which was living when found, occurred under
a large block of dead coral on the shore margin of the outer
reef at Makaimo, one of the large windward islands.’

The Samoa specimen, which is larger than the former,
was obtained in a dead condition, but very perfect, on the
outer reef at Upolu. Mr, Pease’s type was taken at one of
the guano islands in Central Pacific.

Our shells are pure white, with distant, transverse, hair-
like brownish-yellow, slightly impressed lines, under a smooth,
shining, luteous epidermis. The whole surface is striated
with very fine transverse impressed lines, which are most
conspicuous towards the acute apex. The narrow, con-
tracted aperture occupies three-fifths of the length of the
shell, and the columella exhibits g—10 small plaits. The
thick smooth outer lip is slightly involute. The outlines of
the spire are flatly convex, and the whorls nearly plain. The
body whorl is slightly convex, and the base is truncate and
deeply notched.

Length 30, diam. 12 mill.

Genus DIBAPHUS Philippi.

Arch. Wieg., 1847, p. 61.
The close resemblance of this remarkable shell to cer-
tain species of Conus, particularly C. métratus, (which is also

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID&. 69

nearly the same color), and more distantly allied in shape to
Strombus terebellatus, has induced our most eminent autho-
rities on classification to assign it a position intermediate
between the above two genera.

It is surprising when Mr. Pease published his genus
Mitroidea, he should have failed to allude to its very near
relationship to Dzbaphus. The only difference between the
two genera consists in the former having several small
columellar plaits, whilst in the Jatter the anterior half of the
columella is simply roughened by a continuation of the small
elevated transverse ridges which mark the external surface
of the shell. e,

That portion of the pillar-lip immediately above the
prolonged ridges, is, as in all A/z/77de@, perfectly smooth, so
that they may be considered rudimentary plaits. In every
other particular, as regards detail of structure, the two genera
are precisely alike, with the exception of AZztrordea having a
more produced spire and a smooth shell.

The animal as stated in my paper on AV7t77de@, published
in the Pro. Zool. Society for 1872, has the external structure
of a Cylindra, which is widely different from that of a Conus
or Strombus.

167. Dibaphus Philippii Crosse.

Conohelix edentul’a, Swainson, MS.
Conus edentulus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., Afztra, pl. x1,

fig. 80.

Dibaphus edentulus, Philippi, Arch. Weig., 1847, p. 61,
pl. u., fig. 1—3.—Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. 1, fig. 1569.—
(Gaide IPS 7A Sh, WS, 0. Cui

Dibaphus Philippit, Crosse, Rev. Zool., 1858, p. 4, pl.
ili., fig. 1. Pease, Jour. Conch., 1871, p. 08.

This singular shell, which appears to be rare, was ob-
tained at all the groups south of the Equator, except the

7°

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID.

Tonga and Marquesas Islands. They were found lurking
beneath dead coral on the outer reefs. M. Crosse records
it from the Marquesas and New Caledonia. Mr. Pease ob-
tained two examples from the Caroline Islands, and M.
Paetel records it from the Philippines. My largest specimen
was taken at one of the guano islands in Central Pacific.

The ground color is whitish more or less stained with
yellowish-brown, and ornamented with two transverse rows
of large, irregular, reddish-brown spots which are frequently
confluent. ‘The whole surface is roughened by small, trans-
verse, angular ridges, which are about the same size as their
interspaces, which latter are longitudinally elevated lines.
The ridges on the basal portion, which are more oblique
than those above, wind round the pillar-lip so that they
resemble rudimentary plaits. The resemblance is the more
obvious in consequence of the lip being perfectly smooth on
the upper portion.

M. Crosse, who has published an accurate and interest-
ing history of this shell illustrated with two good figures, has
changed Swainson’s MS. name edentulus to Philippi, which
latter must I presume be adopted in preference to the former
negative denomination.

The following species, not found by the writer, are recorded

from the Polynesian Islands :—
1. Mitra limbifera Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xxiii, fig.

180. Marquesas Islands (Paetel).

2. Mitra ordinata Pease (Ubi). Sandwich Islands (Paetel).

Mitra crassa Swain. Reeve, l.c, pl. i, fig. 7. Tonga

(Greeffe).

4. Mitra catenata Swain. Reeve, |. c¢, pl. xxxu., fig. 250.

Panmotu Islands (Cuming).

Io.

If.

12.

18.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID#. 71

Mitra encausta Gould. Ex. Ex. Shells, p. 274, fig. 356.
Viti Islands (Gould).

Mitra pudica Pease. P.Z.S, 1860, p. 146. Sandwich
Islands (Pease) = AZ. nux-avellana Dohrn. (Pease).

Mitra Samuelis Dohrn. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 368. Sandwich
Islands.

Mr. Pease refers this with a doubt to MW. astricta Rve.

Mitra sectilis Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, pl. xxi,
fig. 2. Caroline Islands (Pease).

Mitra saltata Pease (Thala). Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867:
D. Quo.

Mitra lubrica Pease, l.c., p. 272, pl. xxiii, fig. 2. Caroline
Islands (Pease).

Mr. Pease described this species under the name of
glabra (not of Swainson), and subsequently changed it as
above.

Mitra fulvescens Swain. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xxx,
fig. 255. Panmotu Islands (Cuming).

Mitra nigra Chem. Reeve, 1. c., pl. v., fig. 33. Paxmotu
Islands (Cuming).

. Mitra approximata Pease(Ubi). Sandwich Islands (Pease).

Mitra infecta Reeve, lc, pl xi, fig. 75. Payimotu
Islands (Cuming).
Mitra circulata Kien. Reeve, l.c., pl. xi, fig. 77. Viti
Islands (Greeffe).
Strigatella decurtata Reeve, |. c., pl. xx., fig. 154. Samoa
Islands (Greeffe).
Strigatella nigricans Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867,
p. 215. Caroline or one of the guano islands in Central
Pacific.
Turricula Wisemanni Dohrn. P. Z.S., 1860, p. 367.
Sandwich Islands (Dohrn).

Mr, Pease considered it to=Z: della, Von Paetel

tim,
>

19.

20.

21.

22.

Be,

24.

Bie

28.

20.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRIDA.

catalogues it as distinct from the latter species.

Turricula armillata Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. xxxvii.,

ime, BIB. Pagmotu Islands (Cuming).

Turricula catenata Swain. Reeve, 1. c., DL 2eea,, Ie

259. Pahmotu Islands (Cuming),

Turricula elegans Reeve, 1 c., pl. xxix, fig. 233. Viti

Islands (Gould).

Turricula elegantula Dunker. Malak. Blat., 1871, p.154.

Samoa Islands (Greeffe).

Turricula pupula Dkr. Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No 4, p. 84

(name only). Samoa Islands (Greeffe).

Turricula aureolata Swain. MS. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

pl. xxvi., fig. 210. Samoa Islands (Greeffe).

Turricula venustula Reeve, 1. c, pl. xxvi., fig. 204.

Caroline Islands (Schmeltz).

Turricula modesta Pease (not of Reeve). Amer. Jour.

Conch., 1867, p. 202, pl. xv. Caroline Islands (Pease).
Very closely related to 7: Grunerii Rve.

Cylindra formosa Pse. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1867, p. 271,

pl. xxii, fig. 1. Caroline Islands (Pease).

(@)
RECAPITULATION.

Viti Islands nae EE LZO Species
Tonga Islands ... Bae a Scio) myer
SAINOE, 5. ae ube 70) =35
Kingsmill Island N3.04 | (EIA koe
Caroline ais Pear NAA een
Cook’s sore gee ele ee ee
Society = ee CO ne
Panmotu iss Jette) POR nee
Marquesas _,, on 7 ele Rice
Sandwich ,, Pe Ooty ers

fe)

Western Polynesia yields 145 and Eastern Polynesia 112 species.

GARRETT: ON POLYNESIAN MITRID-A. 73

On summing up the stations of the various A/éres, it is in-
teresting to note that all the species embraced in each section or
sub-genus inhabit similar stations.

All the typical A@tre as restricted, together with the sub-
genera Scabricula, Cancilla and probably Mityca are sand or
burrowing species.

All the species of (Vebularta, Chrysame, Thala, and Voluto-
mitra are reef shells.

The sub-genus Zeba are probably sand Jfitras.

All the species of Zzer/ina are littoral shells.

The Sérigatel/d are all reef species.

All the typical Zurrecula, Costedlaria and Callithea are sand
species, and all the species of Pwusza are reef shells.

The Cylindra and Jmbricaria are sand species, and the
Dibaphus and Mitrotdea are reef shells.

October, 1879.

—S 2249S

HELIX VIRGATA monst. SLNISTRORSA, and HH. CA-
PERATA var. ALBIDA, NEAR YARMOUTH, ISLE OF

WIGHT.
By C. ASHFORD.

I lately took a perfect shell of this form, which is rather rare,
from the roadside hedge near Afton toll.gate. It is of the
common uniform brownish-yellow color. The briefest examina-
tion of the apex shows that it degax wrong in ovo, and was not
perverted during infancy by external conditions. Near the same
spot I also found a beautiful albino of HY. cagerata, the mollusk
as well as its shell being white. It belongs to the mottled or
freckled variety of that species, the transverse streaks of color
being replaced by translucent patches.

74 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870.
HELIX ASPERSA wonst. STVJSTROSA AT REDCAR.
By W. C. HEY, M.A.

Under a broken crock, lying on a sand hill at Redcar, I
discovered (among some twenty dextral specimens,) a single
sinistral example of Helix aspersa. It is a well-formed shell,
almost adult, and I am still keeping it alive.

March, 7&8o.

SS SS —

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ISO:

Testacella Maugei in Jersey.—Correction of name—not
T. haliotoidea as in Sci. Gossip for July 1879. M. M.
Bull, Sci. Gossip, April 1879, p. go.

The Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde; being a Catalogue
of Recent Marine €pecies found in that Estuary.
By Alfred Brown. (Glasgow: Hugh Hopkins, 1878.)
Although the recent mollusca of this district have during the
last few years received a good deal of attention, especially from
the labours of M’Andrew, Barlee, and Merle Norman, still the
various memoirs detailing the results of these labours were only to
be found widely scattered through a number of scientific periodi-
cals, and Mr. Brown has in this neatly printed work given us not
only a 7ésumé of the labours of the naturalists we have referred to,
but also of all those who have collected on the Firth of Clyde,
and joined these to the labors of Mr. David Robertson and his
own. The result is, so far as the testaceous mollusca go, a large
and apparently accurate catalogue, which will show not only what
has been done but also among the nudibranchs and cuttle-fish

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 18709. 75

what is yet to be done. The notes under the heading of Habitat
in this catalogue are often most interesting, giving details not only
of the exact localities for the species, but notes also of their local
names.

Brazier (John, C.M.Z.S.)\—Description of a New species
of Vivipara.—Proc. Linn. Soc., New South Wales 1879,
Mths Bai Alaa wpe,

V. Altsont, from Diamantina River, Queensland.

Brooks (Prof. W. K.)—Amphioxus and Lingula at the
mouth of Chesapeake Bay.—Amer. Nat., Jan. 1879,
Xl. 45.

Embryological note.

Call (P. Ellsworth.\—Synonymous Unios.—Amer. Nat.,

June 1879, xill., 392 and 393.

Notes on U. nasutus Say, U. Nashvillensis Lea, U. Messissippt-
ensts Conr., U. subrostratus Say. ‘The three last names appertain
to one species, Say’s name having priority. It is often erroneously
named by collectors as U. nasutus.

Dercum (Francis, M.D., Ph.D..—The Sensory Organs.—
Suggestions with a view to generalization.—Amer.
Nat. Sept. 1878, vol. xi., 579 to 593.

This paper though mainly relating to vertebrate animals
includes a discussion at p. 591 on the structure and development
of the eyes of cephalopods.

Dietl (M. J.)—Researches on the Organization of the
Brain of Invertebrate animals.—Parts I and II (Cepha-
lopoda, Tethys, Crustacea).—Sitzungsberichte d. k. ak. d.
Wissenshaften, section I, Mathematics and Natural Science,
vol. Ixxvil., part 5, May 1878. to plates.

Doring (Dr. A.)—Systematic and Anatomical Studies of
the Pulmoniferous mollusca of the Plata. —Estudios

76 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879.

sistematicos y anatomicos sobre los Paises del Plata.
Periodico Zoologico, organo de la Sociedad Zoologica
Argentina, publicado por la misma—Tomo I., Entr. III.
Buenos Ayres, 1875.

Doring (Dr. A.)—The Molluscan Fauna of the Argentine
Republic.—Aprintes sobre la fauna de moluscos de la Re-
publica Argentina.—Tercera Parte, Cordoba 1876.

Durnford (W.A.)—Destruction of Shell-fish by Sea

Birds.—Zool., June 1878, third series, il, p. 223 to 225.

The great diminution in the numbers of cockles and mussels
in Morecambe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon is attributed to
the depredations of sea-fowl, which have increased much since they
were protected by Act of Parliament. Mr. Durnford points out
that thirty years ago both birds and shell-fish were far more abun-
dant than now; and he thinks it more lhkely that the abnormal
growth of the population of Furness and Barrow has upset the
whole balance of animal life.

Fredericg (M.L.)—On Heemacyanine, a new substance
from the Blood of the Poulp (Octopus vulgaris.)—
Comptes Rendus, (French Academy) Dec. 16, 1878, lxxxvil,
No. 25.

Fredericgq (M.L.)—On the Chromatic Function in the
Poulp.—Comptes Rendus, Ixxxvii, No. 26, December 23rd,
1878.

Geddes (Patrick.)—On the Mechanism of the Odonto-
phore in certain Mollusca.—Trans. Zool. Soc., part 11,
3 plates.

Paulucci (Marchesa Marianna) Some new Italian Species
of Pomatias.—Fauna Italiana Comunicazioni Malacolo-
giche, Articolosecondo. Descrizione di alcune Nuove Specie
del genere Pomatias.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, vol. v., p.
13 to 21.

BIBLIOGRAPHL OF 1879. iu]

P. elongatus Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. elegantasstmus
Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. turricu/a Paulucci, Province of
Lucca, P. Crosseanus Paulucci, Province of Lucca, P. Alleryanus
Paulucci, Sicily, P. Pirajni Benoit, Isle of Fairgnana, P. Adamiz
Paulucci, 2. Scalavinus Adami, Calabria, PF Fischertanus
Paulucci, Sicily, P. Dionys¢ Paulucci, Syracuse, P. Westerlundt
Paulucci, Calabria, P. agviotes Westerlund, Umbria, and P. Sospes
Westerlund, Province of Lucca, are described.

Paulucci (Marchesa Marianna.)—Conchology at the Paris
Exhibition 1878.—L’Esposizione universale del 1878
considerate dal late conchiologico.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. 1879,
WOM: Wap, 105 TS) (KO), 1Ko)

An interesting acceunt of the conchological exhibitions of

various nations.

Parsons (H. Franklin, M.D., F.G.S.)—Mollusca of Neigh-
bourhoon of Hull.—Hobkirk and Porritt’s Naturalist, Jan.
1879, vol. iv., p. 90.

Supplementary to Mr. Butterell’s Catalogue published in the
same Journal for 1878. Species of Ancylus, Vertigo, Helix,

Conovulus, Teltina Unio, Spherium and Paludina are referred to.

Weatherby (A.G.)—Margaritana dehiscens Say.—Amer.
Nat., April 1878, vol. xi, 254.
A note on its generic position.

Weatherby (A: G.)—On Texan Streptomatidee.—Amer.
Nat., April 1878, vol. xi, p. 254.
Notes on Aelania pleuristitata Say, Holospira roemert Pir
A closely allied species or a very persistent variety of AZ. pleurzs-
triata is indicated under the name of marmockt. All collected in
Bexar County.

Weatherby (A.G.)—Helix Chilhoweensis Lewis.—Amier.
Nat., vol. xil., p. 390 to 392.

The author objects to Binney’s view that this is merely a

78 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879.

variety of Say’s H. diodonta ; describes the animal, its habits and
distribution. During the excursions to the highlands of Kentucky
and Tennessee which produced this shell were also collected
other species including the rare H Wetherbyz Bland.

White (C.A., M.D.)—Descriptions of new species of in-
vertebrate Fossils from the Garboniferous and
Upper Silurian rocks of Illinois and Indiana.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1878, pp. 29 to 37.
The new mollusca are Ptilodyclia triangulata (Polyzoon)

Astartella.Gurleyt and Nautilus Danvillensis, all from the coal-

measure strata, Danville, Illinois.

White (F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S.)—Mollusca of Glen Tilt,
Scotland.—Scot. Nat., April 1878, vol. iv., pp. 246 to 248.
The interesting feature of the mollusca is the variation of

their distribution within the glen, owing to its varying geological

structure.. Helix fuscaisabundant. ‘The other species mentioned
are Hf. arbustorum, and var. alpestris, H. nemoralis, HZ. hortensts,

ff. rotundata, Hl. concinna, Zonites crystallinus, Z. nitidus, Z.

alliarius, Vitrina pellucida, Limnea truncatula, Bulimus obscurus,

Clausilia perversa and var Everettit, Carychium minimum and

Arion ater.

Wood (James W.)—Conchological Notes: Switzerland,
1877.—Hobkirk and Porritt’s Nat., March 1878, vol. i,

pp. 113 and 114.

In this paper, which was originally read before the Concholo-
gical Society, Mr. Wood discourses on the shells which occurred
to him at the Lake of Lucerne, Interlaken, and Neuchatel.

Woods (Rey. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S., F.L.S.)\—On some new
Marine Mollusca.—Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria,
vol. xiv. (issued July 11th, 1878.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879. 79

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)\—On an Australian
variety of Neritina pulligera L.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, 1878, vol. ii, p. 3 to 6.

Variety sz/cata, from Northern Queensland.
Mr. Wood also describes a new species of MWelania-—oncoides
—common in the creeks near Bourke, Darling River.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some new Marine
Shells [dredged off Port Jackson Heads, Australia.]
—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol EASON Ge
to 266.

The shells were dredged at a depth of 45 fathoms by Mr.
John Brazier. The names are—TZerebra lauretane, Turritella
incisa, Cingulina torcularis, Natica subcostata, Raulinia badia
(remarks on the genus), Drillda tricarinata, Rissoina cretacea, and
LR. cylindracea.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some Tertiary
Fossils from New Guinea. eee, Ifa. Soc. New South
Wales, 1878, vol. 11., p. 267 to 268.

Pecten Noveguine is described as new, and Doliwm costatum
Desh. is recorded.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S..—Gn Bulimus Du-

fresnii.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878, vol. iii.,

p- 81 to g1, and plate 7.

The purport of this paper is to shew that the work of cata-
loguing and describing the Australian mollusca has now proceeded
so far as to open the way to the careful study of the variations to
which the species are subject. With this object in view, the
variations of Budimus Dufresnit are studied in detail and several
of them figured.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some Australian
Littorinidze.—Proc.. Linn. Soc New South Wales, 1878,
WOlk Mle, yO. KE wo We,

80 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870.

After a lengthy discussion of the various genera and their
value, the author concludes: first, that the Zzttorinzde of Australia
so closely resemble the genus ZLz¢forina of Europe that they
cannot be generically separated from it. Second, that the genus
fisella should be suppressed, as no permanent generic character
can be defined in it, and there is only one species, which is
extremely variable. Third, that the species known to some authors
as Tectaria pyramidalis is merely Litforina with a double line of
granules, which feature does not entitle it to generic distinction,
since 1t shows it with many other species. If it be considered
that it is destitute of many of the defined characters of Zectarza.
Fourth, that the Australian Zz¢forina Mauritiana is probably
identical with the European Z. cerulescens, and that LZ. sziczac, L.
unifasciata and undulata are merely varieties. Fifth, that all the
Australian species have in the anterior aperture a groove or line,
often conspicuously light in color, which is in some way connected
with the organs of reproduction.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.).—On some Australian
Shells described by Dr. A. Gould.—Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, 1878, vol. i1., p. 250 to 261.

In this paper Mr. Woods reprints from the Proc. Bost. Soc.

Nat Hist., vol. i, i, vil. and vill.. The species are Chzton

guercinus, C. jugosis, C. fruticosus, C. platessa, C.incanus, Patella

cinnamomea, LHaliotis crispata, all from New South Wales;

Amunicola badia and A. egenea from Bank’s Peninsula, New

Zealand; Zrochus sirius (=young form of Carinidea squamifera

according to Mr. Woods) New Holland; Psammobia florida,

Illawara, N. S. Wales; Cyclas egregta, N.S. Wales; Cyrena debilis,

New Holland?; Zornatina apicina, Sydney; Cylichna regularis,

Sydney (=C. arachis Quoy and Gaim., according to Mr. Woods);

Emarginula ( Clypidina) radiata, Sydney (Mr. Woods doubts if

this is distinct from £. australis Lam.); Ringicula denticulata,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879. SI

~ Port Jackson, N.S.W.; Vassaria curta, Port Jackson; JVassa
reposta, Sydney; WV. optata, Sydney; Clathurella peregrina, Sydney ;
Cerithium lacertinum, Sydney; LRissoina flexuosa, Sydney ; Chemi-
nitzia circuimdata, Sydney; AZontlea apicina, Port Jackson; Clan-
culus gucundus, Sydney; Llenchus ocellatus, Sydney; £. exiguus,
Port Jackson; Cantharidus lineolarts, Sydney; Thracia cultrata,
Port Jackson; Lefton concentricum, Sydney; Kellia Lalaustina,
Sydney; Modtolaria varicosa, Sydney; Hmarginula aspera, Sydney ;
and £. ossea, Fiji. Numerous remarks are interjected by Mr.
Woods.

Woods (ev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S..—On some freshwater
shells from New Zealand.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, 1878, vol. 11., pp. 135 to 139 and plate 13.

Mr Woods quotes the conclusions of M. Fischer as given in
the Journal de Conchyliologie for April, 1878, and describes two
new Physe—P. Guyonensis and P. lirata. He also recapitulates
the list of known /P%yse from New Zealand, and includes
remarks on Bythinella coralla Gould, and its allies.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)\—Two new species of
Land Shells.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1878,
vol. iil., pp. 123 to 126 and plate i2.

Flelicarion fumosa from ‘Tasmania, allied to 4. atramentaria
of Dandenong Ranges, Victoria; and Helix mucoddes, Victoria,
allied closely to 4. mucosa Cox, of New South Wales.

Angas (G. French).—Descriptions of IO new shells of the
genera Axinzea and Pectunculus.—P. Z. S., May 6,
1879.

Daniel (John E.)—Pearls in Pecten maximus.—Science,
Gossip, July, 1879. p. 161.

82 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870.

Dubreuil (E.)—Catalogue of land and freshwater mol-
lusks of the department Herault.—Revue des Sciences
Naturelles, 2nd series, vol. i., No. t.

Hesse (P.)—On the mollusk-fauna of Westphalia.—
Nature, Aug. 7, 1879.

Folin (Marquis de).—Distinctive characters of Acme
Dupuyi, A. polita and A. crytomena.—Comptes Ren-
dus, Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1878, vol. xxxil., p. Cxvill.

Marquand (E. D.)—The New Forest.—Sci. Gos., June,
INDSGO)y |Os 1125
Claustlia dubia; Helicella excavata, common; H. fulva;
Flanorbis contortus, abundant; Pistdium pustllum, Carychium
minimum, Numerous in company.

Jourdain (M. S.)—On the termination of the Visceral
Arterioles of Arion rufus.—Comptes Rendus, Ixxxviil.,
No. 4, Jan. 27, 1879.

Gough (Thos.)—Vital tenacity of Succinea putris.—Zool.,
BSloh, US7O, sacl semis, yolk iL, jo, O2,

Kerguelen and Rodriguez.—The Reports of the Transit
of Venus Expedition.—Published as an extra volume of
Philosoph. Trans., June, 1879.

Joliet (M. L.)—On the presence of a Segmentary Organ
in Endoproct Bryozoa.—Comptes Rendus, vol. Ixxxviii.,
INO, S; WO, Bz, VSO:

Stefani (Dott. Carlo de) and Pantanelli (Dott. Dante).—A
New Italian Daudebardia.—Di una nuova Daudebardia
Italiana.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, vol. v., pp. 11 to 12.

D. tarentina, from the hills near Taranto. For its recep-

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 18709. 83

tion Signor de Stefani proposes and characterizes a new subgenus,
Pseudolibania.

Stefani (Dott. Carlo de).—New Central Italian Recent
Mollusca.—Nuove specie di Molluschi viventi nell ‘Italia
Centrale.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879, vol. v., pp. 38 to 48.
Flyalina scotophila De Stef.=H. aguitanica (non Charp.)

Bonelli and Martens, Siena; A. Vallisnerizt We Stef.—Z.

aculeata (non Miiller) De Stef. 1875, Val di Serchio; A. Paznfa-

nellu—H. strigella (now Dyrap.) Pantanelli, Spoleto; Clauszla

Delpretiana De Stefi.=C. cruciata (non Stud.) Gentiluomo=C,

parvula (non Stud.) Bonelli and Martens=C. rugosa (non Drap.)

var. crenulata (non Risso) Strobel, various Italian localities; C.

Pecchiolit De Stef.=C. rugosa (non Drap.) Issel=C. crenulata

(non Risso var. ménor Bonelli, De Stef. &c.=parvu/a (non Stud.)

Paulucci=rwgosa (non Drap.) var. minor Paulucci=rugosa, var,

crenulata, minor Strobel, various Italian localities; Aelgrandia

Bonelliana De Stef., near Siena; and Pomatias Gualfinensis

De Stefi=P. patulum (non Drap.) De Stef., province of Massa.

Watson (Rev. R. B.)—4th Contribution to Mollusca of
Chailenger Expedition (Trochidee and Turbinide).
—KLinn. Soc., June 5, 1879.

Miller and Sketchly.—Subfossil land and freshwater
mollusca of Fenland (60 sp.) p. 323; Marine p. 322
(60 sp.) 1878.

Pollard (Henry).—Conchological Notes.—Hobkirk and
Porritt’s Naturalist, June. 18709, vol. iv., p. 170.
Notices of the occurrence near Leeds of Zonztes glaber,
Claustlia laminata var. albida, also the type, C. rugosa var. tumt-
dula and Helix hispida var. albida.

84 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879.

Studer (Prof. Dr. Th.)—Contributions to the knowledge
of the Lower Animals of Kerguelensland.—Archiv
fiir Naturgesch., 45th year, vol. 1, part. 1., 1 plate.

The Fauna of Kerguelensland: list of the species hitherto
observed, with short notices on their appearance and their Zoo-
geographical relation.

Troschel (——).—Report on researches on the Natural
History of Mollusca during the year 1877.—Archiv.
fiir Naturg., 44th year, vol. i1., part 4.

Valentini _(Eugenio).—Shell-bearing mollusca of the
basin of the Tronto, Italy.—Molluschi conchigliferi
viventi del Bacino del Tronto.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1879,
Wolke Wag Cis 22 wor Bis

The author enumerates a Glandina, 2 Hyalina, 26 Helix,
3 Buliminus, 2 Cionella,1 Stenogyra, 4 Pupa, 10 Claustilia, 2
Succinea, 2 Lymnea, 1 Cyclostoma, 2 Bythinia, a Hydrobia and a
Pisidium—altogether 58 species.

Warren (Amy).—Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
Mayo and Sligo.—Zool., Jan., 1879, 3rd series, vol. ili.,

pp. 25 to 29.

Two Avion, 5 Limax,1 Succinea,1 Vitrina, 6 Zonttes, 13
Helix, 1 Bulimus, 3 Pupa, 5 Vertigo, 1 Balia, 1 Clausilia, 1
Cochlicopa, 1 Carychium, 1 Spherium, 4 Pistdium, 1 Unio, i
Anodon, 1 Neritina, 1 Bythinia, 2 Valvata, 5 Planorbis, 2 Physa,
4 Limnea and 1 Ancylus.

Ward (James).—Vitality of the Common Snail.—Nature,
Aug. 14, 1879, vol. xx., p. 363.

Helix aspersa \ived nearly a year in a closed flower-pot.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1870. 85

Watson (Rev. R. Boog).—Mollusca of Challenger Expe-

dition.— Part IV., Linn. Soc., June 4, 1879.

Angas (G. French).—Account of the land shells collected
by the late W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica.—Zool. Soc.,
June 3, 1870.

G. French Angas gave an account of the land shells collected
by the late W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica. The collection contained
examples of 42 species, of which ro or 12 are believed to be new

to science.

Haernes (R) and Aninger (M)—Die Gastropoden der
Meeres-Ablagerungen der | & 2 miocanen Medi-
terran-Stufe in der oesterreichisch-ungarischen
Monarchie.—1. Wien. ,

Locard (A.)—Description de la faune malacologique
des terrains quarternaires des environs de Lyon.
—Basel: Georg.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On some Tertiary
Fossils from Muddy Creek, Western Victoria.—
Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1879, vol. ili., pp. 222
to 240 and plates 20 and 21.

Triton Prattit, Pisania tenutcostata, Fusus funiculatus,

Pleurotoma Samuelt, Daphnella gracillima, Pleurotoma murndah-

ana, Mangelia lidens, Drillia Trevort, Conus Ralphit, Natica
Wintlet, var. Hamiltonensis, Ancillarta semtlevis, Nassa Tatet,
Cancellaria varicifera, Cerithtum cribariotdes, C. apheles, Triforts
Wilkinsont, T. sulcata, Turritella transenna, 7. platyspira,
Thclotia exigua, Minolta strigata, Liotia lamellosa?, Solarium
acutum, S. Wannonensis, Adeorbis aster, A. acuticarinata, Trochtta
turbinata, Tornatina involuta, Leda inconspicua Reeve, LL.
Huttonit, are described figured or mentioned.

86 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

IS Toe

5 Qc MS eb wia- Gg.

Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in
the chair.
NEW MEMBER.
Mr. W. F. Petterd, @MEZ-S., &c:s of Launceston, Tasmania,
was nominated for membership.

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Third Annual Report of the Society was read by the
Secretary. ‘The session just closed has not been an eventful one,
but the progress of the Society has been steady and the interest
of its meetings well sustained.

NEW MEMBERS.

Five new members have been elected since last Annual
Meeting, viz.:-—Mr. J. D. Butterell of Hull, Mr. Henry Laver,
F.L.S., of Colchester, Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c., of Sydney,
Rey. Herbert Milnes, M.A., of Winster Vicarage, Derby, and
Mr. J. W. Cundall of Bristol.

LIBRARY.
The additions to the Society’s Library have been important
and are as follows :—
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft
—-Elfter Jahrgang. [Mr. R. Scharff.
Illustrirtes Conchylienbuch, herausgegeben von Dr. W. Kobelt,
vierte, funfte sechste lieferungen, [Dr. Kobelt.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87

Synopsis novorum generum, specierum et varietatum molluscorum
viventium testaceorum anno 1877 promulgatorum (exclusis
generibus Heliceorum, Auriculaceorum et pneumonopo-

morum) collegit Dr. W. Kobelt. [Dr. Kobelt.
The Mollusca of the Fiords near Bergen, Norway, by Rev. A. M.
Norman, M.A. [Mr. J. W. Taylor.

Synonymy of and remaiks upon Tasmanian and other shells, with
their geographical distribution, by John Brazier.

[Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.

Die geographische Verbreitung der Binnen-mollusken, by Dr. W.

Kobelt. [Dr. W. Kobelt.

Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. v., Nos. 8 and

9 (Reports on Dredging operations of the U. S. Coast Survey

Steamer ‘‘Blake”). [ Prof. Agassiz.
Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells, by W. F. Petterd of
Launceston, Tasmania. [Mr. W. F. Petterd.
Leeds Geological Association: an Address delivered Oct. 28, 1878,
by Mr. Bi Holgate; F.G:s: [The Association.
On the Variation of Sculpture exhibited in the Shells of the Genus
Nassa, by F. P. Marrat. [Mr. F. P. Marrat.

Label list of the Genus Nassa, by F. P. Marrat. [Mr. F. P. Marrat.

THE COLLECTION.

The donations to the collection have been numerous and
valuable and are as follows :—

Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., of Victoria Park, Man-
chester—Panopea aldrovandi from Faro.

Mr. J. S. Gibbons, M.B., of Southampton—A large and
valuable collection from West Indies, Spanish Main, &c. A full
list of this donation was printed in the notice of the 48th
meeting.

Mr. John Emmett of Boston Spa—Clausilia bidens from
Rome. ;

Mr. J. W. Taylor of Leeds—Cochlicopa tridens var. (Vouletiana

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Dupuy and var. crystal/ina, both from Ilkley, Yorkshire.
EXHIBITS.

The exhibits have been interesting, the most worthy of note
are :—A fossil or subfossil specimen of Succinea oblonga, Drap.,
collected in the alluvium near York by Mr. R. M. Christy of
Brighton ; new species of Phys~ from Queensland; an Amphi-
peplea from New Guinea; a very fine collection of Tasmanian
land and freshwater shells, received by the Secretary from Mr.
W. Legrand of Hobart Town and Mr. W. F. Petterd of Launces-
ton ; a collection of Algerian land shells, collected by Mr. J. H.
' Ponsonby of London, and a number of Australian Physe from
the same gentleman.—These latter are now in the hands of Mr.
Smith of the British Museum, who is examining, with a view to
publication, the Australian freshwater shells.

Mr. Robert Scharff exhibited a fine collection of French
recent land and freshwater shells and fossil freshwater species
from the freshwater beds at Sancats near Bordeaux, also the new
form of Pupa Strobeli, discovered by Mr. Scharff near Bordeaux,
and named by Dr. Beettger of Frankfort v. Scharf in his honor.

A large display has been made at the meetings of Yorkshire
shells by various members, and full particulars are posted in the
Society’s record books.

A large quantity of shells have been distributed amongst
members attending the meetings, the principal donors being Mr.
IR | Schanti Mr Re: Darbishire, BAy) E:G:S., Mx, Charles
Ashford, Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, Mr. W. H. Hay,
and Mr. T. W. Bell.

PAPERS READ.

Among the few papers read during the year, that by our
Vice-President, on collecting in the alluvium—a method that has
not been systematically followed in England, and to which we
trust our fellow members will give attention—was the most import-
ant. The others were :—“ Descriptions of Amphipeplea Petterd?,

ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS. 89

nov. spec., from New Guinea:” by Wm. Nelson ; ‘‘ Descriptions
of Three New Species of //ysa from Queensland: by William
Nelson and John W. Taylor—(the species described. were P.
Brisbanica P. Beddomet and P. fusiformis) ; ‘ Description of
Helix Petierdiana nov. spec., from ‘Tasmania :” by John W. Taylor.

SUGGESTIONS FOR A SERIAL ARRANGEMENT OF
THE VARIATIONS OF OUR BANDED LAND SHELLS.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

(Read before the Conchological Society).

An examination of a large number of individuals of Z.
virgata, caperata, ericetorum and 4. acuwtus has led me to observe
what appear to be analogous changes now going on in these four
_ species respectively, with regard to their colored ornamentation.
And, in selecting these four for consideration, I shall confine my
remarks within these limits, simply because I have had better op-
portunities for observing them, and not because I consider the
suggestions to be offered as inapplicable altogether to the other
banded species.

I will not raise the question whether the three He/zces above-
named derive their origin from a single remote ancestral species,
nor whether the descent of B. acutus was at a still more remote
period a bifurcation from the same stemma, but the varied
ornamentation of their existing forms suggests the probability that
each species is derived from ancestors having the common charac-
teristics of (1) two well defined and continuous zones, one above

go ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS.

and the other below the periphery, the latter being multiple, and
(2) a surface much less sculptured, or diversified by striz, ridges,
plaits or wrinkles than even the smoothest of the four at the
present day.

Circumstances, the causes of which are not evident, have in
the course of time greatly modified the outer surface of the shell.
This I shall endeavour to establish.

It will be admitted by all who have even casually noticed a
few score of these shells, especially if collected from different
localities, that a change in the colored markings has taken place.
When we see a series of forms differing much in the extremes, but
having the characteristics of individuals gliding imperceptibly into
those of their neighbors, the idea first suggested to the mind is
that of progressive change. Now the tendency of the modifica-
tions of color has been towards a gradual breaking-up of the bands
into beads, blotches or multiple zones. Its cause, at least as far
as the beads and blotches are concerned, must be sought for I
think in the more or less coarse ridges in the line of growth. An
examination with the lens will show that those parts of the shell
which are interposed between the segments of the broken zone
are hard and often enamelled processes rising above the level of
the colored parts; and such an examination can hardly fail to
bring the conviction that it is the growth of these processes which
has been the cause of the interception referred to. The existence
of striz then and the fragmentary state of the zones stand to one
another in the relation of cause and effect. But we admit that
the condition of the zones has undergone a change, therefore the
state of the strie has changed also.

This being the case, it seems fair to assume that the first
change which took place in the distinctly zoned progenitors
referred to, manifested itself in the gradual development or
increased development of external striz, of which ridges such as
diversify B. acutus and other shells are only a more pronounced

ASHFORD : ON BANDED LAND SHELLS. gi

and abnormal form. Why these striz should not accept the
coloring matter is not quite clear. Whether by their greater
thickness and opacity they do not allow the pigment to be seen
through their upper surface, or whether from a want of homogeneity
common to all! uncrystallized matter in course of concretion, these
ridges are more indurated than the rest of the shell structure, and
thus less capable of absorbing the pigment, can be determined
only by a microscopic examination of a carefully prepared section.
As these ridges gradually invaded the region of the zones, they
broke here and there into the continuity of the bands; peculiarities
thus formed were transmitted to broods which displayed still
further development of striz, and a change once set up it is not
difficult to follow its progress. How far does the existing state
of the four species under consideration bear out these conclusions?

The four species have evidently not proceeded far7z passu in
their march toward the disintegration of the colored bands. The
modification is most advanced in the case of ZB. acut¢us (among
the individuals of which species it is very rare to find one with
perfectly continuous bands though one of the two may often be
so), and is least advanced in the case of ZW. estcetorum (among
which broken bands are the exception). A. caperata and virgata
take their places between these two extremes in the order named.
Now when we come to examine the sculpture of these species we
find, if we direct our attention to large numbers of individuals
and not to exceptional cases, that B. acutus has the ridges most
pronounced and irregular, while &. ericeforwm has a comparatively
smooth shell. The other two in this respect also, take interme-
diate positions and in the same order as before. So far then as
regards these species, their several tendencies to a disintegration
of the bands are in direct proportion to their tendencies to
acquire prominent, irregular, enamel-like ribs.

The interruption of the upper zone having once commenced
it may be observed to have taken two courses in the progress of

g2 ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS.

change—one towards obliteration, the other towards diffusion.
In cases where the secretive power of the color glands has
become defective, less coloring matter has been deposited, the
beads have become more separated, first at the remote apex, then
gradually lower down the whorls, until in time individuals have
been produced totally devoid of vestiges of an upper band. On
the contrary in cases where the secretive organ has retained its
vigour, or for some reason or other has become increased in
energy the superabundant pigment supplied, unable to find access
to the enamelled ribs has diffused itself transversely into the
more porous structure of the intervening parts, producing those
blotches of color which give to so many shells their marbled
appearance. Examples of this occur in all the four species under
consideration, but are especially noticeable, as might be expected
from what has been already said, in a large percentage of
individuals of 4. acutus. Indeed instances are not wanting at
any rate in three of the species, in which this diffusion has
extended to the whole surface of the shell which then presents the
phenomenon of a monochrome divided only by the uncolored
striz, when present. I am not at all prepared to assert that the
irregular patches of color on all heliciform shells which possess it,
indicate zoned progenitors, it would require an infinitely better
acquaintance with exotic forms than I possess to make so general
an assertion. But I should not be suprised if facts are found to
support such a hypothesis.

If these views be correct, as I think they are as regards the
species under consideration, it will follow that the variety dzzona
of B. acutus, far from having been converted by circumstances
exterior or organic from the ordinary phase of that species to its
present pretty ornamentation, exhibits on the contrary that state
which retains most of the characteristics of far earlier forms. It
has been left behind in the march of change, outstripped by the
great mass of individuals of that species. Therefore in

ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS. 93

any attempt to display a species in natural sequence in a
museum the var. d¢zona should stand at the head of the series
representing B. acutus. The same applies to the clear banded
var. of H. caperata. they were once typical but simply from decrease
of numbers have become varietal. In the cases of A. virgata.
and ericetorum the changes of surface have made slower progress
and those individuals which retain the zones unbroken, still form
the majority of their kind. An examination of the var. dzzona of
B. acutus however reveals the fact that their bands are more or
less giving way. The colony of them on High Down near,
Freshwater, though numerous, occupy but a limited nook; and
though among themselves they doubtless produce dzzonas “after
their kind,” yet from constant intercourse with their less richly
ornamented neighbours, which surround them and to some extent
wander into their pasture ground, it is not difficult to foresee a
time when their posterity will have become undistinguishable from
the prevailing type, while ages will probably pass before the band-
ed individuals of H. ertceforum become a mere variety of their
kind.

A not unnatural arrangement of the variations of these species
would therefore seem to be after this manner :—

Specimens with continuous upper band:

ee eee

I 2
A—Band just breaking into beads. #—Band breaking into segments.
&—Band fairly broken into beads. /—With severed portions more
[ diffused.
C—Band eliminated on upper whorls. G—Still more diffused. *
|
CC—Band just perceptible. GG—Whole surface marbled.
D—Without upper band. H—Monochrome shell.

*Many shells, having reached this stage of diffusion. appear to degenerate,
the patches becoming gradually obliterated till section Dis reached though
a different channel.

94 ASHFORD: ON BANDED LAND SHELLS.

We come now to the consideration of the second primitive
zone situated bclow the periphery. This I think was multiple in
all the four species, but it is almost impossible to detemine the
number of the group when it existed before changes set in.

These changes have been so numerous that it is very difficult
to suggest a mode of classification at all methodical, but this is
the less to be regretted as the undersides are less generally exposed
to view in museums. ‘They are not however on that account less
worthy of attention. The modification of this multiple zone are
chiefly conspicuous (1) by the nonproduction of some or all of
its members; (2) by their multiplication; (3) by their confluence;
(4) by obliteration (5) by diffusion. The causes of the last two—
obliteration and diffusion—appear to be the same as those which
have prevailed on the upper side, but since the striz are usually
less developed below we are not surprised to find as the result
that the inferior zone shows more power of endurance than the
superior one, and sometimes exists entire when the latter has be-
come obliterated. The causes of absence, multiplication and con-
fluence must be looked for rather in modifications of the secretive
glands of the animal than in the outer structure of the shell.
Examples of these variations aresonumerous in the case of the three
ffelices that we need only remark upon the Axz/imus. Instances
of a compound zone occasionally occur in the case of B. acutus;
but as this species has reached a more advanced stage of change
than the /e/sces they are less frequent. It may be objected that
these exceptions may be accounted for by multiplication asin the
equally exceptional six and seven-banded individuals of . nemo-
valis, and that had the original ancestors of B. acutus possessed
such a compound zone more frequent vestiges of it would be
found among the very numerous individuals which retain the
inferior band. This objection has great weight; but does not
the fact (as I believe it to be,) that the exceptions referred to
occur only among individuals of the var. 4zzona—the section of

GIBBONS: ON RHYTIDA CAFFRA. 95

the species which has suffered least change—account for their
absence among the more advanced typical forms. Again, may not
the darker shade of color, which often prevails between the zone
and the umbilicus of all varieties of JB. acwtus, be such a vestige
diffused into a monochrome ? If not, how is this latter to be
accounted for ?

As this paper is merely suggestive it is hardly necessary to
tabulate the undersides, but a series exhibiting the most striking
phases should find a place in collections intended like our
museums for educational purposes. Series exhibiting variations
of size and shape should also not be omitted since the latter,
more especially, may have a most important bearing upon the
origin of species.

ON RAVTIDA CAFFRA Fé.

By J. S. GIBBONS, M.B.

Shell ovato-orbicular, umbilicate, coarsely rugoso-striate;
whorls 34 to 4, last twice breadth of spire, latter flattened;
epidermis thick, reflected over edge of peristome, dark greenish-
yellow, transversely streaked with olive-green; interior lined with
a thin milky-white membrane.

Length 1.18; breadth 1.87.

Animal has the body elevated in front with a broad, rounded
dorsum; sides deeply concave; margin of foot slightly spreading;
behind the posterior part of the body is broadly lanceolate,
tapering to a sharp end, depressed, but bearing a distinct keel;
color a dull opaque-grey on the sides—dorsum a rather rich
yellowish-umber color, with darker brown along the tail behind
and with three broad streaks in front; one mesial, the other
somewhat lateral and running from the collar to near the oral

96 GIBBONS: ON RHYTIDA CAFFRA.

tentacles, being connected to the ocular by a branch; in front of
shell the surface is strongly granuloso-striate in an anteriorly
oblique direction; behind the striz run the reverse way; three
close sulcze separated by rounded granular ridges pass from the
collar to the head along the middle; ocular tentacles long and
spreading, conical; oral, cylindrical and directed horizontally
forwards, labial pair, short, thick, conico-triangular—angulate on
the outer side, protruding almost directly outwards, or at right
angles to the oral pair—all the tentacles are dark greyish-brown,
finely, but distinctly granulate.

Collected at Port Natal and Port Elizabeth. Not a common
species at either place and almost invariably dead. It is said to
burrow in the sandy soil during dry weather, and on the rare
occasions when it has been taken alive, to have usually occurred on
or near animal matter.

I kept a live specimen in a tumbler for some little time in
order to observe the animal, and afterwards for a month or two
in a dry box; it made no attempt to attach the aperture of the
shell to anything or to close“it with an epiphragm. ‘The labial
tentacles are employed as feelers, being constantly applied to the
surface on which the animal walks. They are protruded and
withdrawn with great celerity and while the animal is in motion
are never still fora moment. The oral pair on the contrary being
kept steadily pointed forwards. When the animal reached the
top of the tumbler, and the front half of the body was free,
these tentacles would be protruded to their full extent and curved
downwards in search of something on which to continue the
journey. When fully extended it is seen that the oral and labial
tentacles arise close together but not from a common base.

I fed my specimen on boiled potatoe, which it ate with ap-
parent relish. Previously it had taken the anterior end of a small
living Zxnea into its mouth, and retained it there until I re-

moved it.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 97

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Sed :

Angas (G. French, C.M.Z.S., &c.)—Descriptions of two
genera and twenty species of marine shells from
New South Wales.—P. Z. S., 1877, p. 34 to 40 and
plate v.

The two new genera are JZicrovoluta and Czrsone/ia—the
latter of which is placed provisionally among the Zrochide: it
differs from Cvossea A. Ad., Puiilla A. Ad., Microthyca A. Ad.,
and Umbonella A. Ad., by characters which are pointed out. The

new species are Purpura ( Cronia) anomala, Microvoluta australis,

Columbella (Anachis) speciosa, Turbonilla festiva, Cingulina

Braziert, Apicalia Guenthert, Cerithiopsis purpurea, Conus

(Stephanoconus) Smithi, Drillia amula, Mangelia Jacksonensis,

M. flavescens, Clathurella Brenchleyt, C. rufozonata, C. pustulata,

C. modesta, Cuirsonella australis, Ethalia Braziert, Myonia

stnuata, Tornatina Hofmani and Tornatina Brenchleyz.

Angas (G. French, C.M.Z.S., &c.)—Descriptions of a new
genus of Gasteropodous mollusca from Japan,
and of a new species of Bullia from Kurrachi.—
P. Z.S., June 5, 1877, pp. 529 and 530 and plate liv.

The new genus Zhatcherta cannot as yet—in the absence of

a knowledge of the operculum—be allocated to its precise generic

position; but is for the present referred to the sub-family Aus/ne.

The new species— 7. mirabilis—is founded on a unique example

from the Japan seas. The new species of Bud/da—B. (Leio-

domus) Kurrachensts, was collected by Mr. Angas’ daughter at

Kurrachi.

98 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Bennett (George, M.D., F.L.S.)—Notes on the Pearly
Nautilus.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1877, 4th ser.,

vol. &X., pp. 331 to 334.

Note on its habits and habitat. The author agrees with Dr.
Jeffreys in stating that it is a mistake to suppose that Vawtilus
and .Spzvu/a are deep sea molluscs.

Benoit (Cav. Luigi) and Grillo (Giuseppe Granata).—Sulla
Venus Joenia, n. sp.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol.
ill., pp. 61 to 64 and plate i.
Various localities in the Italian seas are given for this species,
which from the synonymy, appears to have been hitherto con-
sidered merely as a variety of V. Casina L.

Brazier (John, C.M.Z.S.)—Description of a new Murex, :
collected at Port Darwin, by W. T. Bednall.—Proc.
imme) Socks Ne Ss.) Walessrd77. vol. i, pp) andy 7:

M. (Pieronotus) Bednalli, allied to AZ. eurypleron Reeve and

MM. expansus Sow.

Brazier (John, C.M.Z.S.)—Mollusca of Chevert Expedi-
tion (continued).—Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877, vol.

bs Oh Te KO) Oy Be Woy Sty, ieiwoy A) Moy KO) Sais Ss) 1) OO, Fah 0

89, 126 to 135, 143 to 145.

One Zurritella, 1 Siphonium, 6 Vermetus, 1 Bivonia, 3 Cla-
adopoda, 1 Tangadus, 1 Tenagodus, 2 Stliquarus, 2 Onustus, 1
Xenophora, 3 Calyptrea, 1 Galerus, 1 Capulus, 1 Amathina and
6 Vantkoro are catalogued. ‘The localities are the same as in the
previous papers of the series. Three WVerzta, 1 Thelostyla, (s. g.
of Werita), 9 Neritina and s. genera Vitta, Dostiaand lVeripteron,
1 Lutropia, 1 Turbo, 5 Senectus, 1 Pachypoma, 3 Ltotia, i
Umbonium, 1 Angaria, 1 Trochus, 2 Tectus, 1 Polydonta, 2
Clanculus, 1 Monodonta, 4 Euchelus, 2 Ti halotia, 8 Liziphinus,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 99

3 Eutrochus, 1 Monilea, 7 Stomatella (one of them, S. ornata
N.E. Australia, allied to the New Caledonian S. fzcta Montrouz.,
and 5S. stellata Souv. is described as new), 1 Gena, 4 Haliotts, 1
Teinotts, 12 Lucapina, 1 Macrochisma, 1 Rimula, 4 Emarginula,
1 Scutus, 16 Dentalium (the new species are D. decemcostatum,
New Guinea, D. duodecimcostatum, Torres Straits, D. robustum,
New Guinea, J. Katowense, New Guinea, D. septemcostatum,
North Australia, D. guadricostatum, N.E. Australia, Torres
Straits, New Guinea, D. annulosum, N.E. Australia (allied to D.
politum L. and YD. feve, N.E. Australia and Torres Straits), 1
Scutellina, 1 Patella, 2 Tontcia, 2 Chiton, 1 Schizochtton, 2
Cryptoplax, 1 Acteon, 5 Buccinulus, 5 Ringicula, (one of them
new—J&. adbyssicola, Darnley Is., Torres Straits), 1 Aplustrum, 5
Cylichna (one new—C. minuta, Darnley I.), 2 AZnestia (one new
—M. granosa, Darnley I.), 5 Zornatina, 1 Volvuia, 2 Bulla, 4
Haminea (one new—f. decora, N.E. and N. Australia), 3
Scaphander (S. multistriata, new, Darnley I1.), 13 Atys (of which
are described as new—A. Darnieyensis, A. Cheverti, A. pulchra,
A. densa, A. dubtosa, all from Darnley I., Torres Straits), 2
Philine, 2 Dolabella, 1 Aplysia, 2 Pythia, 4 Cassidula, 4 Auricula,
2 Lleconema, 1 Laimodonta, 7 Melampus, 3 Siphonaria, 3

Nautilus, 2 Cavolina and 1 Stnusigera.

Brot (Dr. Aug.)—Catalogue of the genus Canidia.—
Catalog der Gattung Canidia H. Adams.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal.
Ges., Oct. 1877, vol. iv., pp. 299 to 300.

Thirteen species cited.

Brot (Dr. Aug.)—Catalogue of the genus Clea.—Catalog
der Gattung Clea H. Adams.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges., Oct.
1877, vol. iv., p. 300.

Two species enumerated.

100 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Cash (William, F.G.S.)—Notes on carboniferous Cepha-
lopoda.—Part I, Recent Cephalopoda.—Extract from
Proc. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. West Riding of Yorkshire, 1877,
new series, vol. 1., 23 pages and plate xi.

The author having taken up the study of fossil Cephalopoda
has in this paper prefaced his account by a sketch of the general
organization and classification of the recent species, their distri-
bution and phylogeny.

Dall (W. H.)\—On Alaskan Brachiopoda.—Reports on the
Brachiopoda of Alaska and the adjacent shores of Northwest
America).—Article III. of the Scientific Results of the
Exploration of Alaska, June, 1877, pp. 45 to 62, also Proc.
Ace Nateseta bhi 1877-5 pps nS. ton 70:

The distribution, &c., of the 10 Alaskan species is duly
noted and synonymy given. ‘The author then points out that
species of A/agasel/a appear to co-exist with other species of the ~
group which they to some extent resemble. He discusses this
subject from various points of view, rejects the notion that the
Magaselle are young of the other species, and finally concludes
in favour of a modified evolutional view, accepting the idea that
species are sometimes modified suddenly:

Dall (W. H.)—Index of Names of Brachiopoda.—Index
of names applied to the class, orders, tribes, families, genera,
subgenera, and sections of the Brachiopoda (excluding the
Rudistes) previous to the year 1877.—Bulletin of the U.S.
Nat. Museum, No. 8, 1877, 88 pages.

The index of names arranged alphabetically and with full
references and dates, forms the principal part of the paper.
This is followed by a systematic list of the genera, a list of the
species described by Linnzeus and their modern equivalents, and
a table showing approximately the known distribution of the chief
groups of Brachiopoda in geological time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. IO

Dall (W. H.)—On the Californian species of Fusus.—
Proc. California Acad., 19 March, 1877.

Dall (W. H.)—Preliminary descriptions of new species
of mollusks from the Northwest Coast of
America.—Proc. California Ac. Sci., 19 March, 1877.
Chrysodomus crebricostatus, C. brunneus, C. roseus, Volutopsis

callorhinus, Liomesus nux, Buccinum castaneum, and (?) var.

tricarinatum, B. picturatum, B. fringillum, Trophon muriciformts,
and Pandora grandis.

Fielden (Capt. H. W., C.M.Z.S.)—Arctic Moiluscan Fauna.

—Zool., Oct., 1877, 3rd series, vol. 1., pp. 435 to 440.

Capt. Fielden refers to the feeling of disappointment
expressed by Mr. Smith and Dr. Jeffreys and points out that they
did not take into consideration the fact that the species were
truly arctic and did not include collections made in Davis’ Straits
and Baffin’s Bay. Capt. Fielden believes that species thinning out
northwards his collections fairly represent the fauna of the extreme
north. He discusses the causes of the absence of mollusca in
the northern seas, and gives a table of the number of species
collected by various expeditions, in which the “Valorous” figures
for 122, Belcher for 45, Hayes for 21 and Fielden for 35, the
respective latitudes being 60°—70°, 75°—77°, 78°—79°, 79°—
82° 30’ North.

Friele (Hermann).—Preliminary Report on meollusca
from the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition
in 1876.—N. Mag. for Naturvidenskaberne, vol. xxiii,
JGISHE Be KSI F

The new species are:—JMontacuta Voeringt, Astarte acutd-
costata Jeff., Arca Frielet Jeff., Cyclostrema FPetersent, Rissoa

102 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Wyville-Thomsont Jefl., Certthium Danielseni, Buccinum Morchi,
fusus Mohnt, F. turgidulus Jeff., Bela ovalis, B. Willec and
Philine Osstan-Sarst.

Grillo (Giuseppe Granata)—On Cirropteron semilunare

Sars, and on the new subgenus Monophorus.—

Sul Cerropteron semilunare Sars, e del nuovo sottcgenre

Monophorus.— Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. iii., pp. 54 to

63 an tav. 11.

The genus Cz7ropteron is diagnosed, also the species is
figured. The subgenus JZonophorus is differentiated from Z7iphoris,
and instituted for reception of Cerithium nigrocinctum C. B. Ad.,
whose characters are given.

Hilgendorf (H.)—A new recent Pleurotomaria.—-Sitzungo-
Bericht der Ges. Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin vom -
20 Marz 1877.

P. Beyrichit Hilg., Japanese seas.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Introductory remarks on the provinces
of the marine fauna in the North Pacific Ocean.—
Einleitende Bemerkung tiber die Provinzen der marinen
Fauna im nordpacifischen Ocean.—Nachrichtsblatt d. deuts.
Mal. Ges., April and May, 1877, vol. ix., pp. 33 to 35.

A summary of Capt. W. H. Dall’s views.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of genus Murex (exclud-
ing Trophon, Vitularia and Typhis).—Catalog der
Gattung Murex Lam. (excl. gen. Trophon, Vitularia and
Typhis).—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., April, 1877, vol. iv., pp.
141 to 161, July, 1877, vol. iv., pp. 238 to 252.

Arranging them under the subgenera Z>zbulus, Chicoreus,
Phyllonotus, Homatocantha, Pteronotus, Cerastoma and Ocinebra,
Dr. Kobelt enumerates in all 263 species of AZuzex.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 103

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Vitularia
Swainson.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., July, 1877, vol. iv.,

pp. 252 and 253.

Five species enumerated.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—On Northern Mollusca.—Zur Kenntniss
der nordischen, Mollusken.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., July,
LO WOR Win WO BS key BOL
Notes on Montacuta Voeringi Friele, Astarte acuticostata

Jeff., Arca Freelet Jeff., Malletia cuneata Jeff., Pecten fragilis Jeff.,

filidium commodum Midd., Cyclostrema FPetersent Friele, Rzssoa

Wyvitle-Thomsont Jeff., Cerithium Danielsent Friele, Luccinum

Morcht Friele, Fusus Berniciensts King, & ebur Morch nec

Kobelt, & dachesis Morch, / Sabini Gray, & Mohnit Friele, #

turgidulus Jeff., Pleurotoma (Lela) ovalis Friele, P. (B.) Willed

Friele and Phzline Osstan-Sarst Friele.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Typhis.—
Catalog der Gattung Typhis Montf.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges.

Oi, WONG, WO, Tee, |), BO 10 Bicioy

Highteen species enumerated.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Bullia.—
Catalog der Gattung Bullia Gray.—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges.,

Oct., 1877, vol. iv., pp. 289 to 294.
Thirty-five species, divided into two sections, viz. Bulla
sensu stricto and Pseudostrombus are enumerated.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Eburna.—
Catalog der Gattung Eburna Lamarck.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal.
(Ces, OLS 1877, VOL i. jo. 2OL KO BOR.

Eleven species enumerated.

104 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Hindsia.—
Catalog der Gattung Hindsia A. Adams.—Jahrb. Deuts.
Mala(Gess Oct 1677 vol Iv. Dp. 2O0)tOuz.

Fourteen species enumerated.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Cyllene.—
Catalog der Gattung Cyllene Gray.—Jahrb. deuts. Mal. Ges.,
Oct., 1877, vol. iv., pp. 297 to 299. ;

Nineteen species enumerated.

Kobelt (Dr. W.)—Catalogue of the genus Voluta.—
Catalog der Gattung Voluta Lam. (em.)—Jahrb. deuts. Mal.
Ges Oct, asi 7avOlmlvs: spaagel.

Seventy-five species are enumerated, and the following
sections of the genus adopted for their reception:—Volua, sensu
stricto, Harpula Swainson, Fulgoraria Schum., Vespertilio (Klein)
Crosse, Aulica Crosse, Amoria Gray, Alcithoe Ad., Cymbiola
Swainson, Volutella D’Orbigny, Psephea Crosse, Ausoba Adams,
Volutilithes Swains,, Volutoconus Crosse, Callipara Gray, Aurinia
Ad., and AZamillana Crosse.

Koren (J.) and Danielsen (D.)—Descriptions of six new
species of the gastropod tribe Solenopus M. Sars.
= Anchen Vath Natury.. 1107/7 aol. i Nos 2. pprmzo te
128,

Marrat (Ff. P.)—On forty proposed new forms in the
genus Nassa.—Liverpool, July 1st, 1877, 8vo., 16 pages
and coloured plate.

Moebius (Karl).— Oysters and Oyster-culture.— Die
Auster und die Austerwirthschaft, Berlin, 1877, map and
9 woodcuts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 105

Monterosato (A. de).—Shells of Civita Vecchia.—Notizie
sulle conchiglie della rada de Civita Vecchia.—Annali del.
Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Genova, vol. ix., p. 407.

One hundred and eighty-two species, of which Cyclostrema
catenotdes and Turritella turbona are new. For Fatella Gussoni
is created a new genus Scutulum.

Morch (Dr. O. A. L.)—Conchological Notices.—Concho-
logische Mittheilungen.—Nachrichtsblatt d. deuts. Mal.
Ges., June and July, 1877, vol. ix., pp. 58 to 59.

The notes refer to species of /usus, Buccinum, Cassis, Triton,

Dolium and Strombus.

Norman (Rev. A. Merle, M.A.)\—On two new British
Nudibranchiate Mollusca.—Annals and Mag. Nat.
list Decry 1377) 3) pages:

Llolis sanguinea from Roundstone Bay, Connemara; and

Lomonotus Hancocki, dredged off Berry Head, Torbay.

Paulucci (M.)—On the genus Struthiolaria (2nd article).
—Ancora del genere Struthiolaria Lamarck.—Bull. Soc.
Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. ill., pp. 49 to 53.

The authoress gives an account of her examination of the
shells of this genus in the museums of Paris and London.

Pagenstecher (H. A.)—Mollusca from the coasts of
the Red Sea.—Kossman, Robby, Zoologische Ergebuisse
einer Reise in die Ktistengebiete des rothen Meeres. II.
Mollusca, bearbeitet von. H. A. Pagenstecher.

One hundred and twenty-six species, from Massowah and
Dahlak Island. The new species are Jsognomon flabellum,;
Cerithium Lsseliz-Savigny, t. 4, f. 1 and 2; Pusto Kossmanni; and
Crepidodores (n. g.) plumbea.

106 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Schmeltz (J. D. E.)—Contributions to Molluscan Geo-
graphy.—Beitrage zur Mollusken-Geographie.—Nachrichts- °
blatt d. deuts. Mal. Ges., Oct., 1877, vol. ix., pp. 81 to 82.
The localities given of 16 species of Aazel/a in the Museum

Godeffroy at Hamburgh.

Taie (Prof. R.)—Description of two new Marine Gastro-
poda from South Australia.

Trochocochlea chloropoda, on rocks below tide mark, Coymbra
and near Wilson’s Bluff; L£¢halia (?) cancellata, shell sand,
Holdfast Bay, St. Vincent’s Gulf, Streaky and Fowler’s Bays (pl.
Wan 1M, ae Sea),

Tate (Prof. R.)\—Zoologica and Palzeontologica Miscel-
lanea, chiefly relating to South Australia.—1879.

On a new species of fossil Lamellibranchiata for which anew
genus is erected:—Zenatiopsis angustata (pl. v., fig. 6a, 60), from
the older tertiary of Muddy Creek, Hamilton, Victoria and the
upper Murravian near Morgan on the River Murray. Four new
species of Kel/tade are also described:—Lepton crassum (pl. v.,
fig. 9), ZL. planiusculum (fig. 12), L. trigonale (fig. 5), and Bythinia
gemmata (fig. 8).

Tate (Prof. R.)—Descriptions of new species of South

Australian Pulmoniferous snails.

Four species new to science are described, and a var. of
Bulimus indutus Menke—pallidus—differentiated. The new
species are Helix subsecta, Port Wakefield Scrub (pl. v., fig. 2a, 20;
HT, Nullaborica, Nullabor plain (pl. v., fig. ta, 14); Bulimus
stnistrorsus, Peelunibie (pl. v., fig. 4); Plecotrema ciliata, Port
Adelaide and Streaky Bay (pl. v., fig. 7a, 72).

Call (R. E.)—Reversed Melanthones.—Am. Nat., vol. xiv.,
p. 207, March, 1880.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 107

From investigations made it was found that in their youngest
state 2 per cent. of AZ. zntegér and MM. rufus and about 14 of
MM. decisus were sinistral. Compared with specimens collected,
only about 1-tenth per cent. would appear to survive to reach
maturity.

The author accounts for sinistration and various malforma-
tions by the crowded position of the embryo.

Tiberi (Dott. N.)—Cefelopodi, Pteropodi, Eteropodi,
viventi nel Mediterraneo e fossili nel terreno terzi-
ario Italiano, con aggiunte e correzione.—Cepha-
lopoda, Pteropoda and Heteropoda existing in the Mediter-
ranean or fossil in the Italian territories.

Witter (Prof. F. M.)—Land and freshwater mollusks ofs
Muscatine County, lowa.—History of Muscatine County,
8vo., 1879, p. 332 and 333.

The list has no localities (simply indication of scarcity or
abundance) and includes 20 species or varieties of Helix, 1 of
Cionella, 4 of Pupa, 3 Succinea, 1 Limax, 1 Tebennophorus, 1
Carychium, 4 Limnea, 3 Physa, 6 Planorbis, 1 Segmentina, 1
Ancylus, 1 Valvata, 1 Lioplax, 1 Melantho, 1 Vivipara, 2
Amanicola, 1 Bythinella, 1 Somatogyrus, 1 Fleurocera, 3 Spherium,
1 Pisidium, 17 Anodonta, 5 Margaritana, and 43 of Unzo.

Witter (Prof. F. M.)—Notes on Wyoming Hills.—A paper
read before the Muscatine Academy of Science, June 2,
1879, 8vo., 4 pages.

This paper includes notes on various species of subfossil
shells, and a few recent ones. ‘Those cited include Lzmnea
desidiosa Say, Succinea obliqua Say, S. avara Say, Helix lineata

108 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Say, 1. minuscula Binney,- Pupa corticaria Say., P. armifera Say,
ffelix thyroides, &c. Wyoming is on the Mississippi River, in the
state of Iowa.

Hildebrandt (A.)—The Science Index: a monthly guide to
the contents of the scientific periodicals—gto., 60 pp.,
colored cover, now includes 50 periodicals.

Tate (Prof. R.)—Notes on the Conchology of King

George’s Sound.

A list of 18 species of marine shells found in shell sand
brought from the locality by Prof. John Davidson, and which
were not previously recorded, two species are described as new,
Turbinella erubescens (pl. v., fig. 10) and U¢riculus apiculatus

(plwv.; tieny3)):

Smith (Edgar A.)—Diagnoses of New Species of Pleu-
rotomide in the British Museum.—Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., June, 1877, 4th series, vol. xix., pp. 488 to 5or.
P. amicta, Sandwich Islands; P. Nellie, Mauritius; P.

Ceylonica, Ceylon; P. acutigemmata, Hab.?; P. retusispirata,

Hab.?; P. cognata, Australia; P. antipodum, New Zealand; P.

multisertata, Ceylon, Persian Gulf and China Seas; 2 albo-

Jasciata, Sandwich Islands; P. zealandica, New Zealand; P.

(Driliia) chocolatum, Goza Harbour, Japan; P. (D.) subochracea,

China Seas; P. (D.) Mindanensis, Mindanao Island, Philippines;

P. (D.) rotundicostata, Hab.?; P. (D.) latisinuata, China;

P. (D.) nodilivata, Philippines; P. (D.) variabilis, Hab.?; P.

(D.) Atkinsoni, Hab.?; P. (D.) angusta, China Sea; P. (D.)

acuta, New Guinea; P. (D.) multilirata, Port Jackson?; P. (D.)

consociata, Hab.?; P. (D.) tntertincta, China Seas & Philippines;

P. (D.) maorum, New Zealand; P. (D.) Prattit, Hab.?; P.

(D.) excavata, Hab.?; P. (D.) concolor, Moluccas and China;

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. 109

LP. (D.) digna, California; P. (Clionella) Bornit, Cape of Good
Hope; P. (C.) Kraussi, Cape of Good Hope; P. (C_) dipartita,
South Africa, Port Elizabeth; 2. (C.) subventricosa, South Africa;
and P. (C.) platystoma, Cape of Good Hope.

Smith (Edgar A.)—Descriptions of New Species of
Conideze and Terebridge.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. iste
March 1877, ath series, vol. xix., pp. 222 to Zee
Conus brevis, Hab.?; C. croceus, Hab.?; C. propinguus=C.,

tenuisuicatus Sow., P.Z.S., 1873, p. 145, pl. xv., f 2 (name pre-

occupied); C. zxconstans, Hab.?=C. magellanicus, Kiister (non

Eiwass)| Conch’ Cab.5 pl. 60, f 2=3; C. Juscomaculatus, Hab.?;

Lerebra melanacme, Cape Sima, Japan; TZ: ¢tricincta, Persian Gulf ;

T. persica, Persian Gulf; 7: bathyrhaphe, Gulf of Yedo, Japan;

T. albozonata, Matoza Harbour, Japan; Z: Pellyi, Persian Gulf;-

T. Grayt, Hab.P=T! gracilis Gray, P.Z.S., 1834, p. 61 (name
preoccupied by a fossil species); 7: (Wyurella ) fuscobasts, Persian
Gulf; Z) (AZ) fuscocincta, Persian Gulf; 7: (A. ) Mac Andrewit,
Persian Gulf; 7: (Af) cognata, Persian Gulf; 7: (Fastula) rufo-
punctata, Hab.?; and 7. (Z.) confusa. The synonymy of the
last is given, as also of its allies 7: (Zmpages ) cerulescens Lam.,

Tahiti, Philippines, Red Sea; 7: (Hastula) cinerea Born. (West
Indies.

Smith (Edgar A.)\—On the mollusca collected during
the Arctic Expedition of 1875—76.—Ann. and Mag.

Nat. HMist., Aug., 1877, 4th series, vol. xx., pp. 131 to 146
and woodcuts.

Thirty-four species comprise the whole collection. These
are:—Pleurotoma (Lela) violucea Migh. and Ad. 3 Fusus (Stpho)
tortuosus? Reeve; Bucccinum hydrophanum Hanc.; B. Belcher,
var. (woodcut); B. sericatum Wane. (cut); Zrichotropis tenuts,
new (woodcut), Z. dorealis Brod and Sow.; Velutina (Morvillia )

1 fe) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

zonata var. grandis; Natica affinis Gmel.; Trochus (Margarita)
umbilicalis Brod. and Sow.; Z. (MZ) glawa Moller; TZ: (IZ)
sp. jun.; Chiton ( Tonicia) marmoreus Fab.; Lepeta ceca O. F.

Mill.; Bulla (Cylichna) alba Brown; B. (C.) striata Brown; ~ -

Onchidiopsis grenlanaica Bergh., Eolts salmonacea Contr. ; Tellina
(Macoma) tenera Leach; Lyonsta arenosa Moller, Cardium
Tslandicum L.; Axinus Gouldit? Philippi; MWucula inflata Hance. ;
Leda pernula Miull.; L. minuta, var, Fab.; L. glactalis Leach;
Astarte semisulcata Leach; A. striata Leach; A. fabula Reeve;
2A. Warehami Hanc., Mya truncata L.; Saxtcava arctica L.;
Modiolaria levigata Gray; and Pecten ( Pseudamustum ) grenlan-

dicus Sowerby. :

Stearns (R. E. C.)—Description of a New Species of
Dolabella from the Gulf of California, with
remarks on other rare or little known species
from the same region.—Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.—Philad
1878, pp. 325-401.

Sutor (Dr. Aug.)—The Genus Harpa: A Conchological
study.—Das Genus Harpa. Eine Concholiogische Studie.
—Jahrb. Deuts. Mal. Ges., April, 1877, iv. 97 to 129 and
colored plates 4 and 5.

The species cited are H ventricosa Lam., HZ. costata (L.),

HE. articularis Lam., H. nablium Martini, 4. “igata (Menke)

Sutor, HZ. conoidalis V.am., A. crenata Swainson, #. rosea Lam.,

Hl. nobilis Lam., H. minor Lam., H. crassa Philippi, 1. graceles

Broderip, Z. s¢vzata Lam., H. Cabritit Bernardi, H. cancellata

Chemn., and H. virginalis J. Gray in “att. (Sowerby.)

Tiberi (Dott. N.)}—Some historical ideas as to Argo-
nauta.—Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. iil., pp. 160 to 164.

Vayssiere (M. A.)—On a New Genus of the Family
Tritoniidge.—Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Acad. des

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. nai

Sciences, July 30, 1877, p. 299.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Oct., 1877, 4th series, vol. xx., p. 367.

A Tritonid captured in the Gulf of Marseilles at a depth of
50 métres, is named MZarzouza, allied to Dendronotus and Scyllea.

Verkruzen (T. A.)—List of shells collected in 1876 in
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.—Liste der von T.
A. Verkruzen. in 1876 in Neufundland und Nova Scotia
gesammelten Mollusken.—Nachrichtsblatt d. deuts. Mal.
Ges; ume ands julyserd7 7) vOleixes pp 52) £057.

Ninety-two species of the genera Solen, Solecurtus, Glycimerts,
Mya, Thracia, Montacuta, Saxicava, Mactra, Tellina, Axinus
(Cryptodon), Astarte, Cyprina, Cardium, Cardita, Mytilus,
Modiola, Modtolaria, Crenella, Fecten, Lima, Anomia, Utriculus,
Chiton, Tectura, Lepeta, Pilidium, Puncturella (Cemoria), Mol-
leria, Margarita, Skenea, Rissoa, Lacuna, Litorina, Scalaria,
Acirsa, Turritella, Menestho, Velutina, Natica, Bela, Purpura,
Trichotropis, Buccinum, Fusus, Yoldia and Venus.

Wiegmann (Fritz)—Contributions to the Anatomy of
Mollusca.—Beitrage zur Anatomie der Mollusken.—Jahrb.
Deutss MaliGes, july, S77, vOl iva. pps 1O5. to, 2034eancd
plates 6 to 8.

The species referred to are Helix Codringtoni Gray, vay.
umbilicata, H. vermiculata Miull., and H. serpentina Fé.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S.)—On a variety of Tri-
gonia Lamarckii.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877,
VOL, Tilo, AI,
Var. A. reticulata. Dredged by Brazier outside Port Jackson
Heads. Mr. Woods concludes with an enumeration of the six
species in the Australian list,

112 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S.)—Gensus; with brief
descriptions of the marine shells of Tasmania
and the adjacent islands.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,
March, 1877, pp. 26 to 57.

Mr Woods enumerates 3 genera and about 5 species of
Cephalopoda, 116 genera and 390 species of Gastropoda, 55
genera and 136 species of Conchifera, and 2 genera and 3 species
of Brachiopoda—in all 178 genera and 534 species. See Mr.
Petterd’s article in the present volume, of which this paper of
Mr. Woods’ is the subject.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S.)—On Tasmanian Sipho-
naria, including a new species. —Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.,

1877, PP. 99—100.
The new species is S. zozaza, very common on all the south
Tasmanian coast.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S..—On some new Tas-

manian Marine Shells.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1877,

pp. 121 to 123.

Turbo cucullata, King’s Island, Bass’s Straits; Zzotia annulata,
Crossea cancellata (a synopsis is given of the 5 known species of
this genus; JWZarginellla cypreoides; Rissoa angeli; Rissoina
minutissima, R. untlirata; and Bittium minimum. All but the
first-named were dredged in Blackman’s Bay by Mr. W. F.
Petterd.

Woods (Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.L.S.)—On a New Species
of Nezera.—Proc. Linn. soc. N. Si W..1877, ale spp te
123 to 124.

LV. latesulcata from Port Jackson at a depth of 16 f.

=e o00s00a==——_—

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877. irs

Dall (Prof. W. H.)—American Work in the Department
of Recent Mollusca during the Year I879.—Am.
Nat., vol. xiv., No. 6, pp. 426 to 436.

The most important work is considered to be the commence-
ment of publication of Tryon’s Manual of Conchology.

Important papers by Prof. Brooks have appeared in the
publications of the John Hopkin’s University on “The develop-
ment of Lingula and the systematic position of the Brachiopoda”

_and “ Preliminary observations upon the Marine Prosobranchiate
Gastropods.”

In the Am. Journ. Sci. xvui., No. 108, Dec. 1879, pp. 425—
' 427, 1s another paper by same author, ‘‘ Abstract of observations
upon the artificial fertilization of oyster eggs, and on the em-
bryology of the American oyster.”

Mr. W. H. Dall, in a paper to the Philosophical Society of
Washington, suggests the probable homology of the anterior pair
of muscles of the oyster with the pedal muscles of Dimyarians.

Prof. Wetherby describes and figures the anatomy of Zimncea
megasoma in the Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Natural Hist.,
July, 1879.

Prof. Whitfield, at a meeting of the Boston Soc. of Natural
Hist., records that in specimens of the same species kept in
confinement, the male organs disappeared after several genera-
tions.

Mr. W. G. Binney continues in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v.,
No. 16, p. 332, the description and figuring of the anatomy and
radula. About 30 species are examined.

The Vetrina latissima Lewis is erected into a new genus
Vitrinizonites. A slug discovered by Mr. Gibbons in Natal is
described under the(preoccupied) name Chlamydephorus Gibbonsit.
Pupa cincinnatiensis is said to be synonymous with P. contracta,
Say and Tectula lincla from Madeira is said to be viviparous.

114 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877.

Mr. Binney also contributes a paper on the jaw and lingual
dentition of Costa Rican land shells to the Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, 1 No. 9, p. 257—262. In it he
describes two new genera and species Velifera Gabdi (allied to
Heliczrion) and Cryptostrakon gabbi,a curious slug with a con-
cealed rudimentary shell and teeth resembling those of Polygyra.

Dr. R. Bergh of Copenhagen, in the Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. of
Philad. for 1879, contributes a paper ‘‘On the Nudibranchiate
Gastropod Mollusca of the North Pacific Ocean, with special
reference to those of Alaska,” part 1., pls. 1.-vill.

Twenty-seven species are considered. Two-thirds are new,
and most of the others were previously insufficiently characterized
Most of the forms are from Alaska, and the paper is based for the
most part on the collections of Mr. W. H. Dall.

Mr. W. H. Dall in Proc. of U.S. Nat. Mus., gives “‘A report
on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic regions,
with descriptions of genera and species belived to be new,” pp.
281 tO 344.

The paper is a summary of all that is known of the anatomy
and development of the Chitonide. The table gives the radula
of 45 species belonging to 33 genera. The renal pore described
by Von Ihering but not found by Dall, appears to be a miscon-
ception of Von Ihering’s.

Prof. Verrill describes a new Cephalopod and _ several
Gastropods from E. coast of North America.

Mr. Whiteaves in the Canadian Naturalist, vol. vili., n.s.,
No. 8, has a paper ‘“‘On some marine invertebrata from the West
Coast of North America,” containing a list of mollusks from the
coasts of British Columbia, one of which, Cardium Richardsonm,
is described as new. The fauna is Oregonian in character.

Prof. Wetherby in “Notes on Limnzidz” previously men- —
tioned, describes as new Helisoma Duryi from Florida, and

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. II5

claims to have correctly identified for the first time since it was
originally described, Say’s F. glabratus.

Mr. Gray in Science News records the diffusion in America
of Litorina litorea. Other papers by Dr. Cooper, Mr. Stearns,
Mr. Calkins, Prof. Packard, are also enumerated by Mr. Dall in

this article.

— ———==s TOO VOCs ———__——

ON THE ASSOCIATION OF ZIMN4A GLABRA,
PHVSA HYPNORUM AND PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS.

By W. NELSON.

I should wish to call the attention of our members to
recording the instances of the occurrence of different species
found in company. Being most interested in water species, my
attention has been more particularly given to them. ‘Taking no
note of such widely spread and common species as L. peregra
and ZL. truncatula which may be said to occur everywhere,
I have myself generally found Z. g/abra associated with Planorbis
spirorbis and Physa hypnorum. At Spark Hill, Birmingham, Z.
glabra was the most abundant species in the ditch, Planorbis
spirorbis the most scarce. At Acock’s Green near Birmingham
the three species are equally common. At Stanley near Wake-
field the JZ. glabra is very rare, and at Castleford it is the most
common of thethree. Excluding the Z. g/abra which is the most
local of our common Limneide, 1 find Planorbis spirorbis and
Physa hypnorum are often associated together. The only place
where I have found Physa hypnorum and not yet detected
Planorbis spirorbis is in a grassy ditch at Leventhorpe pastures
near Leeds.

At the undermentioned places I have found the following
species together :—

116 ASHFORD : ON BULIMUS ACUTUS VAR. BIZONA. :

SPARK Hitt near Birmingham.— /lanorbis spirorbis, Physa
hypnorum and Limnea glabra.

Acock’s GREEN near Birmingham.—/Vanorbis spirorbis, Physa
hypnorum and Linnea glabra,

CASTLEFORD.—/fVanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum and Limnea
glabra.

STANLEY near Wakefield.—/lanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum
and Limnea glabra.

WETHERBY.—fiysa hypnorum and Planorbis spirorbis.

GREET near Birmingham.—/%ysa hypnorum and FPlanorbis
spirorvis.

TEMPLE BALSALL near Kenilworth.—P%ysa hypnorum and Plan-
orbis spirorbts.

KINGSHEATH near Birmingham.—Fiysa hypnorum and Planorbis
Sptrorbis.

SMALLHEATH near Birmingham.—/%ysa hypnorum and Planorbis
spirorvis.

BULIMOUS ACUTUS var. BIZONA IN THE ISLE OF
WIGHT.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.

At page 93 of the current volume, reference is made incident-
ally to the occurrence of the var. ézzova in this island. It would
be singular if, with our Downs and Dunes as thickly populated
with &. acutus as they are, the variety were confined to Scotland,
Ireland and Wales. Yet, so faras I know, no record exists of its
occurrence in any purely English locality. I will therefore give a
. short description of the interesting colony I have noticed in this
neighborhood.

ASHFORD : ON BULIMUS ACUTUS VAR. BIZONA. ity)

A little east of the beacon which surmounts High Down
between Freshwater Bay and the Needles, is a grass-covered
depression close to the sea, formed by a local and _ partial
subsidence of the chalk cliff many years ago. Perhaps one or
two acres have given way, making a tiny valley sheltered from
the north-easters, but exposed to the meridian sun. In this
depression and the declivities leading to it—and so far as my
observation goes, zowhere else mn this neighborhood—is a
thriving community of the variety d7zona. Like the Red Indians
of the present day, the tribe occupies its own limited pasture
ground, and like them also probably had a more extended range
in the past. Perhaps we may carry the simile further and say
that the gradual extinction of the ‘‘coloured” population is due
to the encroachment of the “whites.” In the invading whites,
however, the ornamented variety recognise their own “kith and
kin” as I have had opportunity of observing, and we may presume
their offspring is a compromise. Certain it is that among the
individuals may be noticed all grades of bizonity if I may use the
word. In most the upper band is broken into segments from
causes I have suggested in a previous paper, in others the upper
zone, which gives name to the variety, exists only on the later
whorls, as though the functional power of the colour glands
remained dormant during youth, in some cases there is merely a
trace of an obsolescent band. These gradations constitute the
mulatto, quadroon and octoroon sections of Su/imus society, and
point to an approaching final issue—the elimination of this
varietal distinction. Pure bizona blood is already rare—pcerhaps
2 per mille may show it. Of several hundred individuals
examined, only one has the upper band entire from the apex.
One interesting example had ¢#7ee bands below the periphery and

one above.

Unfortunately a foe more insidious than intermarriage is

118 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

threatening my colony. An unusually stormy winter—the partially
subsided cliff completes its descent—and all is over.

From information kindly furnished me by Mr. G. 8S. Tye, I
learn that at Tenby where this variety occurs in considerable
numbers, there is no appearance of centralisation, but the
individuals are to be found scattered among those of typical form
like the men of colour in the Northern States. I can suggest no
reason for this difference, but merely point it out.

NOTE ON BULIMUS DETRITUS.
By PHILIP B. MASON, F.L.S.

More than a dozen specimens of Bulimus detritus Mill. were
brought to me a short time ago as having been taken from a
rockery in a garden in this neighbourhood, where they were
living among a number of dead littoral shells gathered at
Scarborough; and it was said that the owner of this garden was
certain that they had been brought among them. Most of these
were living and they were in various stages of growth. However,
I think I cleared up the mystery when I ascertained that a
quantity of light barley and other seeds which had been screened
out of some samples of barley intended for malting purposes had
been brought into the garden for the purpose of feeding poultry.
I have since procured a specimen of screenings in which were
living specimens of Helix caperata.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Le Ke)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

lie SQ).

S538rd Meeting.

Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in
the chair.
NEW BOOKS.

The receipt of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists

Union for 1878 was announced.
EXHIBITIONS.

Mr. Roebuck exhibited specimens of Helix nemoralis, Helix
arbustorum, Helix virgata, Helix ericetorum, and Helix rufescens,
collected by Mr. C. H. Bothamley at Glentham, New Market
Rasen, Lincolnshire, Aug.-Sep., 1879. These were afterwards
distributed amongst the members present; as were also several
specimens of Panopea aldrovandi from Mr. Darbishire, Victoria
Park, Manchester.

S4th Meeting.

Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in
the chair.

NEW MEMBER.

Mr. William F. Petterd, Launceston, New Zealand, was
elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

The ‘Journal of Conchology’ for October, 1879, was pre-

sented by the Editor, Mr. J. W. Taylor.
PAPERS READ.
A paper from Charles Ashford, Esq., on “Suggestions for

120 PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

a serial arrangement of our Banded Land Shells,” was com-
municated by the Secretary. A discussion followed, in which
the President and Messrs. Nelson and Scharff took part. A
cordial vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Ashford for his

communication.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. C. Ashford exhibited a number of varieties of Helix
caperata, Helix virgata and Bulimus acutus from the Isle of
Wight, in illustration of his paper. Also, specimens of Helix
ericetorum from Clara, King’s Co., showing the upper band broken
up and diffused transversely ; Helix ertcetorum var. albida, Clara,
King’s Co.; three varieties of Helix caperata (including albida )
from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight ; Ae/zx virgata monst. sinistrorsa,
Yarmouth, Isle of Wight; elzx virgata, black variety, Afton
Felix virgata, white variety, Afton Bown; Budimus acutus var.
bizona, Isle of Wight. The whole series were presented by Mr.
Ashford to the Society’s collection, and a hearty vote of thanks
was given him for his valuable gift.

The President exhibited fine specimens of Spherium ovale,
collected by the Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., at Blue Bridge, near
York; also, Bulimus acutuws of various varieties, HW. caperafa var.
ornata, &c., and H. virgata, varieties from the Isle of Wight,
collected by Mr. C. Ashford.

55th Meeting.

Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in

the chair.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

The following were announced and thanks voted to the donors :—
Synopsis Molluscorum viventium Testaceorum.
[Dr. W. Kobelt,

Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. Sheet Br.

PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 121

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YORKSHIRE CONCHOLOGY.

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck announced that he was compiling
a Bibliography of Yorkshire Mollusca, and wished to have the
assistance of such Members as might be able to refer him to
books and papers containing references to Yorkshire Mollusca.

PAPERS READ:

On the local association of Zimnea glabra, Planorbis spirorbis
and Physa hypnorum, by Mr. W. Nelson.

Extracts from M. Gassies’ paper “On a peculiar hybrid
Rumina decollata (Bulimus decollatus ), translated from the “Actes
de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux.”

=== OS

S6th Meeting.

Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
NEW MEMBER.
Mr. Edward Collier, 7, Dale Street, Manchester, was nomi-
nated for membership.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The following were announced and thanks voted to the donors :—
Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Terrestrial

Mollusca, by C. P. Gloyne. [The President.
List of Land and Marine Shells of Australasia, by Dr. Jas.
CC. Cor [Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Sydney,

DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION.
A valuable and interesting series of Land, Freshwater, and
Marine Shells from Australia, numbering 103 species, a list of
which is appended. [Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Sydney.

Felix meta Pfr., Isabel Island, Solomon Islands.
FT. Hombroni Ptr., re Ae
FT. ambrosia Angas, Savo or Galera, A
HI. xanthocheila Pfr., Bougainville, ze

I22

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

f7. detopeta Angas, Marau Sound, Guadalcanar, Solomon
Islands.

HT. Huntert Cox, Marau Sound, Guadalcanar, Solomon
Islands.

HT. Malantensis Angas, Florida Island, Solomon Islands.

fT, tricolor Pfr., San Christoval Island,

LI. ” var. ” ”?

FT, leucophe Cox, Savo or Galera, San Christoval Island,
Solomon Islands.

HT, gelata Cox, var. H. Maddoxi Brazier, Island near Eddy-
stone, Solomon Islands.

fT, gelata, light variety of Maddoxz Brazier, Island near
“Eddystone, Solomon Islands.

HT, Lambet Pfr., Duke of York Island, near New Talend

f7. mazuscula Pfr., New Ireland.

FH. fringilla Pfr., Rubiana, Solomon Islands.

Hf. Cleryi Recluz, San Christoval, Solomon Islands.

Hf. Grayt Pfr., Bellenger River, New Sonth Wales.

Hi. dictyodes Pfr., Canala, New Caledonia. _

FT, ferrieztana Crosse, Prony Bay, New Caledonia.

HI, Abax Marie,

fT. Calliope Crosse,

HI. Lifouana Montrouzier, x

HT. Hecreliana Crosse, var. grammica Crosse, Prony Bay,
New Caledonia.

#7. singularis Pfr., Prony Bay, New Caledonia.

Leptopoma Dohrni Ad, and Ang., Savo or Galera, Solomon
Islands.

Fleliina Moguiniana Recluz, San Christoval, Solomon
Islands.

Bulimus Chrtstovalensts Cox, San Christoval, Solomon

Islands.

palmarum Mousson, Savo or Galera, Solomon Islands.

Panchert Crosse, Prony Bay, New Caledonia.

Strange! Pfr., Rubiana, Solomon Islands.

porphyrostomus Pfr., Nouméa, New Caledonia.

Guestiert Gassies, Kouti Kouti,

duplex Gassies (subfossil), Nouméa, ,,

melo Quoy and G., King George’s Sound, S.W. Australia.

Murex Angasi Crosse, Bottle and Glass Rocks.

M. palmiferus Sowerby,

by)

9) 99

9) 9)

be)

By By By by by by by

PRO. CONGH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 123

Cantharus Australis Pease, Bottle and Glass Rocks.

Tritontum Australe Lam.,

T. fusiforme Kiener,

T. Spenglert Chem.,

Ranella leucostoma Lam., ,

Nassa Jacksoniana Kiener, Sow and Pigs Reef, 4 fathoms.

LV. labecula A. Adams, Bottle and Glass Rocks, under stones.

Zemira Australis Sowb., Lake Macquarie, New South
Wales (washed on shore after E. and S.E. gales).

Mitra nigra Chem., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson.

Purpura succincta Mart.,

P. amygdala Kiener,

P. marginalbum De Bl.,

Natica plumbea Lam., Rose Bay, on the sands

LV. melastoma Swa.,

Clanculus Maugert Gray, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, rare under stones.

C. clanguloides Gray, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson,
rare under stones.

C. omalomphalus A. Ad., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack-
son, rare under stones.

C. gibbosus A. Ad., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson,
rare under stones.

Trochocochlea concamerata Gray, Bottle and Glass Rocks,
Port Jackson, rare under stones.

Gibbula picturata Ad. and Ang., Middle Harbour, Port
Jackson, in rock pools.

Natica conica Lam., Sand Spit, Middle Harbour, Port Jack-
son, on the sand.

Euchelus baccatus Menke, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, under stones.

Gena strigosa A. Ad., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson,
under stones.

Columbella semiconvexa Lam., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, under stones.

C. Australis Gaskoin., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack-
son, under stones.

C. albomaculata Angas, Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson,
4 fathoms.

Trochita calyptreformis Lam., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port
Jackson, 4 fathoms.

Buccinulus affinis A. Ad., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson,
4 fathoms,

bP) 2?

99 9)

124

PRO.. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Bittium granartum Kiener, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, under stones. .

Conus Jukest Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson,
under stones.

Philippia lutea Lam., Lake Macquarie, New South Wales,
washed up after E. and S. E. gales.

Adamsia typfica Dunker, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack-
son, under stones.

Ampullarina quoyana Desh., Double Bay, Port Jackson, on
mud flats.

Cassidula zonata A. and A. Ad., Double Bay, Port Jackson,
on mud flats.

Felicaria scutulata Martyn, Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jack-
son, 4 fathoms.

Lophyrus Australis Sowerby, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port

- Jackson, under stones.

Lorica cimolia Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack-
son, under stones.

Lophyrus conceutricus Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, under stones.

Lepidopleurus longicynba De Bl., Bottle and Glass Rocks,
Port Jackson, under stones.

L. antiguus Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson,
under stones.

Onithochiton Incet Reeve, Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, under stones.

Cryptoplax striatus \am., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port
Jackson, under stones.

Chione calophylla Hanley, Lane Cove Kiver, Port Jackson,
5 fathoms.

C. striatissima Sowb., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson,
4 fathoms.

Waldhemia flavescens Vam., Point Piper, Port Jackson,
under stones.

Magasella Cumingt Davidson, Sow and Pigs Reef, Port
Jackson, 4 fathoms.

Kraussia Lamarckiana Davidson, Point Piper, Port Jack-
son, under stones.

Perna glaberrima Dunker, Balls Head, Port Jackson, 18
fathoms.

Bullina lineata Wood, Sow and’ Pigs Reef, Port Jackson,
4 fathoms,

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 125

Cylichna arachis Quoy and G., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port
Jackson, 4 fathoms.

Haminia brevis Quoy and G., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port
Jackson, 4 fathoms.

Barbatia pusilla Sowb., Point Piper, Port Jackson, under
stones.

Neera rugata A. Ad. (very rare), Sow and Pigs Reef, Port
Jackson, 4 fathoms.

Cardita amabilis Desh., Sow. and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson,
4 fathoms.

Scutus anatinus Donov., Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jack-
son, under stones.

Neritina nucleolus Morelet, Canala, New Caledonia.

Glyptophysa Petitit Crosse, Prony Bay =

Marginella translucida Sowb., Sow. and Pigs Reef, Port

: Jackson.

M. turbinata Sowb., Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson.

Olivella pardalis Ad. & Ang., ,, 4

O. leucozona Ad. & Ang.,

Pythia Argenvillet Pfr., Fitzroy Island, N. E. Australia.

Tapes undulata Born., ‘Lane Cove River, 5 fathoms.

Gart Menkeana Reeve, Sow and Pigs Reef, 4 fathoms.

Oliva tigrina Meuschen, San Christoval, Solomon Islands.

Cyprea xanthodon Gray, Bellenger River, N.S. W., found
after gales.

Hargravesia polita H. Ad., Duke of York Island, Solomons.

Notre.—Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, 4 fathoms.
Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, found under stones.
Double Bay, Port Jackson, found on mud flats. Lane Cove
River, Port Jackson, 5 fathoms mud bottom.

Mr. J. W. Taylor remarked, in reference to Mr. Nelson’s
paper on the “ Association of Species,” read at last meeting, that
he had received from Mr. Butterell of Beverley a confirmation of
Mr. Nelson’s views as to /lanorbis spirorbis and Limnea glabra
being usually associated in the same locality. Mr. Taylor pointed
out that this association was not invariable, and named several
localities where it did not occur.

126 PKO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. Butterell sent for exhibition a number of Pis¢dza and
Spherte from the East Riding of Yorkshire; also palates and
jaws of Arion ater; Helix aspersa; Limnea stagnalis, L. palustris ;
and /usus sp ?, mounted for microscopic examination ; also
Lisidium fontinale var. cinerea, from Manchester.

Mr. W. Nelson exhibited a large number of Yorkshire shells,
particulars of which are entered in the Yorkshire Register Book ;
also Helix "arbustorum, H. concinna ; and Zonttes cellarius, from
Glasgow.

ce, eee

S97) bt be Nieve tim oy

Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The following were announced and thanks voted to the donors :—
“ Journal of Conchology” for November, 1879.
[Mr. J. W. Taylor.
Mounds and Mound Builders in Muscatine County, Iowa,
—a paper read before the Muscatine Academy of Science—by
F. M. Witter. [The Author.
DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION.
The following was announced and thanks voted to the donor :—
A collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from Iowa,
numbering 80 species, a list of which 1s appended.
[Prof. F. M. Witter.

HELICID. Helix lineata—Say.
Helix albolabris—Say. Helix monodon—Rackett.
Helix alternata—Say. Helix monodon, var. leaii—
Helix arborea—Say. Ward.
Helix clausa—Say. Helix multilineata—Say.
Helix concava—Say. Helix profunda—Say.
Helix hirsuta—Say. Cionella subcylindrica—

Helix labyrinthica—Say. Linn.

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Pupa armifera—sSay.
Pupa contracta—Say.
Pupa fallax—Say.
Succinea avara—Morse.
Succinea obliqua—Say.
Succinea ovalis—Gould.
AURICULIDA.
Carychium exiguum—Say.
LIMNEZID&.
Limnea desidiosa—Say.
Limnea reflexa—Say.
Physa heterostropha—Say.
Planorbis bicarinatus—Say.
Planorbis deflectus—Say.
Planorbis exacutus—Say.
Planorbis parvus—Say.
Segmentina wheatleyi—Lea.
Ancylus fuscus—Adams.
VALVATID&.
Valvata tricarinata—Say.
VIVIPARIDZ.
Lioplax subcarinata—Say.
Melantho subsolida—

Anthony.
Vivipara intertexta—Say.
RISSOIDE.
Amnicola cincinnatiensis—
Anthony.

Amnicola porata—Say.
Bythinella obtusa— Lea.

CORBICULADA.

Spheriam sphericum—

Anthony.
Spherium stamineum—
Spherium transversum—Say
Pisidium compressum—

Prime.

UNIONID&.

Anodonta edentula—Say.
Anodonta grandis—Say.

127

Anodonta imbecilis—Say.

Anodonta suborbiculata—Say.

Margaritana complanata—
Barnes.

Margaritana confragosa—Lea.

Margaritana rugosa— Barnes.

Unio zesopus—Green.

Unio alatus—Say.

Unio anodontoides— Lea.

Unio asperrimus— Lea.

Unio capax-—Green.

Unio cornutus—Barnes.

Unio crassidens—Lamarck.

Unio ebenus—Lea.

Unio elegans—Lea.

Unio ellipsis—Lea.

Unio gibbosus—Barnes.

Unio gracilis—Barnes.

Unio graniferus —Lea.

Unio lzvissimus—Lea.

Unio ligamentinus—Lamarck.

Unio luteolus—Lamarck.

Unio metenevrus—
Rafinesque.

Unio mississippiensis~--Conrad.

Unio occidens—Lea.

Unio orbiculatus—Hildreth.

Unio parvus—Barnes.

Unio plicatus—Barnes.

Unio pustulatus—Lea.

Unio pustulosus—Lea.

nio rectus—Lamarck.
Jnio rubiginosus— Lea.
nio securis—Lea.

Jnio tenuissimus—Lea.
Unio trigonus—Lea.

Unio tuberculatus— Barnes.
Unio triangularis—Barnes.
Unio undulatus—Barnes.
Unio wardii— Lea.

Unio zigzag—Lea.

128 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Sota wee ti mG.
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
NEW MEMBER. ;
Mr. Edward Collier, 7, Dale Street, Liverpool, was elected

a member.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. Roebuck exhibited a number of shells from the Cleve-
land and Barnsley districts ; also several shells from the Garforth
neighbourhood, collected by Mr. Charles Smethurst.

A few specimens from the Canal at Kirkstall were exhibited
by the Secretary. i

Particulars of all these will be found inthe Yorkshire Record
Book.

——_O0—_—

59th Meeting.

Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. W. Nelson exhibited a large number of shells collected
at Bolton Percy, Steeton, Dringhouses, Thorparch, Seacroft,
Manston, and Whinmoor.

see Oe

60th Meeting.

Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.
PAPER READ.
“ Bulimus acutus var. bizona,” by Mr. Charles Ashford.
EXHIBITS. .
Yorkshire Shells from various localities were shown by Mr.
W. Denison Roebuck, of which particulars will be found in the
Record Books.

—__S 4 = —

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 129

NOTES ON BULIMUS HETEROSTOMUS OF THE
EOCENE, ISLE OF WIGHT.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

(Read before the Leeds Geological Association.)

Edwards’ figure of this species (v. Eoc. Moll., t. xiv., f. 1) is
from an imperfect specimen of which the four latter whorls only
are preserved, and I know of no other. Having been so fortu-
nate as to meet with an almost perfect example of this little fossil
Bulimus in the Bembridge limestone of the I. of W., I am
enabled to supplement to some extent both the Agure and
description in that author’s Monograph.

My best specimen’ occurred in hard limestone, fracturing
dark grey. The cleavage was a very fortunate one exposing the
entire shell in the line of axis, and exhibiting a posterior view of
a matured and unbroken peristome. ‘The test moreover is in
fair preservation except on the fifth and last whorls, where small
portions have come away in the separation of the rock.

The author of Eoc. Moll. gives the following description of
the species inferred I presume from the imperfect cast and the
marks of striation remaining inthe matrix. ‘The italics are mine.
—‘*A small conical shell, with an elevated, tapering, pointed
spire, the apex of which is subject to decollation,; the seven on eight

130 ASHFORD: NOTE ON BULIMUS HETEROSTOMUS,

whorls of which it is formed are rounded, separated by a deep
suture, and ornamented with fine, transverse, raised lines, which
are numerous, regular and very oblique; the aperture is roundly-
ovate, apparently thickened within, and with the margin slightly
reflected, . . .” and he ends by remarking “‘apparently it is
very rare.” I offer a few remarks on this description.

Among the four examples of &. heterostomus which I have
found in this neighbourhood, there is no instance of decollation
of the apex. One is immature and therefore not likely to be so
affected, but the other three are either almost or completely of
full growth. From this it may be inferred that the defect was
exceptional, and that the geologist has as good a chance of
meeting with a complete spire as with one that has shed its early
whorls. Spiral shells occurring in the limestone at Sconce are
very frequently found with the upper or early whorls in an empty
state into which moisture charged with lime-carbonate has per-
colated, forming incrustations of crystals. In extracting the fossil
this brittle structure at the apex comes away in fragments or as
frequently flies away unseen when the rock is splintered and an
apparently decollated specimen only is secured, but the complete
form may be observed in the matrix. I do not suppose for one
moment that the author of Eoc. Moll. was deceived by this
appearance, though a less careful observer might easily be led
into error. His figure of the matrix seems not to show the apex
of the shell but to suggest a true case of decollation My own
specimens were obtained from a different locality, viz.:—the
uplands of Thorley, where the embedded organic remains are
generally found filled to the very apex, and where it is not
uncommon to meet with examples of Helix, Planorbis, Limnea,
&c., with the shell preserved though in a white and very friable

condition.
The whorls are eight in number, gradually increasing in size,

ASHFORD : NOTE ON BULIMUS HETEROSTOMUS. I31

the last two occupying half the length of the axis. Edwards’
remarks (1. c.) “the shell has so much the appearance of Zvuncatella
that I should be disposed to refer it to that genus” but for other
considerations. Reference to my complete figure above disposes
at once of this supposition. There is no appearance of trunca-
tion, the increase of the whorls from apex to base being gradual
and regular.

The suture as seen in casts (which really represent the form
of the interior of the shell) is certainly “deep” but when the shell
is present the suture is not so pronounced in character, nor are
the whorls so convex.

The striation is well described. I will only add that the
first whorl—as is so frequently the case in recent shells—is quite
smooth. In an immature specimen which shows the lines more
distinctly, I count about go on the fourth whorl; of these every
third or fourth or fifth is more raised than the intermediate ones.
The strize on the later whorls become rather coarser especially as
they approach the inferior suture.

The aperture is described in the Monograph as having the
margin “slightly reflected.” The figure (l. c.) appears to
represent a portion of an adult shell with the aperture but
partially formed. When fully developed the margin of the
peristome is drcadly and boldly reflected, so much so as to form
a striking feature of the species. ‘The Latin diagnosis should
therefore read—peristomate valde reflexo.

The umbilicus is displayed in only one of my specimens.
Judging from the cast it may be described as small but con-
spicuous and partly covered by the reflected lip, but allowance
must be made for the presence of the shell which would lessen its
diameter.

Length 8 mil, breadth about 4 mil., which agree closely
with the dimensions given in the Monograph.

132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

(Read before the Conchological Society.)

Helix virgata.—For some reason not apparent, atmos-
pheric conditions last year were unfavourable to molluscan life
in the west of the Island. The diminished number of individuals
not only of this species but of others usually abundant was very
marked, as well upon the hedges inland as upon the Downs.
Continued heavy rain and persistent drought are inimical to Z
virgata, but neither of these formed the feature of the summer
or autumn. A pretty variety with a single dotted cincture below
the suture and a depressed spire occurs in one field under
Afton Down, nearly all the individuals partaking more or less of
the peculiarity. Another variety of a uniform purple-brown
colour, sometimes wholly black, seems to be chiefly confined to
a few square yards near the sea-cliff. The prevailing plant there
is Carduus tenutfolius, upon the stems and leaves of which it is
to be found associated with typical forms. ‘These facts confirm
the opinion that such peculiarities are hereditary. The small
conical variety, swbmaritima, appears never to occur away from
the Downs. Bouchard-Chantereaux says (Brit. Con. 1. 212) :—
“Helix virgata does not seem to mind the cold and never
hibernates.” I cannot confirm this statement. During the winter
of 1879 I repeatedly looked for this species and B. acutus but
could find none alive. Numbers of shells dotted the ground,
but examination shewed them all to be untenanted.

Helix caperata.—This again, though abundant in 1879,
was positively scarce last year. Along a hedge-row, where I once

ASHFORD: NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 133

selected the most beautiful specimens out of hundreds, attached
to the leaves upon which they had fed during the night, I saw
scarcely half-a-dozen individuals last summer, and in other spots

they were equally scarce.

Helix nemoralis var. hortensis.—This shell grows to a
large size near Yarmouth, exceeding the average dimensions of
the specific form. Ihave taken specimens 24°5 to 23 mm. in
breadth (nearly an inch). The var. horfensis is evidently spread
over the Freshwater peninsula, while 4. xemoralzs is very local.
I have observed the latter only on the north side of Hempstead
Hill and in one spot above Colwell Bay.

Helix rufescens.—Both at Ventnor and in the west of
the Island the shell of this species is generally light in color.
Under a wall ot Thorley Farm I have taken several beautifully
white specimens, the others with them L_ing much paler than
usual. It would appear, therefore, that a tendency to albinism is

hereditary.

Helix cantiana.—Another species which was seen in
greatly diminished numbers last season. It is said (Venables’
Guide, p. 463,) to occur “‘mostly on the Chalk,” but at the
western end of the Island I find it only on the Tertiaries. The
rufous and white varieties are never found in separate

communities.

Helix rotundata.—An individual in a metal box laid two
eggs in July. These were white, opaque and ellipsoidal, the
ratio of the two diameters being about the same as in eggs of the
Tawny Owl.

Helix aspersa.—As an instance of the extent to which
our shelly friends fall a prey to our no less favourite songsters, I
may mention the following. In one of my winter walks I passed
a ditch recently cleared out revealing a post, behind which were

134 ASHFORD: NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT.

some 20 or 30 individuals of this species in hibernation. Marking
the spot, I returned the next day to examine them in detail, when
I found the whole community devoured. ‘The shining fragments
of their broken shells covered the ground a yard or two from the
post. In the the midst of the débvzs was the altar-stone of
immolation, much stained. Lister says (speaking of A. memo-
valis) that thrushes pierce the upper part of the shell with their
beaks. I once, and only once, witnessed the operation. Seizing
the shell by the lip, the bird struck it several times forcibly on
the stone till the spire was well broken. It made no attempt to
pierce it with its beak. The smeared state in which such stones
are left inclines me to believe that the process I have described
is the usual method adopted. [From our own experience
we are able to confirm the correctness of the above in-
teresting observation, the bird in our case being the Thrush.
—Eps. /.C.]| The love-darts of 4. aspersa are four-edged
assegais or spear-heads. There is a central axis, generally
slightly curved, of opaque lime carbonate, round which the
four blades are symmetrically arranged, the latter being thin,
semitransparent and simple-edged. A round contracted neck
unites the blade-stem to the knob by which the weapon is
originally attached to the dart sac. This knob is roughly hemi-
spherical or subconical and hollow as if to receive a ligament.
The four-fold blade however does not seem to be a constant
characteristic. I have one in which I can detect only two edges
like an ordinary spear head.

Vertigo minutissima.—Hitherto I have failed to find
this little fellow at the western end, but I have taken it among
disintegrated stone rubbish under Steephill, near Ventnor.

Bulimus acutus.—The diminution in this species in
point of numbers was very perceptible last year. It is chiefly

ASHFORD : NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 135

confined to the southern slopes of the Downs, and seems to
spend the greater part of its day in social amenities.

Balia perversa.—This is not uncommon near Ham
Copse attached to the bark of beech and other trees during dry
weather. It also retires to the under side of fallen timber, asso-
ciating there with Zon. cellartus, Cl. rugosa, H. rotundata and
Coch. lubrica. The last four are frequently found together in
similar situations.

Arion ater (?)—A very peculiar variety of this variable
slug occurred on a hedge by the Yarmouth and Freshwater road.
It differed from the typical form not only in color (no unusual
circumstance), but also in the apparent absence of tubercles on
the skin and the comparatively small bulbs of the tentacles. I
append a description from my notes :—Respiratory orifice at the
rear of the preceding third of the shield. ody gradually taper-
ing, light grey, slightly freckled with brown down the dorsal line ;
skin not tubercled, tight and smooth, marked longitudinally with
bluish vein-like pencillings; neck bluish grey. Shzedd long-
yellowish in front, grey behind, darkly spotted on the upper part
with brown, less so at the tip leaving an ill-defined whitish patch
in the centre. Zentacles upper pair rather long, conical, dark
bluish-grey, surmounted with very moderate bulbs; lower pair
comparatively very short. Ace/ none. foot orange yellow in
front, very light lavender grey behind, with a bright deep-orange
fringe the whole length. Sfe// not to be found. Length, about

four inches.

136 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS
FOUND. AT HORNSEA, JULY, 1880.

ley \fo, IDE IO AMANITA L

Arion ater. Common.

A. hortensis. Common.

Limax agrestis. Very common.

L. maximus. In cellars and outhouses.

L. flavus. In cellars. Rather common.

Succinea putris. In damp places. Common.

Vitrina pellucida. In woods, near Hornsea Mere.

Zonites cellarius. In woods, plentiful under decayed wood.

Z. alliarius. In woods, sparingly.

Z. purus. In woods, sparingly.

Z. nitidus. In marshy places near the Mere, plentiful.

Z. nitidulus. Hedgerows, not frequent.

Helix aspersa. Extremely abundant, especially near the sea.

nemoralis. Very common.

. hispida. . Frequent.

. virgata. Cliffs and hedgerows near the sea, abundant.

. virgata. Monochrome variety, approaching var. cas?mata in
form. Extremely plentiful near the sea.

H. caperata. On thistles and herbage on the low lying cliffs

near the promenade, very common.

H. caperata var. ornata. With the last, less common.

H. ericetorum. Ina field near the sea.

H. puichella. Under moss in a field near the Mere.

Cochlicopa lubrica. Woods near Hornsea Mere.

Carychium minimum. Woods nr. Hornsea Mere, common.

peg psamc os

Pisidium pusillum. Ditch near Wassand end of the Mere.

BUTTERELL: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF HORNSEA. 137

Pisidium roseum. Hornsea Mere.

Spherium corneum. Ditch near Hornsea Bridge, Hornsea
Mere.

Anodonta cygnea. Hornsea Mere, abundant.

A. anatina. With the last, both species very variable in size.

Planorbis complanatus. In ponds, fine, Hornsea Mere.

P. carinatus. Hornsea Mere.

P. vortex. Hornsea Mere.

P. spirorbis. Ditch in a field near Wassand, plentiful.

Limneea peregra. Generally distributed but not very abundant.

L. truncatula. Ditch near Hornsea Mere.

L. palustris. In ditches and swampy places near the Mere.

Physa fontinalis. Ditch near Wassand.

Bithynia tentaculata. Ditch near Hornsea Bridge.

Note on Planorbis corneus,—I have recently taken a
number of specimens of Planorbis corneus (from Spring Dyke, —
near Hull), with the animal of a bright pink or crimson tinge,
similar I imagine to those found by Mr. Nelson some time
ago, the shell also had a reddish tinge.—J. D. BUTTERELL.

Note on the Shells in the neighbourhood of Bris-
tol.—I do not know whether you will consider the following
localities, that as far as I can ascertain do not appear to have
been before recorded, worth noting in the Journal of Conchology,
the shells were taken last year. Lzmnca stagnalis var. fragilts,
River Froom, Stapleton, Bristol. Pés¢d¢wm pusillum var. obtusalis,
Avonmouth, Bristol. Conovulus denticulatus var. myosotis, River
bank near Pell, Bristol—Jas. W. CuUNDALL.

SSS SSS

138 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

PROPOSED SYSTEM OF CONCHOLOGICAL
LOCALITY-RECORDS.

By WM. DENISON ROEBUCK.

(Read before the Conchological Society.)

The study of geographical distribution is now fully recog-
nized as one of great importance, especially as looked upon from
the stand-point of the most recent developments of scientific
research. ‘There will, therefore, I think, need no words from me
to demonstrate its value.

But it seems to me that all generalizations in this direction
should—to ensure their full value being secured—be founded
upon a basis sufficiently broad and sufficiently accurate to warrant
the conclusions which we draw. Any suggestions, then, that
would tend to secure these indispensible requirements will, I
believe, receive from the Conchological Society careful study and
earnest attention.

Having lately seen something of the working of the Botanical
Record Club, I thought a series of suggestions based upon its
rules and practice, more especially with respect’ to the crypto-
gamic portion of Botanical science, would be of service to
conchologists.

The object of the Club is to collect reliable data for ascer-
taining the range and distribution of plants, and the elimination
of every possible source of error while doing so. The first
object they attain by publishing in their reports a series of county
floras, and the elimination of error they secure by making it a
stringent and inviolable rule that every species in the lists shall
be vouched for by a specimen sufficiently good to permit of the
identification of the species or variety.

There is not the slightest doubt that errors creep into

ROEBUCK : CONCHOLOGICAL LOCALITY-RECORDS. 139

published lists from various reasons, one of the most common
being the imperfect determination of the species, and another
being the reliance of some writers on their memory. Both
these sources of error are obviated by the insisting on- the
fundamental rule that a specimen accompany the record, such
specimen becoming the property of the Club, and, in the case of
the Botanical Record Club, eventually passing into the custody
of the National Herbarium at Kew.

Members are desired to forward records from time to time,
and, when duly authenticated and passed by the referees, under
whose scrutiny all critical species pass, are published—the
practice of the Botanical Club being to let such accumulate till
a list of 50 or more is ready. ‘This power is unnecessary, and
records may be printed as they come in.

A necessary consequence, and indispensable accompaniment
of the voucher-specimen principle, is the appointment of skilled
and competent referees—in the Botanical Club these posts are
filled by the best Botanical specialists of the day, and if sucha
scheme were adopted for Conchology it would be necessary to
invite the best Conchologists of the time to act as referees for
their own special groups. I would, therefore, make the following
suggestions :—

1.—That it is desirable that the Conchological Society

should commence a system of recording the localities of British
mollusca.

2.—That it be an indispensable requirement that every
record be accompanied by a youcher-specimen, or specimens,
sufficiently good to permit of the safe identification of the
species.

3-—That the best Conchologists of the day be invited to
act as Referees—each in his own special branch or group.

4.—That Mr. H. C. Watson’s map of the British, Isles and
his division into 18 provinces and 112 counties be adopted as
the basis on which to frame county lists—this suggestion being
intended to facilitate subsequent tabulation of results.

140 ROEBUCK : CONCHOLOGICAL LOCALITY-RECORDS.

5.—That Conchologists be invited to contribute lists for the
different districts shown on Mr. Watson’s map, subject to the
indispensible requirement of a voucher-specimen for each record.

6.—That in the case of extremely rare or unique species or
varieties, the voucher-specimens, after being submitted to the
_referee, may be returned to the collector, instead of being retained
for the Club collection; but that all other specimens be so
retained.

7.—That it is desirable that, as soon as practicable, a new
and authentic list of British mollusca, showing provincial distri-
bution by figures, be prepared as a standard of nomenclature —
there having been several corrections of errors and additions of
new species and varieties made since the publication of Dr.
Jeffreys’ book.

8.--That the Editors of ‘The Journal of Conchology’ be
requested to accept as material for publication therein such
records and county-lists as may be contributed in response to
these suggestions.

Should the Conchological Society do me the honor to look
favourably upon these suggestions, I should propose that a
a brief abstract of them be published in the Journal, and at the
same time invite (through the same medium) Conchologists to
co-operate with the Society in carrying out such a scheme for
the ultimate benefit of Conchological science. The result would
be, I am sure, the collection of a large quantity of thoroughly
reliable, because properly authenticated, facts. And when a
considerable number of such county-lists were published, the
Journal would be a storehouse of material upon which extens:ve
generalizations might be safely founded.

PROPOSED “MONOGRAPH OF THE UNIONIDA OF
NORTH AMERICA.”

We hail with pleasure the announcement by Mr. Arthur F.
Gray, Danversport, Massachusetts, and Mr. R. Ellsworth Call,

MONOGRAPH OF THE UNIONIDZ OF N. AMERICA. I4I

Dexter, Iowa, that they have in course of preparation a “ Mono-
graph of the Unionide of North America.” The want of such
a work has been long felt, and we sincerely trust our brother
Conchologists of America will, with their characteristic ardour
and readiness, give that hearty co-operation in providing the
necessary material, &c., for the effective carrying out of the un-
dertaking. The prospectus, a copy of which we have been
favored with, says :—

“ All aid will be acknowledged in due forth ; and, to parties
desiring it, liberal exchanges will be given. It is designed to
figure the anatomy of every species in detail, and to this end
shells with their animals should be carefully preserved in alcohol
—from three to five specimens of each species—and a careful
record of date of capture and locality kept.

“‘ Your special attention is called to the physical geography
of the area included within the field of your operations, and to
the fact thatthe value of your collections will-be increased by
the inclusion of a great variety of stations. By the comparison
of the results of such careful examinations it is hoped that an
accurate knowledge of the distribution of the Uzzonide may be
obtained, together with the effect of environment on their habits,
growth and economy. Such observations, it is notorious, have
been either loosely or not at all recorded. Your co-operation is
respectfully requested in the preparation of local lists, where you
have not the specimens to spare, which shall include a record of
the name of stream, nature of bottom, force of current, nature
of the water, add associated species of univalves. Aberrant and
peculiar forms are especially desired.

““On small parcels, to be sent by mail, postage will be
remitted on notification of the amount. Boxes and heavy parcels
may be sent by express at the expense of the consignee. It is
unnecessary to add that the completeness and value of the pro-
posed work will depend largely upon the response made by the
conchologists of America, which, it is hoped, will be liberal. A
large mass of interesting and valuable notes must exist in the
hands of those who study these forms, which, if sent to us, will
find a place in the Monograph, carefully attributed to their re-
spective observers.”

142 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS
FROM THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA.

By JNO. W. TAYLOR.

In continuation of former papers on this subject, based on
the collections formed by Mr. Gibbons in East Africa, and which
he kindly placed in my hands for identification, I have now
added five more species to those previously enumerated.

The whole collection is of great interest, and I have ex-
perienced considerable pleasure in the task of examination—a
pleasure that has been greatly intensified by the very full and
accurate descriptive notes kindly furnished me by Mr. Gibbons.

Helix: duloiayn.ess (PE iy 03)

Shell depresso-conical, thin, color brownish ?—faintly marked
in the line of growth with striule : epidermis thin, distinct: whorls
44, convex, gradually increasing in size to the last, which is
subcarinate, base very convex, spire depressed, apex obtuse:
suture distinct : mouth lunate, peristome thin and direct, rounded
—inner lip slightly reflected behind: umbilicus narrow but deep
and distinct.

Length, o:112; breadth, 0°087.

Occurs rather numerously among grass in a sandy place at
Zanzibar. I have not seen any live shells.

Bulimus Bawriensis, n. s. (Pl. i, f 2.)

Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turrite, moderately strong,
of a dark brown color and very finely striulate transversely :
epidermis moderate: whorls 54 to 6, very convex, inflected
towards suture, gradually increasing in size downwards—the
penultimate and body whorls are both large—the latter how- |
ever rather the larger: spire produced: apex rounded, small:
suture distinct: mouth oval, longer than broad: peristome
thickened—everted so as to form a broad flat margin—presenting

TAYLOR: NEW E. AFRICAN LAND SHELLS. 143.

ing the appearance of a double peristome: umbilicus deep and
distinct.

Length, 0°175; breadth, 0°087 in.

Found a few dead specimens on Bawri Island, Zanzibar
Channel. Appears to be peculiar to the island; it occurs in old
shells among dead leaves.

The next two species form with this a section, in which are
some Australian Bulime. £6. Pacifiews Pir., from Queensland, ap-
pears almost exactly like the above species, but 1s probably distinct.

Bulimus Zanguebaricus, n. s. (Pl. i, f. 3.)

Shell ovato-conical, inclining to turrite, moderately thick, of a
light brown color, very faintly striulate transversely: epidermis
rather thin: whorls 64, tumid, inflexed towards suture, gradually en-
larging towards body whorl which is the largest of all—the penulti-
mate and preceding whorls are nearly equal in size; apex small and
rounded: suture deep and distinct: mouth rotundo-ovate nearly as
broad as long: peristome thin, everted: inner lip short, reflected a
little outwards behind: umbilicus small but deep and distinct.

Length, 0'162; breadth, 0'075.

Numerous dead among grass in a sandy spot down the coast
of Zanzibar, in company with numerous other land shells.

This is very closely allied to the last, but may be distinguished
by its smaller and more slender shape, by being thinner, and by
having the peristome less everted and solid.

Pupa turricula, n. s. (Pl. 1, f. 4)

Shell short, broad, fusiform pointed, moderately thin, orna-
mented with close, regular, transverse and raised striee, those on the
ultimate whorl being much larger and further apart: color brownish:
whorls 8, very convex, behind they are flattened and inflexed towards
the suture—the last whorl is deep but considerably contracted in
breadth, the turn preceding the penultimate is the broadest, the
others narrowing rapidly in each direction from it; the spire of about

144 TAYLOR: NEW E. AFRICAN LAND SHELLS.

four whorls is produced and hardly distinguishable from the rest
of the shell, it tapers rapidly to an acute point: suture deep, barely
oblique: mouth ovato-triangular, small and vertical, as broad
behind as high; peristome white, reflected outwards, internally
thickened and forming several teeth, viz.:—a parietal plate, thin
triangular, commencing at the inflexed end of the outer lip and
running somewhat obliquely inward, palatal teeth two in number,
one a large obtuse tubercle about the middle of the outer lip and
opposed to the parietal plate; the second anterior, small, deeply
seated, sometimes undistinguishable: columellabears one triangular
tooth about the middle and a deeply seated tubercle at the angle:
umbilicus distinct, somewhat tubular. |

Length, 0'135; breadth 0°075.

Rare (dead only) at Zanzibar, among grass and bushes, with
other shells.

Pupa (Ennea) sex-dentata, n. s. (Pl. i, f. 5.)

Shell cylindrical rather narrow, very faintly striulate
obliquely, whorls 7, flattened, inflexed behind, the last con-
siderably enlarged, rounded, the next three about equal in
size, flat, sharply inflexed towards suture posteriorly, spire
of about 3 whorls depressed, apex distinct: suture oblique,
very deep and distinct: mouth rather lateral, large, quadrate,
as broad as high, peristome reflected outwards, internally
thickened, teeth six in number, parietal plate arises from inflexed
end of outer lip and runs obliquely inwards, curved a little
towards the columellar side, palatal teeth two, very distinct,
sharp and triangular, columellar teeth are two conical sharp-
pointed tubercles arising from a common base about the middle;
another smaller and also pointed, arises from anterior end of
aperture: umbilicus deep and tubular.

Length, o'19; breadth, 0°075.

Found but one specimen at Zanzibar among other Pupe, &c.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 145

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

——

138soO.

Gist Meeting.

Meeting held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in
the chair.
; NEW MEMBER.

Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., of Kersal Cottage,
Prestwich, was nominated for membership.

PAPERS READ :

“Note on Sulimus Goodallit, Miller,’ by Mr. Charles
Ashtord. |

A paper from Mr. J. D. Butterell: ‘‘ List of shells collected
at Hornsea.”

Mr. W. Nelson stated that Mr. Smethurst, while beating the
birch trees for larvee in West Woods, near Bramham, and Bishop’s
Wood, near Selby, had beat out Helix aculeata.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The President exhibited Helzx ericetorum, H. pulchella and
Pupa marginata from St. Cloud, Paris ; also, Hel¢x virgata from
Brighton, and felix sericea, A. rotundata, H. rufesceus, Cochlicopa
lubrica, and Cochlicopa tridens, vay. crystallina, from Lkley.

Messrs. Nelson and Roebuck exhibited Yorkshire shells
from various localities, particulars of which are entered in the
Yorkshire Record Book.

Mr. Nelson further exhibited a fine series of shells recently
obtained at the Isle of Man, a list of which is appended :—

Fisidium sp. Scarlet Point.

146 PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Limnea peregra near Poyllvaaish Bay, Ballakinnish and Balla
doole, Scarlet Point, and Stream, near Castletown.

Limnea truncatula Scarlet Point.

Ancylus fluviatilis near The Nunnery, Douglas, Port Soderic,
and Scarlet Point.

Zonttes cellartus near The Nunnery, Douglas, Port Soderick and

Scarlet Point.

Helix aspersa Port Erin and Scarlet Point.
flelix nemoralts Ballameenagh, Ballasalla, Scarlet Point, and

Willaston.
ffelix caperata Scarlet Point and Onchan.
felix hispida Scarlet Point.
flelix rotundata Scarlet Point, Onchan, Douglas Head, near

The Nunnery, Douglas.
flelix rupestris Scarlet Point.

Bulimus acutus Scarlet Point.

Claustlia rugosa near Douglas Head.

Cochlicopa lubrica Onchan.

Pupa marginata Scarlet Point.

Pupa umbilicata Scarlet Point, Castletown, Peel Castle, The

Nunnery, and Douglas.

Also the following from Furness Abbey :—

Zonites celiartus, Z. alliarius, Helix hispida, fH. rotundata,
fi, pulchella, Clausilia rugosa, Pupa umbiticata, Cochlicopa
lubrica var. lubricoides.

The Secretary (Mr. Thos. W. Bell,) exhibited a few shells
collected at different localities near Peterborough. The follow-
ing is the list :—

Dreissena polymorpha Thornley, Cambridgeshire.

Anodonta cygnea Newborough, Northamptonshire.

Spherium corneum Newborough, Eye, and Peterborough.
Neritina fluviatilis Thornley.

Paludina contecta Eye and Newborough.

Bithinia tentaculata Peterborough, Eye, Newborough, and

Thornley.

Physa fontinulis Eye and Newborough.

Planorbis corneus Peterborough, Eye and Newborough.
P. vortex ss 55 9

P. complanatus oo

P. carinatus Eye and Newborough.

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 147

Planorbis contortus Eye and Peterborough.

P. albus Peterborough.

Limnea stagnalis Pee Eye and Newborough.

L. peregra i ss

Zonites (young sp.) Eye.

Flelix aspersa Peterborough, Eye, Eastfield, &c., &c.
nemoralis Peterborough, Pe Newark, Thornley, &c.
hortensts

. hortensis var. hybrida Bye, Dogsthorp and Eastfield.
arbustorum Eye, Newark, Peterborough, &c.
ericetorvum Newark and Eye.

caperata Hye.

rifescens Kye.

hispida Thornley and Eye.

rotundata Kye.

Succinen putris Peterborough, Eye, Thornley, and Newborough
S. elegans Peterborough, Bye and Newborough.

peo

(9) ee

62nd) Meeting.
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.

NEW MEMBERS.

Mr. James Cosmo Melville, M.A., was elected a member
of the Society.

Mr. G. Sherriff Tye, Villa Road, Handsworth, Staffordshire,
was nominated for membership.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. Wm. Nelson exhibited a a fine series of land and fresh-
water shells collected during a recent tour through Dovedale,
‘Derbyshire.

Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed a number of specimens (in-
cluding Planorbis corneus) from Yorkshire localities; and the
Secretary also exhibited Lzmnea peregra from Caverley Carr, and
Lulimus acutus var. bizona, collected by Mr. C. Ashford, from
Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

148 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

A collection of shells (West Africa and West Indies), num-
bering about 54 species, was exhibited from Mr. J. W. Cundall,
Bristol.

68rd Meeting.
Held at Leopold Square, Leeds, the President in the chair.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The following were announced and thanks. voted to the
donors :—
“Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.”—Part 3.
Reprints of Papers published in the “‘ Proceedings of the
Linnean Soeiety of New South Wales, vol. iv.,” by Jno. Brazier,
CMS. namely :—
1.—“ Synonymy of, and remarks upon, Port Jackson, New
Caledonian and other shells, with their distribution.”
—‘Tist of land shells found on Sy ae Island, with
ee of the New Species.”
3.—“ List of Brachiopoda or Lamp Shells found in Port
Jackson and the coast of New South Wales.”
4.—‘‘ Tropical Mollusca recently dredged at Port Jackson
Heads.”
5.—“Note on Oniscia ponderosa, with its locality.
[The Author.
Reprint of paper published in the “Science News,” April
15, 1879 :—“Littorina littorea, L.,on the American coast,” by
Arthur F. Gray. [The Author.
PAPER READ.
Note from Mr. J. D. Butterell reporting the discovery of
a white variety of Succinea elegans.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited a series of shells collected by
Mr. W. E. Clarke at Holderness.

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I49

The President exhibited a number of interesting shells re-
ceived through the courtesy of Mrs. Fitzgerald of Folkestone,
viz. :—

Flelix planospira from Cortona.

Hf. nemoralts from Lindan, Lake Constance.
Clausilia dubia from Cortona.

C. Stentziz a

Bulimus detritus var. radiatus from Wurzburg.
Bythinia tentaculata from River Rhine at Cologne.
Ffelix concinna var. minor from Folkestone.
Succinea Pfeiffert Rossm. a

Hlyalina Draparnaldi Beck. from Bristol.

The two latter have been identified by Dr. Bottger, of
Frankfort, and are stated to be new to England. The Ayalna
was discovered by Miss Hele, and the Succinea by Mrs. Fitzgerald.

NEW MEMBER.

Mr. G. S. Tye, Villa Road, Handsworth, Staffordshire, was
elected a member of the Society.

———O0——_

G4th Meeting.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in Leopold
Square, Leeds, the President (Mr. J. W. Taylor) in the chair.

After the transaction of some routine business, the Secretary
proceeded to read

THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1880.

In presenting this Report the Committee are glad to be able
to state that considerable progress been made in the Society’s
work during the year.

MEETINGS.
The ordinary monthly meetings for members have been

150 PROC. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

regularly held. At these meetings the

PAPERS READ
have been of considerable interest. The list includes papers by
Charles Ashford, Esq. :—

“On suggestions for a serial arrangement for our banded
gs g
land shells.”

“Note on Aulimus acutus var. bizona.”
“ Note on Aulimus Goodalliz.”

Wm. Nelson, Esq. :—

“On the local association of Limnea glabra, Planorbts
spirorbis and Physa hypnorum.”

R. Scharff, Esq. :—

“Extracts from M. Gassies’ paper, ‘On a peculiar hybrid
Rumina decollata’ translated from the Actes de la Societie
Linnéenne de Bordeaux.”

J. D. Butterell, Esq. :—

‘‘ Note on the discovery of a white variety of Succinea
elegans.”

“List of shells collected at Hornsea.”
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The number of shells exhibited has been very large and has
comprised some rare and valuable specimens. The list includes :

A fine series of banded-shells illustrative of Mr. Ashford’s
paper. Collections (including some rare species and varieties)
from Isle of Man and Dovedale, by Mr. W. Nelson.

A collection of 54 species from West Africa and the West
Indies, by [Mr. J. W. Cundall.

A series of Continental and British shells, some of which
had been sent by Mrs. Fitzgerald, Miss Hele, and Mr. J. H.
Ponsonby. [The President.

Mr. Roebuck exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. D. Butterell, a
series of microscopic slides of the jaws and tongues of various
mollusca. List :—

Limnea peregra. Beverley, 1880. Jaw and odontophore.

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. I51

Limnea stagnalis. Spring Dyke, 1880. Odontophore.

Jb; us Beverley, 1880. Jaw.

L. palustris. Palate.

Planorbis corneus. Beverley, 1880. Jaws and odontophore.
Neritina fluviatilis. — Odontophore.

Ancylus lacustrts. ”

Arion ater. Beverley, 1880. Jaws and odontophores.
Limax agrestis.
Suctinea putrts. “ BS op »
S. elegans. Pighill Lane, Beverley.
flelix aspersa. Beverley, 1880. 99 »
caperata.
hispida.
rupescens.
virgata.
arbustorum.

cantiana. ” ” ) ”

SRS Aa

. hortensis. 3 ad ‘ i
Pupa umbilicata. Walkington, 1880. bi A
Littorina litorea. Palate.

L. obtusata. Odontophore.

Mr. Butterell’s letter drew attention to the jaws of Zzmnca
stagnalis and Planorbts corneus. It was seen that in ZL. stagnalts
the side pieces hanging from the jaw are covered with filaments,
and the question arises in the mind whether these are intended
to prevent too large pieces entering the mouth or to retain what is
there—in fact, to act somewhat in the manner of the whalebone
in a whale’s mouth, z.¢., as a strainer. In the action of eating,
the odontophore moves up to the jaw and the hanging side pieces
close in both sides. Mr. Butterell’s letter closed by asking for
informations from the members, as he has not seen the subject
treated in any of our books.

152 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS

for the ensuing year was next proceeded with, the following
members being elected :-—President: Mr. Jno. W. Taylor. Vice-
Presidents: Messrs. Wm. Nelson and William Cash, F.G.S.
Treasurer and Secretary: Mr. Thomas W. Bell. Recorder: Mr.
Wm. Denison Roebuck. Committee: Messrs. J. W. Cundall, B.
Holgate, F.G.S., Rev. H. Milnes, M.A., W. H. Evans, M.D.,
Henry Laver, F L.S., and Wm. Denison Roebuck.

THE LIBRARY.

During the year several good additions have been made to
our Library, as follows :—

“Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” 1878.
- A a Sheen
5 » »9 Part 3.
[All purchased.
“ Journal of Conchology,” October, 1879.
[By Mr. J W. Taylor.
‘‘Synopsis Molluscorum viventium Testaceorum.”
[By Dr. Kobelt.
‘‘Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Terrestrial
Mollusca,” by Mr. C. P. Gloyne. [By Mr. J. W. Taylor.
‘““ Mounds and Mound Builders in Muscatine County.”
[By F. M. Witter.
“List of land and marine shells of Australia,” by Dr. J. C.
Cox. [By Mr. Jno. Brazier.
“ Reprints of Papers published in the Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales,” Vol. iv., by Mr. Jno. Brazier.
[The Author.
“‘ Reprint of Paper published in Science News,” April 15th, 1879,
by F. Gray. [The Author.
DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION.
The following valuable donations have been made to the
Society’s collection during the year:
103 species of the land, freshwater and marine shells of Aus-
tralia. [By Mr. Jno. Brazier.
80 species of land and freshwater shells from Iowa.
[By Prof. F. M. Witter.

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 153

THE RECORDER'S REPORT.
Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck presented his report as Recorder
of the Society of the Yorkshire localities of shells, which is
appended hereto :—

“The Recorder of Yorkshire Localities has to report that
during the year 1880 specimens have been shown at the meetings
in authentication of 204 localities for 58 species and varieties of
land and freshwater shells. ‘The numbers at present standing on
record in the books, including the entries made not only in 1880
but in all preceding years, are :—1,104 records for 128 species
and varieties, giving an average of rather more than eight records
for each form. Four species and varieties have been shown
during the year for the first time. ‘The Recorder would conclude
by reminding members and others that the aim of the Record
Book system is to afford a well authenticated source of informa-
tion on geographical distribution. To this end no record is
admitted unless the specimens are shown at the meetings, and
the determination verified by competent authority. For the com-
plete attainment of this object the co-operation of all collectors
is needed. Instead of the localities averaging eight for each
form, there should be hundreds; and shells from every part of
Yorkshire, of all species, even the commonest, should be sent
for exhibition, and for the furtherance of a scientific object which
is so well carried out by the Botanical Record Club.”

a OO

LYMNAZA PEREGRA var. PICTA, IN DERBYSHIRE.
By Rey. HERBERT MILNES, M.A.

In one of my conchological excursions in the North of
Derbyshire, I dredged from a small pool in the neighbourhood
of Winster several specimens of Lymnaea peregra var. picta. As
I am not aware of its being recorded as taken before in Derby-
shire, I have thought it might interest some of the readers of the
Conchological Journal to hear of its occurrence.

154 TRYON : MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic,
with illustrations of the species.—Vol. I.—ll.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.

This important work, of which two volumes lie before us,
aims to be the most useful and comprehensive on Conchology
that has yet been issued. The distinguished author, G. W.
Tryon, junr., is well known by his many able articles on North
American Mollusca, and also by his connection with the “‘ Ameri-
can Journal of Conchology,” which periodical he edited for many
years.

The author has exceptional facilities for the compilation of
a work of this nature by his connection with the Academy of
Sciences of Philadelphia, the Conchological Museum of which
Institution ranks among the largest in the world in the species
represented, while its series illustrating variation and geographical
distribution are probably unrivalled. Its library contains almost
every work ever published on the subject, as well as Transactions
of learned bodies, &c.

It is intended to figure every genus and every recent species
—so far as specimens or hitherto published figures will enable it
to be done—and it is estimated that 30,000 or 40,000 illustrations
will be required.

The First Volume is devoted entirely to the Cephalopoda,
for the illustration of which group 112 plates are required, repre-
senting the fossil and recent species, with details of anatomy,
embryogeny, &c. The volume is closed by a very complete
alphabetical index of the species cited, giving the synonymy and
a very full description of the numerous plates illustrating the
Monograph.

The Second Volume of this beautiful work is devoted to
the Muricine and Purpurine, and is illustrated by 70 plates,

MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 155

fully elucidating the forms, sculpture and anatomy of the groups
treated on. A copious index is appended to the volume, which
embraces not only a full synonomy of all the species mentioned
in the volume, but a detailed and lucid explanation of the plates
with which it is enriched.

The work, as far as it has been issued, promises to be of a
very complete character, and will materially facilitate the labors
of Conchologists in determining any doubtful specimens they
may have occasion to examine.

Those Conchologists desiring copies of this work should not
delay notifying their desire, as the edition is strictly limited to
250 copies, and the work will in a few years augment greatly in
value.

English subscriptions may be sent to Triibner & Co., Lud-
gate Hill, London, and we trust that our English brethren will
not fail to encourage this much desired and valuable work.

LIST OF MOLLUSCA OBTAINED IN SOUTH CARO-
LINA AND FLORIDA (PRINCIPALLY AT THE ISLAND
OF KEY WEST IN 1871-1872.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.

: Class: CEPHALOPODA.
1. Octopus (sp.)
About three feet in diameter, body fawn colored, with
white spots. Key West, among loose blocks of coral.

2. Spirula levis (Gray).
Abundantly cast ashore at Key West, but often in
fragmentary condition.

156 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

Class: HETEROPODA.
3. lanthina communis (Lam.)

Abundantly cast ashore at Key West after gales. In
one or two instances I have found the animal alive, with its
well-known “‘raft.” The Portuguese Man of War (Physalia )
and the Ve/el/a invariably seem to accompany the /anthina.

4. |. exigua (Lam.) With the preceding.

[A third and perhaps a fourth species I likewise found
at Key West, but so similar are all the species of that section
that I forbear naming it provisionally. |

Class: GASTEROPODA.

Fam: MURICIDA.
5. Murex Salleanus (H. Adams).
Coral reef, Key West, but rare.

6. M, (Ocinebra) tetragonus (Brod.)
Key West. Common.

7. Ml. (Ocinebra) cyclostomus (Sowb.)

Key West. Common.

8. M. (Muricidea) hexagonus (Lamk.)

Not common. I found three or four specimens,
mostly tenanted by Hermit crabs. In good condition, the
mouth of this species is often found of a pink color.

9. Trophon cinereus (Say.)
Abundant on rocks at low water, Sullivan’s Island and
Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
ro. Cantharus coromandelianus (Lamk.)
Very abundant. Coralreefs. Key West.
11. Hemifusus corona (Gmel.)
The normal form. Cedar Keys. West Florida.

II.

I2.

116

14.

15.

16.

Tye

18.

MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 157

Hemifusus corona § estephomenos (Melv.)

This marked variety may probably be constituted a
new species. It differs from the type in being uniformly
smaller, and in the almost complete absence of one of the
two rows of spines on the last whorl.

It was found in one place only at Key West, but
there in great abundance on very shallow coral slabs,
covered with about two feet of water, and surrounded by a
brackish Mangrove swamp.

(It has been figured by Sowerby in Zool. Pro., Nov.,
1878. Plate xlvit, f. 13.)

Ranella (Eupleura) caudata (Say.)

Rare. Sullivan’s Island. South Carolina.

fam: BUCCINIDA.
Nassa antillarum (Phil.)
Key West. Common.
N. ambigua (Mt.)
Key West. Common.
N. vibex (Say.)

Charleston Harbour. South Carolina.
N. trivittata (Say.)

Charleston Harbour. South Carolina.
N. obsoleta (Say.)

Charleston Harbour. In countless myriads on the
muddy estuary of the Ashley River, Charleston.

Laie LACK IAORLDD A,
Purpura deltoidea (Lamk.)
Profusely abundant on the southern shore of Key

West. May always be known by the delicate violet coloring
of the mouth, when in fresh state.

158 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

19. Purpura bicostalis (Lamk.)
20. P. fasciata (Reeve.)

21. P. floridana (Conrad.)
All more or less common on the reefs, Key West.

22. P. biserialis (Blvlle.)

One shell referred by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., to this
species may be but a variety of one of the preceding.
There seems to be as much variety among the Purpuree of
the sub-genus Stramonita as among the Nassee, which have
been so ably taken in hand by Mr. F. P. Marrat.

23. Ricinula nodulosa (C. B. Adams.)
On the reefs, Key West.

Fam: OLIVIDA.

24. Oliva reticularis (Lam. )
Not uncommon at Key West, but, as far as I have seen
specimens, all of one variety, with pale pink markings.
25. O. litterata (Lam.)

Charleston Harbour. This may prove to be but a
northern variety of O. reticularis (Lamk.)

26. O. mutica (Say.)
South Carolina—especially on the breakwater by Sulli-
van’s Island (now, I believe, removed). I also came across
the species on the Florida coast.

27. O. nana (Lam.)
Key West.

28. O. exigua (Mart.)
Key West.

29. O. nivea (Gm.)=eburnea (Lam.)
Key West.

30.

Bike

34-

35:

326.

MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF §S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 159

Fam: FASCIOLARIDA.

Fasciolaria distans (Lam.)
Charleston Harbour. Not uncommon.

F. tulipa (L.)
Key West and Cedar Keys, West Florida.

. F. scheepmakeri (Dunker.)

I was fortunate in finding two specimens of this rare
mollusc, both fine, though in dead condition, on the southern
shores of Key West. It appears to differ from / ¢ulipa
(L.), its nearest congener, by the more massive build, and by
being uniformly ribbed throughout.

Busycon aruanum (L.)
Very common and fine on Sullivan’s Island, South
Carolina—frequently attaining a large size.

B. perversum (L.)

This is probably a sinistral var. of B. aruanum. I
found them associated together in Carolina, but on the West
coast of Florida and at Key West I found only the

perver sum.

B. canaliculatum (L.)

Charleston Harbour. Not common.
B. spiratum (Lam.)

Key West. One specimen.

. Leucozonia knorrii (Desh.)

On the coral reefs, Key West. The animal is of the
color of raw beef.
Latirus Cayonuesonicus (Sowb. and Melvill, 1878.)
This interesting little species was recently described by
Mr. Sowerby in the Zool. Proceedings (Nov. 5, 1878). It is
in form almost an exact minature representative of the

160 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

L. infundibulum (Gmel.), but is of a black-brown color
throughout. I did not find many specimens, and those

mostly in bad condition.
VEU NA OSE DHTO LEE,
39. Marginella diaphana (Kien. )
Common. Key West.
40. M. conoidalis (Kien.)
Common. Key West.
40a. M. longivaricosa (Reeve) =guttata (Auct.)
Key West.
41. Volvaria lactea (Kien.)
Common. Key West.
Fam: COLUMBELLIDA.
42. Columbella mercatoria (Lamk.)
Very abundant at Key West, in many varieties.
43. C. spongiarum (Duclos.) |
One specimen, Key West, on Gorgonia.

44. CG. (Anachis) avara (Say.)

In countless myriads on the breakwater, Sullivan’s

Island, Charleston Harbour.
45. ©. (Anachis) ostreicola (Melvill MS. n. sp.)

This species, which is still undescribed, is allied to

C. nigricans, but is smaller and very distinct. Found on
oyster shells (O. vostrata) at Appalachicola, Gulf of

Mexico.
fam: CASSIDIDA.

46. Oniscia oniscus (L.)
On the shore, Key West.
Fam: DOLIIDE.
47. Dolium perdix (L.)
Key West, but not common.

48.

49.

50.

Si.

54.

Do:

56.

MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 16T

‘ Fam: NATICIDA.
Natica campechiensis (Recluz.)

I take the South Carolina mollusc, usually called
duplicata (Say), to belong to this species, but all the Neverite
of Risso are similar, and probably most of them wide
spread varieties of one species. JV. duplicata (Say) is prob-
ably a variety of JV. heros (Say), which I noted as very com-
mon in Nahant Harbour, Massachusetts, but I found nothing
approaching it in South Carolina.

N. sp. Not in good condition. Allied to the aldula
section. Key West. ;
Sigaretus perspectivus (Say).

Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina.

fam: SCALARIDA.

Scalaria angulata (Say.)

Sullivan’s Island, Charleston Harbour.
S. venosa (Sowb.)

Key West.

Fam: TEREBRIDZ.

Terebra dislocata (Say.)

Charleston Harbour.

LD © SEMA AMV DID IESE Dy 72

Obeliscus terebellum (Miill.)

In fragmentary condition. Key West.
Chemnitzia Indianola (Sowb.)

Appalachicola, Florida, Gulf of Mexico.

Kane: CONLD A.

Conus leoninus (Hwass.)

Key West. Perhaps a variety of spuriws (Gm.)
C. L’Argilliertii (Kien.) = Japonicus (Hwass.)

Key West. Not uncommon, but not in good condition.

162

58.

59:

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

Conus columba (Brug.)

Very abundant on the reefs, Key West.
C. pusio (Lam.) ;

Abundant. Key West.
C. Pealii (Green.)

One specimen found—may be this species—but it is in
very bad condition.
C. Melvillii (Sowb. jun., 1879.)

One specimen. Key West. This very distinct species
is represented by Mr. Sowerby as being probably near C.
veticulatus. ‘To my mind it approaches C. adansoni (Lam.)
an African species, but it is abundantly distinct from any
species known.
C. nebulosus (Soland.)

One specimen in young state, with very sharp spire.
I did not observe C. Fioridensts (Sowb.)

fam: STROMBIDA.

S. bubonius (Lam.)

Key West.
S. lobatus (Sw.) = bituberculatus (Lam.)

Key West.
S. gigas (L.)

Very abundant on the reefs, Key West, but mostly in
young state. Upon incautiously handling a specimen I was
bitten in the hand, though, happily, not very severely.

Fam: CYPREIDA.

Cyprza exanthema (L.)

On the mangrove stems, North shore, Key West. Very
fine specimens.

Ovula (Birostra) acicularis (Lam.)
On Gorgoniz, Sullivan’s Island, Charleston Harbour.

J.C., iii., April, 1881

68.

60.

70.

7] lhe

73:

74.

71S

76.

77:

MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 163

O. (Birostra) uniplicata (Sowb.)

With the preceding, but rarer. It is significant that
the specimens of the species affecting the yellow.Gorgonia
are of that colour, while those that cling to the purple
species are purple.

ings (CAUN CLG IGSEAIRIIDIZE,
Cancellaria reticulata (L.)
Key West. Four fine specimens.
Lihitige = (CLBSKATAEL IO ZE,
Cerithium litteratum (Born. )
Key West. - Very abundant.
C. mutabile (C. B. Ad.)

One or two specimens. Key West.
CG. uncinatum (Gmel.) ?

Key West. Iam not quite sure about this name, but
it is the nearest approach to the specimens I found.
C. (Lampania) septem-striatum (Say.)

On the reefs at Key West—at all events on the southern
side. This species abounds in countless thousands. One
sweep of the hand on the rocks, or in the rock pools at low
water, will suffice to obtain hundreds of specimens of all

sizes and varieties.
Bittium sp: ?

One specimen from Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina.
Cerithidea crassilabrum (Ad.)

Cedar Keys, West Florida.
C. costata (Wood.)

With the preceding.

TAD &, SENT TN OV AONE DY Be,

Littorina Sayi (Phil.)

Cedar Keys, West Florida—quite away from the sea,

164 MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

but there are numerous saline marshes and oyster beds in
the vicinity.
78. L. angulifera (Lam.)
Key West.
Ome ziczac (Chem)
2 Key West and Havana, Cuba.
80. L. carinata (D’Orb.)
Key West and Havana, Cuba.
81. Tectarius dilatatus (D’Orb.)
Key West and Havana, Cuba, on rocks at low water.
82. T. muricatus (L.)
Next to Certthium 7 striatum, the most abundant
gasteropod at Key West.
83. T. nodosus (Gray.)
Common.
84. T. breviculus (Phil.)
Common.
85. Modulus lenticularis (Chem.)
Common at Key West.
Fam: PLANAXIDA.
86. Planaxis lineata (Da Costa.)
Key West.
Sim [Es “Sieh
With the preceding. It may be only a variety.
fam: VERMETIDA.
88. Wermetus cochlidium (Cpr.)
On Avicule. Key West.
89. V. contortus (Cpr.)
On Avicula Peruviana. Key West.
go. V. sp.
On Avicule. Key West.

J.C., iii, April, 1881

92.

93>

94.

95-

96.

97:

98.

MELVILL ;: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 165

Fam: CALVPTRAIDA.

. Crepidula fornicata (L.)

South Carolina. Generally common.

C. plana (Ad. & Rve.) = unguiformis (Auct.)

Key West and Charleston Harbour.

C. aculeata (Gm.) and var. hystrix.

South Carolina and Key West. Common. The C7e-
pidule are so very variable that there may have been some
species passed over. They are very partial to Fasciolaride.
I found one specimen of fuasciolarta distans in Charleston
Harbour, with perhaps 30 to 40 C. plana adhering, of all
sizes and shapes.

fam: CAPULIDA.
Hipponyx radiata (Q. & G.)
Common on dead shells. . Key West.
Fant INEERL ILD AS,
Nerita peloronta (L.)
I did not find the “ Bleeding Tooth” very common
at Key West.
N. tessellata (Gm.)
Abundant at Key West.
N. versicolor (Lam.)
Abundant on the reefs, and very variable.

Fam: TROCHIDA.

Uvanilla latispina (Phil.)
Key West.

Astralium costulare (Lam.)
Key West.

too, Pachypoma americanum (Gm.)

Io!

Key West.

. Omphalius carnestus (Lam.)

166 MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

Fam: FISSURELLIDA.
1o2. Fissurella Barbadensis (Gm.)
Key West.
moa [ay fuezexcel (La)
Key West.
eae ® Is QUEILIID) ae
104. Bulla striata (Brug.)
Key West. Dead specimens only.
Hipipe JelE Jol Claak
105. Glandina truncata (Gm.)
Key West, but not very large.
106. Helix carpenteriana (Dkr.)
Key West, South Florida.
107. H. septemvolva (Say.)
Key West, South Florida.
108. H. monodon (Rack.)
Key West, South Florida.
109. H. cereolus (Muhlfld.)
Key West, South Florida.
I need not recapitulate here the ordinary forms of
Helix (s. g. Anchistoma) found generally in Carolina,
Georgia and Florida, eg., palliata (Say), fallax (Say),
auriculata (Say), &c.
110. Liguus (Achatina) sp., semifossil.
Allied to wirginea (L.), in the recent coral, white. Key
West, always bleached. It may prove to be a new subfossil
species.
111. Bulimus Menkeanus (Griner)=venosus (Sowb.)
Under Cacti, Key West.
112. Cylindrella variegata (Pfr.)
Key West, South Flonda, under Cacti.

J.C., iii,, April, 1881

MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S, CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 167

113. Stenogyra decollata (L.)
Charleston, South Carolina, in gardens, presumably
imported from Europe.
114. Pupa (Strophia) maritima (Pfr.)
Key West.
115. Succinea ovalis (Say).
Neighbourhood of Charleston, South Carolina.
Fam: AURICULACEA,
116. Melampus spiralis (Pfr.)
On heather and shrubs (Andromede and Vaccinia),
Cedar Keys, West Florida, near the salt marshes.
Fam: LIMNAIDA.

Several species of /hyse and VPlanorbes, including P.
heterostropha (Say), P. ancillarta (Say) and other well known
American forms, and /Vano7bis corpulentus (Say).

Fam: SIPHONARIDA.
117. Siphonaria subrugosa (Sowb.)
Very common on the reefs at Key West.
fam: ACICULA CEA.
118. Truncatella bilabiata (Pfr.)
Under Stones, Key West, abundant.
Fam: CYCLOSTOMIDA..
119. Chondropoma sp:—
° Key West.
fam: HELICINID 2.
11g. Helicina orbiculata (Say).
Key West.

CON Co EMIer hy Re.
fam: PHOLADIDA.
122. Pholas costata (L.)
Charleston Harbour, South Carolina.

168 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

Fam: SOLE NIDA.

123. Tagelus (Solecurtus) Caribzeus (Lam.)

Charleston Harbour, common.

Fam: GLYCIMERIDA.

124. Saxicava distorta (Say).

Sullivan’s Island, Charleston.

Fam. MACTRIDA.

125. Hemimactra similis, (Say.)

21.

Charleston.

Raeta canaliculata, (Say.)

Charleston Harbour and Sullivan’s Island, S. C.

I met with the large MJactra soltdissima, (Chem.) and
various other AZactvacee@ on the shores of New England, etc.
but with no others than the two above-mentioned in the
Southern States. No doubt dZactra Sayz (Gray) and others
would have rewarded more prolonged research.

Fam. TELLINIDAE.

. Asaphis dichotoma, (Anthony)

Key West, South Florida.

. Teilina alternata, (Say).

South Florida.

. T. fausta, (Donovan).

Very fine at Key West South Florida.

. T. lineata, (Turton).

Key West, South Florida.

. T. robusta, (Hanley).

The specimens found of this, from Key West, were pro-
nounced by Mr. Sowerby, who examined them, larger than
was ordinary. -

Q.J.C., iii., April, 1881

13 0

140.

I4l.

142.

8
MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 169

T. radiata, (L.)
Key West, common. The var. wzzmaculata, (Lamarck)
also observed.

. T. similis, (Sowerby).

Key West, South Florida.

. T. tenera, (Say).

Key West, South Florida.

. T. interrupta, (Wood).

Very fine at Key West, though not abundant.

. 1. sol, (Hanley).

This magnificient species, belonging to the subgenus
Phylloda is the finest bivalve I obtained. It was very rare
at Key West, and I only succeeded in finding two specimens.

. Strigilla carnaria, (L.)

Key West South Florida.

. S. pisiformis (L.)

Key West, South Florida.
fam: AMPHIDESMIDZ.

. Amphidesma orbiculatum (Say).

Charleston, South Florida.
Fam: DONACIDA.
Donax variabilis (Say).
South Carolina and South Florida.
Fan: VENERIDE.

Callista (Dione) gigantea (Chem.)
Magnificent specimens of all sizes, Key West.
Mercenaria Mortoni (Conr.)
South Florida.
M. violacea (Schum.)—Venus mercenaria (L.)
South Carolina.

170 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

143° Gemma Totteni (Desh.)
Coast of South Carolina.
144. Anomalocardia impressa (Anthony).
Key West, South Florida.
145. Chione cancellata (L.)
Key West, South Florida.
146. Artemis (Dosinia) discus (Reeve).
Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina.
147. Petricola pholadiformis, (Lam.)
Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina.
Ths GIORNO DY G2.
148. Cyrena carolinensis, (Bosk.)
Ashley River, South Carolina.
Fam. CARDIADA.
149. Cardium magnum, (Born).
Very common on the sandy coast of South Carolina.
150. C. muricatum, (L.)
Key West, South Florida.
151. Leevicardium levigatum, (L.)
Key West, South Carolina.
162. L. serratum, (L.)
Key West, South Carolina.
153. Hemicardium medium, (L.)
Key West, South Carolina.
Fam. CHAMIDA.
154. Chama macrophylla, (Ch.)
Mostly attached to large Gorgoniz, Key West.
Fam. LUCINIDAE.
15s. Lucina Jamaicensis, (Lam.)
Key West, but rare.
156. L. Pennsylvanica, (Lam.)
In countless thousands, Key West. Surely the name

J.C., iii., April, 1881

MELVILL : MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA. 1f71

is amisnomer. ‘This species does not range so far north as
Pennsylvania.
157. L. tigerina, (L.)
Very abundant, Key West.

158. Loripes chrysostoma, (Meusch).
Key West, South Florida.

159. L. edentula, (L.)
With the preceding. Probably both are forms of one
species.
Fam. CRASSATELLIDA.
160. Cardita (Mytilicardia) Floridana, (Sowb.)
Key West, South Florida.
LEH, AUSTLII OAS.
ro1. Crenella glandula, (Totten).
South Carolina, |
162. Modiola plicatula, (Lam.)
Very abundant in Charlestown Harbour; also at Key
West.
163. Mytilus cubitus, (Say).
Key West, South Florida.
164. Lithodomus candigerus, (Lam.)
Key West, South Florida.
[and another species: probably stvamzneus, (Dunker).
Ja, AVC GILII DAE,
165. Avicula ala-perdicis, (Reeve).
166. A. Peruviana, (Reeve).
Both species very abundant on Gorgonie.
167. Pinna muricata, (L.)
Charleston Harbour, (fragmentary).

172 MELVILL: MOLLUSCA OF S. CAROLINA AND FLORIDA.

Fam. ARCID.
168. Arca Noe, (L.)
Key West; I assume this to be the same form as the
Mediterranean species.

169. Barbatia sp:—
Key West, not in good condition,
170. Scapharca incongrua, (Say).
Charleston Harbour.
171. S. ineequivalvis, (Brug.) or allied species.
Key West, South Florida.
172. S. occidentalis, (Phil.)
Southern shores of Key West.
173. Pectunculus pectiniformis, (Lamk.)
Key West, South Florida.
174. Argina pexata, (Say).
South Carolina.
175. A. Americana, (Gray).
Charleston Harbour, more abundant than the last.
Fam. PECTINIDA. -
176. Pecten circularis, (Sowb.)
Cedar Keys.
177. Lima scabra, (Born).
Key West.
171. Spondylus ramosus, (Reeve).
Key West, common.
fam. OSTREIDA.
179. Ostrea frons, (L.)
On Mangrove stems, etc., Key West.

180. O. rhizophore, (Gray).
On Mangrove stems, etc., Key West.

J.C., iii., April, 1881

WITTER: UNIO LUTEOLUS AND ITS ALLIED FORMS. 173

[It will be observed that I have made no mention of the
Melaniade and Unionide. At Key West I did not come
across a single specimen of these families, which is not sur-
prising in the inland torrents, but are fond of fresh water.
I found several species in my North American travels, but
very few in South Carolina, and those of no particular pecu-
liarity of form].

My thanks are due to Mr. G. B. Sowerby, junr., for having
materially assisted me in the discrimination of the more critical
species. It will be observed that the mollusca belong to two
distinct provinces :—(i).—The Carolinean section of the Trans-
atlantic and (ii)—The Caribbean— The fauna and flora of Key
West are almost wholly tropical, presenting a curious change from
the mainland of Florida, separated only by a channel of the Gulf
stream, some fifty miles or so in width. The Florida Keys, of
which this is the principal in size, are entirely of the coral forma-
tion, often only a few inches above high water mark.

UNIO LUTEOLUS, (LamMarcxK). & ITS ALLIED FORMS.

By Pror. F. M. WITTER.

(Read before the Conchological Society).

Common in slough below Keokuk Lake, Muscatine County.
Found in greater or less abundance in the Mississippi at Muscat-
ine; in creek near Brown’s Ferry on Cedar river in Muscatine Cai;
in Mud creek at Wilton; in Des Moines river at Des Moines; and
Skunk river at Ames, in fact it is found almost everywhere in the

Mississippi valley, especially in the northern half and in the valley
of the St. Lawrence.

174 WITTER: UNIO LUYTEOLUS AND ITS ALLIED FORMS.

Considerable confusion exists concerning this species, It seems
to me that we have three forms near Muscatine known as /uwfeolus;
of these three forms I should make two groups; 1n.the first group
there might be placed those forms with numerous delicate undu-
lations or folds about the beaks, and the shells are usually a little
less than twice as long as wide, there is a large percentage of green
in the color of the epidermis and some examples are very beautiful;
this group seems with us to prefer small and rather sluggish creeks
or sloughs with muddy bottoms. JI shall designate the first group
as (A), and the second as (2). (A), is capable of subdivision
and these forms may be represented by (a), and(f). (a), is much
smaller and lighter in every way than (f), umbones very low, and
generally less brilliantly colored. I have not found the two forms
(a) and (4) in the same waters. The largest of the form (a), mea-
sures as follows: length 7.8, breadth 4:4, diameter 2.2 cm.

(8), has rather prominent umbones, is darker in color and a
larger and heavier shell, the undulations about the beaks in these
two forms appearsto bethe same. (f) measures as follows, length
11.3, breadth 6, diameter 4.5 cm. There seems to be but little
difference in the size of mature shells, except the diameter.” In
this respect there is a very marked exception in both forms. A
thin form, especially flattened and somewhat pointed posteriorly,
and a tumid form, truncated posteriorly. These [ have regarded
ag fertile and sterile respectively. Group(#), contains forms in
most respects very different from those mentioned above. The
epidermis is often yellow, with scarcely a line of green to be seen,
and is highly polished. The umbones are high, in some as well
developed as in occidens, Lea. At the beaks are two or three coarse
folds or wrinkles. The hinge teeth appear to be the same as those
of occidens. In this group there is a form somewhat pointed pos-
teriorly and another with a most conspicuously truncated posterior
and very wide behind the umbones. A large example of group

J.C., ii., April, 1881

WITTER: UNIO LUTEOLUS AND ITS ALLIED FORMS. 175

(8), from the Cedar river, in Muscatine County, weighs 14 02z.,
length 14.8, width, 1o.7, diameter 7.8 cm.

It seems to me the /wfeolus, of Lamarck, is most likely, (a),
in group (4). It is a small light shellcompared with the others.
(8), of group(4)is known by some as sz/zguotdens of Barnes, but
Lea does not recognize this asa good species. The two forms
are not found in the same waters here, each occurring in several
localities in eastern and central Iowa, but in each case, so far as
I have seen the form is more or less closely maintained. If sz/z-
guoidens cannot be retained as a species, it certainly is, in this re-
gion, aconspicuous variety. As to group /#), it is quite certain
some considerable misapprehension exists among conchologists:
It has been described under the name of ventricosus, by Barnes,
and figured as such in Say’s Conchology. The form is abundant
in our interior streams, but not associated with group (A ), so far
asI have seen. Some examples of group (4) vary towards (a), in
group (4 ), and others are so close to occidens, as to make it diffi-
cult for me to separate them. Is it not probable that these three
forms are due to altered conditions under which they live? Most
of my correspondents send me form (4), labelled Zwteolus. It
would appear that /ifeo/ws varies in one direction towards /igamen-
tinus, Lamarck, of some of our streams, towards vadzatus, Lamk.,
&c., and in another towards canadensis, Lea, ventricosus, Barnes,
and cariosus, Say. ‘There is a large group that seems to centre
about luteclus.

Sse

Note on Helix rosacea, (PETTERD).—Mr. W. F. Petterd
has described a Helix from Tasmania under the name of rosacea,
(J.C. vol. ii, p. 213) but that name is pre-occupied by Miller, for
a South African species, now usually but not universally consid-
ered a variety of 1. g/obilus.—J. S. Gipsons, M.B., Southampton.

176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CONCHOLOGICAL
CONGRESS AT VENICE.

We are desired by the Council of the Italian Malacological
Society, to draw attention to the appended invitation to conchol-
ogists to take part in an international assembly of those persons
interested in the science. As appears from the announcement
the meeting will take place in September next at Venice. We
trust our country will be worthily represented on the occasion.

SOCIETA MALACOLOGICA ITALIANA
Pisa, 8, Fevrier, 188r.

Trés honoré confrere,

Se conformant a la délibération prise dans une séance
générale de l'année passée, le conseil directif de la société Malac-
ologique Italienne a décidé de convoquer les membres de cette
société, ainsi qui les étrangers a la société qui s’occupent de cette
branche de l’histoire naturelle, 4 intervenir 4 une séance extraor-
dinaire qui sera tenue & Venise au mois de Septembre prochain.

Dans cette réunion on s’occupera particulierement des ques-
tions qui se rapportent a la conchyliologie en général et en partic-
ulier.

On a choisi la ville de Venise 4 cause de la coincidence dans
le méme mois du congrés international de Géographie et de celui
de Géologie qui doit étre tenu a Bologne.

Le conseil directif se réservant de vous informer, pas plus tard
du mois de Juillet prochain, de ordre de la discussion du jour
de la séance et de l’adresse de la salle ott la société devra se ré-
unir, compte dts & présent que vous voudrez honorer de votre
présence certe réunion.

Agréez, treés-honoré confrére, assurance de notre considération
distinguée.

J. MENEGHINI, Président.
M. Pautucci, Vice-Président.
R. Law ey, Trésorier.
D. PANTANELLI,
B. CAarrassl,

P.S. Vous étes prié, Monsieur, de faire parvenir un mot de
reponse & la direction.

) Uri
i Secrétaires.

Q.J.C., iii., April, 1881

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 177

Hyalina Draparnaldi, (Beck,) in England.—This shell
puzzled me for a long time, I received at first from some friends
specimens from Guernsey; later on some from Miss F. M. Hele,
of Bristol. I also collected specimens myself near Bristolin 1877,
and the same autumn found one specimen at Torquay, in Devon.
As Thad no specimens of Ayalina Draparnaldi to compare them
with, I was content all this time to leave them in my collection as
Zonites cellarius var. major, but a short time since I sent some to
my good friend Dr. Beettger, who immediately pronounced them
to be Draparnalat, so this gives a new shell to our country, and
from three different localities. — (Mrs.) J. FirzGerawp, Folkestone.

Succinea Pfeifferi, (Rossm.) at Folkestone.—I find
this species here tolerably abundantly, Dr. Boettger says it is the
true shell beyond ail doubt. (Mrs.) J. Frrzcrratp, Folkestone.

Note on the association of species.—With regard to
Mr. Nelson’s article “On association of species” I have found
Limnea glabra in a small but deep pond in-a field near
Leckonfield Moat, the vegetation was mainly Ranunculus, but
there was a quantity of other vegetation, the only other shell I
found associated with it was P/anorbis spirvorbis and a few Limnea
peresia.

In a ditch at Figham (one of the Beverley free pastures),
where the water is strongly impregnated with iron, I found
Planorbis corneus, P. contortus, P. complanatus, P. carinatus, P.
vortex, Bythinia tentaculata, B. Leachit, Limnaa peregra, Physa
fontinalis, Valvata piscinalis, Sphertum corneum. and a Fistatum
I have not yet determined.

Unfortunately for conchologists they are fond of clean ditch
bottoms here, and I fear this one will suffer before long.—J. D.
BUTTERELL, Beverley.

178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Cyclostoma elegans (MuLt.) in the Lake district.—I
have just received through the kindness of a friend, some speci-
mens of this species which he has recently found at Silverdale.
It is I believe a somewhat more northerly habitat than yet
recorded for this species.—R. ScHarrr, Edinburgh University.

Note on Yorkshire Shells.—Some of the following
additional localities for Yorkshire shells acquired by me personally
during the past year may interest the readers of this journal.
Spherium lacustre. In profusion in ponds near Rawcliffe,

York.

Pisidium- pusillum var cinereum. Fine in a pond near

Falsgrave, Scarbro’.

Unio pictorum var. curvirostris? Ouse, below York.

Planorbis allbus. Scarbro’ Castle Hill, Clifton Ings and
Hobmoor ponds.

P. corneus. Seamer Mere.

Limnzea stagnalis. Very fine in Seamer Mere.

Helix nemoralis var. hybrida. Fulford.

H. nemoralis var. scalariformis. Carnaby.

H. hispida var. albida. Scarbro’.

H. caperata. Thirsk. Var. ornata. Scarbro’.

H. ericetorum. Scarborough.

H. lapicida. Kilnsea Crags and Kettlewell.

Succinea elegans. Flambro’ Head and Scarbro’ cliffs.

Zonites nitidus. Clifton Ings, in plenty.

Pupa secale. Kettlewell Crags.

Clausilia rugosa. Scarbro’, in profusion.

C. rugosa var. dubia. Kettlewell Crags.

Rey. W. C. Hey, M.A., The Residence, York.

=< |

J.C, iii., April, 1881

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 179

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Die Mollusken der Maskerenen und Seychellen
(The Mollusca of the Mauritius and Seychelles).—Von Prof. E.
v. Martens.

This large and elaborate work which is illustrated by 4
colored plates, is prefaced by a lengthy list of the authors who
have written on any of those interesting and productive islands,
with the titles of their works. The geographical distribution of
each species is well indicated by a series of signs of which a full
explanation is furnished at the commencement of the volume.

One hundred and sixty-three species of land shells which are
ranged in two great groups termed Pxemmopoma and St)lemmato-
phora. Pneumopoma embraces the sections Cyclostomacea and
Flelicinide, and 41 species are catalogued.

One species of Cyclostomacea, Omphalotropis Moebii (pl. xix.,
f. r) is described as new.

The group Stylemmatophora is subdivided into Oxygnatha,
with 31 species. <Awlacognatha with 39, of which one, Cec/ia-
nella ( Geostilbia ) is noted as new. Agnatha has 43
species, Zlasmognatha has but six, and Vaginulide three.

Of brackish water species, four are Zyuncatellide, and
nineteen Auziculide.

In the freshwater shells, five are Limnaide, ten Paludinide,
and eight are JVeritide, one of which, WVeritina (Neritilia)
consimilts, is described as new.

The marine shells are noted from Madagascar in addition to
the localities cited in the preceding groups. ‘Twelve hundred and
thirty-two species are catalogued, distributed as follows:—
Cephalopods and Pteropods 12, Gastropods 985, Bivalves 232;

180 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

and 2 Brachiopods. Of this number the following are described
as new:—CVathuella rufinodis, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 2), Daph--
nella trivarticosa, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 1), Zerebra caerulescens v.
flammulata (pl. xx., f. 5), Pésanta nevosa, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 8),
Pisania amphodon, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 9), Phos textus v.
rhodostoma, Seychelles (pl. xx., f. 7), Plicatella (Peristernia)
bonasta, Seychelles (pl. xx., f. 6), Columbella spiratella, Mauritius
(pl. xx., f 12), C. cercinnata (p\. xx., f. 14), Lurricula ( Thala)
simulans, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 18), Warginellx majuscula, Cargados
(pl) sacs 1.2) Tazjores* crassala. Maunitis (pl sont, eames
Turritella concava, Mauritius (pl. xx., f. 19), Rzssoa ( Alvania)
Mauritiana, Mauritius (pl. xx, f. 17), Leptothyra purpurata
v. tricingulata, Mauritius, Leptothyra roseocincta, Mauritius
(pl. xx., f 22), Zrochus (Aphanotrochus) chrysolemus, Mauritius
(pl. xx. f. 20), Chemnitsia - chrysozona, Mauritius (pl.
xx., f. 21), Doridium guttatum, Mauritius, Aplysia nigrocincta,
Mauritius (pl. xxi, f. 3), Pleurobranchus scutatus, Mauritius (pl.
xxl, f. 8), Gadinia Mauritiana, Mauritius (pl. xxii, f. 3), Pana
equilatera, Mauritius (pl. xxu., f. 4), and Lucina (Divaricella)
angulifera (pl. xxil., f. 14).

This excellent treatise closes with a tabular view of the relative
distribution of the species in the different places enumerated,
and an account of the anatomy of Auliminus velutinus, Pachystyla
znversicolor and Stvlodonta unidentata.

Deep Dredgings in the Lake of Tiberias.—In the
deep dredgings in the Lake of ‘Tiberias, M. Lortet has found ten
species of mollusca, three of which are new to science, Unto Lor-
teti, U. marts-galtlei and U. Pretr?. The other species are Unzo
terminalis, and U. tigridus, Cyrena fluminalis, Neritina jordant,
Melania tuberculata, Melanopsis premorsa, and M. costata. ‘The
three latter give the fauna a marine aspect, The Cvzo shells at

J.C., iii., April, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 181

the depth of 250 metres were curiously softened and resembled in
condition the fossils of some of the tertiary strata of the middle
of France; this is considered to be chiefly due to pressure.

Description of a new species or variety of Land
shell from California,—Helix v. circumcarinata.—By R.
E. C. Stearns.—From the Annals of the N. Y. Acad. of Sciences,
Voli Nos 10. Novs, 1370:

A full description and figures, of a He/7x found in Stanislaus
county, California, by Mr. Crawford of Oakland, and regarded by
the author, as a variety of Helix mormonum, under the name of
var. circumcarinata. It would however be regarded by many au-
thors as a distinct species.

Tenacity of life in freshwater mollusca.—By John L.
Hawkins.—Science Gossip, Jan. 1881, p. 23.

Some Limnea stagnalis which were kept in an earthenware
jar, in a cold greenhouse, being neglected, the water evaporated,
leaving the shells dry. After they were discovered in this state,
they were left for about two months, when the jar was refilled with
water, and a number of the specimens shortly afterwards revived.
Mr. Hawkins remarks that the specimens which survived the ordeal
were the smallest and least developed.

The deep sea Mollusca of the Bay of Biscay.—
By J. G. Jeffreys, LL. D., F.R.S.—From the Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, Oct., 1880.

Dr. Jeffreys by invitation of the French Minister of Public
Instruction, took part in the deep sea exploraticn in the Bay of
Biscay during July, 1879, in the “Travailleur’.

In that cruise 152 species were collected, five of which were
Brachiopods. Sixty-five were Conchifera of which Pecten obligu-
tus, Jeffr. MS., Lima Jeffreyst, Fischer, MS., AZj¢e/us luteus, Jeflr.,

182 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

MS., Modiolaria cuneata, Jeffr., MS., Axinus tortuosus, Jeffreys,
MS., AZytilimeria? Fischert, Jeffr., MS., Lyonsta formosa, Jeffreys,
MS., Verticordia insculpta, Jeffr., MS., (Veera bicarinata, Jeffr.,
MS., WV. sulcifera, Jeffr., MS., . truncata, Jeffr., MS., and JV.
imbricata, Jeffr., MS., were new to science or have not previously
been described.

Eight species of Solenoconchia were found one of which. Cadulus
semistriatus, Jeffr., MS., is new to science and C. artatus, Jeffr.,
MS., which though previously known has not yet been published.

Of the sixty-five species of Gastropods, Azmudla asturtana, Jeff,
MS., Odostomia lineata, Jeffr., MS., and Bullina elongata, Jeffr.,
MS., are new.

Six species of Pteropods were found, none of which were new.
Three species Chiton alveolus Sars, Fusus turgidulus Jeff.,
M.S., and Pleurotoma nivalis Loy., are distinguished by Dr.
Jeffreys as peculiarly Northern species, while he indicates Odos-
tomia fasciata Forbes, as peculiarly Southern or Mediterranean.
In summing up the results, the author shows that of the
species found 11 are new, 3 Northern, 1 Southern, and 137 had
previously been found in the cruise of the ‘‘Porcupine.” M. de
Folin is engaged in examining the sifted material, and when his

labors are completed it is probable other species will require to
be added to the list.

Notes on the Land Shells of Dominica.—By A. D.
Brown.—American Naturalist, Jan., 1881, p. 56.

Mr. Guppy in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
for 1868, has some remarks on the shells of Dominica, which Mr.
Brown’s experience tends to show are extremely erroneus. Mr.
Guppy, says, ‘fon the lower slopes near the sea, I founda few
mollusca chiefly Bulimus extlts, Stenogyra octona, Succinea approx-
imans, and Helicina humilis. Ascending higher we find Ae/ix

J.C., iii, April, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 183

dentiens, H. badia, H. Josephine, H. nigrescens, Amphtbulina pa-
tula, Bulimus laticinctus, and Ffelicina epistilia, excepting the
last all these species are found everywhere above 300 or 400 feet
of elevation.”

An analysis of Mr. Brown’s observations show that Stexogy7a _
octona and Felicina antillarum, Sow., are common everywhere,
Felix badia and 7. dentiens are most plentiful below 800 feet and
Bulimus exiles below 1000 Succinea approximans and 5S, rubescens
are not found below 300 feet.

Tornatellina antillarum is found sparingly at about 500 feet.

flelicina platychetla, and H. fasciafa are not found lower
than 800 feet.

Above tooo feet Helix Josephine, H. nigrescens, and Amphi-
bulina tigrina are found.

Above 1500 feet Cyclophorus Schrammi, and Helicina rho-
dostoma appear while it is not until 2000 feet are reached that
Helix Baudoni, Bulimus virginalis, B. multifasciata, B. Nicholisit
and Amphibulima patula are met with.

Mr. Brown affirms the power of A. patula to completely
retract itself within its shell, and hazards the conjecture that
A. pardilina Guppy, may be referable to A. #g77va Lesuer, and
that from the description Cyclotus amethystinus Guppy, is not a
Cyclotus but a Cyclophorus, and probably C. Schrammé Shuttl.

Littorina litorea (L.) on the American coast.—By A.
F. Gray.—Science News, April, 15 th, 1879.

This species was first noticed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by
Willis. It is common in the Bay of Chaleur, and is probably to
be found in all suitable localities on the coast of New England as
far as Long Island Sound.

The specimens at Beverley, Massachusetts, are large and fine-

184 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ly developed equalling if not exceeding European examples in size,
and exists there in immense numbers. The physical conditions
under which the species exists in the localities where it is found in
America seem peculiarly adapted to its increase and dispersal and
it bids fair to soon surpass the native species in abundance.

Description of a Partula supposed to be new, from
the Island of Moorea.—By W. D. Hartman, M.D.—Trans. of
Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, 1880, p. 229.

Partula Mooreana, from Vaianai Valley, Island of Moorea.

The surface of the shell is thickly crowded with waved spiral

striz, as in P. spadicea. The new species is arboreal, and not _

uncommon on bushes.

List of Brachiopoda or Lamp shells, found in Port
Jackson, and the coast of New South Wales.—By John
Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.—-From the Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, Vol. iv, p. 399.

An enumeration of the Brachiopoda found at the mentioned
places, and submitted to Mr. Davidson, the species are Magasella
Cuming, and var., Megerlia pulchella, Sow., Megerlia sanguinea,
and Terebratulina cancellata, var.

Kraussia Lamarckiana, has also recently been found by Mr.
Brazier, at Double Bay, Port Jackson.

Bythinia tentaculata, (L.) in N. America.—By W. M.
Beauchamp,—American Naturalist, July, 1880, p. 523-

This shell was first found in June, 1879, at Oswego, N.Y.,
a little later in the Champlain Canal at Waterford and Troy, and
early in 1880 plentifully in the Erie Canal at Syracuse, IN We in
some localities it is already abundant.

J.C., iii., April, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 185

Can Snails mend their she!ls.—By R. Bunker—Amer-
ican Naturalist, July,1880, p. 522.

A specimen of Zémnwa elodes, Say hada piece taken from its
shell about the size of a half-dime. At the end of a week the
opening was perceptibly smaller, and the work of reparation pro-
ceeded until in six weeks the work was completed and the surface
of the shell apparently as smooth as before it was broken.

Helix lapicida v. minor at Epsom.—By J. E. Daniel.—
Science Gossip, July, 1879, p. 161.

The occurrence of this variety in some numbers on a wall at
Downside, Epsom, is noted.

Pearls in Pecten maximus.—By J. E. Daniels.—Science
Gossip, July, 1879, p. 161.

The occurence of two small spherical pearls of a milky white
color in. Pecten maximus is recorded.

Testacella haliotoidea in Notts.—By R. A. Rolfe.—
Science Gossip, Jan., 1879, p. 22.

Several specimens of this species are recorded as been taken
in Notts., also Lzmax brunneus. From near Mansfield Cochlicopa
tridens, Claustlia laminata, and Helix lapicida, are recorded.

Ancylus lacustris floating. —S. S. Pearce.— Science
Gossip, Sep., 1879, p. 207.

The power of this species to float on the surface of the water
as other Zzmnewade is here affirmed. Two specimens out of four-
teen taken on the decayed leaves of Iris pseudacorus in an almost
stagnant dyke near Lewes were observed in confinement to follow
this habit—Mr. .Pearce says “They appear to float in the same way

186 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

as other Zzmneade with the exception that occasionally they sway-
ed the forepart of their bodies from one side to the other, appar-
ently in quest ofa frond nearer to them than the one in a direct
line, they also continually opened and shut their mouths, and gen-
erally carried the hind part of their shell closer to the tail than the
forepart to the head, so that the shell appeared to have an oblique
direction’.

Polymorphous Anodontee.—By R. Ellsworth Call.—
American Naturalist, July, 1880, p. 529.

The author from an examination of a large number of speci-
mens of Anodonta grandis Say, A. plana Lea, A. decora Lea, A.
Hockingensts Moore, MSS., and A. Somersiz Moore, MSS., has
decided that they are all forms of grandis Say.

In arriving at this decision, Mr. Call has made a very careful
diagnosis of the exo-skeletons of all and the soft parts of some,
and the opinion of their identity is further strengthened by the
fact, that being arranged geographically from the East to the
Mississippi, the former gradually approach the shell described by
Say in #829. The differences correspond in general with the
modification of the mantle, some of them being sexual, but the
major part may be explained on the basis of distribution and
changes of environment.

Synonymy of and remarks upon Port Jackson,
New Caledonian, and other shells, with their distri-
bution.—By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.—From Proceedings
of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. iv., p. 388.

A paper devoted to rectification of the nomenclature of
some Australian marine shells, with the study of which Mr.
Brazier’s name is so intimately associated.

Corbula venusta Angas, is renamed SMITHIANA, the former
being pre-occupied by Dr. Gould for a Japanese species.

J.C. iii,, April, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 187

Cerithiopsis clathrata Angas. The name clathrata is pre-
occupied by H. and A. Adams for a species from Navigator
Island, Semper’s name ANGast is therefore adopted.

The following species have their localities confirmed :—
Lampania angulifera Sow., Scutellina cinnamomea Gld., Paphia
striata Gmelin, Lingula anatina Lam., L.hians Swains., Trigonia
Lamarckii Gray, Cominella costata Q. and G., C. alveolata Kein.,
Haliotis iris Martyn, and T7itonium Quoyt Reeve. Cardium
fornicatum Sow., is recorded as collected by Lieut. Heurtél at
Bourail, New Caledonia, in deep water.

The recent Marginellide of South Australia (From
the Transactions of Philosophical Society, Adelaide, 1878).—
Ishy Jeno, JX, WANG, BILnSe, 18.(Cas, Cue

The family MZarginellide previously unknown in South
Australian waters, has been discovered by the author, who has
found 5 Marginella, 2 Hyalina and 1 Erato to be resident there.
Some of the species are described as follows:—Jarginella
subbulbosa, from Wauraltie, west side of Spencer’s Gulf; JZ
(Cryptospira) Cymbalum, Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf; JZ
(C.) denticulata, Wauraltie, west side of Spencer’s Gulf; AZ, (7. )
tridentata, Aldinga Bay, St. Vincents Gulf; JZ (#.) pallida,
Marino Beach, Holdfast Bay, and Aldinga, St. Vincent’s Gulf;
EF, ato bimaculata, Aldinga and Marino, St. Vincent’s Gulf,
Semaphore Beach on east coast, and Surveyor Point on west
coast, also at Wauraltie, Spencer’s Gulf. The other species
enumerated are MW. (H.) volutiformis Reeve, and JZ. ( 4.)
turbinata Sowerby. The paper concludes with a tabular view of
the distribution of the 36 species of Australian J/arginelle.

The Fossil Marginellidee of Australasia (From the
Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Adelaide, 1878),.—
Bygroig Rem hatearwlno tld. Gasa Gece.

188 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The family Marginellide is not known in rocks older than
the Eocene, and the discovery of 18 fossil forms of this group
justifies the assertion that the Australian area was their chief
centre of habitation in the tertiary period. Of the eighteen
species cited in this paper, twelve are new to science and are
described by Mr. Tate. The new species are:—JZ. Aldinga,
Eocene Marl, Aldinga; JZ Casstdzformis, near Hamilton, Victoria.
Seven species—JZ. muscariotdes, M. nucula, M. tnermis, M.
Wintert, M. Woodst, M. septemplicata and Erato minor are from
Muddy Creek, Victoria. AZ propingua, Miocene, Muddy Creek,
and upper beds of R. Murray Cliffs, Victoria. Zvato Australis.
Eocene Marls, Aldinga, S. Australia. This important work is
brought to a close by a conspectus of the species and valuable
remarks on their affinities.

On a new species of Chiton (Chiton scabridus)
lately found on the British coast (From the Annals and
Magazine and Natural History, July, 1880).—By J. G. Jeffreys,
Ug ID) AS

This species was first collected by Mr. Pidgeon at Goodring-
ton, Torbay, and has since been found at Jersey by Mr. Duprey.
When first submitted to Dr. Jeffreys by Mr. Pidgeon he considered
it to bea variety of C. cancellatus, but subsequent communications
from Mr. Duprey induced him to consider it distinct. The shell
is not convex or gibbous like cazce//atus and is proportionately
broader, and the row of tubercles are half in number, more raised
and coarser, giving a rough or scabrous aspect to the shell, there
are also some differences in the animal. Mr. Duprey finds the
species associated with C. cance//atus as well as 2. /actea and
R. striatula in the.Jower part of the littoral zone.

Tropical Mollusca recently dredged at Port Jack-
son Heads (From the Proceedings of the Linnean Socicty of

J.C., iii., April, 1884

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 189

New Society of New South Wales, vol. iv., p. 428).-—By J.
Brazier, ©MeZs:

The species found are Zyphis arcuatus Ads., Wassa coronata
Lam., Mitra pacifica Reeve, Senectus squamosus Gray, Buccinulus
coccinatus Reeve, Tellina striatula Lam., and Chione marica L.

Note on Oniscia ponderosa with its locality (From

the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,
Vol vive, p9431): |) Brazier, CMeZs:

Oniscia ponderosa Hanley, of which the locality was formerly
unknown, has been found at Penirihonen, N. coast of New
Caledonia.

List of Land Shells found on Thursday Island with
descriptions of the new species (From the Proceedings of
the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. iv., p. 392).—By
Jee Brazien: ©. MaZ.s:

Thursday Island is one of the Prince of Wales group in Torres
Straits, and the species here described or enumerated were
collected by Mr. Beddome in 1877. Four Helices ( Helix Krefftz,
FT, delessertiana, H. Spaldingi and 1. Buxtoni), Bulimus Beddomet
and Hfelicina reticulata were found. ‘The specimens of 7. Kreffiz
are a pale horny green without the gloss of Darnley Island
specimens. The Helix Spalding? are keeled and are described
as var. carinata. Fleiix (Planispiva) Buxtont is described as
new, it bears some resemblance to dark varieties of WY. delessertiana
with the sculpture removed.

Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic,
with illustrations of the species.—By George W. Tryon, jr,
Vol. i1., part 9.

The third volume of this great work is devoted to the families
Tritonide, Fuside and Buccinide. The Tritonide are divided

Igo BIBLIOGRAPHY.

into 3 genera—7Z7iton Montfort, Déstorszo Bolt., and Ranella Lam.
The genus Z7zfon is subdivided into Szmpulum Klein., Cymatium
Bolten, Gutturnium Klein., Lpidromus Klein., and Priene
H. and A. Adams.

Under the typical species 7° ¢rztonis L., the author places
T. nobilis Conrad, as a var. and considers 7: Seguenza Aradas
and Benoit, as synonymous with it. 7Z: Sau/7e Reeve, and 7:
australts Lam., are considered identical with 7? nxodiferus Lam.
T. fraterculus Dunker, is thought to be same as Z: Bassz Angas.
He regards 7) Martinianus=Veliei Calkins, T. aguatilis Reeve,
T. intermedius Pease, and 7. vestitus Hinds, as identical with
T. pilearis L. T: mundum Gould—=T-: gemmatus Reeve. T:
labiosus Wood, embraces the following, previously regarded as
distinct:—Z. Loroisiz Petit, Z. Strange Ad. and Ang., and
T. ortentalis Nevill. TZ. Ranzaniz Bianconi, is the same as
T. tigrinus Brod. TZ: grandimaculatus is the same as T.
lotorium L.. The TZ: morttinctus Reeve, is T: cynocephalus Lam.
T. egrotus Reeve, is the same as Z. ¢rilineatus Reeve. T.
vespaceus Lam. has included under it Z. Zhersztes, T: elongatus
and 7: gracilis Reeve. TZ. cumingiz Dohrn, is a synonym of
clathratus Sow. T. testaceus Morch, and comptus Sow., are
identical with obscuxus Reeve. TZ: pygmaeus Reeve, is the same as
reticulata Blainv. TZ: bracteatus Hinds, receives Jatevaricosus and
bacillum Reeve. T: tessellatus Reeve, is sunk in the 7: concinnus
Reeve. Z:. Ovegonensis Redfield, 1s sunk in cance/latus Lam.
Distorsia cancellinus Roissy, has constrictus Brod., videns and
decipiens Reeve, as synonyms

The genus Ranella is subdivided into Lampas Schum., Aspa
H. and A. Ad., and Argobuccinum Klein. Ranella albifasciata
Sow., is regarded as a var. of mana Sow. R&R. bufonia Gmel.
receives as synonymic ‘uderossisima Reeve, asperrima and
Grayana Dunker. R&R. siphonata Reeve, is considered the same

J.C., iii., April, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY IQT

as var. venustula Reeve, of the same species. &. rugosa Sow.,
and verrucosa Sow., are the same as cruentata Sow. &. Thome
D’Orbigny, is identical with var. rhodostoma Beck. RR. Thersites
Redfield is the same as Calzfornica Hinds. R&R. coriacea Reeve,
is a young state of scrobiculator L., R. granifera Lam., and
semigranosa Lam. &. affinis Brod., receives the following :—
R. livida, R. ponderosa and R. Cubaniana. R. rosea Reeve, R.
concinna Dunker, R. polychlorus Tapp. Canef., are considered as
varieties of R. pustiia Brod. &. avgus Gmelin, receives rvanelli-
Jormis King=vexillum Sow., and R. proditor.

The Fusip& are next treated and are primarily divided into
FusINe, FASCIOLARIINE, PTYCHATRACTIN& and PERISTERNIINE.

The subfamily Fustn® embraces the genera Fusus Lam.,
Afer Conrad, Clavella Swains., Bucctnefusus Conrad. The
subfamily FascioLaRlIN#& has the genus Fascto/avia. The sub-
fossil PrycHATRACTIN& embraces 7) chatractus and Meyeria, and
PERISTERNIIN has Pertisternia, Latirus and Leucozonia.

An enumeration and description of fossil genera and sub-
genera is also given. Nineteen plates enrich this part, illustrating
a number of species, and also showing the dentition of some of
the species.

Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘‘ Challenger” Ex spoitiota
By Rev. Robert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S.—
Parts 1 and 2.

The Rev. Mr. Watson, in whose able hands the vast collection
of mollusca (excepting Brachiopods, Cephalopods, Pteropods and
Nudibranchs) gathered in these extensive explorations were placed
for examination, has in this paper given us a first instalment of
the valuable and important results achieved. Up to the time
of publication of these parts, 2000 separate lots have been examined,
including from 1200 to 1500 distinct species. The richness of

192 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

the results of the expedition in the vast number of new species
discovered, and the careful and accurate way in which the
dredgings are labelled and classified, constitutes an era in the

science.

The SoLENOCONCHIA which comprises the genera Dentalium,
Siphodentalium and Cadulus, is represented by 36 species, most
of them new to science. Eighteen species of Dentalium are
enumerated as having been found, of which 12 are named and
described as new andavar. of D. capillosum—paucicostatum W.—
is mentioned. ‘The new species are D. wgeum Watson, Kergue-
len Island, r1o f., in mud; D. amphialum W., off mouth of
La Plata at 1go0o f., grey mud; PD. ceras W., Mid Pacific, E. of
Japan, 2500 f., grey ooze; D. diarrhox W., N.E. from New
Zealand, 7oo f., grey ooze; D. entalis v. orthrum W., Setubal,
A7o f., globigerina ooze: Fayal Azores, 450 f., sand: Prince
Edward Island, 150 f.; D. leptosceles W., S. of Australia, 2600 f.,
red clay; D. circumcinctum W., Setubal, 470 f., globigerina ooze:
Sombrero Island, St. Thomas, W.I., 450 f., globigerina ooze:
Pernambuco, 350 f., mud; D. acutisstmum W., N. of Papua,
Lo7O) i: Mid) Pacthe: EK. joh Japan, 2050 f. grey ooze, ®
compressum W., N. of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, W.I., 390 f.,,
mud; D. didymum W., N. of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, W.I.,
390 f., mud; D. Vokohamense W., Yokohama, 8—14 f., mud;
D. tornatum W., Levuka, Fiji, 12 f.

In SIPHODENTALIUM 7 species are noticed all new to science.
—S. platamodes W., St. Thomas, 390 f., mud; S. Zythum W.,
St. Thomas, 390 f., mud; S. pwszl/um W., Palma, Canaries,
1125 f., voleanic sand; S. ¢etraschistum W., Fernando, Noronha,
725 f.; S. aichelum W., Levuka, Fiji, 12 f£.; S. prtonotum W.,
Raine Island, C. York, 155 f., sand; S. eboracense W., Torres St.,
C. York, 3—11 f. .

J.C., iii., April, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. OS

Of CaDULUS I1 species are enumerated 9 of which are new.
—C. colubridens W., N.E. of New Zealand, 700 f., grey ooze; C.
vulpidens W., C. rastridens W., and C. sauridens W., Culebra Is.,
St. Thomas, W.I., 39 f., mud; C. s¢ml/¢mus W., Raine Island,
Co Welk, TES ib, Saal, ancl We or (C, Woile © th, Comm! samGls <C.
curtus W., and var. congruens W., Culebra Island, St. Thomas,
390 f., mud; C. obesus W., C. exiguus W., and C. ampullaceus W.,
Culebra Island, St. Thomas, 390 f., mud.

The TRocHip# embracing the genera Segwensia, Basilissa,
Gaza and Sembix, the three last being established for the
reception of some of the peculiar species discovered in the voyage.
Of Seguenzta 4 species are mentioned, 2 of them are new :—S.
zonica W., Culebra Island, W.I., in mud at 390 f.,and S. ¢rispinosa
W., Pernambuco, 675 f., mud; a new variety of S. formosa Jeff.,
is also described—/znea ta—from Pernambuco, in mud at 350 and
675 f. The new genus Basz/issa W., is erected for 6 species. —
B. lampra W., EH. of Japan, 2050 f., grey ooze; B. simplex W.,
off mouth of La Plata, 1900 f., grey mud; B. munda W.., off
Palma, Canaries, 1 125 f., fine volcanic sand ; &. alta W., Culebra
Island, St. Thomas, W.L., 390 f., mud, and off Perambuco, 675 f.,
mud: a var. oxyloma W., is also from Pernambuco; B. superba
W., E. of C. York, Australia, 1400 f. grey ooze; B. costulata W.,
off Culebra Island, W.I., 390 f., mud. A new genus Gaza is
characterized for a shell from Fiji—G. dedala W., Kandavu, Fiji,
610 f., globigerina ooze. A newgenus Zembix is also made fora
shell from Japan—JB. @ola W., Mosima, Japan, 345 f., sandy mud.

New Texan Unio.—By R. Ellsworth Call.— American
Naturalist, May, 1881, p. 290,

Unio Bollit, from Colorado river, Texas. It is most nearly
allied to U. guadrans, Lea.

194 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note on Succinea campesiris and S. aurea.—-By R.
Ellsworth Call.—American Naturalist, May, 1881, p. 391.

A record of the occurrence of S. campestris, at New Orleans,
Louisiana, and Charleston, South Carolina.

Succinea aurea is noticed, as having been found at Richfield
Springs, and Little Lakes, Otsego county, and at Staten Island,
thus extending its range to western and central New York.

Onto pressus, Lea is also recorded from Desmoines river and
Nishnabotna river, lowa.

Freshwater deposits.—By L. E. Adams.—Science Gos-
sip, May, 1881, p. 118.

The author gives the result of alluvium collecting at Maiden-
head, after the flooding of the Thames. No less than 23 species
of freshwater, and 24 species of land shells, were found, amongst
which were Bythinta Leachit, Zonites fulvus, and v. Morton, He-
lix pulchella and v. costata, Pupa marginata and vars. pygmea and
edentula, Achatina acicula, Cyclostoma elegans, and Acme lineata.

SSS

ERRATA.

The following mistakes have unfortunately occurred in the
last number :—On p. 161, No. 48, Watica canrena (L.) At Key
West, very fine and large specimens.—On p. 165, No. 101, for
“carnestus” read “‘carneolus.’—On p. 169, No. 138, for
“Florida” read ‘ Carolina.”—On p. 170, Nos. 151, 152 and
153, for “South Carolina” read “‘ South Hlorida.”—On p. 173,
for “in the inland torrents, but one pond of fresh water” read
“as the island possesses but one pond of fresh water.”

J.C., iii., July, 1881

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 195

DESTRUCTION OF SHELL-LIFE BY FLOODS.
By CHARLES ASHFORD.

In a former volume of this journal (i1., p. 322) appeared an
interesting article by Mr. R. Scharff, in which he pointed out the
advantage to the conchologist of examining material left on the
banks of rivers after the subsidence of extensive floods. I can
speak from experience to the value of his advice. Not only can
we learn in a short time what species frequent the stream and its
banks, but we can also form a tolerable estimate of the compara-
tive abundance or scarcity of the different species. To those
whose time is limited, or who desire numerous examples of the
occurring kinds, the practice of bringing home, drying and
winnowing a bagful of the stranded rubbish cannot be too
strongly recommended though they must not expect to be often
rewarded with so rich a ‘‘find” as fell to the lot of Mr. Scharff on
the banks of the Garonne. Five-and-twenty years ago I acquired
a very gratifying supply of V. pusilla, V. substriata and V.
minutisstma, not to mention common species, by bringing home
and looking over with a feather a quantity of @ér7s from the foot
of limestone rocks in Yorkshire.

In the early part of last December my brother and I found
from the examination of broken reeds and grasses left in a
meadow by the subsidence of the R. Avon near Christchuzch,
among several other species both from land and water, avast number
of the young of Swccinea putris. A few of larger growth were
among them, but the bulk of the considerable heap of shells
which remained after the winnowing, were from the preceding
summer’s spawn. These small shells, measuring two to three
millimetres in length and weighing 80 to the grain, were as nearly
as I could judge of about a fortnight’s or three weeks’ growth.

196 SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

It would be unsafe to infer from this the probable time at which
the eges of Succinea putris are hatched, for closer observation
showed that in nearly every case the winter epiphragm was formed,
and it was uncertain how long the animals had remained ina
dormant state. The flood, which had swept them from their
winter moorings on the vegetation bordering the river, occurred
in the last week of November. During the interval the greater
part of them, if not all, had fallen a prey to tiny but voracious
larvee, probably of the smaller coleopterous insects. ‘This was
evident from the fact that nearly all the shells were neatly
cleared of their contents to the very apex, a minute ragged
fracture in the tender epiphragm showing the assailants’ mode of
access. It would be futile to attempt to estimate in numbers the
enormous destruction which a few days had thus brought about
in the case of one single species. Our little winnowing yielded
more than two thousand young shells of S. putris, and what we
brought away was not a thousandth part of what remained in
the lately flooded meadows. This heavy death-roll proves how
effective is one of many means by which the extension of each
class of creatures is kept within those limits which are implied by
the term “ Balance of Animal Life.”

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS 4ASZTARTE, WITH A
LIST OF THE KNOWN RECENT SPECIES.

By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.5S.,
(Zoological Department, British Museum).

This genus was characterized by James Sowerby in 1816, in
his work entitled ‘‘The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain.”
In it he describes several fossil forms, but at the same time
distinctly states that the living A. scotica may serve as the type of
the genus, and he also mentions 4. danmoni@ as a second species.
These two names are now always considered synonymous with

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. i9Q7

the older A. sw/cata of Da Costa, which species will consequently
stand as the type. Such being the case, Conrad* is wrong in
upholding the subsequent name Cvassima of Lamarck, for the
recent species, and appropriating As¢arte for the fossil forms. If

the latter described by Sowerby really have different hinge .

characters from those of the living species, in my opinion Conrad
should have given a new generic name to them. But perhaps he
overlooked the above stated fact of Sowerby mentioning J. scotica
as his type, or else he may not have seen the work at all.

SYNONYMY OF THE GENUS.

1816. Astarte J. Sowerby. Mineral Conchology, vol. ii, p. 85.
Type A. scotica.

1817. Tridonta Schumacher. Essai Nouv. Syst. vers. test.,.

Dal4on dpe vozea/7s.
1818. Crassina Lamarck. Anim. Sans. Vert., vol. v., p. 554.

-1819. Nicania Leach. Ross’s Voyage, Appendix, p. £76. | 1).

1822. Goodallia Turton. Conch. Ins. Brit., p. 76. Type G.
triangularts.
1827. Mactrina Brown. Illus. Conch. Gt. Brit. & Ireland,
pl. xvi., f. 25. Type AZ. triangularts.
1872. Rictocyma Dall. American Jour. Conch., vol. vii.,
p. 151. Type &. merabilts.

It is a matter of individual opinion whether the names
Goodallia and Rictocyma be adopted as subgeneric divisions, the
former for the minute smooth, ribless 4. tr7angularis, and the
latter for those species having the concentric coste, especially
towards the umbones, more or less wavy. ‘The subgenus Gond/ia
of Stoliczka,t} proposed for the Asdarte bipartita of Philippi, is

* American Jour. Conch., vol. v., p. 46.
+ Mem. Geol. Survey India, vol. iii., Paleont. Indica, 1871, p. 278.

198 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

perhaps worthy of retention, for the sculpture of that shell differs
in a remarkable manner from that of other species.

The crenulation on the margin within the valves is of
importance in the discrimination of species. In A. borealis, A.
rollanat, A. elliptica, A. fabula, A. compressa, A. quadrans, A.
longirostra, A. acuticostata, A. compacta, A. mirabilis, A. esqut-
malti and A. fluctuata it is never found, whilst it is always met
with in adult specimens of A. swlcata, A. crebricostata, A. undata,
A. fusca, A. crenata, A. castanea, A. triangularis, A. bipartita
and A. magellanica.

C. F. Roemer* has expressed an opinion that this crenulation
is formed only when the animal arrives at maturity or at the
completion of a period of growth. Totten in 1835 noticed that
the margin of the young and half-grown shells of A. castanea had
their “margins perfectly smooth.” A. A. Gould in,184r says “it
is perfectly certain, that no species of the genus is found with a
crenulated margin until the shell has arrived at its full dimensions
and the margin of the valves begins to thicken, as it always does,
and then, so far as my observation goes, there is always a
crenulated margin; so that this is a mark of maturity.”

Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys however remarks that this “is opposed to
my own observation (especially as regards 4. ¢riangularts).”
Dr. Malm suggested that the margins were denticulated when in
the course of growth they met on a rib, but smooth when on a
furrow. This theory cannot however be maintained, for A. ¢rz-
angularis produces crenules although ribless, and A. dcpartita is
likewise notched, yet the margins can neither meet upon or
between the ribs, they being non-parallel with the growth of the

* De astartum genere et speciebus, quee e saxis jurassisis atque cretaceis
proveniunt, Berolini 1842. Also a German translation by Dr. Ferd. Roemer
in Leonhard and Bronn’s neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie,
&c., for 1843, pp. 58—74.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 199

shell. Again other species (¢g., A. elliptica, A. fabula and
A. compressa) are more or less ribbed yet always have smooth

edges.
The result of my own observation upon this point coincides

with the opinion expressed by Gould and Searles Wood, that in
such species as have notched margins the crenulation is a mark
of maturity. If it be not, how is it that we ever find it in small
and what appear half-grown shelis, and always in those which are
evidently very old. I have seen a great many specimens of
A. sulcata, and on opening those which on account of the
thickened margins of the valves I deemed adult, only in one
instance have I been somewhat deceived. ‘This particular shell
exteriorly exhibited all the aspect of maturity, yet on parting the
valves the margins seemed smooth. On a closer scrutiny
however, I could certainly detect traces of incipient crenules.
Who can say that this shell, had it been permitted to live a short
time longer, would not have developed the crenulations? In my
opinion such would have resulted. Jeffreys in the second volume
of the ‘‘British Conchology,” p. 310, says—‘‘I have adult speci-
mens of A. sz/cata with the margin quite plain and smooth in
front, but distinctly notched on each side.”

Here is in my opinion a further instance where the specimen
appears to have almost arrived at maturity (for I dispute the
assertion of its adultness), and consequently has partially com-
pleted the crenulation of the margin. ‘There are also specimens
of the same species in the British Museum in which the
crenulation is indicated on the lateral edges only, so it would
appear that the animal produces this feature first of all at that
particular part.

The principal writers upon the recent species of Asza7te are
Hanley in his “Catalogue of recent bivalves,” pp. 87, 88 and
350; Lrilippi in his ‘‘Abbildungen und Peschreibungen neuer

200 SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

Conchylien,” vol. ii, pp. 5560, where a complete monograph
of the then known species is given, illustrated by a plate.
Sowerby wrote a monograph in the “Thesaurus conchyliorum,”
and another, a very bad copy of the former, in the “Conchologia
Iconica.” Perhaps a few remarks upon the latter may serve to
show how inaccurate it is. In the first pldce to give an idea of
its incompleteness, I may mention that only about thirty-eight of
the seventy then published names which had been given to the
species of this genus are referred to. Here also Mr. Sowerby’s
notorious misspelling of words is seen. Z%¢dondta of Schumacher,
is called Zyidenta. A. triangularis is changed to ¢7¢gonularts.
Da Costa appears as Costa, Nilsson as Nilson and Moller as
Muller. The statement that ‘all the species except the Medi-
terranean A. fusca inhabit northern seas” is manifestly incorrect,
for one was already known from Patagonian regions, another from
Florida, and two others from the Mediterranean. The A. castanea
of eastern North America is erroneously assigned to ‘‘Arctic
Seas,” and it was not described by Say in the American Journal
of Science, but in the Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
of 1822. Sowerby’s figure also (fig. 1a) does not appear to
represent this species, but rather a variety of 4. fusca of Poli, for
I do not find that the American shell is ever rayed. “ Astarte
strtata Gray” should be Nicania striata Leach. ‘4. multt-
costata” was named by Jj. Smith and not by Macgillivray.
Blainville never described a “‘ Venus crassatella,’ but merely gave
a French name ( Vénws crassatellée) to the Venus danmontensts of
Montagu. The anterior side of A. guadrans is longer, not
‘“‘shorter.” A. crenata G ay, was described by that author under
the generic name of JVica7viza in the Appendix to “Parry’s first
Voyage,” and is not a manuscript name as Sowerby infers, and
throughout the monograj h the umbones are termed “umboes.”
These are some of the errors occurring in the text, and the

J.C., iii, July, 1881

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 201

pictorial portion of the monograph is equally unsatisfactory.
The lithography is very coarsely executed, and the coloration
deceptive; for instance, the epidermis of A. crenata is called
“yellowish,” but the figure depicts a brown shell smudged with
yellow, not in the least like the specimen it is supposed to
represent, an observation that will apply to all the figures taken
from shells in the British Museum collection. In a word the
monograph is most incomplete, inaccurate and misleading.

A chronological list of the various names published as
species of Asta7te is appended beneath, in which those which are
considered synonymous with others, or as not belonging to the
genus, and doubtful species are printed in italics.

1771. Venus compressa Linné=Astarte? sp.?

1776. Tellina atva Pallas=borealts (Ch.) Schum.

1778. Venus sulcata Da Costa=Astarte sulcata.

1784. V. borealis Chemnitz=Astarte sulcata, &c.

1791. Tellina fusca Poli—Astarte fusca.

1803. Venus sulcata Montagu=castanea Say.

1803. Mactra triangularis Mont.=Astarte triangularis.
1807. Venus scotica Maton & Rackett=sulcata Da Costa.
1808. Venus danmonia Montagu ~ — ,, 55

1808. Wenus compressa Montagu=Astarte compressa.
1814. Venus incrassata Brocchi—fusca Poll.

1817. Tridonta borealis (Chem. part) Schum.—Astarte b.
1817. Venus montagut Dillwyn=compressa Mont.

1818. Cvassina damoniensis Lamarck—sulcata Da Costa.
1818. <Astarte plana J. Sowerby—borealis (Ch.) Schum. ?
1819. Venus montacutz Turton=—compressa Mont.

1819. WNicania banksii Leach=compressa, var.

1819. Crassina semisulcata Leach=horealis, var.

1819. Vicania striata L.each=compressa, var.

202

1822.
1822.
1822.
1822.
1824.
1824.
1825.
1825.
TO2 "7.
1827.
MOO TE
LO 7.
1827.
1827.
1828.
1820.
1829.
18209.
1835.
1835.
1836.

1830.
1830.
1830.
1840.
1841.
¥S4I.
1841.
1842.
1843.
1843.

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE,

Venus castanea Say=Astarte castanea.

Crassina strtata Nilsson=compressa Mont.

Crassina borealis Nilsson=borealis (Chemn.) Sch.

Crassina sulcata Nilsson=elliptica Brown.

Crassina artica Gray=borealis (Chem.) Sch.

Nicania crenata Gray=Astarte crenata.

Crassina montagut Gray=compressa Mont.

Crassina subcordata Gray=Venus sp.

Crassina elliptica Brown=Astarte elliptica.

Crassina corrugata Brown=horealis (Ch.) Sch.

Crassina ovata Brown=elliptica Brown.

Crassina depressa Brown=horealis (Ch.) Sch.

Crassina convextuscula Brown=compressa Mont.

Crassina obligqua Brown—=compressa Mont.

Mactra veneriformis Wood=hborealis, vay.

Astarte lactea Broderip & Sowerby=borealis, var.

Astarte crassidens Broderip & Sowerby=castanea Say.

Venus (Crassina) petagne Costa=fusca Poll.

Astarte afinis Cantraine—fusca Poli.

Astarte procera Totten—castanea Say.

Lucina? bipartita Philippi—Astarte (Gonilia) bi-
partita.

Crassina multicostata J. Smith=compressa’ Mont.

Crassina withami J. Smith—=borealis (Ch.) Sch.

Crassina garensis J. Smith=elliptica Brown.

Astarte parva Searles Wood.

Astarte cyprinoides Duval=borealis (Ch.) Sch.

Astarte undata Gould.

Astarte quadrans Gould.

Astarte globcsa Moller—compressa, vat.

Crassina latisulca Hanley=undata Gould.

Astarte portlandica Mighels=quadrans Gould.

J.C., iii, July, 1881

1844.
1845.
1845.
1846.
1846.
1846.
1847.
1847.
1848.
1850.
1852.
1852.
1852.
1854..
1854.
1854.
1854.
1855.
1855.
1859.
1863.
1865.
1866.
18609.
1870.

1871.
UWOTLZ
1874.
1874.
1874.
1874.

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 203

Astarte pusilla Forbes.
Astarte pulchella Jonas—compressa Mont.
Astarte mactracea Linsley=Crassatella sp.

Astarte lunulata Conrad, is a Crassatella.

Astarte flabella Conrad, is a Cardita.

Astarte triquetra Conrad.

Astarte longirostra d’Orbigny.

Astarte crebricostata Forbes.

Astarte Pfeiffert Philippia—Crassatella.

Astarte bilunulata (Conrad) Jay=lunulata Conrad.

Astartle difficilis Jay—sp. ? undescribed.

Astarte levis Jay=sp.? undescribed.

Crassina britannica (Leach) Gray=sulcata Da Costa.

Astarte subequilatera Sowerby—crebricostata, var.

Astarte oblonga Sowerby—crenata Gray.

Astarte intermedia Sowerby—elliptica Brown.

Astarte japonica (Jay) Sowerby—borealis (Ch.) Sch.

Astarte richardsont Reeve=borealis, var.

Astarte fabula Reeve.

Astarte rollandi Bernardi.

Crassatella esquimalti Baird—Astarte esquimalti.

Astarte compacta Carpenter.

Astarte fluctuata Carpenter.

Astarte lutea Perkins—crebricostata Forbes.

Astarte modesta (H. Adams) Jeffreys= Crassatella
modesta.

Rictocyma mirabilis Dall—Astarte mirabilis.

Astarte lens (Stimpson) Verrill=crebricostata Forbes.

Astarte mortont (Adams) Sowerby=undata Gould.

Astarte abbreviata Sowerby compressa Mont.

Astarte semilirata Sowerby—fabula Reeve.

Astarte producta Sowerby=borealis, var.

204 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

1874. Astarte subtrigona Sowerby=borealis, var.
1876. Astarte acuticostata Jeffreys and Friele.
1881. Astarte magellanica Smith.

1881. Astarte nana Jeffreys.

1881. Astarte macandrewi Smith.

Some of the above species do not in reality belong
to the genus Astarte. The Venus compressa of Linné is altogether
beyond recognition, and may either belong to this genus as
suggested by some authors, or it may be a species of Venerdde.
The name Crassina subcordata was applied to the Venus subcor-
data of Montagu, by Gray (Annals of Philosophy, 1825, vol. ix.,
p. 136), which shell however undoubtedly belongs to the Veneride.
Astarte mactracea Linsley (American Jour. Sci. Arts, 1845, vol.
xlvili, p. 275, woodcut), is a Cvassatel/a, to which genus Astarte
Junulata of Conrad is also referable.

Astarte flabella Conrad (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hlst., 1846,
vol. iii, p. 24, pl. 1, f. 3), from Florida, judging from the
description and figure appears to be a small species of Cardtta.
Astarte pfeiffert of Philippi (Zeitschrift fir Malakol., 1848, vol. v.,
p- 133), from Cuba, is a small form of Cvassatella, and A. difficilis
Jay, A. levis Jay. and A. japonica Jay, are mere names unac-
companied by any descriptions or figures, the two first appearing
in the catalogue of the collection of shells of that author (ed. iv.,
p- 35), and the third in Sowerby’s “Thesaurus Conchyliorum.”
The Gouldia modesta of H. Adams, from Tunis, erroneously
considered an Asfarte by. Jeffreys (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1870,
vol. vi., p. 71), is a small form of Crassatel/a.

1.—ASTARTE ELLIPTICA Brown.

1771. Wenus compressa Lin. ?

1822. Crassina sulcata Nilsson (non Da Costa). Kongl.
Vetenskaps Acad. Handlingar, p. 187.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

1827.

1839.
1843.
1843.

1845.
1848.
1853.
1854.
1854.
1855.
1863.

1866.

1870.
1872.

1872,
1872.

1874.

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 205

Crassina elliptica Brown. Ill. Rec. Conch., 1, pl.
AVA yet ss CCMa enw OO pla Kylie ets 3:

C. ovata Brown. Edin. Jour. Nat. Geo. Sci. vol. 1,
Os 2, [Ole th, te Sp TUL Tee, (Conch Sch ZAv ich OO)
pl. xxxviil., f. rr—12.

C. garensis J. Smith. Wern. Mem., vol. viil., pp.90-93.

C.elliptica Hanley. Cat. Rec. Biv., p. 350, pl. xiv., f. 36.

Astarte elliptica Macgill. Moll. Aberdeen, pp. 211
and 250.

A. semisulcata Philippi (non Leach). Abbild., vol. i1.,
[Ds S75 [Dl tes th, HO,

A. scotica (partim) Middendorff. Malac. Ross., ii.,
p. 44, pl. xvi., f. ro—r2.

A. elliptica Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll. i, p. 459,
jolly SOreKey th Gh:

A. elliptica Sow. Thes. Con., ii, p. 779, pl. clxvii., f 4.

A. intermedia Sow. Thes.Con., p. 779, pl. clxvii.,f 11.

Venus compressa Linn.? Hanley, Ipsa. Linn. Con.,
Pp. 454-

V. sulcata partim Jeffreys. Brit. Con., vol. il, p. 312;
VOle Vs ole XVI th 2s

Astarte compressa Packard. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. 1., p. 278.

A. elliptica Gld. Invert. Mass., ed. il., p. 124, f. 435-7.

A. sulcata Meyer & Mobius (non Da Costa). Fauna
Kieler Bucht., vol. 11., p. 97, f. 5—7.

A. elliptica Dawson. Post Pliocene Geol. Canada,
pl. vil, f. 4 (not good).

A. crebricostata partim Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., 1872, p. 246.

A. elliptica Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f 4.

206 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

1874. Astarte intermedia, id. l.c., f. 13.
1875. A.compressa (Linn. Venus) Morch. Arctic Man.,p. 131.
1878. A. compressa G. O. Sars. Norg. Arkt., Fauna, p. 53.

Hapirat.—Greenland, Finmark, Scotland, Newfoundland,
east coast of northern United States, Baltic, Nova Zembla, Franz
Joseph Land.

This species is readily separable from A. sw/cafa, the only
one with which it is likely to be confounded, by its geveva//y more
elliptic or transversely elongate form and the constant absence of
crenulation within the margin of the valves in adu/¢t specimens,
although approximations of form are met with, still the prescence
or absence of the crenulation at maturity determines the species.

2.—ASTARTE UNDATA GouLD.

TOA avert Masser OAme a ioOr eG.n2) Ds Lone

1841. A. sulcata Gld. (non Da Costa), l.c., f. 46; ed. 2, f 432.

1843. A.undata Mighels. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. iv.,”
D: 2To.

1843. Crassina latisulca Hanley, 1843. Rec. Biv., p. 87
(note) ; p. 350, pl. xiv., f. 35.

1845. Astarte undata Philippi. Abbild, i, p. 55, pli,
ib i

1854. A. undata Sow. Thes., vol. 11, p. 779, pl. clxvi., f. 12.

1858. A. undata Adams. Genera, vol. il., p. 484.

1863. A. sulcata Jeffreys, partim. Brit. Con., i., p. 315.

1872. A.sulcata Tryon, partim. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
L872, p2A7.

1872. A. undata Verrill. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 111,
p. 287.

1874. A. undata Sowerby. Con. Icon., xix., f. 11.

1874. A. mortoni Sowerby, l.c., f. 14.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 207

Hapitat.—Portland Harbour, Maine (Mighels). Eastport,
Grand Manan, Newport, and other localities on the east coast of
North America, also Newfoundland.

The fossil 4. omaliz of the Crag, agrees with this species in
having broad ribs and deep interjacent furrows, but in that species
the beaks are more produced, peculiarly flattened, more acute,
and the apical angle much sharper. The edges of the lunule and
hinder ligamental area are also much more sharply defined.
These in my opinion are sufficient distinctions to separate these
two forms. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys however holds a different view,
and unites both these with the 4. swdcata of Da Costa. Verrill
states that “‘this is by far the most abundant species on the
northern coast of New England. It ranges from Cape Cod to
Labrador.”

3.—ASTARTE SULCATA Da Costa.

1778. Pectunculus sulcata DaCosta. Brit. Conch., p. 192.

1784. Venus borealis (partim) Chem. Conch. Cab., vol. vii.,
se 2 OMe plexeixe ate an a

1807. V. scotica Maton & Rackett. Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Vol mills, p. 61, pl. i, fh 3:

1808. V.scotica Montagu. Test. Brit. Suppl., p. 44.

1808. WV. danmonia, id., l.c., p. 45, pl. xxix., f. 4.

1816. Astarte danmonia Mont. J. Sowerby, Min. Conch.,
WO, Whe Jos Si

1816. A. scotica M.& R. Sowerby, lic.

1816. A. sulcata Da Costa. J. Sowerby, lic.

1817. Venus scotica M. & R. Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Shells,
jo: UO

1817. V.danmonia Mont. Dillwyn, lc.

1818. Crassina danmoniensis Lamarck. An. Sans. Vert.,
vol. v., p. 554 (the first p. 554).

208 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE,

1818. Wenus scotica M.& R. Lamarck, lc., p. 600.

1819. V.sulcata Turton. Conch. Dict., p. 235.

1819. V. scotica, id., lc, p. 236.

1819. Crassina scotica Leach. Ross’s Voy., p. 175.

1820—24. Astarte danmoniensis Sowerby. Gen. Shells,
pl. Ixui., f 1—3.

1822. Crassina scotica M. & R. Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit.,
p-. 130, pl. xi, f 3—4.

1822. C. sulcata Turton, l.c., p. 131, pl. xi, f. 1—2.

1825. Wenus danmoniensis Blainville. Man. de Malacol.,
Oh ivs yell Ibe cea ie, 9

1825. Crassina scotica M. & R. Gray, Ann. Philosoph.,
vol. ix., p. 136.

182s. Wenus scoticaM.&R. Wood, Index Test., pl.vii., f. 20.

1825. Wenus danmonia Mont. Wood, lLc., f 21.

1827. Crassina danmoniensis Lam. Brown, Ill. Rec. Con.,
OL Sortie eH Gl 2 (ims) (Oh Oey lb xeeainleg ih a,

1827. C. scotica M.&R. Brown, l.c., pl. xvili., f. 9; ed. 2,
pl. xxxviiL, fi 9.

1827. ©.danmoniensis Crouch. Intro. Conchol., pl. vi, f. 7.

1828. Astarte scotica Fleming. Brit. Anim., p. 440.

1829. A. danmoniensis Sowerby. Conch. Man., f. r1o.

1830. Crassina danmoniensis Lam. Deshayes, Ency.
Method, vers, vol. i1., p. 77.

1835. ©. danmoniensis Desh. Anim. d. Vert., ed. 2, vol. vi,
Pp. 257:

1835. Wenus scotica M.& R. Desh., l.c., p. 360. .

1841. Crassina danmoniensis Lam. Delessert Recueil,
OG Wiese ot

1841. Astarte danmoniensis Reeve. Conch. Syst., pl. Ixvi.,
f. I—3. i

1843. Crassina scoticaM.&R. Hanley, Cat. Rec. Biv., p. 87.

J.C., tii, July, 1881

1843.
1843.

1843.
1845.

1845.
1846.
1846.

1848.

1848.
1852.

185 3.

1854.

1858.

1862.

1863.

1874.

1881.

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 209

Crassina sulcata Da Costa. Hanley, l.c., p. 87.

Astarte danmoniensis Lam. Macgillivray, Moll.
Aberdeen, pp. 211 and 258.

A. sulcata Da Costa. Macgillivray, Lc., pp. 211 & 259.

A. sulcata Da Costa. Philippi, Abbild., vol. ii, p. 56,
JO icy den

A. scotica M. and R. Philippi, lc, pl. 1, f. 3.

A. scotica M. and R. Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 36.

A. sulcata Da Costa. Reeve, Elem. Conch., vol. ii,
Da Pleat. LOO:

A. scotica partim Middendorff. Malac. Ross., pt. iii.,
p. 44, pl. xvil., f r—2.

A. danmoniensis Midd., l.c., f. 3.

Crassina britannica Leach (MS., 1820). Moll. Brit.
Synopsis, p. 302.

Astarte sulcata Da Costa. Forbes and Hanley, Brit.
Moll., vol. i. p. 452, pl. m, f. 5 (as A. danmoniensis),
and pl. xxx., f. 6.

A. sulcata Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 778,
pl. clxvii., f, 1—3.

A. sulcata Adams. Gen. Recent Shells, vol. ii., p. 483,
vol. ili., pl. cxv., f. 6—64,

Crassina danmoniensis Chenu. Man. Conch., vol. ii.,
f. 616.

Asitarte sulcata partim Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. ii,
Oy Siiie Ol, Nie, jolb BOSOM Ie A

A. sulcata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., pl.i., f. 3a—d.

A. sulcata Jeffreys. _P..Z. Ss, p. 711.

Hasitat.—Coast of Spain (McAndrew); Great Britain, -
Greenland, North America, Norway, Nova Zembla, Sea of
Okhotsk, &c.

210 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

By some authors the North American 4. wudata of Gould,
is considered a variety of this species, however it seems to me
very inconsistent on their part to deny specific rank to that form,
and accord it to the A. crebricostata of Forbes, the one having
very few and the other very many concentric ridges, or in other
words fewer or more than the typical swzdcata. All have the
crenulated edge to the valves. Beyond this difference in the
number of coste only feeble distinctions can be pointed out.
The posterior cessation of the ribs in crebricostata, remarked
upon by Forbes and Hanley, to a certain extent occurs in this
species and also in wzdata. These three species together with
the A. crenata Gray and A. fusca Poli, are closely related, and I
admit, taking into consideration the many intermediate and
connecting forms which I have seen, that I cannot draw a line of
demarcation. However the typical form of each is very distinct
and at once recognizable, and although some puzzling inter-
mediate grades are met with, still I prefer to allow these so-called
species to retain separate specific names, for I do not pretend to
say that hereafter characters will be found in the animals which
will definitely distinguish such vastly different shells as 4. undata
and A. crenata. Placing these two side by side I cannot believe
it advisable to designate them by one and the same name.

4.—ASTARTE FUSCA Pott.

1791. Tellina fusca Poli. Test. Ut. Sicil. L, pl. xv., f 32—3.

1814. Wenus incrassata Brocchi. Conch. Foss.'Subap., vol.
ks (IO RSG) Bla Gepoy aI 5 1b 7,

1829. WV. petagnee (Crassina) Costa. Cat. Sistem. test. due
Sicilie, p. 34—5, pl. ii, f. 9a—é.

1835. Crassina fusca Deshayes. Anim. s. vert., ed. 2, vol. vi,
Pp. 257.

1835. ©. incrassata Deshayes, l.c.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 211

1835. Astarte affinis Cantraine. Diagnoses esp. Nouv. Moll.,
p. 28.

1836. A. incrassata Philippi Enum. Moll. Sicil. I, p. 38,
WOlk le, 1. ZO),

1839. A. incrassata Phil. Wiegmann’s Arch. Natur., vol. 1.,
ips Bz

1845. A. fusca Philippi. Abbild., vol. ii, p. 57, pl. 1, f. 5—7.

1854. A. fusca Sowerby. Thes. Con.,, vol. il, p. 783, pl. clxvii.,
li, Boke

1863. A. sulcata partim Jeffreys. Brit. Con., vol. i, p. 314.

1873. A. fusca Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 17a—é.

Hapirat.—Mediterranean and Canary Islands.

This Mediterranean form appears to me to differ sufficiently
from the more northern A. su/ca¢a to warrant its specific distinc-
tion. Its smaller size, more triangular form, decidedly feebler
ribbing, richer brown colour, not unfrequently varied with rays of
a paler or darker tint are characters parting it from that species.

5.—ASTARTE CREBRICOSTATA Forpes.

1847. Astarte crebricostata Forbes & MacAndrew. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xix., p. 98, pl. ix., f. 4.

1853. A. crebricostata Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol. i,
jy AGOsuoll Bees Ie O)

1854. A. crebricostata Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 780,
jal; Cheval. 8 Ie}

1869. A. lutea Perkins. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869,
OW Satis jo kt, uly ke = Cee Ee eee ee

1870. A. crebricostata Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 126,
f. 440.

1872. A. lens Verrill. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. iii.,
D207: Wot- erebrccoituta Fly,

1874. A. crebricostata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 10.

J a

212 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

1874. Astarte crebricostata Mobius. Zweite Deutsche
Nordpolarfahrt, vol. ii, p. 252. = crerela Gray |

1875. A. crebricostata Morch. Arctic Manual, p. 131.

1878. A. crebricostata Sars. Norges Arkt. Fauna, p. 54, pl.

v., f. 7a—0.

1879. A. crenata (non Gray) Norman. Journ. of Conch.,
vol. il., p. 44.

1880. A. crenata (non Gray) Verrill. Proc. U.S. National
Mus., p. 399.

Var. ASTARTE SUBASQUILATERA Sowersy.

1854. Astarte subeequilatera Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii,
p. 700, pligclxyviles di 13.
1874. A. subeequilatera, id. Con. Icon,, vol. xix., fi 5.

Hapirat.—Finmark, Lofoden Islands; var. subeguilatera,
Newfoundland; var. from East Greenland (Mobius).

The synonymy of this species given by Tryon in the Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872, p. 246, is most remarkable.
Under this species amongst others are included—A. el/iptica, A.
portlandica, A. guadrans and A. incrassata Brocchi, the latter
being held distinct from 4. fusca of Poli!!

Mr. Verrill considers the American form ‘ unquestionably
distinct” from the European. He observes that it is ‘‘more
compressed, more rounded, lighter and brighter yellowish
in colour, and generally has much more numerous and regular
undulations. The hinge is also quite different.” On the con-
trary Gould in speaking of this shell observes ‘“‘In the way of
form there is nothing to distinguish this species from others. It
undergoes all the variations of altitude and elongation, of
acumination and truncation, inflation and compression, that are
observed in others.” I have not been able to examine any
American specimens so cannot express any definite opinion

J.C., iii, July, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 213

respecting the propriety of separating the A. /ens, but I fail to
find any sufficient differences in the description given by Gould.

6.—ASTARTE CRENATA Gray. |
1824. Nicania crenata Gray. Parry’s First Voy. Apend.,
pucexiin: Zool Our, voli its ps iro:
1843. Crassina crenata Hanley. Cat. Rec. Biv., p. 88.
1854. Astarte oblonga Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. i, p. 781,
pivelxvite. f To:
1872. A.oblonga Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,p. 247.
1874. A. crenata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f, ga—d.

Hapirat.—Prince Regent’s inlet, north of British North
America (Capt. Sir E. Parry, R.N.)

This species may be distinguished from crebricostata by its
smaller size and the very much finer concentric riblets which
extend from the anterior end over about two thirds of the surface
of the valves, leaving the hinder portion merely finely striated. The
form too, judging from the fourteen specimens in the museum,
is more elongate transversely and appears to be constant in this
respect. The inner edge of the valves as in the other species of
the genus which have crenulated margins, only become denticulate
when maturity is reached.

7-—ASTARTE ACUTICOSTATA Jzrrreys & FRIELE.

1876. A. acuticostata J.&F. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidens-
kaberne, vol. xxili., part 3.

1877. A. acuticostata Kobelt. Jahrbuch. Deutsch. Mal.

: Gesell., vol. iv., p. 257.

1879. A, acuticostata Friele. Jahrbuch. Deutsch. Mal.
Gesell., vol. vi., p. 267, pl. iv., f. 8.

1881. A. acuticostata Jeffreys. P. Z. S., p..711, pl. Ixi, f 0.

Hasitat.—North Atlantic, in the cold zone at various
depths of 290, 418, 488 and 510 fathoms; also between Scotland
and the Faroe Islands, and Nova Zembla.

214 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

A quadrangular species approaching A. sa/cata, but of small
size, with remarkably erect, fine, numerous ribs, and with a plain
edge to the valves and a narrow hinge.

8.—ASTARTE NANA JeErFFreys.

_ Hasirat.—Off Conch Reef, Gulf of Florida, 60 fathoms
(Pourtales).

This interesting little species will be fully described by
Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys. It is thickish in proportion to its small
dimensions, strongly concentrically ridged and furrowed, of
somewhat quadrate form, and covered with a thin pale, greyish
epidermis. The inner margin of the valves, judging from the
few specimens at present known, appear to be smooth. The

raul ey
9.—ASTARTE CASTANEA Say.

1803. Venus sulcata Montagu. Test. Brit., vol. 1, p. 131.

1807. V. sulcata Maton and Rackett. Trans. Linn. Soc.,
PALS) Plelieeatn v2:

1817. V.sulcata Dillwyn. Cat. Rec. Sh., vol. i, p. 166.

1818. V. sulcata Lamarck. An. s. Vert., vol. v., p. 592.

1822. V. castanea Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
VOR wp: 273.

1827. Crassina sulcata Brown. Ill. Rec. Conch., pl. xviii,
Piro:

1828. Astarte sulcata Fleming. Brit. Animals, p. 439.

1829. A.crassidens Brod. & Sow. Zool. Jour., vol. iv., p. 364.

1830. A. castanea Say. Amer. Conch., pl. 1. |

1831. A. castanea Conrad. Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 72,
DlEXvill, tes:

1835. Crassina castanea Deshayes. An. s. Vert., ed. 2,
vol. vi., p. 258.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 215

1835. Astarte castanea? var. procera Totten. Amer.
Jour. Sci. Arts, vol. xxvili., p. 348—9, f. 2a—a2/-

1841. A. castanea Gould. Invert. Mass., p. 76, f. 45.

1843. A. castanea De Kay. Zool. New York, part v., p. 220,
Dl xxVviliz, te 20O:

1843. CrassinacastaneaHanley. Rec. Biv.,p. 88, pl.ix.,f 27.

1845. Astarte castanea Philippi. Abbild., vol. ii, p. 57,
jolly th, 1 Be

1853. A.castanea Forbes & Hanley. Brit. Moll.,vol. i, p. 470.

1854. A.castanea Say. Sowerby, Thes. Con., vol. 11, p. 782,
pl. clxvii., f. 14—15.

1854. A. crassidens Sow,, lc. p. 782.

1870. A. castanea Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p.117,). 431.
1872. A. castanea Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 245.
1872. A. crassidens, id., Lc., p. 245.

1874. A. castanea Sowerby. Con. Ic., vol. xix. f. 10.

Hapitat.—East coast of United States; Icy Cape (Belcher).

The A. crasstdens of Broderip and Sowerby, is remarkable
for its great size and the coarseness of the crenulation, having
‘“‘almost the appearance of low embrasures” (B. & 5.)

Dr. Jeffreys’ observation in the Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct.,
1872, p. 239, that this species is “perhaps a variety of 4. borealis
Chem.,” is certainly erroneous, for there is no connection
between these two forms, one (casfanea) being a species with
crenulated, and the other with smooth margins to the valves.

10.—ASTARTE QUADRANS GOouLpD.

1841. Astarte quadrans Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 1., p. 81,
f AS.

1843. A. portlandica Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
WO Mos (Os HAC),

216 SMITH’: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

1843. Astarte quadrans, id. Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. iv., pp. 320 and 345, pl. xvi, fi 2.

1843. A.quadrans Migh. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,vol.iv.,p. 319.

1851. A. quadrans Stimpson. Shells of New England, p. 18.

1851. A. portlandica, id., l.c, p. 18.

1854. A. quadrans Sowerby. hes. Con., vol. i., p. 7829
pl. clxvin, f. 5.

1870. A.quadrans Gould. Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 123, f. 434.

1870. A. portlandica, id., l.c., p. 127, £ 441.

1872. A. quadrans Verrill. Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. iii.,
p-. 287.

1874. A. quadrans Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 8.

HapiraT.—Various localities on the east coast of the United
States.

I am unable to distinguish the A. fortlandica of Mighels,
from this species. Of the two characters especially referred to
by that author, namely, its extraordinary obliquity and the livid

color of the interior, the former is unquestionably possessed by

some examples of this species. The latter peculiarity seems to
me possibly or rather probably due to discoloration produced by
retention in the stomach of a haddock from whence the single
shell described was extracted.

Jeffreys (Annals Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872, p. 239), erroneously
I think, considers this a variety (zana) of A. castanea. Although
I have not been able to compare it with young specimens of that
species, still on placing it side by side with the umbonal portion
of half grown specimens it appears to me different in form, being
shorter from the beak to the opposite or ventral margin.

11.—ASTARTE BOREALIS (CHEmM.) SCHUMACHER.

1776. Tellinaatra Pallas (not described). Middendorff, Mal.
Rossica, vol. iil., p. 47.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

1784.
1808.
1817.
1818.
1810.
1822.
1824.

1825.
1827.

1827.
1827.
1828.

1820.

1839.
1841.

1841.
1843.

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 217

Venus borealis partim Chemnitz. Con. Cab., vol. vii.,
D260) pl: xxix i 412) only.

V. compressa partim Montagu. Test. Brit. Suppl.,
pl. xxvi., f. 1, on middle of plate.

Tridonta borealis Chem. restricted, Schumacher.
Essai. Nouv. Syst. Vers. Test, p. 147.

Astarte plana J. Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. ii,
De 7 3h) pls Cluxix.. Bo 2sapenhaps:

Grassina semisulcata Leach. Ross. Voy. Append.,
p- 1753 Ann. Philosoph., 1819, p. 204.

C. borealis Nilsson. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Acad. Hand-
lingar, 1822, p. 188, pl. 11, f. 3—5.

C. arctica Gray. Parry’s First Voy. Append., p. ccxliil ;
Zool. Journ., vol. 1, p. 119.

C. borealis Chemn. Gray, Ann. Philos., vol. ix., p. 136.

C. compressa Brown. Illus. Rec. Con., ed. 1, pl. xviii,
f. 45; ed. 2, pl. xxxviil., f. 4—5.

C. corrugata Brown, lc., ed. 1, pl. xvi., f 24; ed. 2,
plipxds fo:

GC. depressa Brown, probably, Lc., ed. 1, pl. xviil., f. 2;
ed. 2, pl. xxxvili., f. 2, 7? arcltea var.

Mactra veneriformis Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl., pl. 1.
f. 8, = beaks

Astarte lactea Broderip and Sowerby. Zool. Journ.,
vol. iv., p. 365; Zool» Beechey’s Voy., p. 152, pl. xliv.,
li 1a

Crassina withami J. Smith. Brown, Wenerian Mem.,
VOle Vill. Pag kGSy laa iaeznt:

Astarte lactea B. & S. Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 80,
PATE

A. cyprinoides Duval. Revue Zool., p. 278.

Crassina lactea B. &S. Hanley, Cat. Rec. Biy., p. 88

218

1843.
1843.
1845.
1848.
1853.
1854.
1854.
1854.
1855.

1867.
1872.

Tomes

1874.
1874.
1874.
1874.
1874.
1875.

1877.

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

Astarte compressa Mont. Macgillivray, Moll. Aber-
deen, pp. 211 and 261.

Crassina arctica Gray. Hanley, Cat. Rec. Biy., pp.
88 and 350, pl. xiv., f. 4o.

Astarte borealis Linn. Philippi, Abbild., vol. ii»
10s Sy Olle Ty He ie

A. corrugata Brown. Middendorff, Mal. Ross., part 3,
p. 46, pl. xvu., f. 4—tro.

A. arctica Gray, Forbesand Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol. 1,
Dy AOI, OE Oh, 1 7

A. arctica Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. ii, p. 780,
pl. elxvii., f. 17, 18 and 20.

A. semisulcata Leach. Sowerby, lc. p. 781, pl.
Elxyite th ro:

AS lactea Bi \& SS) Sowerby, Ic: p. 751; ply clawite
fete 22 aniGeze

A. richardsoni Reeve. Belcher’s Last Arctic Voy.,
vol. ii, p. 39, pl. xxxili., f 7a—d. = borealis Yo:

A. islandica Deshayes. MS.? in Mus., Cuming.

A. borealis Chemn. Meyer and Mobius, Fauna Kieler
Bucht, vol. i1., p. 95, f. 1—4.

A. lactea B. & S. Dawson, Post. Pliocene Geol.
Canadas plist 3

A. semisulcata Leach. Sowerby, Conch. Icon., f. 12.

A. lactea B. & S., id., lc ietoae= arctica

A. producta, id., l.c., f. 19. = borteghs

A. subtrigona, id., lc, f.20. = arcdtca

A. arctica Gray, id., l.c., f 21a—dé. "

A. (Tridonta) semisulcata Leach. Morch, Arctic
Manual, p. 132.

A. semisulcata Leach. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vol. xx., p. 142.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 219

1878. Tridonta borealis Chemn. Sars, Norg. Arkt. Fauna,
p- 50.

Hapirat.—West Greenland, east coast of United States
Spitzbergen, Iceland, North Russia, Nova Zembla, Franz
Joseph’s Land, Behring’s Sea, Norway, Lofoden Islands, &c.

The shell described by Linné as Venus borealis, jadging from
the diagnosis and the specimen in his cabinet is, according to
Hanley, the Zwcina radu/a of Lamarck,* but the figure he refers
to represents the Scrobicularia piperita of Gmelin. On the
contrary Romer; observes that it “ gehort hiernach immer noch
zu deu zweifelhaften arten.” The specimens figured by Chem-
nitz{ under this name, are referable to more than one species of
Astarte. Figures 412 and perhaps 414 in my opinion represent
one species, which may retain the name Jdorealzs for reasons
hereafter stated, and a specimen of A. sw/cata Da Costa, is
doubtlessly depicted by figure 413. Considering Chemnitz’s
confused notion of Linné’s species, and the fact that one of the
shells he described and figured had previously been named by
Da Costa, it seems to me it would have been advisable to reject
his name dorea/is, and to have employed that (sem7su/cata) given
by Leach, that being the first name subsequently published had
not Schumacher in 1817, two years prior to the publication of
Leach’s name, restricted the Chemnitzian species. In his ‘‘Essai
dun Nouveau Systeme des habitations des vers testacés,” p. 147,
he refers to Chemnitz, plate xxxix., figure 412 only, thus limiting
the species, observing—‘“ notre coquille (figured in his plate
Xvil, f. 1) n’est que finement striée, et c'est exactement la méme
coquille de Mr. Chemnitz que se trouve classée dans la Collec-

* Hanley, Ipsa LinnziConchylia, p.77. + Kritische Untersuch. Venus, pp. 92-4.

~ Conchylien Cabinet, vol. vii., p. 26, pl. xxxix., f. 412—4,

220 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

tion de Mr. Spengler, comme varieté de la Venus borealzs de
Linneus.”

Although the variety semzsw/cata Leach, is generally fairly
recognisable by its more compressed form and stronger sculpture,
especially towards the beaks, still all the intermediate and
connecting links between it and typical examples of A. borealis
are met with, and it becomes a matter of impossibility to draw
any fixed line of demarcation. To the typical form belong azva
Pallas teste Middendorff, dorvealis Nilsson, compressa Martens
partly, corrugata Brown, deprcssa Brown perhaps, and cypr7nordes
Duval, and the following more closely approach the variety
semisulcata, viz. :—venertformts Wood, dactea Broderip and Sow.,
and richardsont Reeve.

12,—ASTARTE ROLLANDII BeErnaropt.

Jour., de Conchyl., 1858, vol. vii., p. 386, pl. xiii, f. 4.

Hasitat.—-Petropaulovski, Kamtchatka.

This species is remarkable on account of its very circular

form and the great thickness of the hinge. It appears to
approach more closely 4. dorea/zs than any other species.

13.—ASTARTE FABULA REEVE.

185s. A. fabula Reeve. Belcher’s Last Arctic Voy., vol. ii.,
p. 398, pl. xxxi., f. 5a—d.

1874. A. semilirata Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f 15.

1877. A. fabula Smith. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1877,
vol. xx., p. 144.

1877. A. fabula Jeffreys. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept., 1877.
Vole xs... 29A:

Hasirat.—Dumbbell Harbour and Discovery Bay (Feilden);
Regent Inlet (Ross); Cape Bowen (Dr. Sutherland); Franz
Joseph’s Land (Leigh Smith).

J.C, iii., July, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 221

This species does not appear to attain a large size. The
largest specimens exceed in this respect any of A. compressa, yet
are considerably smailer than half-grown examples of A. borealis.

The peculiarity of this species consists in the character of
the concentric ridges near the umbones. In this region they are
more strongly developed than elsewhere, and indeed they zazely
extend beyond the middle of the valves, the lower half being
merely concentrically striated. They have too, a somewhat
wrinkled or undulated appearance and are not produced quite to
the margins, so that the dorsal areas (the umbones being towards
the eye) appear comparatively smooth. In the volume of the
Annals I referred to, I suggested the possibility of the 4. danksiz
of Gould (Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 125, f. 438), being the same as
this species. However, I now believe this not to be the case,
and that this shell, which is certainly not a typical 4. banksiZ of
Leach, is nevertheless a form of the A. compressa.

In the “Annals” Dr. Jeffreys observes—‘“I am now satisfied
that 4. warehami of Hancock is not this species, but the same
as Crassina depressa of Brown=A. crebricostata Forbes= A.
richardsont Reeve.” This appears to me a most unfortunate
“‘lumping of species,” for I imagine at least three of these are
distinct. A. warehami is described as elliptical in form, with
about sixty fine, close, sharp, regular, concentric ribs. The
epidermis is of a pale greenish yellow, and the basal margin of
the valves is said to be entire, by which I presume is meant not
crenate.

A. crebricostata is generally rather triangularly ovate, has ~
from thirty to forty ribs, coarser than those in warchauw7, the
epidermis is yellowish or olive-yellow and the valves are crenated
within in adult shells. A. richardsonit of Reeve, I consider the
same as the variety semzsulcata of A. borealis. It is described as
‘ trigono-orbicularis, convexo-compressa, precipue ad umbones,

222

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

valvis circa umbones confertim sulcatis, deinde levibus ;” and the
interior of the margin is smooth, as in the species I refer it to.

A. depressa of Brown, is a more doubtful species, neither the

figure or description applying well to any recent species with

which I am acquainted.

1808.

Tony.
1819.
1819.

18109.
1822.

1822.

1825.
1825.
1825.
1827.

1827.
1827.
1828.
1839.
1839.
1830.

1842.
1842.

14.—ASTARTE COMPRESSA Montacu.

Venus compressa Montagu partim (non Linn.)
Rests Brit Soupplsip., a atnplesxxvaeed f, at top.

V. montagui Dillwyn. Rec. Shells, vol. i., p. 167.

V. montacuti Turton. Conch. Diction., p. 243. ey

Nicania striata Leach. Ross. Voy. Append., p. +76;
Thomson’s Ann. Phil., 1819, vol. xiv., p. 204.

N. banksii Leach. Ross., p. 176; Ann. Phil., p. 204.

Crassina striata Nilsson. Kongl. Vetenskaps. Acad.
Handlingar, p. 189, pl. iL, f. 6.

Cyprina compressa Turton. Conch. Ins. Brit., p.136
pl. xi., f. 22—2.

Venus Banksii Blainville. Man. Malacol., p. 558.

Crassina banksii Gray. Ann. Phil. vol. ix. p. 136.

C. montagui Gray. Ann. Phil. vol. ix. p. 136.

C. striata Brown. Ill. Rec. Conch., ed. 1, pl. xviii.,
f. 6-—8; ed. 2, pl. xxxvili., f. 6—8.

C. convexiuscula Brown. Ill. Conch., pl. xviii., f. 7.

GC. obliqua Brown, l.c., f. 6.

Astarte compressa Fleming. Brit. Anim., p. 440.

A. banksii Sowerby. Beechey’s Voy., p. 152, pl. xliv.,

A. striata, id., l.c., f ro (non 9). [f. 9 (non 10).

Crassina multicostata J. Smith. Brown, Mem.
Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 104, pl. 1., f. 19.

Astarte banksii Sab. Moller, Naturhist. Tidsk., p. 92.

A. striata, id., l.c., p. 93.

J.C., iii., July, 1881

1842.
1842.

1843.
1843.
1843.
1845.
1845.
1846.

1848.
1853.

1854.
1854.
1855.
1858.
1858.
1863.
1866.
1872.
1872.
1872.

1874.
1874.

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 223

Astarte globosa, id., l.c., p. 93.

A. multicostata Macgillivray. Moll. Aberdeen, pp.
211 and 261.

Crassina montagui Hanley. Rec. Shells, p. 89.

Gi banikcsilis ides) hes ps 4505 Wie xivaetea ye

Cystriata ids le..0ps 350) ples, ioe

Astarte multicostata Philippi. Abbild., vol. i, p. 59.

A. pulchella Jonas. Philippi, l.c., p. 60, pl. 1, f. rz.

A. War¢ghami Hancock. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist.»
vol. xviil., p. 336, pl. v., fi 15—16.

A. striata Middendorff. Mal. Ross., vol. ui., p. 46.

A. compressa Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., vol.i.,
p- 464, pl. xxx., f 1—3.

A. banksii Sowerby (non Leach)=striata Leach.
INES. (CO, Olle ike 1D, WSas folk Clbawie., 2613.

A. compressa Montagu. Sowerby, le, p. 782, pl:
clxvil., f. 6 and 7.

A. globosa Reeve. Belcher’s Last Arctic Voy., p. 398,
pl. xxx, f. 6a—o.

A. compressa Adams. Genera, vol. ii., p. 484.

A. Banksii, id., l.c.

A. compressa Jeffreys. Brit. Con., vol. ii, p. 3153
vol. v., pl. xxxvil., f. 3—4.

A. striata Leach. Packard, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Elist.. vole itp. 275.

A. compressa Meyer and Mobius. Fauna Kieler
Bucht, vol. ii, p. 99, f. 8—10.

A. banksii Dawson. Notes Post-Pliocene Geol. Canada,
Ol Will. 1 2,

A. Laurentiana, id., lc., f 2, and f. 8 on cut iv.

A. abbreviata Sowerby. Con. Ic., vol. xix., f. 6.

A. compressa Sowerby. Con. Ic., vol. xix., f. 2a—b.

224 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

1874. Astarte Banksii Sow. (non Leach), id., l.c., f. 7.

1875. A. (Nicania) striata Morch. Arctic Manual, p. 132.

1875. A. banksiil, id., lc.

1877. A.warehamiSmith. Annals Nat. Hist., vol. xx. p. 114.

1877. A. warehami Jeffreys. Annals, Sept., vol. xx. p. 234.

1877. A. striata Leach. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug.,
vol. xx., 1877, p. 143.

1878. Nicania Banksii Sars. Norg. Arkt. Fauna, p. 51.

Hasirar.—Spitzbergen, Greenland, east coast of North
America, Faroe Islands, Norway, Siberia, Franz Joseph Land,
Baltic, North Britain and west coast of Davis Straits.

This species is excessively variable in form and sculpture,
and in the words of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys—‘“‘if a specimen of the
smooth, flat and triangular form were placed side by side with
the fine ribbed, convex and rounded variety g/obosa it would be
difficult to imagine that they were the same species.”

The variety striata Leach, from West Greenland, is
generally fairly distinguishable by its more transverse and less
triangular shape than the normal British and north European
specimens. ‘The variety g/obosa Moller, also originally described
from Greenland, is scarcely separable from the s¢szaza, the extra
roundness of the outline being but very slight and the greater
thickness of little account. The dankszz Leach, was founded on
a specimen brought home by Captain Ross from off the south of
Spitzbergen. These are remarkable on account of their very
triangular shape and the very smooth surface, the fine ridges
being replaced by mere concentric strie. A. uddevallensis of
J. Smith, and A. propingua of Landsborough, are said by Jeffreys
to be synonymous with this species. The variety wareham7 has
the umbones uearly “central,” is of a pale-greenish-yellow, attains
a breadth of nearly an inch, and has as many as “sixty fine, close,
sharp, regular concentric ribs.” Hancock’s figure however,

J.C., iii., July, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 225

conveys a very wrong impression in this respect, for the number
there represented is not more than half. I cannot believe this to
be the same as A. fabula, as suggested by Jeffreys, for its different
form and character and much greater regularity of the ribs appear
to me to offer very good distinguishing characters. It is chiefly
distinguished from the variety s¢zafa by its superior size, the
paleness of its epidermis, and the regularity and greater coarseness
of the ridges. Hancock’s shell is stated to have a breadth of
nearly an inch and a length of three-quarters, whilst the largest
specimen in the museum, which considerably exceeds the average
size of var. striata, of compressa is only just over two-thirds long and
a little more than five-sixths in diameter. Since writing the above
I have seen a typical specimen in Dr. Jeffreys’ collection, which
he received from Hancock. An examination of this convinces
me of the opinion above expressed, namely, that it is a large
fine-grown form most nearly approximating to the variety s¢7zata,
but differing in those respects which I have already pointed out.

It is absolutely necessary to reject this name (compressa) if
we admit that Venus compressa of Linné also be an Astarte. As
various authors appear to hold different views respecting this
question, some, ¢.g., Morch and Sars, upholding the Linnean
name and rejecting Montagu’s and others, such as Hanley,
Jeffreys and Gould, entertaining precisely the reverse opinion;
and considering the fact that Montagu carelessly employed a
name already occupied, and that he confuses two species in his
description and figures, perhaps it may be advisable to employ
the name montaguz, which Dillwyn, the first to recognise
Montagu’s error, substituted for the compressa of that author.
However as I have disregarded the compressa of Linné, I have
employed Montagu’s name for this species by which it has
hitherto been generally known.

The shell described by Linné in 1778 as Venus compressa

226 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

(Mantissa, p. 546) cannot be identified with absolute certainty.
The characters will equally apply to more than one species of
Astartide or Veneride. Neither color, locality or size are
mentioned. Sylvanus Hanley appears to have first suggested
the possibility of its being a species of Aszarte. In his valuable
work on the shells of Linnzeus (p. 454) he observes—‘“ The
unillustrated description is applicable to more than one shell, and
amongst others to a nearly mature specimen of As¢arte elliptica.”
This determination has subsequently been adopted by Jeffreys,
Packard, Morch and Sars. On the other hand Dr. Edward
Roemer* considers that Linné’s descripticn is more applicable to
the Venus scalarina of Lamarck, of which the Linnean expression
(‘Anus linearis, subexcisis, vu/ve simillimus”) is certainly more
descriptive than of the Asfarte referred to. Considering this
divergence of opinion and the uncertainty that will ever prevail
regarding the determination of the shell Linné had before him, it
appears to me that his Venus compressa should be rejected as
undeterminable.

15.—ASTARTE COMPACTA CARPENTER.

1863. A. (? compressa, var.) compacta, id. Suppl. Rep.
Moll. W. Coast N. America, p. 602, 642 and 682.
1865. A. (? compressa, var.) compacta Carpenter. Proc.

ie Soc. Nat Hist,
Fast Qead. Nat. $ Poot:

Hapirat.—Puget Semel Washington, Wass

This species is said to be like compressa Mont., but compact,
less transverse, with fewer concentric lire, almost obsolete
posteriorly: umbones very prominent and more acute; dorsal
margins straight, at an angle of 1oo°; lunule less impressed,

* Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des Molluskengeschlechts Venus bei
Linné und Gmelin, p. 84, Cassel, 8vo., 1858.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 227

longer ; ligamental area less angulated ; anterior lateral tooth in
the right valve more prominent. Long. .4, lat. .33, div. .21.

16.—ASTARTE LONGIROSTRA D’OrgsiIcny.

1847. A. longirostra D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Merid., vol. v.,
p- 576, pl. Ixxxin., f. 21—4.

1854. A. longirostra Gray. Cat. Coll. d’Orbigny in Brit,

Mus., p. 70.

1859. Crassina longirostra Chenu. Man. de Conch.,
vol. i, f. 617.

1872. ©. longirostra Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
1872, p- 247.

Hapirat.— Isles Malouines (Falkland Isles).

17.—ASTARTE MAGELLANICA Smiru.

1881. A. magellanica Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 41,
TORR iee 0h is

HasirTat.—Straits of Magellan.

This species is smaller than the preceding, of a paler colour,
more coarsely ribbed, with much less acuminated and anteriorly
inclined beaks, and the inner margin of the valves is crenulated,
a feature not yet noticed in /ongtrostra.

18.—ASTARTE TRIANGULARIS Monracu.

1803.. Mactra triangularis Montagu. Test. Brit., vol. 1,
p: 99, pl, 11. f. 5. if ;

1803. M. minutissima, id., l.c., Suppl., p. 37.

1807. M. triangularis Maton and Rackett. Linn. Trans,
vol. vil., p. 72.

1817. M.triangularis Dillwyn. Cat., vol. i., p. 143.

1817. M. minutissima, id., Lc., p. 143.

1819. M. triangularis Turton. Conch. Dict., p. 82.

228 SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE

1819. Mactra minutissima, id., lc., p. 83.

1822. Goodalia triangularis, id. Conch. Ins. Brit., p. 77,
Olle Wiley 1 zt,

1822. G. minutissima, id., l.c., pl. vi, f. 15.

1825. Grassina triangularis Gray. Ann. Phil, vol. ix., p. 136.

1825. ©. minutissima, id., Lc.

1827. Mactrina triangularis Brown. Illust., ed. 1, pl. xvi.
IB 2a 9 Sly ey Obrien, OL wh Ik, Zinn

1828. Goodalia triangularis Fleming. Brit. An., p. 429.

1843. G. triangularis Macgil. Moll. Aberd., pp. 218 and 289.

1843. G. minutissima, id., l.c., pp. 218 and 290.

1853. Astarte triangularis Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll.,
vol. 1., p. 467, pl. xxx., fi 4—5.

1854. A.triangularis Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. 11, p. 782,
plbrclecyiiteiae as

1858. A. triangularis Adams. Genera, vol. ii., p. 484.

1863. A. triangularis Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 318 ;
VOM Va) PulG3, ply xxocvil, ails:

1874. A. triangularis Sowerby. Con. Icon., vol. xix., f. 16.

Hasirat.—Great Britain, South of Spain, and Canary Is.

19.—ASTARTE TRIQUETRA Conrap.
1946, Proc, Aci Nat: Set’ Philad., vol. im:,:p.245/pl) 1,3h 6:

“‘ Very small, triangular, elevated, equilateral and symetrical,
ventricose, polished, white, sometimes brown or purple on the
disk in form of a broad ray.” Length 4 inch.

Locatity.—Tampa Bay, Florida.

From Conrad’s diagnosis, quoted above, it appears that this
species approaches closely A. ¢rtangularis, but not having seen a
specimen I am unable to say whether or not it really belongs to
the genus.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

SMITH: ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 229

20.—ASTARTE PUSILLA Forses.
1844. A. pusilla Forbes. Report Brit. Assoc. Advance. Sci,
TEA Py Oz:
1881. A. pusilla Forbes. Jeffreys, P.Z.S., p. 713, pl. Ixi., f. 10.

‘A. testa minuta, triangulari, concentrice striata, margine,
interno denticulato. Long. 0'/,.” (Forbes).

Hasitat.—Naxos, A’gean Sea.

21.—ASTARTE MACANDREWI sp. nov.

Shell minute, obliquely triangularly ovate, imequilateral,
whitish or brownish white, finely concentrically striated, with here
and there at intervals a more conspicuous stria as if marking a
period of growth. Anterior slope longer and much less curved
than the posterior, very oblique. Hinder dorsal margin consi-
derably arcuate, forming a broad curved posterior end in
conjunction with the ventral outline, considerably broader than
the opposite anterior end. Lunule none. Interior of valves
serrated at the margins, the denticles (about twenty-three in
number altogether) being coarser at the middle of the ventral
edge than at the sides. Hinge composed of a single central
strong cardinal tooth in the right valve and two in the left, the
former falling, when the valves are closed, between the latter.
The anterior or straightest slope of the right valve is grooved
within the margin for the reception of the corresponding raised
front edge of the opposite valve, and the posterior or ligamental
slope of the latter is grooved to receive the corresponding hinder
prominent edge of the right valve.

Length 12 mill., width from end to end also 1% mill.

HapitatT.—Canary Islands (MacAndrew).

This species I believe to be distinct from 4. ¢7zangularts,
under which name it appears in the list of shells dredged at the
Canary Islands by Mr. MacAndrew (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1952, Voli. X.,p.. 103).

230 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

It is smaller, less equilateral and consequently of a more.
oblique form, and both the anterior and posterior ends are
rounder. The hinder dorsal slope is more arcuate, and the
crenations within the margin are fewer. It is a smaller shell
than A. parvula of Searles Wood, with less acute beaks, the
posterior end is more rounded, and the edges of the valves are
strongly crenate; whilst of A. parvuda the author states that the
margin in all the specimens ‘‘is free from the least appearance of
crenulations, as well in those which are the largest and presumed
to be full grown, as in the smaller and consequently younger.”
The A. pusclla of Forbes, is unknown to me and past all identifi-
cation from the inadequacy of the description.

22.—ASTARTE PARVA SEARLES Woop.

1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 249.
1853. Mong. Crag. Moll., p. 192, pl. xvii., f. cay
1870. Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 71.

Hapitat.—Sutton, Coralline Crag (S. Wood); Mediterranean,
50—100 fathoms (Jeffreys).

“Hitherto known only as a tertiary species” (Jeffreys). I
have not had an opportunity of closely examining Mediterranean

specimens with those from the crag, and cannot therefore give an
opinion respecting their identity.

23.—ASTARTE MIRABILIS Dati.
1872. Rictocyma mirabilis Dall. Amer. Jour. Conch.,
vol. vilip: £5 L, pl, xiv, £16.
1874. Rhectocyma mirabilis Martens. Zool. Record, 1872,
pat zo:
Hasitat.—North Harbour, Unga Island, of the Shumagin
Group, south of Alaska, in 8 fathoms, muddy bottom (Dall).
This and the two following species, which were unknown to

J.C., iii., October, 1881

SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE. 231

Dall, are closely allied and indeed may prove to be identical on
comparison.

24.—ASTARTE ESQUIMALTI Bairp.

1863. Crassatella esquimalti Baird. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 70.

1864. Astarte esquimalti Carpenter. Suppl. Rep. Moll.
W. N. Amer., p. 642.

1872. Crassatella esquimalti Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., p. 250.

Hapitat.—Esquimalti Harbour, Vancouver Is. (J. K. Lord).

The single shell described by Dr. Baird as a Cvassazella is
without doubt a species of Astarte, for its dentition and external
ligament are in conformity with that genus. It is possibly only a
young specimen, but the peculiar undulation of the concentric
ribs (the feature of the subgenus Azcfocyma) especially near the
beaks, marks its specific distinctness. ‘The inner edge of the
valves is smooth, but it is quite likely that in the mature shell it
may be crenulated,

25.— ASTARTE FLUCTUATA Carpenter.
= Crasidteth{ 4 Ap.
1864. 9A. fiuctuata Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Moll. W. coast N.

Amer., pp. 611 and 642.
1866. A. fluctuata Cpr. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol.
Hin pi 2Oo!
1870. A.fluctuata Cpr. Moll. West. North Amer., pp. 97 & 128.
1872. A. fluctuata Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
p. 246.
HABITAT.

Catalina Island, California, 30-—4o fathoms.

This species was described from “dead right valves,” and
judging from the description it appears to be less triangular than
A, esquimattz. ,

232 SMITH : ON THE GENUS ASTARTE.

Subgenus GONILIA.
26.—ASTARTE BIPARTITA PHILIPPI.

1836. Lucina®? bipartita Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., vol. 1,
p. 32, pl. ii., f 21@—c; vol. iL, p. 25.

1844. Astarte bipartita Philippi. Zeitschr. Malakol., vol. 1.,
(Ds HOO,

1845. A. bipartita Philippi. Abbild., vol. 1, p. 60, pl. 1, f. 9.

1872. A. (Gonilia) bipartita Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., p. 248.

1881. A. bipartita Jeffreys. P.Z.S., p. 713.

Hapirat.—Sicily (Philippi) ; Gulf of Tunis (McAndrew).

ASTARTE (WOODIA) DIGITARIA Linné.

Since writing the above, I find in a recent paper upon the mollusca of the
‘‘Lightning” and ‘‘ Porcupine” expeditions, that Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys refers
the 7¢ellina digitaria \.inné (Lucina digitalis of Lamarck) to the genus Astarée,
and in this location I fully concur, but whether it be advisable to retain it in
the subgenus /V/oodia of Deshayes is a matter of individual opinion. Perhaps
ifthe section Goxz/za be maintained on account of the peculiarity of its sculpture,
we must, to be consistent, also retain Woodia for the same reason. Figures
of this species will be found in Philippi’s Enum. Moll. Sicil., pl. i, f. 19;
Delessert’s Recueil, pl. vi., f. 10a, 6, c; Reeve’s Con. Icon. (Lucima) f. 65 ;
Jeffreys’ Brit. Con., vol. v., pl. c., f. 6.

Planorbis complanatus monst. sinistrorsum.— In
the beginning of last June, I was fortunate enough to take at Wye,
in Kent, a fine reversed specimen of PVlanorbis complanatus.—
(Miss) F. M. HEtg, Bristol, Aug. 1881.

Limnzea truncatula var. albida at Folkestone.—It
may interest some of your readers to hear that I have found near
here Z. truncatula var. albida in the minor form. Unfortunately
the locality is injured if not quite destroyed.—(Mrs.)J. Fitzgerald,
Folkestone.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. BOS

A FEW REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF ASTARTE.
By J. GWYN JEFFREYS, LL.D., F.R.S.

The last number of the ‘Journal of Conchology’ contains an
elaborate and conscientious review of the recent species of Astarte
by Mr. Edgar A. Smith.

I would not have said any more about it, but for his criticism
of my views on the subject; because, although I am fully aware
that I must have made many mistakes in the course of a long
study of the mollusca of the European seas, I do not admit the
charges of having been “certainly erroneous” (as Mr. Smith phrases
it) in the case of certain species.

In the last number of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society
(7th June, 1881) will be found at pages 711—713 my account of
the species of Astfarfe which were procured in the Expeditions of
H.M.LSS. ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’. It gives the geographical
and geological range of distribution and the principal synonyms.

With respect to Astarte sulcata I said that this is a most poly-
morphous and puzzling species, as regards shape, sculpture and
other characters. Two of the most noteworthy varieties are Ze/-
lina fusca of Poli= Venus incrassata, Brocchi, and Crassina ellip-
tica of Brown; the former has a southern, and the latter a north-
ern habitat. ‘The crenulation of the inner margin is by no means
indicative of full growth. Venzs gallina and many other species
of that genus possess the same character in all stages of growth.

I consider A. crenata, Gray the same species as A. depressa,
Brown, 4. crebricostata, Forbes, A. crebrilirata, S. Wood (young),
A. Richardsont, Reeve, and A. lens, Stimpson. And I remarked
that this species ‘may be known by its depressed and triangular
shape and its numerous ribs; but I have specimens which seem
to unite it with A. sulcata. The typical form is smaller,

234 SOWERBY: ON A NEW CONUS.

inclined to obiong, and more convex. Variable to some extent.
Of two fossil valves from Bridlington of the same size, one 1s plain-
edged, and the other has the inner margin notched.’

I would refer your readers to that paper as to other species.

My observations were founded on the examination and com-
parison of many hundred specimens from various parts of the At-
lantic and Mediterranean seas, as well as from tertiary and post-
tertiary formations.

Until an International Court has been established to decide the
long mooted question of not only what is a species, but also what
are the limits of so-called species, it is useless to do more than
argue it. Every naturalist has a perfect right to his own opinion ;
and time will be the only test of such opinions being correct or

erroneous
——+-e-9—__-

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS

CONUS.
By G. B. SOWERBY, junr.

Conus Brazieri.

Shell cylindrical, rather solid, transversely striated, whitish,
tinged with pale rose pink, encircled with two broad bands, of a
light yellowish brown, sprinkled here and there, with a few very
minute brown spots; spire conical, rather short, conspicuously
marked with dark brown blotches, which crossing the angle of the
last whorl, are almost black; whorls elevated into a ridge against
the suture, then slightly concave, with a single very faint spiral
thread ridge; last whorl distinctly but not sharply angled at the
upper part, convex below the angle, then nearly straight or very
slightly convex. Aperture narrow above and rather wide towards
the base. Lip moderately sinuated at the upper extremity.

Length 75 mill., greatest diameter (about 1¢ mill. below the

J.C., iii., October, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 235

angle) 32 mill., greatest width of aperture (about 18 mill. from
base) ro mill.

Hab. Solomon Islands (Brazier).

The faint coloring of the body of the shell is relieved by a
remarkably handsome spire, forming quite a startling contrast.

The specimen sent to me by Mr. J. Brazier (now in the fine
collection of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill) which is one of the only three
he has seen, is in fine condition. Mr. Brazier took it for a var.
of Conus circumcisus Born, but it is evidently distinct from that
species. It is somewhat nearer to C. auriscacus, but differs from
that species in form and proportions, as well as in the absence of
the markings on the body whorl.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic,
with illustrations of the species.—Parts x,—xii.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.

The family Fuside commenced in Part ix is concluded in
Part x. Fifty-five species of doubtful or spurious Fusidz are
enumerated. The genus Afer is retained but with doubt and
another species is placed in it Pusus Blosvillei Desh., from the
Asiatic seas.

The genus C/avella is retained with one species only, and
that with some hesitation. ‘Three species are removed—C. avel-
lana Reeve isa Cronia; C. distorta Reeve is one of the Pisaniine;
and C. subrostrata Gray belong to the MWelongeniine.

Buccinojusus of which Boreofusus Sars is a synonym, has two
species.

236 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The sub-family Ptychatractine embraces the genera Meyeria
Dunker and Metzger and Ptychatractus Stimpson, the former
containing one and the latter three species.

The sub-family Fasciolarzine has the genus Fasctolaria, with
fourteen recognised species, but under these are placed as syno-
nyms many species formerly considered distinct. Five specific
names are mentioned of doubtful or unidentified asciolaria,

The sub-family Pertsternzine contains the genera Peristernia
with 30 species, Zatirus with 34 species, Zeucozonta with 5 species
and Zagena with 3.

The family Buccintde embraces the sub-families WWe/ongenine,
Neptuntine, Pisaniine, Buccinine, Eburnine and Photine.

These parts contain 64 plates, illustrating the shell, opercula
and dentition of the different species. The x11 part contains also
a very full index to the genera, species and synonyms mentioned
in the third volume.

Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon. Descriptions et
synonymie. (The Marine Mollusca of Rousillon, France, with
descriptions and synonymy).— By MM. E. Bucquoy and Ph.
Dautzenberg.

This work is intended to bea complete account of the marine
mollusca of the Mediterranen coast at Rousillon, which part of
France is exceptionally rich in this department.

It is intended to give a diagnosis of each species, with full
indications of habitat, distribution and geological origin, and to
complete the work in 8 or ro parts which will be charged to sub-
scribers at 4 francs each, payable on the publication of each part.

The text will be accompanied by Photographic plates most
beautifully executed, five of which will accompany each part, and
a specimen plate accompanies the prospectus.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 237

The first part will be published about Feb. 15th, 1882, and will
contain the genera Murex, Ranella, Pisania, Triton, Cancellarta,
Fiusus, Leuthria and Hadriania.

The moderate price at which this work is issued renders it
desizable that all subscriptions should be sent direct, by Postal
order or any other convenient way to M. DaurzENBERG, 213, Rue
de Universite, Paris; or to M. Ad. Dotirus, Redacteur de la
Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 55, Rue Pierre-Charron, Paris.

On the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and
‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868—I870,—By John Gwyn
Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. Pro. Zool. Soc., April, 1878.

These cruises were made under the auspices of the
Royal Society, in the North Atlantic, and in the Mediterranean
Sea. Eight dredgings were made in the ‘Lightning’ expedition,
and about 100 in the two cruises of the ‘Porcupine.’

Twenty-two species of Brachiopoda are enumerated of which
four are described as new— Zerebratula tuberata (Pl. xxii, f. 2) in
North Atlantic in 795 fathoms. Z: ¢7zgona (PI. xxii, f. 3) off the
coast of Portugal in 500 fathoms. Z: subguadrata (P1. xxii, f. 4)
off the coast of Portugal in 500—600 fms. hynchonella sicula
Seguenza MS., (Pl. xxii, f. 5,6) English Channel in 690 fms.

A very elaborate series of tables are given showing the stations
at which dredgings were made, with the temperature, and the
depth in fathoms.

A table is also given of the European species of the group,
giving the range of each species in depth, and also the localities
where they are found fossil.

Dr. Jeffreys also expresses the opinion that Waldhetmia and
Terebratulina should not be considered distinct genera as Mr.
Davidson has suggested.

238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT BURLINGTON,
BEMPTON, SPEETON AND FLAMBRO’ HEAD, Yorks.

By J. S. GIBBONS, M.B.

Succinea putris. Speeton.

Hyalina alliaria. Bempton.

H. cellaria. Bempton.

H. crystallina. Speeton.

relix aspersa. Bempton.

. hortensis. Bempton.

. ericetorum. Speeton Road: one place only.
. Caperata. Bempton.

. virgata. Speeton Road: with ertcetorum.

. Cantiana. Bempton.

. rufescens. Bempton.

. hispida. Bempton.

Buliminus obscurus. Speeton.

Zua lubrica. Speeton.

Pupa umbilicata. Speeton.

V. pygmeea. Speeton.

Carychium minimum. Speeton.

Limneza palustris. Burlington.

L. palustris var. elongata. Burlington: good var.
L. peregra var. Burlington.

Ancylus fluviatilis. Speeton.

Planorbis corneus. Burlington. —

P. marginatus. Burlington.

P. contortus. Burlington.

P. spirorbis. Speeton.

Bythinia tentaculata. Burlington.
Sphezerium corneum var. nucleus. Burlington.

2 de Lo ket

J.C., iii., October, 1881

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 239

NOTE ON THE ANATOMY OF FELIX ATSPIDA AND
Hl, CANTIANA.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

In his History of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
France, M. Moquin-Tandon describes & /zspida as having only
a single dart-sac (‘“‘uné bourse 4 dard,” 11, 225). On examining
a series of our English examples of this species, I find it is
furnished (invariably in mature individuals) with two of these
organs. These are placed, one on each side of the common
generative passage; each is bilobed—the inner lobes being the
highest in position—and each contains one dart which occupies
the outer lobe. Though the organ is small it is unmistakably
apparent under a lens, and the form of the contained weapons
makes their extraction rather easy. I have never failed to obtain
two darts from an adult animal, and the form of the sac appears
to be constant. It may be interesting to note that this arrange-
ment of a double bi-lobed dart pouch occurs also in the allied
species, HW. rufescens, and (according to the author above quoted)
in H. plebeta and 7. villosa.

H. Cantiana. The same author departs from his usual
accuracy in describing that organ which is called by different
authors “the fimbriated prostate,” “vesicula multifida” or “les
vésicules muqueuses.” In his anatomical observations upon the
species he says—‘‘vésicules muqueuses nulles.” Our English
representatives of H. Cantiana certainly possess the organ fairly
developed. There are two vesiculz, each with three to five
branches (normally four, resulting from two repeated bifurcations).
These are slender, vermiform and slightly azure, attaining in the
mature state a length of from 5 to 7 mm. It is easier to suppose
the learned author made an error in transcribing his notes, than

240 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

that the 4. Cantiana of the continent really differs in so marked
a degree from the species to which we assign that name. ‘The
organ in question is notoriously inconstant, even among indivi-
duals of the same species, in length, colour, turgidity, and
especially in the number and arrangement of the branches, but
when it occurs in a species, it is very rarely indeed absent from
an individual of that species.

(Since the above was written I have had an opportunity of
examining Adolf Schmidt’s “Geschl. der Stylomm.” His figure
of H. Cantiana Mont. under Dupuy’s name 4. Galloprovincialts
represents the vesicule multifide as I have described them; and
his figure of the organs of 4. hispida corroborate what I have
said as to the double dart-sac.)

> =D + a

Note on Bulimus Goodallii, Miller.—This West-Indian
species is not confined to the nursery grounds at Clifton and
Weybridge. For many years past it has flourished in the Orchid
houses of Mr. Day of Tottenham, from which locality I have pro-
cured specimens. At present 4. Gooda/lit has no claim whatever
to a place in the British list, but as it is gradually gaining a foot-
ing and may possibly at some future time become fairly natural-
ised, I add this contribution to its early history.—C. Ashford.

Limneea palustris var. albida.—For the last four years,
I have found at Sandwich the variety a/btda—tincta form—of this
species, and in company with them the white variety of Zzmnea
truncatula but not so plentifully.—( Mrs) J. Fitzgerald, Folkestone.

A white variety of Succinea elegans, Risso.—A short
time ago, I found three specimens of a white variety of Succinea
elegans. I have not heard of it before and it appears to be new
to Jeffreys.—J. D. Butterell, Beverley.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 241

LEE ES TORTS OF BRITISH AZZ/6ES.

By JOHN W. TAYLOR. |

I have been induced, by the hope that it might be usefnl
to many conchologists, to commence a series of articles upon our
British Helices. On naming my scheme to the scientific friends
likely to assist, I was encouraged thereto, and have to thank for
any special merit there may be in these papers, the valuable co-
operation of, especially Mr. Ashford, Mr. Butterell, Miss Hele,
Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. Ponsonby and other friends. To the first
named gentleman I am greatly mdebted, more particularly for his
researches into the darts of the different species, a branch of the
subject greatly neglected inthis country. Mr. Butterell has kindly
prepared and sent me slides of carefully mounted jaws and ling-
uals of the desired species and communicated a number of inter-
esting facts.

As hinted above, it is my intention to follow with other Hedz-
ces, until the whole of our native species have been treated of. I
purpose taking 4 aspersa as my next subject, to be followed by
Hi. hortensis, and I would solicit earnestly the co-operation of all
conchologists to render these papers as full and accurate as possible.

It will be seen that the subject has been treated under a
number of different headings; this is done designedly, so as more
effectually to show, not so much our knowledge, as its deficiency,
and to serve as a guide to the particular directions in which ad-
ditional information will be most useful.

Mr. W. Nelson, of Leeds, is engaged upon Life histories of
the Zimneide, and will be grateful for any information on the
group, especially upon Zzmnaa glabra Muller, which he purposes

242 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

publishing in our next issue. It is desirable that other students
should take up other genera, and publish ‘life histories’ of the
species composing them; co-operation in this way will be cordially
welcomed.

HELIX (ARIANTA) ARBUSTORUM 1.
Classification.

This species is now generally placed by systematists in the
sub-genus Avzanta of Leach, a group possessing the following
characters—

Shell perforate, conic or depressed globose, whorls 5—6, the
last gradually descending, lunately rounded, peristome broadly
labiate, its margins parallel, the basal dilated often covering the
umbilicus, epiphragm membranaceous.

This species is remarkable as being an outlying member of a
group having its development on the Pacific coast of N. America,
where its congeners appear in a.number of fine species. I am
not aware of any species of this group being known in America
east of the Rocky Mountains.

It has at various times and by various authors been placed un-
der the following generic or subgeneric groups :—

Flelicogena by Ferussac, Cryptomphalus by Charpentier, Cochlea
by Lister and Da Costa, Cingulifera by Held, Artanta by Leach,
and Campylea by Frauenfeld.

Synonymy.
Cochlea maculata Lister. Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 119, pl. 2, f.4, 1678.
flelix arbustorum L. Syst. Nat., roth ed., p. 771, 1758.

Cochlea untfasciata Da Costa. ‘Test. Brit., p. 75, pl. xvi, f. 6,
1778.

Flelix turgidula Wood. Index. Test. Suppl., pl. vil, f. 6, 1828.

Arianta arbustorum Leach. Brit. Moll., p. 86, 1833.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 243

felix Cantigonensis Boubée. Bull. Hist. Nat., p. 36, 1833.

Hf, Xatartit Farines. Ann. Sc. Nat., vol. i, p. 122, 1834.

Hf, alpestris Ziegler. Rossm. Icon. L. & S. Moll., part 5, 1834.

Hf, Wittmannt Zawadsky. Rossm. Icon. L. & S. Moll., p. 5,
f. 27092, 1837.

Cingulifera arbustorum Held. Isis, p. 911, 1837.

felix planospira Gras. Descr. Moll. de VIsere, p. 36, pl. iii.,
ib Wits WGysle).

Hf. ethiops Bielz. Verh. u. Mitth. d. Siebenb. Ver., iv., 1853.

HT, (Arianta) arbustorum Moqg-Tand. Hist. Moll., vol. ii,
p- 123, pl. x1, f. r—4, 1855.

ff. (Campylea) styriaca Frauenfeld. Verh. zool. bot.-Ges. Wien,
XVUl, p. 149, 1868.

The foregoing synonymy is given mainly on the authority of
Reeve. Helix gothica of L., regarded by Reeve as referable to
this species, is thought by Dr. Jeffreys to be more likely to be
HT. rotundata Mill. 4. styrtaca Frauenfeld and Z. ezhiops Bielz,
are considered to belong to this species on the authority of Dr.
Kobelt of Frankfort.

Development, &c.

The eggs, which are about 3 mill. in diameter, are enclosed
within an opaque and yellowish envelope, which probably has
crystals of lime dispersed through its membranes, as in some
other species. They are deposited from July to September, and
vary in number from 30 to 50. They hatch in 15 to 20 days,
and are adult at the commencement or middle of second year
(Mogq.-Tandon).

Miss F. M. Hele of Bristol, to whom I am under great
obligations for her great kindness and willingness to assist in
these papers, modifies and supplements the foregoing, and says:
“The eggs are deposited in clusters of from 50 to 80 under the

244 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

leaves of the Coltsfoot ( Tusslago farfara) and Dock (Rumex
vulgaris ).”

Young shells have a thin lip with a slight white internal rib.

It is stated by authors that many Helices retire in summer
and place their heads and the mouths of their shells downwards in
the earth when the increase of the shell takes place. I am not
aware if this is the case with the present species.

We have no information as to the length of its life, but should
suppose that it may sometimes attain an age of 5 or 6 years.

Animal.

The Bopy is usually of a dark grey, or almost black above,
but varies to lavender, dark brown, grey brown, umber, sienna,
and occasionally to a delicate fawn. The underside varies from
a light slate color to pale yellowish grey. The color of the body
does not appear to have any apparent relation to the color of the
shell-—light colored bodies have sometimes dark fuscous shells
and vice versa. /

MANTLE marked with a few indistinct white specks; tentacles
slender, widely divergent, with globular bulbs, and eyes a little
above their tips; lower pair widely separated and swollen at tips,
about one-third the length of upper pair; foot narrow and slightly
keeled at tail with the sides transversely grooved.

The jaw of this species is described by Moquin-Tandon as
2.66 mill. broad, with 4 remote, narrow, parallel ribs, the two
middle ones rather prominent, sometimes at the centre there is a
fifth slightly visible. In old individuals there are sometimes six
ribs. In the specimens I examined which were kindly furnished
me by Mr. Butterell of Beverley,—who is a skilful microscopist,
and ever willing to give his valuable aid to all desiring it—it-1s of
a somewhat crescentic form with blunt ends, bearing four distinct
and prominent ribs, denticulate on both margins, especially the
concave one, there are also indications of three other ribs. It is
composed of indurated or hardened mucus, and is of a horn
color, the minute sculpture is formed of longitudinal, wavy lines
which follow the exterior outline, and straight transverse lines
parallel with the ribs.*

*Since writing the above, Mr. Butterell has sent 3 other jaws of this
species, which differ so much from the ordinary form that Ihave figured them.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 245

The LINGUAL RIBBON is long and narrow, the teeth being ar-
ranged in rows, something after the fashion of a printer’s brace
—,— but with the central point not so acute.

The formula in the specimen examined by me was—

36—1—36 The central tooth has a base of attachment
= 110,220

140 much longer than broad, with concave
lower margin, and has a single large median cusp, with a small
undeveloped one at either side. The lateral teeth are of similar
type to the central, but are deficient of the inner angle of the base
of attachment, the outer laterals have a side cusp, and cutting
point, the transition from laterals is shown by the greater propor-
tional development of the cutting point, which becomes bifid, and
lesser development of the cusp. ‘The marginals have the reflection
larger than the base of attachment, the reflection is produced into
two lobes, the inner one bearing two cutting points, and the outer
a short conical one. The outermost rows are simple spikes.

Dart-sac single, clavate, slender, livid blue in adults. Outer
sac, grey, semitransparent, tough; inner sheath dark brown show-
ing through the outer and giving it its lead-colored appearance.
The sac is embraced by the two stout, subulate simple arms of the
mucous glands. These are somewhat stiff, livid brown, and about
21 mill. long. The only other British Helices resembling it in this
respect are Helix lapicida and H. Pisana.

Dart. Shaft curved, slender, cylindrical, white, calcareous,
more or less perforated longitudinally, expanding rather abruptly
at about two thirds from the base into a broad, lanceolate, sharply
pointed head, lenticular in transverse section. Base infundibuli-
form not connected by a contracted neck. Length 5 mm.

The word ‘dart’, giving as it does the idea of free transit
through the air, is I apprehend a misnomer, as applied to this
organ. The manner in which it is attached to its sheath, renders
such an action unlikely if not impossible. I believe it to be merely
exserted and then plunged or pressed forwards; when it has punc-
tured the skin of the other snail it is frequently torn away from its
sheath-attachment and remains pendant by its point (Ashford).

Oroitus rather more thah one-hundred (Mogq.-Tan.).

246 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

Shell.

SHELL, globular, somewhat compressed beneath, brownish
horny, freckled with opaque yellowish or reddish markings, with
a single brown band encircling each whorl, about its upper third;
strongly and irregularly ridged in the lines of growth, and finely
striate in a spiral direction; epidermis rather thin; whorls 5—6,
convex, the last occupying three-fifths of the shell; spire generally
depressed and blunt; suture rather deep; mouth forming about
two-thirds of a circle; outer lip, thick, white and reflected, some-
times strengthened by a slight internal rib, much inflected above
and rounded beneath; inner lip, a mere film; umbilicus small and
oblique, nearly concealed by a fold of the outer lip. Diam. maj.
24, min. 20, alt. 16.

EPIPHRAGM very thin and transparent, sometimes iridescent.
The respiratory orifice is near the upper part and nearly close to
the outer wall, and is strengthened by a deposit of carbonate of lime.

Variations.

The differences in form, color, size, substance and texture of
this species has caused authors at different times to differentiate a
number of the most striking variations. Opinions differ widely
as to the range of variation of this species, some of our analytical
conchologists regarding as different species the forms considered
as varietal only by those taking broader views.

Var. major Pfr. Shell larger. Diam. maj. 30, min. 27, alt. 20 mill. (=var.
depressa Scholtz).

I have included under this head the var. defressa of Scholtz,
which only appears different in being a very little smaller.

Dr. Jeffreys says ‘not very uncommon’. Mr. C. Ashford has
found it on the Castle Holmes at Scarbro’ and Mr. Blackburn at
Knaresbro’. Pfeiffer records it from Monte Monchsberg, Salzburg,
and I have found it on the shores of Lake Lucerne in Switzerland.

Var. septentrionalis Clessin. Shell medium size, spire depressed, thin, um-
bilicated. Diam. 19, alt. 14—r15 mill.

Inhabits Medalpad, Sweden.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 247

Var. minima Pfr. Shell solid, yellowish, somewhat unicolored, umbilicated.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, alt. 10 mill.

Pfeiffer records this variety from Mount Glockner in Carinthia,
at an elevation of about 8600 ft. above the sea. J am not aware
of this form having been noticed in this country.

Var. alpestris Ziegl. Shell half the usual size, spire more raised. Diam. maj.
18, min. 15, alt.12mill. (=Aelx subalpina Hartm. in sched.—var.
alpicola Moq-Tand.—var. mznor Pfr. and—var. alpina).

Found numerously on the marshes by the side of the River
Lea, Hoddesden, Herts; Mr. W. Nelson has found it on the warp
lands near Goole; Mr. Roebuck on the slopes of Ingleboro’. It
is recorded from Knottingley by Mr. J. Wilcock; from Scarbro’—
as var. alpina—by Mr. Gilliver; from Knaresbro’ by Mr. Black-
burn; and from near Banbury by Mr. Pidgeon. Mr. Ponsonby
says it is found also at Buxton.

In Scotland it occurs, but rarely, in several parts of Perth-
shire and Aberdeenshire (IF. B. White, 1873). Five years subse-
quently he found it abundantly at Glen Tilt, Perthshire, but
confined strictly to the limestone. Mr. H. Coates found it rather
common on the banks of Craigeour Burn, Perthshire.

Moquin-Tandon records it from the Jura and the Alps, and
I have found it at the summit of the Gemmi pass at an altitude
of about 7300 ft., and on the Righi, Switzerland.

Var. conoidea Westerlund. Shell large, conical, irregularly striate, with
transverse somewhat confluent pale yellow markings, subperforate.

Diam. 24, alt. 26 mill.
A specimen at Castle Howard, anda few by the city walls,

York (Christy). Found also in Sweden.

Var. calcarea Hogberg. Shell thick, solid, dull chesnut color, marked with
yellow, mouth dull purple. Diam. 24, alt. 18 mill.

Pfeiffer does not give any indication of locality. Not known
as British as yet.

248 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

Var. rudis Muhlfeldt. _ Shell small, spire depressed, marked with transverse
somewhat confluent yellow lines, epidermis rugosely-plicate. Diam.
maj. 21, min. 18, alt. 14 mill.

Tyrolese Alps (Pfeiffer). Not found in England.

Var. Styriaca Frauenfeld. Shell moderately umbilicated, much depressed,
fuscous-horny, with markings and radiating lines of pale yellowish,
the central band dark fuscous. Diam. maj. 25, min.22, alt. 12 mill.

Inhabits Styria. Not found in this country.
Referred to the subgenus Campylea when first described.

Var. zthiops Bielz. Shell depressed, thin, translucent, blackish-chesnut, uni-
colored, narrowly umbilicated. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.

Found on the mountains of Transylvania, at an altitude of
6000—7000 feet. Not found in this country.
Dr. Martens says it is found on soils deficient of limestone.

Var. fusca Férussac- Shell brown, depressed, very thin and semitransparent.
(=H. picea Ziegl—_ H. Wittmannii Zawadsky.—var. tenuissima Pfr.)

Found at Lunna, East Zetland, where there is no limestone
or other calcareous rock (Jeffr.); Scilly Isles (Miss F. M. Hele).
Miss Jessie Hele has found at Carlisle some specimens which she
thinks are this form, but larger than usual; she has also received
‘very transparent’ specimens from York.

Moquin-Tandon records this var. from Mont Dore, and the
Upper Vosges, France; Pfeiffer from granitic mountains in Car-
inthia; Dr. Kobelt from the Black Forest; and I have taken it
from the slopes of the Brevent, at Chamouni, Switzerland.

Var. Repellini Charpentier. Shell flatter, thin, pale and semitransparent.
(=H. planospira Gras). ;
Near Grenoble, France (Moquin-Tandon). Not yet found

in this country. —---

Var. Canigonensis Boubée. Shell more depressed, very thin and transparent,
slightly banded or unicolored. (=A. xatartzz Farines).

Costa Bona, near the the sources of the Tech river, Pyrenées
Orientales (Dupuy). Spain (Ponsonby). Not known to inhabit
this country.

J.C., iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. - 249

It may be remarked here that M. Fagot considers A. cant-
gonensis and H. xatartii to be distinct from arbustorum, and from
each other. ——

Var. Baylei Lecoq. Shell much smaller, conoid, extremely thin and trans-
parent, clear uniform greenish yellow.

On Mont Dore, France (Moquin-Tandon). Mr. Ponsonby
informs me that he has received ‘an extraordinarily thin variety’
from Silesia; it may possibly be this form, known hitherto from
France only. Not yet discovered in this country.

Var. marmorata Taylor. Shell similar to typical form, but destitute of band.
Found at Castleford, Ferrybridge, and Airton, Yorkshire.
I have also found it at Frutigen, Switzerland.

Var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon. Shell yellow or whitish-yellow, without
band. (=so0rbosa-albina Westerlund).

Dr. Jeffreys says ‘‘not very uncommon”. ‘This variety gener-
ally lives in company with the typical shell and is not segregated.
It is found in Yorkshire at Scarbro’, Knaresbro’, Pontefract,
Brough, Goole, Airton, Brayton near Selby, Hessle and Worton,
and at Dringhouses and Bishopthorpe near York. In other
counties, it is recorded from Kent; from Westmoreland; from
Oxon, at Banbury; from Stechford, Staffordshire; Whitlingham,
Norfolk; Peterboro’, Northamptonshire; Whittlesey, Cambridge-
shire; and Mr. Nelson has collected it at Hartington, Bakewell
and Dovedale in Derbyshire.

In Scotland, Dr. White has found it near the sea in Fife.

InIreland, Mr. Thompson collected a few at Larne, Co. Antrim.

I have found it in Switzerland, at Lausanne, Interlaken and
Frutigen; Moquin-Tandon quotes it from France ; and it is given
for Sweden by Westerlund under morbosa-albina.

“The epidermis appears to be more tender than that of its
darker brethren, for it is more frequently corroded or effaced, and
after death it is more quickly deciduous (Ashford).

250 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

Var. pallida (Backhouse MS.) Taylor. Shell yellow or whitish-yellow, with

band.
This form has been separated from /lavescens by Mr. Back-

house of York. It is found at York and Bell Busk, and Mrs.
Fitzgerald has collected it at Folkestone.

Var. albinos Moquin-Tandon. (=var. a/éida Rimmer). Shell white.

Near Settle (Smith); Gargrave (J. Whitwham). Outside the
city walls near the Railway Station, York, H. arbustorum was very
abundant, and fully 1th of the specimens were this form (Christy).
Mr. W. K. Bridgman records it as ‘‘not unfrequent near Norwich.”
Mr. Ponsonby informs me that it is found in Kent and in Derby-
shire. Moquin-Tandon gives it in his list of French varieties.

Miss F. M. Hele says it is more common in chalky districts
than elsewhere, but she does not particularize localities.

Var. Draparnaudi Mogq.-Tand. Shell greenish brown, marked with yellow.
France. Not yet recorded for this country.

Var. Poiretia Moq.-Tand. Brown with yellow and white markings.
France. Not yet recorded for this country.

Var. Boisseria Moq.-Tand. Violet with white markings.
France. Not yet recorded for this country.

Var. rufescens Mogq.-Tand. Shell of a clear reddish color marked with white.
France. Not yet recorded for this country.

Var. Thomasia Moq.-Tand. Grey with white markings.
France. Not yet recorded for this country.

Monst. sinistrorsum Fér. “Shell reversed.
Pfeiffer quotes this form, on the authority of Férussac and

Hartmann but does not state locality. Not yet recorded for this

country.
Pfeiffer also records scalariform specimens, on the authority

of Hartmann.

: J.C. iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 251

A var. maritima is recorded in the Zoologist, March, 1853,
by James Taylor, as plentiful along the coasts of Aberdeenshire
and Kincardineshire, but I have been unable to find any descrip-
tion of it, or gain any information of its peculiarities.

Fossil.

The variety a/pestris occurs in the upper tertiary beds of
Copford, in Essex, and the type in the loéss of Fisherton Anger near
Salisbury. In France it is found in the pleistocene fluvio-marine
sand (sable aigre) of Menchecourt near Abbeville, and in the loéss
at Frankfort and Heidelberg in Germany.

Parasites.

This species is infested with a small white mite, which does
not appear to differ at first sight, from those found on other species.
I obtained three individuals and placed them in a small tube, for
future examination, but when I required them, I found they had
all escaped through a defective place in the cork.

Habits and Habitat.

This species lives gregariously, on shrubs and on the ground;
it is generally confined to a small area, and appears to travel but
little from its favorite bushes. Moquin-Tandon says it is sluggish
and irritable, fond of darkness, secretes mucus rather plentifully,
and carries its shell inclined when crawling. It appears to prefer
hedgebanks with succulent vegetation, but different observers note
its preferences.

Montagu says “it delights in wet and shady places, particu-
larly among willows and-alders where the soil is black and boggy.’
Dr. G. R. Tate, states that it is found “on reeds by ditch sides.”
Dr. Jeffreys “among alders, and in moist and shady woods and
hedges, and in meadows by the side of rivers.” Mr. C. Ashford,

252 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

remarks “frequents hedges, especially when fringed with coarse
succulent herbage, brambles, nettle beds and overgrown ditches.”
A number of observers concur in remarking upon its predilection
for the vicinity of nettles, and Mr. Pidgeon notes its restriction
to the plant Angelica sylvestr7s. Miss Hele informs me “they are
found chiefly in damp places, where Ivy grows, also among nettles
and coltsfoot; it thrives in captivity and it is thus easy to mature
young shells, whereas AH. nemoradis almost always die, after a few
weeks captivity. Still it is a difficult species to introduce into a
fresh district, I have again and again taken them from Bath, and
liberated them in different hedges round Bristol, but always un-
successfully.”
Uses.

This species once occupied a place in the Materia medica
and is enumerated by Moquin-Tandon, as one of the edible species
though not much esteemed.

Food.

Miss Hele says: ‘‘I have kept them in captivity and find
they will eat cabbage and lettuce, but their favorite food is the
leaves of the coltsfoot ( Zusst/ago farfava). They also feed on
nettles.”

Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell states that he has met with very
fine and beautifully marked specimens at Lynch Farm, Encombe,
Dorset, feeding on Heracleum sphondylium.

Mr. C. Ashford has observed it at Scarbro’ upon Wild Celery
(Apium graveolens ), but cannot affirm that it feeds upon it.

On the banks of the Cropredy Canal, Banbury, it is found
amongst an abundant growth of Angelica sylvestris, its presence
being possibly determined by the plant, as it is confined to a very
small area (D. Pidgeon).

Other observers note its predilection for the vicinity of

J.C., iii., October, 188

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 253

nettles, and Mr. Thompson states that it occurs at Knockdolian,
Ayrshire, with little more than Ferns ( Cystea fragilis ) to shelter it.
Geology.

This species can accommodate itself to different elevations
and to soil which yields very little calcareous matter, as granite
and gneiss. The extreme form which altitude and deficiency of
calcic element produces is found in the var. Bayled from Mont
Dore. France, which is similar in texture to a Vitrina.

The opposite extreme would appear to be the var. calcarea of
Hogberg, but I am without information as to the peculiarity of
its habitat.

Mr. Borrer notes that it is found on bushy banks about
Henfield, Sussex, and other places on the sand, and is not found
on the clay. Mr. Ghristy has taken it in gravel pits, at Fulford,
near York.

Dr. F. Buchanan White remarks that in Glen Tilt, Perthshire,
“it is in profusion on the limestone slopes south of the stream, but
not found at all on the gneiss to the north of it.”

Of 61 Yorkshire localities, 38 are situated on limestone
formations; 3 on the coal measures, but on the edge and near
limestone; 17 on the post tertiary; 1 on the trias; and 2 on the
drift.

“Around Bristol the shells are very dark, perhaps from the
red soil, for although round Bristol Lias abounds, the Mountain
Limestone at Clifton seems preferred. I have noticed that in
chalky districts the white variety is more abundant, and the shells
are generally of a thinner texture, and the animals lighter in
color than ours here at Bristol, which are almost black” (Miss

Hele).
Geographical Distribution.

Pfeiffer gives as habitats, Germany, France, England, Sweden,
Podolia, Switzerland and N. Italy.

254 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

It is found in Lapland according to Von Wallenberg;
Colbeau gives Belgium; Morch, Denmark; and Miss Hele,
Holland, remarking at same time that Dutch specimens “are
more like British in size and color than in any other part of
Europe.” Mr. Ponsonby states that it is found at Munich,
Bavaria; Buda-Pesth; Campiodon and other localities in Spain ;
In
Switzerland it is found at Lausanne, Frutigen, Interlaken,
Ghiessbach, Fluellen, and Courmayeur, also in the Vallée
d’Aoste, &c.

It is quoted by Lowe as a Madeiran shell, and by Aradas and
Maggiore as Sicilian, but both these records require confirmation.

Not uncommon throughout Scotland, but rather local,
frequenting damp rocks and damp shady hedge banks.

It is almost the only /e/zx that is to be found on the high
mountains, where it is not uncommon, and attains,an elevation

Savoy; in the Brenner Pass (5000 feet); and in Norway.

of at least 3000 feet.
In the British Isles it is known to occur in the following

counties :—

Alt.
Locality. in Formation. Authority. Remarks.
feet
Cambridgeshire :—
Whittlesey Bellars with var. flavescens
Cornwall Jeffreys, Dr
Cumberland :—
Carlisle Hele, Miss | near var. fusca
Durham :—
Durham se Bailey
Derbyshire one Ponsonby var. albinos
Bakewell Nelson, Wi! svar. flavescens
~ TBNEBSIBIA, Gac Ponsonby | var. alpestris
Dovedale Nelson, W | with var. flavescens
Hartington Nelson, W | with var. flavesccns
Matlock Broadhead
Millersdale West
Devonshire :— Montagu
Exeter... Parfitt rare
Dorset Mansel throughout
Encombe -Pleydell| very fine

J.C., iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

Locality.

Essex :—

Saffron Walden ...| ...

Gloucestershire :-—
Bristol
Clifton

Cooper’s Hill... rie

Stapleton ...
Hunts ;—
Earith...
Herts :-—
Hoddesden
Hants :-—
Christchurch ...
Kent i ae
Charlton
Folkestone
Erith ...
Faversham
Sevenoaks
Lancashire : —
Burnley

Bootle, nr.L’pool... a

Hornby BS
Lincolnshire :—
Glentham...
Owston Ferry
Middlesex:
Fulham
Hammersmith

Norfolk :—
Norwich AS
Whitlingham
Trowse 5

Northampton :—
Peterborough
Eye

Northumberland :—

Alnwick ...
Notts :—
Newark
Scawley ...
Thrumpton
Oxford :—
Banbury ...
Oxford BH
Shropshire ...
Somerset
Bath... ace
Leigh Woods

bee

Formation.

Lias

. |Carb. limestone

Authority.

Ashford, C

Hele, Miss
Hele, Miss
Simpson, E
Leipner

Ashford. C
Jeffreys, Dr

Ashford, C
Ponsonby
Harting
Fitzgerald
Leslie
Fairbrass
Smith

Bailey
Williams
Roberts, G

Bothamley
Nelson, W

Harting
Harting

Bridgman
Bellars
Bellars

Bell
Bell

Bailey

Bailey
Lowe
Lowe

Pidgeon
Norman
Eyton
Ponsonby

Hele, Miss
Leipner

259

Remarks.

very dark shells

var. alpestris

var. albinos

with var. pallida

local, not common

with a conical var.

common
with var. flavescens

with var. flavescens

rare
rare

with var. flavescens

256

Locality.

Staffordshire :—

Dudley ... oa

Stechford
Suffollz :—
Sudbury
Surrey
Battersea
Sussex :—
Eastbourne
Hastings
Henfield
Landport, Lewes
Ratham

Alt.
in
feet.

Warwickshire :—

Alum Rock,
Westmoreland

Wight, Isle of :— | _

Ventnor
Wiltshire
Salisbury ..

Birm.

Worcestershire : =

Kidderminster
Yorkshire :—
Acomb
Askham
Beverley ... ;
Bishopthorpe...
Brayton
Bubwith
Clifton
Driffield
Dringhouses ...
Fulford
Goole ...
Hessle
Hobmoor nee
Newland ... 5
Swinefleet
Ulleskelf
Worle 550
Strensall ...
Addingham
Hackfall ...
Askern
Barwick
Boston Spa
Conisbro’ ...
Ferrybridge
Knaresbro’ ...
Knottingley ...

300

Formation.

Post Tertiary

Trias
Glacial drift

9°
Permian

Authority:

Tye
Tye

King
Da Costa
Harting

Eastb.Soc.
Langdon
Borrer
Unwin
Jeffery, W

Nelson, W
Dix.& Wats.

Ponsonby
Montagu
Blackmore

Nelson W

Christy
Hey
Butterell
Madison
Nelson, W
Grassham
Christy
Pollard
Hey

Hey
Nelson, W
Butterell
Christy
Maxwell
Maxwell
Pollard
Christy
Christy
Nelson, W
Dalton
Wilcock
Nelson, W
Beevers
Wilcock
Nelson, W
Grassham
Wilcock

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

Remarks.

with var. flavescens

rare
on the sand

not uncommon”
local .

- var. flavescens

with var. flavescens
with var. flavescens

one specimen

common
In gravel pits

var. alpestris

with var. flavescens
rare

with var. alpestris
3 or 4 specimens

of calcareous origin
very abundant

with var. mzarmorata
with var. flavescens

J.C., iii., October, 1881

TAYLOR: ON HELIX

Locality.

Yorkshire :—
Weadise s2s0 ts
Newton nr. Castlfd.
Pontefract
Sherburn
Studley
Tadcaster...
Towton ...
Brantingham ...
Brough ee
Cayton ibe
Castle Holmes ..
Castle Howard ...
Filey ...

- Gristhorpe
Malton
Pickering...
Settrington
Speeton
Whitby
Airton ...

Bell Busk

Birk Rigg
Gargrave ... Pe
Gordale Scar...
Grassington
Hardraw Scar
Hawes
Ingleton ...
Settle ...
Skipton

W orton
Castleford
Hunslet
Methley

Scilly Isles
Isle of Man

WALES,
Brecon :—
Vaynor

Formation.

Permian

bi)
Carb. limestone

39
Coal measures

Carnarvonshire :—

Langefni ...
Flint :-—
Gwernymynydd ...
IRELAND.
Antrim :—
Larne

400

99
29

Carb. limestone

ARBUSTORUM. 257

Authority, Remarks.
Nelson, W

Nelson, W

Hepworth | with var. flavescens
Nelson, W

Roebuck

Crowther

Nelson, W

Butterell

Butterell with var. flavescens
Nelson, W

Ashford, C | with var. flavescens
Christy var. conoidea

Bailey

Butterell

Whitwham |!

Pollard

Bailey much eroded
Pollard

Madison with var. marmorata
Nelson, W | with var. pallida
Crowther

Whitwham]} with var. a/bzos
Parsons, Dr

Roebuck

Scharff

Pollard

Roebuck var. alpestris
Roebuck with var. albinos
Nelson, W

Crowther with var. flavescens
Nelson, W| with var. marmorata
Nelson, W | since died out there
Nelson, W

Hele, Miss| var. fusca
Forbes, Prof.| uncommon

Trump

Hirst river bank, rare
Shrubsole | abundant
Thompson ! with var. flavescens

258 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

Alt.
Locality. in Formation. Authority. Remarks.
feet
IRELAND,
Cork :—

Conwis as ee a Hincks
Down nas aca ed A Thompson
Dublin :—

Dublin, Near to Oe ee Turton
Kerry :—

Kellammeyseremaerewets Pee Brown

SCOTLAND.—In Scotland, I have records of its existence
in ARGYLE (Alfd. Brown); AyrsHrRe, plentiful near the town of
Ayr, at the foot of Doon, &c., and at Troon (McMurtrie). Mr.
Alfred Brown says it occurs also at Dundonald and Largo. Mr.
Thompson records it from Knockdolian and from the Falls of
the Clyde. Burzsurre: Mr. Brown records Kamesburgh.
CairHness: Mr. W. Baillie of Brora, has found it rarely at Dun-
heath, East Caithness, and at Brawl Castle on Thurso River,
Northeast Caithness. Dumbarton: Mr. Brown gives Luss and
Bowling. DumrriessHrrE: Mr. Brown has taken it at Thornhill.
FIFESHIRE: Dr. White records it from the coast, and Rev. J.
McMurtrie says it is found at Burntisland, and he is informed it
occurs at Aberdour. HADDINGTONSHIRE: abundant near North
Berwick on banks facing the sea, east from the town (McMutrtrie).
KINCARDINESHIRE: Rev. J. McMurtrie informs me that it is
plentiful near the sea at Stonehaven, and Mr. James Taylor
records a variety maritima as plentiful along the coast. KINRoss:
Mr. H. Coates informs me it is found at Rumbling Bridge Glen,
on the Devonian formation. LANARKSHIRE: Mr. H. Nelson has
found it near Glasgow, and Mr. Brown at Carmyle. PERTHSHIRE:
Dr. White has taken it abundantly at Glen Tilt, and Mr. H.
says it is found on the Devonian system at Perth at an elevation
of 50—300 ft., and at Pitlochrie on the Silurian at 100o— 400 ft.
RENFREW: Mr. Brown has found it in this county. ROSSHIRE:
Mr. Ponsonby says it is found in the northwest of this county.
SKYE: abundant near Portree (McMurtrie). Strryinc: Mr. Brown
has collected it at Drymen and Milngavie. SUTHERLAND: quite
common on the east coast, and at Assynt on the southwest, at
the foot of high cliffs about 600 feet above the sea (W. Baillie).

ENGLAND.—BeErks: Mr. W. C. Atkinson has found
several specimens in a wood bordering the Thames at Sonning

J.C., iii., January, 1882

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 259

Lock near Reading. Bucks: Mr. H. Ullyett has taken it at
High Wycombe. CHESHIRE: Mr. G. W. Shrubsole informs me
of its ocurrence at Barrow near Chester, on the Trias at 150 feet
elevation. DrrpysHirRE: Mr. E. Pickard says ‘frather uncom-
mon at Heath,” and Mr. W. E. Brown has found it. on the
Mountain Limestone at Castleton. LaNcasHirRE: Mr.-J. T.
Lightwood says “‘it is very rare in the Fylde district, the soil is _
entirely sandy.” Norrs: Mr. E. Pickard has found it in Pleasley
Vale on Magnesian Limestone. Somerset: Mr. W. E. Brown
has found it at Clevedon on Mountain Limestone. Sussex: Mr.
Merrifield quotes Brighton, and Mr. J. E. Harting gives South
Harting in the valleys and not on the hills. | WORCESTERSHIRE:
Habberley Valley (Miss Fairbrass). Yorks: Mr. Roberts gives Loft-
house; Mr. Nelson, Newthorpe; Mr. L. E. Emmet, nr. Sheffield ;
Mr. Welburn, about Sledmere; Mr. H. Richardson, Helmsley
and Kirkham in woods on the Ooolite, Swalwell on Carboniferous
strata, and Corbridge and Stanhope; Mr. J. H. Davis says
“amongst nettles in several places about Thirsk, and under Boltby
Scar at an elevation of 700 feet.”

Records of its occurrence in Russia, Turkey, Greece, Portu-
gal, Peninsular Italy, and the islands of the Mediterranean Sea,
are wanting.

Records are also deficient for the Channel Islands, the
Hebrides and Orkneys; also for the following English, Welsh,
Scotch and Irish counties :—

ENGLAWND.—Bedford, Hereford, Leicester, Monmouth
and Rutland.

WALES.—Anglesea, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Denbigh,
Glarmorgan, Merioneth, Montgomery, Pembroke and Radnor.

SCOTLAND.—Berwick, Banff, Clackmannan, Cromarty,
Edinburgh, Elgin, Forfar, Inverness, Kirkcudbright, Linlithgow,
Nairn, Peebles, Roxburgh, Selkirk and Wigton.

ITRELAND.—Armagh, Cavan, Clare, Carlow, Donegal,
Fermanagh, Galway, Kildare, Kilkenny, King’s County, Leitrim,
Limerick, Londonderry, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Mona-
ghan, Roscommon, Sligo, Queen’s County, Tipperary, Tyrone,
Waterford, Wexford, West Meath and Wicklow.

260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL AND VICINITY.
By J. W. CUNDALL.

Read before the Conchological Society.

In the annexed list are included all species and varieties
that, as far as I have been able to ascertain, have ever been
recorded in the district, together with their actual and reputed
localities. Those I have personally observed are distinguished
from those I have not yet taken in the neighbourhood by the
latter being italicised, and reputed localities are similarly dealt with.

Anodonta cygnea Stapleton; Kennet and Avon canal; &c.,
Gloucestershire. Kenn Moor &c., Somerset.

A. cygnea var. radiata. Kennet and Avon Canal.

A. anatina. Kennet and Avon Canal.

A. anatina var. radiata. Kennet and Avon Canal.

A. anatina var. ventricosa. Kennet and Avon Canal.

Ancylus fluviatilis. Stapleton, Gloucestershire.

A. lacustris. Ham Green, Somerset.

Arion ater. General.

A. flavus. General.

A. hortensis. General.

Achatina acicula. Stallard’s Batch; Yatton; Leigh Woods;
Oldbury Court.

Acme lineata. The Downs; Shirehampton; &c.

A. lineata var. alba. 1 Rejectamenta of the Avon per Dr. J.
A. lineata var. sinistrorsa. § Gwyn Jeffreys.

Assiminea Grayana. Avonmouth(?).

Bythinia tentaculata. General.

Bythinia tentaculata var. ventricosa. Lristol.

B. Leachii. Kenn Moor, Somerset. Zhe Avon.

Bulimus acutus. Burnham; Zhe Downs and Leigh Woods,
under stones(?).

J.C., iii., January, 1882

CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 261

Bulimus montanus. Cooper’s Hill; Gloucester; &c.
B. obscurus. General.
B. obscurus var. alba. St. Vincents Rocks.

Balia perversa. Stapleton; Westbury-upon-Trym ; Long Ashton ;
Sea Mills.

Carychium minimum. General.

Cyclostoma elegans. General.

Clausilia rugosa. General.

C. rugosa var. Everettit, Bristol (Miller).

C. rugosa var. tumidula. Brockley Coombe.

CG. Rolphii. The Cotswolds near Gloucester; Long Ashton;

buttress of the Suspension Bridge (7).

C. biplicata. The Downs; Oldbury Court; Leigh Woods (?).

C. laminata. In many places.

C. laminata var. pellucida. Leigh Woods; Stoke Bishop.

C. laminata var. albida. Leigh Woods; Brockley Coombe.

C. solida. Stapleton (Rich).

Cochlicopa tridens. Brockley Coombe, Somerset.

C. tridens var. crystallina. Brockley Combe, Somerset.

C. lubrica. In many places.

C. lubrica var. lubricoides. Bath (Clark).

Conovulus denticulatus. Banks of Avon, near Pill.

C. denticulatus var. myosotis. Banks of Avon, near Pill.

C. bidentatus. Banks of Avon, near Pill.

C. bidentatus var. alba. Banks of Avon, near Pill.

Dreissena polymorpha. The Avon; Kennet and Avon Canal;
. Docks; &c.

Helix aculeata. Leigh Woods; Stapleton; Combe Dingle.

A. aculeata var. albida. Bath (Clark).

H.pomatia. The Cotswolds, near Gloucester.

H. aspersa. General.

LZ, aspersa var. albofasciata. Westbury-on-Trym.

262 CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL.

felix aspersa var. exalbida. Westbury-on-Trym.

. aspersa var. conoidea. General in hedges.

. nemoralis. General.

. nemoralis var. hortensis. General.

. nemoralis var. hybrida. Burnham; L7tton ; &c.
. nemoralts var. major. Parry's Lane.

. nemoralis var. minor. Parry’s Lane.

. arbustorum. Leigh Woods. ’

. cantiana. Ashley Hill; Leigh Woods; &c.

. rufescens. General.

. rufescens var. albida. Westbury-on-Trym; Leigh Woods.
. rufescens var. minor. Parry’s Lane; Sea Mills; &c.
.concinna. Stoke Bishop.

HT. concinna var. allida. The Downs.

HT. concinna var. minor. Sea Mills; Bath (Clark).

H. hispida. General.

LT, hispida var. albida. Ashley Downs.

H. sericea. Sea Mills; &c.

H. fusca. Combe Dingle; Stapleton; Leigh Woods; The Downs.
H. virgata. General.

H. virgata var. submaritima. Clevedon (McMurtrie).
H1. virgata var. subglobosa. The Downs.

FZ. virgata var. subaperta. Bath (Clark).

H. caperata. General.

Hf. caperata var. major. Redland.

fT. caperata var. ornata. Redland.

ff. caperata var. subscalarts. Redland.

H. rupestris. General.

FT, rupestris var. viridescenti-alba. St. Vincents Rocks.
H. ericetorum. Stapleton; Ashley Hill; &c.

FT. evicetorum var. minor. St. Vincent’s Rocks.

H. rotundata. General.

Tt ee Ee eee

J.C., iii., January, 1882

CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 263

ffelix rotundata var. Turtont. Bristol (Jeffreys); Bath (Clark).

fT. rotundata var. pyramidalis, Bristol (McMurtrie).

HT. rotundata var. alba. Clevedon (Norman).

H. pulchella. Ashley Hill; Leigh Woods; &c.

H. pulchella var. costata. Westbury-on-Trym.

H.pygmea. Ashley Hill; Redland; Westbury; &c.

H. lapicida. St. Vincent’s Rocks; Leigh Woods; Stapleton.

Hydrobia ventrosa. Avonmouth; Shzvehampton; near Cook's
folly ; &c.

Limnea glutinosa. Stapleton.

L. peregra. General.

L. peregra var. ovata. Ashley Downs.

L. auricularia. River Froom: Clevedon; Keynsham; Boiling
Wells; Leigh Woods; Shirehampton; Garraway’s Nur-
SEry ; &C.

L. auricularia var. albida. Bath (Clark).

L. stagnalis. Kenn Moor; Clevedon; Keynsham; Leigh Woods;
Garraway’s Nursery; Shirehampton,; Bowling Wells.

L. stagnalts var. labiata. Clevedon.

L. stagnalis var. fragilis. River Froom; Kennet and Avon
Canal.

L. stagnalis var. sintstrorsa. Kenn Moor (Norman).

L. palustris. Kenn Moor; Frenchay; Kennet and Avon Canal;
Garraway’s Nursery.

L. palustris var. conica. Yatton (McMurttrie).

L. palustris var. roseo-labiata. Clevedon.

L. involuta. Stapleton (?).

L. truncatula. Avonmouth; Westbury-on-Trym; Coombe Din-
gle; Horfield.

L. glabra. Redland.

Limax maximus. General.

L. marginatus. General.

264 CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL.

Limax flavus. General.

L. agrestis. General.

Neritina fluviatilis. Stapleton.

Paludina vivipara. Kennet and Avon Canal; Henbury, Ponds
near Cook’s Folly; Brislington; Keynsham.

Pisidium amnicum. Stapleton.

P. fontinale. Avonmouth; Stapleton.

P. fontinale var. Henslowana. Leigh Woods; Kennet and Avon
Canal.

P. fontinale var. pallida. Kennet and Avon Canal.

P. fontinale var. cinerea. Kennet and Avon Canal.

P. pusillum. Avonmouth; Bedminster.

P. pusillum var. obtusalis. Avonmouth.

LP. nitidum. Horfield.

Physa fontinalis. Coombe Dingle; Westbury-upon-Trym;
Kenn Moor, &c.

P. hypnorum. Shirehampton; Ashton; Horfield.

Planorbis nitidus. Shirehampton; Ham Green.

P, nautileus. Shirehampton; Horfield; Bedminster; Burnham.

P. albus. Frenchay; Ham Green; Zhe Downs; Westbury-upon-

Trym.

. albus var. Draparnaldt. Bristol (J. G. Jeffreys).

. complanatus. Shirehampton; Kenn Moor; Zhe Downs.

. spirorbis. General.

. vortex. General.

carinatus. ‘‘“Common” (?), Kenn Moor.

. corneus. Kenn Moor; Henbury, Clevedon.

. corneus var. albina. Kenn Moor; Clevedon.

. contortus. Kenn Moor; Downs; Ashton; Shirehampton ;

Stapleton ; Clevedon.
P. contortus var. albida. Weston-super-Mare (Rich).
Pupa secale. The Downs; Leigh Woods, &c.

me) au) ae) tnej ae} ek au) lay)

J.C., iii., January, 1882

CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 265

Pupa secale var. alba. St. Vincents Rocks.

P.umbilicata. General.

P. umbilicata var. alba. Somersetshire (Norman).

P. umbilicata var. edentula. Cotswold Hills.

P. marginata. Leigh Woods; Sea Mills; Redland.

P. marginata var. bigranata. Bath (Clark).

P. marginata var. albina. Somersetshire (Clark).

Spheerium rivicola. Kennet and Avon Canal; Stroud Canal;
Stapleton; Keynsham.

S. cornea. Stapleton; Kenn Moor; Stoke-Gifford, &c.

S. cornea var. flavescens. Clevedon; Stapleton.

S. cornea var. nucleus. Clevedon; Stapleton.

S. cornea var. scaldiana. Stapleton (Rich),

S. cornea var. pisidtoides. River Avon.

S. ovale. Kennet and Avon Canal.

S. lacustris. Blaise Castle; Avonmouth; Ham Green; Ciifton.

Succinea putris. Stapleton; Stoke Gifford; Avonmouth;
Coombe Dingle, &c.

S. elegans. Stoke Gifford; Avonmouth; Westbury; Clevedon;
Burnham.

S. oblonga. Burnham (?).

Testacella Maugei. Redland.

T. haliotidea. Redland. .

Unio pictorum. Kennet and Avon Canal; River Avon;
Stapleton.

CU. pictorum var. radiata. River Avon.

U. tumidus. Kennet and Avon Canal; Stapleton.

U. tumidus var. radiata. Kennet & Avon Canal; Stapleton.

U7. tumidus var. ovalis. River Avon; Bath.

Vitrina pellucida. Blaise Castle; Zhe Downs.

Valvata piscinalis. Kennet and Avon Canal; Kenn Moor;
Natlsea; Keynsham.

266 CUNDALL : ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL

Valvata cristata. Blaise Castle; Kenn Moor.

Vertigo antivertigo. The Downs, Boiling Wells.

V. pygmeea. Ashley Hill; The Downs.

V. minutissima. Durdham Downs (J. G. Jeffreys).

V. angustior. Rejectamenta of River Avon (J. G. Jeffreys).

V. alpestrts. Over, Gloucester; canal banks at Sharpness (Jones).

Zonites crystallinus. Stapleton; Leigh Woods; Blaise Castle;
Redland, &c.

Z. crystallinus var. complanata. Leigh Woods (J. G. Jeffreys).

Z.fulvus. Leigh Woods; Stapleton; Horfield.

Z. fulvus var. mortont. Somersetshire.

.cellarius. General.

. cellarius var. albida. Clifton; Redland.

. alliarius. Leigh Woods; Blaise Castle; Portishead, &c.

. nitidulus. Coombe Dingle; Leigh Woods; Blaise Castle, &c.

. radiatulus. Leigh Woods.

Z. purus. Leigh Woods; Coombe Dingle.

Z. purus var. margaritacea. Clifton.

Z. nitidus. Coombe Dingle; Bathampton; Boiling Wells.

NNNNWN

The above list comprises 177 species and varieties, being 107
species and 70 varieties. Of these I have personally observed 91
species and 19 varieties; and with respect to several of these,
their localities in the district do not appear to have been before
recorded. With regard to the rémaining 16 species and 51
varieties some are extremely doubtful, and the presence in the list
of Claustlia biplicata, Assiminea Grayana, Conovulus bidentatus,
Limnea glutinosa and tinvoluta, Succinea oblonga and Vertigo
alpestris is in all probability the result of accident or error. It
will be seen that the majority of the remainder are, if rare, well
authenticated, and the discovery of the others is presumably
simply a matter of time.

J.C., iii., January, 1882

CUNDALL: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL. 267

One or two peculiarities of the districts may be worth
noticing. Leigh Woods, Kenn Moor and the river Froom are
each rich in specimens, and from each | have obtained shells
unobtainable (so far as I have been able to ascertain) elsewhere;
but on the other hand, in the majority of instances, but few
species are found associated, and hence collecting is rendered
laborious.

As to marine shells, but few are procurable in the vicinity.
Tellina solidula (dead) is common among the rejectamenta of
the river. J/anthina communis is reported to have been found in
a similar situation, and Sowerby’s Illustrated Index assigns to
Petricola lithophaga a habitat at Bristol.

At Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon or Burnham, all within easy
reach may be found Cyltchna obtusa, Tellina solidula, Nucula
nucleus, Scrobicularia piperita, Rissoa ulvea, a couple of Lzttorine
and a few other common species.

Bristol, November 26th, 1887.
oo egegedecne se

Note on Gundlachia.—This seems a widely diffused
genus, ranging from New York to Tasmania; I daresay it occurs
in the Brazils. I have been rather sceptical about it, but not on
very good grounds, but both Mr. Sanderson Smith and Mr. Guppy
say that at certain times of the year the septum is absent, and at
all times the majority of specimens have none. Again, I have
seen a slight trace of a septum in our Ancylus fluviatilis, where it
has been left dry at times by the stream retiring. A Mexican
species of Ancylus found by me and referred to Mr. Guppy, was
at first assigned to Gundlachia, but we could find no septum.—
J. S. Grspons, M.B., Modderfontein, Cape Colony.

268 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS.

By THE Rev. W. C. HEY, M.A.

Read before the Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

The Ouse and the Foss, which unite just below York at the
spot known as the Blue Bridge, are rivers of very different
character, much more so than the superficial observer would
suppose. ‘The Ouse is a wide, deep, and generally rather a rapid
river, sometimes, in floods, almost a torrent. The Foss is a
narrow river, naturally shallow, though in parts deepened artifi-
cially, and the current flows so gently that often the water is
practically stagnant. Again, the Ouse has a very bare channel
somewhat hard and stony in places, and even where the bottom
is soft and sandy there is no vegetable growth. But the Foss has
a bottom of rich soft mud, where the flags and the water-lilies
root themselves and flourish luxuriantly. In places the river is
quite overgrown with tall rushes in summer time. Again, the
Ouse receives a good deal of drainage, the Foss not much, except
one very poisonous kind, viz., that which escapes the Gas Works.
Once more, near York the Ouse has no locks. This is a very
important point to notice in regard to the distribution of species.
But the Foss has three locks within the space of as many miles,
viz., Castle Mills Lock, Yearsley Lock, and Huntington Lock.
Asking you to bear in mind these points of contrast between the
Ouse and the Foss, I go on to make a few remarks on the genera
and species of mussels found in these rivers. The family of
Unionide or freshwater mussels is represented in England by two
genera, viz., Unio and Anodonta. ‘This is the distinction between
them. In Unio the hinge, or point upon which the valves work,
is supplied with projections known as teeth, and corresponding
receptacles. In Anodonta the hinge-line is quite smooth and

J.C., iii., January, 1882

HEY : FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS. 269

toothless. There are three kinds of Uzzo found in England—
firstly the famous pearl mussel, which is confined to mountain
streams, and therefore does not occur at York; secondly, Uzzo
pictorum, so-called because painters used the shell for palettes;
and thirdly, Unzo tumidus. The last two occur in both our rivers.
In the genus Axodonia, Jeffreys makes two species, Anatina, in
which tho hinge line is carried into a sort of crest, and Cyenea.
which has the hinge line almost parallel with the other edge of
the shell. This distinction, however, is difficult to preserve: one
form passes by imperceptible grades into another. Both forms
occur abundantly at York. The mussels can be collected in
plenty only when the locks are open. The water then sinks
sufficiently low to disclose large numbers of them sticking in the
soft banks. When Naburn Lock is opened that small portion of
the River Foss (only some 200 yards in length) which lies between
Castle Mills Lock and the Blue Bridge is almost drained. Very
near the mouth of the Foss occurs a number of mussels belonging
to the species Anodonta anatina. ‘They are remarkable for
possessing a beautiful ornamentation of rich green rays. The
epidermis is lustrous, the interior highly nacreous. Now, by
walking a few yards we find ourselves following the bank of the
Ouse. Here occurs the very same form of Azodonta, but how
changed in appearance! Instead of a lustrous green epidermis,
the shell is of a dark dead brown colour, the pearliness of the
interior is quite dull, and the phenomenon of erosion, or the
eating away of the epidermis and upper layers of the shell, is
extensively developed. Erosion is caused by the presence of
carbonic acid or by the rapidity of the current of water. Probably
the former has caused the disfigurement of the Ouse Anodontas,
owing to the drainage matter present in the river just below York.
Exactly the same contrast is shown in the specimens of Unio
pictorum, from the same two localities, with the additional distinc-

2729 HEY: FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS.

tion that the Ouse specimens have a slightly curved form, and
belong to the variety termed curvivostris. Between Castle Mills
Lock and Layerthorpe Bridge Anodontas are more or less
abundant, but they no longer present the beautiful radiated
colouring which distinguishes the Blue Bridge specimens.
Drainage affects the colouring unfavourably, but in certain parts
improves the size. There was, and perhaps is still, a spot where
warm water was discharged into the river. At this point the
shells were observed to be larger and more delicate than elsewhere,
exemplifying the general effect of heat upon forms of life. At
Layerthorpe Bridge shells cease to exist inthe river. This is due
to the poisonous matter percolating through the banks from the
Gas Works.- However, immediately above Monk Bridge, another
species of Uzzo appears, and is more or less abundant from that
spot upto Yearsley Lock. ‘This species is Unzo tumidus; and what
is remarkable about it is that it appears in two forms—one a
thick, dark brown wedge-shaped form ; the other a thinner, wider,
and greenish-tinted form. Why the same species should be
present in two forms under exactly the same circumstances is a
puzzle, for it is a generally received law that were two different
forms exist under the same conditions each has a right to be
elevated to the dignity of a species. And this isa law I should
like rigidly to adhere to, for I conceive it to be one of the few
thoroughly scientific criterions of a species. Near the bathing
place in the Foss, there exists, though it is very scarce, a curious
form of Unio, which in the “Journal of Conchology” I described
as Unio tumidus. I now believe it to be more correctly referred
to pictorum. ‘The shell is large, very heavy, much truncated, and
in colour a dark olive brown. Above Yearsley Lock we find a
great change in the form of the toothless mussels. The form
cygnea, in which the sides of the shell are parallel, takes the
place of the crested form, which, according to my experience,

J.C., iii., January, 1882

HEY : FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS. 271

is universal in the lower reaches of the river. The colour of the
shell is a clear rich olive or sepia, and the beak is much
protruded. It seems strangethat the locks should separate forms
of shells as completely as they do, for two circumstances must be
borne in mind. ‘The first is that a good deal of water passes
round by what is called the backwater, especially in flood time;
and the second, that the locks were once often opened, and have
not, of course, existed from a very remote time; so that we seem
here to have a striking example of the readiness with which forms
of life are restricted in distribution and affected in shape and
colouring. The same restriction of distribution and modification
of form is exemplified in the river Foss in the case of many other
species of freshwater shells. Thus a particular form of Sphertum
lacustre predominates only near Foss Islands, while another
species, Spherium ovale, occurs nowhere within miles of York
except in the tiny space between the Castle Mills Lock and Blue
Bridge, and what is still more strange, had never been found
either there or anywhere else in England till within late years.
Mr. Jeffreys has a theory that it was imported from America,
but no communication, so far as I am aware, has ever existed
between our River Foss and any vessels which have crossed the
Atlantic. The coal barges of the Foss would be a sorry sort of
craft in which to stem the billows which roll between England
and America, and I am not aware that anything larger has in
modern times floated upon its waters, nor even that any American
export is ever brought up the river. A few special forms of
freshwater mussels deserve notice. Just above Yearsley Lock
occur some dwarfed and malformed specimens of Uzio tumidus.
This malformation I venture to attribute to the effect of the water
rushing over the dam. Rapidly running water is always delete-
rious to the development of such shells as generally affect still
waters. Near Clifton Slope occur some very thin, but bright and

272 HEY: FRESH WATER MUSSELS IN THE OUSE AND FOSS.

clean, Anodontas, only small in size. They are clean, doubtless,
because of the absence of drainage, and they are small and thin
because, not only is drainage absent, which often affords rich
food, but the river is very clear of vegetable matter. Near the
Union, there occur in the Foss, shells of Unzo tumzdus much
curved in form. They resemble Uno margaritifer in shape. It
is curious that all our British Unios and Anodontas have a
tendency to assume this form under certain circumstances.
These investigations, made over a space of a dozen years or more
suggest a few general reflections. ‘The first reflection bears on
distribution; that subject which the genius of Wallace has
rendered so deeply interesting. For the fact of so temporary
and incomplete an obstacle as a lock forming a boundary line
between varieties, and even kinds of shells, gives us some limit
about the apparently small lines of demarcation which may
determine the complete range of species and even genera upon
the surface of the globe. Our second reflection is upon the
instability of species, and the impossibility of any cut-and-dried
definition of the term. Of course a natural history which ignored
species would be as absurd as a thermometer ungraduated—only
species are best regarded in the same light, merely degrees marked
upon the unbroken flow of life. The third reflection is how
species are affected by a change of circumstances, and that, though
the change is often far from being very obvious. No one would
suppose that the difference in the quality of the water in the
Ouse and the Foss is so great as the difference between the two
forms of Anodonta living within a few yards of one another shows
it to be. A superficial and special view of any department of
natural history leads to the conclusion that Nature has, as it
were, a number of moulds from which she is never tired of
producing the same forms. A wider and more general view,
extending to past geological epochs, reveals the great fact, that as

J.C., iii., January, 1882

THOMSON: ON HELIX (MESODON) CHILHOWEENSIS. 273

the individual so too the species and the genus, have their birth,
their vigour, their decay, and their death, and that nature’s
moulds themselves are as impressionable as the receiving surface
of the photograph—not one external influence but evokes a
corresponding modification.
0 =<

NOTE ON THE SPECIFIC DISTINCTNESS OF HELIX
(MESODON) CHILHOWEENSIS, Lewis.

By JOHN H. THOMSON, C.M.Z.S.

In examining some magnificent specimens of Helix (MJesodon )
chithoweensts Lewis, (vide Proceed. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1875,
Pp. 335) received from and collected by Mrs. Judge Geo. Andrews,
in the mountains of Tennessee, and comparing them with e/ix
(Mesodon) Say? Binney, of which species it is supposed to be only

a larger growth, by Mr. W. G. Binney, I note on the two last:

whorls, vevolving strize, decussating with the ribs of growth, which
I am unable to find on any specimen of He/zx Sayz even the var.
major. 1 also note on those specimens furnished with “the faint
rudimentary tooth near the umbilicus” vide 1. c., that it differs ma-
terially from the tooth on the lower part of the aperture in H. Sayz,
in fact the tooth in H. Sayz appears more like a fo/d with a cor-
responding constriction on the owészde of the shell, forming in fact
a slight superficial groove running round on the umbilicus. The
description of the species by Dr. Lewis, must be somewhat amended
as he says, (Proc. Philad. Acad.) ‘‘parietal wall without any indi-
cations of a tooth.” In about one-half of my specimens I find a
large obtuse tooth on the parzefal wall, in fact in one specimen I
found zo teeth, one ézfd and further within the shell on the pa-
rietal wall, but both very different from the parietal tooth of Helix
Sayz. Diameter of my specimens from 35 to 41 mill.

Hab. Smoky Mountains, North Carolina, and Cumberland
Mountains, Tennessee.

274 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

LIST OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF SUCCINEZ
COLLECTED IN HUNGARY.

By Mrs. J. FITZGERALD.

In July and August of the present year—1881—lI visited
Buda-Pesth, for the purpose of collecting and studying the family
Succinea. Mr. Julius Hazay, who is the present great German
authority on the subject, kindly assisted me. The following is a
list of the types and varieties that I was fortunate enough with his
kind help to obtain.—

Succinea putris L.

. putris var. grandis Hazay.
putris var. fontana Hazay.

. putris var. limnoidea Picard.
putris var. angusta Hazay.

. putris var. Westerlundiana Hazay.
. putris var. olivula Baudon.
Succinea Hungarica Hazay.

S. Hungarica var. hasta Hazay.
S. Hungarica var. cuneola Hazay.
Succinea elegans Risso.

S. elegans var. Piniana Hazay.
S. elegans var. longiscata Mort.
Succinea oblonga Drap.
Succinea Kobelti Hazay.

NNNHNMN

All the Swccinea and indeed all the water shells, near Buda-
Pesth attain dimensions, gigantic in comparison with those of our
own country. Mr. Hazay collects largely, and I understand will
supply complete named collections from Buda-Pesth for 63/-.

J.C., iii., January, 1882

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 275

THE MOLLUSCA OF BIRSTWITH, YORKSHIRE.
By F. T. WALKER.

. AQUATIC.

Sphzrium corneum L. A pond at Hampsthwaite is the only
locality I know of.

S. lacustre Mull. Brick-ponds near Burnt Yates; also at Ripley
and Hampsthwaite. It seems to be much commoner
than corneum.

Pisidium fontinale Drap. Brick-ponds at Burnt Yates and
Hartwith Dam.

P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. Found abundantly on Rennie
Crags, near Birstwith.

P. pusillum Gmelin. Ditches near Ripley.

P. nitidum Jenyns. Pond at Hampsthwaite.

Unio tumidus Phil. Stream at Ripley, and a pond near the
stream.

Anodonta cygnea var. rostrata Rossm. Stream at Ripley.

A. anatina L. Stream at Ripley.

Planorbis albus Mull. Hartwith Dam.

Limnea peregra Mull. Very common.

L. palustris Mull. Ditches at Ripley.

L. truncatula Mull. Hartwith Dam and Ripley.

Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Plentiful on stones in the Nidd.

TERRESTRIAL.
Arion ater L. Very common.
A. hortensis Fer. Very common in gardens, &c.
Limax flavus L. Rennie Crags.
L. agrestis L. Very common.
L. maximus L. Very common.
Vitrina pellucida Mull. Very common in damp woods, &c.

276 WALKER: ON THE MOLLUSCA OF BIRSTWITH, YORKS.

Zonites cellarius. Very plentiful.

NNNNWN

. alliarius. Harrogate and other places, but not plentiful.

. nitidulus. Very common.

. nitidulus var. nitens.

. purus. Found in several localities, but in small numbers.

. purus var. margaritacea. Plentiful on a bank near Nidd

Bridge.

. radiatulus. Common.

. crystallinus. Very common.
Z.

fulvus. Found in a damp beech wood under decayed leaves.

Helix aculeata. Mossy bank near Birk Crag, Harrogate.

‘an

Sole calepele ale okey ae ele

a Oe ae

. aspersa. Knaresbro’, on limestone.
3

nemoralis. Knaresbro’, Pateley Bridge and many other
places; it seems to be more plentiful on limestone.

. nemoralis var. hortensis. Very common round Birstwith

on sandstone, but the species is very seldom found.

. arbustorum. Very abundant at Knaresbro’. I found a

broken shell on a stone heap at Birstwith, where it had
been dropped by a bird.

. rufescens. Very common.

. rufescens var. albida. Knaresbro.’

.concinna. Very common.

. hispida. Very common.

. caperata. Very common. :

. ericetorum. Found near Birstwith, but rare.

. ericetorum var. instabilis. Found near Birstwith.

. rotundata. Very common.

. rupestris. Very abundant at Greenhow Hill near Pateiey

Bridge.

. pygmeea. Nidd Bridge.
. pulchella. Nidd Bridge and Knaresbro’.
. lapicida. Eugene Aram’s Cave, Knaresbro’, and amongst

J.C., iii., January, 1882

BUTTERELL: ON TESTACELLA MAUGEI. 277

some nettles at Birstwith.

Bulimus obscurus. Knaresbro’.

Pupaumbilicata. Plentiful at Knaresbro’ and about Greenhow
Hill.

Clausilia rugosa. Common at Knaresbro’ and Greenhow Hill.

C. laminata. Stean Beck near Middlesmoor.

Cochlicopa tridens. Plentiful on a bank near Nidd Bridge.

C. lubrica. Very common.

Carychium minimum. Nidd Bridge, Harrogate and other
places.

Note on Testacella Maugei Fér.—I have just received
from a correspondent in Somerset a living Zestace//a—presumably
Maugei—and have been making some experiments on it. On
gently pressing the head with a pencil it showed signs of irritation
by forcing out a quantity of frothy mucus from the margin of the
shell, on continuing to tease it, it extruded its odontophore for
almost a quarter of an inch and then gradually withdrew it, this
was repeated several times; I then procured a worm, thin, but
about three inches long, I rubbed the worm gently across the head
of the Zestace//a and the tongue was again rapidly extended and
the victim transfixed, the odontophore was then withdrawn as
before, carrying with it the struggling worm which made every
effort to escape, but without success, in about 5 minutes all had
disappeared except the head which was rejected.—J. DarKER
BUTTERELL, Beverley.

278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

A LIST OF THE SHELLS OF THE “LOWER TEES”
DISTRICT, YORKSHIRE.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

J. W. W.=Joun W. Watson. C. A.=CHARLES ASHFORD.
Airyholme Wood is between the village of Ayton and Roseberry Topping.

Spherium corneum L. Generally distributed in the Lower
Tees district (C. A. and J. W. W.).

S. lacustre Mull. Pretty general in the neighbourhood Ayton
and Stokesley (J. W. W.).

Pisidium amnicum Mull. General (J. W. W.).

P. fontinale var. pulchella Jenyns. Very general round about
Ayton (J. W. W.).

P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. In running streams near
Guisborough (J. W. W.). 4

P. pusillum Gmelin. Generally distributed (J. W. W.).

Anodonta cygnea L. General in south of district (J. W. W.).

Neritina fluviatilis L. Ballast hills near Middlesbrough
(J. W.W., alien?).

Bythinia tentaculata L. General (J. W. W.). Pond near
Redear(G Ay):

B. Leachii Shepp. Not nearer than Billingham Beck, S. Durham
(J. W. W.).

Valvata piscinalis Mull. Not nearer than Billingham Beck,
S. Durham (J. W. W.).

V. cristata Mull. Ditches near Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).

Planorbis nautileus L. Near Middlesbrough (J. W. W.).
On duckweed in pond, Coatham marshes (C. A.).

P.albus Mull. Ditches near Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).

P. glaber Jeffr. Ponds near Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).

P. spirorbis Mull. General in the district (J. W. W.).

J.C., iii., January, 1882

ASHFORD: THE SHELLS OF THE ‘‘LOWER TEES” DISTRICT. 279

Planorbis vortex L. General in the district (J. W. W.).

P. complanatus L. General in the district (J. W. W.).

P. contortus L. General in the district (J. W. W.).

Physa hypnorum L. General in the district (J. W. W.).
Coatham marshes (C. A.). Ditch by Old Railway,
Coatham (C. A.).

P. fontinalis L. General in the district (J. W. W.). Ponds,
Coatham (C. A.).

Limnza peregra Mull. Common everywhere (J. W. W. and
C. A.). A variety in Coatham marshes (/adzosa?) has a
tendency to the puckered and expanded mouth of
auricularia (C. A.).

L. stagnalis L. Near Stockton-on-Tees (J. W. W.). ‘“N.
Yorkshire ” (D. and W.)

L. truncatula Mull. General in south of district (J. W. W.).
Common, Coatham marshes (C. A.).

L. glabra Mull. Pretty general in south of district (J. W. W.).

Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. General in neighbourhood, Gt. Ayton
(J. W. W.). Running stream near Redcar (C. A.).

A. lacustris L. General round Ayton (J. W. W.).

Arion ater L. Generally round Redcar (C. A.) and probably
throughout.

A. hortensis Fer. Redcar (C. A.).

Limax agrestis L. Everywhere (C. A.).

Succinea putris L. General in south of district (J. W. W.).
Coatham marshes and Redcar sandhills (C. A.).

Vitrina pellucida Mull. General in south of district (J. W. W.);
and in the north (C. A.).

Zonites cellarius Mull. Generally distributed, under stones,
ete: (CsA and! Je Wa We):

Z, alliarius Miller. Coatham Whin, Yearby Wood and Wilton
Wood (C. A.). Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).

280 ASHFORD: THE SHELLS OF THE “LOWER TEES” DISTRICT.

Zonites nitidulus Drap. General in south (J. W. W.). Com-
mon in north (C. A.).

Z. purus Ald. Coatham Whin and Yearby Wood (C. A.).
General in south (J. W. W.).

Z. purus var. margaritacea. Wilton Wood (C. A.).

Z.radiatulus Ald. Coatham Whin (C. A.). Pastures, Gt. Ayton
(J. W. W)).

Z. crystallinus Mull. Coatham Whin, Yearby Wood and
Wilton Wood (C. A.). General in south (J. W. W.).

Z. fulvus Mull. Coatham Whin, Yearby Wood and Wilton
Wood (C. A.). General in south (J. W. W.).

Helix lamellata Jeffr. Airyholme Wood (D. and W.). Wilton
Wood (C. A.). ib i

H. aculeata Mull. Coatham Whin and Yearby Wood (C. A.).
General in south (J. W. W.).

H. aspersa Mull. Common throughout district. ,

H. nemoralis L. General; especially abundant on sandhills
by the sea (C. A.).

H. nemoralis var. hybrida Poiret. Crathorne and Hutton
Rudby (J. W. W.).

H. rufescens Pennant. General round Ayton (J. W. W.).

H. concinna Jeffr. Coatham sandbanks (J. W. W.).

H. hispida L. In profusion on the Redcar sandhills (C. A.). ~
Common everywhere (J. W. W.).

H. fusca Mont. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.). Wilton Wood
(Cea)

H. virgata Da Costa. Sandhills along coast from Warrenby
to Marske, in profusion near Coatham (C. A.).

H. caperata Mont. Sandhills, Coatham to Marske, abundant
(G40)

H. caperata var. ornata Picard. Coatham sandhills, not
common (C. A.).

J.C., iii., January, 1882

ASHFORD: THE SHELLS OF THE “LOWER TEES” DISTRICT. 281

Helix ericetorum Mull. Coatham sandhills (C. A.).

H. rotundata Mull. General round Gt. Ayton and Stokesley
(J. W. W.).

H. pygmeea Drap. General round Gt. Ayton (J. W. W.).

H. pulchella Mull. Widely distributed (C. A.).

Bulimus obscurus Mull. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).

Pupa ringens Jeffr. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).

P. umbilicata Drap. General (J. W. W.).

P. marginata Drap. Sandhills between Redcar Battery and
Marske, extremely abundant (C. A.).

P. marginata var. edentula. Wilton Wood (C. A.).

Vertigo antivertigo Drap.

V. pygmezea Drap. Sandhills, Redcar (C. A.). Round Ayton

aioe):

V. edentula Drap. Woods round Ayton & Stokesley (J. W. W.).

Balia perversa L. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).

Clausilia rugosa Drap. General (J. W. W.).

C. laminata Mont. Round Ayton, but not common (J. W. W.)

Cochlicopa tridens Pulteney. Airyholme Wood (J. W. W.).

GC. lubrica Mull. General in north of district (C. A.). General
in south of district (J. W. W.).

Achatina acicula Mull. Rejectamenta of Tees near Middles-
brough after a flood (J. W. W., alien?).

Carychium minimum Mull. Widely spread in north (C. A.).
General (J. W. W.).

Acme lineata Drap. Airyholme Wood, once abundant(J. W. W.).

282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
al Susy

65th Meeting.

Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Square, Leeds.

Minutes of the Annual Meeting held December 16th, 1880,
were read and confirmed.

Correspondence was read from Rev. H. Milnes, Mr. W. R.
Jeffrey and Mr. W. Cash.

PAPER READ.

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck read a paper entitled “ Proposed
System of Conchological Locality Records.”
°

6 oO bia Mere ta args)

Held at the house of Mr.J.W. Taylor, Leopold Square, Leeds.
Minutes of the 65th Meeting were read and after some

amendment approved.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

‘“Synopsis Molluscorum viventium testaceorum, &c.”
[Dr. W. Kobelt.

‘Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences.”
[Prof. Finley M. Witter.

PAPER READ.
“‘Notes from the Isle of Wight,” by Charles Ashford, Esq.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

A series of Land and Fresh Water shells from Tingley near
West Ardsley,and Great Preston nr. Swillington, by Mr. W. Nelson.

A number of Marine shells from Kurachee, India, collected
by Mr. Kirby of Leeds; and several Land shells from Spurn
Point, by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.

J.C., iii., January, 1882

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 283

The President exhibited a series of drawings of jaws of
British mollusca, amongst which was Helix arbustorum, H. hor-
tensis, H. virgata, H. cantiana, Hl. rufescens, Hl. caperata, H.
hispida, Succinea putris and S. elegans.

A few Marine shells collected on the Yorkshire coast by
Mr. Shaw, were shown by the Secretary.

(e)

6.7, thaw Mire e bana oy:
Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.

Minutes of the 66th Meeting were read and confirmed.

Correspondence from Mr. F. M. Witter, Mr. Frederic
Hepburn and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was read.

PAPER READ.

“Unto luteolus and its allied forms,” by Prof. F. M. Witter.

{e)

6Sth Meeting.
Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.

Minutes of the 67th Meeting were read and confirmed.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed a series of Land and
Fresh Water shells collected at Gisburn and Bracewell, during
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union’s Meeting at Skipton. Particulars
of these are entered in the Yorkshire Record Book.

DELEGATE TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.

Resolved, that the President (Mr. J. W. Taylor) be
re-appointed the Society’s Delegate to the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union. :

284 PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

69th Meeting.

Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.
Minutes of the 68th Meeting were read and confirmed.
Correspondence was read from the local Secretary of the
British Association, the Secretary of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,
and Mr. Geo. S. Tye.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. W. Nelson showed freshwater shells from Bramley
Grange near Thorner, including Spharium lacustre, Pisidium
Jontinale and Limnea glabra (found by itself in a ditch); also
Planorbis corneus var. albida, from Clevedon near Bristol.

Specimens of Helix caperata var. ornata, H. virgata, H.
rotundata, H. hispida, H. nemoralis and H. cantiana, from
_Knottingley; Zimnea peregra from Middleton, Leeds; Zonttes
alliarius, Z, nitidulus, Helix rotundata and HA. rufescens, from
Skipton; and A. rupestris from Cracoe, were exhibited by the
Secretary (Mr. T. W. Bell). The President also showed He/éx
revelata from Guernsey, collected by Mr. J. T. Marshall.

ie)

7YOth Meeting.

Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.
Minutes of the 69th Meeting were read and confirmed.
Correspondence was read from Mr. W. Jeffrey, Chichester.

NEW MEMBER.
Mr. Henry H. Haines was nominated for membership.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. W. Jeffrey sent for exhibition a fine series of freshwater
shells from Chichester and neighbourhood, amongst which were
specimens of the following :—Anodonta anatina var. complanata,
Spherium corneum var. flavescens, S. lacustre var. Brochoniana,

J.C., iii., January, 1882

PRO. CONCH. SOC. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 285

Pisidium fontinale, P. emnicum, P. pustllum, P. pusillum var.
obtusalis, Limnea auricularia var. ampla, L. peregra var. acumt-
nata, L. truncatula, Planorbis nautileus var. cristata, P. sptrorbis
(contorted), P. vortex, P. nitidus, P. albus, P. contortus, Valvata
piscinalis var. subcylindrica, Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida, A.
lacustris var. albida, &c.

Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck showed Limnea peregra and
Felix nemoralis from Sheffield, and Limnaea stagnalis, Planorbis
corneus, P. complanatus, Sphertum corneum and Heltx hispida,
from Masham.

Anodonta cygnea and Limnea peregra from Roundhay Park,
were shown by the Secretary.

Specimens of Mactra glauca from Mr. W. Cash, F.G.S., of
Halifax, were exhibited and distributed amongst the members
present.

7ist Meeting.

Held at the house of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Leopold Sq., Leeds.
Minutes of the 7oth Meeting were read and confirmed.

NEW MEMBER.

-Mr. Henry H. Haines, West Ashling near Chichester, was
elected a member.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Felix aspersa from Crowle, by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.

Mr. R. Scharff, Edinburgh, sent for exhibition specimens
of Limnea peregra, L. truncatula, Helix nemorals, H. caperata,
HI. rotundata, H. pulchella, Zonites alliarius, Z. nitidulus, Pupa
umbilicata and Cochlicopa lubrica, from Queensferry, Fifeshire.
felix aspersa (common), 7. nemoralts (one dead shell, probably
common), A. zutersecta (or caperata, common), A. pulchella
(common), Zwa /ubrica (a few specimens), yalina ?, and

286 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Pupa umbilicata, from Queen’s Park, Edinburgh. Helix nemo-
ralis and Hf. aspersa (both very common) from North Berwick.
Also Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis and Hf. rotundata from Queens-
ferry, Fifeshire, and Pupa umbilicata from Aberlady, Fifeshire.

The Secretary exhibited a series of shells collected by Mr.
Henry Shaw at Askern. The list included Sphevium Jacustre,
Pisidium nitidum, Paludina contecta, Bythinia Leachit, Valvata
piscinalis, Physa fontinalts var. curta, Planorbis corneus, P.
carinatus var. disciformis, P. albus, Limnea stagnalis, L. auricu-
laria, Helix cantiana, Pupa umbilicata and others, particulars of
which are entered in the Yorkshire Record Book. Also Helix
Jusca, FH. concinna and Clausilia laminata from Cressbrook Dale,
Derbyshire; and Clauszlia rugosa from Gourock.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic.—
By Geo. W. Tryon, junr., Conservator of the Conchological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Part xiil.

The fourth volume commences with the present part, which
is devoted to the family Nassidz, which here includes the genera
Northia Gray, Truncaria Adams and Reeve, 4ullza Gray, of
which Buccinanops D’Orb., Pseudostrombus Klein., and Adznus
H. & A. Adams, are subgenera; and the typical genus, /Vassa Lam.

Some few subgenera are ‘“‘retained as convenient group
designations, though the species varying much in their sculpture
cannot always be positively assigned.” Such are the subgenera
Arcularia Link, Naytta H. and A. Adams, A/ectrion Montf,,
Zeuxts H. and A. Adams, Acicu/avia H. and A. Adams, Phrontis
H. and A. Adams, Hebrva H. and A. Adams, Hzma Leach, lViotia
H. and A. Adams, 777##a Risso, and //yanassa Stimpson. The

J.C., iii., January, 1882

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 287

genera Veritula and Desmoulea are retained, and the following
fossil genera and subgenera are retained:—JZolopophorus Gabb,
-Ptychosalpinx Gill, Paranassa Conrad, and 7Z7ztzaria Conrad.
Leiodomus Swainson, is considered as synonymous with Pseudo-
strombus Klein.
Fifteen plates, containing 278 figures, accompany this part,
which carries us to the commencement of the genus /Verztila.

Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon. Descriptions et
synonymie. (The Marine Mollusca of Rousillon, France, with
descriptions and synonymy).—By MM. E. Bucquoy and Ph.
Dautzenberg. Fascicule 1.

The first part of this beautiful work, which treats upon the
genera Murex, Pisania, Ranella, Triton, Cancellaria, Hadriana,
Fusus, Euthria and Trophon, and is accompanied by five
excellent plates photographed from nature, is now before us. In
addition to these purely conchological matters, there is an able
article upon scientific nomenclatnre by M. G. F. Dollfus, a well
known scientist.

Rousillon, the locality treated upon in this work, lies on the
east of the department Pyrénées Orientales, and the diversified
nature of the coast fully explains the great richness of the mol-
luscan fauna.

The genus JZuzex is first considered, and 6 species are given
as occurring at Rousillon. JZ Blainvillez Payr., is referred to a
new subgenus JZuricopszs Buc. et Dautz., and Coral/inia is also
established for JZ. aciculatus Lamk. A new genus (Hadriania)
is established for Murex craticulatus Brocchi.

The synonymy given under each species is very full, and the
varieties known are fully particularized and often described.
The geographical distribution of each species is given, and its
geological position.

288 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Contribution a la Faune Malacologique de Nossi-be et
de Nossi-comba (Contribution to the Conchological Fauna of
Nossi-be and Nossi-comba).—By H. Crosse, Journ. de Conch.,
July, 1881.

The two islands Nossi-be and Nossi-comba are situated off
the west coast of Madagascar, and in this paper M. Crosse gives
a resumé of the information gathered by several Naturalists who
have visited the islands. Forty-two species are enumerated, of
which Lxnea metula Crosse (pl. v., f. 3), collected at Nossi-comba
by M. Marie, is described as new. A new var. of Helix ompha-
lodes—Loucoubeensis Crosse—is described, found by M. Marie in
the Forest of Locoubé, Nossi-be. The var. e/luillensis of
Neritina Souverbiana is also described as new from Nossi-be.
This species has a very extended range, having been recorded
from New Caledonia and Port Jackson, Australia.

This interesting pamphlet is accompanied by a plate, con-
taining figures of 6 of the more interesting species.

Dr. Hartmann of Westchester, Pennsylvania, is now
engaged upon a Bibliographical Catalogue of the genus Achati-
nelline, a group whose species have been excessively multiplied
by various authors. The able manner in which the learned
Doctor has treated the genus Partw/a, and his reduction of many
of the so called species to the rank of synonyms, is a good augury
of the reformation he will make in the group he has now in hand.

J.C., iii., January, 1882

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 289

A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OBSERVED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BEVERLEY.

By J. D. BUTTERELL.

The following list of localities, compiled from rough notes
taken during the past two or three years, must not by any means
be considered an exhaustive one; as there is no doubt that by
careful research and comparison of the specimens, a fair number
of varieties and species may be added. Broadly speaking, the
district examined is contained within a circle having a radius of
five miles with the town of Beverley as its centre. The country
is well wooded and numerous plantations occur. The four free
pastures—Westwood, Hurn, Figham and Swinemoor, with an area
of nearly 1200 acres—are good hunting grounds. Westwood is
dotted over with a number of disused chalk-quarries now covered
with a growth of fine old hawthorns. As habitats for the fresh-
water species we have the River Hull, Leven Canal three miles in
length, Beverley and Barmston Drain, Leckonfield Moat surround-
ing the site of Leckonfield Castle, and an infinite number of
ponds, drains and ditches; the latter, unfortunately for the
conchologist, are kept so rigorously clean by the authorities that
many species are unable to attain maturity, and some, notably
Limnea stagnalis, are almost extinct. Geologically, Beverley is
situated on the Holderness Drift at the edge of the Chalk Wolds;
the Chalk crops out at Beverley, and may be said to be the
foundation on which rests the drift. The surface soil is a stiff
clay and this overlies a blueish clay, both of which stretch over
the whole of Holderness. A section of 50 feet made by boring
for the New Alexandra Dock at Hull gives the following, and
probably not much difference would be found in certain spots in
the radius given.

290 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.

a)
iE

Brown Warp - - -
Black do. - - - -
Brown Clay - - - -
Do. Silty Warp - - -
Dark Warp - - - - -
Black Soft Warp - -
Black Wick Sand full of water
Black peney, Warp - -
Gravel - - - -

= boo OmW ef
ODWWAHDDODS

44 6
Marl below this and then probably the Chalk. Bands of

Peat occur, and amongst the Silty Warp in sub-fossil form are to
be obtained specimens of Mya, Utriculus, Cardium, Tellina,
Hydrobia and other estuarine shells, together with several species
of Foraminifera; some are covered with serpulee, and the epidermis
of Mya is In some cases well preserved.

It will be observed that some usually common species are
not yet recorded, and that the genera Unio, Dreissena, Paludina,
Balea and Acme are entirely absent from the list.

AQUATIC.
Sphzerium corneum Lin. Very abundant in nearly every

pond, ditch and stream in the district, Figham,
Long Lane, Swinemoor, River Hull, Beverley and
Barmston Drain. ‘This species is, I believe, most active
at night time, and together with Bythinza tentaculata
forms a favourite food of the Barbel.

S. corneum var. flavescens Macgill. Specimens of a pale
yellow colour resembling this form occur in the Beverley
and Barmston Drain at Figham; this variety appears to
prefer streams with a sandy or gravelly bottom.

S. lacustre Mull. Local and not plentiful: small in size at
Figham, in a ditch bordering the Hull Road, also in a
ditch running into the River Hull at Commonbank
Nook near Arram.

J.C., iii., April, 1852

BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVFRLEY. 291

Pisidium amnicum Mull. Locally abundant: occurs in the
Beverley and Barmston Drain near Arram, in Leven
Canal and in the River Hull at Grovehill. In the last
locality it is generally accompanied by P. fontinale var.
Henslowana and a:form which is, I believe, Baudon’s
P. Henslowianum var. inappendiculata, the umboes being

more acute than in the typical P. jestinale.

- P. fontinale Drap. Long Lane, Figham and Leven Canal:
moderately plentiful.

P. fontinale var. Henslowana Shepp. Leven Canal, Barmston
Drain near Arram, ditch parallel with Leven Canal,
Cottingham and River Hull at Grovehill, where its
scarcity or abundance appears to be determined by the
action of the tides.

P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder. Ditch near Beverley Station:
extremely abundant.

P. pusillum Gmelin. Leven Canal, ditch parallel with Leven
Canal, and shallow ditch strongly impregnated with
iron, on Swinemoor: extremely abundant. Specimens
from the last locality are so thickly encrusted with dirt
as to resemble small pellets of mud.

P. nitidum Jenyns. Ditch bordering the Hull Road, Figham,
and ditch parallel with Leven Canal.

P. roseum Scholtz. Specimens determined as this species occur
sparingly in a ditch in Long Lane near Beverley Minster.

Anodonta cygnea Lin. Risby Fishpond: fine specimens, but
now much less numerous than formerly. Fragments of
shells of this species are found on the banks of Leven
Canal, and broken shells are occasionally to be seen in
the fields near Cottingham, the latter probably having
been carried by birds from their native habitat.

292 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.

Neritina fluviatilis Lin. Barmston Drain: abundant in the
River Hull at Grovehill, where the specimens are thickly
encrusted with a calcareous deposit.

Bythinia tentaculata Lin. Abundant & generally distributed:
Leven Canal, Figham, River Hull, Leckonfield Moat,
Long Lane (fine) and Swinemoor.

B. Leachii Shep. Ditch parallel with Leven Canal, Figham:
scarce.

Valvata piscinalis Mull. Leven Canal, Swinemoor, Figham
and River Hull: moderately abundant.

V. piscinalis var. acuminata Jeff. In the Drift Beverley Beck
and the Beverley and Barmston Drain, Figham.

V.cristata Mull. Leven Canal, Leckonfield Moat and Drift
- Beverley Beck.

Planorbis nitidus Mull. (not lineatus). Leckonfield Moat:
sparingly.
P.nautileus Lin. Ditch bordering Swinemoor.

P. nautileus var. cristata Drap. Ditch bordering Swinemoor:
with the type, abundant.

P. albus Mull. Leven Canal, Swinemoor and Drift Beverley
Beck: moderately plentiful.

P. spirorbis Mull. Swinemoor, Leckonfield, Drift Beverley
Beck, Long Lane and Kitchen Lane: abundant.

P. vortex Lin. Figham and Drift Beverley Beck: not common.

P. carinatus Mull. Leven Canal, Figham and Leckonfield
Moat: local and not plentiful.

RP complanatus Lin. Everywhere common: Swinemoor, Fig-

| ham, Leckonfield, Long Lane (fine), Kitchen Lane,
Weel Carrs and Commonbank Nook.

P. corneus Lin. Swinemoor, Figham and Long Lane (fine).

P.contortus Lin. Swinemoor, Figham, Drift Beverley Beck,
Kitchen Lane and pond near England Springs: very
abundant.

J.C., iii., April, 1882

BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY. 293

Physa hypnorum Lin. Drift Beverley Beck, Cherry-tree Lane,
Kitchen Lane and Commonbank Nook: not common,
disappears at times.

P. fontinalis Lin. Very abundant but mostly small, the frequent
cleansing of the ditches preventing its arrival at maturity.
Figham, Swinemoor, Long Lane and Leckonfield Moat;
from the last named locality I took one specimen with
the foot bifid behind, and another in which the foot
measured close upon an inch in length.

Limngea peregra Mull. Common and abundant everywhere:
fine in Leckonfield Moat and ditch in Long Lane: spire
short and mouth wide at Figham and in Pighill Lane.

L. auricularia Lin. Leven Canal.

L. stagnalis Lin. Occurred formerly at Figham, but dead shelis
only now to be found. In Risby Fishpond very spar-
ingly; one specimen from this locality measures two
inches in length.

L. palustris Mull. Locally abundant but by no means a
common species here; varies in different localities, and
it is possible some of the varieties occur. Long Lane,
Swinemoor, Cottingham and Pighill, where it appears to
prefer mud to water and resembles Z. ¢rwncati/a in its
habits, Figham. Pond in field beyond Kitchen Lane,
and Commonbank Nook: abundant.

L. truncatula Mull. Swinemoor, Figham, Leckonfield Park,
Kitchen Lane, and on the muddy banks of the River
Hull in countless numbers, generally small.

L. glabra Mull. Plentiful in a pond near Leckonfield Moat.

Ancylus lacustris Lin. Leven Canal and Leckonfield Moat:
fine and moderately abundant.

294 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.

TERRESTRIAL.

Arion ater Lin. Generally distributed: very abundant in
Pighill Lane.

A. hortensis Fer. Everywhere: too plentiful.

A. flavus. In gardens: sparingly.

Limax agrestis Lin. Common everywhere.

L. leevis. In moist places, generally distributed but not numer-
ous: Leckonfield, Meaux, Risby and banks of River Hull.

L. maximus Lin. Not common: Long Lane.

Succinea putris Lin. Cottingham (very fine), Figham, Swine-
moor, Leckonfield, Long Lane and Meaux: common.

S. elegans or more probably Pfeifferi. Generally distributed:
three white shells taken in Pighill Lane in 1880.

Vitrina pellucida Mull. Abundant if sought for early in
spring: Westwood, plantation near Rowley, and Meaux.

Zonites cellarius Mull. Common almost everywhere: Cherry-

tree Lane (fine), Meaux, Westwood, Molescroft, and in
gardens.

Z. alliarius Mull. Harland Rise near Cottingham, Risby
(plentiful), Meaux and Molescroft.
Z. nitidulus Drap. Not very common: Westwood and Cherry-
tree Lane.
Z. purus Alder. Plentiful: Harland Rise, Westwood, Meaux
and Risby.
. radiatulus Alder. Risby: sparingly.
. nitidus Mull. Drift Beverley Beck and Cottingham.
. crystallinus Mull. Common: Harland Rise, Leckonfield,
Drift Beverley Beck, Westwood, Meaux and Risby.
Z. fulvus Mull. Harland Rise, Drift Beverley Beck, Meaux
(very abundant) and Risby,
Helix aculeata Mull. Westwood: scarce. Plantation near
Long Lane: moderately common on decayed wood.

NNN

J.C., iii., April, 1882

BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY. 295

Helix aspersa Mull. Common: Leckonfield, Long Lane, Pighill
Lane, Cherry-tree Lane, Meaux, Queensgate Road, and
gardens, Beverley.

H.nemoralis Lin. Plentiful off the chalk: Cottingham, Leckon-
field, Pighill Lane (in company with /ortenszs), Cherry-
tree Lane, Meaux and Grovehill Road.

H. hortensis Mull. Extremely abundant in Pighill Lane, Long
Lane, Queensgate Road, Cherry-tree Lane, &c. In
Pighill Lane a series of specimens may sometimes be
found running by fine gradations from this species to
nemoralts.

’H. hortensis var. hybrida Poiret. Pighill Lane: perhaps not
quite typical but intermediate between Aortensis and
nemoralls.

H. arbustorum Lin. Very abundant in Pighill Lane, Kitchen
Lane and Long Lane; found also at Queensgate Road,
Leckonfield and Cherry-tree Lane: one of our commonest
shells.

H. arbustorum var. flavescens Jeffreys. Queensgate Road
and Long Lane. -

H. arbustorum, bandless var., presumably marmorata.
Occurs with the type.

H. cantiana Mont. Queensgate Road: abundant and fine.

H. hispida Lin. Common: Leckonfield, Cherry-tree Lane,
Rowley, Westwood, Figham, Swinemoor, Meaux, Moles-
croft and Risby.

H. hispida var. subrufa Jeff. Occurs with the type.

(H. concinna Jeff. I have no localities recorded as I am not
sure of the type).

H. virgata DaCosta. Lime Quarry near Westwood, and Queens-
gate Road.

296 BUTTERELL: THE MOLLUSCA OF BEVERLEY.

Helix caperata Mont. Lime Quarry nr. Westwood: abundant.
Pot and Ladle Chalk Pit near Walkington.

H. caperata var. ornata Picard. Lime Quarry near Westwood.

H. ericetorum Mull. Old quarry near the mill, Westwood.

H. ericetorum var. alba Charp. Old quarry near the mill,
Westwood.

H. ericetorum var. minor Jeff. Old quarry near the mill,
Westwood.

H. rotundata Mull. Harland Rise, Risby, Drift Beverley Beck,
Cherry-tree Lane, Molescroft and plantation near Long
Lane: locally abundant.

H. pygmea Drap. Westwood: scarce.

H. pulchella Mull. Drift Beverley Beck.

H. pulchella var. costata Mull. Harland Rise and Westwood:
abundant.

Bulimus obscurus Mull. Drift Beverley Beck,

Pupa umbilicata Drap. Risby: abundant. Bishop Burton,
Pot and Ladle Chalk Pit and Meaux: plentiful.

Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Risby: one specimen.

V. pygmea var. quadridentata. Westwood: scarce.

V. edentula Drap. Meaux: very abundant.

Clausilia rugosa Drap. Harland Rise, Rowley, Risby and
Bentley.

GC. laminata Mont. Rowley and Harland Rise.

Cochlicopa lubrica. Harland Rise, Drift Beverley Beck,
Cherry-tree Lane, Westwood, Meaux, Risby and
Molescroft.

C. lubrica var. lulbricoides Fer. Harland Rise.

Achatina acicula Mull. Harland Rise and Westwood: scarce.

Carychium minimum Mull. Abundant: Westwood, Risby,
Molescroft, banks of River Hull, Cottingham, &c. _

————_¢-e-@—_____

J.C., iii, April, 1882

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 297

SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS FIELD-NOTES.

By WILLIAM BAILLIE,

TEACHER, BRORA, SUTHERLANDSHIRE.

I had some shell hunting in the summer and autumn of 1881
over several parts of Sutherland and Caithness. A arbustorum is
quite common on the east coast of Sutherland, often in company
with AH. hortensis and H. hybrida. The ordinary form most
common, the greenish-yellow and dark brown varieties, are found
in Assynt, S.W. of Sutherland, at the foot of a high cliff about 600
feet above sea level. I also found a few specimens on the east
coast of Caithness near Dunheath Castle and at Brawl Castle on
Thurso River, N.E. Caithness. A. aculeata, found high up
Dunheath River, Caithness. “4. evtceforwm, found in one locality
on the north coast of Sutherland near mouth of Halladale River;
I have a colony of them on the east coast near Brora, but lost
sight of them during winter. HZ. votundata, very common in east
Sutherland and Caithness. A. pulchella, common on the oolite
near the sea in E. Sutherland. Vitrina pellucida, very common
in Sutherland and Caithness. Zonztes cellartus, alliarius, nitidulus,
purus, crystallinus and fulvus in a few localities. Pupa umbilicata
occurs all over Sutherland and Caithness. Gadlia perversa, a few
‘found on a beech tree near Dunrobin Castle (Duke of Sutherland’s).
Clausilia rugosa is found in considerable abundance about a
ruinous castle on Loch Assynt, S.W. of Sutherland ; last summer I
took a colony of them to the east coast, several greenish-white in
colour; it has also been found by others about Dunrobin Woods.
Cochlicopa lubrica 1s very abundant near the east coast, also at
Brawl Castle, Caithness; some are of a glassy appearance and a
few have a white band. Carychium minimum is abundant in a
few damp spots on the east coast oolite, particularly among rushes

298 BAILLIE: SUTHERLAND AND CAITHNESS FIELD-NOTES.

and flags. Swecinea putris, found last summer in two localities in
Sutherland and one in Caithness. Besides the above I collected
many fresh water shells.

In April, 1882, I found two beauties of Helex lamellata and
one pretty large 7. aculeata, several Claustlia rugosa, one Vertigo
which looks like mznwtiss¢ma, two like V. edentfula, one dead Balia
perversa (which got smashed in the box on my way home) on a
large beech tree—all in Golspie Burn or stream near Dunrobin
Castle. I took the whole day examining one side of the stream.
I found besides what seems to me a Helix pygmea.

Since May, 1882, I have travelled over very near the whole
county of Sutherland and two parts of Ross-shire. From Forsi-
nard Railway Station I went north to the coast, and coasted and
doubled some of the many inlets to Durness, and then down to
Scourie and Unapool and crossed east from sea to sea to Invershin
Station and then home by rail, taking eight days altogether. As
a whole the route was poor in conchology. ‘The east coast of the
Kyle of Tongue and the west shore of Loch Assynt are the only
good stations in West Sutherland, and about ten days at each
station would almost exhaust the list to be found. I had not the
good fortune to find Helzx rupestris. I believe I have now one
felix pygmea from Tongue Wood and another from Golspie
Wood. #. /amellata and aculeata 1 found in two different
localities in E. Sutherland. Awdlimus obscurus | found, first alive
at Rockfiel, south shore of Tarbetness, Cromarty, and lately at
two localities in E. Sutherland—one near the Ord of Caithness, so
Iam almost sure it must extend along the east coast of Caithness.
Pupa marginata I found lately at the roots of grass near the sea,
about three miles north of Brora; I had some dead ones before,
picked up at the roots of juniper bushes. Among a lot of Pupa
collected in 1881 in E, Sutherland and kept in tin boxes all

J.C., iii., April, 1882

’
BOOG WATSON: CIRCE versus GOULDIA. 299

winter, I found one Vertigo angustior. V. edentula, E. and W.
Sutherland, and one near Ben Armine near the watershed. I
have some beautiful varieties of 4. nmemoralis and arbustorum.

Pisidium pustllum extends round the whole county east and west, |

and also most of Caithness; I think I have two other species of
fisidia. Unio margaritifer, Naver River in the west and Brora and
Helmsdale Rivers in the east. Valvata piscinalis, dead shells,
Loch Assynt, west. Flanorbis nautileus, 1 found three living
specimens about one mile south-west of Mound Station in a deep
drain inclined to brackish water. P. confortis seems common in
the lochs and rivers, often washed down to the sea-side, where I
find them dead pretty often. Limnea peregra, L. truncatula
and Ancylus fluviatilis extend over nearly all parts of Sutherland
and Caithness. I found this summer (1882) another Zzmnea near
Dornoch Firth, either half grown galustris or glabra.

CIRCE versus GOULDIA.
By THE Rev. R. BOOG WATSON, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c.

The genus Gouldia of C. B. Adams, had fallen into disfavour,
till in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1879, p. 131,
Mr. W. H. Dall of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
whom all his friends respect no less for his patriotism than for his
conchology, claimed for it a new generic recognition. Mr. Edgar
A. Smith in a very interesting paper published in the P. Z.S.,
1881, p. 489, set aside these claims and maintained the Cv7ce of
Schumacher as the most satisfactory title. Mr. Dall in the Bul-
letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Nov. 28, 1881, de-
clined to accept Mr. Smith’s verdict.

300 BOOG WATSON: CIRCE Uérs#s GOULDIA.

The question being, therefore, still open, I wish to point out
that for Gouldia two positions have been claimed :—

(i.) That of a genus, which is what its author designed
for it;
(ii.) That of a subgenus of Czrce=Lioconcha Morch.

As to I., two things have to be considered :—

(1.) The definition of Gou/dia as a genus by C. B. Adams;
(2.) Its generic peculiarity at all.

As to 1, C. B. Adams based his diagnosis on two species, of
which, one is unquestionably a Cvassatel/ia and the other is
Gouldia (or Circe) cerina. To class two forms so diverse as these
are under one diagnosis does not imply gross ignorance—nobody
has charged that against Professor Adams—but it affects most
seriously the value of his diagnosis. It cannot apply to both—
who shall decide to which. Mr. Dall says he gives up the Crassa-
tella, it is the other which is the true type. Suppose that granted
(which yet after all is hardly so), then (2) is G. (or C.) cerina
generically so? Mr. Dall thinks something may be said for it on
this footing, but finally he retreats from this position and consents
to its ranking as a subgenus, therefore the whole of queston i. is
settled: Gouwldia cannot reckon as a genus.

‘We come therefore now to ii.—Is Gouldia to displace Zio-
concha as a subgenus of Czvce? In answer to that question it may
probably be said that many persons will not much care whether it
does or not. Subgenera are little more than museum fancies
which each person treats as he chooses, but to disturb a name
which has so far gained acceptance as Lzoconcha has done, in
order to make a shelter for a disembodied name like Gow/dia is
hardly wise.

On the whole therefore judgment seems to be in with Mr. E.
A. Smith, and the Gouldia C. B. Ad. had better be abandoned.

—_——_+0e—___-

J.C., iii., April, 1882

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 301

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EVVEA FROM

WEST AFRICA.
By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S.,

(ZooLoGicaAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH Museum).

The species about to-be described belongs to that section of
the genus to which Dr. Pfeiffer gave the name Ldentulina, on
account of the absence of teeth and plicze upon the walls of the
aperture.

Ennea Martensi.

Testa perforata, ovata, mediocriter crassiuscula, cereo-albida, nitens,
oblique arcuatim et confertim lirata, striis spiralibus rugulosts
in interstitits sculpta ; anfractus 7,convextuscult, ultimus supra
aperturam sublevigatus et politus, postice oblique descendens,
prope labrum breviter subitoque ascendens, lirts longitudinalibus
versus basim absoletis. Apertura lata, magna, {5 longitudints
totius subeguans,; columella obligua, rectilinearis, nec plicata
nec contorta. Feristoma album, incrassatum, undigue expan-
sum et breviter reflexum, margine labrali superne arcuato,
inferne obliguo, columellari rectiusculo, subperpendiculart.
Longit. gx millim., diam. 223. Apertura longit. 10, latit. 15%.

flab.—West Africa.

This fine species of Hea, forming part of the Cumingian
Collection, is closely related to Z. zusignis of Pfeiffer, yet perfectly
distinct. ‘The latter species (the type of which, described in the
“Proceedings of the Zoological Society” for 1856, is in the British
Museum) is not perforated, has excessively fine oblique striation,
has more distinct spiral sculpture than &. Martenst and the
columella is plicate at the lower part, whilst in the present species
this feature is wanting.

In the “Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Berlin” for 1876, Dr. E. von Martens has given a figure of the

302 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

animal and shell (pl. iv., f. 1) of a species which he refers to the
£. insignis of Pfeiffer, but which appears to me to represent that
above described. The form and sculpture are quite the same,
the latter being very much coarser than that of £. zusignis.
Unfortunately the view given of the shell does not show the
umbilical region, and consequently I am in doubt respecting that
part. Another character well represented in Martens’s figure is
the abrupt change of sculpture from coarse lire to a nearly smooth
surface on the front of the body-whorl just above the aperture.
This peculiarity is scarcely noticeable in Z. znstgnzs.

I take this opportunity of giving a name to a distinct species
which is figured by Martens (l.c., pl. iv., f 4—5) as the Z.
monodon of Morelet. Of this species, which I propose to name
£. Dohrui, the British Museum possesses two specimens. It is
a larger and more pupiform shell than 2. monodon, consisting of
fewer whorls and with a shorter and less conical spire. Dr. Dohrn
has already pointed out its distinctness in the “Jahrbiicher
der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft” for 1878.

00>

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON FELIX ARBUSTORUM.
By JOHN W.. TAYLOR.

Since the publication of the ‘‘Life History” of this species
additional information has come to hand, mainly through the
kindly interest of Mrs. Fitzgerald, Rev. J. McMurtrie, M.A.,
F.L.S., Mr. W. D. Roebuck and other friends.

Distribution.

Rev. R. Boog Watson, F.L.S., informs me that according to
Nordenskiold and Nylander this species is found in Finland only
in Karelen and Aland, where it is the commonest of the large

J.C., iii, April, 1882

TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM. 303

helices. Shrenck says it has been found in Hogland but this
requires confirmation.
Development.

Miss Donald of Stanwix, Carlisle, informs me that this
species flourishes in confinement, and that she has frequently
observed immature specimens in her possession with their mouths
downward in the soil, as though engaged in enlarging their shells.

Variations.
Var. major Pfr.

Rev. W. C. Hey reports it from Fulford Gravel Pits, and
Mr. G. Roberts from Pontefract and neighbourhood.

Mrs. Fitzgerald, to whom I am under great obligations for
her readiness to give information and assistance, has found it at
Salzburg, Buda-Pesth, Passau and Gmunden, Salzkammergut, and
has kindly given me specimens. At Salzburg some of the small
bushes on the Monchsberg were literally hung with them.

Var. minima Pfr.

Rey. J. McMurtrie writes me that “asmall form, not a/fesd77s,
occurs with the species at North Berwick.” Mrs. Fitzgerald has
kindly given me specimens of a banded form of this variety
collected by her at Widgonsteg, Jura, Wurtemburg, and I have
taken it near Kandersteg, Switzerland.

Var. alpestris Zgl.

Mr. L. E. Emmet found this var. on April roth between
Dore and Baslow near Sheffield, in company with vars. flavescens
and marmorata, all hidden away half-a-foot below the surface
underneath stones, sometimes in clusters of 20 together. Mr.
Roberts quotes Pontefract and neighbourhood, and I have found
two specimens at Bishopthorpe near York. In Scotland, Mr. H.
Coates has found it at Pitlochrie on the Silurian formation at
500—600 feet elevation. Rev. J. McMurtrie says: “‘abundant

304 TAYLOR: ON HELIX ARBUSTORUM.

above Mirren,” and Mrs. Fitzgerald has found it at Altdorf,
Switzerland, and kindly given me specimens.

Var. conoidea Westerl.
Rev. W. C. Hey has a very conical form from Fulford,

probably this variety.

Var. rudis Muhlf.
Mrs. Fitzgerald informs me she has found this in the Dolomites.

Var. fusca Fer.

Carlisle (Miss Donald); Ben More, Perthshire (Hey).

Var. Repellini Charpentier.
Mr. Rowland has kindly sent me an interesting shell from
York, which may be referred to this variety.

Var. Moravica Stossich.

The specimens alluded to, under var. 4aylez, as in the
possession of Mr. Ponsonby, are, Mrs. Fitzgerald informs me,
this variety; and I am indebted to her kindness for specimens.
I have not seen the original description.

Var. flavescens Mogq.-Tand.

The additional localities for this variety are Beverley
(Butterell), Fulford (Hey), Helmsley (Hugh Richardson), Ikley
(Nelson), Sheffield (L. E. Emmet), Skipton and Tadcaster (Miss
Fairbrass); Gunnar Peak on the Tyne on nettles (Richardson);
Near Carlisle (Miss Donald); Lewes, Sussex (Jenner). In Scot-
land, Rev. J. McMurtrie reports it ‘abundant near Portree, Skye;
near the town of Ayr, at the foot of the Doon, &c.” Mr. W.
Baillie of Brora, has found it, at an altitude of 600 feet, near
Assynt, S. W. Sutherland. Mrs. Fitzgerald has also kindly given
me some specimens from Munich, Bavaria.

J.C., iiit., April, 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 305

Var. marmorata Taylor.

This variety is reported from Beverley (Butterell), Boston
Spa (J. Emmet), Castle Howard (Hey), Sledmere (Welburn) and
near Sheffield (Lewis E. Emmet). Miss Fairbrass found two fine
specimens on nettles at Ashford, Kent, and also has it from near
Folkestone; Miss Donald finds it near Carlisle; Mr. Jenner gives
Lewes, Sussex; and M. Elie Gaucher records it from Schaffhausen

and Constance.

Var. pallida Taylor.

Mr. W. Baillie has kindly sent one not very characteristic
shell from E. Sutherland, and Mrs. Fitzgerald some others from
Munich.

—eee

Var. albinos Moq.-Tand.
Great Longton, Derbyshire (Miss Fairbrass).

‘A variety with white interior at Ferry Hinksey” near
Oxford is recorded by J. Dalton in Naturalist, 1855, p. 200.

AUTHENTICATED LIST OF LAND & FRESHWATER
MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX,

WITH A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS
OF SOME SPECIES.

By WILLIAM JEFFERY, or RATHAM, CHICHESTER.

(Read before the Conchological Society.)

In compiling this list my observations apply in general to
the extreme west of the county, I may say almost entirely to the
west of the River Arun-—a district which I have worked myself
within the last fifteen years. Hayling Island is in the county of
Hampshire, but as my researches have extended thus far I have
included it in the area.

306 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.

All the species have been submitted for identification to the
Conchological Society, and I am indebted also to my friend Mr.
H. Haines of West Ashling for much kind assistance and
co-operation during the past two years.

Some fourteen other species are recorded as found in the
county of Sussex, viz::—Spherium rivicola (rejectamenta o
Arun), Bythinia Leachit, Planorbis carinatus, P. lineatus, Limnea
Slabra, Helix cartustana, H. concinna, H. sertcea?, H. fusca, Pupa
secale, Vertigo antivertigo, V. edentula, Azeca tridens and Acme
lineata (see Zoologist for 1878).

With the exception of He/7x fusca none of these have come
under my notice here. I found one example of this species, since
having had some sent me, which I obtained near here in 1880,
but am not quite certain as to the locality.

On the other hand Zimax arborum has been overlooked by
other observers, for although I find it far from uncommon and
even numerous in certain parts, it is not mentioned in any of the
local lists in the county of Sussex.

AQUATIC.

Sphzrium corneum. Generally distributed: in the mud of
ponds and ditches and occasionally amongst floating
weeds. The var. flavescens plentiful in the mill stream
at Burton near Petworth amongst and under water moss
and other vegetation, but not found in the mud as is
the typical S. cormewm. They occur here literally in
masses and may be taken up by the handful.

S. lacustre. In similar situations as the last and equally well
distributed. Var. Brochoniana is found near Ratham.

Pisidium amnicum. Perhaps pretty well distributed but rot
hnumerous—not generally considered common in the

J.C., iii., April 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 307

county, residing in the mud at the bottom of ditches
and slowstreams. The upper portion of the valves, that
above the mud surface invariably incrusted.

P. fontinale. The most common and generally distributed of
the genus. Last April while examining one of this
species under the microscope I witnessed the birth, at
intervals, of three young through the siphon. The foot
of the young bivalve always appeared first, clinging
round the edges as if feeling its way out, but each one
was ultimately expelled by a current or rather blast of
water by the parent, and was soon starting on a voyage
of discovery of its own.

With regard to microscopic observations, I think I
ain correct in stating that I have detected in this species
at the edge of the mantle at the anterior* margin (around
the foot when extended) where the in-current of water

*T felt somewhat puzzled as to whether I should write anterior or posterior
here. Authors do not seem to be agreed on this point. Jeffreys writes (Brit.
Conch., vol.i., p. 16) with regard to the genus eszdium: ‘‘beaks placed near
the shorter or anterior end.” But in Woodward’s Manual of the Mollusca,
2nd edition, 1871, p. 462, is written: ‘‘anterior side the longest.” This latter
description is in my opinion correct.

In the Pis7diade@ the foot is extended from the longer end or side, and this
end is to the front when the animal is travelling. with the siphon at the shorter
end, behind. The same occurs in the genus Sferzwm, though in this case
the shells are nearly equilateral. In Uzzo and Azodonta however the foot is
protruded from the shorter end and the siphons are placed at the longer and
thinner end ; here therefore the shorter and thinner end would be zatuzally
anterior.

I find in Popular Conchology, Catlow, 1854, in an explanation of terms:
‘“CANTERIOR—The side of the shell, in Bivalves, where the ligament is
situated,” and ‘‘POSTERIOR” vce versd. It is probably on this ground that
Jeffreys makes the assertion above alluded to, but if this be accepted as correct
we must decide that Spherium and Pistdium travel backwards or posterior end
first. Therefore I have in this case followed Woodward and written anterior.

The fact of the in-current in these genera being taken at the anterior
margin, which margin would when the mollusk is under the surface of the mud
be the part most deeply buried, the siphon being uppermost, tends to the
inference that they derive their food from beneath the surface of the mud, or it
shows that they are better adapted for a life above it than either Uxzo or
Anodonta.

208 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.

and consequently of food is situated in the genus
Pisidium, \t having no influx siphon, a fringe of vibratile
cilia, whose function would appear to be to create a current
for the passing away of objectionable matter while the
folds of the mantle are temporarily closed, and probably
being very sensitive, to detect such matter in its passage
between the valves. I have most positively noticed a
side current caused by these cilia or other motive
power whatever it may be when the valves have been
either wholly or partially closed. The influx siphon of
the genus Axodonta and others as is well known is
clothed with a very perceptible fringe, or according to
Gray is bearded.

I have also remarked that the edges of the valves in
P. fontinale are sometimes thickly fringed with a species
of L£pzstylus (Protozoa), which probably find some
advantage in the way of obtaining food by the current
caused by the bivalve.

P. pusillum. In similar situations to the last named, but less
frequently met with.

P. nitidum. I have found this species in the deep ditches and
pits at Chidham. Not so generally met with as the
other species in this genus.

Unio pictorum. Plentiful at Burton near Petworth in a
tributary of the western Rother, and probably occurs
in other branches of this river, which flows into

the Arun.
Anodonta cygnea. Occurs commonly with the last named

species and throughout the Arun waters. Also in the
Chichester Canal.

A. anatina. Burton and Wisboro Green. Have taken the
variety complanata at Burton.

J.C,, iii., April, 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 309

Neritina fluviatilis. Last summer (1881) I found this shell
plentifully in the Arun, a few miles above the town of
Arundel, on chalk and stones at low water, for the tide
affects the height of the river thus far. The specimens
found were all of small size and more or less blackish
in colour (probably from incrustation) and showing no
markings, but some that I have kept living have, in a
considerable portion of new growth of the shell since
they were obtained, revealed the beautifully tessellated
markings commonly indicated in descriptions of it.

Paludina vivigara. ‘The only recorded locality for this shell
is the River Arun (Borrer in Zoologist, 1878). I found it
numerous at Wisbro’ Green in 1877 in a ditch supplying
the Wey andArunCanal. It probably camefrom the Wey,

Bythinia tentaculata. Common in most clear streams,
ponds and ditches.

Valvata piscinalis. Of frequent occurrence in such situations
as the last named, but generally in deeper water. In
May, 1868, I took about 350 shells from the stomach
of a large eel, nearly all of which belonged to this
species, but amongst them were a few Planorbis com-
planatus and one Bythinia tentaculata. The variety
subcylindrica has occurred to me.

V. cristata. Amongst weeds in ponds and ditches. No doubt
often overlooked from its resemblance at first sight to
young specimens of Planorbis.

Planorbis nitidus, Fairly common. The allied species, P.
lineatus, has not turned up in this dirtrict, though said
to be found sparingly in the eastern part of the county.

P. nautileus. Found in a small pond at Chidham, without the
extremely elevated ridges which occur in the variety

310 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.

cristata, which var. I have found however at Ratham
and also at Wisbro’ Green.

Planorbis albus. Common.

P. spirorbis. Common.

P. vortex. Less common than the last.

P. complanatus. Common.

P. corneus. Have found this species in the levels of the Arun
near Pulborough and Burpham, also at Bersted near
Bognor, but it does not occur in the Chichester district
nor west of it that I can ascertain.

P. contortus. Not so common as some other species of this
genus.

Physa hypnorum. Rather a local species: frequenting stagnant
ditches, which dry up in summer. This snail then
buries itself in the mud at the bottom, and does not
appear to turn out again when the ditches get filled in
the autumn; so that its enjoyment of life must be
confined to a very short period, and I have often
been led to wonder how it continues to exist under
such circumstances. Occasionally it may be found in
slow running waters, which do not entirely dry up in
summer.

It is probably the most rapid traveller of all our
aquatic snails, and does not well bear the confinement
of an aquarium, being almost sure to crawl out before it
has been many days in one, especially if the water be
allowed to attain anything beyond a cool temperature.

As one of the lung-breathers (Pulmonobranchiata)
it has to come to the surface of the water periodically
for a supply of air. When in deep water (though it
naturally prefers shallow, and loves to crawl, foot
upwards, on the surface) it will frequently spin a web of

J.C., iii., April, 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 311

slime (byssus) and so rise perpendicularly to the surface,
and having taken the required supply of air, turn
leisurely about and crawl down the same web again.
Once while witnessing this performance, the. slime
parted from its mooring, when poor hypnorum was
quickly carried to the surface again by the air which it
had taken in.

Both species of Physa have beautifully polished
shells, which of course would soon become covered with
conferva,. &c., if not kept off by some means. This

" office snails often perform for each other by rasping with

their horny jaws in the usual operation of feeding, but

P. hypnorum can effect this for itself unaided, even to

the very point of its long shell, as I have had proof by
observations on some I kept in an aquarium.

P.fontinalis. Generally distributed: often found in deep water.

Limneea peregra. Common: the varieties ovata and
acuminata occur.

L. auricularia. Occurs in some artificial ponds in my garden.

L. auricularia var. ampla. Artificial ponds in my garden.

L. stagnalis. I found this species for the first time in the
Burpham brooks (levels of the Arun) last summer (1881).
Mr. Harting in his ‘Mollusca of Sussex,” Zoologist,
1878, writes that it is “common in ponds and _ ditches,”
but it certainly is not found near Chichester.

L. palustris. Common: I have obtained the variety elongata
from Freshwater in the Isle of Wight.

L. truncatula. I think this species has a better claim to be
called the ‘wandering’ mud shell than Z. pevegra, for
wherever a roadside stream trickles down in spring it is
sure to find its way, no matter to what elevation and
almost equally certain to be dried up in summer.

312 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.

I have lately found some small specimens in a marl
pit near Woodmancote, at a considerable elevation and
far from any permanent water. These were found under
some of the larger pieces of loose marl, in summer, when
there was no trace of water, though the position from
being shaded from the sun was always damp, yet without
standing water in winter.

Ancylus fluviatilis. Common in the clear running streams
issuing from the chalk hills, also noted in a tributary of
the Rother near Midhurst (sand district). All appear
to belong to the variety albida.

A. lacustris. Found in a pit at Bosham and also in one
at Hayling, in both places generally attached to the
stems of the Cat-tail Reed ( Zypha latifolia) and of the
variety albida in both cases.

TERRESTRIAL.

Arion ater. Common and generally distributed: brown speci-
mens are not infrequent.

A. hortensis. Too common in our gardens and fields.

Limax marginatus. In gardens and about buildings, but not
plentiful. I have found it feeding on a Great Spotted
Slug which T had killed the day before.

L. flavus. Common in cellars and drains, under stones, &c.

L. agrestis. Common everywhere.

L. arborum. Not uncommon in beech plantations, where it
ascends these trees, often to a great height, in showery
weather, and frequently remains throughout the day in
the nooks under the branches (the arm-pits as it were),
but in dry weather retiring to the ground under the
shelter of decaying leaves. This slug exudes a great

J.€., iii,, April, 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 313

quantity of very watery slime on being captured. It is
common among the beeches at the back of the Good-
wood race stand. Has not been noticed in Sussex by
other observers.

Limax maximus. Common.

Testacella has not been recoided in Sussex, but is numerous in
a garden at Newport, Isle of Wight, as many as 200
having been counted in one evening.

I turned down in my garden half-a-dozen specimens
sent me thence a year or more ago, but have seen
nothing of them since until I found a quarter grown
young one last September. It is also found in other
gardens at Newport.

Succinea putris. Common and generally distributed in suitable
situations. In some localities the animal is of a light
yellowish colour, in others nearly black.

S. elegans. Found in Hayling Island.

Vitrina pellucida. Local but plentiful where it occurs.

Zonites cellarius. Common.

Z.alliarius. Generally distributed but not numerous.

Z. nitidulus. Fairly distributed.

Z. purus. Common, but nearly all belong to the variety
margaritacea.

Z. radiatulus. I find this snail on my lawn at the roots of
grasses, clovers, &c., in company with Felix pulchella;
also in pastures but not plentifully.

Z. nitidus. I took some specimens of this snail near Ratham
some years ago, but have not met with it recently, the
ground having been drained.

Z. excavatus. Found a single specimen near Midhurst in
1881. Mr. Borrer also records a single specimen from
St. Leonard’s Forest (Zoologist, 1878).

314 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.

Zonites crystallinus. Fairly common.

Z. fulvus. Not so common as the last but often found in
company with it.

Helix aculeata. Not numerous and requires a lot of finding.

H. pomatia though plentiful in Surrey has not been found in
Sussex, but dead shells have been discovered not far
from Petersfield (Zoologist, 1878).

H. aspersa. Numerous and generally distributed; var. grisea
occurs sparingly near the Downs.

H. nemoralis. Whether this species be distinct from JZ.
hortensts or not, they are not as a rule found in the
same localities about here. The so called black-mouth,
nemoralis, occurs on the Downs amongst furze and
juniper bushes and long grass, also in plantations on the
chalk and gravel, and is a larger and stouter shell than
hortensis. ‘Yhe latter is principally found in hedgerows
in the level country and most commonly by roadsides,
generally amongst nettles, on which it feeds greedily.
I have occasionally found it ascending beech trees, but
it is not generally in such cases mixed with the larger
shell, zemoralzs. Black-lipped specimens of the type
hortensis have occurred to me in one locality, a roadside
hedge about a mile below Oakwood (wemora/is is found
in Oakwood), and it seems possible that specimens of
nemoralts may have been carried down to this spot by
floods (as there is, after heavy rains, a great flow of water
from the wood by this place) and have inter-bred with
the white-mouths. These black-lips are confined to the
pure yellow variety without stripes.

H. arbustorum. A very local species: occurs at Harting, and
I have found it on both eastern and western sides of
Pulborough; also at Cocking near Midhurst. These

J.C., iii., April, 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX. 315

localities are on high and fairly dry ground. The only
other locality I can record is the valley of the Ems,
quite on the western border of Sussex. Here it occurs
at Lordington, Racton and Westbourne, in damp situa-
tions by the stream which reaches the sea at Emsworth.

Helix cantiana. One of our commonest snails, from the

Downs to the sea coast.

H.rufescens. A garden pest, and common in hedgerows.
H. hispida. Common: less hispid on marshy ground.
H. virgata. Numerous on the Downs but of smallsize. Fairly

distributed in the lowlands to the sea coast, growing to
a good size in suitable localities and in favourable seasons.

H. caperata. Generally distributed. The variety Gigaxii is

occasionally found, and the species generally has a
tendency to this form here.

H.ericetorum. Common on the Downs, generally of small

size, but in some few favored spots growing to nearly
#-inch diameter. At Up Park for instance it is found
of this size, but only, so far as I am aware, on the steep
slopes of a roadway cut through the chalk, also at
Adsdean Chalk-pit, again on a steep incline, and thirdly
on the Downs northeast of Kingly-vale on the slopes of
a cut roadway somewhat similar to the Up Park locality,
with steep sides but not more than three to three-and-a-
half feet deep.

It is remarkable that by neither of these roadways
are any specimens to be found a yard away on the level.
This fact much puzzles me.

H. rotundata. Common and generally distributed.
H. rupestris. Last summer I found this species very plentifully

on a wall near Arundel. Only three other localities in
Sussex are given, viz. :—Horsham and Keymer Churches

316 JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OF WESTERN SUSSEX.

and near Lewes (Zoologist, 1878).

Helix pygmeea. Have not found this snail myself, but my friend
Mr. H. Haines has given me specimens which he
collected last season at Woodend near here.

H. pulchella. Equally common from the Downs to lowland
meadows at the roots of herbage and under stones. I.
find great numbers on the lawn in my garden.

H. lapicida. Common in beech woods on the chalk; after a
shower the stems of these trees are often covered with
them; also about loose stone walls and ivy-covered
palings. On the flat country, south of the Downs, it
is rare if not altogether absent. It occurs in Hayling

Island.
H. obvoluta. Distribution very restricted: occurring generally

only on the northern ranges of the South Downs. Has
been taken plentifully at Up Park in the extreme north-
west of the county, adjoining Hampshire, and is also
reported from Duneton, Graffham and _ Storington,
further east. I have occasionally found dead shells for
the last ten years, on a bank at Woodend, at the base
of the Downs, but no living specimens, even after many
careful searches during that period, so I conclude it has
died out—it may have been introduced there.

Bulimus obscurus. ‘The only representative of this genus
found in Sussex, though J. montfanus is common at
Selbourne in Hants, only a few miles over the boundary.
Beech woods on the chalk: common.

Pupa umbilicata. Common and generally distributed.

P. marginata. Not so numerous as the last, but occurring
from the Downs to the sea.

Vertigo pygmezea. Under stones, &c., from the Downs to the
lowland meadows.

J.C., ii., April, 1882

JEFFERY: THE MOLLUSCA OCF WESTERN SUSSEX. 317

Balea perversa. Common on mossy stems of beech trees and
on moss-covered walls.
Clausilia rugosa. Common.
C. Rolphii. <A very local species: plentiful in restricted areas
about Up Park, and has been found at Racton.
C. laminata. Common in beech woods on the chalk. The
variety albida is occasionally met with.
Cochlicopa lubrica. Common in damp situations. The var.
hyalina is found, but not numerously.
Achatina acicula. Rare: Mr. Haines has found a few empty
shells near Woodend.
Referring to this species the Rev. H. Housman in
_ alittle work recently pubiished by him, entitled “The
Story of our Museum,” writes: ‘“‘There was lately
discovered near Chichester what appears to be an early
British burying-ground. Many skeletons were found
The bones, which lay about three feet below
the surface, were infested with Achatina acicula.”
Carychium minimum. This minute species is no doubt often
overlooked, but appears to be generally distributed in
damp situations, under timber, &c., and amongst
decaying leaves.
Cyclostoma elegans. Numerous on the Downs, about plan-
tations and hedgerows extending to about 14 miles from
the foot of the Downs on dry banks.

318 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE
COUNTY OF SUSSEX.

By WILLIAM DENISON ROEBUCK.

It is proposed from time to time to issue County Biblio-
graphies of conchological literature, and it would seem a fitting
_choice to commence with Sussex, on the occasion of inserting
Mr. Jeffery’s list of West Sussex shells. This bibliography does
not by any means pretend to be complete, and the compiler
would be pleased to receive additional citations for publication
in the Journal. He has to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs.
F. C. S. Roper, F.1..S., of Eastbourne, and W. Jeffery of Ratham,
Chichester, also of the Secretary of the Eastbourne Natural
History Society. ;

1840. J. E. Gray.—A Manual of the L. & F. W. Shells of
the British islands) 2) 3) by Walliany ‘lurtons eal
newedition . . By John Edward Gray . . .”—1840.

Sussex notes at pp. 35, 37, 146, 147 and 216.
1845. T. Vernon Wollaston.—‘“‘Carnivorous propensity of
the Helicide.”—Zoologist, 1845, ill. 943—4.
Three Helices are recorded as taken at Bulverhithe.
1853. W. H. Hawker.—‘“‘Discovery of Helix obvoluta in
Hampshire.” —Zool., xi. 3764.
The shell is also recorded for Sussex.
1853. W. C. Unwin.—“<A List with Notes on the Habitats
and Localities, of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs,

observed in the Vicinity of Lewes, in Sussex.”— Morris’
Naturalist, 1853, 111. 54—58.

1854. R.H.S. Smith.—“List of Land and Fresh-water Mol-
lusks found near Sevenoaks, Kent.”—Zool., xi. 4333.

Helix concinna mentioned for Sussex.

J.C., iit., April, 1882

ROEBUCK: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUSSEX. 319

1858. Dixon and Watson.—“A Descriptive Manual of
British Land and Freshwater Shells.” p. 53.

1860. Mrs. Merrifield.—Natural History of Brighton.
Conchology at pp. 155—161. [Not seen by the compiler.

1862. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.—British Conchology, i. 106, 193,
282.

1864. Mrs. Merrifield.-—“A List of Land and Freshwater
Mollusca which have been met with in the Neighbour-
hood of Brighton.” Published in Merrifield’s ‘Sketch of
the Natural History of Brighton,’ 1864, p.223. [Not seen.

1866. Ralph Tate.—“A Plain and Easy Account of the Land
and Freshwater Mollusks of Great Britain.” :

Sussex notes at pp. 121, 125, 126, 127, 139, 141, 148, 170,
192 and 222.

1868. Wm. Jeffery.—‘“‘A Season’s Collecting of Land and
Freshwater Shells in West Sussex.”—Zoologist, 1868,

pp. 1215-—1217.
1869. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.—British Conchology, v. 152, 159.

1871. Committee of Eastbourne Natural History
Society.—A List of the Mollusca which have been
found in the neighbourhood of Eastbourne; prepared,
with other provisional lists of the Fauna and Flora of the
District, by a Committee of the N. H. S. of Eastbourne,
and published in Gowland’s ‘Guide to Eastbourne,’ 8th ed.

1873. F.C.S. Roper.—Supplement to the Fauna and Flora
of Eastbourne (privately printed Dec.) [Not seen.

1873. Committee of Eastbourne Natural History
Society.—Lists of Fauna.—Published in Chambers’
Handbook for Eastbourne, 1873, corrected to June,
1873. [ Not seen.

1875. Theo. Godlee.—‘‘Helix obvoluta Muller.”—Quart.
Journ. of Conch., May 1875, 1. 67—68.

1875. Theo. Godlee.—“ Helix caperata var. ornata.”—Quart.
Journ. Conch., May 1875, i. 70.

320 ROEBUCK: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SUSSEX.

1875. J. E. Harting.—“Rambles in Search of Shells, Land
and Freshwater.”—8vo., 1875.

Sussex notes at pp. 34, 71, 72, 75, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 88.

1877. Joseph Weaver.—Chapter IV. (pp. 307—323) of
“The History of Harting, in the County of Sussex—By
the Rev. H. D. Gordon,” is an account of the mollusca
to be found in the parish of Harting near Petersfield.

[Not seen.

1877. Jno. W. Taylor.—“Limax gagates at Hastings.”—
OO. oC Aue 218 774.245.

1878. J. E. Harting.—“The Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of Sussex.”—Zoologist, 1878, Third series, 11. 84—94,
122—126, 161—168.

1878. Wm. Jeffery.—‘‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
Sussex” [additional to his 1868 list].—Zoologist, 1878,
3rd series, 1. r80—181.

1878. A.W. Langdon.—The list of mollusca in “The Natural
History of Hastings and St. Leonards and the vicinity.”

The Mollusca are enumerated at pp. 12—14, with indications
of rarity and commonness.
1879. F.C. S. Roper.— ‘On the Additions to the Fauna and

Flora of the Cuckmere District during the past year.”—
Eastbourne N. H. S. paper, Oct. 17th, 1879.

Three species and four varieties of mollusca added.

1880. J. H. A. Jenner.—“Land and Fresh Water Mollusca”
[including a list of East Sussex species ].—Eastbourne
N. H. S. paper, March roth, 1880.

[The bibliography for Oxfordshire will probably be the next undertaken,
but before it is published the compiler would be glad to have the opportunity
of inspecting Whiteaves’ List of Oxfordshire Shells, or the number of the
Ashmolean Transactions in which it is contained. Any one who would assist
him to the sight of this work would place the compiler under obligation.
Letters may be addressed to care of jhe Editor of the Journal of Conchology. ]

J.C., iii., April, 1882

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 321

ON THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID
DURING HIBERNATION.

By CHARLES ASHFORD.

Cold-blooded animals possess very little proper heat, that is
to say the internal temperature of their bodies is, in all seasons, .
nearly the same as that of the medium in which they live. What
difference exists has not been satisfactorily determined, but it
appears not to exceed two or three degrees and does not concern
us on the present occasion. The rate of pulsation of the heart of
our Land Mollusks, during the active part of their existence, has
long been known to be intimately related to the external tem-
perature, though it cannot be said in a strictly mathematical
sense to vary as the temperature. It is accelerated with a rise
and reduced with a fall of the thermometer. The coolness of
autumn, coupled with the less accessibility of food induces the long
torpor in which most-of them pass the winter months.

As to the amount of functional activity existing during
hibernation authors are not agreed. A few maintain that all the
functions are in absolute abeyance. Several allow that a very
imperfect respiration is kept up. But most agree in stating, either
directly or by implication, that the heart ceases to beat when the
animal resigns itself to its winter sleep, and does not resume
activity till the following spring. Lister, quoting Peier, is almost
alone in saying that “in spite of the state of inertness the beating
of the heart, even in the coldest weather, affords a manifest
indication of life” (Exer. Anat., p. 164). Unfortunately his
opinion was based on the results of direct vivisection or upon
appearances after the shell of the animal had been removed, and
he does not seem to have suspected that the local irritation

322 ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICIDA.

necessarily attendant upon such treatment might of itself induce
renewed pulsation.

From observations which will presently be detailed I think
that the broad statement that the heart remains motionless
throughout hibernation needs modification.

Hibernation is of two kinds, complede and partial. Such
snails as excavate a special domicile in which to pass the winter,
and some of those which merely resort to natural cavities for
protection, probably retire once for all and do not make their
reappearance till mild spring weather has set in. As examples of
this class (I refer solely to their practice in this country) may be
mentioned: Helix pomatia and perhaps 1. aspersa, H. nemoralts
and 4. arvbustorum. But there are several species —acknowledged
hibernants—which retire in autumn, but reappear again and again
in the milder intervals with which our winters are diversified.
During these periods of resuscitation the pulsations of the heart
are accelerated in obedience to the risen temperature, and the
nutritive organs sometimes resume their functions. Thus, not to
mention Vitrina pellucida and Helix fusca, which can scarcely be
said to hibernate in an average English winter, I have noticed in
active motion J. sevicea in December and January with a pulse
at 17; H. caperata apparently feeding in January and February,
HZ. hortensis in December, and H. fzspida in February, pulse 36,
the same species in January, pulse 20; A. pulchella in January,
pulse 34, another year in January, pulse 35; Cochlicopa lubrica in
December, and Zonztes alliavius 1n December, pulse 20, later in
the same month, pulse 14, and again in January, pulse 15; Z.
nitidulus in January, pulse 11; young of /. rufescens in February,
pulse 26; Z. cel/ardus in December, pulse 14; another individual,
pulse 11—Aulimus acutus—in December and February. These
are evidently partial-hibernants.

J.C., iii., July, 1882

ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICIDA. 323

Many difficulties occur in the way of observation during the
actual hibernation of the animal. Some species have shells too
opaque to allow of the heart’s action being detected through that
envelope, and I have already pointed out a great objection to the
removal, even of a part, of the shell; other species with fairly
transparent shells are difficult to procure in winter, and oppor-
tunities are rarely afforded for convenient observation from day to
day of the same tndividua/ without transferring it to a fresh locality
nearer home, where conditions may not be perfectly natural.
From these causes it is probable that a long time will elapse before
we obtain exact general knowledge of the condition of the Helicidee
during their dormant stage.

In late autumn of 1881, however, I found a single individual
of H. hortensis and two or three of Z. ce//arius in hibernation at
the base of Vinca major on a rockery in the garden, and well
positioned for easy inspection. Fixing a thermometer at the spot,
I made comparisons of pulse and temperature during the months
of December, January and February at suitable intervals. The
following are some of the results in the case of H. hortensis.
The upper numbers give the temperature Fahr. at the time of
observation (generally about 9 a.m.), and the numbers beneath
them the corresponding pulse rate per minute.

TEMPERATURE ..... 42, 33, 29, 44, 38, 37, 40, 38, 43, 41, 31, 30, 26, 43, 52.
TRIGA US) die Rh theme eensiae? 14, 5, 3°, 14, 10, 9, 10, 9, 14, 9,3?, 4,3?, 8, 22.

_ In three instances a mark of doubt is added. The animal,
under the influence of the low temperature, had withdrawn itself
rather further into its shell, so that the heart took up a position
just within the epiphragm, and, though perceptibly in motion, it
was not sufficiently in view to leave the numbers clear of doubt.

i
{

324 ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID.

The error in each case, however, probably does not exceed unity.
On three occasions, not recorded, no movement of the heart was
perceptible, but whether this was the result of absolute cessation
or from concealment of the organ, I cannot say.

With regard to the main point—the action or non-action of
the heart during hibernation—these numbers speak for them-
selves, so far as H. hortensis is concerned. But I defer a few
remarks till I have given the observations on Zonites cellarius,
which are these :—

TEMPERATURE... 43, 42, 33, 26, 44, 38, 37, 27, 38, 43, 41, 31, 30, 26, 43, 52.

PULSE < igc.teaecies 13, 13, 8, 4,12, 11, 9, 5, 13,14, 10, 8, 9, 5, 13,21.

On every occasion throughout the three months the heart of
this Zonites was in distinct action.

We see then, so far as the enquiry has extended, clear
evidence of the continuity of the circulation during the winter as
well as the summer life of these animals so long as the ther-
mometer does not fall below 26°—28° F. There is no sudden
dislocation when the period of hibernation is entered upon, but
an unceasing flow of the vital fluid, more and more sluggish as
the temperature falls, but fluctuating with the varying temperature
in obedience to the same law as obtains during the active feeding
season. It would appear, however, that the limit of endurance is
nearly reached when the thermometer shows a few degrees of frost.
Unfortunately (for my purpose), the winter of 188:1—2 was
comparatively mild and no opportunity presented of testing the
case at say ro or 12 degrees of frost. At such a point the animal
fluids perhaps congeal, but it would be interesting to discover
whether cessation of circulation takes place before this catastrophe
or is occasioned by it.

J.C., iii., July, 1882

ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID, 325

It would be unsafe to generalize from observations on two
species only, neither of them complete hibernants, still each is,
in most respects, a fair representative of its genus, and it is
probable that similar results would be obtained from an examina-
tion of any other of the half-hardy species. A few isolated records
tend to support this view. Thus I have counted in Z. vadiatulus
9 pulsations at 27° temp., in Z nétidulus 9 at 31°, in HZ. sericea 9
at 29°, and in the same species 12 at 33 and 17 at 40°. Of the
hardy species it is unnecessary to speak. ‘They pursue an active
life except in severe weather, and of course their hearts are in
action during exercise. There remains then the section of
complete hibernants, of these and of the /~pe, whose habits are
doubtful, I have nothing to say. ‘Their shells are generally too
opaque to admit of direct observation. It would be strange,
however, if they differed from the rest except in degree. I see no
trustworthy method of arriving at a knowledge of their winter
condition unless the ingenious Pulse Indicator can be adapted

for experiment upon the lower animals.
At the lower temperatures not only are the contractions of

the heart reduced to few in number, but the character of the
movements undergoes a change. A full and deliberate contraction
will be followed by one, two or three of very small amplitude, and
these again, followed after a pause by another full beat. The
intervals of recurrence of these imperfect pulsations are unequal
in length. The same irregularity is still more marked under
abnormally high temparatures, as when a Zonites has been for a
- few minutes in a hot-house. The subsiding movements then take
the form of true palpitation, and the strenuous efforts of the
animal to change its position proves that it is suffering discomfort.

Though not exactly pertinent to the subject of these notes, I
may add that in the case of the He/zx hortensis mentioned above,
the character of the epiphragm altered with the temperature.

326 ASHFORD: THE ACTION OF THE HEART IN THE HELICID.

Sometimes it was thin, pellucid and entire. At lower temperatures
it exhibited a crumpled, white fissured spot, always on the side of
the columella. Below or near freezing point it was always opaque
and papyraceous. An aperture was sometimes present, sometimes
absent, irrespective of temperature. Five times during the three
months the epiphragm was destroyed by extrusion, but was
invariably renewed the next day. That the animal fed on one, at
least, of these occasions was evident from the presence (Feb. 11)
within the epiphragm, of a mass of feecal matter absent the day
before. Zonztes cellarius formed no epiphragm, in fact a consi-
derable part of the prosoma was outside the aperture during the
whole of the three months, and the upper tentacles, three parts
withdrawn, were frequently visible.

If anyone feels disposed to follow up this enquiry in the case
of other species I would suggest 4. cantiana as a suitable subject.
It is less hardy than most I have mentioned, and yet has a fairly
transparent shell. Great care must be taken to avoid the presence
of disturbing factors. Thus the shell should never be handled.
Contact with the warm fingers may have the effect of quickening
the pulse 10, 20 or even 30 per cent before a minute has elapsed,
means for avoiding this will suggest themselves. My own practice
has been to move the shell with a small stick on to a dead leaf and
so bring it under the lens if necessary. I also excluded from the
register all records of pulse taken when the animal showed signs
of motion. Exercise, in snails as in man, is always accompanied
with more rapid circulation, even if the motion be merely the
protrusion of the head from the shell in the one case, or in the
other the simple act of getting out of bed in the morning.

J.C., iii., July, 1882

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 327

YORKSHIRE LOCALITIES FOR SPHARIUM AND
PISIDLIUM.
By J. WILCOCK.

’ [The following list of Yorkshire stations for the species of
the above genera was kindly supplied by Mr. Wilcock for the
“Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” but unfor-
tunately came to hand too late to be incorporated in the
“Report.” —Eb. |

Spherium corneum L. River Nidd nr. Cowthorpe; Chapel
Haddlesey; Keadby Canal; Stainforth; Went Vale;
Dove Canal, Wath; Swinton; and at Knaresbro’.

S. corneum v. flavescens Macgill. Rare in the Barnsley
Canal near Cudworth.

S. rivicola Leach. Conisbro’; Cold Hiendley Reservoir; Canal
at Notton; River Don at Rotherham and Doncaster;
Castleford; and fish pond, Crofton.

S. ovale Fer. Rarely near Conisbro’; abundant in canal at
Stanley and Altofts.

S. lacustre Mull. Scarce in a pond at Ferrybridge; and in
canal at Notton; abundant in a pond on Sharlston
Common.

Pisidium amnicum Mill. River Nidd at Cowthorpe; pond at
Bramham; Knottingley and Goole Canal; Allerton
Bywater; Castleford; Smeaton; Rotherham; Dove
Canal, Wath; and Saltaire.

P. fontinale Drap. River Nidd at Cowthorpe; common in
several ponds at Haddlesey; Smeaton; Askern; Rother-
ham; River Dearne, Cudworth; Kirk Sandal; Barnby
Don; near Elland; Kirklees near Mirfield; Canal at
Saltaire; River Wharfe near Beamsley; Addingham; and
Knaresbro’.

P. fontinale v. Henslowana Shepp. Knottingley; Stanley
Canal, Altofts.

328 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

P. fontinale v. pulchella Jenyns. Scarce in a pond at Ferry-
bridge; and at Wentbridge.

P. fontinale v. cinerea Alder. Stream at Hooton Pagnell.

P. pusillum Gmelin. Pannal; pond near Castleford; and rarely
in a ditch at Newton, Wakefield.

P. nitidum Jenyns. Sparingly at Bardsey; Bramham; Rother-
ham; ponds at Hickleton; Wath nr. Sheffield; Kirklees;
Batley; Saltaire; abundant at Newton; ina ditch, St.
Swithin’s Wood, Wakefield; common about Crofton,
Ryhill and Notton.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic.—
By Geo. W. Tryon, junr., Conservator of the Conchological
Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Parts xiv and xv.

Part xiv, which contains 64 pages of letterpress and 41
plates, commences the family Turbinellidz, embracing the genera
Turbinella and Vasum and the subgenus Cavzcel/a, and includes
rt species. ‘The family Volutidee is divided into operculates and
inoperculates. In the latter division are the genera Cymbium,
Melo and Voluta. In the former are Volutolyria, Lyria and
Microvoluta. The fossil genera are Volutoderma, Volutomorpha,
Rostellites, Volutifusius, Athleta, Letoderma, Ptychoris, Pletoptygma,
Cryptochorda and Gosavia. ‘The genus Ficu/opsis is removed from
Volutide to Ficulide, and Ofochetlus is considered synonymous
with Cythara in the the Pleurotomide. The family Mitridz as
monographed by Sowerby contains nearly 500 species, but the
increased knowledge acquired as to specific variation enables the
number to be greatly diminished. The following genera are
enumerated:—J@itra, Thala, LZierliana, Mitroidea, Dibaphus,
Turricula, Cylindra and Imbricaria. ‘The fossil genera are

J.C., iii., July, 1882

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 329

Lapparia, Fustmitra and Conomitra, none of which however, are
characterized by their authors,

Part xv contains 63 pages of letterpress and 15 plates,
and continues the account of the Mitridz, the sections Azdone,
Swatnsonia, Scabricola, Cancilla, Chrysame, Strigatella and
Zierliana being considered. A list of 39 species is given at the
end, of species undetermined.

In the genus ZZa/a 12 species are enumerated and described,
in addition to which, four species are mentioned of which figures
have never been published.

The genus JZztroidea with 6 species, Dibaphus with one, and
Turricula with 24 species and 3 varieties, follow. The section
Costellaria of Turricula has 67 species and several varieties
enumerated, but some of the species, as 4thzopeia Jickelt, the
author evidently considers worthless.

The section is also very extensive, a good number of species
being enumerated.

The plates are fully equal to those of preceding parts, and
no less than 96 figures are in this one part alone.

——S>0=< 0

A Parasite of Limnezea truncatula.—At a meeting of
the Linnean Society held on the znd of November, 1882, Mr.
A. P. W. Thomas drew attention to a series of specimens (under
the microscope) and diagrams illustrative of the life history of the
Liver-Fluke ( Fasciola hepatica). His experiments show that the
embryos of the fluke, as free cercarize, burrow into and develop
within the body of Limne@a truncatula, and thereafter pass with
the herbage into the stomach—and ultimately the liver—of the
sheep. Salt added to the sheep’s diet is found to act as a prophy-
lactic.

330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LS 8&1.
72nd Meeting.

Held August 4th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in
the Chair. Minutes of 71st Meeting read and confirmed.

PAPERS READ.
‘‘Note on the shape and structure of the darts of Helix
aspersa, H. arbustorum, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, and others;

and their value as a means of determining species,” by Mr. Chas.

Ashford.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The darts of several of the species of the Helicidz were
shown by Mr. Ashford, in illustration of his notes on the subject.

73ard Meeting.

Held Sep. 8th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor,
presided. Minutes of the 72nd Meeting were read and approved.
Correspondence was read from Mr. W. Jeffery, Chichester, and
Mr. J. W. Cundall, Bristol.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

A large series of shells from various Yorkshire localities, was
exhibited by Mr. W. Nelson, particulars of which are entered in
the Record Book. Mr. Nelson also showed very fine specimens
of Bulimus acutus var. bizona, from Port St. Mary, Isle of Man;
flelix concinna, Scarlet Point, Isle of Man; Limnaa palustris var.
alba, and L. peregra, Sandwich, Kent; Prscdium pustllum, Abbey
Holmes, Carlisle; and Budimus acutus var. bizona, Tenby, Wales.

J.C., iii., July, 1882

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 331

A very fine series of land shells from the district round
Chichester was sent for exhibition by Mr. W. Jeffery. The list
included specimens of Helix pomatia, H. aspersa var. grisea,
Hf. virgata (a very fine specimen), H. caperata var. gigaxit,
Clausilia laminata var. albida, C. Rolphit, Cochlicopa lubrica var.
hyalina, Zonites nitidus, Z. excavatus and Zonites purus var.
margaritacea.

74th Meeting.

Held October 13th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor,
occupied the Chair. Minutes of the 73rd Meeting were read

and confirmed.
PAPER READ.

“Life History of Helix arbustorum,” by the President.

75th Meeting.

Held December 1st, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor,
presided. Minutes of the 74th Meeting were read and adopted.
Correspondence was read from Messrs. W. Jeffery, Chichester,
J. W. Cundall, Bristol, and Rev. H. Milnes, Winster.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
“The Scientific Roll,” vol. i, part 1, No. 4, Climate, by
Alex. Ramsay, F.G.S.
Reprints of Papers read before the Linnean Society of New
South Wales, by John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., viz. :—

t- Notes of recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson and
on the coast of New South Wales, and other
localities.

2, List of species of Porcellana or Cypreea found in
Moreton Bay, Queensland.

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3. Remarks on some recently re-described Australian
shells.
4. Note on a new variety of Bulimus Caledonicus.
5. Notes on some Shells from the Solomon Islands and
Australia.
DONATIONS TO THE COLLECTION.

The undernamed series of shells from the neighbourhood of
Chichester was presented by Mr. Wm. Jeffery—

Felix aspersa and var. grisea; FH. arbustorum, H. caperata
and var. Gigaxiz; H. Cantiana; Hl. nemoralis; H. hortensis; H.
ericetorum,; HH, obvoluta; H. lapicida; Hl. rufescens; H. hispida,
Hi. pulchella, H. rupestris; H. rotundata; Bulimus obscurus,; Pupa
umbilicata; P. marginata; Lalea perversa; Clausilia rugosa; C.
laminata, C. .laminata var albida, C. Rolphit,; Cochlicopa lubrica and
var. hyalina; Vertigo pygmea,; Vitrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius,;
Z. alliarius; Z. nitidulus, Z. purus var. margaritacea, Z. radiatu-
lus; Z. fulvus; Z. crystallinus; Carychium minimum, Cyclostoma
elegans, Succtinea putris; S. elegans; Neritina fluviatilis; Planorbis
corneus; Limnea stagnalis, L. peregra; L. auricularia.

Mr. C. Ashford presented six specimens of Helix hortensis
var. fusco-labiata.

A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Messrs. A. Ramsay,
Jno. Brazier, W. Jeffery and C. Ashford for their valuable donations.

PAPERS READ.

‘“A List of shells found at Bristol] and surrounding district,”
by Mr. J. W. Cundall.

“A list of shells found in the Ilkley district” (especially
prepared for the Rev. Robert Collier’s History of Ilkley), by
Messrs. W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor.

A note from Mr. J. Darker Butterell was read, in which, after
mentioning the capture of Vztrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius, Z.
alliarius, Z, fulvus (abundantly), and Vertigo edentuda (ditto), in

J.C., iii., July, 1882

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 333

the Long Plantation near Meaux in Holderness on the 20th Nov.,
1881, he mentioned that the animal of Z. ce//artus was quite white,
even including the tentacles, and inquired if this was a common
occurrence, adding that Jeffreys describes the animal as greyish
or lead coloured, which is generally the case, so far as Mr.
Butterell’s experience goes.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

A large series of shells collected by Messrs. W. West and
W. D. Roebuck, from various Yorkshire localities were shown,
also the following, collected by the former gentleman and exhibited
by Mr. Roebuck :—/Heltx arbustorum, H. concinna, H. rotundata,
HI. hispida, Zonites alliarius and Succinea putris from Millerdale,
Derbyshire; Claustlia rugosa, Helix hispida, Balea perversa,
Cochlicopa lubrica and var. ubricordes from near Morecambe; Helix
rotundata, Cheedale, Derbyshire; Pupa umbilicata, near Levens
Hall, Westmoreland; Balea perversa, Ambleside; Pupa umbilicata
and Galea perversa, Rydal; Helix rotundata and Cochlicopa
lubrica, Castleton; Helix hispida var. albida, Tidswell Road,
Derbyshire; Helix aspersa, Coniston, Lancashire; and Helix
lapicida, Wormhill, Derbyshire.

76th Meeting.

Held December 15th, 1881, the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor,
in the chair.
ANNUAL MEETING.

Minutes of previous meeting were read and confirmed.
Correspondence was read from Messrs. J. W. Cundall, B. M.
Wright, and A. Leicester. The ANNUAL REPORT was then read
by the Secretary as follows :—

In presenting this Report, your Committee are pleased to
state that the Society has made steady progress during the past
year. ‘There is an increase in the number of members; and the

334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

work for the accomplishment of which the Society was established,
has we think, been most satisfactorily pursued.

The Society has met during eleven months of the year for the
transaction of business. At these meetings seven papers have
been read, namely :—

1. “Ona proposed System of Conchological Locality
Records,” by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.

2. ‘*Notes from the Isle of Wight,” by Mr. C. Ashford.

3. ‘Unio luteolus and its allied forms,” by Prof. F. M.
Witter.

4. ‘‘A series of Notes on the Structure of the Darts of
H. arbustorum, H. aspersa, H. hortensis, H.
nemoralis, &c., and their value as a means of
determining species,” by Mr. Chas. Ashford.

5. “The Life-History of Helix arbustorum,” by the
President.

6. ‘List of shells of the Bristol District,” by Mr. J. W.
Cundall.

7. “List of Shells found in the Ilkley District,” by
Messrs. W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The aggregate number of shells exhibited during the year,
both in regard to species and varieties as well as to individual
specimens, has been quite equal to that of previous years, though
we regret to say that in the Yorkshire exhibits there has been a
considerable falling off. Exhibits of Yorkshire shells have been
made by Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. W. D. Roebuck and the Secretary.
Shells from other localities have been shown by the President
(Mr. J. W. Taylor), Mr. W. Nelson, Mr. Robert Scharff, Mr. W.
Jeffery and Mr. C. Ashford.

J-C., iii., July, 1882

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 335

THE LIBRARY.
The following additions have been made to the Library
during the year :—
1. ‘Synopsis Molluscorum viventium Testaceorum,”
presented by Dr. Kobelt.
2. ‘Proceedings of the lowa Academy of Sciences,”
presented by Prof. F. M. Witter.
3. ‘The Scientific Roll,” vol. 1, part 1, No. 4, presented
by Mr. A. Ramsay, F.G.S.
4. ‘Reprints of Papers read before the Linnean Society
of New South Wales,” presented by Mr. Jno.
Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c.
THE COLLECTION.

The Donations made to the Society’s Collection are as
follows :—

1. A sSeries of 44 species and varieties of Land Shells,
from the neighbourhood of Chichester, presented
by Mr. Wm. Jeffery.

2. Six specimens of Helix hortensis var. fusco-labiata,
presented by Mr. C. Ashford.

RECORDER’S REPORT.

Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck then presented his Report as
Recorder to the Society, which read as follows :—

The recorder of Yorkshire localities has to report to the
Society that during the year 1881, records—duly authenticated by
the production of specimens—of 198 localities for 63 species, have
been made, or an average of 3.1 records for each form. This
is a slight diminution upon last year, when more specimens were
exhibited at the meetings, and the number shows a very great
diminution upon the work of the previous five years, for we find
that at the present time 1302 localities are registered in the books,

336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

giving an average of 260 per year, the past year it will be remem-
bered having only produced 198 records. There are at present
records of localities for 131 species and varieties, of which 3 have
been shown for the first time during the past year.

THE BALANCE SHEET

was next read by the Treasurer and adopted. It showed a balance
in favour of the Society of £11 1s. 23d.

THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS

for the ensuing year was next proceeded with, the following being
the results :—

President—Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S.; Vaece-Prestdents—Mr.
J. W. Taylor and Mr. Wm. Nelson; Zveasurer and Secretary—
Mr. Thos. W. Bell ; Recorder—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.
Committee (6 members)—W. Hill Evans, M.D., Wm. Jeffery,
J. C. Melville, M.A., F.L.S., Wm. Denison Roebuck, J. W.
Cundall and Geo. Sherriff Tye.

Meeting,

HELD FEBRUARY 2ND, 1882.

Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the Chair. Minutes of
the Annual Meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence
was read from the President (Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S.), Rev. H.
Milnes, and Messrs. Bryce M. Wright, W. D. Roebuck, J. D.
Butterell, J. W. Cundall, and the Linnean Society of N. S. W.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

‘“‘The Scientific Roll,’ vol. 1., part 1, No. 5, was presented
by the editor, Mr. Alexander Ramsay, F.G.S.
The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Ramsay for his
donation,

J.C., iii., July, 1882

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 337

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The Chairman showed several drawings to illustrate the
variations which are found in the jaws of Helix arbustorum.

Mr. Wm. Nelson also showed a series of water-color drawings
of varieties of Limnezea peregra contained in his cabinet.

Mr. W. Cundall sent for exhibition a number of shells
from the Bristol district. The following is a list:—elix hispida,
Hf. cantiana, Hf. arbustorum, H. rotundata, H. pulchella, H. vi7 gata,
Hf. caperata, H. caperata var. ornata, H. rufescens, Hl. rufescens
var. albida, Balea perversa, Valvata cristata, Bulimus montanus,
Azeca tridens var. nouletiana, Zua lubrica, Clausilia rugosa, Pupa
umbilicata, P. secale, Achatina acicula, Zonites fulvus var. mortont,
Physa hypnorum, Conovulus denticulatus var. myosotes, Cyclostoma
elegans, Limax marginatus, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Limnea
peregra, Flanorbis complanatus, P. carinatus, P. nitidus, P. con-
tortus, Ancylus lacustris and A. fluviatilis.

Wee et tag,
HELD MARCH 2ND, 11) @ Be
Mr. J. W. Taylor presided. Minutes of meeting held 2nd
February were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read
from Rev. H. Milnes and Messrs. W. Jeffery, J. W. Cundall,
H. H. Haines and W. D. Roebuck.

PAPERS READ.

“A List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Western
Sussex, with a few observations on the distribution
and habits of some species,” by Wm. Jeffery.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Rey. H. Milnes sent for exhibition, specimens of He/¢x cincta,
Constantinople; 4. arbustorum var. alpestris and Hf. arbustorum

338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

var. flavescens from Derbyshire; A. aspersa var. tenuis, Jersey;
Hi. nemoralis var. avenicola from near Gloucester; and Planorbis
corneus var. albtda, Yatton near Bristol.

Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed specimens of Zuwa lubrica, Pupa
umbilicata and Zonttes crystallinus from the top of Grange Fell,
Lancashire.

Mr. W. Nelson exhibited Zonztes alliartus and Z. radiatulus
from Walton; MHelzx aculeata, Haw Park; Planorbis spirorbis,
Reservoir, Cold Hindley; and Zimnea glabra var. elongata from
Havercroft. ;

Meeting,

180-19) 1b, IBY IN IPR Tey HIP TEL ints} oS) a

Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presiding. Minutes of
previous meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was
read from Messrs. J. W. Cundall, J. A. Ollard and W. Jeffery.

NEW MEMBER.

Mr. John Alexander Ollard, Ye Hermitage, Forly Hall,
Enfield, Middlesex, was nominated for membership.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. Taylor exhibited a spirally distorted Planorbis spirorbis
sent by Mr. H. H. Haines from Hayling Island; also Helrx
arbustorum var. Xatarti, collected at Camprodon, Spain, by Mr.
J. Ponsonby of London.

Meeting,

HE) ED) AVY) iG Ha ph OrOu2h.

Under the Presidency of Mr. J. W. Taylor. The Minutes of
the previous meeting were postponed for the insertion of particulars
respecting the specimens exhibited by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.

J.C., iii, July, 1882

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 339

NEW MEMBER.
Mr. J. A. Ollard was elected a member of this Society.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited shells collected at Ilkley, and
collections from Ingleton, Malham and other localities in Craven,
on behalf of Mr. W. West of Bradford; also specimens from
Pateley Bridge collected by Mr. W. Storey. A number of shells
collected at Esholt were shown for Mr. H. T. Soppitt, and several
on behalf of the Rev. H. H. Slater of Ripon. Particulars of all
these are entered in the Record Book for Yorkshire Localities.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.
“The Scientific Roll,” by A. Ramsay, F.G.S.
The Proceedings of the Linnean Society N. 8. W.,
part iv., vol. 6, by the Society.
A vote of thanks was in each instance accorded the donors.

Meeting,

HPD. UN) Be 2 2 Ni Dh) moon 2h.
Mr. W. Nelson, Vice-President, occupied the Chair.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

On behalf of Mr. W. West of Bradford, a number of shells
from Yorkshire localities were shown; also Pupa wmbilicata and
Flelix rotundata from Chewton Priory, Somerset.

The Chairman exhibited a fine collection of Lzmne@a trunca-
tuda, most of which were Yorkshire specimens and duly recorded
in the Record Book.

~-—----O0 —
CORRECTION.

“In my list of localities for Helix obvoluta (p. 316) for
Duneton read Duncton, and for Storington read Singleton.—W.
JEFFERY.

|
|
1
|
q

340 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

ON THE MacANDREW COLLECTION OF BRITISH
SHELLS.

IB? al, Isle COOKS, MLAS. 1854S.

CURATOR OF THE ZOOLOGICAL MuszEumM, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY.

The late Mr. Robert MacAndrew, of Liverpool, left to the
University of Cambridge, in 1873, his valuable collection of Shells
and an important library of conchological works.

The object of the publication of these brief notes on the
British portion of the collection is threefold. Firstly, to serve as
a small contribution to the memory of a gentleman who has done
so much for the science by his dredgings in the North Atlantic,
the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Suez, and off the Western Islands.
Secondly, to let it be known that there exists a collection of this
kind, easily accessible, to which reference can be made by
collectors. Thirdly, in the hope that any conchologists who have
the power may also have the good will to supply the very few
destderata, so that the collection may be, so far as any collection
can be, perfect of its kind.

Of the six species of BRacH1opopa which inhabit the British
seas (Zerebratula Spitzbergensis Davids., hardly having sufficient
claim to rank among the list) the MacAndrew collection contains
representatives of 5, the absentee being Argzope decollata Chemn.
But since Guernsey is its northernmost recorded locality, this
shell, in common with Murex corallinus Scacchi, Haliotis tuber-
cudata 1.., Cardium papillosum Phil., Teredo pedicellata Quatref.,
etc., can only be considered in a political and not a geographical
sense an inhabitant of the British Islands.

Of about 159 recorded species of CONCHIFERA, the collec-
tion contains 146. Some of these are represented by very fine
series in :very stage of growth, others by only a single specimen.
I subjoin a list of the species not contained, a glance at which

J.C., iii., July, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 341

will explain their absence. With the sole exception of Lefton
Clarkie@, they may all be considered very rare, while in several
places their claim to a place in the list of British species rests only
a single discovered example.

Pecten vitreus Chem. N. Hebrides.

Lima Sarsii Lovén. Shetland.

L. elliptica Jeffr. Shetland and W. Scotland.

Arca obliqua Phil. Shetlands. Two valves only.

Leda lucida Lovén. N. of Hebrides.

Limopsis borealis Woodw. N. of Hebrides. One valve only.

Montacuta tumidula Jeffr. Hebrides and Shetland.

Lepton Clarkize Clark.

Loripes divaricatus L. English Channel. A few valves.
S. European.

Cardium papillosum Poli. Channel Islands.

Nezera rostrata Spengl. Shetlands. One valve only.

Teredo pedicellata Quatref. Channel Islands. Very rare.

In drawing up a complete list of the conchological fauna of
any district, one is met by the two difficulttes—What constitutes
a species? and, What amount of evidence establishes a locality?
And perhaps we might add in the third place—What are the
limits of the British seas? Into these questions it is not proposed
to enter, and accordingly the number of approved British species
has been stated at ‘‘about” 159. But it is obvious that a list
which admits on such evidence as ‘50 miles N. of Hebrides, one
valve,’ is one which does not lay down a very severe test of entry,
and perhaps on a more rigorous scrutiny the number 159 might
be considerably reduced, in which case the number of absentees
from the MacAndrew collection, small as it now is, would become
considerably smaller. I may mention, however, that while generally

342 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

following Jeffreys, I have not been able to recognize Donax
trunculus 1. as an English species, while the reverse has been the
case with regard to Zhracta villostuscula Macg., which he regards
as a variety of Z! papyracea Poli.

In not a few cases, the names given in the following list
differ from them in Jeffreys’. Sometimes this difference arises
from a wish to avoid an alteration on the corresponding card,
sometimes because the name already on the card seemed rather
better known than that given in Jeffreys’ list. Thus Pecten sep-
temradiatus Mill. in Jeffreys’, appears in this list as P. Danzcus
Chem.; Arca pectunculoides Scacchi, as A. varidentata S. Wood;
Cardium exiguum Gmel., as C. pygm@eum Don.; Venus gallina L..,
as V. striatula Don.; Tellina balthica L., as T. solidula, Pult.;
etc. For the same, or similar reasons, Venus exoleta L., and
Venus lincta Pult., retain their generic names of Arfemzs, as being
better known thereby; Gastvana fragilis L., as Diodonta fragilis ;
Cyamium minutum Fabr., as Turtonia minuta,; while I have kept
the name of Syndosmya in preference to Scrobicularia, to denote
the four polished or iridescent species (prismatica, nitida, alba
and /enuzs ), restricting Scrobicularta, as is more usual, to piperata
alone.

One word about the localities. Cases are quite rare where
no locality has been given, and in the ensuing list I have always
noted the fact. But what detracts greatly from the value of the
localities as a whole, is the persistent recurrence of such labels as
‘Anglesea, etc.,” “Liverpool, etc.,” which of course renders un-
certain the exact home of all the specimens on that particular
card. Still, as a rule, these most unscientific labels only appear
in the case of species tolerably common, whose distribution is
well known, and the determination of whose precise locality is of
no scientific moment.

J.C., iii:, July, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 343

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula cranium Mill. No locality.
Three minute specimens from Jeffreys.
T. caput-serpentis L. Clyde, &c.

T. caput-serpentis L. British Channel.
A new locality, if correct, but not astonishing, as it
ranges to N. America and Japan.

Argiope cisteliula S. Wood. Sound of Skye.

Five good specimens.

A. capsula Jeffr. No locality.

Four specimens, in a valve of Venus gallina; their
position has been indicated by arrows, as they are
exceedingly minute.

Crania anomala Mill. Hebrides, &c.

A fine series, mostly in situ.

CONCHIFERA.

Anomia ephippium L. Anglesea, &c.
A. ephippium L. var. Oban, &c.
A. ephippium L. var. ‘cylindrica. Oban.
A. patelliformis L. Anglesea, &c.
Ostrea edulis L. Milford.
One specimen is nearly five inches square.
O. edulis L. var. parasitica Turt. Cornwall.
O. edulis L. var. tincta. Hebrides.
Pecten pusio L. Isle of Man.

This is a very fine set. Some of them are in situ,
two in old valves of Pectunculus glycimeris, two in valves
of Mytilus modiolus.

P. varius L. Britain.

344 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Pecten varius L. var. nivea Macg. Oban.
Labelled P. mzveus. A very fine set, the largest
measuring 2.25 inches long by 2.0 broad.
P. opercularis L. Isle of Man, &c.

P. opercularis L. var. lineata. No locality.
Very small specimens.
P. opercularis L. var. elongata. No locality.
A single specimen, unmounted and (hitherto)
unnamed.
P. danicus Chem. Loch Fyne, &c.
A specimen of the variety a/ba occurs on the same
card, and a shell closely approaching the var. Dumasz
Payr. as described by Jeffreys.

P. danicus Chem. West coast of Scotland.

. tigrinus Mill. Scotland and Anglesea.

P. tigrinus Mill. var. costata. Scotland.
Three cards of this variety.
P. tigrinus Mill. var. Anglesea, &c.
Half way between var. costata and the type, with
strong but undeveloped ribs and striz.
P. furtivus Lovén. Hebrides.
Four specimens.
P. striatus Mull. Hebrides, &c.
P. similis Laskey. Clyde.
P. maximus L. Britain.
The largest specimen measures 5.75 long and 6.5
broad. There are also three specimens (valves) of P.
Tslandicus Mull. (Clyde), one of which has a remarkably
fresh appearance.
Lima subauriculata Mont. Oban, &c.

L. Loscombii Sby. Isle of Man, &c.

J.C., iti., July, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 345

Lima hians Gmel. Oban.

A small tray contains a ‘nest’ of Zima. Two of
the rarer species, Z. Sarsiz Lovén, and Z. eliiptica Jeftr.,
are not in the collection.

L. hians Gmel. Clyde.

Avicula tarentina Lam. Plymouth.
Two specimens, one (the more perfect) without
locality. On one of the cards is mounted a fragment of
Pecten opercularis, with the byssus of an A vicula attached.

Pinna rudis L. No Locality.
Four specimens, the largest of which is 14.75
inches long.
Mytilus edulis L. Conway, &c.

. edulis L. Scarboro’.
Labelled JZ. disstmzlzs Bean, but hardly even a var.

. 2edulis L. var. galloprovincialis Lam. Shetland.
. edulis L. var. pellucida Penn. Ireland.

. modiolus L. Zetland, &c.

. modiolus var. Pwelhelli.

. barbatus L. Weymouth, &c.

.tulipa Lam. Milford, &c.
More correctly known as I. adviatica Lam.

. tulipa Lam. var. ovata Sby. Falmouth.
Labelled ‘AZ, barbata var.?’

. phaseolina Phil. Guernsey.
. phaseolina Phil. Loch Fyne, &c.

Modiolaria marmorata Forbes. Oban, &c.
A piece of the integument of an Ascidian is mounted,
which contains eleven at least of the A/odtolaria.

. marmorata Forbes. Unst.

. costulata Risso. S. England.

. discors L. Isle of Man.

. discors L. Southampton.

. nigra Gray. Oban and Zetland.

SS 3S Ss s 5s 5 “s

Sis

346 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Crenella rhombea Berk. Guernsey.
C. rhombea Berk. Weymouth.

C. decussata Mont. Unst., &c.
Nucula decussata Sby. Oban, &c.
N. decussata Sby. Loch Fyne.

N. nucleus L. Anglesea, &c.

N. nucleus L. Guernsey.
N

. nucleus L. var. radiata Hanl. Carnarvon Bay.
As WV. radiata. Common in Torbay.

N. nitida G. B. Sby. Anglesea.
N. tenuis Mont. Loch Fyne.
Leda pygmezea Miinst. Hebrides.

L. pygmeea Miinst. Hebrides.

A card labelled “‘varieties of Leda pygmea, hitherto
known only as fossil: discovered alive in the Hebrides,
1845.”

Leda caudata Don. Anglesea, &c.

L. caudata Don. North Sea.

L. caudata Don. Clyde and Zetland.

L. caudata Don. var. brevirostris. Hebrides.

[Two cards (not uniform with the rest of the collec-
tion) contain dredged specimens of Z. oblonga and
L. tvuncata Brown; no locality given. Both are pleisto-
cene fossils. |

Limopsis aurita Brocchi. Unst, and Zetland.

A perfect specimen, and a single valve. Another
very young specimen, in a box, is labelled in Jeffreys’
handwriting.

Pectunculus glycimeris L. Britain.

Arca raridentata Wood. Hebrides and Cape Clear.

J.C., iii, July, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 347

Arca lactea L. Portland, Torbay and Sandwich:
A. tetragona Poli. Scotland.

All the specimens are very small.
Galeomma Turtoni Zool. Journ. Channel Islands.
Lepton squamosum Mont. Anglesea.
L. nitidum Turt. var. convexum Ald. Bantry.

L. sulcatulum Jeffr. Guernsey.
In Jeffreys’ handwriting.

Montacuta substriata Mont. Irish Sea.
M. bidentata Mont. Hebrides.
M. bidentata Mont. Unst.
M. bidentata Mont. North Sea.
M. bidentata Mont. Liverpool.
M. ferruginea Mont. Murray Firth.
Lasea rubra Mont. Ilfracombe.
A card labelled “ MWontacuta purpurea, Scarbro’,” in
Bean’s hand, is only Zasea rubva Mont. It approaches

the var. paliida.
L. rubra Mont. Scarboro’.

L. rubra Mont. Isle of Man.
Kellia suborbicularis Mont. Murray Firth, &c.
K. suborbicularis Mont. var. lactea. Zetland.
Loripes leucoma Turt. S. England.
Lucina spinifera Mont. Oban, &c.
L. borealis L. Zetland, &c.
Axinus flexuosus Mont. Anglesea, Hebrides, &c.
A. flexuosus Mont. Zetland, 80 f.
Very young specimens.
A. Croulinensis Jeffr. Shetland.
Four valves, in pill box.
A. Croulinensis Jeffr. No locality.
The card containing this contains also specimens of

348 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

A. ferruginosus Forbes, and A. abyssicola Forbes. The
labels appear to be in Jeffreys’ hand, the generic name
given being C/ausima. But he now considers abyssicola
identical with ferruginosa (Vol. IL., p. 253, Brit. Conch.)

Axinus ferruginosus Forbes. No locality.

A. ferruginosus Forbes. Loch Fyne.

Diplodonta rotundata Mont. Bantry, &c.

Turtonia minuta O. Fabr. Belfast.

Cardium aculeatum L. ‘Torbay.

These are all, except 3 young ones, “rolled” speci-
mens, and consequently had lost their spines. I cannot
understand Jeffreys saying it is ‘‘scarcely ever found in

a living state.” I have dredged it alive in Torbay, and
it is frequently cast up alive on the Paignton sands.

C. echinatum L. Britain.
All poor specimens, the tubercles being entirely
rubbed away.
C. rusticum L. Torbay.
C. pygmzeum Don. Milford Haven.
C. pygmzeum Don. Southampton.
C. pygmeeum Don. Balta Sound.

The card is labelled C. nodosum, but of 20 speci-
mens only one is zodosum, the rest being pygmeum.
. fasciatum Mont. Anglesea, &c.
. minimum Phil. Hebrides.
As C. suecicum Reeve.
. nodosum Turt. Loch Fyne.
.nodosum Turt. Balta Sound.
Labelled C. pygmeum Don. (=C exiguum Gmel).
. edule L. Stornaway.
. edule L. Scilly and Oban.
.edule L. Murray Firth.

O00 900 00

J.C., iii., July, 188

COGKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 349

Cardium edule L. var. rustica. S. England.

Though labelled “var. Lamarckit,” yet I feel sure
that this must be the var. referred to by Jeffreys under
the name 7wstzca. One of the cards which is labelled
var. rustica, does not all accord with the description of
that variety. I have referred it to the type.

C. edule L. monsir. No locality.

Excessively inequivalve, one valve being .3 inch
longer than the other which is nearly flat, while the
former is very ventricose—giving the whole shell some-
thing of the appearance of a Zerebratula.

C. norvegicum Spengl. Hebrides.
Isocardia cor L. Oban.
Cyprina Islandica L. Carnarvon Bay.

A very fine series from 4.75 inches long by 4.s
broad, to .o8 square.

Astarte sulcata DaCosta. Hebrides.
A. sulcata DaCosta. Anglesea, &c.
A. sulcata DaCosta. —Eddystone.

The locality deserves notice. Ribs few and very
strong.

A. sulcata DaCosta. Zetland, 80 f.
A. sulcata DaCosta var. elliptica Brown. Oban, &c.
Labelled A. elliptica.
. sulcata DaCosta var. elliptica Brown. Zetland.
A. sulcata DaCosta var. elliptica Brown. Loch Fyne.
A single valve, very much produced at both ends.

. compressa Mont. Murray Firth.
. compressa Mont. Loch Shell and Hebrides.
. compressa Mont. var. striata Leach. North Sea.
. compressa Mont. var. globosa. Loch Fyne.
This-var. occurs on the large card labelled ‘“‘Loch

>rPPrpLp

350 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Fyne, &c.” Most of the specimens, however, appear of
the var. globosa.
Astarte triangularis Mont. Orkney.
A. triangularis Mont. Iona, &c.
Five valves of 4.crebricostata Forbes (Hebrides), are subfossil ;
as is also A. arctica Gray (Zetland).

Circe minima Mont. Milford.
C. minima Mont. Hebrides.
Artemis exoleta L. Carnarvon Bay.

One very large specimens measures 2.3 inches long
by 2.4 broad.

A. lincta Pult. Angiesea, &c.
A. lincta? var. West of Lewes.

One specimen might belong to Jeffreys’ variety
compta, being ruder and more ventricose, otherwise they
do not differ from the type.

Venus chione L. Carnarvon Bay.

The largest specimen (a very fine one) is exactly
3°5 inches broad. A second card contains 3 specimens
(no locality), whose epidermis is of a dark olive green,
instead of a brown or fawn colour.

Venus fasciata DaCosta. Anglesea, &c.
V.casina L. Orkney.

This is a most beautiful series of this not common
shell.

. verrucosa L. Cardigan Bay.
. ovata Penn. Anglesea, &c.
. ovata Penn var. lactea. Zetland, &c.
. striatula Don. var. gibba. Kerrera.
. striatula Don var. laminosa. No locality.
. striatula Don var. Zetland, 90 f.
These three cards contain representatives of three

V
V
V
V
Vv
Vv

J.C., ii., July, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 351

different varieties, but none, as it seems to me, of the
type. The third is a small colourless variety, flattened
and posteriorly much produced.

Tapes aureus Gmel. Scilly.

T. aureus Gmel. Pwllheli.

Shells small, but a good series: the largest corres-

ponds to Jeffreys’ var. ovata.
T. virgineus L. Zetland, &c.
Largest specimen 2°4 inches broad by 1°5 long.
T. virgineus L. var. Zetland.

White and almost lustreless, very large (2°6 by 1°75).

It almost deserves mention by Jeffreys.
T. virgineus L. var. Sarniensis Turt. Zetland.
T. pullastra Mont. Beaumaris, &c.
T. pullastra Mont. var. perforans. Beaumaris.
T. decussatus L. Bantry, &c.
Lucinopsis undata Penn. Bantry.

One specimen (a single valve) is much distorted by
having both ends produced, and an obtuse angle formed
in the lower margin.

Gastrana fragilis L. Pwllheli.

A locality not given by Jeffreys, whose only Welsh
locality is “coast of Pembrokeshire, MacAndrew.” Is
there a mistake here? Largest specimen 1°5 inches
broad by 1°15 long.

Tellina balaustina L. West of Ireland.

Five single but perfect valves.

T. crassa Penn. Bantry, Cardigan Bay, &c.

A fine series of 20 specimens, varying in breadth
from 2°1 to ‘12 of aninch. One or two, being destitute
of the usual rays, may be assigned to the var. addzda.

T. solidula Pult. Liverpool, &c.

352 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

The extreme commonness of this species, no doubt
has prevented the collector obtaining better series.
Tellina tenuis DaCosta. Liverpool, &c. :
T. fabula Gron. Liverpool, &c.

T. fabula Gron. var. ovata. Zetland.

T. incarnata L. Isle of Man.

Jeffreys shows good reason for believing that 7:
incarnata of L. is our Z: fenuzs of DaCosta, and he
adopts Solander’s name of sgwalida, which as a descrip-
tive epithet, is hardly applicable. The shell is very
common at Guernsey and Herm, a locality which
Jeffreys does not give. MacAndrew’s is not a first-rate
series.

T. donacina L. Anglesea, &c.

T. pygmeea Phil. Orkney.

[Zellina proxima Brown. One perfect specimen,
two single valves (each retaining much of the epidermis)
and a fragment); locality—Loch Fyne. Jeffreys rele-
gates this to the category of extinct species, so far as our
coasts are concerned, and I suppose we must follow him,
though it occurs in a recent state on the shores of
Denmark and Norway. |

Psammobia tellinella Lam. Isle of Man, &c.

A fine series of 25 specimens.

P. costulata Turt. Cornwall, Shetland, &c.
P. Ferroensis Chemn. Bantry and Anglesea.
P. vespertina Chemn. Cardigan Bay.

P. vespertina Chemn. Bantry.

Donax anatinus Lam. Stornaway.

These would seem rather to belong to the var.
turgida of Jeffreys.

J.C., iii., July, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 353

Donax anatinus Lam. Dogger Bank, 15 f.
The var. zztida of Jeffreys.
D. politus Poli. Bantry.
Not a very representative set. Very common at
Herm, where I have taken it living at low water mark
spring tides.
Ervilia castanea Mont. Cornwall.
Fourteen single valves.
Mactra solida L. Anglesea, &c.
The largest specimen is 2°4 inches broad by 1°8 long.
-Another on the same card, which however belongs to
var. truncata Mont., is 2°25 inches broad by 2°15 long.
. solida L. var. truncata. No locality.
Not labelled hitherto.
. solida L. var. elliptica Brown. Anglesea, &c.
More usually known as Mf. ellzptica.
. subtruncata DaCosta. Ardrossan.
. subtruncata DaCosta var. striata Brown. No locality.
Not labelled hitherto.
. stultorum L. Anglesea, &c.
. stultorum L. var. cinerea. Anglesea, &c.
. glauca Born. South of England.
Not a good specimen. I have taken it alive at
extremely low tides at a particular spot in Herm with
Solen siligua, the only way of distinguishing their lurking-
places being that the So/en made an oval, but the M/actra

=s[. 5 5 = =

a round hole over its burrow in the wet sand.
Lutraria elliptica Lam. Torbay, &c.
L. elliptica Lam. var. Bantry.
This may be the var. a/fernata of Jeffreys.
L. oblonga Chem. No locality.
Two rather poor specimens.

354 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Syndosmya prismatica Mont. North Sea. .
S. prismatica Mont. Carnarvon Bay.
Twelve fine specimens.
S. intermedia Thomps. Zetland, &c.
S. alba Wood. Loch Long.
Some of these are much more deeply striated than
the type.
S. tenuis Mont. Ramsgate.
S. tenuis Mont. Seaford.
Scrobicularia piperita Bellon. Liverpool, &c.
Solecurtus candidus Renier. Batnry, I. of Man & Hebrides. *
Largest specimen 2°25 inches broad by 1°1 long.
S. coarctatus Gmel. Torbay.
Ceratisolen legumen L. Anglesea.
Solen pellucidus Penn. Anglesea, &c.
S.ensis L. Britain.
The largest specimen, °75 inches long by 5°75
broad, would seem distinct from Jeffreys’ var. avcuata of
Solen siligua, not being ‘abruptly truncated’ at either
end. If Solen ensis however, it is very large.
S. siliqua L. Britain.
Largest specimen 1°5 inches long by g’o broad.
S. marginatus Pult. Anglesea.
Pandora rostrata Lam. Jersey.
P. rostrata Lam. var. obtusa Leach. Anglesea.
I follow Jeffreys in considering this the deep water
variety of P. rostrata.
Lyonsia norvegica Chemn. Hebrides, &c.
A fine series of 16 specimens.
Thracia phaseolina Lam. Anglesea, Zetland, &c.
T. villosiuscula Macg. Bantry, &c.
Jeffreys considers this a variety of the preceding;

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 355

but the present is much more ovate, ventricose, and not
nearly so abruptly and angularly truncated at the
posterior end.

Thracia pubescens Pult. Plymouth.

Four fine specimens—the largest 3°25 inches broad
by 2.15 long.

T. convexa Wood. Cornwall, Bantry and Belfast.

Three specimens from as many localities. The
smallest is singularly aberrant, having the beaks almost
central, and without the pecuhar arch or curve, while
the ridge is almost obliterated.

T. convexa Wood. Hebrides.

Five very young specimens.
T. distorta Mont. Isle of Man.
T. distorta Mont. var. truncata. Portland.

Seven characteristic specimens.
Poromya granulata Nyst. Croulin Island.

Two specimens, one full grown.
Nezera abbreviata Forbes. Loch Fyne.

Ten specimens. .
N. costellata Desh. Loch Fyne.

Four specimens, one half an inch broad.
N. cuspidata Oliv. Loch Fyne.
Corbula nucleus L. Anglesea, &c.
GC. nucleus L. var. rosea. Weymouth.
Mya arenaria L. Britain.

Largest specimen 3’0 inches broad by 5:0 long.
M. arenaria L. Beaumaris and Zetland.

Young specimens.
M. arenaria L. Bantry and Dublin.

Young specimens.
M. truncata. Britain.

356 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Spheenia Binghami Turt. Torbay, Anglesea, Clyde. &c.
All on one card.
Panopeea plicata Mont. Zetland and Loch Erebol.
Labelled Saxicava fragilis Nyst., but see Jeffreys’
vol. ili, p. 76. “There are seven specimens from the
former, three from the latter locality. i
Saxicava rugosa L. Torbay.

S. rugosa L. Anglesea.
S. rugosa L. var. arctica. Hebrides.
S. rugosa L. var. arctica. Zetland, &c.
S. rugosa L. var. arctica. Hebrides.
Fossil valves, 1°6 inches broad by ‘75 long.
S. Norvegica Spengl. North Sea.

‘Labelled Panopea arctica Gould, but see Jeffr.,
vol. iii, p. 74. The card contains one perfect speci-
men, with sheath complete, of this rare shell, and two
odd but perfect valves, the largest of which is 3°12 inches
broad and 1°75 long.

S. Norvegica Spengl. Clyde.

A fossil but wonderfully preserved specimen, the
interior being in places quite fresh and glossy. Breadth
3°8 inches, length 2°6.

Venerupis Irus L. Weymouth.

Seven fine specimens.

Gastrochzena modiolina Lam. Weymouth.

Two specimens are in the case, in situ.

Pholas dactylus L._ Britain.
P. candida L. Isle of Wight.
P. parva Penn. ‘Torquay.
P. parva Penn. Torbay.
Labelled in error P. dactylus L.
P. parva Penn var. quadrangula ? Portland.

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 357

Pholas crispata L. Britain.
Pholadidea papyracea Turt. Torquay.
Largest specimen 1°25 inches broad, exclusive of
calciform process.
P. papyracea Turt. Portland.
P. papyracea Turt. var. Torquay.
Smaller and stronger.
Xylophagadorsalis Turt. Clyde.
Three valves.
X. dorsalis Turt. No locality.
In situ.
Teredo Norvegica Spengl. Torbay.
Pallets only.
T. navalis L. Yarmouth.
As 7: marina Sellius.
T. megotara Hanl. Seaford.
T. megotara Hanl. Swansea.
[Not indigenous are Z. malleolus Turt. (Seaford), 7:
bipennata Turt. (no locality), and Z: palmulata Lam. |

GASTEROPODA AND PTEROPODA.

Of about 248 marine shell-bearing Gasteropoda, there are in
the collection 208. The minute species naturally constitute the
main body of the absentees. If we were to leave Azssoa, Odos-
tomia and Cerithiopsis out of the reckoning, the proportion would
be about 187 to 167. The general rarity of the species not
included will be gathered from the following list. One of them
( Ivriton cutaceus) 1 can supply from my own collection, having
found several dead specimens at Herm.

358 COOKE :

Chiton discrepans Brown.

Trochus Duminyi Regn.
Lacuna tenella Jeffr.
Rissoa lactea Mich.

R. Jeffreysi Wall.

R. proxima Ald.

R. soluta Phil.
Jeffreysia opalina Jeffr.

Homalogyra rota F. & H.

Aclis Gulsone Clark.
Odostomia minima Jefir.

ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Chemnitzia clathrata Jeffr.
C. excavata Phil.
Torellia vestita Jeffr.
Cerithiopsis Barleei Jeffr.
C. pulchella Jeffr.

G. metaxa Della Chiaje.
C. costulata Moll.

Triton nodiferus Lam.

T. cutaceus L.

Fusus Islandicus Chem.
F. buccinatus Lam.

F. fenestratus Turt.
Pleurotoma rugulosa Phil.
P. nivalis Lovén.

P. carinata Biv.

Cylichna nitidula Lovén.
C. alba Brown.

Utriculus ventrosus Jeffr.
U. expansus Jeffr.

Philine angulata Jeffr.

P. nitida Jeffr.

. Clavula Lovén.

. Lukisi Jeffr.

. uUmbilicaris Malm.
. conspicua Ald.

. unidentata Mont.
. plicata Mont.

. diaphana Jeffr.

. Obliqua Ald.

. dolioliformis Jeffr.
Stilifer Turtoni Brod.

OOO000000

As to nomenclature, there occur variations similar to those in
Thus I have found, and
left, Acmea instead of Tectura, Pilidium fulvum instead of Tectura
fulva, Pileopsts instead of Capulus, Erato instead of Margzinella,
Tornatella instead of Acteon, Amphisphyra hyalina instead of

the Conchifera, and for similar reasons.

Otriculus hyalinus, etc.

Again, I have kept, simply because it would else involve an
alteration on the card, and because there was no likelihood of
confusion, Zvochus exiguus Pult. (—exasperatus Penn.), Rzssoa
crenulata Mich. (=cancellata DaCosta), R. Beantt Hanl. (=reticu

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 359

lata ‘Mont.), R. sculpta Phil. (=cémicotdes Forbes), etc.; Skenea
depressa Flem. (=planorbis Fabr.), Vateca helicoddes Johnst. (=
tslandica Gmel.), Murex corallinus Scacchi (=aciculatus Lam.),
etc. Odostomia as given in Jeffreys, on a similar principle, I have
divided into Odostomia Chemnitzia and LEulimella. lanthina
exigua Lam., which does not appear on Jeffreys’ list, I have
inserted. lVassa nitida Jeffr. I have relegated to what it doubtless
is, a var. of WV. reticulata L. Hydrobia ulve Penn. appears with
the other Aydrobie, as a fresh water shell. Ass¢minea, however,
I have left as marine. ;

The remarks as to localities, which were made on the Con-
chifera, apply here with equal force, except that there are a rather
larger proportion here to which I have had to append “no loc.”

Only one representative of the Pteropoda can fairly be said
to inhabit the British seas. ‘This is well represented, both in type
and varieties, in the collection.

SOLENOCONCHIA.

Siphonodentalium lofotense Sars. No locality.
_ Jeffreys’ handwriting. Three specimens.
Cadulus subfusiformis Sars. Zetland.
Three specimens.
Dentalium entalis L. Scotland.

Two or three of the larger specimens are considerably

eroded at the posterior end.
D. entalis L. Galway Bay.

This is not a satisfactory card. It contains eleven
specimens. Of these, five belong to D. enfalis and six
to D. Tarentinum. ‘The pink tip, and more particularly
the strongly striated, dull, not glossy surface, settle the
difference.

D. tarentinum Lam. Southampton, &c.

360 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

GASTEROPODA.

I.—MARINE.

Chiton (Acanthochites) fascicularis L. Britain.
C. (A.) fascicularis var. gracilis Jeffr. Milford Haven.
Labelled ‘‘C. d#screpans Brown?” I can answer for

it that itis not so. In the first place there is only one
English locality (out of the Channel Islands), and that
is in Cornwall; and secondly the granules are distinctly
round, whereas in C. discrepans they are always oval.
Besides, Jeffreys gives Milford Haven asa locality in
which MacAndrew had taken this var. gracilts.

C. (Acanthopleura) Hanleyi Bean. Hebrides.
C. (Lepidopleurus) cancellatus J. Sowb. Clyde.
C. (L.) asellus Chem. Oban, &c.
C. (L.) asellus Chem. Anglesea, &c.
C. (L.) asellus Chem. Zetland.
The longitudinal streaks are very prominent on
this variety.
C. (L.) marginatus Penn. Anglesea, &c.

Wrongly labelled cézerveus L., which is the equivalent
of the last given. Largest specimen ‘875 long.
C. (L.) albus L. Hebrides.
GC. (L.) ruber L. Isle of Man.
C. levis Penn. Isle of Man, &c.
A good series of 16 specimens, some in situ.
C. marmoreus Fab. Hebrides, &c.
Largest specimen a giant, 1°5 by ‘8.
Patella vulgata L. Anglesea, &c.

P. vulgata L. var. athletica. Scarbro’.
=F. depressa Penn.

P. vulgata L. var. intermedia. South of England.
Labelled “P, athletica?”

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 361

Helcion pellucidum L. Anglesea, &c.
Very fine specimens.
H. pellucidum L. Shetland.
Smaller, thinner, the blue lines often indistinct or
wanting.
H. pellucidum L. Isle of Man.
An intermediate form.
H. pellucidum L. var. levis Penn. Isle of Man, &c.
Labelled in error P. cerulea, which is a variety of
P. vulgata.
Acmeea testudinalis Mill. Hebrides.
A. testudinalis Mull. Orkney.
A single small specimen.
A. virginea Mill. Orkney.
Pilidium fulvum Mill. Loch Fyne, &c.
P. fulvum Mull. var. albida. Loch Fyne, &c.
Included without notice on the same card.
Lepeta ceeca Mill. Loch Fyne.
Propilidium ancyloides Forbes. Isle of Mill.
Three dead and two living specimens only.
Puncturella noachina L. Loch Fyne, &c.
Emarginula reticulata L. Anglesea, &c.
E. rosea Bell. Weymouth.
E. crassa Sby. Loch Fyne and Carnarvonshire.
Two specimens from each locality. The labels
were evidently misplaced, and I have transposed them.
The two larger specimens (three times the size of the
others) were labelled as if from Carnarvonshire, which
is most unlikely. The locality is the most southern
recorded, and it is possible that these specimens have
something to do with Jeffreys’ remark in his appendix—
“Anglesea, Miss Roberts fide MacAndrew.”

362 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Fissurella reticulata Don. Anglesea, &c.
_ Pileopsis Hungarica L. Weymouth, &c.
Largest specimen a giant, 2°5 by 1 oe Another
card occurs with a single shell labelled P. mulitaris?
Cape Clear. I cannot agree with Jeffreys in thinking
this a young specimen of P. Hungarica; the beak is
strongly reflected over the posterior side, whereas in
young shells of P. Hungarica it is always nearly central.
I should pronounce it certainly a wogn specimen of P.
militaris L.,a West Indian shell, probably introduced in
ballast.
Galyptresa Sinensis L. Dartmouth and Milford.
Haliotis tuberculata L.
No mark of locality, but of course from the Chan-
nel Islands.
Scissurella crispata Flem. Hebrides.
One broken specimen.
S. crispata Flem. No locality.
Two living specimens.
Cyclostrema Cuilerianum Clark. Exmouth.
GC. nitens Phil. No locality.
GC. serpuloides Mont. Lamlash Bay.
Labelled an Bean’s handwriting “‘Skenea divisa
Fleming, rare.’
aa (Margarita) hiehois Fabr. Unst.
T. (M.) helicinus Fabr. Skye.
T. (M.) glaucus Mull. Sound of Skye.
T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. Oban.
T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. Zetland.
T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. Orkney.
T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. var. dilatata. Zetland.
T. (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. var. No locality. ;

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 363

More elevated, with many distinct impressed striz,
surface less smooth and shining.
Trochus (M.) Groenlandicus Chem. var. levior. Skye.
T. (M.) amabilis Jeffr. Zetland.
Three perfect specimens (one with operculum), two
imperfect, of this rare and lovely shell.
. (Gibbula) magus L. Carnarvonshire.
. (G.) magus L. var. alba. Hebrides.
. (G.) tumidus Mont. Anglesea, &c.
As usual, the northern are much larger than the
southern specimens.
. (G.) tumidus Mont. South of England.
. (G.) cinerarius L. — Britain.
. (G.) cinerarius L. var. electissima. Weymouth.
. (G.) cinerarius L. var. Orkney.
. (G.) umbilicatus Mont. Isle of Man, &c.
. (G.) umbilicatus Mont. var. Agathensis Red. Guernsey.
. (Trochocochlea) lineatus DaCosta. Cornwall, &c.
Not so large as specimens from the Channel Islands.
. (Zizyphinus) Montacuti Wood. Weymouth.
.(Z.) striatus L. Torbay.
. (Z.) exiguus Pult. Weymouth.
.(Z.) millegranus Phil. Arran, &c.
. (Z.) millegranus Phil. var. pyramidata.. Weymouth.
. (Z.) granulatus Born. Isle of Man.
.(Z.) zizyphinus L. Scotland.
. (Z.) zizyphinus L. Anglesea.
. (Z.) zizyphinus L. var. granulifera. No locality.
. (Z.) zizyphinus L. var.? Isle of Man.
. (Z.) zizyphinus L. monstr. Anglesea.
. (Z.) occidentalis Migh. Zetland.
Three specimens, two full grown.

HHAdA AAAAAAG 4A

4Adda54

364 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Phasianella pullus L. Milford.
P. pullus L. Anglesea.
P. pullus L. Weymouth.
Lacuna crassior Mont. Anglesea, &c.
L. divaricata Fabr. Moray Firth.
L. divaricata Fabr. Zetland.
L. divaricata Fabr. Anglesea.
L. divaricata Fabr. var. Southampton.
Labelled Z. canalis Mont.
L. puteolus Turt. Isle of Man.
L. puteolus Turt. var. Milford.
L. puteolus Turt. var. Southampton.
Labelled Z. Montaguz Tutt., see Jeffr., vol.ii1.,p. 351.
L. pallidula DaCosta. Anglesea, &c.
Littorina obtusata L. Hebrides, &c.
Many of these are the var. ornata.
L. obtusata L. var. fabalis Turt. Ireland.
Labelled in error Z. jugosa which isa var. of Z.rudis.
L. obtusata L. var. fabalis Turt. Scarboro’.
Labelled in error Z. Geaniz Macg.
. neritoides L. Britain.
. rudis Maton. Hebrides, &c.
. rudis Maton var. saxatilis Johnst. Penzance.
. rudis Maton var. Scarboro’.

ale Ais

Labelled Z. vudisstum Bean, but see Jeffr., vol. 11.,
p. 368.
L. rudis Maton var. tenebrosa Mont. South of England.
As L. tenebrosa.
L. rudis Maton var. jugosa Mont. Isle of Wight.
Labelled in error Z. palliata Say, which =Z. Ut
tovalis L.,a North American shell, now found in our
pleistocene beds.

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 365

Littorina rudis L. var. Scarboro’.

Labelled Z. zonarza Bean.
rudis L. var. Southend.
Apex wholly or partly eroded.
rudis L. var. nigrolineata Don. Lands End.
The var. s/cata of Leach. Where MacAndrew got
his name from I do not know. It does not occur in
Donovan’s British Shells.

. rudis L. var. Scarboro’.

Labelled Z. neglecta Bean, but the same as the var-
saxatilts.

. rudis L. var. No locality.

Bright red with faint ridges.

. littorea L. Britain.
Les

littorea L. var. Falmouth.

Probably the var. ¢urrzta of Jeffreys.
littorea L. var. Milford.

Perhaps the var. drevicula of Jeffreys.

Rissoa striatula Mont. Dartmouth.

YN DV

The largest specimen has a prominent varix on the
body whorl.

. crenulata Mich. Scilly.

One specimen (which I have marked on the card
with an asterisk) belongs to &. Zetlandtca Mont.

. Beanii Hanl. Hebrides.

Two specimens on this card are #. crenulata.

: Beanii Hanl. Scilly, &c.
. Beanii Hanl. Lamlash.
. sculpta Phil. Zetland, &c.

According to Jeffreys the present species is not the
R. sculpta of Philippi, but 2. cemzcotides of Forbes.

. punctura Mont. Scilly.

366 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Rissoa punctura Monf. Croulin Island.

YNUDNVA

Pos)

30) 20} 20) =o} 30) 39) 39) 9] 9] 9} 30) ba) Bul

Poe 0)

abyssicola Forbes. Loch Fyne, &c.
Nineteen specimens of this rare species.

. Zetlandica Mont. Zetland, &c.

. costata Mont. Dartmouth.

. parva DaCosta. Islay, &c. -

. parva DaCosta var. interrupta. Islay.

. parva DaCosta var. interrupta. Milford.

. parva DaCosta var. interrupta. Between Land’s End and

Cape Clear, 56 fathoms.

. inconspicua Alder. Torbay.
. inconspicua Alder var. variegata. Isle of Cumbrae.

Labelled 2. Goodallit Alder. Where MacAndrew
gets the name, I am unable to say. It is certainly
not the Persephone Goodaliiz of Leach. Iam indebted
to Dr. Jeffreys for the determination of this species.

. albella Lovén var. Sarsii Jeffr. Orkney.
. albeila Lovén var. Sarsii Jeffr. Balta, Zetland.
. rufilabrum Ald. Islay.

. costulata Ald. No locality.

. labiosa Mont. Southampton.

. labiosa Mont. var. elata Phil. Tenby.

. labiosa Mont. var. elata Phil. Islay.

. vitrea Mont. Hebrides.

. vitrea Mont. Dartmouth.

. pulcherrima Jeffr. Guernsey.

. semistriata Mont. Torbay.

. fulgida Ads. Torbay.

. Striata Ads. No locality.

Many specimens much distorted.

. cingillus Mont. Moray Firth.
. cingillus Mont. var. rupestris. Weymouth:

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~ Rissoa cingillus Mont. var. rupestris. Ilfracombe.
R. cingillus Mont. var. rupestris. Barrow.

Besides the above, the following foreign species are
included :—Aissoa Bryerus Mont. (a West Indian shell),
from Laskey’s Collection; Hel¢x decussatus of Montagu,
from Laskey’s Collection; and one, apparently a Azssoina
and certainly not British.

Barleeia rubra Ads. Scilly, &c.
Jeffreysia diaphana Alder. No locality
J. globularis Jeffr. No locality.

Two specimens.

Skenea depressa Flem. Scarboro’.

Label in Bean’s handwriting.
Homalogyra atomus Phil. Tenby, &c.
Coecum trachea Mont. Bantry, &c.

C. glabrum Mont. Torbay.

Turritella communis Risso. Weymouth.

T. communis Risso. Zetland.

T. communis Risso var. nivea. Zetland.

T. communis Risso var. gracilis Drap. Cork.
Truncatella truncatula Drap. Weymouth.
Scalaria Turtonz Turt. Belfast, &c.

S. communis Lam. Liverpool, &c.
Not a very good set of specimens.

S. Treveiyana Leach. South of Ireland.
S. clathratula Adams. Scilly, &c.

The collection alsc contains a fragment, apparently of the
last whorl of Scalaria Grenlandica, Duncansby Head. See, for
a few remarks on this fragment, Jeffreys, vol. iv., p. 97.

Aclis unica Mont. Scarboro’.
From Bean.

A. ascaris Turt. Zetland.
A single specimen.

368 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Aclis supranitida S. Wood. Bantry Bay.
Five fine specimens.
A. supranitida S. Wood. Isle of Man.
A. Walkeri Jeffr. Zetland.
Five specimens, from Jeffreys.
Odostomia cylindrica Alder. Falmouth.
O. cylindrica Alder. Lamlash Bay.
O. truncatula Jeffr. Exmouth.
O. albella Lovén. Falmouth.
Labelled O. rzssozdes Hanl.; corrected (as several in
this genus) by Jeffreys.
. pallida Mont. Zetland.
. pallida Mont. Loch Fyne.
. conoidea Brocchi. Oban, &c.
. acuta Jeffr. Loch Fyne and Bantry.
. turrita Hanley. Loch Fyne.
. insculpta Mont. No locality.
. decussata Mont. Falmouth.
. rissoides Hanl. var. nitida Ald. Zetland.
[Unknown.—‘“‘O. pellucida Jeff.” No locality. ]
Chemnitzia indistincta Mont. Dartmouth.
C. interstincta Mont. Scarboro’.
C. fenestrata Forbes. Torbay.
C. fenestrata Forbes. Southampton.
Large specimens, nearly ‘2 inch long.
. fenestrata Forbes. Dartmouth.
. scalaris Phil. Miulford and Dartmouth.
. scalaris Phil. var. rufescens Forbes. Oban, &c.
. rufa Phil. Anglesea, &c.
A fine series of 25. The largest is a giant, measur-
ing more than ‘5 inch long. Some of the specimens
appear to be the var. fu/vocincta Thomps.

DOQDOBOOC

0000

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Chemnitzia eximia Jeffr. No locality.
C. spiralis Mont. Zetland.
C. elegantissima Mont. Milford.
C. elegantissima Mont. Bantry and Torbay.
C. pusilla Phil. Guernsey.
Eulimella Scillee Scacchi. Oban, &c.
Jeffreys unites 2Aulimella, as well as Chemnttzia
with Odostomia.
E. acicula Phil. Bantry, &c.
E. acicula Phil. var. ventricosa. Murray Firth.
Labelled £. afinis Ph., which Jeffreys (vol. iv., p.
171) regards as his var. vextricosa of LE. acicula. One
specimen on the card, by an extraordinary oversight, is
Lulima polita \., young.
E. acicula Phil. var. ventricosa.. Guernsey.
E. nitidissima Mont. Arran.
Two specimens from each locality.
E. nitidissima Mont. Murray Firth.
lanthina communis Lam. ‘Tenby.
Two splendid specimens, the largest 1:25 by 1°35.
I, communis Lam. Ireland.
1. exigua Lam. Ireland.
Rarely cast on our shores.
Eulima polita L. Anglesea, &c.
A very fine series of 32 specimens, in various stages
of growth.
E. polita L. Bantry.
Three specimens, now marked with an asterisk, are
E. intermedia.
E. polita L. Zetland.
One specimen, the smallest, is £. ¢ztermedia.

E. intermedia Cantr.

370 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Mixed with Z. polita on the two last cards, now
distinguished by asterisks attached to each shell.
Eulima distorta Desh. Lamlash Bay.
Some specimens very distorted.
E. distorta Desh. var. gracilis. Loch Fyne.

All the specimens on this card are referable to this
var., though not distinguished as such; they are all
singularly undistorted.

E. stenostoma Jeffr. Zetland, 90 f.

One fine specimen of this very rare shell.
E. subulata Don. Ireland and Anglesea.
E. bilineata Alder. Oban, &c.
Natica helicoides Johnst. Zetland, &c.

Six good specimens.

. Greenlandica Brok. North Sea.
. sordida Phil. Firth of Clyde, &c.
. catena DaCosta Britain.
. nitida Don. Anglesea.
. nitida Don. var. Murray Firth.
. nitida Don. var. Zetland.
. Montagui Forbes. Arran.
. Montagui Forbes var. albula. Zetland.
Velutina flexilis Mont. Loch Fyne.

One specimen of this rare shell.
V. levigata Penn. Anglesea, &c.
V. laevigata Penn. Kyleakin.
Lamellaria perspicua L. Cardigan Bay.
L. perspicua L. Murray Firth, &c.

Another card, labelled Z. ¢entaculata Mont., Murray
Firth, &c., contains the male of Z. perspzcua, which is
about one-third the size of the type, has a much broader
mouth, and might well be taken for another species.

Lea£ 2 2 22 ze

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Adeorbis subcarinatus Mont. Tenby.

Label in Bean’s handwriting.
Trichotropis borealis B. and S. Oban, Zetland, &c.
Aporrhais pes-pelecani L. Carnarvon Bay.

A. pes-pelecani L. var. albida. Zetland, 80 f.
A. pes-pelecani.L. monstr.

One of these specimens is very remarkable. A
second wing, or rather spike, projects behind the ordinary
wing, which is abnormally thickened by many calcareous
layers which are flaky and could be peeled off. The
second or older spike is evidently ‘dead’ and is almost
hidden by barnacles, but the continuation of the rib of
the body whorl leaves no doubt as to its true character.
No doubt the shell met with a grave accident when
almost mature; instead of the damaged wing being
repaired, a new wing or something approaching a wing
was made.

A. MacAndree Jeffr. Zetland.
Six mature, twoimmature. Labelled 4. pes-carbonis
Brogn., which is a tertiary fossil.

Cerithium metula Lovén. Zetland.
Two perfect specimens, one imperfect.

C. reticulatum DaCosta. Clyde, &c.
Largest specimen ‘55 long.

C. perversum L. Sandwich.
Cerithiopsis tubercularis L. Scilly, &c.
Purpura lapillus L. Anglesea, &c.

P. lapillus L. Caldy Island.

P. lapillus L. var. imbricata. Rhoscollyn.
A very large series (45) of this beautiful variety.

P, lapillus L. var. major. Swansea.

P. lapillus L. var. major. Southampton.
Length: 2°3 inches.

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Purpura !apillus L. var. Barmouth.
Save for the size (1°5 by °75), this would accord
with Jeffreys’ var. mznorv: the ridges are very strong.
Not very far removed from the type.
P. lapillus L. var. Beaumaris.
Spire aslant.
Buccinum undatum L. Cork.
B. undatum L. Wales.
B. undatum L. North Sea.
B. undatum L. Nymph Bank.
B. undatum L. Zetland.

This may be the var. fexuosa of Jeffreys, but though
the spire is produced, the shell is not ‘more slender’:
the ribs are very strong and curved.

. undatum L. var. paupercula King. Southampton.
. undatum L. var. paupercula King. Carnarvon Bay.
. undatum L. var. 1. No locality
(These numbers, var. 1, var. 2, etc., correspond with

mw Ww

the numbers on the cards. They do not correspond
with the numbers of the vars. in Jeffr.) Thin, elongated,
longitudinal ribs faint, epidermis smooth.
B. undatum L. var. pelagica King. Zetland.
Jeffreys’ only locality is Dogger Bank. It is solid
and not ‘thinner than usual.’
B. undatum L. var. Zetlandica Forbes. Zetland.
Acuminated, but otherwise agreeing with the des-
cription in Jeffr.
B. undatum L. var. 2. No locality.
Thick, elongated, but not quite so much so as in
monstr. acuminatum.
B. undatum L. var. 3. Stornaway. ;
Agrees with monstr. acuminatum, save that the

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COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

whorls are not flat, and the ribs are very prominent.

Buccinum undatum L. var. 4. Berwick Bay.
Small, very thick and solid.
B. undatum L. var. 4. Ayrshire.
B. undatum L. var. 5. Morayshire.
Large, very thick and solid.
B. undatum L. monstr. sinistrorsum. No locality.
Four fine specimens.
B. undatum L. monstr. carinatum. No locality.
Two fine specimens.
B. undatum L. monstr. acuminatum. No locality.
Three fine specimens.
B. Humphreysianum Bennett. Zetland.
B. Humphreysianum Bennett var. lactea. Zetland.
Buccinopsis Dalei J. Sby. No locality.
Murex erinaceus L. Torbay.
M. corallinus Scacchi. Jersey.
Lachesis minima Mont. No locality.
Trophon muricatus Mont. Weymouth, &c.
T. muricatus Mont. Guernsey.
T. Barvicensis Johnst. Berwick Bay, Hebrides, &c.
T. clathratus L. Anglesea, Hebrides, &c.
Fusus antiquus L. Britain.
Largest example, 7 inches by 4.
F. antiquus L. var. contrarius L. Britain.
F. antiquus L. var. Carnarvon Bay.
F. antiquus L. var. Ireland and Hebrides.
Four fine specimens.
F. Norvegicus Chem. North Sea.
Two fine specimens.
F. Turtoni Bean. North Sea.
F. gracilis DaCosta. Zetland.

373

374 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Fusus gracilis DaCosta. East coast, &c.
F. gracilis DaCosta var. Zetland.
Deep water specimens.
F. propinquus Alder. Zetland.
F. propinquus Alder. North Sea.
Largest specimen 2'1 inches long.
F. propinquus Alder var. turrita. Shetland.
A longer, thinner shell, with a more turreted spire
and consequently a deeper suture.
F. Berniciensis King. North Sea.
A single fine specimen, close on 3°5 inches long.
F. Berniciensis King. Zetland.
Two very young specimens.
F. Jeffreysianus Fischer. Plymouth. ;
Four good specimens. But query its specific dis-
tinction from gracilis. —
Nassa reticulata L. Anglesea, &c.
N. reticulata L. var. Southampton.
N. reticulata L. var. nitida, Harwich.
Jeffreys “with some misgiving” gives it as lV. nzteda.
It is shorter, stumpier and broader for its size than the
type, more lustrous, the longitudinal ribs are stronger
and not nearly so numerous, while the spiral ridges are
fainter; thus the shell has not the tesselated appearance
characteristic of the type.
N. incrassata Mill. Orkney.
N. incrassata Mill. var. minor. Moray Firth.
N. incrassata Mill. var. Scarboro’.
Labelled,in Bean’s hand,“ Buccinum breve Montagu.”
N. pygmeea Lam. Weymouth.
N. pygmeea Lam. var. Torbay.
Labelled, in Bean’s hand, ‘‘ Vassa varicosa Turton.”

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- Columbella Halizeeti Jeffr. Zetland.
Two good specimens of this rare shell.
C. Halizeti Jeffr. ‘Off Unst, 75—80 f., 1864.”
Two specimens in box, labelled in Jeffreys’ hand.
C. nana Lovén. Zetland.
Five specimens, two 1n a recent state of preservation.
One specimen of Columbella Holbollii Moll., is
included. Locality, ‘‘Belfast.” It.is regarded as a glacial
fossil by Jeffreys, its southern living limit being Bergen.
Defrancia teres Forbes. Orkney and Berwick Bay.
D. gracilis Mont. No locality.
D. Leufroyi Mich. Hebrides.
D. Leufroyi Mich. var. carnosula Jeffr. Zetland.
The largest specimen is °875 inch long.
. linearis Mont. Hebrides, &c.
. linearis Mont. var. Orkney.
. linearis Mont. var. Orkney.
. reticulata Ren. No locality.
Labelled ‘‘ Mangelta asperima, (sic.) Brown,” which
I do not know. It is a single specimen and rather
worn, but there can be no doubt what it is.

0OU0D0

. purpurea Mont. Hebrides.
. purpurea Mont. var. Philberti. Hebrides.

The two specimens of the variety are on the same
card as the type. I have put a pencil cross under them
and recorded them on the back of the card.

D. purpurea Mont. var. oblonga. Lundy Island.
There may be some mistake in this locality.
Jeffreys says it is confined to the Channel Islands.
Pleurotoma striolata Scacchi. Bantry Bay.
P. striolata Scacchi var. Bantry Bay.
P. attenuata Mont. Torbay.

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Pleurotoma costata Don. Scilly, &c.
P. costata Don. Cornwall.
Labelled P. costata Don., var. Metcalfit Penn.
There is some mistake. P. Metcalfiz Hanl.—P. levi-
gata Phil., and is only found in the Channel Islands,
while the present specimens are but slight varieties, if
varieties at all, of P. costata, and I know of no var.
Metcalfit of P. costata.
. costata Don. var. coarctata. Hebrides.
. brachystoma Phil. Hebrides, &c.
. nebula Mont. Anglesea, &c.
. nebula Mont. var. elongata Jeffr. No locality.
. septangularis Mont. Anglesea, &c.
. levigata Phil. South of England.
. rufa Mont. Anglesea, &c.
. rufa Mont. vars. Anglesea, &c.
On the same card.
. turricula Mont. Zetland, &c.
. turricula Mont. var. rosea. Hebrides.
. turricula Mont. var. East coast.
. turricula Mont. var. Anglesea.
. turricula Mont. var. North Sea.
. Trevelyana Turt. East coast.
Erato levis Don. Hebrides, &c.
Trivia Europea L. Britain.
Very good series, showing every variation of growth.
Another card contains two monstrosities.
Ovula patula Penn. Cornwall, &c.
Largest specimen exactly 1 inch by ‘5s.
Cylichna acuminata Brug. Loch Fyne, &c.
MacAndrew had placed it among the Cyfreide,
under the generic name of Volvuda.

VTVTvVTVUUVUVU VU VU

U0U0T0 U0 'U

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Cylichna umbilicata Mont. Murray Firth, &c.
C. cylindracea Penn. No locality.
C.cylindracea Penn. Loch Fyne, &c.
Dwarf specimens,nearly approaching the var. /zzear‘s.
Utriculus mamillatus Phil. Exmouth.
As Bulla mammillata.
U. truncatulus Brug. Murray Firth.
Labelled Cylichna truncata Adams. See Jeffreys,
vol. iv., p. 423.
U. truncatulus Brug. Scarboro’.
Labelled Bulla truncata Montagu, in Bean’s writing.
Young specimens, apparently, for they are not a quarter
the size of the Scotch shells.
U. obtusus Mont. Liverpool.
U. obtusus Mont. Unst and Zetland.
Perhaps the var. Lajonkaireana.
U. obtusus Mont. No locality.
Amphisphyra hyalina Turt. Murray Firth.
Akera bullata Mill. Ireland.
A. bullata Mill. var. Zetland.
Much smaller. Labelled 4. Hanleyz, A. Adams.
Tornatella fasciata Lam. Anglesea, &c.
Another card contains some minute specimens,
possibly (but no locality is given) of the var. ¢eze//a Lovén.
Bulla hydatis L. Exmouth.
B. Cranchii Leach. Scotland.
=8. utriculus Brocchi.
Scaphander lignarius L. Anglesea, &c.
I have taken it alive at a very low tide, in the
harbour of St. Peter’s port, Guernsey.
S. lignarius L. var. Scilly and Hebrides.
Milk-white.

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Philine scabra O. Miill. North Sea, &c.
P. catena Mont. Scarboro’.

P. quadrata S. Wood. North Sea.

P. punctata Clark. Scarboro’.

One specimen remaining of three (the other two

have disappeared) from Bean.

P.-pruinosa Clark. Sound of Skye.

Three specimens, one full grown.
P. aperta L. Liverpool, &c.
Aplysia punctata Cuv. Hebrides.
Pleurobranchus membranaceus Mont. Britain.
P. plumula Mont. Torbay.
Alexia bidentata Mont. Isle of Man.
A. bidentata Mont. var. alba. Ilfracombe.

The Auricultde I found in great confusion. Both
these cards were labelled Awricula alba. ‘Two cards
containing identical specimens of Alexta myosotis, Drap.
(=denticulata Mont.) were labelled Auzicula bidentata
and Alexia denticulata respectively. The var: ringens of
this latter species was labelled Awuriciula persona. ‘Two
cards were not labelled at all.

A. myosotis Drap. Sandwich.

As Auricula bidentata.
A. myosotis Drap. Youghal.

Somewhat more obese, but hardly a variety.
A. myosotis Drap. var. ringens. Anglesea.

As Auricula persona. One specimen has the outer
lip remarkably fluted with plaits, quite after the fashion
of tropical MWelampz.

Otina otis Turt. Ireland.
Assiminea Grayana Leach. Greenwich.

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PTEROPODA.
Spirialis Flemingii Forbes. Loch Staffin.
S. Flemingii Forbes var. MacAndree. Britain.
Labelled, by a bad mistake, Hemzfusus (for Hetero-
Jusus) MacAndree.
S. Flemingii Forbes var. Jeffreysii. South of Id. of Arran.
Thus I should designate the card labelled ‘ Pevacde
Flemingi.’ It may be only the fry of the type, but
the description of the variety (‘spire shorter’) exactly
corresponds. |

FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.

The fresh water and land shells, as represented in this
collection, do not call for any lengthy comment. I believe I am
right in saying that this part of the collection was made y Mrb.
MacAndrew before he had made very much way in the study of
conchology; this will account for some of the omissions and mis-
takes, though the latter are few.

Out of 125 land and freshwater species (reckoning Hydrobia
uve as non-marine and Testacella Maugei as now naturalised),
the collection contains 114. The absentees are characteristic ;
they are as follows :—

Pisidium roseum Sch. Limax tenellus Mill.
Geomalacus maculosusAllm. Testacella haliotidea Drap.
Limax gagates Drap. Vertigo Moulinsiana Dup.
L. marginatus Mill. V. pusilla Mull.

L. flavus L. V. angustior Jeftr.

L. laevis Miill.

380 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Zonttes nitidulus and Z. nitidus, as well as Planorbis lineatus,
were not in the original collection. I have added them. Two
other species, though they appear in the list, do so only in the
sense of having once formed a part of the collection, the card
alone remaining, the shells being irretrievably broken. These are
Limnea involuta and Vertigo alpestris.

CONCHIFERA.

FRESHWATER.

Cycilas cornea L. Liverpool.
.cornea L. Elgin.
. cornea L. var. flavescens. Liverpool.
. cornea L. var. pisidioides. Regent’s Canal.
As C. ptstdioides.
. rivicola Leach. Scarboro’.
. pallida Gray. Regent’s Canal.
. caliculata Drap. Liverpool.
Pisidium amnicum Mill. River Barrow, Ireland.
P. amnicum Mill. No locality.
P. fontinale Drap. Cheshire.
As P. Henslowtanum Shep.
P. fontinale Drap. var. Henslowiana Shep. Swansea.
As P. Henslowtanum Shep.
P. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Britain.
As P. pulchellum.
. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Scarboro’.
As P. pulchellum.
P. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Wigtonshire.
As P. pulchellum.
P. fontinale Drap. var. pulchella Jen. Britain.
As P. Henslowtanum.

000 000

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Pisidium fontinale Drap. var. cinerea Ald. Scarboro’.

As FP. cinereum.

P. pusillum Gmel. Britain.
P. pusillum Gmel. var. obtusalis Pfr. Britain.

As P. obtusale.

P. pusillum ? Gmel. var. obtusalis Pfr. Bressa, Zetland.
P. nitidum Jenyns. Britain.

Unio tumidus Phil. No locality.

U. tumidus Phil. var. ovalis Mont. No locality.

U. tumidus Phil. var. No locality.

U. pictorum L. No locality.

As Unio ovals.

U. margaritifer L. (and pearls). River Tay.
Anodonta cygnea L.
A. anatina L.

Unable myself to see any specific distinction between
the two, I have simply recorded them and left the cards
in the collection as I found them.

Dreissena polymorpha Pall. Birmingham.
Hundreds of specimens in situ ona piece of branch.

GASTEROPODA.

FRESH WATER.

Neritina fluviatilis L. Ireland.
N. fluviatilis L. Birmingham.
Paludina contecta Mill. Yorkshire, &c.
As P. Listert F. & H., which name must be quite
given up.
P. vivipara L. Lancashire, &c.
P. vivipara L. var. unicolor. River Lea.
Bithinia tentaculata L. Scarboro’.
B. Leachii Shep. Battersea.

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Valvata piscinalis Mill. Liverpool.
Hydrobia similis Drap. Tilbury.
Labelled Rzssoa anatina.
H. similis Drap. Greenwich.
From Jeffreys.
H. ventrosa Mont. No locality.
H. ulvee Penn. Southampton.
H. ulvze Penn. Lewes.
One or two of the specimens appear to be the var.
Larleei Jeffreys.
H. ulvee Penn. Liverpool.
H. ulvee Penn. var. Barleei Jeffr. Loch Fyne.
H. ulvze-Penn. var. octona. Guernsey.
As fussoa (2.e., Hydrobia) ventrosa.
Planorbis lineatus Walker. Buckenham, Norfolk.
Not in the original collection. I have added it.
P. nitidus Mill. Elgin, &c.
As Jeffreys (vol. 1, p. 82) says he is not aware of
this species having been found living with the preceding,
I may record that I have found them living in the same
pond at Buckenham, Norfolk, - “neatus being by far
the most abundant.
P. nautileus L. Belfast.
Labelled P. zmbricatus Miull., of which I find no
record in Jeffr. One specimen on the card was so
obviously not P. zautéleus that I have removed it. It
was P. glaber.
P: albus Mill. Anglesea.
P. glaber Jeffr. No locality.
“From Jeffreys,” but no locality.
P. glaber Jeffr. Holy Island and Essex.
As “ P. devs Alder.”

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COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 383

Planorbis spirorbis Mill. Battersea.
vortex L. Surrey.
vortex L. Elgin.
. carinatus Mill. Surrey.
. marginatus Drap. Surrey.
. marginatus Drap. monstr. Rochdale.
From Bean. ‘Turreted and deeply umbilicated.

U0 00 U

. corneus L. Scarboro’.
. corneus L. var. albida. Middlesex,
I have it also from Cambridge. Jeffreys only men-

U U

tions Surrey.
P. contortus L. Surrey.
P. contortus L. Elgin.
Physa hypnorum L. Liverpool.
P. hypnorum L. Elgin.
P.fontinalis L. Liverpool.
P. fontinalis L. var. albina. Britain.

A card also occurs with three specimens of “‘P.
acutus Drap., Britain.” It is probable they are from the
Victoria Regia tank in Kew Gardens, where I have
taken them abundantly.

Limnea glutinosa Mill. Britain.
L.involuta Thomps. Killarney.

This species is recorded in the sense of having
once been in the collection. The single specimen has
been completely smashed.

L. peregra Mill. Liverpool, &c.

Several other cards though differently labelled must
be referred to the type, not even to varieties. Such are
the cards labelled Lzmncaus /ineatus, Scarboro’ (distinct
from the var. /zneatus below), Limuneus lacustris, Ireland,
and Limneus fossarius, Antrim.

384 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Limnza peregra Mill. var. Burnetti Ald. Newcastle.
As Lymnea Burnetts.
L. peregra Mill. var. lacustris Leach. Isle of Lewes.

L. peregra Mill. var. lacustris Leach. Zetland.

L. peregra Mill. var. intermedia Fé. No locality.
Hitherto unlabelled, but unmistakeable.

L. peregra Mill. var. ovata Drap. Ireland.
Not far removed from the type.

L. peregra Mill. var. sinistrorsa. Scarboro’. |

Labelled ‘‘Zzmnceus lineatus var. reversed.”

L. auricularia L. Surrey.
L. stagnalis L. Anglesea.

This locality can hardly be correct as regards the
three largest specimens, one of which is 2°25 inches
long by 1°25 broad.

L. palustris Mill. Anglesea.

All rather dwarfed.

L. palustris Mill. var. corvus Gmel. Britain.

The locality is very unsatisfactory. Thespecimens
are not so ventricose as those Jeffreys describes. He
gives ‘65 inch as the width of a specimen 1°3 in length.
But while most of these shells closely approach that
length, none of these are more than ‘5 wide.

L. truncatula Mill. No locality.
Not labelled.
L. glabra Mill. Liverpool.

Ancylus fluviatilis Mull) Carnarvonshire.
A. lacustris L. Antrim.
A. lacustris L. Scarboro’.

From Bean.

J.C., iii,, October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 385

GASTEROPODA.

LAND.

Arion ater L. Scarboro’.
From Bean.
Limax agrestis L. Elgin.
L. agrestis L. Scarboro’.
As Limacellus obliquus Vurt. From Bean.
L. aroborum Bouch. Elgin.
L. arborum Bouch. Scarboro’. |
As Limacellus arboreus Clark. From Bean.
L. maximus L. Elgin.
Testacella Maugei Fér. Bristol.

Wrongly given as Z: haliotidea Drap. Originally
labelled rightly, but changed for the worse. ‘They are
all dried specimens, with the shells in situ.

Succinea putris L. Scarboro’.
S. putris L. Llangadock.
S. putris L. Anglesea.
As S. amphibia Drap.
S. elegans Risso. South of Ireland.
As S. gracilis Alder.
S. elegans Risso. Elgin.
As S. Pfeiffert Rossm.
. elegans Risso. No locality.
. oblonga Drap. Swansea.
. oblonga Drap. No locality.
From Jeffreys.
Vitrina pellucida Drap. Liverpool.
Zonites cellarius Mill. Torquay.

As ‘Helix’ cellaria. All the species of Zondtes are

thus named.

nn DN

386 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Zonites alliarius Miill. Anglesea.
Z. nitidulus Drap. Putney.
Not in the original collection. I have added it.
Z. purus Alder. Elgin.
By an extraordinary oversight, the midmost of the
five specimens on this card is a Vetrina pellucida!

Z. purus Alder. Scarboro’.

As Helix Alderi Bean.
. radiatulus Alder. Scarboro’.
. nitidus Mull. Cambridge.

Not in the original collection. I have added it.
. excavatus Bean. Liverpool.
. crystallinus Mull. Anglesea.
. crystallinus Miill. Scarboro’.
. fulvus Mill. Murrayshire.
elix lamellata Jeffr. Anglesea.

. lamellata Jeffr. Scarboro’.
As Hf. Scarburgensis Bean.

. aculeata Mill. Anglesea.
As HZ. spinulosa Mont.

. pomatia L. Surrey.
.aspersa Mull. Britain.
. aspersa Miill. var. exalbida. Britain.
. aspersa Mill. var. conoidea. Britain.
. aspersa Mill. var. sinistrorsa. Britain.

One specimen of each on the same card as the type.
.nemoralis L. No locality.
. nemoralis L. var hortensis Mill. Britain.

As #1. hortensis.
H. nemoralis L. var. hybrida Poir. Yorkshire.

As 7. hybrida.

H. nemoralis L. var. fasciis hyalinis. No locality.
Hitherto unlabelled.

ae ae Se ae a aE NCINENUN

a Ba B

J.C., iii., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 387

Helix arbustorum L. Anglesea.

H.
H.

ea ia a Bal gl Bs

cantiana Mont. Kent.
cantiana Mont. Dulwich.
Wrongly labelled 4. carthusiana.

. cartusiana Mill. South of England.

. rufescens Penn. Tenby.

. rufescens Penn. Dumfrieshire.

. rufescens Penn. var. albida. Somerset.
. concinna Jeffr. Anglesea.

So I should regard the card labelled “4. hzspida,
Anglesea.”

. hispida L. Isle of Wight.
. hispida L. No locality.

Several on this card appear to be 4. concinna.

. sericea Mill. Liverpool.

As Hf. granulata Alder.

. sericea Mill. Anglesea.
. sericea Mill. var. cornea? Scarboro’.

As Helix globulus (no doubt for globularis) J effr.
revelata Mich. Guernsey.
Labelled H. zevelata Fér., which = sericea Miill.

. fusca Mont. Scarboro’.
. fusca Mont. Liverpool.
. pisana Mill. Dublin.

As £. cingenda Mont.

. virgata DaCosta. Anglesea.
. virgata DaCosta var. Dublin.

A remarkable variety, not mentioned by Jeffreys.
It is pure chalky white, with semitransparent white
bands, closely resembling those of the var. fascé7s hyalinis
of A. nemoralts. ;

. caperata Unst. Britain.

388 COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION.

Helix ericetorum Mill. Isle of Man.

. ericetorum Miill. Ilfracombe..

. rotundata Mill. Anglesea.

. rotundata Mill. var. alba. Cheshire.
. umbilicata Mont. Anglesea.

. umbilicata Mont. Tenby.

. pygmeea Drap. Scarboro’.

. pygmeea Drap. Ireland.

. pulchella Mill. Anglesea.

. pulchella Mill. var. costata. Anglesea.
As Ff. crenella Mill.

. lapicida L. Portland.

. lapicida L. Scarboro’.

. obvoluta Mill. Buriton, Hants.
Bulimus acutus Mill. Anglesea, &c.

B. acutus Mill. var. bizona. Devon.

B. acutus Mill. var. inflata. Isle of Man.
B. montanus Drap. Buriton, Hants.

ol Sa rage eee Pe? Ge Decade) ae Bagel gel Doe

Another card, from Bean, contains a single speci-

men from the same locality.
B. obscurus Mill. Anglesea.
Pupa secale Drap. Isle of Wight.
P. secale Drap. Boxhill.
P. anglica Fér. Scarboro’.

Labelled on two cards as Pupa anglica Bean, but
this must be an error. The name is due to Férussac,
while Bean appears to have been the first to make the
shell known as a native of England.

P. anglica Fér. Portmarnock.

P. umbilicata Drap. Anglesea.
As P. muscorum 1.

P. umbilicata Drap. var. alba. Anglesea.
On the same card.

J.C., ili., October, 1882

COOKE: ON THE MACANDREW COLLECTION. 389

Pupa marginata Drap. Antrim.
Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Cheshire.
As V. palustris Leach.
V. pygmeea Drap. Ireland.
V. pygmeea Drap. Elgin.
V. alpestris Alder. No locality.
I only record this species as having once belonged
to the collection. The two specimens on a small card
(label apparently in Jeffreys’ handwriting) have been
irretrievably smashed.
. substriata Jeffr. Cheshire.
. substriata Jeffr. Harrogate.
. edentula Drap. Ireland.
. edentula Drap. Scarboro’.
. edentula Drap. Portmarnock.
. minutissima Hartm. Northumberland.
Balea fragilis Drap. Elgin.
B. fragilis Drap. Belfast.
Clausilia rugosa Drap. Anglesea.
C. rugosa Drap. var. dubia Drap. Dover.
A new locality, if correct.
GC. rugosa Drap. var. dubia Drap. No locality.
C. Rolphii Gray. Petersfield.
Three specimens. A small box also contains six

<<<<<<

specimens of C. Rolphit (two under the name of C.
Mortilletr) and one of Azeca tridens, from Charlton and
Charing, Kent.
CG. biplicata Mont. Battersea.
Erroneously labelled C. ventricosa.
C. laminata Mont. Scarboro’.
Cc. laminata Mont. var. albida. No locality.
No label.

390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Cochlicopa tridens Pult. Newcastle-on-Tyne.
GC. lubrica Mont. Anglesea.

C. lubrica Mont. var. hyalina. Anglesea.

On the same card.

Achatina acicula Mill. Anglesea.
Carychium minimum Mill Anglesea.
Cyclostoma elegans Mill. Devon.

Acme lineata Drap. Scarboro’.

From Bean.

[Mr. Cooke is very pleased to be able to announce that, as
a first result of his publication of the des¢derata of the MacAndrew
collection at Cambridge, he has received from Mr. J. T. Marshall,
of Penrith House, Cheltenham, a parcel containing the following
species :—Lepton Clarkia, Cardium papillosum, Teredo pedicellata,
Chiton discrepans, Rissoa lactea, R. soluta, Jeffreysia opalina,
Odostomia unidentata, O. plicata, O. dolioliformis, Pisidium roseum,
Limax marginatus, Vertigo Moulinsiana and V. angustior. This
generous and welcome gift will be at once incorporated with the
rest of the collection.—ED. |

PROCEEDINGS or THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
1882.

Meeting,

HELD JULY 20TH, 1882.
Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, occupied the Chair.
Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and approved.

DONATION TO THE LIBRARY.
. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, by the Trustees. A
vote of thanks was accorded the donors for their valuable gift.

J.C., iii., October, 1882

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 391

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The Chairman showed a number of shells which he had
recently collected while on a continental tour, including speci-
mens of Helix obvoluta from Heidelberg; Y. arbustorum, collected
just below the glacier at Grindelwald; A. sylvatica, falls of the
Rhine, Dachsen; and & /apicida and Clausilia rugosa from
Ghiessbach.

Mr. Taylor further showed a series of Helix arbustorum
collected by Mr. L. E. Emmett near Sheffield. This series
embraced a very fine distortion, and specimens of the varieties
pallida and flavescens.

Collections made about Knaresbro’, Killinghall and Burton
Leonard, were exhibited by Mr. Wm. Nelson.

On behalf of Mr. W. West of Bradford shells from Shipley
Glen, Dringhouses and other localities, were shown. The series
from Shipley included specimens of Pupa ringens; also Cochlt-
copa lubrica from near Windermere, and Pupa umbilicata from
head of Derwentwater.

Specimens from the Upper Wharfedale, and Bingley and
Scarbro’ districts, were shown by Mr. W. D. Roebuck.

Meeting,

HELD AUGUST 24TH, 1882.

Mr J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presided.

The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and
approved. Correspondence, having reference to an exchange
of Proceedings, was read from the Linnean Society, New South
Wales. It was resolved that copies of the Proceedings of this
Society, since their first publication in the Journal of Conchology,
be sent to the Linnean Society of New South Wales, through
their Agents, Messrs. Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill.

392 MORRIS: LIMN/ZA PALUSTRIS V. ALBIDA AT LEWES.

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.

The Chairman and Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed several
specimens recently collected at Meanwood near Leeds. This
series included Zimax marginatus, which has not previonsly
been recorded for the Leeds district, A7zon ater var. succineus,
Lflelix rotundata, Zonites fulvus and Z. alliarius.

A number of shells collected by Mr. J. W. Dixon at Brid-
lington were exhibited, and particulars entered in the Yorkshire
Record Book.

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed large collections of shells
collected at various localities, whilst on a tour through Wensley-
dale, Semerdale and Upper Wharfedale. The Wensleydale
list contained specimens of Hel¢zx nemoralis, H. hortensis, H.
arbustorum, H{. hispida, H. sericea, H. rupestris, Claustlia rugosa
var. dubia, Azeca tridens, Pupa umbilicata, Balea perversa,
Vitrina pellucida, Zonttes nitidulus, Z. purus, ’Z. purus var.
margaritacea, Z. crystallinus, Z. alliarius, Limnea truncatula
and others.

Mr. Thos. W. Bell exhibited shells from Thorpe, Milton,
Castor and Halesworth in Northamptonshire. Amongst these
were Helix arbustorum and varieties marmorata, flavescens and
pallida, HH. nemoralis, H. hortensis, Hl. hispida, Hf. virgata,
Ff, rupestris, H. rufescens var. albida, H. cantiana, Claustilia
rugosa, Zonites crystallinus, Z. fulvus, Z. nitidulus and Vitrina
pellucida.

Limnza palustris var. albida at Lewes.—It may be
interesting to your readers to know I took a single specimen of
Limnea palustris var. albida a day or two ago, on the bank of a
stream near Lewes.—C. H. Morris, Lewes, Sussex.

———SOr—.

J-C., iii., October, 1882

Vol. LLL

6th jath. 2oth 30th

Helix arbustorum V..—1 Jaw; 2, 3, 4, other examples. 5, Teeth. 6, a, Dart,
x6; 8, transverse mid-section ofhead. 7, Dissection of dart-sac, before form-
ation of dart. 8, Dart-sac after shedding dart. 9, Conus Brazieri G.B. Sow-
erby, junr.

No. I.] JANUARY, 1I880. [VoL. 3.

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18709. [The Editor,

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38, Sep. 22, No. 39, Oct. 6, 1879. [ The Editor.
Science Gossip for Sep. and Oct., 1879. |The Editor.
Collections for a Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells by W.
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A Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania, by W. F. Petterd.
(Read before the Royal Society of Tasmania, Noy. 12, 1878,
with additions to April 10, 1879), Launceston, 1879, 8vo.,

pp. vi. and 55, with folding table. [The Author.
The American Naturalist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr.,
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The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. and G. T.
Porritt, F-L.S., Sep. and Oct., 1879, 8vo. [The Editors.
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, vol,
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The same, vol. iii., No. I., March, 1879. [The Academy,
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
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1877. [The Institute.

_ Journal de Conchyliologie, edited by MM. Crosse and Fischer,
July, 1879, 92 pages and 3 plates. The Editors.
Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana.— Volume IV,, 1878,
fogli 15-20, 8vo., 1879. ; [The Society.

Mollusca of -H.M.S. ‘Challenger Expedition.—Trochide con-
tinued, viz., the genera Basilissa and Trochus and the Tur-
binide, viz. the genus Turbo, by Rey. R. Boog Watson,
B.A., F.L.S.—Extracted from the Linnean Society’s Journal,
Zoology, vol. xiv., pp. 692 to 716, June 5,1879. [The Author. ©

W. Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular, No. 38,
Invertebrata (including Conchology), Ichthyology, Geology,
Botany, Astronomy and Chemistry, 18709. [The Publisher.

List of Land Shells inhabiting Rurutu, one of the Austral Islands,
with remarks on their synonymy, geographical range, and
descriptions of new species, by Andrew Garrett; also descrip-
tion of .a.new.species of. Goniebranchus, by the same, 8vo.,
Philadelphia, 1879. [The Author.

_ The Recent Marginellidz of South Australia, by Prof. R. Tate,

A.L.S., &c. ‘The Fossil Marginellide of Australasia, by the

same author, 8vo., 15 pages, reprinted from the Trans. Phil.

Soc. Adelaide, 1878. [The Author.

BOOKS RECEIVED.—Conz.

On. the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’
Expeditions, 1868—70, part IL, J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D.,

HRS. €P:Z.S:,. Jane 17, 1879). [The Rathore
American Naturatist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., vol.
~ xiii, Noy. and. Dec. _ [The Editor.

Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. v., 1879, folio
7--10, folio 11—r5; vol. iv., 1878, 2130. [The Society.
Science Gossip for Novy. and Dec. , 1879. [The Editor.

EACHANGE.
Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be
inserted Free of Charge.

The under signed 1 is willing to EXCHANGE dredgings of mud
and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomaceeze, &c., from
‘the Coast of Australia; also Land and Marine Shells from Austra-
Jasia. For copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and
‘the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully
accepted by

Your obedient servant,
JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., &e. , Curagoa House,
‘O13 WiypMILt Sr, SYDNEY, N.S.W.

Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London,
Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres:
ponding Member of the Royal ae of ‘Tasmania.

Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.Z.S., or New Brprorp,
MassaAcHuseEtTts, U.S.A., would be glad to exchange North
American Land Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate
_ Helicacea.

A good price given, either-in money or exchange, for any of
the- following Shells—British specimens :—

Spheerium facustre var. rotunda, Limnoea peregra var. picta, L.
peregra var. sealariformis, Ancyfus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris

- yar. uiridescenti-alba Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars.

albida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of
.Limnea stagnalis, Helix virgata, Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.

PHILIP B. MASON, Burton-on-TRENT.

LO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.

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Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus
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shire Field Club, Sep. and Dec., 1879. [The Society.
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Notes on certain tertiary and post-tertiary deposits on Islands in
Bass’s Straits, by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [The Author.
Comparative table showing distribution of Australian Marine
Tertiary Shells, &c. by R. M. Johnston, F.L.S. [The Author.
Jahrbucher der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft

redigirt von Dr. Kobelt, Oct., 1879. [The Editor.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft,
Nos. 10-12. [The Society.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South
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Annual Report of the department of Mines of New South Wales,
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Nature Novitates, von Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Nos. 1ro—18.
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The American Naturalist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr.,
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- Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. Victor Carus in
Leipzig, No. 50, March 8, No. 51, March 22, 1880. .
[The Editor.

Zoologica et Paleeontologica Miscellanea, chiefly relating to South
Australia, by Prof. R. Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S., &c., 8vo., 6 pp.
-and plate. [The Author.

Dr. J. C. Cox’s exchange list of land and marine shells from
Australia and adjacent islands, 8vo., 8 pp. [Mr. J, Brazier.
Proceedings of Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. iii.,

part 4, pp- 138 and 6 plates. [ Mr. J. Brazier.
Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana.—Volume vi., fogli
1-4, 1880, pp. 64. [The Society.
W. Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular (includ-
ing Conchology). . {The Publisher.

Tenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological and Geographical
Survey of Colorado and adjacent territory, by Dr. F. V.
Hayden, 8vo., pp. 546 with maps and plates. [The Author.

BOOKS RECEIVED.—Cont

- Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, vol. ie
Cretaceous Vertebrata, by Prof. E. D. Cope, 4to., pp. 302
and 57 plates. [ Prof. Hayden.

U.S. Geological Surxey of the Territories, vol. vii., “Tertiary
Flora,” Leo Lesquereux, 4to., pp. 366 and 65 plates.

[ Prof. Hayden.

U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Illustrations of Creta-

ceous and Tertiary plants, 4to., 26 plates. [ Prof. Hayden.

EACHANGE.

Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be
inserted Free of Charge.
The undersigned is willing to ExcHance dredgings of mud
and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomacee, &c., from
the Coast of Australia; also Land and Marine Shells from Austra-
lasia. or copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and
the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully
accepted by
Your obedient servant,
JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S,, &c., Curacgoa House,
r1, WINDMILL St., SYDNEY, N.S.W.
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London,
Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres-
ponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania.

Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.ZS., or New Beprorp,
MassacHusetTts, U.S.A., would be glad to exchange North
American Land Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate
Helicacea.

A good price given, either in money or exchange, for any of
the following Shells—British specimens :—

Spherium lacustre var. rotunda, Limnea peregra var. picta, L.
peregra var. scalariformis, Ancylus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris
var. viridescenti-alba. Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars.
aloida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of
Limneea stagnalis, Helix virgata, Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.

PHILIP B. MASON, BuRTON-ON-TRENT.

TO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.

A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col-
lectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin
China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South
Sea Islands. Address:—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, TENS einen
GROVE, BRown’s RiveR Roap, HOBART TOWN, Tasmania.

: THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:

A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel,
Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the Contents of Foreign Scietitific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s: perannum
(By Subscription), 4

TRUBNER & Go. 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History, ea
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.LS.
- Arinual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: Epinsurce anv Lonpon.
“THE NATURALIST,”

; Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.

Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, E.L.S.

Monthly price 4d: or 4s. per annum (in advance).

Tree of

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

List of the Land atid Freshwater Shells of Madeira.
Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of the Limnzid% of North America.

Compiled by Witt1am Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I, Price 3d: each; or 2s. per doz., post free

List of the Land Shells of North America. _
Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.

List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.

Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.

To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.

AUSTRALIAN SHELLS.

W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities froin 10s.
upwards, postage included. Where possible, requests for special genera or species
will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island
Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference:—Mr. J. W. TAYLor,
editor of this journal. Address—W. T: BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S. AUSTRALIA.

G. B. SOWERBY, <5, Great Russell St., London,
Namés and erranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums ; supplies, desiderata and entire Collections, from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

ROBERT’ F. GEALSE, Natural History Agent,
(Many years with the late HuGH CUMING),

SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, ECCS, REPTILES, &€.

Collections Bought or Sold on Commission.
56, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.

Nog JULY, 1880. [Vou. 3.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

: CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE.
Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridz, with remarks on their geogra-
phical range, station, and descriptions of supposed new species.—
Andrew Garrett. sh a Aan Ma a Se OS
Helix virgata monst. Sinteoree and H. ‘anetat var. albida, near
Yarmouth, Isle of Wight.—C. Ashford te &s Bho ys
Helix aspersa monst. sinistrosa at Redcar.— W. C. Hey, M. ree Bey!
Suggestions for a serial arrangement of the variations of our banded
land shells.—C. Ashford eae : Ae se EE Bee tal0)
On Rhytida caffra Fer.—J. S. Gibbons, M. B. Svan ve 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1879 ia See 74

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL § SOCIETY: 86

LONDON :

DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C.
LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET.
_BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carisrrasse, 11.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, vol. ix., Invertebrate
Paleontology, by F. B. Meek, 4to., pp. 629, and 45 plates.
[Prof. Hayden.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the U. S. Geological
Survey of the Territories for the years 1869 to 1873 inclusive,
by W. H. Jackson, Photographer. [Prof. Hayden.
Descriptive Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians,
by W. H. Jackson, Photographer to the Survey.
[ Prof. Hayden.
Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the United States Geological
and Geographical Survey of the Territories. [Prof. Hayden.
Preliminary Report of the Field Work of the U. S. Geological.
and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for 1877.
[ Prof. Hayden.
Preliminary Report of the Field Work of the U. S. Geological
and Geographical Survey of the Territories, for 1878.
[ Prof. Hayden.
Supplement to the Fifth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological
Survey of the Territories for 1871.—Report on Fossil Flora,
by Leo Lesquereux. [Prof. Hayden.
Catalogue of the Publications of the U. S. Geological and Geo-
graphical Survey of the Territories. [ Prof. Hayden.
Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the
Territories, Nos. 2, 4 and 6. : [ Prof. Hayden.
A Review ofthe Fossil Flora of North America, by Leo Lesquereux.
[Prof. Hayden.
Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular, No. 41.
- [The Publisher.
Papers, Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of Tas-
mania, for 1878. [The Society.
Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the
Territories, vol. ii., Nos. 2, 3 and 4; vol. ili., No. 1, 2, 3 and
“4; vol. iv., Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4; vol.v. No.1: [Prof. Hayden.
Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ii1., parti.,
- No. 2.—The early types of Insects or the origin and sequence
of Insect life in Paleozoic times, by S. H. Scudder. On

Distomum crassicolle, by C. S. Minot. [The Society.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xix.,
part iii. and iv.; vol. xx., part 1. [The Society.

Bulletin of the Essex Institute, vol. x., Nos.1-12. [The Institute.
Annual Report of the-Comptroller of the currency to the second
session of the Forty-sixth Congress of the United States.

[The Comptroller.

On the Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition, the Czcide,
comprising the genera Parastrophia, Watsonia and Czecum,

by the Marquis de Folin, with a prefatory note by Rev. R.
Boog Watson, B.A., F. R.S.E.,F.L.S.,&c. [Rev. R. B. Watson.

BOOKS. RECEIVED.—Cont

Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Jan.
and April, 1880. : [Dr. Kobelt.
_ Thirty-first Annual Report of the Trustees of the Astor Library,

1870. {The Trustees.
Nature Novitates, 19-25. ~ [The Publishers
Science Gossip, May and June, 1880. _ |The Publishers.
The Naturalist, May, 1880. ee le be: Beditoms,
Bucher Verzeichness, No. 309. [R. Friedlander & Son.

HACHANGE.

Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be
inserted Free of Charge.

The undersigned is willing to EXCHANGE dredgings of mud
and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomacee, &c., from
the Coast of Australia; alse Land and Marine Shells from Austra-
lasia. or copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and
the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully
accepted by

Your obedient servant,
JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., &c., Curacoa House,
11, WINDMILL St., SYDNEY, N.S.W.

Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London,
Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres-
’ ponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania.

Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.ZS., or NEw BEDFORD,
Massacuusetts, U.S.A., would be glad to exchange North
American Land Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate
Helicacea.

A good price given, either in money or exchange, for any of

the following Shells—British specimens :—
Spherium lacustre var. rotunda, Limncea peregra var. picta, ‘L.
peregra var. scalariformis, Ancylus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris
var. viridescenti-alba Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars.

albida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of
‘Limneea stagnalis, Helix virgata, Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.

PHILIP B. MASON, Burton-on-Trent.

TO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.

A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col-
- lectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin
- China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South
Sea Islands. Address:—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, LN., Hitt
_ GROVE, Brown’s RivER Roap, HOBART TOWN, Tasmanra.

iia AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.

Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
(by Subscription).

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
Stam SCOTTISSE ee

_ A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.L.S.

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EnpinsurcH AND Lonpon.
“DEE NATURALIST,” ~ S95

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance),

Sree of

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

IRR ey ta

List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Madeira,

Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.

List of the Limnzide of North America.
Compiled by -Witt1aAm Ne son, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per doz., post free

List of the Land Shells of North America.
Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.

List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.
Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.

To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.

AUSTRALIAN SHELES:

W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from 10s,
upwards, postage included. Where-possible, requests for special genera or species
will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island

Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :—Mr. J. W. TAYLor,
Editor of this Journal. Address—W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S, AUSTRALIA.

G. B. SOWERBY, +45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts:
of the World.

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural History Agent,
[Many years with the late HuGH CUMING, ]

SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &€C.

Collections Bought or Sold on Commission.
55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.

No. 4.] OCTOBER, I880. Von. 3.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.
PAGE,
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1877 97
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
On the Association of Limnza glabra, Physa hypnerum and
_ Planorbis spirorbis. aa aoe LAS Wm. Nelson. 115

Bulimus acutus var. bizona in the Isle of Wight.
Charles Ashford. 116

Note on Bulimus detritus .., : . Philip B. Mason. 118
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

of Great Britain and Ireland. 119

— > 2+ e—=<—_

LONDON:

DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. Marrin’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C.
LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St, ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLESTRASSE, 11.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND,

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

“ Fiddskrift for populere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben,
udgivet af C. F. Lutken og Eug. Warming, rste and adet
Heefte, 1880. [The Editors.

Bulletin of the Geological and Gaccaniied Survey of the Ter- —
ritories. —The So-called Two-ocean Passes, by F. V. Hayden.

| The Author.

Preliminary report of the Field-work of the Survey for 1878, by co

Prof. Hayden. [The Author.
Fossil Forests of the Volcanic Tertiary formation of the Yellow- -
stone National Park, by W. H. Holmes. [ Prof. Hayden.
Jura-Trias section of Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming,
> by wa es Peale, VED: [ Prof. Hayden.
Horizons of Soe Vertebrata of Europe and N. America.—
1.—The relation of the Vertebrata of Europe and N.
America; Observations on the Faunz of the Miocene
Tertiaries of Oregon, by E. D. Cope. [ Prof. Hayden.
Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the U. S. Geological and
Geographical Survey of the Territories, by Prof. Hayden.
[The Author.
Preliminary Report of the Field-work of the U. S. Geological and
Geographical Survey of the Territories, for the season of

1877. [ Prof. Hayden.
The Naturalist, June, 188o. [The Editors.
The American Naturalist, June, 1880. [The Editor.
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft,
May, 1880, No. 5. [The Editor.

Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus,
Leipzig, No. 57, June 7th; No. 58, June 21st, 1380.
[The Editor.
Wesley’s-Natural History and Scientific Book Circular, No. 42.
[T he Publisher.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
parts 7, 2 and 3, pp. 490 and 15 plates, 1879. [The Academy.
Science Gossip, No. 187, July 1, 1880. |The Publisher.
Eleventh Annual Report of the ue Geological and Geographical
Survey of the Territories, embracing Idaho and Wyoming,
being a report of progress of the exploration for the year
O77, OV be Vi: Hayden, 1879, pp. 720, 10 plates and 76 maps.
eos _ [The Department of the Interior.
The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., and GZ:

Porritt, F.L.S., No. 60, July, 1880. [The Editors.
The American Naturalist, vol. xiv., No. 7, July, 1880, edited by
Prof. A. S. Packard, junr. [The Editor.

Transaction of the Watford Natural History Society and Hert-
fordshire Field Club, edited by John Hopkinson, F.LS.,
F.G.S., vol. in, ie 7 and §, April and June, 1880.

[The chug

BOOKS RECEIVED.—Conzé.

‘The Popular Science Review, edited by W. S. Dallas, F.LS.,
No. 15, July, 1880. [The Publisher.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus ~
in Leipzig, No. 59, July 5, 1380. | The Editor,
Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. v., fogli 16-18,
1879. [The Society.
Tiddskrift for populere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben,
cudgivet af C. F. Lutken og Eug. Warming, 3die Hefte, 1880.
[The Editors.

EXCHANGE.

- Notices of Exchanges, not exceeding six lines in length, will be
“inserted Free of Charge:

The undersigned is willing to ExcHaNcE dredgings of mud
and sand containing Foraminifera and Diatomacee, &c., from
the Coast of Australia; also Land and Marine Shells from Austra-
- Jasia, for copies of Papers especially on Shells, Mollusca, and
the Geographical distribution of Animals, will be most gratefully
accepted by

Your obedient servant,
JOHN BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S., &c., Curagoa House,
11, WINDMILL ST., SYDNEY, N.S.W.

Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society of London, ~
Member of the Royal and Linnean Societies of N.S.W., Corres-
ponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania.

Mr. J. H. THOMSON, C.M.Z.S., or New BEDFORD,
MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.,- would be glad to exchange North
American Land. Shells for any of his desiderata in non-operculate
Helicacea.

A good price given, either in money or exchange, for any of
the following Shells—British specimens :— :

Spheerium lacustre var. rotunda, Limncea peregra var. picta, L.
peregra var. scalariformis, Ancylus lacustris var. albida, Helix rupestris
. yar. viridescenti-alba, Balia perversa var. viridula, Clausilia parvula vars.
aloida and dextrorsa, C. biplicata var. Nelsoni, and sinistral specimens of
Limneea stagnalis, Helix virgata. Cochlicopa tridens, and Acme lineata.

PHILIP B. MASON, Burron-on-TRENT.

TO COLLECTORS OF FOREIGN SHELLS.

A gentleman in Tasmania is anxious to correspond with col-
“Jectors who can send him land shells from Siam, China, Cochin
* China, and Japan, for Shells from Tasmania, Australia, and South
Sea Islands. Address:—Lieut. C. E. BEDDOME, L.N., Hitt. ..
‘GROVE, BRown’s River Roap, HOBART TOWN, Tasmanta,

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly: Magazine of Natural History and Travel,
Contains Departments. of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Voreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
(by Subseription), :

TRUBNER & Co,, 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D, F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers rs. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH anp Lonpon.
“TEE NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. |
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T.: PORRITT, F.L.S.
‘ Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance).

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Maderia.
Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
; List of the Limnzide of North America.
Compiled by Witttam Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I. Price 3d. each, or Qs. per doz., post free
List of the Land Shells of North America.
Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.

List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.

Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.
To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.
AUWVSTRALTIAN: SEE ES:

W, T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from Ios. -
upwards, postage included... Where possible, requests for special genera or species
will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island

Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :—Mr. J. W. Taytor,
Editor of this Journal. Adévess—W. T. BEDNALL, ADELaInn, S, AUSTRALIA.

G. B. SOWERSBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,
Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World,

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural History Agent,
[Many years with the late HUGH CuMING.]

SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &€C.

Collections Bought or Sold on Commission.
65, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.

No. 5] JANUARY, 188I. [Vor 3.

THE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

_ ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS

THE QUARTERLY f{OURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.

NEW SPECIES: PAGE.
Helix dubia Taylor... 8 Sate Bs Se soe de Nia
Bulimus Bawriensis Taylor 142
Bulimus Zanguebaricus Taylor 143
Pupa turricula T aylor 143

Pupa (Ennea) sex-dentata Taylor

: vn w. =144
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
Notes on Bulimus heterostomus of the Eocene, Isle of Wight.

Charles Ashford. 129
Notes from the Isle of Wight ... ..Charles Ashford.
List of the Land and ee Shells found at Hornsea, July,
1880... eae Butterell. 136
Proposed System of Conchological Locality Records.
Wm. Denison Roebuck. 138
Lymnzea peregra var. picta in Derbyshire.—Rev. Herbert Milnes. 1 53
List of Mollusca obtained in South Carolina and Florida (principally
in the Island of Key West), 1171-1872. .

James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., FLS. 155

Note on Planorbis corneus. .. dfeiOy Butterell. 137
Note on the Shells in the neighbourhood of Bristol.
Jas. W. Cundall, 137
REVIEWS:

Messrs. Gray & Call’s Proposed ‘‘Monographof American Unionide.” 140
Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, Vols. I.-II. ...

PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY ve

Great Britain and Ireland. 145

ERG SEOs
LONDON:

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LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sr. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

eS SS sesanesescrenc rare = ae

LIST OF LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS,

ConsIGNED BY Mr. V. RopitLARD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,
S42. cA NUNS oP Ran 0 ie Han og

TO BE SOLD.

eee es PR ees
SR ua EE Fa ae eS Ace

Oo AUDA OAs

s. ad, | J.

a ” (young) TSeOei ens », Alhbaboo island... 1

ae Souverbiana 9 DSOniehos inversicolor (large sp.)

i ee var. (fine) . Br Oal sesh Mauritius... fo)

» cornugiganteum, Madagascar Ziloasas SS LY DEL Ret wun fo)

ye 29 vat. 2” 2 6 ¥ ay Var. ” 12]

», magnifica, Madagascar ... TE MO ss »» var. (rare) ,, sa fe)

a lanx ae 2 0} ,, sulcifera(subfossil) (rare)

», . lanx, var. ‘5 I 6 Mauritius... fo)

3, funebris ss 2 0! ,, cyclaria (subfossil) (rare) :

a 5, (fine) as 26 Mauritius... Oo 6

a8 she Vials 5 2 o| ,,. . rufa (large sp.) (rare) .

», sepulchralis $3 I oO Mauritius... (o}

pyaVals Fs Y 6) 4,4) Vate,, Mauritius fo)

», calypso Hs 1 6] ,, maur itiana He fo)

si 33 us Es OM rn, var. fe)

‘,, feneriffensis a | Genk oY bata stylodon (rare), Mauritius (o)

ay) : ”? oe) Io 29 implicata 99 ” 10)

>> xystera oh be Osea Re VAI Ole a °

aig Ri eware 78k 1 6}| ,, argentea (large sp. ie ” re)

” Guillaini 2» eG) » >» », (rare) ,, : 10)

», omphalodes ,, SOOT tat, ” white & green vars.

a oy AV ATS EC i ne 2 0 Mauritius... fo)

Eph ei - I 6]j ,, rufocincta ay fo)

+, Unidentata, Seychelles BeiOulienss var. Ph Sto

es »» Var., Seychelles ... Ee O25 phylirina my fo)

x Hp Timor... 1 6! ,, boryana (rare) sé 0)

BOOKS RECEIVED. _

Memoirs of The Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iii, part. Ss

WPAN NADDWwWA AO

No. iii., Palaeozoic Cockroaches, a complete revision of the species

of both worlds, with an essay towards their Classification, by

Samuel H. Scudder, pp. 134 and 6 plates. [The Society.

Conga to, the Geology of Eastern Massachusetts, by W. O.
Crosby, pp. 288, 5 plates and colored geological map.

[Boston Society of Natural History.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xx., parts

ii. and‘iii., pp. 336 and 3 plates, [The Society.
The Transactions of the ‘Academy of Sciences of St. Louis, vol. iv.,
No. i, pp. 250, 2 plates and photograph. [The Academy.

Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in —

Leipzig, No. 60, 12th July, 1880. [The Editor.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;
STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, ;

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID#, Fusip@ and BucciNID&. This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
‘published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

[Vol. LV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]

; “Completed Volumes.
Vou. I, CEPHALOPODA. 1879.
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent

species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.

Vou. II, MuricIn& AND PURPURIN®. 1880.
rs 289 pp. with 7o plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.

CONDITIONS.
THE MaNvuAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will
embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com-
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I,
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the
Muricidz will follow.

It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will .be revocable
on the completion of any volume.

* * Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
FINE EpiTion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
_ be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)

Price, per Part, A Bas Bos oa ae ... $8 00
CoLorREeD EpITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00
PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, a aise a 3 00

American subscribers will please address.
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59, Ludgate, JosEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main.
London. : H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons,
F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.
A. AsHER & C€o., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale.
Berlin. _H. Geore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva.
C, GEROLD’sS SOHN, Vienna. _U. Hoepui, Milan, Naples and Pisa.

* .* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes. at the
subscription. price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance

_ upon tke subscription price for either of the volumés.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:

A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.
‘Lie SCOTTISH NATURALS...

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH anp LONDON.
“THE NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S, and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price 4d. or 45. per. annum (in advance).

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Maderia.
Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.
List of the Limnzide of North America.
Compiled by Wittiam Netson, Pres.C.S.G.B. & I, Price 3d. each, or 2s. per doz., post free
List of the Land Shells of , North America.
Compiled by J. W. Taytor. Price 3d. each, or 2s. per dozen, post free.

List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.
Price Three Half-pence each, or 9d. per doz., post free.

To be had of TAYLOR BROS., Printers & Lithographers, St. Ann-st., Leeds.

AUSTRALIAN SHELLS.

W. T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
Will supply parcels of Australian Shells, with correct names and localities from 10s.
upwards, postage included. Where possible, requests for special genera or species
will be complied with. Many hundred species of Australian and South Sea Island

Land and Marine; Freshwater not extensive. Reference :—Mr. J. W. TAYLor,
Editor of this Journal. Address—W, T. BEDNALL, ADELAIDE, S. AUSTRALIA.

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which i is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.
Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

ROBERT F. GEALE, Natural History Agent,
[Many years with the late-HuGH CUMING, ]

SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, &C.

Collections Bought or Sold on Commission,
55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.

ee APRIL, [88l. [Vou 3.
THE
JOURNAL
OF

CONCHOLOGY.,

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

| CONTENTS. |
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: _ PAGE.

List of Mollusca obtained in South Carolina and Florida (principally
at the Island of Be Westy in 1871— ule. eas Cosmo Melvill,

TA a fish Rie
a

Ae) 161

Unio luteolus. ines and its allied ene eae FB, Me Witter
(Read before the Conchological Society) tire 3 173
Note on Helix rosacea (Petterd).—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. _... peor 7A
Proposed International Conchological Congress at Venice ... 176

Hyalina Draparnaldi (Beck.) in England.—(Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald, 177
Succinea Pfeifferi (Rossm.) at Folkestone.—(Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald, 177

Note on the association of species.—J. D. Butterell, Beverley Saree sof
Cyclostoma elegans (Miill.) in the Lake District.—R. Scharff,
Edinburgh University oa 178
Note on Yorkshire Shells.—Rev. W. C. . Hey M. a The Residence
Vorka 3: ; 178
Peuiccnieny ee
2 te _
LONDON:

DAVID BOGUE, 3, St. MARTIN’S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C. :
LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. "LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING,

LIST OF SEELLS,

ConsiGNeD By Mr. V. RopiLLaARD or Mauritius IsLaNnD TO
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,
ST: “ANN STREBT OEE EDS,

1 BE SOD:

Stee 5. a.
Mitra nodosa (rare) Mauritius ..O 4| Ennea Nevilli (rare), Mauritius Io
Haliotis sp. ...0 4 | Pupa Barclayi, otek Oo 3
Triten rubecula, Mauritius ..0 41] P. sp. (fine), PS Oo 3
Dolabella gigas (rare), Mauritius ...1 6 | P. palanga, A o 4
D. Rumphi, re ...O 5 | P. mauritianus, bs Ons:
Engina pulchella, a ...0 21 P. modiolus, a Qiek
Cytherea picta, ae ...0 4] P. pagodus, 4 I Oo
Ranella siphonata, a ...O 9] P. mondranii, — .0 6
Coralliophila neritoides, ,, ...0 2 | Gibbus lyonetianus, Mauritius (this
Patella chitonoides, a 20, 4. species has totally ee in
P. spinifera, a ape oMoe 24 the Island) ¢ eg
Cypreea cruenta, Ye ..0 6] Pupa sulcatus, Mauritius 0
Purpura persica, a Ol At Cavan ues ...0
Conus flavidus, BY ...0 6] P. versipolis ...0
C. millepunctatus, es a0) 4041 be teres: 10
Ranella anceps, Ss e207 04).Es holustoma : aC
Aplustra aplustre, 3 ...0 3 Neritina mauritiana, Madseucee 0
Akera soluta, is ...O 5 N. sp. (fine), Mauritius ...0
Helix mauritiana (var.), ,, ...0 3 |N. sp. (fine), Madagascar ... ...0
H. inversicolor, ys ...o 51 N. longispina, Nauritius <O

WAH HWWWAAA OO

EXCHANGE.—A few. mounted and unmounted palates of
British land and freshwater mollusks offered in exchange for named
varieties of British shells or for any books on conchology.—J. D.
_BUTTERELL, 2, St. John Street, Beverley.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, redigirt
von Dr. W. Kobelt, Heft i, July 1, 1880, pp. 94, and plate.

The Editor.

Science Gossip, No. 188, Aug. 2, 1880. rhe Editor.

The Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. iv., —

No. 1. [The Academy. ;
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in
Leipzig, No. 61, July 26, 1880. [The Editor.
The Naturalist, edited by CE Hobkirk, F.L.S., and G. T. Porritt,
F.L.S., vol. vi., No. 62, Aug., 1880, [The Editors,
The American Natnralist, edited by Prof. A. S. Packard, junr., vol.
xiv., No. 8, Aug., 1880. [The Editor .

Wesley’s Natural History and Scientific Book Circular (Zoolo
Physical Science, Botany, &c.), No. 40. [The Publisher,

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junn,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID#, Fusipa and Buccinip#&. This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]

Completed Volumes.
VoL. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879.

316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
VoL. II. MuRICIN® AND PURPURINAE. 1880. - “

289 pp- with 7o plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of Massification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.

COND LEELONS:
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will
embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- .
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, '

to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the -

~ Muricidz will follow.

It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete

_ the work; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable

on the completion of any volume.

* ,* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
Fine Epirion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will,

be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)

Price, per Part, aes a ane By aa ... $8 00.
COLORED Epirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00
PLAIN EpITION. Per Part, 28g sey a es 3 00
American subscribers will please address —

GEO. W. TRYON, Jr,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
_ Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;
TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main,
- London. H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons,
F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.
A, AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale. Leagie
Berlin. H. Geore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva.
C. GrEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoep.i, Milan, Naples and Pisa.

*, Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:

A Popular tlustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.

Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
{by Subscription).

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIS? =
A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D, F.LS.
Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EbpiInpuRGH anpD Lonpon.
TTEReE NATURAL IS...

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, FL.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price ad. or 45. per annum (in advance).

Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers: read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
Excursions; Notes and Queries; Exchanges; Diary of Meetings, &c. The Volumes
commence with the August Number in each year. Volume VI. commenced August,
1880. Lost free oes ee

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

T. A. VERERUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C.

Purposing to undertake a collecting journey to North
America, I have determined to dispose of some of my spe-
cial. collections, Viz. :—
1.—Above 500 species and vars. of Clausilia, comprising the greatest rarities from

all parts of the globe, and determined according to the latest researches.
2.—Above 300 species and vars. of Pupacea. ditto, ditto.
3.—About 200 species and varieties of Fuge Se Eucalodium, Macroceramus,
and Lia.

4.—About 70 species and vars. of Pleurotomidz in 124 lots.
es —About 100 lots of Pecten, principally European and Arctic seas,

The above comprise mostly choice and handsome specimens.
Besides these there are vari us rare Buccini, Fusi, Trophon, &c., &c.
Further particulars on application to the above address.

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and’ arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums ; suppiies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which i is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.

Price Lists on Apptication. Specimens sent for Selection.

R 0 BERT F. GHALE, Natural History Agent,
[Many years with the ee HucGH CuMING, |

SHELLS, INSECTS, BIRDSKINS, EGGS, REPTILES, 80.

. Collections Bought or Sold on Commission.
55, GT. RUSSELL ST., Opposite the British Museum, LONDON.

No. 7.] JULY, i881. — [Von. 3. |

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : - PAGE,
Destruction of Shell-life by Floods. —Charles Ashford — se 195
Observations on the Genus Astarte, with a list of the known recent

species.—Edgar A, Smith... e gies .. 196

BIBLIOGRAPHY vs vs vo ne ++ 193

— > aa

LONDON:

DAVID .BOGUE, 3, St. MarTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQuarg, W.C.
. LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN CARLSTRASSE, II.

HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.

PRICE» ONE SHILLING,

LIisT OF SHELIS,

CONSIGNED BY Mr. V. RoBILLARD OF Mauritius ISLAND TO
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,
Sh. AGN NS TR Bnet ooh, Bens.

LO BE SOLED.

Ke aA
282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 41567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau-
259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... o 6 VItLUS. ecee oan o4
289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 34579 Turbo, Port Natal .................. oL2
422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............ © 3} 266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 03
408 Cardium, sp., Re C RATERS © 4} 264 M. spinulosa PRM ce raricd i, 0 3
423 Septifer Kraussi °,, ieagscaveetOne2qpeo2 MLemitra eras tnd occu: 04
A27. Pinna: Miatllancis sees versesschescs 0 31.295 M. longispina, v.75) 0) Saveur 0 3
566 Haliotis, sp., Be ae LIOR © 34311 Melampus lividus,, ............ 02
A207 Gythereaipicta, Vere, eke semenccunes: © 3} 313 M. fasciatus 3p Rs eeu aes O02
418 C. varia, v. Se aa eae nae Re oO 3} 308 M. luteus ee Sa resne seins 02
412° Donisiarvariegatal soy saseecsn se O51 3i2 Mis.55 owhite Ve, te eee 02
424 Modiola rostratus ,, —......... ee o 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, 0 3
410 Cardiumbicoloress: is: o-cy..e. cece. o 6} 190 Scutellina, sp. 59 tie eane am 02
260, Modiolarial (rane) ss, ousen saaaeiest © 44485 Eulima, sp. Pen ee Fe: 03
308 Melampus luteus ,, ............ oO 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare) ............ 000s Bers
569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160 Ee arcuatal (./.t.c)scancd eee nee 0 6
Mauritius..... ...... § Of 161 (B. acuta ocs.n sched cannes ae 05
309 Melampus fuscus ,, ~—...... 0.0. © 2} 163 Stylifer ovoidens.<. fi. vce, aueessees (ome)
207 Patella (rare) aaa TS iat Re © 2) 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius...... 03
186 Neszea, sp. apts sane SSe nce 02

EXCHANGE.—A’ few mounted and unmounted palates of
British land and freshwater mollusks offered in exchange for named
varieties of British shells or for any books on conchology.—J. D.
BUTTERELL, 2, St. John Street, Beverley.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

On a new species of Chiton lately found on the British coast.—By J.
Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 4 pp., 8vo., July, 1880.

[The Author.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Carus in

Leipzig, No. 62, Aug. 9th, 1880. [The Editor.
The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., and G. T. Porritt,
ELS. No. 62, vol. vi., Sep., 1880. [The Editors.
Science Gossip, Sep., 18&o, "No. 189. [The Publisher.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. J. Victor Caius in
Leipzig, No. 63, Aug. 23, 1880. [The Editor.

Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Nos.
6 and 7, July and Aug., 1880. [The Editor.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS oF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID&, Fusip@ and BUCCINIDA. This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

»[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]

Completed Volumes.
Vor. I, CEPHALOPODA. 1879,
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 142 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
Vou. Il. MuricIN® AND PuRPURINA. 1880,
289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.

COND ELLONS:
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts
. {in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each ‘part will
embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com-
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part ug
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the
Muricidze will follow. ’
¢ It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
~ the work; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume,
*, Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
Fine Epirion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)

; Price, per Part, ee ae ac ae Ba seers QOLOG:

CoLoreD Evirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Rantyne corn a ee

PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, Se se ae 20 3 00

American subscribers will please address
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

; Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main,

London. H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 6s, Lyons,

F, Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.

A, ASHER & Co., 53 Mohienstrasse, H. Grore, Bale.
ee Berlin. f H. Grore, Corraterie No. To, Geneva,
_C. GEROLD’s Sonn, Vienna. U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa.

*,." Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
_ subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
_ upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and * Travel.

Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and: Microscopy, and gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
(by Subscription).

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.LS.

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d. *
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EnpinsurcH and Lonpon,

“THE NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record,
Edited by C. P, HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance). ;
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c.

The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,
1881. Post Free of

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

ovmen. =

T. A. VERERUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C.

Purposing to undertake a collecting journey to North
America, 1 have determined to dispose of some of my spe-
cial collections, Viz. :—

1.—Above 5€0 species and vars. of Clansilia, ccmprising the greatest rarities from
all parts of the globe, and determined according to the latest researches.

2,—Above 3co species and vars. of Pupacea, ditto, ditto.

3,—About 200 species and varieties of Cylindrella, Eucalodium, Macroceramus,
and Lia.

4.—About 70 species and vars. of Pleurotomi¢e in 124 lots. _

5.—About 100 lots of Pecten, principally European and Arctic seas.

The above comprise mostly choice and handsome specimens.
Besides these there are varicus rare Buccini, Fusi, Trophon, &c., &c. .
Further particulars on application to the. above address. a

G. B. SOWERBY, 46, Great Ruceell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts —
ef the World.

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

Mea) oe VOGTOBER, Weal Wen
fee ) Nog ly I50Q

THE

JOURNAL.

CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 as

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES: ba PAGE
Conus Brazieri G. B. Sowerby, junr. Jet Raa ies ws 234.

_ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :

. Observations on the Genus Astarte with a list. ee the known recent
species. —Edgar A. Smith.. nt 225

Planorbis complanatus monst. ciniStrorsuih CEeS F -M. Hele, Brisiol 232
Limneea truncatula var. albida at Folkestone.—(Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald ... 232
‘A few Remarks onthe species of Astarte.—J. G, Jeffreys, LL.D., &c. 233
List of Shells collected at Burlington, Bempton, puree & Flambro’

Head, Yorks.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. 238
Note on the Anatomy of Helix hispida and H. Cais oe wale 239
Note on Bulimus Goodallii Miller.—C. Ashford ... - des Cook 240
Limneza palustris var. albida. —(Mrs.) ) J. Fitzgerald, Folkestone s+ 240
A white variety’ of Succinea elegans Risso. —J. D. Butterell, Beyerley 240°

.= Life History of Helix arbustorum. Tat W. tee hed vee 241 |

_ BIBLIOGRAPHY Oe UE Le aa
-LON DON:

DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C,
LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sr. ‘ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, IT.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

LisT OF SHELLS,
CONSIGNED BY Mr. V. RoBILLARD oF MAurITIUS IsLaND TO-
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENGY,
ST. ANN SERRE ET EE Ds;

LOO BE SOrD:

isund Se de
282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4} 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau- a
259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 0 6 PItIUS. acces eee 04
289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... 0 31579 Turbo, Port Natal ................. 02
422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............0 3 | 266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 0 3
408 Cardium, sp., Fee ond ece ae Soe © 4] 264 M. spinulosa aie ANG Se 03
423 Septifer. Kraussi, j, 9. :..:.......- oO 2} 262 M, mitra Rt Fiera meeaees 04
427.Pinma Mallardis oo ede wee teak © 31-295 M. longispima, V. ,,. 0 /.es.eeese ee 03
566 Haliotis, sp., SecA ish wee 0 34311 Melampus lividus,, ............ 02
420 Cytherea picta, v. ,, beseeceeseeO 34 313 M. fasciatus dehie Oy eOhp aaa 02
418, C. varia, v. ET ark SPCR oO 3} 308 M. luteus 6 aes nO) 2
412 Donisia variegata ,, |... -..- 2. o'5}312 M. ,,. whitev.;, Oo 2
424 Modiola rostratus ,, 0.1... eee © 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, invest aiesOng
4to Cardium bicolor ,, ............ o- 6.190: Scutellinay’ sp.s 2550-2 dene, whee 02
389° Modiolaria\(rare) j, 0 > vec.e.ee O74 FASS < Bulimia, spe es ee ir ae ok Veen aa oee 03
308 Melampus luteus ;, «0.2.0.2... © 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare). THe ougewmaem ate O5
569 Conus.pertusus (very rare & fine) TOO WE, Jarcuatal ota tks. isk alt oaeiaeaes 0 6
Mauritius..... 20... SO 167, sBivacutas veel kee ehabd Ghocec O5
309 Melampus fuscus ,, — ...-eeseeeee © 2} 163 Stylifer ovoidens .. eae Pi ONO
207 Patella (rare) He tere Sie es wise © 2} 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius . aide 03
186 Neszea, sp. na re eens 02

EXCHANGE.—A. few mounted and unmounted palates of
British land and freshwater mollusks offered in exchange for named
varieties of British shells or for any books on conchology.—J. D.
BUTTERELL, 2, St. John Street, Beverley. i

THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON:

By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.,

Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART PavasLe oN RECEIPT OF Parr.

The work will be completed in § or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. |
Subscriptions to be sent to

NM. Pies DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris.

- MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE w. TRYON, Junr,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions

and figures of the TRITONID&, Fustp#& and BucciniD&.. This volume will include

_ Many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto

published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.] aay

eee Completed Volumes.
Vou. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. : ;
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
_..... species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
VoL. II. Muricin® AND PuRPURINE. 1880. : =
289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures), Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the Species.

CONDITIONS. :
THE MANUAL OF ConcHOLoGyY will be published, by subscription, in parts
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will
"embrace from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume will be com-
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, -
to be issued January ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the
Muricidze will follow. :

... It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
the: work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume. !

/ *,. Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : 6:
FINE EDITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.)

- Price, per ‘Part; eae, a a3 ch a -.. $8 00
COLORED EDITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Pantech. SkCOo
PLAIN EDITION, — Per Part, (one. Ait a a 3 00

American subscribers will please address
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr,
Acadeny of Natural Sciences, fhiladelphia, Pa,

Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, — JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main,
). London. pie H. GrorG, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons,
F.. SAVY, 77 Boul: St. Germain, Paris. France. :
A. ASHER “& Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. GrorG, Bale,
Berlin. H. GEore, Corraterie No, 10, Geneva.
C. GEROLD’s SoHN, Vienna. | U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa. =

*,* Subscribers for the ‘current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
upon the subscription price for either of the volumes.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST: |
‘A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.

Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzeonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the |
proceedings of Sciéntific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific —
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
(by Subscription). a

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited .by, F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.L.S..

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers rs. ad.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EnpinsurcH anD Lonpon.

“THE NATURALIST,” |
Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P,. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G: T. PORRITT, F.LS.:
Monthly price ad. or 4s. per annum (in advance). :

Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c.
The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,
1881. Post free of

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

T. A. VERKRUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C.

Purposing to undertake a collecting journey to North
America, I have determined to dispose of some of my spe-
cial collections, viz. -— UA aa
1.—-Above 500 species,and vars. of Clausilia, comprising the greatest rarities from

all parts of the globe, and determined according to the latest researches.
2.—Above 300 species and vars. of yupacea, ditto, ditto.
3.—About 200 species and varieties of Cylindrella, Eucalodium, Macroceramus,

and Lia. CN ae es
4.—About 70 species and vars. of Pleurotomidz in 124 lots.
5,—About 100 lots of Pecten, principally European and Arctic seas.

The above comprise mostly choice and handsome specimens.
Besides these there are varicus rare Buccini, Fusi, Trophon, &c., &c.
Further particulars on application to the above address. :

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of GHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAVLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds,

No. 91] JANUARY, 1882. [Von 3.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 3 PAGE,
Life History of Helix arbustorum.—J. W. Taylor... o33 rece T\:4
The Mollusca of Bristol and Vicinity.—J. W. Cundall one «.. 260
Note on Gundlachia.—J. S. Gibbons, M.B. ae 267

Fresh Water Mussels in the Ouse and Foss.—Rev. W. C. Hey, M. . 268
Note on the Specific Distinctness of Helix em ee

Lewis.—John H. Thomson, C.M.Z.S, os 273

List of Species and Varieties of Succineze collected in Haid ae
J. Fitzgerald _... Aw wee 274
The Mellusca of Birstwith, Yorkshire: ce T, Walker ae meee en 5
Note on Testacella Maugei Fér.—J. D. Butterell .. iN 277
A List of the Shells of the ‘‘ Lower Tees” District, Vor —C, Ashford 278
BIBLIOGRAPHY ae 286

PROCEEDINGSs"'eCONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Great Britain and Ireland 282
> +e =<

LONDON :

DAVID BOGUE, 3, ST. MARTIN’s PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C.
LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II,
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

LisT OF SHELLS,

CoNSIGNED BY Mr. V. RosBILLARD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO

THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,

POTTERNEWTON LODGE, LEEDS,
TO BE SOLD.

So hee

5. a.

282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4] 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau-
259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 0 6 TitiUS........0056 04
289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 3] 579 Turbo, Port Natal .................. o2,
422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius.......:....0 3 | 266 Melania, sp., ie ee 03
408 Cardium, sp., Ber ha alcn a nictace © 4] 264 M. spinulosa a5 weseeeereeesO 3
423 Septifer Kraussi ,, — ...........- © 2] 262 M. mitra satin Aaecn aa eeenee 04
427 Pinna Maillardi ,, © 3] 295 M. longispina, Vv. 5, s.-.ssssse¥s 03.
566 Haliotis, sp., is © 3] 311 Melampus lividus ,, —.......... 02>
420 Cytherea picta,v. ,, © 3] 313 M. fasciatus 5 3or4 cusp enon O02
418 C. varia, v. ss oO 3} 308 M. luteus ne sc degie ened oe Claias
412 Donisia variegata ,, 051312 M. ,, whitev.,, — .......0 02

- 424 Modiola rostratus ,, —............ o 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, —...-- + 2e0ee 03
410 Cardium bicolor ,, stsaveesraesO O $190 “Sentellina, spo* spy a gece o2
389 Modiolaria (rare) ,, —... ss. ees o 4] 485 Eulima, sp. $96 sea Oo 3.
308 Melampus luteus ,, —.........4.. © 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare) .................. 05
569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160 FE. arcuata ......... iepeleaseuauice sales 06
Mauritius..... ...... 8 'O.}:16) “Be acuta ion i iesasge wee Pie deebaee O05
309 Melampus fuscus ,, sss .eeeceees © 2} 163 Stylifer ovoidens ............4c.cse00s 09
207 Patella (rare) «4, sseenceseees o 2] 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius . esac. 03
186 Nesza, sp. Bbc SRE RR A 02 .

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON:

DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. ;
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES.
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.

Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLe on RECEIPT OF Pane

The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 shbuomepiie plates in each a

Subscriptions to be sent to

M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 213, rus de Universite, Paris.

|
:
j

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
_and figures of the TRIT6NID&, Fusip# and Buccinip&, This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods. —
[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.] :

Completed Volumes.
Vou. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1870.
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
Vou. II. MuRIcIN® AND PURPURINZ. 1880. ‘
289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, '
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species. :

CONDITIONS.

‘THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will
embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com-
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I,
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the
Muricidz will follow.

It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume.

* * Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
Fine EpiTion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will

be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 2 5 copies, )

Price, per Part, Hk = sit Hes ree Fie 8 00
CoLoRED EvITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00
PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, es as we whe ea 0 EO

American subscribers will please addres
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers :

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosepH Barger & Co., Frankfurt am Main,
* London. Z H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 6s, Lyons,
-F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. :
A. AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Geore, Bale.
Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No, 10, Geneva,
°C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. HoeEpti, Milan, Naples and Pisa,

** Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.

.THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.

Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palonto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and: gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
(by Subscription).

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.

“MHE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M-D., F.LS.

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurGH aNnD LONDON.

“mie NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.LS.
Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance).

Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at

Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
Excursions; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c.

The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,

1881. Post Free of - :

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. :

BRITISH FRESH WATER AND LAND SHELLS.

AN AMATEUR COLLECTOR will be happy to exchange or
part with duplicates for a small consideration, Addvess:—C 36, Prince
Wales Road, London, N.W.

CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS FOR SALE.

Mawe’s Linnzan System of Conchology.—Descriptions of the Orders, Genera and
Species of Shells. Published at £2 12s. 6d., beautifully colored, new copy 41.

Mawe’s Woodarch’s Introductions to the Study of Conchology. Six plates and
frontispiece, published at 9/-, new copy 3/-.

Shell Collector’s Pilot, or Voyager’s Companion. This book is adapted for voyagers
in general, pointing out the places where the best shells are obtained. 4th Ed.,
published at 5/-, for 1/6. :

Lamarck’s Arrangement of Testacea, by Du Bois, F-L.S. Pub. at 14/-, new copy 2/6,

¢ 86, PRINCE WALES ROAD, LONDON, N.W.

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.

Price Lists on Appiication. Specimens sent for Selection.

All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAYLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds

No. 10.9 APRIL, 1882. [Vou. 3.

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES: PAGE.

Ennea Martensi Smith wee oes es Shee .» 301

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS :
A List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca observed in the Neigh-

LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

bourhood of Beverley.—J. D. Butterell se 289 f
Sutherland and Caithness Field Notes.— William Baillie, Teacher,
Brora, Sutherlandshire ... 207
ae woe Gouldia.—Rev. R. Boog ‘Watson, B.A., ‘F.RS. E.,
, &c. : : j . 209
Aaditiogal Notes on Helix arbustorum. a eha Ww. T aylor .. 302
Authenticated List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Western >
Sussex, with a few observations on the distribution and habits of
some species.—William Jefiery, of oe Chichester (Read
before the Conchological Society) ... ais a ws 305
‘BIBLIOGRAPHY of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the
County of Sussex.— William Denison Roebuck SS 318
— ae _-
LONDON:

lartSsS'T OF SEHELIs,
oacaen BY Mr. V. RoBILLARD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENGY,

POTTERNEWTON LODGE, LEEDS,

TO BE SOLD.

Ss. d. sd.
282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4] 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau-
259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 0 6 FICS senmeees O04
289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 31579 Turbo, Port Natal ................. 02
422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............ © 3}.266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 0 3
408 Cardium, sp., a rece © 4] 264 M. spinulosa 590 ata ciccne ee 0 3
423 Septifer Kraussi ,, ........... .O 2} 262 M. mitra 3) CO See 04
427 Pinna Maillardi ,,. ....:....... © 3] 295 M. longispina, v. ,, sieauaateee 03
566 Haliotis, sp., sen eS ae © 3} 311 Melampus lividus,, _............ 02
420-Cytherealpictaiver sat ticcskae tess O 3] 313 M. fasciatus pgiieloieea Nee aienten 02
418 C. varia, v. Sette rete ere © 3] 308 M. luteus yt SS arene 02
412 Donisia variegata \,, °° © icc. one @ 84 312.0. 5, < whitev. 5,0 yee 02
424 Modiola rostratus ,, —............ © 3} 184 Parmaphorus, sp.,, —..- ss sso 0 3
410 Cardium bicolor ,, —............ © 6] 190 Scutellina, sp. 93 EERE or 02
389 Modiolaria (rare) ,, —.........0.. o 4] 485 Eulima, sp. © Pinar We sk 03
308 Melampus luteus ,, ___............ o 2} 162 E. Cumingii (rare) ........... seats 05
569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160K arcuata .. Stace aieutteaerasn 06
Maniitins.: 2 ccs.c9 SQ 1GI BH. acuta peat... 0 5
309 Melampus fuscus ,, ............ © 2} 163 Stylifer OVOIdENS .o.seee cece veseesO 9
207 Patella (rare) Sond es ORO aG ABO oO 2{ 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius ......0 3
186 Neszea, sp. CN AS Ei ne 02

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON:

DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC.
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES.
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.

Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLE ON RECEIPT OF PART.

The work will be completed in 8 or Io parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part.

Subscriptions to be sent to_

M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 213, rue do Universite, Paris.

“MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ;

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID&, FusiD and BUCCINID&, This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

_[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]

Completed Volumes.
VoL. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879.
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
VoL. II. MuRICIN@ AND PURPURINA. 1880,
289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.

CONDITIONS.

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will
embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com-
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I,
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the
Muricide will follow.

It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume.

_ *.* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
Fine Epirion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies. )

Price, per Part, Be cf Be ae as ... $8 00
CoLoRED Evirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00
Pain EpiTion. Per Part, at eee se en ee at ao

American subscribers will please address j
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers :

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosEPH Bagr & Co., Frankfurt am Main.
~*~" London. H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons,
F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.
A. AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. George, Bile.

Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva,
€: GeRoLp’s SOHN, Vienna. U. HoEpti, Milan, Naples and Pisa.

es Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
upon tke subscription price. for either of the volumes.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST:
A Popular Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Natural History and Travel.

Contains Departments of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Anthropology, Palzconto-
logy, Geography and Exploration, and Microscopy, and gives each month the
proceedings of Scientific Societies, a digest of the contents of Foreign Scientific
Journals, and the latest Home and Foreign Scientific News. Price 18s. per annum
(by Subscription). -

TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F. BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.LS.

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcGH anD LONDON.

“THE NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.

Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance). —

Containing Original Articles‘on Natural History subjects; Papers read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
Excursions ; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c. :

The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,
1881. Lost Free of

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

THE VARIETIES OF ARION ATER.

Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, Sunny Bank, Leeds, having consented
to prepare a paper on Arzon ater, similar to that by Mr. Taylor on -
Helix arbustorum, would be glad if Conchologists would assist him

with material, in the way of information and specimens. In particular,
it is desired to ascertain which of the numerous varieties described by
Moquin-Tandon as occurring in France are to be found in the British
Isles, together with the details of their geographical range, both in
Britain and.on the Continent. Conchologists may be reminded that
the more plentiful the supply of (7e/éab/e) information, the better is the
proposed paper likely to be.

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and
valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from. various parts
of the World. z

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

_ All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAYLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds.

No. 11.] JULY, 1882. [VoL. 3.

THE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 aS

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE.
On the Action of the Heart in the Helicidz during Hibernation. — ]
Charles Ashford . HA eee
Yorkshire Localities fox See and Pisidium, ae Wilcock see 1327
A Parasite of Limnza truncatula nae see 329
The Brachiopoda and Marine Conchifera of the Meee re
of British Shells. —A. H. Cooke ... saat fs: .. 340
BIBLIOGRAPHY... 2 i - 328

PROCEEDINGS ° the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 330

> 3 +e

LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MarTin’s Lanz, W.C.
LEFDS : TAYLOR BROS., ST. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. q

HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. "LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

A Se VS SB ET

LisT OF SHELLS,

CONSIGNED BY Mr. V. RopiLtarpD oF Mauritius ISLAND TO
THE BRITISH NATURALISTS’ AGENCY,

POTTERNEWTON LODGE, LEEDS,

TO BE SOLD.

5. d. Sede
282 Paludina zonata, Madagascar ...0 4] 567 Galeomma Turtoni (rare) Mau-
259 Melania amarula, Mauritius ...... 06 Hitlus (coe 04
289 Paludina, sp., Madagascar......... © 34579 Turbo, Port Natal .................. 02
422 Cytherea, sp., Mauritius............ © 3} 266 Melania, sp., Mauritius ............ 03
408 Cardium, sp., aes Miach te ce hare © 4] 264 M. spinulosa BPM CAMS Stein 0 3
423 Septifer Kraussi ,, ...........- © 2{ 262 M. mitra PREM EGSnoncocs 0 4
427 Pinna Maillardi ,, ............ © 3] 295 M. longispina, v. ,, —..-wsaeeeees 0 3
566 Haliotis, sp., BOM acenes seine © 3] 311 Melampus lividus,, —............ 02
AZO Cythereaspictannveneni Meroe eeee © 3} 313 M. fasciatus PP mln iceicdc 02
418 C. varia, v. see adic meemeneee © 3} 308 M. luteus PPAR ornomidse 1h 02
412 Donisia variegata ,, .... sees eee O05} 312 (M. *-,,,. swhitev.).,.000 peseemeeee 02
424 Modiola rostratus ,, —..........-. © 3184 Parmaphorus, sp. ,, ss. ees eaves 03
410 Cardium bicolor ,, ............ © 6] 190 Scutellina, sp. AS SSeereetaeee One
389 Modiolaria (rare) ,, —...... ss, 0 4} 485 Eulima, sp. 35 0 Rae teaaaaeme ted 03
308 Melampus luteus ,,__............ © 2] 162 E. Cumingii (rare) .................. 05
569 Conus pertusus (very rare & fine) 160.E. arcuata 5. .c.c.nnscsteeeeeeteeee 06
Mauritius..... ...... 8 ©} 161: KE. acuta cision ich aalaeean 05
309 Melampus fuscus ,, _—........ 0s © 2] 163 Stylifer ovoidens .....................0 9
207 Patella (rare) SS Ait ome Aoheer aoe © 2} 315 Melania coronula, Mauritius ...... 0 3
TSOMINeSceas SPs eval etc ny ecw .O 2

THE MARINE -MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON:

DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC.
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES,
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.

Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavasLeE ON RECEIPT OF PART.

The work will be completed in 8 or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part.

Subscriptions to be sent to

M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID&, FUsID4 and BUCCINID#&; This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]

Completed Volumes.
VoL. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879.
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
Vou. II. MurIcINa AND PURPURINA. 1880.
289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.

CONDI TONS. *

It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume.

*.* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
FInE EpiTion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will

be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 2 5 copies, )

Price, per Part, a a as soe se ... $8 00
CoLoRED EpITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00
PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, a ao we Bs 3 00
American subscribers will please address

GHO] Wa TRVONG PR.
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JOSEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main,
_ London. H. Gore, Rue de Lyon 6s, Lyons,
F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.
A, ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H.. Grore, Bale.
Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva,
C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa,

__ *,* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and

valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.
a
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F, BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D. F.LS.

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.

BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH ann Lonpon.

“THE NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.
Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
Monthly price gd. or gs. per annum (in advance).
Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
Excursions ; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c. i

The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,
1881. Post Free of :

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. Ps
¢

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced seventeen years ago, by an association of the students of Prof, Agassiz,
at Cambridge, While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from comparative
youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America. Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the
men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability,
as Dr. C, O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E,
Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology),
Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr, Ellis H, Yarnall (Geographical
Exploration).

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national
character, which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investiga-
tions before the general public ina more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine
in the world to-day, which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans im
the field of the natural sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 112 large octavo pages
per month, with numerous illustrations. Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will
pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, is. 6d.

NEW SUBSCRIBERS for 1883 will receive the December numher of 1882 free.
Please make a note of this and inform your friends.

McCALLA & STAVELY,
P. O. Box 1503. 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA.

English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hi/l LONDON.

All Communications to be Ms to JNO. W. TAYLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds.

No. 12.] OCTOBER, 1/882. [VoL. 3.
THE
JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE.
On the MacAndrew Collection of British Shells.—A. H. Cooke, M.A.,
La eyetShs ack Soc ua nib ono fs 353
> —~— +

LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MartTin’s LANE, W.C.
LEFDS : TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET.
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSsTRASsE, I1.
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

LL SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS

NOTICE!

The First and Second numbers of
Volume 1 of the Quarterly Journal of
Conchology are now reprinted, and may
be obtained at the Office; No. 1, 1/6 each
and No. PAWS Ge

Nos. 3, 4 and 8 are reprinting and
will shortly be ready.

LEEDS: Taylor Bros., St. Ann Street.

THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON:

DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. |
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES.
By —. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG.

Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavasLE ON RECEIPT OF PART.

The work will be completed in 8 or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part.

Subscriptions to be sent to

M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Faris.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The TH1RD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions
and figures of the TRITONID&, Fusip# and BUCCINID&. This volume will include
many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto
published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods.

[Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta,
Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.]

Completed Volumes.
Vou, I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879.
316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent
spécies, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details.
Vou. Il. MuRICIN2 AND PURPURIN. 1880.
289 pp- with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the
structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks,
a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification,
etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species.

‘CONDITIONS.

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will
embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- —
plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I,
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the
Muricidz will follow.

It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete
the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable
on the completion of any volume.

*.* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows :
Fine EpDITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will

be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies, )

Price, per Part, oH He bee se ae 55 bo GO
CoLORED EpITION.— The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00
PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, ee ne es Re ets OG

American subscribers will please address

GEO. W. PRYON, Jr.,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ;

TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, ; JOSEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main.
Rondou. | H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons,
F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France.
A, ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale.
Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva.
C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoepti, Milan, Naples and Pisa.

*,” Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the
subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance
upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes.

G. B. SOWERBY, 45, Great Russell St., London,

Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and
Private Museums ; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and

valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts
of the World.

Price Lists on Application. Specimens sent for Selection.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST,”

A Quarterly Magazine of Natural History,
Edited by F, BUCHANAN WHITE, M.D., F.L.S.

Annual Subscription 4s., post free. Single Numbers ts. 2d.
BLACKWOOD & SONS: EpinsurcH anp_ Lownpon.

“THE NATURALIST,”

Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record.

Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., and G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.

Monthly price gd. or 4s. per annum (in advance).

Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at
Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and
‘Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c.

The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VII. commenced August,
1881. Post Free of

B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced seventeen years ago, by an association of the students of Prof. Agassiz,
at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from comparative
youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America. Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the
men of this class in the country. 3

The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability,
as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. BE. —
Bessey (Botany). Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology),
Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical
Exploration). é

Tt has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national
character, which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investiga-
tions before the general public in amore or less popular form. 7 zs the only magazine
in the world to-day, which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans im
the field of the natural sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 112 large octavo pages
per month, with numerous illustrations. Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will
pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d.

NEW SUBSCRIBERS for 1883 will receive the December number of 1882 free.
Please make a note of this and inform your friends. :

McCALLA & STAVELY,
P. O. Box 1593. 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA.

English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON.

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