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THE 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOG Y. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
The QUARTERLY JOURNAL of CONCHOLOGY. 


VOL. V. 


2ZA134\ 


| | 


1886—1888. 


Leeds : 
TAYLOR BROS., SOVEREIGN STREET. 


The -luthors of the several papers containe! m this volume are themselves 
accountable for all the statements and reascnings which they have offered. 
In these particulars the Editor or the Society mutst not be considered as 


in any way responsible. 


j 


INDEX TO VOL. V. 


+ O-2-H— — 


ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 


PAGE 
Achatina acicula in Northamptonshire—W. D. Crick bate 506. TLL 
Additions to Land shells of Gibraltar—J. H. Ponsonby, F.Z.S. ond HOY 
a5 >> » and Freshwater Mollusca of Llandudno— 
J. R. Brockton Tomlin, B.A. 28 
5 »» Mollusca of Clapham, Yorks.—W. E. Collinge Bl LOS 
ee and Corrections of ‘* Marine Shells of Scilly ’—Rev. R. W. 

J. Smart, M.A., and Rev. A. H. Cooke, MACE ZS ace Ont 
Agriolimax montanus in Colorado—T. D. A. Cockerell ... soo, BSS) 
Amalia gagates in Cardiganshire—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... 203 | AGO 
Ancylus fluviatilis, Respiration of—W. A. Gain ... Ss soo | BQu 
Argiope decollata at Scilly—J. T. Marshall soe occ ON 
Argonauta argo, Notes on—R. D. Darbishire, 8.A., F.G.S. 371 


Australian species of Bithinia, Segmentina and Fusus—E. A. Smith, 
BZ, 


Bithinia tentaculata, Monstrosity of —E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. ... a6, Ss 
Bulimus decollatus in captivity—Miss F. M. Hele... bo6 soo OB 
Clausilia rolphii in North Lincolnshire—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. soa 22) 

»» _ rugosa var. gracilior at Clapham, Yorks.—C. H. Pierson .., 183 
Collecting near Brest ... 77 


Colonizing land and freshwater shells in East Sutherland—W. Baillie. 192 


Conchological Notes—T. Scott ... tigi Be Ae p25 
eget », from Picardy—S. C. Cockerell sie soo | BES 
Concholepas peruvianus, On the position of the operculum in—Reyv. 
A. H. Cooke, M.A.... ae ie Aas OS 
Conus eburneus, white variety of—E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. ... se 2A 
Cuma, On the genus—Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A. ... ate cee) OLOY 
Cuma, Additional note on—W. E. Hoyle, M.A. ... Nad w+. 209 
Cyamium and Turtonia, Distinctness of —E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. vA 
Cylostrema nitens at Margate—S. C. Cockerell aie book 
Erosion of certain freshwater shells—G. W. Shrubsole aed saa LO) 
Epidermis of Mollusca, Notes on—G. Sherriff Tye 06 s00 | 22 
Exhibition of shells at Manchester fee age ae CAS) 
Description of a new Cypreeaa—J. C. Melvill, M.A. Ni saa Bes) 
rh, es >> » Melania—E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. “Ns soa GY 
es >» » Conus—E. A. Smith, F.Z.S. seh soo AVA 
5 >» », Wolute from Western Australia—E. A. Smith, 
INg/Zase 60 i ase age nO?) 
35 2») Species of sinistral Limnzea (L. physopsis)—A. H. 
(Cooke whe Z.Suae ia ins Bao) zit 
Descriptions of fifteen new species of Mitra—J. C. Melvill, M.A. ... 28r 
PA », three new species of freshwater shells from Japan—E. 
A. Smith, F.Z.S. sd ee we eco bs Gy) 
a >», two new species of Siphonalia—J. C. Melvill, M.A.... 348 
es »» Six new species of Pecten—J. C. Melvill, M.A. ono 2/3) 
Helix arbustorum monst. sinistrorsum in Derbyshire—J. W. Taylor, 
IE SS ieee ay Hoe tn R225 
Ks a shell growth—T. Scott ALE ads soa | 28%0) 


2 aspersa, abnormal—W. E. Collinge 


lv. 


PAGE. 


Helix aspersa (Life History)—T. Scott ... 228 
55 », Vv. exalbida and H. hortensis m. sinistrorsum in Pem- 
brokeshire—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. a Be LOO 
»,  cantiana in Nottinghamshire—C. T. Musson, F.L.S. soa. OS 
»,  harpa in Switzerland, Discovery of—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... 335 
», hortensis monst. sinistrorum and H. aspersa v. exalbida in Pem- 
brokeshire—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... 166 
;, hortensis, and H. nemoralis in Dorset—T. D. A. Cockerell Bas ui’ VIG) 
»,  lapicida var albina—Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, B.A. ... 255 
55 oe a in Derbyshire—J. C. Melvill, M.A., F. LS 316 
a5 »»  Mmonst scalaris Charp. in Derbyshire —Rev. Herbert 
Milnes, M.A... 5 316 
»,  lactea in Yorkshire—J. W. Taylor, Ful. S... sie Std HO 
>, nemoralis (Life History )-—T. Scott so | 22) 
Bs sh and H. hortensis in Dorset—T. D. A. Cockerell Sree tC) 
90 m. sinistrorsum—F. G. Fenn poe soo AS) 
59 obvoluta in Surrey—s. J. DaCosta sis ae SOL 
»,  oObvoluta, Note on—Miss F. M. Hele bi ake soo = ev, 
»»  pisana var minor—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... ah coo ABU 
»,  pulchella at Niagara—T. D. A. Cockerell ... 500 ape 2 25 
»,  «attrayi, Note on—T. D. A. Cockerell ae AB noo PONT 
»,  vevelata at Newquay—Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A. an soo 320) 
si », and P. umbilicata v. alba at Newquay—sS. i DaCosta 347 
» virgata var. radiata Hidalgo in the Isle of Wight—J. W. Taylor, 
ELS. 376 
Hairs on land and freshwater shells, Nature and development of—W. 
Jeffery 60 Saepealy 
How does a snail crawl Ik. F. ‘Scharff, Ph. Ds, B. Se. ah Lau) 6230 
List of land and freshwater shells of— 
Cardiff—F. W. Wotton ies He ac Been ts 
Cardiganshire—E. Collier : ae 500 500 BEF 
Christchurch, S. Hants—C. Ashford os S80 Snot ti) 3} 
Clapham, Y orks. —H. Richardson, B.A. ... ta OO 
Engadine, E. Switzerland—Rev. St pes Peatoe, BeAS in) 20 
Fifeshire—T. Scott uP ei to MLZ 
Howden, Yorks.—W. Nelson ... sco AO 
Ilfracombe, N. Devon.—J. R. Brockton Tomlin B. ‘A. hop. He 
Lower Tees Palas Hudson ihe sal AG 
Merionethshire—Thos. Ruddy ... ue 004 eel EO! 
F.G. Fenn ... aun aa ... 198 
Newquay, Cornwall—J. H. James 566 bo .. 164 
Normandy—S. C. Cockerell ... BBU bot fepeeoalls 
North Wiltshire—T. D. A. Cockerell ac seh BRT (oe 
Norway—Miss Birgithe Esmark.. = 90 
Stockton—John Hogg, annotated ‘by Baker Hudson .. 256 
Tarbert, Loch Fyne—T. Scott ... 6 soc sae ayes 
List of Marine Shells of— 
Filey, Yorks.—Rev. Carleton Greene, M.A, aa Mae i238 
Lyme Regis, Dorset—-J. W. Cundall Ss ee ... 196 
Magilligan Strand—Miss Honoria Galwey Or 
Port Elizabeth, S. Africa—G. B. Sowerby, F.L. S.. “ise I 
List of Members of Conchological Society ‘ aoc 147, 317 
Limneea auricularia floating—J. W. Williams, M. A. 3a ws. 369 
os Notes on some British varieties of—S. C. Cockerell tel O44 
ue peregra var. burnetti—W. Nelson «. 180 


a », vars. burnetti and lacustris—J. Madison ... »» 260 


PAGE. 
Limnzea stagnalis and L. peregra, The morphology of the Sues in— 
J. W. Williams, M.A. ESO 
ae truncatula floating H. Wallis Kem, In o18,. S 320 
Marine Mollusca, at Land’s End, Cornwall—T. D. A. Cockerell I51 
Mitra (Costellaria) rugosa, Notes on—J. C. Melvill, M.A. 332 
Nautilus, Pearly, Note on—E. A. Smith, F.L.S.. 226 
Odostomia pallida, New habitat for—Rev. R. W. I. Smart, M.A. 152 
Otina otis var. alba at Newquay—Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A 5 Zuo 
Paludina contecta in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire—W. A. Canin oo 89 
Parmacella of Gibraltar, Notes on—T. D. A. Cockerell 26 
Physa fontinalis var. albina at Farington, S. eae ee 
. H. Heathcote 185 
S dextral—J. W. Williams, D.Sc. ... 220 
Physa, so-called, Remarks on the Australian poses of—Rev. A. H. 
Cooke, M.A. Boo eet 
Pisidium roseum and V. antivertigo in E. ‘Kent—S. ie Cockerell 176 
Planorbis complanatus monst. terebrum in E. Kent—S. C. See 150 
5 corneus, The red fluid emitted by—J. W. Williams, M.A. . 363 
a dilatatus, P. glaber, and Sphzerium ovale—T. Rogers 218 
5 dilatatus and P. glaber at Burnley—J. Bates 221 
D9 lineatus in Montgomeryshire—J. B. Morgan Pay7| 
an multivalvis Case, and Pl. truncatus, Miles, Rediscovery ope 
Bryant Walker neo 330 
subangulatus at Malta—E. A. Smith, E.Z.S. 25 
Pupa marginata var. albina—]. W. Taylor, F. LS 360 
», ‘ingens, Extension of the range of—J. W. Taylor, F. Ts. ue 81 
Purpura, in ne | s Manual of Conchology, On the Article—Rev. A. 
H. Cooke, M.A. es 5 RET 
Spherium corneum upon the tarsus of Dytiscus marginalis—H. 
Wallis Kew, F.E.S. GOS 
Succinea oblonga in North Somersetshire—J. W. Taylor, F.Z.8. 84 
Terebratula papillosa, Marshall.. 186, 278 
Testacella scutulum, Sow., its specific distinctness and geographical 
distribution—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. Bey, 
90 33 in Leicestershire—H. E. Quilter ZO 
5 , Note on a parasitic mite of—H. E. Quilter .. 314 
Trophon truncatus var. scalaris on the West Coast of Scotland—A. 
Somerville, B.Sc... 319 
Turtonia and Cyamium, The distinctness oll A. Smith, F. ae 42 
Unio pictorum yar. latior in Lancashire—J. W. Taylor, Baie 331 
3 An unusually large—R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S 374 
», tumidus—k. D. Darbishire, B.A.. F.G S. 374 
Variation of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca—J. W. (. Taylor, 
F.L.S. ae 289 - 
Varieties of British Shells, Notes ona D. A. Cackerell . 79 
Vertigo alpestris in Yorkshire, J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 238 
5 antivertigo, and P. roseum in E. Kent—S. C. Cockerell 176 
>> mMinutissima in Gloucestershire—J. W. Williams, M.A. 357 
», moulinsiana in Notts.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 45 
timida, Note on—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... 357 
Zonites draparnaldi in Captivity—Miss F. M. Hele 43 
»,  fulvus, rediscovered in its ancient Lincolnshire locality —H. W. 
Kew, F.E.S. ies : Pe vs. 199 


Vi. 
SPECIES AND VARIETIES RECORDED IN THIS 
VOLUME AS NEW TO THE BRITISH ISLES. 


PAGE. 

Ancylus fluviatilis v. strictus, Morel age nae ae ste SY, 
Helix arbustorum m. sinistrorsum O06 ia ae ‘aie 225 
',, hortensis v. roseo-zonata, Ckl. ss ste gcsilic 
aN x v. lutea-roseo-labiata, Ck. els se 5 EeLO 

i. oy yv. subalbida, Loe. sis ie 060 sooes 7/5 
i v. baudonia, Moq. ae Ba hss Berar 1K) 
a lapicida m. scalaris, Charp Re Age na ee 316 

», memoralis v. compressa, Terver ... see Be Seo 

a s v. petiveria, Mog. sil a ake eo 

Bs pisana v. minor, Bourg. ... bat fee so Foe. it 
cantiana v. pyramidata, Colb. Po 3% . st aD 
Lanes leevis v. maculata, Ckl. ... oat et BBS se [B29 
Limneea auricularia v. monnardi, Htm. ... ae a0 i ROO 
a v. ventricosa, Htm. ... ste aes paveaece(0) 
As peregra v. solemia (Zgl.) Moq. ... ina sae Boa oO 

», palustris v. angulata, Ckl. ee Peas te Bi ZG 

5, stagnalis v. raphidia, Bourg. ye Bau ics sco. SO) 
Physa fontinalis m. dextrorsum, Williams aes we Loe2Z20 
Planorbis carinatus v. albida, Pindgen a ae igs Soo | 216) 
Scalaria pseudo-scalaris, Brocchi oe sca GD 
Spheerium corneum v. brunneo- fasciata, Williams .. oh ee) 8255 


SPECIES “AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE 
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. 


Cominella augusta, Sowerby 4 
25 puncturata, Sowerby... 2 

aA unifasciata, Sowerby ... 3 
Conus milesi, Smith ... ‘244 
Cypreea rashleighana, Melvill 288 
Euthria fusco-tincta, Sowerby ... 2 
Latirus bairstowi, Sowerby 8 
>>  rousi, Sowerby : 8 
Lehmannia marginata v. obscurus, Esmark B08 sae se OZ 
Limax cinereus v. punctatus, Esmark ... Wea ahs sap OH 
», levis v. maculata, Cockerell U4 ye an Ss 79 
Limnea palustris v. angulata, S. C. Cockerell ... ss sea 
»»  physopsis, Cooke ie a ant ay RO e2Az 
Marginella bairstowi, Sowerby ... 50 Ree cee sui 9 
Ag lineolata, Sowerby ... See eae oe Ane 9 
Melania andersoni, Smith dean ie kink ae Neu gutS 
ae mariesi, Smith ae Bee ae ae een 959 

an supralirata, Smith a See sak EN vos #2917 
Mitra abacophora, Melvill foe 508 sb S65 ... 286 
»,  astyridiformis ,, oe a nick eh e282 
»>  eerumnosa, ae a es ae We son AS 
» bela A He ag hs See soo AD 
»»  caloxesta 8 ANG et ee el a nee e268 


»  cerithina af oe ie se ae 500 85) 


Vil. 


Mitra chariessa, Melvill 
;,  fulvosulcata a 
;> Marionz ane 
3, percnodictya  ,, 
_,,  thodinospheera ,, 


5,  sybillee no 
5,  transenna 35 
Soe Lena) a5 


zythochroa 3 

Paludina longispira, Smith 
Pecten gladysiz, Melvill 

»,  guendolene ,, 

>,  hastingsii a5 

»,  hysginodes ,, 

>>  psarus 

5 “aldiecas 2i7s, "Melvill 
Planorbis carinatus v. albida, Hudson 
Pleurotoma bairstowi, Sowerby... 

rousi 

Pilinen obtusale var. Colletti, Clessin 


Spheerium corneum var. brunneo-fasciata, W. illiams 


33 mamillanum v. Clessini, Esmark 
Siphonalia mikado, Melvill 
9 pseudo-buccinum, Melvill 


Voluta guntheri, Smith 


LIST OF AUTHORS WHO HAVE 


TO THIS VOLUME. 


Ashford, C. ... 
Baillie, William 


CONTRIBUTED 


153 
192 


Bates, Joe ... a5 BRI 
Cockerell, Sydney C. . so 500 13, 41, vie 150, 176, 356 
Cockerel lets Di AGn ees. a SoD Gh, 25, 26, 79, 82, 151, 261, 358 
Collier, ae a ace <b ee abs 353 
Collinge, W. E. si Ble one ste 195, 227 
Cooke, Rev. A. H., M. uN Pc poet O45) 10750103, 241.3104 32151320 
Crick, W. D. Bee sate ies ae 151 
Cundall, J. W. doo HOLS 
DaCosta, Se lfc 20 sce 81, 347 
Darbishire, R.D., B. ue F. Gs: So 1G Sif, Bin 
Esmark, Miss Birgithe no 308 5 OS 
Fenn, He Gal. SE 198, 357 
Gain, W. A.. sc 80, 331 
Galwey, Miss “Honoria 267 
Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A. 233 
Heathcote, W. H. Se LOG 
Hele, Miss F. M. is 43, ee 362 
Hoyle, W. E., M.A. 209 
Hudson, Baker 200 46, 249, 256 
James, J. H., A.R.I. Cornwall... EO! 


Jeffery, William soc 309 


17 


i 
vill. 


PAGE. 

Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S. 500 000 Seis ... 199, 329, 363 
Marshall, J. T. ee e00 te 086 .» 186, 278, 361 
Madison, Hfo.06 ae vad a00 309 +. 260 
Melvill, J. Cosmo, M.A., P.L.S. Soc 279, 281, 288, 316, 332, 348 
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A. ... no 50d cae son QU 
Morgan, J. Bickerton ... 309 soc 20 ses peo. IL9/ 
Musson, C. T., F.L.S. o0c soo 200 -- doo | OES 
Nelson, William 60 006 ao 180 262 
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, IB ANG occ 090 000 no 210, 255 
Pierson, C. Harvard ... noc soo 200 aa ws 183 
Ponsonby, J. H., B:Z.S. or 30 260 200 Pe hOA: 
Quilter, H. E. is ass sie Bet 314, 320 
Richardson, Hugh, B. A. ane 906 ae vie en 460 
Rogers, Thos. : 200 ile 66 a00 218, 231 
Ruddy, Thos. ono oe 506 986 » 184 
Scharff, Robt. F., Ph. Dy, B.Se. oo ae ae 239 
Scott, hoses 3 200 ode wes erst 2, 173, 228 
Gimubsole, Geo. W. ... wee wide ABD ae 66 
Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A. ... Serr ae 6x 152 
Smith, He Aj B2Z.S: --- wae 25, 42, 57, 62, 226, 235, 244, 315 
Somerville, A., B.Sc., F.L.S. ..- ihe Wve 319 
Sowerby, G. B., F.L.S. 30 200 500 530 nob I 
Taylor, John W., F.L.S. 45 
81, 84, 166, 220, 225; 238, 289, 3315 335, 337 357> 360, 370 

Tomlin, J. R. Big More B.A. 28, 181 
Tye, G. Sherriff : S80 ae ae am oo Bil 
Walker, Bryant 300 Sos 20 300 abo, BED 
Williams, J. W., D.Sc. oes S80 220, 255, 357, 303, 304, 369 
Wotton, FE. Ww. 900 we 30¢ as ate abe 


PROCEEDINGS OF CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


B25.) 1325) 2001 2451270. 305,240,370: 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


“30, 152, 250, 336, 376. 


OBITUARY. 


Andrew Garrett, 317; Thomas Glover, 231. 


ay 


THE 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


SX _————_ 


MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA, COLLECTED 
AT PORT ELIZABETH, WITH DESCRIPTIONS 
OF SOME NEW SPECIES. 


By G.-B. SOWERBY, F.Z.S. 


Argonauta kochiana Dunker,—The smallest species of the 
genus, from an inch to an inch and a half long. It is 
allied to A. hAians, but much more closely ribbed, and with 
the surface crisply granulated. 

A. argo Linneus.—Some of the largest specimens of this 
species are found at the Cape. Although tolerably abund- 
ant in the Mediterranean, the specimens never attain to 
so large a size. 

Murex uncinarius Lamarck (=J/. capensis Sowerby).—A 
remarkable little species with fronds curiously hooked. 

M. dunkeri Krauss.—A small species rather like a Purpura. 

M. kieneri Reeve—Another small species, characterised 
by a deep suture, numerous raised crenulated varices, 
abruptly terminating, and leaving a deep channel near 


the base. 
A 


2 SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


M. purpuroides Dunker.—With strong transverse nodulous 
ribs. : 

Fusus robustior Sowerby (‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. iv., 
p. 82, fig. 63). Hardly ever found excepting in very im- 
perfect condition. 

Cominella capensis Dunker.—Orange colour. The speci- 
mens are mostly worn. 

CG. lagenaria Deshayes.—Not uncommonly found alive, clad 
in dark-brown scabrous epidermis. 

C. porcata Gmelin (=C. “gata Reeve). 

C. elongata Dunker.—Like C. cafensis in form, but of a 
greyish colour, mottled and spotted with brown. 

C. tigrina Kiener (Succinum).—Allied to C. lagenaria. 

C. puncturata Sowerby, nov. sp.—TZesta elongata, tenuicula, 
pallide lutea, interdum fusca, fascia pallida balteata ; spira 
elata, acuta; anfractus 6, superne declives, deinde biangulati, 
ubique spiraliter costata ; costis numerosis, parum elevatis, 
interstitits puncturatis ; anfractus ultimus convexus, vix 
angulatus, inferne attenuatus ; apertura ovata, mediocriter 
data, canali brevt, leviter recurva. Long. 15, maz. lat. 5 mill. 

Shell elongated, rather thin, pale yellow, sometimes 
brown, with a pale band; spire elevated, acute; whorls 
sloping above, then bi-angulated, spirally ribbed through- 
out; ribs numerous, but very slightly raised, interstices 
punctured.; last whorl convex, scarcely angulated, attenu- 
ated below ; aperture ovate, moderately wide, canal short, 
slightly recurved. 

A delicate gracefully formed species. 

Euthria fusco-tincta Sowerby, nov. sp.—TZesta elongata, 
solidtuscula, alba, fusco trregulariter tincta; spira elata, 
acutiuscula, sutura tmpressa ; anfractus 7, levissime convext, 
sptraliter obscurissime sulcate,; anfr. ullimus convexus, 
medio fusco balteatus, inferne attenuatus ; apertura ovata, 
medtocriter lata, canali brevi, columella leviter reflexa. 
Long. 20, lat. 7% mill. 


J.C., v., January, 1886, 


SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 3 


Shell elongated, rather solid, white, irregularly tinged 
with brown; spire elevated, rather acute, whorls very 
slightly convex, very obscurely spirally grooved ; last whorl 
convex, with a brown band, attenuated towards the base ; 
aperture moderately wide, canal rather short, columella 
slightly reflexed. 

Not having the operculum, I cannot place this species 
with certainty, but it appears to be an Luthria, somewhat 
allied to Hutton’s £. dzczncta from New Zealand. 


Bullia laevigata Martini.—A broad heavy species. 
B. achatina Lamarck. 


B. rhodostoma Gray.—Has little to distinguish it from 2. 
achatina, excepting the red lip, and an orange-coloured 
spiral rib at the base. 


B. digitalis Meusch.—Narrower and more sharply accuminated 
than 4. achatina. 


B. semiusta Reeve.—In form like B. degzdalis, but with the 
lower half of the whorls dark brown. 


B. annulata Lamarck.—A very well defined species stouter 
than B. achatina, with an angular keel at the top of the 
whorls, and the whole surface spirally grooved. 

B. callosa Gray.—Rarely found at Port Elizabeth. 

B. tenuis Gray.—A rather light species, with a broader body- 
whorl, and wider mouth than B. achatina. 

B. pura Melvill (‘Journal of Conchology,’ vol. iv., p. 316).— 
A newly described species, smaller than 4. achatina, with 
a much more slender spire, and with the entire surface 
strongly grooved. 

B. diluta Krauss. —A partially grooved species of slender form, 
with a row of brown dots above the middle of the whorl, 
and faint longitudinal flames. 

Cominella unifasciata Sowerby, nov. sp.—TZesta ovata, albida 
vel pallide lutea; spira acutiuscula, anfractus 6, superne 


4 SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


fascia fusco-aurantia ornati, medio angulati nodoso plicati ; 
anfr. ultimus inferne attenuatus ; apertura medtocriter lata, 
fauce costata. Long. 13, lat. 7¥2 mill. 

A short angular species, distinguished by a reddish- 
brown belt at the top of the whorl joining the suture. 
The specimens received are all in worn condition. 

C. angusta Sowerby, nov. sp.— Testa anguste acuminata 
pallide fulva, punctis rufis sparsim picta; spira elata ; 
antractus 8 convext, cancellati ; apertura brevis ; columella 
sinuata. Long. 14, lat. 4 mill. 

An elegant little species with a long narrow spire, of a 
pale reddish yellow, with a few red spots. The spots are 
in most cases arranged inasingle or double row just below 
the middle of the whorl. 

Nassa pulchella A. Adams.—A pretty, well-known species. 


N. cerotina A. Adams.—Closely allied to WV. pulchella, of a 
uniform red or yellow colour, light at the base. 

N. coccinea A. Adams.—Shorter than J. cevotzna. Colour 
red, orange, or pale yellow, sometimes banded. 

N. plicosa Dunker (=sfectosa A. Adams).—A fine whitish 
species, tinged with reddish-brown at the base. 

N. kraussiana Dunker.—A species approaching very closely 

to the sub-genus Cyclops. 

Desmoulea abbreviata Wood.—This is the largest species 
of the genus. When adult it is almost always decollated. 

D. retusa Lamarck.—A prettily coloured species, varying 
from bright orange to crimson and purple. Always decol- 
lated, excepting when quite young. 

D. pyramidalis A. Adams.—Of pyramidal form, more like a 
typical Vassa, than the two preceding. Usually palish 
orange colour, with a brown columella. 

Purpura squamosa Lamarck. 

P. cingulata Linnzus.—A very curious white species, of a 
screw-like appearance. 


J.C., v., January, 1886, 


SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 5 


P. cataracta Chemnitz. 

P. capensis Petit.—Mr. Tryon in his ‘Manual of Con- 
chology’ quotes this species asa variety of the Japanese 
P, luteostoma. In this I can hardly agree with him. 

Pleurotoma sinuatum Deshayes (=P. buccinoides Kiener).— 
A more or less ribbed species with a brown or black 
epidermis, which has been made the type of a genus 
(Clionella Gray), and erroneously classed with the family 
Melanide. 

P. rosaria Reeve.—A smaller species resembling P. s¢zwatum 
in form, but orange or rose colour. 

P. kraussi Smith.—Another species of the C/onella section ; 
whitish, with waved brown lines. 

P. subventricosus Smith.—Somewhat like P. kvaussz, but 
much less prominently ribbed. 

P. semicostata Kiener.—Whitish, with prominent ribs in the 
middle of the whorls. 

P. castanea Reeve.—The specimens are of a darker colour 
than Reeve’s type. It is a small dark-brown species of 
the Drillza section. 

P. hottentota Smith.—A small species with a long spire and 
short mouth, generally white below and light-brown above, 
with a brown band at the top of the whorls. 

P. caffra Smith.—An orange-coloured species with rather a 
large body-whorl, and comparatively open mouth. 

P. diversa Smith.—This pretty little species seems to be 
rarely found. It is allied to P. caffra, but the longitudinal 
ribs are made conspicuous by the intervention of dark 
brown flames. 

P. capensis Smith.—A species of the Defrancia section, with 
a crisply cancellated surface, reminding one of the British 
P. reticulata, &c. 

P. tripartita Smith.—A fine species, very rarely found in 
good condition, 


6 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


P. rousi Sowerby, nov. sp.— Testa oblonga, albida, atrofusco 
grandimaculata, lineis fuscts transversis et hic tlic longt- 
tudinalibus reticulata; spira mediocriter elata, apice ? 
(decollato); anfractus superne leviter concavt, deinde con- 
vext, longitudinaliter costati; costis conspicuts, rotundatis, 
superne angulatis, basin versus evanidis ; apertura latiuscula, 
sinu latiuscula superne emarginata canalt brevisstmo. Long. 
20, lat. & mill. 


Shell oblong, whitish, with large dark-brown blotches, 
and reticulated with transverse and here and there longi- 
tudinal brown lines; spire moderately elevated, apex? 
(decollated) ; whorls concave above, then convex, longi- 
tudinally ribbed; ribs conspicuous, rounded, angled above, 
fading away towards the base ; aperture rather wide, with 


rather a wide sinus at the upper part, and a very short 
canal. 


Specimens in poor condition. 


P. bairstowi Sowerby, nov. sp.— Zesta fusiformis, atro fusca ; 
anfr. 7, convextuscult, costis brevibus albidis (in anfr. ult. 
circ. I2) ornatt ; apertura elongata, mediocriter lata, sinu 
latiusculo marginata ; canalt brevissimo. Long. I4, maj. 
lat. 5 mill. 


Shell fusiform, very dark brown ; whorls 7, ornamented 
with short whitish ribs (about 12 on the last whorl) ; aper- 
ture elongated, moderately wide with a rather broad sinus 
at the upper part, and a very short canal 


Melapium bulbus Wood.—This species is distinct from the 
M. lineatum, with which it has been confounded. The 
shells, which are longitudinally streaked with numerous 
brown lines, are scarcely ever more than 1 inches in 
length. JZ. dineatum is a species of very rare occurrence 
and probably inhabits a different part of the world. The 
specimen of it in the British Museum is nearly 21% inches 


J.C., v., January, 1886. 


SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 7 


long; compared with JZ dulbus it is of lighter growth, 
the longitudinal lines are broader and more distant, and a 
sharp prominent keel crosses the columella. 


Eburna papillaris Sowerby.—This very rare species has not 
yet been discovered in perfect condition. 


Separatista grayi A. Adams.—A very curious shell, rarely 
found. 


Ancillaria obtusa Swainson.—A very remarkable, and, when 
in good condition, handsome species. 


A. obesa Sowerby.—This pretty little species seems to be 
plentiful at Port Elizabeth, but as is the case with most of 
the species, perfect specimens are not so common. 


A. lineolata A, Adams.—Not common. 


A. cinnamomea Lamarck.—Generally smaller than the Red 
Sea specimens. 

Triton doliarius Lamarck.—A well-known, but curious 
species, having as much the appearance of a Dolium as of 
a Triton. 


T. africanus A. Adams.—Although of very different ap- 
pearance, I strongly suspect that this belongs to the same 
species as the last; the upper whorls are identical, but the 
last whorl is elongated and without spiral ribs. In one 
specimen before me the strong raised spiral ribs reach a 
varix just after the commencement of the last whorl, up to 
which point anyone would pronounce the shell to be 
Triton doliartus, after which its character is entirely 
changed. 

T. klenei A. Adams.—A species allied to the Australian 
T. exaratus (Reeve). 

T. nodiferus Lamarck.—Of rather more compressed form, 
and with more clouded markings than the Mediterranean 
species. I think that to separate Reeve’s Z: saulie from 
this species, is to draw too fine a distinction. 


8 SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


Ranella leucostoma var. — (?).—Constantly distinguished 
from the Australian typical form by the lip being bordered 
with dark brown blotches. 

R. argus Gmelin. 

Fasciolaria heynemani Dunker (=fw7purea Jonas). — 
Specimens all imperfect, mostly much worn and broken. 

Latirus bairstowi Sowerby nov. sp.—TZesta turrita, atro- 
fusco; anfractus 8-9, leviter convex, longitudinaliter plicats, 
liris pallidis spiraliter cingulati ; anfr. ultimus maj. con- 
vexus, ad basin productus, atlenuatus; apertura parva, 
ovata, intus lirata; canalis longiuscula, leviter recurva. 
Long. 27, maj. lat. 8 mill. 

Shell turrited, dark brown ; whorls 8, slightly convex, 
longitudinally plicated, encircled with pale spiral ridges ; 
last whorl more convex produced at the base ; aperture 
small, oval, interior ridged; canai rather long, slightly 
recurved. 

L. rousi Sowerby, nov. sp.—TZesta turrita ; spira acutiuscula ; 
anfractus 9, leviter convext, longitudinaliter plicatt, lirts 
numerosts confertis planulatis atrofuscis (interstitiis fulvts ) 
cingulatt ; anfractus ultimus convexus, ad basin contractus ; 
apertura ovato breviuscula, intus lyrata; canalis brevis 
recurva. Long. 30, maj. lat. ro mill. 

Differing from Z. dazrstowd in the shortness of the 
canal, and in the spiral ridges being dark brown, flattened 
and broader than the interstices, which are light fulvous 
brown. 

Voluta (Callipara) bullata, Swainson.— A remarkable 
species, mostly found in very worn and broken condition. 
I believe no living specimen has ever been obtained. 

Mitra picta Reeve. 

M. latruncularia Reeve. 

M. patula Reeve. 


Marginella mosaica Sowerby.—A beautiful species of great 
rarity. 


J.C., v., January, 1886. 


> 


SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 9 


M. poucheti Petit (—JZ vittata, Reeve).—Very rarely found 


in good condition. 


M. piperata Hinds.—Several varieties. 
Mi. piperata var. albocincta Sowerby. 


M. 


lineolata Sowerby, nov. sp. — Zesta pyriformis, levis 
cerulescente-cinerea, punctis tenebrosts unbratis hic illic con- 
spersa; linets numerosts tenutssimts undulatts longitudinaliter 
notata ; spira conica, apice obtuso ; anfractus superne con- 
cavo-declives, deinde convext ; anfr. ultimus convexus, superne 
sub-humerosus, tnferne leviter attenuatus ; apertura latius- 
cula, labrum reflexum, albidum, collumella rectiuscula, quad- 
viplicata. Long. 30, lat. 5. 

Shell pyriform, smooth, bluish ash colour, with here 
and there a sprinking of dark shaded spots, and marked 
with numerous very thin longitudinal waved lines; spire 
conical, with an obtuse apex; whorls concavely sloping 
above, thence convex; last whorl convex slightly shouldered 
above and a little attenuated towards the base; aperture 
rather wide ; lip reflexed, whitish ; columella rather straight 
four-plaited. 

Beach-rolled specimens of this species have been 
familiar to me for some time, but a perfect specimen 
having now come to hand, I describe it, as I could not 
have done previously. 
bairstowi Sowerby, nov. sp.—TZesta sub-ovata, albida, 
maculis umbratis, grisets undulatis picta ; spira abbreviato- 
conica, apice obtuso; anfractus superne concavo declives ; 
anfr. ultimus superne obtuse angulatus, infra angulum 
levissime convexus, basin versus aliquanto attenuatus ; aper- 
tura medtocriter lata ; peristoma simplex ; labrum reflexum, 
incrassatum, album vix arcuatum ; columella rectiuscula, 
guadriplicata. Long. 15, maj. lat. Q mill. 

Very like JZ mosaica in form, but much smaller, and 
without the transverse rows of oblong dark brown spots so 
characteristic of that species. 


Io SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


M. paxillus Reeve.—A whitish shell of the Volvaria section. 

M. pellicula Marrat.—A white species with the apex entirely 
immersed, looking much like a Bulla of the Azys group. 

M. zonata Kiener.— A smallish species of the Volvaria 
section, encircled with two narrow brown bands. 

M. dunkeri Krauss.—Much like JZ. zonata, and probably a 
variety of it, with a broad central brown zone. 

M. capensis Dunker. 

Columbella alobuginosa Reeve. 

C. cerealis Menke (Auccinum ). 

Alcira elegans H. Adams. 

Cassis achatina, Lamarck. 

Dolium favanni Hanley. 

Natica genuana Reeve.—I have only recently obtained 
specimens of this species with their opercula. The oper- 
culum is white, smooth, and shining, with a short curved 
rib near the basal margin. 

N. forata Recluz.—I have not yet seen the operculum of this 
species. - 

Scalaria lactea Krauss.—A small white finely-ribbed species. 

S. clathrus, Linnzus (covonata Lamarck). 


Terebra capensis Smith.—A small white species, with a pale 
brown band at the top of the whorls, and at the base. 

Chemnitzia candida A. Adams. 

Eulima solida Sowerby.—A small species, rather broad at 
the base and slightly flexuose towards the apex. 

Conus rosaceus Chemnitz.—A very variable and beautiful. 
species, comprising C. aurora (Lamarck), C.lovend (Krauss), 
and C. ¢éntanus (Hwass). 

C. infrenatus Reeve. —An exceedingly beautiful species, of 
which there are several varieties. 

C. pictus Reeve.—A pretty species, very rarely found. 

C. lautus (Reeve) var. 


(2?) —Rare, only worn specimens. 


C. caffer Krauss.—Rare, only worn specimens. 


J.C., v., January, 1886. 


SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH: AFRICA. II 


C. jaspideus Kiener.—Rare, only worn specimens. 

C. algoensis Sowerby.—Rare, only worn specimens. 

Cyprezea (Cyprzeovula) capensis Gray. — This curious 
species has recently been found in very good condition. 

C. fusco-dentata Gray. —A rare species, only found in more 
or less worn condition. 

C. edentula Sowerby.—Very fresh specimens recently to 
hand. 

C. (Trivia) oniscus Lamarck.—The largest and handsomest 
species of the Z7zvéa section. 

C. (Trivia) ovula Lamarck. 

C. (Trivia) formosa Gaskoin.—Rare. 

C. (Trivia) pellucidula Gaskoin. 

Cancellaria foveolata Sowerby. 

C. semidisjuncta Sowerby.—A curious species of very dis- 
tinct type, very rarely found in good condition. 

Littorina africana Philippi. 

Turritella carinifera Lamarck.—A curious strongly keeled 
species. 

Trochita helicoidea Sowerby (‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum’). 

Crepidula aspersa Dunker. 

C. aculeata Gmelin. 

C. hepatica Deshayes. 

C. lentiginosa Sowerby. 

Phasianella capensis Dunker. 

P. kochii Philippi. 

P. elongata Krauss. 

Turbo natalensis Krauss. 

T. cidaris Gmelin. 

T. sarmaticus Linnzus.—Operculum very curious. 

Trochus (Ziziphinus) ornatus Lamarck. — In curious 
colours. 

T. (Ziziphinus) euglyptus A. Adams.—Rare. 

T. (Gibbula) granulosa Dunker (Delphinu/a). 

T. (Oxystele) impervia Menke. 


r2 SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 


T. (Oxystele) merula Chemnitz. 
T. (Oxystele) tabularis Krauss. 
T. (Gibbula) capensis Gmelin. 

Stomatella cancellata Krauss. 

Haliotis mide Linneus. 

H. sanguinea Hanley. 

H. (Padollus) parvus Linnzus. 

Clanculus carinatus A. Adams. 
Fissurella calyculata Sowerby. 

. incarnata Krauss. 

. natalensis Krauss. 

. cruciata Krauss. 

. australis Krauss. 


on ee ee We | 


. concatenata Crosse and Fischer. 
Fissurellidia hiantula Lamarck. 


Pupillia aperta Sowerby.—Shell like that of /ssurella, but 
with a very large orifice. 


Patella capensis Reeve. 
P. cochlear Born. 

P. compressa Linnezus. 
P. argenvillei Krauss. 
P. granatina Linneus. 
P. rustica Linneeus 

P. tabularis Krauss. 

P. oculus Born. 

P. plicata Born. 

P. umbella Gmelin. 

P. dunkeri Krauss. 

P. echinulata Krauss. 
P. exarata Nuttall. 

P. granularis Linneus. 


J.C., v., January,.1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 13 


P. variabilis Krauss. 

P. (Nacella) pruinosa Krauss. 

P. (Helcion) pectinatus Linnzus. 
Gadinia costata Krauss. 

Chiton gigas Chemnitz. 

C. tulipa Quoy. 

C. spiculosus Reeve. 
Tornatella alba Sowerby. 


a 8 <r o 


LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS IN NORMANDY. 
By SYDNEY C. COCKERELL, M.C.S. 


During the summer of the present year (1885) I paida 
short visit to Normandy, and though I was unable to devote 
much time to collecting, I secured a fair number of species, 
with two exceptions indigenous to the British isles. Most of 
my observations were made at Veules-en-Caux, fifteen miles 
west of Dieppe. The shore was unfavourable to marine 
shells, and I only noticed a few littoral kinds such as Lz/forina 
rudis, Trochus umbilicatus, and Purpura lapillus. ‘Yo judge 
from the heaps of the last-named outside the cottages it would 
appear that it is largely used as an article of diet. 

I append a full list of the land and freshwater species, 
with localities and remarks :— 

Sphzrium corneum (L).— Rouen. 

S. rivicoia (Leach).—River Seine, Rouen. 

S. lacustre (Miill.).—Sotteville, near Veules, in the hardened 
mud of the ponds, which were all dried up owing to the 
excessive drought. 

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—Veules. 

Paludina vivipara (L. ).—Rouen. 

Bythinia tentaculata (L.).— Rouen. 

Valvata piscinalis (Miull.).—Rouen. 

Planorbis complanatus (L.).—Rouen. 


14 S. C. COCKERELL : SHELLS IN NORMANDY. 


P. corneus (L.).—Rouen. 

P. contortus (L.).—Rouen. 

P. vortex (L.).—Rouen. 

Physa fontinalis (L.). — Abundant in the cressoniere at 
Veules. 

Limnzea peregra (Miill.).— A stunted variety occurs in 
abundance on the banks of the Seine at Rouen, with a 
small form of Z. palustris, similar to the var. conzca Jeff. 

L. peregra var. ovata Drap.—Veules. 

L. palustris (Mill.)—Near Dieppe. 

L. palustris var. tincta Jeff.—Veules. 

Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida Jeff—Abundant, but small, 
in the cressoniére at Veules. 

Arion ater var. rufa (L.).—Rouen and Veules. Abundant. 

A. hortensis Fér.—Veules. 

Amalia gagates var. plumbea Mog.—This variety occurs 

in a garden at Veules. ; 

Limax maximus L.—With 4. gagates. 

L. agrestis L.—Veules and Rouen. 

L. leevis Miill.—On an old water-mill at Veules. 

L. arborum B.-Ch.—Abundant after a shower on the beeches 
in the Chateau Grounds at Veules. ‘They seem to cling 
very loosely and fall to the ground when touched. 

Succinea putris (L.).—Veules. 

S. elegans Risso.—I found two examples of this species on a 
steep bank near Dieppe. There was no water near. 

S. Pfeifferi Rossm.—Rouen. 

Vitrina pellucida Miill.—Puys, near Dieppe. 

Zonites cellarius (Miull.).—Veules. 

. draparnaldi Beck.—Veules and Rouen. 

. alliarius (Miller).—Veules. 

. glaber Stud.—Veules and Rouen. 

. nitidulus var. nitens Mich.—Veules. 

. radiatulus (Alder).—Veules. 

. nitidus (Miill.).—Near the Seine at Rouen. 


NNNNNWN 


J.C., v., January, 1886, 


S. C. COCKERELL: SHELLS IN NORMANDY. 15 


Z. crystallinus (Miill.)—Veules. 

Helix pomatia L.—Dieppe. 

H. aspersa Miill.—Everywhere. The most common form at 
Veules was the dark one with no distinct bands. I also 
noticed there one specimen each of the vars. gvzsea Mog. 
and conoidea Picard. 

H. nemoralis L.— Dieppe, Puys, Veules, and Rouen. I have 
only one specimen from Dieppe, which is var. 7wbella 10345. 
From Veules I have several including rwbella 00300, 12345, 
and /zbellula 00000, 12345, 12045. At Rouen I took var. 
castanea 00300, var. rubella 00000, 00045, and var. lébellula 
©0000, 00300, 00045, 00345, 02335, 12345, 123(45). 
The most abundant form was that with the two first bands 
missing. Curiously enough I found this form predominant 
at Brussels in 1883—it appears to be rather local in Eng- 
land, 

FH. hortensis var. lutea Moq. oc000, Dieppe. Veules yielded 
several interesting varieties including /uzea 00000, 00300, 
00305, 10305, 1(234)5, 10305, avenicola, and incarnata 
00000 fuscolabiata. 

H. cartusiana Miull.—Rouen, Puys, and Dieppe, some being 
as large as small 4. cantiana. 

H. concinna Jeff.—Rouen. 

H. hispida L.—Puys and Veules. 

H. virgata Da Costa and var. albicans Grat. Puys and 
Veules. 

H, caperata Mont.—Puys. 

H. ericetorum Miill.—Rouen. 

H. rotundata Miull.— Rouen and Veules. 

H. pulchella Mill.—Veules. 

H. pulchella var. costata Miill.—Rouen. 

H. limbata Drap.—Rouen ; with vars. albina and minor. 
The animal appears to be light and dark according to the 
colour of the shell. 

Bulimus obscurus (Miill.).—Veules and Rouen. 


16 S. C. COCKERELL : SHELLS IN NORMANDY. 


Pupa secale Drap.—Rouen. 

P. umbilicata Drap.—Rouen and Veules. 

P. marginata Drap.—Rouen and Veules. 

Balea perversa (L.).—Veules. 

Clausilia rugosa (Drap.).—Veules. 

Clausilia rugosa var gracilior JeffiVeules. 

G. parvula Stud.—Extremely abundant on the coarse grass of 
the chalk hills at Rouen. 

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.).—-Veules. 

Achatina acicula (Mill.).—Rouen. 

Carychium minimum Mill.—Rouen and Veules. 

Cyclostoma elegans (Mill.).—With CZ parvula and #. 
ertcetorum at Rouen. All shades of colour from light grey 
to deep purple (v. wolacea). 

I may mention that in the Museum at Rouen, I noticed 
specimens of Unzo pictorum, U. batavus, and U. littoralis from 
the Seine, but I had no opportuntity of searching for them at 
low water. 
Of the fifty-seven species given above, eleven, viz., 4. 
gagates, L. levis, S. elegans, Z. alliartus, Z. glaber, Z. radiatulus, 
Z. crystallinus, Hl. conctnna, fH. pulchella, Pupa umbilicata, and 
Balea perversa, are not in the Amiens list published by the 
Linnean Society of the North of France. 


Pies OOO SS 


Helix nemoralis and H.hortensis in Dorset.—Mr. A. 
Belt has sent me anumber of both these species from Chideock, 
near Bridport. Some of the banded-varieties are sufficiently un- 
usual to be worth recording. They are:-/7. zemoralts var. petiverta, 
123 45 and (12345); A. ortensis var. roseozonata (12345), 
baudonia (12)3x (45), (12)3(45), (123)(45), and (12345), 
arenicola(12)345, 19345 , /utea-roseolabiata 123(45), lutea 00300, 
12345, and 12345. By roseozonata | mean the pink-banded 
variety somewhat allied to avenzcola. Mr. Belt also sent some 
very characteristic examples of Liwmnaa peregra var. intermedia 
Fér., and a broken A. arbustorum from the same locality.— 


UD AG COCKERELE, MCs: 
J.C., v., January, 1886, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, ty 


NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HAIRS 
OR BRISTLES ON SOME LAND AND FRESH- 
WATER SHELLS, &c. 

By WILLIAM JEFFERY, 


BEING HIS VALEDICTORY ADDRESS AS PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
FOR THE YEAR 1885, 


GENTLEMEN,—Just about the time when you did me the 
honour of electing me President of the Conchological Society, 
the subject of the manner of formation and the uses of the 
hairs or bristles with which the shells of some of our land 
snails are covered had attracted my attention, and I went so 
far as to ask our secretary (Mr. Bell) if any information had 
been published on the subject. His reply was in the negative, 
so faras he and Mr..Taylor were aware, and he advised me to 
make the matter a subject of study. 


Since then I have been urged by these gentlemen, and 
other members, to make it the subject of an address to you on 
the termination of my year of office. 


I then felt that it would be out of my power altogether in 
the short space of time at my disposal to do so, but having 
paid some attention to the subject through the past summer, 
I have, not without much diffidence, decided to lay before you 
such ideas and facts as have occurred to me, with the hope 
that they may lead to a farther elucidation of the subject, by 
others, when once started. 


We have not many species to deal with. The late Dr. 
Jeffreys notes this peculiarity in six species only, viz. Helix 
rufescens, H. concinna, Hi. hispida, H1. sericea, H. revelata, and 
f7, obvoluta. 


18 JEFFERY: ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &C. 


I. In & rufescens, Dr. Jeffreys states that ‘the young are 
really hispid up to four whorls.’ I cannot endorse this state- 
ment, in fact I take it to be an error. This is a very common 
species here—far too common in my garden, and having 
examined a great many during the summer, in no single instance 
have I found a trace of hair or bristle. 

Il. Of A concinna he says ‘ epidermis sparsely covered 
with short white hairs which are easily rubbed off’ ; and further, 
comparing it with H. /zspida, ‘ more scattered and easily shed.’ 


Ill. A. hispida. ‘ Epidermis closely covered with short 
recurved white hairs, which are persistent and not easily rubbed 
off.’ 

IV. WZ. sericea. ‘Epidermis closely covered with rather 
long and very fine white downy hairs, which are persistent, and 
when rubbed off leave their sockets very perceptible, giving the 
surface in that case a finely granulated appearance.’ 


V. A. revelata. ‘¥Epidermis covered with short white 
hairs, which are easily rubbed off.’ 

VI. JA. obvoluta. ‘¥pidermis very thick, closely covered 
with stiff reddish-brown hairs.’ 

My protest against including A. vufescens thus leaves us 
with five species having hairs or bristles. I may say of Z. 
revelata I have not had an opportunity of examining specimens. 


In addition, however, to these, we may mention 4. aculeata, 
H. pulchella var. costata, amongst the land, and Planorbis 
nautileus var. cristata, amongst the freshwater, as affording 
somewhat analogous formations. 

H. aculeata has a series of laminated plates, rising at 
regular intervals, from the surface of the shell across the whorls, 
and terminating in short thick bristles. 


H. pulchella vax. costata and P. nautileus var. cristata have 
similar plates, and in one of the specimens of the latter, in the 


micro-slide, they may be seen approaching to something like a 
spine. 


J.C., v., January, 1886, 


JEFFERY : ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &C. 19 


In the case of A. pulchella vy. costata, 1 am setting aside 
the verdict of the referees of the Conchological Society, under 
the impression that the specimens I sent them on October 16th, 
1882—the same as now exhibited in the micro-slide—were ex- 
amined under unfavourable circumstances, and are really of 
that variety. 

#1. lamellata would probably also come in with these, but I 
am not acquainted with it. 

And now with regard to the way in which these bristles 
are formed erect, or nearly so, on the surface of the shell—the 
point to which my attention was at first attracted—I think I 
may say I have a clue. 

Many plants, perhaps we may go so far as to say most 
plants, have hairs, some of stellate and other forms interesting 
as microscopic objects, and here the enquiring mind may ask, 
how are they formed ? and what purpose do they serve ? 

Why are thistles generally spiny? or why is the nettle 
supplied with a poisonous spine-like hair ? 

But this is a matter of growth, which may be compared 
with that of the mollusc rather than of its shell. 

The snail grows according to the amount of food supply 
and surrounding influences, but the shell of the snail is generally 
understood to be formed by matter deposited by the mantle as 
the mollusc requires it, and probably at its own will and per- 
ception of the necessity. 

The Holly-leaf is spiny, and is said to become more so 
about the lower parts of the bushes that are browsed by cattle. 
This appears as a wise provision in nature to prevent the de- 
struction of the plant by being constantly fed off, until it has 
got above the browsing line (where the leaves become less fully 
armed with spines), and would appear also to be reactionary on 
the browsing. 

But in our mollusca, so far as our land and freshwater 
species are concerned, we fail, I think, to trace either protection 
by the bristle or the necessity for it. 


20 JEFFERY: ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &c. 


Observations made of the lip of snails’ shells while in the 
process of formation have, I believe, revealed to me the fact 
that the bristles are formed in the first place not in a perpendicu- 
lar, but in a horizontal, position, z.¢., in a line with the continua- 
tion of the whorl. 

We will suppose, as I think is the generally accepted 
theory, that the whole thickness of the shell is formed in several 
layers. If we take a snail with its shell in the process of forma- 
tion, we find the extreme edge of the mouth very thin and 
fragile, and we may take it that the epidermis being the outer 
coating, is the first formed, and with that the epidermal hairs 
or bristles, which I imagine to be formed in a line with the 
growth, a fringe as it were on the edge, lying on the surface of 
the mantle, and of course in the earliest stage in a state of thick 
mucus, which fringe gradually hardening with the epidermis 
is by the formation of the under layer next following, which 
probably includes in most cases some calcareous matter, gradu- 
ally forced into a perpendicular position, or one nearly approach- 
ing it, while the points of the fringe, being last formed, are least 
hardened, thus accounting for the drooping of the points of the 
bristles. 

Probably other collectors, as well as myself, have noticed 
that if on coming home from a day’s collecting too late, or too 
tired, to pay proper attention to the molluscs collected, they 
will be found next day, where huddled together in the box, 
bottle, or bag, to have made considerable depredations on the 
shells of each other by gnawing off patches of the epidermis, 
either in exasperation at the confinement or from hunger, and 
in such cases those which have bristles are quickly denuded of 
them. This has happened to me with 4. obvoluta. 

We are here brought to another point illustrating the same 
process of denudation. As each succeeding whorl of a shell 
being formed overlaps the preceding the bristles have to be 
stripped from the periphery, for they would be objectionable on 
the inner wall of the molluscan home, and this must be the 


work of the jaw of the mollusc itself. 
J.C., v., January, 1886. 


JEFFERY: ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &XC. 21 


With regard to the inclination of the bristles, so far as I 
have been able to ascertain, they appear in Z. Azspida to be 
directed forward towards the mouth of the shell on the left 
periphery, and of course, following the whorl round, they point 
backwards on the right side. 


In &. sericea they are nearly perpendicular, with no regular 
inclination, except that on the recurved and thickened portion 
of the mouth of the shell, the curvature of the shell here 
causes them to point backwards. 


In Z. obvoluta the tendency seems to be rather the reverse 
to that in HW. hispida, but I cannot speak positively without 
more time and further observation. 


The only species in which the bristles are decidedly per- 
sistent, and we may say permanent, is H. sericea. 


I have not seen a specimen in which any great amount of 
denudation has taken place and the bristles are not easily 
detached in any quantity with a penknife. 


Of the uses of these bristles, I will not attempt to offer an 
opinion, it is a subject which cannot be treated on by one 
whose study of the mollusca has been confined to our own land 
and freshwater forms, at all events in so short a space of time 
as I have had at my disposal during the past year. 


A botanical friend of mine tells me that what I have called 
spines on the Holly and Thistle are considered by botanists as 
hairs only, and that spines are such only as contain a portion 
of woody substance, as in the case of the Whitethorn, Black- 
thorn, &c. 


Therefore with the impression that these epidermal hairs, 
formed with the first or outside layer of shell, are composed of 
the same matter only as the epidermis, and would, from a 
botanist’s point of view, be designated simply as hairs and not 
spines, I have contented myself by writing of them as hairs or 
bristles. 


22 JEFFERY: ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &Xc. 


Having recently had an opportunity of seeing the general 
or foreign portion of the conchological department (which is all 
that is at present on view) in the South Kensington Museum, I 
noticed that in several families we have spine-like formations of 
considerable proportions which appear to be of a shelly nature, 
and may be compared with the spines proper of the botanist, 
e.g., the Muricide, Neritinide, Trochide, Tridacinide, Pinnide, 
and notably Spondylide. These spines no doubt have their 
uses, but I should only be getting farther out of my depth 
were I to hazard an opinion as to what they may be. 


The whole question of the formation and uses of the 
shells of our mollusca, from the rudimentary internal form as 
seen in the Cuttle and the Slug, to the handsome shell-homes 
which we see allotted to others, is well worthy of investigation 
by the conchologist. The abnormal forms of our common 
shells and the reasons and causes which lead to the change of 
form, together with the variable bandings and other markings, 
should engage the attention of those who have the opportunity 
with regard to elucidation. 


Two small artificial ponds in my garden have produced 
some interesting forms of Limuea auricularia and L. stagnalis, 
some of which I exhibit this evening, others have been shown 
before. 


The latter species (from the same stock) has quite a 
different form of shell when grown in another pond, as will be 
seen by my examples. The garden ponds are, without doubt, 
supplied with water from our chalk hills, and conveyed some 
distance by an iron pipe, while the other water is from another 
spring, which I think may de derived from our clay hills. 


The shells in the garden ponds are generally coated thickly 
with a lime deposit from the water, on which deposit there may 
often be seen a lengthened confervoid growth, which sometimes 
entirely impedes the progress of the snail, occasionally causing 
its death. 


J.C., v., January, 1886. 


JEFFERY: ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &C. 23 


All my specimens from the garden ponds, which are any- 
thing like clean, have been subjected to a scraping and brushing 
process, while those from the other pond were clean without it. 

The extended, and in many cases, labiate growth seen in 
these shells, as I have before remarked (J.C., vol. iv., p. 263), 
occurs in the late summer when the season of reproduction is 
mostly over, and when we may suppose that the mollusc is 
endeavouring to ‘lay on flesh,’ in order to meet the period of 
fasting through the coming winter, and that expansion of body 
would require extension of shell is palpable. 


Some of my specimens, it will be seen, have double lips. 
The second or inner lip is formed in the spring following ; and 
here we may note that the body probably suffers emaciation 
through the period of hibernation, and hence the contraction of 
the home by the formation of the inner lip in the spring. 


Before leaving these ponds I will allude to two specimens 
of LZ. aurtcularia which I have taken in them this past summer, 
which seem to agree in form with the var. labiata of L. 
stagnalts. I send them for exhibition. 


There are two specimens in the South Kensington Museum, 
from Kashmir, very like them, but I forget if the variety is there 
named or not. 

I will here bring my paper to a conclusion by calling atten- 
tion to two errors, as I take them, in published works, with 
regard to the formation of shells. 

Firstly, Dr. Jeffreys, in his introduction to ‘ British Con- 
chology,’ p. 48, states on the authority of Mr. E. J. Lowe, re- 
specting the growth of shells, that ‘ most species bury themselves 
in the ground to increase the dimensions of their shells.’ 

I cannot help thinking there is some mistake in this state- 
ment. ‘That many species, /. aspersa for instance, do excavate 
a hole in the ground and partly bury themselves for the pur- 
pose of depositing their ova I have had frequent evidence. 
Mr. Lowe may have been misled by this. 


24 JEFFERY : ON THE HAIRS OF MOLLUSCA, &C. 


And secondly, Mr. Adams in his ‘ Collector’s Manual’ 
(see J.C., vol. iv., p. 318) credits Planorbis albus with the 
possession of ‘rows of minute hairs, running in a spiral direc- 
tion,’ and gives a special figure illustrating them as seen under 
a powerful lens. I fail to detect them with the aid of my 
microscope, and cannot help thinking that Mr. Adams must be 
mistaken. 


To illustrate my paper, I send micro-slides, roughly 
mounted, as follows :—shells of & aculeata, H. pulchella var. 
costata, and P. nautzleus var. costata; portions of shells of Z. 
rujescens, H. hispida, and fH. sericea, ; hairs of H. sericea and ZH. 
obvoluta; also twelve specimens of JL. stagnalis, from garden 
ponds; two Z. stagnalis and two L. pervegra, with conferva 
attached; three Z. auricularia var ? also from garden ponds ; 
and three Z. stagnalis from the other pond, in which latter the 
shells are naturally clean, some with whitish markings. And 
I trust that with these you may be able to follow my ideas, and 
agree with my theory on the hair formation, so far as I have 
been able to form one with the time at my disposal and the 
opportunities at hand, and if I have stirred up a desire in any 
member to go further into the matter (or to correct me where 
I may be in error), I shall consider that some little good may 
result from my investigations and the explanation of them. 


Mr. L. E. Adams has kindly sent me a hispid specimen of 
Planorbis albus, and I note that Dr. Jeffreys in describing this 
shell writes, “ epidermis thick, sometimes hispid or bristly,” 
while in Gray’s Turton it is figured as bristly. There would 
appear, therefore, to be two forms of this shell, and it would 
be interesting to ascertain which is the more widely distributed. 


Mr. Adams has also called my attention to the fact that 
the young of Z.-cantiana are hispid, this I have formerly 
noticed, but it escaped my attention at the time I was writing 


my address. 


J.C., v., January, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 25 


The young of Paludinavivipara and Planorbis corneus are 
also said to be hispid, but these hairs are probably of a very 
delicate nature, and do not seem to be retained in cabinet 
specimens. WILLIAM JEFFERY. 


CoRRECTION.—Referring to my List of the Mollusca of Western 
Sussex, (J.C., April, 1882—vol. 3, p. 307), a typographical 
error occurs, and I regret has hitherto escaped my notice, 
which destroys the meaning of my words. In the twelfth 
line of the foot note, after “here therefore the shorter” the 
words and thinner should be omitted.— WILLIAM JEFFERY. 


Helix pulchella at Niagara.—My brother (Mr. D. B. 
Cockerell) writes that he has found Helix pulchella and H. 
alternata on the very brink of the Niagara Falls, close to where 
the lighthouse formerly stood, on the American side. He also 
finds H. pulchella common near Goderich, Canada.—T. D. A. 
COCKERELL. 


Note on “Planorbis subangulatus at Malta.”— 
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell (‘ Journ. Conch.’, 1885, vol. iv., p. 366) 
is not the first to record the existence of this species at Malta. 
Issel (‘ Bulletino Malacologico Italiano,’ 1868, vol. i., p. 24) 
has already cited it as an inhabitant of that island, it having 
been found by him in a small spring near Valetta. Mr. 
Cockerell’s statement that “there are six shells in the British 
Museum labelled szbangulatus Phil., Malta,” seems to me to 
imply that that is the extent of the Museum series (which is 
not the case), and that the identification and locality may or 
may not be correct. In conclusion, I would observe that the 
shells referred to ave Maltese specimens and are correctly as- 
signed to P. subangulatus of Philippi, which has also been 
recorded from Italy, Sicily, Algiers, and Egypt, and may only 
be (as suggested by Paulucci, Westerland, and others) a variety 
of the well-known P. umdbilicatus, Miller (=P. complanatus 
(Linné ? ?) Jeffreys, &c.).—EpDGar A. SMITH, January, 1886. 


26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTES ON THE PARMACELLA OF GIBRALTAR. 
By T. D. A. COCKERELL, M.C.5. 


Mr. Ponsonby has kindly sent me three individuals of 
Parmacella (in spirit) which he collected at Gibraltar, and from 
the examination of these I am able to offer a few remarks 
which may tend to throw light on their identity. It has been 
catalogued under the following names :— 
Parmacella calyculata Sby? Kobelt, ‘Journ. Conch.’, 
1883. 

P. valenciennii Webb and Vanbeneden. Hesse, Pon- 
sonby, and Crosse, ‘ Journ. de Conch.,’ 1884, and 
Jahrb. Mal. Ges. 

P. deshayesii Moq.-Tand. Darbishire, ‘ Journ. Conch., 
1885. 

External Appearance.—Moquin figures P. valenctennit 
as clear reddish, without markings, and Webb and Van- 
beneden’s figure (‘ Mag. de Zool.,’ 1836, pl. 76) is of the same 
colour. Hidalgo (‘ Moll. Terrest. de Espana,’ vol. ii., pl. 1) 
figures it as red-brown, but with several small black spots on the 
fore part of the mantle. Locard (‘ Moll. de France,’ p. 17) 
calls Moquin’s species P. moguind Bourguignat, and considers it 
distinct from 2. valenciennit Webb and Vanbeneden. ‘The 
three Gibraltar examples all differ from the above, two of them 
in having the ground-colour a very dark brownish-green, and all 
of them in their markings. The two dark specimens have 
small spots and a little dark marbling on the anterior part of 
the mantle and also two dark bands on the posterior half, 
placed one on each side in such a position as to nearly form a 
dark V on the mantle, with the apex pointing towards the tail. 
They do not join in the median line, however, and so the lower 
portion of the V is wanting. The third example is brownish, 
and differs only from Hidalgo’s figure in the presence of the 
V-shaped mark above described. 


J.C., vi, January, 1886. 


T. D, A. COCKERELL : PARMACELLA OF GIBRALTAR. 27 


Shell.—Apex pale greenish and very shiny. The rest 
of the shell whitish and slightly iridescent, the edges are very 
thin and pale greenish. Fairly good figures of the shell are 
given by Chenu (‘ Man. Conch.’, vol. i., p. 426) and by Moquin 
(‘Moll. de France’), but Hidalgo’s figure (doc. cé¢.) is much too 
narrow, if it is intended for the same form. Sowerby (‘Genera 
of Shells,’ vol. i., pl. 157) represents his P. calyculata as brown 
above and whitish within, which does not agree with the 
Gibraltar species. He gives no description of the soft parts. 

Anatomy.—The alimentary canal consists of a buccal 
portion, with a rather small and somewhat triangular odon- 
tophore, and a simple jaw of a dark colour, a large stomach, a 
rather long and swollen mid-gut, and a short (shorter than in 
Moquin’s figure) and narrow hind-gut. The inner surface of 
the stomach is much corrugated, that of the intestine smooth. 
In the stomach and mid-gut I found four large ‘“‘ thorns,” 
apparently the scales of the involucre of some composite plant 
allied to the artichoke. It is surprising that they did not per- 
forate the intestine and so cause death, but I suppose the 
Parmacella is used to them. ‘There are two salivary glands. 
The liver is large and extremely complex ; I counted twenty-six 
lobes of various sizes. 

The organ of respiration is very remarkable, and reminds 
one of the lungs of certain lizards. There is an excellent 
figure given by Simroth (‘ Jahrb. Mal. Ges.,’ 1883, pl. i., fig. ii.) 
of the same organ in the closely allied P. olzvierd Cuv. 

Reproductive Organs.—The ‘stylet’ is extremely curious, 
it is well figured by Webb (‘ Mag. de Zool.,’ 1836, pl. 76, fig. il, 
and fig v.) and by Simroth (oc. cé¢.). The Hermaphrodite gland 
and duct are black, while the albumen gland and uterus are 
brownish ochre. For other details see the figures by Simroth and 
Moquin, which, although perhaps of different species, represent 
all the important characters of the present form. 


2 Se 


28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF LAND AND FRESH- 
WATER: MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO. 
By J. R. BROCKTON TOMLIN. 


Having paid two visits to Llandudno during the last six 
months, it will be of interest to supplement Mr. Roebuck’s 
article in the J.C., vol. iv., no. 7 (July, 1884). I have seven 
new species to add to the list. 

Limneea truncatula.—Ditch on the Morfa and pond in 

Happy Valley. 

Zonites fulvus.—One specimen in Gloddaeth woods. 
Z. cellarius var. albida.—One specimen with . aculeata. 
Helix aculeata.—Ten specimens in moss on the Great Orme, 

a little above the Happy Valley, with Carychium minimum 

and Z. crystallinus. 

H. ericetorum.—Plentiful but local in various parts of the 

Morfa, with var. alba. 

H. ericetorum var. alba.—With type. 

H. nemoralis var. roseolabiata. — Three specimens on 
the Morfa. 

H. nemoralis var. hyalozonata. — Three specimens on 
the Morfa. 

Vitrina pellucida.—A few on Great Orme; plentiful under 
stones in one part of the Morfa, alive and dead. 

Vertigo antivertigo.—In a road leading over Gloddaeth 

Mountain ; rather plentiful in a dry ditch on the Morfa. 
V. pygmzea.—Under stones on the Great Orme; also near 

Penrhyn Farm, by Little Orme. 

Clausilia rugosa var. tumidula.—Gloddaeth Mountain. 
Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina.—One specimen on Great 

Orme. 

C. tridens, is given at Llandudno in “ Rimmer ”—as found 
by a Mr. Thomas. 

I am rather surprised that Mr. Roebuck missed ZZ. 

ericetorum, as it seemed well disseminated, though not ubiqui- 


tous on the Morfa. 
J.C., v., January, 1886, 


4 
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 29 


I spent about a week each time, and devoted all my 
energies to land shells, as the shore seemed absolutely barren, 
even at the lowest tides. I only got a few small shells off the 
Laminaria beds, and those common species.—May roth, 1885. 


[At the time I worked at the Llandudno shells I was—like Mr. 
Tomlin—surprised I did not meet with 4. evicetorum, and 
am glad it has fallen to the lot of a more fortunate col- 
lector.—W. Denison ROEBUCK. | 


————_—$9-—_—___—__ 


HE Projectors of the New ‘‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca of the British Fauna ’’ desire to express their thanks for the 
following assistance lately rendered :— 
Prof. Spencer F. Baird—Promise of Photograms from the type specimens 
of such of Ir. Jeffreys’ Varieties as have not yet been figured. 
Lionel E. Adams—Living Slugs from Staffordshire. 
R. D. Darbishire—Loan of Rossmassler Iconographie, vol. i.—ii. 
H. P. Fitzgerald—Loan of ‘ Lives of Philosophers,’ published 1717. 


J. H. Thompson, C.M.Z.S.—Living specimes of Arion and Limax, from 
New Bedford, Massachussetts. 


J. H. James—Shells from Truro, Cornwall. 

B. Tomlin—Shells from Channel Isles. 

F. G. Fenn and Miss F. M. Hele—Living Testacella scutulum. 
A. Somerville, B.Sc.—Shells from various Scottish localities. 


F, W. Wotton—Various species of Glamorgan and Brecon shells and 
curious distortion of P. vortex alive. 


W. Gain—North Devon and Notts. Shells 

L. E. Adams—Additional species from Derry and Stafford. 
G. T. Rope—Shells from E. Suffolk. 

G. W. Shrubsole—Living T. scutulum from Chester. 


ASSISTANCE REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY—Specimens of Testacellee from 
any locality. Extracts from, or loan of any work to which we have not access, 
having reference to Testacellee. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above 
subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the Lir—E HisTory— 
Structure, Development, Variation, Distribution, etc.—will be welcomed 
and carefully acknowledged. 

AvppREss: Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, 
Hunslet New Road, Leeds. 


30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


List of British Marine Shells, comprising those of 
the Brachiopoda and Mollusca (Proper), after the ar- 
rangement in Jeffreys’ “ British Conchology,” with alterations 
and additions to 1885, by A. SOMERVILLE, B.Sc., F.L.S., &c. 

A list of our Marine Shells at a reasonable price has long 
been desired, and the one now before us, prepared by Mr. 
Somerville, is excellently produced. In addition to specific 
names, those of varieties are given, but in smaller type, these 
however range in line with the specific names ; it would we think 
be an improvement in future editions to indent the varietal 
names, this would bring the specific names into greater 
prominence and render reference more easy. The list is well 
printed on good paper, and fills four pages of Foolscap. The 
price is 3d. each, or 2/6 per dozen post free from the Publisher, 
A. STENHOUSE, University Avenue, Glasgow.-—J.W.T. 

Les Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, par E. 


Bucquoy, PH. DAUTZENBERG, and G. DOLLFuss, 
The six fascicules of this beautiful work continue to 


parts v.—x. 


maintain the high standard of the previously published parts. 
The photographic illustrations are excellent, and the text is 
marked by carefulness, precision, and exactitude. The fifth part 
is devoted to the family Cerithiadz, which is divided into five 
genera, and a new sub-genus Biforina is established for 7: 
perversus L. The variation of each species is treated in a full 
and elaborate manner. The Certthium vulgatum having twelve 
named varieties of form, and three variations of colour. The 
sixth and seventh fascicules are devoted to the Turritellidz and 
the Littorinide. Turritellide is divided into five genera and 
four sub-genera. The Littorinide are divided into three sections, 
the first containing two genera—Littorina and Fossarus, the 
former with the sub-genus Melaraphe. The second section has 
only the genus Solarium. The third section contains eleven 
genera and fourteen sub-genera, of which two Schwartzia 
established for zssoa monodonta Bivona, and Massotia of 


which Réssoa lactea is the type, are new. 
: J.C., v., January, 1886. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 31 


The eighth part treats of Neritidz and Turbinide. The 
family Neritacea contains only a single genus and _ species, 
Smaragdia viridis, of which four varieties are described and 
figured, two of them for the first time. The Turbinide 
embraces the genus Turbo, containing the sub-genera Bolma and 
Collonia, each with a single species. The genus Phasianella 
has the sub-genus Tricolia with three species and many 
varieties. The Trochidee is arranged under three genera, and 
seven sub-genera, and is very elaborately worked out, the 
variation being carefully noted, and each form illustrated by a 
good figure. This work is a most excellent one, and in a very 
many respects is a model of what such a work should be.— 
J.W.T. 


Manual of Conchology—Structural and System- 
atic, with illustrations of the species, by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., 
Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

Part xix. of this exhaustive work is a continuation of the 
Columbellidz, and deals with the Sections Mitrella, Atilia, 
Anachis, Seminella, Mitropsis, Conidea, Meta, and Strombina, 
almost every species being figured, and in some cases the animal 
and operculum. 

Part xx. The genus Engina commenced in last part is 
continued in this, and the genus Columbellina is also worked 
out. Seventy-eight pages of this part consists of an useful index 
to the generic and specific names used in the volume, which in 
all embraces sixty-three plates full of figures. 

The sixth volume of this great work is devoted to the 
Conidz and Pleurotomide, and contains 413 pages and sixty-five 
plates, the execution of which is admirable and much superior 
to those of previous volumes. In the classification of the Cones, 
Dr. Weinkauff’s arrangement is adopted of seventeen sections 
named after the typical species in each group, viz.:—Marmorei, 
of which C. marmoreus L., is the type; 2, Literati, of which 


32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


C. literatus is type; 3, Figulini, of which C. figulinus 
is type; 4, Arenati, of which C. arenatus WUwass, is 
type; 5, Mures, of which C. mus Hwass, is type; 6, Varil, of 
which C. varius L. is type; 7, Ammirales, of which C. ammiralas 
L. is type; 8, Capitanei, of which C. capitaneus L. is type; 
9, Virgines, of which C. virgo L. is type ; 10, Dauci, of which 
C. daucus Hwass, is type; 11, Magi, of which C. magus L. is 
type ; 12, Achatini, of which C. achatinus Chemn., is type; 
13, Asperi, of which C. asper Lam., is type; 14, Terebri, of 
which C. ¢evebra Born., is type; 15, Bulbi, of which C. dbulbus 
Reeve, is type; 16, Tulips, of which C. tulipa L., is type; 
17, Texti, of which C. ¢extile L., is type. The Synonymy and 
Index fills fifty-six pages. The Pleurotomidze which fill up the 
volume is divided into sixteen genera, five sub-genera, and 
twenty-one sections. The Synonymy is very full and with the 
Index fills ninety-seven pages.—J.W.T. 


o <a 0 


PROCEEDINGS or tHe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
Meeting 


HELD OCTOBER IST, 1885. 
Mr. Wm. Nelson presided. 
. The minutes of the September meeting were confirmed. 
NEW MEMBER. 
Mr. S. C. Cockerell was nominated for Membership. 
DONATIONS. 

“« Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New 
South Wales,” for June and July, 1885.—The Society. 

“ Synonymy of and Remarks upon the Specific Names and 
Authorities of Four Species of Australian Marine Shells.” 
—J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S. 

“ List of some Recent Shells found in layers of Clay on the 
Maclay Coast, New Guinea.”—J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S. 

“ Critical List of Mollusca from North-West Coast of Australia.” 
—J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S. 


J.C., v., January, 1886, 


\ 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 


Two examples of Azdzmus obscurus var. albinos from Bromley, 
Kent ; and a specimen of Limnca peregra monst. sénzs- 
trorsum from a pond near Tooting, Surrey, where several 
were found and the type was abundant.—S. C. Cockerell. 

A Bulimus from the Valley of Death, Tchernaya, opposite 
Inkerman, collected in 1854, by Rev. C. B. Norliffe.— 
W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 

Examples of Helix personata, Clausilia parvula, and Pomatias 
septemspirale from Weggis, Switzerland, collected by Mr. 
G. F. Payn.—T. D. A. Cockerell. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

From Mr. Lionel E. Adams a specimen of Zimax flavus 
from Stafford. A ‘collection of shells from several French 
localities were shown on behalf of Mr. S. C. Cockerell ; and 
also a collection of Succineze from various localities. 

Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed examples of Zimax 
arborum vars. nemorosa and bettonit sent from Holmsby, South 
Hants., by Mr. C. Ashford ; Unzo pictorum from the Tweed at 
Berwick, from Mr. H. Marsh; Ziémax arborum var. nemorosa 
and type from Enniscol, Crossmollina, West Mayo, sent by Mr. 
W. F. de Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.J.A.; and a number of 
Shells collected by Mr. G. W. Oldfield, M.A., F.L.S., at New 
Milford, county Pembroke, including Ael¢x aspersa var. undu- 
lata and 7. caperata var. fulva. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited a collection of the shells of the 
county of Montgomery, collected by Mr. J. Bickerton Morgan, 
and a few shells from Muckross, Killarney, collected by Mr. J. 
Ray Hardy, including Pufa ringens var. pallida, and Clausilia 
rugosa var. graciltor. 


Meeting 
HELD NOVEMBER 5TH, 1885. 
At the Leeds Mechanics’ Institute. Mr. Wm. Denison 
Roebuck, F.L.S., occupied the chair. 
Correspondence was read from several members. 


34. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


NEW MEMBERS. 

Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, 51, Woodstock Road, Bedford 
Park, Chiswick, was elected a member. Mr. H. E. Quilter, 4, 
Cedar Road, Leicester, and Mr. J. R. Redding, 103, Seville 
Place, Dublin, were nominated for membership. 

DONATIONS. 
** Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” 
vol. x., part 2.—The Society. 
A Road Map of New South Wales.—Mr. J. Brazier. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor showed a number of shells collected by 
Mr. F. W. Wotton last August in Brecknockshire, including 
Pisidium amnicum, Planorbis marginatus, Physa hypnorum, and 
others. A small collection of shells were shown on behalf of 
Mr. S. C. Cockerell, amongst which were examples of a 
peculiarly shouldered form of Lzmnaa palustris from W. Kent, 
and Limnca peregra var. candida from Middlesex. 

Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed several species of slugs sent by 
Mr. W. Gain from North Devon ; and from Bowdon, Cheshire, 
sent by Mr. J. G. Milne. 


Annual Meeting 
HELD THURSDAY, DECEMBER IOTH, 1885. 


Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., presided. Minutes of 
the last meeting were read and confirmed. 
NEW MEMBERS. 
Mr. H. E. Quilter and Mr. J. R. Redding were elected 
members. Mr. H. Coates, Pitcullen House, Perth, was nomi- 


nated for membership. 
DONATIONS. 


“Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science,” 
1884-5.—Mr. H. Coates. 
Smithsonian Report, 1883.—The Trustees. 


J.C., v., April, 1886, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 


Physa acuta from Ostend, Helix limbata and Cyclostoma elegans 
from Rouen.—Mr. S. C. Cockerell. 

A vote of thanks was heartily accorded the donors. 

REPORTS. 

The Secretary presented the Annual Report of the Society, 
which stated that the Society was making fair progress in its 
special work. The Report was adopted. 

The Treasurer presented the Annual Statement of Accounts, 
which showed a satisfactory balance. 

The Recorder next presented his Annual Report, which 
was of a very gratifying nature. A larger number of species and 
varieties and localities had been recorded than during any 


previous year. 
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 


The President, Mr. W. Jeffery, of Ratham, sent an address, 
which was presented by the Secretary. The subject of the 
address was ‘‘The Nature and Development of the Hairs or 
Bristles on some Land and Freshwater Shells.” Numerous 
specimens of Zamna stagnalis and other shells, and specially 
prepared Microscopic Slides were shown in illustration of the 
President’s remarks. 

ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 

The following officers were elected for 1886 :— 
President.—Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 
Vice-Presidents.—Mr. Wm. Jeffery; Dr. W. H. Evans; Mr. R. 

Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc. ; Mr. Baker Hudson. 
Treasurer and Secretary.—Mr. Thos. Wm. Bell, to, Reuben 
iRlacew leeds: 
Recorder.—Mr. J. W. Taylor. 
Council. Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S.; Mr: J. W. Davis, F.S.A., 
F.L.S., &c. ; Mr. Edward Collier; Mr. Geo. Roberts ; 
Mr. J. W. Taylor ; and the Rev. H. Milnes. 
THE ANNUAL REPORT. 
Your committee have pleasure in reporting that the Society is 
making considerable progress in attaining the objects for which 
it was established. 


36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


During the year there has been a gratifying accession: of 
members, and numerous enquiries have been made respecting 
the work and scope of the Society. Several members, notably 
Mr. Baker Hudson, have ably assisted in increasing the number 
of members and extending the influence of the Society by urging 
its claims on their Conchological friends. Papers have been 
contributed by Mr. Robert Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc.; Mr. J. C. 
Melville, M.A.; Mr. J. W. Taylor ; Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, : 
F.L.S. ; and Mr. Baker Hudson. 

Our Systematic Recording of all specimens exhibited at our 
meetings tends greatly to increase our knowledge of the 
distribution of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 

The numbers of specimens recorded have been much in 
excess of previous years, and have included several that were 
new to the list of British Mollusca; and many new localities 
have been entered during the year. 

The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South 
Wales ; and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queens- 
land for the year 1885 ; the Bulletin of the Brookville Natural 
History Society ; and the Smithsonian Report for 1883 have 
been added to the Library. Donations have also been made by 
Mr. Jno. Brazier, C.M.Z.S.; Mr. Bryce Wright; Mr. Chas. 
Ashford ; and Mr. H. Coates. 

Specimens have been presented to the Society’s collection 
by the president, Mr. Wm. Jeffery, and Messrs. R. D. Darbishire, 
S.G. Cockerell; W: D: Roebuck, and i, A, Cockerell: 

The Cash Account is so far satisfactory that the Treasurer 
is left with a balance in hand, and the overdue Subscriptions are 
less in amount than on some previous occasions. 

The question of providing sufficient accommodation for the 
Society’s Library and Collection has not yet been dealt with, 
and call for immediate attention. 


REPORT ON THE RECORDS MADE TO DEC. 31ST, 1885. 
Ir has again to be noted that the number of authenticated 
records made during the twelve months which have just expired 


J.C., v., April, 1886, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 


nearly equals the combined total of those for the eight preceding 
years, and that they are nearly double the number of those 
authenticated in 1884. During the eight years ending with 1884 
records were authenticated to the number of 10,051, being an 
average of 1,256 per annum; while during 1885 no less than 
7,069 were placed on record, bringing the annual average up to 
1,893. 

For this gratifying result your recorders and referees are 
indebted to the zeal and kindness of numerous conchologists 
and others throughout the British Isles—and the fact that 
records have been made for no less than ro7 counties, that is for 
more than two-thirds of the whole number, is ample evidence of 
the continued wide spread interest which conchologists generally 
take in the authentication principle. 

Where so many have assisted to the best of their power it 
would be somewhat invidious to mention names, but it may be 
stated that the counties for which more than a hundred records 
each have been made during the year are (in the order of the 
number of records) :—Mid-West York, 632; Notts, 621 ; 
Derbyshire, 298 ; North Hants., 276 ; South Lancashire, 232 ; 
North-East York, 216; South Hants., 170; Durham, 163 ; 
Leicester and Rutland, 158; Glamorgan, 148; South-West 
York, 147; Stafford, 140; Cheshire, 138; Middlesex, 137 ; 
Surrey, 135; Pembroke, 135; Shropshire, 132; North-West 
Yorkshire, 132 ; West Kent, 128 ; East Gloucester, 118 ; West 
Cornwall, 115; Forfar, 106; South-East York, 106; West 
Gloucestershire, 102 ; Warwickshire, ror; and East Kent, ror. 
Continuing the details of the Yorkshire records for comparison 
of the figures for previous years, it may be stated that 1,233 
records have been made for the five divisions of that county, as 
against 602 in 1884, 821 in 1883, 830 in 1882, and 200 in 1881, 
and that the total number is now 4,792. 

An examination of the numbers of records again shows that 
those for England and Wales immensely preponderate in 
comparison with those for Scotland, Ireland, and foreign 


38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


countries. No less than 15,517 out of the whole total of 17,041 
records are for England and Wales, while there are but 948 for 
Scotland and Ireland, and only 576 for foreign countries. 
Looked at in another aspect, it will be found that for the 72 
counties of England and Wales the average number of species 
(not records) seen is over 40 each, while for the 77 Scotch and 
Irish counties it scarcely reaches 12 each. 

Of English counties there only remains one (North Wilts) 
from which no records whatever have been made, and only one 
Welsh county (Cardigan), while there are no less than fourteen 
counties in each of the sister kingdoms for which this has to be 
said. The fourteen Scottish counties are :—Wigton, Peebles, 
Selkirk, Kincardine, North Aberdeen, South Aberdeen, Elgin, 
Easterness, Westerness, Cantire, West Ross, East Ross, and the 
Orkneys. The fourteen Irish counties are :—Monaghan, 
Fermanagh, Cavan, Louth, Carlow, Kilkenny, Queen’s County, 
Longford, Leitrim, East Mayo, East Galway, Limerick, and 
North Tipperary. 

The recorders and referees of the Conchological Society 
are anxious tnat these blanks in their knowledge of distribution 
should be filled up, and would feel much gratified if Scottish 
and Irish Naturalists would assist them in the same generous 
and liberal manner that the English and Welsh Naturalists have 
been doing for the past few years. 


Meeting 
HELD FEBRUARY 4TH, 1886. 
The President, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., presiding. 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were announced :— 


1. “The Proceedings of the Linnean Society,” New South 
Wales, vol. x., pt. 1.—The Society. 
2. “On Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Dorsetshire,” by 


J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, F.L.S., F.G.S.—The Author. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 


3. “A List of British Marine Shells,” by Mr. A. Somerville, 
B.Sc., F.L.S.—The Author. 

The thanks of the Society was accorded the Donors for 
their donations. 

HONORARY MEMBER. 

Mr. J. R. Bourguignat, of St. Germain-en-Laye, was 
nominated as an Honorary Member. 

NEW MEMBERS. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership :— 
Messrs. Thos. Stanton Hillman, Lewes, Sussex; Alexr. Somer- 
ville, B.Sc., F.L.S., Glasgow ; J. R. B. Tomlin, Cambridge ; Dr. 
C. W. Viner, Bath ; Mrs. Fitzgerald, Folkestone ; Jno. Hy. James, 
Truro ; Frank Coulson, Glasgow ; F. W. Wotton, Cardiff ; Geo. 
Wm. Shrubsole, Chester; G. B. Sowerby, London ; Thos. Rogers, 
Manchester ; Edgar A. Smith, London ; Miss Helen L. Taylor, 
Derby ; B. B. Woodward, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., London; Rev. R. 
W. J. Smart, Ross, Herefordshire; Rev. Jno. McMurtrie, 
M.A., Edinburgh ; R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., Manchester ; 
Theo. Godlee, Walthamstow ; Chas. Jeffery, Tenby; Thos. 
Scott, Greenock ; W. D. Crick, Northampton ; and W. A. Gain, 
Tuxford, Newark. 

The President called attention to the new list of British 
Marine Shells by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., of which a 
copy was on the table. A list of this kind had long been wanted 
and Mr. Somerville’s was calculated to be of much use. Inthe 
preparation of it, he had had the assistance of Dr. J. A. 
Henderson, lately biologist to the Scottish Marine Station at 
Granton (now Professor of Biology at the Christian College, 
Madras), Mr. J. T. Marshall, of Torquay, and—as regards 
the Cephalopoda—of Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.R.C.S., at present 
the Naturalist to the Challenger Commission, Edinburgh. Three 
species have been omitted which Jeffreys included in the body 
of his work on the strength of dead shells, namely Arca obligua, 
Neera rostrata, and Torellia vestita, and some which Dr. Jeffreys 
in his appendix recommended for insertion have likewise been 
left out. 


40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The deep sea species obtained in the ‘ Porcupine’ and 
‘ Lightning’ expeditions have not been included, as to do so 
would involve taking in a multitude of species which few 
collectors are ever likely to possess. Mr. Somerville’s list takes 
cognizance of varieties, the names of which are given in smaller 
type, and the list is calculated to be the standard one for marine 
Conchologists. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The President showed slugs from South Hants., sent by Mr. 
Chas. Ashford. The number of specimens sent by members and 
others from various localities were considerable, and included 
the following :— Vertigo pygmea, V. antivertigo, &c., from the river 
Alde rejectamenta, shown by Mr. Taylor, on behalf of Mr. G. T. 
Rope; Lzmnea palustris var. corvus from N. Essex, sent by Mr. 
L. E. Adams ; a number of shells from Surrey, Tipperary, and 
Stirlingshire, sent by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell; Mr. F. W. Wotton 
sent a curiously elongated example of Planorbis vortex alive, 
and a number of specimens from Brecon and Glamorgan ; a 
number of species from Torquay, a banded variety of Zimnea 
truncatula from Denbighshire, and a specimen of Azeca tridens 
were exhibited on behalf of Mr. G. W. Shrubsole. 


Meeting 
HELD MARCH 4TH, 1886. 

In the Society’s Room, Leeds Mechanics’ Institute and 
Literary Society. The President, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., 
occupied the chair. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and 
confirmed. 

A considerable amount of correspondence was brought 
before the meeting by the Secretary. . 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were laid on the table :— 

“¢ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” 
Vole xe, pis: 


J-C., v., April, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 41 


“‘ Abstracts of Proceedings of the Linnean Society, N.S.W.” 
for August, September, and October, 1885. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following gentlemen were elected members of the 
Society :—Messrs. T. S. Hillman, A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., 
J. R. B. Tomlin, Mrs. Fitzgerald, Dr. C. W. Viner, Miss H. L. 
Taylor, Rev. R. W. J. Smart, Rev. Jno. McMurtrie, Messrs. 
J. H. James, Associate Royal Inst., Cornwall, F. Coulson, 
F. W. Wotton, G. W. Shrubsole, G. B. Sowerby, Thos. Rogers, 
Ee Ae Smithy Zio.) by) bo Woodward. L.G.s... BeReMiess 
R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., T. Godlee, Chas. Jeffery, Thos. 
Scott, W. D. Crick, and W. A. Gain. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership: 
INcva ke Boos» Watson, Cardross ; | Ma. Fred ‘R. . Coles: 
Kirkcudbright ; Mr. Wm. Duncan, Montrose ; Rev. S. Spencer 
Pearce, Woodbridge ; Mr. Wm. Baillie, Brora; Mr. Jas. Steel, 
Glasgow. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor showed a series of shells on behalf of the 
Rey. R. W. J. Smart, from Herefordshire and N. & S. Wiltshire ; 
on behalf of Mr. T. S. Hillman, a number of land shells from 
Lewes, East Sussex ; for Mr. Wm. Jeffery, a number of shells, 
including Planorbis glaber and Helix cartusiana, from Shoreham, 
W. Sussex ; and a series of shells on behalf of Mr. J. Saunders, 
from Luton Hoo Park, Bedfordshire. 


Occurrence of Cyclostrema nitens at Margate.— 
Mr. J. T. Marshall has kindly identified as above two little shells 
which I found in Margate shellsand, associated with Lefton 
clarkie, Aclis unica, Cecum glabrum, Odostomia dolioliformis, 
O. plicata, and other local species. I am not aware of any 
previous record for the South East Coast.—S. C. CocKERELL. 


42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON THE DISTINCTNESS OF 
THE GENERA TURTONIA AND CYAMIUM. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. 
Zoological Department, British Museum. 


The genus Cyamium was proposed by Philippi for a small shell 
which was collected by his brother at Gregory Bay, Patagonia. 
The animal or soft parts are unknown. Philippi’s description 
runs thus: 


‘ Testa transversa, subineqguilatera, equivalvis, tenuis, vix hians ; 
dentes cardinales in utraque valva duo, dentes laterales 
nullt ; ligamentum duplex, internum in foveola triangulart 
pone dentes cardinales ; tmpressiones musculares due ,; stints 
palliaris nullus.,—|Wiegmann’s Archiv. Naturgesch., 1845, 


p: 50]. 

The name Zurtonia appears to have been first cited by 
Alder in his ‘ Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland 
and Durham,’* where he refers to it the Venus minuta of 
Fabricius. The genus was however properly described by 
Forbes and Hanley thus : 


‘Shell minute, fragile, equivalve, very inequilateral, closed at 
both ends, transversely oblong; surface concentrically 
striated or nearly smooth. Ligament external ; hinge with 
two adjacent teeth in front, the anterior one laminar. 
Pallial sinus simple.’—[ Brit. Mott. vol. il. p. 80]. 


On comparing these two descriptions it will be noticed 
that the principal distinction consists in the ligament in the one 
case being double, that is, partly internal and partly external, 
and in the other external only. 

Notwithstanding Philippi’s statement that his genus pos- 
sessed an internal ligament, Jeffreys} unites with it the little 
Turtonia minuta, which certainly has no internal cartilage. 
He says that the type of Cyamium is a small shell from the 
Falkland Isles (C. antarcticum) and that he had several times 
examined a series of specimens of that species in the British 


* Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. i. (1848), p. 189. 
+ Brit. Conch., vol. ii. p. 257. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 43 


Museum. This series of specimens I do not consider belong 
to Philippi’s C. antarcticum, which I have already stated was 
found at Gregory Bay, Patagonia, but, although specifically 
distinct, I believe them to belong to the same genus. I have 
very carefully examined them under the microscope and can 
positively assert, notwithstanding Jeffreys’ statement to the con- 
trary, that they /ave an internal cartilage. I have therefore no 
hesitation in pronouncing the distinctness of these genera, an 
opinion also shared by Forbes and Hanley, H. & A. Adams,* 
Gould,+ and others, and it may be as well to remark that Wein- 
kauff{ and Stoliczka$ have united Cyamium and Turtonta 
relying merely on the statement of Jeffreys. It seems most 
likely that Sars|| has also been similarly misled. 


—>O—O 


Zonites draparnaldi in Captivity.—The result of 
keeping a few Z. draparnaldi in captivity, was an innumerable 
colony. These the first summer flourished—living on cabbage, 
coltsfoot (Zussilago farfara,) broad-leaved dock (Aumex obtust- 
folius). The shells were very fine and of a medium texture. I 
found they would not hibernate even during the severest frosts, 
and asno sort of outdoor food could be procured, I fed them 
on chopped beef. I fear I degenerated their appetites, for the 
following spring and summer they constantly devoured each 
other, the weaker snails of course falling the victims to their 
stronger relations. I found also that during the second season 
the young shells were of a very thin texture, much smaller, 
’ and in an unhealthy condition, so I let the whole colony go free 
on an ivied bank we have planted with ferns. I have not seen 
one since, so conclude this sickly generation never attained to 
the age of their forefathers, which is, I believe, about two or 
three years.—(Miss) F. M. HELE, 1885. 


* Genera Rec Moll., vol, ii. p. 651. + Invert. Massachusetts ed. 2 p. 85. 
+ Conch. Mittelmeer, voli. p. 96. § Paleont. Indica, vol. ii. p. 266. 
|| Moll. Reg. Arct. Norveg., p. 65. 


44 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON SOME BRITISH VARIETIES OF LIMNA-. 
By SYDNEY C. COCKERELL, M.C.S. 


I have in my cabinet a few interesting forms of Limnza 
which it may perhaps be worth while to record. This is, in my 
opinion, the most engrossing of all British genera on account of 
the enormous variation in size, thickness, contour, &c., which 
the commoner species undergo. Scarcely any two examples 
from different localities are alike; and the gradations which 
unite one species to another are so numerous and imperceptible 
that one is often at aloss to: know where to draw the line 
between closely allied forms. Every conchologist must have 
met with specimens of Z. auricularia var. acuta on the one 
hand, and Z. feregra var. labiosa on the other, which he has 
found it difficult to refer with perfect confidence to either 
species. Some ZL. palustris of the conica type bear a greater 
resemblance, both as regards habits and appearance, to Z. ¢run- 
catula than to the parent stock; small examples of the var. 
elongata Mog. can scarcely be distinguished from Z. glabra ; 
var. corvus is like the stunted Z. stagnalis; and the vars. ¢incta 
and globosa are in extreme cases very similar to aberrant forms 
of L. peregra. 

The exact causes of all this variation are at present very 
much matters of speculation. We know that running water 
tends to foster a light and slender form of shell, and stagnant 
water a stronger and more expanded one, but why, for instance, 
asmall pond at Chislehurst should produce among its stunted 
inhabitants five scalariform Z. stagnalzs, or another small pond 
in the neighbourhood of Tooting a proportion of sinistral Z. 
peregra, isa very difficult and debatable problem. The same 
causes act in a similar manner on all the species, and we find, 
as might be expected, corresponding varieties in’‘most of them. 
Thus, to omit albinisms and variations in size, the var. reflexa 
of L. auricularia, the var. labiosa of L. peregra, and the var. 
labiata of L. stagnatis are all parallel. I have moreover a 


J.C., v-, April, 1886, 


S. C. COCKERELL : BRITISH VARIETIES OF LIMNA. 45 


specimen of Z. palustris from Minster, near Sandwich, with the 
same expanded lip. Thecharacteristic spiral lines in Z. peregra 
var. picta appear frequently in Physa fontinalis and other species. 
Dr. Jeffreys mentions a Z. ¢runcatula affected in the same way, 
and I have streaked Z. g/utinosa from Reading, and L. palustris 
from Barnes and Shortlands, W. Kent. 

I have already recorded in the ‘ Zoologist’ the occurrence 
of LZ. peregra var. candida in the pond at Hampton Court and 
of Z. auricularia var. ampla inthe Thames at Hampton. There 
is in my collection a specimen of ZL. ¢runcatula var. ventricosa 
which I took at Bickley, Kent, and Mr. Lionel E. Adams has 
generously given me a fine example of Z. palustris var. corvus 
from Coggeshall, Essex. My brother (L. M. Cockerell) found 
two interesting monstrosities of Z. peregra at St. Mary Cray, 
Kent, the one being scalariform, and the other furnished with a 
triple lip. Similar to the last is a specimen from Chislehurst 
which has a double lip. Some specimens of Z. palustris pro- 
cured last summer at Shortlands, Kent, are an extremely interest- 
ing form, for which ‘amgudata’ would be an appropriate name. 
With a description of this I will bring these notes to a close, 
Limnea palustris var. angulata nv. Shell turreted, with 

five tumid whorls bluntly angulated at the periphery. 
Suture deep. Length 16 mill, breadth to mill. 
Aperture, which is oblong and nearly twice as long as 
the spire, length ro mill,, breadth 6 mill. 

There is a stream running through the pond which also 
contains Limnea peregra, Spherium corneum, Planorbis con- 
tortus, and Physa fontinalis. 


Vertigo moulinsiana in Notts,—Among a number 
of minute shells gathered by Mr. C. T. Musson of Nottingham, 
in April, 1883, from the rejectamenta at Carlton-on-Trent, I 
found specimens of this species. In the same lot were a few 
Vertigo pygmaa, V. puslla, &c.—J. W. Taytor, Mar. 23, 1886. 


46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTES ON 
THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF 
THE LOWER TEES. 
By BAKER HUDSON, M.C.S. 


[Read before the Conchological Society.] 


In the Journal of Conchology (vol. i1., p. 236 e¢ seg.), Mr. Chas. 
Ashford gave a list of the Land and Freshwater Shells, observed 
by himself during the early part of 1879, supplemented by notes 
by the Rev. W. C. Hey and my friend Mr. J. W. Watson. 
Mr. Ashford has suggested to me that I should embody my own 
observations of the Mollusca of the Lower Tees and immediate 
district, in a supplemental list. In the interests of our Society 
I have thought it well to adopt Mr. Ashford’s suggestion, and I 
now beg to offer the following, not indeed as completing the list 
for the district, but in order to bring it up to date. 

I have met with nearly all the species, recorded in Mr. 
Ashford’s list, in other localities, but confine my notes to those 
species and varieties not included in that list. 


Helix arbustorum L.—This is a decidedly woodland species 
with us, but though local, is not uncommon where it occurs. 
I have taken it near Guisborough, at Skelton, Saltburn, 
Wilton, and Thornaby. 

H. hortensis Miill.—Until recently I believed that this shell 
did not occur in the delta of the Tees (by “the delta” I 
mean the flat alluvial lands lying between the Cleveland 
Hills and the Durham Hills above Greatham). I have 
however recently taken it at Thornaby,—and a week ago I 
found a broken shell near a thrush’s altar in Airey Holme 
Wood, which belonged to the var. Jufea. It also occurs 
sparingly near Skelton, and in the vicinity of Stokesley. 

H. virgata var. albicans Grat. This variety is even more 
abundant than the type on Coatham Sand Hills. It 


J.C., v., April, 1886, 


HUDSON : MOLLUSCA OF THE LOWER TEES. 47 


gradually passes by almost insensible degrees of colouration 
into a sub-varlety somewhat approaching var. J/ewcozona 
Taylor. 

H. virgata var. subalbida (Poiret).—Occurs sparingly with 
var. albicans. 

H. caperata var. fulva Picard.—I have taken a few specimens 
on Redcar Sand Hills, which I think are referable to this 
variety. 

Another variety somewhat more abundant occurs 
between Marske and Redcar on the sea banks, and also at 
Coatham. It is entirely without trace of banding, of a dirty 
white or yellowish hue with the apex black as in the type. 
In form, the shell is variable, but in general, resembles the 
type. I have not seen any varietal description which agrees 
with this. 

Zonites nitidulus var. Helmii (Alder).—I have taken this 
pretty variety in a lane leading from the Spring Gardens to 
Marske Road, between Redcar and Marske. ‘Though not 
uncommon it is exceedingly local, being confined to about 
fifty yards of a somewhat dry ditch. 

Succinea elegans Risso.—Until last year this species was 
moderately abundant in a ditch near Coatham brick ponds, 
but the ditch has now been enlarged and deepened and I 
am afraid the species will be lost to the locality. 

Limneza peregra var. lineata Bean.—Two or three of this 
variety have occurred to me at Marton. 

L. peregra var. acuminata Jeff_—Common in brook run- 
ning from old fish ponds at Kirkleatham. 

L. truncatula var. ventricosa Moq.—Pond near Normanby. 

Planorbis albus Mull.—Not uncommon in old fish ponds at 
Kirkleatham. 

Physa fontinalis var. oblonga.—Coatham Marshes. 

The slugs of the district seem very variable and but 
little has yet been done with them, I however append a 
list of those species and varieties not mentioned by Mr. 
Ashford. 


48 HUDSON : MOLLUSCA OF THE LOWER TEES. 


Arion ater var. rufa (L.).—One at High Cliff near Guis- 
borough. 

A. ater var. marginata Moq.—Common in several places. 
Guisborough, Marton, Thornaby, Upleatham, Middles. 
brough, &c., &c. 

A. hortensis var. grisea.—Thornaby. 

A. hortensis var. fasciata.—Thornaby ; with var. gvdsea. 

A. hortensis var. rufescens Moq.—Near Middlesbrough. 

Limax maximus var. cellaria Mog.—Thornaby. <A curious 
variety of this species was found by me, in several stages 
of growth, in a prostrate tree trunk at Wilton Woods. 
The following is a short note of its peculiarities made at 
the time :—General body colour ashy, with two dark bands 
enclosing a lighter area occupying the dorsal region. 
Shield marbled with lighter spots, but general colour 
darker than the back. Head and tentacles purplish and 
black. Foot white with narrow and almost black margin. 

L. flavus L.—Cellars and yards at Coatham and Redcar. 

L. flavus var. colubrina Pini.—South Stockton. 

L. flavus var. virescens Fér.—South Stockton. 

L. agrestis var. sylvatica.—Near Battersby and at Cray- 
thorn. 

L. agreStis var. tristis.—Battersby. 

L. laevis Mull.—I have recently found this in Airey Holme 
Wood at the roots and in the stems of umbelliferous 
plants where the ground was marshy. 

Before concluding it may be advisable to state that in 1882 I 

placed several living specimens of JZzmnea stagnalis and 

Planorbis corneus in a small pond on Redcar sand hills beyond 

the battery. Last year I observed a half-grown specimen of 

LZ. stagnalis in this pond, but failed to find P/. corneus. As, 

however, both may hereafter turn up, I make this note for the 

guidance af future observers. 


oa 


J.C., v., April, 1886, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 49 


EXHIBITION OF SHELLS AT MANCHESTER. 


Upon the occasion of the opening of the New Rooms at 
the Literary and Philosophical Society, 36, George Street, 
Manchester, December 7th, 1885, the Microscopical and 
Natural History Section of that Society arranged that the 
Members and Associates should bring for exhibition certain 
objects of interest from their private collections, and the result 
was a great success. Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.G.S., and Mr. J. 
Cosmo Melvill, F.L.S., were the chief contributors of mollusca 
for exhibition, as follows :— 

By Mr. R. D. DaRBISHIRE— 

A series of Fusus antiguus, forms reversed (contrartus ), 
and dextral, from the Coralline and Red Crags of Suffolk, re- 
markable for size and variety of facies, with recent ones of the 
now normal dextral form, and of what is now the reversed 
monstrosity, including aseries from the egg-capsules and young, 
up to the large adults of the great white form of the Irish Sea. 
A series of form contrarius from the Drift at Worden by Ley- 
land, was exhibited from Miss Farrington’s cabinet. 

Also other British species of Fusus, young and mature. 

Also, for comparison, a series of / despectus from Iceland, 
F. islandicus from Iceland and Newfoundland Banks, and 
Ff. perversus from Vigo. 

A case of AMagilus antiquus in and removed from masses 
of Meandrina Coral from Mauritius, and large series of young 
shells of Jfagilus, and of Leptoconchus of various species 
(forms). 

Two drawers with series of Land and Freshwater Shells 
from Ceylon, illustrating peculiar forms and variations. 

One drawer of Land and Freshwater Shells from Buda- 
Pesth, collected by M. Julius Hazay, exhibiting range of varia- 
tion in Succinea and Limneus, the enormous size of certain 
forms of Zimnceus and Planorbis, and series of the East Euro- 
pean AZelanie and Lithoglyphus. 


5° JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Comatula and some mollusca, and egg-cases of Loligo and 
Sepia, mostly from Menai Straits and Conway Bay. 

By Mr. J. Cosmo MEtvitt, F.L.S.— 

Four drawers of selected foreign mollusca from his collec- 
tion—of which the principal are as follows :— 

Fifty species of Conus (L.) which included: twenty-nine 
original types, nineteen of them being unique specimens, viz. : 
C. baccatus Sowb., C. bockit Sowb., C. braziert Sowb., C. catlena- 
tus Sowb., C. carnalis Sowb., C. chytreus Melvill, C. dianthus 
Sowb., C. du saveli H. Adams, C. euetrios Sowb. and Melvill, 
C. evelyne Sowb. and Melvill, C. gracilis Sowb., C. marchionatus 
Hinds, 6 eudoxus Melvill, C. melvilli Sowb., C. multilineatus 
Sowb., C. racemosus Sowb., C. reffectus Sowb., C. stndon Reeve, 
C. traversianus BE. A. Smith, C. wélmert Sowb. Of these, 
C. du saveli TFA. Adams is the most beautiful cone known, and 
differs widely in several particulars from any other species. It 
was found in 1870-71, in the stomach of a fish, at 60 fathoms, 
off the North Coast of Mauritius. 

Some fine specimens of the five most highly esteemed of 
the genus, C. gloria maris Chem., C. omazicus Hwass, C. cedo 
nulli Chem., C. rhododendron Couthouy, C. cevvis Lamarck, 
the last two being the original types of the species. 

Also C. fudmen Reeve, the beautiful type figured in his 
‘Conchologia Iconica’; C. ammiralis L., C. archithalassus 
Dillwyn, C. floccatus Sowb., C. magdalene Kien, C. aurtsiacus 
L., C. zonatus Brug, C. vidua Reeve, C. orbignyz Aud, and 
others. 

In the genus Voluta L. several rarities were shown, perhaps 
the most select being /” /estiva Lam., from E. Africa—the 
specimen formerly in the Dennison collection; V. junonia 
Chem., a noteworthy shell of extreme rarity from the Gulf of 
Mexico; V. aulica Sowb., V. cymbiola Ch., V. sophie Gray, 
V. pulchra Sowb., V. thatchert McCoy, V. papillarts Swn., V. 
Julgetrum Sowb., V. sclateri Cox, V. punctata Swn., &c., while 
V. prevostiana Crosse must not be omitted, this being the only 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 51 


specimen known in good condition, and the type, formerly in 
the collection of Dr. Prevost, of Alengon. 

In Mitra were the unique JZ. rugosa Sowb., and AZ. melvillt 
Sowb., besides the rare AZ. gigantea Swn., M. formosa Adams, 
M. macrospira Rve., and an almost exhaustive series of the 
striking forms belonging to the subgenus Turricula, e¢g., 7. 
regina Sowb., 7. dennisoni Reeve, T. tientata Lam., 7. vittata 
Sowb., Z: tayloriana Sowb., T. berthe Sowb., T: coccinea Reeve, 
T. balteolata Reeve, T: pullata Reeve, &c. 

In Marginella, Lam., were several types figured in Reeves’ 
‘Conchologia Iconica’; mostly originally in the Lombe-Taylor 
collection, ¢g., AZ. mosaica Sowb., AZ elegans Gmelin, JZ. 
petitiana Duv., M. undulata Chem, and also a curious sinistral 
M. conoidalts, and two magnificient specimens of AZ. goodalli. 

In Cypreea L. the finest of the seven specimens known of 
C. guttata Gray, also C. nivosa Brod., C. auxantium Mart, the 
badge of royalty among the Friendly Islanders and the 
Tahitians, and the unique 77iv2a costispunctata Gaskoin, &c. 

Amongst the Buccinide, A4ullia pura Melvill, recently 
described from Port Elizabeth, South Africa, the unique 
Pseudoliva stereoglypta Sowb. and Melvill, and the curious 
P. ancilla Hanley. 

In Strombide one of the two specimens known of foste/- 
laria martini Marrat ; and a fine 7. fowzsez Petit from China. 

In Muricidee Murex bipinnatus Reeve, the type. AL cer- 
vicornis Lam., stainforthit Reeve, huttone Wright, falcatus 
Sowb., c/avus Kiener, &c., and an almost complete set of the 
genus Typhis, including two unique types, 7. expansus Sowb., 
and 7: duplicatus Hinds, both being figured in the ‘Conchologia 
Iconica.’ 

Several representatives of other marine Gasteropoda— 
mostly types, were also shown ; and in the Conchifera, a selec- 
tion of the genus Pecten, including a fine series of ten varieties 
of P. pallium L., and the type specimens of P. loxoddes Sowb. 
and Melvill, P. sydzlle Sowb. and Melvill, P. zwécdus Hinds, 
and others. 


52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


LIS’ OF THE 
LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF CARDIFF. 


By F. W. WOTTON, M.C.S. 


I append a list of the terrestrial and aquatic mollusca 
which I have taken in this district during the past six or seven 
Veausniltan Will wey ascen that Vertigo and Pupa are very 
poorly represented, but I have every reason to believe other 
species exist here, only I have not been fortunate enough to 
find them. 

Spherium corneum.—Ditches on Leckwith Common. 
Scarce ; shell small and rather globose. 

S. lacustre.—Leckwith, East Moors, &c. Not uncommon. 
East Moor specimens are unusually large. 

Pisidium amnicum.—River Taff and Feeder. Scarce. 

P. fontinale.—Penylan Quarry. Rare; specimens beautifully 
clear. 

P. pusillum.—Common all round the district; those which 
occur on the East Moors are covered with a thick, dark- 
brown incrustation. 

Anodonta cygnea.—Rivers Taff and Ely. Not common. 

Bythinia tentaculata.—Common and general. 

B. tentaculata var. albida.—East Moors and Feeder. 

B. tentaculata var. ventricosa.—Feeder. Rare; I have 
taken a banded variety of this species in the Feeder. 
Valvata piscinalis.—River Taff, Feeder, &c. Not common. 

V. piscinalis var. depressa.—Feeder. Rare. 

V. cristata.—Taff, Feeder, &c. Local and not common. 

Planorbis lineatus.—Feeder. Two specimens only in 1884. 

P. nitidus.—Common in ditches at Leckwith; very rare in 
Feeder. 

P. nautileus.—Very abundant in Feeder, &c. 

P. nautileus var. crista.—With type. Scarce. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


WOTTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF CARDIFF. 53 


P. albus.—Taff and Feeder. Rare. 

. spirorbis.—Leckwith, East Moors, &c. Common. 

. vortex.—More plentiful than P. spévorbis. Large specimens 
occur on the moors, where [ took a very peculiar distor- 


UU U 


tion alive last December. 
P. carinatus.—East Moors. Rare and locai; the only habitat 
I know of. 

P. complanatus.—Generally distributed, but not common. 

Physa hypnorum.—Widely distributed. Common. 

P. fontinalis.—Less plentiful than P. ypuorum. Generally 

distributed. 

Limneea peregra.—Common and general. I have taken a 
specimen of this with a single greenish band running 
round the periphery. 

. peregra var. labiosa.—East Moors. 

. peregra var. acuminata.—Various localities. 

. peregra var. ovata.—Penylan. 

peregra var. lutea (?).—Roath Brook. 

. auricularia.—Cadoxton Moors. Not very common. 

palustris.—East Moors, &c. Moderately common. 

. palustris var. conica.—East Moors. 

. palustris var. elongata.—East Moors. 

Ancylus fluviatilis.—Feeder, &c. Common. 

A. fluviatilis var. albida.—lI took specimens of this in 1883, 

but unfortunately I have forgotten where, and have not 


eee cual Wee cee Oe ee we 


seen them since. 

A. lacustris.—Pond at Llanrummey, River Taff and Feeder. 
Rare. 

Arion ater.—Common. 

A. ater var. nigrescens.—St. Fagan’s, Llandaff, &c. 

A. hortensis.—Fairly distributed. 

A. hortensis var. sub-fusca.—St. Fagan’s. 

Limax marginatus.—Llandaff. Moderately common. 

L. agrestis.—Common and general. 

L. agrestis var. tristis.—St. Fagan’s. Not common. 


54 WOTTON: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF CARDIFF. 


L. agrestis var. sylvatica.—St. Fagan’s. Not common. 

L. leevis.—Llandaff, &c. Not very common. 

L. maximus.—Whitchurch, &c. I took a specimen of this 
which measured when crawling 734 inches. 

Succinea putris.—Llandaff, St. Fagan’s, &c. Local, but 
plentiful where it occurs. 

S. elegans.—East Moors, Leckwith, &c. Less abundant than 
S. putrts. 

S. elegans var. minor.—East Moors. 

Vitrina pellucida.—Widely distributed. Scarce. 

Zonites cellarius.—Moderately plentiful in various localities. 


Z. alliarius.—Same as Z. cellarius. 

Z. nitidulus.—Generally distributed. 

Z. radiatulus.—Whitchurch. Rare and local. 

Z. crystallinus.—Leckwith, &c. Common, but local. 

Z. fulvus.—Leckwith, St. Fagan’s, &c. Scarce. 

Helix aspersa.—Common and general. 

H. aspersa var. conoidea.—Cogan. Rare. 

H. aspersa var. exalbida.—Llantwit Major. Very scarce 
and local. 

H. aspersa var. minor.—Llantwit Major. Rare. I have 
also taken vatieties somewhat approaching adlbofasciata, 
grisea, and flammea. 

H. nemoralis.—Common and generally distributed. 

H. hortensis.—Common and general. A great many varieties 


of this and A. zemoralis occurs in this district, of which I 
will send particulars later on. 

H. arbustorum.—Not uncommon and fairly distributed. 

H. arbustorum var. major.—Llandaff. 

H. arbustorum var. flavescens.—Llantwit Major. Rare. 

H. cantiana.—Ely, &c. Local and not common. 

H. rufescens.—Generally distributed. 

H. rufescens var. albida.—With type. Common, 

H. concinna.—Llandaff, &c. Not very common. I have 
seen this species feeding on the excrement of cows. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


WOTTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF CARDIFF. 55 


H. hispida.—Commoner than A. concinna, and fairly distri- 

buted. 

H. sericea.—Grangetown, Greenmeadow, &c. Scarce and 

local. 

H. virgata.—Plentiful on the moors, near the sea shore.. At 
Porthcawl dead shells of this species occur in thousands, 
strewn over the sand hills. 

. virgata var. submaritima.—East Moors. 

. virgata var. aloa.—East Moors. 

. Caperata.—East Moors, &c. Moderately rare. 

. caperata var. fuiva.—East Moors. 

. caperata var. ornata.—East Moors. 

. rotundata.—Common and general. 


i eee ee Ses Eel a Beane 


. rotundata var. alba.—With type, near the Feeder. Very 
rare. 

. rotundata var. turtoni.—Same locality as var. alba. 

. rupestris.—Common on old walls in various localities. 

. pulchella.—East Moors, Leckwith, &c. Not common. 

. pulchella var. costata.—Leckwith. Rare. 

. lapicida.—Llantwit Major, &c. Local. 


Eek ek Oe 


Bulimus acutus.—Grangetown. Common, but local. This 
used to occur on the East Moors, but lately have entirely 
disappeared. 

B. obscurus.—Widely distributed, but scarce. | 

Pupa umbilicata.—Very abundant on old walls, &c., in 
various places. 

Balea perversa.—Cogan, Llandaff, &c. On oak and elm 
mes 5 SeAee- 

Clausilia rugosa. — Common and general in crevices of 

| walls, &c. 

Clausilia rugosa var. tumidula.—In old Blue Lias Quarry 
at St. Fagan’s. 

C. laminata.—Leckwith, Pencoed, &c. Common on trees. 

Cochlicopa lubrica.—Generally distributed, but not common. 


56 WOTTON : LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF CARDIFF. 


Achatina acicula.—Hedge bank at Llandaff, three inches 
beneath surface of ground. Three specimens only, 1882. 

Carychium minimun.—Penarth, &. Not uncommon in 
the limestone districts. 

Cyclostoma elegans.—Llantwit Majorand Penarth. At base 
of rocks on the shore; moderately common. 

Vertigo edentula.—One specimen near the Feeder, and 
three at St. Mellon’s. 


flelix cartustana used to occur on the East Moors, and 
were localized on a small patch of raised ground, which, at the 
time I allude to, was covered with a luxuriant growth of ballast 
plants. This was some four or five years ago, since then both 
plants and shells have entirely disappeared, and “left not a 
vestige behind.” * 


It is near the spot referred to above that ZH. villosa was 
found ; I have searched closely for it very many times but never 
saw the slightest trace of it, and think it a certainty that both it 
and “7. cartustana were introduced with ballast, or in the case 
of A. villosa with esparto grass, large quantities of which are 
brought into Cardiff and stored on these moors. I may add 
that a brick-yard now covers the spot where A. villosa was 
taken, and various works and docks are fast occupying the 
ground, so that in another few years at the outside, the whole 
place will be covered, and the ditches, ponds, and habitats of 
various land shells will, alas! be no more. 


Note.—The ‘“ Cardiff Feeder” alluded to is an artificial 
river made to supply or feed the Bute Docks, for the purpose 
of keeping the water at the required height during the low 
ebb tides. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 57 


DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW 


SPECIES OF FRESHWATER SHELLS FROM JAPAN. 
By EDGAR A. SMITH, F-Z.S. 


Zoological Department, British Museum. 


Paludina longispira. 


Testa angustissime rimata, elongata, obtuse conica, fusco-olivacea, 
strigts et linets obliquts saturatioribus, hic illic nigrescentibus, 
picta ; anfractus sex planiuscult, sub-gradati, carinis 2—3 
obsoletis cinctt, lineisque tncrementt striati; anfr. ultimus 
in medio obtuse angulatus ; sutura profunda, paulo obliqua. 
Apertura pyriformi-rotundata, 2 longitudinis totius paulo 


o 


superans, intus cerulescens. Pertstoma tenue, in regione 
umbilicalt leviter incrassatum, reflexum et nigro limbatum. 

Longit. 50 mill., diam. max. anfr. ultimé 33, mill., min. 27 mill. 
Apertura: 22 mill. longa., 18 mill. lata. 


Hab. : Lake Biwa. 


This is the most elongate of the Japanese species of Palu- 
dina, and has a peculiarly long turretted spire which does not, 
however, terminate in a sharp apex. This, in specimens at all 
approaching maturity, appears to be constantly more or less 
eroded ; but if such were not the case it would still present the 
obtuse appearance, for the gentle convergence of the sides of 
the spire shows that the first whorls form a blunt apex. ‘This 
species has only very feeble indications of minute spiral striation, 
and the keels on the upper whorls, which are generally three 
in number, are never strongly, but as a rule only feebly, de- 
veloped, and in some specimens one or more of them are 
scarcely traceable. 

Kobelt,* in his ‘ Fauna japonica extramarina,’ has identified 
with P. zmgallsiana a series of specimens, also from Lake Biwa, 
which I have little doubt belong to the present species. Palu- 
dina ingallstana was first described by Lea t from specimens 
collected by Dr. T. R. Ingalls in Siam, and not in Japan as 


* Abhandl. Senkenberg. Naturforsch. Gesellsch. Bd. xi. p. 408. 
+ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1856, vol, viii. p. 110. 


58 SMITH : NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 


stated by Reeve and Frauenfeld.{ This error in the locality 
doubtless misled Kobelt, who however has noticed the marked 
difference in the apices of the two species, observing that 
“sollte die Reeve’sche Art Wirklich einen spitzen Wirbel haben 
und derselbe nicht blos ergaénzt sein, so musste unsere Form 
von ihr getrennt werden.’ 

The specimen figured in the ‘Conchologia Iconica,’ by 
Reeve, is in very perfect condition and has the acute apex 
depicted in the figure. It is moreover a more solid shell, of a 
greener tint, with spiral colour-bands and distinct spiral striation, 
and the shape is very different. Whether it be the same as 
that characterized by Lea is a little doubtful as his description 
does not well apply to Reeve’s species. Hesaysthat Z: zmgalls- 
zana is obtusely conoid and thin, that the spire is obtuse, 
the whorls rather flat, and that the aperture is subangulated 
below. On the contrary, P. zugal/stana of Reeve is acutely 
conical, thickish (for a Paludina), has a sharp spire, moderately 
convex whorls, and does not exhibit any angulation at the lower 
part of the aperture. 

Kobelt’s figure (plate xi. fig. 2) gives a fair idea of the 
ordinary form of this species, but it does not indicate the 
presence of the faint spiral carinze which are traceable in most 
specimens. 


Melania andersoni. 


Testa parva, breviter subfustformis, tenuis, olivaceoflava zonts 
aduabus nigrescentibus (in anfr. ultimo interdum tribus) 
cincta ; anfr. circa 10, superiores 3—4 detriti, religui fere 
plant, sulcts angustis spiralibus tncrementique linets sculptt ; 
apertura obliqua, ovato-subpyriformis, tntus zonts externis 
saturate rufis haud ad labrum productis picta ; columella 
arcuata, tncrassata, alba. 

Longit. 20 mill., diam. 7 mill. Apertura 4 longa., 3% lata. 


” 184 ” 7x ” 8 9 4 
Hab. : Kiga, Japan (Dr. J. Anderson). 


* Verhandl. Zool.-botan. Gesellsch. Wien 1864, vol. xiv. p. 617. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


SMITH : NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 59 


The above are the dimensions of two specimens, each con- 
sisting of five remaining whorls. 

The species might be regarded by some as a dwarf form of 
M. japonica Reeve, which is similarly banded and transversely 
sculptured. JZ. retifera of Tryon is more of the same size.and 
proportions, but that shell has rounder volutions, is more deli- 
cately striated, differently coloured, and of a thinner texture. 
Figure 433 (JZ grata) of Reeve’s ‘Monograph of Melania’ 
gives a fair idea of the form of some of the most elongate 
specimens of this species, but the majority of examples are of 
rather shorter and broader growth. 


Melania mariesi. 


Testa decollata, tenuicula, nitida, olivaceofusca ; anfractus super- 
tores detritt, reliqut tres plantuscult, costis vel plicis longitud- 
tnalibus parum arcuatis subgranosts sulcisque spiralibus (in 
anfr. penult. circiter 6) sculptt , anfr. ultimus elongatus per 
omnes partes sulcatus, sulcis basim versus latis, lirts tnterjt- 
cientibus latioribus, et plicis supra medium obsoletis ; aper- 
tura elongate pyriformis, bast effusa, superne acuta, intus 
cerulescens ; labrum acutum, tenue, prope medium late et 
haud profunde sinuatum ; columella arcuata, callosa, alba, 
superne labro callo tenut uncta. 

Longit. 25 mill., diam. 11 mill. Apertura: 12 mill. longa, 
7 mull. lata. 


Var. Testa sublevis, plicis longitudinalibus sulcisque spiralibus 
(paucis ad basim anfr. ultimt exceptis) fere vel omnino 
obsoletis. 


Hab. : Japan (Mr. Maries). 

This species is remarkably decollated and has a long and 
somewhat ventricose body-whorl. ‘The plicz which occur in 
the typical form are cut across by the transverse grooves and 
thus rendered somewhat nodulous. The colour is a rich 
olive-brown varied at intervals with black wavy lines indica- 
ting former lips. If the figure of M/e/anta arcticava (Reeve’s 
‘Conch. Icon.’ fig. 71) had the aperture more pointed below 
and the three apical whorls removed it would give a fair idea 
of the form of the present species. 


60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


MOLLUSCA OF THE 
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CLAPHAM, YORKSHIRE. 


By HUGII RICHARDSON. 


The following list is the result of an examination of the 
district by J. R. B. Tomlin, M. C. Hughes, and myself during 
a recent geological excursion. Mr. Tomlin is responsible for 
most of the work; anything found by Mr. Hughes or myself 
is initialed. 
The lake marlin Crummockdale is the bed of an old Tarn; 

there is little or no peat above it. 

Arion ater (L). In Clapham Woods; uncommon. 

Arion hortensis Fer. Generally distributed. 

Limax agrestis L. Type common. An albino by Clap- 
ham church-yard wall. 

Limax la@vis Mull. One specimen in Kingsdale, 

Limax marginatus. Occasional, among moss, leaves, &c. 

Succinea putris (L.). Two specimens in lake marl, Crum- 
mockdale. 

Vitrina pellucida Mull. Not common, though generally 
distributed in moss. 

Zonites cellarius (Miull.). Ubiquitous. 

Zonites alliarius (Miller). Kingsdale. 

Zonites purus (Alder). Near Coombe Quarry, Ribblesdale 
MC. H: 

Zonites nitidus (Mill). Occasional specimens everywhere. 

Zonites crystallinus (Miull.). Not uncommon in moss. 

Zonites fulvus (Miill.). One in Kingsdale, one in Clap- 
ham woods. 

Helix lamellata Jeff. Two specimens in Farrar’s grounds, 
Clapham. 

Helix nemoralis L. Empty shells on the fells, H.R. 
Dead shelis in Clapham Woods and Kingsdale. 

Helix hortensis Miill. 

Helix arbustorum L. Kingsdale and Clapham Woods. 


J.C., v., April, 1886. 


RICHARDSON : MOLLUSCA OF CLAPHAM. 61 


Helix rufescens Penn. Extremely common, as also white 

variety. 

Helix hispida L. Common. 

Helix rotundata Mill Not very common. 

Helix rupestris Drap. All old walls and limestone scars. 

Bulimus obscurus (Mill.). Kingsdale, Clapham Woods, 
not uncommon in moss. 

Pupa secale Drap. Kingsdale, slopes of Ingleborough, 
common. 

Pupa umbilicata Drap. Very common. 

P. umbilicata var. alobina Mog. Kingsdale, one specimen. 

Pupa muscorum. Farrar’s Grounds, Clapham. 

Vertigo edentula (Drap.). Kingsdale. 

Balea perversa (L.). Wallon road to station, a few hundred 
yards from Clapham, apparently feeding on Physcia parie- 
tara. 

Clausilia rugosa Drap. Generally distributed. 

C. rugosa var. dubia Drap. Woods near Clapham ; usually 
at higher altitudes than type. 

C. rugosa var. tumidula Jeff. Clapham Woods; rare. 

Clausilia laminata (Mont.). Kingsdale, Clapham, on the 
limestone. 

Cochlicopa tridens (Pult.). Clapham Woods, and in Kings- 
dale. 

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill). Ubiquitous. 

Carychium minimum Mill. Kingsdale ; Clapham Woods. 

Sphzrium corneum (L.) Lake marl, Crummockdale, H.R. 

Pisidium 

Valvata piscinalis (Miill.) Lake marl, Crummockdale, H.R. 

Valvata cristata Mill. Lake marl, Crummockdale, H.R. 

Planorbis nitidus (Mull.). Lake marl, Crummockdale, one 

specimen, J.R.B.T. 

Limneea peregra (Mill.). Lake marl, Crummockdale, H.R. 

Limneea palustris (Mill.). Lake marl, Crummockdale, 
Jallke 


Lake marl, Crummockdale, H.R. 


62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW 
SPECIES OF VOLUTA FROM WEST AUSTRALIA. 
By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. 
Zoological Department, British Museum. 
Voluta guntheri. 


Testa parva, breviter fusiformts, solida, alba, linets numerosts 
longttudinalibus valde flexuosis flavo-fuscts ornata: anfractus 
6, primi tres leves, convextusculi, cetert supra concave, 
deinde angulati, ad angulum serie tuberculorum acutorum 


instructt: spira brevis, concava, longitudints totius circa + 


eguans, ad apicem obtusa, columella alba, plicts validts 
guatuor munita ; apertura elongata, angusta, alba. 


Longit. 43 mill., diam. max. 22 mill. ; apertura 35 mull. longa, 
84 mill. lata. 


This species is smaller than the majority of Volutes, and 
well distinguished by its peculiar colour-markings and the 
rather acutely noduled angle at the upper part or shoulder of 
the penultimate and body-whorls. The shell is strong, white, 
and ornamented with numerous fine yellowish-brown lines, 
which radiate from the suture to the angle and then become 
wavy and more or less regularly zigzag, so that in the single 
specimen under examination four zzdzstinct transverse bands 
of zigzag lines fall at sub-equal distances upon the body-whorl. 
The surface is smooth, with the exception of the fine lines of 
growth and indications of feeble spiral striz. There are six 
whorls, of which the three first form a smooth obtuse mammil- 
lated apex. The last and penultimate whorls are rather con- 
cave above and then angulated and prettily sub-acutely corona- 
ted at the angle. ‘The body-whorl is only slightly convex at 
the sides, and at the aperture ascends somewhat obliquely. 
The spire is very short, has concave outlines, and occupies 
only about one-fifth of the total length of the shell. The 
aperture is somewhat narrow and elongate and entirely white. 
The folds on the columella are strong, four in number, sub- 
equi-distant, and only a little different in thickness, the upper- 
most or hindmost being the strongest, and the foremost the 
most slender. 

J.C., v., April, 1886, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 63 


In style of markings this species recalls to mind V. turnerz, 
but the lines are more undulating and it does not exhibit any 
trace of the two faint transverse bands of blotches which occur 
in that species. It belongs to that section of the genus which 
includes V. aulica, V. deshayestt, &c., and it will be figured by 
Mr. Sowerby in his forthcoming Supplement.to the Monograph 
of Voluta in the ‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum.’ 


HE Projectors of the New ‘‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca of the British Fauna’’ desire to express their thanks for the 
following assistance lately rendered :— 


Shells from Nimes, and loan of Bourguignat’s Algeria and Lehmann’s 
Mollusca. 


G. W. Shrubsole.—Shells from North Wales and Torquay. 
T. D. A. Cockerell.—Transcripts from the works of M. Locard. 


T. Scott.—Scottish Land and Freshwater Shells, mainly from Renfrew 
and Cantire. 


A. H. Delap.—Shells from South Tipperary and Waterford. 


R. W. J. Smart.—Land and Freshwater Shells from Hereford and North 
and South Wilts. 


C. Fortey.—Freshwater Shells of Salop. 


B. Tomlin.—Shells from Cambridge, and Transcripts from several works, 
relating to Testacellae. 


J. R. Bourguignat.—M. Massot’s Paper upon French Testacelle. 
J. Saunders.—Shells from Luton Hoo. 

W. Jeffery.—Shells from West Sussex. 

Dr. Scharff.—Shells and Slugs from Naples. _ 

Sang & Sons.—Living T. Scutulum from Kirkcaldy. 

J. H. James.—Slugs from Truro. 

Miss Fairbrass.—Unio tumidus from Worcestershire. 

R. C. Chaytor.—Shells from Wensleydale. 

E. J. Lowe.—Limax levis from Chepstow. 

S. C. Cockerell.— Pupa marginata and Achatina acicula from Surrey. 
QO. Morland.—Collection of Shells from York and North Somerset. 


ASSISTANCE REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY—Specimens of Testacellz from 
any locality. Extracts from, or loan of any work to which we have not access, 
having reference to Testacellze. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above 
subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the Lire Hisrory— 
Structure, Development, Variation, Distribution, etc.—will be welcomed 
and carefully acknowledged. 

Avppress: Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of Conchology, 
Hunslet New Road, Leeds. 


64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


THE MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 


BY 


1bisge) IRUBNWW 5 IRS Wo Jia SIMUNIRIS INIA 
AND 


Wists) INIEWS AS Isl, COO, WLA,, IZ.S 


y) 


See ‘‘ Journal of Conchology,” vol. iv., 1885, pp. 285—303. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 

Miytilus adriaticus var. ovalis Sowb.—Thrown up in Pentle 
Bay. Rare. 

Rissoa vitrea Mont.—This is an error. The specimens are 
proxima Alder. 

R.semistriata Mont.—From the Menavawr dredgings. This 
occurs in Mr. Jenkinson’s list (p. 302) and is thus, as well 
as Janthina exigua, mentioned below, confirmed. 

Aclis supranitida S. Wood.—One specimen in good con- 
dition from the Menavawr dredging. 

Odostomia scalaris Phil.—The type occurs besides the var. 
rufescens in the Menavawr shell sand. 

Natica montacuti Forbes.—Three or four living specimens ; 
Menavawr. 

lanthina exigua Lam.—Once thrown up on the Western 
beaches about seventeen years ago. They occurred in 
large numbers with /azthina rotundata Leach, the latter of 
unusual size; the beaches are described as being blue 
with them. 

Fusus gracilis DaCosta—Mr. H. K. Jordan regards these 
specimens (two worn shells) as undoubtedly / Jeffrey stanus 
Fischer. He also confirms our view of the variety men- 
tioned as being certainly convoluta. 

Pleurotoma attenuata Mont.—One specimen with 7. 


nebula from Crow Sound. 
J.C., v., April, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 65 


Pl. laevigata Phil—With //. nebula. One large specimen, 
which is certainly not the var. mana, being fully ‘5 
inch long. It is the typical form, which thus appears to 
have been found for the first time on British coasts. 
Jeffreys only giving (Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 387) Belgrave 
Bay, Guernsey, on the authority of M. Gallienne. 


Melampus myosotis var. ringens.—Found by Mr. H. K. 
Jordan living on the North Coast of Tresco under large 
stones. The shells are remarkably fine, being about -375 
inch long, with very strong teeth on the outer lip, the 
fluting of which is continued inside the whorl, and gives 
the shell when viewed from the outside a striped appear- 
ance. 

Galeomma turtoni.—A single valve in Menavawr dredged 
sand. 

NoTE.—Since the above was written the following have 
come to hand :— 

Akera bullata Miill.—Given by Jeffreys on authority of 
Lord Vernon; now confirmed by discovery of a small 
specimen in Menavawr dredged sand. 

Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeff—Given in the Abbey list ; now 
obtained in Menavawr dredged sand. 

C. barleei Jeff. single specimen, wanting the top whorls, 
but unmistakeable ; in Menavawr dredged sand. 


a 


Discovery of Helix cantiana in Nottinghamshire. 
—On June 3rd 1 found felzx cantiana—which has not pre- 
viously been recorded for the county—plentifully on herbage by 
the roadside at Staunton, South-East Notts., on Lias-clay soil. 
All the specimens were immature and mostly belonged to var. 
albida, but a few were rufous about the newly-made and thin 
part of shell—C. T. Musson, June 6th, 1886. 


66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON THE 
EROSION OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 
By GEO. W. SHRUBSOLE, M.C.S. 


[Read before the Conchological Society, June 3rd, 1886.] 


In October, 1884, I gathered from the Trent Canal at Stone, 
Staffordshire, twenty specimens of Planorbis corneus. They were 
all young, the larger ones hatched probably the previous year, and 
the smaller the preceding spring. My reason for selecting them 
from this locality was that, so far as I know, they do not occur 
in Cheshire, and this was the nearest habitat. My object was 
experimental—to watch their growth under certain conditions 
of food, etc. For this purpose I selected a glass jar capable of 
holding one gallon of water, and so placed as to be continually 
under my observation. Various water plants were added, to 
supply food and aérate the water. Either the altered conditions 
of their existence were unfavourable, or the food unsuited ; 
certain it is that they led a very inactive life at first. Winter 
was soon at hand, and they became more inactive than before. 
The introduction of water-cress as a food, coupled with the 
return of spring, brought new life and activity. From this 
period, the spring of last year, the supply of food in the shape 
of water-cress—and when that failed, lettuce—was very liberal, 
as may be inferred from the fact that during the months of June 
and July the amount of food consumed weekly was over four 
ounces in weight. A record was kept of the food supplied and 
the growth made during the time. After they had been under 
my observation three or four months, a result presented itself 
which I had not originally contemplated, and which I now wish 
to bring before the members of the Conchological Society. 

The shells of the Planorbes, when I gathered them, were 
intact and well developed. After some time I noticed that, 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


SHRUBSOLE : EROSION OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 67 


from some cause or other, they, without exception, developed 
on their outer surface a series of circular pits or holes, which 
continued to enlarge till several coalesced, usually along the 
lines of growth, and often extending across the shell, form- 
ing a deep groove, which penetrated to the lowest shell layer, 
and continued to widen and spread as time went on. 


I found further that the new shell growth, which was then 
in vigorous formation, might resist for two or three months, the 
erosive action, or whatever it was, but that after that time its 
powers of resistance gave way, and it was no longer safe from 
the influences at work. Still I found the action continued to 
spread, deepening, and widening the trenches, notwithstanding 
the obvious efforts of the animal to counteract the influence at 
work by sundry repairs, until in some cases the shell, I fear was 
pierced, causing the death of its inhabitant. Here was presented 
an unexpected problem. What was the cause of this erosion ? 
It certainly did not originate in any want of food necessary to 
promote shell growth, for apart from the quantity of food eaten, 
the condition of the new shell negatived any such view; besides 
it was the old growth of shell which was first attacked. In my 
perplexity I sought council of those versed in the life history of 
the mollusca, but with no definite result. ‘The phenomenon 
had often been observed, but no explanation was forthcoming. 
Jeffreys wrote: ‘ Various theories have been put forward to 
account for this erosion. In the case of freshwater shells many 
naturalists have supposed that it is caused by gaseous action 
(sulphuretted hydrogen) ; some have attributed it to the attacks 
of Myriapodous insects, others to other mollusca eating away 
the calcareous matter for the purpose of constructing their own 
shells.”* Altogether, Jeffreys had so little faith in these sugges- 
tious that he consulted Mr. Justice Grove on the subject, who 
wrote an elaborate letter} in reply, suggesting that ‘it might 
be owing to the want of homogeneity in the substance of the 


* ¢ British Conchology,’ vol. i. Introduction, p. li. 
+ See letter in extenso, ‘ British Conchology,’ vol, i. Intro., pp. lii, liii, liv. 


68 SHRUBSOLE: EROSION OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 


shell, and that the slightest, almost imperceptible, inequality in 
the surface would result in an electrolytic action of the water, 
which would gradually dissolve portions of the shells.” With 
all due respect to the physicist, we fail to see that he helps us 
in any way to solve the problem. The want of homogeneity in 
the shell will hardly apply, since no erosive action is set up 
until the shell is removed into the water from another river, . 
and then it will be seen that it is not every water that will pro- 
duce the erosion, but only waters from certain districts. 


From the ‘outset of my inquiry I was led to think that it 
might arise from some peculiarity in the water, for I found that 
the shells of other mollusks in company with the Planorbes 
were similarly acted upon. There was further the fact, that 
during the time the Planorbes were living in the Trent Canal 
the shell was entire, while three months’ existence in water taken 
from the River Dee produced the appearance I have described. 
In other words the mollusk could mature and maintain a shell 
in the Trent Canal, but not in the water from the Dee. This 
suggested that the presence or absence either in one or other 
of the waters, of some element might set up the action I 
have described. The solution of the question, it seemed 
to me, must be sought for in the water. Obviously the next 
point was to analyse the waters, and ascertain their leading 
constituents. A little reflection suggested that this inquiry 
might be narrowed down to one or two items usually present in 
water, viz., calcic carbonate and carbonic acid. |My reason for 
limiting it thus, was that as it is well known the shelly structure 
of the mollusca is mainly built up of calcic carbonate, a sub- 
stance which is largely soluble in water in which carbonic acid 
gas is dissolved. The latter as a matter of fact is largely 
present in all running streams, and is undoubtedly the active 
agent in dissolving out of various mineral substances in nature 
the calcic carbonate which is present, and forming with such 
a soluble compound. ‘This is so extensively done, that is, that 
water so charged with carbonic acid gas is constantly coming 


J.C., v., July, 1886, - 


SHRUBSOLE: EROSION OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 69 


into contact with lime salts, that there is scarcely a water that is 
wholly free from this soluble salt of lime. The amount present 
in water may vary from two to ten grains in the gallon, while a 
spring like that at Holywell contains 24 grains to the gallon. 
Moreover the quantity of lime present in water is in this way 
constantly increasing. A spring of water in a limestone country 
may at its source contain only two grains, and in its subsequent 
progress over limestone rocks may increase the amount to twenty 
grains in the gallon. The explanation is that in passing along 
it has dissolved out a portion of the limestone. The idea here 
present to my mind was that under certain circumstances (such 
as the presence of carbonic acid), water might in a similar way 
act upon the shelly matter of the mollusca, in the absence of 
other material, and so give rise to the erosion seen upon the 
shells. 

Before leaving this, the theoretical side of the question, I 
want it to be clearly understood that the substance of which 
shelly matter is composed is one that would be acted upon by 
all waters, since carbonic acid is invariably present. The next 
point is that the power of so acting upon the shell is in inverse 
ratio to the quantity of calcic carbonate already present in the 
water. Thus water containing only two grains of it in the 
gallon would have a more powerful action upon shelly matter 
than if it contained ten grains, and still greater action than if it 
held twenty grains in the same amount of water. There isa 
limit to the dissolving power of water, and in time a saturated 
point is reached, the water will take up no more, and all action 
upon the shell will cease. 


We now take our leave of theories and come to the facts 
brought out by the revelations of the several analyses. The 
first thing is the amount of the lime salt present in the water ; 
in this we see the work done by the carbonic acid in presenting 
the lime in a soluble form. In the Trent Canal there were 
present 8°33 grains of lime in solution, as against an average of 
3 grains only in the Dee water,—a marked difference. It would 


70 SHRUBSOLE: EROSION OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 


hence appear that the Dee water would possess a solvent power 
over shelly matter not possessed by the water from the Trent 
Canal. The erosive action, however, I before remarked was 
delayed for two or three months, whereas it might be expected 
that this chemical action would be set up at once. ‘The retard- 
ation is doubtless due to the epidermis doing its work, and it is 
not until the water has pierced this horny armour that it can 
pursue its work of erosion. 


This view of the case is somewhat strengthened by two 
other instances in which erosion is seen in shells from certain 
waters hereabouts. Near Wrexham there is a pool, in which 
Limnea stagnalis is similarly eroded. The amount of lime 
present varies somewhat with the supply of water—the average 
will not exceed four grains in the gallon. The other instance 
is that of Unio margaritifer from the upper waters of the Dee 
at Llanderfel, the umbonal regions of which when living are 
deeply corroded, while dead shells may be found in every stage 
of dissolution, eaten away by the solvent action of the water. 
The water, on examination, proved to contain only a trace of 
lime, a very unusual circumstance, but explained by the fact 
that the catchment basin of the river at this point is over 
volcanic rocks which contain no soluble salts of hme. Another 
tributary of the Dee, at a point lower down, contains ten or 
twelve grains of lime in the gallon, and it is the mingling of 
these two supplies that gives to our Chester supply an average 
of three grains in the quantity mentioned. 


The following is a summary of the facts so far as at present 


investigated :— 
Lime present per gall. Result. 
Water from R. Dee near Chester ... 3°00 grs. ... Acted strongly on shells. 
ne Wrexham Sob Bas PATOO Mss) PLE ditto. 
as R. Dee near Llanderfel 0°53 ,, ..- ditto. 
bi Trent Canal ... ..- 8°33 ,, --- No action on shells. 


In putting forward this theory as to the cause of the erosion 
seen in certain shells being due to the low per-centage of lime 
present in the water, and the water in consequence exerting a 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


SHRUBSOLE: EROSION OF CERTAIN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 71 


powerful action upon the substance of the shell after it has 
pierced the epidermis, I by no means wish to convey the impres- 
sion that I consider the case as a matter of cause and effect fully 
proved. I would venture to suggest the lines on which the 
correctness or otherwise of the theory may be tested. It is that 
when shells are found eroded, that the water from which they 
have been taken should be analysed as to the amount of lime 
present. A series of observations of this kind would furnish us 
with valuable data as to the per-centage of lime which is necessary 
for molluscan life, to successfully construct and maintain its 
habitation. 

I am also endeavouring to confirm the view I have 
advanced by placing a number of Planorbes from the same 
Canal in water which I know contains at least ten grains of lime 
to the gallon. In this case I do not expect to find the erosive 
action will occur. These experiments will extend over some 
months, and will form the subject of a future communication. 

It may be thought that if the theory now advanced be 
correct, the erosion seen in Unio margaritifer ought to be more 
general, instead of being confined to the umbonal region, and 
seeing that there is so little lime in the water, the erosion ought 
to be in excess of any of the other examples. The answer is to 
be found in the remarkable thickness of the epidermis, a seem- 
ingly needful protection for this species, living in water highly 
charged with carbonic acid. The epidermis may be best 
described as a thick horny coating which effectually excludes 
all outside chemical action. 

The Planorbes have now been eighteen months under my 
observation. Just lately I have observed an unusual modifica- 
tion of the shell mouth. The lip ordinarily in Planorbis corneus 
is reflected in the least degree only, but several of my specimens 
have the aperture widely trumpet-shaped. This modification, I 
conceive, has arisen on the part of the animal from a desire to 
cover over as much as possible of the ravages caused by 
erosion. In this instance we are able to asszgz the varietal 
character to a physical cause. 


72 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


SOME PRELIMINARY NOTES 
ON THE LAND -AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA 
ABOUL WARBE RA OCH SENN te 


BY GEOMAS SC OM MiGs: 
Corr. Member Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, and Glasgow Geol. Soc. 


[Read before the Conchological Society, June 3rd, 1886.] 


BEFORE proceeeding to give a list of species and varieties 
known to occur in this district, it may be as well to say a few 
words about the district itself, which will help to explain why 
some genera are either not at all or but poorly represented, 
while of others there are a fair number, both of species and 
varieties. 


The scenery about Tarbert presents, when seen for the 
first time, a very uninviting aspect. Grey, lichen-covered, 
weather-beaten rocks rise up everywhere—in some places sheer 
from the water’s edge—in rugged rounded masses, becoming 
more elevated as they recede inland, but never reaching a 
height that can be termed alpine. Approaching Tarbert from 
the south, the barren ruggedness of the hills, affording in many 
places, on their hoary sides and summits, scarcely a foothold 
for even that cosmopolite of the Highlands, the heather, gives 
one an idea of wild desolation, which those accustomed only to 
the rich pastoral scenery of England could scarcely realise, and 
tends to beget in the mind of the conchologist serious misgivings 
as to his being successful in getting many land or freshwater 
species in the locality. 

The fact, too, that the rocks of which these hills are com- 
posed are hard metamorphic rocks, rather increases than allays 
these misgivings: they belong to the ‘ Lower Quartzose and 
Quartz Rocks of the Highlands,’ and are probably of Lower 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


SCOTT : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF TARBERT. 73 


Silurian age; they are folded and twisted in every conceivable 
way, and present the geologist with questions of exceeding 
interest for solution. 


A considerable part of the village of East Tarbert stands 
on a comparatively level piece of ground at the south-west 
corner of East Loch Tarbert, but a great number of detached 
cottages are built along the greater part of the south and west 
sides of the loch, many of them occupying terraces on the 
irregularly-rising rocky ground, so that altogether the place has 
a rather picturesque appearance—the old castle ruins, which will 
be referred to again, occupying a commanding position, adds 
very much to the fine effect. Northward, up Loch Fyne side, 
and westward along both sides of West Loch Tarbert, the 
general prospect is better, for the rising ground along these 
shores is fairly well wooded, which modifies greatly the desolate 
aspect of the interior, where grey rocks and brown or purple 
heather form a chequered but barren-looking landscape. 


Owing to the physical condition of the country there are 
no rivers, no large burns (streams) even, for though one or two 
—such as Avenaghillen Burn,* down the north side of West 
Loch Tarbert—become during heavy rains roaring mountain 
torrents ; in dry weather they dwindle to little better than 
rivulets, and have to assume many a form ere they reach the 
sea; but rarely presenting anything like a habitat for the larger 
lamellibranchs, or, in fact, for any of the aquatic molluscs. Of 


* Avenaghillen burn (Gaelic—Abhuin-nan-ghillean, the youths’ river). 
The following legend is said to be the origin of the name :—‘‘ On a certain 
occasion five brothers were journeying on foot along the shore of the West 
Loch. On their way they were met by an old woman who was noted for 
the power of her evil wishes. Having probably displeased her in some way, 
she rather ungraciously informed them that they would never reach the end 
of their journey, and accordingly as they were crossing this stream” (which 
was very likely flooded by recent heavy rains) || ‘‘they one after another 
slipped from the stepping-stones and were drowned.” —TARBERT PAST AND 
PRESENT ; by Dugald Mitchell, M.B.C.M., p. 134. 


|| Without some such explanation as here given it is difficult to imagine how such a 
catastrophe could happen.—T.S. 


44 SCOTT: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF TARBERT. 


freshwater lochs, there are two within a reasonable distance of 
Tarbert, both are well up among the hills to the northward, the 
nearest—Loch-na-Kenna—it is a large pond rather than a 
loch—is the most promising of the two, being comparatively 
shallow, and nearly half of it overgrown during summer and 
autumn with yellow water lilies and other aquatic plants, but 
all the species of molluscs I have as yet noticed in it are one 
or perhaps two Pisidia and the same number of Limneza; 
the other loch I found to be even more unproductive. The 
many ditches and pools in the district appear also to contain 
but a very limited number of species, the most common and 
generally diffused being Pstdiwm pusillum, Limnea truncatula, 
and LZ. peregra, this last usually small in size ; but if the phy- 
sical conditions of the district appear to be against the aquatic 
species being largely represented, it 1s rather otherwise with the 
land molluscs, which, as the subjoined list shows, may compare 
favourably, as regards species and varieties, with other and more 
promising localities. Only a few species, however, seem to be 
generally distributed and equally common throughout the neigh- 
bourhood, three of these, viz.:—AHelix rotundata, Pupa um- 
bilicata, and Clausilia rugosa, may be got so near the sea as to 
be scarcely beyond high water mark, and where they must be 
drenched with spray during every storm, and are also found 
well inland ; one or two other species such as elzx aspersa, 
HT, nemoralis, and H. arbustorum, though frequent within a 
restricted area, appear to be otherwise scarce, while Puja 
ringens has only been noticed at one place as yet. 


The ruins of the ‘Old Castle’ of Tarbert stand on what 
is, by some, called ‘the Castle Rock,’ an outstanding rocky 
knoll, perhaps about one hundred feet in height, and near to 
the old quay. A good deal that is interesting might be said 
about the history and traditions of the olden times of which 
these ruins are now the only tangible tokens—when stalwart 
men and stately dames walked about these now solitary and 
crumbling walls, but this is not the place to do so ; but is the 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


SCOTT : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF TARBERT. 175 


irony of time not revealed in very bold characters indeed when 
it is considered that in the place where men once held high 
revelry, and from whence they, doubtless, often issued armed 
with sword and spear and buckler to do battle against their 
foes, the conchologist now peacefully hunts for snails ! 

About these ruins there are at least four varieties of Helix 
arbustorum: alight and a dark variety, both with band, and both 
about equally numerous ; a small form with band, and a form 
about the usual size, somewhat light in colour, without a band 
—these two arerare. ‘There are also two distinct forms of Z. 
aspersa of frequent occurrence ; 4. xemoralzs is also frequent, 
as well as the variety cornea (only) of A. sericea—these I find 
indifferently under stones, upon grass, nettles, cow-parsnips 
(Heracleum), and beaked parsley (Anthriscus). These Helices, 
though frequent here, I seldom meet with anywhere else in the 
locality ; a few other species are also found about the ruins. 

Of course, when the district becomes more thoroughly 
worked up, other localities will likely be found for the species 
mentioned in the list, and possibly other species will be added 
thereto. The time I have been able to give to this subject 
since I came to Tarbert last summer has been exceedingly 
limited, and therefore this paper cannot be considered as in any 
sense exhaustive ; as it is, it shows that even in this out-of-the- 
way place a few things may be met with which are, comparatively 
at least, not altogether without interest. 

Pisidium fontinale (Drap.). _Loch-na-Kenna. 

P. pusillum (Gmelin). Generally distributed. 

Limnea peregra (Miil.). Generally distributed. 

L. peregra var. Very scarce. 

L. truncatula (Mill). Generally distributed. 

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. Rivulet near head of West Loch 

Tarbert. 

Arion ater (L.). Common. 
Arion subfuscus Drap. var. rufo-fuscus. About the old 
castle, and one or two other places. 


76 SCOTT : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF TARBERT. 


Limax agrestis L. Common. 

L. laevis Mill. Frequent about the district. 

L. arborum B.-Ch. Old castle, under stones, and woods 
about West Loch Tarbert. 

Vitrina pellucida Mill. Frequent about the district. 

Zonites cellarius (Miill.). Generally distributed but not very 
common. 

Z. cellarius var. albinos. Near steamboat quay, West Loch 
Tarbert, and from other side of Loch Fyne, opposite 
Tarbert. 

Z. alliarius (Miller). Frequent. 

Z. nitidulus (Drap.). Moderately common. 

Z. purus (Alder). ‘White Shore,’ East Loch Tarbert, and 
one or two other places. 

Z. purus var. margaritacea Jeff. More common than the 
type. 

Z. radiatulus (Alder). Moderately common. 

Z. radiatulus var. viridescenti-alba Jeff. ‘ White Shore,’ 

East Loch Tarbert, scarce. 

. excavatus (Bean). ‘White Shore,’ rather scarce. 

. crystallinus (Mull). Common in damp places. 

. fulvus (Miill.). Generally distributed. 

. aspersa Mill. Plentiful about the old castle, scarce else- 


INNWN 


where. 


x 


aspersa var. depressa. Rare. Diam. 32 mill. alt. 26} 
mill. 

H. aspersa var. conoidea Mog. Plentiful about the old 
castle. Diam. 34 mill. alt. 37 mill. 


nemoralis L. Plentiful about the old castle, but seems 


= 


scarce elsewhere. 

H. nemoralis var. roseo-labiata Taylor. Old castle, East 
Loch Tarbert. The specimen in colouring and banding 
belongs to var. Zébellula 12345. 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


SCOTT ; LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF TARBERT. 177 


H. nemoralis var. libellula Risso. Old castle; oo000, 00300, 
003300, 12345, (12345). 

H. nemoralis var. carnea. Old castle; 12345. 

H. arbustorum L. Moderately common about. the old 
castle, West Loch Tarbert, north side, very scarce. 

H. arbustorum var. cincta Taylor. Moderately common 
about the old castle. 

H. arbustorum var. marmorata Roff. About the old 
castle, rare. 

H. arbustorum var. flavescens Moq. About the old 
castle, rare. 

H. arbustorum var. alpestris Ziegl. Scarce; near steam- 
boat quay, head of West Loch Tarbert. 

H. sericea Mill. Near the steam-boat quay, West Loch 
Tarbert, rare. 

H. sericea var. cornea Jeff. About the old castle, frequent. 

H. rotundata Mill. Generally distributed. 

H. rotundata var. alba Mog. Near the steamboat quay, 
West Loch Tarbert, rare. 

H. rotundata var. Turtoni Flem. Near steam-boat quay, 
West Loch Tarbert. 

Pupa ringens Jeff. ‘White Shore,’ East Loch Tarbert, 
rather scarce. 

P. ringens var. pallida Jeff. Along with type, and equally 
scarce. 

P. umbilicata Drap. Common from high water mark, East 
Loch Tarbert, to a considerable distance inland. 

Vertigo edentula (Drap.). About the old castle, very 
scarce. 

Balea perversa (L.). Near Avenaghillen, West Loch Tarbert, 
and Glen Rolloch. 

Clausilia rugosa (Drap.). Very common. 

C. rugosa var. tumidula Jeff. Near the steam-boat quay, 
West Loch Tarbert, rare. 


78 SCOTT : LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF TARBERT. 


Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Generally distributed. 

C. lubrica var. densata Baudon. ‘White Shore,’ East Loch 
Tarbert, rare. 

Carychium minimum Mill. Generally distributed. 


In concluding this paper, I wish to draw attention to a 
difference I have observed in the habits of Helix arbustorum 
and 4. aspersa and HZ. nemoralis. When hunting for snails, if 
the evening is mild and dry I am sure of getting . arbustorum 
in the localities where it occurs, marching about quite freely ; 
FT. aspersa will also be found fairly plentiful, but 7. zemoralis 
is rarely met with; but should there be a mild rain, however, 
then HA. nemoralis may be seen almost everywhere within the 
area where it is found, the same with . asfersa, but very few 
specimens of 4. arbustorum are to be seen. Within the limit 
of the castle ruins I get A. xemoralis of a uniform yellow 
colour, the shell rather thin; of a yellow colour with one dark 
band (the most common variety )— from that to specimens having 
five dark bands; and, lastly, specimens almost black and rather 
solid. Among the specimens of this species I have noticed, 
is one where the mollusc has evidently formed its shell of a 
uniform yellow colour till near maturity, when it seems to have 
acquired gradually the power of secreting pigment to form a 
dark band. About one-and-a-halfinches back from the lip 
where the band begins, there is the merest streak of colour, 
which progresses in an intermittent manner for some distance, 
when it gradually becomes more decided till where it term- 
inates near the lip the dark colour is of the usual breadth and 
density of the band seen in the one-banded variety—z.¢., 00300. 
The question, how does the mollusc acquire the power when 
near, or at maturity, of depositing a pigment of a different 
colour in its shell, may not be easily answered, but that power, 
though seldom exhibited as in the case described, is evidenced 
in unicoloured yellow or reddish shells having black lips. 


es ee 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 719 


NOTES ON SOME VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. 
By T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


Limax levis Miill.—A variety occurs on Barnes Common, 
Surrey, which is parallel to the var. sylvatica Mog. of 
L. agrestis. It differs from the typical form in being 
irregularly spotted with dark-brown. I would propose to 
call this form var. maculata, as no spotted variety of /evzs 
seems to be described, unless the Z. mentontcus Nevill 
(P.Z.S., 1880) belongs to this species. 


Helix nemoralis var. compressa Terver.—Spire depressed. 
Mr. J. H. James has sent me an example of this from 
Truro, Cornwall, measuring alt. 15 mill. max. diam. 224. 
He also sent an example of var. conzca Baudon from the 
same locality, with alt. 19 mill., and max. diam. 213. 

Helix arbustorum var. marmorata Taylor, 1882. Roffien 
‘described a var. marmorata in An. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1368, 
which, of course, has priority, but the two forms do not 
appear to differ from one another. 

Helix cantiana var. pyramidata Colb., 1868.—Smaller, 
spire more raised, pyramidal. Maidstone, one specimen 
(H. Lamb). 

Helix hortensis var. subalbida Locard.—Very pale, almost 
white. Truro (J. H. James) and other localities; not 
uncommon. 

Helix pisana var. albida Mog.—Entirely whitish, or very 
pale yellow. I have seen this from Tenby, South Wales. 

Clausilia rugosa var. parvula Turton.—Smaller and more 
slender, nearly smooth. Clonmel, South Tipperary (A. H. 
Delap). This variety bears a close resemblance to C. par- 
vida Stud., and Turton described it as C. parvula, under 
the impression that it was really C. pavvula Stud., it must 
therefore stand as parvu/a ‘Turt. (non Stud). 


80 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Cyclostoma elegans Miill—Mr. F. Harding has recently 
sent me the varieties pa//ida and fasciata from Willingdon. 
near Eastbourne. In the same box he sent also Hyalina 
excavata Bean, from Heathfield, Sussex. 


Limnzea peregra var. solemia (Zgl.) Moq.—More ventri- 
cose, whorls more convex. Near Clonmel, Ireland (A. H. 
Delap). 

Limnza auricularia (L.) Drap.—The varieties ventricosa 
Htm. and monnard: Atm., as well as LZ. stagnalis var. 
raphidia Bourg., are recorded for Middlesex by G. Nevill 
in Hand List of Moll. in Ind. Mus. Calcutta, part 1, p. 238. 


Limnzea palustris var. minor Taylor, 1883.—Var. minor 
Locard (An. Soc. D’Agricul. Hist. Nat. et Arts utiles de 
Lyon, 1879) has priority of publication. 

Sphzeerium corneum (L.).—J. E. Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat.) 
describes two British varieties of this which seem to have 
been overlooked—var. compressa, rather compresed, mar- 
gins meeting at an acute angle, and var. mznor, small and 
nearly globular. 

Pisidium amnicum Mill. — The varieties s¢vzolata and 
leviuscula of Moquin-Tandon, were originally described as 
British (though without names) by Jenyns in his mono- 
graph. ; 


0 


Paludina contecta in Nottinghamshire and York- 
shire.—During a conchological ramble with my friend, Mr. 
Musson, of Nottingham, this species was found in tolerable 
abundance in a dyke on the Nottingham side of the River Idle, 
near Bawtry. On the Yorkshire side we found several shells 
among the rejectamenta of a small stream. On a previous ex- 
cursion we collected a number of Lalea perversa beneath the 
loose bark of willow trees, growing near the junction, and within 
each, of the parishes of Darlton, East Markham, and East 
Drayton.—W. A. Gain, Tuxford, May 28th, 1886. 


J.C., v., July, 1886, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 81 


Helix lactea in Yorkshire.—At the beginning of August, 
1884, Mr. W. Storey, of Pateley Bridge, sent to Leeds a living 
specimen of this fine Mediterranean species. It was found in 
a field, near the railway at Pateley Bridge, by Mr. D. Kindon 
some time before, and most probably it had been conveyed with 
the shingle which is brought to Pateley from the coast.—JNo. 
W. TayiLor. 


RO ESSE 


Extension of the range of Pupa ringens Jeff.— 
Mr. C. T. Musson, whose energy and success in working up 
the mollusca of Notts. is so remarkable, has discovered this 
species at Kirkby-in-Ashfield. The specimens were all taken 
from twigs in a damp place in a wood about 450 feet above the 
sea, and situate on the magnesian limestone formation. He 
has also been fortunate in finding the same species at Whitney- 
on-the-Wye, Herefordshire, in a dingle cut through beds of red 
clay of varying hardness. ‘The shells were all found on loose 
wood and dead leaves in a damp place.—J. W. TayLor, 
June 11th, 1886. 


> 2 


Helix obvoluta in Surrey.—It may be interesting to 
many of your readers to learn that He/¢x obvoluta would appear 
to be extending its habitat from Ditcham Woods, Hampshire 
(the only place in England where it has hitherto been found), 
to the adjoining county of Surrey ; for, during the past two 
years and again in the month of May last, I have found some 
half-a-dozen of the shells in the woods of Norbury Park, Surrey. 
It is true that all of them were dead specimens lying on the 
surface of the leaves from beech trees which had fallen in the 
previous autumn, and although I searched diligently for living 
representatives I haye hitherto failed in finding any, still as 
those discovered were in different parts of the wood, I feel con- 
vinced the animal must have established itself in the neighbour- 
hood.—S. J. DaCosta, June 21st, 18386. 


82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS 
A List OF NORGE WiLtsS Hin Ey MOl mv S@Ar 


By T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


Tue recorders of the Conchological Society, in their annual 
report, observe that only one county in England, North Wilts., 
is without any records whatever. Having recently spent a few 
days at Swindon, I therefore endeavoured to collect as many 
species as possible, and am able to offer the following list as a 
nucleus to which we may hope, in the course of time, to add 
greatly, but which may serve as a first indication of the nature 
of the molluscan fauna. 


Spheerium corneum. 

S. lacustre. Type. 

S. lacustre var. ryckholtii. All these in the same pond, 
but the two species were in different parts of it. The type 
of .S. /acustre was very common at one place, but only one 
of var. xyckholti was found (measuring 6 x 6 mill.). 

Pisidium fontinale. Ina pond, with S. corneum. 

P. pusillum. In a small pond. 

Unio tumidus. A single valve in the canal at Swindon. 

Bythinia tentaculata. 

Planorbis fontanus (=«ztidus Jeff.). With 2B. tentaculata 
in a pond, and elsewhere ; apparently a common species 
in the district. 

P. albus var. major. One found in a pond: the variety is 
new to Britain. Locard, in 1879, gives the diameter -as 
4—6 mill., and Pascal, in 1883, gives the diameter as 
7 mill, alt. 14 mill. My specimen from Swindon has 
diam. 74 mill, alt. 2 mill. 

P. vortex. ; 

P. contortus. Living in a pond, with P. vortex. 


J.C., v., July, 1886, 


T. D. A. COCKERELL: NORTH WILTSHIRE MOLLUSCA. 83 


Planorbis spirorbis. In the canal, with the two following. 

P. umbilicatus (=complanatus Jeff.). 

P. carinatus. 

Limnegea peregra. In the canal and in a pond. 

L. auricularia. In the canal and elsewhere ; apparently as 
common as Z. geregra in the district. One specimen 
approached var. ampla. 

L. stagnalis. One in a pond, with Z. auricularia. 

L. palustris. Ina pond, with Z. peregra. 

Ancylus lacustris. Type; ina pond. 

A. lacustris var. moquiniana. In another pond. The 
measurements are: type, long. 5# mill., diam. 3 mill., alt. 
t4 mill. ; variety, long. 64 mill., diam. 24 mill, alt. 2 mill. 

Arion ater var. nigrescens. One under a stone. 

Limax agrestis. Type; common, but I did not see one of 
the mottled variety. 

Succinea pfeifferi. By the canal. 

Hyalina cellaria. One specimen. 

H. pura. Type; one on an old tree-stump. 

H. crystallina. Locally abundant. 

Conulus fulvus, One by a pond. 

Helix aspersa. Very abundant. ‘They are largely eaten 
by the people round Swindon, under the name of ‘ wall- 
snails.’ I was assured by one who had eaten them that 
they are very excellent.. 

H. hortensis. Common amongst nettles by the road-side; 
the varieties found were lutea 12345, arenicola 1(23)45, 
and the almost white bandless variety swbalizda Locard. I 
did not see any traces of 4. nemoralis. 
rufescens. Very common. 
rufescens var. rubens. One specimen. 


H. 
H. 
H. rufescens var. alba. One at Blunsdon, June 2oth. 
H. concinna., One at the base of an elm tree. 

Fils 


hispida. One by a pond, 


» 84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


H. virgata. One, immature, on a fence; it is pale yellowish, 
with indistinct bands. 

H. rotundata. Very common. 

H. pulchella var. costata. 

Balea perversa. One at the base of an elm tree, with 7 
pulchella vax costata. 

Clausilia rugosa. Very abundant. 

CG. rugosa var. tumidula. One specimen. 

Cochlicopa lubrica. Not very common. 

Carychium minimum. Very abundant amongst damp 
rushes. 


Note on Helix obvoluta.—Mr. Jeffery, of Ratham, 
having supplied me with two living  obvoluta last autumn, I 
have been much pleased by finding a host of young shells in 
‘my snailery’ this summer. They vary in size from a pin’s 
head to the size of a half-grown odvoluta, thus, I suppose, re- 
presenting two or three broods. Iam feeding the little fellows 
with dock leaves, plantain (P/antago major), dandelion (Leon- 
todon taraxacum), and cabbage leaves. The dock leaves 
present the appearance (after a day’s feeding) of perforated 
cardboard, so I conclude this is their favourite food. ‘They 
remain on the leaves on the surface of the earth and seem to 
hide from the light, never crawling to the muslin top as our 
ordinary A. aspersa, nemoralis, pomatia, &c., do. In respect 
to keeping below they resemble the Zonites.—Miss F. M. 
HELE. 


———__-e-¢—____ —- 


Succinea oblonga in North Somersetshire. — 
Amongst some drift collected from the banks of the River 
Brue, near Glastonbury, kindly sent me by Mr. O. Morland, 
I have been fortunate in finding a single specimen of this 
species in perfect condition. It is, I believe, new to Somerset- 
shire.—JNo. W. TayLor, June 5th, 1886. 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 85 


PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Meeting 
HELD APRIL IST, 1886. 

The President, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., in the 

Chair. The minutes of last meeting were confirmed. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following gentlemen were elected members of the 
society :—Rev. R. B. Watson, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, and 
Messrs. Fred. R. Coles, Wm. Duncan, Wm. Baillie, and James 
Steel. 

The under-named were nominated for membership :— Mr. 
Chas. L. Smout, Hastings; Mr. J. Bickerton Morgan, Welsh- 
pool; Mr. Alfred E. Craven, F.G.S., F.L.S.. F.Z.S., Warwick 
Square, London; Mr. B. Sturges Dodd, Nottingham ; Mr. Geo. 
T. Rope, Wickham Market, Suffolk; and Miss S. Hockin, 
Hayle. 

HONORARY MEMBER. 

Prof. E. von Martens, Berlin, was nominated as an honorary 
member. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations to the Society’s collection were 
announced :—Limnea stagnalis (var. elegantula) m. scalariforme 
from Chislehurst, Kent, collected and presented by Mr. D. B. 
Cockerell ; Cyclostoma elegans var. albescens Moq., Folkestone, 
collected by Mr. G. F. Payn; ydrobza corolla, found amongst 
frozen fish from New Zealand in New Bond Street, London ; 
Littorina obtusata var. ornata, near Weymouth, collected by 
Mr. L. M. Cockerell ; Scalaria communts, Columbella rustica, 
Conus mediterraneus, and Cochlicella acuta var. strigata from 
Gibraltar, collected by Rev. J. W. Horsley, presented by Mr. 
T. D. A. Cockerell. 

The thanks of the meeting was accorded to Messrs. D. B. 
and T. D. A. Cockerell for their valuable donations. 


86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. J. R. Redding, M.C.S., sent a collection of slugs from 
County Dublin, including very characteristic specimens of the 
variety bicolor of Arion ater, and numerous other species ; also 
a specimen of Helix aspersa showing a deformity in one tentacle. 

A collection from Mr. Thos. Scott, M.C.S., included 
examples of Zzmax /evis from Tarbert, Cantire; also Pupa 
ringens, Zonites radtatulus, Pistdium pusillum, Balea perversa, &c. 

Specimens of Spherium corneum and Physa fontinalis 
from Stafford were shown on behalf of Mr. L. E. Adams, B.A., 
MEG@ss: 


Meeting 
HELD MAY 6TH, 1886. 

The President, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., presiding. 

The minutes of the April meeting were confirmed. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following were duly elected members of the society :— 
Chas. L. Smout; J. Bickerton Morgan; Alfred E. Craven, 
F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. ; B. Sturges Dodd ; Miss S. Hockin; 
and Geo. Thos. Rope. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership : 
Wm. E. Hoyle, B.A.. F.R.S.E., Edinburgh; Thos. Wm. 
Pocock, J.P., Staines; John Ponsonby, Grosvenor Place, 
London. 

HONORARY MEMBERS. 

M. J. R. Bourguignat and Prof. E. von Martens were 

elected Honorary Members. 
DONATIONS. 

The following donations were announced :— 
“Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh,” 

by the Society. 

Testacella haliotidea from Whetstone, Middlesex (see ‘ Field,’ 
1885, p. 607); Zonites glaber var. bicolor—new variety (not yet 
described), from Bromley, West Kent; thorn from stomach of 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 


Parmacella, from Gibraltar ; Physa hypnorum monst. angulatum, 
Bickley, West Kent (see ‘Nat. World,’ 1885, p. 200); Physa 
hypnorum var. cuprella . H. Rowe, near Leominster, Sussex 
(See “Nat. World,’ 1385, and ‘Gamer’), from Mr. 1. DAC 
Cockerell. 


The thanks of the society was voted to the donors for their 
valuable contributions. 


It was also resolved to enter into an exchange of publica- 
tions with the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 


Mr. J, W. Taylor showed numerous specimens, including 
a collection sent by Mr. Wotton from Glamorganshire ; ex- 
amples of Helzx nemoralis from Truro, sent by Mr. J. H. James; 
a series of shells from Bedfordshire, which included a specimen 
of Clausilia rugosa with two distinct and separate apertures, 
sent by Mr. J. Saunders; an example of Unio tumidus from 
Worcestershire, on behalf of Miss Fairbrass ; examples of Helix 
virgata collected by Mr. Heathcote between Lytham and Fleet- 
wood ; and a specimen of TZestacella hatiotidea living, sent by 
M. Morelet from the Pyrenees. 

The president, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, exhibited examples 
of Limax cinereo-niger and other slugs from Powerscourt, Co. 
Wicklow, sent by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A.; 
also Amalia gagates, A. marginata, and other slugs, from 
Cushendun, Co. Antrim, sent by Rev. S. A. Brenan. 


Meeting 
HELD JUNE 3RD, 1886. 
The President, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., in the 
chair. The minutes of the May meeting were confirmed. 
Correspondence from the Royal Physical Society of Edin- 
burgh, M. Bourguignat, Prof. E. von. Martens, and Mr. C. L. 
Smout, was brought before the meeting. 


88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


NEW MEMBERS. 

Messrs. W. E. Hoyle, B.A., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh; T. W. 
Pocock, J.P., Staines ; and John Ponsonby, London, were duly 
elected members of the society. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership : 
—Messrs. A. J. R. Sclater, Teignmouth; J. T. Lightwood, 
Lytham ; and W. E. Collinge, Leeds. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations to the Society’s library and collec- 
tion were announced :— 

1. ‘Etude sur les Fossiles Tertiaires et quaternaire de la 

Vallee de la Cettina en Dalmatie.” 


2. ‘ Monographies des genres Pechaudia et Hagenmulleria.” 
3. ““eschiptiom «dey diverses’ especes de" ‘Czelestele Ser mde 
Paladilhia.” 


4. ‘Bythiospeum ou description d’un nouveau genre de 
Mollusques Aveugles.” 


5. ‘‘ Monographie d’un nouveau genre d’acephale du lac 
Tanganika.” 

6. ‘‘Paulia ou description d’un nouveau groupe génerique de 
Mollusques Habitant la nappe d’eau des puits de la 
ville d’Avignon.” 

“ Description du nouveau genre Gallandia.” 

8. ‘Hélixarionidées des regions orientales de L’ Afrique.” — 

Presented by M. J. R. Bourguignat. 

9. “Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society,” 

New South Wales, for January, February, and March, 
18536.—By the Society. 

Flelix rufescens var. rubens, H. aspersa var. semifusca, FZ. 
hortensis var. lutea 00045, Physa fontinalts var. albina, Limnea 
stagnalis var. expansa, Planorbis vortex var. ? Claustlia btplicata 
monst. ¢v7dentatum, Pistdium nitidum, Limnea palustris var. 


~ 


angulata, Felix hortensis var. lutea-minor, Limnea palustris 
monst. decollalum, L. stagnalis monst. decollatum, HH. hortensis 
var. crassa, FH. nemoralis var. libellula 00305, H. nemoralts var. 


J C., v., July, 1886. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 


albescens, Claustlia rugosa var. gracilior, Hf. hortensis monst., 
Flyalina alliaria var. viridula, Physa acuta, Cardium edule var. 
vustica.—Presented by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. 

The thanks of the Society was accorded the donors for 
their valuable donations. 

PAPERS READ. 
1. ‘Some Preliminary Notes on the Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca about Tarbert, Loch Fyne,” by Mr. Thomas 
Scott, M.C.S. 
2. “On the Erosion of certain Freshwater Shells,” by Mr G. 
W. Shrubsole, M.C.S. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

A number of shells were shown for Mr. Scott in illustration 
of his paper; and also on behalf of Mr. Shrubsole illustrating 
his remarks on the erosion of shells. 

Mr. C. L. Smout sent for exhibition fine specimens of 
Buccinum undatum monst. acuminatum and Lulimus fabio from 
Central Andes. 

Mr. Collinge showed Helix hortensis from Spurn. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor showed slugs from Chepstow, sent by 
Mr. E. J. Lowe; and a collection of shells from Cambridge, 
sent by Mr. Tomlin. 

The President exhibited fine examples of Avion ater var. 
alba, from Co. Down, sent by the Rev. S. A. Brenan; also on 
behalf of Mr. J. R. Redding, various slugs from Co. Dublin ; 
and on behalf of Mr. L. E. Adams, examples of ZLzmnaa 
peregra from the River Bann, Coleraine, and Limax maximus 
from Stafford. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor also showed on behalf of Mr. G. T. 
Rope, a small collection from Shere, Surrey ; and Blaxhall and 
Leiston, Suffolk. Among the Suffolk specimens is a remarkably 
diminutive specimen of Helzx nemoralis found on the banks of 
River Alde, near Blaxhall. — 


~ Oe 


go JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON THE 
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


By (Miss) BIRGITHE ESMARK. 


MALACOLOGICAL excursions may be made with the greatest ease 
in Norway, particularly in its southern or midland parts. You 
may proceed from Christiania in an easterly direction to the 
frontiers of Sweden, or in a northerly direction straight up to 
Throndhjem* ; all the way either by rail or by steamer along our 
coasts. In the latter case you may disembark and, if you 
choose, take the smaller steamers and go up whichever you 
please of our long and frequent fjords, and everywhere you will 
be sure to find forests and fields, rivers, creeks, and lakes. 
If you wish to proceed to the inland parts of the country 
you will often find the most excellent footpaths that in many 
instances will take you through lovely piaces with more or less 
grand scenery. ‘The south-western part of Norway round about 
‘ Jeedderen ’f has, on the contrary, quite a different appearance. 
It looks naked and uninteresting to the eye, but it is however 
not at all unlikely that you might there find a rich malacological 
fauna. We are led to think so from what has been found in 
these tracts by people who have made occasional visits there. 
All that is required is someone willing to sacrifice a few sum- 
mer months to explore these regions. 

If you go in a northerly direction you may, as stated above, 
proceed by rail, and you will find plenty of places very rich 
in malacological respects; for instance, ‘ Gisterdalen,’ through 
which the river Glommen winds. Three successive summers I 
have visited some small part of this valley, and though I have 
not been able to spend more than two or three weeks each 
summer, I have found no less than thirty-seven species, mostly 
freshwater mollusca. The part between Tonset { and Thrond- 
hjem is yet quite a ¢erra tncognita in malacological respects. 


* Throndhjem= Drontheim. 
+ The letter ‘‘ze” is pronounced like the English ‘‘a. ’ 
+ The ‘‘6” is pronounced like the diphthong ‘‘ce.” 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. gi 


From the little I have seen in ‘Gudbrandsdalen,’ (the valley 
that goes more north-westerly up to Romsdalen), I can safely 
say, that a careful explorer would be sure to find many interest- 
ing species ; whilst the valley of Valders is entirely unknown. 

If you desire to proceed higher up towards the North, to 
the arctic regions of our country, you will require both time 
and patience, for the distance is much greater, it is no 
longer a question of hours but of days, when you take any 
excursion. From Christiania to Throndhjem by rail the dis- 
tance is 560 kilometers (about 377 English miles). From the 
latter place you may proceed the whole way by steamer up to 
Vads6, 2,134 kil. (about 1,406 miles). When going up there 
in 1882 I did not go further than to the parish of Lebesby in 
‘ Laxefjord,’ which is situated 2,463 kil. (1,674 miles) from 
Christiania, and took eight days to get there, and that seems a 
long time to spend merely to get to the place of your destination. 
These regions are however extremely attractive, not only to the 
tourist, but to everyone who is able to sacrifice some part of 
his time to study nature in one direction or another. In 
the latter case a visitor has also the great advantage that he can 
enjoy the beautiful scenery and employ his time in studying. 
He may do one thing, and at the same time not neglect the 
other ; he is even in a better position than a tourist generally 
is, because he gets to places where tourists seldom go. 

The nature of the scenery here offered to the traveller is 
grand indeed, High mountains, in many places descending 
perpendicularly into the sea, often appearing as if they had 
been torn asunder. Sharp alpic peaks covered with snow, and 
the blue glaciers may be seen, but nowhere else illuminated 
by the midnight sun, which at the same time sends a play 
of colours on the sea and the fjords. The bottom of the valley 
is overgrown with trees and bushes that decrease in size the 
further you proceed towards the north. Our common lowland 
plants have frequently much greater_flowers and fresher colours 
than in the more southern regions, and our alpic flora is grow- 


92 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


ing quite down to the sea. All this must necessarily create the 
most vivid admiration and enthusiasm of every one who comes 
to see these tracts. 


When you are ashore anywhere you must, however, remem- 
ber that it is not an easy matter to go from one fjord to another. 
Even with a steamer it may take you from twelve to eighteen 
hours. And in places where you cannot take the steamer, but 
must havea boat, you will find it exceedingly wearisome in spite 
of the soft and pleasant couch of blankets and reindeer skins, 
that your boatmen have prepared for you, as the passage may last 
from sixteen to twenty, nay, even up to thirty hours. 


In the easterly parts of Finmarken—except in the South 
Varanger—you must necessarily limit your excursions to the 
sides of the valley, on the tops of the mountains you would 
find nothing but naked rocks. In other places where the moun- 
tains are more cut and less cohesive, you will find greater and 
lesser inlands, there you may ascend higher and find Piscdtum in 
the mountain lakes—in some places even Lzmuea. But you 
will certainly find the road up very difficult, for to tell the truth, 
there is no road at all; you must proceed over rocks, through 
swampy moors, wade through snow and rivers to reach the lakes. 


And then we must remember that the species found do not 
correspond with the exertions. They can, at any rate, not be 
compared with what we find in the more southern parts of 
Norway. Butonthe other hand, they are often of much greater 
interest, and sometimes you will feel rewarded for all your 
trouble in finding a great number of specimens. 


The districts that are more or less examined, are altogether 
very few and of very little extent. The valley of Christiania 
(Christianiadalen), that is to say, the town itself and the sur- 
rounding parishes, must be said to have been examined the 
best, and yet, even there, a great deal is left undone. Excur- 
sions have also been made towards Drammen, to Modum, 
Ringerige, and the east side of Tyrifjorden. The Skiensfjord, 


J.C., v., July, 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 93 


where the small places Langesund, Brevik, Statelle, Porsgrund, 
and Skien are situated, would certainly continue to reward a 
zealous investigator. The whole south-western country to 
Christiansand has only had a few day’s examination, which 
were of great interest. In Bergen and its neighbourhood, H. 
Friele has now and then found something, but I do not believe 
that these places have been more particularly examined. In the 
diocese of Throndhjem nothing has as yet been done; and 
what has hitherto been collected on the whole long coast line of 
Nordland and Finmarken, is so little, and in so few places, that 
we may safely say, as a whole, only a good beginning has been 
made. 


The peculiar form of Norway from 58° to 71° 25” north lat. 
gives a very long coast line, which besides in many places is cut 
through with a very great number of small and large fjords, in 
most cases excelling more through their length than breath, 
They are in many parts surrounded by high mountains, particu- 
larly in the dioceses of Bergen, Nordland, and Tromsdé Amt. 


It must consequently seem to be a matter of course, that 
the temperature must differ very much in Norway, and that the 
higher you go towards the north the colder the climate must be, 
as we thus more and more approach the coasts of the arctic 
seas, and even reach them. How is it then possible to fancy 
anything but ice and snow in these parts? It is, however, not 
at all the case. On the contrary, the temperature differs very 
much from this supposition. As it might therefore be of in- 
terest to many of the readers who have no opportunity to study 
the meteorological relations of our country through annals or 
experience, I have copied down a table from those edited by 
the Metereologiske Institut in Christiania. The places have 
been chosen (1) according to their different degrees of latitude, 
(2) as lying inland or more near the coast, (3) according to the 
altitude of the places. 


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‘SMISTHO LO SHHAOAC NI AVMUON JO SHOVId LNAYAAAIG 62 10 HUNLVAECWAL NVEW FH 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 95 


‘The coldest tracts of Norway, where the mean temperature 
of the year is below o° is found in the highest parts of the 
mountains and the interior of Finmarken. Close to the sea it 
is only in the Varangerfjord that the mean temperature of the 
year is below o°. ‘The outer coast-line from Lister to Sognefjord 
has the highest mean temperature of the year. ‘The inland 
part of the south of Norway and Finmarken has the longest 
winter and the lowest mean temperature of winter, as the cold- 
est day and night is below +10°. From the interior part of the 
country towards the coast it always becomes gradually milder 
in winter. From the Throndhjemsfjord there is a long strip of 
the coast going southwards towards Lister, where the mean 
temperature day and night is above o. 


Summer is warmest in the south-eastern parts and in the 
inner parts of Sognefjorden. It is colder on the coast and 
higher up in the heart of the country. It is coldest on the 
coast of Finmarken and on the mountain tops. ‘The inner part 
of Finmarken has a warmer summer than the whole above-stated 
strip of the coast north of Skudesnees. 

As inland there is a warm summer and cold winter, and 
on the coast a coldish summer and a mild winter, the greatest 
change of temperature in the course of the year is to be found 
in the interior of the country (above 30° in Karasjok and above 
25° in the south of Norway), whilst the least change is to be 
found on the coast of Romsdalen (only 11°). In Césterdalen 
and in the inner part of Finmarken the mercury freezes + 40° 
(in Karasjok +50°6). On the outer strip of the coast from 
Romsdalen to the island of Utsire the cold is never stronger 
than +9° to +11°. In the south-eastern parts of the country, 
in Sogndal and the interior of Finmarken there may be + 30°, 
but on the outermost islands of the western coasts never 
above 25°. 

Norway is chiefly a mountainous country, consisting of 
primitive rocks, slates and schists, eruptives, and the Silurian 
formation, ‘The Gneiss and hornblende-schist extend along the 


96 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


coast. Jeedderen is, however, covered with glacial gravel, to- 
gether with erratic blocks of all sizes, and is very infertile. 
Violent tempests from the sea rage there horribly in the 
winter time—it is also mostly snowless—and the coldish sum- 
mer makes it difficult for trees and bushes to grow. It is, there- 
fore, the more interesting to observe that mollusks can thrive 
there. 

Higher up than the lake Mjosen are great quantities of 
sparagmit, sandstone, mica-shist, and quartzite, forming Cister- 
dalen, Gudbrandsdalen, and Dovre; the eruptives in other 
places forms great masses of finest granite in the southern 
interior parts, and gabbro in the grand mountain district of 
great renown, called ‘Jotunheim.’ In the diocese of Thrond- 
hjem, we have ‘ Throndhjem-schists,’ that to a great extent con- 
sists of mica-schist, whilst also Silurian lmestone strata are 
found, but they have, however, no significance as a substratum 
for the mollusks living on them. 

In Nordland and Finmarken we have schists, sandstone, 
limestone, and quartzite of the primitive rocks ; the limestone, 
as well in greater quantities as in lesser strata intermixed in 
mica-shist, as in the islands of Grété and Gaaso in Nordland, 

The Silurian formation is chiefly to be found in the valley 
of Christiania and neighbouring parishes going towards Dram- 
men, particularly as limestone and argillaceous slates. It ex- 
tends to Modum and Ringerige, and along the eastern side of 
Tyrifjorden as upper silurian limestone. We have also upper 
silurian strata on the eastern side of Skiensfjorden. ‘The Lake 
Mjésen is also surrounded by silurian rocks. 

How far the substratum has any influence on the appear- 
ance of mollusks is yet impossible to state, as the investigations 
have been too few. It is, however, a fact that the greatest 
number of species are found and collected on silurian rocks (in 
the valley of Christiania, and Skiensfjord), but at the same time 
. it must be stated that most of the species also appear in places 
very poorly provided with limestone, and then even in great 


J.C., v., July, 1886, 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 97 


quantities, for instance, Zachea hortensis, Arionta arbustorum, 
Claustlia laminata, and C7. bidentata in the park of Jarlsberg, 
where it is porphyre, and where in the course of a few hours 
the Countess Wedel-Jarlsberg collected thousands, particularly 
on Angelica sylvatica and Stachys sylvestris. 

Not a few species have a different distribution from our 
neighbouring countries Sweden and Finland. With us they 
are found much higher towards the north, owing no doubt to 
the milder coast climate. 

Of naked snails we have Limax maximus up to 66° 49”, 
whilst in Sweden and in Finland it is not found higher than 
62° 6”. Ihave been informed that a great black snail appears 
on one of the islands of Lofoten 68° 6”, but whether it is this 
species or the next it is impossible as yet to decide, as my in- 
former is no zoologist, and, therefore, does not know the two 
different genera. Avion empiricorum var. ater is found together 
with the preceding at 66°49’. It is not found in Siberia. 
Lehmannia marginata Mill. has been found by my friend 
Student Hoyer, in Porsangerfjord, in Finmarken, in Sweden to 
62°—63°, but neither in Finland nor in Siberia. A. hortensis 
is not found in Finland, nor in Sweden up to about 63”, but will 
most likely be found further north, as it exists in Siberia, and in 
Norway to 69°, in Trondenzs on the Island of Hindé. <Arionta 
arbustorum, both in its chief form and as var. flavescens, is found 
up to 70° 25’. Galea perversain Sweden and in Finland ranges 
to 60°—61°, but with us to 67° 50” 

Freshwater mollusks also differ somewhat in distribution. 
Flanorbis glaber Jeff. seems to thrive excellently on the little 
island of Gaas6 in Vestfjorden (68°). Of the Pisidies we find 
Lisidium globulare, P. pulchellum, P. fossarinum, P. obtusale, 
LP. pallidum, P. nitidum, and P. Scholtzi¢ up to 69°—70°. With 
Spherium corneum, the inverted rule seems to exist, for in 
Sweden it is found to Lulea Lapmark (67°), but in Norway 
only in the southern parts. On the other hand Sph. mamillanum 
is much more common in Norway, and goes farther towards the 
north. 

G 


98 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


The most common of our new species is Pastdium lilljeborge. 
I found it first at Ténset, which seems to be its southern limit, 
towards the north it goes right up to the most northerly frontier 
of our country. 2es¢dium hoyeri is limited to Tromsd Amt. | 
Anodonta is as yet very little known. It is certainly not rarely 
found, but has hitherto been very little, investigated perhaps 
the least of all our mollusks. 

Margaritana margaritifera is common from Lindesnes to 
Nordkap. Dr. Erik Pontoppidan in his ‘ Det forste Forsdg paa 
Norges naturlige Historie,’ 1752, speaks of Marg. margaritifera 
because they were known and fished on account of the pearls 
containedinthem. As long as Norway wasunited with Denmark, 
the Queen had the exclusive privilege to fish and collect the 
pearls in many rivers in the diocese of Christiansand. Some 
of them must have been handsome, and a great number have 
also been collected, as in the possession of the Danish Royal 
family, are found ornaments exclusively set with Norwegian © 
pearls. From the year 1814 when Norway was separated from 
Denmark, this privilege also ceased, and the pearl fishing may 
now be carried on by anyone. ‘The right belongs, consequently, 
now solely to the proprietor of the ground where the pearl 
mussel is found. Very few, however, make use of this right, 
and still fewer understand the fishing or the value of the pearls ; 
which, besides, are not everywhere of the same beauty. ‘The 
pearls are now fished chiefly by gipsies and stragglers, who, 
however, proceed in such a way as completely to ruin the pearl- 
mussel. The colour of pearls in the diocese of Christiansand 
Thave not seen. In the county of Jarlsberg they are found in 
almost all the rivers; I have had occasion to see about three 
hundred and thirty pearls belonging to the Count Wedel- 
Jarlsberg. The colour and lustre are in most of them whitish 
or bluish white, some have a reddish lustre, others are dark 
olive-green, liver-coloured, and grayish-brown. Their forms 
are varying, most are spherical, but also oblong, and monstrosities. 
The greatest white pearl is oblong, the diam. is 8-6 mill. and 


J.C., v., Oct*, 1886. 


ESMARK ; MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 99 


8 mill. In Thelemarken the pearls have a beautiful reddish 
lustre. From Lofoten our museum has received mussels, but 
they contained only small monstrosities of pearls. 

As the investigations of our land and freshwater mollusks 
altogether are but very few, it is a matter of course that our 
literature contains but very little information as to them, even if 
we take into consideration all the books containing some informa- 
tion on the subject. 

Strom, Hans.—Det Throndhjemske Videnskabs - Selskabs 
Skrifter, 1765. ‘Only speaks of some few land snails’. 
—Physick og oeconomisk Beskrivelse over Fogderiet 
Soéndmore, 1762. 


Fabricius, J. Chr.—Reise nach Norwegen, 1779. ‘Speaks 
of afew naked snails.’ 


Friele, Joachim.—Norske Land og Ferskvands Mollusker 1 
Omegnen af Christiania og Bergen, 1853. 


Martens, E. von.—Ueber die Binnen-mollusken des mitt- 
leren und stidlichen Norwegens Malak. Blatter, 1857. 


—Gesellschaft naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1881. 


Jensen, Olaf.—Indberetning om en i Sommeren 1870 fore- 
tagen Reise i Christiania og Christiansand Stifter. 
Nyt Magazin f. Naturvidensk, 1872. 

Westerlund, Dr. C. A.—Fauna Sueciz, Novegiae et Danie, 
ike ey 
—Sveriges, Norges, Danmarks og Finlands Land och 
Sotvattens Mollusker Excursions fauna, 1884. 

Bougemont, M. de.—Bulletin d. 1. Société des Sciences nat. 
d. Neuchatel, xi. 1878. 

Esmark, Birgithe.—Bidrag til Kundskaben om Udbredelsen 
af Norges Land og Ferskvands Mollusker. Nyt Mag. 
f. Naturvidensk, xxv. vol., 1880. 
—Nyt Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Land og 
Ferskvands Mollusker. Nyt. Mag f. Naturvidensk 
xxvii. vol., 1882. 
—Die Pisidien des Siidlichens Norwegens. Malak. 
Blatt. N. F. v. vol. 
—Land and Freshwater Mollusks in the Arctic Regions 
of Norway. Tromsé Museums Aarshefte, 1883. 


imete) ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


Esmark, Birgithe, and Hoyer, F.A.—Land and Sisswasser 
Mollusken des Norwegens. Mal. Bl. N. F., 1886. 

As but few districts have yet been examined I have, on 
purpose to make it easier to see the different places where the 
mollusks have been found, thought I had better use the ecclesi- 
astical division in ‘Stifter’? (Dioceses) for the southern part, 
whilst the northern Troms6 Stift must be divided into several 
sub-divisions—the Amt of Nordland, the Amt of Tromsd, and 
the Amt of Finmarken. On the map you will find a reddish 
colour laid on the chief localities. 

It is a great pleasure for me to have the opportunity of 
giving my best and most hearty thanks to all who have assisted 
me in many ways, also in lending me both specimens and col- 
lections. Among these I shall mention the Professors Messrs. 
R. Collett, Lilljeborg, and G. Sars; J. S. Schneider, Manager 
of the Museum at Troms6 ; H. Friele, in Bergen ; and the late 
Dr. C. M. Poulsen, in Copenhagen. 


Crass MOLLUSCA GASTEROPODA. 
Ord. GASTEROPODA INOPERCULATA. 


I. GEOPHILA Fer. 


Family LIMACIDAi. 
Genus LIMAX L. 
Subgenus HEYNEMANNIA West. 


Limax maximus L. Rather rare. About Christiania; Lille- 
sand in Christiansand Stift ; and Bergen. 

L. maximus var. niger. Very common in Christiania, Chris- 
tiansand, and Hamar Stifts ; Aafjorden, Vigten, Lek, and 
Réd6é in Throndhjem Stift; and Grdénd in the Amt of 
Nordland. 

L. maximus var. albus. Bamble in Christiansand Stift. 

L. maximus var. fasciatus. Laurvik, Modum, Christiania ; 
and Skien in Christiansand Stift. 

L. maximus var. cinereo-nebulosus. Malmons, Laurvik, 
Skien. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886, 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. loi 


. maximus var. leucogaster. Laurvik, with more or less 


variety in colours; and from other places in Christiania 
Stift. 


. cinereus Lister. Rare in the beech wood by Laurvik ; 


the Island of Tromso, and Arendal in Christiansand Stift ; 
also at Bergen. 


. cinereus var. unicolor Heynem. 


1. The whole animal dark blackish-brown: Bergen 
and Arendal. 

2. Bluish-grey: Bergen. 

3. With small black and white spots. 


cinereus var. punctatus Mh. Zhe whole animal yellow- 
ish-whtte, with a broad black band on the neck, the middle 
part of the shield with small spots, the back not much but 

irregularly speckled. 
The animal was not quite full grown and a little con- 


tracted ; length 48 mill. Tromo by Arendal. 


Subgenus MALACOLIMAX Malm. 


Limax tenellus Nilss. Is probably not so uncommon as 


previously believed. In the park and oakwood at Jarls- 
berg, Christiania, Modum, by the lake ‘Spirilen,’ and 
other places in Christiania Stift. Some few localities in 
Christiansand Stift. 

Subgenus AGRIOLIMAX Morch. 


Limax agrestis L. Very common throughout the country 


le 


Ir 


to 70° N. latitude. Rend, Tromsden, and Trondenes, 
About Christiania I have found it in November, when there 
has been snow lying for several days, and the temperature 
was below 0° (Celsius). 


agrestis var. succineus Mull. Christiania. 


. agrestis var. norvegicus West. Ringerige and Eker 


in Christiania Stift. 


. agrestis var. albidus. Brevik. 
. agrestis var. varians. Brevik. 


102 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


Subgenus HYDROLIMAX Malm. 
Limax leevis Mill. Only in the southern part of Norway. 
Bygd6o, near Christiania, Laurvik; Brevik, Nees Jernveerk, 
Lillesand, and Christiansand in Christiansand Stift. 


Subgenus LEHIMANNIA Heynm. 


Lehmannia marginata Mill. Very common in Christiania 
Stift ; Lillesand, Christiansand, Bergen; 860 m. high up 
in Cisterdalen in Hamar Stift; and about Kistrand, and 
Porsangerfjord, in Finmarken. 

L. marginata var. obscurus Mh. The animal hard and 
solid, not transparent, the keel yellowish, the back dark 
yellowish-brown or greyish-brown, the lower parts of the stdes 


not so dark ; some specimens speckled with lighter colour ; 


the shield blackish-brown, often with a handsome yellow 
Margin. 


One animal from Dovre, in Hamar Stift has a light 
band on each side of the shield. Ringerige, Laurvik, 
Kragerd, and Lillesand in Christiansand Stift. 


Genus ARION Fétr. 
Subgenus LOCHEA. Mogq-Tand. 


Arion empiricorum Fé. var. ater. Very common in the 
Christiania and Christiansand Stifts; Bergen ; Throndhjem 
Stift ; and Grodno in the Amt of Nordland. 

A. empiricorum var. marginatus Mog. Bergen. 

A. empiricorum var. medius Jens. Bergen. 

A. empiricorum var. albus L. Not so common as var.: 
ater. Modum, Tonsberg, Laurvik, Asker, Skien, and Bergen. 

Subgenus PROLEPSIS Mogq-Tand. 

Arion subfuscus Drap. Generally dark-coloured ; common 

all over the country to 70° N. lat. 


A. subfuscus var. albus B. Esm. 


White, with a greyish 
tinge on the back. 


Tonset in Hamar Stift; Maalselven in the Amt of 


Tromsé6; Tromsden and Porsangerfjord in the Amt of 
Finmarken. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 103 


Arion hortensis Fér. Common in the Christiania, Chris- 
tiansand, and Hamar Stifts ; the most northern locality is 
Trondenzs on Hindé in the Amt of Tromsé6. 

A. citrinus West. Ringerige and Herfjeldet in Christiania 
Stift. 


Family HELICIDA. 
Subfamily VITRININ Ai. 
Genus VITRINA Drap. 

Subgenus PHENACOLIMAX Stabile. 


Vitrina pellucida Mull. Very common in the south; ex- 
tends to the north of Amt of Nordland. 


V. angelica Beck. From the north of Bergen Stift, and 
very common in Tromsé Amt; from Tromsden, Maal- 
selven, Rend, Karlsé ; and from Vardo, Porsangerfjord, 
Lebesby, and Varangerfjord in the Amt of Finmarken. 


Subfamily ZONITINA. 
Genus HYALINIA Agass. 
Subgenus HYALINIA Gray. 


Hyalinia cellaria Mill. Not very common. In the vicinity 
of Christiania, Skien, Porsgrund, Brevik, Arendal, and 
Lillesand in Christiansand Stift ; Manger in Bergen Stift. 

H. cellaria var. compacta Jeff. Modum. 

H. cellaria var. plana B. Esm. The shell on the upper side 
flat. Manger in Bergen Stift. 

H. alliaria Mill. Uncommon. Modum, Ringerige, Laurvik, 
Lillesand, Troms6, near Arendal; Bergen. 

lH. nitidula Drap. Christiania, Bygd6, Langesund, Bergen. 

H. pura Ald. Rare. Modum, Eker, and Langesund. 

H. pura var. viridula Menke. Modum, Langesund, Skien ; 
Manger in Bergen Stift ; and Romsdalen in Throndhjem 
Si 

H. hammonis Strém. Very common all over the country. 

H. hammonis var. virescens. Fagerheim near Tonsberg, 
Christiania Stift. ; 

H. petronella Charp. As common as A. hammonis, and 
very often in company with it. 


1o4 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


Subgenus VITREA Fitz. 

Hyalinia crystallina Mill. In the neighbourhood of 
Christiania, Modum in Christiania Stift; Romerige in 
Hamar Stift ; Vestfjorddalen in Telemarken, and Stordden 
in Bergen Stift. 

H. coniracta West. Rare. Forneboskoven, Bygdo, Ringerige, 
Modum, and Asker in Christiania Stift ; Brevik and 

_Lillesand, in Christiansand Stift. 
Subgenus CONULUS Fitz. 
Hyalinia fulva Mill. Very common everywhere to Nordcap. 
Subgenus ZONITOIDES Lehm. 

Hyalinia nitida Mull. Common in the southern parts. 

H. nitida var. albida. Ringerige. 

Hl. norvegica B. Esm. Very rare. Langesund in Chris- 
tiansand Stift. 

Subfamily HELICIDAE. 
Genus HELIX L. 
Subgenus PATULA Held. 

Patula pygmeea Drap. Probably very common, but researches 
are wanting. Christiania, Krddsherred, Drammen, 
Modum, Asker, Hvalderne, in Christiania Stift ; Toénset in 
Hamar Stift; Maalselven in the Amt of Tromso ; Por- 
sangerfjord, Vardo, and Varangerfjord in the Amt of Fin- 
marken. 

P. rotundata Mill. Not very common. In the neigh- 
bourhood of Christiania, Eker, Laurvik, Hof, in the county 
of Jarlsberg, Sandefjord, in Christiania Stift; Brevik, 
Langesund, Skien, ‘‘ Gaustafjeld” (about 2460 metres high) 
in Telemarken, Arendal, Lillesand, Bergen. 

P. rotundata var. albina. Malméen, near Christiania. 

P. ruderata Stud. One of our most common species ; 
goes as well to the far north as on our highest mountains, 
wherever it.is possible for any mollusks to live. 

P, ruderata var. albina. Tin in Telemarken, Roevenes in 
Porsangerfjord, and Elvenzes in South-Varanger. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. TO5 


Subgenus ACANTHINULA Beck. 

Acanthinula aculeata var. subleevis West. Brevik in 
Christiansand Stift. 

A. harpa Say. ‘This species is widely distributed, but in 
most localities few specimens are found. Asker and 
Eker in Christiania Stift; Ténset and Valders in Hamar 
Stift ; South-Varanger and several places in Porsangerfjord 
in the Amt of Finmarken. 

Subgenus VALLONIA Risso. 

Vallonia costata Miill.—Common in the southern parts. In 

_ the vicinity of Christiania, Jarlsberg, Drammen, Sande- 
fjord, Telemarken, Brevik, Skien; Gudbransdalen in 
Hamar Stift ; Trondenzs and Tromso on Tromséen in the 
Amt of Tromsé. 

V. pulchella Mill. Not so common as V/. costata, but always 
found together withit. Christiania, Ramnees in the county 
of Jarlsberg, Hvalderne, Skien, Lillesand, Tromséden in the 
Amt of Tromso. 

Subgenus TRICHIA Hartm. 

Trichia hispida L. Very common in some places in Chris- 
tiania, Christiansand, and Bergen Stifts ; in Hamar Stift it 
is rather rare ; I have not found it in Cisterdalen ; and as 
it neither in Sweden nor in Finland goes higher than 61°, 
I doubt whether it is circumpolar as Clessin says in his 
‘Excursions Fauna.’ 

T. hispida var. depilata Pfr. In the vicinity of Christiania 
and Sandefjord, Brevik and Skien. 

T. hispida var. conica Jeff. Bygd6é near Christiania, Eker, 
Sandefjord ; Manger in Bergen Stift. 

T. hispida var. septentrionalis Cles. Eker in Christiania 
Stift ; Langesund. 

T. hispida var. concinna Jeff. Bygdé and several other 
localities round Christiania ; Skien. 

T. hispida var. nana Jeff. Langé, near Christiania, Ram- 
nes in the county of Jarlsberg. 


106 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


T. hispida var. albina. Krokkleven in Ringerige. 
Subgenus XEROPHILA Held. 

Xerophila candicans Ziegl. A few specimens found near 
Fredriksveern, Christiania Stift, 1871, by the late Dr. 
Poulsen, Copenhagen. 

X. ericetorum Mill. In the Zoological Museum there is a 
specimen of this species without bands, found many years 
ago at Bygdd, near Christiania. It has, since then, never 
been found, although the locality has often been searched. 
On that account it seems very difficult to explain the 
presence of one shell. Perhaps it might have been 
among sand brought with vessels from England or France. 
I think this the most probable explanation, as, a few years 
ago, I found a well conserved shell of Me/ix aspersa in 
some imported sand near Langesund. 

Subgenus‘: EULOTA Hartm. 

Eulota strigella Drap. In the neighbourhood of Christiania, 
Lier, Modum, and Ringerige in Christiania Stift ; Lange- 
sund, Brevik, Skien, Vestfjorddalen, in Telemarken ; also 
in Christiansand Stift. 

E. strigella var. subglobosa West. Rare; (Westerlund.) 

E. fruticum Mill. Not very common, but plentiful where 
it occurs. Bygdd, Ringerige, Jarlsberg Park, and Lier, 
in Christiania Stift. 

E. fruticum 1. rufa (a) unicolor. Lofoten, in the Amt 

of Nordland. 
(2) unifasciata. Christiania, Lier, 
Ringerige. 
2. pallida-cornea (az) unicolor. Langesund. 
(4) unifasciata. Lillesand. 
3. alba (a) unicolor. Jarlsberg, Lier, Laurvik, 
Skien. 
(2) unifasciata. Christiania, Jarlsberg, 
Lillesand. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 107 


Subgenus CHILOTREMA Leach. 


Chilotrema lapicida L. Probably very common both in 
Christiania and Christiansand Stifts, but nowhere abundant. 
In the vicinity of Christiania, Asker, Lier, Modum, Ringe- 
rige, and Sandefjord in Christiania Stift; Langesund, 
Skien, Telemarken, and Lillesand in Christiansand Stift ; 
Sognefjorden in Bergen Stift. 


C. lapicida var. minor. Bamble near Langesund, diam. 
13°5 mill., alt. 6 mill. Asker near Christiania, diam. 
13°5 mill., alt. 4°5 mill. 


Subgenus ARIONTA Leach. 


Arionta arbustorum L. Very common; is found in all 
parts of the country, as well on the highest mountains as 
up in the far north. The shells are very thin everywhere 
in the north, as also in the south, where the soil is very 
poor in lime; in the park at Jarlsberg, where they live in 
great quantities, they are very thin and mostly semi-trans- 
parent. Groto in the Amt of Nordland; Maalselven, 
Tromséen, Rend, and Fugled in the Amt of Tromsé ; 
Porsangerfjord in the Amt of Finmarken. 


A. arbustorum var. rudis Miuhlf. Found at Fredriksveern 
and Dovre (1000 metres). Clessin, in a letter to me, said 
that he very much doubted that this variety was to be 
found here, as it has previously only been found in the 
south of Tyrol. Dr. Poulsen, of Copenhagen, was kind 
enough to lend me the two specimens he found at Fred- 
riksveern, and they are quite identical with some examples 
I have from Prof. E. von Martens, at Berlin, which he 
found in Tyrol. ‘Therefore there can be no doubt that 
the specimens found at Dovre are the var. ras. 


A. arbustorum var. alpestris. With both high spire and 
depressed. ‘Skeikampen’ in Gansdal, Gudbransdalen, 
and Lofoten in the Amt of Nordland. 


108 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


A. arbustorum var. flavescens Cles. Ringebu, Gud- 
bransdalen, in Hamar Stift; the vicinity of Christiania, 
Jarlsberg, and Lier, in Christiania Stift; Gaasd, Grotd, Trand, 
in the Amt of Nordland; Fugleo in the Amt of Tromsé. 

A. arbustorum var. trochoidalis Rof. Grdtd, in the Amt 
of Nordland. 

A. arbustorum var. picea Ziegl. Christiania. 

A. arbustorum var. septentrionalis, Skien. 

Subgenus TACHEA Leach. 

Tachea nemoralis Mull. Only found on the west coast ; at 
Sandvigen, and in the cemetery of the cathedral at Bergen, 
Ullensvang in Hardangerfjorden, Bergen Stift ; Stavanger, 
Christianiasand Stift. 

T. nemoralis var. lutea. 12345, (12)345, (123)45, (123)(45), 
00345, 00300, 00000. Bergen. 

T. nemoralis var. carnea. 00345, 003(45), 00(345), 00300. 
Bergen, and Stavanger. 

T. hortensis Miill. Widely distributed in Christiania Stift, 
but not often numerous. The only locality where it is 
found in great quantities, is in the garden and park at 
Jarlsberg. The Countess of Wedel-Jarlsberg has collected 
many thousands for me. They live on the fruit trees, the 
stems of oak, beech, asp, on Stachys sylvatica and Angelica 
sylvestris. The shells are thin and small, and never reach 
the size gained in other countries. 

1. lutea. 12345. Christiania, Lier, Modum, Fred- 
rikshald, Jarlsberg, Christiania Stift; Lillesand, Bergen, 
Throndhjem ; (12)345, Christiania, Jarlsberg, Langesund ; 
(123)45, Christiania, Roken, Jarlsberg ; 123(45), Jarlsberg ; 
(123)45, Christiania, Jarlsberg, Laurvik; 1(234)5, Jarls- 
berg ; (12345), Jarlsberg; (12)3(45) Jarlsberg, Arendal ; 
(12)(345), Jarlsberg; 10345, Jarlsberg, Langesund, Ber- 
gen; 12045, Jarlsberg ; 10305, Bergen ; 00000, Jarlsberg, 
Christiania, Modum, Lillesand, Arendal, Jzedderen. 

2. lutea (semi-transparent). Jarlsberg, Lillesand. 


J C., v., Oct., 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 10g 


3. grisea. 12345. Jarlsberg. 

4. grisea-brunnea. ooooo. Jarlsberg, Christiania, 
Fredriksvzern. 

grisea-brunnea (semi-transparent). Laurvik. 

5. hepatica. 12345, Lillesand, Hof in the county 
of Jarlsberg; (12)345, Jarlsberg ; 12045, Jarlsberg ; 00000, 
Lysaker, near Christiania. 

6. rosea-hepatica. ooooo. Jarlsberg. 

7. isabellina. ooooo. Jarlsberg. 

8. pallida-castanea. ooooo. Christiania. 

g. lilacina. ooooce. Christiania, Jarlsberg. 

to. albida (transparent-fascie). 12345. Christiania, 
Ringerige, Jarlsberg, Laurvik, Brevik, Lillesand ; (12)345, 
Christiania; (123)45, Hof in the county of Jarlsberg ; 
00345, Laurvik ; 00000, Christiania, Ringerige, Jarlsberg ; 
with drown bands, 12345, Jarlsberg. f 
T. hortensis var. hybrida Poir. 
(2.) rosea-labiata. 

I. Carnea. ooocoo, Jarlsberg; on the apple trees. 

2. pallida-castanea. 12345, Jarlsberg, Langesund. 

3. hepatica. oooco, Jarlsberg. 

pallida-hepatica. (12)345, Jarlsberg, Langesund; 
123(45), (12)3(45), (123)45, and 12045, Jarlsberg 

4. lutea. 12345 and cocoo, Jarlsberg. 

5. grisea-lutea. 12345, Jarlsberg. 

6. grisea-brunnea. 12345, Jarlsberg, Langesund. 

7. rosea-hepatica. 00000, Jarlsberg. 

(6.) fusco-labiata. 

1. hepatica. 12345, 12(345), (12)345, (12)3(45), 
and (123)45, Lillesand ; (12345), Bergen ; co000, Frediks- 
veern. 

T. hortensis var. minor Jeff. 
1. lutea. 12345 and 00000, Jarlsberg. 
2. hepatica. 12345, Lillesand. 


IIo ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


Subgenus HELICOGENA Risso. 

Helicogena pomatia L. This species must be excluded 
from the list of our mollusca. Mr. J. Friele has named 
the botanic garden in Christiania as its locality. I have 
spoken to the head-gardener, who has been there for thirty 
years or more, but he assured me that he has never seen 
anything like this shell in the garden. ‘About twelve years 
ago, Prof. R. Collett brought some from Denmark, but 
they have all vanished, so also some I took with me from 
Sweden ; they have probably been eaten by foxes or 
Erinaceus, which live everywhere in the neighbourhood of 
Christiania. Last year I again got some from Sweden, and 
had them put in the park at Jarlsberg. But I cannot at all 
consider it to belong to our fauna. 


Subfamily PUPIN AL. 
Genus BULIMINUS Ehrenb. 
Subgenus NAPAZUS Alb. 


Napzeus obscurus Drap. Rare. Asker near Christiania, 

Modum, Langesund, and Brevik. 
Genus COCHLICOPA Risso. 

Gochlicopa lubrica Mill. Very common all over the 
country. 

C. lubrica var. minima Siem. Not very common. 
Christiania, Modum, Jarlsberg, Brevik, Porsgrund, Gréto. 

C. lubrica var. albina B. E. Milk-white, glossy. Ringerige. 


Genus PUPA Drap. 
Subgenus CHARADROBIA Alb. 


Charadrobia cy!indracea Da Costa. Rare. On the walls 

of ‘Sverreborg’ at Bergen and Lillesand. 
Subgenus PUPILLA Leach. 

Pupilla muscorum L. Common everywhere ; in the southern 
parts both with tooth and without it; in the north, wmz- 
dentata is rare inland. 

P. muscorum var. elongata Cles. Trondenzs on Hindd, 
in the Amt of Tromsé. 

P. muscorum var. minor. Christiania. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886, 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. IIl 


P. muscorum var. lundstromi West. Lofoten. 
Subgenus ISTHMIA Gray. 

Isthmia minutissima Hartm. Christiania, Malmden near 
Christiania. 

I. minutissima var. odontostoma West. Akershus, 
Feestning, and Christiania. 

Subgenus COLUMELLA West. 

Columella edentula Drap. Eker in Christiania Stift, and 
Bergen. 

C. edentula var. Gredleri Cles. Ténset in Hamar Stift ; 
Tromséen, Vard6, Porsangerfjord, and South Varanger. 

Subgenus VERTIGO Mill. 

Vertigo gravida West. Borsesé near Skien. 

V. pygmezea Drap. Not very common. In the vicinity of 
Christiania, Hof in Jarlsberg, Eker, Modum, and Ringerige; 
Bergen. 

V. substriata Jeffr. Eker, Langesund, Brevik; Molde in 
Throndhjem Stift. 

V. antivertigo Drap. Not common. Christiania, Hvalderne, 
and Skien. 

V. lilljeborgi West. Rare. Skien. 

V. alpestris Ald. Common. Round Christiania, Modum, 
Ringerige, Jarlsberg, and Hvalderne in Christiania Stift ; 
Tonset, Lilleelvedalen, in Hamar Stift; Porsangerfjord 
in the Amt of Finmarken. 

V. arctica Wallenb. (P. Hoppei). ‘Gaustafjeld’ in Tele- 
marken; Vardd, The Nordkap, Porsangerfjord; several 
localities in South Varanger ; 660 m. high on Svendborg- 
tind in Maalselvedalen. 

V. pusilla Mill. More common than any of the preceding 
species. In the neighbourhood of Christiania, Eker, 
Modum, Ringerige, and Vestfjorddalen in Telemarken. 

V. angustior Jeffr. Lindéden, Malmden, and Asker in 
Christiania Stift. 


I1i2 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


Genus BALEA Prid. 

Balea perversa L. Not very common. Christiania, Skien, 
Langesund, Brevik, Lillesand, Bergen, Dovre 600 m. high, 
Throndhjem, Trand, and Groté in the Amt of Nordland. 

B. perversa var. lucifuga Leach. Fredriseshald in Christiania 


Stift. 


Genus CLAUSILIA Drap. 
Subgenus CLAUSILIASTRA Moll. 


Clausilia laminata Mont. Very common in Christiania and 
Christiansand Stifts. 

C. laminata var. virescens Ad. Schm. Jarlsberg. 

C. laminata var. nana. Laurvik and Christiania. 

Subgenus ALINDA Bottg. 

C. biplicata Mtg. Manger, near Bergen. 

Subgenus PYROSTOMA Vest. 

C. ventricosa Drap. Very rare. Brevik. 

GC. rolohi Leach. Very rare. Christiania and Asker. 

G. plicatula Drap. Common round Christiania, Modum, 
Jarlsberg, Langesund, and Skien. 

CG. plicatula var. leucostoma West. Modum and Drammen. 

G. plicatula var. curta Ad. Schm. Asker near Christiania. 

Subgenus IPHIGENIA Gray. 

C. sejuncta West. Rare. Ekeberg near Christiania, and 
Langesund. 

C. dubia Drap. var. obsoleta A. Schm. Rare. Asker, 
Bergen, and between Skien and Porsgrund. 

C. cruciata Stud. Gausdal in Hamar Stift. 

C. bidentata Strém. The most common of all our Clausiliz. 
Found everywhere in the southern parts; much less 
frequent in the north, where it is found as high as Reno in 
the Amt of Tromsé. It has seldom folds on the inter- 
lamellare. 

C. bidentata var. septentrionalis A. Schm. Often with 
the type. 

C. bidentata var. exigua West. Modum. 

C. bidentata var. erronea West. Brevik. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886, 


ESMARK: MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 113 


C. bidentata var. subrugosa West. Modum. 

C. bidentata var. minor. Alt. 7°5—8 mill. Christiania 
and Fredikshald. 

C. bidentata var. elongata Cles. Brevik and Modum. 


Family SUCCINID. 
Genus SUCCINEA Drap. 
Subgenus NERITOSTOMA Klein. 


Succinea putris L. Very common in Christiania and 
Christiansand Stifts, Bergen (H. Friele) ; but it is not yet 
found higher up than 61°. Slender forms are most com- 
mon, measuring alt. 20 mill., diam. 11°5 mill., mouth alt. 
14°5 mill., diam. 7°7 mill. The colour is variable—grey 
and greyish-yellow at Christiania, smoke-colour at Modum 
and Fredrikshald, yellow to brown from Jarlsberg, whitish- 
yellow to reddish-brown from Eker. 

S. putris var. olivula Baudon. Jarlsberg, Hole, and Mjén- 
dalen in Christiania Stift. 

S. putris var. trianfacta Da Costa. Laurvik and Skien. 

S. putris var. limnoidea Pic. Fragnerdammen near Chris- 
tiania ; one shell collected 1834. 

Subgenus AMPHIBINA Mérch. 

S. stagnalis Gassies. Colour: greyish-yellow. Some speci- 
mens found in 1870, near Arendal, by O. Jensen. 

S. pfeifferi Rossm. Much more common than S. pufris. 
In the vicinity of Christiania, Skiensfjord, Lillesand, 
Arendal, Bergen, Nordland, Tromsden, Maalselven, in 
the Amt of Troms6; Alten, Pasvikelven, in South-Varanger. 
The colour is in the south pale greyish-yellow or smoke- 
coloured, but in the north amber-coloured. 

S. pfeifferi var. contorta West. Tromsden. 

S. pfeifferi var. propinqua Baudon. Arendal. From Toénset 
I have one shell which very much resembles this variety ; 
it is smaller, very glossy, brownish-smoke colour, with red 
spire. 

S. pfeifferi var. ventricosa Pic. Gaasd, in the Amt of 


Nordland. 
H 


IIi4 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


S. pfeifferi var. contortula Baudon. René, in the Amt of 

Tromso. 
Subgenus LUCENA Aken. 

Succinea oblonga Drap. Malméden, Lindéen, and Brand- 


skjeer, near Christiania, Krokkleven at Ringerige. 


S. oblonga var. agonostoma Kustr. Sundvolden at Ringe- 
rige, Malmoen. 


S. oblonga var. arenaria Bouch. Langesund. 


Il. HYDROPHILA Feér. 
Family AURICULID. 
Genus CARYCHIUM Miill. 


Carychium minimum Mill. Common in Christiania and 
- Christiansand Stifts, 
Family LIMNAXID A. 
Subfamily LIMN/ASINA. 
Genus LIMNAZA L. 
Subgenus LYMNUS Mont. 


Limnzea stagnalis L. Is not very common. It is very 
variable, not only from different localities but also from the 
same lake. The head-type as in Rossmassler’s Iconographie, 
vol. v., pl. 128, fig. 1230, is rare ; much more frequently 
we meet with slender forms, more or less resembling vulgaris 
and appressa Say. Lakes by Christiania; Formo in 
Gudbransdalen, with the columella bent very much back- 
wards ; the Pasvikelv in South Varanger ; and Henneessjéen 
in the Amt of Nordland. ‘The largest specimen belongs to 
Prof. Sars, it is from Cistensd, near Christiania, alt. 55°5 
mill., diam. 27 mill., mouth alt. 29 mill., diam. 16 mill. 


L. stagnalis var. vulgaris Leach. Not uncommon; colour 
brown to greyish-brown, and very variable. Specimens from 
Padderudvand in Asker were of the following dimensions :— 


alt. 38 mill., diam. 18°5 mill., mouth alt. 20°5 mill., diam. 13 mill. 


39 36 2) 9) 15 99 29 17 39 9) 9°5 29 
From Lévtjern at Eker :— 


J C., v., Oct., 1886, 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. TI5 


alt. 37°5 mill., diam. 16 mill., mouth alt. 20 mill., diam. 10°5 mill. 


» 375» » 15 9 ” 175 » » 75 9» 
» 32 ” 97 25 3 ” 17°3 »» re Oe tet sy 
»» 32 ” » 13 » ” HOME » 9 ” 
» 39°5 4 » 12°55, ” 15°3 »» » 9 ” 


The two last have very slender spires, and the outer- 
lip of the mouth reflected ; the whorls are convex, except 
one shell, which is a little concave, as Clessin mentions in 
his ‘Excursions Fauna’ for var. subulata West. In 
‘ Aborretjern’ in Gudbransdalen, a great quantity of them 
are living. The lake is very small, and they seem to live 
under very homogenous conditions, but in spite of this they 
are developed into more than ten different forms, from one 
very near var. co/podia, but with slender spire, and other 
shells gradually more slender, some with very long and 
slender spires, the last whorl more convex, and the outer-lip 
of the mouth reflected ; they remind me of var. ampliata 
and No. 1234 in Rossmassler’s Iconographie, which Kobelt 
considers to be the real var. fragzlzs ; some have the last 
whorl less convex and somewhat angled at the upper part. 
Var. ménor, with narrow whorls, is also represented. ‘The 
dimensions are given for the greatest and smallest shell. 


alt. 46 mill., diam. 21 mill., mouth alt. 25 mill., diam. 14°5 mill. 


2? 34 op) 2) 145 29 9? 75 2) 2? 95 ” 


2) 31 99 2) 135 9) 39 16 2) >) ) 8°5 bP) 
From Norderhoug, in the Ringerige I have some 


handsome and very slender shells, alt. 37°3 mill.,.diam. 14°5 
mill., mouth alt. 17°5 mill., diam. 8.5 mill. 
L. stagnalis var. turgida Menke. Tonset in Hamar Stift. 
L. stagnalis var. minor» Kob. ‘onset, Abborretjern, 
Gudbransdalen. 
Subgenus GULNARIA Leach. 
_Gulnaria auricularia L. Rare. Tyrifjorden and Asker in 
GEstensé near Christiania. Prof. Sars found them in great 
quantities ; lately they have quite disappeared. Lier, Skien. 


116 ESMARK ; MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


G. lagotis Schr. More common than the preceding species. 
Asker, with the whorls very convex, and open wmbilicus ; 
Ringerige, Skien, Christiania, Dovre (1000 m. high) ; 
Fiskumvand at Eker; Lillehammer, very thin and brittle ; 
Manger, near Bergen ; and Tonset. 

G. lagotis var. baltica Nilss. Arendal. 

G. ovata Drap. Probably all over the country, as it is very 
common in Christiania, Christiansand, Hamar, and Tromsé 
Stifts. From most localities, very thin and so changeable 
in form, that I hardly have the same form from two localities. 
All these variations and transitions make it very difficult 
and doubtful how to deal with varieties, which very often 
seem to be ‘ edingte varietaiten.’ On that account I have 
found it better to wait, in hopes that when we have got 
many more collections from different parts of the country, 
and from the same locality more than one year, we shall be 
able to give a fuller account of this species. Ina rivulet in 
Asker, where there is a rapid current, I collected many 
shells, both full-grown and young ones, the latter with the 
spire very slender, whorls very convex, mouth broad (egg- 
formed), reminding me of /agotzs. The full-grown speci- 
mens had the spire shorter, mouth larger, and resembling 
var: patula D. C. In Ténset Guluaria lives in every lake 
and pond, but nowhere in its typical form. In a swamp 
overgrown with rushes, there lived a very interesting form, 
which reminds one equally of /agotis and feregra as ovata. 
I had. the opportunity to collect them in two succeeding 
summers, they are not only different the two years but also 
each collection. A// have the first whorls very convex as 
lagotis, but the spire is more plump and the suture not so 
deep, more like ovata. The last whorl is depressed 
under the suture. which makes it angled, not rounded, in 
bending down. The first year’s collection was for the- 
greater part full-grown specimens. Some had the last 
whorl compressed under the suture, this makes it less 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886, 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 117 


bulged, and the mouth egg-shaped above at an acute 
angle; others have it oval or angled-oval, reminding us of 
forms of L. peregra var. curfa. 

The second year I found mostly biennial animals, 
and I am inclined to think they have had much more 
food, as the last whorl suddenly was more expanded with 
the suture ascending as in /agofzs, the striz coarser, mouth 
egg-shaped, spire variable in height. At present I must 
put it down as ovata, without deciding it as any variety 
before I have got more collections from the same place, 
hoping later to find a constant form. At Lomtjem in Kvikne, 
40 kilometers farther north and 7oo metres altitude, I 
found a Limnzea, which also must be ranged under ovata. 
In some the spire is higher than in the typical form, and 
gradually gets shorter, and at last it resembles var. patula ; 
whorls very convex, the most of them horizontal under the 
suture, in which it is like the preceeding, but is separated 
from this by the last whorl, being much more bulging, mouth 
much larger, and the outer lip reflected. 

G. ovata var. colletti Hoyer. Laxcelv in Porsangerfjord in 
the Amt of Finmarken. 

G. ovata var. patula Da Costa. Toten near Mjdsen, Vaale 
in Jarlsberg, and Oxfjord, in the Amt of Finmarken. 

L. mucronata Held. Vardo, in the Amt of Finmarken. 

Subgenus LIMNOPHYSA Fitz. 

L. palustris Mill. Not common. Boérsesé near Skien, 
Maalselven, in the Amt of Tromso ; Pasvikelven, in the 
Amt of Finmarken. 

L. palustris var. septentrionalis Cles. C£stensd, near 
Christiania. 

L. palustris var. fusca. Bergen. 

L. peregra Mull. Very common in Christiania, Christian- 
sand, and Hamar Stifts, and is found up to Varangerfjord, 
in the Amt of Finmarken, and belongs to the circumpolar 
species. At the Zoological Museum they have some shells 


118 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


i 


found on the ‘ Frognerdam,’ in Christiania, 1834. I have 
compared them with those I have collected fifty years 
later, they are just as thick and strong, but the form is not 
quite the same; the last whorl has been less convex, some- 
what truncate, with very distinct sculpture, as in Z. stag- 
nalis, even in very young specimens. Alt. 16 to 17 mill. 
Shells from Asker and Jarlsberg have the same form. 
From Gaas6, in Nordland, I have a very interesting form 
with the whorls very convex and suture very deep. Mala- 
kozool Blatter, N. F., Band viii., with two plates. 


. peregra var. margaritana. Asker. 


. peregra var. ambigua West. Is an intermediate link 


between peregva and lagotiés. Prof. Sars has found some 
in ‘ Lusvand,’ at Jeedderen, which must be like this. It is 
exceedingly pretty, glossy, very finely striated, yellowish- 
brown, with dark reddish-brown spire. Alt. 17 mill., diam. 
9 mill., mouth alt. r1°5 mill., diam. 6°5 mill. 


. peregra var minor Mh. Alt. g‘1z mill., diam. 6°5 mill., 


mouth alt. 7 mill., diam. 4°2 mill. Modum, in Christiania 
Stift. 


. peregra var. elongata Cles. Baadntjern, near Christiania. 


. peregra var. peregra-ovata Kob. Salangen, in the Amt 


of Tromsé; Kistrand in Porsangerfjord, in the Amt of 
Finmarken. 


. glabra Mill. Not very common. In the vicinity of 


Christiania, Romerike, Laurvik, Jarlsberg, and Sandefjord, 
in Christiania Stift ; Skudesnzes and Lillesand, in Christian- 
sand Stift. 


. glabra var. elongata Jeff- Bamble, near Langesund. 
. glabra var. subulata Kob. Ina pond at Arendal. 


. truncatula Mill. Very common, both in the northern and 


the southern parts. Porsangerfjord and South. Varanger, 
in the Amt of Finmarken. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 11g 


L. truncatula var. microstoma Drouet. Helg6é in Mjdsen, 
Ullensaker, Gudbrandsdalen, Gaasd, Tromso, and South- 
Varanger. 

L. truncatula var. oblonga Puton. Asker and Bryn, near 
Christiania ; Troms6. 

L. truncatula var. maximella. Asker, Justd, near Lillesand. 


L. truncatula var. compressa B. Esm. Bergen, Statelle, 
Brevik, and Tromso. 


L. truncatula var. schneideri B. Esm. In several ponds 
on ‘ Fldifjeld,’ near Tromséen, in the Amt of Finmarken. 


L. truncatula var. minor. Asker. 


Subfamily PHYSINA. 
Genus PHYSA Drap. 
Subgenus PHYSA Drap. 


Physa fontinalis L. Rare. Vaale, Ramnees, and Jarlsberg, 
in the county of Jarlsberg. 
Subgenus APLEXA Flem. 
Aplexa hypnorum L. In the neighbourhood of Christiania ; 
the Justud, near Lillesand, 14°5 mill. alt. 
Subfamily PLANORBINA. 


Genus PLANORBIS Guett. 
Subgenus TROPODISCUS Stein. 


Planorbis marginatus Drap. Rare. Bergen, Jeedderen ; 
many years ago found on Bygdé, near Christiania. 
Subgenus GYRORBIS Ag. 
P. vortex L. Very rare. Christiania and Bergen. 
P. rotundatus Poir. Rare. Several places near Christiania 
and Hvaloerne. 
P. spirorbis L. Rare. Asker. 
Subgenus BATHYOMPHALUS Ag. 
P. contortus L. Very common in Christiania, Christiansand 
and Hamar Stifts, Nordland, and Finmarken. 
Subgenus GYRAULUS Ag. 
P. borealis Lovén. Very common in Christiania, Christian- 
sand, and Hamar Stifts, Nordland, and Finmarken. 


I20 ESMARK ; MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


ee 


E- 


P: 


. borealis var. angigyrus West. Tonset, Kvikne, and 


Ringerige. 


. borealis var. flexus West. Christiania. 
. borealis var. gredleri Cles. Christiania, Siljordvand in 


Telemarken, Drammen, Gudbrandsdalen. 


. borealis var. arcticus Beck. Finmarken. 
. polaris B. Esm. and Hoyer. Maalselven, in the Amt of 


Tromso. 


. limophilus West. Rare. Jzedderen and Valders. 
. concinnus West. Rare. Cé£ier in Gudbransdalen. 


. glaber Jeff. Not common. Jeedderen, Valders, Christiania, 


Bergen, Gaaso in Nordland. 


. stromi West. Rare. «Christiania and Eker. 
. albus Mill. Common in Christiania, and Christiansand 


Stifts, Bergen, and Cesterdalen in Hamar Stift. 


. albus var. hispidus Drap. Drdbak, Sandvigen in Asker ; 


Bergen. 


. albus var. cinctutus West. Very common. Christiania, 


Christiansand, and Hamar Stifts, Nordland and Finmarken. 


. albus var. depressus West. Ringebu in Gudbransdalen. 
. albus var. lemniscatus Hartm. Gausdal and Ringebu 


in Gudbransdalen, Christiania, Arendal, Jeedderen, and 
Bergen. 


. albus var. draparnaldi Jeff. Jedderen, Stavanger, and 


_ Fredriksstad. 
Subgenus ARMIGER Hartm. 


. crista L.. 
. crista var. nautileus L. Helgé in Mjdsen, and Snardén 


near Christiania. 
crista var. cristatus Drap. Christiania, Fredriksstad, 
and Stavanger. 
crista var. spinulosus Cles. Fredriksstad. 
Subgenus HIPPEUTIS Ag. 
complanatus L. Rare. Moss, Akersvand in Jarlsberg, 
Skien, and Arendal. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886. 


ESMARK: MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. I21 


Subgenus SEGMENTINA Flem. 
P. nitidus Mull. Rare. Bergen. 


Subfam ANCYLINA. 
Genus ANCYLUS Geoff. 
Subgenus ANCYLUS Geoff. 


Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. Not common. In the vicinity of 
Christiania, Sandefjord, and Jzedderen. 

A. fluviatilis var. gibbosum Bourgt. More common than 
the preceding species. Christiania, Asker, Sognselven, 
Fiskum, and Skien. 

Subgenus ACROLOXUS. Beck. 

A. lacustris L. Christiania, Brevik, Skien, Arendal, and 

Jeedderen. 


Genus PISIDIUM C. Pfr. 
Subgenus RIVULINA Cless. 


Pisidium globulare Cless. Rather common. Many places 
near Christiania, Ringsaker at Hedemarken, Romerige, 
Ringebu, Tonset, in Hamar Stift ; Langevand, near 
Bergen ; also in Christiansand Stift ; Maalselven, in the 
Amt of Tromsé; Porsangerfjord and South-Varanger in 
Amt of Finmarken. 

Subgenus FOSSARINA Cless. 

P. henslowianum Sheppard. Bergen. 

P. fossarinium Cless. Very common. Many places round 
Christiania, Drdbdék, Laurvik, Porsgrund, Romerige, 
Hvalderne, ‘ Siljordvand’ in Telemarken, Tonset in almost 
all lakes, and as far north as Maalselven, Tromsden, Pors- 
angerfjord, and South-Varanger. 

P. fossarinum var. flavescens Cless. Krddsherred, Chris- 
tiania Stift ; Trondenes, in the Amt of Troms ; Alten, in 
the Amt of Finmarken. 

Abnormity.—‘ Colour white, glossy; lower margin is not 
straight, but impressed from the side; from the underside 
it looks like fig. 1, from the side it is long and narrow, as 
in fig. 2. Something like this form has also been seen in 
Unio. It is sure to be caused by external circumstances.’ 
(Clessin in letter.) 


122 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


P. pallidum Pfr. Rare. Asker by Christiaia, Ténset, Fjeld- 
frédskelv in Maalselven. 

P. obtusale Pfr. Very common in Christiania, and Christian- 
sand Stifts, and in the Amt of Tromsd. Often in great 
quantity. Many localities round Christiania, Eker, Ringerige, 
Romerige, Krddsherred, and Jarlsberg, in Christiania Stift ; 
Brevik, Arendal, Skien, Lillesand, ‘ Langvand,’ in Bergen ; 
several lakes in Tonset, where I also found a small form, 
very ventricose, colour bluish-grey, and epidermis rough ; 
Trondenes, ‘ Skotstinderne,’ near Grété ; ‘Tromséen. 

P. obtusale var. personatum Malm. Romerige. 

P. obtusale var. esmarkiana Cles. Sandtjern at Eastern 
Modum. 


P. obtusale var. colletti Cles. Shell small, ventricose, toler- 
ably solid, distinctly striate, beaks broad, ventricose and very 
prominent ; antertor margin short and rounded, posterior 
margin narrow and rounded. Ringebu in Gudbransdalen. 


P. lilljeborgi* Cles. Very common in the north. It is new 
for the fauna. In Ténset, in many lakes; Gausdal, in 
Gudbransdalen ; Gaasé and Grétd, in the Amt of Nord- 
land ; Trondenees, ‘ Preestvand,’ in Tromsden, in great 
quantities ; Oxfjord and Kveenvik, in Alten, in the Amt of 
Finmarken. 

P. lilljeborgi var. transversale Cles. Trondenzs. 

P. lilljeborgi var. minor. ‘ Vetlevand,’ near Gausdal Sana- 
torium. 

P. pusillum Gmel. Rare. Asker, Eker, and Christiansand. 

P. pulchellum Jen. Not so rare as the preceding species. 
Statelle, some small lakes at Tonset, Gausdal, and 
Trondenes. 

P. hoyeri Cles. Tromsdéenand René, in the Amt of Troms6. 

P. nitidum Jen. Rather common.  Tryrifjorden, Eker, 
Ringerige, Laurvik, Skien, several lakes round Arendal, 


* The description of this and following new species and varieties is in 
the last part of ‘ Malacozoologishe Blatter,’ N. Folge Band viii. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 123 


Christiansand, many lakes in Ténset ; Andéen, in the Amt 
of Troms6é ; Oxfjord and Hammerfest, in the Amt of Fin- 
marken. ‘ 


P. subtruncatum Malm. Rare. Christiania, Eker, Arendal, 
and Christiansand. 

P. milium Held. Common in Christiania, Christiansand Stift, 
the Amt of Nordland, the Amt of Tromsé6, and the Amt 
of Finmarken. Akersvand, in Jarlsberg; Krddsherred, 
lakes round Gausdal Sanatorium and in Tonset, Maal- 
selvedalen, Trondenes and Tromséen. 


P. scholtzii Cles. Not common. Gausdal and Ringebu, in 
Gudbransdalen, Tonset, Trondenzs, Maalselvedalen, and 
South-Varanger. 


2na Ord. GASTEROPODA OPERCULATA. 


I. PULMONATA TERRESTRIA. 
Family VALVATIDA. 
Genus VALVATA Mill. 
Subgenus CINCINNA Hiibner. 

Valvata piscinalis L. Common. In the vicinity of Chris- 
tiania, Gudbransdalen, Tonset, Jeedderen, Porsangerfjord, 
South-Varanger ; belongs to the circumpolar species. 

V. piscinalis var. costulata West. Ringebu in Gudbrans- 
dalen. Alt. 4°7 mill., diam 4°8 mill. 

Subgenus TROPIDINA Adams. 

V. depressa C. Pfr. Stavanger, ‘ Vetlevand,’ near Gausdal 

Sanatorium. Alt. 5 mill, diam. 6 mill. 
Subgenus GYRORBIS Fitz. 

V. cristata Mill. Rare. Christiania. 

V. sibirica Middl. Bottnelv, in South-Varanger ; and Saloni- 
javre in Pasvikelven, in the Amt of Finmarken. 


Family RISSOID/AS. 
Genus BYTHINIA Gray. 


Bythinia tentaculata L. Frognerdammen near Christiania. 


124 ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


Ciass II.—MOLLUSCA CONCHIFERA. 


Family CYCLADID., 
Genus SPHASRIUM Scop. 
Subgenus CORNEOLA Clessin. 


Spherium corneum L. Many places around Christiania ; 
but is not common elsewhere. Moss, Formo in Gud- 
bransdalen ; Jarlsberg, and Tyrifjorden. 

S. draparnaldi Cless. Bergen, several localities ? (Wester- 
lund). 

S. mamillanum West. Much more common than the pre- 
ceding species, and goes much farther north ‘Sognsvand’ 
near Christiania, Skien, Norderhoug at Ringerige, ‘ Vetle- 
vand’ near Gausdal Sanatorium, several lakes at Tonset 
and Malangen, in the Amt of Tromso. 


S. mamillanum var. clessini mihi. Shel/ small, in trans- 
verse section, heart-shaped, with prominent lines of growth, 
greyish-horn colour, either with three narrow greyish-yellow 
bands, or the two lowest confiuent ; lower margin more 
rounded than the type, and the curve to the anterior and 
posterior side less prominent. Cardinal teeth in the left shell 
as in the type, cardinal tooth in the right one less curved, and 
not thickened tn the posterior part. . 6°5 mill., br. 5°8 
mill, th. 4°6 mill. From ‘Vetlevand,’ near Gausdal 
Sanatorium in Gudbransdalen. 

Genus CALYCULINA Cles. 

Calyculina lacustris Mill. 

C. lacustris var. steini A Schm. Rather common, but only 
in Christiania and Christiansand Stifts. Several localities 
near Christiania, Asker, Snarden, Jarlsberg, Sem, Skien, 
Drébak, and Eidsvold. 

C. parulum Cles. 

C. parulum var. martensi Cles. Bergen. 

Family UNIONIDA. 
Genus MARGARITANA Schm. 

Margaritana margaritifera L. Very common all over the 
country. 

Genus ANODONTA Cuv. 

Anodonta cygnea L. Probably common, but very little 
known. 


J.C., v., Oct*, 1886. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY, 125 


A. cygnea var. cellensis Gmel. Asker, Trdgstad, Vandsé, 
near Moss; and Hvalderne, in Christiania Stift. 

A. cygnea var. ponderosa Pfr. Bédrsesd, near Skien. 

A. cygnea var. anatina L. Trogstad. 


TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION* 


sa ere 
e = 5 

z NAME. eZ, eld a 

wo) = =| 2 = = 

e es oe ete ee a Pe 

5 Om Ona aera erie libces 

Zz mM | No fbr | wa 
Family LIMACIDA. | 
1. Genus LIMAX. 

1 | Heynemannia maximus Tifa I 1, So 
var. niger ... I I I | a 
var. albus ... iat eon) ae en licerolslh (ere 
var. fasciatus iy eG I Ono 
var. cinereus-nebulosus Tle O} | 2 ia\e 0) |eeo 
var. leucogaster Tuo) |e Rony ier 

2 | H. cinereus ose te Eo 2Onie oni Oh |) a 
var. unicolor Tia| OPO a Ol |) ict 
var. punctatus I fo) fe) fo) (9) 

3 | Malacolimax tenellus... Tia Os |e di genie O 

4 | Agriolimax agrestis ... soc Rea) | ee a Kf 
var. succineus ji Aieeraslliay tials Copdl 1 (: 
var. norvegicus Ee || 1G Ov GO | OKeE 
var. albidus I fo) I On|) ae 
var. varlans Tia ON ee Tin| a1On|b eo) 

5 | Hydrolimax levis ae ae TOR meatal sO): 10 

6 | Lehmannia marginata oe ee I I a O) |e) 
var. ebscurus onc Se I OF] On ONO 

2. Genus ARION. 

7 | Lochea empiricorum Ling | eT | esos lames Pa 1G) 
var. ater I I I (@) Oo 
var. marginatus I fe) Oo Oo fo) 
var. medius I a} Oo} @ 
var. albus ... Dae Ontn Dat O!: |e 

8 | Prolepsis subfuscus  ... Lor wel oT | See ete ||h ty 
var. albus .. I i On Ono 

9 | P. hortensis ; I I Teal Os |p e 

to | P. citrinus... a08 ane ace ll Srey i sg lh voy] Io) 

Il.—Family HELICID/. 
1. Subfamily VITRININA. 
3. Genus VITRINA. 
11 | Phenocolimax pellucida oe Ha oe LATS SED RE || 
12 | P. angelice _.-. 33 sce SEC ae I Bm Onn ae 


* I have divided Norway in two parts—south and north of the polar- 
circle. 


126 


Number. 


2. Subfamily HYALININAL. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA 


NAME. 


4. Genus HYALINIA. 
Euhyalina cellaria 00 
var. compacta 
var. plana ... 
. alliaria 
. nitidula 
pura 3 
. hammonis ... 
. petronella 
Vitrea crystallina 
V. contracta 
Conulus fulvus 
Zonitoides nitida 
Z. norvegica ... 5 
3. Subfamily ‘HELICID A. 
5. Genus HELIX. 
Patula pygmea 
P. rotundata 
P. ruderata : 
Acanthinula aculeata ... ibs 
var. subleevis 


ees 


A. harpa 
Vallonia costata 
V. pulchella 
Trichia hispida Bc nee 
var. depilata 
var. conica a 
var. septentrionalis 
var. concinna 
var. nana 
var. albina ... 
Xerophila candicans ... 
Eulota strigella 
E. fruticum 
Chilotrema lapicida 
Arionta arbustorum ... 
var. rudis 

var. alpestris 

var. flavescens 

var. trochoidalis ... 

var. picea ; 

var. septentrionalis 
Tachea nemoralis 
T. hortensis  ... 

4. Subfamily PUPINA. 
6. Genus BULIMINUS. 

Napaeus obscurus 


| South Norway. 


Fe Oe 


Fo PN NT Te DD DD DD 


OF NORWAY. 


C0O00OHF OOH OR OOOODOOOOOHR HH OOF OF 
me OOO HOR HH HTH OOOH OR KH KH HH He HS eS 


e 
3 

= 

al 

iS) . 
Alcaalics 
cet |e OU ae 
qa} || ms) It ou 
(ae eee | ne 
S | = | 
4 || Zp) |) (Se 
Ot 
@ |} © 
© || © 
Oj) 
Oa 
© |) 
Poa tr 
Dea ak 
Ou 
Oye 
NOs) eee nb 
Oe leeu 
©} © 


OrrRyOOeR eH OOOO O = 


(e) (©) (e) {e) (e) (e) e) (oe) SW 5! (e) (ec) (e) (e) (oe) (ce) (e) fo) Tt (ee) (e) T1(e) fe) 


Np Crravest Oct 


1886 


Orrwy OOeRH OOOO CO 


| Siberia. 


C0O000COOCOOOHF OR OOOCOOOH HHO OOH OF 


41 
42 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 127 
ale 
5 | 5 
iS) 
SPS [Ss 3 
See ee ice |p es 
aay | ra I ON | Teer || we 

7. Genus COCHLICOPA. 

Cochlicopa lubrica I I I I I 
var. minima I I i |} © || © 
yar, albina... I © ©] oO] © 

8. Genus PUPA. 

Charadrobia cylindracea Pl Oy wi] ol © 

Pupilla muscorum Soc I I I w ||) @ 
var. lundstrémi fo) I ©] Oj i 
var. elongata fe) I | © © 
var. minor ... i] Ol Li oO]. © 

Isthmia minutissima ... Ist ue i Ol wi) © © 
var. odontostoma ... I ©] ©} @]} © 

Columella edentula ... ae ri Ox) i I I 
var. gredleri I I I © || © 

Vertigo gravida rf O| ©} ©] © 

V. pygmeea ely On| mil © 

V. substriata I I I i || © 

V. antivertigo ... Te | eO I © || © 

V. lilljeborgi lhe @ We 3 i || © 

V. alpestris I I I ni © 

V. arctica I I iO} i 

V. pusilla I I zi] © u 

V. angustior ... hits sie t | @| «1 @ | © 

9g. Genus BALEA. 
Balea perversa ... I I I i || © 
var. lucifuga fe I fo) I @©|| © 
10. Genus CLAUSILIA. 

Clausiliastra laminata.. mi @} i r | © 
var. virescens i | ©] ©] ©] © 
var. nana i @| O| ©} © 

Alinda biplicata i | @|] t] ©] © 

Pyrostoma ventricosa... ri} © 2), ©} © 

P. rolphi ri] ©] OO} ©} © 

P. plicatula aes ooo zr] ©] a i |} © 
var. leucostoma I fo) I © | © 
var. curta I fo) I fo) fo) 

Iphigenia sejuncta iil ©} a] © © 

I. dubia 2 50 mi} Oj) “£ il ©] © 

: var. obsoleta ri O| ui} @} © 

I. cruciata vi ©} ©} LB) © 

I. bidentata aes fas as I i} oo i | © 
var. septentrionalis I I 1 OO 
var. Exigua... I Oo I Oo oO 
var. erronea ri ©} wl ©} © 
var. subrugosa I fo) I ©] © 
var. minor ... I ©} ©} ©} © 
var. elongata Olan On anO 


eee SS — —————————————————— ee 


128 


| Number. 


67 


68 
69 


70 
71 
72 


73 
74 


75 


76 


77 


NAME. 


5. Subfamily SUCCINIDAL. 
11, Genus SUCCINEA. 

Neritostoma putris . 

var. olivula 
var. trianfacta 
var. limnoidea_.... 

Amphibina stagnalis . . Suc on 

A. pfeifferi Bae ae , 

var. contorta 

var. propinqua 

var. ventricosa 

var. contortula 

var. Sarsi 

Lucena oblonga aoc aa 

var. agonostoma 

var. arenaria 

III.—Family AURICULIDA. 
12. Genus CARYCHIUM. 
Carychium minimum . : 
IV.—Family LIMN ZIDA. 
6. Subfamily LIMNAIDA. 
13. Genus LIMNAA. 

Lymnus stagnalis 
var. vulgaris. 
var. turgida 
var. minor ... 

Gulnaria auricularia 

G. lagotis aoe Ase 

var. baltica... 

G. ovata ue ane 360 5a 
var. colletti... 
var. patula 5g6 

G. mucronata ... 

Limnophysa palustris... : 
var. septentrionalis 
var. fusca 

L. peregra... 386 oe 

var. margaritana 

var. ambigua 

var. minor ... cbs 

var. elongata 

var. peregra-ovata... 

L, glabra tee 203 

var. elongata 

var. subulata 

L. truncatula ... a ai Hae 
var. microstoma 
var. oblonga 


| South Norway. 


BARRE OOOeH OF KS He ee 


Sse se ee OR SF HE SH He HSE HOR OR HR HH Se ee eS 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY, 


SeeEOOOROOOOH OOH HHH HOODOO OO 
OOkR KH KF HOODOO HR HH OR OH OH HB HH OK Se 
OOF OODCOOOOHF OOH OOOOH FH OOO 


a 

is} 

S 

= 

J p 

q as) . 

« a = ees 

ra) ao) Ss ta 
4 oO yt oO 
Oo} #/.8] 2 

Alni&a |m 
Oo I I I 
Oo (0) Oo Oo 
Oo I fe) Oo 
(e) (e) oO ie) 
ie) (@) (e) (9) 
I } I I I 
I I oO ie) 
Oo (0) Oo Oo 
I oO Oo (e) 
I oO Oo oO 
I fe) oO (e) 
(e) I (e) I 
O I oO I 
Q I Oo oO 
Oo I I fe) 


OFF OOODDODOOOHF HOF OH OF OR FOR OF 


J.C., v., Oct., 1886. 


129 


| *BLIOGIS Oo000 Las! Lal BeeeOrRrROODOOONONONONOOFOHOOOQOQCOOOF & 0° Oo OO = 


Kid 104 ae 29F 


ip 
UM JOUYYI OVS 


iP: 
oth 
ie 


ad 


me 
Pea) 4 


q 
g 
fig 
S 
Uy 
Ss 
a 
a} 
s 
A) 
5) 


plea 
a 
+ ~ 
SY 
o 
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op : 
g 
U 


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fo 
dV W 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


BS || BS 
3 | 3 
Slee 
© || S 
s NAME. 7 | 2 
: al | 
: =| 3 
A D || 
var. maximella Ht | © 
var. compressa ree 
var. schneideri Ont 
var. minor ... I te) 
7. Subfamily PHYSINA 
14. Genus PHYSA. 
78 | Physa fontinalis : Pee teas Z || © 
15. Genus "APLEXA. 

79 | Aplexa hypnorum .. S00 ul] © 

8. Subfamily PLANORBINA, 

16. Genus PLANORBIS. 
80 | Tropidiscus marginatus 06 


81 | Gyrorbis vortex 

82 | G. rotundatus ... 

83 | G. spirorbis 

84 | Bathyomphalus contortus 
85 | Gyraulus borealis 360 
var, angigyrus 
var. flexus ... 
var. gredleri 
var. arcticus 


86 | G. polaris 

87 | G. limophilus ... 
88 | G. concinnus 

89 | G. glaber 

90 | G. stromi 

QI | G. albus 


var. hispidus 

var. cinctutus 

var. depressus 

var. lemniscatus 

var. draparnaldi 

92 | Armiger crista... oe sas 

var. nautileus 

var. cristatus 

var. spinulosus 

93 | Hippeutis complanatus 

94 | Segmentina nitidus ... 

g. Subfamily ANCYLINA, 
17. Genus ANCYLUS. 


See eee eee eee eee eH OOK HH eee ee 


O000DCOOOOFOOORF OOK HR OOO eR OOO 0 


95 | Ancylus fluviatilis... a0 500 TH) 20 
var. gibbosum mae 300 I} o 

18. Genus ACROLOXUS. 
96 |Acroloxus lacustris ie wee I fo) 


V.—Family VALVATID&. 
19. Genus VALVATA. 
97 | Cincinna piscinalis ... wee ase I I 
var. costulata nee sod I 


eOLOLO | Sweden. 
oo0°o | Finland. 
foe oe) | Siberia. 


SSeS SS See Om se eS ON eS BF OR eK OOK SR Se Se 
BOON HH OODOOOR HF OOOQCOOOO OF Se ew ew 
"es OO0O00COOHF OF OODDODOOOOONR HOR Se 


Or 
Or 
(oe) 


130 


IoI 


Ii! 


112 
113 
114 
115 
116 


117 
118 


119 


120 


121 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 


NAME. 


Tropidina depressa 
Gyrorbis cristata 
G. sibirica Re 
VI ,—Family. RISSOIDA. 
20. Genus BYTIIINIA 
Bythinia tentaculata ... 
aE eee CYCLADIDA, 
. Genus pce oS 
Garece corneum 3 
C. draparnaldi 
C. mamillanum 
: var. cllessiat 
22. Genus CALYCULINA. 
Calyculina lacustris 
var. steini .. 0 
23. Genus PISIDIUM. 
Rivulina globulare 90 
Fossarina henslowianum 
F. fossarinum ... state ders 
var. flavescens 
F. pallidum 
F. obtusale F ee 
var. personatum 
var. esmarkiana 
var. colletti 


by 


. lilljeborgi 008 ast 
var. transversale 
var. minor .. 

. pusillum 

. pulchellum... 

. hoyeri 

- nitidum 

. subtruncatum 

. milium 

. scholtzii 

. parvulum 


coke Bele Wesese oles 


var. martensi . 
VIII.—Family UNIONID AR. 
24. Genus MARGARITANA. 
Margaritana margaritifera... 
25. Genus ANODONTA. 
Anodonta cygnea a 
var. cellensis 
var. ponderosa 
var. anatina 


Ounne: | South Norway. 


= = 


= 


Sse se OR SF HOR BF HR SR SS ee 


Ss = 


BEOES | North Norway. 


Beane | Finland. 
Bvoue | Siberia 


ORrO0 
Ores 
OOr- 
(oo oe) 


e) 
a] 
= 
rl 


See Om ee OOR HF OOO HH HOH 
BRR HOMER OOOOOH HH OHHH 
(0) (e) (2) (©) fe) (e) (2) (©) (©) (©) (oe) ©) (e) 151) (2) (2) (9) fo) 
RF OOOOROCOOOCOOOOOCO0O0 90 


taal [o) 
Se et = (eo) 
Ca (eo) 
(eo) (e) 


0000 
OOH 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


ESMARK : MOLLUSCA OF NORWAY. 131 


é 
oO 
oO 
a : 
> > 
(e) ie} 
‘ar | ee ee 
3 Ge uw . 
Zz ° ° S ue) : 
=| ES ole eae 
i 5 6 ‘2 z=) 
eit: Geen, | ca ee anes 
GASTEROPODA. 
PULMONATA. 
Geophila sere ie coo OY 67 ay 59 32 21 
Varieties aes 61 55 14 506 a 
Hygrophila_... see aoe |X) 27 II 25 18 17 
Varieties 506 34 30 9 6 Ries 
96 —95/94—85 38—23/84— fe go 
GASTEROPODA. 
PECTINIBRANCHIATA 
Cyclostomide .. as 5 4 2 3 2 3 
Varieties a0 I I 500 noc i 
5-1 | 4-1 | 2— | 3— | 2— | 3— 
CONCHIFERA. 
Cycladidee a08 506 .» [18 17 II 15 4 4 
Varieties sis 8 7 2 560 Ane 
Najacee... te 500 soa! |} 2 2 I 2 2 fe) 
Varieties vec 3 3 
20—I1\19—10|12— 2)17— | 6— | 4— 
Norway, ... SWeCles i i 2 1 ies varieties 108 
SWEDEN, ... sis LO 
FINLAND, .... sis ae we ... Species 58 
SIBERIA fee Pe aie = ax3 Bog) 2S) 


Species found in SWEDEN, not in Norway... so AA 


132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Meeting 
HELD JULY IST, 1886. 

The President, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., pre- 
siding. 

NEW MEMBERS. 

‘The following gentlemen were duly elected members of 
the Society :—Messrs. A. J. R. Sclater, Teignmouth ; J. T. 
Lightwood, Lytham ; and W. E. Collinge, Leeds. 

The following gentleman was nominated for membership: 
Mr. W. Whitwell. Wandsworth Common, London. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were laid on the table :-— 

1. ‘Record of the Opening of the Linnean Hall,” New 
South Wales.—From the Linnean Society. 

2. “Proceedings of the Linnean Society,” New South Wales, 
vol.x., part 4.—The Society. 

3. ‘Proceedings of the East of Scotland Union of Naturalists’ 
Societies,” Kirkcaldy, Sept., 1885.—The Union. 

4. Three specimens of Lizmnca burnett, from Loch Skene, 
Dumfriesshire.—Mr. W. Nelson. 

5. The under-named series, by A. J. R. Sclater :—Aforrhats 
pes-pelicant, Tapes pullastra, T. perforans, T. deussata, 
Cardium echinatum, C. rusticum, C. norvegicum, 
Trochus magus, T. lineatus, T. zizyphinus, T. cinereus, 
Ostrea edulis, Nassa reticulata, Purpura lapillus, 
Mya truncata, Pileopsis hungaricus, group of Saxicava 
rugosa, Buccinum undatum, Littorina rudis, Murex 
ertnaceus, Nucula vadiatus, white Mytilus edulis, 
Turritela communis, T. cornea, Lucinopsis undata, 
Patella pellucida, Lepas anatifera, Cuttle bones, beak 
of Octopus, four Starfishes; and Aedzx nemoralis and 
Hi. hortensis from Teignmouth. 


J.C., v., Jan,. 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133 


A vote of thanks was heartily accorded the donors for 
their gifts. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The President showed various shells from Altadiawol, 
Ireland. sent by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane; also several freshwater 
shells from Kings Lynn. 

Mr. W. Nelson exhibited several fine specimens of Zzmnea 
burnett:, recently taken at Loch Skene, N.B. 

Examples of Lzmuaea palustris from Clapham Common, 
and Clausilia dubia from Ingleborough. were shown by Mr. W. 
E. Collinge ; also a specimen of Patel/a vulgata, which he had 
found in a pond of fresh water at Black Hills, near Leeds, and 
which continued to live a week in fresh water after removal from 
the pond. 


Meeting 
HELD AUGUST 5TH, 1886. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor occupied the chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 
Mr. W. Whitwell, of Wandsworth Common, London, was 
‘elected a member of the Society. 
Messrs. S. J. da Costa, of London; and Alfred J. Jenkins, 
of Deptford, were nominated for membership. 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were laid on the table :— 
1. ‘Abstracts of the Proc. Lin. Society,” New South Wales, 
for January, February, March, and April, 1886.—The 
Society. 
2. “Report of the Smithsonian Institute” fae 1884.—The 
Trustees. 
3. ‘Notes on the Subgenus Cylinder (Montfort) of Conus,” 
by J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.—The Author. 
The thanks of the Society was accorded the donors for 
their donations. 


134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 


The number of specimens sent for exhibition was very 
large and included the following :— 


The Chairman showed, on behalf of Mr. W. Jeffery, ex- 
amples of Limax cinereo-niger and var. ornata, Arion subfuscus, 
A. hortensis, and A. bourguignati from Up Park, West Sussex ; 
living specimens of /Vanorbis dilatatus from Gorton Canal, 
Manchester, collected by Mr. T. Rogers; Lzmne@a stagnalis 
var. albida irom a pond at Milford, near Stafford, and L. peregra 
from River Bann, Coleraine, collected by Mr. L. E. Adams ; 
Unio pictorum var. compressa from River Wensum, Norwich, 
sent by Mr. J. B. Bridgman; Helix nemoralts var. albolabiata, 
with straw-coloured bands, found at Bridlington by Mr. W. 
Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.; A pzsana from Porto Santo, sent 
by Mr. Gain; a collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from 
Swindon, North Wilts., including Spherium ryckholti, Limnea 
auricularia, Planorbis nitidus. &c., collected by Mr. T. D. A. 
Cockerell ; and a collection of Land and Freshwater Shells 
from Clonmel, Ireland, collected by the Rev. A. H. Delap. 


Mr. W. E. Collinge exhibited a number of peculiar Lzmncea 
stagnalis with a notch at the base of the outer lip, which had 
appeared since their confinement in his aquarium ; also a speci- 
men of Arion ater var. brunnea found between Ripon and 
Kirby Malzeard. 


Mr. T. W. Bell showed specimens of Helix rotundata var. 
alba, Pupa umbilicata and Helix rupestris from Crina Bottom, 
Ingleton; and Clausilia dubia, Pupa secale and Cochlicopa 
lubvica from White Scar, Ingleborough, collected by Mr. H. 
Shaw; also Helix hortensis var. fuscolabiaia, H. hispida and 
Zonites nitidulus from Dogthorpe, near Peterborough; and 
Limnea stagnalis, L. peregra, L. palustris, Planorbis corneus, 
P. marginatus, P. albus, P. vortex, Paludina contecta, and 
Bythinia tentaculata from Crowland Wash. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135 


Meeting 
HELD SEPTEMBER 2ND, 1886. 
The President, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. F.L.S., in the 
chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 
The following gentlemen were duly elected members of 
the Society :—Messrs. 5S. J. Da Costa, London; and A. J. 
Jenkins, Deptford. 
The following gentlemen were nominated for membership: 
Mr. J. W. Wood, Bedford ; and Mr. W. Turner, Edinburgh. 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were announced :— 
“ Proceedings of the Linnean Society,” New South Wales, 
new series, vol. 1, part 1.—The Society. 
2. ‘What I believe,” by Leon Tolstoi, translated from the 
Russian by Constantine Popoff.—The Publishers. 
3. The following Reprints of Papers by Mr. W. E. Hoyle 
M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E. :—“ Notes on the Cephalo- 
poda,” “ Diagnosis of new species of Cephalopoda,” 


Ll 


collected during the cruise of H.M.S. Challenger— 
Darin. he Octopoda,” ;parte2,ja he Wecapoda 
“On Loligopsis and some other species”; ‘‘ Note on 
Loligo Forbesu.”—The Author. 

4. The following Magazines and Reprints of Papers, from 
Miss F. M. Hele :—*The American Naturalist” 
January, 1876; ‘“‘The American Journal of Micro- 
scopy,” February, 1876; ‘‘On Plocamia Plena—a 
new species of sponge,” by W. J. Sollas, M.A., F.G:S. ; 
“Notes on some of the Land Shells of Curacoa,” by 
J. S. Gibbon, M.B.; “ Description of the new genus 
Delphinolopsis and of the new species D. /esourdt,” 
by M. B. Wright, F.R.G.S. ; ‘‘Conchiglie Coralligene 
del mare de Seracea”; ‘I Molluschi del Velebit”; 
“Note di Conchigliologia Apuana,” del Dott R. del 
Prete: 


136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


5. Specimens of Zzmnea glabra from Castleford and Spark- 
brook; Aulimus montanus from Cooper’s Hill, 
Gloucester, and Planorbis marginatus from Black 
Hills, Leeds.—Mr. W. Nelson. 

6. Several specimens of Anodonta cygnea (of various sizes) 
and two Anodonta anatina vai. piscinalts.—Mr. T. W. 
Pocock, JER: 

7. Lisidium fontinale, Linthorpe ; Limnea peregra var. ovata, 
River Leven, near Hutton Rudby; Helzx nemoralts 
var. carnea, (123)45, Foyers, Loch Ness; /lanorbis 
spirorbts, Pisidium pusillum, and Limnea palustris, 
from a pond near Levisham ; Azcylus fluviatilis and 
Helix rotundata, Levisham ; eltx aspersa, Sunder- 
land; elzx concinna, Hl. rotundata, Hi. hispida, 
Zonites cellarius, Cochlicopa lubrica, Clausilia rugosa, 
and Cl. /aminata, from Farwith Bridge, Newtondale, 
North-East Yorkshire.—Mr. B. Hudson. 

8. Twelve very finely-polished specimens of Fossil sponges 
and coral.—Mr. A. J. R. Sclater. 

PAPER READ. 

“* Achatina acicula in Northamptonshire,” by Mr. Walter 
D. Crick. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The President exhibited numerous species collected during 
a few days in the Lowland counties of Scotland. Among the 
most interesting specimens were Amalia gagates, from Leven 
Hall, Edinburghshire ; Helix fusca and #. sericea from Skel- 
morlie, Ayrshire; and Zua lubrica var. viridula, from Dunoon, 
Argyleshire. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor showed four living examples of Helix 
obvoluta from Up Park, West Sussex, sent by Mr. W. Jeffery ; 
Limax arborum and Arion bourguignati from Rev. A. H. Delap, 
Clonmel ; a number of shells collected by Mr. G. T. Porritt, at 
Redcar and Saltburn ; and a small collection of land shells from 
Ullapool, West Ross, on behalf of Mr. A. Somerville. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137 


Mr. Baker Hudson sent examples of Helix virgata var. 
subalbida from Coatham; Limnea peregra var. ovata from 
Marton; flanorbis spirorbis monst. scalaris from Levisham ; 
and several species from the Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire. 


Meeting 
HELD OCTOBER 7TH, 1886. 
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., presided. 


NEW MEMBERS. 

Mr. Jas. W. Wood, and Mr. Wm. Turner were elected 
members of the society. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donation was announced, and thanks voted 
to the donor :— 

Specimens of Pupa dolium from Brugg, Canton Aargau, by 
Dr. Rudolf Heensler. 

PAPERS READ. 
“ Notes on Slugs from Merionethshire.’—Mr., F. G. Fenn. 
“ Notes on the Epidermis or Periostracon of certain species of 
Mollusks.”—Mr. Geo. S. Tye. 
“« Helix obvoluta.”—Mr. W. Jeffery. 

Discussion ensued on Mr. Fenn’s paper, when the president 
and Mr. Taylor expressed their opinion that the specimen 
which Mr. Fenn considered as a variety of Limax cinereo-niger 
was only an example of Zzmax maximus. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

In illustration of his paper Mr. F. G. Fenn sent a number 
of specimens collected in Merionethshire, including some 
examples of Limax cinereo-niger. 

The general exhibits were very numerous, including shells 
from North Italy collected and sent by Mr. Tomlin of Chester. 
Specimens from King’s Lynn and other places were shown on 
behalf of Dr. Plowright. Mr. Jeffrey, of Tenby, sent a very 
small specimen of Helix pisana, 11 ram. diameter. 


138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~ 


Mr. Taylor showed Vertigo minutissima from Palermo, 
collected by Signor Platania; shells from north Essex, sent by 
Mr. Whitwell, of Wandsworth ; examples of e/zx virgata and 
H. ericetorum from Leamington, sent by Mr. Quilter; anda 
small collection of shells from Herts. and Essex, from Mr. C. 
Oldham, of Sale, Cheshire. 

Mr. Nelson showed Planorbis parvus in a subfossil state 
from the mud-cliffs, Hornsea. 

The president exhibited shells from several Scotch localities 
sent by Mr. Mellor; Zzmax flavus from Worcester, sent by 
Rey. H. Milnes; and Zzmax cinereo-niger from Shipley Glen, 
collected by Mr. J. A. Hargreaves. 


Meeting 
HELD NOVEMBER 4TH, 1886. 
The President, Mr. W. D. Roebuck. F.L.S., presiding, 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership : 
Rev. H. Glanville Barnacle, M.A., F.R.A.S., Holmes Chapel, 
Cheshire ; Mr. Wm. Bendall, Nottingham Place, W. ; Mr. Geo. 
Dixon, Sen., Great Ayton; Mr. H. M. Gwatkin, Cambridge ; 
Rev. Wm. L. W. Eyre, Alresford ; Rev. Carleton Greene, St. 
Neots; Mr. John Hagger, Burton-on-Trent ; Mr. W. J. O. 
Holmes, F.L.S., Norwich; Prof. Adolph Leipner, Bristol ; 
Miryaie |: Lowe, Dal See EeRES)) zc., Chepstow jay ln aD: 
Pidgeon, Assoc. Inst.C.E., F.G.S., London ; Mr. John Ramage, 
Dundee ; Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S., Bromley ; Mr. Robert 
Standen, Swinton. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were laid on the table :—Helix 
personata L., H. carpatica Friv., H. faustina, H. bidens Chem., 
Hi. holosericea Stud., H. rossmassleri Pfr., Bulimus montanus 
Drap., Pupa dolium, Clausilia gulo Rossm., C. orthostoma, 
C. dubia Drap., C. tumida Rossm., C. turgida Rossm., C. cru- 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139 


ciata var. minima from Kotlina Thal, Carpathians, C. laminata 
var. Parreyssit Rossm., C. biplicata var. carpatica Tatra, Car- 
pathians, and C. fallax Rossm., Sinnya, Roumania.—Pre- 
sented by Mrs. Fitzgerald. 


Planorbis lineatus Cambridge, Limnea peregra from Island 
of Herm, Helix arbustorum Gemmi Pass, Switzerland, and 
Helix strigella from Menaggio, Lake Como. — Presented 
by Mr. Tomlin. 

The thanks of the society was accorded the donors for 
their gifts. 

PAPER READ. 
“ New Habitat for Odostomia pallida.”—by the Rev. R. W. J. 
Smart. 


The President then gave the Annual Presidential Address, 
in which, taking the forthcoming Monograph of British Land 
and Freshwater Mollusca, by Mr. Taylor and himself, he re- 
viewed the present state of our knowledge of that department 
of the British fauna, calling special attention to the deficiencies 
which exist, and the urgent need of further investigation into 
the anatomical and physiological structure, the embryology and 
development, the life-history and habits of the various species. 
The deficiencies in our knowledge of distribution and variation 
were then dealt with, and the concluding portion of the address 
dealt with the function and scope of the Conchological Society, 
the catholicity of its aims, and the necessity which exists for a 
more adequate and varied supply of communications to be read 
at the meetings. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. W. Nelson showed examples of Zonites nitidus and 
Helix rotundata from Headingley. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited on behalf of Rev. J. E. Somer- 
ville, B.D., a collection of land and freshwater shells made by 
him in the Islands of Tiree, S. Uist, Lewis, Benbecula, and 
Barra; and alsoa number of species recently found on the 


140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


north coast of Sutherlandshire. Also on behalf of Mr. A. 
Somerville, B.Sc., Planorbis nautileus from Lanarkshire, and 
several species from Nairnshire. On behalf of Rev. A. H. 
Delap a living specimen of Limax arborum var. maculata from 
Clonmel, Tipperary. On behalf of Mr. Whitwell several species 
from Salford Priors near Evesham. Mr. Taylor further ex- 
hibited a number of shells from Chester, Cambridge and Lom- 
bardy, sent by Mr. B. Tomlin; also a distorted specimen of 
Planorbis spirorbis found by Mr. W. H. Heathcote at Tarleton, 
S. Lancashire. Also examples of Helix aculeata, Vertigo 
edentula, Zonites radtatulus, and other species, from Mont- 
gomeryshire, sent by Mr. J. B. Morgan. Some remarkable 
specimens of Valvata piscinalis with the last whorl dislocated, 
and a number of freshwater shells from Saddington Reservoir 
and other places in Leicestershire, sent by Mr. H. E. Quilter. 
Also on behalf of Dr. Viner a number of land shells from 
Monaco, Riviera, Rimini, Ravenna, and several places in 
Spain. 


Annual Meeting. 
HELD DECEMBER 9TH, 1886. 
The President, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. presided. 
NEW MEMBERS : 

The following were duly elected Members of the Society :— 
Rey. H. Glanville Barnacle, M.A., F.R.A.S. ; Mr. W. Bendall ; 
Rev. W. L. W. Eyre; Mr. Geo. Dixon, Senr.; Rev. Carleton 
Greene; Mr. H. M. Gwatkin; Mr. Jno. Hagger; Mr. W. J. O. 
Holmes, F.L.S.; Prof. Adolph Leipner ; Mr. Daniel Pidgeon, 
IRGaS s INGe Ie. eboney, IDG, oleh IeeINoSes IPaleersey JB Ca Se § 
Mr. John Ramage; Mr. E. Saunders, F.L.S.; Mr. Robert 
Standen. 

The name of Mr. Hy. Coates, of Perth, was inadvertently 
omitted from the list of Members elected at the February 
Meeting. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. T41 


The following were nominated for Membership :—Mr. H. 
Wallis Kew, Louth; Mr. R. Renton; Mr. A. Shaw; Mr. W. 
i Eleathcote:) Mr Conrad Gerlands)B:A Phi Dy; (Mas): 
Beaulah ; and Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S. 


DONATIONS. 


The following donations were announced :— 


“Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” part 9, 
for 1884.—The Union. 


“ Proceedings of the Linnean Society, N. S. W.” vol. 1, part 2, 
New Series.—The Society. 


Flelix aspersa, H. nemoralis, H.. hortensis, H. erticetorum, 
H. virgata, H. sericea, H. caperata, Bulimus acutus, and Plan- 
orbis sptrorbis from Newquay, W. Cornwall.—Presented by Mr. 
J. H. James. 


Cyclostoma elegans Isle of Portland, Clausilia rugosa var. 
albinos, Helix rotundata var. alba, Hf. aspersa Hampshire, Z. 
virgata Weston-super-Mare, Limnaea palustris Cheddar, ZL. 
stagnalis from Selly Oak, Packington Park, Lifford, and Bor- 
desley Green, near Birmingham ; Z. feregra from Hall Green, 
near Birmingham; and /Vanorbis corneus var. albinos.—Pre- 
sented by Mr. J. Madison. 


The thanks of the society was accorded the donors for 
their donations. 
PAPER READ. 
‘On the Shells of Newquay, Cornwall.”—Mr. J. H. James. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. J. W. Taylor showed on behalf of Mr. Ponsonby, a 
fine collection of Helzx nemoralis and H. hortensis from various 
localities in Switzerland and Germany. On behalf of Mr. B. 
Sturgess Dodd, a Brachiopod new to science, which he has 
recently found at Sutton-on-the-Sea, Lincolnshire. 

The Annual Report was read by the secretary, and after 
some discussion was unanimously adopted. 


IA2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The recorder had not completed his analysis of the records 
made during the year, but gave a general summary of the work 
done, which was eminently satisfactory. 

The treasurer brought forward the Cash Acconnt for the 
year, which showed receipts (including balance from last year) 
427 14s. 11d., expenditure £21 2s. 814d., and cash in hand 
£6 12s. 244d. 

The scrutineers announced that fifty-one voting-papers had 
been received, and the results of the voting was :— 


PRESIDENT.—Mr. J. W. Taylor, 51 votes. 


VicE-PRESIDENTS (four required).— 


W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 49 W. H. Evans, M.D. ... 44 
JR© Melvall WAS Pas; 47) 3: Ashford (notaymemnben) mez 
IRGig J8l, Whines) WAS 550 Sey JEL, Coole, LA. (aot 


amember) 2 
TREASURER.— Thos. W. Bell, 50 votes. 


SECRETARY.—Thos. W. Bell, 50 votes. 


MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL (six required).— 


Baker Hudson. ... ee 50 Ga Shlenutimiycwe aoa 210) 

Wm. Jeffery Ae: ie Agee Wine Cashy EGrs: AS 

ionelebyNdamssBsA> ao, Aer Somenvillle 5.5 Cee 

Chass Miussony ERI Ss 5.) on yun. sD ar pisininesy ta Aeweer mel 
RECORDER.— | 

W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 50 W. Jeffery uae peli 


The suggestions of the council (referred to in the Annual 
Report) in reference to nomenclature and identification of shells, 
were brought forward by the President, and after some conver- 
sation on the subject, were adopted by the meeting as follows :— 
1.—That Referees be appointed, to whom specimens and all 

questions of nomenclature shall be referred for con- 


sideration and report. 


2.—That all specimens presented to the society shall be authen- 
ticated by the Referees, to whose particular department 
the species appertain. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143 


3.—That specimens sent by members for record, shall be au- 
thenticated in like manner. 


4.—That members proposing changes of nomenclature in the 
Conchological Society’s List of ‘British Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca,’ and in such other lists as may 
hereafter be prepared under the Society’s auspices, 
shall forward their recommendations to the Secretary, 
who will submit them to the Referees immediately 
concerned. ‘The member will be expected to set forth 
at length the reasons which induced him to propose 
any change, and each proposed change must be written 
on a separate sheet of paper, on which the referees 
may write their views and decision. Such decision 
to be afterwards submitted to and ratified bythe council 
of the society. 


The following gentlemen were elected referees under this 
scheme, subject to their consent to act being obtained :— 


I.—BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA— 
Mr WH: Hoyle, BA, FIR Sik: 
Mr. J. T. Marshall. 
Mr. Alexr. Somerville, B. Sc., F.L.S. 


2.--LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA— 
Mr. Charles Ashford. 
Mr. William Nelson. 
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 
Mr. Jno. W. Taylor. 


3—EXOTIC MOLLUSCA— 
Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. 
Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. 
Rev.. Robert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 


The thanks of the meeting was accorded the retiring Officers 
and Council for their services during the year. 


I44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


THE ANNUAL REPORT. 

Your committee have to congratulate the members on the 
marked success which has attended the operations of the society 
during the year, and the continued interest which the members 
have evinced in its progress. 


At the commencement of the year, it was felt that a num- 
ber of well-known Conchologists who were not already members, 
only needed to have their attention called to the existence of the 
society, in order to at once secure their adhesion. 


Steps were accordingly taken by your President, and a 
large number of Conchologists promptly responded to his invi- 
tation. Sixty new members have been elected during the year ; 
and several more have been nominated for membership at this 
meeting. Only one member has resigned. 


Two Honorary members have been elected, namely, 
M. J. R. Bourguignat, of St. Germain-en-Laye ; and Dr. E. von 
Martens, of Berlin. 


The Donations to the society’s Library and Museum have 
been too numerous to allow of detailed mention here ; but many 
valuable acquisitions have been made, and the society is greatly 
indebted to those who have so freely contributed. All donations 
have been acknowledged in the society’s proceedings from time 
to time. 


Attention has been devoted by your council to the mounting 
of the collections of the society. Mr. W. Nelson has been ap- 
pointed to act as Curator, and on his recommendation the 
system of mounting in glass tubes has been adopted, as being 
perhaps the most economical and convenient method of storing 
the specimens. 


The attention of your council has been called by one of the 
members to the advisability of making certain modifications of 
the nomenclature adopted in the ‘ Conchological Society’s list of 
British Land and Freshwater Mollusca.’ 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 145 


After due consideration, it was deemed advisable that a 
permanent system should be devised of dealing with those and 
similar questions. 

Recommendations on the subject will be brought forward 
at the present meeting. 

The number of shells that have been brought forward at 
the Society’s Meetings for Exhibition and Identification has 
been very large, and has helped to considerably increase the 
number of recorded varieties and localities. 

The chief drawback to the success of the Society during 
the year is the comparatively small number of papers read, and — 
your Council would urge upon the members the desirability that 
exists for an ample supply of original communications in the 
future. 

Your Council would also be pleased if those members who 
interest themselves in exotic and marine shells; and in Con- 
chological Paleontology, would assist in keeping these depart- 
ments of the science more prominently before the meetings, and 
thus vindicate the claim of the Society to the representation of 
the science in its widest acceptation. 


CONSTITUTION AND LIST OF MEMBERS 
OF ‘THE 
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN 
AND IRELAND. 


1.—That this Society be called the “Whe Conchslogical 
Society of Great PHrituin and Ereland.” 

2.—That its objects shall be the promotion of the Science of 
Conchology, by the holding of meetings for the reading 
and discussion of original papers, by the publication of 
proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and 
Collections illustrative of the Science. 

3.—That it shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members. 


K 


146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


4.—That Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two members 
at one meeting, and ballotted for at the next. They 
shall pay, in advance on the 1st January in each year, 
a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the 
payment of Three Guineas. 
5.—That composition fees shall be treated as capital and not 
as income. 
6.—That Members shall have the privilege of appending to . 
their names the initial letters M.C.S. (Member of the 
Conchological Society). 
7.—That the number of Honorary Members shall be limited 
to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and 
have the privileges of Ordinary Members. 
8.—That it shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a 
President, four Vice-presidents, a Treasurer, a Secre- 
tary, and six other members, who shall be elected 
annually. 
9.—That the Presidency shall not be tenable for more than 
one year continuously, and that he be expected to 
give an address. 
10.—That the meetings shall be held in Leeds, monthly, at the 
time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also 
have power to arrange such additional meetings as 
they may think desirable. 
11.—That three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 
12.--That the Annual Meeting be held in December to receive 
the Report and Balance Sheets of the outgoing Council, 
and to elect the new Council. 
13.—That the accounts, before being presented, shall be audited 
by two members, appointed at a previous Meeting. 
14.—That the proceedings shall be published periodically, under 
the direction of the Council. 
15.—That the Capital and Property be vested in two Trustees, 
elected by the Society. 
16.—That no alterations in the rules shall be made unless by a 
majority of three-fourths of the members present at a 
meeting which has been specially summoned. 


J.C., v.,; Jan., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 147 


HONORARY MEMBERS. 
(Limited to ten in number). 
Bourguignat, J. R., Rue des Ursulines, 6, St. Germain-en-Laye, 
Seine et Oise. 
Kobelt, Dr. W., Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. 
Martens, Dr. E. von, 29, Franzosiche Strasse, Berlin, N.W. 
ORDINARY MEMBERS. 
Adams, Lionel E., B.A., 5, Park-street, Stafford. 
Baillie, William, Brora, Sutherlandshire. 
Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, 
Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O. 
Beaulah, John, Raventhorpe, Brigg. 
Bell, Thos. William, 10, Reuben-place, Leeds. 
Bendall, Wilfrid, Nottingham place, London, W. 
Bostock, Edwin D., F.L.S., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire. 
Brazier, Jno., C.M.Z.S., Windmill-street, Sydney, N.S.W. 
Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont-terrace, Glasgow. 
Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley. 
Cash, Wm., F.G.S., 38, Elmfield-terrace, Halifax. 
Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Yorkshire. 
Clarke, Wm. Eagle, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., 18, Claremont-road, 
Headingley, Leeds. 
Coates, Hy., Pitcullen House, Perth. 
Coates, William, 18, Borough-terrace, Middlesbrough, 
Cockerell, Sydney C., 5, Priory-road, Bedford Park, Chiswick. 
Cocks, Ih, 1D); v's, do. do. 
Coles, F. R., Ye Hermitage, Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire. 
Collier, Edward, 74, Yarburgh-street, Manchester. 
Collinge, W. E., 68, Springfield-place, Leeds. 
CookewaNeys Alined Hands: iM yACn ales. iimness «Colleses 
Cambridge. 
Costa, S. J. Da, 2, Craven Hill, London. 
Coulson, Frank, 4, Foremound-terrace, Dowanhill, Glasgow. 
Craven, Alfred E., F.G?S., F.L.S., F.Z.5., 65, St. George’s-road, 
Warwick-square, London. 
Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred-street, Northampton. 
Cundall, J. W., Carrville, Alexandra Park, Redland, Bristol. 
Darbishire, R. D., B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester. 
Davis, Jas. W., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Chevinedge, Halifax. 


148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Dixon, George, Sen., Great Ayton, Northallerton. 

Dodd, B. Sturges, 33, Beech-avenue, New Basford, Nottingham. 

Duncan, Wm., 1, India-street, Montrose. 

Elliott, Edward J., High-street, Stroud. 

Evans, W. Hill, M.D., 58, Little Horton-lane, Bradford. 

Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. 

Fairbrass, (Miss) E. R., Abbey-street, Faversham. 

Fenn, F. G., 20, Woodstock-road, Bedford Park, Chiswick. 

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West-terrace, Folkestone. 

Fitzgerald, H. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover, Hants. 

Fitzgerald, F. R., F.S.Sc., Clifford House, Harrogate. 

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark. 

Gerland, Conrad, B.Sc., Ph.D., University of Marburg, Ger- 
many ; and Church Hall, Church, Lancashire. 

Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 

Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., The Manse, Birnie, Elgin, N.B. 

Green, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Basford Vicarage, St. Neots., 
Huntingdonshire. 

Gwatkin, H. M., M.A., Scrope-terrace, Cambridge. 

Hagger, Jno., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent. 

Heathcote, Wm. Hy., Avenham-lane, Preston. 

Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey. 

Hey, Rev. W. C., M.A., St. Olave’s Vicarage, York. 

Hillman, Thos. Stanton, Eastgate-street, Lewes, Sussex. 

Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. 

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S. Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. 

Howell, G. O., 3, Ripon Villas, Ripon-road, Plumstead. 

Hoyle, W. E., B.A., F.R.S.E., 32, Queen-street, Edinburgh. 

Hudson, Baker, 5, Westbourne-grove, Coatham, Redcar. 

James, Jno. H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro. 

Jeffery, Wm., Ratham, Chichester. 

Jeffrey, Chas., 15, Warren-street, ‘Tenby. 

Jenkins, A. J., 1, Douglas-terrace, Douglas-street, Deptford. 

Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 7, Lee-street, Louth. 

Laver, Hy., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Trinity-street, Colchester. 

Leicester, A., Holly Mount, 4, Albert-road, Birkdale, Southpott. 

Leipner, Bros Adolph, F.Z.S., University College and 47, ELE 

~ ton Park, Clifton, Bristol. 
Lightwood, Jas. T., Hope House, Lytham. 


Ad 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. IAQ 


owe, Hidward=oseph, DL. J Pe Hake Ss, Hel. S7  EGsSs, 
F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S., &c., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow. 

Madison, Jas., 167, Bradford-street, Birmingham. 

ManselsPleydell, J.C. D:L.,. J.P BAGS S"E-GiS4) ac What- 
combe, Blandford, Dorsetshire. 

Marquand, Ernest D., M.A., Alphington, Exeter. 

Marshail, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay. 

McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S.,Summerfield, Warham-road, Croydon. 

McMurtrie, Rev. Jas., M.A., 14, Inverleith-road, Edinburgh. 

Melvill, Jas. Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich. 

Milnes, Rev. H., M.A., Winster Rectory, near Derby. 

Morgan, J. Bickerton, 30, Severn-street, Welshpool. 

Musson, Chas. T., F.L.S., 23, Mapperley Hill, Nottingham. 

Nelson, Wm., Freehold-street, York-road, Leeds. 

Newstead, A. H. L., Roseacre, Epping. 

North, S. W., EGS, York. 

Oldham, iene. Syrian House, Sale, Cheshire 

Parke, Geo. H., F.L.S., F.G.S., Infield Lodge, Furness Abbey. 

Parry, Lieut-Col. G. $., 48, Duke-street, St. James’ Square, S.W. 

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, B.A., Millbrook, near Southampton. 

Pidgeon, Daniel, Assoc.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., Holmwood, Putney 
Hill, London. 

Pierson, C. H., 16, Brunswick-place, Leeds. 

Pocock, Thos. W., J.P., Glenridge, Virginia Water, Staines. 

Ponsonby, Jno. H., 4, Halkin-street, Grosvenor Place, London. 

Quilter, H. E., 4, Cedar-road, Leicester. 

Ramage, John, 20, Hill-street, Dundee. 

Reader, T. W., 171, Hemingford-road, Barnsbury, London, N. 

Redding, J. R., 31, Belvedere-road, Dublin. 

Renton, Robert, Fans-road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. 

Roberts, George, Lofthouse, near Leeds. 

Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds. 

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham-road, Manchester. 

Rope, Geo. Thos., Blaxhall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. 

Saunders, Ed., F.L.S., St. Ann’s, Mason’s Hill, Bromley, Kent. 

Scharff, Robert, Ph.D., B.Sc., Bradford. 

Sclater, A. J. R., Bank-street, Teignmouth. 

Scott, Thomas, 7, Caddlehill-terrace, Greenock. 

Shaw, Alexander, 56, Dover-street, Glasgow, 


150 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Shrubsole, Geo. Wm., Town Hall Square, Chester. 

Skilton, (Mrs.) M., 21, London-road, Brentford. 

Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, 
Herefordshire. 

Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Nat. Hist. Museum, South Kensington. 

Smout, Chas. L., 8, Trinity-street, Hastings. 

Somerville, Alex., B.Sc., F.L.S., 34, Granby-terrace, Hillhead, 
Glasgow. 

Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark-terrace, 
Hillhead, Glasgow. 

Sowerby, G. B., 45, Great Russell-street, London. 

Standen, Robert, Industrial Schools, Swinton, near Manchester. 

Steel, James, 104, Renfrew-street, Glasgow. 

Taylor, (Miss) H. L., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby. 

Taylor, Jno. W., Outwood Villas, Horsforth, near Leeds. 

Tomlin, J. R. B., Pembroke College, Cambridge. 

Turner, Rev. Wm., 5, St. Andrew’s-square, Edinburgh. 

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond-road, Handsworth, Birmingham. 

Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph.D., 9, Seymour-street, Bath. 

Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill-road, Cambridge. 

Watson, Rev. R. Boog, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church 
Manse, Cardross, Dumbartonshire. 

Whitwell, Wm., Roslin, Roy-road, Bolingbroke Grove, London. 

Williams. J. W., B.A., D.Sc., Gothic Cottage, Serpentine-road, 
Park Village East, London, N.W. 

Wood, Jas. Wm., 2, Windsor-terrace, Bedford. 

Woodward, B. B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 23, Batoum Gardens, 
West Kensington Park, S.W. 

Wotton, F. W., Adamsdown Post Office, Cardiff. 

Wright, Bryce M., F.R.G.S., 54, Guildford-street, Russell-square, 
London. 


Planorbis complanatus monst. terebrum in East 
Kent.—I found a very characteristic example of this mon- 
strosity at Minster, near Sandwich, on June 14th last. In 
general contour it somewhat resembles Ae/zx conica.—S. C. 
COCKERELL, July 14th, 1886. 


J.C., v.; Jan., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. I51 


Achatina acicula in Northamptonshire.—The first 
record of this interesting mollusk being found in this county is 
given by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in the ‘English Mechanic,’ 
Oct. 20th, 1876; this article on Northamptonshire as a field of 
study for Naturalists, was reprinted in the Northamptonshire 
Nat. Hist. Soc. Journal, vol. ii, pp. 347 to 351, and contains the 
following paragraph referring to the above:—‘ The delicate 
Achatina acicula which is so seldom found alive, though not 
uncommon in fresh water deposits, has occurred to me at Sib- 
bertoft in full vigour.’ In the list of Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca collected at Peterborough by A. W. Nicholls ; ‘Journ. 
of Conch.’, iv., p. 185, April, 1884, this speciesisrecorded as being 
rare in the gravels of the River Lane. Ina letter to me dated 
Oct., 1885, T. Beesley, F.C.S. of Banbury, writes as follows :— 
‘This [Achatina acicula| 1 found some years ago very abun- 
dantly in roots of grass, near a stonepit close to the town ; but 
this was in Oxfordshire. If searched for, you will be sure to 
find it. The pit was marlstone. On Aug. 14, of this year, 
while turning over some stones of the Middle Lias which had 
been excavated for the new railway between Weedon and 
Daventry, in a gravel walk, close to the latter town, I found a 
single dead specimen of this species; although careful search 
was made, no further specimens could be found.—WaALTER D. 
Crick, Aug. 1886. 


Marine Mollusca at Land’s End, Cornwall.—Among 
some shells sent to me from this locality by Mr. J. H. James 
are the following, some of which are not included in the Scilly 
list, though the locality is not far distant :—/7ssoa membranacea, 
RR. semistriata, R. parva type, var. interrupta, and var. lurida 
nov (of zzterrupta, form, purplish brown, almost unicolorous, 
also found at Margate), Lulima bilineata, Rissoa striata and 
var. arctica, R. costata, R. reticulata, R. punctura, R. tnconspicua, 
R. costulata, Barleeta rubra, and Lacuna divaricata.—T. D. A, 
COCKERELL, Sept. 1886. 


152 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


New habitat for Odostomia pallida.—The usual 
habitat for Odostomia pallida is, as is well known, on the ears of 
Pecten opercularis or P. maximus ; but what I imagine to be an 
entirely new habitat has just been brought to light, viz: on the 
operculum of Zurritella terebra. These latter were taken in 
large quantities in a small trawlin Sullom Voe, Mainland, Shet- 
land, depth about 10 fathoms. An Odostomia was observed on 
the operculum of one which led toa careful investigation. After 
lying a short while undisturbed in a sieve, many of the animals 
protruded themselves, immediately withdrawing however on the 
slightest touch; by careful looking over, about a dozen specimens 
were secured, each having an Odostomza, and in one case two, 
attached to the operculum. ‘These were all of one size, about 
half grown; a few were placed in salt water, but the partnership 
ceased when the water became insufficient, and the Odostomie 
dropped off. The specimens of 7%77rz¢el/a that were allowed to 
dry, had to be broken to procure the Odostomia, which was 
withdrawn with the operculum. A number of specimens of P 
opercularis were obtained in the same haul, some few with adult 
Odostomia paliida on the ears.—R. W J. Smart, Oct., 1886. 


—__— $60 g—__—_ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Museum Normanianum, or a Catalogue of the In- 
vertebrata of Europe, and the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, 
which are contained in the collection of the Rev. Canon A. M. 
Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.L.S. 


This catalogue, of which three parts are already issued, 
containing the Echinodermata, Pantopoda, and Crustacea, is a 
list of the species inhabiting the area north of north latitude 35° 
in the magnificient collection formed by Dr. Norman, at Burn- 
moor Rectory, Fencehouses, Co. Durham. ‘The Echinoder- 
mata, of which roa species are listed, is mostly deficient in 
North-East American forms, especially the Holothuroidea, 
in the deep sea Atlantic species, and in Mediterranean and 
recently described Arctic species. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 153 


The Pantopoda contained in present list number thirty-five, 
additions to which are earnestly desired. 

The total number of Crustacea from this region, described 
to present time, is 3209, of this vast number Dr. Norman 
possesses 1362. ‘These valuable lists are issued mainly to make 
known the contents of Dr. Norman’s museum to curators of 
museums and private naturalists, in the hope that by exchange 
or purchase, it may be still further enriched. 


LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA 
ROUND CHRISTCHURCHEY SOULE VHANES. 


By CHARLES ASHFORD. 

LitTLE description of this district is needed. A _five-mile 
radius extends to the border of Dorset on the west, and nearly 
to the fringe of the New Forest on the north-east... The circle 
includes the southern part of the basins of two rivers—the 
Avon and the Stour—which unite just before entering Christ- 
church harbour. Probably the bed of an ancient estuary, the 
surface is for the most part flat and very thinly wooded, but 
the land rises about one hundred feet towards Bournemouth 
on one side. and the Forest on the other. Geologically, an 
unbroken bed of coarse gravel and sand from three to thirty 
feet thick overlies the equally continuous Lower Tertiary Clays. 
Rock, in its popular sense, is altogether absent inland. 

With a few exceptions, land-species are poor in individuals. 
It will be. observed that the aquatic genera Unio, Paludina, 
and Dreissena are unrepresented in the list. 

The names of a few localities situate beyond the five-mile 
limit have been placed within square brackets. 

I have to thank the revising committee of the Conchologi- 
cal Society for a most careful scrutiny of the shells submitted 
to their judgment. 


154 ASHFORD : LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 


Spherium corneum.—In all suitable places. R. Stour 
from Christchurch to Herne; R. Avon, from Christchurch 
to Sopley, and many ditches communicating; also at 
[Ringwood, Holmsley, Brockenhurst]. Adults with fry, 
2—3 mm. in early May. 

Pisidium amnicum.—River Stour at Tuckton, length 8 mm., 
breadth ro*5 mm.; Somerford Brook sparingly ; [Ring- 
wood, Brockenhurst abundant and fine, Holmsley]. Adults 
with eleven to fourteen fry each, 1—2 mm. broad, and 
distinctly striated, on 13th May. 

P. fontinale.—River Avon at Christchurch, Winkton, and 
[Ringwood]; R. Stour at Christchurch. Two with um- 
bonal projections (Aevslowana) at Tuckton (J. H. Ashford) 
and a few pu/chella from both rivers at Christchurch. 

P. pusillum.—River Stour, Christchurch, Wick, Tuckton ; 
Somerford Brook; a smaller, rather more glossy and in- 
equilateral form abundant in 1882 in the chalybeate 
streamlet, running down Boscombe Chine, since covered 
in; R. Avon and ditches, Christchurch and Winkton ; 
[Ringwood, Brockenhurst]. 

P. nitidum.—Three specimens from R. Stour, Christchurch, 
and R. Avon, Winkton, identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. 
Anodonta cygnea.—River Stour at Tuckton Bridge, generally 
undersized, occasionally attaining 5 inches. [Beaulieu, 6 

inches |. 

Neritina fluviatilis.—River Stour, Christchurch to Tuckton. 
Very abundant above Tuckton Bridge, Sept. 1884, in great 
variety of markings; about 4 per cent. being pure yellow 
without spots (ces?za), 14 per cent. presenting a most in- 
structive graduated series connecting the latter with the 
type, a few marked with three bands (¢ri/asctata), and two 
with transverse bands (wadulata); R. Avon at Winkton 
and [Ringwood]. 

Bythinia tentaculata.—Widely distributed. R. Stour from 
Christchurch to Herne Court ; R. Avon up to Sopley, also 


J.C., v., Jan,. 1887. 


ASHFORD : LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 155 


at [ Ringwood]; in most ditches, sometimes abundant, often 
encrusted but rarely decollated. One specimen with elon- 
gate spire ( producta) Tuckton. [Water draining from the 
New Forest appears to be more detrimental to the shell. In 
a stream near Holmsley Station, 24th Sept., the decollated 
condition was general, so also, 13th May, near “The 
Queen’s Bower,” N. of Brockenhurst, where, in addition 
to loss of spire, the body whorl and occasionally even the 
operculum was deeply pitted]. 

B. leachii.—Sparingly, Christchurch, Winkton, [Ringwood], 
Tuckton. 

Valvata piscinalis.—River Avon at Christchurch and [ Ring- 
wood] moderately abundant; R. Stour up to Tuckton, 
occasional ; [Brockenhurst, Holmsley ]. 

V. cristata.—With the last, in both Stour and Avon, but more 
frequent in latter ; [Ringwood]. 

Planorbis nitidus.—Four specimens on weed in Somerford 
brook, near Christchurch, with P. xautileus (J. H. A.); two 
dead shells among rejectamenta of R. Avon. 

P. nautileus.—Moderately abundant in Somerford brook, 
small (August) but all beautifully crested (cristata). 

P. albus.—Widely distributed, but nowhere very abundant 
or fine. River Avon from Christchurch to Sopley [and at 
Ringwood]; R. Stour from Christchurch to Iford Bridge ; 
Somerford ; Boscombe Chine ; [Lymington R. at Brocken- 
hurst]. One conically-coiled shell at Tuckton (J.H.A.). 

P. spirorbis.—River Avon at Christchurch ; plentiful in 1880 
in a shallow grassy roadside ditch, dry in summer, but not 
found there recently ; Waterditch ; [Holmsley, numerous]. 
A shell curiously twisted into a cylindrical form (J.H.A.) ; 
and a discoidal shell with whorls irregularly separated, 
Christchurch. 

P. vortex.—Much less local than P. spivorbis. Throughout 
lower reaches of both Avon and Stour and in most ditches ; 
[ Ringwood, Brockenhurst]. 


156 ASHFORD : LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. : 


P. carinatus.—River Avon at Christchurch ; Winkton and 
[Ringwood]; R. Stour, Tuckton ; [Holmsley]; in places 
plentiful. 

P, marginatus (Drap.)..—Frequent in most places round 
Christchurch, in R. Stour, R. Avon, ditches and marshes ; 
[Holmsley, Brockenhurst]. Of examples from the Avon 
Mr. Nelson remarks: ‘“‘a rather curious form with very 
compact whorls.” 

P. corneus.—In ditches near the Avon, Christchurch. 

P. contortus.—Local. Abundant in a brook, Somerford, 
with P. albus and P. nautileus ; |Holmsley]. 

Physa hypnorum.—Only two examples, in ditches near 
Christchurch. | 

P. fontinalis.—Numerous and generally distributed round 
Christchurch in Avon, Stour, smaller streams, ditches, and 
marshes; [Brockenhurst, Ringwood]. Some variation in 
shape approaching oblonga and inflata. 

Limngea peregra.—Our most abundant aquatic species, 
occurring in both rivers, but preferring quiet ditches. 
Christchurch, Wick, Tuckton, Iford, Blackwater, Wink- 
ton, Sopley, Mudeford, [ Ringwood, Holmsley, Brocken- 
hurst]. Fry innumerable in May, no adults to be found 
after June. Prevailing form in ditches is intermediate 
between ovata and acuminata, attaining 21 mm., a few 
tending to each extreme; in the rivers more nearly typical. 
A dwarf form, 7—10 mm. (a7i¢z7ma), in the mineral stream, 
Boscombe Chine. [To the last named variety may perhaps 
be referred a small russet-brown form, 1o—12 mm., found 
alive in a dry cattle trough at Beaulieu]. 

|. auricularia.—Christchurch, in both rivers, seldom found 
adult and never fine. 

L. stagnalis.—Christchurch, in R. Stour, ditches near R. 
Avon, rarely adult. ; 

L. palustris.—In most waters near Christchurch, abundant in 
places, adults varying from’ 15 to 20mm. Also at Boscombe, 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


ASHFORD : LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 157 


| Ringwood, Holmsley, Brockenhurst]. One example of 
v. Zacunosa, Christchurch (J. W. Taylor). Hundreds of this 
species, carried by winter overflow of R. Avon to adjacent 
meadows, lead an aerial life during summer and some form 
an epiphragm in periods of drought. 

L. truncatula.—Boscombe (J.H.A.); R. Stour and Avon at 
Christchurch, Tuckton, Winkton, and [Ringwood]. Much 
less numerous than ZL. palustris, but often with it. 

L. glabra.—As yet, only at [Holmsley] at roots of /vis in one 
damp hollow (J.H.A.). The young form a thickened rib 
within the peristome after each fresh addition to the shell. 

Ancylus fluviatilis.x—Occasionally in R. Avon, at Christ- 
church and Winkton, and in a branch of that river at 
Burton; afew in R. Stour at Tuckton, on WVuphar, with 
A. lacustris. In the opinion of Mr. J. W. Taylor some 
from the last named locality conform to Morelet’s Ancylus 
stvictus, “laterally compressed with side-margins somewhat 
straight and parallel.” More plentiful and including the 
whitish form (a/izda) in Somerford brook on stones; in 
Bure brook, near Mudeford, on gravel, rather small, dark 
and corroded at apex ; [ Holmsley]. 

A. lacustris. —River Stour from Christchurch up to Holden- 
hurst ; R. Avon at Christchurch, Winkton, and [Ringwood] 
on Wuphar, Nymphea, and Sagitta, but everywhere in its 
white form only (a/bida). 

Arion ater.—The dark form occurs rather sparingly and 
seems chiefly confined to damp meadows, Christchurch, 
Winkton (dark olive), Chuton Glen, [Holmsley, Brocken- 
hurst]. I have never seen it in the garden. 

The reddish-brown form (vwfa) in various shades of 
that colour occurs more frequently, chiefly in gardens on 
kitchen and other refuse, Christchurch ; also away from 
houses at Roeshot Hill and Hengistbury Head. 

A. subfuscus Drap.—Intermediate in size between A. ater 
and A. hortensis, orange-red to reddish-brown, with 


158 ASHFORD: LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 


darker brown band on sides and mantle. Christchurch, 
on kitchen refuse, occasionally in the garden under dead 
leaves. 

A. bourguignati.—A small slug about the length of A. 
hortensis, but fuller bodied, grey or silver-grey, with a 
narrow dark band on each side. Christchurch, under 
dead leaves and damp boards with A. hortensis. 

A. hortensis.—Gardens and meadows, Christchurch, Mude- 
ford, Chuton Glen. In this district it is pretty uniform in 
size and colour—black back and sides, shading off into 
iron-grey or greenish-grey. 

Amalia gagates.—Christchurch, in heaps of refuse and dead 
leaves, occasionally in outhouses climbing the walls with 
L. flavus. The light grey form (/umbea), and no other, 
occurs here. 

A. marginata.—Christchurch, frequent in garden on rock- 
work, refuse, dead leaves, etc., typical. Four individuals 
on a wall at Mudeford in 1879, none found there since. 

Limax leevis.—Boggy ground and river banks, especially 
under old logs in several places near Christchurch. Its 
associates in one instance were A. hortensts and Zonites 
nitidus. Whether actually submerged or not appears to 
be a matter of perfect indifference to this little slug. If 
held upon a piece of stick it will let itself down bya 
thread of mucus. ~Scarcely varies at all in colour. 

L. flavus.—Frequent in gardens and outhouses. Christ- 
church ; Mudeford... Much darker and tinged with green 
when young. 

L. agrestis. — Strictly unspotted individuals rare; those 
approaching this condition not numerous ; prevailing form 
distinctly spotted or blotched (sy/vatcca), frequently with 
russet, reddish-brown, or brown markings in gardens, and 
generally with some shade of grey in meadows. Christ- 
church, Hengistbury Head, Highcliff, Barton, Winkton, 
Burton, Sopley...[ Ringwood, Holmsley]. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1887. 


ASHFORD: LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 159 


L. arborum.—Christchurch, on rockwork in garden, several ; 
on a beech tree, Bure Homage, one ; [under felled timber 
in the New Forest in Wootton Inclosure, two, one of 
which, in Mr. Roebuck’s opinion, answered to Baudon’s 
nemorosa, the other to Sordelli’s dettonz7']. 

L. maximus.—Christchurch, numerous, chiefly in gardens. 
The young here are generally greyish-yellow with four con- 
spicuous, broken or continuous bands. As age advances 
the ground colour assumes a dark wood-brown, often with 
a tinge of red, and when the animal is adult the bands are 
more or less obscured. In one instance the dorsal spots 
were disposed without order (maculata). In the Forest at 
[Cadnam (J.H.A.) and Beaulieu, adult and_ brightly 
striped ]. 

Succinea putris.—Christchurch, Winkton, Burton, [Ring- 
wood], very variable in numbers at the same spot from 
year to year. 

S. elegans.—Christchurch, Tuckton, Winkton, [Holmsley, 
Ringwood]. 

Vitrina pellucida.—Hengistbury Head, at foot of sandhills, 
Mudeford, Highcliff, Winkton. 

Zonites cellarius.—Christchurch, Highcliff, Hoborne Com- 
mon, Chuton Glen...[ Beaulieu]. Two albino examples at 
Christchurch ; a colony of a larger and darker form 
existed up to 1880 at Mudeford, since destroyed by high 
tides. 

Z. alliarius.—Nowhere abundant. Chuton Glen with Z. exca- 
vatus, Mudeford, Highcliff, Newtown, [Cadnam J.H.A. ]. 


Z. nitidulus.—Much less numerous than Z. ce/larius, and 
rarely found in gardens. Christchurch, Mudeford, High- 
cliff, Somerford, Winkton, Chuton Glen... [ Beaulieu]. 


Z. nitidus.—Local colonies in damp meadows and swamps. 
Christchurch, Tuckton, Winkton, [Holmsley, rather 
abundant ; Ringwood]. 


160 ASHFORD : LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 


Z. excavatus.—Numerous where it occurs, but very local. 
Chuton Glen, Hengistbury Head, Boscombe, Hoborne, 
and [in Wootton Enclosure, Holmsley], in all which places 
the type only has been found; in a small conse at Roe- 
shot Hill, near Christchurch, it occurs with a transparent 
light yellow shell to the exclusion of the type. 

Z. crystallinus.—Occasionally in damp meadows. Christ-. 
church, Tuckton, Somerford, | Holmsley]. 

Z. fulvus.—Sparsely at Christchurch, Hengistbury, Tuckton, 
Chuton Glen, [Cadnam (J.H.A.), Holmsley]. 

Helix aculeata.—Two specimens at bottom ofa hedge, Somer- 
ford. 

H. aspersa.—In and around every village in the district, also 
at [Ringwood, Holmsley, Beaulieu]. In one garden at 
Christchurch, 1591 killed in four nights. A dozen or more 
observed stationed in the daytime on the upper branches 
of a Genista in the public gardens of Bournemouth, (cf. a 
similar statement by Mr. Hopkinson, in Trans. Nat. Hist. 
Soes Herts.) 

VariATIoNs.—- Undulata Christchurch, [Holmsley, 
Beaulieu]; zovata [Beaulieu], one; a dwarf form, 22 mm., 
on the coast at Mudeford ; a reversed shell, Christchurch. 

H. nemoralis.—A considerable colony occupies the east side 
of the hill terminating in Hengistbury Head, traceable thence 3 
along the inner base of the sandhills to Mudeford, where, 
in one hedge, it overlaps for about 20 yards the quarters of 
Hf. hortensis. Isolated examples in gardens, Christchurch 
and Bournemouth ; at] Holmsleyand Bolderwood]. Ground 
colour confined to pure yellow and light-rufous salmon, 
with intermediate shades, the banding, with rare excep- 
tions, being co000 and 00300 ; one shell 003(45). 

H. hortensis.—Christchurch, widely spread over sandy banks 
and hedge-rows near the town; also at Mudeford, Water- 
ditch, Burton, Bournemouth, | Fordingbridge (H. Richard- 
son) |. 


sCx5) Vz, Jansaesie 


ae 


a 


ASHFORD: LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 161 


VARIATIONS.-—(a) Size from 15 to 20 mm. in breadth ; 
(b) ground-colour from the very palest straw-yellow through 
canary-yellow to rufous salmon, rarely liver-brown, rarely 
violet-grey ; (c) about three-fifths are bandless, the rest com- 
prising most of the band combinations, a notable exception 
being 00300; (d) lip rarely rose-colour, very frequently 
reddish brown ; a tinted lip not confined to bandless shells; 


_(e) shells with "transparent colourless bands (azenicola) 


frequent. 


. arbustorum.—Appears to be very local. A few may 


generally be found on a swampy spot at Knapp Mill near 
Christchurch ; rather pale, tending towards pallida. This 
spot is often under water in winter. 

cantiana.—One small colony, including rudescens and 
albida, at Mudeford, under brambles on a bank rising 
from the shore. Two isolated examples at Winkton. 


rufescens. — Plentiful in gardens and among nettles. 
Christchurch, Winkton...; [Beaulieu]. Rufous shells 
(rubens) frequent, white ones (ada) occasional. 


. concinna.—Abundant at Knapp Mill near Christchurch, on 


swampy ground, with A. sericea; Winkton, [Ringwood]. 
*“‘ T consider them typical specimens ” (Dr. Jeffreys). 


. hispida.—Christchurch, Highcliff, Winkton, [Holmsley, 


Brockenhurst, Beaulieu]. Nowhere numerous; I have 
not seen more than a score or so; frequents rather dryer 
situations than 47. concinna. 

sericea (gvanulata Ald.).— Abundant below trodden 
Phragmites and rank vegetation close to R. Avon, Christ- 
church; a few at Winkton oma roadside bank ; [Ring- 
wood]. Some shells are a shade darker than others. 


fusca.—| New Forest near Holmsley, one alive, one dead 


(J.H.A.)]. 


: virgata.—A small community struggling for existence on 


an arable field, Newtown, varying in numbers from year 


L 


162 ASHFORD : LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 


to year. The majority belong to the form a/dicans, the rest 
to subaliida. Isolated examples occasionally at Mudeford 
and Highcliff. 

H. caperata.—Widely scattered over the whole coast-belt 
from Barton to Boscombe, on arable land as well as un- 
cultivated ground. Their persistence on farm land is 
striking, seeing that the plough sends them summarily to 
hibernation in October. and frequently turns them in again 
as soon as they reappear in spring. 

VARIATIONS.—Several beautiful examples of dark uni- 
colored shells (/w/va), with and without white lineoles, on 
the Priory walls, Christchurch, also one at Newtown; 
alba, Christchurch one, Newtown one; osnata, Christ- 
church a few, Newtown two. 


H. rotundata.—Chuton Glen and Roeshot Hill, with Zonztes 
excavatus ; Christchurch, abundant in gardens with Z. 
cellarius; Mudeford, Highcliff, Hoborne Common ; [Cad- 
nam (J.H.A.), Holmsley, Beaulieu, Ringwood]... 


H. rupestris.—Very local and true to its usual habitat. Priory 
wall, Christchurch ; [on the church walls and tombstones, 
Brockenhurst (J.H.A.), on the Abbey ruins, Beaulieu]. 


H. pygmzea.—Roeshot Hill, a few ; rejectamenta of R. Avon 
Christchurch, several. 

H. pulchella.—Hengistbury, under old bricks ; Christchurch 
and Tuckton, in meadows; Highcliff, on dry banks; 
[Beaulieu]. I cannot find a shell absolutely free from ribs 
under a lens. 


H. lapicida.—A flourishing and pretty numerous colony, the 
only one known to me, finds congenial conditions on the 
Priory wall, Christchurch, with . rupestris, H. caperata, 
Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa... This ancient, time- 
furrowed wall, sprinkled with vegetation (¢.g., Pavietaria 
officinalis) is roughly built of limnzean limestone from 
the Isle of Wight, Purbeck oolite, and Septaria. Two 


J.C., v., April, 1887, 


ASHFORD: LIST OF CHRISTCHURCH MOLLUSCA. 163 


living specimens have occurred in unusual places—at 
Tuckton, on a neglected plot of grass, and in the New 
Forest at [Holmsley] under felled timber (J.H.A.). 

Bulimus obscurus,—A solitary specimen on a wall at High- 
cliff. 

Pupa umbilicata.—Numerous under old bricks, Hengistbury 
and base of the sandhills, very variable in length, 2°3 to 
3°8 mm. ; Christchurch, Highcliff, [ Beaulieu, Brockenhurst]. 
An albino on decaying willow trunk, Christchurch, (J.H.A.). 

Pupa marginata.—A few round a dismantled limekiln, Hen- 
gistbury, barely maintaining themselves. 

Vertigo antivertigo.—Frequent in damp meadows, near R. 
Stour, at Tuckton, and R. Avon, at Christchurch. 

V. pygmeea.— Highcliff and Hengistbury, a few. 

V. edentula.—Highcliff, (J.H.A.); a few among dead leaves 
on Hoborne Common, where I have observed it in active 
motion in January. 

Balea perversa.—On a willow, in garden, Christchurch, with 
C. rugosa (J.H.A.). Have met with it nowhere else in 
this neighbourhood ; frequent in New Forest, [ Bolderwood 
on beech, Cadnam, (J.H.A.), Beaulieu]. 

Clausilia rugosa.—Widely diffused, Christchurch, Mudeford, 
Hengistbury, Hoborne, Staple Cross, Chuton, Burton, 
Highcliff... [Ringwood, Beaulieu]. 

VARIATIONS :—A shell rugosa only on body whorl, 
Chuton Glen, (J.H.A.); two, extremely pointed, xwcleus 
only o°3 mm. broad, [Holmsley]; two exquisite aldcnos, 
Christchurch, occurring with the white P. wmbzlicata already 
mentioned ; from same spot a light-buff or sandy coloured 
shell, apparently a link between the a/dzno and type. 

Cochlicopa lubrica.—In dry sandy places, as well as damp 
meadows ; Christchurch, (with Zudricordes) Highcliff, Tuck- 
ton... [Holmsley, Beaulieu, Ringwood]. 

Carychium minimum.—Christchurch, Tuckton, abundant 
in low meadows ; [Holmsley]. Shell very variable in shape. 


164 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS COLLECTED 
ABOUT NEWQUAY, CORNWALL, SEPT., 1886. 


By J. H. JAMES. 


Helix aspersa.—In hundreds, and in every hedge. The 
shells are of very light ground colour, and the greater | 
number prettily banded and ‘ flammulated.’ 

H. aspersa var. exalbida.—Only one small specimen found. 

H. aspersa var. undulata.—Very few and not good speci- 
mens. One young and very characteristic example. 

H. aspersa var. ? Peculiarly marked and banded. 

Helix nemoralis var. libellula.—Very common in the hedges 
around the town. Majority (12)345, many 00300, and a 


few 00000. 
H. nemoralis var. rubella.—Plentiful, (1234)5 and 00300, 
but only found one ooooo. 

At the back of the beaches I found very many of vars. 
libellula and rubella (12)345 and 123(45). ‘The shells 
were quite dull, the gloss having apparently been removed 
by the sand and spray which must have been blown on the 
shells when the wind was from the sea. The animals were 
principally found on the umbelliferous plants. 

H. nemoralis var. albolabiata.—One specimen only. 

Helix hortensis.—Small and pale straw-coloured; 12345 
and 12(345). Not plentiful. 

H. hortensis var. lutea.—Not plentiful ; ooooo. 

Helix rufescens.—Scarce; only three or four specimens 
found ; one abnormal. 

Helix sericea.—Plentiful under stones at the back of beaches. 

Helix rotundata.—Plentiful under stones at the back of 
beaches. 

Helix caperata.—Plentiful in hedges around the town. 

H. caperata var. ornata.—Fairly common ; many dead, but 
in good condition. 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


JAMES : MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEWQUAY, CORNWALL. 165 


H. caperata var. fulva.—Fairly common; many dead shells 
in good condition. 

Helix ericetorum.—In great abundance on the commons 
near the beaches. ‘The varieties seem endless. 

Helix virgata.—In greatest abundance everywhere; finest 
specimens in common adjoining the Fistral beach. 

H. virgata var. albicans.—Almost as plentiful as the type, 
and generally scattered with it. 

H. virgata var. hypozona.—Pilentiful ; generally found with 
the type. 

H. virgata variety undescribed, brown.—Plentiful, with the 
type. 

H. virgata var. leucozona.—Not common. 

H. virgata var. nigrescens.—Rare ; only six found, at the 
Fistral common. 

H. virgata var. aloba.—Very rare; only one found, at the 
Fistral common. 

Zonites draparnaldi.—Five found ; all under stones at the 
back of Lustigaze beach, the only place. 

Zonites glaber.—Common and generally distributed. 

Zonites cellarius.—Common and generally distributed. 

Bulimus acutus.—In greatest abundance everywhere. 

B. acutus var. bizona.—Almost as plentiful as the type. 

B. acutus var. articulatus.—Almost as plentiful as type. 

B. acutus var. strigatus.—Almost as plentiful as type. 

Clausilia rugosa.—Only one found. 

Pupa marginata.—A few under stones at the back of beaches. 

Arion ater var. atra.—Plentiful and generally distributed. 

Arion hortensis.—Plentiful. 

Limax agrestis.—Plentiful. 

Amalia marginata.—Not common; I got two shells from 
two fine specimens. 

CRANTOCK. 
About one and a half miles to the west of Newquay. I went once. 

Helix aspersa.—In abundance. I did not search for any 

other species, and the aspersa were just as at Newquay. 


166 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Limnza peregra.—In great quantities in a little stream from 
the Churchtown to the beach ; very small. 
Pisidium pusillum.—Very abundant in the same stream as 
L. peregra. 
Planorbis vortex.—One specimen only. 
ST. COLUMB PORTH. 


About a mile to the east of Newquay. I went twice. 


Helix aspersa.—As at Newquay. 

Felix nemoralis.—A few. 

Helix virgata.—Plentiful. 

Helix ericetorum.—Scarce. 

Helix caperata and varieties.—Plentiful. 

Helix rotundata.—Common. 

Helix sericea.—Two or three. 

Zonites crystallinus.—Four or five only. 

Limax maximus.—Plentiful ; shells large and thick. 
Pupa marginata.—A few under stones in hedge. 
Succinea pfeifferi.Small, but plentiful in moors. 
Planorbis vortex.—Plentiful in stream in moors. 
Planorbis albus.—Rare, in same stream as P. vortex. 
Limnzea peregra.—Plentiful, in the same stream. 
Limnza palustris.—Plentiful, in stream. 

Limneea truncatula.—Plentiful, in stream. 


a OO Oe 


Helix hortensis monst. sinistrorsum and H. 
aspersa var. exalbida in Pembrokeshire. — Mr. C. 
Jefferys informs me that he has lately found in the immediate 
neighbourhood of Tenby, a fine reversed shell of 4. hortensts 
var. Jutea. On 24th of July he met with & aspersa var. ex- 
allvida. Both forms are, I believe, new to the district. Mr. 
Jefferys remarks that the vars. mznor and conoidea of HZ. aspersa 
are common, and A. aculeata is also found in some numbers, 
but is very local.—Jno. W. Taytor, August rst, 1886. 


J.C.. v., April, 1887 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 167 


ON THE GENUS CUMA. 


By THE REV. A. H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S. 


CURATOR IN ZOOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE. 


In H. and A. Adams’ ‘ Genera of the Mollusca,’ the follow- 
ing are enumerated as 


Species of Cuma (Humphr.). 


Africana Matt. muricina Blainv. 
carinifera Lam. guadrata Jonas 
cuspidata Ad. & Rve. rugosa Quoy 
diadema Lam. sacellum Chem. 
Grateloupiana Petit tectum Chem. 
Graves Brod. thiarella Lam. 
zmpertalts Blainv. trigona Lam. 


kiosquiformis Ducl. 
Of these, Africana, diadema, tmperialis, thiarella=carintfera ; 
Grateloupiana and trigona are better known as gradata Jonas, for 
which I strongly suspect gwadrvata is a misprint ; cuspidata 1s 
possibly a variety of Purpura hippocastanum, Gravesii is a 
Coralliophila, muricina isa Sistrum, rugosa Quoy is an error for 
rugosa Born (rugosa Quoy=scobina Quoy), which is a synonym 
of sacelium Chem. 

The list, therefore, of species of Cuma may be re-written 
as follows :— 

carinifera Lam. sacellum Chem. 

gradata Jonas tectum Chem. (Wood). 

kiosquiformis Ducl. 

Tryon, in his ‘ Manual of Conchology,’ vol. i., pp. 199-202, 
enumerates the following as Cuma (Humphr.) :— 


Riosquiformis Ducl. gradata Jonas 
purpuroides A’Orb. tectum Wood 
carinifera Lam. rugosa Born 


coronata Lam. muricata Winds 


168 COOKE: ON THE GENUS CUMA. 


It is necessary to state distinctly what Tryon’s views are 
with regard to the first new member of this list, viz.: pzrpurotdes 
d’Orb. In vol. i1., p. 200, he writes, ‘This well-known species, 
inhabiting the West Coast of Central and South America, is 
said to have a fusoid operculum ; it will therefore be described 
and figured in vol. iii. Conchologically, the species is very 
closely allied to C. ktosquiformis Ducl.’ Referring to vol. ii1., 
p. 109, we find ‘ Melongena fusiformis Blainv. ‘This shell is 
apparently very closely related to C. Acosquiformis, but the 
operculum, according to d’Orbigny, is not purpuroid. ‘The re- 
semblance, conchologically, is much nearer [to] Cuma than 
either [to] AZelongena or Siphonatia, and I cannot help thinking 
that the great French naturalist was mistaken as to the oper- 
culum.’ 

Nov, this is alla piece of guess-work, of a most unscientific 
kind. d’Orbigny was perfectly correct in stating that the oper- 
culum is not purpuroid. We have a specimen in the MacAndrew 
collection here, whose operculum, though unfortunately imper- 
fect, is yet quite sufficiently perfect to enable one to state 
distinctly that the shell which possesses it is not allied to 
Cuma, or evento Purpura, in the remotest degree. Perfect 
specimens with the operculum zz szfw may be seen at the 
British Museum. The unguiculate form and terminal nucleus 
settle at once the question of its non-purpuroid relationship ; 
whether the affinities of the shell be in the direction of 
Melongena or Fusus or Siphonalia is another matter, which 
must wait for an examination of the animal, and in particular 
of the dentition. Conchologically, too, the difference between 
the two shells is very marked. The thick ‘ fibrous-brown’ 
epidermis of purpurotdes is of itself sufficient evidence that 
the shell which it envelopes so tightly is not a Purpura. Few 
Purpuras have a distinct epidermis at all, and none any that in 
the least degree resembles this. 

It may be added that the locality given by Tryon, on 
Cuming’s authority (St. Elena, W. Columbia), is probably in- 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


COOKE: ON THE GENUS CUMA. 169 


correct. Cuming’s localities, as Dr. Gray has sufficiently shown, 
are not to be relied upon as establishing, but only as confirming, 
a question of distribution. Its range is probably confined to 
the second locality which Tryon gives, viz: Peru, and to North 
Chili. 

Cuma coronata is placed by Tryon amongst the Cumas, 
without a word of explanation, except by saying that it resembles 
Riosquiformts in the whorls being connected across the sutures by 
laminz. But since this peculiarity is never stated, or supposed, 
to be an index of generic distinction (see below), covonata had 
better, in the absence of other evidence for removing it, stay 
where it has hitherto been, with the Purpure. 


Cuma muricata is admitted on the evidence of a single 
specimen, dredged by Hinds at Panama in nineteen fathoms, 
mud. It is only natural to remark that mud at nineteen fathoms 
is not the usual habitat of shells of this group, and when we 
further learn that this single specimen is a very young shell, 
that it is only the wide difference of locality which prevents it 
being identified as 7wgosa Born (i.e. sacellum Chem), and that it 
has also been described as a Zvophon, we need not have much 
compunction in not letting it disturb us further. 


Thus then Tryon’s list, purged of intruders, becomes ex- 
actly identical with the reformed list of H. and A. Adams. 


Now let us see what are the recognised conchological dis- 
tinctions, which separate these five shells, viz: carinifera Lam. 
gradata Jonas, kiosqguiformis Ducl., rugosa Born, fectum Wood, 
under the genus Cuma, from the genus Purpura, in other words, 
why are the shells, or any of them, classed as Cuma, and not 
Purpura ? 


Thedescriptions of Cuma and Purpura,as given in H.and A. 
Adams, and copied by Tryon, are—placing them for the sake of 
convenience in parallel columns :— 


170 


Purpura 
SHELL oblong oval, last whorl 
large, SPIRE short. 


APERTURE ovate, large, with 
an oblique channel or groove 
at the fore part. 

CoLUMELLA flattened. 


OuTER Lip simple. 
OpERCULUM oblong, nucleus 


elongate, forming the long 
outer edge. 


COOKE: ON THE GENUS CUMA. 


Cuma 
SHELL pyriform, SPIRE eleva- 
ted, acute, whorls angular or 
spinose. 
APERTURE oval oblong. 


COLUMELLA convex, sometimes 
with a strong angular tooth 
in the middle. 

OutTER Lip acute, grooved in- 
ternally. 

OPERCULUM ovate, blunt, nuc- 
leus elongate, forming the 
outer or hinder edge. 


Now, it is plain that the possession of a ‘Ayviform’ shell is 
not a peculiarity of Cwma as opposed to Purpura, for Purpura 
armigera, speciosa, and certain varieties of A@emastoma are as 
much ‘pyriform’ as they are ‘ovate-oblong’, and they have 
never been classified as Cuma. Againan ‘elevated’ sfzre is just 
as common in Purpura as a ‘short’ one, eg. P. scobina, lapillus, 
cingulata, And many Purpuras have ‘angular’ or even ‘spinose’ 
whorls, e.g. P. armigera, consul, hippocastanum, echinata. 

The aperture does not present, and is not described as pre- 
senting, any point of contrast. 

The outer lip in Purpura is described as being ‘simple’, in 
Cuma as being ‘acute’, which I suppose is only two ways of ex- 
pressing the same thing. It is stated however of Cuma, and is 
not stated of Purpura, that the outer lip is ‘ grooved internally’. 
But for this to be valid as a generic distinction, it would be 
necessary to show that no /urpure were internally grooved, 
and a glance at Purp. persica, planospira, hippocastanum, and 
haemastoma in certain cases, will dispose of the possibility of this. 
And, conversely, several so called Cumas are not always in- 


ternally grooved, e.g. carinifera, gradata, and particularly £cos- 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


COOKE: ON THE GENUS CUMA. ie G/Al 


guiformis, of which latter I have many specimens without the 
symptom of a groove. 

The operculum is the same in both. 

There remains the co/umella, and here alone there appears any 
distinction which really may be taken as constituting generic 
difference. The ‘convexity’ of the columella in Cuma, as com- 
pared with its ‘flatness’ in Purpura, may be dismissed at once, 
for in the so-called Cuma carinata, kiosqutiformts, rugosa, sacellum, 
the columella is just as straight as in the normal Purpura. 
There remains only the sentence—‘ sometimes with a strong 
angular tooth in the middle.’ If for ‘sometimes’ we read 
‘once,’ the facts will be stated correctly. For, out of the five 
species to which we have reduced Cuma, tectum alone possesses 
this ‘strong angular tooth.’ It follows, therefore, that the re- 
maining four, destitute as they are of what we have proved is 
the sole qualification for generic difference, and unable to pro- 
duce any other claim to the same, must sink back into what 
they doubtless ought to be, viz., Purpuras pure and simple. 
Cuma then, is represented, really on the showing of the genus- 
makers themselves, by the single species ¢ectum. 

It is hardly correct to describe this sole peculiarity of 
Cuma as simply ‘columella with a strong angular tooth in the 
middle.’ For, if a shell of Cuma tectum be broken open, it 
will be seen that this ‘tooth’ is not a development of the colu- 
mella only, not a mere sharpened callus, so to call it, but is 
the termination, on the columella, of a strong ridge which 
ascends the interior of all the whorls, up to the top of the spire 
itself. Hence its true importance ; for a mere callus, confined 
to the columella, would not take equal rank as determining a 
genus. 

Lastly, I would point out that the evidence of geographical 
distribution is in favour of this restriction of the genus Cuma. If 
the other four species, carinifera, gradata, kiosquiformis, and 
sacellum, which I hope I have succeeded in expelling from the 
genus, are placed here, there is no explanation of the fact that a 


172 COOKE: ON THE GENUS CUMA. 


gap in the distribution occurs, unbridged by the occurrence of 
any species. For, broadly speaking, the Malay peninsula is the 
metropolis of carinifera and gradata, Western tropical America 
of Riosquiformis and tectum. If however the genus be restricted as 
here proposed, we have one more well marked example of what 
I may call ‘modified Purpuras,’ peculiar to the W. coast of America. 
Cuma, Monoceros and Concholepas will then rank together, as 
characteristic of this coast, and of this coast only, the columellar 
tooth in Cuma being paralleled by the labial tooth in Monoceros. 

The exact limits of the distribution of Cuma tectum are not 
known. Its metropolis appears to be Panama; where I have 
collected it in large numbers at low water mark, neap tides, in 
clefts of rocks. It does not extend northwards as far as Mazatlan ; 
or (apparently) southwards as far as Guayaquil, and it does not 
occur at the Galapagos. 

A word in conclusion with regard to nomenclature. The 
Genus Cuma, as constituted by Humphrey in 1797 (Mus. 
Calonn., p. 35, genus 60), is an omntum gatherum of fourteen 
species, from which this at most can be learned, that it includes 
two species of Fusctolaria (tulipa and trapezium) and one of 
Pyrula (morio). To say that Humphrey constituted the genus 
is perhaps to pay him too great a compliment, as his ‘ genera’ 
are merely unscientific groupings of species under popular 
names, for sale purposes. 

Swainson, in 1840 (Malac., pp. 73, 87, 307), first took the 
name up, making Cuma a subdivision of the Pyruline, and 
taking as the type, and apparently as the only species, swlcata 
Swains. (=¢ectum Wood). He regarded Cuma as a passage 
between Pyvula and /usus, giving the following description : 
Shell subfusiform ; spire and base equal in length ; inner lip 
with a central fold. 

Gray (P. Z. S., 1847) placed Cuma Swains, in his section 6 
of the Muricide, between Rapana and Latirus. 

It follows therefore that for Cuma Humphr. must be sub- 
stituted Cuma Swains., although the latter author did not 


correctly estimate the position of the genus. 
J.C., v., April, 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 173 


SOME CONCHOLOGICAL 
NOTES OF A VISIT TO FIFESHIRE, N.B. 


By THOMAS SCOTT. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


About the end of July last year I spent part of a short 
holiday in Fifeshire, and while in ‘Ye Kingdom’ several notable 
and interesting places were visited,—but there are few places in 
Fifeshire which are not either notable or interesting,—and 
among others a few hours were passed at the side of Lindores’ 
Loch. 


This Loch is easily reached from Newburgh-on-Tay where 
there is a station of the North British Railway, though, in the 
present instance, I did not take advantage of this mode of 
locomotion. 


Lindores’ Loch as a famous rendezvous of the votaries of 
the Roaring Game, otherwise curlers, is known far and wide, and 
many an exciting and busy scene has been witnessed on its 
surface, when ‘John Frost’ had hardened it into a firm and 
crystalline pavement ; and, though, in the eyes of the curler this 
may be its most interesting aspect, and, though, the animated 
and stirring scenes witnessed under such conditions cannot but 
be interesting even to the uninitiated, the beauty of this beautiful 
loch is best seen and appreciated by the naturalist on a clear 
sunny day in midsummer ; then its surface is ornamented with 
numerous Water Lilies, Polygonums, Ranuncul, and other 
aquatic plants, round its margin rise tall grasses and sedges, 
while over its limpid surface snowy swans move in deliberate 
and stately dignity, the whole forming, when seen under favour- 
able conditions, a picture of exquisite loveliness; and at such 


174 SCOTT : MOLLUSCA OF LINDORES’ LOCH. 


times as if to add still further to the enchantment of the scene 
the air is filled with the hum of the busy insect life that finds 
food and shelter amid the luxuriant vegetation in the vicinity of 
the loch. 


The fauna and flora of the loch and its neighbourhood is 
well worth the spending of a long summer’s day to examine. Un- 
fortunately at this time my visit was limited to a few hours, and 
to make it more unsatisfactory the weather was unpropitious, 
but notwithstanding this combination of unfavourable conditions 
a few interesting objects were secured, and among them were a 
number of molluscs. 


The following is a list of all the species observed in and 
about the loch during my visit :— 


Sphzerium corneum (L.). This species is not very plentiful, 
nor is it so large as in some other Scotch localities. 


Pisidium nitidum Jenyns. Of frequent occurrence. 

P. roseum Scholtz? This form though agreeing very well 
with P. voseum as described in Dr. Jeffrey’s ‘ British Con- 
chology,’ and which is generally known in England by this 
name, is not considered by some Continental Conchologists 
to be the P. vosewm of Scholtz. ‘This, though somewhat 
scarce, is not exactly a rare form in Lindores’ Loch. 

Valvata piscinalis (Mill.). A common species. 

Planorbis nitidus (Miull.). Frequent. 

P. nautileus (L.). This seems rather scarce, but that is owing 
perhaps, not to its actual scarcity so much, as to its being 
so small and easily overlooked. 

P. albus (Mill). Frequent. 

P. contortus (L.). Rather common. 

Physa fontinalis (L.). Common. 

Limngea peregra var. lacustris (Leach). Not unfrequent ; 
it is noteworthy that all the specimens observed belonged 
to this variety. 


].C., v-, April, 1887, 


SCOTT : MOLLUSCA OF LINDORES’ LOCH. 175 


L. auricularia (L.). This appeared to be one of the com- 
monest species in the loch, but the majority of the specimens 
were immature. 


L. palustris (Miull.). Not unfrequent. 
Ancylus lacustris (L). Rather scarce. 
Succinea puiris (L.). Frequent, but mostly immature. 


These were all I noticed, but if the molluscan fauna was 
carefully worked up, doubtless other species would be added to 
the list here given. 


The habitat given in Jeffrey’s ‘British Conchology’ for var. 
lacustris of L. peregra is ‘mountain lakes’ in Zetland, 
Scotland, Ireland, and the North of England; but Lindores’ 
Loch has no great elevation above sea level; in this case, how- 
ever, the habitat may be exceptional. 


After leaving Lindores’ Loch I walked to Cupar, thence to 
St. Andrews, Anstruther, St. Monance, Elie, Largo, and on to 
Markinch—famed for big cabbages and early butterflies, as well 
as for other marvels both animal and vegetable—where I got on 
board a railway carriage, and reached home within a few hours 
thereafter. Between St. Monance and Largo I kept by the shore, 
and it is a most interesting stretch of shore, geologically, 
botanically and otherwise; parts of it can only be traversed when 
the tide is out, and, even then, in some places, as at Kincraig, 
between Elie and Largo, it is with considerable difficulty and 
even danger that progress can be made, but the prospects that 
Open out now and again as one scrambles along far more than 
repays all the toil. 


On the sandy links to the east of Elie, Helix nemoralis 1. 
was exceedingly abundant, the majority of the shells being 
unicoloured, of all shades from almost white to yellow, brown, 
and nearly black, but the lighter shades were the most common, 
7. ervicetorum Mull. was also of frequent occurence as well as the 
variety a/ba Charp. of the same species. 


176 SCOTT: MOLLUSCA OF LINDORES’ LOCH. 


Hf, nemoralis is also common in and about Cupar, Darsie, 
and other inland places, but the shells seem to me to be of a 
heavier build and there are fewer unicoloured varieties ; near 
Cupar also, I noticed Limax maximus L., there were two or 
three specimens, and they were all banded longitudinally, the 
bands being alternately dark and light coloured ; Zozz¢es cellarius 
(Mull.) and Pupa umbilicata Drap. were also noticed in the same 
neighbourhood. 


In the vicinity of the railway station at Burntisland I obser- 
ved a few specimens of Helix aspfersa Miill. It did not seem that 
their life-work was carried on under very favourable conditions, 
if one could safely judge by their appearance, for they were 
rather stunted in growth and their shells were sadly eroded and 
blackened from the frequent smoke-baths to which they were 
subjected by the incessant coming and going of railway engines, 
and possibly the sooty grass they had to live on was not good 
for their health; they had such a dilapidated appearance that 
one felt inclined to gather them all into the vasculum and trans- 
fer them to some dewy hedgerow where they would have pure 
air and clean grass. 


A few specimens of HY. asfersa which I brought with me 
from Burntisland measured on an average about 1,4; inch in 
height and 14 inch in greatest breadth. 


During my visit I had very little time to spare for con- 
chological work, which will explain why so few species are here 
recorded. Perhaps during another visitthe molluscs will be more 
attended to. 


Pisidium roseum and Vertigo antivertigo in East 
Kent.—Yesterday I found Piscdiwm roseum and Vertigo anti- 
vertigo, associated with other species already recorded, at 
Minster, near Sandwich. Iam not aware that these two species 
have been found in any other Kentish locality—SypNEy C. 
CocKERELL, March 15th, 1887. 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 177 


COLLECTING MOLLUSCA IN THE 
CELTIC REGION (ON THE COAST OF FRANCE), 
NEAR BREST. 


In the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ for April, 1885, Dr. F. 
Daniel has a pleasant article in which he offers very useful 
advice from an experienced naturalist to collectors on the sea 
shore. After dismissing for the occasion the use of the dredge, 
partly on account of the amount of apparatus, and partly 
because of the jealousy of fishermen, who don’t show their 
favourite places to strangers, and of the ‘obstructiveness of the 
fishery officials’, Dr. D. details skilfully the search amongst 
weeds on rock and sand, especially near low water, and under 
stones, and in the sand and mud. 


He recommends search on the shore on any coast at high 
and low water, from the end of autumn to the beginning of 
May. ‘The sand molluscs burrow less deeply and the weed- 
eating mollusca come up after January to feed on the young 
weed and to lay their eggs ;—many species coming especially 
amongst Zostera. At this season the bank of St. Marc at Brest 
is often strewed with Acera, Bulla, and Aplysia. Pleuro- 
branchus occurs in occasional seasons. On the sands, par- 
ticularly in the early spring when the Zostera begins to grow, 
Scalaria is to be found burrowing or creeping, also Dentalium, 
Natica alderi, and Pandora, while by sweeping this weed before 
the tide has left it, many small Trochus and Rissoa may be 
taken. So also Lacuna, Phasianella, and Cerithium, especially 
in the cooler months. 

It is better to follow the retreating tide than to meet it as 
it rises, z.¢., to catch specimens before they have secreted them- 
selves. Where the rocks at low water are overgrown with weed, 
collect the bushy masses and shake them over a cloth, or 
better, in a pot of fresh water at home, for many small species. 


M 


178 COLLECTING MOLLUSCA IN THE CELTIC REGION. 


On the coast of Brittany there appears to be a more 
systematic shore hunt for crabs, etc., than with us. Dr. D. 
suggests as a fruitful plan for collectors, to follow the hunters 
and search the large stones and slabs of rock overturned, for 
Haliotis, Fissurella, Patella, Lottia, Emarginula, Pleurobranchus 
(plumula), Galeomma, and Murex. The so-called roots of 
Laminaria and bunches of Corallina and of the horny Zoophytal 
growths are to be minutely searched for Patella pellucida, 
Odostomia, and Chemnitzia, and for Kellia, and other small 
bivalves; also large Echinus and Asterias for Stylifer and 
Montacuta. 

The September and March equinoctial tides are particularly 
productive, as the commotion and the great recess and advance 
of the waves send up on the beach many species not otherwise 
easily met with. 

A search amongst the shell fish brought up to market is 
often fruitful. Avicula, Pectens, Capulus, Fissurella, and 
Emarginula may be looked for amongst Oysters and scallops ; 
and sometimes a Pinna or a Tritonmay turn up. The stomachs 
of fish often yield specimens of deepwater shells rarely pro- 
curable. ‘The Wrasse devours Lottia.’ Codfish and haddock 
are great collectors. 

Particular localities for exploration are the following :— 
The entire circumferences of the roadstead of Brest, especially 
on the N.W. from Kerhuon to the narrow entrance of the 
harbour, particularly the surroundings of the port, and under 
the fortifications of Brest; below the castle at Postrein 
and the ancient polygon; at Lanninon; the new pier heads of 
the commercial port; the piers of St. Marc, called Tristchler ; 
the sand bank of St. Mare and Moulin Blanc; the creeks of 
the same name and of St. Barbe; the rocks surrounding the 
N.W. entrance to the harbour on the south coast ; the sand 
bank of St. Jean; the coast of Plougastel; the bay of Poulmic; 
Fret; the coast of L’ Ile Longue, opposite Quelern, in 
the direction of Chateaulin; the environs of Landivennec 


J.C., v., April, 1887, 


COLLECTING MOLLUSCA IN THE CELTIC REGION. 179 


and the entrance to the river Faou.. Beyond the roadstead of 
Brest :—Camaret ; the bay of Toulinguet ; the bay of Dinant ; 
the strands of Morgat and of Crozon, which form part of the 
Bay of Douarnerez; the island Laber; the beach of Gréves ; 
then, in the direction of Quimper, the bay of Audierne and the 
Isle of Tudy. In the direction of the Channel: Label, Ildul ; 
Paimpol, Argenton ; the bay of Goulven ; Plouescat, and I’ ile 
Vierge, near Laber Varch; further still Roscof, Isle of Baty, 
and the mouth of the river at Morlaix. 

It may here be of interest to notice the local names given 
by the inhabitants, fishermen, and even the children, playing 
on the shore, to the different molluscs which they commonly 
pick up. One can thus know the whereabouts of these molluscs 
more easily, and get the fishermen and children to help in seek- 
ing for them. 

The following are the most common :— 


Pholas . ... Bonne-Sceur réligieuse. 
Teredo .. Percebois Tariere. 
Solen ... Pied de couteau. 
Lutraria ; . Pied de sabot. 

Venus verrucosa... so JPineiee. 

Tapes . Palourde. 

Cardium 'Coques! 

Pecten maximus... . Coquille de St. Jacques. 
Pecten varius ey Retoncle: 

Pecten opercularts 7 betonele: 


Littorina littoralis 
Trochus magus ... 
Buccinum undatum 


. Vignon, Bigorne. 
... Bigorne de chien. 
. La grande Bigorne. 


LCN a . Brenique. 

ffaliotts ... . Ormeau. 

Pinna . Jambonneau. 

Sepia . Morgatte. 

Loligo ... .. Encornet. 

Octopus ... . Chat de Mer, Pieuvre. 

Aplysia ... . Liévre de mer or Vache de mer. 


R.D.D. 


180 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTES ON THE LIMNAIDZA. 


Limnza peregra var. Burnetti (Alder). 


By ‘WILLIAM NELSON. 


Limnea Burnetti (Alder) Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1848. 
Limneus Burnetti, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iv., 1854. 
Limneea peregra var. Burnetti (Jeffreys) Brit. Con., vol. i., 1862. 


Shell large, ovate, globular, rather solid; dull, of a dark 
horn colour; finely and rather deeply striate in the lines of 
growth; whorls 5-6; apex intorted; the two apical whorls are 
quite sunk below the third one, after which they begin to fall 
away from the plane of convolution, giving to the shell an 
appearance of a spire; the body whorl is very large and 
rounded; the inner lip is reflected on the columella, which is 
not much twisted, and forms a subumbilicus; the suture is 
moderately deep. Length 19 mill., breadth 18 mill. 

This shell was first described as a species by Mr. J. Alder 
in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ in 1848. It 
was discovered by Mr. Burnett in the stomach of trout caught 
in Loch Skene, Dumfriesshire ; afterwards living specimens 
were obtained from that wild, secluded, and lonely locality, 
from which this most able of British conchologists drew his 
diagnosis. The young shell has somewhat the appearance of 
Limnea involuta, but is darker in colour, more solid and 
globular. The mature shells are usually much eroded, and has, 
as Mr. Alder happily describes it, somewhat the appearance of 
a Nerita. 

The only additional locality that has been recorded is 
Llyn-y-van-fach, Carmarthen, Wales. I have, through the kind- 
ness of Mr. J. W. Taylor, had an opportunity of examining 
specimens from the Welsh locality, and, though I think they may 
perhaps be referred to this variety, they are by no means so 
characteristic, and would, I think, point to a shorter period of 
isolation than those from the original locality. 


J.C., v., April, 1887 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 181 


LAND SHEELS 
OF ILFRACOMBE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 


By J. R. B. TOMLIN. 


Tue following list is the result of intermittent collecting from 

March 17th to 31st, by Mrs. McKenny Hughes, Miss Alford, 

and myself, during a geological expedition. The ground ex- 

plored may be included in a radius of about eight miles from 

Ilfracombe. Geologically this area belongs to the Middle 

Devonian group, passing into the Upper Devonian near 

Braunton, which was the southern limit of our investigations. 

On the east we did not get beyond the ‘great Hangman.’ 

Most noticeable is the hillside at Hele (two miles to the east of 

Ilfracombe), where white vars. of Arion hortensis, Hyalina 

cellaria, and Helix rotundata all occurred. 

Limnea peregra (Miill.). At Lee only. 

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. In all fast streams. 

Arion ater (L.). Not common; the black and brown forms 
noticed. 

A. hortensis Fér. Abundant everywhere; two albinos at Hele. 

Amalia marginata (Mill). Common on east side of Hele 
Bay. 

Limax maximus L. Very seldom seen; at Combe Martin 
and Challacombe. 

L. agrestis L. Ubiquitous. 

Testacella haliotidea Drap. At Hele Bay—four live speci- 
mens and one shell—under stones deeply buried in the 
ground. The animals were small and light-coloured. 

Vitrina pellucida Mill. Dead shells everywhere ; alive at 
Watermouth, Hele, Combe Martin, Widmouth, etc. 

Hyalina cellaria (Miill.). Common everywhere—finest at 
lelalle. 

H. cellaria var. albinos Mog. Some lovely specimens with 
the Zestacella. 


182 


H. 
H. 


TOMLIN : LAND SHELLS OF ILFRACOMBE. 


. alliaria (Miller). Sparingly at Hele, Combe Martin, and 


Bittadon. 


. nitidula (Drap.). Equally common with Z& cellaria. 


crystallina (Mill.). Only at Hele and Widmouth Cove. 
pura (Alder). At Hele and Combe Martin. 


Helix aculeata Mill. One specimen at Woollacombe and 


tit 


two at Hele Bay. 


. aspersa Mull. A most abundant species in this district, 


especially in the stone walls, and generally much weathered. 


. nemoralis L. Not uncommon on the Combe Martin 


road, after rain ; dead shells everywhere. 


. nemoralis var. libellula Risso. 12345, 00300, o0000. 


nemoralis var. rubella Mog. 12345, 00300, o0000. 


. nemoralis var. castanea Mog. A single immature 


shell, 00000. 
hortensis Mill. With A. zemoralis, and more plentiful. 


. hortensis var. lutea Mog. 12345, oo000. 


rufescens Penn. Not plentiful; found at Ilfracombe, 
Hele, Watermouth, etc. 


. rufescens var. alba Mog. On the Combe Martin road. 


concinna Jeff. On east side of Hele Bay. 
hispida L. Sparingly but widely distributed. 


. hispida var. albida Jeff. A single adult on the Combe 


Martin road. 
sericea Mull Decidedly rare; it occurred at Widmouth 
Cove, Hele, and elsewhere. 


. fusca Mont. One live and one dead shell under stones 


in Combe Martin village. 


. virgata Da Costa. Swarming on Braunton burrows, but 


mostly dead. Equally common on the slopes of the 
‘Little Hangman,’ but nearly all alive and adult. A 
scalariform monstrosity occurred at Braunton. Also found 
at Morthoe and Woollacombe. 


. virgata var. hypozona Mog. ‘Little Hangman.’ 
. virgata var. albicans Grat. ‘ Little Hangman.’ 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


TOMLIN : LAND SHELLS OF ILFRACOMBE. 183 


. virgata var. subalbida (Poiret). ‘ Little Hangman.’ 

. caperata Mont. Ubiquitous ; finest on the ‘ Hangman.’ 
caperata var. ornata Pic. At Combe Martin. 
rotundata Mull. Very common everywhere; and of ex- 


ca te 


tremely fine size. 

rotundata var. aloa Moq. In marvellous abundance in 

a dell on the cliff to the east of Hele Bay. Amongst several 

hundred specimens we observed only three or four of the 

type. Elsewhere the variety never occurred. 

H. pulchella Mill. Occurred only twice on the cliffs between 
Ilfracombe and Lee (the ‘Torr’s Walk’). 

Bulimus acutus (Mill.). Plentiful on the sandhills in Morte 
Bay. 

B. obscurus (Mill.). Common in hedgerows on the road 
to Combe Martin. Also plentiful in the Hele Bay locality. 

Pupa umbilicata Drap. Ubiquitous and generally very fine 
indeed. 

Balea perversa (L.). A single live specimen ina copse south 
of Bittadon, on slate. 

Clausilia rugosa (Drap.). Plentiful everywhere. 

Cc. rugosa var. tumidula Jeff. A swollen and stumpy form, 
corresponding to this variety, occurred near the sea. 

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill). Not common; at Combe 
Martin, Hele, and Ilfracombe. 

Carychium minimum Mill. Plentiful with . rotundata 
var. alba. 

Cyclostoma elegans (Miill.). Also common in the Hele 
locality. Not found elsewhere. Most of the specimens 
were of a dark purplish colour. 


x 


Clausilia rugosa var. gracilior at Clapham, Yorks. 
—I can add this variety to Mr. Hugh Richardson’s list of the 
‘Mollusca of the Neighbourhood of Clapham,’ published in the 
April No. of this Journal, 1886; specimens of which I found 
in August, 1884, not far from Clapham Church.—C. H. 
PIERSON. 


184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS 
A LIST OF THE SHELES OF MERIONETEE 


By THOS. RUDDY, of Palé, Corwen. 


Spherium lacustre.—Plentiful in ponds and ditches. 

Pisidium fontinale.—Most abundant and general in ditches, 
ponds, &c. 

Unio margaritifer.—Plentiful in the river Dee. I have seen 
colonies of fifty to sixty together. All the shells are eroded 
at the hinge. 

Planorbis nautiijeus.—Llyn-y-Gwernen, near Dolgelly. 

P. nautileus var. cristata.—With P. nautileus. 

Llyn-y-Gwernen is a small lake two miles from Dolgelly, 
on the road to Cader Idris. It is mostly overgrown with 
water plants. ‘The climate is mild at Dolgelly. 

P. spirorbis.—Llyn-y-Gwernen, near Dolgelly, and Llyn- 
Creini, near Bala. ‘The latter is a cold moorland lake. 

Physa fontinalis.—Llyn-y-Gwernen, Dolgelly. 

Limnzea peregra.—Abundant in pools, lakes, and ditches. 
I have seen it in a lake at Cader Idris, at an altitude of 
about 1,500 feet. 

L. truncatula.—Common in ditches. 

L. glabra.—Boggy ditches near Llanderfel. 

Ancylus fluviatilis.—Abundant and general in the river Dee 
and in mountain streams.—I have seen it at an altitude of 
about 1,000 feet. 

Succinea elegans.—I picked up one specimen of this in a 
field near Bala. I kept it in a little box from the middle 
of April until the middle of July, in a full sun exposure ; 
and, on opening the box at the end of the three months, 
the creature crawled about quite lively. 

Vitrina pellucida.—Common and general. 

Zonites cellarius.—Very common and general. 

Z. crystallinus.—Plentiful and general. 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


RUDDY : SHELLS OF MERIONETH. 185 


Helix aspersa.—Very rare inland, but is very abundant on 
the sea coast near Barmouth and Towyn. 

H. nemoralis.—General and plentiful. 

H. nemoralis var. hortensis.—About Llanderfel. 

H, arbustorum.—Hedge roots near Llanderfel, but does 
not seem to be either general or plentiful. This species is 
a very recent find, but I traced it along two hedges for about 
half-a-mile. 

H. caperata.—General and plentiful. 

H. ericetorum.—On the Carboniferous limestone rocks at 
Trevor, near Llangollen, which is a little beyond the 
boundary of Merioneth, but I have not seen any in this 
county. 

H. hispida.—General and plentiful. 

H. rotundata.-—Very general and plentiful. 

Bulimus obscurus.—On the Carboniferous limestone rocks 
at Trevor, near Llangollen, a little beyond the boundary 
of Merioneth; I have not seen any in this county. 

Pupa marginata.—About Llanderfel. 

P. umblicata.—With P. marginata. About Llanderfel. 

Balea perversa.—In old walls about the village of Llanderfel, 
near Bala. 

Clausilia rugosa.—Found about Llanderfel, but is very 
plentiful along the out-crops of the Bala limestone (Lower 
Silurian) in several places in the county. 

Cochliicopa lubrica.—Plentiful between Bala and Corwen. 

Cyclostoma elegans. — On the Carboniferous limestone 
rocks at Trevor, near Llangollen, beyond the Merioneth 
boundary ; not yet found in this county. 

Le Ne eee ae 
Physa fontinalis var. albina at Farington, South 

Lancashire.—On March 4th, I found two specimens of Physa 

Jontinalis v. albina at Farington.—W. H. Heatucore, March 

28th, 1887. 


186 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON SOME NEW BRITISH SHELLS. 


By J. T. MARSHALL. 


Terebratula papillosa, Marshall. Pl. I, figs. 1—3. 


In August last Mr. B. Sturges Dodd submitted for my opinion 
a minute brachiopod he had recently found at Skegness on the 
Lincolnshire coast, during a visit there of the Nottingham 
Naturalists’ Society. It was a small species, about three- 
quarters of a line in length and half a line in breadth, shaped 
as Terebratula caput-serpentis, but having wider interstices 
between the ribs, with rather prominent tubercular prominences. 
I could not identify it with any European species, and expected 
it to be the young of an exotic brachiopod, probably imported 
with ballast. I advised him therefore to send it to Mr. Edgar 
Smith, who might be able to identify it as the young of some 
foreign species in the British Museum, and Mr. Smith returned 
the specimen with the following note :— 

“T have been unable to identify it with any species in the 
Museum collection. The prickly sculpture is very peculiar, 
and of very unfrequent occurrence in Terebratula. A small 
form with somewhat similar ornamentation was described by 
Jeffreys from the ‘Porcupine’ dredgings. He called it TZ: 
tuberata.” 

He advised Mr. Dodd to send it to the Rev. Merle 
Norman, who replied :— 

“There is only one European species that it at all 
resembles, and that is 7evebratula tuberata, Jeffreys. I have 
never seen that species, but your specimen is very close to his 
figure, except that it does not show the scaly striation of the 
surface, but that in a larger specimen might result from the 
breaking down of the spines. But 7° ¢wberata is only known 
in from 300 to 800 fathoms, and the question remains not only 


_ J.C., v., April, 1887. 


MARSHALL: ON SOME NEW BRITISH SHELLS. 187 


what your shell is, but how it got where it was found. 
The specimen does not look like a fossil washed out of the 
elit? 

At my suggestion Mr. Dodd then sent it to the Rev. Boog 
Watson in a registered letter, whence, owing to a wrong address, 
it was returned in a fragmentary condition, having been opened 
by the Post Office officials and tampered with. They had 
removed it from the card on which it was mounted, broken it 
in pieces, and marked on the outside “No Value”! Ona 
close examination of the interior of the box, however, nearly 
the whole of the lower valve was found intact, and this was 
sent to the Rev. Boog Watson, for his opinion, who replied :— 

‘““T regret to see that a previous difficulty about the address 
has resulted in sore damage. Of course, from such a fragment 
not much can be made out. Mr. Smith’s suggestion was a 
happy shot, but I have no doubt it is not Zerebratula tuberata. 
The ribs in your shell are much wider apart, the hollows much 
deeper, and the concentric cross bars very much finer and more 
irregular. ‘That I infer from his figure, for if I have ever seen 
his species I have certainly nothing but the vaguest impression 
of it. The Jurassic Rhynconella spinosa, Schlot., presents some 
interesting points of resemblance in the spines. In regard to 
the place of origin of the shell, I may mention, as bearing on the 
improbabilities of a deep-sea brachiopod turning up on our 
coasts, that I once dredged a single worn valve of a deep-water 
Brazilian brachiopod at Madeira.” 

Finally, Mr. Wilson, curator of the Bristol Museum, who 
knows the coast of Lincolnshire well, stated that ‘he could not 
accept the ballast theory, as Skegness is not a place where 
ballast is discharged, and the chances must be enormously 
against the tiny shell being an exotic.” 

The fragments were then returned to me, and I was 
endeavouring to make a drawing of the perfect shell from the 
fragments, when a note from Mr. Dodd announced the dis- 
covery by him of another perfect specimen,—this time from 


188 MARSHALL: ON SOME NEW BRITISH SHELLS. 


Sutton-on-the-Sea, fifteen miles from Skegness—a very gratify- 
ing discovery, not only:as simplifying the drawing and detailed 
description, but as tending to emphasize the evidence of its 
British origin. He at once sent it to me, and the following 
description is taken from this second and perfect specimen :— 

Shell, upper valve ovately triangular, lower valve squarish, 
both rather convex in the middle ; it is solid for its size, semi- 
transparent, and slightly lustrous ; sculpture, longitudinal fine 
and rounded ribs, which are eleven in number on the upper 
valve and twelve on the lower, they radiate from the beak to 
the margin, and are separated by interstices nearly equally as 
broad, they are surmounted with tubercles, varying from six 
on the side to eight or nine on the centre ribs, and disappear 
towards the beak, the tubercles becoming more raised and 
pointed towards the margins ; when examined with a Codding- 
ton lens the whole of the surface appears crowded with micro- 
scopical points, being the termination of the tubular perforations 
characteristic of the genus; colour glassy white; margins 
rounded and scalloped by the ribs, slightly flexuous in front ; 
beak and auricles very prominent, the latter rather pointed ; 
foramen or byssal passage large, nearly round; deltidium (or 
triangular space below the beak) broad and concave. Length 
0'06 ; breadth o'o4. 

The hinge-plate and teeth are omitted for the present, as 
the valves would not easily open and I was averse to using 
pressure. 

Although Z. tuberata, Jeffreys, with which I have com- 
pared it, may be considered its nearest ally, it differs in several 
essential respects from the species now under notice. 7. 
tuberata has no interstices between the ribs, and the latter are 
crowded with cross bars, while 7: pagzllosa has short and blunt 
tubercles with spaces between, the sculpture resembling 
Cardium papillosum. T. tuberata, again, 1s opaque and lustre- 
less, while 7: pafzllosa is crystalline white and semi-transparent. 
Lastly, Z: Aapillosa is more triangular in shape. 


J.C., v., April, 1887, 


MARSHALL: ON SOME NEW BRITISH SHELLS. 189 


The figures have been admirably drawn by Chas. T. 
Musson, Esq., F.L.S., and lithographed by Messrs. Taylor 
Brothers, and leaves nothing to be desired as a faithful repro- 
duction. It is also figured in Sowerby’s new edition of the 
“ Illustrated Index of British Shells,’ published this month. 


I am afraid its probable size cannot be satisfactorily 
determined until more specimens are found. Both shells, 
though dead, were quite fresh, as much so as if just vacated by 
their tenants. The home, also, of the species must at present 
remain doubtful; it is probably in deep water, though not 
necessarily. Argiope capsula was very rare until a few years ago, 
when my friend Mr. Duprey found it comparatively abundant at 
Jersey, under stones between tide-marks ; and 7: caput-serpentis, 
which is quite common in many parts of Scotland, was unknown 
as British until a stray example was brought up on the anchor 
of a vessel in Loch Broom, which led the late Dr. Jeffreys to 
get his first dredge made and undertake a search for it, when 
he was rewarded with hundreds of specimens. It is therefore 
natural to hope and _ expect that more specimens may be found 
of this interesting little shell, as the brachiopoda are a gregarious 
family. 


Perhaps its non-discovery hitherto may be owing to the 
Lincolnshire coast not being a promising one for naturalists. 
Beyond a few hauls of the dredge from the Lynn Deeps, which 
I examined about twelve years ago, I do not know of any 
dredgings having been undertaken on this part of the British 
coast. The character of the sea-bed is that of a submerged 
forest deposit for many fathoms, with a peaty soil, much 
burrowed by Pholas, and so far not conducive to Brachiopoda, 
which are usually found on rocky and stony ground. A vast 
quantity of Hydrozoa (Sertularide—zoophytes) together with the 
sandy cases of annelides and other rejectamenta, are thrown up 
after storms, which are sometimes very severe, exposed as th 
coast is to the full fury of the North Sea. 


Igo MARSHALL: ON SOME NEW BRITISH SHELLS. 


Mr. B. Sturges Dodd is to be congratulated on his keen- 
ness and enthusiasm in adding this minute species to the British 
fauna, a preliminary notice of which appeared in the “ Notting- 
hamshire Weekly Express” at the time of discovery, and a short 
paper on which was read before the Nottingham Naturalists’ 
Society at their meeting of December 14th last. 


Scalaria pseudoscalaris, Broc. PI. I, fig. 4. 


Another species that may now be considered conclusively 
established as British is Scalaria pseudoscalaris, Broc., as six 
specimens have been found in recent years from three widely 
different localities—Scilly, North Devon, and Kent. Miss 
Fairbrass, of Faversham, an old and trustworthy correspondent, 
is the discoverer of all six specimens, three of which were found 
at Pegwell Bay in Kent, one at Ilfracombe, and two at Scilly. 
In all three cases they were found on the shore with our 


common SS. communis. 


It is only quite recently that Miss Fairbrass submitted them 
to me, although they have been in her possession and noted as 
distinct for some time. She wrote to me :—“I picked up these 
Scalaria at Pegwell Bay and I placed them with the S. communis 
I also found there, but always thought them very different, and 
hoped for an opportunity of sending them to a conchologist 
who could inform me if they were distinct.” I may add that 
she is always very particular as to her localities, her shells as 
she collects them being entered and numbered in books. It is 
a shell not easily recognisable from our .S. communis, except to 
one acquainted with the European species, especially after 
being rolled on the beach. The differences are slight except 
in one important particular—the last whorl is encircled at the 
base by a prominent white ridge, giving the appearance of an 
additional whorl having been broken off at that part. 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


MARSHALL: ON SOME NEW BRITISH SHELLS. IgI 


Pegwell Bay, again, is a part of our coast not very accessible 
nor very inviting to collectors, and was perhaps unvisited by a 
conchologist until Miss Fairbrass went there. She describes it 
as “a desolate place, without a house near the shore, and some 
of the ‘ Preventives’ live in shelters made out of old vessels, 
with a boat attached to enable them to get inland in the winter 
when the marshes are overflown.” 


None of the specimens are quite adult; three are half- 
grown, and the others about two-thirds. ‘Those from Scilly are 
freshest and quite perfect. I should not have been surprised 
had this species been found at Scilly or even at Ilfracombe, but 
the Pegwell locality is more remarkable, and one of the last 
places where I should expect this shell to occur. The nearest 
extra-British habitat recorded for this species is in the laminarian 
zone at Morbihan, on the coast of Brittany. The following is 
a detailed description :— 


Shell of a conical shape, rather thin, opaque, and some- 
what glossy; sculpture, slightly curved longitudinal ridges, 
which are arranged in continuous oblique rows, crossing the 
suture ; these ridges are thin at their edges in fresh specimens, 
and are usually nine in number on the last four whorls, and 
one less on the upper four; the first three or four whorls are 
smooth ; there is also a ridge encircling the last whorl, which is 
more or less flattened, and is crossed by the longitudinal ridges ; 
it commences at the upper angle of the mouth and ends at the 
lower angle; between the ribs are microscopic lines only; 
colour milk white, more or less tinged with the animal in fresh 
specimens; spire tapering to a fine point; whorls 12-13, 
convex, gradually enlarging ; suture very deep; mouth nearly 
round, angulated above and below; outer lip encircled and 
thickened by the last-formed ridge; inner lip very broad and 
solid, especially at the base; umbilicus none. Length 1°3 ; 
breadth o's. 


1g2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


From 5S. communzs it differs in being generally more wide 
at the base, not so solid, in the ridges being finer and more 
raised, and especially in the transverse rib encircling the last 
whorl. Jeffreys, in “‘ British Conchology,” vol. iv., p. 98, says 
that “ Miss Lavars picked up a specimen in Porthcurnow Cove, 
near the Land’s End, with other Scalarie. . . . Its nearest 
ally is S. communis. . . . This species may be British.” 
I have seen this specimen, which was found many years ago, 
and which has hitherto remained unique as British. Probably 
the shell may have been overlooked as a worn SS. communis, 
and more specimens may come to light if collectors will look 
over their stock and compare them with my description. I 
shall be pleased to verify any doubtful specimens that may be 
sent me. A figure of the shell is given in the additional 
plates to Jeffreys’ “‘ British Conchology,” and also in Sowerby’s 
“‘Tllustrated Index of British Shells,” a new edition of which is 
just published. 

Scalaria grenlandica is also encircled by a keel at the base, 
but is easily distinguished from S. pseudoscalaris by the strong 
and conspicuous spiral striee between the ridges. 


Sevenoaks, Torquay, 
March, 1887. 


Colonizing Land and Freshwater Shells in East 
Sutherland.—Some of my colonies near Brora are doing well. 
Flelix virgata and Bulimus acutus, from Llandudno, are now in 
hundreds stretching north from mouth of Brora river for up- 
wards of halfa-mile. Clausilia parvula, from Normandy, 
seems also to hold its ground. _I had afew of several others— 
HZ, pisana, 1. cantiana, and A. rufescens—some of which sur- 
vived last winter, and may hold their ground. Clewuszlia 
laminata also holds on as yet. Cyclostoma elegans also may be 
alive, as I put them in some rockwork among the roots of fertt), 
Limnea stagnalis seem to have been picked by birds, as I can- 
not find any trace of them as yet.—WILLIAM BaILute. 


J.C., v., April, 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 193 


ON THE POSITION OF THE OPERCULUM IN 
CONCHOLEPAS PERUVIANUS, Lam. 


By THE Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S. 


Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge. 


SomE ‘living’ specimens of this fine shell having recently come 
into my hands, the position of the operculum at once struck me 
as being very remarkable, and I am not aware that it has hither- 
to been noticed. Kiister, in his Monograph of the Purpuridz 
in Martini and Chemnitz, ‘ Conchylien Cabinet,’ 1858, Taf. A., 
f. 3, gives a figure of the animal in motion, and so do H. and 
A. Adams, ‘Genera of the Mollusca,’ vol. iil, pl. xiv., fig. 2. 
Both these illustrations are copied from Kiener, Monograph of 
Purpura,’ pl. 23, fig. 65, and represent the animal in colours 
whose brilliancy is wholly imaginary. The operculum is repre- 
sented, no doubt rightly, in the ordinary position on a Purpura 
in motion. 

The accompanying sketch (‘ Journ. of Conch.,’ April, 1887, 
pl. 1., fig. 5) is an attempt to represent the animal in a state of 
quiescence, as seen from the under side. Almost all that 
presents itself is a very broad tough fleshy foot, standing out 
from the mantle quite as much as the foot of an ordinary 
Patella. The tentacles are small, almost hidden under the 
front edge of the foot, while the proboscis works up and 
down in the shallow groove of the canal. The mouth is almost 
equal in length to the whole length of the shell. 

The operculum differs from most opercula which are too 
small to cover the mouth, for it makes no attempt to cover it at 
all. In the Strombidze and the Conidz the operculum by no 
means fits the mouth, but it covers part of it, and lies in the 
same plane. But in Concholepas the operculum lies across the 
mouth, ina plane at right angles with its length,* and thus 
assumes an entirely abnormal position. 


* The sketch shows a little too much of the surface of the operculum ; it 
should lie more edgewise. 


N 


194 COOKE: NOTE ON CONCHOLEPAS PERUVIANUS. 


It would be interesting to trace the steps by which so re- 
markable a genus as Concholepas became derived from Pur- 
pura, and by which the operculum, as the mouth grew in size, 
gradually gave up the attempt to cover it. In the only other 
Purpuroid which, for size of mouth relative to the whole shell, 
bears any comparison to Concholepas, viz., Wonoceros muricatum, 
the operculum is very large and of the normal type, covering - 
the entire mouth. I collected a few living specimens of this 
rare shell at Panama, in 1879, at extreme low water mark of an 
unusually low spring-tide. 


The present position of the operculum of Concholepas 
would seem to be, in a certain sense, protective. The animal 
feeds on AZytilus edulis, which, with AZ, Magellanicus, abounds 
on the Chilian coasts. In order to enable the proboscis to 
work with most effect, viz., more or less at right angles to the 
bivalve attacked, the hinder (or spire) end of the shell must be 
slightly elevated. When this is done, the operculum forms a 
sort of fence or barricade, covering the soft parts which would 
otherwise be exposed. 


S00 


LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. 


By J. H. PONSONBY. 


At page 1. of vol. iv. of this Journal will be found a list, 
published by Dr. Kobelt in 1883, of the land shells of Gibraltar. 
This was supplemented by a further list, published in 1885 (see 
page 226, vol. iv., of this Journal), in which the number of 
species was brought up to twenty-seven. 


A recent visit to the Rock has enabled the following 
additions and alterations to be made, and even now it would 
not be safe to predict that the subject is by any means 
exhausted :— 


J.C., v., July, 1887, 


PONSONBY : LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. 395 


28. Pupa cylindracea Da Costa, 
which we are now told is an older and better name than 
the familiar wmébilicata Dp. No doubt the former is an 
older name, but whether it is therefore, like wine in bottle, 
any better than it was when Jeffreys rejected it, must be 
settled by more competent judges. 

29. Testacella ? 
There can be no question that a species of this genus in- 
habits Gibraltar. Some two or three years ago two 


specimens were found there by an English clergyman. 
The shell of one of these specimens is now in the collec- 
tion of Mr. Dautez, an indefatigable naturalist, who resides 
at Gibraltar. The other may still be in the original 
collector’s hands. This year again a single specimen 
turned up in damp grass interspersed with stones, but was 
most unfortunately lost before it had been examined. Mr. 
Dautez states that the Testacella is to be found among the 
rocks above the Moorish Castle, and it is to be hoped that 
some one will be able to verify this assertion before long. 
This year also a number of Hyalinia of the Vitrea 
group were collected, and these have been, as were the former 
specimens, submitted to Dr. Boettger, of Frankfort. He has 
now satisfied himself that the shell which he had before considered 
to be H. Botterit Pfr. is really the A. eustilba Bgt., which, 
it may be added, has also been found at Tangier, on the opposite 
African coast. 


Additions to the ‘ Mollusca of Clapham.’—In look- 
ing over my collection I find I have taken at various times the 
following species not enumerated in Mr. Richardson’s list :— 
felix concinna Jeff., foot of Ingleborough, P%szdzum pusillum, 
Flanorbis vortex, Physa hypnorum, and Limnea glabra in a 
pond on Clapham Common, and Zimnea truncatula in a brook 
near Clapham Station and on Ingleborough.—W. E. CoLLincE. 


196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LYME REGIS. 
By J. W. CUNDALL. 
(Read before the Conchological Society). 


The ancient little town of Lyme Regis is situated at the 
western extremity of Dorsetshire, and is immediately contiguous — 
to Devon. It is a picturesque primitive place, and may be 
made the scene of a pleasant, if quiet, holiday. The beach is 
sandy, but the most careful search fails to reward the con- 
chologist with any extensive or very special results. At low 
water numerous low-lying, weed-covered rocks are revealed, but 
these are singularly destitute of littoral molluscan life. They 
are to a great extent composed of the soft blue lias of the 
neighbourhood, and are burrowed in all directions by ‘rock- 
borers,’ fine and typical examples of which abound, belonging 
to the three following species :— 

Pholas dactylus - Saxicava rugosa 

Pholas candida 
Upon the rocks a few common species may be obtained, these 


consist of 
Chiton fascicularis Patella vulgata 
Littorina littorea —~ Patella athletica 
Littorina littoralis Trochus umbilicatus 


Littorina rudis 

The place is, however, a great resort of lobster Be 
and the empty pots, in considerable numbers, are frequently 
deposited on the ‘Cobb.’ These generally well repay examina- 
tion, and from them the following additional species were 


procured :— 
Nassa reticulata Turritella communis 
Nassa incrassata Murex erinaceus 
Trochus cinerareus Cypreea Europa 
Trochus ziziphinus Puncturella Noachina 


Phasianella pullus 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


CUNDALL : MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LYME REGIS. 197 


But the best results accrued from a trip in a trawler one 
bright, breezy morning; the wind was fresh, and kept up a 
heavy ‘lop,’ but fortunately we were good sailors and felt no 
inconvenience from the lively motion. Mackerel fishing on the 
way out to the trawling ground, some dozen miles from Lyme, 
proved an agreeable recreation, and the hauling of some fifty or 
sixty lobster pots also added to the pleasures of the trip, but 
when at length, after being down some hours, the trawl was 
hauled aboard and our deck became*covered with soles, brill, 
skate, dabs, dogfish, cum multum alits, with great spider crabs 
(Maia squinado), hermit crabs (Pagurus Bernhardus), and 
numerous examples of Ayas coarctatus, &c., moving in all 
directions, the mind became embarrassed with the richness and 
variety of the spoil from the bottom of the sea. In addition to 
its other contents the following mollusca were brought on 
deck :— 


Loligo vulgaris Anomia ephippium 
Sepia officinalis Lucinopsis undata 
Aplysia hybrida Venus striata 
Cyprina islandica Mactra subtruncata 
Buccinum undatum Tapes virginea 

Pecten opercularis Psammobia ferroensis 


Trochus ziziphinus var. Lyonsii 

By the time we had overhauled our spoil the sun had set 
and we were still far from our harbour, before we reached it 
darkness had set in, and a bright path of phosphorescent light 
was left in our wake. It appears from the foregoing that we 
succeeded in enumerating but very few species of the Lyme 
mollusca. 

As regards the Land and Freshwater Shells, we did not 
devote much attention to their collection, and as the few 
occasions on which a diligent search was made only resulted in 
the discovery of a few of our commonest kinds, we were not 
induced to further extend our investigations in their direction. 


198 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


MOLLUSCA OF MERIONETHSHIRE. 


By F. G. FENN, 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


The following isa list of land shells collected during a short 
stay at Bont-ddu near Dolgelly. Owing to the short time which 
I was able to devote to collecting, it is very far from complete, 
the more so, as I devoted the greater part of the time to the 
slugs, merely collecting the others as I came across them. 

Where not otherwise given, the locality is in all cases 
Bont-ddu. 

Arion ater (L). This is far the commonest slug in the district. 
It exists in profusion in the valleys, and occurs more spar- 
ingly on the hills. The greatest elevation where I found it 
was about 2000 feet above the sea, on the slopes of Cader 
Idris. The type is subject to a little variation, the common- 
est form being completely black, the next having the sole 
grey, and the last the back black and sides with a slight 
brown tinge. 

A. ater var. albolateralis Roebuck. I found this of frequent 
occurrence with the type, but never at any great elevation. 
A small variety intermediate between this and Jdzcolor is 
common on the lower slopes of Cader Idris. 

A. ater var. bicolor (Moq.). One or two specimens from 
Cader Idris evidently belong to this variety, though they 
merge by insensible gradations into var. a/bolateralis. 

A. subfuscus (Drap.). Common in low-lying ground. 

Limax cinereo-niger var. nigra Mog. One or two speci- 
mens beneath stones 1n an oak copse. 

L. cinereo-niger var. - ? Animal grey, with two dark 
bands on each side; foot white. One specimen only, 
beneath stones with var. nzgra. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


FENN : MOLLUSCA OF MERIONETHSHIRE. 199 


L. agrestis L. Only in one place near Dolgelly. Very pale, 
approaching var. albida. 

L. arborum B.-Ch. Common in similar position to Z. cinereo- 
niger. 

Zonites cellarius (Mill.). Bont-ddu. 

. alliarius (Miller). Dolgelly, 

alliarius var. viridula Jeffr. Bont-ddu. 

glaber (Stud.). Bont.-ddu. 

. Purus var. margaritacea Jeff. Dolgelly. 

radiatulus (Alder). Dolgelly. 

excavatus (Bean). Bont-ddu. 

excavatus var. vitrina (Fer.). Dolgelly. 

. crystallinus (Miill.). Dolgelly. 

Helix aspersa Mill. Very common. 

H. nemoralis L. Two specimens only. Type. 

H. rufescens Penn. Near Barmouth. Spire rather produced. 

H. rotundata Mill. Very common. 

Clausilia rugosa (Drap.). Dolgelly. 

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Near Barmouth. 

A peculiarity of the Arions which I dissected is that the 
rudimentary shell, instead of being composed of a few irregular 
granules, consisted of an even layer of calcareous matter spread 
over the interior of the shield in the same form as the shell of 
Limax maximus. J donot know whether this is of common 
occurrence, but I have never observed it before in any specimens 
from the home counties that have come under my notice. 


SUE: 


Zonites fulvus re-discovered in its ancient 
locality in Lincolnshire.—On the 4th of June inst. I col- 
lected Zonites fulvus in Burwell Wood, near Louth, where its 
occurrence is chiefly interesting as confirming the record by 
Dr. Martin Lister at page 123 of his “ Historize Animalium 
Anglie,” dated 1678. Cyclostoma elegans, which was recorded 
for Burwell Wood in the same work, has also been re-discovered, 

e ‘‘ Naturalist,” 1886, p. 347.—H. WaLiis Kew, Louth, 
Lincolnshire, roth June, 1887. 


200 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


PROCEEDINGS or tHe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


REPORT ON THE RECORDS MADE TO DEC. OTH, 1886. 


DuRinG the twelve months just expiring as many as 3,137 records 
have been authenticated and registered, bringing up the number 
for nine years to no less a total than 20,178, equivalent to an 
average of 2,242 records for each year of the nine. ‘The numbers 
show a large diminution from those registered in 1885, being 
less than half the figure (3,137as against 7,069). ‘This diminution 
is partly to be accounted for by the fact that now for the first 
time the statistics given are inclusive only of the records actually 
registered in the final books, and do not include the records in 
the preliminary stages of registration. Former statistics have 
always been complete and included all the records to date, but 
in future they will include only such as have reached the final 
stage of registration and can be summarised with the least ex- 
penditure of time. 

The counties for which more than a century of records have 
been made during the year are 7 in number, as follows :—Mid- 
West York, 604; South-West York, 353; West Norfolk, 190; 
North Lincoln, 133; North-East York, 131 ; Worcester, 128; 
and Warwick, 117. 

Last year 30 counties were mentioned from which specimens 
had never been seen. ‘These have been reduced to 20 in number 
at the present date, specimens having been submitted from 
North Wilts., Peebles, Selkirk, Kincardine, South Aberdeen, 
Easterness, Westerness, Dumbarton, Cantire, and West Ross. 

The 20 virgin counties are now 14 Irish, 5 Scottish and 1 
Welsh, while not a single English county remains which can in 
this sense be regarded as quite a ¢evva incognita. ‘The Welsh 
county is Cardigan, the Scottish ones are Wigton, North Aber- 
deen, Elgin, East Ross, and Orkney, while the 14 Irish ones 
are, as last year ; Monaghan, Fermanagh, Cavan, Louth, Carlow, 
Kilkenny, Queen’s County, Longford, Leitrim, East Mayo, 
East Galway, Limerick, and North Tipperary. 


J.C., v-, July, 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 201 


The referees and recorder are much indebted to all the 
Conchologists who have shown their appreciation of the value of 
the authentication-system by sending specimens, and especially 
to those by whose endeavours so much has lately been done for 
the Scottish counties, for Norfolk and Lincoln, Worcestershire, 
Warwickshire and Staffordshire, and for Devon and Cornwall, 
and they trust that a paper on the distribution of Irish mollusca 
which will be printed in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish 
Academy, will prove effectual in eliciting a full measure of assis- 
tance from the Naturalists of Ireland. 


Meeting 
HELD JANUARY 10TH, 1887. 

The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor in the chair. Several 

letters from members were brought before the meeting. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following gentlemen were duly elected members of 
the Society :—Mr. J. W. Williams, B.A., D.Sc., Park Village 
East, London; Mr. W. Hy. Heathcote, Avenham Lane, 
Preston ; Rev. A; H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S., King’s College, 
Cambridge; Mr. R. C. Chaytor, Middleham, Yorks. ; Rev. 
Geo. Gordon, LL.D., Birnie, Elgin; Mr. Robert Renton, Fans 
Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire; Mr. John Beaulah, Raven- 
thorpe, near Brigg; Mr. Conrad Gerland, B.Sc., Ph.D., Church 
Hall, Church, Lancashire ; Mr. Alexander Shaw, Dover Street, 
Glasgow ; Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.E.S., Louth, Lincolnshire. 

The following were nominated for membership :—Rev. W. 
C. Hey, M.A., York; Rev. J. E. Somerville, M.A., B.D., 
Glasgow ; Lieut.-Col. G. S. Parry, London ; Messrs. A. Brown, 
Glasgow; A. H.S. Newstead, Epping; T. W. Reader, London ; 
and F. R. Fitzgerald, Harrogate. 

DONATION. 

The following donation was laid on the table, ‘‘ Proceed 
ings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh,” session 
1885-1886. 


202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The President exhibited a number of slides from Mr. 
B. Sturges Dodd, of the lingual ribbons of Zonites Drapar- 
naldi, Arion ater, Helix sericea, LH. aspersa, Limax maximus, 
&c. ; a series of shells sent by Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D., 
which had been collected in October and November last in 
West Ross, North Sutherland, and Inverness ; for the Rev. W. 
L. W. Eyre, of Alresford, an example of Helix virgata from 
Alresford, and other species from Suffolk ; on behalf of Mr. E. 
Collier, of Manchester, Planorbis dilatatus from canal at 
Reddish, and P. sfzrorbis, curiously distorted, from a ditch at 
Rusholme ; and a collection of Zzmncea peregra sent by Mr. R. 
D. Darbishire, from various Swiss and Italian localities, and 
Parmacella Valenciennestt from Gibraltar. 


Meeting 


HELD FEBRUARY 3RD, 1887. 


The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following gentlemen were elected members of the 
Society :—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., St. Olave’s Vicarage, York ; 
Mr. S. W. North, 84, Micklegate, York; Mr. Alfred Brown, 7, 
Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow ; Lieut.-Col. G. S. Parry, 48, Duke 
Street, St. James’, London, S.W.; Mr. Thos. Wm. Reader, 171, 
Hemingsford Road, Barnsbury, London, N.; Mr. A. H. L. 
Newstead, Roseacre, Epping; Mr. Francis R. Fitzgerald, 
Clifford House, Harrogate; Rev. James E. Somerville, M.A., 
B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership : 
Mr. Jas. T. Marshall, Torquay ; Mr. Chas. Oldham, Sale; Mr. 
J. A. Hargreaves, Shipley ; and Mr. Clement H. Pierson, Leeds. 

Correspondence from members and societies was brought 
before the meeting. The President announced that the gentle- 
men elected at the annual meeting, as the Society’s referees 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 203 


on Land and Freshwater and Exotic Mollusca, had consented 

to act on those committees, 

The following printed circulars from the Royal Society of 

New South Wales were laid on the table :— 

1.—A report of a “Preliminary meeting of the Australasian 
Societies for the formation of the proposed Australasian 
Association for the Advancement of Science,” held at the 
house of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Sydney, 
on Wednesday, toth November, 1886. 

At this meeting, which appears to have been thoroughly 
representative, it was resolved that such an association 
should be formed. The rules of the “ British Associa- 
tion” were adopted provisionally until the first meeting of 
the new association, which it is intended to hold in 1888, 
the centennial anniversary of the foundation of the 
Australian Colonies. 

2.—A list of subjects on which the Royal Society invite 
original research or observation, and offer the Society’s 
medal and money prizes to the best communication on 
each subject, providing it is of sufficient merit. 

DONATIONS. 
“Bulletin of the Brookville Natural History Society,” 

No. 2.—From the Society. 

“ Societatum Littere,” January, 1887, No. 1.—The Editor. 
PAPERS READ. 
“Description of Terebratula papillosa,” by Mr. J. T. 

Marshall. 

“Note on Scalaria pseudoscalaris,” Broc., by Mr. J. T. 

Marshall. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 
Specimens of Zestacella scutulum from Guernsey, sent by 

Mr. Tomlin; specimens of Planorbis glaber, from the Isle of 

Bute, sent by Mr. T. Scott; a collection of Canadian shells, 

chiefly from Ontario, shown on behalf of Mr. L. B. Ross, of 

Driffield; a collection of Land and Freshwater shells from South 


204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


and West Lancashire, mainly from the vicinity of Preston, from 
Mr. W. H. Heathcote ; all the above were brought forward by 
the President, Mr. J. W. Taylor. 

Mr. W. E. Collinge showed specimens of small Zzmnea 
palustris from Bingley. 


Meeting 


HELD MARCH 3RD, 1887. 


The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following were duly elected members of the Society :— 
Messrs. Jas. T. Marshall, Torquay ; Chas. Oldham, Sale; J. A. 
Hargreaves, Shipley ; and Clement H. Pierson, Leeds. 

The President announced that the gentlemen appointed as 
a committee of referees for British Marine Mollusca had in- 
timated their willingness to act. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were announced :— 

‘‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society, N.S.W.,” vol. i., part 3 ; 
“Abstract of the Proc, of the icin) Soe.) NESW.” ston 
Oct., Nov., and Dec., 1886.—Presented by the Society. 

“Catalog der Familie Melaniade”;  “ Exkursionen in 
Nordafrika”; ‘‘Die Wilhelmshavener Giftmuschel ”; and 
“Erste Nachtrag Nassauischen Mollusken”; presented by 
Dr. von Kobelt. — 

The following specimens presented by Mr. Wilfrid Bendall :— 
Flelix Preslitt Schmdt., Achenthal Tyrol; A. Fontenellii 
Mich., Gde Chartreuse (Istre); ZH. zucerta Drap., Pau 
(Bearn) ; 7. meda Porro., Malta; H. apicina Sk., Tangier; 
HT. cornea Drap., Bordeaux; . cariosula, Mich., Oran ; 
Zua folliculus Gron., Malta; Pomatias carthusianus Drap. 
—apricus, Mous., Gde Chartreuse; P. Mouletiana Drap., 
San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa; PP. seplemspirale Raz., Gde 
Chartreuse ; Szthinella Schmidtit var. bavarica, Bavarian 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 205 


Alps; Claustlia oscitans Fér., Malta ; Cyclostoma melitensis 

Sby., Malta ; Pupa variabilis Drap., Uriage prés Grenoble ; 

P. avenacea Drap., Savoie ; Physa acuta Drap., Bordeaux ; 

Nanina vitrinoides, Calcutta; Limnea pinguis Dohrn., 

Colombo; ZL. ovals var. strigata Gy., Calcutta; AZelania 

lirata Bens., Calcutta; Asstminea francesie, Calcutta; A. 

conica, Calcutta ; Paludina bengalensts var. gigantea, Nepal 

Frontier ; Cerithidea fluviatilis Pot. & Mich., Madras ; 

Paludomus chilinotdes Rve., Kandy ; Corbicula subradiata, 

Ismailia ; Verita marmorata Rve., Suez ; Euchelus tricar- 

mmatus Sh., Madras; Patella rota Chem., Suez; Cerithium 

tuberosum, Suez; Rotella vestiaria, Madras ; JLittorina 
wndata Gray, Madras; Aelampus doliolum, Suez; Turbo 
elegans Phil, Madras; 7: coronatus, Aden; Purpura 
sacellum, Madras; Ranella olivator Meusch., Madras; 

Planaxis Savignyt, Aden ; Mactra olorina Phil., Ismailia ; 

Lithophaga Hlanleyana Desh., Suez; Mytilus vartabilis 

Kien., Suez ; JZ smaragdinus, Madras. 

PAPER READ. 
“The Marine Mollusca of Lyme Regis,” by Mr. J. W. Cundall. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The President had received numerous specimens from 
several members, which were now brought forward :—Mr. 
Heathcote, of Preston, sent examples of Zzmncea peregra from 
Herm; #ythinia tentaculata, curiously and extensively eroded, 
from Tarleton, South Lancashire ; Heltx hispida and var. albida 
from Penworthan; Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina from More- 
cambe;and others. A collection of shells, embracing some very 
interesting specimens, from the vicinity of Bradford, -and other 
places, from Mr. J. A. Hargreaves, Shipley. Mr. Poulton, of 
Oxford, sent a living specimen of Zestacella haliotidea, found in 
his garden a few days ago. 

Mr. C. H. Pierson showed Claustlia rugosa var. gracilior, 
found at Clapham. 


206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Meeting 


HELD APRIL 7TH, 1887. 


The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following were duly nominated for membership :— 
Mr. F. B. Webb, Cheadle, Staffordshire; and Miss Honoria 
Galwey, Dublin. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were announced :— 

Sowerby’s ‘‘ Illustrated Index of British Shells.”—By Mr. G. B. 

Sowerby. 

“Annual Report of the New Cross Natural History Society.”— 

By Mr. A. J. Jenkins. 

“Smithsonian Report,” 1884, part 11.—-By the Trustees. 
“Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South 

Wales,” vol. 19, 1885. 

Specimens of Limnea glabra, from Swillington Common.—By 

Mr. W. Nelson. 

A small collection of shells found about Dublin.—By Dr. R. 

Scharff. 

The thanks of the Society were accorded the donors for 
their generous gifts. 

PAPERS READ. 
“¢On the genus Cuma,” by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S. 
‘“¢ Conchological Notes on a visit to Fifeshire,” by Mr. T. Scott. 
““The Land Shells of Ilfracombe and Neighbourhood,” by Mr. 
[RS Be Lonalin: 
“ Note on Limnea Burnett,” by Mr. W. Nelson. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The following were shown by the President—On behalf of 
Mr. S. C. Cockerell specimens of Pészdium roseum and Vertigo 
antivertigo from Minster, near Sandwich, Kent ; for Mr. Wilfrid 


Bendall, a collection of Clausiliz from the Tyrol, Bavarian 
Alps, and Switzerland; for Mr. F. W. Wotton, of Cardiff, a 


J.C., v., July, 1887, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 207 


collection of the shells of Brecon and Glamorgan,—this in- 
teresting series contained some specimens differing slightly from 
the ordinary varieties; for Mr. Quilter, a collection of shells 
from Evington, Leicestershire. 


Meeting 
HELD MAY 6TH, 1887. 
The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

The following were duly elected.members of the Society : 
Mr. Frederick B. Webb, Cheadle, Staffordshire; Miss H. 
Galwey, Dublin. 

The under-named were duly nominated for membership : 
Mr. G. W. Mellors, Nottingham; Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, 
Cheadle, Staffordshire ; Mr. J. M. B. Taylor, Paisley ; Mr. S. M. 
"Luther, Garrettsville, Ohio. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The number of specimens exhibited was very large and 
varied, it included living examples of Zonztes Draparnaldt 
from Middlesex, sent by Mr. Fenn; a small collection of the 
shells of Merioneth from Mr. Ruddy, illustrating his paper in 
the April number of the ‘Journal of Conchology’; a number 
- of Slugs and Land and Freshwater Shells from Howth, near 
Dublin, and from Powerscourt Park, Co. Wicklow, sent by Dr. 
Scharff, of the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin ; examples 
of Bulimus montanus and other shells from Neufchatel, Switzer- 
land, collected by Mr. J. W. Wood, of Bedford ; a number of 
landshells collected a week ago at Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, by 
Mr.C. Ashford; and others; all brought forward by the President. 

Mr. C. H. Pierson showed examples of Zonttes cellarius, 
Z. nitidulus, Z. purus and var. margaritacea, Z. glaber, Azeca 
tridens and var. crystallinus, and Cochlicopa lubrica, collected 
at Addingham, on April 11th, 1887. 


208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Meeting 
HELD JUNE 2ND, 1887. 
The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

Mr. G. W. Mellors, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham; Mr. 
J. R. B. Masefield, Rosehill, Cheadle; Mr. J. M. B. Taylor, 
Paisley ; and Mr. S. M. Luther, Garrettsville, Ohio ; were duly 
elected members of the Society. 

Mrs. A. M. Dyer, of Swansea, was nominated for membership. 

The President announced that nominations for the different 
offices of the Society for 1888 were now desired, namely, one 
President, four Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretary, Recorder, 
and six Members of Council. All nominations to be sent to 
the Secretary in time for insertion in the October issue of the 
‘Journal of Conchology.’ 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were brought before the meeting: 
“Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” 

vol. 1., part 4.—By the Society. 

“On the varieties of the shells belonging to the Genus Nassa 

Lam.,” by F. P. Marrat.—Presented by Mr. B. Hudson. 
The following shells collected at Llwngwrl, near Barmouth :— 

felix caperata, H. rotundata, H. hispida, Zonites cellartus, 

Pupa umbilicata, Arion ater, A. Bourguignati, and Limax 

maximus.—By Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The number of exhibits brought before the meeting was 
very large, and included from Mr. L. E. Adams fine example 
of Arion ater var. albolateralis, collected at Minsterly, Shrop- 
shire, and other species from the same locality ; from Dr. R. 
Scharff several specimens of Limax ctnereo-niger, collected at 
Derrygore, co. Tyrone, by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane ; examples of 
Planorbis lineatus, Valvata cristata, &c., from near Welshpool, 
Montgomeryshire, collected by Mr. J. B. Morgan; from Merioneth- 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 209 


shire, A. ater, A. Bourguignati, Limax maximus, L. arborum, 
&c., collected by Mr. T. Ruddy, and specimens of Avion Bour- 
guignatt from Mr. G. S. Tye, Handsworth, were shown. 

The President exhibited Helix rvotundata, Zonttes excavatus 
and Z. alliarius alive from Bramley Fall, near Leeds ; and on 
behalf of Mr. T. Scott, a collection of species of shells mainly 
collected from the shores of Loch Fad, Bute, a locality which 
has been reported as nearly destitute of molluscan life ; also for 
Mr. Chas Ashford, examples of Amalia gagates from Christ- 
church, Hants. 

Mr. C. H. Pierson showed Unio tumidus and Anodonta 
cygnea from the mud heaps on the banks of the Leeds and 
Liverpool Canal at Kirkstall, and A. cygnea and var. rostrata 
from Roundhay Park, Leeds. 


> S00 


ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE GENUS CUA. 


By WILLIAM E. HOYLE, M.A. 


In the April number of this Journal, the Rev. A. H. 
Cooke published a valuable paper in which he discussed the 
various species of the genus Cuma. ‘The object of the present 
note is not to criticise any of his statements, but to show what 
follows as a further consequence of their acceptance. It appears 
from Mr. Cooke’s investigations that Humphrey [1797] cannot 
be regarded as the creator of the genus, but that this distinction 
belongs to Swainson [1840]. Between these two dates, how- 
ever, the name was given to a Crustacean by Milne-Edwards 
[Ann. Sci. Nat., xili., 1838] and this application obviously 
has priority over that of Swainson. It is therefore Mr. Cooke’s 
right to complete his revision by giving a new name to the 
group, and if he would at the same time give within the limits 
of a page a brief formal diagnosis of the genus and of the 
sufficiently characterised species with synonyms he would con- 
fer an additional boon on conchologists. 


210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER 
MOLLUSCA OF THE UPPER ENGADINE AND THE 
BREGAGLIA VALLEYS, EAST SWITZERLAND. 


By THE REV. S. SPENCER PEARCE, M.A. 


I have not been able to find much recorded about the 
mollusca of the Engadine Valleys. In the ‘ Journal of Con- 
chology’ for April, 1883, Mr. R. M. Christy, in a short paper 
entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Mollusca collected in Switzerland,” 
gives some interesting notices of different species, and amongst 
them he speaks of some twenty species which he took in the 
Upper Engadine Valley. 


A five weeks’ stay in this valley, at its southern end, on 
the summit.of the Maloja Pass, enabled me to explore much 
of the same region, as well as a large portion of that adjoining 
warmer valley—the Val Bregaglia, which extends due south 
from the Maloja Pass. Roughly speaking the ground I went 
over stretched twenty miles north and south, and comprised 
the valley of the Upper Engadine, from the Maloja Pass north- 
wards to St. Moritz village, and the Val Bregaglia from the 
Maloja Pass southwards as far as the villages of Promontogno 
and Bondo. The Maloja Pass—the steep descent from the 
Upper Engadine into the Val Bregaglia —thus formed the 
natural centre of one’s rambles. ‘The chief interest of this 
region lies in its great elevation above the sea. The average 
altitude of the valley of the Upper Engadine is 6000 feet ; St. 
Moritz, the highest village, is 6,090 feet above sea-level, while 
the head of the Maloja Pass is 5,941 feet. Lofty mountains, 
with snow-clad peaks rising to 10,000 feet, more or less, bound 
the valley on its eastern and western sides. 


J.C., v., July, 1887, 


PEARCE: MOLLUSCA OF EAST SWITZERLAND. 211 


From the Maloja Pass, which represents a sudden fall in 
elevation of not much less than 1000 feet, the Val Bregaglia is 
a continual descent southwards into Italy. Promontogno, 
about nine miles from the pass, the southernmost. village I 
reached in this valley, is only 2,687 feet above the sea. It is 
at this place that the Alpine pines, larches, &c., suddenly yield 
to the chesnuts and walnuts of a more southern vegetation. 

The rocks of these valleys are chiefly of crystalline lime- 
stone, gneiss, and mica-schist. Granite (or a granite-like rock), 
occurs at various points in the Engadine Valley. The altitudes 
given in the following notes are taken from Baedeker’s “ Switzer- 
land” (11th edition). 

All the species enumerated in this paper, excepting three 
slugs—the names of which have been bracketed in the list—have 
been examined by Mr. Roebuck and Mr. Taylor, of Leeds. My 
best thanks are due to them for having so kindly identified the 
more doubtful forms, as well as for favouring me with their 
notes on most of the species. 

Pisidium fontinale Drap.—Shallow ditches at Isola, Upper 
Engadine. 3 

P. pusillum Gmelin.—Plentiful in the shallow pools and 
ditches by the Engadine lakes; also in a ditch above Maloja, 
near a farm, atthe height of about 6,500 ft. I did not take 
this and the preceding species together. 

Planorbis spirorbis Miiller.—Not uncommon in the Upper 
Engadine, in shallow sluggish water at Sils Maria, Baseglia, 
Isola, Maloja and Silvaplana. 

Limnzea peregra Miiller.—Abundant in the shallower waters 
of the Upper Engadine ; and also in the Bergel Valley. 
Not taken in the deeper water of the lakes proper. While 
varying considerably in form and size, the shells as a rule, 
are solid looking, dark in colour, and often much eroded. 
The following seem the chief variations :— 

(2). The type from both the Engadine and Bergel 
valleys. 


212 PEARCE: MOLLUSCA OF EAST SWITZERLAND. 


(6). A form with an elongate spire, especially abun- 
dant in the stream that connects the Silzer and Silvaplana 
Sees. Mr. Taylor thinks this probably the variety e/onga- 
tisstma Gredler. 


(c). Several specimens having small and very obese 
shells, taken in the Silvaplana and Campfer Sees. 


(d). A distortion apparently not uncommon in the 
Silzer, Silvaplana, and Campfer Sees. The ordinary shape 
of the last whorl is destroyed by the anterior portion being 
bent outwards from within, so that the shell has the appear- 
ance of a large Physa fontinalts. 


L.auricularia L.—Inthelargelakesof the Engadine. Evidently 
prefers deeper water than the other species, feeds wholly 
off the confervoid growth to be found on the rocks and 
stones. No ordinary aquatic plants flourish in the cold 
waters of the lakes themselves, but only in the side streams 
and ditches. The shell attains a large size and is generally 
eroded. 


L. auricularia var. angulata.—Mr. Taylor informs me that 
one specimen from the Silzer See belongs to this variety. 


L. truncatula Mill. — Plentiful in the Upper Engadine. 
Associated with Z. peregra. 


L. truncatula var. minor Jeff.—-Not at all plentiful. 


L. truncatula var. oblonga.—The more abundant form. 


[Arion sp. ? |.—A not uncommon brown chocolate slug, 
sometimes greyish, with two black stripes on back and 
shield, having the flanks and foot of a paler tinge; in size 
intermediate between Avion ater and A. hortensis. 

One individual occurred above 6,000 feet near Maloja, 
but far more frequent on and below the Pass. 


[Arion hortensis Fér.].—In the Upper Engadine; a few 
individuals of a small size taken at Sils Maria and Maloja 
at the roots of a Rwmex and other plants in damp spots. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


PEARCE: MOLLUSCA OF EAST SWITZERLAND. 213 


In the Bergel Valley at Casaccia and Promontogno 
they are more frequent and of the ordinary size. 

Amalia marginata Miill.—Plentiful at Promontogno and 
Bondo (2,600 ft.) in the Bergel Valley, but did not find it 
higher up. 

Limax agrestis L.—Rather plentiful in the Engadine, even 
as high as 7000 and 8000 feet. Taken frequently at these 
altitudes on the way to the Surlej Fuorcla over against 
Silvaplana, and by the track ieading to the Longhino See, 
west of Maloja. Specimens from these high places are 
very diminutive. Below the Maloja Pass and throughout 
the Bergel Valley it is very common and of the usual size. 

L. arborum Bouchard-Ch.—A single small darkish specimen 
occurred under a stone just above Promontoguo (2,700 ft.) 
in the Bergel Valley. 

[Limax —— sp. ?].—The mere record of a slug, a single 
specimen of which I found in a pine wood between Cas- 
accia and Vicosoprano, but unfortunately lost before all its 
characteristics could be noted. It was of the size of Z. 
agrestis, only more slender, of a uniform yellow colour 
with a transparent look about it, tentacles darkish brown ; 
quick in movement. 

Mr. Christy in his ist records an unidentified Limax 
from a pine wood near St. Moritz. 

Succinea putris L. var. parvula.—By the Silzer See near 
Maloja and Sils in the Engadine, and at Casaccia in the 
Bergel Valley. 

S. oblonga Drap.—Wet pasture land near Casaccia in the 
Bergel Valley. 

Vitrina pellucida Mill—One specimen, high up above 
Maloja, at about 7000 feet. 

V. elongata Drap.—Abundant in the Upper Engadine. It 
reaches a higher altitude than any other species, except 
perhaps Helix arbustorum. Often it is associated with 
Limax agrestis (the diminitive form), Zonites fulvus, Zua 


214 PEARCE : MOLLUSCA OF EAST SWITZERLAND. 


lubrica, and Helix ruderata, more especially delighting in 
damp shady places by the side of the streams which tumble 
down the mountain sides, moistening everything near with 
spray. 

Zonites cellarius Mull.—Under stones near buildings. At 
Casaccia the specimens taken were small, but at Bondo 
and Promontogno larger than usual. 

Z. nitidulus Drap.—A single individual (dead) found with 
Z. cellarius at Casaccia. 

Z. petronella Charp.—Plentiful in the Engadine and Bergel 
valleys ; most frequent between 6,500 feet and 5000 feet. 
It is a beautiful little shell. 

Z. fulvus Miull.—A plentiful Alpine species, reaching toa 
great height (8000 feet circa) and affecting damp places. 


Helix pomatia L.—In the Bergel Valley. The highest 
point it reaches to is the base of the zig-zag roadway 
descent just above Vicosoprano; below that spot it is 
plentiful among the loose stone walls. 

H. pomatia var. brunnea.—The commonest form. The 
brown colour well diffused over the shell. 

H. pomatia var. albida.—A single specimen near Borgo- 
nuovo. 

H. arbustorum L.—Plentiful; found ata great elevation 
on the Engadine mountains. The variety pallida of the 
ordinary size was brought to me having been taken at a 
point above 8000 feet, to the east of Maloja. Individuals 
were very numerous in the Bergel Valley. Especially 
shall I ever remember the very great abundance of this 
species in the alder groves beside the Maira River near to 
Vicosoprano ; it was impossible -to avoid crushing very 
many as one walked, they were as plentiful as elex 
virgata is with us on the chalk downs of England. Those 
from the Bergel Valley differ from the Engadine ones in 
having thinner shells, but more colour. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


PEARCE : MOLLUSCA OF EAST SWITZERLAND. 215 


Mr. Roebuck and Mr. Taylor have kindly pointed 
out the following variations :— 

H. arbustorum var. flavescens Jeff.—Maloja Pass and 
Vicosoprano. 

H. arbustorum var. marmorata Rofficen.—Vicosoprano. 

H. arbustorum var. pallida Taylor.—At base of Septimer 
Pass, and Vicosoprano; above Maloja at about 8000 
feet, and Sils Maria, 6000 feet. 

H. arbustorum var. Poiretia Moq-landon.—Maloja Pass, 
a single specimen. 

Mr. Roebuck further gives me the note that one speci- 
men from Vicosoprano agrees with the variety ¢cterina 
Rossm. except that the markings are yellow instead of grey. 

H. zonata Studer.—Under stones in the Bergel Valley. 
The highest altitude reached by this species coincides with 
that of Helix pomatia, viz., the top of a zig-zag roadway 
just above Vicosoprano (3,600 ft.). Dead specimens far 
more abundant than live ones. Mr. Edgar Smith, of the 
British Museum, kindly assisted me in identifying my 
specimens. There are three examples of this species in 
the national collection labelled “ Europe.” 

H. hispida L. — Plentiful in the Bergel Valley, from the 
base of the Maloja Pass southwards as far as just above 
Vicosoprano, below which village I did not find it. 

H. ruderata Studer. — Plentiful, though somewhat local. 
In the Engadine it reached certainly as high as 7000 ft. on 
the eastern side of Maloja; also found on the Maloja Pass 
and down the Bergel Valley, as far south as the zig-zag 
above Vicosoprano. ‘The clear hyaline variety frequent. 

H. rupestris Drap.—Plentiful in the Engadine, as high as 
7000 feet at least. Also occurred in the Bergel Valley. 
Mr. Taylor informs me that while the Engadine forms have 
a moderately produced spire, those from the Bergel Valley 
belong mainly to the form that M. Bourguignat considers 
characteristic of south of Europe. 


216 PEARCE : MOLLUSCA OF EAST SWITZERLAND. 


H. pygmeea Drap.—Among moss and damp stones with Ver- 
tigo pygm@a, near Maloja (6000 feet), also at Casaccia in 
the Bergel Valley. This species is commoner than is 
generally supposed. ' 

H. pulchella var. costata Miiller.—In the Bergel Valley from 
Casaccia southward. 

H. obvoluta Miiller.— Not uncommon. Occurred on the 
Maloja Pass, and at different points throughout the Bergel 
Valley. 

H. holoserica Studer.—Under large stones within the ruined 
walls of the very interesting old Gothic church above 
Casaccia. Only a few specimens taken. 

Pupa marginata Drap. — On rocks at Sils Maria in the 
Engadine (6,100 ft.), associated with H. supestris. In the 
Bergel Valley plentiful, especially about Casaccia and along 
roadside to Vicosoprano. 

P. marginata var. albina Menke.—On ruined wall of old 
Gothic church, Casaccia. 

Vertigo pygmea Drap. var. athesina.—Several in damp 
moss by stream on east side of the Maloja lake (6000 ft.). 

V. edentula Drap.—Plentiful in the Engadine at the roots of 
grass, and especially Saxifraga atzoides by the side of 
mountain streams. It extended above 7000 feet. 

V. edentula var. columella Von Martens.—A few specimens 
after a diligent search among the loose stones and rubble 
in the nave and chancel of the ruined church near Casaccia. 
The typical form not taken with the variety. 

Balea sp. 2—A solitary fragment of a Balea (probably 
perversa) found under a large stone in the Fedoz Valley, 
in the Upper Engadine, at a spot about 7000 ft., and not 
very far from the glacier of that name. 

Clausilia plicatula Drap.—Has a somewhat limited range in 
the Bergel Valley. Abundant near Casaccia, especially so 
about the ruins of the old Gothic church, and extending 
thence as far as the zig-zag in the-road above Vicosoprano. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 217 


Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller.—Plentiful in damp places. In 
the Engadine it is of the usual size, even high up on the 
mountains above 7000 ft. Just as plentiful in the Bergel 
Valley. A small form also occurred at Stampa, Vico- 
soprano, and Promontogno. 

Carychium minimum Miiller.—At roots of grass by the 
mountain streams about Maloja, 6000 ft. ; also at Casaccia 
in the Bergel Valley. 

Beyond noticing the great altitudes at which most of the 
above thirty-seven species were taken, it is of interest to realise 
how many of these Alpine forms are the same as our English 
species. While thirty-one agree exactly with English species, 
and five others—V7tvina elongata, Zonites petronelia, Helix 
ruderata, H. holoserica, and Clausilia plicatula, are closely allied 
to English forms, only one, Helix zonata Studer is southern 
and un-English. 

Further, of the species mentioned by Mr. Christy in his 
paper as found at the St. Moritz end of the Engadine Valley, 
all (except two forms, viz., lanorbis contortus and Succinea 
elegans) are found at the Maloja end as well, together with 
several additional kinds not recorded by that writer. 


Occurrence of Planorbis lineatus in Montgomery- 
shire.—It may interest some of your readers to know that 
Planorbis lineatus has been discovered in this county. In the 
beginning of May last, I was fortunate enough to find several 
specimens of this elegant little Planorbis, in a pool of stagnant 
water in a field near the Welshpool Railway Station. The pond 
is very small in size, its original dimensions having been greatly 
curtailed by an accumulation of mud, which occupies the greater 
portion of it. Specimens of the Planorbis are not at all scarce, 
and are associated with Spherium corneum, Bythinia tentaculata, 
Limnea peregra, Succinea elegans, &c. Mr. Wotton has al- 
ready recorded the occurrence of P. /éneatus at Cardiff, and 
these two localities are, I believe, the only places in the 
Principality where it is knownto occur.—J. BICKERTON MorGaN. 


218 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON PLANORBIS DILATATUS, P. GLABER, AND 
SPHAZFRIUM OVALE. 


By THOS. ROGERS. 


(Read before the Conchological Society.) 


In the summer of 1869 the American mollusk Planorbis 
dtlatatus was discovered ina canal on the west side of Man- 
chester, and in the autumn of the same year it was found in 
another canal on the east side of Manchester—the two localities 
being about five miles apart. In March of this year I sent 
some of these specimens to Mr. Bates, of Burnley, and he im- 
mediately wrote to say that he identified them with some shells 
that he had collected in a water lodge at Burnley, and sent a 
number for my inspection. The theory set up by Dr. Jeffreys 
and myself, after examining both the Manchester localities, was 
that it had been introduced by means of American cotton, as a 
good deal of the refuse from the cotton cleaning machines of 
the mills found its way into the canal where the shells were 
found. JI, myself, went a little further with this theory, and sur- 
mised that the mollusk had been introduced during the cotton 
famine, occasioned by the war of secession, and that the intro- 
duction into these two localities were distinct and separate 
introductions. A few years after its discovery in Manchester, 
and when the canal was run dry for repairs, I saw in it count- 
less numbers on the sides of the canal, extending about a mile 
from where it was first found, and I ventured to predict at that 
timé that it would ultimately become a very common species ; 
but unfortunately, nearly all these vast numbers were killed by 
the men who “ re-pointed ” the joints of the bricks of the canal 
waterway with mortar containing a good quantity of lime. It 
is interesting to know that after a lapse of eighteen years the 
mollusk has again been found abundantly at Burnley, and it is 
also interesting to enquire if the theory first set up still holds 
good. From enquiries I have made relative to the environment 
of the lodge in which it is found and the habitat in which it 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


ROGERS: ON PLANORBIS DILATATUS, ETC. 219 


lives at Burnley, the argument is not conclusive. At the time 
of its discovery at Burnley I enquired if there was a canal, and, 
if so, were there any spinning mills ; the answer was that there 
was a canal about a furlong off and there had been a mill, but 
it had been burned down. I suggested, too, at the time, that 
the canal in the vicinity of a cotton mill, on or near its banks, 
should be examined, and a few days ago I received a letter 
from Mr. Bates announcing that they had found it in thousands 
near a cotton mill on the canal banks, but I do not know all the 
particulars of this locality. It is rather singular that in all the 
localities, both at Burnley and Manchester, that there are three 
identical associations. First, that itis found amongst a green 
algze, which I take to be the same species in each case. Second, 
that there is an abundance of a form of Plumatella repens, which 
Prof. Allman describes as a somewhat unusual form, and that 
it is found in water artificially higher in temperature through 
the discharge of water from condensing engines. I expressed 
my opinion to Dr. Jeffreys at the time it was first found, that 
the Planorbis lived upon the decaying substance of this 
Plumatella and other Hydroid Zoophytes. Mr. Bates also in- 
forms me that Mr. Long discovered Planorbis glaber along with 
P. dilatatus in the same water lodge at Burnley—might we not 
ask ourselves, although P. g/aver is a well established British 
species, whether the form of P. glaber found along with the 
P. dilatatus may not be introduced American P. parvus? May 
I say, in conclusion, that many persons express a doubt that 
the vitality of the Planorbis would not sustain it during a voy- 
age from America to England, and the subsequent passage 
through a blowing machine. Dr. Jeffreys expressed himself 
that it was no difficulty with him to accept this part of the 
theory, and from examinations made of the waste from cotton 
blowing machines by myself, I can readily believe that the shells 
could pass through undamaged. I think too that this last 
Burnley habitat is a direct American introduction, about the 
same time as the introduction in Manchester. 


220 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


There is another curious coincidence in reference to Amer- 
ican shells, Spherium ovale is considered by some conchologists 
(Dr. Jeffreys amongst the number, I. think) to be equal to 
S. transversum of the United States, and S. ova/e is found in 
the same canal that P dlatatus was first found. It is also 
found in the same canal where it was found in the second 
instance, and Mr. Bates reports that dead shells are found in 
the canal at Burnley where P. dz/atatus is found. The 'S. ovale 
about Manchester seems to be dying out, owing to greater 
pollution of the canals ; this may also be the case at Burnley. 


—_>——=2 + << _ 


A Dextrai Physa fontinalis.—While collectlng on 
June 8th, at Barnes Common, Hammersmith, I took a good 
quantity of Physa fontinalis out of the brook, and among 
these was a dextral one. The mouth in this last was a more 
elongated-oval than what we find in the type generally—an 
errant-knight from the conventionalities of an otherwise sinistral 
genus.—J. W. WiLuiAMs, D.Sc., June roth, 1887. 


Discovery of Clausilia Rolphii in North Lincoln- 
shire.—Mr. H. Wallis Kew, who is engaged in working out 
the molluscan fauna of Lincolnshire, recently sent me amongst 
other interesting species, three specimens of this uncommon 
shell. Two of the specimens were found on the 7th of May 
at Haugham-pasture and Maltby Wood respectively, and the 
third on the 4th of present month at Grisel Bottom, Burwell 
Woods. ‘These three localities are old oak woods—Haugham- 
pasture is really an oak wood, its local name is misleading—and 
though not very close together are all in the same neighbour- 
hood, and are situate on the eastern flank of the wolds ; in some 
parts the chalk is slightly covered with clay, but it is interesting 
to note that all three shells are from the same long post-glacial 
ravine, where the surface 1s chalk. Its occurence so far re- 
moved from its previously known area of distribution is of the 
greatest interest.—JNo. W. TayLor, June 16th, 1887. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 221 


ADDITIONAL NOTE ON PLANORBIS DILATATUS 
AND PLANORBIS GLABER AT BURNLEY. 


By J. BATES. 


Mr. F. C. Long and myself for the first time took Planorbis 
dilatatus in June, 1886, amongst some Valvata piscinalis, in the 
Paper Works lodge, Burnley. This lodge has no connection 
whatever with any cotton-blowing machinery, the nearest cotton- 
blowing room being near half-a-mile distant, and in the canal 
near this mill I could find no trace whatever of P. dlatatus. 
On July 5th, 1887, Mr. Long found it in thousands in the canal 
opposite Temple’s factory, where the cotton refuse is blown into 
the canal, they were found along the canal for over a mile in 
the direction of Hapton, but were most plentiful opposite the 
mill. The specimens are not so fine as those from the Paper 
Mill lodge. Our first idea was that the warm water had some- 
thing to do with the lodge specimens being so large, but the 
canal specimens are very much smaller although the water ts 
very much warmer. In both localities they are found upon a 
kind of Algee. 

Mr. Long also found P. glaver in June, 1886, at the Paper 
Mill lodge, and has since also found one specimen in the 
canal by the new bridge at Gannow, near ‘Temple’s factory. 


—_—_$-6-¢—___ 


NOTES ON THE EPIDERMIS OR PERIOSTRACON 
OF MOLLUSCA. 


By G. SHERRIFF TYE. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


All molluscous shells, at some period of their growth, have 
an outer coat of animal matter which is formed and deposited by 
the margin (collar) of the mantle, the shelly matter being de- 
posited by the mantle itself, of which indeed it was once a part 
as membrane or cellular structure, the cavities of which having 


222 TYE : NOTES ON THE EPIDERMIS OF MOLLUSCA. 


been filled up with carbonate of lime are thrown off layer after 
layer in the form of a symmetrical (in some cases the grotesque) 
‘shell. 

A shell being broken in any part remote from the mouth is 
. repaired with shelly matter secreted by the vésceva/ mantle, but 
without an epidermis ; but if broken at the margin, it is repaired 
with its epidermal covering, the collar of the mantle (the front 
edge) alone having the power to produce epidermis which is 
formed over the shell deposit in all cases where the mollusc can 
withdraw itself sufficiently into its shell to bring the front edge 
of the mantle into play in repairing the fracture. 

The epidermis is formed in advance of (i.e. before) the shell, 
the latter being added as an inner coating ; this may well be seen 
in Helix aspersa and in the Unionide during their periods of 
growth. ‘The epidermis will be found as a chitinous fringe or 
collar round the mouth of the gasteropod in advance of any car- 
bonate of lime. 

This covering is in many cases, to a large extent indestructible 
as is shewn by its presence upon fossil shells of the glacial epoch, 
e.g. Cyprina tslandica, Saxicava norvegica, &c. 

Its office is to preserve the shell against the action of eroding 
agents. “It has life but not sensation, like the human scarf 
skin.” 

If a shell be dissolved in a solution of hydrochloric acid it 
leaves behind it a chitinous skeleton (Claus:lia rugosa shews it 
well). The shell is probably connected in some way with its 
chitinous envelope by minute channels which serve to keep it 
“alive” although shells may lose it without materially shortening 
their period of existence. 

It varies much in thickness in different species, in some 
cases being easily rubbed off, in others destroyed by atmospheric 
action or water e.g. Helix virgata, Neritina fluviatilis. 

In some species it is present only in the young state, being 
afterwards lost as in O//vaand Cyra the shells being polished 
by folds of the mantle. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


TYE : NOTES ON THE EPIDERMIS OF MOLLUSCA. 223 


The colouring of the Unzonide is due to the epidermis. 

It varies in texture and pattern in different genera and 
species, being sometimes studded with barbed blades as in 
Mytilus barbatus and M. modiolus. In Buccinum, Fusus, Triton, . 
and others it consists of a complete network of short blades. 
Some species have a roughened or hispid epidermis before birth 
and retain that appearance for a short time only, losing it as they 
grow older. Several of our species of Planorbis shew this. 


Planorbis albus var. Draparnaldi has from 45 to 50 ridges 
extending round the whorl, each of which bear close rows of 
three bristles each on a ridge or wrinkle of the epidermis. 


Planorbis contortus and P. corneus are both beautiful micros- 
copical objects when newly hatched out. Both our English 
species of Paludina are hispid when born, P. contecta having the 
longest hairs. 


Beautiful examples of the hispid periostracon are to be found 
in the genus Helix, the species bearing it are widely distributed. 
I am familiar with many from Europe, Asia, America, and 
Australia. 


It occurs in every stage of development roughened, dotted 
with points or incipient hairs, to frills of long hairs or bristles, 
plaited (H. /amellata) or in a lovely coronet of spines (7. aculeata). 


It is noticeable that all our hispid Helices spend their life in 
damp places, hence none of them are brilliantly painted, but like 
the human sojourner in mental or material darkness shew few of 
the attractive attributes of light. Beautifully coloured Helicidz 
are destitute of hairs. It is worthy of note that so far as I have 
observed the more globose (hispid) species of this family have 
the shortest and stoutest hairs, the flatter-spired ones the longest. 

These hairs possess the property of becoming erect when 
brought into contact with moisture, no matter how pressed 
down they are—and they are apt to become so during seasons of 
rest—so soon as they are damped they immediately form a per- 
fect cheveaux-deSrise. 


224 


TYE: 


NOTES ON THE EPIDERMIS OF MOLLUSCA, 


I subjoin a list of such species of Helix as I know have a 


hispid epidermis, with their place of habitat :— 
Hf. edvardst 


FT, rufescens 


(when young | », labrosa United 
», hispida | », hornit States 
5» Concinna Britain ss leat 
y» SerLLEA » tafurcata 
,, revelata | », loricata ~ California 
5, JuUsca | », Columbiana { 
», obvoluta FES eee Central - 

: » ghetsbrightit 
5 personata | America 
,, lefeburiana », eldegantissima 

5 China 
», setosa Cen » Aartmant 
» angigyra Be . {7 soe 
S tinent », mackensiz 

», conspurcata ) Formosa 
», eyclolabris 5 LEE Molluccas 
» pellita J ,, tagalensis Phillipines 
oe ogi. United 5 ne oe 
,, larbigera Sines ,, hombront iji Isles 


», Airsuta 


There is a field of interesting research for conchologists in 
trying to work out the cause and uses of this peculiar structure; 
why molluscs having a hispid coat should be sombre coloured, 
shy and retiring in habit, unlike their more brilliantly coloured 
brethren. As the smooth epidermis serves as a protective coat 
for the shell, there would seem to be a further use fora hairy one 


other than merely as a conserving agent against erosion. 


Fflelix sericea has a habit of creeping over leaves in damp 
weather and of dropping immediately it perceives the proximity 
of danger, the slightest touch is sufficient to cause it to loose its 
hold, and so silent is the fall, broken by its springy coating of 
hairs, that even though it be from a considerable height, it 1s not 
heard, and it receives no hurt however far it falls. ‘This habit 
is shared by #. A7zspzda in a less degree. 


The hairs may be irritating to creatures apt to prey upon 
snails—birds or frogs? It is most perfect and in finest condition 
during those periods in which the creatures possessing it are 


most active, for the hairs being hygrostatic then become erect. 


J.C., v., July, 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 225 


Probably all molluscs have some protective peculiarity. The 
Zonites having a thin glossy shell inhabit dark places, under 
stones, &c., and have more or less an alliaceous odour and pro- 
bably a nauseous taste. The larger Helices which creep about 
boldly have a thick strong shell requiring (as the Thrushes know) 
hard rapping on a stone to break it. It isa significant fact that 
many species (I believe observation will elicit a great number) 
have a hairy epidermis when newly born, and this points to some 
protective capacity. Mr. Jeffery quotes the case of H. Cantiana 
as observed by Mr. Adams, (J. C., No. 1, vol. v, p. 24), few 
would expect to find a trace of hairs on such a shell, yet it is seen 
in the young. 


It is only fair to say that the original notes (here slightly 
extended) were written for the conchological section of the 
Birmingham Nat. His. and Microscopical Socy., in 1874. Isent 


them—with all the drawings I made to illustrate them—to Mr. . 


Jeffery, when I saw his paper (J. C., No. 1, vol. v., p. 17), which 
adds to our knowledge by shewing the method of production of 
the hairs. My notes were afterwards (at his request) sent to 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, hence they are honoured—as I think above 
their deserts—by being here. If there should be anything in 
them which awakes a desire in my fellow workers for further 
observation upon the same line, I shall be the first to avail my- 
self of it, feeling sure that I have much yet to learn. 


ie 


Helix arbustorum monst. sinistrorsum in Derby- 
shire.—Early in August Mr. C. Oldham sent me a fine speci- 
men of this rare form, which he had found on nettles by the 
roadside, at Ashwood Dale, near Buxton, on August 1st. The 
specimen belongs to the var. /éavescens, in this respect 
differing from the only other example I know of, which was of 
the normal colouring, and figured by Ferussac as monst. a, on 
pl. xxix. of his great work.—Jno. W. TayLor, Sept. 29th, 1887. 


P 


226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTE ON THE PEARLY WAUTIZLUS. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. 


Zoological Department, British Museum. 


A specimen of Wautilus pompilius, captured at Port Blair, 
Andaman Islands, has recently been presented to the British 
Museum, by Mrs. E. Kenny, who has given the following 
account of its movements during captivity :— 


‘““Tt was caught at the surface, near the anchor-cable of 
H.M.S. ‘Osprey,’ in this harbour, in a fairly rough sea. The 
shell, when brought to me yesterday with the fish in it, appeared 
chipped and broken at the edge, from contact with the chain 
cable. I at once placed it in a bucket of salt water (it had not 
been out of its element more than half an hour), and the fish 
seemed to begin to-breathe strongly. The rough, skin-like 
covering to the mouth [the hood] of the shell appeared to rise, 
and on each side of it the gills commenced to work in regular 
pulsations. At the same time the tentacles wére protruded 
in front, and gas or air was expelled, bubbling up at the surface 
of the water at regular intervals. The whole creature seemed 
to expand and grow looser, until quite suddenly it became 
detached from its shell entirely, and lay breathing or working, 
at the bottom of the bucket. I may remark that once out of its 
shell, the fish showed no apparent desire to re-enter it. In the 
empty shell were then seen a few small tad-pole-like creatures, 
very active in their movements, whether parasites or not I do 
not know. These were washed off into a glass jar with rum, 
and the fish was then put into the same jar.” 


Unfortunately the specimen was placed in fresh spirit before 
the above notes were read, the so-called parasites being thus 
unconciously thrown away with the discoloured spirit. This is 
much to be regretted, for doubtless these animals, if really 
parasites, would have proved of very great interest, as no parasite 
is as yet known in connection with the Mawéilus. It seems 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 227 


possible that the irritation created by these creatures may have 
been the cause of the /Vauti/us quitting its shell. If so, it tends 
to show that the animal possesses the power of suddenly detach- 
ing the shell-muscle from the shell. This is not surprising when 
the feebleness of the scar and the fact that a thin transparent 
membrane is secreted between the muscle and the scar upon 
the shell are taken into consideration. The muscle evidently 
has such a slight hold on the shell that a very small effort of 
contraction would release it. If the theory be correct that the 
LVautilus moves forward a certain space to form a fresh chamber, 
relaxing its hold on the shell by the lateral muscles of attach- 
ment, were there not some means of holding on there would be 
considerable risk of the shell falling away from its inhabitant. 
The siphon then, as suggested by Reeve, may be the means by 
which the shell is held in position during that process. It might 
be stretched the required length, or if moveable within the 
siphonal tube it might be pulled forward the length of the 
compartment, to be parted off by a new septum, and still leave 
sufficient in the old siphonal tube to hold the shell from slipping 
away. When the specimen observed by Mrs. Kenny quitted 
its shell, it appears to have snapped the siphonal membrane, for 
only about half an inch is still attached to the body. 
SOO 

Abnormal Helix aspersa.—I was much surprised 
when dissecting a specimen of Helix aspersa, a few days ago, 
to find that it was without a mandible, and had only an exceed- 
ingly small portion of the lingual ribbon. Where the mandible 
should have been there was a hard muscular band, about the 
length of the mandible but much broader, giving the animal 
the appearance of one with its mouth wide open. With the 
exception of a very narrow strip of chitin, the floor of the 
mouth was covered with the usual cartilaginous cushion, such 
as the ribbon usually lies upon. The specimen was one which 
I had had in confinement for some four years or so, and was 
full-grown when I collected it.—W, E. CoLiincez, Leeds. 


228 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY 


CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES. 


By THOS. SCOTT. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 

During last summer I happened to come across the nests 
of several land molluscs, and the following are some jottings 
from my note book concerning them :— 

Helix aspersa. 

Seven nests of this species were observed—the first 
was found on the 17th June, and contained fifty-one eggs. 
Between the 21st and 26th of the same month, three more 
were observed; they contained respectively, forty-three, forty, 
and sixty-nine eggs. Three more were observed on July 
the 16th, and contained—one seventy-three, one seventy-seven, 
and the other ninety-six eggs. The eggs were, without excep- 
tion, deposited in little hollows, such as would be made were a 
boy’s marble pushed into the soil till about level with the 
surface and then withdrawn. These little hollows were gener- 
ally made by the mollusc at the roots of grass, and the eggs, 
after being deposited, were covered with a thin layer of earth, 
so that to find them, a careful and judicious search required to 
be made. According to Dr. Jeffreys,* Bouchard-Chantereaux 
“has often counted from roo to 110 eggs, which had been laid 
by a single individual,” so that in only one instance do the 
numbers observed by me, approach near to those given on 
the authority of Bouchard-Chantereaux. The eggs had a 
tough membranaceous covering, so that though one happened to 
fall, it sustained little or no injury. The average size of the 
eggs, as far as I could make out, was 4°25 x 4 millimetres, 
In one nest the development had proceeded so far that the 


b 


* « British Conchology,” vol. i, p. 183. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887, 


SCOTT : CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES. 229 


embryo shells occupied nearly the whole interior of the egg. 
The shells had fully one and a half whorls, and measured fully 
four mill. in breadth, by three mill. in altitude, and were of 
a pale cream colour. 


H. nemoralis. 

On June 17th I collected a few molluscs of this species, 
and by the following morning one of them had deposited a 
cluster of eggs in the bottle in which they were confined. Though 
I kept them for some days longer, no more eggs were 
deposited. There were sixteen eggs in the cluster, and the 
outside skin, unlike that of the eggs of A. aspersa, was cal- 
careous, hard, and brittle ; they were pure white, and measured 
3.x 24mill. In fact they looked very much like miniature 
eggs of the domestic fowl. 


Arion ater and Limax agrestis. 

On the 22nd of August I observed the nests of one Avion 
ater and five Limax agrestis. That of Avion contained thirty- 
six eggs, those of Zzmax twenty, twenty, twelve, seventeen, and 
nineteen eggs respectively. They were not deposited in hollows 
as were those of H. asfersa, but were in clusters under stones. 
They were of a pale blueish-white colour. Their outside coating 
was a thin semi-transparent membrane. I find I have no 
measurement of these. 


Limax flavus. 

I had no opportunity for watching the development of the 
eggs in any of the preceding cases, but with regard to Z. flavus, 
I am able, from a series of observations made by my son, 
Andrew Scott, to give a few details bearing on this point. 


At a place in Greenock, where Z. flavus is of frequent 
occurrence, my son noticed on the 15th of September last year, 
that three clusters of eggs had been deposited on the under side 
of a log of wood. ‘They had been deposited within the preced- 


230 SCOTT : CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES. 


ing two, or at most three days at which time the log was last 
examined. There were seven eggs in one, eleven in another, 
and sixteen in the third cluster. They were almost transparent, 
pale whitish in colour, and of large size, measuring from 64 x 5 
to 8 x 54 mill. Though we are not certain that these three 
clusters were deposited by separate individuals, yet taking 
into account the size of the eggs, and that the under side of 
the log referred to was frequented by eight, ten, and some- 
times thirteen individuals of Z. flavus at one time, it is quite 
probable that the three clusters were deposited by different 
molluscs. Between the 28th and 29th October, the embryo 
slugs began to break through their prison, and lead a free and 
independent existence, so that from the time the eggs were 
laid till the young limaces were hatched, at least forty-five or 
forty.six days elapsed. From the time the eggs were observed 
till the young were hatched, frequent and regular observations 
were made as to temperature, state of the weather, &c. These 
showed a minimum temperature of 8° cent., maximum 15° cent., 
and an average of about 12° cent. (—53°6°F), and wet or showery 
days averaged fully 207. 


Among the adult Z. Zavus noticed by my son, was one of 
a much lighter colour than the others, this Mr. Denison 
Roebuck identified as var grisea. 

H. arbustorum—Shell growth. 

On the 24th of April last my son and I were taking a walk 
in the vicinity of Greenock, when he happened to observe a 
specimen of A. arbustorum, v. flavescens. On examining the 
specimen it seemed as if it had just begun to make an addition 
to its shell. We took it home and fed it on bits of cabbage 
leaves, turnips, &c., keeping it about the kitchen window, and 
allowing it as much freedom as possible. After feeding on the 
cabbage, &c., awhile, it would make its way direct as if it knew 
the road, and locate itself under the water-tap, where every now 
and again it would be subjected to a douche, which it seemed to 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 231 


enjoy very much. When first found there was about half a 
millimetre of new shell formed. By the end of the first week, 
thereafter, the new addition measured three millimetres ; by the 
end of the second week 6°25 millimetres; by the end of the 
third week r1‘5 millimetres, and by the 17th of May the 
mollusc had begun to form a lip, very little being thereafter 
added to the length of the new shell, for at the end of the 
fourth week, by which time the lip was well formed, the total 
growth measured 12°5 millimeters, so that only one millimeter 
of an addition had been made during that week. The new 
shell was much darker in colour than the rest, but was similar 
in the absence of any band ; the specimen thus formed a sort 
of link, joining v. favescens with v. marmorata. Possibly the 
difference in colour might be due to difference in the kind of 
food it had lived on. As long as the new growth was proceed- 
ing vigorously the mollusc fed greedily, but after the lip was 
fairly well formed this avidity for food ceased, and it would fix 
itself to some part about the window, and remain quiescent for 
a considerable period, ere showing an inclination to feed. 

I had begun to anticipate the securing of an interesting 
addition to my collection in this parti-coloured He/ix, when one 
day it was found on the floor crushed to pieces. One might 
introduce an “if” here, but after the accident has happened 
the “if” may as well be left out. I find that “ ifs” generally 
lead to either needless recriminations or regret, and are not 
philosophic. 

——>-s +e 
Obituary.—Thomas Glover. 

Amongst the few men in Manchester, who took an interest 
in Conchology from the early part of the present century, must 
be mentioned the name of Mr. Thomas Glover, who died in 
August last at Southport, aged 92 years, having been born in 
Blackburn, in May, 1795. His father and mother died whilst 
he was yet a young man. When quite a little boy he evinced 
a great delight in collecting plants, shells, and insects, and the 


232 OBITUARY: THOMAS GLOVER. 


experimental turn of mind, which was so prominent a feature 
in his later life, showed itself very early in his boyhood, from 
the fact of sowing comfits in a flower pot in the greenhouse, 
his father having laughingly persuaded him that he had shaken 
them from a comfit tree when he visited Manchester, so young 
Glover thought he would grow his own comfits. 

Mr. Glover was a cotton manufacturer until the advent of 
the power loom, when he gave the business up. He married 
somewhat early, and lived with his wife 67 years. He had an 
extensive botanical garden in the neighbourhood of Manches- 
ter, where he reared many new varieties of ferns and flowering 
plants. His collection of foreign shells was a large one, 
including importations from China, Philippine Island, South 
America, Tasmania, and New Zealand. His British shells 
were very fine, and collected for the most part by himself. His 
duplicates were very numerous, and with these he was ever 
ready to help young conchologists or old friends. He made 
numerous presentations of shells to the Manchester and South- 
port Museums. He rented a fishery in the West of Ireland for 
the purpose of experimenting with the Natural History of the 
Salmon. It was during this time that he brought away many 
shells from Ireland, both terrestial and marine. He first found 
in the foraminiferous sand of Dog’s Bay, Connemara, the 
beautiful semi-fossil shells of Helzx nemoralis,and his friends were 
always sure of a bag of this sand when he returned from Ire- 
land. It was extremely rich in foraminifera, which have been 
well worked out by Dr. Thos. Alcock. He also paid great 
attention to the shells of Southport ; and it was from this place 
that he colonised Manchester with Paludina contecta. About 
fifty or sixty years ago he placed 70 living specimens in the water- 
works reservoir, and some subsequently in the brickfield ponds, 
near his own house at Smedley, and it is from these specimens 
that Manchester has supplied so many fine specimens. He 
tried to establish a colony of Testacella in his garden at 
Smedley. When ona visit to his brother at Exeter he collected 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 233 


a large quantity of the Testacella, and “planted” them in his 
garden, but saw no more of them until a man reported he had 
found a snail with a shell on the end of its tail at Crumpsall, 
about a mile from his garden, and Mr. Glover concluded that 
this was one of the survivors of his Smedley colony. They 
have not been seen or heard of since, now more than 25 years 
ago. 

Mr. Glover was a correspondent of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, a 
friend of all the old Naturalists, especially the botanist of the 
artisan class in the neighbourhood of Manchester. He was 
ever ready to give a plant or a shell, and a friendly welcome to 
visit his gardens, hot-houses, and ferneries. TORS 


A LIST OF MARINE SHELLS OBTAINED AT FILEY 
IN. AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1887. 


By REV. CARLETON GREENE, M.A. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


Having spent five weeks here, in the hope of finding out 
something about the Conchological interest of Filey Bay, as far 
as is possible in a mere summer holiday trip, I send you a few 
facts in case they may be of use to persons interested. 

(1.) List of shells found on the beach. 

(II.) List of those brought by fishermen from the Doggerbank 
and shown to me. 

(III.) Specimen (not British) procured from a fisherman, and 
stated to have come from the neighbourhood in the 
course of trawling. 

(L.) 

Cyprina islandica.—Very plentiful, and often alive towards 

Speeton. 

Lutraria elliptica.—Very plentiful, and often alive towards 

Speeton. 


234 GREENE: MARINE SHELLS OBTAINED AT FILEY. 


Mactra stultorum.—Very common ; var. cinerea found. 
Venus striatula.—Very common. 
Psammobia ferroensis.— Uncommon. 
Donax anatinus.—Very common. 
Artemis lincta.—Rare. 
Solen siliqua.—Very common. 
Tellina tenuis.—Very common. 
Tellina solidula.—Not common. 
Cardium edule.—Not common. 
Mactra subtruncata.—Not common. 
Nucula nucleus.—One specimen. 
Patella vulgata.—Very common. 
Littorina littorea.—Very common. 
L. obtusata.—Common. . 
L. rudis.—Common. 
Rissoa ulva.—And some other species not fully identified. 
Purpura lapillus.—Very common. 
Mytilus edulis.—Very common. 
Murex erinaceus.—One specimen. 
Trochus cinereus.—Not very common. 
Natica catena.—Not common. 
Fusus antiquus.—Not common. 
F. propinquus (?).—One specimen. 
Buccinum undatum.—Not common. 
Anomia ephippium.—Rare. 

(GO) 
Modiola modiolus.—Very large. 
Pecten opercularis.—Fine and varied in colour. 
Natica alderi var. nitida. 
Natica catena. 
Pleurotoma turricula. 
Scalaria communis. . 
S. Turtonis.—One specimen. 
Turritella terebra. 
Cardium echinatum. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 235 


Anomia ephippium. 

Aporrhais pes-pelecani.—Very good specimens. 

Littorina obtusata. 

Doggerbank shells may be had in the spring from Robert 

Morrison, the man on Filey Brigg. 

(III.) 

Crepidula.—Fine specimen. Brought by Stockdale fisher- 
man from some rocks in the neighbourhood ; locality un- 
certain. There are some in the Scarborough Museum, 
marked as found at Scarborough, but not native. 


———===099000000s——-—____ 
NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN SPECIES 


OF BITHINIA, SEGMENTINA AND FUSCS, 
AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW WEZLANWNTA. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. 


Zoological Department, British Museum. 


In the list of Australian species of the genus Az¢thinza, 
which I published in the Journal of the Linnean Society, 
Zoology, vol. xvi., 1881, pp. 266, 267, I omitted to mention 
B. victoria, described by Tennison-Woods.* This omission 
was the result of relying upon “the Zoological Record,” in 
which no mention was made of the publication of this species. 

The British Museum has recently received from Mr. John 
Brazier, of Sydney, two series of Bzthini@, the one from Eastern 
Creek, New South Wales, which he informs me consists of 
typical examples of his B. hyalina, the other from Parramatta 
Park, Parramatta, New South Wales, comprising specimens of 
the species described by Tryon, as Gaddta australis. 

On carefully comparing these two series I fail to discover 
any distinguishing features in the shells, and therefore unite 
them under the name of Bzthinia australis. 


* Trans. and Proc, Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv., p. 65. 


236 SMITH : NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SHELLS. 


The generic division Gaééza, proposed by Tryon for this _ 
species, appears to be altogether unnecessary. The character 
upon which he founded the group was a supposed peculiarity 
in the operculum which he describest as ‘‘paucispiral, 
calcareous.” His own figure and the shells before me show 
that the operculum is wot paucispiral, but normally concentric, 
as in other species of Bzthinza. Such being the case, the genus 
Gabbia may be cast aside, but as the specific name imposed 
upon this species must, according to the laws of priority be 
retained, it becomes necessary to re-name the form from 
Victoria River, which I described as &. australis; this I would 
therefore propose should be called B. ¢ryonz. 

Messrs. Tate and Brazier, in their Check List of the Fresh- 
water Shells of Australia,{ have already recognised the inutility 
of the section Gadédza. 


Segmentina australiensis. 

A large series of specimens from Waterloo, Sydney, which 
I consider belong to this species, differ from the type in some 
respects. None of them are of so dark a colour, and not a 
single specimen has the internal lamelle nearly so strongly 
developed. Some have only two very small tubercles, one 
upon the upper and one upon the lower wall of the body-whorl ; 
others are entirely destitute of teeth of any description, and but 
very few exhibit the parietal lamella so conspicuous in the type. 
The greater or less development of these internal processes is 
probably regulated by age, so that in old shells they would 
more frequently be present, and more strongly developed than 
in younger specimens. 

In a second series from Bundaberg, Queensland—also 
presented to the Museum by Mr. Brazier—I cannot detect a 
single example with any indication of teeth, but in all other 
respects these shells agree exactly with those from Waterloo. 


+ American Journ. Conch., 1865, vol. i., p. 220, pl. 22, f. 7, 
* Proc. Linn. Soc., New South Wales, 1882, vol. vi., p. 562. 


JG 5 wey Oct. LSST- 


SMITH : NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SHELLS. 237 


The second Australian species of Segmentina, which I 
described as S. wictorie, is also characterised by the total 
absence of these internal processes, but, as shewn in the figure, 
it is somewhat different in having more tightly coiled whorls 
(vide 1. c., fig. 12), but to determine whether this is an individual 
rather than a specific character requires further material, for at 
present the species is known only by the unique specimen in 
the British Museum. 


Melania supralirata. 


Testa elongata, turrita, decollata, nigra, vel saturate olivacea ; 
anfractus persistentes 5 —6, superne constrict, inferne convext, 
prominentes, infra suturam sulcis duabus conspicuis spiralibus 
sculptt, undique minutissime transversim striati, lineisque 
increment. tenuibus decussatt, ultimus parvus, ad basim sulcis 
paucts sculptus ; apertura rotunde ovata, superne acuminata, 
antice acuminate effusa, intus sordide cerulea ; labrum tenue, 
superne late sinuatum ; columella arcuata, ceruleo-albida. 


Longit. anfract. sex 24 mill., diam. 9 ; apertura 7 longa, 5 lata. 
Hab.: Prince of Wales Island, Torres Straits. 

This species is remarkable for the shortness and peculiar 
shape of the whorls. They are slopingly contracted above, 
and bulging below the middle, somewhat as represented by 
Reeve’s figure of AZ, Wallace (‘ Conch. Icon.’ fig. 66). Besides 
the two grooves at the upper part of the whorls, others are 
sometimes more or less traceable over the rest of the surface. 
The ridge between the two sulci is in some specimens inclined 
to be nodulous. JZ Svoloensis is another species which has 
some affinity with the present ; in that, however, which is a 
smoother shell, the bulge or convexity of the volutions is higher 
up. From evidence afforded by some young specimens, the 
number of whorls in an adult shell, if not decollated, would be 


eleven. 


Fusus Pricei. 
Fusus corpulentus, Smith (non Conrad), “Annals and Mag. 
Nat. Hist.,” May 1882, vol. ix. p. 344. 


238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Since describing this fine shell I have discovered that the 
specific name had been previously used by Conrad,* for a fossil 
species from Oregon, North America, but whether that form 
really belongs to Asus is very uncertain, for Mr. Dall,t of the 
Smithsonian Institution, observes respecting it :—‘‘ This con- 
sists of the zternal cast of a species of Mollusk, which may be 
a Pleurotoma, or almost anything else of a fusiform shape.” 
However, to prevent any further difficulty, I think it best to 
-re-name the living species, and have, therefore, associated with 
it the name of Mr. Charles Price, from whom the British 
Museum recently received two specimens of this species. 
These were collected either at Cleveland Bay, Queensland, or 
at Port Moresby, S.E. of New Guinea. The habitat of the type 
was unknown. 


Occurrence of Vertigo alpestris Alder in York- 
shire.—On May rst of the present year, Mr. H. T. Soppitt, of 
Bradford, was fortunate in adding this species to the Yorkshire 
list. The locality is the top of a mossy ivy-covered wall at 
Cottingley, near Bingley, where the shells are found attached 
to the dead leaves and stems of the ivy. There is a rich 
vegetable humus on thewall, into which the Vertigomay penetrate 
in dry weather. It appears to be quite gregarious in its habits, 
and in favourable weather four or five specimens may be had 
from a single handful of leaves. It is associated with Helix 
rufescens, Zonites crystallinus Vitrina pellucida and Clauszlia 
rugosa. ‘The vegetation on the wall consists of a few nettles, 
Arenaria trinervis, Saxifragatridactylitesand Polypodium vulgare. 
The altitude is about 300 feet, and the formation of the district 
millstone grit, with which stone the wall itself is built. Mr. J. A. 
Hargreaves first separated these specimens from V. pygmea, 
with which they were at first confounded.—JNo. W. TayLor, 
Oct. roth, 1387. 


* Geol. U.S. Explor. Exped., vol. x, p. 728, pl. 20, fig. 4. 
+ Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1877, p- 3. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 239 


HOW DOES A SNAIL CRAWL? 


By ROBERT F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., B.Sc. 


Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. 


I suppose Conchologists have oftentimes been puzzled by this 
question. Does a snail wriggle along the ground like a worm 
ora snake? If this were the case we should be able to see a 
series of wrinkles appearing upon the sole of the foot. Indeed 
if we allow a snail to crawl on an inverted sheet of glass, so as 
to enable us to look at it from underneath, we fancy to perceive 
a faint indication of these wrinkles in shape of a number of 
dark bands or waves travelling slowly from behind forward. 


The general notion is that the mechanism of locomotion in 
the snail is essentially the same as that in many footless larvee 
of insects, with the difference that the number of wave motions 
produced by the foot is much greater, and that the attachment 
of the sole to the foreign body is much firmer. As I said, the 
waves which we recognise on the sole seem to strengthen this 
view at first sight. However, if we examine the phenomenon 
more closely, we find that the foot of the snail is intimately 
attached to the glass and that the waves do not appear between 
the sole and the glass, but in reality inside the foot, producing 
no change of form on its surface. Hence we must look for 
another explanation. 


There can be no doubt that the locomotion of a snail, such 
as Helix aspersa, for instance, originates in the waves which we 
see gliding along the foot. The animal moves as long as the 
waves last. As soon as the play of waves disappears, the 
motion also ceases. 


In order to obtain an interpretation of the significance of 
these mysterious waves, a study of the anatomy of the foot is 
requisite. Simroth is the only Zoologist, to my knowledge, 


240 SCHARFF; HOW DOES A SNAIL CRAWL? 


who has carefully investigated the course of the most intricate 
system of muscles in the snail. He found, in fact, that there 
is a net-work of muscles in the foot going in all directions. 
There are horizontal longitudinal and horizontal cross-fibres, 
vertical as well as horizontal and inclined oblique muscular 
fibres. After many experiments Dr. Simroth discovered that 
the horizontal longitudinal fibres brought about the movements 
of the foot. These are the extensile muscles. They produce 
the wave motion. By their action the sole of the foot is 
elongated in front, and shortly after it is shortened behind to 
the same extent. The effect of this is that a kind of sliding 
motion is produced. ‘This motion is materially assisted by the 
intercalation of a layer of mucus between the foot and the 
object on which the animal crawls. The fugitive snail’s course 
can always easily be tracked by the marks of slime left behind. 
Why should it leave this slime behind? Because the skin of 
the snail is so exceedingly sensitive, that the contact with a 
rough surface is apparently very repugnant to its tender feel- 
ings. It therefore provides itself with an abundant supply of 
mucus, which in the case of Helix aspersa, is furnished especi- 
ally by the large foot-gland, but to a minor extent also by the 
mucous glands. 

However, although this mode of locomotion may seem 
very pleasant, being at any rate quite unique among animals, 
the snail’s lot is not a happy one. When the locomotary 
muscles are once set a-going, the movement is automatic, that 
is to say the snail can neither increase nor slacken its pace, nor 
can it go backwards. In that respect it is like a watch which 
may be wound up and which we can stop at will, but we cannot 
force the wheels to change their rate of velocity. Hence when 
the snail is pursued by an enemy, it is unable to run away or 
rather slide away. The only possible manner to evade the 
enemy is to stop the motion of the foot and wind up another 
series of muscles by means of which the snail is enabled to 
retire within its shell. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 241 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF SINISTRAL ZIMNAA, 
FROM CENTRAL AUSTRALIA, WITH SOME 
REMARKS ON SO-CALLED SPECIES OF PAYSA, 
ALSO FROM AUSTRALIA. 


By THE REV. A. H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S. 
; Curator in Zoology, Cambridge. 


(Read before the Conchological Society.) 


Some years ago, ten or a dozen specimens of a fresh-water 
shell were sent from Australia to my friend, Mr. H. M. 
Gwatkin, of St. John’s College, Cambridge, the exact locality 
being given as “ Paroo Creek, River Darling, go miles north of 
Mount Murchison.” The shell was sinistral, the dentition Mr. 
Gwatkin at once determined to be that of a typical Lzmnea, 
such as our own stagnalis or peregra. 

Failing to find the species described in the Monographs, 
it occurred to me the other day to take specimens to the British 
Museum, to see if the shell were known there. I found that 
the species is probably new, but closely allied to two other 
sinistral species in the British Museum, both from Australia. 


These however, curiously enough, were described, and have 
always been regarded as Physa, not as Limnea. ‘They are :— 
1. Physa Hainesii Tryon, Amer. Journ. of Conch., vol. 
Hig 04 Gy OE sth sts, Gp 

Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 
xvi, On the Freshwater Shells of 
Australia, p. 281. 

Kiister, Mart. and Chem. Conch. Cab., 
Physa, nr. 252, p. 366, taf. 40, fig. 1. 

latilabiata Sowb., Conch. Icon., vol. xix., Physa, 

fig. 33, a. 0. 
Schayeri Troschel, Mus. Berolin. 


oy) 99 


9 99 


9) 


9) 


242 COOKE: ON AUSTRALIAN LIMN/EA. 


Locauity: Australia (W. Newcomb, M.D.), India? (W. A. 
Haines), Victoria R. and Depuch I., N. Australia (Smith). 
Described by Tryon as an /s?dova, which subgenus, how- 
ever, seems peculiar to Africa (see the monograph in Kister). 
2. Physa Newcombi Ad. and Ang. P.Z.S., 1863, p. 416. 
of a Smith, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 
xvi, On the Freshwater Shells of 
Australia, p. 280. 


op FP Sowb., Conch. Icon., vol. xix., P/)'sa, 
fre v2n. 

Pa < Kiister, Mart. and Chem. Conch. 
Cab., Physa, nr. 131, p. 299, taf. 43, 
fig. 6. 


LocaLity: Ponds near Mount Margaret, Stuart’s Exped- 
ition (Angas). 

Type in Mus. Brit. 

There is no evidence, in the descriptions of these two 
shells, that their authors examined the animal. The shells 
being sinistral, and rather large and ventricose, it probably did 
not occur to them that they were anything else but Physa, or 
that it were possible, perhaps, for a species of Zzmncaa to be 
permanently reversed. Mr. Gwatkin’s examination of the 
animal of our shells was confined to the dentition, but was 
sufficient to establish beyond the possibility of a doubt that 
they were Zzmncea and not Physa. If, therefore, we find that 
on conchological grounds these two other species from the 
same part of Australia, hitherto described as Physa, approach 
very closely to ours, there are strong grounds for believing—in 
the absence of the certainty which an examination of the radula 
would afford—that they also are Zzmnea. 

In a question like this, an examination of the type speci- 
mens is the most convincing test that can be applied.* ‘The 
outer surface of the shell, in all these three species, is that of a 


*T will place the type specimen of the new species in the Mus. Brit. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887. 


COOKE: ON AUSTRALIAN LIMNAZ. 243 


Limnea and not of a Physa, a surface comparatively coarse and 
rough, with none of the polish and lustre which is seen on the 
shell of a Physa, and which is produced by the constant move- 
ment of the expanded mantle lobes which cover its outer surface. 
Add to this the exceeding deep suture, the gaping umbilicus, 
and the very strongly reflected columella. Smith, on “ Physa 
Newcombt,” remarks (ut supra), “the great development of the 
labium is very unusual in this genus.” 


Sinistral species of Zimnca exist, according to Tryon, 
“Structural and Systematic Conchology,” vol. iii., p. 101, in New 
Zealand and the Sandwich Islands. He makes no mention of 
any in Australia. 


I will now describe the shell which appears to me a new 
species of Limnea. 

Limnzea physopsis n. sp., plate ii., figures 1—4. 

SHELL sinistral, very ventricose, solid, opaque, scarcely 
lustrous, horn colour, with bands of deeper colouring at the 
lines of growth, strongly striated lengthwise, with faint indica- 
tions of keels here and there on the last whorl; EpmErmtis thick; 
Wuorts 4, the last occupying nearly all the shell; Spire blunt 
and flattened; SUTURE very deep; MouTH very large, rotundate- 
oval; OUTER Lip rather strong, not reflected; INNER Lip strongly 
reflected on the columella; Umeiticus large and deep; length 
“75 inch, breadth °75 inch. 


HasitaT, Paroo Creek, River Darling, Australia. 
Type, in the British Museum. 


For purposes of comparison, I add (pl.ii., figs. 5, 6) drawings 
from photographs of the radula of Limna@a physopsis x 72, and 
of a typical Physa (acuta. Lam.) x 210. 


————— >» =<» — 


244 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CONUS, 
AND A NOTE ON A WHITE VARIETY 
OF. €, ZBOCRNETS: 


By SEDGART A. SSMERES) Es7.S- 


Zoological Department, British Museum. 


Conus milesi. 

Testa anguste fustformts, alba, maculis fuscis trregularibus longt- 
tudinalibus ornata, sulcis transversis angustis punctatis 
sculpta; sptra elongata, concava, alba, fusco maculata ; 
anfractus 10, supremi duo globost, levigatt, cetert superne 
declives, dein angulatt, ad angulum concinne coronati, supra 
sulcts sptralibus 1—2 arati; apertura angustissima, longit. 
tottus 3 fere equans ; labrum arcuatum, superne subprofunde 
stnuatum. 

Longit. 21 mill., lat. 74; apertura 13 longa, 14 lata. 

Hab. : Muscat, Arabia, 5—20 fathoms. 

This species is well distinguished by its fusiform shape, its 
coronate spire, the style of coloration, and the spiral grooves, 
which are about thirty in number on the body-whorl, and finely 
punctured or pitted. 

The figure of C. sca/arzs, on plate 88, in Kiener’s “Coquilles 
Vivantes,” gives a very fair idea of the form of the present species, 
which is, however, a trifle narrower at the shoulder. The mark- 
ings are disposed very much as in C. acutangulus, Kiener 
(1. c. plate 72, fig. 1, figure on right), but are in somewhat larger 
patches. 

The single specimen was presented to the British Museum, 
by Colonel J. B. Miles, with whose name I have associated the 


species. 


Conus eburneus var. 

The British Museum has recently obtained from Mr. 
Sowerby, a shell about an inch in length, which on exami- 
nation, I believe to be a variety of this common species. It is 
probably only about half-grown, and differs from the normal 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 245 


form in being destitute of the dark square spots so characteristic 
of the species. Upon the upper part of the spire this feature is 
represented however by the presence of three or four small pale 
spots, which are situated as usual near the outer edge, between 
the suture and the outer of the two spiral sulci which revolve 
up the spire. This is certainly not a bleached shell but a true 
albino variation. 


PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Meeting 
HELD JULY 7TH, 1887. 
The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 


NEW MEMBER. 

Mrs. A. M. Dyer, of Swansea, was elected a member of the 
Society. 

DONATIONS. 

A collection of Land and Freshwater Shells were presented 
by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, and thanks unanimously voted for 
the valuable donation. 

PAPER READ. 

The President read a paper entitled “ Conchological Notes,” 
by Mr. T. Scott, in which the author gave details of the time of 
deposition of the eggs of several Gastropods, their number, and 
time of hatching. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. Scott sent for exhibition, in illustration of his paper, 

the eges of Helix nemoralis, H. aspersa, and Limax flavus. 


The Chairman also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Knight, 
living specimens of Bulimus montanus, from Callow, Somerset- 
shire; for Mr. Wallis Kew, examples of Clausilia rolphit, from 
the neighbourhood of Louth; on behalf of Mr. Alexander 


246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Shaw, a large collection of shells collected in the neighbourhood 
of Glasgow ; and for the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A., speci- 
mens of Helix lapicida, var. albina, from stone walls, near 
Wells. 

Mr. W. Nelson showed the following living mollusca on 
behalf of Mr. G. S. Tye—Z. undata, from Madeira; H. vermi- 
culata and B. decollata, from Malta; and H. aferta from Nice. 


Meeting 
HELD AUGUST 4TH, 1887. 
The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, presided, and formally 
opened the meeting to receive nominations for new members. 
NEW MEMBERS. 
Mr. Joseph S. Galizia, of Valetta, Malta, was nominated 
for membership by Miss Fairbrass and Mr. Taylor. 
Mr. T. Mawson Harvard, of Leyland, near Preston, was 
nominated for membership by Messrs. C. Harvard Pierson and 


Robert Standen. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 


A number of specimens were brought forward for exhibition, 
but further consideration of them was postponed until next 
meeting. 


Meeting 
HELD SEPTEMBER IST, 1887. 
Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., Vice-President, presided. 
Minutes of the July and August meetings were read and 


confirmed. 
NEW MEMBERS. 


Mr. Joseph S. Galizia, of Malta, and Mr. T. Mawson 
Harvard, of Leyland, near Preston, were duly elected members 
of the Society. 

DONATIONS. 
“Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science,” 


1887.—By the Institute. 
J.C., v., Oct., 1887. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 247 


“« Smithsonian Report,” part 1, 1885.—By the Trustees. 
“‘ Proceedings of the I.innean Society of New South Wales,” 
vol. il., part 1.—By the Society. 


Succinea putris, from Niagara Fall, N. Y.; Helix pulchella, var. 
costata, Patula cooperi, P. striatella, Zonttes fulvus, Pupa sp.? 
from West Cliff, Colorado.—By Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. 
Specimens of Leda pygmea (Minst.), Axtuus flexuosus 
(Mont.), A. croulinensis (Jeff.), A. ferruginosus (Forb.), 
Rissoa abyssttola (Forb.), &. zetlandica (Mont.), 2. vitrea 
(Mont.), Odostomia conotdea (Broc.), O. acicula (Phil.), 
var. ventricosa (Forb.), Pleurotoma brachystoma (Phil.), 
Cylichna nitidula (Lor.).—By Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc. 


The thanks of the Society were accorded the donors for 
their valuable gifts. 
PAPER READ. 
“Ona New Species of sinistral Limnzea from Central Australia, 


with some remarks on so-called species of Physa, also from 
Australia.”—Rey. A. H. Cooke; M.A., F.Z.S. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 
Mr. W. Nelson showed examples of Planorbis albus, from 
near Harrogate, collected by Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald. These 
specimens measure nine millimetres, and are quite as large as 
those mentioned by Dr. Jeffreys, in his work on British Con- 
chology. Also Planorbis albus var. Draparnatldt, from Sandal, 
nine millimetres, and P. a/éus from Kibworth, Leicestershire 
(and not co. Durham, as quoted by Dr. Jeffreys), collected by Dr. 
Norman. 


Mr. J. W. Taylor showed a number of shells collected at 
Folkestone, and sent by Mr. Whitwell; also an example of a 
sinistral Zzincea from Brisbane, sent by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, 
with a description and photograph of the dentition. Mr. Taylor 
further exhibited a number of specimens of Helix arbustorum, 
sent by Mr. Charles Oldham, of Sale, Cheshire. ‘These included 
examples of the type, and the varieties a/pestris and flavescens— 


248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


a fine specimen of the latter being sinistral—from Buxton ; 
type shells from Marple, Cheshire; and specimens of JZ. 
rotundata var. alba. 

Correspondence from Messrs. Somerville, Duncan, Brazier, 
Galizia, Melvill, and Mrs. Dyer was brought before the 
meeting. 


Meeting 
HELD OCTOBER 6TH, 1887. 
The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, in the chair. 
The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and duly 


confirmed. 
NEW MEMBERS. 


Rev. Churchill Babington, D.D., V.P.R.S.L., F.L.S., &c., 
of Cockfield Rectory, Suffolk, proposed by Rev. Carleton Greene, 
M.A.; Mr. Thomas Hey, Bloomfield Street, Derby, proposed 
by Mr. J. A. Hargreaves. 

PAPER READ. 

A short account of the Marine Shells of Filey, collected 
during a few weeks stay in August and September, 1887, by 
Rey. Carleton Greene, M.A. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The President exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Brockton 
Tomlin, B.A., Pupa ringens, Z. purus, &c., from Amlwch, 
Isle of Anglesea, and B. acutus var. bizona from Guernsey. 

On behalf of William Whitwell, a large collection of Land 
and Freshwater shells from Margate, Folkestone, Minster, and 
other localities. Also a large number of shells from sand 
dredged from the Thames at Chelsea, including Pésédium 
henslowana, P. corneus, P. vortex, P. albus, &c. 

On behalf of Mr. W. H. Heathcote, specimens of Unio 
margaritifer, from the River Lune at Halton. 

On behalf of Misses Laura and Katharine Mason, Vertigo 
pysmea, Flelix caperata, &c., from Chapel Sandhills, Lincoln- 


shire. 
J.C., v., Oct., 1887 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 249 


On behalf of Dr. Churchill Babington, specimens of 4. 
cantiana, from Sudbury and Bardwell, Suffolk. 


On behalf of Mr. E. Collier, specimens of A. cantiana, 
from Heyst-sur-mer, near Antwerp. 


On behalf of Mr. Richard Howse, specimens of Limax 
arborum, from Akeld, and Limax levis, Arion Bourguignatz, 
Zonites radiatulus, Z. purus, Z. crystallinus, and other species 
from West Woodburn, Northumberland. 


On behalf of the Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.D., a fine collec- 
tion of Land and Freshwater shells and slugs, collected in 
Caithness, Sutherland, Inverness, Ross, Perthshire, and other 
Scottish localities. 


There was also a collection shown of the shells of Queens- 
land, embracing 4. pachystyla, Incet, blomfeldit and rustica, 
Succinea strigata, Bulimus pacificus, Paludina Essingtonensts, &c.., 
some of which were added to the Society’s collection. 


——?-e+¢—__ 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF PLANORBIS 
CARINATUS MULL. 


By BAKER HUDSON. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


Planorbis carinatus v. albida. 

Form similar to type, but colour pellucid white. 

This variety was taken by me in the mill race Blue- 
stone Mill, near Norton, co. Durham, on April 18th, 1885. 

At the same place I have met with very pale-coloured 
specimens of Limnaa peregra, the variety excavata Jeff., of 
Bythinia tentaculata, and variety a/bida Rimmer, of the 
same species. 


250 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel. 
Parts i.— i. (Gebriider Paetel, Berlin). 


Herr Paetel has published a new and extended edition of 
the catalogue of his shell collection. He purposes publishing 
the catalogue in three sections, the first of which will contain 
the Cephalopods, Pteropods, and Marine Gastropods. The 
second will contain the Land and Freshwater Shells, and the 
third will comprehend the Bivalves and Brachiopods. 

The catalogue, which is beautifully printed on good paper, 
will be of great service in arranging collections, and for many 
other purposes, as the great number of species enumerated, 
though arranged alphabetically under each genus, gives references 
to the different sub-genera to which they should be properly 
referred. 

The three parts already issued complete the Cephalopods 
and Pteropods, and reach the genus Scalaria in the Marine 
Gastropods. 


A Complete Catalogue of British Mollusca.— 
Compiled from “‘ Jeffrey’s British Conchology,” with alterations 
and additions to date.—By CHARLES JEFFREYS. 


This useful catalogue, which is one of a series of Natural 
History Lists, published by Mr. H. W. Marsden, of Midland 
Road, Gloucester, is intended to supply Conchologists with a 
list for labelling collections. It is in a convenient and handy 
size, and printed on good paper on one side only. The ordinal, 
family, and generic names are all given with suitable distinct- 
ness for labelling. ‘The generic and specific names of every 
species is given in full in a bold and readable type; the varietal 
names are also given without abbreviation, and in a less promi- 
nent type than the chief form. 

For a work of this character there are remarkably few errors 
or omissions. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 251 


The complete list is published at 1/3, and may be had 
from the Author or the Publisher direct, or the Land and 
Freshwater section may, if desired, be had separately, price 4d. 


Handbook of Manchester.—Prepared by the Local 
Committee for the members of the British Association, at the 
Manchester Meeting, 1887.—Mollusca, by J. Cosmo Melvill, 
MUA ESS.) FSESS.,) &e: 

Mr. Melvill has compiled a very excellent account of the 
Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the district twelve miles 
round Manchester, thus including portions of Cheshire and 
Derbyshire. In all eighty-three species are enumerated, forty- 
one of which are freshwater and forty-two land shells. Under 
each species is given precise information as to the localities 
where they have been found. The most interesting species is 
undoubtedly Planorbis dilatatus, which has not yet been found 
out of Lancashire. 


Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic, 
with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata, by 
Geo. W. Tryon, Junr. Parts 1.—x. 

To expedite the completion of this great work, upon which 
the author has been engaged for some years, the happy idea was 
carried out of issuing simultaneously with the marine species, a 
second series embracing the Pulmonata, of which ten parts have 
appeared up to the present time. Mr. Tryon divides the group 
in the first instance into Stylommatophora, which broadly speak- 
ing, embraces the land snails and Basommatophora which con- 
tains the aquatic species. 


These parts consist of no less than 757 pages of letter-press, 
in which every species is briefly described and very often its 
relationship indicated. The plates, 155 in number, are full of 
well executed figures of every species described. The work, 
when finished, will be indispensable to the Conchologist. 


252 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


The Land and Freshwater Shells of Montgomery- 
shire (Extracted from collections Historical and Archeeolog- 
ical, relating to Montgomeryshire and its borders, issued by the 
Powys-land Club for the use of its members.—Vol. xxi., part x1, 
April 1887), by J. Bickerton Morgan. 


This welcome list helps us to a knowledge of a little known 
district. Prior to this publication, only seven species were on 
record for the county, viz., Cyclas pallida, Succinea Pfeiffert, 
ffelix aspersa, hispida and nemoralis, Clausilia rugosa and 
Ancylus fluviatilis. Now it is shown by Mr. Morgan’s exertions 
that 24 land and nineteen freshwater shells inhabit the county, 
and this cannot by any means be regarded as a complete list as 
the author’s investigations have been mostly confined to the 
district round Welshpool. The most interesting species are 
perhaps Zonites radiatulus and glaber, Helix aculeata, Unio 
margaritifera, Limnea glabra and stagnalis. 


Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic, 
with illustrations of all the species.—By Geo. W. Tryon, Junr. 
Parts xxv.—XXxv. 


This great work continues to appear with great regularity, 
and the excellence of the illustrations and exactitude and 
accuracy of the text maintains the high standard to which we 
have become accustomed. In these parts the following genera 
are exhaustively treated—Terebridz, Cancellariidz, Strombide, 
Pediculariidee, Doliide, Cassidide, Naticide, Calyptrzide, 
Xenophoride, Vermetide, ‘Turritellidz, Czecidz, Eulimide, 
Pyramidellide, Turbonillidze, Scalariidze, and Cerithiide. The 
monograph of the family Cypreeidz is prepared expressly for 
the work by S. Raymond Roberts, who is so well and favourably 
known in connection with his labours upon this group. The 
family Solariide has been undertaken by William B. Marshall, 
B.S., who has made this section of the Mollusca an especial 
study. 

The parts we have under our notice contain nearly 1,000 
pages of text, embracing full indices of the various family and 
no less than 185 excellently executed plates. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 253 


The Wesley Naturalist.—Monthly Journal of the 
Wesley Scientific Society, edited by Rev. W. H. Dallinger, 
ILI IDS, IMIR Sy dean INGA IG Syores, AA IPE cSey Cee, hava 
Rev. H. Friend. F.L.S.—London: T. Woolmer, 66, Paternoster 
Row, E.C.—Monthly 6d.—No. 5, July 1887. 

This periodical, which we understand is more especially 
aimed to become a means of inter-commuuication among 
Scientists of the Wesleyan denomination, is full of varied and 
clever articles by well-known authors. In Conchology there is 
a short, general account of the Prerofoda, by Rev. C. Craw- 
shaw. ‘There is given on the last pages a list of Referees who 
offer their services to the less experienced collectors. The 
Conchological Referee is Rev. C. Crawshaw, Falmouth. 


The Naturalist’s Monthly.—A Journal for Nature- 
Lovers and Nature-Thinkers, edited by Dr. J. W. Williams, 
M.A., and published by Walter Scott, 24, Warwick Lane, E.C. 
—Monthly 6d. 


This is a new monthly, and two numbers have already 
appeared. The scope of the work is very wide, embracing in 
the parts already issued a lengthy and interesting contribu- 
tion on the “ Mollusca of Guernsey and Herm,” by Brockton 
Tomlin. Mr. Geo. Roberts supplies “The Snails and slugs of 
my garden,” and Mr. H. E. Quilter “The origin and History 
of Freshwater Faunas,” in which the mollusca have frequent 
mention. In addition to these articles, specially interesting to 
ourselves, there are contributions by Rev. Dr. Dallinger and 
others, bearing upon almost every branch of Science. Amongst 
the papers may be mentioned “‘ The Pathology of the Celandine,” 
“The Evolution of the Fishing Hook,” “ Binary Suns,” 
“ Biography of Darwin,” “A chapter on the Centipedes and 
Millipedes,” &c., &c. The proceedings of the Learned Societies 
are well reported, and there are numerous items of current 
news and reports of captures. 


254 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Les Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, par E. 
Bucquoy, Ph. Dautzenberg and G. Dollfuss. Parts xi.—xiil. 


These parts, which complete the first volume of this exquisite 
work, contain sixteen photographic plates executed with the 
same skill that has characterised all the preceding. Part xi. 
treats of the Turbinidz, Adeorbide, Haliotide, Janthinide, and 
Fissurellidze. Part xil., of the Calyptridee, Capulide, Patellide, 
Siphonariidee, and Gadiniide. Part xiil., completing the volume, 
deals with the Chitonide, Acteonide:, Bullide, Aplysiidee, 
Oxynoéidee, Pleurobranchide, and Dentalidz. In addition to 
the figures of the shells as previously given, there are added 
representations of some portions of the accessory parts of internal 
organs as the calcareous plate found in the stomach of Scap- 
hander. In Chiton there are given views of the anterior, median 
and posterior valves, isolated from the rest, and showing both 
exterior and interior. We are glad to give this work unqualified 
commendation, not only for the carefulness, precision and 
accuracy of the text but the beauty and scope of the photographic 
illustrations. — 


Histoire Malacologique de l’Abyssinie, par M. J. 
R. Bourguignat. 


This work is mainly the outcome of the examination of the 
Mollusca found by M. Achille Raffray, Vice-Consul at Massowah, 
who had charge of a mission to King John of Abyssinia, in the 
course of which he traversed many parts of Abyssinia practically 
unknown to Europeans. 

M. Bourguignat enumerates all the species hitherto recorded 
from Abyssinia, and points out all those which in his opinion 
are synomymous. He also describes the following as new 
Helixarion Raffrayi, pl. vii, f 12—14; Thapsia eurlomphala, 
f. 17—20; Sitala Raffrayi, f. 15, 16; Vitrina Milne-Edward- 
siana, f. 7—9; V. Raffrayi, f 1—3; V. Herbini, f. 4—6; Succinea 
Poirieriana, pl. vili., f 55-58; S. AEthiopica, f. 47, 48; Helix 
ferretiana, pl. vil., f. 34—37; H. Herbini, pl. vii, f. 2528; H. 
. galinieriana, pl. vil., f. 30—33; H. Raffrayi, f 2124; H. Achilli, 


J.C. v., Oct., 1887. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 255 


pl. viii., f. 38—40; H. hamacenica, pl. viii., f. 4o—43; H. sub- 
nivellina, f. 44—46; Bulimus Raffrayi, f. 77, 78; B. Herbini, 
f, 74 ; By simonis, pl. ix., f. 63; B, Achill, £.-75,:76; Bs Tamisi- 
erianus, pl. x., f. 80; B. abbadianus, f. 79; B. Galinierianus, 
pl. ix., f. 60; B. Lejeanianus, f. 61; Raffraya (new genus); Milne- 
Edwardsi, pl. x., f.84—87; Abbadia (new genus) zethiopica, f. 82— 
83; Ennea Raffrayi, f.88—g1; Pachnodus Rochebrunianus, f. 81; 
Subulina perrieriana, pl. ix., f. 64; S. mabilliana, f. 68, 69; 
Limnezea acroxa, pl.x.,f.94; L. Alexandrina, f. 95,96; L. Raffrayi, 
f. 97, 98; and L. ethiopica, f. 92,93. There is also in addition 
to the four plates upon which the new species are figured, a map 
of the African continent, upon which are colored the limits of 
the four faunal regions which are found in that continent. 
ee 


A New Variety of Sphzrium corneum, Linn.— 
In a pool which stands in a field (locally known, I believe, by 
the name of Spratt’s Farm) near Hampstead Heath, on June 
4th, I came across a pretty, and so far as I know, unnamed, 
variety of Sprerium corneum. It is paler than the type, and has 
the umbones shaded with brown colour, in which there are three 
just-discernible bands forming segments of a circle, and of 
darker brown. Externally to these and separated by a band of 
ground-colour, is another similar band of the same tint as the 
others but much better defined in outline. I purpose to name 
this variety brunneo-fasciata.—]. W. WiLuiams, D.Sc. 

Helix lapicida L. var. albina.—This variety is to be 
found in the vicinity of the old cathedral city of Wells, in Somer- 
setshire. During 1883, on several occasions, and quite lately in 
May of the present year, I have taken this white form on a loose 
ivy-covered, stone wall on the old Bristol Road, just outside the 
city. The variety is associated in this place with individuals of 
a pale pinky brown colour, as well as with the ordinary dark 
brown form. The pale brown specimens are the most frequent. 
It is easy indeed to arrange a complete series which will show 
every variation in colour from the dark brown to the purest 
white. The wallin which this variety flourishes is composed of 
rough blocks of liassic limestone, taken from a small pit close 
at hand.—[Rev.] S. SPENCER Prarce, B.A. 


256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY 


HOGG@’S LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF 
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF STOCKTON-ON-TEES. 


WITH ANNOTATIONS 
Bye BACK ER EE UED SiO IN; a Mae.S: 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


[The work in which this list was originally published—Brewster’s History 
of Stockton—being a very scarce one, we have pleasure in reprinting 
it, with the additional notes supplied by Mr. Hudson from his own 
intimate personal acquaintance with the district. The reprint is a 
verbatim one.—ED. ]. 


The full title of the work is as follows :—‘ The | Parochial 
History | and | Antiquities | of | Stockton-upon-Tees | 
including an | account of the trade of the town | the naviga- 
tion of the river | and of | such parts in the neighbourhood | 
as have been connected with that place. | | Second 
Edition | with additions and alterations. | | Celebrare 
domestica facta.—Hor. | | By John Brewster, M.A. | 
Rector of Egglescliffe | Fellow of the Society of Antiquarians 
Newcastle-on-Tyne. | | Stockton on Tees | printed by 
Thomas Jennett ; | and sold by John Richardson, 91, Royal 
Exchange, | London. | mpcccxxrx. | 


On the back of the page containing advertisement to 
second edition, the author returns thanks to helpers—‘ and 
more particularly to John Hogg, Esq., M.A. F.L.S., and Fellow 
of Saint Peter’s College, Cambridge, for his laborious and 
valuable appendix on the natural history of the district.’ 


[APPENDIX II. Page 23]. 
A list of fluviatile shells found in the environs of Stockton. 


In this list the following works have been consulted : 
‘Linnei, Systema Naturee,’ vol. 2, edit. 12; ‘The Linnzan 
Transactions,’ vol. 8; ‘ Draparnaud Histoire des Mollusques 
Fluviatiles,’ &c. ; and ‘ Donovan’s British Shells.’ 


J.C., v., Oct., 1887, 


HUDSON : HOGG’S LIST OF MOLLUSCA OF STOCKTON. 257 


Section I.—UNIVALVE SHELLS. 
. Nerita fluviatilis, Drap., Lin. Syst.—River nerite ; Don., 
vol. i., tab. 16, fig. 2. Extremely rare in ourrivulets. J. H. 
has also found this shell at Seaton Snook and in the slake 
near Hartlepool. 

[ Neritina is scarcely likely to be native to the district, 
but may possibly have been brought in with ballast. I 
have never met with it. Dixon and Watson (“ Land and 
Freshwater Shells,” Darlington, 1858), say, ‘“‘We have 
frequently obtained dead specimens from the ballast hills 
near Middlesbrough, which have been brought from the 
mouths of other rivers.”—B. H.] 
. Cyclostoma obtusum, Drap. Lee top shell. 

Turbo fontinalis Lin. Trans. Don., vol. ill., t. 102. 


Common in all the streams about Stockton. [This is 
Valvata piscinalts. | 


[Page 24]. 
. Cyclostoma impurum, Drap. | Olive water shell. 
Felix tentaculata, Lin. Syst. Don., vol. ii, tab. 93. 

Avery abundant species. |This is Bythinda tentaculata. | 
. Planorbis:contortus, Drap. Pea river cheese snail. 
Felix concorta, Lin. Syst. Don., vol. ili., t. 99. 

In the Billingham becks. [An erratum at the end of 
the index reads: “ P. 24, No. 4, for concorta read contorta.” | 
. Planorbis vortex, Drap. | Common whirl shell. 

felix vortex, Lin. Syst. Dons vole iiete 75. 

Exceedingly common. 

. Planorbis marginatus, Drap.,t. 2, f 11,12 | Marginated 
Helix complanata, Lin. Syst. whirl shell. 

In a ditch by the Osier Halt, near Norton Mill. 

. Ancylus lacustris, Drap. ae fresh water limpet. 
Patella oblonga, Lin. Syst. § Don., vol. v., t. 15. 

This shell is occasionally found in some of our rivulets. 
. Ancylus fluviatilis, Drap. | Lake limpet. 

Patella lacustris, Lin. Syst. { Don., vol. v., t. 147. 

J. H. has found this and the preceding species spar- 
ingly in the mill race near Billingham Mill. 

R 


258 HUDSON: HOGG’S LIST OF MOLLUSCA OF STOCKTON. 


Q. 


Io. 


Il. 


E2. 


Le 


14. 


is 


16. 


Lymnea palustris, Drap. : 
Helix oe US, an Fomen : MESO SLM 
Flelix fragilis and [felix fontinalis, Don. 

Not unfrequently met with in ditches. 

Lymnea minutus? Drap. 
Flelix limosa, Lin. Syst. Mud snail. 
Flelix putris, Lin. Trans. 

Plentifulin pondsandrivulets. [Thisis Lznea peregra. | 
Physa fontinalis, Drap. t. 3, f. 89 
Bulla fontinalis, Lin, Syst. 

Abundant in the mill dam and in a pond near Norton 
Mill. 

Physa hypnorum, Drap., t. 3, f. 12, 1 Pere toe 
Bulla es Lin. Se : : MES (CHP 

The species inhabits in abundance the field called Miry 

Carr, between Norton Mill and the Billingham road. 


[Page 25]. 
Succinea amphibia, Drap. AG ses 
Felix succined, Lin. Trans. - DoH. Holy. OS 
Flelix putris, Don. ( ‘ 
Very common on the plants by the sides of ditches in 
all our marshy grounds. [This is Succ’nea putris. | 


( Don.,vol.v.,t.175 


- Fountain dipper. 


Helix hispida, Drap., Lin. Syst. 
Bristly snail. Don., vol. v., t. 151, f. 1. 

An amphibious species which is frequently seen both 
in the water and on plants by the sides of ditches. 


Section IJ.—BIVALVE SHELLS. 


Cyclas cornea, Drap. ae Tellen. 
Tellina cornea, Lin. Syst. { Don., vol. ili., t. 96. 

Common in most ditches and streams. 
“lina lacustris, Lin, Gane” f bake ellen 

A rare shell. It is found in a pond about half-a-mile 
to the north-east of Portrack. 

[I have found Spherium lacustre fairly abundant in 
the district, and particularly so near Port Clarence and all 
along Cowpen Marsh. It is not uncommon near Norton. 


35, Ee] 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


nye 


18. 


19. 


HUDSON: HOGG’S LIST OF MOLLUSCA OF STOCKTON. 259 


Tellina rivulis, Lin. Trans. | River Tellen. 
Tellina amnica, \.in. Gmel. Dons aviolw ies to O4rutay oe: 


This species occurs sparingly in the same rivulets with 
the horny Tellen. [This is Peszdéum amnicum.| 
Unio pictorum, Drap. 
Mya pictorum, Lin. Syst. 
Mya ovalis, Don. 


In the ponds at Wynyard, Mr. W. C. Trevelyan. 

[This record of Unio pictorum is quoted by Dixon 
and Watson (Mr. Watson, a native of the district, however, 
never confirmed it) also in Alder’s Cat., 1848. 


Painters’ muscle. 
Don., vol. i11., t. 89. 


I have visited Wynyard with a view to confirming this 
but without success, and am inclined to think Sir W. C. 
Trevelyan has been mistaken in his species, which might 
possibly have been Anodonta cygnea var. rostrata, a variety 
or approaches to which I have met with close to Wynyard. 
—B. H.] 


Unio margaritifer, Drap. River pearl muscle. 
Mya margaritifera, Lin. Syst. | IDYoine, WOlG We, ths 973, 


Da Costa mentions that this muscle inhabits the Tees. 
J. H.has found it in great plenty in the small River Browney, 
near Bearpark, about three miles to the north-west of 
Durham. Linnezus says, ‘ Aabétat tn totius orbis arctict 
cataractis.” 

[Is not Da Costa’s species more likely to be AZya 
arenaria, common at the Tees’ mouth? I have not seen 
his notice. I have visited Bearpark this year, and very 
carefully worked the stream from a mile above Bearpark 
to a mile below the same place, but could find no signs of 
this species. The bed of the stream and the current would 
be favourable to the mussel, but since Mr. Hogg’s time 
many collieries have been opened in the valley and their 
pumpings and waste water may have to no small extent 
affected the water and rendered it unfit for the reproduction 
of the species. The poisoning of the water has certainly 
materially reduced its value as a trout stream since I was 
a boy.—B. H.] 


260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


20. Anodonta anatina, Drap. | Duck muscle. 
Mytilus anatinus, Lin. Syst. Don., vol. iv., t. 113. 


Most abundantin all our ditches, ponds, andrivulets, and 

is the food not only of fishes, but also of water birds and 
[Page 26.] 

crows. This species varies much in size and colour, and 

like the River pearl muscle it is often found with the um- 

bones decorticated. 

[I believe the greater portion of Anodonta taken in 
the district are correctly referable to azatina; so far as my 
experience goes the type of cygzea does not occur, but 
then again the specimens are not pronounced azatina, 
but various intermediate forms. All my specimens, how- 
ever, are taken from moving water, not ponds. Alder, in 
his catalogue, refers only to azatinus.—B. H.| 


—_——~-e-¢—___- 


NOTES ON LIMN4A PEREGRA vars. BURNETTI 
AND LACUSTRIS. 


By J. MADISON. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


I was much interested in Mr. William Nelson’s very lucid 
article upon Limnea peregra var. burnetti in the April number 
of this journal and his description of the shell from the Welch 
locality, which he thinks may be referred to burnett. I went 
to find the shell and see the kind of place it inhabited. The 
lake is of considerable size, being about three miles round, and 
situated in the Black Mountains on the Carmarthenshire side. 
It is a very barren and desolate place, there not being a tree 
and scarcely a shrub to be seen. 

The shells were numerous, as also were Ancylus fluviatilts. 
While the Zimnca peregra were very much the shape of burnetii 
in the body whorl, they varied slightly in the length of the spire, 
but none of them had the spire intorted. From Dr. J. G. 


J.C., v-, Jan., 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 261 


Jeffreys’ description of burnezti, it is the spire being intorted 
that distinguishes this remarkable variety. They seem to agree 
more with Jeffreys’ description of the variety /acustris. There 
is very little difference in the shape of these shells and those I 
found in Lake Windermere several years ago, the Windermere 
shells being shorter in the spire. In comparing the burnett: 
from Loch Skene, and the fevegra from St. Mary’s Loch, 
Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Llyn-y-van-fach, Carmarthenshire, 
Wales, Lake Windermere, Westmorland, and Lake Derwent, 
Cumberland, I find a great resemblance in the form, and they 
are all rather strong shells. It was a very good remark of 
Mr. Nelson that the lesser amount of modification would point 
to a shorter time of isolation of the Welch shells than those of 
Loch Skene. 

I think there is a good reason why the shells in these lakes 
should have this form. There is a great resemblance in the 
conditions of all these lakes. At the time I visited them there 
were very few weeds in either of the lakes to protect 
them, the shells were generally attached to the bare stones, like 
the Ancylus fluviatilis ; and although Lake Windermere and 
Lake Derwent, unlike the other lakes, are protected by trees, 
they are of such an extent that the wind has great effect upon the 
waters, and the waves come rolling over the stony beach, and 
roll the shells about. Now if they had been of the ordinary 
form and strength of Zeregra, they must have been broken. 

This I take is an example of the survival of the fittest. 


Helix raffrayi.—I see that M. Bourguignat has described 
a species under this name from Abyssinia (“ Histoire Malac. 
de l’Abyssinie”’), but the name is preoccupied by Tapparone-~ 
Canefri for a species from Western New Guinea. I would 
suggest that the name of the Abyssinian species be changed to 
Helix raffrayana in order to distinguish it from the New. 
Guinea one.—T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado, 
December 8th, 1887. 


262 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


A DAY’S COLLECTING NEAR HOWDEN, YORKS. 


By W. NELSON. 


(Read before the Conchological Society.) 


AN account of a real day’s collecting amongst the Limnezidz 
is of more real service to sound and practical naturalists than 
one of an ideal day’s work, though the latter can be made much 
more interesting and certainly can be done with infinitely 
less trouble, all that is required being a few lists of other workers 
with a few species added from imagination; but after all it 
would have been a day’s collecting that could not have been 
done, and nothing is more likely to damp the ardour of a 
beginner than falling far short of what he has been led by the 
account of an ideal day’s work to think can be accomplished. 
Having agreed with Mr. Collinge to have a day’s snail-hunt- 
ing, and both of us being most interested in the Zzmnatde, we 
planned to visit the flat piece of country round Howden and 
Wressle, being sure here to find numerous drains, slow streams 
and ponds, in fact the very places to find shells of this family. 
In addition to this I was most desirous of visiting the Market 
Weighton Canal where I hoped to find Limncea auricularta. 
On Whit-Monday of this year (30th May, 1887), I joined 
my companion at Leeds, Marsh Lane Station, where we booked 
to Selby. Arriving here we rebooked to Howden, but on 
arriving at this place we retained our seats and went forward to 
Eastrington. The morning was very dull and threatening, in 
fact rain fell during a short space of time at Howden, but had 
ceased when we arrived at Eastrington. Here we found we 
could save some walking by taking the train on the Hull and 
Barnsley line to Newport, on arriving at which we at once 
hurried to the banks of the Market Weighton Canal, but on 
getting a view of it, we were quite satisfied that we must quickly 
leave it again. It is evidently a tidal canal, and at the time of 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


NELSON: ON THE LIMNAID. 263 


our visit, between the bank and the water was a wide expanse 
of soft mud, on which we could not find a single track left by a 
crawling mollusk, and not being provided with strong nets with 
which to search for the Unionidz we lost no time in vain 
regrets, but resolved to try and retrieve the day in some other 
direction. 

Leaving the canal at the first road to the left, we soon 
came to a ditch where we obtained specimens of Limnea 
peregra and Limnea truncatula. ere I observed a very un- 
usual sight, namely Zzmncea truncatula in the act of floating. 
The Zimnaide as a Family seem to be very fond of floating on 
the surface of the water with their shells downwards, more 
especially ZLzmnca peregra, L. stagnalis, L. glabra and Physa 
hypnorum, whilst Limnea auricularta 1 have never yet seen 
floating, and before to-day I had not seen Limncea truncatula 
performing this action. 

.eaving this ditch we passed some distance alongside a 
hedge bank and saw specimens of Helix nemoralis and Helix 
cantiana, and resting on a blade of grass a beautiful small 
butterfly which I found was the Small Copper. 

A little further on this lane we came to a place called Cow- 
bridge. Here is a rather broad drain which seems to have been 
somewhat recently cleaned out. ‘There were no weeds growing 
in it, but here and there very sparsely distributed were small 
straggling tufts of grass-like plants with one or two small loose 
patches of Callitriche. here after considerable searching we 
obtained examples of Limnaa fperegra, L. palustris, Physa 
hypnorum, Planorbts spirorbis and Pl. marginatus, and my com- 
panion obtained a single specimen of Limncea glabra this— 
combined with the Physa hynorum—proving that they had 
been washed down the slowly flowing drain from no doubt some 
smaller and more luxuriantly weed-grown ditch. A word or 
two here respecting the association of Limnea glabra with 
Physa hypnorum and Flanozbis spirorbis ; though not invariably 
found together, as a rule they are generally found in the same 


264 NELSON: ON THE LIMNAIDA. 


habitats and in this case the three species were evidently away 
from home, their favourite habitats being small and shallow, in 
fact nearly dry, ditches and grassy ponds. In searching these 
ditches when dry in summer Planorbis spirorbis will be found 
with a solid epiphragm waiting the return of rain. 

Crossing the bridge over the drain we saw a small grass- 
grown pond in a field ; we pushed our way through the hedge, 
and after some searching obtained a few examples of Planorbis 
nautileus, the smallest and I think I may say the prettiest, of 
the genus, having the whorls covered with small ridges, which are 
in some cases produced into rather long and elegant spines ; 
this latter form is called var. cvésta. 

Leaving the pond we regained the road and sat on the 
trunk of a fallen tree, and whilst we partook of refreshment an 
old man, a native of the district, accosted us, and during the 
conversation stated that the whole district had been a large 
common which was enclosed and drained somewhere about a 
hundred years before. I mention this because I have an idea 
that Zimnea glabra is a species that is likely to die out or be- 
come more rare as the old commons become drained and 
destroyed. I have collected it in many districts, and have been 
enabled in nearly every case to trace its connection with 
commons by the survival of the plants usually met with in such 
localities. 

Getting near to the village of Sandholme, which by-the-bye 
has got a descriptive name, we come to a portion of the common 
covered with small shallow grassy ponds, with here and there 
holes where sand has been dug. ‘The ponds seem to be ideal 
habitations for mollusks, but with the exception of Zzmnea 
peregra and Planorbis spirorbis, there seemed to be very little 
in them, but in a small ditch that was almost dry we obtained 
Flanorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum and Limnea glabra. 

Just before we entered the village we came to a drain 
which had not been cleaned out and which was consequently 
full of various species of aquatic plants and an abundance of 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


NELSON : ON THE LIMNAIDA. 265 


molluscan life, amongst which were rather fine examples of 
Limnea peregra, also Planorbis carinatus, Planorbis vortex, 
Flanorbis corneus, and Physa fontinalis. Close to this place is 
a village called Hive; it is indeed so close as to be almost a 
continuation of it. In a ditch quite in the village we obtained 
examples of Limunca peregra and Planorbis spirorbts. 

We now entered upon a number of cross roads that were 
very rough, and trudged along some distance before again 
sighting water ; at length we came to a ditch near Ousethorpe, 
and after spending sometime in search we found we had obtained 
examples of Limnaa peregra, L. palustris, Physa fontinalts, 
Flanorbis vortex, and P. marginatus. One specimen of Z. 
palustris had the body whorl of a somewhat unusual size. 

In a pond near Sleights House we examined the duckweed 
(Lemna minor) and found a good number of Planorbis nautzleus, 
but the process being a very tedious one we soon tired of it. 
The only shell we obtained here besides was Planorbis spirorbis. 

Again going some distance we got into a lane rejoicing in 
the easy-going name of Featherbed lane. Here we went along 
very smoothly for some distance until we neared Yokegate ; 
here in a ditch we got specimens of Limna peregra, L. 
palustris, Physa hypnorum and Planorbis spirorbis. ‘The surface 
of the Lane now became very uneven, and was not much easier 
to walk on than a featherbed would be, but we plodded along, 
keeping a sharp look out for any water to search, as much for 
an excuse to stop as to get shells. Spying a pond close to the 
hedge, but of course at the other side, we got through and found 
examples of /Vanorbis corneus, FP. marginatus, Limnea 
peregra, L. stagnalis, and L. palustris, and in the ditch which 
was connected with the pond were numerous examples of 
Planorbis spirorbis, Physa hypnorum, and Limunea glabra, but I 
do not think that a single example of the last three was found 
in the pond. The Piysa hypnorum were rather fine and looked 
very pretty as they floated in the water with their dark blue- 
black bodies contrasting pleasingly with the bright amber colour 


266 NELSON: ON THE LIMNAID. 


of their shells. The Zimnaa glabra, L. stagnalis, L. palustris, 
and Planorbis corneus were eroded, whilst the Zimnea peregra, 
Planorbis marginatus and Physa hypnorum were not. Various 
theories have been put forward at different times to account 
for this erosion, the latest being that of Karl Semper, who 
ascribes it as the work of a microscopic fungus. The latter 
ditch and pond were near to Caville wood; leaving here we 
get to the end of Featherbed Lane. 

We again got into cross roads that seemed to lead any- 
where but the way we wished to go, and the time was getting 
along so that we did not do all the searching we might, but we 
felt compelled to stop and search a pond in the corner of a 
field which lies temptingly easy to get at; here we found Physa 
Jontinalis and Planorbis marginatus. We were now getting near 
to Wressle, which my companion was determined to visit, to 
search for Paludina contecta, and though we can see Wressle we 
are compelled to describe a circle to get to it. After making 
one or two fruitless efforts to get at the Fleetdike we were com- 
pelled to go the usual way past the Castle along the Bubwith 
road and across the fields. Getting to the dyke we lost no 
time but began to search for Paludina contecta, the most local 
of our Yorkshire shells, this being at preseut perhaps the only 
really Yorkshire habitat known. With careful searching we 
soon found several examples each. I found a large Zimncea 
peregra and Mr. Collinge again found a single example of 
Limena glabra evidently away from home.  Retracing our 
steps across the fields we reached a pond near the dyke but 
found the only shell to be Planorbis marginatus, and in another 
pond in a pasture near to the Old Hall we found Zimnea 
peregra. We now got to the station where we had to sit some 
time waiting for our train, and arrived at Leeds at about half 
past ten at night. 

We found that we had taken 13 species of Limmetda. 
Several common and widely distributed species, such as 
Planorbis albus, P. contortus, and the two forms of Axcylus, all 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888 


‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 267 


shells that we were no doubt justified in expecting to meet with, 
were absent from our captures, but to compensate us we had 
two hitherto unrecorded habitats for the local Limuea glabra, 
this of itself making the day’s collecting somewhat remarkable, 
as years may elapse before either of us again finds this species 
in a new locality. 


0-9 — 
ON THE MARINE SHELLS OF MAGILLIGAN 
STRAND, COUNTY TYRONE, 


By MISS HONORIA GALWEY, M.C.S. 


(Read before the Conchological Society). 


Havinc read with great interest the paper of the Rev. Carleton 
Greene on “ Marine Shells found at Filey ” (read before the 
Conchological Society), I should like to bring under the notice 
of the lovers of conchology, some of the Strands in Ireland, 
and one in particular, Magilligan, with which I am _ well 
acquainted, believing that a visit would amply repay the trouble. 
The place is easy of access by the Belfast and Northern Co.’s 
Railway from Belfast to Londonderry, and good lodgings and 
accommodation can be had at Castlerock, a sea-bathing place 
close at hand, also at Downhill, though of a rougher description. 
I subjoin a short account of shells which I picked up in the 
course of some hours spent on the strand above mentioned, in 
the months of June and Angust, 1886, and August, 1887. I 
doubt not that a dredge in a few feet of water would bring in 
treasures in greater variety. Magilligan Strand extends in a 
broad belt of “golden sand” for about seven miles, from 
Downhill station to the mouth of Lough Foyle, in a curve of 
the open Atlantic lying to the North and North-west. A large 
number of the shells which I gathered contained the living 
animal, others were just emptied and left unbroken by sea-gulls, 
which, disturbed at their feast, flew on a few yards ahead. The 


268 GALWEY : MOLLUSCA OF MAGILLIGAN STRAND. 


tide (neap) in gentle ripples brought in among the cast-off 
“sand cases” of Sabella chrysodon (2) specimens of more 
fragile shells, namely :—Cyprea Europea, Cardium, Tornatella, 
and Velutina, these two last especially delicate and beautiful. 

At my last visit, August, 1887, there was a great change, 
few shells, in comparison, were to be found, except quantities 
of Donax anatinus, very lovely and brilliant in colour, but for 
a considerable distance the shore was strewn with little bunches 
of sea-wrack, amongst which were splendid specimens of 
LIanthina fragilis, both shell and animal in excellent preserva- 
tion, and the float perfect. There were also numbers of the 
Hyalea tridentata, several of which, as well as the /anthina, 
I have preserved in spirits of wine, others I shut up tight in a 
little box and found on opening, after three months’ absence, 
that they were quite dry and in perfect form; they have the 
appearance of frosted silk-gauze. 

I found no difficulty in taking the animal of the J/anthina 
out of its shell; after being some hours in a basin of sea-water 
a long pin easily brought them out. 

The Rev. J. G. Wood describes these shells as of ‘a pale 
blue colour.” Those I found are “deeply, darkly, beautifully 
blue!” but as it is probable they fade in strong light, I keep 
mine in a shady corner of my cabinet. 

The following is a list of the shells which I found :— 
Arca tetragona. Common, imperfect, single valves. 
Artemis exoleta. Rare, perfect. 

A. lincta. Very plentiful, alive. 

- Buccinum 
Bulla (Scaphander) lignarius. Not very common. 
Cardium rusticum. Very common. 

C. edule. Not common. 

C. fasciatum. Common. 

C. norvegicum. Rare. 

Cypreea europea. Very common. 

Cyprina islandica. Very plentiful. 


Common. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


GALWEY : MOLLUSCA OF MAGILLIGAN STRAND. 269 


Donax anatinus. Very plentiful, alive. 


Emarginula ——. Rather common. 
Fissurella ——. Rather common. 

Fusus ——. Common. 

lanthina fragilis. Common at certain seasons. 
Littorina ——. Not common. 


Lucina borealis. Not very common. 

Lucinopsis undata. Rare. 

Lutraria elliptica. Very common. 

Mactra stultorum. Very plentiful, alive. 

M. elliptica. Very plentiful, alive. 

M. truncata. Rare. 

Modiola ——. Not common. 

Murex erinaceus. Not common. 

Mya truncata. Common. 

Mytilus edulis. Very common, alive. 

Nassa reticulata. Common. 

Natica monilifera. Very common, alive. 

Natica ——. Occasional. 

Ostrea edulis. Occasional. 

Patella vulgata. Common. 

P. athletica. Occasional. 

P. pellucida. Occasional. 

Pecten. Several varieties, including puszo, tigrinus, varius, 
but these are generally single valves, some very small and 
beautiful. 

Pectunculus glycimeris. Very common, too often dead 
shells, but sometimes alive. 

Pilopsis ungaricus. Rather common. 

Psammobia ferroensis. Rare. 

Purpura lapillus. Common, alive. 

Scalaria communis. Rare. 

Solen ensis. Very common, alive. 

S. siliqua. Very common, alive. 

Tellina tenuis. Very common. 


270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


T. solidula. Not common. 

Tornatella fasciata. Common. 

Trochus cinereus. Common. 

T. magus. Rare. 

T. zizyphinus. Common, alive. 

Turritella communis. Not common. 
Teredo navalis. Occasional. 

Velutina leevigata. Plentiful occasionally. 
Venus striatula. Very plentiful, alive. 
Tapes virginea. Some very good specimens. 

I may add that Magilligan is but one of many strands rich 
in marine treasures. Portmarnock, in the neighbourhood of 
Dublin, I have visited. All round the west coast of Donegal 
there are many. Of Cruit, Carrickfinn, Mullaghderg, Rutland, 
&c., a friend (himself an experienced conchologist), writes :— 
“These are richer in varieties than any English or Scotch 
strands I have read of.” 


<r __—_ 


PROCEEDINGS or THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
Meeting 
HELD NOVEMBER 3RD, 1887. 

The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, presided. The minutes 

of the October meeting were read and duly confirmed. 
NEW MEMBERS. 

Rey. Churchill Babington, D.D., V.P.R.S.L., of Cockfield 
Rectory, and Mr. Thomas Hey, of Derby, were duly elected 
members of the society. 

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership : 
Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, F.L.S., by Mr. J. W. Taylor; and Mr. 
Alfred Caruana de Conti Gatto, by Mr. G. S. Tye. 

DONATIONS, &c. 
‘Die Geographische Verbreitung der Heliceengruppe Macu- 
laria.”—Dr. W. Kobellt. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 271 


“The Collectors’ Manual of British Land and Freshwater 
Shells”; by Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—The Author. 
“Tableau des Mollusques de la France” ; by J. R. Draparnaud 


Purchased. 
PAPERS READ. 


“ A Day amongst the Limnzide,” by Mr. W. Nelson. 

“On Vertigo alpestris in Yorkshire,” by Mr. J. W. Taylor. 

‘Notes on Hogg’s List of Shells found in the Neighbourhood ° 
of Stockton-on-Tees,” with a copy of the list itself, by Mr. 


B. Hudson. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 


Examples of Vertigo alpestris from Bingley were shown by 
Mr. W. D. Roebuck, and the president exhibited a collection 
of the shells of the Azores. 


Annual Meeting. 
HELD DECEMBER I5TH, 1887. 

The President, Mr. J. W. Taylor, presided. The minutes 
of the November meeting were read and coufirmed. 

The correspondence was taken as read. 

NEW MEMBERS. 

Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, F.L.S., and Mr. Alfred C. de Conti 
Gatto, Valletta, Malta, were duly elected members of the 
society. 

The following were nominated for membership: Mr. Philip 
B. Mason, M-R.C.S., E.L.S., E:E.S., F..R:M:S., -Burton-on- 
Trent, and Mrs. A. Evans, Thrupp, near Stroud, by Mr. J. W. 
Taylor ; Miss L. C. Jones, Clifton, Bristol, by Mr. E. J. Lowe ; 
aud Mr. F. Akers, Mabgate, Leeds, by Mr. W. E. Collinge. 

Messrs. W. E. Clarke, F.L.S., and J. A. Hargreaves were 
appointed to act as scrutineers. Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald was 


elected to audit the accounts. 
DONATIONS. 


The following donations were laid on the table :— 
‘““ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” 
vol. il. part 2.—The Society. 


272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


A collection of shells, numbering 110 species (the critical 
notes on which will be published in the April part of this 
journal).—Mr. John Brazier, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. 

A collection of shells from the Mediterranean, numbering 26 
species.—Mrs. Fitzgerald. 

Land and freshwater shells collected in Derbyshire.—Mr. J. 
Hagger. 

' Varieties of Purpura lapillus and Mytilus edulis from Newquay, 
Cornwall.—Mrs. A. Evans. 

A hearty vote of thanks was accorded the donors for their 
valuable gifts. 
ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY. 

Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malakozool. Gesellschaft., complete 
to end of 1887. Purchased. 

Malakazoologische Blatter, twenty-five volumes. Purchased. 

PAPERS READ, 

“Notes on Mitra (Costellaria) rugosa, Swainson” ; “ Descrip- 
tions of Six New Species of Pecten”; Descriptions of 
Fifteen New Species of Mitra”; and “ Description of a 
New Species of Cypreea”; by Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, 
M.A., F.L.S. 

“Notes and Critical Remarks on a Donation of Shells sent to 
the Conchological Society,” by Mr. Jno. Brazier, F.L.S. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 


Dr. W. H. Evans exhibited specimens of Zzmnca physopsis 
from South Australia. 

Mr. Francis R. Fitzgerald showed a collection of Zimnea 
peregra from eleven localities, and the varieties ovata from 
Eccleshill, acumznata from Markington, and ampullacea from 
Plumpton ; Lzmn@ea auricularia from Henley-on-Thames, Z. 
stagnalis from Burnley, Manchester, and elsewhere, He/zx can- 
tiana from Swansea and Huddersfield, the variety a/da from 
Brighton, A. virgata from Askern, and 4. ericetorum from 
West Witton and Christchurch. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 273 


Mr. Melvill showed the new species of Mitra and Pecten 
in illustration of his papers; Conus gloria-maris (Chemnitz) 
Bohol I. Philippines, one of the most perfect of the twelve 
specimens known to exist; Voluta junonia (Chem.), Gulf of 
Mexico, an unusually perfect specimen; Voluta festiva (Lam.), 
Africa, specimen formerly in the Dennison collection, and 
referred to by Reeve in “Conch. Iconica”; Cyprea guttata 
(Gray), China (?), the most perfect of the seven or eight 
recorded specimens. 

Mr. W. H. Heathcote sent for exhibition an ingenious and 
novel combination collecting implement, comprising a dredge, 
Anodon rake, &c. | 

The President brought for exhibition the Album of 
Conchologists he is forming, and which already contains near 
fifty portraits of well-known persons, and to which additions are 
earnestly desired. 

The annual report was read by the secretary, and adopted 
unanimously. 

The recorder next presented his report of the records made 
during the year. 

The Curator then gave a short verbal report on the 
condition of the society’s collection. 

The accounts for the year were brought forward by the 
treasurer, and after some discussion were passed. ‘The receipts 
(including balance from last year) were £47 os. 5 }4d., expenses 
438 7s. 244d, and balance in hand £8 13s. 3d. 

The scrutineers announced that 89 voting papers had been 
received, and the results of the voting was: 

PRESIDENT.— Sylvanus Hanley, F.L.S., 75 votes. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS (Four required).— 
jino We day lori... 3. . 79) Antti Cooke, M.A, E°Z:S., 416 
Alex. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S.69 J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. 35 

SECRETARY AND TREASURER.—Thos. W. Bell, 84 votes. 

RECORDER.—W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., 81 votes. 

CuRaATor.—Wm. Nelson, 79 votes, 


274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


CouncIL (Six required).— 

B. B. Woodward, F.G.S. 61 Lionel E. Adams, B.A. ... 51 

R. D.Darbishire, F.G.S. 57 Wm. Jeffery Me Hae A) 

EdgarvA. Smith) F:Z.S. ... 53 E.J-Lowe,DL., J.P. FeRoSes 
On the proposal of Mr. Denison Roebuck, Mr. W. E. 

Collinge was appointed Assistant Curator. 

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 

The President, J. W. Taylor, gave an address “On Varia- 
tion in British Land and Freshwater Mollusca.” The thanks of 
the meeting were tendered to the President for his most valuable 
and exhaustive address. 

ALTERATION OF RULES. 

It was resolved that the Rule relating to foreign members’ sub- 
scriptions, inadvertently omitted in the reprint of January 
last should be reinstated, viz. :— 

That foreign members pay an annual subscription of 7/6. 

Resolved that Rule 8 be amended as follows: That the election 
of officers take place by ballot—the voting papers to be sent 
to the Secretary under cover of sealed envelopes addressed 
to the Scrutineers. 

Resolved that Rule 5 be amended as under: That Composition 
Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other per- 
manent property, or in such other manner as the Council 
may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 

ANNUAL REPORT. 

THE occasion of presenting the Ninth Annual Report affords 

an opportunity for a brief review of the society since its 

formation. 

The society was founded in 1876 by four enthusiastic and 
able conchologists, namely : Messrs. W. Nelson, J. W. Taylor, 
Hy. Crowther, and W. D. Roebuck, at a meeting held on the 
12th of October at Mr. Nelson’s residence. At that time the 
idea of a national society does not appear to have been- 
entertained, and the society then formed was plainly designated 
“The Conchological Club,” 


J-C., ve, Jan., 1888 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 275 


The club worked quietly and steadily on for some time, 
papers were read, numerous specimens were exhibited, critically 
examined and compared with others, and interesting and 
profitable discussions followed these personal efforts. The club 
was also joined by a number of Conchologists non-resident in 
Leeds. Early in 1878 the condition of the club and its 
position in the natural history world were carefully considered 
with a view to a re-organisation on a more extended basis. In 
the result on the 30th of May in that year, “ The Conchological 
Society,” as at present organised, was established, with Mr. 
Nelson as its first president. Since then, as you will have been 
able to gather from the reports published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of 
the society, steady progress has been made; and through the 
activity of its members, the society is certainly becoming the 
recognised authority on all matters connected with the land 
and freshwater section of Conchological Science. Doubtless, 
if in answer to the appeal made by the council last year, and 
now reiterated, those members who interest themselves in exotic, 
marine and fossil conchology would make the society the 
channel for their communications, similar results would be 
attained in those sections also. 

The success that has attended the society since its 
formation has not failed during the past year. The meetings 
which have been regularly held each month have generally been 
of an interesting character. Thirty-five members have been 
elected, and three have resigned. 

Papers have been communicated by the President, the Rev. 
A. Hi. (Cooke, Rev. Carleton’ Greene; and Messrs. J. &. 
Marshall, J. W. Cundall, Thos. Scott, J. R. B. Tomlin, W. 
Nelson, and Baker Hudson ; and by Messrs. J. C. Melvill and 
Jno. Brazier at this meeting. 

The exhibits as in previous years have been both large in 
number and varied in character. 

The Museum and Library have been enriched by several 
valuable donations and purchases which have from time to time 
been made known in the published ‘ Proceedings.’ 


276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Negotiations have been opened with the council of the 
Leeds Philosophical Society to obtain a room in which to hold 
our meetings, and secure better accommodation for our books and 
specimens in the Leeds Museum, Park Row. If an arrangement 
can be made, members will be able to examine the society’s 
collection of books and specimens under proper supervision, — 
during the ordinary museum hours. Your council deem it 
desirable that the specimens should be placed in cabinets of an 
easy portable size, and arranged in a way most suitable for ready 
reference to all specimens that have been authenticated by the 
society’s referees. 

In instances where considerable donations have been made 
by individuals it is suggested that they be kept in separate 
cabinets, labelled with the donor’s name. 

For the convenience of members it is intended to issue a 
catalogue of such books as the society possess ; and it may be 
found possible to issue a general list of the shells also. 

Your council note with pleasure the widening circle of 
those whose interest in the society is aroused, and beg to urge 
all members to personal effort in promoting the interests and 
extending the influence of the society. 

RECORDER’S REPORT. 
Durinc the past twelve months the number of records made and 
anthenticated by our referees has been 1,577, including both 
British and Foreign examples of the British Land and Fresh- 
water Mollusca, a lower figure than those of recently preceding 
years. This diminution is in part due to the fact that the 
attention of your Referees and your Recorder has of late been 
directed more to other departments of research, and in part to 
the fact that so far as England and Wales are concerned, the 
distribution of land and freshwater mollusca has been very 
thoroughly and systematically investigated during the past few 
years, as is evidenced by the fact that out of the total number 
of 21,755 records which have been made, no less than 19,402 
are for England and Wales alone. For Scotland there are but 


J-C., v., Jan., 1888, 


PROCEEDINGS, OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 24-7 


1,145 records, for Ireland but 508, and for foreign localities but 
674 records on the books. It is hoped that members will 
facilitate the work by submitting Scotch, Irish and foreign 
specimens in large numbers, so as to hasten the completion of 
our knowledge of distribution. 

The averages which have been struck as to the records of 
species for the various counties show that. while for English 
counties the average is 49 species per county, for Scotland it is 
only 12, and for Ireland only 7 per county. 

The virgin counties as they may be called, i.e. those from 
which not a single record has yet been made, and to which it 
is hoped that special attention will be paid by such as may have 
the chance of investigating them, are 17 in number, viz. :—1 in 
Wales (Cardigan), 3 in Scotland (Wigton, Elgin, East Ross), 
and. 13 in Ireland (Monaghan, Fermanagh, Cavan, Louth, 
Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny, Queen’s Co., Longford, Leitrim, 
Mayo East, Galway East, and Tipperary North). It may be 
pointed out that the absolutely necessary thing to be borne in 
mind is that the actual specimens should be submitted for 
determination by the referees before the recorder can enter 
them on his:record-book. The essence of the record-system is 
that all specimens recorded have actually been seen by the 
referees and passed by them, and that in no case whatever can 
this. rule be relaxed. 


On the. motion of Mr. W. E. Clarke, the thanks of the 
meeting were accorded the officers for their services during the 
year, and all members who have aided in promoting the welfare 
of the Society. 

On the proposition of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, the thanks 
of the Society were accorded the Council of the Leeds Mechanics’ 
Institute and Literary Society for the use of their rooms. 

The question of providing cabinets for the society’s speci- 
mens was considered at some length, and eventually left in the 
hands of the Council. 


278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Mr. Melvill said it was desirable that cabinets should be 
procured, and he was authorised by Mr. R. D. Darbishire to give 
the sum of 21/- to a fund for that purpose, and would give a 
like amount himself. The Rev. H. Milnes and the President 
(Mr. J. W. Taylor) also gave similar amounts. Dr. W. H. Evans 
contributed 1o/- to the same fund, to which further subscriptions 
are earnestly desired. 


ON ZTEREBRATULA PAPILLOSA, MarsHatt, 


By J. T. MARSHALL. 


THE discovery by Mr. B. Sturges Dodd of further specimens of 
this presumed recent Brachiopod, one of which, embedded in 
a matrix of limestone comglomerate, has prompted further 
investigation and consideration, with the result that its recent 
origin must be considered untenable. 

Specimens have been submitted to Mr. Etheridge for his 
opinion, who gives his impression that they are the Zevebratulina 
strtata of D’Orbigny—a cretaceous fossil, and adds :—‘‘ There 
is no difficulty as to its stratigraphical position, the contiguity to 
the chalk of Lincolnshire and the condition of the drift 
materials being enough to account for their situation.” 

On referring to Davidson’s ‘“‘ Monograph of the British 
Cretaceous Brachiopoda,” where Z. s¢rzafa is described and 
figured, I am bound to agree with Mr. Etheridge. It is an 
exceedingly variable species, and has been described by 
Palzeontologists under various names; but Dr. Davidson states 
that after a careful examination of hundreds of specimens, from 
the fry to the adult, that the many variations in form may be 
traced to the one species—viz.: Zerebratulina striata D’Orb. 

My description of this species, with figures, appeared in 
the Journal of Conchology for April, 1887. 


Ji @yeves) Jane excos. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 279 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW SPECIES OF PECTEN. 


By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. 
Pecten Gladysie nov. sp. Pl. ii, fig. 5. 


P. testé ovaté, pertenut, planiuscula, stramined, albis flocculis 
nubeculata, valuis subequalibus, costis lirisgue numierostssimts, 
Jere triginta, sublevibus, auriculis inequalibus, flexuosts. 
Long. 28 mill., lat. 24 mill. 


Habitat ? 

A very striking form, and not very nearly allied to any 
species with which I am acquainted. ‘The thin, flattened valves, 
of a bright straw colour, are clouded here and there with flaky- 
white markings, the ribs and ridges are extremely numerous, 
about thirty altogether in either valve. 


Pecten Guendolene& noy. sp. PI. ui, fig. 6. 


P. teaté globosi, perconvexd, subequilateralt, valvis duo et vigints 
costis radtatis, triliratis ut in P. coruscante, interstitiis scab- 
rosults, valvd stntstrai voseo-brunned et pruno-maculata, 
dextd pallidiose, auriculis inequalibus, tntus colorata. 

Long. 15 mill., lat. 15 mill. 


Hab.: Mauritius. 

_ A subglobose little species, brightly coloured with white, 
rose, and plum-colour arranged in blotches. Very like a small 
P. nucleus, until its sculpture and structure be examined. The 
only shell with which this can be compared is P. coruscans | 
(Hinds), described in Moll, Voy. Sulphur, p. 61, pl. 17, f. 3. 
From that species this would seem to differ in its decidedly more 
squarrose form, its having twenty-two, as against twenty, ribs, the 
more lively coloration, and the difference in locality. P. corus- 
cans being from the Marquesas Islands. 


Pecten Hastingsii nov. sp. Pl. ii, fig. 7. 
P. testt globosa, subequilaterali, inequivalvt, valua dextra mazore, 
dextro umbone altiore quam sinistrd, costis octodecim pulchré 
sculpturatis, biliratis, tola superficie utrimgue undato-scam- 


280 MELVILL: NEW SPECIES OF PECTEN. 


nata, alba, fluctibus purpureo-brunnets hic illic conspersa, 
intus purpuraesente, auricults tnegualibus. 
Long. 25 mill., lat. 24 mivl. 


Hab.: Japonia. 

A conspicuous little globose shell, very beautifully con- 
centrically striated in a wave-like fashion, the ribs being twice 
furrowed, or bilirate. In form a slight superficial resemblance 
to young specimens of the South American P. purpuratus may 
be traced, but from that the whole sculpture abundantly differs. 
I have much pleasure in associating with this species the name 
of my friend, Hastings Dent, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., whose recent 
travels round the world, including China and Japan, resulted in 
some very interesting discoveries. 


Pecten hysginodes nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 8. 


P. testa subguadrato orbiculart, levi, subequivalvt, valva sinistra 
subconvexa, ambabus gquindecim-costatis, costis levibus, inter- 
stitits coptose transliratis, rosea, ad latera albescente, brunneo- 
sparsa, auricults egualibus, rectis, serratis, dentatis, intus 
roseo-alba. 

Longit. 21 mill., lat. 23 mill. 


Habitat ? 

This extremely beautiful shell is totally unlike any other 
Pecten, and ranks amongst the most exquisite of a genus famed 
for beauty of sculpture, form, and colour. Towards the sides 
of the valves, the rosy-brown and white marbling alternate in 
zigzag pattern. Upon the left valve, with the exception of one 
crescent-like brown blotch, the colour is deep rose, suggesting 
the trivial name. Towards the umbones the white predominates. 
The right valve is similarly coloured, but paler, and it is much 
more convex than its fellow. 


Pecten psarus nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 9. 


P. testa ovata, equilateralt, subequivalvt, valvis novemdecim 
costatis, costis eleganter serrulatis, plumbeo-alba, brunneo- 
fluctuata, auricults subequalibus, 

Long. 20 mill., lat. 1& mill. 


Hab. : Japonia. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 281 


A prettily marked piebald species, dull-white, ornamented 
with brown waves latitudinally, relieved by brighter flecks of 
white and grey, the left valve being, as is so often the case, more 
conspicuously marked than the right. Ribs nineteen in number, 
the hook-like serree being very regular and beautiful. 


Pecten valdecostatus nov. sp. PI. ii, ro. 

P. testa subtrigona, altiore quam longa, equilaterali, equivalvt, 
valuis gquindecim costatis, costis squamulatis, interst«tits 
profundeé sulcatis, subs hang auriculis inegualibus, intus 
albescente. 

Long. 26 mill., lat. 24 mill. 

Hab. : Hong Kong. 

A dull-coloured but boldly-formed species, the furrows 
being remarkably deep for so small a shell, and the ribs therefore 


very well defined, they being also beautifully serrulate. 


All the foregoing species are described from the types, at 
present unique, in my collection. 


———+0- 


DESCRIPTIONS 
OF FIFTEEN NEW SPECIES OF MITRA. 


By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. 


Mitra Marione nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 11. 


M. testa subelongata, fusiform, spira attenuata, acuta, anfractt- 
bus transversim sulcatis, sulcis cancellatis, albida, fulvis 
macults aveolatis regulatim ornata, columella guingueplicata, 

Long. 20 mull., lat. 7. mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell somewhat elongated, fusiform, spire attenuated, acute, 
whorls, transversely furrowed, the furrows being cancellated, 
colour white, ornamented with square light-brown spots disposed 
at regular intervals, columella five-plaited. 


282 MELVILL: NEW SPECIES OF MITRA. 


A very beautiful and peculiar shell of the subgeneric group 
Cancilla (Swn.). The species to which it would appear most 
nearly allied, is the AZ, Philippinarum (Adams), but from this 
it differs slightly in sculpture and entirely in marking. 


Mitra zrumnosa nov. sp. _ PI. ii, 12. 


M. testa oblonga, tenut, levi, epidermide cornea tecta, olivaceo- 
albescente, tmmaculata, columella triplicata, apertura nune 
albescente, nune fulva, tenuicula. 

Long. 20 mill., lat. 9 mill. 


Hab. : Algoa Bay, South Africa (collected by Mr. Furse). 

Shell oblong, thin, smoothish, covered with a horny epider- 
mis, olivaceous-whitish, without markings, columella three-plaited, 
mouth sometimes white, sometimes tawny-coloured within, thin. 

Of this plain species, which is somewat allied to JZ. (Jsara) 
Schroteri (Desh.), I have two specimens, and have seen many 
others. It will probably be eventually relegated to the genus 
Volutomitra (Gray) when the lingual dentition of that now 
obscure genus has been more critically examined. 


Mitra astyridiformis nov. sp. Pl. ii, fig. 13. 


MM. testa polita, oblonga, brunnea, subcompressa, spira acuta, an- 
Sractibus minutissime punctato-striatis, labro tntus sinuato. 
columella quadriplicata. 

Long. 15 mill. lat. 4 mill. 


Habitat ? 


Shell polished, oblong, brown, rather compressed, spire 
acute, whorls very minutely puncto-striate, lip sinuate within, 
columella four-plicate. 

This species must be placed in the subgenus Mitreola 
(Swn.), coming near JZ. flexilabris (Newc.). In general size and 
appearance it first recalls a Columbelliform mollusc of the section 
Astyris, e.g. f/osa (Carp.), but when examined with a lens, the 
whole surface is seen to be regularly and minutely pitted in 
transverse lines, and all resemblance to the Columbellidee ceases. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


MELVILL : NEW SPECIES OF MITRA. 283 


Mitra caloxesta nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 14. 


MM. testa obovato fusiform, spira acuminato-turrita, anfractibus 
superne subrotundatis, parce costoso plicatis, interstitits punc- 
tato-striatis, plumbeo-virescente, anfractu ultimo fascia 
angusta albida ornato, columella quadriplicata, apertura 
nigrescente. 

Long. 16 mill., lat. 6 mill. 


Hab.: Andaman Isles. 

Shell obovate-fusiform, spire turreted, pointed, whorls some- 
what rounded above, sparingly costoso-plicate, the interstices 
punctato-striate, olive-green and lead colour, the last whorl 
decorated with a narrow white band, columella four-plaited, the 
mouth very dark within. 

An elegant little polished shell, quite unlike any other 
member of the subgenus Turricula with which I am acquainted. 

Mitra chariessa nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 15. 


MM. testa fustformt, spira elongata, subturrita, anfractibus sub- 
angulatis, tnfra suturam plicatellis, longitudinaliter crebris- 
sime liratis, tnterstitits clathratis, albida, pura, columella 
gquadriplicata. 

Long. 18 mill., lat. 6 mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell fusiform, spire elongate, turreted, whorls somewhat 
angled, delicately plaited beneath the suture, longitudinally very 
frequently ribbed, the interstices latticed, colour pure white, 
columella four-plaited. 

A remarkably beautiful shell, pure white with a very slight 
pinkish tinge, of exquisite sculpture and texture. It is very 
distinct from all the species known to me, and is a satisfactory 
addition to the subgenus Costellaria (Swains). 


Mitra transenna noy. sp. PI. ii, fig. 16, 

M. testa ovato-turrita, sptra acuta, albida, anfractibus transversim 
tmpresso-striatis, longitudinaliter crebrissime liratulis, lirts 
brunneo-ochracets uniformibus, columella quadriplicata. 

Long. 19 mill. lat. 8 mill. 


Hab.: East Indies. 


284 MELVILL : NEW SPECIES OF. MITRA. 


Shell ovately turreted; spire acute, whorls transversely im- 
presso-striate, longitudinally very frequently ridged, ridges: of a 
uniform sienna brown, columella four-plicate. 

This, if not a variety, undoubtedly comes very near JZ. 
arenosa (Lam.), which, with JZ. exasperata (Chem.), makes up 
one very variable species, and, whilst differing in the absence of 
any central fascia, and peculiar in the straight many-ridged brown 
lines, from any of the many specimens of the above mentioned 
that I' have-examined) I describe it as distinct: with some little 
diffidence, although it has been: pronounced by some:experienced 
conchologists to whom it has been shown, a: true-species. 


Mitra Sybillz nov. sp. Ph ii, fig. 17: 


MM. testa lanceolata, spira turrita, anfractibus longttudinaliter 
costoso plicatis, costis compressis, angustis, tnterstitiis valdé 
striatis, cinereo-alba, infra plumbeo-nigresescente, apice eodem 
colore tincto, columella quingueplicata. 

Long. 16 mill., lat. 5 mitt. 


Hab. : Andaman. Islands, 

Shell lanceolate, spire turreted, whorls. longitudinally 
costoso-plicate, the ribs compressed, narrow, the interstices.con- 
spicuously and deeply striate, ashy white, below bluish lead 
colour, the apex being tinged with the same colour, columella 
five-plaited. 

An ornate little shell with narrow compressed ribs, and 
conspicuously two-coloured, belonging to the subgenus Turri- 
cula (Klein). 


Mitra percnodictya nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 18. 


M. testa angusta, fusiformi, brunnea, turrita, multicostata, costis 
levigatis, interstitiis profunadé cancellatis, columella triplicata. 
Long. 11 mill., lat. 4 mill. 


Hab. ? Probably one of the Philippine Isles. 

Shell. narrow, fusiform, turreted, dusky-brown; many 
ribbed, ribs smooth, interstices deeply cancellated, columella 
three-plaited. 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888. 


MELVILL : NEW SPECIES OF MITRA. 285 


A dark-brown shell of the subgenus Turricula (Klein), 
somewhat resembling a small Pleurotoma. Of this I have two 
specimens. 


Mitra cerithina nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 19. 


M. testa subelongata, fusiformt, cinerea, turrita, multicostata, 
costis levibus, interstitits cancellatis, bast producta. recurva, 
columella triplicata. 

Long. 9 mill., lat. 3 mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell somewhat elongate, fusiform, of an ashy-grey colour, 
turreted, many ribbed, the ribs being smooth, the interstices 
cancellated (not very deeply), recurved at the base, which is 
produced, columella three-plaited. 

This small species is described from a dead shell, it is allied 
to the preceding, but differs by the base of the shell being pro- 
duced and somewhat recurved, giving an angle to the shoulder 
of the principal body whorl, as in JZ. (Thala) mirifica (Reeve). 
The general aspect of AZ. cevithina is that of a small member of 
the Cerithide, hence the trivial name. 


Mitra bela nov. sp. Pl. ii, fig, 20. 


M. testa oblongo-acuminata, costis levibus rotundatis decorata, 
interstitiis levibus, brunnescente, nttida, balteo nigro obscuro 
infra suturas cingulata, apertura effusa, columella triplicata. 

Long. 11 mill., lat. 4 mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell oblong, acuminate, with rounded smooth ribs, the 
interstices between the ribs being likewise smooth, shining 
brown, with a somewhat obscure black belt beneath the suture, 
mouth effuse, the columella thrice-plaited. 

A pretty little shell, much like the small British Bela rufa 
(Montagu), one of the Pleurotomidee. It probably belongs to 
Volutomitra, and its locality is to be sought for in the Arctic or 
Antarctic regions. 


286 MELVILL : NEW SPECIES OF MITRA. 


Mitra tensa nov. sp. PI. il, fig. 21. 


M. testa gracili, fusiformi, attenuata, cornea, longitudinaliter 
costata, costis rotundts subcompressts, levigata, tenuicula, 
columella quadriplicata. 

Lon, 11 mill. lat. 3°50 mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell fusiform, gracefully attenuated, horn colour, ribbed 
lengthwise, with rounded rather compressed ribs, smoothish, 
thin, columella four-plicate. 

An Antarctic shell, of which the exact locality is unfortu- 
nately not known, superficially resembling one of the Pleuro- 
tomidee of the Bela or Cithara group. Probably a Volutomitra. 


Mitra abacophora nov. sp. Pl. ii, fig. 22. 


M. testa oblongo-ovata, solida, spira breviuscula, obtusa, gilva, 
suturis impressis, anfractibus sublevigatis, leniter transverso 
striatis, balteo albo infra suturam cingulatts, hic tlic ramu- 
loso, infra presertim squarrosé albt-punctatis, columella 
guadriplicata, labro levt, intus superné sinuato. 

Long. 23 mill., lat. 11 mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, spire somewhat short, blunt, tan- 
colour, sutures impressed, whorls smoothish, lightly transversely 
striate, surrounded with a white belt beneath the suture, which 
here and there branches out, the whorls below especially are 
squarely white-dotted, the columella is four-plaited, the lip 
smooth, sinuate within. 

This interesting shell is one of the subgenus Strigatella 
(Swn.), it comes near to MJ. maculosa (Reeve), ¢ristis (Swn.), 
and. auriculotdes (Reeve), differing from all, however, in its larger 
size, smooth inner lip, different colour, and disposition of 
markings. 


Mitra rhodinosphzra nov. sp. PI. ui, fig. 23. 

M. testa parvula, ovato-scalart, spira obtusa, longitudinaliter 
crebre-costata, costis magnis, interstitits strtatis, punicea balteo 
albo cingulata, columella triplicata. 

Long. 6 mill., lat. 3 mill. 

Hab.: Mauritius, 

J.C., v., Jan., 1883 


MELVILL : NEW SPECIES OF MITRA. 287 


Shell small, ovato-scalariform, spire obtuse, longitudinally 
much-ribbed, ribs large, interstices striated, of a light pink 
colour, banded with a white belt, columella three-plaited. 

A very small, brightly coloured species, of which I possess 
the only two specimens yet discovered. In both of them the 
outer-lip is damaged. It belongs to the section Pusia (Swn.). 


Mitra zythochroa nov. sp. Pl. ii, fig. 24. 


M. testa oblongo-acuminata, attenuata, spira fusiform, longitudt- 
naliter costulata, ad suturas uniplicifera, costis levigatis, 
interstitits obscuré striatis, fulvescente, albo balteo cingulata, 
columella guingueplicata. 

Long. 10 mill., lat. 5 mill. 


Habitat ? 

Shell oblong, acuminate, somewhat attenuate, spire spindle- 
shaped, longitudinally ribbed, plicate at the suture, the ribs 
smooth, interstices between the ribs obscurely striate, yellowish- 
tawny, banded with a white belt, columella five-plaited. 

An interesting little addition tothesub-genus Pusia, having, in 
common with the well-known JZ. turben (Reeve), the peculiarity 
of the mouth being imperfect, the shell having apparently been 
broken away during the life-time of the animal. 


Mitra fulvosulcata nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 25. 


MM. testa ovata, solida, spira subacuminata, anfractibus longitudt- 
naliter costellatis, costis numerosis, rotundatis, transversim 
sulcatis, sulcis fulvescentibus preesertim apud costas, columella 
guadriplicata. 

Long., in spec. majore, 14 mill., lat 6 mill. 


Hab. : I. Mauritius. 

Shell ovate, solid, spire somewhat acuminate, whorls longi- 
tudinally ribbed, ribs numerous, rounded, transversely furrowed, 
the furrows being tawny coloured, especially conspicuous on the 
ribs, columella four-plicate. 

I possess two specimens of this little shell, one mature, 
the other not fully grown—and have seen others. The specific 
name I have adopted is that given some time since in MS. by 


288 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Mr. G. B. Sowerby, but never published. The tawny 
colour is more striking where the transverse furrows cross the 
ribs, giving the appearance of oblong regular dots or streaks. 


Note.—The types of the foregoing species are in my col- 
lection, and with the exception of JZ. percnodiclya and rhodino- 
sphera, of each of which only two specimens are known, and 
M. erumnosa and fulvosulcata, of which there are several, are 
all represented as yet by single unique specimens, 


Oo 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYPRAMA, 


By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. 


Cypreea Rashleighana nov. sp. PI. ii, fig. 26. 


C. testa ovata, anticé subprolongata, dorso convextusculo, lilacino 
tribus brunnets fascits decorato, fascia centralt distinctiore et 
latiore, lateribus albis parcipunctatis, extremtitatibus tmmacu- 
latis, dentibus albi parvults, bast alba intente. 

Long. 18 mill. lat. 11 mil. 


Habitat P 

Shell ovate, anteriorly a little prolonged, back somewhat 
convéx, ornamented with three brown bands on a pale violet 
ground, the central fascia being the more distinct and the 
broader. The sides are white with a few scattered brown spots, 
the extremities unspotted, and colourless, teeth somewhat small, 
white, the base shining white. 

A very pretty addition to the known species of Cowry, 
albeit of small size, the disposition of the brown bands on 
the lilac ground is a little like the arrangement in C. sanguinolenta 
(Gmelin), the shape and upper surface slightly recall C. macula 
(Adams) though the underside has a perfectly different arrange- 
ment of teeth, C. macula being more allied to the frmbriata 
section of the genus. Nothing at all nearly resembling this 


J.C., v., Jan., 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 289 


Cowry is to be found in the National collection, or in the latest 
monograph (that of Mr. S. Raymond Roberts in Tryon’s Manual 
of Conchology, vol. vii.,). 

With this shell I have the melancholy satisfaction of 
associating the name of my late friend Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq., 
Junr., of Menabilly, Cornwall, who died in December, 1872, at 
the early age of twenty-seven. His collection of Cypraa was 
extremely large and perfect; and had he lived, he would have 
made great mark in a science to which he was profoundly 
attached. ‘The type of this species, at present unique, is in 
my collection. 


ON THE VARIATION OF 
BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 


By JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S. 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France. 


BEING HIS VALEDICTORY ADDRESS AS PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
FOR THE YEAR 1887. 


I HAVE considered that a few of the observations bearing upon 
variation, which I have collected for use in the Monograph of 
our native species of Land and Freshwater Mollusca, upon 
‘which myself and Mr. Roebuck have been engaged now for 
some years, would perhaps be of some interest, and tend to give 
direction and point to our observations as to the manner in 
which natural selection or environment is modifying the various 
species that come under our notice, and thus producing the 
varieties, which under favourable circumstances may ultimately 
develop into new and distinct forms. 

Without an intimate knowledge of the great variability of 
species, I submit that no one can hope successfully to correlate 
our recent with our fossil mollusca, and if this be acknowledged 
it shows clearly the immense importance of the study of varia- 


T 


290 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


tion. In addition, I also propose to endeavour to show some 
reasons why it is desirable to bestow—or retain if already bes- 
towed—definite names on the more important deviations from 
what I may term the central form. 

In this view I have the support of one of the most eminent 
and experienced conchologists of the day, Prof. Ed. v. Martens, 
who says, “‘ It is certainly desirable that every local form, well- 
marked zoologically or geographically, should have a distinct 
name.” Dr. Jeffreys also says, ‘‘Systems of classification are 
as indispensable to a naturalist as tools to a workman. This 
necessity of science equally applies to the discussion of the 
interesting question as to the origin and mutability of species, 
which in the absence of such data could not be satisfactorily con- 
ducted.” Moquin-Tandon, Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys, and 
almost every author of repute who has attempted to deal with 
his subject in a thorough and efficient manner, has adopted the 
principle of applying definite names to the most important or 
interesting variations. 

But before proceeding further, it will be advisable to con- 
sider briefly what is the difference between a species and a 
variety. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, than whom we can hardly have a 
better conchological guide, says, “It is undeniable that certain 
definite forms, called species, exist, and that they constitute 
more or less extensive groups of individuals, which resemble 
each other as well as their parents and offspring, to the same ° 
extent that we observe in the case of our own kind. These 
groups to deserve the name of species must be distinct from 
others ; because if any of them are so intimately blended to- 
gether by intermediate links as to make the line of separation 
too critical, the test fails, and a subordinate group, or what is 
called a ‘variety’ is the result.” This is undoubtedly an 
excellent and satisfactory definition as far as it goes, but I would 
add to it, as a basis, the necessity of structural difference in the 
organization of the animal, for the permanent retention of specific 
rank, JI am aware that Jeffreys has said, “‘ that the body or soft 


J.C., v., April, 1888, 


TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 291 


parts of the mollusk taken without reference to the shell, offers an 
extremely slight and variable criterion of specific difference,” but 
it is evident from the context, that he had only the external or outer 
appearance in mind when enunciating that statement, and did 
not intend it to apply.to the anatomy. He did not profess to 
be conversant with the organization of the mollusca, and gives 
no information on the subject in his great work. 

A forcible illustration of the necessity and value of internal 
examination, is shown by the establishment—mainly by the 
labours of Mr. Ashford—on solid, reliable and durable grounds of 
Testacella scutulum Sowerby, as a sound and perfectly distinct 
species. This form has heretofore been considered as only a 
slight var. of 7. haliotidea, from reliance having been previously 
placed exclusively on the external and visible characters of the 

~animal and shell. 

On the other hand, it will probably lead us to unite together 
the Helix hispida and H. concinna, which Dr. Jeffreys and other 
able conchologists regarded as distinct and separate species, as no 
structural differences between them have been brought to light 
by the anatomical examinations that have as yet been made. 

Anatomy will thus I trust lead us to sound conclusions in 
arriving at the limits and relationship of species and varieties, 
for though by Darwinian philosophy, species are considered to 
be unstable and changeable, they may for our purpose be con- 
sidered as permanent and fixed. 

Mr. Marrat, however, who has made a life-study of Nassa, 
in his article on the variations of the shells belonging to that 
genus, expresses some opinions on species and varieties, and he 
makes the statement that ‘“‘ the great genus Nassa is cne shell in 
an endless variety of forms,” but 1am unable to accept as a 
proof of the soundness of his statement, the facts he brings 
forward as in a sense establishing his position. ‘The only points 
that appear to me to be proved are the extreme variability of 
Nassa, and the necessity of applying definite names to what we 
may still call species and varieties, for although Mr. Marrat ex- 


292 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


pressly denies that species as usually understood exist, he 
nevertheless not only retains the names of a number of the 
species already described—or forms as he prefers calling them— 
but adds a number of fresh ones to the list. 

I have thus shown that I should require structural difference 
in species, but varieties, with which we are at present more 
immediately concerned I would confine to external modifications ; 
thus I would propose to regard as varieties worthy of a definite 
name the extreme divergencies—if sufficiently marked—of size, 
texture, color, markings, shape and the difference in proportion 
or the exaggeration or restriction of the development of special 
parts of the shell. 

It is I believe generally conceded that differences of form 
are relatively of more importance than variations in colour, 
markings size or sculpture. 

Thus in attempting to arrange the varieties of that protean 
shell Lemncea peregra—of which I have myself catalogued near 
300 names that have been bestowed upon it, either specifically or 
varietally by various authors, but which are probably reducible 
by a careful and attentive comparison to a much more reason- 
able and moderate number—I would regard as of first im- 
portance the form-variations, as for instance the oblong speci- 
mens which have been named var. od/onga by Jeffreys, the 
globose form which has received amongst other names that of 
lacustris, the inflated variety which has been called obtusa, or 
the varieties durnette and zzvoluta which are remarkable mainly 
for intortion of the apex. Primarily separated in this way, we can 
readily understand that the albine mutation for instance, is liable 
to occur in any of what I may term the primary varieties. To 
distinguish this color mutation, only by its special name candida, 
would be to lose sight of the other and more important character 
—its form. It seems to me therefore to be necessary to adopt . 
in cases like these, a modified and somewhat extended system 
of nomenclature, to enable us to refer with terseness and pre- 
cision to these subvariations, as they must be termed under this 


J.C., v-, April, 1888, 


TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 293 


system. I should be willing to accept for these combined or 
complex varieties, compound names, joining the term distinguish- 
ing the subsidiary character to that expressive of the more 
important one, thus I would speak of Zimnea peregra v. ovata- 
alba and not of v. ovata s. v. alba. 

In bestowing names upon varieties which have not yet 
received a name, I would advocate the adoption of conventional 
terms expressive of the particular line of variation it is desired to 
distinguish, thus such terms as globosa, curta, elongata, &c., 
suggest themselves as suitable for varietal nomenclature. 

Dr. Jeffreys in dealing with the variations of Cochlicopa 
lubrica, in his ‘‘ British Conchology,” has an instance of a colour 
mutation existing both in the type and in the slender variety 
lubricoides; and to avoid confusing these two well-marked 
forms, he applied to the same albine variation the distinct 
names of w7idula and hyalina, thus showing he appreciated 
the undesirability of mixing together form-variations on account 
of a subsidiary character possessed in common. 

Many conchologists seem to have a very incorrect notion 
as to what a variety really is, and are disconcerted by the in- 
sensible and gradual change from one form to another. They for- 
get that these gradations of character fix the varietal status, and 
that if the specimens showed distinct and constant differences, 
it is probable that they would prove to be a different species. 
Others while admitting the variability of species would not 
bestow upon them definite names but would merely term them 
varieties. ‘To me this does not seem at all a satisfactory mode 
of dealing with the difficulty, the mere fact of using the term 
variety at all, implies that there is some difference worthy of 
note, but if the method now spoken of be followed, we are left in 
ignorance as to the special way in which the specimen alluded to 
has deviated from the ordinary form, and in my opinion we might 
with equal reason object to the grading of meteorological instru- 
ments, because there are few if any distinct natural lines of 
demarcation, as object to the naming of the more definite and 


2904 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


expressive forms of a species. To those holding broad views, 
students of the subject generally, or the ordinary naturalist, the 
varietal names need never be used, but to the specialist it is not 
only a great convenience, but a necessity to be able to refer with 
precision to the leading variations to which a species is liable. 
As reasonably might we expect a resident in London or else- 
where, to be able to get along with no better knowledge of his 
neighbourhood than the general student of topography would 
possess. 

At the same time I would deprecate the undue multiplica- 
tion of varieties. Too great a degree of division in this subject 
would in my opinion defeat its own purpose, from the difficulty 
of exactly identifying and referring the various forms. 

Specific identification is itself often far from easy to satis- 
factorily accomplish, thus though Lzmn@ea auricularia and L. 
peregra are universally allowed to be perfectly distinct species, 
specimens are occasionally met with, which can only be doubt- 
fully referred to one or the other species. I am aware that 
Lovell Reeve in his “ British Land and Freshwater Mollusks ” 
remarks that “there is no fear of mistaking the most widely 
inflated form of Zémncea limosa for L. auricularta,’ but I appre- 
hend he spoke with an insufficient and imperfect knowledge of 
the variability of species. 

Other instances of similar approximations of good species 
will suggest themselves to every thoughtful and experienced 
conchologist. 

While fully appreciating the excellent work the numerous 
able Continental conchologists have accomplished, and are still 
accomplishing, and though in entire accord and sympathy with 
their aim, which is to direct more minute attention to the diver- 
gencies existing amongst mollusks, the method of nomenclature 
they adopt, does not seem to me to be well adapted to render 
their labours so widely useful as they might be. Their practice 
of giving to these divergent forms, distinct specific names, which 
names are however, I believe, generally speaking, allowed to be 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


TAYLOR ! ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 295 


equivalent in value to our varietal ones, tends to divorce the 
form so named from its immediate and close allies, as is so 
clearly shown by the Rey. Professor Bonney in his address to 
the Mineralogical Society, where he forcibly points out the ad- 
vantages of the employment of modifying terms instead of dis- 
tinct and separate names to express the minor modifications or 
differences in the constituents of minerals, and which remarks 
are singularly applicable to our own study, he says, the one 
method—giving distinct or what we should call specific names 
—accentuates the distinction and loses sight of the relation, the 
other—that of applying modifying, or what may be considered 
equivalent to our varietal names—whilst noting the distinction, 
keeps prominent the relationship, 

This last point is to some extent brought about by our 
gifted continental friends by the system of grouping which they 
adopt, which groups are I believe nearly if not quite co-ordinate 
with the old Linnean and Lamarckian species, thus the group 
Stagnaliana would in England be considered synonymous with 
the Linnean species Stagnvadis and the different forms composing 
this group would be to our English views, varieties of that 
species. 

I will now very briefly consider some of the causes of 
modification in our land and freshwater shells, and as far as I 
am able, show the direction in which the various forces operate. 
I shall to make the illustrations clearer and more definite, borrow 
some of the instances from foreign countries, so that we can 
note by comparison the same change in a modified degree, 
amongst our own species. 

Environment is the most powerful and perhaps the only 
force inducing variation, or rather fostering those variations 
which are most in accordance with the surrounding conditions, 
and I shall give one or two instances where the influence of the 
surroundings have evolved variations in harmony with the forces 
exercised. We are, however, often unable,to recognize the 
cause of many modifications, but as it is patent that no change 


296 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


occurs without a reason and no effect without a cause, we 
must in those cases store away facts and observations to 
which we may hope sooner or later to find the key, as I appre- 
hend it is an important part of our study to endeavour to dis- 
cover and make plain the laws which govern variation. 

I will first allude to some of the effects of geological con- 
formation, thus :—Hermann Jordan in speaking of the influence 
of limestone says, that in the Southern districts of Europe, where 
favorable climatic conditions to mollusca are more universal 
than in the Northern and more inclement countries, mollusks 
are not so much confined or restricted to limestone soils as in 
more Northern regions, and he ascribes their greater partiality 
to calcareous ground, not so much to its chemical composition 
as its greater power of absorbing warmth, and because it gives 
usually a greater variety of physical conditions than do the primi- 
tive rocks. Clessin points out that the results of a deficiency 
of limestone are not only visible in the thinness and size of the 
shell, but that even the form of some species is affected, thus 
he states that the Clausiliz have the shell shorter than usual, 
and that Helzx lapicida becomes somewhat rounded on the 
periphery. However these may be, it is certain that the deficiency 
of limestone leads to the production of very thin, fragile and 
horny shells, which under more favourable conditions are stoutly 
built and strongly coloured. A well known and striking instance 
is the remarkably delicate form of the common shell &. asfersa, 
which is plentiful in some parts of Guernsey. 

Peat moors, on account of the absence of calcareous 
matter, have been remarked to produce dwarfed, thin and fragile 
shells and often these are sufficiently diverse to form very peculiar 
and marked varieties. 

Among freshwater shells some species like Unio margaritt- 
Jerus and Neritina seem to have a superior power of withdraw- 
ing from the water to form their shell, the calcic carbonate it 
may contain, and thus in the granitic region where this sub- 
stance is very limited, they produce solid and thick shells, while 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 297 


Ancylus even when occupying the same water, is said to be 
remarkable for unusual thinness and delicacy. 

The dry and arid regions in different parts of the world 
are tenanted mainly by mollusks with thick and uniformly dull- 
white shells, of which the Palzearctic species are grouped under 
the name of Leucochroa, and are principally found on the sterile 
lands to the South of the Mediterranean. In what is called the 
arid regions of Central North’ America, comprising the territories 
of Idaho, Utah, Montana, &c., the same character of shell 
is reproduced in Helix idahoensis, coopert, &c. The Rev. 
Canon ‘Tristram in alluding to the mollusks of the Sahara 
remarks that the snail-shells found there, were much thicker 
than those of the same species from the more temperate parts 
of Europe, and he is disposed to regard this modification as an 
additional means of preventing evaporation in so dry a climate. 
The elimination of the banding would appear to be desir- 
able on account of the darker coloring, greater tenuity and 
possibly less calcified condition of those parts, which would 
therefore offer less obstacles to the dessication of the mollusk 
than the thick white shell which would absorb the least possible 
amount of heat. ‘The uniformly dull-white specimens of Helix 
virgata, ericetorum and other shells of a similar character in our 
own country, agree also with the desert forms in being of 
thicker texture than usual. I am disposed to think they are 
analogous to them, and tend to be evolved by conditions similar 
though less in degree to those to which I have just referred. 

In confirmation of this view Strobel has noticed that in 
Moravia the thick uniformly white variety of Aeléx virgata is 
exclusively found on the open cultivated lands, and attributes 
these peculiarities to dryness and warmth. He noticed the 
banded variety to be more restricted to the wooded grounds. 

Those mollusks which usually live in shade and retirement, 
only coming forth at twilight and evening, or by the stimulus of 
moist, damp or dull days, are provided with shells composed 
largely of animal matter, of uniform and obscure colors, and 


298 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


often provided with hairs and other epidermic appendages. As 
instances of species affecting this mode of life and showing in 
their exterior appearance corroboration of it, we can readily 
call to mind Helix aculeata, H. hispida, FH. obvoluta, Bulimus 
montanus, B. obscurus and many others. We see an exposition 
of the same law amongst the forest-loving and frequenting 
Helices of Eastern North America, which are uniformly and 
sombrely colored, their epidermis varying in shade from yellow- 
ish horn-colour, through brown to a dark chestnut. Arboreal 
species which are almost necessarily exposed to the full action 
of air and light, are distinguished by brighter, more vivid and 
more varied coloration, than the purely terrestrial species loving 
shade and concealment. Our variegated Helices—nemoralis and 
hortensis—approach perhaps nearest in habit to arboréal life, 
living freely exposed on hedges and hedgebanks, and these 
species are the most gaily colored of our native shells. 

We shall from these considerations see the improbability 
of our sombrely coloured Bulémus montanus with its thick 
brown epidermis, being an arboreal species as stated by some of 
our authors. Possibly the statements of our more recent writers 
are a modified repetition of the following direct and positive re- 
marks, of the Rey. J. E. Vize, in his list of Wilts shells published 
in 1866, who says, “ Its habits are unusual when contrasted with 
other species : it hibernates by burrowing into the ground at 
the roots of beech trees, it leaves its winter quarters in March, 
ascends the favoured tree (and by-the-bye it chooses certain 
beech trees in preference to others), it enjoys itself at the top 
of the trees from March to August, and then descends to sleep 
for the remaining half-year.” 

I have always had the strongest doubts of the accuracy of 
this statement, basing my judgment upon the character of the 
shell, which clearly shows it to be a species living usually in 
shade and concealment. With a view to settle the question I 
recently requested Mr. F. A. Knight—who resides in Somerset- 
shire near a locality for this species, and whose experience of 


J.C., v., April, 1888, 


TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 299 


it extends over a period of more than 20 years—to investigate 
the subject. The result of his labours and experience clearly 
demonstrate that instead of spending the summer on the tops 
of the trees, it is in dry weather buried in the ground and 
among loose stones, in some instances in the latter situation, 
being even 2 feet below the surface. Like its ally Bulimus 
obscurus and other species, it is susceptible of the effects of 
moisture, and I have myself seen it, in company with other 
species, mounting the beech trees to a considerable height 
immediately after heavy rain. 

The effects of temperature have been studied by Rodel, 
who states that land and freshwater shells perish when exposed 
for half-an-hour or so to about 17° of frost, or if the cold be 
continued steadily for a couple of days 9° of frost is sufficient 
to cause their death. Mature specimens resist the cold better 
and withstand a degree or two more than young ones.. As we 
should hardly be prepared to expect,thinly-clad or absolutely 
naked mollusks withstand cold better than thickly shelled 
species; //e/ix aspersa for instance possessing a thick and solid 
shell is very sensitive to cold and retires early for the winter. 
The most thinly clad of our land species, Vitvina pellucida 
is most active during the winter months, and has even been 
noticed crawling briskly over the snow-covered herbage and 
ground. 

The same law applies to the freshwater shells, the effects of 
cold having been shown to be, that species which generally 
present a somewhat strong shell under ordinary conditions, 
_ secrete one of much greater thinness and fragility as well as of 
a reduced size. Karl Semper has shown in Limnea stagnalis 
that a temperature of 53° entirely stops the growth of the shell, 
though the mollusk will continue to feed at a much lower tem- 
perature, and we are led therefore to conclude that the energy 
thus stored up is used in some other way than in the elaboration 
of shell matter, possibly in resisting the depressing and destruc- 
tive effects of too great a reduction of temperature. Limnea 


300 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


peregra from the icy-cold waters of the Pyrenees are thin, 
delicate and of a reduced size, and we have an instance nearer 
home in the Z. stagnalis from Malham Tarn, an elevated body 
of water in Yorkshire, which produces a very thin and dwarfed 
variety of that species. 

The most favourable temperature or that most specially 
advantageous, and in which Z. stagnalis receives its greatest, 
development, is about 77°. Under favourable conditions, the 
periods of growth are longer in duration, or the growth itself is 
quicker than in ordinary cases. This will account for the 
gigantic size of specimens from some localities. Under less 
favorable conditions, the checks in growth are more numerous, the 
growth period not so prolonged or the growth not so rapid and 
there results therefore, a smaller form. Semper has shown in 
the case of Lzmnea stagnalis that if the young shells are too 
crowded, or have a too limited supply of water in which to live, 
even though food be supplied in abundance, their growth is 
dwarfed, and such dwarfing cannot be compensated for after- 
wards by any especially favourable conditions or treatment, as 
the shell is constructed on a more diminutive scale. 

These facts enable us to account in some cases for the 
production of dwarfed varieties and it is probable that amongst 
others the small var. distinguished by M. Jules Colbeau as var. 
aqguarii, had its origin in some of the causes I have mentioned. 

Another effect of cold is blackness or melanism of the 
naked species. Herr Simroth when treating of A7zon ater and 
Limax maximus has shown that in these species this character 
is developed by cold, and redness by warmth, especially when 
these conditions are applied for a few weeks in spring, which 
is the period of most rapid growth and development. 
Confirmatory evidence of the conclusions of Simroth that 
the Arion. ater is a northern or cold form and Avion rufus a 
southern or warmth variety is afforded by Lzmax maximus, which 
in its northern form of ¢ciereo-niger is almost wholly black, but 
in the genial climate of Italy it develops a series of brilliantly 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 301 


colored and strikingly marked variations which have received 
numerous distinctive names from Italian Limacologists. 

Limax arborum gives similar testimony as in the northern 
and north-western parts of this country and on the summits of 
the mountains in Italy it becomes very dark in color, and loses 
that glaucous appearance which distinguishes it on warmer or 
drier grounds. On the Italian mountains the transition from 
the ordinary to the intensely dark form can be traced. 

Cold is therefore a powerful factor in inducing the forma- 
tion of black pigment, but it is extremely probable according to 
the observations of some of our most able conchologists, that 
humidity has also very great subsidiary influence in inducing 
this variation. | 

Lord Walsingham in his address to the Yorkshire Natural- 
ists’ Union on Melanism in Lepidoptera has pointed out that 
the black color in insects may be a favorable factor in cold 
regions, from its power of absorbing such few heat rays as there 
may happen to be, and this may possibly be some explanation 
of the black color of these Alpine varieties. 

Heat if too great in amount induces torpor in land and 
freshwater species. Lzmnca stagnalis is said to be unable to 
endure a temperature of more than go°. ‘The effect on the 
secretion of shell of too much warmth, is similar to that of too 
much cold, the result being a shell of a frail and delicate char- 
acter, thus Z. peregra var. thermalis from the warm springs 
of the Pyrenees and the Vosges, and the var. steenstrupt from 
the warm water of the Icelandic Geysers are equally remarkable 
for their thinness and dwarfed character. 

Helix Pisana in warm sunny places becomes tinged of 
beautiful rose color, at the mouth of its shell, which color is said 
to be deficient in those specimens living in less favoured spots. I 
have already pointed out under arid or desert conditions, the 
effects of heat when accompanied by dryness—when however 
associated with moisture and rich vegetation it produces some 
of the most richly colored and finest shells which are known 
to conchologists. 


302 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


Many of our land species would almost seem to be changing 
the character of their markings. Nearly seven years ago Mr. 
Ashford suggested to me the probability that Helix cantiana, 
cartustana, &c., were once banded species, and I am disposed 
to agree with his suggestion. As is well-known many of our 
species which are usually somewhat uniformly colored show at 
times a light peripheral or keel line. I may instance H. hispida, 
rufescens and cantiana as sometimes showing this clearly. 
Species which have not advanced so far in the process of 
change give us the clue to the meaning of this: thus H wrgata 
has often the upper and lower groups of bands coalesced, leaving 
a keel line of the ground colour, this is then exactly the corres- 
ponding variety, of say A. rufescens with the light keel line. 
When rufescens or hispida is uniformly darkly colored, they have 
their representative in the var. zzgrescens of H. virgata in which 
the pigment is suffused over the whole shell. In HZ cantiana the 
bands seem to be in process of elimination, and now only give 
signs of their existence near the mouth when the animal is at its 
highest vigor, with the strongest development of its organs. 

In connection with this subject of banding Herr Dietz 
has remarked that wet seasons prevent the formation of colored 
bands in H. hortensts, and as the result of his observations, says 
that albine specimens are more common in wet years, and that 
those specimens with coloured bands have the growth of the 
last wet year not colored. 

Another curious phenomenon is the scalariform specimens 
of the genus Planorbis which are often found in those bodies of 
water choked up with vegetation, and according to Herr Clessin, 
also on the margins of lakes amongst large stones. M. Van den 
Broeck considers this spiral form as a modification consequent 
upon and adaptive to the special and peculiar features of their 
environment, as he has conclusively proved by experiment, that 
these spirally coiled shells make their way more readily through 
the dense vegetation, than those of normal shape which traverse 
the thick masses of duckweed, &c., with great labour and 


difficulty. 
J.C., v., April, 1888, 


TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 303 


This explanation does not account for the distortions which 
are also occasionally irregularly spiral, and which have been 
found in warm water reservoirs, and in streams of water pumped 
from the coal pits in Yorkshire and elsewhere, these may be the 
result of the unhealthy and unnatural conditions under which 
they live. 


Even from the few foregoing illustrations and my introduc- 
tory remarks, it will be seen how variable our species are and 
what complex forces are ever acting upon them, and producing 
more or less marked modifications. I regret that the time at 
my disposal does not allow me to discuss more than one or two 
points, or I should wish to have laid before you the results of the 
observations of some of our most observant scientists, on the 
influence upon their molluscan inhabitants, of brackish water, of 
turbulent and agitated streams and lakes, and also of deep and 
still water. Decollation, erosion and some of the alleged causes 
of several peculiarities and deformities amongst our land and 
freshwater shells would also have merited and received atten- 
tion. 


If my views of species are correct, what immense assistance 
the biologists could render us in striving to arrive at a true 
knowledge of specific and varietal limits in the mollusca. It is 
however to be sincerely regretted that we cannot hope for much 
help at present, as many even of the most eminent biologists of 
our own country, do not place any, or very slight value upon 
precise specific identification, thus the work of some of our most 
celebrated men loses much of its value from what I feel com- 
pelled to consider their reprehensible carelessness in not securing 
an exact determination of the specimens they have under exami- 
nation, and which specific uncertainty often renders it necessary 
that their observations should be repeated and confirmed by 
others more mindful of specific differences before the informa- 
tion they have given can be fully utilised and receive the 
consideration its merits otherwise would demand. 


304 TAYLOR : ON THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCA. 


In this respect, Germany, by the most advanced section of 
their biologists set us a good example by their exact and pains- 
taking determinations of the specimens they study. 


I could wish many of the biologists of our own country to 
take note of the words of M. Paul Fischer, an eminent French 
malacological anatomist who says :—‘‘It is palpable that pre- 
vious to describing the minute structure of an animal, it is neces- 
sary to determine its name exactly. This determination is often 
more fastidious and difficult than the examination of the cellules 
of its integument, the dissection of its viscera, or the interpreta- 
tion of its organs, but it must nevertheless be the aim of our 
work, or we should see synonymic chaos inevitably increase.” 


Many biologists thus paying small heed to specific differ- 
ences necessarily think lightly of the collector and the systematist, 
and attach little or no value to the result of their labours, and 
would seem often to consider industry misplaced, if not em- 
ployedin biological orembryological work. Would it not be better 
that we should all regard with pleasure and satisfaction sound 
and honest work undertaken in any branch of our mutual study, 
whether it be morphological, embryological, or physiological, 
specific and varietal differentiation, study of the habits or habitat, 
geographical distribution or even mere collecting, or as it may be 
more properly termed, accumulation of material for others. 


We cannot all be successful and skilful biologists and 
anatomists, so I would wish each to labour in the branch for 
which he is best adapted, and for which he feels most interest, 
and we shall thus, and only thus, in process of time hope to gain 
a complete knowledge of every organism, a result which could 
never be accomplished by the assiduous following of any one 
branch of research, even though it be so important a one as 
biology. 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 305 
PROCEEDINGS or tHe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
Meeting 


HELD AT THE MUSEUM, JANUARY 5TH, 1888. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the chair. 
DONATIONS. 


“ Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,” decades i. to xiv.—. 
Presented by the Government of Victoria. 


Nine reprints of Papers from the ‘Journal of Coughlan 
presented by Mr. J. W. Taylor, as follows :— 


“Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the 
Upper Engadine, &c.” 
‘“‘ Authenticated List of the Mollusca of Northampton.” 
“The present state of knowledge of the distribution of 
Land and Freshwater Mollusca in Britain.”. 
‘“‘On the distinctness of the genera Turtonia and Cyamium.” 
“Tand and Freshwater Mollusca round Christchurch, 
South Hants.” 

“‘On the erosion of certain Freshwater Shells.” 

“Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca about 
Tarbert, Loch Fyne.” 

“The Land Mollusca of Bristol County, Mass., U.S.A.” 

“Label List of British Land and Freshwater Shells.” 

Mr. Taylor said that as the Society was intending to pro- 
cure cabinets in which to place the collection, he suggested that 
one should be set apart for “ type” specimens of British Land 
and Freshwater Shells ; and on condition of this being done he 
would increase his contribution to the Cabinet Fund to £2 5s., 
the estimated cost of a cabinet. . 

In the discussion which followed, the advantages of having 
such a collection of type species and varieties were fully recog- 
nised, and Mr. Taylor’s offer was accepted. 

The thanks of the Society were accorded the donors for 
their valuable gifts. 

NEW MEMBERS. 

The under-named were duly elected members of the Society : 
Miss Le C. Jones, Clifton, Bristol; Mrs. A. Evans, Thrupp, 
Stroud >: (Blilip  B. Mason; MOR .CS.) EES. B)Z)S.,\16ce,; 
Burton-on-Trent; and F, Akers, Leeds. 


306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


PAPER READ. 


“ On the Marine Shells of Magilligan Strand,” by Miss Honoria 
Galwey. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The Chairman, on behalf of Mr. J. R. Redding, showed a 
large and fine collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from the 
vicinity of Dublin. 

Mr. Harvard Pierson exhibited a number of species of 
Clausilia—including all the British species. 

Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald exhibited Helix pisana from Swansea 
(from Mrs. Dyer), and 4 pomatia from Hants., the Beige 
Valley, and Bex, Switzerland. 

Mr. H. Shaw showed examples of Conus textile (L.) and 
C. vicarius (Lamk.). 

Mr. W. E. Collinge exhibited and presented to the Society 
specimens of Lzmnca stagnalis, collected August, 1887, in the 
River, Cherwell, Banbury. 

Referring to the change of premises which has just been 
made, the Chairman said the Directors of the Leeds Mechanics’ 
Institute had for several years most generously provided accom- 
modation for us, and had on all occasions shown a desire to help 
the Society in its work. Unfortunately they were not able to do 
more in providing space for our collection and library, hence 
the need to secure other rooms. He trusted the Society would 
cordially mark its appreciation of their kindness. ‘The removal 
would necessitatea change in the day of meeting,so that weshould 
keep clear of existing engagements at the Philosophical Hall. 
On the motion of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., it was 

resolved: “That the best thanks of the Society be presented 
to the Directors of the Leeds Mechanics’ Institute for their 
uniform courtesy and for the accommodation which they 
have so generously granted the Society during the past few 
years ; andthat Mr. Bell be requested to convey ene resolu- 
tion to the Secretary.” i : 

On the motion of Mr. C. H. Pierson, it was resolved: ‘“ That 
the meetings in future be held on the first Wednesday in 
each month,” 

J.C., v., April, 1888, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 307 


Meeting 
HELD AT THE MUSEUM, FEBRUARY IST, 1888. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor presided. 

Correspondence was read from Messrs. R. D. Darbishire, 
J.C. Melvill, A. Somerville, Wm. Jeffery, B,. B. Woodward, 
Alfred C. de Conti Gatto, and Mrs. Skilton. 

DONATIONS. 

The following donations were laid on the table and the 

thanks of the Society were accorded the donors :— 


A framed portrait of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., painted in oils 
and presented by Mrs. M. Skilton. 


“‘ Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South 
Wales,” by the Society. 


“Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,” decade xv., by the 
Government of Victoria. 


NEW MEMBERS, 

The following were nominated for membership :-— 
E. R.Sykes, Weymouth, by J. W. Taylorand W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S. 
Thos. F. Burrows, Cheadle, by J. W. Taylor and J. R. B. Masefield. 


Chas. Nathaniel Peal, F.R.M.S., Ealing, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., 
F.L.S., and B. B. Woodward, F.G.S., F.R.M.S. 


[ Mrs. ] Julia Hodgson, Leighton Buzzard, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., 
F.L.S., and Rev. R. B. Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 


Fredk. Rhodes, Eccleshill, near Bradford, by F. R. Fitzgerald, 
F.S.Sc., and J. A. Hargreaves. 


PAPERS READ, 


“On the article ‘ Purpura’ in Tryon’s Manual of Conchology,” 
by Rev. Alfred H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S. 


“A new locality for 4. revelata,” by Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A. 
“ On the limits of the British Seas,” by Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A. 


“Notice of a monstrosity of Aythinia tentaculata,” by Edgar 
A, Smith, F.Z.S. 


“On the occurrence of Zestacella scutulum in Leicestershire,” 
by H. E. Quilter. 


‘“¢On a mite parasitic upon Zestacella scutulum,” by H. E. Quilter. 


“ Additions to the Authenticated List of Mollusca for West 
Sussex,” by Wm, Jeffery. 


On Zrophon truncatus (Strom.) var. scalaris Jeffr. on the West 
of Scotland,” by A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. 


308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., sent for exhibition speci- 
mens of Zvophon truncatus Strom. and the rare variety sca/arts 
Jeff. The variety was dredged by Mr. Somerville in October 
last off Soay Isles, Iona, in forty fathoms of water, and is new 
to the British fauna in its restricted sense. : 

Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald exhibited examples of Lzmmnca peregra . 
from six different localities, Helix revelata from Guernsey, col- 
lected by Mr. J. R. B. Tomlin; Planorbis corneus from near 
Birmingham, /Helzx nemoralis from Bex, Switzerland, and ZH. 
aspersa var. unicolor from Horn Dean, Hants. 


Meeting 
“HELD AT THE MUSEUM, MARCH 7TH, 1888. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the chair. 
The correspondence for the month was brought before the 


meeting. 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were laid on the table and the 
thanks of the Society accorded to the donors :— 

“Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” second 
series, vol. il., part 3. 

List of the names of contributors to the first series of the “ Proc. 
Lin. Soc., N.S.W.,” with titles of and references to papers 
and exhibits contributed by each.—By the Society. 

List of shells collected by Jno. Rattray, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., on the 
west coast of Africa and the adjacent islands, by W. E. 
Hoyle, M.A., F.R.S.E.—By the Author. 

‘“‘ Die Bivalven Nieder-Andalusiens,” by Dr. W. Kobelt.—By the 
Author. 

List of the Shells of Mergui and its Archipelago, collected by Dr. 
Jno. Anderson, F.R.S., F.L.S., by Prof. E. von Martens, 
M.D., C.M.Z.S.—By the Author. 

Spaciasrs of Assiminea grayana from near Faversham. —By 
Miss Fairbrass. 

Limnea truncatula, from a ditch near Newark Castle, Selkirk 

_N.B., 1886 ; Balea perverse, from a stone wall near Selkirk, 
| Selkirkshire, N.B., 1886; ZLimncaa peregra, Helix arbus- 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 309 


torum, and H. aspersa, from Carmarthenshire, Wales ; and 
Anodonta anatina var. radiata, from near Birmingham.— 
By Mr. Madison. 


NEW MEMBERS. 

The following were duly elected members of the Society :— 
Messrs. E. R. Sykes, Thos. F. Burrows, C. N. Peal, F.R.M.S., 
Fredk. Rhodes, and Mrs. J. Hodgson. 

The following were nominated for membership :— 


Frederick Stanley, Margate, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., and 
W. E. Hoyle, M.A., F.R.S.E. 


Mary Heitland, Shrewsbury, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., 
and Alfred Brown. 


Rev. Geo. Bailey, F.R.M.S., Finchingfield, by A. Somerville, 
B.Sc. F.L.S., and Rey. J}.‘McMurtrie, M.A. 


John Clegg, Millwood, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S, and 
James Steel. 


Emile Deschamps, Alepo, Syria, by J. W. Taylor and T. W. Bell. 


J.T. T. Reed, L.R.C.P. & S., Sunderland, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., 
F.L.S., and F. Coulson. 


David Robertson, F.L.S., F.G.S., Millport, by A. Somerville, 
B:Sc., F.L.S., and E. J. Lowe, D:L., F.R.S., &c. 


Wm. J. Jones, jun., Holloway, N., by A.Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., 
and Alex. Shaw. 


Mark Stirrup, F.G.S., Bowdon, by A.. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., 
and J. C.. Mansel-Pleydell, D.L., J.P., ¥.L.S., &e. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. Madison sent for exhibition a very choice collection of 
about thirty species of land shells; included were several fine 
examples of varieties of eltx nemoralis, Hl. hortensts, f. 
arbustorum, and other species. 

Mr. Edward Collier also sent a collection of about sixteen 
species and varieties of land and freshwater shells for exhibition, 

many of them being fine examples. 


310 : JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONSTITUTION AND LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE 
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN 
AND IRELAND. 


1.—That this Society be called ‘The Conchological Society of 
Great Britain and Freland,” 
2.—That its objects shall be the promotion of the Science of Conchology, 
by the holding of meetings for the reading and discussion of original 
papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation ot — 
a Library and Collections illustrative of the Science. 
3-—That it shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members. 
4.—That Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two members at one 
meeting, and ballotted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance 
on the Ist January in each year; a subscription of 5/-, or may com- 
pound for life by the payment of Three Guineas. Foreign Members 
shall pay an annual subscription of 7/6. 
5.—That composition fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other 
permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may 
think most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 
6.—That Members shall have the privilege of appending to their names the 
initial letters M.C.S. (Member of the Conchological Society). 
7.—That the number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and 
they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of 
Ordinary Members. 
8.—That it shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four 
Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and six other members, 
who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to 
be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed envelope, 
addressed to the Scrutineers. 
9.—That the Presidency shall not be tenable for more than one year con- 
tinuously, and that he be expected to give an address. 
10.—That the meetings shall be held in Leeds, monthly, at the time and 
place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange 
such additional meetings as they may think desirable. 
11.—That three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 
i12,—That the Annual Meeting be held in December to receive the Report 
and Balance Sheets of the outgoing Council, and to elect the new 
Council. 
13.—That the accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two 
members, appointed at a previous meeting. 
14.—That the proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direc- 
tion of the Council. 
15.—That the Capital and Property be vested in two Trustees, elected by 
the Society. 
16.—That no alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of 


three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been 
specially summoned. 


J.C., v., April, 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 311 


HONORARY MEMBERS. 
(Limited to ten in number). 
Bourguignat, J. R., Rue des Ursulines, 6, St. Germain-en-Laye, Seine et Oise. 
Kobelt, Dr. W., Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. 
Martens, Dr. E. von, 29, Franzosische Strasse, Berlin, N. W. 


ORDINARY MEMBERS. 
Adams, Lionel E., B.A., 14, Talbot Road, Stafford. 
Akers, Fredk., Mabgate, Leeds. 
Babington, Rev. Churchill, D.D., V.P.R.S.L., Cockfield Rectory, Suffolk. 
Bailey, Rev. Geo., F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex. 
Baillie, William, Brora, Sutherlandshire. 


Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A.. F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, Holmes 
Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O. 


Beaulah, John, Ravensthorpe, Brigg. 

Bell, Alfred, 140, Lower Marsh, Lambeth, London. 

Bell, Thomas William, 3, Carr Lane, Leeds. 

Bendall, Wilfrid, Nottingham Place, London, W. 

Bostock, Edwin D., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire. 
Brazier, John, C.M.Z.S., Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 
Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow. 

Burrows, Thos. F., Daisy Bank, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 
Butterell, J, Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley. 
Cash, Wm., F.G.S., 38, Elmfield Terrace, Halifax. 

Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Yorkshire. 
Clarke, Wm. E., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., 18, Claremont-rd, Headingley, Leeds. 
Clegg, John, 5, Derby Street, Millwood, near Todmorden. 
Coates, Henry, Pitcullen House, Perth. 

Coates, William, 18, Borough Terrace, Middlesbrough. 
Cockerell, Sydney C., 5, Priory Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick. 
Cockerell, T. D. A., West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, U.S.A. 
Collier, Edward, 74, Yarburgh Street, Manchester. 

Collinge, W. E., 11, Cromer Terrace, Leeds. 

Cooke, Rev. Alfred Hands, M,A., F.L.S., King’s College, Cambridge. 
Costa, S. J. Da, 2, Craven Hill, London. 

Coulson, Frank, 6, Montague Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow. 


Craven, Alfred E., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 65, St. George’s Road, Warwick 
Square, London. 


Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton. 

Cundall, J. W., Carrville, Alexandra Park, Redland, Bristol. 
Darbishire, R. D., B.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester. 
Davis, Jas. W., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Chevinedge, Halifax. 
Deschamps, Emile, Alepo, Syria. 

Dixon, George, Sen., Great Ayton, Northallerton. 

Dodd, B. Sturges, 33, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham, 
Duncan, Wm., 1, India Street, Montrose. 

Dyer, (Mrs.) A. M., 1, Richmond Villas, Swansea. 

Elliott, Edward J., High Street, Stroud. 


Bole JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Evans, W. Hill, M.D., 58, Little Horton Lane, Bradford. 
Evans, (Mrs.) A. Sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud. 
. Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. 

Fairbrass, (Miss) E. R., Abbey Street, Faversham. 

Fenn, F. G., Syon Lodge, Isleworth, Middlesex. 

Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone. 

Fitzgerald, H. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover, Hants. 
Fitzgerald, F. R., F.S.Sc., Clifford House, Harrogate. 

Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark. 

‘Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, 64, Piazza Celsi, Valetta, Malta. 
Galwey, Miss H., 5, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin. 

Gatto, Alfred C. de Conti, 116, Strada Brittanica, Valetta, Malta. 


Gerland, Conrad, B.Sc., Ph.D., University of Marburg, Germany; and 
Church Hall, Church, | ancashire. 


Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 

Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., The Marse, Birnie, Elgin, N.B. 
Green, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Gt. Basford Vicarage, St. Neots, Hunts. 
Gwatkin, H. M., M.A., Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 

Hagger, Jno., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent. 

Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Hornsey Road, London. 
Hargreaves, J. A., Fern Cottage, Baildon Road, Shipley. 

Harvard, T. Mawson, 41, Union Street, Leyland, near Preston. 
Heathcote, Wm. Hy., Avenham Lane, Preston. 

Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury. 

Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey. 

Hey, Rev. W. C., M.A., St. Olave’s Vicarage, York. 

Hey, Thos., Bloomfield Street, Derby. 

Hillman, Thos. Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. 

Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. 

Hodgson, (Mrs.) J., Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. 
Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. 

Howell, G. O., 3, Ripon Villas, Ripon Road, Plumstead. 

Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., 32, Queen Street, Edinburgh. 
Hudson, Baker, 5, Westbourne (srove, Coatham, Redcar. 

James, Jno. H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro. 
Jeffery, Wm., Ratham, Chichester. 

Jeffrey, Chas., 15, Warren Street, Tenby. 

Jenkins, A. J., 1, Douglas Terrace, Douglas Street, Deptford. 

Jones, (Miss) L..C., 5, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol. 

Jones, Wm. Jas. Jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N. 
Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 19, Stonenest Street, Tollington Park, London, N. 
Laver, Hy., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester. 

Leicester, A., Enfield Place, Brighton Road, Birkdale, Southport. 


Leipner, Bok Adolph, F.Z.S., University College and 47, Hampton Park, 
Clifton, Bristol. 

Lightwood, Jas. T., Hope House, Lytham. 

Lowe, E. J., IDL WfolPs5 IoIRoSo, IclbdSh, lGeS, F.RAS., F.R.M.S., 
&c., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow. 


Luther, S. M., Garrettsville, Ohio, U.S.A. 
J.C., v., April, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 14 


Madison, Jas., 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham. 


Mansel SBleydell js C-> Delta be oeenGe S.5 Whatcambe, Blandford, 
Dorset. 


Marquand, Ernest D., M.A., Alphington, Exeter. 

Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay. 

Masefield, J. R. B., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 

Mason, Philip B., M, R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Burton-on- Trent. 
McKean, eoamerh 1nIU Sb, Gommrerieial Warham Road, Croydon. 
McMuttrie, Rev. Jas., M.A. 14, Inverleith Road, Edinburgh. 

Mellor, Geo. W., 7, Second Avenue, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham. 
Melvill, Jas. Cosmo., M.A., F.L.S., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich. 

Milnes, Rev. H., M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby. 

Morgan, J. Bickerton, 30, Severn Street, Welshpool. 

Nelson, Wm., Freehold Street, York Road, Leeds. 

Newstead, A. H. L., Roseacre, Epping. 

North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Micklegate, York. 

Oldham, Genes Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey. 

Parke, Geo. H., F.L.S., F.G.S., Infield Ledge, Furness Abbey. 

Parry, Col. G. S.. jonton United Service Club, London, S.W. 

Peal, Chas. N., F. R.M.5., Fernhurst, Maltoch Lane, Ealing. 

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, B.A., Millbrook, near Southampton. 
Pidgeon, D., Assoc. Inst.C.E., F.G.S., Holmwood, Putney Hill, London. 
Pierson, C. H., 16, Brunswick Place, Leeds. 

Pocock, Thomas W., J.P., Glenridge, Virginia Water, Staines. 
Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 4, Halkin Street, Grosvenor Place, S. W. 
Quilter, H. E., 4, Cedar Road, Leicester. 

Ramage, John, 20, Hill Street, Dundee. 

Reader, T. W., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, London, N. 
Redding, J. R., 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin. 

Reed, James T. T., L.R.C.P. & S. Edin., Ryhope, Sunderland. 
Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire, 

Rhodes, Frederick, 26, East View, Eccleshill, near Bradford. 

Roberts, George, Lofthouse, near Leeds. 

Robertson, David, F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport, N.B. 
Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F,L.S.. Sunny Bank, Leeds, 

Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester. 

Rope, George Thomas, Blaxhall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. 

Saunders, Ed., F.L.S., St. Ann’s, Mason’s Hill, Bromley, Kent. 
Scharff, Robert F,, Ph.D., B.Sc., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. 
> S@lation, Ay IIo 1X55 iSut Street, Teignmouth. 

Scott, Thomas, manent Board, Central Laboratory, Edinburgh University. 
Shaw, Alexander, 56, Dover Street, Glasgow. 

Shrubsole, George Wm., Town Hall Square, Chester. 

Skilton, (Mrs.) M., 21, London Road, Brentford. 
Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, Herefordshire. 
Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, South Kensington. 
Smout, CTheulles t,, 8, aan Street, Hastings. 

Somerville, Alex., B.Sc., F.L.S., 34, Granby Terrace, Hillhead, Giecon 


314 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Somerville, Rev. J. E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terr., Iillhead, Glasgow. 

Sowerby, G. B., 121, Fulham Road, London, S.W. 

Standen, Robert, Industrial Schools, Swinton, near Manchester. 

Stanley, Frederick, 6, Clifton Gardens, Margate. 

Steel, James, 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow. 

Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester. 

Storrs, Godwyn, Sandown Vicarage, Isle of Wight. 

Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, 9, Belvedere, Weymouth. 

Taylor, (Miss) H. L., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby. 

Taylor, Jno. W., F.L.S., Sovereign Street, Leeds. 

Taylor, J. M. B., Free Museum, Paisley, N.B. 

Tomlin, J. R. B., B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester. 

Turner, Rev. Wm., 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh. 

Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham. 

Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph.D., 9, Seymour Street, Bath. 

Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge. 

Watson, Rev. R. Boog, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church Manse, 
Cardross, Dumbartonshire. 

Webb, F. B., Church Terrace, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 

Whitwell, Wm., Roslin, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W. 

Williams, J. W., B.A., D.Sc., 51, Park Village East, London, N.W. 

Wood, Jas. Wm., 2, Windsor Terrace, Bedford. 

Woodward, B. B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 23, Batoum Gardens, West Kensing- 
ton Park, S. W. 

Wotton, F. W., Adamsdown Post Office, Cardiff. 

Wright, Bryce M., F.R.G.S., 54, Guildford Street, Russell Square, London. 


—_——— 8 


Note onaparasitic mite of Testacella scutulum 
Sow.—While examining a specimen of 7° scutulum from Belvoir, 
under a powerful pocket lens, I noticed one or two parasitic 
acart (mites) crawling about the underside of the body. They 
were minute, and could scarcely be seen with the naked eye. 
With some difficulty, I got one under the microscope, and with 
a ¥ inch obj., they presented the following characters, so far as 
I am able to describe them. The body was round, white and 
shining, the mouth having cephalic appendages forming 
“chelicera:,” four pairs of ambulatory legs, each of which was 
5-jointed, the apical joint being elongated, and ending with 
small claws. The legs and thoraco-abdomen were covered with 
hairs.—H. E. QuiLTer, Leicester. 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY 315 


NOTICE OF A MONSTROSITY OF BYTHINIA 
TENTACULATA. 


By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. 


Zoological Department, British Museum. 


1b. We, 30s, 277. 
Ir is a recognised fact that most shells are subject to more or 
less variation in many respects, and that the limits of variation 
and the passage into forms, which may be called monstrous, are 
not clearly defined. 

Although several varieties of Aythinia tentaculata have 
been indicated by several authors I have not been able to 
discover any mention of a monstrosity of this species. 

In 1830 Menke named four varieties :—(a) ventricosa ; (b) 
producta ; (c) torta (a. major, b. minor); (d) obtusa. Ten years 
later Garnier created a fifth, var. curta; Morch has termed a 
sixth form, var. gzgas ; Jeffreys has designated two others, var. 
decollata and var. excavata respectively, and it is possible other 
authors may have employed other equally useless varietal names. 

All these terms have reference to variation in form, and 
the specimen under consideration also presents an extreme 
deviation from the normal contour of the species. The spire 
is remarkably depressed, the apex being elevated not more than 
a twenty-fourth of an inch above the body-whorl. The volutions 
are very narrow, convex, and involute above so as to produce a 
remarkably channelled suture. ‘The last whorl is broad at the 
upper part and obtusely angled at the periphery, producing 
somewhat squarish aspect. The aperture is altogether of an 
abnormal form, and being much narrowed above has an elongate 
pyriform appearance. 

The tout ensemble of the shell is so very unlike the typical 
form of the species that it was pronounced by two conchologists 
to whom I submitted it (not informing them of its locality) to 
belong to the Budlide/ In texture and colour, however, it is 


316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


quite normal, and within the lip, the ledge or ridge which sup- 
ported the operculum (unfortunately not preserved) is partly 
developed. 

The specimen was found in the River Cam, not far from 
Cambridge, by the Rev. E. S. Dewick, M.A., F.G.S., who has 
kindly presented it to the British Museum. 

IS a Oe 

Helix lapicida (L) var. allbina (Menke) in Derbyshire. 
—T] have in my collection two specimens of the above variety, 
differing only in the uniform greenish-white colour from the 
typical farm. Both were given me some few years ago by the 
late Mr. Thomas Glover, of Manchester, who found a colony of 
them, all precisely similar in appearance, on the limestone near 
Matlock on August 16th,*1879. Though not unfrequent in 
some parts of the continent of Europe, this variety seems to be 
hardly known in England. I should much like to know of 
other records. At the time of the publication of Jeffreys’ 
‘British Conchology (1865) it was evidently quite unknown in 
this country.—J. Cosmo MELVILL. 


Helix lapicida monst. scalaris Charp. in Derbyshire. 
—This monstrosity, which has a decidedly elevated spire, whorls 
much separated, and sutures deep, was found by Mr. J. Allen 
Howe while collecting during 1887 at Matlock Bath, Derby- 
shire.—[Rerv.] H. MILNEs. | 


Otina otis var. alba at Newquay.—Although Newquay 
is perhaps the most unproductive coast, as regards marine shells, 
which I have ever visited, specimens of Of/za otis Turt. var. 
alba occur in considerable numbers and of large size. They 
occur in caves, associated with Alexia bidentata Mont. I have 
taken the type at Tintagel and at the Lizard, as well as in the 
Scilly Islands.—|Rev.] A. H. Cooxe. 


J.C., v., April, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 317 


Obituary.—Mr.. Andrew Garrett. 


Mr. Andrew Garrett, the celebrated conchologist, died at 
his residence, Huahine, Society Island, on the 1st of November, 
1887, in the 65th year of his age. For some months past he 
had suffered from cancer in the face, which brought about his 
death. Mr. Garrett was the third child in a family of fourteen, 
and was born on the gth of April, 1823, in Beaver-street, Albany, 
New York, U.S.A. His mother was one Joanna Van Nean 
Campaneaux, a native of Belgium, of good education, and speak- 
ingseveral languages ; his father being Francis Garrett, a Canadian. 
Both parents lived to old age, the mother attaining seventy-two 
years, and the father eighty-four. The early life of Andrew 
Garrett was spent in Vermont State, where he verysoon manifested 
a decidedscientific turn of mind. On one occasion at eight years 
of age he left home without warning to visita museumsome hundred 
miles away, which having accomplished he returned home again 
in safety. He had agreat fondness for travel, and to satisfy the 
longing he went to sea at the age of 18. Asa shell collector 
he made his first acquaintance with the South Pacific in 1848, 
and in 1852 adopted that island-studded ocean as his special 
field of research. Since that time Mr. Garrett has visited 
almost every island of note in the South Pacific, spending con- 
siderable time in each group. His studies not only embraced 
the mollusca, but also birds, fishes, botany, &c. For one period 
of ten years he was professionally engaged in the interests of 
the Goddefroy Museum, Hamburg, during which time was 
published Andrew Garrett’s “ Fische der Stidsee,” edited by Dr. 
Albert Ginther, of the British Museum. | Mr. Garrett was also 
for a time associated with Prof. Agassiz. In addition to visiting 
and residing in every group of islands of the South Pacific, Mr. 
Garrett explored many parts of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 
of South America, the East and West Indies, the Sandwich 
Islands, &c. His diligence and knowledge soon established 
him as an authority amongst conchologists. Mr. Garrett’s 


318 OBITUARY. 


private collection of shells (now on sale) consists of over 
eight thousand species, and more than thirty thousand 
examples, representing almost every known part of the globe. 
Of this large collection, Mr. Garrett has himself collected some 
four thousand species. The deceased was a corresponding 
member of the California Academy of Sciences, and Phila- 
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The following is a list 
of Mr. Garrett’s principal writings :—In “ Proceedings of Zool. 
Soc., London”: “ List of Mitridz collected at Rarotonga, Cook’s 
Isles,” ‘Descriptions of two new species of Separatista,’ 
‘Descriptions of two new species of Coecum,” “ Description 
of a new species of Scissurella,” ‘‘On the terrestrial mollusca 
of the Viti Islands.” In the ‘Journal of Conchology ”: 
“ Occurrence of Cvepidula aculeata at the Marquesas Islands,” 
“Occurrence of Gadinia reticulata in Fastern Polynesia,” 
“‘ Annotated catalogue of the species of Conus collected in the 
South Sea Islands,” “Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitride; 
with remarks on their geographical distribution, station, and 
description of supposed new species,” “‘ Annotated catalogue of 
the Cypreeidz collected in the South Sea Islands.” In the 
‘Bull. Soc. Malacologique de France”: ‘On the terrestrial 
mollusca of the Marquesas Islands.” In “ American Journal 
of Conchology,” vol. vii.: ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Land 
and Freshwater Shells from the South Sea Islands,” “ List 
of Viti Bulimi- and descriptions of new species.” In 
“Proceedings of the California Academy Nat. Sciences” : 
“ Descriptions of new species of shells inhabiting the Sandwich 
Islands,” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of fishes inhabiting the 
Sandwich Islands,” “‘ Descriptions of new species of South Sea 
Shells.” In “Proc. of Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia” : 
‘“‘ On the terrestrial moliusca inhabiting Cook’s Islands, Society 
Islands, and Samoan group,” “ List of Land Shells inhabiting 
Rurutu (one of the Austral Islands), with remarks on their 
synonyms and geographical range,” and several other papers. 


J.C., v., April, 1883, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 319 


TROPHON TRUNCATUS (StrR6M.), var. SCALARS 
JerFrR. ON THE WEST OF SCOTLAND. 


By Ay SOMERVILLE. BSc.) FAL-S: 


(Read before the Conchological Society, February rst, 1888.) 


In October, 1887, I had the privilege of some dredging at 
Iona, and, in forty-fathom water, south of the Soay Isles, on a 
bottom of shelly gravel, where Pectunculus valves were plentiful, 
and Zrophon truncatus (Strom.), (the type), Defrancia linearis 
(Mont.), Wassa incrassata (Strom.), &c. were tolerably common, 
I obtained a dead Trophon shell of striking appearance. I 
forwarded it to Mr. J. T. Marshall who was able to identify it 
as var. scalaris, Jeffr. of Z: truncatus (Strom.), his decision 
being amply confirmed on a comparison of the shell with some 
Norwegian examples belonging to the collection of the late Mr. 
Robert Bell, London, and kindly lent to me by his brother, 
Mr. Alfred Bell. 

This variety is described and beautifully figured in G. O. 
Sars’ work on the Mollusca of Norway, (Christiania, 1878), in 
which it bears the name given to it by Lovén, of var. Gunneri 
of Z. clathratus, Z., (a type not now inhabiting British seas, 
though occurring in glacial and post-glacial beds), he having 
considered it as a variety of that species. Dr. Jeffreys, in 
referring to the variety (‘ British Conchology,’ vol. iv. p. 320), 
and comparing it with 7. ¢runcatus, of which he considered it a 
form, says that its ‘‘ribs are deeper” than those of the type and 
that “they are also abruptly truncated and crested at the top of 
each whorl.” | : 

The occurrence of this shell on the West Coast of Scotland 
is interesting, as, previously, it has not been met with further 
south than in Shetland waters, It is to be hoped that some one 


320 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


may, ere long, take it alive in the quarter where this dead 
specimen was obtained, and so establish the species as one 
belonging to the West of Scotland. 

On referring to the Rey. Canon Norman’s papers on the 
Mollusca of Norway which appeared in the ‘Journal of Con- 
chology’ in 1879, I observe that the shell now under notice is 
said to be met with off the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Green- 
land, indicating, with Norway and the Shetlands, a wide North- 
Atlantic and Arctic distribution. 


a 


-Note on the occurrence of Testacella scutulum 
Sow. in Leicestershire.—Through the kindness of W. Ingram, 
Esq., of Belvoir gardens, I have been able to forward to Mr. J. W. 
Taylor, of Leeds, specimens from there, which he has identified as 
Testacella scutulum Sow. As this record is of interest, some further 
particulars respecting it may be useful. The specimens were 
found hibernating nearly eighteen inches underground, during 
the removal of some masses of rock forming part of a waterfall 
in the gardens of Belvoir Castle, about January 18th, 1888. I 
am informed that these Testacellz are not at all rare, specimens 
being found every season, either above ground devouring worms, 
centipedes, etc., or during excavations, particularly when 
breaking up fresh ground. ‘They are generally found in hitherto 
undisturbed ground, rather heavy and moist, and have been 
noticed for the past twelve years. The Testacellee have been 
found in various portions of the estate, within an area of at 
least a mile, and Mr. Ingram expresses it as his opinion that it 
is decidedly indigenous. - Belvoir castle and gardens are situated 
in the extreme north-east corner of the county of Leicester, the 
castle itself crowning a small outlier of the Marlstone Rock bed 
of the Middle Lias, the soil of the gardens being the result of 
the decomposition of the clays of the same formation.—H. E. 
QUILTER. 


J.C., v., April, 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY 321 


ON THE ARTICLE PURPURA IN TRYON’S 
‘MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.’ 


By ALFRED HANDS COOKE, M.A., 


Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, February rst, 1888.) 


Mr. Tryon’s ‘Manual of Conchology’ has been received by 
the scientific world with the respect due to so great a work. 
The man who attempts* so herculean a task as to figure and 
describe every known shell, deserves the gratitude of all students 
of conchology. Yet, without in the least detracting from the 
acknowledgements due to the distinguished author of the 
volumes, the opinion may safely be expressed that, in all proba- 
bility, the work would have been better done had it been en- 
trusted to more hands. So far as I have at present observed, 
out of eight volumes that have appeared, only part of one (the 
Cyprezeidze) is the work of a collaborator. A practical student 
of shells is apt to become convinced that a prolonged study is 
insufficient to master the problems connected with even a single 
genus; how much more must this be the case with the mono- 
srapher of all the known genera? It was inevitable, therefore, 
at the outset, that Mr. Tryon’s work should be, in a certain 
sense, a failure, simply because he attempted single-handed a 
task which might well have occupied the brains and energies of 
fifty men. 

Although several of what may be called congratulatory 
notices of the work have appeared—notably those by Kobelt in 
the ‘Jahb. der Malak. Gesellsch.’, by M. Crosse in the ‘ Journal 
de Conchyliologie,’ and by an author in the ‘ Journal of Con- 
chology ’—nothing in the way of detailed criticism by students 


* Since this paper was written, the news of the lamented death of 
Mr. Tryon has reached us. It has been thought best to make no alterations 
in a criticism of what every student must know to he'a very difficult piece of 


work, 
Ves: 


322 COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 


of particular genera has at present fallen in my way. I venture 
therefore to offer the following notes on the genus Purpura 
proper, in the hope that the example may be followed by other 
students better qualified than myself to pronounce on other 
genera. 


Vol. II. p. 160.—P. persica L. ‘P. inerma Reeve does 
not differ.’ 

This is a serious error. Tryon has been misled by the 
somewhat patulous mouth and the dashes of white on the body 
whorl of zzerma, which, zz a figure, suggest a momentary rem- 
iniscence of fersica. He cannot have seen shells named from 
the type, which is as different as possible from ferséca in sculp- 
ture (particularly of the spire) and coloration. The outer lip 
of persica is invariably deeply stained inside with chestnut, 
while the whorls are ringed with narrow bands in which white 
and chocolate succeed one another with great regularity. 
Neither of these characteristics are present in zverma, which 
has also a much higher spire. I regard the species (¢zerma, by 
the way, is a strange mistake for vermis, ze. ‘destitute of 
tubercles’) as a non-tuberculated variety of P. déserialis Blainv., 
which is the West Coast American form of haemastoma L. The 
locality, unknown to Reeve, is probably Ecuador. A tablet in 
the British Museum gives Bay of Panama (Cuming), where I 
can vouch for its not occurring. D’Orbigny’s collection in the 
same museum contains specimens (labelled P. haemastoma) 
said to be from Brazil, but it is very doubtful whether this form 
of haemastoma occurs on the Western shores of the Atlantic. 

I do not advance this view of the true position of zmerma 
without having examined hundreds of specimens of P. dcserialis, 
and it must be recollected that the Purpura group is peculiarly 
liable to variation in the tubercles with which so many of the 
species are decorated. 


Page 161.—P. columellaris Lam. ‘ P. leucostoma Desh. 
does not present any well-marked distinctive characters.’ 


J.C., v., July, 1888, 


COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 323 


Tryon banishes to his index the important fact that P. Zeu- 
costoma is a Bourbon shell, described by Deshayes in his 
‘Conch. de l’ Ile de Réunion,’ p. 116. Nor does he attempt 
to explain why L. columellaris, a shell confined to a restricted 
portion of the West Coast of Central America and to the 
Galapagos, should turn up in the middle of the Indian Ocean 
and nowhere else. ‘The distribution of the Purpuree is very 
well marked, and in every case continuous, and not a single 
example occurs of a break in the area of distribution. This 
fact alone is decisive of the non-identity of the two species. 
LP. leucostoma has never again been recognised; it may be 
doubted whether it is a Purpura at all. 

Page 162.—P. hippocastaneum Lam. ‘ P. bitubercularis 
Lam. is merely a black WAVING cedeonede it has no distinctive 
characters in the tuberculation.’ 

Few will care to follow Tryon in his union of these two 
species. Indeed, as I have never met a single conchologist 
who agreed with him on this point, but many who condemned 
him, it is needless to discuss the matter at length. It is a curi- 
ous fact that he does not figure the typical Azppocastaneum at all. 
Many of his figures are copied from Kiener, and Kiener figures 
as hippocastaneum am. an undoubted specimen of bctubercularts. 
The true Aippocastaneum Lam. (that of Linné being by universal 
consent incapable of determination) is admirably figured by 
Reeve, ‘Conch. Ic.,’ pl. vili., fig. 34c, and differs completely 
from ditubercularis. ‘Yhis difference is most marked in a point 
where Tryon says there is ‘no distinctive character,’ viz., in 
the tuberculation. The tubercles of Azppocastaneum are always 
more or less foliated, those of d¢tubercularis never. 

This error naturally involves others. PP. savigny¢ Desh. 
and P. distinguenda Dunk. are varieties of db¢¢ubercularis, not of 
hippocastaneum. LP. intermedia Kien. is a variety not of bztuber- 
cularis but of pica Bl. A much worse blunder follows. /P. 
ocellata Kien. is stated to be the young of P. ¢ztermedia Kien. 


324 COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 


One would have thought it impossible for any conchologist who 
had read Kiener’s description of his oce//a/a, and looked at his 
figure (copied by Tryon), to avoid recognising in it the young’ 
of the well-known MMJonoceros brevidentatum Gray. Indeed, 
Tryon himself appears at one time to have seen this, for in his 
Index he gives P. ocellata Kien. (t. 37, f. 86) as—=dMonoceros 
brevidentatum. But in the very next line he says P. ocellata. 
Kien. (t. 37, f. 86)=P. Aippocastaneum var. This is somewhat 
bewildering. But as he does not under Jon. brevidentatum 
(p. 194) recognise ocel/ata Kien. asa synonym, we must conclude 
that he holds to the opinion expressed on page 162, an opinion 
manifestly erroneous. 

The locality ‘Panama’ for dctubercularis, quoted on Cum- 
ing’s authority, is incorrect. The species ranges from Suez and 
Aden (as the var. saviguyi) to N. Australia and the S. Pacific 
(type); also to Japan. No Polynesian Purpura occurs on the 
western coasts of America. 


Page 163.—P. ftumulosa Reeve. ‘The adult specimen 
(P. bronnz)...1s remarkable...’ 

This implies that ¢e/z/osa is an immature shell, and that 
Bronni is the full-grown form. An examination of the type of 
tumulosa at the British Museum shows that it is by no means 
an immature shell, but is, on the contrary, stout and thickened 
with age. It is, further, a very remarkable, almost monstrous 
variety of P. drtubercularts, in which the tubercles are rounded 
and of enormous size, almost entirely covering the surface of 
the body whorl. Save for the fact that it, too, possesses 
tubercles, P. dvoznt is absolutely distinct. It is scarcely even a 
variety, but only a somewhat smaller form, of Zw¢eostoma Chem. 


Page 163.—P. armigera Chem. ‘FP. affinis Reeve is the 


Reeve describes and figures (‘ Conch. Ic.,’ f. 77) as affines 
a shell manifestly adult. 477s is a dwarf, not a young, form 
of armigera. 


J.C., v., July, 1888, 


COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 325 


Page 164.—P. mancinella L. ‘P. aegrota Reeve...is one 
of these intermediate forms’ [between mancinella and echinata]. 

This is another guess from the look of the figure, in which 
a touch of yellow at the lips might suggest a reminiscence of 
mancinella, Aegrota, however, when the type is consulted, 
turns out to be a very remarkable variety of textiliosa Lam., in 
which the spire is somewhat produced, and blunt tubercles are 
formed on the shoulder of the body whorl, while the yellow 
colour almosts always present on the lip of ¢extz/iosa is slightly 
deepened. Although the perfect form of aegvota is exceedingly 
rare, I have noticed specimens of éexti/dosa with incipient 
tubercles, which form a passage to that form. 

Iam at a loss to understand whence Tryon has derived 
his locality, ‘W. Coast Central America’ and ‘ Peru’ for man- 
cinella. It inhabits the coasts of the Indian Ocean from Natal 
and Aden to N. Australia and S. Polynesia, but never occurs 
on the American coasts. 


Page 166.—P. rustica Lam. ‘P. marmorata Pease appears 
to be the same species.’ 

This again looks as if Tryon could not have seen speci- 
mens of marmorata. What that species really is I do not pre- 
tend to be able to determine. Not more than a dozen specimens 
appear ever to have been found (they were dead shells collected 
by Mr. Andrew Garrett), and those that I have seen are in such 
wretched condition from the scraping and oiling process which 
they have undergone that it is impossible to pronounce upon 
them, except that they bear no affinity to rustica Lam. 


Page 167.—P. haemastoma \y var. undata Lam. ‘ By 
common consent the usual W. Indian manifestation of P. hae- 
mastoma bears this name, although the form which it character- 
izes 1s equally common on the W. Coast of America.’ 

Into the vexed question of the identification of the La- 
marckian P. wndata I do not propose to enter, although I suspect 
that ‘common consent’ is here at fault. But it is incorrect to 


326 COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 


say that the W. Indian form now generally known as wndata 
Lam. is ‘equally common on the W. Coast of America.’ The 
W. Indian and W. American forms may have a common 
origin, but at present they are completely distinct, and no one 
who has given careful study to large series of specimens could 
possibly confound them. Carpenter worked out the synonymy 
and the distribution of the various forms in his Catalogue of 
Mazatlan Shells (p. 477). Reeve, by figuring as Lamarck’s 
wndata an undoubted specimen of dzserialzs Blainv. (the W. 
coast form of haemastoma), and C. B. Adams, by identifying 
this same form (‘ Panama Shells,’ pp. 80 —81) with wxdata Lam. 
have both contributed to the confusion and perhaps led Tryon 


astray. 


Page 169.—P. haemastoma VL. var. Blainvillet Desh. ‘To 
this form belong...P. /anellz Kien.’ 
P. Janelli Kien., is a Cantharus ! 


Page 178.—‘ P. nux Reeve=Murex Edwardst Payr.’ 
Such an astonishingly bad guess as this carries its own 


refutation. 


Page 200.-—‘ Cuma purpuroides D’Orb. (=C. fusiformis 
Blainy.). This well-known species...is said to have a fusoid 
operculum, it will therefore be described and figured in Vol. 
III. of this work.’ 

Turning to Vol. III. p. 109, we read :— 

‘ Melongena fustformis Blainv. ‘This shell is apparently 
very closely related to Cuma kiosguiformis, but the operculum, 
according to D’Orbigny, is not purpuroid...... I cannot help 
thinking that the great French naturalist was mistaken as to the 
operculum.’ 

The conviction steadily gains ground that Tryon cannot 
possibly have seen some of the shells about which he writes. 
‘The idea of suggesting that a shell with a stout bushy epidermis 
could be a Purpura! The idea of venturing to contradict the 


J.C., v., July, 1888. 


COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 2 


man who had himself gathered the shell in its native haunts by 
dozens, and in whose collection they may still be seen, with 
their claw-shaped opercula to testify to his entire and unassail- 
able correctness of observation ! 


Page 200.—C. carinifera Iam. ‘ Philippines, Ascension 
Isles, St. Helena.’ 

The last two of these localities rest on no valid authority. 
Tryon no doubt puts them down to carinifera on the strength 
of the misidentification dealt with in the next paragraph. 


Page 202.—C. muricina Blainv. ‘A number of authors 
have assigned this species erroneously to Cuma, among them 
Pease (‘Am. Jour. Conch.,’ IV., i.), who quotes among the 
synonyms P. ¢furbinata Blainv., which—=Cuma carinifera Lam.’ 

_ This is a remarkable instance of the effect of haste upon 
Tryon’s work. In the first place Pease, in the passage referred 
to, never mentions a P. /urbinata Bl., because there is no such 
shell. There is a ¢urbinordes Blainv., and it is to this that 
Pease refers. In the second place, P. ¢urbinoides Blainv. does 
not equal cariutfera Lam. Turbinotdes Blainv. is the same 
shell as ¢hzarella Quoy (‘ Voy. Astr.,’ pl. 39, figs. 4, 5, 6), indeed 
Blainville refers to Quoy’s figure of ¢Azare//a as illustrating his 
turbinoides. Tryon (probably without examining the figure or 
description) jumps to the conclusion that ¢hzarel/a Quoy equals 
thiarella Lam., which latter is a form of ca7zzzfera Lam., hence 
his conclusion ‘ P. furbinata Blainv.==Cuma carinifera Lam.’ 

It should in fairness be added that Quoy makes the same 
mistake of supposing that his ¢#arel/a is the thiarella of La- 
marck, a mistake which a study of Quoy’s figures and description 
- will at once correct. 


Page 244.—‘ P. muricina Kien., t. 6, f. 136=Murex dubius 
Sowb.’ 

Another unhappy guess. Kiener is perfectly correct in his 
figure of a very young shell of muricina Blainv. (=turbinoides 


328 COOKE: ON THE GENUS PURPURA. 


Blainv.), in which state the tubercles are much more erect and 
spinose, and the shell much more produced at both ends, than 
in the adult form. 


Page 252.—‘ P. rupestris Val. ‘Voy. Venus,’ t. 9, f. =P. 
lapillus L. var? 

Valenciennes’ P. rufestris has been correctly regarded as a 
form of s¢rzaza Mart., with a somewhat patulous mouth. But 
Tryon, not content with upsetting the received opinion without 
a word of discussion, actually figures this very same shell (of 
which t. 9, figs. 1 and ra in the ‘ Venus Atlas’ obviously re- 
present the back and front views) as a JWonoceros, anda synonym 
of AZ. lugubre Sowb. (p. 285, pl. 60, f. 293)! Who will venture 
to explain how the front view of 2. rupestris Val. can be AZonoceros 
lugubre Sowb., while the back view is -P. /apellus L.? 


Page 256.—‘ FP. stellarts Hombr. and Jacq.- ‘ Voy. Astr.,’ 
22, f. 13, 14==Cuma rugosa Born.’ 

This identification is open to serious doubt. The authors’ 
description of the sculpture of s¢ed/arzs by no means corresponds 
with that of any form of the variable 7ugosa Born. (=sacellum 
Chem.). To me, sze//ar’s H. and J. looks far more like cuspidata 
Ad. and Reeve, which latter, by the way, no one who has seen 
the types will agree with Tryon (p. 163) in regarding as the 
young of pica Blainv. 

Page 256.—‘ Buccinum striatum Mart. ‘ Univ. Conch.’ 
pl. 7=P. succincta Mart.’ 

Martyn’s figure of his s¢ra¢a, if not magnified (it is over 
two inches in length), is. certainly very near to his succincta. But 
the shell now generally recognised as s¢réata Mart. is entirely 
different from szcc’xcfa, not merely in size and in the character 
of the ribbing and intersticial striz, but also in such an important 
point as the dentition. I am informed by my friend, Mr. H. 
M. Gwatkin, of St. John’s College, that in the case of P. succincla 
the central tooth has one large notched tooth on each side, al- 


J.C., v., July, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 320 


most equal in size to the central, crenulations beyond ; while 
in the case of P. striata there are two small teeth, not notched, 
on either side of the central. This constitutes a radical differ- 
ence of dentition. 


Page 261.—‘ P. Woldemarit Kien.=Tritonidea, 

In Vol. III. we vainly search for Woldemarii as a Triton- 
tdea, but we find it set down as a Cominel/a. Even then, the 
identification seems unfortunate, as Tryon makes P. Woldemarii 
equal (. maculata Mart. Kiener’s figure is far more like C. 
Limbora Lan. 


a 


Helix revelata at Newquay.—A list of the land 
shells of Newquay, Cornwall, published in the “ Journal of 
Conchology” for 1887, pp. 164—166 by Mr. J. H. James, 
does not include the above shell. I found felzx reve- 
lata at Newquay last summer, in its usual habitat, viz., high 
grassy downs facing, or not far from the sea. I do not think 
the shell has been previously recorded from the north coast 
of Cornwall. <A few years ago I searched for it at the Lizard. 
For five days my quest was fruitless, until at last I happened 
to pick up a dead shell of HZ aspfersa, inside of which was a 
living specimen of H. revelata.—|Rev.] A. H. Cooxe. 


Limnea truncatula floating.—I was much interested 
in Mr. Nelson’s remarks, respecting the floating habits of the 
Limnezidz, contained in his paper on ‘ A Day’s Collecting near 
Howden, Yorks.,’ on page 263, ante. Like Mr. Nelson I have 
never seen ZL. auricularia in the act of floating; I remember, 
however, while waiting near Authorpe railway station in Lincoln- 
shire for the arrival of Mr. Roebuck whom I was to meet there, 
noticing a good number of molluscs floating on the: surface of 
the water in a small pond, and on procuring some of them they 
proved to be unusually large specimens of Z. ¢runcatula.—H. 
WatLLis Kew, 13th February, 13888. 


330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON THE RE-DISCOVERY OF 
PLANORBIS MULTIVALVIS. Cast, ann PLANORBIS 
TRUNCATUS MILEs. 


By BRYANT WALKER, DetroirT, U.S.A. 


In 1847 Case described the Planorbis multivalvis from specimens 
received from ‘Captain Stanard who found it in the northern 
part of Michigan.’ A single example received from Mr. Case 
by Dr. Gould and deposited in the Smithsonian Museum was 
apparently the only specimen preserved. And for forty years 
no further trace of the species has been observed. During the 
summer of 1887, however, it was the good fortune of Dr. M. L. 
Leach of Travuse City, Michigan, while collecting at Marl Lake 
Roscommon County, Michigan, to bring to light again the long- 
lost species. <A couple of dozen specimens were found, 
most of which have come into my possession. Some of them 
were submitted to the late Geo. W. Tryon, Jun., of the Phila- 
delphia Academy of Sciences, and the identification with Case’s 
species was approved by him. Compared with P. campanulatus 
Say this form is broader and not so high, owing to the rounded 
shape of the whorls. The hump directly opposite the aperture, 
and which forms the most striking part of the original figure, 
only occurs in a small proportion of the specimens, and 
when present the last half whorl is irregular and distorted almost 
as though diseased. It would seem as though the animal 
having completed its shell was, through some unforeseen con- 
tingency, compelled to continue it another half whorl and pro- 
ceeded to do so in a very haphazard sort of way. It is perhaps 
doubtful whether this species will prove to be more than a 
strongly-marked local form of P. campanilatus Say, but that it 
is entitled to varietal rank at least seems unquestionable. 
Planorbis truncatus was described by Dr. Miles, State 
Geologist, in 1861, from specimens found in Saginaw Bay in 
the north-eastern part of the state. So far as I know none but 


J.C., v., July, 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 331 


the type specimens have hitherto been found. I have recently 
received from Prof. W. N. Androus, of Elk Rapids, specimens 
of this species from the Elk River, Antrim County. These 
specimens are quite typical and there can be no doubt of the 
identification. This discovery is interesting, as tending to 
establish the validity of the species by giving it a range across 
the whole northern portion of the state, and at the same time 
showing that it retains through that range its peculiar character- 
istics. 


———_—- > <=> 


Helix pisana var. minor Bourg.—Some little time ago 
Mr. C. Jeffrey, of Tenby, kindly sent me a number of small 
specimens (collected in that neighbourhood) of this species, the 
bulk of which answered exactly to Bourguignat’s description, 
which fixes the larger diameter as 15 mill. One of the speci- 
mens is exceptionally minute and in its greatest width only 
reaches ro mill.—Jno. W. Tavtor, May 2oth, 1888. 

Respiration of Ancylus fluviatilis.—According to the 
text-books there appears to be a difficulty in accounting for the 
manner in which this species obtains its supply of air, and not 
having seen an explanation, I wish to offer the following 
suggestion for the consideration of the readers of this journal. 
As the minute vegetation on which this mollusk feeds is during 
the hours of day, constantly giving off small bubbles of nearly 
pure oxygen, these may easily be received into the air-chamber 
and retained for the purpose of respiration, this gas being five 
times as effective as compared with atmospheric air, a very small 
portion only would be needed for the animal’s use.—W. A. GAIN, 
M.C.S., May 18th, 1888. 


Unio pictorum var. latior Jeffr. in Lancashire.— 
Mr. R. Standen has recently given me a specimen of Unz0 
pictorum found in the canal at Burnley by Dr. Long which is 
referable to this variety.—JNo. W. TayLor, May roth, 1888. 


332 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


NOTES ON MITRA (COSTELLARIA) RUGOSA 
(SWAINSON). 


By JAMES COSMO MELVILLE, M.A., F.L.S. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1887). 


In an appendix to the Catalogue of the celebrated collection of 
shells belonging to the Earl of ‘Tankerville, dispersed in 1825, 
the elder Mr. Sowerby gave short accounts of a few of the rarer 
or more Curious species there contained. Amongst them is to 
be found a fair description of the then as now unique mollusc, 
Mitra rugosa (Swainson), which was numbered 2097 in the 
catalogue. It is worth while transcribing this as follows, pp. 
XXVIl. XXVIII. :-— 

“WM. testa, subfusiformi, perforata, turrita, rugosa, decus- 
“ satim sulcata ; anfractibus angulatis, anfractu basali medio 


“ contracto, bast subrecurva.” 


‘Shell. subfusiform, perforated, turreted, rough with 
““ decussated grooves, whorls angulated, basal whorl contracted 
“ in the middle, base subrecurved.” 


~ ORSam lube shape of this curious species comes nearest 
“‘ to that of JZ. costel/arts, but the spire is longer in proportion, 
‘“‘and the basal part less contracted. The whole shell is 
“rendered very rough by numerous deep grooves, which are 
‘* decussated at nearly equal distances ; the interstices resemble 
“‘ excavated hollows, and make the elevated parts granulated ; 
‘‘ the volutions are obtusely angulated, and the middle of the 
“ body whori contracted. Throat striated ; outer lip crenated, 
““ base slightly recurved, pillar five-plaited, colour pale, slightly 
“clouded with brown. Length 1,4 in.” 


Thus wrote Mr. Sowerby, and his description is so accurate 
as hardly to need comment. We should hardly, however, have 
compared the shell before us to JZ. costellaris (Lam.). 


J.C v., July, 1888: 


MELVILL: ON MITRA RUGOSA. 333 


Mr. Lovell Reeve, in September 1844, published Plate xiv. 
of his Monograph of Mitra in the ‘ Conch. Iconica,’ and gave a 
figure (No. 1or) of the dorsal side only of this species,* which 
at that time was in the possession of the late Thomas -Nortris, 
Esq., Howick House, Preston.+ He re-wrote the description, 
in Latin and English, giving the name of the describer, how- 
ever, as Sowerby, not Swainson. A slight error in nomencla- 
ture has thus arisen, and as A@¢ra rugosa (Sowb.) is occasionally 
found in catalogues—as in Paetel’s—as a synonym of JZ 
(Lurricula) corrugata (Lamarck), the confusion is much in- 
creased. 


According to the inflexible law of priority this well-known 
species corrugata (Lamk.) is the true vugosa of Gmelin, 
Lamarck’s name having been thus antedated by some years. 
That specific title will accordingly have to be restored Tosum 
up, there is zo JZ. rugosa (Sowb.), Gmelin and Swainson being 
the only authors who selected this term for any member of the 


genus. 


The rule of priority in every other branch of natural science 
so increasingly and peremptorily recognized, must become 
equally paramount in conchology: according to its dictates a 
complete revision of molluscan nomenclature has become com- 
pulsory. It will therefore doubtless be necessary to re-christen 
Swainson’s species, and the name of that author being un- 
fortunately preoccupied by a rare species described by Mr. 
Broderip, from Columbia, I would suggest Zaskervillei, after the 
former possessor of this still unique specimen. 

Its locality is unknown, but most probably it is a native 
of Eastern seas. The true affinity of the shell lies with JZ 
angulosa (Kister) and JZ, mirabilis (Adams). 


* Sowerby, ‘ Thes. Conch. Mitra,’ pl. xxiv. fig. 533, also gives a similar 
figure. 


+ At the dispersion of that collection in 1873 it was purchased by Dr. 
Prevost, of Alengon, and, upon his death, I acquired the specimen. 


334 MELVILL: ON MITRA RUGOSA. 


My chief object, however, in calling attention to the subject 
at the present juncture is to defend its rights as a species. The 
author of the ‘Manual of Conchology,’ in what he terms a 
‘Conservative policy,’ though it had perhaps better be termed 
a Radical movement, seeks to prove this a mere variety of JZ. 
Cumingit (Reeve), a species with which it has hardly any 
relationship. I quote Mr. Tryon’s words, ‘ Manual of Con- 
chology,’ vol. iv. p. 170: “ Turricula rugosa (Sowb.) (fig. 439) 
of which only a single specimen is known, appears to differ 
[from 17. Cumingit] only in the somewhat greater prominence 
of the revolving sculpture on the body whorl. I think it the 
same species, if it is, then its priority of publication must cause 
the adoption of its name instead of that of Cumzngzt.” 


Whether the author expresses a doubt or not upon this 
subject is not very material, for this luckless shell is favoured 
with a somewhat roughly executed figure of some totally differ- 
ent species (fig. 439), while what is apparently copied from 
Reeve’s well-known figure of JZ rugosa is made to do duty for 
M. Montrouszierit (Souverbie) (fig. 440), from New Caledonia. 


This is merely one of many instances which I have been 
sorry to see marring the utility and perfection of so compre- 
hensive a work as the ‘ Manual of Conchology.’ When the 
author has been able personally to compare and trace the 
affinities between nearly allied species from long series of speci- 
mens in the Museum of the Academy, Philadelphia, his con- 
clusions are mostly weighty and, at all events, worth attention, 
but there are hundreds of shells which the public and private 
collections of this country or the continent of Europe alone 
possess ; relying here on descriptions or plates he has not so 
often been successful in the interpretation of their characteristics 
or affinities. 


There are hardly two Mitras so different from each other 
as MZ. Cumingit and MM. rugosa, and it may not be amiss to 
demonstrate briefly the more salient points of distinction ;— 


J C., v., July, 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 335 


M. Cumingit (Rve.). M. rugosa (Swains.). 

SIPBIDS cocose Distinctly ovate-oblong .......-- Fusiform attenuated. 

SONS — soneos Obtusely turreted ..............+.-- Sharply acuminate. 

Whorls...... Upper part angulated ............ Upper part depressed. 

Ribs ......... IDIGHACE . soscons000300Sna0a00DI07 29006 None; but strongly latticed 
with transverse longitudinal 
ridges. 

Columellayplounplaitedmess:.-scs.ss+ eee Five plaited. 

ILA s0083000¢ Outer lip very slightly crenate...Strongly crenate. 

base somewhat truncate ...... base recurved. 
Coloration White, with orange blotches...White; slight speckles and 
and and black interrupted re- spots of brown ; no orange 
markings volving limes ...........066 seveee or black lines. 


I have already stated what are probably the nearest allies of 
M. rugosa; as to M. Cumingti J doubt its belonging to the 
subgenus Costel/arza at all. It would rather seem akin to 
M. patriarchalis (Lam.), a handsome and well known species 
of the subgenus /usta. It is gratifying to see my views con- 
firmed by Herr Paetel, who has adopted this course in his 
‘Conchylien Sammlung,’ 1883. 


Again, while on this subject, I can hardly agree with Mr. 
Tryon in also relegating JZ clathrata (Reeve) to the rank of a 
mere variety of JZ. Cumingiz. This would appear one of the 
most constant of all the Mitras ; of the many specimens I have 
seen not one has ever seemed doubtful. The unusually deep 
cancellations between the thick, obtuse ribs, and the conspicu- 
ous brown band round the centre of each whorl, are unlike any 
Mitra excepting JV. (Costellaria) decora (Reeve), near which I 
fancy it should be placed. 


Discovery of Helix harpa Say in Switzerland.— 
Mr. A. E. Craven has recently discovered this species in some 
numbers at the Riffelalp, near Zermatt, at an elevation of 2,100 
metres, under dead wood and especially under the bark of fallen 
trees of Pinus pinea, a somewhat scarce tree in Switzerland. In 
the Palearctic region AH. harfa has been recorded previously 
from Lapland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the Amour dis- 
trict of Siberia.—J. W. Taytor, April roth, 1888. 


336 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel- 
Vierte—Siebente Lieferungen (Gebriider Paetel, Berlin). 

These four. parts, which embraces pp. 241—560, completes 
the Scalariidz, Terebridze, Pyramidellide, Eulimide, Styliferidze, 
Ceritheopsidz, Solariidz, Pleurotomariidee, Conidee, Strombidee, 
Cypreeide, Cerithide, Melaniide, Littorinide, Viviparide, 
Rissoide, Valvatide, Ampullariide, Turritellide, Czecide, 
Vermetida:, Neritidze, and Trochide. With nearly every species 
mentioned is given indication of the locality or district which it 
inhabits and a reference to the publication in which the original 
description or figure may be found.—J. W. T. 


The Shell-Collector’s Handbook for the Field, by 
J. W. Williams, M.A., D.Sc. London: Roper & Drowley, 29, 
Ludgate’ Hill, E.C. 


This is a small book intended for the pocket of the active 
Field-worker, so that he can satisfy himself on the spot of the 
name of any capture of whose identity he is in doubt. It is 
prefaced by a general anatomical description of the two types of 
our Land and Freshwater Shells—a freshwater mussel and a 
Helix. The third chapter is devoted to instructions in collect- 
ing and preserving Land and Freshwater Shells. Chapter four 


is a conspectus of the classes, orders, genera, &c., of the 
British species, and the descriptions are drawn up in a terse 
and condensed style. The remainder of the work is devoted 
to the enumeration and description of all the species and 
varieties of our British Land and Freshwater Shells known 
to the author at the time of publication, with concise 
notes upon the stations frequented. ‘The descriptive part of the 
Volume is interleaved so that the collector may make notes of 
any point of interest at once, without. waiting until his arrival 
home. A good feature of the book is the references given to 


J.C., v., July, 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY Reel 


detailed and special articles, upon subjects the author has not 
had space to treat fully upon. An ample glossary concludes the 
volume, which will (although containing some manifest errors, 
a result probably of the haste in which the work was evidently 
compiled), be found useful and handy in many ways by the busy 
and energetic collector.—J. W. T. 


ON THE SPECIFIC DISTINCTNESS 
AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF 
TESTACELLA SCUTULUM G. B. SOWERRY. 


By JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S., 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France. 


The investigations instituted by myself and Mr. Roebuck 
with the valued co-operation of Mr. C. Ashford into the 
structure and distribution of the British Land and Fresh Water 
Shells, for the forthcoming Monograph of our native species, 
has led us, amongst other interesting results, to recognise the 
specific distinctness of Z: scutulum, which discovery I think it 
desirable to place permanently on record without further delay. 


History, &c. 

The Zestacella scutulum was first separated from Z: hadiot- 
idea as a distinct species by Mr. G. B.Sowerby, in his ‘Genera 
of Recent and Fossil Shells’, published in 1823, and figured on 
Pl. 159 of that work. He described the shell as ‘7Zesta ovata, 
antice paulum acuminata, extus plana, clavicula arcuata, elevata’, 
and also remarked upon the near resemblance of the animal to 
that of Z: haliotidea, and upon the absence of the double row 
of dorsal tubercles so conspicuous in 7: maugetz. Mr. Sowerby 
was however very soon afterwards led from the just conclusion 
he had arrived at by the aid of his own judgment, as Férussac 
in the same year remarks, ‘Mr. Sowerby having discovered this 
singular mollusk in England, has erroneously considered that 
those he observed, differed from French specimens. The ex- 


338 TAYLOR: ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 


amples he had the kindness to send, has convinced us of his 
error, and he himself agrees with this view, after a fresh examina- 
tion. This conclusion of Férussac, yielded to by Mr. Sow- 
erby, was afterwards generally accepted, Dr. Gray, Forbes & 
Hanley, Dr. Jeffreys and every recent British author, regarding 
T. scutulum as only a slight variety of the better known species 
T. haliotidea. 

Afterwards, in 1856, Mr. Tapping in the ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 5105, 
re-described this species as new, under the name of Zestacella 
Medu-Templt, from specimens found in the Middle-Temple 
gardens, but, as he only compares his new species with haliotidea 
and mauget, we are led to infer that he had no practical knowledge 
of 7. scutulum and had overlooked Sowerby’s figures and de- 
scription, as we have the high authority of Canon Norman for 
regarding Tapping’s species as identical with 7. scutulum. 

The only other names that appear to have been definitely be- 
stowed on this species, are, that of Zestacella anglica given by 
Grateloup in his ‘ Dist. Geog. Limac.’ published in 1856, and 
that of Zestacellus scutatus applied by Lesson in 1838. 


Organisation, etc. 

The first discovery of the different organization and conclu- 
sive demonstration of the just claim of 7: scwtulum to specific 
rank, was made by Mr. C. Ashford, early in 1885, and its great 
divergence in certain respects from haliotidea leaves no doubt 
of its distinctness, in fact, in some points it approaches more 
closely to mauwget than to the species with which it has hitherto 
been confounded. Gassies & Fischer in their ‘ Monographie du 
Genre Testacelle’ say, ‘ Animal similar to that of 7. haldotidea, 
and rank this form as a variety of that species. As they do not 
remark upon the striking differences in the structure, it is reason- 
able to suppose that no anatomical examination was made, or 
if made they had not the true Z: scautudum before them. 

The SHELL is usually smaller in proportion to the size of the 
animal than in 7. ha/iotidea, it is also comparatively longer and 
more wedge-shaped and has the upper surface much flatter, 


J.C., v., July, 1888. 


TAYLOR: ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 339 


sometimes even actually concave towards the outer lip, while in 7: 
haliotidea the upper surface is always more or less markedly con- 
vex. The nucleus is placed at an angle of about 60° or 70° to 
what may be called the vertical line, while in 7: haliotidea the 
angle formed is only about 45°. ‘The lines of growth are finer 
and less rugged in scwtulum, the epidermis is of a brownish 
color, and the shell generally thinner in substance. ‘The left or 
columellar side of the shell is more strongly curved—even 
angular at times—than in Aa/zotidea, which is more regularly and 
gently arched. 

On the underside the columella is more strongly arcuate, or 
almost subangular, and terminates more abruptly, more nearly 
to the vertical axis of the shell. The projecting apex is seen to 
be more acute in scwtulum, and to perceptibly overhang on the 
right, whereas in /a/zofidea it is more central and does not over- 
hang. The free, thin outer margin is perceptibly darker in color 
owing to the reddish-brown epidermis being visible through 
its substance. The muscular scar is crescentic in shape, con- 
forming in shape to the direction of the lines of growth, and 
shows also the same pale brownish tint which characterizes the 
free outer margin. ‘The average size of the shells examined is 
5 mill. long, by 3 mill. wide, in the broadest part. 


The ANIMAL resembles /adlzotidea in general form, but is per- 
haps rather less attenuated anteriorly. It is usually of a tawny- 
yellow color, varying in depth of tint in different specimens, and 
usually besprinkled with minute brown dots, which are less 
numerous towards the foot, some specimens are however almost 
destitute of these markings, while in others, the spots by coal- 
escence, form more or less distinct and regular brown mottlings 
on the dorsal surface. The sole is usually of a more or less 
deep uniform yellow. The lateral furrows are closer together 
on their emergence from beneath the mantle, than in hadiotidea 
and when the animal is moderately extended, their junction in 
one common groove may be distinctly seen. The rows of mid- 
dorsal tubercles so conspicuous in Z. maugei and less so in 7. 


340 TAYLOR: ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 


haliotidea, are in T. scutulum scarcely perceptible, and the fine 
longitudinal striz which aid to form them become lost as they 
approach the head in the usual somewhat uniform granulation 


of the anterior part of the body. 


Sexual Organs of 7. haliotidea , 
ona elorshenn 5 222 y Sexual ee re from 
Sexually matune, ence) greater, Adult, but not quite sexually mature. 


development of female organs. 
ot. ovotestis ; alb. g. albumen gland ; ov. oviduct ; sp. d. sperm duct ; sp. spermatheca 5 
v. d. vas deferens ; 7. m. retractor muscle ; jl. flagellum ; p. s. penis-sheath. 


In its REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, Z: scutulum differs markedly 
from /aliotidea in the totally and strikingly different form and 
arrangement of the penis-sheath, which approaches much more 
nearly to that of 7: maugei* in its general form and comparative 
simplicity, being long and simple, and though enlarging upwards 
and sometimes twisted, is without the long and thick flagellum 
which is so conspicuous a feature in Z: hadiotidea, the vas de- 
ferens thus enters the penis-sheath terminally in scwtudwm and 
mauget and laterally in haliotidea. The tongue-like cecal 
process which is so distinctive of the lower portion of the 
penis-sheath in Aaliotidea, is quite absent in scu¢ulum, there is 


* The figure of the sexual organs given by Gassies & Fischer, Monogr. 
genre Testacella, pl. 1, fig. 15, as characteristic of the genus Testacella, and 
as specially representing those of 7. mzaugez, really belong to 7. halzotidea. 
It seems advisable to correct this grave error, as Signor C. Pollonera in his 
recently published elaborate paper on Spanish and Italian Testacellz, credits 
T. mauget with the possession of a flagellum, apparently on the authority of 


the aboye-mentioned distinguished authors. 
J.C., v., July, 1888, 


TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 341 


also, but a single retractor muscle to this organ in scw¢ulum and 
mauget, While haliotidea has in addition one and sometimes 
even two slender lateral retractors. The difference in size of 
the female organs, as represented in the figures, is chiefly due 
to unequal sexual development in the specimens examined, 
and is not a matter of importance. 

The enormous LINGUAL SHEATH tapers off behind into a very 
powerful muscle, or combination of two, three, or four partially 
independent ones, and has in addition its hinder half attached 
laterally to the skin of left side, near the dorsal line, by a series 
of ten to twenty conspicuous muscular bands, running parallel 
to each other and fixed at independent points, 7 scutulum 
differs from /alzotidea in this character, insomuch that these 
lateral muscles, though variable in number, are constantly less 
numerous than in /a/zotzdea, where they generally exceed twenty. 
T. mauget has terminal muscles only. 

The LINGUAL RIBBON of a specimen of Z. scutulum from 
Chiswick, collected by Mr. S. C. Cockerell and prepared for me 
by Mr. Neville, contains 46 rows of teeth, with 34 in each row, 
totalling 1564 teeth, while a specimen of 7. Aaliotidea sent us 
from Oxford by Mr. E. B. Poulton, has only 38 rows, each con- 
taining 36 teeth, or a total of 1368. In all our British species 
of Testacella there seems to be a tendency to develop along 
the medial line a central rudimentary tooth. The angle 
formed by the convergence of the rows of teeth towards 
the centre of the ribbon is much more acute in /aliotidea 
than in seutulium. 


1) 13 
ee 5 
5 
Teeth of 7. haliotidea x 4o. Teeth of 7. scutulum x 40. 


The reeru of Z: scufulum differ from those of haltotidea in 
being more slender, not so much curved, and with the barbed 
end not nearly so large and strong, while the prominently de- 


342 TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 


veloped protuberance on the concave side of the tooth is much 
nearer the posterior end. They seem also to be deficient of 
the blade which I have detected on the convex side of the teeth 
of haliotidea at the apical end. ‘The figures of the dentition of 
scutulum axe carefully traced from a photograph taken by Mr. 
Cooke of a Guernsey specimen and represent the 5th and 13th 
spinules of one of the middle series. ‘Those of 7: Aalzotzdea also 
represent the 5th and 13th teeth of one of the median rows,and 
are copied from the photo. of a preparation by Mr. Butterell of 
a Beverley specimen. 

There is however some variation, both in the aspect of the 
teeth of the two species and also in their number—both of which 
characters are said to be dependent on age—as Gray gives for 
T. haliotidea, twenty longitudinal rows only, while Rimmer — 
states fifty rows of fifty-one teeth each, for the same species. 

The sroMacd is whitish and spindle-shaped in 7: haliotidea, 
but oval and brown, with longitudinal whitish stripes in scetaulum 
and maugez, but no stress should be laid on these points, 
as both the shape and color of this organ are a good deal de- 
pendent upon the amount and condition of its contents. The glo- 
bular enlargement of the canal, at the point where it receives 
the biliary secretions is much more conspicuous in scutulum, 
than in the other two species, and the liver in scutudum and 
maugel is reticulated with white. 

Geographical Distribution. 

This species has been recorded under its varietal name from 
France, Spain, England, Scotland and Ireland. The Irish records 
are probably erroneous and may refer to 7: Aadlzote¢dea, as a spirit 
specimen in my possession, collected at Youghal by Miss Ball, 
is without doubt that species. So far as is definitely known at 
the present time, Z sczz¢z/um is not found west of a line drawn 
from the Isle of Wight to Cheshire. 

To help us to a better appreciation of what is known on the 
subject, it will be advisable to give the distribution in detail 
under each district in which it 1s stated to have been found. 


J.C., v., July, 1888. 


TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 343 


If,as I suspect Z: b¢sulcata and T. pecchioliz should eventually 
prove to be specifically identical with the present species, its area 
of distribution abroad will be considerably increased, and will 
extend even into Africa. 


ENGLAND. 


Devon, S.—Gardens at Plymouth. Alder, Mag. Zool. & Bot., 1838. 

Devon, N.—Gardens at Bideford. Alder, Mag. Zool. & Bot., 1838. 

Somerset, S.—The Testacella, figured and described as 7. scutulum, 
Nat. vili, p. 179, as found at Taunton, is evidently not that form, but 7: 
mauget. Norman, Moll. Som., 1860. 

Somerset, N.—Leigh woods, rare, T. G. Ponton, 1862. Prof. Leipner’s 
Bristol List, 1875. 

Isle of Wight.—Numerous in a garden at Newport, it is also found in 
other gardens there. W. Jeffery, J. of C., ili, p. 313, 1882. 

Sussex, W.—Mr. Jeffery, about 1880, turned out in his garden at Ratham, 
Chichester, a half-dozen specimens, sent to him from Newport, I. of W. 
In Nov. 1883, he kindly sent a living example, presumably a descendant 
of the imported Isle of Wight specimens. 

Kent, E.—A specimen from Folkestone, and one from a garden near 
Faversham were shown by Miss E. Bb. Fairbrass, at meetings of the Con- 
chological Society in 1884. 

Kent, W.—A specimen collected by Mr. A. H. Cooke, at Mabledon, Ton- 
bridge, and now in his collection, has been shown to us. 

Surrey.—The original specimens from which this species was described 
were obtained by Mr. Sowerby, from a garden, Kennington road, Lambeth. 
The specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘ 7. halrotidea, Surrey,’ and ‘7. 
haliotidea, Lambeth,’ should now be labelled 7. scutulum, as I am satisfied 
from an examination of them, that they belong to this species. 

Used to be very common twenty-five years ago, in Mr. Ivery’s Nursery 
gardens at Dorking! R. D. Darbishire, 1885. 

Kew Gardens, and in April, 1884, in the garden of 66, Gloucester road, 
Kew! R.A. Rolfe, 1884. 

Wray Park, [published as 7. haliotidea, but probably 7. scutulum.|. G. 
S. & E. Saunders, Reigate list, 1861. 

One shell found under beech leaves, Headley lane, near Boxhill, April 
1886, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell! 

The Testacella found by J. T. Horne, in 1868, in Croydon School gardens 
and recorded in the ‘ Nat. Hist. Journal’ for 1878 without specific name, 
was probably 7. scutulume. 

Herts.— Mr. John Hopkinson, F.L.S., in Feb. 1884, sent us two living 
specimens, collected by Mr. B. Piffard in his garden at Hemel Hempstead. 

Middlesex.—All the specimens I have seen from Middlesex, belong to 
T. scutulum, except the specimens Of 7. wzaugez in British Museum labelled 
as from a garden at Kensington, and the shells from ‘near London’ of the 


344 TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 


same species in Bean’s’ collection in the Scarborough Museum, but which 
are labelled as 7. haliotidea—I will therefore cite all the localities for Testa- 
cella known to me, recorded or otherwise—in detail. 

Stamford Hill, first noticed in 1829. T. Blair, loudon’s Mag , 1833. 

Notting Hill Terrace, Kensington; not rare in the forcing and kitchen gar- 
dens, attached to Kensington Palace. Mr. J. de C. Sowerby states that it 
has been found beside Hampstead road. J. Denson, Loudon’s Mag., 1833. 

In gardens in the neighbourhood of London, and has we believe been 
found plentifully in gardens at Hammersmith, in the Royal Botanic Gardens, 
Regent’s Park, and in fields and gardens about Hampstead and Hendon. 
J. Mc.Intosh, Naturalist, 1853. 

In one part of the Middle Temple gardens under the protection of a S. W. 
wall, where it has been known to occur for 10 years [This locality was given 
for 7. medii-templi, when described as new.]. T. Tapping, Zool., 1856. 

Occasionally in gardens at Stoke Newington, E. R. Allen, ‘ Field,’ 1885, 
p. 282. 

Mr. C. F. Minor’s garden at Whetstone, T. D. A. Cockerell, ‘ Field,’ 
1885, p. 607. 

Occasionally from 1861—1881, in the back-garden of a house at Haverstock 
Hill, formerly the site ot a. Nursery garden. W. C, Atkinson, 1885. 

In 1875, J. E. Harting in his ‘Rambles in search of Shells’, repeats several 
records and adds the Circus road, and Adelaide road, St. John’s Wood. 

Formerly abundant in the gardens of Burlington Cottage, Turnham Green. 
Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, 1885. 

Winchmore Hill, 1884. Lionel E. Adams. 

Common in gardens, Woodstock road, Bedford Park, Chiswick, 1885! 
T. D. A. & S. C. Cockerell. 

In the kitchen-garden of Upper Holloway Railway Station, Islington, N., 
April 30, 1888! II. Wallis Kew. 

The specimens in the British Museum, labelled ‘7. haliotidea, Chiswick’, 
are incorrectly named, they should be referred to the present species. 

Norfolk, E.—The Rev. Dr. Churchill Babington’s collection, contains a 
specimen received from Mr. J. Reeve in 1880, and stated to be from the 
Ipswich road, by Mackie’s Nursery, Norwich ! 

The specimens recorded as 7. haliotidea by W. K. & J. B. Bridgman and 
others as from Mackie’s Nursery grounds, Norwich, are probably this species. 

Found somewhat abundantly in October 1884, at Foulsham by Rev. J. W. 
Horsley, a specimen from which place we have seen through the courtesy of 
Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell. 

Norfolk, W.—The Rev. Dr. Churchill Babington has kindly sent us 
specimens from King’s Lynn, received from Miss Peckover, 

Gloucester, W.—Gardens at Clifton, rare, T. G. Ponton, 1862. Prof. 
Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875. 

Catlow’s Popular Conchology, 1854, states that a Mrs. Smith of Bristol, 
first noticed 7. scwtidum as British, finding shells in her garden, and after- 
wards discovering the animal. It would be interesting to know what found- 
ation exists for the statement. 

J C., v., July, 1888. 


TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 345 


Worcester.—Mr. G. Reece, of the Worcester Museum, kindly sent in 
Novr., 1883, a specimen found by Mr. W. Wood, in his garden in the city. 
Mr. Reece adds the information, that he finds it in the gardens of Barbourne 
Terrace and Britannia Square, both places within Worcester borough. 

Leicester.— Belvoir Castle gardens, from which place specimens were 
sent in Jan. 1888, by the head-gardener, Mr. Ingram, to Mr. Quilter, who 
kindly forwarded them to me for identification. 

Nottingham.—Common according to Mr. R. A. Rolfe, in the gardens 
and forcing-houses at Welbeck Abbey, where they were first noticed in 1878, 
the greatest number of specimens were collected in one of the long Peach- 
houses. In 1884, we received one of Mr. Rolfe’s specimens, through the kind- 
ness of Mr. C. T. Musson, who had by error published the discovery in 1879, 
as 7. mauget, afterwards altered by him to Aaliotidea, under which name 
Mr. Rolfe and others also record the occurrence. 

Cheshire.—Mr. J. T. Riches finds this species fairly numerous at Hoole, 
and sent us a small specimen in November 1883. 

Mr. T. Ruddy has found it on the rockwork in the Nurseries of Messrs. 
Dickson & Sons, of Chester. 

Mr. G. W. Shrubsole (Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci., 1884.) records it as 
rare in Upton lanes, Chester, and in some grassy lanes adjoining extensive 
Nursery grounds, from which locality he sent us a living specimen in 1886. 

Yorkshire.—The Testacellze found by Mr. John Emmet at Padman’s 
Nurseries, Boston Spa, and the specimen found at Headingley, near Leeds, 
by Mr. Edgar R. Waite, judging from the descriptions, probably belong to 
this species, but accidental circumstances have prevented our seeing and 
verifying the species. 

Specimens labelled ‘ 7 sczetulum, Beverley, Yorkshire,’ are, as I am in- 
formed by Dr. J. W. Williams, in the Museum of the Middlesex Hospital 
Medical College, but they are doubtless referable to 7. haliotidea, a species 
known to occur commonly at Beverley. 

Durham.—Through the kindness of Mr. R. Y. Green, we received two 
specimens found in November, 1876, in the garden of Mr. Edward Crawshay, 
Bensham Hall, near Gateshead. Mr. Howse, Curator of the Newcastle 
Museum, informs us that it is also found further up the Tyne at Axwell 


Park, &e. 
SCOTLAND. 


Fife and Kinross.—Only one locality is as yet known in Scotland, viz. : 
The St. Brycedale Nurseries of Messrs. E. Sang & Sons, of Kirkcaldy, where 
it has been known to exist for twenty-five years or more, and from which 
locality we received a living specimen through the influence of the Rev. J. 


McMurtrie, M.A. 
IRELAND. 


Cork, N.—-Discovered many years ago by Mr. R. Ballin the town gardens 
at Youghal. Ina garden at Bandon a Testacellus has been procured by G. 
J. Allman. The Irish specimens agree with English examples of v. scztetlam 
with which I have been favoured by Mr. G. B. Sowerby.—Thompson, Annals 
and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept., 1840. 


346 TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 


CHANNEL ISLES. 

Guernsey. — In Guernsey, the late Dr. Lukis was acquainted with 
Testacella as early as 1801, as it inhabited his garden at that time, and was 
afterwards discovered at the end of the valley in which his garden was situ- 
ated. It is also recorded by Cooke & Gwatkin, under the name of 7. 
haliotidea, as abundant in Guernsey. Specimens supplied for examination 
by Mr. Tomlin and Mr. Cooke from market-gardens, near St. Peter’s Port, 
proved the species to be 7. scztelum. 

Sark.—Messrs.Cooke & Gwatkin also record 7. haldotidea as abundant . 
at Sark, but the specimens are probably really referable to Z. sczstelaum. 
The precise locality according to Mr. Cooke is the Seigneurie grounds. 


FRANCE. 


Has been collected in many localities in France, Paul Massot, 1876 ; 
by De Cessac, in the department of the Creuze, Gassies and Fischer, 1856 ; 
and in the department of the Gironde, where it is common at La Teich, La 
Teste, Facture, Sallas, &c.—Gassies Mal. Aquitaine, 1876. 


SPAIN. 

A specimen collected by Mr. Rk. D. Darbishire, B.A., at Granada, in 
Andalusia, which he kindly presented to me, was examined internally by 
Mr. Ashford and shown to be—as far as could be ascertained from a spirit 
specimen—in general accord with the organization of 7: scatulum, but with 
fewer lateral muscles to lingual sheath than is usual in that species, and 
having a short accessory almost filiform muscle near base of penis retractor, not 
hitherto observed in 7: scztulum. The shell and outer appearance are in 
accord with 7. scz¢alum with which we may in the present paper regard it 
to belong. 


The specimens collected by the Rev. J. W. Horsley at Gibraltar and 
recorded by myself and others as 7. haliotzdea var. scutilum do not belong 
to that form, but probably are true 7. haliotidea. 

Affinities. 

It is far from improbable that at least two Continental forms 
will upon critical examination be found to be identical with the 
present species, these are the Z: dzsulcata of Risso and Z! pec- 
chiolit of Bourguignat. 

‘T. BISULCATA is stated by Dupuy to differ from Z. haliotidea 
in the warmer colors and the less-distinctly apparent ramified 
grooves or furrows of the animal. The shell is also stated to be 
more elongated, narrower anteriorly, very markedly flattened, and 
the columella truncated anteriorly, but narrower behind, which 
gives the opening an oboval shape, the epidermis is ferruginous 
and the surface is finely and rather regularly striate, while the 


J.C., v., July, 1888. 


TAYLOR : ON TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 347 


aperture of Z. haliotidea is oval, the epidermis is greyish or 
blackish, the surface always marked with coarse and irregular 
lines of growth, and the shell more or less strikingly convex. In 
addition to the above points of difference between Z. dzsulcata 
and 7: haliotidea, and which apply equally well to Z: scutulum, 
I would in further confirmation point out that the figure 
of the teeth of TZ. disulcata given by Gassies and 
Fischer is practically identical with those of Z. scudulum, 
especially in the comparative slenderness of their form and the 
reduced dimensions of the barbed end. Lovell Reeve, ‘ Brit. 
Land and Freshwater Mollusks,’ seems to quite misapprehend 
the characters of 7° dzsw/cata, evidently regarding the sulci from 
which this form received its name, as a peculiarity of the shell. 

T. PECCHIOL is only known to us by the figure of the sexual 
organs given by Pollonera in the ‘ Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Com- 
par.’ vol. i, pl. il, fig. 18, and by his remarks thereon, all of 
which agree completely with 7: scutu/wm. If the arrangement 
and number of the muscles of the lingual sheath also coincide 
there can then be no reason for maintaining Z) pecchioliz as a 
species distinct from 7Z. scutulium. It may further be remarked 
in corroboration of the views here expressed that Tryon (‘ Man. 
Conch. Pulm. 1., 11, 1884) is of opinion that the form called 
by the name fecchiolit is very closely allied to dzsudcata. 

I hope that with the kind and generous help of fellow-con- 
chologists the full distribution of Z: scutulum may be worked 
out, and the identity or otherwise of Z. pecchiolit, T. bisulcata, 
and other forms definitely determined by the new material 
which I trust our co-workers will exert themselves to procure. 

a ee 
Helix revelata and Pupa umbilicata var. alba at 
Newquay.—To the list of shells found by Mr. J. H. James at 
Newquay, Cornwall, I can add Helex revelata and Pupa umbilt- 
cata var. alba, of each of which I found two examples only. 
The Helix revelata was among weeds and grass on the cliff, the 
fupa among moss in a damp lane.—S. J. Da Costa, May, 1888. 


348 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


TWO NEW SIPHONALILZ FROM JAPAN. 


By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. 


Siphonalia mikado sp. nov. 


S. testa subfustformi, turrité, acume- 
nati, brunned, bast obligué recur- 
virestrt, anfractibus angulatis, 
transverstm  elevatostriatis, ad 
angulum costatis, costis prominen- 
tibus, superné reticulatis, fuuce ad 
aperturam ipsam liratd, intus leve. 

Long. 55 mill., Lat. 2:9 mill. 

Habitat Japoniam. 

Shell somewhat fusiform, turrited, 
acuminate, brown, base obliquely re- 
curved, beaked, whorls angulated, 
transversely ridged, ribbed at the angle 


with prominent noduled ribs, which 
are reticulate on the upper whorls, interior lirate at the aperture, 
but smooth within. 


Siphonalia pseudo-buccinum sp. nov. 

S. testa ovato-fustformi, bast subrecurvéa, 

 transversim lirata, lirts elevatts, ochracets, 
superne longttudinaliter crenulata ut in 
Buccino undato, anfractu ultimo feré 
planato, apertura subangusta, tntus 
crebriltrata. 

Long. 4:7 mill., Lat. 2°4 mill. 

Habitat Japoniam. 


Shell ovate-fusiform, base somewhat 


recurved, transversely lirate, strize elevated, 
ochraceous, round the upper whorls longitudinally waved crenate, 


J.C., v., July, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 349 


asin Buccinum undatum (1..), the body whorl is, however, nearly 
smooth (except for the transverse lire), aperture rather narrow, 


much striate within. - 

Last year these two interesting species came into my 
possession, both, so far as is known, unique at the present time. 
They have not been noticed by either Dunker or Lischke, and 
are an important addition to a genus only comparatively recently 
separated from Fusus by Mr. Arthur Adams, and which has its 
headquarters in Japanese waters. Paetel’s new catalogue (1887) 
embraces about forty species of this genus, of which more than 
half occur in Japan, the remainder being about equally dis- 
tributed in California, Tasmania, and New Zealand. S. mikado 
is one of the handsomest and most distinct of all the species, 
it may not, therefore, be considered amiss to give it a regal 
attribute in honour of the monarch of its native country. S. 
pseudo-buccinum is nearest allied to S. fusozdes (Reeve), figured 
in the ‘Conchologia Iconica’ as a Buccinum, in company with 
S. segnum, S. trochulus, S. varicosa, S. cassidarieformis, all of 
Reeve, being the first described species of what bids fair to 
become a genus as extensive as it is well defined. 

Bs a) gt een 


PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


NOTICE.—ALL Communications for the Conchological Society 
of Great Britain and Ireland should be addressed to the 
Secretary, THOS. W. BELL, 2, Carr Lane, Leeds. 


Meeting 
HELD AT THE MUSEUM, APRIL 4TH, 1888. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.\L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. 
DONATIONS. 


“Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society,” 1886-87.— 
Presented by the Society. 


NEW MEMBERS. 
The undernamed were duly elected members of the Society: 
(Mrs.) Mary Heitland; Rev. Geo. Bailey, F.R.M.S. ; Messrs. 


350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


F. Stanley, Jno. Clegg, E. Deschamps, D. Robertson, F.L.S., 
EiG.S Jo Us 2 Reed, LA RSG Pies. Edin aMiark Stim: 
F.G.S., and W. J. Jones, jun. 

Mr. G. G. C. Storrs, of Sandown Vicarage, Isle of Wight, 
was nominated for membership by Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., and 
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

The Chairman showed a number of specimens, on behalf 
of Mr. Barrett Hamilton, from Kilmanock, New Ross, Wexford 
Co., including examples of Heltx concinna, H. riufescens, 
H.. rotundata, Arion bourguignati, A. hortensts, and Limax 
flavus; also on behalf of Mrs. Heitland, the following from 
Shrewsbury: Zonztes cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Pupa umbilicata, P. 
marginata, Limnea peregra, Spherium rivicola, &c. 


Meeting 
HELD AT THE MUSEUM, MAY 2ND, 1888. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. 
The correspondence for the month was laid on the table. 
The Secretary announced that the following donations had 
been made to the “ Cabinet ” Fund :—Mr. S. J. Da Costa, ros. ; 
Mr. Wm. Whitwell, ros.; Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.LS., F.ZS., 
Loss. and Mir EP Dale, oR GS. sh less. eZS), Los: 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were laid on the table :— 


Twenty species of Marine Shells from the West of Scotland.— 
Presented by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. 


/berus mertdionalis and Cyclostoma ligatum from Cape of Good 
Hope.—Presented by Mrs. A. Evans. 


“Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical 
Society,” part vil., April, 1888, containing a list of Land and 
Freshwater Shells of Leicestershire, by Mr. H. E. Quilter.— 
Presented by Mr. H. E. Quilter. 


“ Hoge’s List of the Mollusca of the Neighbourhood of Stockton- 
on-Tees, with Annotations,” by Mr. Baker Hudson (re- 

_ print).—Presented by Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 
J.C., v., July, 1888, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 351 


Dretssena polymorpha and Limnea peregra from Stourport and 
Limnea stagnalis from Hampstead Heath.—Presented by 
Dr. Williams, M.A. 
NEW MEMBERS. 
Mr. George Godwyn Coopland Storrs was duly elected a 
member of the Society. 
The following nominations for membership were made :— 


Rev. Edward S. Dewick, M.A., F.G.S., London, by A. Somer- 
ville; B.sc., &.L-s., and D. Robertson, F.12S: 


Alfred Bell, Lambeth, by A. Somerville, B.Sc, F.L.S., and 
Thos. Scott. 


H. Hulme Brindley, Uttoxeter, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., 
and’ is,.A. Smith, B.Z.S. 


entry. b.Daley i RG.S., FR.MUS.,_BUL.S:, ée-,, Cirencester, 
by Thos..W. Bell and J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 


Violet Dale, Cirencester, by T. W. Bell and J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 
Mary L. Dale, Torquay, by T. W. Bell and J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 
Ellen E. Dale, Torquay, by T. W. Bell and J. W. Taylor, F.LS. 
Alice M. Dale, Torquay, by T. W. Bell and J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 


Chas. A. Whatmore, Wolverhampton, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., 
F.L.S., and Rev. W. Turner. 


Wm. Dean, Burnley, by A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., and John 
Ramage. 


PAPERS READ, 


“Notes on Marine Shells of South Africa, collected at Port 
Elizabeth, with descriptions of some new species,” by G. 
B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


“ Description of two New Siphonalia from Japan,” by J. Cosmo 
Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. 


“ On the meaning of Glycogeine Function in the Mollusca,” by 
Dr. Williams, M.A. 


““On the Circumstances Attending Death by Drowning of 
Helix,” by Dr. Williams, M.A. 


“ On the Phenomena of Muscle Contraction in the Mollusca,” 
by Dr. Williams, M.A. 
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 
The Chairman exhibited type specimens of several species 
of Zonites, Limnzea, and Helix; also a number of Land and 


352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Freshwater Shells collected in the Isle of Wight, sent by Mr. J. 
W. Wood, including the var. zana of 1. hispida and var. radiata 
of H. virgata; and from Mr. W. Whitwell several species of 
Helix and Limax, collected by Miss Ffoulkes Jones, at Aber- 
ayron, Cardiganshire. 


Meeting 
HELD AT THE MUSEUM, JUNE 6TH, 1888. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were announced :— 
Reprints of Papers by Prof. Ralph Tate, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. : 


“ Description of some New Species of South Australian Marine 
and Freshwater Mollusca. 


“A Revision of the recent Lamellibranch nae. Palliobranch 
Mollusca of South Australia. 
—Presented by the Author. 


The Secretary also announced a donation of ros. to the 
Cabinet Fund from Mr. H. Coates. Since the date of this 
meeting the Secretary has received a further donation of Ar 
from Lieut.-Col. G. S. Parry. 

NEW MEMBERS. 

The undernamed were duly elected members of the Society: 
Rev. E. S. Dewick, M.A., F.G.S., Alfred Bell, H. H. Brindley, 
B.A., H. F. Dale, (Mrs.) Violet Dale, (Miss) M. L. Dale, (Miss) 
E. E. Dale, (Miss) A. M. Dale, William Dean, and Charles A. 
Whatmore. 

Walter Crouch, F.Z.S., of Wanstead, was nominated for 
membership by G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.G.S., and E. A. Smith, 
K.Z.S. 

Nominations for the different offices of the Society for 1889 
are now desired, and should be sent to the Secretary before 
September 15th, 1888. 

SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. Thos. Hey, of Derby, sent for exhibition a series of 

shells collected in Monk’s Dale, in the Peak district of Derby- 


J.C v., July, 1888.., 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY 353 


shire, together with some interesting comments on the specimens 
shown. The Chairman brought forward the following exhibits 
from members—From Mr. Collier a series of shells collected by 
himself at Aberystwith during the month of May, included were 
specimens of Ancylus fluviatilis, Helix virgata, H. caperata, 
and cthers; from Mr. Heathcote, of Preston, specimens of 
Limnea truncatula from various localities; from Mr. Whitwell 
a collection of slugs and land shells collected by Miss Maddy, 
at Aberayron, Cardiganshire ; from Mr. S. J. Da Costa an ex- 
ample of Helzx obvoluta from Norbury Park, Surrey. 


LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF 
CARDIGANSHIRE. 


By EDWARD COLLIER, 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Aug. rst, 1888, and approved by the referees). 


HAVING noticed for the last two years that, from the reports 
of the Conchological Society, Cardiganshire was the only county 
in England and Wales without any records, I resolved to have a 
few days at Aberystwyth, as soon as an opportunity occurred, to 
try and make as complete a list of its Land and Freshwater 
Mollusca as I could in the time I had at liberty. I was there 
for a week, from May roth to 26th, but did not find anything 
like the number of species I expected to do, although I looked 
well for them ; it was, perhaps, too early in the year, and, also, 
the weather was almost too fine, as there was not a drop of rain 
all the time I was there, and so may have missed some species 
that I might have taken, and others I should have taken much 
more plentifully. 


I worked Aberystwyth and district, Borth and Aberayron 
on the coast, and found He/zx aspersa and ZH. caperata the com- 
monest species all along the coastline. Of A. virgata I only 
got one specimen, and that was in the castle grounds at Aberyst- 


354. COLLIER: ON THE MOLLUSCA .OF CARDIGANSHIRE. 


wyth, but I think if there had only been a few showers I should 
have taken more of this species, as I have always found it 
abundant when it occurs. 

The inland district I found very unproductive with the 
exception of the ruins of Strata Florida Abbey, where I got a 
few species that I had not taken elsewhere. 

What surprised me most was that I only got two species of . 
Freshwater Shells, Lzmnaea peregra and Ancylus fluviatilis, and 
these only in the smaller streams. The rivers yielded nothing, 
seemingly being poisoned with the water from the lead mines, of 
which there are large numbers both up the Ystwyth and Rheidol. 
There seems to be neither canals nor ponds in the district. I 
collected a few of the slugs at Aberystwyth, and Mr. W. Denison 
Roebuck, F.L.S., of*Leeds, kindly determined them for me. 


I hope that this will only be a commencement, and that 
other conchologists who visit Cardiganshire may be able to add 
considerably to the list. I append list of species, with localities. 
Limnzea peregra Miill.—Small stream running into the sea 

at the north end of the Terrace, Aberystwyth. 

L. peregra var. ovata Drap.—Borth; Clarach Valley, near 
Aberystwyth ; and small streams at Pontrhydfendiged, near 
the ruins of Strata Florida Abbey. 

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill.—Borth, common ; very plentiful in 
stream at north end of Terrace, Aberystwyth; Clarach 
Valley, near Bow St. Station, a few. 

Arion ater var. albolateralis Roebuck.—Aberystwyth. 

Arion hortensis var. rufescens.—Aberystwyth. 

Amalia marginata Miill.—Aberystwyth. 

Limax maximus var. fasciata._—-Aberystwyth. 

L. agrestis var. reticulata Mill—Aberystwyth. 

Vitrina pellucida Miill—Ruins of Strata Florida Abbey, 
scarce. 

Zonites cellarius Miull.—Aberystwyth, fine specimens. 

Z. alliarius Miller.—Aberayron, a few ; ruins of Strata Florida 
Abbey, plentiful. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


COLLIER : ON THE MOLLUSCA OF CARDIGANSHIRE. 355 


Z. nitidulus Drap.—Aberystwyth ; ruins of Strata Florida 
Abbey. 

Z. purus Alder.—Ruins of Strata Florida Abbey, one only, 

immature. 

Helix aspersa Miill.—Borth, Aberystwyth, Aberayron, and 
ruins of Strata Florida Abbey. Most of these shells were 
very much eroded, some, though alive, having hardly any 
epidermis left. Might not this be caused by last year’s dry, 
sunny weather, as all the mature shells would be last year’s 
growth ? 

. aspersa var. minor Moq.—Aberystwyth, a few, but not 
very good specimens. 

. aspersa var. conoidea Picard.—Aberystwyth. 

. aspersa var. undulata Moq.—Aberystwyth. 

. aspersa var. nigrescens Moq.—Aberayron, one only. 

. nemoralis L.—Aberystwyth, a few only. 

. nemoralis var. olivacea Gassies.—Aberystwyth, most of 
nemoralis were of this variety. 

H. concinna Jeff.—Ruins of Strata Florida Abbey. 

H. virgata DaCosta—Castle Grounds, Aberystwyth, one only. 

H. caperata Mont.—All along the coast wherever I looked ; 

Borth, Aberystwyth, Aberayron. 

H. caperata var. ornata Picard.—Aberayron, a few. 

H. caperata var. fulva Moq.—Aberayron, plentiful, but not 

very large. 

H. rotundata Miuill.—Aberystwith, ruins of Strata Florida 

Abbey, Devil’s Bridge ; a few. 

H. rotundata var. aloa Moq.—Devil’s Bridge, one only.' 

Pupa umbilicata Drap.— Aberystwyth, ruins of Strata 

Florida Abbey. 
Clausilia rugosa Drap.—Ruins of Strata Florida Abbey. 


I 


ele eleeels as, as 


Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. — Aberystwyth, ruins of Strata 
Florida Abbey. 

C. lubrica var. lubricoides Fer.—Ruins of Strata Florida 
Abbey. i 


356 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONCHOLOGICAL 


NOTES FROM PICARDY. 


Havinc recently visited Abbeville and Amiens I append 
lists of the Land and Freshwater shells which I observed during 


a search of not more than half an hour near each place. 


There is no more delightful district for a quiet holiday 


than the valley of the Somme, and I hope that the publication | 


of these imperfect records will show how well a careful investi- 


gation would be repaid, and induce other conchologists to 


complete them. 

NEAR ABBEVILLE :— 
Anodonta anatina (L.). 
Paludina vivipara (1..). 
Bythinia tentaculata (1.). 
B. leachii (Shepp.). 


Valvata piscinalis (Mull.). 


V. cristata Mull. 


Planorbis lineatus Walker. 


P. spirorbis Mull. 

P. vortex (1..). 

P. complanatus (L.). 
P. corneus (1.). 

P. contortus (L.). 
Physa fontinalis (1.). 
Limnea peregra (Mull.). 
L. stagnalis (1.). 

L. palustris (Mull.). 
Arion ater (1..). 
Limax maximus L. 

L. agrestis L. 

Succinea elegans Risso. 
Zonites nitidus (Mull.). 
Flelix pomatia L. 

Ff. aspersa Mull. 

FT. nemoratis L. 

F, ericetorum Mull. 


| 


NEAR AMIENS :— 
Spherium corneum (1..). 
Pisidium amnicum (Mull.). 
Unio pictorum (1..). 
Anodonta anatina (\..). 
Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.). 
Leritina fluviatilis (1..). 
Bythinia tentaculata (L.). 
Planorbis vortex (1..). 

P. carinatus Mull. 

P. corneus (1..). 

Limnea peregra (Mull). 
L. peregra var. ovata Drap. 
L. auricularia (1.). 

L. palustris (Mull.). 
Arion ater (L.). 

Limax agrestis L. 

L. levis Mull. 

Succinea elegans Risso. 
Helix aspersa Mull. 

HI. nemoralis L. 

HT. hispida \.. 

HT, rotundata Mull. 
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.). 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 354 


I may also mention that I met with Balea perversa (L.). 
and Carychium minimum Mull. high up under the clerestory 
windows of Beauvais Cathedral. Perhaps they originally came 
on the twigs brought there by the pigeons for building their 
nests. 

July 25th, 1888. 


SyDNEY C. COCKERELL. 


UM eek Orbs NR ae 

Helix nemoralis monst. sinistrorsum.—I took a speci- 
men of this variety while collecting shells last September on the 
railway bank at West Drayton, Middlesex. It is a dead shell, 
but in fairly good condition.—F. G. Fenn, Syon Lodge, Isle- 
worth, October, 1888. 


Vertigo minutissima (Hartm) in Gloucestershire.— 
Mr. C. H. Falloon has recently sent me eight specimens of this 
species from Clifton, Bristol. I believe this species is new to 
Gloucestershire, as the only record I know of it from the South 
of England is the Isle of Wight.—J. W. Wix.iams, D.Sc. 


Note on Vertigo tumida West.—In 1867 Prof. Wester- 
lund in the “Mal. Blatt.,” p. 203, described as new a Vertigo 
which he stated had been confused with V. gusil/a up to that time. 
He described it as closely allied to V. puszl/a, but distinguished 
from it by its smaller size, more ventricose shape, and thus having 
a comparatively broader mouth. ‘The darker color of the shell 
and nearly imperceptible umbilical fissure were also points of 
difference. Dr. Jeffreys, in “Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,” p. 
381, 1878, accepted Dr. Westerlund’s view of the distinctness of 
the new species, but expressed a doubt whether it was more than 
a dwarf form of V. puszl/a, as which he had regarded it until that 
time. From a type specimen which Dr. Westerlund has kindly 
sent me it would seem that a more extended examination has 
led him to regard V. tumida as merely a variety of V. pusilla. 
My specimen is labelled in Dr. Westerlund’s own hand Vertigo 
pusilla Mull. var. tumzda West.—J. W. Taytor, June rst, 1888. 


358 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON AGRIOLIMAX MONTANUS IN COLORADO. 


BAY Ate Da AS (COINS SILL, 


Tue group of Agriolimax, which is represented in Europe 
by A. Zevis and its allies, and in America by A. campestris and 
its allies, is essentially #4e boreal group of slugs descended: from 
a type which occupied the far north when the continents were 
united. The European and American groups are much alike in 
general appearance, and even in their anatomy they do not 
present any important differences, so that Jhering ( “Jahrbuch,” 
1885) has proposed to unite them under the one name of deves 
Mill. I think, however, that there is sufficient difference 
between them to warrant their separation, though it may be 
conceded that the three races of the United States, namely, 
campestris of the eastern, montanus of the central, and occidentalis 
of the Pacific region, are geographical forms of one species—the 
campestris of Binney. 


Ingersoll (Report U.S. Geol. Surv., 1878) described two 
species of slugs from Colorado, and remarked that they were 
the only ones he met with in the state. ; 

Limax montanus Ing.—Bluish-gray, form stout, with blunt 


posterior extremity, length exceeding one inch. (Grand 
county). 


Limax castaneus Ing.—Small and slender, length less than 
one inch, colour lively brown, with a darker spot on mantle; 
head and tentacles black ; sole white. (Blue River Valley). 


These appear sufficiently distinct from the descriptions, 
but I regard them as synonymous. The mountain form of 
campestris, referred by authors to montanus, is abundant in most 
parts of Colorado, including the. Blue River Valley, and could 
not have been missed by Ingersoll, and must therefore be one 
of his species. Yet it is not bluish-gray (sontanus), nor has it 
a white sole and black head and tentacles (castaneus), except in 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


COCKERELL : NOTES ON AGRIOLIMAX. MONTANUS. 350 


spirit specimens. It appears, therefore, that Ingersoll’s slugs 
were both described from specimens preserved in alcohol ; 
castaneus being a young example and montanus an older one, 
the bluish-grey color being due for the most part to an exudation 
of slime, such as is often witnessed in specimens which. have 
been put into alcohol. 

The tentacles of castaneus were doubtless very dark brown 
(as I have myself observed in examples collected in the Blue 
River Valley), and the very pale sole of some examples would 
probably appear white in an alcholic specimen. 

There is, then, but one species of slug at present known in 
Colorado, and this is Agriolimax campestris montanus Ing. It 
varies, however, in colour, and I have separated three forms :— 

A. . typicus.—Rather pale brown, foot-sole pale. 
B. zatermedius.—Dark brown, foot-sole grey. 
c. ¢ristis.—Very dark brown or brown-black. 

I have endeavoured to trace this variation to some definite 
cause, but although it can be said that ¢resézs and intermedius 
belong to high, and ¢ypzcus to middle elevations, this does not 
always hold good. Like /evis this species is nearly always 
found in damp places. 

My experience with the various forms of this slug has been 
as follows, from which it will be seen that I obtained it in thir- 
teen localities :— 

(1). Atlantic slope. 


(a). Swift Creek, Custer Co., Aug., 1887, under Populus 
tremuloides, on logs, &c.; altitude about 8,200 ft.—typicus. 

(s). Nathrop, Chaffee Co., August, on under side of log ; 
altitude about 7,680 feet—/ypicus. 

(c). E. Fork of Arkansas, R., Lake Co., August, near 
willows ; altitude about 10,200 feet—/istis. 

(p). Saguache Creek, above Rock Cliff, Saguache Co., 


October, found together under an old tree—¢ypicus 
and zntermedius. 


360 


(2). 


(E). 


(F). 
(cs). 


(M). 


(N). 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Pacific slope. 
West to-mile Creek, Wheeler, Summit Co., August, 
amongst willows—¢rzstis abundant, zntermedius also 
found. 
Near Dillon, Summit Co., August, with Conulus fulvus ; 
altitude 8,850 feet—/¢restis and typicus. 
Naomi, Summit Co., August ; altitude about 8,200 feet 
—typicus. 
Black Lake Creek, Summit Co., August; probably 
over 9,000 feet—znzermedius. 
(The three last localities are in the Blue River Valley). 
Two Elk Creek, Eagle Co., September ; altitude 7,856 
feet—typrcus. 
Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co., Sept, at roots of Aguzsetum, 
with Cochlicopa lubrica, Hyalina radiatula, ine var. 
viridescentt-alba, &c.—typicus. 
East fork of Clearwater Creek, Grand Mesa, Mesa Co., 
September ; altitude about 9,800 feet—zxtermedius. 
Surface Creek, Delta Co., September, under logs ; alti- 
tude about 8,500 feet—zztermedius common, ¢ristes 
also found. 


Little Blue Creek, Gunnison Co., October—<¢ypzcus. 


West Cliff, Colorado, April 21st, 1888. 


e. 


———S 


marginata var. albina Menke.—Mr. J. W. Wood 


during his researches in the Isle of Wight, in 1886, was so fortu- 
nate as to find several specimens of this uncommon variety in 
the vicinity of Ventnor.—J. W. Taytor, May rst, 1888. 


Amalia gagates in Cardiganshire.— Through the 
kindness of Mr. Whitwell I have received a specimen of this 
interesting species of a pale lavender color, collected with other 
species of Mollusks by Miss Maddy during the present month in 
her garden at Aberayron.—J. W. TayLor, May 25th, 1888. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888, 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 361 


ARGIOPE,. DECOMEATATAE SCILLY. 


By J. T. MARSHALL. 


(Read before the Conchological Society, Sept. 5th 1888, and approved by the Referees) 


Tue finding of this species at Scilly by my friend Mr. 
Clifford Burkill amounts practically to a rediscovery. The 
late Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys dredged two or three dead specimens off 
Guernsey nearly 30 years ago, but though the same ground has 
been since dredged over and over again for the same species by 
the late Dr. Lukis, myself, and others, no further traces of ithave 
appeared. Moreover, there was a possible likelihood of those 
specimens being sub-fossil, as I believe several other species oc- 
curred to Dr. Jeffreys in the same cruise which were certainly so. 

Argiope decollata is pretty widely distributed in Europe, 
and is not uncommon in the Mediterranean. Its distribution 
embraces the south-west of France, the Atlantic coasts of Spain, 
the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and AXgean, also Madeira and the 
Canary Isles, at depths ranging from 18 to 130 fathoms. The 
Scilly Isles is therefore the furthest point north for this species, 
and I have no doubt it willagain be found in some parts of the 
ChannellIslands. Norhasthe species deteriorated inits north-ward 
march, the Scillonian specimens being as large as any from the 
Mediterranean. 


Unfortunately no living specimens were found, but three or 
four perfect examples and a couple of dozen valves—ample to 
identify it as an established denizen of the Scillonian seas. 
Some were dredged in 35-40 fathoms outside Menavawr Rock 
(about one-and-a-half miles N.E.) and a few valves in 35 fathoms 
in St. Mary’s Sound, about two miles south of St. Mary’s. Both 
localities have been dredged by the Rev. W. J. Smart, and the 
results appeared in the Journal of Conchology for January, 1885. 
In fact, it was through Mr. Smart’s kindness in lending his charts 
and giving information that Mr. Burkill was induced to dredge 


362 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


these grounds, and it is certainly curious that the former gentle- 
man should have missed such a species, some of which exceed 
a quarter of an inch in diameter. 

Not many dredgings were taken off Menavawr Rock, either 
by the Rev. W. J. Smart or Mr. Clifford Burkill, as it is on the 
Atlantic slope, and can rarely be dredged with comfort or success 
in a small craft. Mr, Burkill spent three months in the islands 
this summer, and could not get one day’s favourable dredging 
near the spot. I hope, however some future collector may 
attempt the task and meet with more success, for I believe the 
locality to be a most promising one. 

In connection with the foregoing, it may be added that 
several valves of A. cestel/ula likewise occurred on the Menavawr 
ground—also a new addition to the Cornish fauna. 

Since the above was in type, a thorough investigation of the 
Scilly dredgings has been made, and the results examined by 
me. This has revealed nearly thirty species new to the Scilly 
Islands, a list of which will appear in the next number of this 
Journal. 

Sevenoaks, Torquay, September, 1888. 
tel As Neh ee ety 

Bulimus decollatus in captivity.-—_In my snailery I 
have about one thousand or more Bulimus decollatus. A year ago 
about six or eight large 2B. decol/atus from the south of France 
were sent me alive, and they have increased to this extraordinary 
number. I find as soon as they attain to one inch in length 
they decollate. I have some now which are nearly two inches 
long ; others are so small they can scarcely be held in the 
fingers. They are voracious feeders, cabbage leaves, lettuce, 
dock leaves, coltsfoot leaves, &c., are all greedily devoured. I 
can keep no small Helix or Bulimus with them, for they at once 
kill them and eat them. ‘They will also eat raw meat. I have 
a colony of other European land shells, but not one species 
flourishes like these curious and interesting Bulimus decollatus. 
-—Fanny M. HELE. 


J.C. v., Oc.t, 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 363 


Sphzerium corneum upon the tarsus of Dytiscus 
marginalis.—On 27th August last, while searching for shells 
in a pond at West Barkwith, in Lincolnshire, I procured a 
female Dytiscus marginalis with a Spherium corneum attached 
to its right front tarsus. The shell, which enclosed one joint 
only of the tarsus, was of fair size, measuring ro mill. in width. 
On placing the beetle in water it was ascertained that when 
motionless it frequently supported the shell with its middle and 
left front legs, thus relieving the stress upon the leg to which 
the shell was attached. Occurrences similar to the above, 
records of which have appeared from time to time, are doubt- 
less of significance when viewed in connection with the distri- 
bution of the freshwater shells—H. Wa.tuis Kew, London, 3rd 
September. 

The Red Fluid emitted by Planorbis corneus.— 
It is well known that this species. emits a red-colored fluid from 
its pulmonary aperture on being killed either in hot water or 
spirit. Professor Ray Lankester some years ago made the 
interesting discovery that hemoglobin is present in the plasma 
of the heemolymph in this species, and the consideration struck 
me as worth investigating whether the emitted red fluid was 
hemolymph or not. If it is such it will give the tests for 
heemoglobin ; and I have found this to be the case. A spectro- 
scopic examination gave the two absorption hands between D 
and £ of Frauenhofer’s lines of the spectrum ; and on testing 
with ozonic ether and tincture of guaiacum it gave the usual 
blue color. How this hemolymph gets into the pulmonary sac 
is indeed a questionable point, and a somewhat difficult one to 
settle by any experimental method. I would make the sugges- 
tion—which seems the most probable one to me—that it is 
extruded into the lung sac by reason that the walls of the 
‘circulus venosus pulmonis or of the vessels constituting the 
pulmonary plexus are ruptured as the result of a last and forcible 
expiratory movement of the muscular floor of the mantle-cavity. 
—J- W. Wittiams, D.Sc. 


Cee cay 


364 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE GONADS IN 
LIMN/A STAGNALIS (L.) AND L. PEREGRA (Mill) 


By J. W. WILLIAMS, M.A., D.Sc. 
(Read before the Conchological Society, July 4th, 1888, and approved by the referees). 


THE reproductive organs (gonads) of the Pulmonata resolve 
themselves into three groups—a male group, a female group, 
and a group common to both the male and female portions. 
From this arrangement the genus Limnzea forms no exception. 
In Z. stagnalis the male group consists of a penis sac, a vas 
deferens, and a well-defined prostata; the female group is made 
up of a vagina, oviduct, receptaculum seminis or spermatheca, 
albuminiparous gland and two, rarely three, accessory albumini- 
parous glands developed along the course of the oviduct ; the 
common group contains the ovotestis (hermaphrodite gland) 
and its duct (hermaphrodite duct). The male and female 
portions open to the exterior at different points on the right 
side of the prostoma ; the former just below and slightly to the 
right of the tentacle (penial aperture), the latter some distance 
posterior to this (ostium vaginz). Self-fecundation, reasoning 
on anatomical considerations, is possible ; and, according to 
Macalister, in Z. auricularia (where the same condition of the 
position of the genital apertures obtains) this has been actually 
observed ; but it is a matter of very great doubt whether such 
selffecundated ova would be fertile. The jenzs is a botuli- 
form sac, circularly striated on its exterior, smooth on its interior, 
bent upon itself at a right angle, and lying in the ccelom of the 
prostoma to the right of the buccal mass and the commencement 
of the cesophagus. It is grooved on its upper surface for the 
prostata, and the proximal end of the spermatheca, the former 
being the more anterior of the two. The vas deferens proprium 
commences in a well-defined depression on the anterior surface 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


WILLIAMS; ON THE GONADS OF THE LIMNAA. 365 


of the prostata by a dilated pelvis, runs forward, and makes a 
U-shaped bend posterior to the penis sac, and in a triangular 
space that has its base formed by the posterior end of the penis, 
its right side by the proximal position of the receptaculum 
seminis and oviduct, and its left side by the prostata and buccal 
mass ; then it passes over the retractor muscle of the penis, and 
running in front of the proximal portion of the spermatheca, it 
becomes thinner and enters the muscular tissue forming the 
right side of the body-wall in which it runs a sinuous course for 
some distance to emerge at the right side of the penial aperture ; 
it then runs towards the dorsum, along the right side of the 
penis, makes several convolutions immediately under the skin 
of the dorsal surface of the prostoma, and passes back to enter 
the apex of the penis sac by a short, but distinctly marked, 
terminal portion. The frosfata is an irregular spheroidal 
dilatation of the commencement of the vas deferens which is set 
apart for the fulfilment of a special function. It is situated 
posterior to the penis sac, and lies in a groove (vide, ante) on 
the posterior third of that organ ; it is hemal to the cesophagus 
and salivary glands, and anterior to the first accessory albumini- 
parous gland; the oviduct and the proximal portion of the 
spermatheca pass over its posterior portion. Its wallis greyish 
and very rugose externally, divided into incomplete loculi 
internally ; the male portion of the hermaphrodite duct opens 
into it on its posterior aspect, and the vas deferens proprium 
commences in a depression on its anterior surface. The oveduct 
commences from the hermaphrodite duct directly posterior to 
the prostata and receptaculum seminis and directly underneath 
the anterior end of the first accessory albuminiparous gland ; it 
then runs alongside of, but posterior to, the proximal portion 
of the spermatheca for some distance, and, at last, joins with it 
about two millimetres from the ostium vaginee to form a canal 
common to both (vagina). The veceptaculum seminis (sperma- 
theca) consists of a long duct-like proximal portion, and of a 
bulbous saccate distal extremity which has been called, after its 


366 WILLIAMS: ON THE GONADS OF THE LIMNA. 


discoverer, the Swammerdamian vesicle. _'This vesicle is a yellow- 
ish spherical sac lying transversely in the ccelom, and situated 
to the left of the prostata and on a plane slightly inferior to the 
one occupied: by that organ. The proximal portion runs from 
the pole of the right hemisphere of the sac, crosses over the 
posterior and upper portion of the base of the prostata, and then 
running in the groove previously described on the postero-dorsal 
surface of the penis, it descends by the right side of that organ 
to unite with the oviduct, and thus form the vagina. (The 
spermatheca is in reality, a cecal diverticulum of the vagina). 
The albuminiparous gland is a linguiform body flexed trans- 
versely across the convex upper surface of the middle third of 
the second accessory gland, and firmly bound down to it by 
peritoneal connective tissue, so that its base looks towards the 
left, and its apex towards the right. The accessory albuminiparous 
glands are generally two in number—named first and second 
according to their position from before backwards,— the first: 
being much larger than the second. They are yellow pulviniform 
bosses situated along the course of the oviduct, and directly 
beneath the muscular floor of the pallial cavity, separated from 
the prostata by a well defined diaphragm consisting of connective 
tissue, containing muscle cells, and placed hcemally to the 
receptaculum seminis, oesophagus, stomach, and common 
generative duct. The posterior third ofthe second one lies 
imbedded in the substance of the “ Mitteldarmdriise of Frenzel.” 
Both the albuminiparous gland, and its accessory glands. swell 
up so much on the addition of water, that dissection under 
water is carried on with difficulty, a condition of things that 
can be remedied by replacing the water with spirit. The 
hermaphrodite gland (ovotestis) consists of an agglomeration of 
follicles situated in the “‘Mitteldarmdriise.” Init the spermatozoa 
and ova are produced from exactly the same kind of germinal 
epithelium;* these are carried down by the hermaphrodite 


* Reproduction consists essentially in the metazoa of the fusion of a 
flagellate cell (spermatozoon) with an-ameeboid cell (ovum). Both these 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


WILLIAMS : ON THE GONADS OF THE LIMNEHA. 367 


duct to either the vas deferens (if spermatozoa) or to the 
oviduct (if ova). This hermaphrodite duct is a dead white, 
highly convoluted tube, which passes from the ovotestis to the 
base of the albuminiparous gland; then becoming thinner it 
courses through that gland and receives its duct ; then, at last, 
leaving the gland it runs as a liguliform duct—the common 
generative duct—on the neural aspect of the accessory albumini- 
parous glands to the extreme anterior extremity of the first one, 
when it suddenly divides into two portions ;—one which sud- 
denly enlarges to form the prostata and which is continued as the 
vas deferens, the other which is known as the oviduct. These 
two portions have already been described. In Z. peregra the 
penis is very long and narrowly cylindrical, and situated neurally 
to the accessory albuminiparous gland and prostata; the vas 
deferens proprium is much shorter in comparison and less 
convoluted ; the prostata lies directly under the accessory albu- 
miniparous gland and between the cesophagus and posterior end 
of the penis, the vas deferens commences in a depression on its 
inferior surface, and the male portion of the common generative 
canal opens into it on its posterior aspect ; the albuminiparous- 
gland, a curved, somewhat quadrangular mass, irregularly 
laciniate on its inferior surface, lies transversely over the 
stomach and intestine; there is only one accessory albumini- 
parous gland, it is situated hemally to the prostata; the 
Swammerdamian vesicle is a thin walled sac lying immediately 
under the dorsal integument of the body at the junction of the 
prostoma and metastoma, anterior to the accessory albumini- 
parous gland and dorsal to the prostata, and the proximal portion 
of the spermatheca runs in company with the oviduct over the 
antero-dorsal surface of the prostata; the ovotestis is situated in 
the ‘‘ Mitteldarmdruse” near the apex of the spire, and the 


cells are developed from primitive germ-cells, which at some time in the life 
of the animal, or during the whole life of the animal, are exactly similar, 
and which correspond to the protozoon ancestors of the metazoa. It is very 
suggestive that in sagitta both the ovaries and the testes are developed from 
a single primitive germ-cell. 


368 WILLIAMS: ON THE GONADS OF THE LIMN@A. 


hermaphrodite duct runs a sinuous course through the substance 
of that digestive gland to get into relation with the albumini- 
parous gland when it becomes very convoluted so as to simulate 
a gland-like mass between that organ and its accessory gland. 
The common generative canal is ribbon-shaped. 

From the consideration of the discrete positions of the male 
and female genital apertures in both these species it will thus be 
seen how that two cannot engage in coitus in such a complete 
manner as occurs in the Helices ; how it is that fecundation of 
all the animals engaged in coition at any one time cannot take 
place at one and the same time; how it is, in fact, that we 
find L. peregra——as was first observed by Prevost—banded 
together in threes, or sometimes in greater numbers, the one 
fecundating the other. In Z. stagnalis, as two are the number 
generally seen together in coitus at the same time, impregnation 
of only one of them, at one time, can occur, unless the animals 
are placed in opposite directions one to the other. In L. feregra, 
taking the three engaged from above downwards, it will be 
noticed that the general condition of affairs is that the penis of 
the first is exserted into the vagina of the second, and that it is 
not fecundated at all itself but is fecundating, that the second is 
being fecundated by the first and is fecundating the third, and 
that the third is being fecundated but is not fecundating. So 
that of three geregras banded together for fecundating purposes, 
two only of them are fecundated, the second and the third, and 
two only are fecundating, the first andthe second. The exserted 
penis in both the species is flattened and triangular in shape. In 
L. stagnalis during coition—this being the only species I was 
fortunate enough to kill with the penis exserted—I find the 
relative positions of the organs inside the animal changed to but 
some slight extent. The penis, of course, is absent, and its 
place is occupied by convolutions of the vas deferens, the 
terminal portion of which runs through the centre of the ex- 
serted penis and opens by a foramen or meatus at its extremity 
in order for the ready conveyance of the spermatozoa into the 


vagina of the one being fecundated. 
J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 369 


On making a comparison with the gonads of the Helices 
and those of the Limneez, it will be found that the greatest 
dissimilarity of the latter from the former occurs in the great 
separation of the male and female portions from one another, 
this being a decided advance on to the moncecious condition ; 
the presence of the large and well-defined prostata, the existence 
of the so-called accessory albuminiparous glands, and the absence 
of muciparous glands, dart-sac and flagellum. The absence of 
the dart in other species than those of the Helicidze suggests not 
the idea (I may incidentally mention) that my friend Prof. J. 
Bland Sutton has recently proposed to me as an organ of cuti- 
cular irritation, an idea which I find is held by Simroth in a 
paper entitled ‘‘ Ueber eine Nacktschnecke von Samarkand die 
Amalia maculata, Heynemann, besser Agriolimax maculatus,” 
which he communicated to SB. Ges. Leipzig, xii,, pp. 11 and 12; 
hut rather inclines to the theory proposed by Mr. W. E. Collinge, 
in a paper on “The Darts of the Helicidz,” read before the 
Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association, on October 
29th, 1887, viz., that it must be considered as a degenerate 
weapon of defence. But I would point out that the only basis 
on which we must build the most probable function of the dart 
must be one founded on inferences derived from embryological 
considerations which are not, as yet, forthcoming. 


——_ = ——__<$£ 


Limneza auricularia floating.—It will doubtless interest 
Mr. Nelson and others (vide ‘A Day’s Collecting near Howden, 
Yorks.,’ pp. 262—267 ante) to know that I observed this 
afternoon (May 7th) a distinctly marked auricu/aria floating on 
the surface of the water in a large pan wherein I am keeping a 
quantity of specimens alive for anatomical work. These 
specimens were taken yesterday afternoon by Mr. Wallis Kew 
and myself from the Lea Marshes, Tottenham, and weré only 
placed in the water in the early morning of to-day.—J. W. 
WILLIAMS. 


370 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


Noticre.—Al Communications for the Conchological Society should be 
addressed to the Secretary, Mr. Thos. W. Bell, 2, Carr Lane, Leeds. 


Meeting 
HELD JULY 4TH, 1888, AT THE MUSEUM, LEEDS. 
Mr. W. E. Collinge presided. 
DONATIONS. 
The following Donations were announced :— 
« Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” vol. 
ll., part 4, 1887. 
“Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” part to, 
1885. 


“North Yorkshire” :—Presidential Address, by John G. Baker, 
F.R.S., F.L.S., President of the Yorks. Naturalists’ Union. 


“Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association,” 1886-7. 
The thanks of the Society were accorded the donors for 
their valuable donations. 
NEW MEMBER. 


Mr. Walter Crouch, F.Z.S., of Wanstead, was elected a member 
of the Society. 


PAPERS READ. 


“On the Morphology of Gonads in Limncea stagnalis (L.) and 
Limnea peregra (Mull.), by Dr. J. W. Williams, M.A. 


Meeting 
HELD AUGUST IST, 1888, AT THE MUSEUM, LEEDS. 
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, presided. 
DONATIONS. 
The following donations were laid on the table :— 
“Report of the Smithsonian Institution,” part 2, 1885. 


“Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales,” vol. xxi., 
1887. 

The Secretary also announced a donation of 1o/- from the Rev. 
Edward S. Dewick, M.A., to the Cabinet Fund. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ba ii 


The thanks of the Meeting were accorded the donors for 


their donations. 
PAPERS READ. 


The Chairman read a paper from Mr. E. Collier, of Man- 
chester, ‘On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Cardigan- 
shire.” 


Mr. R. D. Darbishire read a paper entitled “Notes on Shells of 
Argonauto Argo.” 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. J .W. Taylor showed a choice collection of named varie- 
ties of Limnea fperegra, and also the following sent to him by 
the gentlemen named :— 

From Mr. W. H. Heathcote a large collection of Shells 
from South and West Lancashire, some of which he kindly 
allowed to be retained for the Society’s Collection. 

From Dr. Scharff, of Dublin, Helzx aspersa, H. nemoralis, 
HT, hispida, H!. rotundata, Hf. rufescens, and Clausilia rugosa 
from Navan, county Meath. 

From Dr. Williams, M.A. specimens of Paludina vivipara 
from Leicester and the river Lea. 

From Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. examples of Lzmnea 
peregra, Zonites cellarius, Clausilia rugosa, Helix caperata, and 
fT. hortensis from the Island of Barra and South Uist. Hebrides, 

From Mr. Charles Ashford examples of Helix aspersa, H. 
rufescens, 1. hortensis, Hf. lapicida, H. virgata, and HZ. hispida, 
and Zonites cellarius, and nitidulus from Spettisbury, Dorset. 

From Mr. Byne specimens of Vitrina pellucida from Teign- 
mouth, South Devon. 

NOTE ON SHELLS OF ARGONAUTA ARGO. 

Mr. Darbishire exhibited and described some shells of Argo- 
nauta. Specimen No. 1 is a well-grown perfect ‘live’ shell, not of 
the largest size, but measuring as noted in the table below. Its 
texture is that of an old shell with the tops of the ridges polished, 
its colour a greyish white with the usual brown touches on and 
near the keel at the back. ‘The lines of growth are well seen in 
looking from the inside towards a light, and are very regular, 


372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


ending in the marginal line of the lip. The outline of the keel 
curves forward from the back with a uniform expansion some- 
what in advance of a circular line. The whole lateral surface is 
crowded with the characteristic undulated ridges: with many 
interpolations of one or two of half length or less, every ridge 
ending in a spinous tubercle on the keel. 


Specimen No. 2 was exhibited to illustrate the great regu- 
larity of the characters of the shell. This is a ‘dead’ shell, a 
shade less than No. 1, but otherwise repeating its features. 
These two are said to have come from the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

Specimen No. 3 (PI. iii Frontispiece) from an unknown locality 
is remarkable for an unusual development of the aperture. From 
a width of one centimetre at the lateral point to that of three 
centimetres at the keel, the edge of the shell is marked with three 
strong and many fine lines of growth, the whole forming a sort of 
final lip upon which the radiating ridges, and particularly the 
deflected ends of such ridges near the keel, are partially evanes- 
cent. These final lines of growth follow quite normally the 
long series seen from within. 

The front edge of the aperture is marked by a distinct pro- 
longation forwards, deflecting the keel outwards like the lip of a 
jug, with a regular curve affecting the position of three tubercles. 
Instead of the expanding curve of the general outline of the 
keel seen in No. 1 and No. 2 and all ordinary specimens, this 
line in this shell is somewhat restricted, so that it appears to be 
more nearly parallel to the curve of the thickened lip from the 
axis to the point. This, with the extension of the aperture, 
gives a somewhat trumpet-shaped figure to the lateral aspect. 

This shell is (except for the pouting lip in front) very much 
more regular than No. 1 and No. 2 in the curvature and suc- 
cession and in the alternations of long and single short ribs, not 
one of which is wanting or out of place, while all are somewhat 
more developed and slightly more distant from each other than 
in No. 1. The whole lateral surface is polished in all the speci- 


J.C. v., Oct., 1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 373 


mens, but in this one especially so with a glassy glaze on and 
between the ribs. The shell looks especially well developed and 
perfect. The colour is a delicate creamy or warm ivory white. 
The brown marking at the ends of the ridges and on the 
tubercles of the keel is more delicately applied and outlined 
than in No. 1, and at the back for about two centimetres from 
the keel is faintly expanded on the shell so as to look like a film 
of epidermis. 


It would not be fair to occupy so much space with the | 
description of only a peculiar specimen of so common a shell, 
unless in the hope that-.so far from being an abnormal or 
deformed individual this may really be an exceptionally adult 
and well developed shell such as may have sheltered the ova of 
an especially lovely lady mother of Argonauts who passed a long 
life, well nourished and undisturbed, in some protected lagoon 
where the sea was always smiling. Still, it is only fair to add, 
that amongst very many specimens in many collections the 
writer has never seen a shell like this one; or—one in itself so 
perfectly beautiful. 


MEASUREMENTS IN CENTIMETRES. 


IN@s iis || IIs 2s | IN@s 3 
From keel at the back to the front of 
WS BYDSAWIRS cos cag on aco 24.0 24.5 22.0 


From the keel below to the !ateral 
OVOMYE cpa a6) coo e909. Neau!. -c0e 16.0 14.0 15.5 


From the front of the aperture to the 
point along the edge of the shell 17.0 18.0 16.0 


From point to point across the aperture 8.2 8.2 8.5 


From the front of the aperture over 
round the keel ne 


[Dr. Gould, quoted in “Tryon’s Manual,” I., page 136, gives 


measurements of the largest known shell as equal to 3o centi- 
metres long by 19 centimetres high]. 


374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Darbishire also exhibited specimens of Unio tumidus 
from a pond near Birmingham, measuring severally 10.6 centi- 
metres in length, 5.5 centimetres in height, and about 4.0 centi- 
metres in thickness, all of unusual thickness in the valve and 
weight ; colour black in all; umbonal abrasion of the epidermis, 
but without erosion. 

Also specimens of the same species Uzzo tumidus from | 
another pond near Birmingham of the following dimensions in 
centimetres :— 


Leth. Hght.  Thcknss. Leth. Hght. Thcknss. 
i © 7.0 5.4 4 12.5 6.2 5.0 
Bi U3. 6.3 3.75 uy eal 6.0 4.2 
Seay 6.5 5.2 6 11.9 6.4 4.5 


Colour, black or dark brown ; 2, 5, and 6 with a slight lateral 
depression and corresponding concavity in the ventral curve. 
These shells were all notably heavy. 

Also, from the same pond as the last lot, specimens of Uzz0 
pictorum of the following dimensions :— 


Lgth. Hght. Thcknss. I-gth. Hght. Thcknss. 
I 14.5 6.2 4.4 AI QaS 6.0 4.7 
2 14.2 6.0 4.5 RB Nee 5.8 4.5 
3 14.0 6.0 4.2 QO - ia 5.8 4.0 


These shells are blackish brown and lighter brown; all the shells 
were in the best health, very heavy, with thick epidermis, and 
more or less umbonal erosion. Some showed a slight incurvation 
on the ventral margin, and all well developed massive posterior 
rostration. The pool from which these two series were taken is 
a large pond with a slight current through it, about 8ft. to 1oft. 
deep, where the shells were, with a gravelly bottom and a certain 
amount of dead leaves. The water was not tested for lime. By 
a fortunate hap the two largest U. ¢. and U. p. came up in the 
same haul, otherwise these great shells were scattered, and 
somehow the abode of younger ones was not found. 

Mr. Darbishire owed the capture to a friend at Birming- 
ham, who gave kind personal help and a pleasant walk. 

Mr. W. E. Collinge gave notice of his intention to move 
the following Alterations of Rules at the Annual Meeting :— 


J.C., v., Oct., 1888. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 375 


1st.—That the following be substituted for Rule No. 4 :—Candi- 
dates for Membership, after being proposed by two Mem- 
bers of not less than twelve months’ standing, from a 
personal knowledge, at one meeting, shall be balloted for 
at the next. They shall pay in advance on the-1st of 
January an Annual Subscription of not less than 5/-. 
Foreign Members shall pay an Annual Subscription of not 
less than 7/6. 

2nd.—That Rule No. 6 be omitted from the Constitution. 

3rd.—That the Curator and Recorder and Librarian be ex- 
officio Members of the General Council. 


Meeting 
HELD SEPTEMBER 5TH, 1888, AT THE MUSEUM, LEEDS. 
Mr. W. E. Collinge, presided. 
DONATION. 

The following donation was announced :— 

“‘Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” 

vol. il., part 1. 

Correspondence from Members was laid on the table :— 
Under date August roth the Rey. Churchill Babington, D.D., 
F.R.S., wrote that on the previous day he had found Aydro- 
charis morsus-rane in flower in the river Stour, near Sudbury. 
Some of these plants were taken home and placed in water. 
When examined subsequently Dr. Babington observed “that 
several shells had detached themselves from the leaves, and 
among them was a specimen of C/zton cinereus (L.), the only 
species of this genus which has as yet been found in Suffolk.” 
The Rey. Carleton Greene, who saw the -shell while the animal 
was yet fresh, suggests that it may be worth considering whether 
this. shell can have been introduced by a barge from the sea, as 
‘in his boyhood barges came up as far as Sudbury from the sea. 
Dr. Babington suggests ‘“‘some of your correspondents may be 
able to throw some light upon this subject.” 

PAPERS READ. 
“ Argiope decollata, at Scilly,” by Mr. J. T. Marshall. 


“On the position of dart sac in Helix rufescens,” by Mr. W. E. 
Collinge. 


3276 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. 

Mr. Collinge showed examples of Avion ater and the variety 
brunnea, Limax maximus, L. flavus, and L. agrestis, Zonttes 
cellartus and Helix aspersa from the Corporation Gardens, 
Well Road, Nottingham. Also Avion ater and Limax agrestis 
from Barmby-in-the-Willow, near Newark,—all sent by Mr. G. 
W. Mellors. ——— 

NOTICE.—The Annual Meeting of the Conchological Society will. 
be held on Saturday, the 15th of December, at 5-30 p.m., at the 
Museum, Park Row, Leeds. Members intending to communicate 
papers or exhibit specimens are requested to furnish particulars 


to the Secretary as early as possible. 
——#-e-¢—___ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY, 


Museum Normanianum, or a Catalogue of the Inverte- 
brata of Europe, and the Arctic and N. Atlantic Oceans, which 
are contained in the collection of the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, 
M.A., D.C.L., F.L.S., iv., Mollusca Marina ; v., Brachiopoda. 

These lists are prepared by their learned author (for private 
distribution) to show the species contained in his vast collection 
and to indicate clearly the deficiencies which exist and which he 
will be glad to have supplied by any person, and for which he 
offers either Mollusca-or other classes of Marine Invertebrates 
in exchange, or cash if preferred. The chief deficiencies in the 
Marine Mollusca are those of coasts of Eastern N. America, 
Asiatic, Arctic and Alaskan, Abyssal Atlantic and Mediterranean 
forms, Cephalopoda and Nudibranchiata. The Land species 
specially desired are those of Cape Verd, Azores, Canary 
Islands, those parts of Africa and Arabia N. of the tropics, Asia 
Minor, Persia, Afghanistan, and the Russian Empire. In all 
1910 forms of Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda are enumerated 
as in this collection which sufficiently attests its great importance 
and value.—J. W. T. 

Helix virgata var. radiata Hidalgo in the Isle of 
Wight.—Last year, Mr. J. W. Wood, while staying at Fresh- 
water, found several specimens of A. wirgata which seem to 
accord fairly well with Hidalgo’s variety radéaza, originally 
recorded from the Balearic Isles. The upper surface, instead of 
the usual spiral banding, is radiately and regularly striped with 
black and white, in a similar way to B. acutus var. articulata. 
The under surface has the usual spiral banding._-J. W. Taytor. 


J.C., v., Oct., 1833, 


Terebratula papillosa, x18, Fig. § front view, Fig. 2 side view, Fig. 3 
Dorsal view. Fig. 4 Scalaria pseudoscalaris Brocchi. Fig. 5 Concholepas 
Peruvianus showing position of operculum, MM mantle, F foot, p proboscis, 
running into C canal, T tentacles, T ’ the two labial teeth, O operculum. 


Se x f 
2\ 22 23 

Figs. 1—4, Limnea physopsis, Cooke ; 5,:Pecten Gladysic ; 6, P. Guendolene ; 
7, P. Hastingsii; 8, P. hysginodes; 9, P. psarus; 10, P. valdecostatus ; Melvill. Fig. 
11, Mitra Marione ; 12, M. erumnosa; 13, M. astyridiformis; 14, M. caloxesta; 15, 
M. chariessa ; 16, M. transenna; 17, M. Sybille; 18, M. percnodictya ; 19, M. cerithina ; 
20, M. bela; 21, M. tensa; 22, M. abacophora; 23, M. rhodinospheera ; 24, M. zythochroa ; 
25, M. fulvosulcata ; Melvill. Fig. 26, Cyprea Rashleighana, Melvill. Fig. 27, Bith. 


tentaculata, abnormal. 


Conchological Society of Great Britain 
ano Frelano, 


0S aS 


The Council will be pleased to receive subscriptions from the members 
towards the purchase of Cabinets and the necessary tubes and glass-capped 
boxes for the display of the Society’s collections, which have increased 
largely during the past few years. Until now, however, the Society has 
not had the opportunity of rendering them available for consultation by the 
members. This difficulty has now been removed, thanks to the kindness of 
the Council of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, who have 
liberally consented to the Society’s collections being deposited in one of tke 
rooms of the Leeds Museum, so that it will in future be possible to examine 
the collections at any time when the Museum is open. 

Before this can be done, however, it will be necessary to provide 
Cabinets in which to place the specimens, and it will be obvious that a 
special subscription is necessary, in view of the fact that for the very small 
subscription of 5/- the ‘‘ Journal of Conchology ” is supplied to each member. 

It is intended to house the collections in a series of small Cabinets, at 
an estimated cost of £2 tos. each, so as ultimately to facilitate the classifica- 
tion of the collections. Of these it is wished to order at least half-a-dozen. 
A list of subscriptions already promised is subjoined. 

Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, 

THOMAS W: BELL, 
2, Carr Lane; 
LEEDS. 
Leeds, April, 1888. 


LIST OF PROMISED SUBSCRIPTIONS. 


sired 
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., a cabinet, to be devoted to a series 
of types of the species and varieties of the British Land 
and Freshwater Mollusca (the Council have decided to call 
this ‘The Taylor Cabinet.’). 
Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S. eal neato) 
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. 1S MG) 
Rey. Iferbert Milnes, M.A. be diad aC) 
Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 010 6 
Mr. S. J. DaCosta 010 oO 
Dr. W. H. Evans 010 0 


ion 


ian 


a 


PM PVM met MLCM ECM) ECM LPM) SEMEL; PP Ee mY PY mL Ym EL aS EYL Ey 


POMEL YEE 


POMC MMMM LEP) Lm 


LINNAER, 
ENSTITUTIONS FOR ONATUR Aleit hs TORY. 
BERLIN. — Germany. 


== 

mls institution was founded in 1879 at Frankfort s. M. 
by a number of zoologists. The undertaking, an outgrowth 
of the Exchange Union (a branch of the German Malaco- 
Zoological Society) directed its chief energies to turning the 
collections of scientific travelers to advantage. The pressure 
of increasing business necessitated the removal of the In- 
stitution to the german capital. Nearly all well-known German 
explorers entrusted their collections to the Linnaea. We men- 
tion only Dr. Ricw. Boum, Dr. G. FiscHER, FREIHERR VON 
Mattzan, the brothers Drs. Krause, E. Hartert, Dr. STott, 
CLemens DenHARDT, and many others. Not only the mu- 
seums and academies of Germany, but also nearly all the 
principal institutes of the continent sustain regular intercourse 
with the Linnaea. Even to many transoceanic countries, par- 
ticularly the United-States, Canada, Sth.-America, India, Austra- 
lia ete. larger or smaller collections are often forwarded. 
Among others we name the following museums and institutes: 
the Royal Inst. of Natural History at Berlin, the National 
Museum at Vienna, London, Leyden, Brussels, Pesth. St. Peters- 
burg etc. Among our N.-American correspondents we men- 
tion the museums at Washington, Philadelphia, Madison, Ittaca, 
Cambridge, Toronto etc. 

Our stock is constantly replenished from various trans- 
oceanic countries in which collectors are at work in our behalf. 
The institution likewise sends out scientists into territories 
whose exploration appears necessary for the furtherance of 
its aims. In such cases any special requests handed in will, 
when possible, receive our careful attention. 


eT EO OOM ee eee TE TT TT TY WT 


W/m /i8) 


AT TTC TUE CUT OD MT MOTT EE TRC OT OM Ot OTe GTO Oe OE COE TE A Te OO OU A UEC TN OC UE OE OD POD YON TEN CON UND O00 WOE TON UD TOY TOD ORT PO MED OUND PUN POON TO OT ON U0 0) TY 0 0 0 TT 


OT 


a OO Lc UMMM UI Te Nt | 


(m)imi 


(aig 


QMUVM Sem MEPL L Lp mL PLY mL Lm ee 


Ae 


Mammals. 


The stock in mammals (Skins, Skeletons and Skulls) is 
constantly changing so that pricelists of earlier date cannot 
be implicitly relied upon. European species can always be 
obtained. Of non european specimens we gladly furnish 
written catalogues on application. Peculiar types and re- 
markably interesting forms, such as Ornithorhynchus and 
Echidna we endeavor always to keep on hand. 


Birds’ Skins and Birds’ Eggs. 


Very large assortment. Having lately purchased the col- 
lections of the deceased explorers Dr. G. FiscHer (Victoria 
Njansa), Dr. Ricu. BOum (Tanganjika) and FLecEL HARTERT 
(Niger-Benue) a particularly fine selection of African spe- 
cimens is now at our disposal, as also numerous ornitholo- 
gical types of the Ancient World. Furthermore we possess 
an immense variety of Birds’ Eggs, of which fresh catalogues 
appear at short intervals. Besides these we supply large and 
small collections of European and other Birds’ Nests of pe- 
culiar formation. 


Reptiles and Batrachia 


to which our collectors are required to pay special attention, 
our stock embraces a great variety of species. As the re- 
presentatives of this group are in great request, printed lists 
soon go out of date; we therefore furnish written catalogues 
when desired. (Metopocerus cornutus just arrived from Haiti!) 


Fishes. 


We supply German Fresh- water Fishes as well as many 
kinds of Fish from the German, Baltic and Mediterranean 
Seas, either in alcohol or prepared dry. We prepare the 
same by an entirely original method, whose peculiar merits 
are warmly and universally recognized. Of the most in- 
teresting types, like Amia, Accipenser, Polypterus, Myxine etc. 
we usually have specimens. 


SPM LOM SPM SP MELLEL MESES LP EMMYS MELLEL Lm) mE) 


UT 


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eat TE POT) 0) Pt) Oy PE) 


in 


BUCO UU UC ee eC eee, 


ie 


EEE EV EUEUEUEUEL 


OEE Ce ED TS 


Recent Shells 


(land, fresh-water and marine shells). 


Our stock in Shells exhibits a wealth of forms and spe- 
cies such as can scarcely be found elsewhere. We would 
refer in the first instance to our catalogues; but we also arrange 
every description of collections to special order, as for in- 
stance for comparative studies in paleontology. In shells we 
carry on an average upwards of 12000 species. 


Mollusks in alcohol 


mostly from the Mediterranean, can also be had. No less 
worthy of note is the stock of our 


Insect Metamorphoses. 


On demand we cheerfully furnish written lists of our 
Arachnida, Myriapods, Crustacea, Echinoderma as controlled 
by specialists. Especially varied selections of Crustaceans, 
Echinoderms, Myriapods are now on Hand, large lots having 
been lately forwarded from Haiti. 


Preparing Department. 


The institution has its own preparing department in 
which all work of this class as stuffed animals, prepared 
skeletons and skulls, injections and anatomical preparations, 
as well as other alcoholic preparations etc. is performed under 
the supervision of experts. We are thus enabled to arrange 
and furnish complete collections for educational purposes, 
demonstration or exhibition in any or all departments of 
Zoology. 


BRR RRR RRR RRR EERE RR e 


kell 


TOTO ITU UIT UIUC UI UIE CITRIC UIUC TCO CI UIT UIO CUI CI CII UI UU TCI ND UITUIIUIUIIUIC NCI UIUOIU CUT C COI UITUIUIUICI IOI IUIUIIO TUN OI MIMIC I CCCI CNC IC ODIO N UICC UTCNCIDIO IOI CONC UIC ICICI DIED ICOM CRO MO MONE RIUM IO MCMC ILE i 


init 


Tn 


(m\in) 


Ama) 


CUM YMMV L PMLCL PML PLY wm) mm LL mL Lm EL LY 


COMIC 


Our connections with zoological collections and institutions 
of natural history have rendered it necessary to draw 


|Paleontology 


into our sphere of activity. In this connection we would call 
attention to our stock of Fossils of the Tertiary Period. 
From the Mayence basin (diluvium and tertiary) we have 
remains of mammals such as Elephas, Mastodon, Diustherium, 
Hippotherium, Paleomeryx, Aceratherium, Halitherium etc. 
of which we can furnish a special catalogue. We also beg 
to call attention to the fragmentary scales of Glyptodon cla- 
dipes Osw. from the S..American Pampas formation. Besides 
the above we have a fine selection of fossils from the Litho- 
graphic slate of Solenhofen, from the Swabian Jura (Ichthyo- 
saurus, Pentacrinus etc.) from the Bohemian silurian ete. 


We are glad to buy suitable material or to effect ex- 
changes. In this regard also we would request directors of 
Museums, Academies and Colleges, and likewise private col- 
lectors. scientific explorers etc. to enter into communication 
with our institution. 


Dr. Aug. Miiller. 


BERLIN, Germany, 


Louisenplatz 6G. 


(Opposite Royal Museum of Natural History.) 


\ 


CUMTP MLCT 


CT CC RT OO CC Re GO We 0 


nn) 


Tm iioy 


PUTCO COCO R CROC COCR eR COCO CO Oe MOLE OO MT Gt CO OOe ED OE OMT Hh TOON OD COL OTE ROD SUE OEE SOE MON tO) GO GON EOE EOL SOE OY UE TE THT ON TON ENN O00 OTT G00 TUE Ty 0 


MUM UMMM EMME MELLEL 


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imiim) 


JAN. GB) 1886. 


JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


: CONTENTS. 
ah ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: 
Marine eae collected at Port Elizabeth, S. Africa—G. B. Sowerby, 


_ Land and BrechWater Shells in Normandy—S. es Cockérell, M. KCASEE 
‘Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis in Dorset—T. D. A. ‘Cockerell, 
M.C.S: 
Nature and Development of the Hairs | or r Bristles on some Land and 
Freshwater Shells, &c.—William Jeffery, M.C.S. : 
Helix pulchella at Niagara—T, D. A. Cockerell, M.C.S.-_ ... 
Note on Planorbis subangulatus ‘at Malta—Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. 
Notes on the Parmacella of Gibraltai—T. D. A. Cockerell, M.C. Br 
Additions to the Land and Freshwater Mollusea of f Llandudno — 
J. R. Brockton Tomlin ... Seeul 


| BIBLIOGRAPHY : 
: PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Hunster New Roap. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CartistRasse, 11. 
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : .W. LEGRAND. 


y) 


‘PRICE ONE SHILLING. 


: R B 5 r 


32 Paces MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE’ (BY PosT, SEVENPENCE). PREPAID 
SUBSCRIPTIONS, 5/- PER ANNUM, Post- FREE. : 


THE NATURALIST, 
A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, 
CONDUCTED BY 


Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., 


The object of the teneell is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, te 
physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. 
-All Communications should be addressed thus -— 
_ THE. EDITORS OF THE *‘ NATURALIST,’ LEEDS.” 


The ‘Naturalist’ may Ae be had of Mr. G. E. EAST, Jun., 241, Keene Road, 
Upper Clapton, London, E,; and Messrs. LovELL, REEVE, &- Eo 5 
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. 


C B SOWERB v.45, (GREAT: RUSSELL ‘Sis LONDON, 
Une 2 ily names and arranges Specimens and Collections — 
of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and 


entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly 
being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. 


ISIN 


LePRICE Lists ON APPLICATION... SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. 


BOO FS Be bas Bat Vea: 
On some variations of Helix arbustorum, by B. B. Woodward — [The Author 
Smithsonian Institution Report, 1883 _ [The Institution. 


Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part ii., 1885 
[The "Academy. 


Science : _ | [The Editor. 
Journal de Conchyliologie—No. 3, 1885 oe Editors; 
- Origin of Freshwater Faunas, by J. W. Sollas [R. D - Darbishire. 


The Rochdale Field Naturalists’ Journal, part Iv. 

‘Die geographische Verbreitung einiger Landschneeken in den Alpen, by Dr. v. - 
Martens [The Author. 

wee brasilische Land and Susswasser Mollusken, by Dr, vy. Martens [The Author. 

Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Soleillet dans son Voyage au 
Choa, par M. B. Bourguignat [The Author. 

List of Shell- bearing Mollusca of Michigan, W. H. de Camp, M.D.. [The Author. 

Transactions of the Elertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, edited 


by J. Hopkinson, F.L.S., vol. ii., parts 5 and 6 _ [The Society. 
Seottieh Naturalist, January, "1886 ‘ [The Editor. 
Zoologischer Anzeiger herausgegeben, von Prof, J. Victor Carus [The Editor. - 
A List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Chester district, compiled by_ 

Geo. W. Shrubsole [The Author, 
On Shells from Brazil and Asia Minor, by Prof. Dr. von Martens [The Author. » 


Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Jan., 1886 [ The Society. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY; 


WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. 


By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, 


CONSERVATOR OF THE. CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF 
NATURAL SCIENCES. OF PHILADELPHIA. 


Vol. I., Cuealceopas 1879. Vol. Il., Muricin@®, and PurpurINa#, 1880. 
‘Vol. IIL, TRITONIDA, Fusip@&, and BUCCINIDA, 1881. Vol. IV., Nassip@, 
MITRIDA, OLIVID, &e. ; 1882. : 


CONDITTO NS: 


_ THE MAnvaL oF ConcHoLocy will be published, by subscription, in parts 
(in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will 


>. embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- 


plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. . Part I, 
to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of ihe Cephalopoda ; the 
Muricide will follow. 
It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete 
- the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable 
on the completion of any volume. i 
~ * * Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : 
Fine Evition.-—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will 
be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) 


as Part, ... $8 00 
~» COLORED ITION. =The plates carefully colored Dy: mond: Pen Part, ee 5 00 
Pain Epirion. Per Part, = Fos p00 


American subscribers will Bee sadueses 
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, 
Academy of Natural Scaences, Philadelphia, Pa. 


Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following’ booksellers ; 


TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, Jou BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main 
‘ * London. H. Greorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, 
F. SAvy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. | ~. France. 
A. ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H,. GrEorG, Bale. 
Berlin. _| H. Gore, Corraterie No, 10, Geneva, 
G. GEROLD’s' SOHN, Vienna. 10. HoEput, Milan, Naples aid Pisa. 


*..* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the 
“subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five ue cent. advance 
upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLOW: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. - 2 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


PRICE 4 FRANCS PER: PART, : PAYABLE ON RECEIPT. OF Parr. 


‘The work will be completed 4 in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic Bites in. each part. 
Subseriptions to be sent to 


ML PE. DAUIZENBERG, 218, rue de l'Universite, Paris. 


NEW LIST OF BRITISH MARINE SHELLS. 
UST PUBLISHED, an EXCHANGE LIST OF BRITISH 
MARINE SHELLS, comprising those of the BRacHIOPODA 
and Mottusca proper, with Varieties, and with the authorities given ; 
after the. arrangement in “J/EFKREYS’ BRITISH CON. 


CHOLOGY,” with additions and alterations to 1885 ; prepared by a 


' ALEX. SOMERVILLE, B.Sc. F-L.S.. 


Printed on ares pages, Foolscap size, bank paper. To be had of A. STENHOUSE, is 
Bs Bookseller, University, Avenue, Glasgow. 


‘Price: 3d. each, or 2s. 6d. per Koeee post-free. 


IN ‘PREPARATION. 


‘Monograph of the Land & Freshwater tas 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. | 


Assistance Required Immediately Gr unea: of Testacelle from any ese oN 
Extracts from, or loan ‘of, any work, to which we haye Dot ey having ; 
reference to Testacellee, 

Co-operation is. invited, from. all SApehainge interested in the shone: subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HisTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will bewelcomed and carefullyacknowledged. 


Address ; es Belge haan TAYLOR, Office of the Journal . ed: Hunsle. 
New Road, ees 


Cina AMERICAN NATURALIST. 


The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principa 


"editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, 


as Dr, C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. 
Bessey (Botany). Prof. O..T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), 
Prof. H. Carvill’ Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geen \ 
Exploration), hi 
Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two ee a 
and 45s. for three. _ Single numbers, 1s. 6d. ay 


; McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Bureet PruapErrin, 
| English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 67 & 69, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. 


‘THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 


A OU MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
EpirEp By° PROFESSOR’ TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 

= Aninal Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., ‘post frees > 
Articles and communications for the Magazine should, be sent. to the Editor 
“before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publerion “ 

in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. vs 
Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COWAN & Co., Perth, 
from whom also. Terms for Adyertising a ‘be had. ; ue 


APRIL. (as) 1886. 


THE 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 


THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 


Occurrence of Cyclostrema nitens at Margate—S. C. Cockerell, M.C.S. 

Notes on the distinctness of the genera Turtonia and Cyamium— 
Edgar A, Smith, F.Z.S.. ae a Bee 

Zonites draparnaldrin Captivity —Miss F.M. Hele... 

Notes on some British Varieties of Limnza—S, C. Cockerell, M. (Oe S. 

Vertigo moulinsiana in Notts.—J. W. Taylor 

Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Tower ese 
Baker Hudson, M.C.S. doe Bae as Ae 

Exhibition of Shells at Manchester 

List of the Land and Freshwater Shells of chai F. W. “Wotton, 
M.C.S. 

Descriptions of three New ‘Species of Freshwater Shells from Japan— 
Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. : 

Mollusca of the Neighbourhood of Clapham, Yorkshire—Hugh 
Richardson Ke 

Description of a New Species of Voluta from West Australia—Edgar 
A Smith, F.Z.S. 

The Marine Shells of Scilly (Additions and Corrections) Rev. R. W. 

J. Smart, M.A., and Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S. 


PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HuNnsLET NEw Roap. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLstTRAssz, 11. 
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND. 


PRICE ONE SHILLING. 


32 PaGEs MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE (BY POST, SEVENPENCE). PREPAID 
SUBSCRIPTIONS, 5/- PER ANNUM, PosT-FREE. 


THE NATURALIST, 


A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, 
CONDUCTED BY 


Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L8., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., 


The object of the journal is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and | 
physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England, 


All Communications should be addressed thus :— 
‘““THE EDITORS OF THE ‘ NATURALIST,’ LEEDS,” 


The ‘Naturalist’ may also be had of Mr. G. E. East, Jun., 241, Evering Road, 
Upper Clapton, London, E.; and Messrs. LOVELL, REEVE, & Co., 5. 
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. 


F B COWERBY 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 
P p y names and arranges Specimens and Collections 
of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and 


entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly 
being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. 


’ 


IN 


PricE LIsts ON oreo SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


Price 4 FRANCS PER’ PART, PayasLe on RECEIPT OF PART, 


The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’ Universite, Paris. 
BOOKS RACH hike 


Science Gossip, Feb., Mar. - [The Editor. 
The Naturalist, edited by W. Denison Roebuck and W. E. Clarke [The Editors 
Journal de Conchyliologie, edited by Crosse and Fischer, for Oct. [The Editors. 


The Mollusca [of Surrey], by E. Hi. Rowe [The Author, 
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben Prof. J. Victor Carus [The Editor. 
Manual of Conchology, part xxix., by G. W. Tryon, Jun. [The Author. 
Leopoldina, edited by Dr. Knoblauch, Jahrgang, 1885 [ The Editor. 
On Fossil and Subfossil Land Shells of U.S., with notes on living species, by 
J. G. Cooper, M.D. [The Author, 
The Lower Lias of Leicestershire, by 11. E. Quilter | The Author. 
Annales de la Societe Royale Malacologique de Belgique, for 1880, 1883, and 
1884 [The Society. 
Transactions of Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, 
vol. iii., part 7 [The Society. 
Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, redigirt von Dr. Franz 
Ritter von Hauer, Jahresbericht for 1885 __ [The Editor 
Des Testacelles Francaises, par M. le Dr. Paul Massot [J. R. Bourguignat. 
Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der deutschen Nacktschnecken und ihrer 
europaischen Verwandten von Dr. H. Simroth [The Author. 
Ueber eine Nacktschnecken von Samarkand, die Amalia maculata Heyn, besser 
Agriolimax maculatus von Dr. Simroth [The Author. 


Notice of Meeting of Microscopical and Natural History Section of Literary 
and Philosophical Society, Dec. 7th, 1885 [R. D. Darbishire. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells, 


By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 
oF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


* .* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 


Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume) ... Be Me: CARON tito! 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... Mie Ue OG 


Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 
tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies Sap ae te Seat) econ OO 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricide and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. III.—Tritonidze, Fusidze, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. [V.—Nasside, Mitride, 
Volutide, and Turbinellide, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olivide, and Colum- 
bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1834. Vol. VII.— 
Terebridz, Cancellariide, Strombide, Cypreeide, Ovulide, Cassidide, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidz, 
and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. 

Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidee, Vitrinidee, Limacidze, Arionidz, etc., 364 

pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitide, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— ; 
GEORGE WY. TRYON, JUN,, 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupGATE HLL, Lonpon. 
F. SAVY, 77, Bout. St. GERMAIN, ParRISs. 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favor will be reciprocated. 


The following are already in hand :— 


Miss E. Jellie | W. Nelson J. Pickering 
Miss F. M. Hele  W. D. Roebuck F. Walker 
Mrs. Fitzgerald R. Scharif W. D. Sutton 
J.A. Lapham _ J. B. Bridgman Dr. Pulteney 

S. R. Roberts A. Brown = 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Hunslet Road, Leeds. 


TIN PREPARATION. 


Monograph Of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


Assistance Required Immediately—Specimens of Testacellz from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacelle. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HIsTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will bewelcomed and carefully acknowledged. 
Address :—MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Conchology, Hunslet 
New Road, Leeds. 


THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. 
The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal 
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, 
as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. 
Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), 
Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical 
Exploration). 
Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, 
and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. 


McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. 
English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON, 


THH SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
EDITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 

Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 

Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor 
before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. 

Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COwAN & Co., Perth, 
from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. 


No. 3.| JULY. (Pete) 1886. [Vo. v. 


THE 


JOURNAL 


OF | 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 


PAE QOARTERLY, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTENTS. 

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. 
Helix cantiana in Nottinghamshire—C. T. Musson, M.C.S. ... eae 
Erosion of Certain Freshwater Shells—Geo. W. Shrubsole, M.C.S.... 66 
Preliminary Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca about Tar- 

bert, Loch Fyne—Thos. Scott, M.C.S. Soe 72 


Notes on some varieties of British Shells—T. D. A. Gockereill M. Cc. S, 79 
Paludina contecta in Hotogl ature and Yorkshire—W. A. Gain, 


MECC IS a7 oss Se Ne es Sac sO0. 
Helix lactea in oe no, Ww. Taylor as ae wae OD 
Extension of the range of Pupa ringens—Jno. W. Taylor ee POT 
Helix obvoluta in Surrey—S. J. DaCosta aes 81 
Contributions towards a List of North Wiltshire Mollases 0 D. A. 
Cockerell, M.C.S. 3 Ae Fe a Letter OZ 
Note on Helix obyoluta—Miss F. M. Hele ae * “ee beste! 
Succinea oblonga in North Somersetshire—Jno. W. Taylor she 84 
On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of ee a Birgithe 
Esmark ... 90 
PROCEEDINGS ofthe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 85 
> 32+ ee << 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HuNSLET NEw Roap. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARtstTRAssE, 11. 
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND. 


PRICE ONE SHILLING. 


ACKWORTH SHELLS. 


T IS PROPOSED to publish in the ‘Natural History Journal,’ 

a List of the Land and Freshwater Shells found near Ackworth. 

Ackworth lies in the Went Vale district of Nelson and Taylor’s York- 

shire Mollusca. Any help will be very welcome. Address:—W. D. 

BRAITHWAITE, Ackworth School, near Pontefract ; or HuGH RICHARD- 
son, The Gables, Elswick Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


XCHANGE.—Mr. MARSHALL, of Sevenoaks, Torquay, invites 
Exchanges in BririsH or EUROPEAN SHELLS. 


F B SOWERB 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 
. . 5 whames and arranges Specimens and Collections 
of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and 


entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly 
being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. 


RRR RAR 


rm 


Price Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


PRICE 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayaBLe ON RECEIPT OF PART. 


The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


i. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, ruc de l’ Universite, Paris. 
BooES RHMCHIV HD. 


Journal of Proceedings of the Essex Field Club, vol. iv., part 1, June, 1885 
[The Society. 
Transactions of the Essex Field Club, vol. iv., part 1, June, 1885 [The Soclety. 
Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische naturforshende Gesellschaft, 1885, and 
Reiseerinnerungen aus Algerien und Tunis, von Dr. W. Kobelt [The Society. 
Manual of Conchology—Pulmonata—parts 1—6 [The Author. 
Espéces Nouvelles et Genres Nouveaux découverts par les Réy. Peres Mission- 
aries dans les grands lac Africains Oukéréwé et Tanganika, par J. R 


Bourguignat [The Author. 
Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1874 

—1885 . | The Society. 
The Collector’s Science Monthly, No. 1, vol. i. [Bryant Walker. 
Elephant pipes and inscribed tablets in the Museum of Academy of Natural 

Sciences, Davenport, Iowa, by C. E. Putnam [The Society. 


Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, 
edited by John Hopkinson, F.L.S., F.G.S., vol. iii., parts $8 and 9 
[The Society. 
The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. ix., No. 1, 


April, 1886 [The Society. 
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for 1885 [The Society. 
Annales de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique, 1863,—1871 [The Society. 


Procés-Verbal de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, August— 
December, 1885 [The Society 


“MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells, 


By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 
OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts Gn 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume, Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 

*,.* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for, 


Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume) ... ee me ss0.) 3,00 


Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... Su BOO 
Fine Edition,—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 
tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies 5S ses aa nie 6.00 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods, To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing $,482 figures. 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. I1.—Muricidze and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. II1I.—Tritonide, Fusidz, and Buccinidz, 1881, Vol. I1V.—Nasside, Mitridz, 
Volutidze, and Turbinellidz, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellide, Olivide, and Colum- 
bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.— 
Terebridz, Cancellariide, Strombida, Cyprzeidz, Ovulide, Cassidide, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticidew, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimide, 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 

Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinideey Limacidz, Arionidz, etc., 364 

pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol, II-—Zonitidx, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 
GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupGAaTE HILL, Lonpon, 
F. SAVY, 77, Bout. St. Grrmain, Paris. 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favor will be reciprocated. 

The following are already in hand :— 


Miss E. Jellie W. Nelson J. Pickering 
Miss F. M. Hele W. D. Roebuck F. Walker 

Mrs. Fitzgerald R. Scharff W. D. Sutton 

J. A, Lapham J. B, Bridgman Dr. Pulteney 

S. R. Roberts A. Brown H. Adams, F.L.S. 
A. Adams, F.L.S. H. P. Fitzgerald W. Jeffery — 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Hunslet Road, Leeds. 


IIN PREPARATION. 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


Assistance Required Immediately—Specimens of Testacellz from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacelle. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the Lirzr HistoRY—-STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. 
Address :—MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet 
New Road, Leeds. : 


32 PaGEs MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE (By Post, SEVENPENCE). PREPAID 
SUBSCRIPTIONS, 5/- PER ANNUM, PosT-FREE. 


THE NATURALIST, 


A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, 
CONDUCTED BY 


Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., 


The object of the journal is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and 
physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. 
All Communications should be addressed thus :— 
‘THE EDITORS OF THE ‘ NATURALIST,’ LEEDS.” 


The ‘Naturalist’ may also be had of Mr. G. E. East, Jun., 241, Evering Road, 
Upper Clapton, London, E.; and Messrs. LOVELL, REEVE, & Co., 5, 
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. 


THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 


A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
EDITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 

Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 

Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor 
before the Ist of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. 

Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. CowAN & Co., Perth, 
from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. 


No. 4.| OCT. (m=) 1886. [Vor. v. 


THE 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 


THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE, 
On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Norway—(Miss) Birgithe 
OSI un ol Ute aan et aE Re BERLE ee ON ame ea Si Ta Ge 
>. +e 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HuNnsLeT NEw Roap. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CartsTRAssg, 11. 
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND. 


PRICE ONE SHILLING. 


ACKWORTH SHELLS. 


T IS PROPOSED to publish in the ‘Natural History Journal,’ 

a List of the Land and Freshwater Shells found near Ackworth. 

Ackworth lies in the Went Vale district of Nelson and Taylors York- 

shire Mollusca. Any help will be very welcome. Address:—W. D. 

BRAITHWAITE, Ackworth School, near Pontefract ; or HUGH RICHARD- 
son, The Gables, Elswick Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 


XCHANGE.—Mr. MARSHALL, of Sevenoaks, Torquay, invites 
Exchanges in BRITISH or EUROPEAN SHELLS. 


RITISH MARINE SHELLS offered in Exchange for Land and 
Freshwater .or other Marine Species.—C. JEFFERyS, Tenby. 

f B eB SOWERBY 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 

7 1 :e iJ 2» names and arranges Specimens and Collections 


of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and 
entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is censtantly 
being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. 


ORR 


2 nee Eien ON AvPLicaTion. oe CME ® SENT FOR SELECTION. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 


‘By —. BUCOUCY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 
Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLe ON RECEIPT OF ParRT. 


The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


MF: PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l'Universite, Paris. 
BOOS PAC Wap, 


Les Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, Fasc. 11 & 12, by Dautzenberg, Bucquoy, 


and Dollfuss. [The Authors. 
The Malacology of Abyssinia, by J. R. Bourguignat [The Author. 
Introduction to the French Succiniz, by J. R. Bourguignat ' {The Author. 
Science Gossip, June [The Editor. 
Manual of Conchology, Marine Univalves, by Geo. W. Tryon [The Author. 
Malakozoologische Blatter Herausgegeben: von 8. Clessin, viii.Band, Bogen 4, ~ 

Taf. I—9 | The Editor. 
The Liver Fluke, by H. P. Fitzgerald [The Author. 
Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Redigirt von Dr. Franz 

Ritter von Hauer, Band 1, Nos.:2.and 3 [The Editor. 
The Naturalist [The Editors 


Museum Normanianum, or a catalogue of the Invertebrata of Europe, and the 
Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean,-which are contained in the collection of 
the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, M.A., D.C.L., F.L.S., i, Echmodermata ; 


ii, Pantopoda ; ili, Crustacea [The Author. 
Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben Prof. J. V. Carus [The Author. 
Journal de Conchyliologie, January, 1886 [The Editors. 
-Report on the Testaceous Mollusca (From Liverpool Marine. Biology Committee 

“Report) by R- D. Darbishire,’ F.G.S. [Fhe Author. 
Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, edited by Dr. 

Kobelt [The Editor. 


Journal de Conchyliologie, edited by Crosse and Fischer [The Editors. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 
A Systematic, [lustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells, 


By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN, 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 
oF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
-octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16. to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, ete. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 

*,.* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 
‘Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in avolume) ... Has vad aes 893-00 
Colored Edition,—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... See BOO 

Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition: strictly limited to 25 copies aA aie oa sas, /) ¢00 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, .with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. Il.—Muricidee and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. IIJ.—Tritonide, Fusidee, and Buccinidz, 1881. Vol. 1V.—Nasside, Mitride, 
Volutidee, and Turbinellidz, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidee, Olividee, and Colum- 
bellide, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conidz, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII— 
Terebridz, Cancellariidz, -Strombidz, - Cyprzeidz, Ovulide, Cassidide, and 
Doliidz, 1885. ~[Vol. VIII. —Naticidw, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimide, 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 5 
Second Series. —Pulmonata. “To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. 1.—Testacellidee, Oleacinidze, Vitrinidze, Limacidz, Arionide, etc. ns 6 
-pp., with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidz, 1886]. 


Subseribers will please address :— 
‘GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN., 
Academy of “Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
‘TRUBNER & CO., 57,.59, LupcaTE Hii, Lonpon. 
“FL SAVY,» 77,°BouL, ‘St. GERMAIN, ParIs. 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—C. AsHFoRD, W, JEFFERY, A.J. JENKINS, and G. ROBERTs, 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Hunslet Road, Leeds. 


LIN PREPARA ET @ie 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 
OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellz from any locality. 


Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacelle. 


Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the Lirk HistoRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.— will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. 
Address :—MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of Conchology, Hunslet 
New Road, Leeds. 


32 PaGEs MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE (BY Post, SEVENPENCE). PREPAID 
SUBSCRIPTIONS, 5/- PER ANNUM, PosT-FREE. : 


THE NATURALIST, 


A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, 
CONDUCTED BY 


Wu. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., 


The object of the journal is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and 
physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. 
All Communications should be addressed thus :— 
‘*THE EDITORS OF THE ‘NATURALIST,’ LEEDS,” 


The ‘Naturalist’ may also be had of Mr. G. E. East, Jun., 241, Evering Road, 
Upper Clapton, London, E.; and Messrs. LOVELL, REEVE, & Co., 5, 
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. 


THEH SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
EDITED BY PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 

Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 

Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor 
before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. 

Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COwAN & Co,, Perth, 
from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. 


No. s.| JAN. (Published) 1887, [Vou. v. 


THE 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 


THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE, 

On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of N aCe) ae 

Esmark ... oe 129 
Constitution and List of Members oe the Gollchioidsical Socicn: we 145 
Planorbis complanatus monst. terebrum in East Kent.—S.C. Cockerell 150 
Achatina acicula in Northamptonshire.—Walter D. Crick... vee E51 
Marine Mollusca at Land’s End, Cornwall.—T. D. A. Cockerell ... 151 
New Habitat for Odostomia pallida.—R. W. J. Smart.. Cie 152 


Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Christchurch, S. cae —C, Menace 153 
PROCEEDINGS of the Se manera PoC 132 
BIBLIOGRAPHY _ -- a 


> > =e 
LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HuNSLET NEW Roap. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARtisTRAssz, 11. 
HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND. 


PRICE ONE SHILLING. 


NEW LIST OF BRITISH MARINE SHELLS. 


AN EXCHANGE LIST OF BRITISH MARINE SHELLS, comprising 
those of the BRACHIOPODA and MOLLUSCA proper, with varieties, and with the 
authorities given; after the arrangement in “ JEFFREYS’ BRITISH CON- 
CHOLOGY,”’ with additions and alterations to 1885 ; prepared by 


ALEX. SOMERVILLE BSc. F.LS. 


Printed on four pages, foolscap size, bank paper. To be had of A. STENHOUSE, 
Bookseller, University Avenue, GLASGOW. 


Price 3d. each, or 2s. 6d. per dozen, post free. 


ANTED—FOSSIL LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS, 
also Recent Forms of FOSSIL GENERA, British & Foreign. 
Exchange or Cash.—C. T. MUSSON, 23, Mapperley Hull, Nottingham, 


\ A TILL Conchologists kindly assist advertiser by sending batches 

of HELICES NEMORALIS and HORTENSIS. Exchange given in 
UNIO MARGARITIFER, &c.—B. HUDSON, M.C.S., 5, Westbourne 
Grove, Redcar. 


1 sea MARSHALL, of Sevenoaks, Torquay, invites 
Exchanges in BRITISH or EUROPEAN SHELLS. 


RITISH MARINE SHELLS offered in Exchange for Land and 
Freshwater or ous Marine Species. —C. poveses Tenby, 


WERBY, 45, GREAT. RUSSELL Sy LONDON, 

names and arranges Specimens and Collections - 
of SHELLS, for Public ev Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and 
entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly 
being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. 


C. B. SO 


EDO 


sae iss ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC.  . 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, 


Bye. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 
Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PAyvasBLE ON RECEIPT OF PART, 


The work will he completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris. 
BOOMS vCal Vy al: 


Steirrische Nacktschnecken, by H. Simroth [The Author. 
The Scottish Naturalist, July, October, 1886 ; January, 1887 (The Editor. 
Diagnoses de Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du Tonkin, par L. Morlet [The Author. 
Manual of Conchology, by G. W. Tryon, junr. [The Author. 
Unionide et Iridinidze du Lac Tanganika, by J, R. Bourguignat [The Author. 
The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. ix, Nos. 2, 3 [The Society. 
A large collection of the writings of Prof. E. y. Martens [The Author, 
Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, new series, vol. v, part 1, 1885-6. [The Society, 
The Shells of Pettis Co., Missouri, by F. A. Sampson [The Author. 


Proc. of the Academy of Natural ehenees of Philadelphia, pt. 1, Jan. to Mar., 1886 [The Society. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells. 


By GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 


OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
- furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 

*..* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for, 
Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume) ... Be ae Saag. 00 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... +e} | BSOO 
Fine Hdition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies at be Sh tne OOD 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,452 figures, 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricide and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. I1I.—Tritonidz, Fusidz, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. 1V.—Nasside, Mitride, 
Volutidze, and Turbinellidee, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellide, Olivide, and Colum- 
bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.— 
Terebridz, Cancellariidee, Strombide, Cypreeide, Ovulidee, Cassidide, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticidw, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidz, 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 

Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol, I.—Testacellidz, Oleacinidze, Vitrinidee, Limacidee, Arionidze, etc., 364 

pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. Il,—Zonitide, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 
GEORGE W. TRYON, JUN,, 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, Lupcate Hii1, Lonpon, 
F. SAVY, 77, Bout. St. GERMAIN, PaRIs, 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the “JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—E. J. Lowe, F.R.S., A, SomERVILLE, B.Sc., B. ToMLIn, J: WILCOcK, 
E. CoLLierR, BAKER Hupson, Dr. VINER, Dr. Evans, J. H. Ponsonsy, 
J. RaMAGE, and W. H. HEATHCOTE. 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Hunslet Road, Leeds. 


TIN PRAPA RA PI Owpte. 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 
OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacelle from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacellz. 


Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the Lirx H1stoRY— STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged, 
Address :--MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Conchology, Hunslet 
New Road, Leeds. 


32 Paces MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE (BY Post, SEVENPENCE). PREPAID 
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THE NATURALIST, 
A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, 
CONDUCTED BY 


Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., 


The object of the journal is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and 
physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. 


All Communications should be addressed thus :-— 
‘THE EDITORS OF THE ‘ NATURALIST,’ LEEDS.” 
? 


The ‘Naturalist’ may also be had of Mr. G. E. East, Jun., 241, Evering Road, 
Upper Clapton, London, E.; and Messrs. LOVELL, REEVE, & Co., 5, 
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. 


THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE, 
EpITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 

Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 

Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor. 
before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. 

Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth, 
from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. 


3 


APRIL (tists) 1887. 


THE 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 


THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 

Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Christchurch, $. Hants.—C. Ashford 

Land and Freshwater Shells eollccied about nee Cornwall.— 
J. H. James 

Helix hortensis monst. SG TaST and H. aspersa var. cena | in 
Pembrokeshire.—Jno. W. Taylor 

On the Genus Cuma.—Rev. A. H. Cooke, M. A., F. Z, ‘S. : 

Some Conchological Notes of a Visit to Fifeshire, N. B.—Thos. Seat 

-Pisidium roseum and Vertigo antivertigo in E. Kent,—S. C. Cockerell 

Collecting Mollusca in the Celtic Regions oe the coast of France), 
near Brest aoe ih 

Notes on the Tee eaten peregra var. Saedctt (Midenyes 
William Nelson ... 

Land Shells of Ilfracombe and N sehnourhood: = R. B. Toate 

Clausilia rugosa var. gracilior at Clapham, Yorks.—C. H. Pierson 

Contribution towards a List of the Shells of Merioneth.—Thos. Ruddy 

Physa fontinalis v. albina at F arington, S. Lancas.—W. H. Heathcote 

Notes on some New British Shells.—J. T. Marshall g 

Colonizing Land and Freshwater Shells in E. Sutherland.—W. Baillie 


>» +a 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HunsLeT NEw RoAp. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. 
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CHOLOGY,” with additions and alterations to 1885 ; prepared by 

ALEX. SOMERVILLE BSc. F.LS. 
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( : B OWERBY, 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, 
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COLLECTIONS Illustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, 
from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. 


Museums, Private Collections, and ‘Specimens Classified, Named, and 
Arranged. 

THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. SowerBy. Part 44 (com- 
pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera 
CONUS and VOLUTA, with Twelve Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. 

. ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition, 
Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates. giving a figure of every 
known British species. Price, 41 15s. 


XCHANGE.—United States Land and Freshwater Shells are 
offered in Exchange for those of Great Britain and Europe.— 
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THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: 
DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
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The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. 
Subscriptions to be‘sent to 


M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de Universite, Paris. 
TBO OFS Y CEO Fay amass 


Annales de la Soc. Roy. Mal. de Belgique, Annee, 1885. [The Society. 
Science Gossip, edited by J. E. Taylor, F.G.S. {The Editor. 
Description d’une Coupe levee a Estinnes-au-Mont, by Baron A. de Loe and D. Raeymaekers. 
Sur la ‘presence du Cytherea splendida, Merian a l’ouest de Louvain, by D. Raeymackers. 
Note sur un gisement Bolderien Fossilifere a Pellenberg, by D. Raeymaekers, 
Sur la presence of L. glabra Mull. a Lubbeck, by D. Raeymaekers. 
Sur l’ablation des premiers tours de spire chez le Paludina contexta Mull., by D. Raeymaekers. 
Compte Rendu de l|’Excursion Annuelle, xx., par D. Raeymaekers and Baron O. van Ertborn. 
Quelques observations faites aux envirous de Grez, by D. Raeymaekers and Baron A. de Loe. 
(Mr. D. Raeymaekers. 
Journal de Conchyliologie, April, July, and Oct., 1886, edited by Crosse and Fischer [The Editors. 
‘Transactions of Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc. and Field Club, edited by J. Hopkinson F.L.S. 
Faune Malacologique des Bassins du Tage et.du Sado (Portugal), part i. Marine, part ti. Land 
and Freshwater, by Auguste Nobre. [The Author. 
Observations of the Terrestrial Mollusca of Ottawa and vicinity, by F. R. Latchford, B.A. 
(The Author, 
Bericht uber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfort-am-Main, 1886. 
Note di Malacologia Piemontese, by Carlo Pollonera,. ‘‘ Elencho dei Molluschi Terrestri viventi 


in Piemonte.” [The Author. 

. West American Scientist, Vol. i., Nos. 3,'6,11; Vol. ti., Nos. 1, 14, 15, 16. [The Publisher. 
Annual Report of the Department of Mines, New South Wales, 1885-6. [The Department. 
Agguinte alla Malacologia terrestre del Piemonte, by C. Pollonera [The Author. 
Bulletin of the Essex Institute, vol. xvii., Nos. 1—12. [The Institute. 
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Nat. Sci., vol. iv. [The Academy. 
Proc. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xxiii., part 2. [The Society. 


Les Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, par Bucquoy, Ph. Dautzenberg, and G. Dollfuss, part 13 


[The Authors. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells, 


BY GEO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 


OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. - 

* .* The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 
Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume) ... aos aA vas 283).00 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... he 5 00 
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies iu ee tee abo) os ts) (0) 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. s 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidze and Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. I1I.—Tritonide, Fusidz, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. 1V.—Nassidze, Mitride, 
Volutidz, and Turbinellide, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olivide, and Colum- 
bellidz, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.— 
Terebridz, Cancellariide, Strombide, Cypreide, Ovulide, Cassidide, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticidw, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimide, 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 

Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinide, Vitrinidz, Limacide, Arionidz, etc., 364 

pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol, II.—Zonitidz, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 
GEORGE W. TRYON, dUN., 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupcATE HILL, Lonpon. 
F. SAVY, 77, Bout. St. GERMAIN, Paris. 


Rr. 
; 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Editor of the ‘‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo-. 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate. If desired 
the favor will be reciprocated. The following have recently been added to the 
Album :—Prof. W. H. DALL, Rev. S, SPENCER PEARCE, Rev. H. GLANVILLE 
BARNACLE, and WILFRID BENDALL. 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Hunslet Road, Leeds. : 


IN PREPARATION. 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellz from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacelle. 


Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
Any information or specimens illustrating the Lirz HisTtOoRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.— will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. 
Address :—Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Conchology, Hunslet 
New Road, Leeds. 


32 PAGES MONTHLY, PRICE SIXPENCE (By Post, SEVENPENCE). PREPAID 
SUBSCRIPTIONS, 5/- PER ANNUM, PosT-FREE. 


THE NATURALIST: 
A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, 
CONDUCTED BY 


Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., 


The object of the journal is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and 
physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. 


All Communications should be addressed thus :— 
“THE EDITORS OF THE ‘ NATURALIST,’ LEEDS.” 
3 


The ‘Naturalist’ may also be had of Mr. G. E. EAst, Jun., 241, Evering Road, 
Upper Clapton, London, E.; and Messrs. LOVELL, REEVE, & Co., 5, 
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London. 


THH SCOTTISH NATURALIST 
5) 
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. ; 
EDITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 

Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 

Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor 
before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. 

Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth, 
from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. 


i2 No. 7 : i JULY ces 1887. fou ws. 


JOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY,. 


ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS ~ 


THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. || 


CONTENTS. 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 
On the Position of the Operculum in Concholepas peruvianus—Rey. UF 
A. H. Cooke, M.A.,°F.Z:S. 193 
Land Shells of Gibraltar.—J. H. Ponsonby es x 
~ Additions to the ‘Mollusca of Clapham.’—W. E. olines ol ORI 
~Marine Mollusca of Lyme Kegis.—J. W. Cundall 196 
Mollusca of Merionethshire.—F. G. Fenn “198 
Zonites fulvus ‘re-discovered in its ancient locality in ‘Linpeleenect — TG 
H. Wallis Kew ... wee MOO 
“Additional Note on the Genus Cane SNe E, Hoyle, M. ri i 2080 
Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Engadine and the 
Bregaglia Valleys, East Switzerland.—Rev. S. Spencer 
Pearce, M.A. .. aa 
Occurrence of Planorbis lineatus in Mon acme nant: Sel Bickerton 
Morgan ... Sy Eee | 
On Planorbis dilatatus, P. alater aod Spleen ee ine Gedeees 218i: oh 
Additional Note on Planorbis dilatatus and Planorbis epee ab Burne 4 tae, 
ley.—f: Bates ... Li ass aes Sone 
A Dextral Physa fontinalis.—J. W. Withenis D. ce a 
Discovery of Clatsilia Rolphii in North Lincolnshire, —J. W. Haylor 220 
Notes on the Epidermis or Periostracon of Mollusca.—G. Sheriff Ay els 227 he ah 
PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 200 — 


3 +e 
LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. 


‘BERLIN; ~R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. 


HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. LEGRAND. 


PRICE. ONE SHILLING. . 


PAGE. |f 


210 1 


2 


i 


an Album of Conchologists, and would be very. glad to receive copies of ‘Photo-. 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate . Rive desired » 


RoEBUCK (cabinet size). 


-. 2.—Living specimens of Zestacella sala wanted. eed 


a Fine Collection of British and Foreign Unionidz, about 50 specie 


> ALBUM OF for NOH 


The Editor of the “JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY a purposes for 


the favor will be Pier ne eeee The following have recently been anda to the - 
Album : >—T. D. A... CocKEREL,- HucH RICHARDSON, and W.. DENISON | 42 


Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Savercian Street, Tee 


TIN PREPARATION. 


Monograph of the Land 6 Preshwater Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. . 


> 


ce 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR, MONOGRAPH. 


Bore | Lemme did Layard describe 7: estacella aurtgaster 2 Mr. Layard himself has an 


now forgot. 
3-—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bisulcata (living preferred) on n loan go) 
or otherwise. f ae 

As —Where i is Hedderwick ? 


Phi 


Recictence Desired Immediately Specimens of Testacellz from any. locality. ; 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have spo ACCESS, taving 
reference to Testacellee. ane 
Co-operation is invited. from all Conchologists interested in the above Sahice 5ote 

_ Any information or specimens illustrating the Lir—E H1sToRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- — 
MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will bewelcomed and carefully acknowledged, 
Address: -—Mr. J. W. oO Office of the Fournal of ees Bg ey 


a Street, Leeds. 


‘NATURALIST’ cays No. I. 


= ust OF LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE, 


ROBERT STANDEN. 


This paper contains not only Mr. Giindens own observations, ae those of 5 


_ Messrs. R. D. Darbishire, Thos. Rogers, W. H. Heathcote, J. A. Hargreaves, 


F. C. Long, H. Stephenson, and other conchologists, and the observations published «= __ 
in Dyson’s list of 1885 and in paws lists of ies and 1885 are repeintea 1% ray 
comparison. Rau 


Price Ninepence (By Post, Winepenee Hal? nenuyy ei 
To be had from the Publishers of the ‘ Naturalist,’ Park Row, Leeds, 


OR SALE.—12 Guinras.—A Collection of BRITISH LAND 
AND FRESHWATER SHELLS, many British Marine Shells, _ 


-of Clausiliz, with many species of Tropical Marine Shells, and some 
~ Quartz Crystals, &c. —Address, F. M. HELE, ee mre Road, 
Cotham, Bristol. i 


oct. ca) 1887. 


“THES: 


“JOURNAL 
CONCHOLOGY. 


_ESTABLISHED IN- 1874. AS 


THE quar TERL ¥ JO URNAL On cONCHOLOGY. ; ee 


eS CONTENTS. 
3 ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : 


Helix arbustorum monst. sinistrorsum in Segare —Jno. W. Taylor “gh: 
~ Note on the Pearly Nautilus.—Edgar A. Smith, F, ZS. : 
Abnormal Helix aspersa. = We EcCallmgens, 3 eee 
~~ Conchological Notes.—Thos. Scott i eee : 
-_ A List of Marine. Shells obtained at Filey in Anais a September, Bie os 
= 1887, Rev. Carleton Greene, M.A... 
Notes on Australian Species of Bithinia, Soe endie: and one and. 2 
eh eae Desctiption of a new Melania. .—Edgar A. Smith, F. Fas 
. “Occurrence of Vertigo alpestris in Yorkshire.—Jno. W. Taylor 

How. does a Snail Crawl ?—Robert F. Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc.. 

On a} New Species of ‘Sinistral Limnza, from Central eee ‘with 
some. remarks on so-called species of Physa, also” from a 
Australla, Rev. A. H.Cooke, M.A., F:Z,S. PE 

Description ofa New Species of Conus, and a note on.a white er “ 
of C. eburneus.—Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. 

~ Description of a new variety of Planorbis carinatus.—B. Hladson;ii M.C. S. 

~ A New Variety of Spherium corneum—J. -W. Williams D.Sc. 

Helix lapicida var. albina. —Rey..S. Spencer Pearce, B.A. — ae. 

“Hogg’s List of the Mollusca of the Neighbourhood: of Stockton- -on- 

Tees with Annotations, Baker penelSon, MEGeS: ; 


| OBILUARY. Thomas Glover. + eg Wage 
ie PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 245, 
qt dea aaa : RAB 


fare LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS.,_ " Sovereien Sires, : 
BERLIN; R FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carisrrasse, oo oad 


( 1 BY \OWERBY, 121, . FULHAM ROAL le) 
(Removed from. 45, GREAT RUSSELI STREI 
probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer i the: 
world, from which selections may abe. made ¢ on the Bee or. poe sent igh 
selection. g ae 
‘COLLECTIONS TihisGative” af Gaver. and Sub- -generic Forms, and Species, ay 
from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. - rs 
Museums, Private Collections, and 2 Classified, Named, and 
“Arranged, 7c) 
% THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by. G. B SOWERBY, | Part 44 lie ge? 
pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera . 
-CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Prices £4 Sve 
_ ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition,” 
Enlarged and’ Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates. giving 2. figure ¢ of SES 
known a species. Price, £1 15s. 


THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 
A QUARTEKLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL pCRENCE s one 
EDITED BY PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. — 5 aaa Ap aeets 
-Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. us = 
~ _ Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sént to he Editor 
before the Ist of December, March, June, or September, if intended. for publication. 
_ in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively, — 
-- Orders for copies, subscri ptions, &c., should be sent ta S: Cowan & Co., Perth, 
_ from whom also Terms for Ady vertising may be had. ig 


THE MARINE. MOLLUSCA OF USO: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. ~~ 
“FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY ‘PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, 
. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZEN BERG. 


os PRICE 4 FRANCS PER~ PART, PAYABLE ON RECEIPT or Part. 


. The work will be caine in 8 or TO parts, and 5 photographic plates i in: each parte 
- Subscriptions to be sent to aa 


M. PH. DAUTZEN BERG, 213, rue de Universite, Paris, a 


SES SEES da Ae SR eS ST EIST 
ace —Dupuicates Sph. ovale, L. glabra, Pis. Amnicum, 

and other good local forms of Anedons, Unis: &c.. WANTED, reo 
Felix fusca, a revelata, Succinea oblonga or virescens, L. HOES eee: 
Vertigo alpestris, augustior, and pusilla, &c.—JOoun R. B. MaSEFIELD, cet 
- Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 


es 
HELLS OF THE BALEARIC ISLANDS.—Srenuor ANTONIO 
YuDorRI, 35, Calle de San Gorge, Mahon, Islas Baleares, — 
Spain, would- be giad to. Exchange Land, Freshwater, and Marine 2 
‘Shells of those Islands for British species. : oe Peatie 


sBOOr.S. ee CEIVED, 


Graithe SHian Institution Regere ioe 1885 ; he. Institution. 
~ he Essex Naturalist, the Journal of the Essex Field Club, edited by W. Cole, No i—9 {The Club. 
Science Gossip, Aug., Sept., and Oct ; : ; : thes Bee. 
Gerstfeldt's Molluséa of the Amur district Be , See 
“Handbook— British Association— Manchester, 1887 : Tp ae = 
~ Manual of Conchology—Marine.Univalves, part 35 4 _ [The “Author. 
Manual of Conchology—PuJmonata, part 11 [The Author. 
The Natural History journal and School Reporter, No. 96, Sept.; 1887 : SNe ja baie Editors, 


Annalen des K.K. - Naturhistorischen Holmuseums, edited. ie BF, ‘R. von oe Jel: un. No.3 
a 


A Systematic, Toit Monography of the Recent 
lee of Shells. Eee : 


By GO. w. -TRYON, JUN. 


sé Cowspavaror OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE AcapEmy 


OF Narurau SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 


, The Went of Conchology is published, hy. cba glee in aye a 
ee ‘ octavo form), of which four constitute a volume, Each part embraces from 16 to_ 
ee plates, with accompanying text. Each. volume is complete in itself, and 
- furnished with appropriate title page, index, ete. - Subscriptions can. commence - 
: _ with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


ae ay * The edition is limited to2 50 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for, 
GSS Plain Edition,—Per part (4 parts in a volume) - Se nas $3 00 
ae Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per pat a Bie 00 


_ Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored ae India 
Se _ tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies ieee ONE Oe 


a First Series—Marine iSeanennds. To be completed i in eleven volumes. f aed 
\4.\The ‘seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 PP: ‘text, with. 530 a Q 
containing 8,482 figures. 


_ Any volume sold separately. Hae oe ce 
_ © Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidee. and Purpuridz, 1880, 
= Voli TLL. —Tritonide, Fuside, and Buccinidz, 1881. Vol. [V.—Nassidee, Mitridee, 
S ~ Volutidee, and Turbinellidee, 1882, * Vol. V.—Marginellide, Olividee, and Colum-_ 
 bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VIL 
-- Terebridee, Cancellariidee, Strombidee, Cypreide, Ovulide, Cassididee, and. 
4 Doliide, 1885. [Vol VIII. —Naticide, Carles Reutelice, i 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. See wy * : 
ae Second Series. — Pulmonata. | To be completed i in ten volumes. _ ; 
fig is Vol. I. —Testacellidee, Oleacinidze, Vitrinidze, ‘Limacide, Anionidg etc. "364 He 
3 ~ pp., with 60 plates G, 696 figures), 1885. [ Vol. IL. —Zonitidee, aoe 


sf a Subscribers will please address :— 2 
= 7 “GEORGE W. TRYON, dun., es 
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“INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR. _MONOGRAP. 


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ia ee —Authentically named specimens of: Zi estacella bisuleata (living prefered) on loa 
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Via 4. Information about the distribution of Helix cantiana, 


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“NATURALIST” "REPRINTS, No. ce 


- ust OF LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE 
: ROBERT STANDEN. | 


Sire “This. paper Zones not only: Mr. Siahilers own phen. but hee “Of 
_~ Messrs. R. D, Darbishire, Thos. Rogers, W, H. Heathcote, J. A. Hargreaves, 
_ F.C. Long, H. Stephenson, and other conchologists, and the. observations published. 
in. Dyson's list of ac, and in pes i of tee and se are ee 

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A Sanat, Tihstrated Menceraphy of the Rooent 
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Ne ‘The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts in iF 
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Pe Nols L.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. Il—Muricide and Purpuride, 1880. 

: Vol. III.—Tritonidze; Fusidee; and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. 1V.—Nassidze, Mitride, ee 
- Volatide, and Turbinellide, 1882. ENOL PVE. —Marginellide, Olividee, and Colum-_ a : 
~ bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI. —Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VIL. — 
_ Terebridee, ‘Cancellariidee, Strombidee, Cypreeidee, Ovulidee, Cassididze, oe i 
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and Pyramidellidee, 1886]. : 

Second Series,—Pulmonata. To be Eanes in ten volumes. a . 
“Vol. L —Testacellidee, Oleacinidee, Vitrinide, Limacidz, “Arionidze, etc, +364 fs 
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ie 


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HELLS OF THE BALEAR IC ISLANDS. __SENHOR Ayronto sy: 
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APRIL, G72") 1888. 


TOURNAE 
CONCHOLOGY. 


| THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. al 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: 


- On the Variation of Land and Freshwater Mollusca.—J. W. Taylor... 
_ Note on a Parasitic Mite of Testacella scutulum.—H. E. Quilter 
Notice of a Monstrosity of Bythinia tentaculata.—Edgar A. Smith ... 
Helix lapicida var. albina in Derbyshire.—J. Cosmo Melvill ... 
Helix lapicida monst. scalaris in Derbyshire. —Rev. H. Milnes 
Otina otis var. alba at Newquay.—Rev. A. H. Cooke.. 
Trophon truncatus v. scalaris onthe West of Scotland. a Seeraie 


- Testacella scutulum in Leicestershire. —H. E, Quilter ... 


PROCEEDINGS ofthe CONCGHOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 


Constitution and List of Members of the Conchological Society 
» OBITUARY.—™z. Andrew Garrett 
22> + a 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. 
BERLIN; R, FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, It 


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The. Terrestrial Mollusca inhabiting the Samoa or Navigator Island, by Andrew ae 
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- On the Terrestrial Mollusks of the Viti Island, parts i.—ii., by Andrew Garrett [The Author. © 
Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malak. Gesellschaft, Jan.—Feb. ~- [Dr.. Kobelt: 3 
The Shells of Ackworth and Went Vale, by Hugh Richardson {Lhe Author. 
Sitzungs-Berichte d. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1887 [The Society. 

The Bssex Naturalist, edited by W. Cole, No. r2, Dec., 1887, Vol. ii., Nos. r—2 [The Editor, 
Bullettino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, Vol. xiii., 1388 [The Society. 
Der Zoologische Garten, edited by Dr. Noll, No. 6, 1872 E [The Editor, 
Journal de Conchyliologie, edited by Crosse ‘and Fischer, No. 4 4, [The Editors. 


Einige Bemerkungen, betreffend die Systematik der Buropaischen Notkicchaee: 
ken, by H. Simroth [The Author. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 


ee Systematic, ‘Illustrated Monography of the eon. 
2 Species of Shells. 


By GEO. WwW. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 


OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
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*,” The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already 1 for. 
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First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 
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’ Any volume sold separately. : é 
Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidee and. Purpuride, 1880. 
Vol. I1I.—Tritonidze, Fusidze, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. I1V.—Nassidze, Mitridze, 
Volutidz, and Turbinellide, 1882., Vol. V.—Marginellidze, Olividee, and Colum- 


bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conidz, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. ViEts ea 


Terebridze, Cancellariide, Strombidz, Cypreeide, Ovulide, Cassidide, and 
Doliide, 1885. [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimide 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. ay 
Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidze, Limacidz, Arionide, ete., 364 
- pp., with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. II.—Zonitidz, 1886]. 


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_ Address, F. M. HELE, Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 
The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
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Las. PREP Am Att Oa, 


- Monograph of the Land. & Freshwater Wolnse 
en OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. i aes 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 


I ever. did Layard describe ZestaceHla aus ons 2 Mr. Layard himself ae e 
now forgot. 

2.—Living specimens of Zi estacella scutulum wanted, 

3.—Authentically named specimens of 7estacella Cee, (living preferred) on tay uy 
or otherwise. BENE: 

4.—Information about the distribution of Helix cantiana. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellze from any ioealitee 
Extracts from, or loan of, any wos to. which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacellz. 
Co-operation is invited from all Danckilenicts interested in the above subject. 

Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srrucrure, 

DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully es 

acknowledged. Address : Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of Com- 

chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


JULY, oS 1888. 


THE 


J Sina L 


fi : Bs" reid OF ae OE od : 

CONCHOLOGY.+| 
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS | am 

THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL. OF CONCHOLOGY. 


CONDUCTED BY 


JOIN: OWE ANI OR. 2 Re Se, 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, een ef 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. | 


CONTENTS. ee 
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE, | 
On the Article Purpura in Bee ‘Manual of ager ct es ‘—Rey. Piel | (ice 
Alfred Hands Cooke, M.A. . 320.3 ee 
Helix revelata at Newquay.—Rey. "A. H. Cooke: M.A. She ed 320 7% 
Limneea truncatula floating. —H Wallis Kew ... 3 329 
On the Re-discovery of Planorbis multivalvis Case, ‘and Planorbis : 
truncatus Miles.—Bryant Walker .. a — a jo BBO) 
Helix pisana var. minor.—Jno. W. Taylor fe 4 ae hese 
Respiration of Ancylus fluviatilis.—W. A, Gain.. Los Scene sy 
Unio pictorum var. latior in Lancashire.—Jno. W. Taylor ake Di a olen ‘e 
Notes on Mitra (Costellaria) rugosa. —James Cosmo Melvill ... Laas zi 
. Discovery of Helix harpa in Switzerland.—Jno. W. Taylor ... 335 af 


On the Specific Distinctness and the Geographical Distribution of 

Testacella scutulum.—Jno. W. Taylor ae 337 

Helix revelata and Pupa umbilicata var. alba at Newquay. -S. ie ‘DaCosta E : 
he 


Two New Siphonaliz from ‘ae ~]. Cosmo Melvill . |. 348 
x 


6 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. vee sy ved 


>. + oe ce = 3: 
“<4 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Camis tee 3 


ae) 
ees x i. 
ae: oe 


EN VENTE CHEZ KEMINK & FILS, VIS A us. LE DOMKERK, Te 


eR iC 


epee 


COQUILLES D’ ESPECES VIVANTES 
Et Quelques Livres Traitant de la Conchyliologie, 


Le tout, delaisse par 


ee la DOUAIRIERE RETHAAN MACARE, 


Nee ONTYD, si 
DONT LA VENTE PUBLIQUE AURA LIEU LE 


LUNDI, 6 AQUT, 1888, A 10 HEURES DU MATIN, A ee 


PRIX DU CATALOGUE, 1 FRANC. 


HE DARTS OF THE BRITISH HELICIDA.—Any informa- 
tion respecting the Structure, Function, Development, Variation, 
&c., of the above will be welcomed and gratefully ee coeds | by 
W. E, COLLINGE, 7, Willow Terrace Road, LEEDs. 


( a p. OWERBY, 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonvon, S.W. 


(Removed from 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has — 


: probably the Largest STOCK OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the 
world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for 
Beleenca! 


COLLECTIONS Illustrative of Generic and Sub-generic Forms, and Species, : 


from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 I0s. to £300. 


Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens | Classified, pamed, and 
Arranged. 


$ 
THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. ‘SowERBY. Part 44 (com- 


_ pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera B 


CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. 

ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. New Edition, 
Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every 
known British species. Price, £1 155. 


THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE, 


EpitED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 
Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 


Articles and. communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor ; 


before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. 


Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth,” 


from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, 


By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, Payasie on RECEIPT OF PART. 


The work will be completed in 8 or to parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, ruc de l’Universite, Paris. 


a CATALOGUE DE LA PRECIEUSE ET ‘SUPERBE COLLECTION ee 


gee 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 
A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells, 


By GEO. W. TRYON, JUN. 


_-CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 


OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


_ The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts Gn 
. octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. . Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume. 


* * The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for. 


Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts ina volume) ... oe 4p sok BSRCO 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... Ses OO 


Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 
tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies se He Bo te BO 8OOs 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods. To be completed in eleven volumes. 
: The seven completed volumes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
_ containing 8,482 figures. 

Any volume sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879. Vol. II.—Muricidee and Purpuridz, 1880. 
Vol. I1I.—Tritonide, Fusidz, and Buccinide, 1881. Vol. 1V.—Nassidee, Mitridee, 
Volutidz, and Turbinellide, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellidee, Olividee, and Colum- 
bellidz, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. Vol. VII.-— 
Terebridz, Cancellariide, Strombide, Cypreeidze, Ovulidz, Cassididz, and 
Doliide, 1885.” [Vol. VIII. —Naticide, Calyptracide, Turritellide, Eulimidz 
and Pyramidellide, 1886]. 
Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. 

Vol. I.—Testacellidz, Oleacinidze, Vitrinide, Limacidze, Arionidz, etc.. 364 
pp-, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [Vol. Il.—Zonitidz, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :-— 
GeEorGE W. TRYON, Jun., 
Ey of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LuDGaTE HILL, Lonpon, 
.F, SAVY, 77, BouL. St. GERMAIN, Paris. 


' 


rANTED. —A eae of “TATES BRITISH | MOLLUSKS? ‘i 
“VY Please reply, stating price desired, to W. Ae 4, 
Thurleigh Road, Balham, fue are He as 


OR SALE.—Bidr. till kundsk. om Noe Arktiske Fauna: I. 
Mollusca Regionis Arct. Novegiae, G. O. Sars, 25s. ; Mousson’s 
Land u Susswasser Mollusken v. Java, 22 plates, 8s. Address J. W. 
as Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


pir 


“38 


OR SALE.- 


AND FRESHWATER SHELLS, many British Marine Shells, 
a Fine Collection of British and Foreign Unionidz, many species 
_of Clausilize, with many species of Tropical Marine Shells, and some 


Quartz Crystals, &c. The lots will be sold separately if desired. — 


- Address, F. M. Het, Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. : 


The Editor of the “‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY es purposes fori. Sent 


an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired 


the favor will be Ga nee The following has recently been added to the ye 


Album :—PRoF, Ep. v. MARTENS and Mrs. EVANs. 
Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, tieds 


In [eee Se 


“Monograph ofthe Land éFreshurate Mollusca 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 


1.—Where did Layard describe Zestacella aurigasier ? Mr. Layard himself, has 
now forgot. Z i 
2.—Living specimens of Testacella sue wanted. 
3.—Authentically named specimens of Zz estacella bisudcata (living preferred) on 2 loan rece 
or otherwise. 
4.—Information about the distribution of PLAN apna. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellze from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, oe 
reference to Testacellze. 
Co-operation is invited from: all Concholosice interested in the above subject. 

Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE: HISTORY—stRUCTURE, 

DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c,—will be welcomed and carefully — - 

acknowledged. Address :—Mr. J, W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Con- 

chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. ic 


ocr, , eee) 1888. 


TOURNAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY. 
: ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS 
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 
_ CONDUCTED BY 
LO EIN 2 We vt AY: LORY RAGS: 


Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, 


WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. 


CONTENTS. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: 


Land and Freshwater Mollusca of oe ae we 
- Conchological Notes from Picardy 

Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum—F. G. Fenn Ase 

Vertigo minutissima in Gloucestershire—J. W, Williams 

Note on Vertigo tumida—J. W. Taylor .. 

Agriolimax montanus in Colorado—T. D. A. Cockerell | 

P, marginata var. albina—J. W. Taylor ... ea i 

Amalia gagates in Cardiganshire—J. W. Taylor. 

Argiope decollata at Scilly —J. T. Marshall 

Bulimus decollatus in captivity—F. M. Hele oe 

Spherium corneum upon the tarsus of Dytiscus marginalis—H. "Wallis 

Kew 

On the Red Fluid emitted by Planorbis corneus—J. Ww. Wiliams 

On the Gonads of the Limnzze—J. W. Williams : 

Limncea auricularia floating—J. W. Williams... 

Helix virgata var. radiata in the Isle of Wight—J. W. Taylor... 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. _ .-- 
PROCEEDINGS ofthe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 370 


> Ss + ox 


LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Sovereign Street. 
BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CaRLsTRASsE, II. 


FRB PRIN Ts. 


UTHORS of Papers who may wish additional copies of their Articles, may have 
them on payment of the Printer’s Charges as below (such reprints to be 
ordered when the MS. is forwarded for publication) :— 


25 copies 4 pp. 3/6. 8 pp. 4/6. 12 pp. 8/-. 16 pp. 10/6. 
50 ,, * 4/6. ass rj) 0 23 EO}. = »» 12/6. 
100 ;, ” 6/6. ”? 9/-. oe) 12/-. Se: oe) —I5/-. 


ee ee 


Will be inserted at the following rates :— — 


Whole Page ... =e w= 20/+.:. ~ Quarter Page... oss ee ateats 4). 
Half Page .... 490 ve. 12/6. ~~ Six:lines or under ~~... waed <3) Or 
‘One-Third Page... Pr eaieas= 1% Every additional line ~ —...._—_-/6. 


( - B. OWERBY, 121, FULHAM ROAD, Lonobon, S.W. 


(Removed Fon 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET), has 
probably the Largest rock OF RECENT SHELLS of any dealer in the 
world, from which selections may be made on the premises or specimens sent for 
selection. 

COLLECTIONS Illustrative of Generic and Sub-generic: Forms, and Species, 
from 100 to 5,000 species from £1 10s. to £300. 

Museums, Private Collections, and Specimens a Named, and 
Arranged. 

THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, by G. B. SOWERBY. part 44. (com- 
pleting the Fifth Volume) contains a completion of the Monographs of the Genera 
CONUS and VOLUTA, with Thirteen Coloured Plates. Price, £1 5s. 

ILLUSTRATED. INDEX OF BRITISH SHELLS. . New, Edition, 
Enlarged and Revised, with Twenty-six Coloured Plates, giving a figure of every 
known British species. _ Price, £1 15s. 


THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, 
A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE, 5 


EDITED BY PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 


Annual Shibsonanete. payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. 
Articles and communications for .the Magazine should be sent to fe Editor — 
before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication — 
in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. ; : 
~. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to'S. Cowan & Co., Perth, 
from whom also Terms for Advertising miay be had. 


THE MARINE MOLLUSCGA OF ROUSILLON: 


DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. 
FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. 


Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasBLeE on RECEIPT OF PART, 


The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographie pease | in each part. 
Subscriptions to be sent to 


M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, pie rue de pay citar Paris. 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 
A Systematic, Ilustrated Monography of the Recent 
Species of Shells. 


GHO. W. TRYON, JUN., 


CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY 
OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in 
octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from 16 to 
24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and © 
furnished with appropriate title page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence 
with, and are revocable upon, the completion of any volume, 

* .* The edition is limited to 2 50 copies, of which 186 are already subscribed for, 
Plain Edition.—Per part (4 parts in a volume) ... wei se nan bo) On 
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand. Per part ... secs 5 CO 
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India 

tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies Soh 230 ae .» 8 00 


First Series.—Marine Gastropods, © To be completed in eleven volumes. 

The seven completed vo.umes comprise 2,176 pp. text, with 530 plates, 
containing 8,482 figures. oe 

Any volume-sold separately. 

Vol. I.—Cephalopoda, 1879... Vol. II.—Muricidze and Purpuridz, 1880. 
Vol. IlI.—Tritonidz, Fusidz, and Buccinide, 1881... Vol. 1V.—Nassidz, Mitride, 
Volutidx, and Turbinellide, 1882. Vol. V.—Marginellide, Olivide, and Colum- 
bellidze, 1883. Vol. VI.—Conide, and Pleurotomide, 1884. ~ Vol. VII.— 
Terebridze, Cancellariidz, Strombidz, -Cypreeidee, Ovulidee, Cassidide, -and 
Doliidz, 1885. [Vol.. VIII. —Naticidw, Calyptracida, Turritellide, Enlinide 
and Pyramidellidz, 1886]. 

Second Series.—Pulmonata. To be completed in ten volumes. ay 
* Vol. I.—Testacellidze, Oleacinidz, Vitrinidze, Limacidee, Arionidz, etc.. 364 
pp, with 60 plates (1,696 figures), 1885. [ Vol. II.—Zonitidee, 1886]. 


Subscribers will please address :— 


GEORGE W. TON, JUN., 
Academy of N atural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 


OR, 
TRUBNER & CO., 57, 59, LupcaTEe HILL, Lonpon, 
“F. SAVY, 77, Bout. St. GERMAIN, Paris. 


ANTED.—A Copy of “TATE’S BRITISH MOLLUSKS.” 
Please reply, stating price desired, to W. WHITWELL, 4, 
Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W. 


OR SALE.—12 Guinreas.—A Collection of BRITISH LAND. 

AND FRESHWATER SHELLS, many British Marine Shells, 

a Fine Collection of British and Foreign Unionide, many species 

of Clausiliz, with many species of Tropical Marine Shells, and some 

Quartz Crystals, &c. The lots will be sold separately if desired. — 
Address, F. M. HELE, Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. 


FINE Collection of EUROPEAN CLAUSILLA: for Sale.— 
Particulars on application to Miss F. M. HELE, Fairlight, Elm- 
grove Road, Cotham, Bristol. 


ALBUM OF CONCHOLOGISTS. | 


- The Editor of the ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY ” purposes forming 
an Album of Conchologists, and would be very glad to receive copies of Photo- 
graphs, with signature, &c., of those persons willing to co-operate If desired — 
the favor will be reciprocated. The. following has recently been added to the 
Album :—WALTER Croucn, F.Z.S., H. WALLIS Kew, F.E.S., W. WHITWELL, 
and J. MADISon. Rah 

Address—J. W. TAYLOR, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


iN: PRP AR A TEOI: 


Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca. 


OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. 


INFORMATION URGENTLY WANTED FOR MONOGRAPH. 


1.—Where did Layard describe Zestacella aurigaster? Mr. Layard himself has | 
now forgot. 

2.—Living specimens of Zestacella scutulum wanted. 

3.—Authentically named specimens of Zestacella bésudcata (living preferred) on loan 
or otherwise. S 

4.—Information about the distribution of He/¢x cantiana. 


Assistance Desired Immediately—Specimens of Testacellee from any locality. 
Extracts from, or loan of, any work, to which we have not access, having 
reference to Testacellze. 

Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. 
any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—srructure, 
DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully 
acknowledged. Address :—-Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fourmal of Con- _ 
chology, Sovereign Street, Leeds. 


Ri 


aby 
y 


e..