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JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Sbuotrfc to iEntomnlngg in (gntmtl
VOLUME XXXVIII, 1930
Published Quarterly by the Society
Lime and Green Sts.
Lancaster, Pa.
New York, N. Y.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVIII
Page
Alexander, Charles P.
Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-flies
(Tipulidas, Diptera), VIII 109
Beamer, L. D., and R. H.
Biological Notes on Some Western Cicadas 291
Bell, E. L.
Descriptions of New South American Hesperiidae (Lepi-
doptera, Rhopalocera) 149
Descriptions of New South American Hesperiidas (Lepi-
doptera, Rhopalocera) 455
Bishop, Sherman C.
Studies in American Spiders : Genera Ceratinopsis,
Ceratinopsidis and Tutaibo 15
Book Notice 469
Bromley, S. W.
Bee-killing Robber Flies 159
Chapman, Paul J.
Corrodentia of the United States of America: I, Sub-
order Isotecnomera 219
Corrodentia of the United States of America: I, Sub-
order Isotecnomera 319
Creighton, William S.
A Review of the Genus Myrmoteras (Hymenoptera,
Formicidae) 177
Crosby, C. R.
See Bishop, Sherman C.
Curran, C. H.
Three New Diptera from Canada 73
Davis, William T.
The Distribution of Cicadas in the United States with
Descriptions of New Species 53
Rearing the Young of the Viviparous Cockroach,
Panehlora cubensis 85
iii
Fall, H. C.
On Atagnius strigatus Say and Allied Species (Coleop-
tera) 93
Forbes, William T. M.
A New Mechanitis (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) 317
Funkhouser, W. D.
New Genera and Species of Neotropical Membracidag 405
Goding, Frederic W.
An Injurious Membracid 47
Synonymical Notes on Membracidae 39
New Membracid®, X 89
Haskins, Caryl Parker
Preliminary Notes on Certain Phases of the Behavior
and Habits of Proceratium croceum Roger 121
Lehman, Russell S.
Some Observations on the Life History of the Tomato
Psyllid (Paratrioza cockerelli Sulc.) (Homoptera) 307
Ochs, Georg
Remarks on “A List of the Insects of New York” 135
Peterson, Alvah
How many Species of Trichogtamma occur in North
America 1
Proceedings of the Society 77, 213
Schwarz, Herbert F.
Anthidiine Bees from Oregon with a Description of a
New Species 9
Shaw, Ethel Louise
Insects from Lactuca Stems 463
Sim, Robert J.
Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera : Observations on Species Unre-
corded or Little Known in New Jersey 139
Stewart, M. A.
The Insect Visitants and Inhabitants of Melilotus alba 43
Sweetman, Harvey L.
The External Morphology of the Mexican Bean Beetle,
Epilachna corrupta Muls. (Coccinellidag, Coleoptera) 423
iv
Weiss, Harry B.
Olaus Magnus, Credulous Zoologist and Archbishop of
the Sixteenth Century 35
John Buncle’s Panegyric on the Spanish Ply 49
Insects and Witchcraft 127
More About Doctor BrickelPs “ Natural History of
North Carolina” 313
Wheeler, William Morton
Philippine Ants of the Genus Aenictus with Descrip-
tions of the Females of Two Species 193
v
Vol. XXXVIII March, 1930 No. 1
JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
0rmiU'i> in GutiiuuiUuu] in Oartu-ral
MARCH, 1930
Edited by HABBY B. WEISS
Publication Committee
Harry B. Weiss F. E. Lutz J. D. Sherman, Jr.
C. E. Olsen
Published Quarterly by the Society
Lime and Green Sts.
LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
1930
Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the
Act of August 24, 1912.
Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.
Subscription $3.00 per Year.
CONTENTS
Flow many Species of Trichogramma Occur in North
America ?
By Alya h Peterson 1
Anthidiine Bees from Oregon with a Description of a
New Species.
By PIerbert F. Schwarz 9
Studies in American Spiders : Genera Ceratinopsis, Cera-
tinopsidis and Tutaibo.
By Sherman C. Bishop and C. R. Crosby 15
Olaus Magnus, Credulous Zoologist, and Archbishop of
the Sixteenth Century.
By Harry B. Weiss 35
Synonymical Notes on Membracidae.
By Frederic W. Coding 39
The Insect Visitants and Inhabitants of Melilotus Alba.
By M. A. Stewart 43
An Injurious Membracid.
By Frederic W. Coding 47
John Buncle’s Panegyric on the Spanish Fly.
By Harry B. Weiss 49
The Distribution of Cicadas in the United States with
Descriptions of New Species.
By Wm. T. Davis 53
Three New Diptera from Canada.
By C. FI. Curran 73
Proceedings of the Nev/ York Entomological Society 77
NOTICE: Volume XXXVII, Number 4, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published
January 28, 1930.
JOURNAL
OF THE
New York Entomological Society
Vol. XXXVIII March, 1930 No. 1
HOW MANY SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMA OCCUR
IN NORTH AMERICA?
By Alvah Peterson
Ohio State University
The chief object of this paper is to call attention to the fact
that biological evidence exists which seems to prove that two or
more common species of Trichogramma occur in North America.
During recent years several investigators have expressed the
opinion that all of the described species of Trichogramma belong
to one species. The author entertained this opinion until the fol-
lowing observations were made.
For several years he has conducted investigations with the so-
called common Trichogramma minutum Riley as an egg parasite
of the oriental peach month, Laspeyresia molest a Busck, and the
codling moth, Carcocapsa pomonella Linne. During the late
fall of 1927 at Moorestown, New Jersey, it was noted that the
color of the females, particularly the color of the thorax and
abdomen, changed from a light lemon-yellow color (Plate 2, H)
to a dark metallic or dingy olivaceous-brown (Plate 2, I).
Again in the spring of 1928 the spring brood females and many
of the first brood females were dark in color; however, the suc-
ceeding generations during the entire summer produced light
lemon-yellow females. In the fall of 1928 the yellow females
emerging late in October and thereafter changed again to a dark
color. The color change in females also took place at Columbus,
Ohio, in the fall of 1929 among native Trichogramma collected
by Mr. J. R. Stear at Chambersburg, Penna., and Mr. W. P.
Flint, at Urbana, Illinois, and sent to the author.
2
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
It has been interesting to note that this change in color may
be brought about by subjecting the parasitized host eggs to the
necessary temperature conditions. This appears to be true, par-
ticularly of specimens collected or reared early in the fall. No
study has been made to determine the critical temperatures nor
the period in the life of the parasite when it is most susceptible
to change. Some of the following observations have been made
which may throw some light on this problem. If eggs parasitized
by yellow females are kept continuously in a warm room (70
degrees F.), they will produce yellow females for an indefinite
period, while eggs parasitized by yellow females and subjected
to average daily temperatures of 55 to 62 degrees F., or lower,
and also to some night temperatures approximating 34 degrees
F., or lower, they will produce dark colored females. During
the fall of 1929 the author alternated the color of the succeeding
generations by subjecting them to the above temperature con-
ditions. Also, differences in color were brought about in the
progeny of a given yellow female by subjecting some of the eggs
to room temperature and others to low temperatures. During
the summer period refrigeration may or may not produce a
change in color. In some of the tests where parasitized eggs
were placed in a refrigerator immediately after they were para-
sitized and kept at a temperature below 40 degrees F. most of
the females were dark in color.
In May, 1928, it was noted that some of the field collected
parasitized oriental peach moth eggs produced females that were
distinctly olivaceous-brown in color (Plate 2, I) and closely re-
sembled the dark colored females of the yellow species found late
in the fall. These dark colored females were separated from
the yellow forms and reared in oriental peach moth eggs. They
continued to produce dark females in all succeeding generations
during the summer of 1928. Only an occasional collection of
parasitized eggs from one orchard produced dark colored females
during 1928 while in 1927 no dark colored females had been
collected or observed during the summer. In all other collec-
tions of field parasitized eggs from many orchards the females
that emerged were always yellow.
March, 1930]
Peterson : Trichogramma
3
This unusual appearance of dark colored females during warm
weather aroused our curiosity and made us suspect that it might
be another species, consequently a series of tests were started to
determine this point. A number (50 or more) of cross-breeding
tests were conducted between the opposite sexes of the yellow
and dark colored forms. Various combinations were tried;
single pairs, one female with several males, and many females
with many males. In every case where the .sexes were from op-
posite sources no successful copulation was noted and the progeny
was always males. Among males and females from a given
source copulation occurred readily and the progeny was usually
two-thirds females. The author and other investigators have
shown that unfertilized females produce males only (arrheno-
tokous) . These results strongly support the statement that there
are two species of Trichogramma in New Jersey.
Further evidence which supports the conclusion that there are
two species of Trichogramma is the time required to complete a
life cycle (egg to adult) of each form under similar conditions.
During 1928 from May until late in the fall a careful record
was kept of the time required to complete the life cycle of the
two daily lots, 25 to 200 individuals of the two forms or species.
These studies were conducted in an open screened insectary at
Moorestown, New Jersey, and the two lots of parasitized oriental
peach moth eggs were kept under identical conditions (side by
side in the same container). The details of the methods em-
ployed are discussed in a paper1 now in the hands of the editor
of the Journal of Agricultural Research at Washington, D. C.
Plate 1 shows conclusively that the average life cycle, of daily
lots, of individuals arising from eggs parasitized by dark (D.D.)
colored (during the summer) females was a fraction of a day
to several days longer than the average life cycle of similar daily
lots of individuals arising from eggs parasitized by yellow fe-
males (D.Y.). Also from May 25 to October 15 the dark colored
females produced ten generations and the yellow females pro-
duced eleven generations. It will be noted that the average
temperatures occurring during 1928 have been omitted in Plate
1. These are shown in another paper.1
4
Journal New York Entomological Society tVol. xxxvm
Another point of difference in the two forms occurs in their
habit of flight. It has been repeatedly noted that the adults of
the yellow form may be placed on a piece of paper or upon any
open surface and at once they will crawl toward a strong light;
however, they will seldom fly or jump any distance. Also, they
do not fly readily when they are disturbed or touched with some
object. The dark summer form or species, however, has a strong
tendency to fly toward the light especially if the adults are dis-
turbed or touched with an object.
Difference in size is not a good character to distinguish the
two forms because this is subject to decided variation. Size is
determined largely by the amount of food the developing indi-
vidual has access to in the host egg. For example, an adult
produced in egg of the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella
Olivier, is approximately one half as large as an adult produced
in the egg (one per egg) of the codling moth, Carpocapsa
pomonella, or in the egg of a bag worm, Thyridopteryx
ephemerceformis Haworth.
During the winter of 1928 a careful comparative study was
made of the external morphology of the males and females in
order to find some good character which might distinguish the
two forms or species. Plate 2 shows some of the characters of
the wings, genitalia, antennas and other parts. So far the author
has been unable to find any morphological difference in the same
sexes of the two forms or species. The characters figured are
common to the same or opposite sexes of both forms or species
unless stated otherwise in the explanation of the figures. The
males resemble each other in color and structure throughout the
season while the females resemble each other in structure only,
since they differ in color during the summer and again resemble
each other in color during late fall and early spring. It appears
that we may have in these two forms another instance where
morphologically species are alike yet they are distinct for they
will not interbreed. Also in this case they differ in their period
of development and in their flying habits.
During the summer of 1929 the author continued these studies
at Columbus, Ohio. A general questionnaire was sent to sev-
eral entomologists in the United States and Canada who were
March, 1930]
Peterson: Trichogramma
5
interested in Trichogramma. The questions requested informa-
tion on the color and habits of the Trichogramma they were in-
vestigating. In most every case the response to the questions
was generous and also ample living material was sent for ex-
amination. It was interesting to note that most of the material
received during August produced dark colored females. After
further inquiry into the original source of the material it was
learned that in most northern points of the United States where
dark colored females were being reared or were being produced
in numbers for liberation, the original stock came from Cali-
fornia or Louisiana. Upon requesting investigators in these
places to send living specimens, of native species uncontaminated
by shipped in or liberated stock, it was noted that the females
were lemon-yellow in color. The information to date indicates
that the form or species possessing yellow females during the
summer is more common in the north than the form of species
possessing dark colored females during the summer. If this
proves to be true then we might question the advisability of rear-
ing and using for liberation in northern states a southern form
or species which may not be acclimated to northern conditions.
No attempt will be made in this publication to ascertain the
correct scientific names for the forms or species under discus-
sion. At the present time living material is being assembled
from various sections of North America for the purpose of learn-
ing more about the habits and morphology of the species. Per-
haps in the future an attempt will be made to straighten out the
tangle in the nomenclature that exists, provided some other in-
vestigator, better qualified than the author for this sort of work,
has not produced a satisfactory solution to the problem in the
meantime.
At the present time the author believes we have at least two
species in North America even though no morphological differ-
ences have been observed. The chief visual difference seems to
be in the color of the females during the summer. This color
difference may be quite significant, for an examination of the
original descriptions of the two species of Trichogramma de-
scribed by C. V. Riley reveals the fact that in the description of
Trichogramma minuta 2 the following statements occur : ‘ ‘ little
6
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvni
dark colored four winged flies” and ‘‘it is inconspicuously
marked, the body being dark brown with antennae and legs pale
and the wings iridescent”; also in the description of Tricho-
gramma pretiosa ,3 he says : ‘ ‘ yellow, the eyes red, the wings
hyaline, ’ ’ also, ‘ ‘ differs from Trichogramma minuta in its smaller
size, and uniform pale yellow color.” Offhand it appears that
Riley may have had the same species in Missouri as the author
'Observed in New Jersey; however, it should be noted that Riley’s
Trichogramma minuta material was collected in the fall and it is
possible that he may have had the dark colored individuals of
the yellow species. For the sake of convenience the author sug-
gests that Riley’s original specific names may be used to dis-
tinguish the two species discussed in this paper until some in-
vestigator makes a thorough study of all species of Trichogramma
in North America and elsewhere and gives us an authentic de-
cision on the nomenclature.
Summary
Biological evidence seems to prove that there are at least
two distinct species of Trichogramma in North America,
Morphologically they are alike ; however, during the summer the
females of one species are distinctly lemon-yellow in color, while
the females of another are dark colored (olivaceous-brown), par-
ticularly the abdomen and thorax. The two forms will not in-
terbreed. Also there is a constant difference in the time required
for development and in their flight habits. The yellow female
species appears to be more common in the north than the dark
colored (summer form) females species.
Acknowledgments
The author is indebted to a number of investigators for aid in
this investigation, particularly for specimens and answers to
questions. He wishes to extend thanks to Messrs. G. J. Haeus-
sler, W. P. Flint, D. W. Jones, Herbert Spencer, W. E. Hinds,
S. E. Flanders, J. R. Stear, A. B. Baird and others.
March, 1930]
Peterson : Trichogramma
7
References Cited
1. Peterson, Alvah, 1930, A biological Study of Trichogramma minutum
as an egg parasite of Laspeyresia molesta Busck and Carpocapsa pomonella
Linne. Manuscript, Washington, D. C.
2. Riley, C. V., 1871, Third annual report on the noxious, beneficial and
other insects of the State of Missouri, p. 157-158.
3. Riley, C. V., 1879, Parasites of the cotton worm, The Canadian En-
tomologist, 11, p. 161-162.
8
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. XXXVIII
PLATES I AND II
Plate 1. The plotted curves show the average number of days required to
complete the life cycle of daily lots (25 to 200 individuals per
day) of two kinds (species) of Trichogramma reared in eggs of
the oriental peach moth during 1928 at Moorestown, New Jersey.
The solid line represents the life cycle periods of the species pos-
sessing yellow females during warm weather and the dotted line
represents the life cycle periods of the species possessing dark
colored females during the summer.
Plate 2. Outline drawings showing some of the external morphological
characteristics common to both species unless stated otherwise.
A. dorsal view of a female
B. mesothoracic wing of an adult
C. metathoracie wing of an adult
D. mandible of an adult
E. antenna of a female
F. antenna of a male
G. lateral view of a female
H to K. color pattern; eyes red, light areas yellow (Y), stippled areas
on thorax and abdomen olivaceous brown (D)
H. color pattern of yellow female ( $ Y) species
I. Color pattern (in summer) of dark female ( $ D) species, also of
late fall and early spring females of yellow species
J. color pattern of male ($ Y), of yellow female species
K. color pattern of male ($ D), of dark female species (in summer)
L. lateral view of male genitalia
M. ventral view of male genitalia
N. ventral view of female genitalia
O. lateral view of female genitalia
P. parts of female genitalia.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate I)
MAY | JUNE | JULY | AUGUST SEPTEMBER | OCT
25 31 5 /O 15 ZD 25 30 3 10 15 20 2 5 31 5 10 15 2.0 Z5 31 5 10 15 20 25 3 0 <5 10 15
MAY I JUNE I JULY I AUGU5T 1 5EPTEMBERI OCT.
TRICHOGKAMMA
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.)? Vol. XXXYIII
(Plate II)
TRICHOGRAMMA
March, 1930]
Schwarz: Bees
9
ANTHIDIINE BEES FROM OREGON WITH
A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
By Herbert F. Schwarz
Through the kindness of Professor H. A. Scullen of Oregon
State Agricultural College I have been privileged to examine a
collection of Anthidiine bees which he made in Oregon during
the summer of 1929. All of the bees reported upon in this paper
with one exception (a specimen of Anthidium sayi from Idaho)
were represented in Professor Scullen ’s catch, which is of special
value because he has not confined the data on his labels to locali-
ties and dates but has included the elevations and in many in-
stances also floral records. Several of the species noted have
not hitherto been reported from Oregon.
Anthidium nebrascense Swenk
Anthidium nebrascense has previously been reported from
California (Swenk, 1915; Cockerell, 1924) and from British
Columbia (Schwarz, Sept., 1928). It is not surprising, there-
fore, to find it likewise in Oregon. Three specimens, 2 $ <$, 1 2,
were taken at Wallowa Lake, July 27, 1929, at elevations ranging
from 4500 to 5500 feet, while visiting Holodiscus discolor. The
males conform in general with the specifications for that sex of
nebrascense , but the female departs rather decisively from the
description of the allotype from Wyoming. Its assignment to
nebrascense may be justified by the distinctive maculation of the
legs and by the absence of inner maculations on tergite 1, which
has merely a spot at each lateral extremity with a broad inter-
vening immaculate area. At variance with Swenk ’s description,
the clypeus is wholly black although the oval spots on the sides
of the face are present. The mandibles, maculated in the allo-
type, are black in the Oregon female, which furthermore dif-
ferentiates itself through its immaculate scutellum and femora.1
The structural characters and the color of the hairs accord with
those of the description, and the present specimen, notwithstand-
1 Immaculate femora were noted in a female from British Columbia re-
ported upon in 1928.
10
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvin
ing its restricted facial maculations, is doubtless to be viewed
not as a valid variety but as an aberration. One of the males
has a strong maculation on each tubercle, the other male lacks
such a mark. The female is intermediate in this respect between
the males, her tubercles being maculated, but only faintly. The
maculations on her tergite 6 resemble a butterfly with wings
spread. A similar figure occurs on tergite 6 of the female of
Anthidium collectum (= A. angelarum) , the subdivision into an
upper and lower wing being effected by a hair-fine line of black,
which probably has affinity with the threadlike dark lines that
occur on the otherwise largely yellow tergite 6 of the female of
Anthidium mormonum (= blanditum).
Anthidium brachyurum Cockerell and Anthidium jocosum
Cresson
In a fairly large series of Anthidium brachyurum collected
at various localities in Oregon (Grant County, Aug. 12, 1929, at
3000 feet, on Melilotus alba ; Corvallis, July 4, 1929, in part on
Trifolium repens ; La Grande, July 20, 1929, in part on Medicago
sativa ; 5 miles east of Minam, July 21, 1929, at 2700 feet eleva-
tion; Baker, July 30, 1929, at 3400 feet; Lostine, July 28, 1929,
at 3360 feet) about half of the males have either the tubercles
or the posterior margin of the scutellum, or both, faintly macu-
lated. These intergrading specimens, therefore, share some of
the maculations that characterize jocosum and tend to render still
more tenuous the distinctions that have been proposed to separate
brachyurum from jocosum.
Anthidium sculleni, new species
$ . Head with the proportions and sculpturing of tenuifloroe. The apical
margin of the clypeus with a wide curvilinear emargination at its middle,
and three sub-toothlike serrations on each side. The clypeus cream-colored
except for a narrow rimming of black on the apical margin (two linear spots
at the base in the paratype). Cream-colored cuneiform lateral face marks
fill the space between the clypeus and the inner margin of the eye and end
barely above the base of the clypeus, just below the antennal sockets. The
mandibles are cream-colored except for the black teeth, the basal promi-
nences, and a narrow lateral margin of black. A small, round, cream-colored
spot above each eye. The eyes steel gray with black mottling. The head
densely and rather rugosely punctated, the punctures being smaller and more
crowded in the region between the ocelli and the base of the antennae.
March, 1930]
Schwarz: Bees
11
The mesonotum, mesopleura, and scutellum with sculpturing similar to that
of the head. The base of the propodeum with a band of indistinct punctures
but the apical portion of the Y-shaped enclosure devoid of punctures and
polished. The tubercles with a cream-colored spot (faint in the paratype) ;
the tegulse broadly cream-colored in front, more narrowly behind; the hind
margin of the scutellum with a narrow cream-colored band, broadly inter-
rupted in the middle. (In the paratype maculations on the scutellum are
lacking, and in both type and paratype the mesonotum is immaculate.)
The legs black, the base of all the tibiae with an abbreviated pale stripe,
a supplementary stripe toward the apex of the front pair, and a subquad-
rangular spot at the apex of the middle pair (absent in the paratype). All
of the basitarsi externally cream-colored.
The sculpturing of the abdomen much finer than that of the head and
thorax, with resulting shininess. The apical rim of tergites 1-6 with rather
dense, uniform, and minute puncturing compared to the sparser, more irregu-
lar, on the whole coarser and less distinct punctation on the basal portion of
each tergite, but the basal portion is the more shiny. The pygidium shiny
notwithstanding its rather coarse sculpturing. [The character of the py-
gidium and of the apical sternite is indicated in the discussion that follows
this description.] The maculations on the tergites, like those of the other
parts, cream-colored. Tergite 1 four-spotted, the outer spots subtriangular
and relatively large compared with the small transversely linear inner spots.
The bands on tergites 2>-5 (in the paratype only on tergites 2-4) with a
narrow median interruption, the interruption being progressively less from
tergite to tergite. The lateral halves of the bands widely and subquadrangu-
larly emarginate above, the inner element of each lateral half rather clavate,
the outer subquadrangular. The outer elements of the bands on tergites
1-4 more developed than the inner; on tergite 5 this condition is reversed;
on tergite 6 only the inner elements survive in the form of two comma-shaped
maculations. The lateral halves of the band on tergite 2 with a tendency
to subdivide; in the type this subdivision is complete, in the paratype incom-
plete. In both specimens the lateral spines on tergite 6 are straight.
The hair of head, thorax, legs, and dorsum of abdomen prevailingly
whitish to silvery gray, except for the usual golden to copper hairs on the
under side of the tarsi and a faintly ochraceous tinge on the vertex. The
hair on the venter partly gray but intermixed are hairs of darker hue, giv-
ing a brownish effect.
This insect is in size and general aspect rather deceptively like
tenuiflorce. The structure of its pygidium and of the process on
the apical sternite separates it, however, from tenuiflorce , even
when allowance is made for the rather variable character of the
pygidium in tenuiflorce. In the type speciment the lateral lobes
of the pygidium are relatively wide basally but much narrowed
apically, being a little suggestive of those of collectum although
12
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
shorter and not straight-sided, a little more angular. Indeed
the curvilinear inner apical contour (if the central spine be
eliminated from consideration ) gives the pygidium, as in aridum,
somewhat the appearance of a half -moon though the crescentic
shape is not so perfect as in the pygidium of palliventre (= cali-
fornicum) . The process on the apical sternite is again much like
that of aridum. In tenuiflorce the lateral members of this struc-’
ture, while in general of triangular shape, are elongated finger-
like or spine-like at the apex and end on a level with the middle
member. On the other hand, in the species here described the
lateral members are distinctly triangular in form, without apical
elongation, and end on a level distinctly below that of the middle
member. This is true of the process on the last sternite of both
type and paratype. The pygidium of the paratype, on the other
hand, differs a little from that of the type, the lateral elements
being somewhat broader and rather more angulated in the para-
type than in the type.
The type was taken at Wallowa Lake, on the Aneroid Lake
Trail, at an elevation of from 5000 to 6000 feet, on July 22, 1929.
The paratype is from the Blue Mountains, in the northeastern
part of the state, having been caught on Anthony-Dutchflat
Trail, 7100-7850 feet, on Aug. 8, 1929.
From the same locality as the type and taken on the same day,
although at a higher elevation (6400 feet), is a female which is
not separable from tenuiflorce. Nevertheless, I am inclined to
believe that it is the female of sculleni and that in this sex
tenuiflorce and sculleni may be indistinguishable. Cockerell in
describing tenuiflorce noted that the abdominal bands of the fe-
male were slightly interrupted medianly and he again alluded to
this character (Sept. 5, 1925) in discussing the Pacific Coast
representatives of tenuiflorce. This is the condition also in the
putative female of scidleni , although in Rocky Mountains speci-
mens of what I have included in tenuiflorce the two halves of the
band not infrequently coalesce.
In his paper on the Anthidiine Bees in the Collection of the
California Academy of Sciences (Sept. 5, 1925) Cockerell pro-
vides a key (p. 359) for males having the “abdominal bands
whitish or very pale.” Of these the description of hamatum
March, 1930]
Schwarz: Bees
13
applies more nearly than do the others to the insect under dis-
cussion. There are, however, the following differences : the male
specimens of sculleni are about 10 mm. in length not “about or
nearly 13’ ’ as indicated for hamatum ; there is in the specimens
of sculleni no “spot at end of scape.” While the relative nar-
rowness of the lateral lobes of the pygidium may be much the
same in hamatum and sculleni, the lobes are not obtuse in sculleni
but instead slightly angular. The presence of brownish hairs
on the venter may also be cited as a distinguishing character of
sculleni. Great reliance cannot, however, be placed on the color
of the hairs, for in other species of the Anthidiinae it has been
found that considerable variability in this respect may be found
in a single series.
Dianthidium sayi Cockerell
Dianthidium sayi is a species of wide distribution, having been
recorded from Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Mon-
tana, and Alberta. It has not hitherto been reported — so far as
I am aware — from any of the Pacific Coast states. Its occurrence
in Oregon is, therefore, of interest. There is a large series from
Ontario, Oregon, near the border of Idaho, that was collected
August 1, 1929, at an elevation of 2155 feet. Some of the speci-
mens in this series were taken on Grindelia nana. In addition
to Oregon yet another state, Idaho, can be added to the known
range of sayi, for in the material kindly supplied by Professor
Scullen is a specimen collected by J. F. Bock at Parma, Idaho,
on July 16, 1929.
Dianthidium pudicum Cresson
As Dianthidium pudicum has been recorded from the neigh-
boring states of Washington and California, and from near-by
Montana, it occasions no surprise to find it represented also in
Oregon. Several females were collected at Hereford, Aug. 10,
1929, at an elevation of 3660 feet, and a single male at Wallowa
Lake, July 27, 1929, at an elevation of from 4500 to 5500 feet.
One of the females is exceptional in having abdominal tergites
2-4 four-spotted. The male, like some specimens of pudicum
var. provancheri from Riverside, California, previously reported
upon (Schwarz, Dec. 1928), has the hind tibiae completely
maculated externally.
14
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vo'i. xxxvm
Diant hidium subparvum Swenk
This species, described from Washington (type) and British
Columbia (allotype), occurs also in Oregon, being represented
in the collection here reported upon by a single female taken at
Wallowa Lake on the Aneroid Lake Trail, 5000 to 6000 feet, July
24, 1929. Like some of the specimens reported upon (Sept.,
1928) from Canada it is not stabilized in its maculations, offering
in this respect an intergrading condition between subparvum as
described by Swenk and true parvum. The present specimen
aligns itself with subparvum in respect to its immaculate scutel-
lum ; with parvum , however, in respect to the maculation on each
side of the anterior margin of the mesonotum.
Anthidiellum robertsoni Cockerell
Cockerell, 1925, in reporting robertsoni from Colestin, Jackson
County, near the southern boundary of the state, expressed sur-
prise “to find it extending its range to Oregon. ” The range is,
however, still further north into Oregon, for in the material here
reported upon are several specimens from Baker County in the
northeastern part of the state. The localities in Baker County
are as follows : —
Hereford, 3660 feet elevation, Aug. 10, 1929 ; Baker, 3450 feet
elevation, Aug. 10, 1929.
A. robertsoni is also represented in Crook County in the center
of the state, having been taken ten miles west of Prinevill, Ore-
gon, 3100 feet elevation, Aug. 13, 1929.
In several of the males the inverted T-shaped figure on tergite
6 is more or less distorted or reduced to fragments by an expan-
sion of the surrounding yellow area.
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
15
STUDIES IN AMERICAN SPIDERS: GENERA
CERATINOPSIS, CERATINOPSIDIS AND
TUTAIBO
By Sherman C. Bishop and C. R. Crosby
CERATINOPSIS Emerton
Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 36, 1882. Type not in-
dicated.
Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. 1 : 673, 1894. Designated Erigone in-
terpres Cambr. as type.
Notionella Banks, Am. Nat. 39:312. 1905. Type, “ Cera -
tinopsis interpret.”
In this genns the embolic division is of the spiral type with a
long tail-piece as in Ceraticelus. The terminal part of the em-
bolic division, or embolns proper, arises from the middle part as
a distinct break as in that genns. The abdomen has the integu-
ment soft and without hardened plates.
Ceratinopsis anglicana Hentz
(Figures 1-4)
Theridion anglicanum Hentz, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 6 : 275,
pi. 9, fig. 6. 1850; Burgess Ed. p. 146, pi. 16, fig. 6, 1875.
Erigone purpurescens Keyserling, Spinnen Am., Therid. 2 : 187,
pi. 17, fig. 248. 1886. ($ only.)
Ceratinopsis purpurescens Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. 1 : 644. 1894.
Bathyphantes anglicanum Banks, Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4: 189.
1899.
Ceratinopsis anglicana Crosby, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1905.
p. 316, 341.
Male. Length, 2 mm. Cephalothorax reddish orange, lighter on the
head, viewed from above broadly rounded on the sides, the sides strongly
convergent towards the front, the anterior eyes in profile; viewed from the
side low and gradually ascending behind, head gently arched; clypeus gently
convex, nearly vertical. On the top of the head there is a long stiff hair
directed forward. Just below the anterior median eyes there is a stout hair
curved upward. Across the median ocular area there is a row of eight stiff
erect hairs longest in the middle and decreasing in length toward each side.
16
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvin
A short stiff hair curved forward between the posterior median and lateral
eyes.
Posterior eyes in a gently procurved line, the median separated by twice
the diameter. Anterior eyes in a very slightly procurved line, the median
separated by the radius and from the lateral by a little more than
the diameter.
Clypeus wider than the median ocular area. Chelicerae, endites, sternum
and labium reddish orange. Hind coxae separated by the length. Legs with
coxae and basal half of femora reddish orange, the remainder darker. Abdo-
men reddish orange to purplish. Many specimens fade to dusky orange
yellow.
Femur of palpus nearly straight. Ratio of length of femur to that of
patella as 10 to 4. Tibia short and broad, when viewed from above the ante-
rior margin broadly excavated, the anterior lateral angle produced into a
broad process which when viewed from the dorso-lateral aspect is armed with
three broad blunt teeth. The cymbium with a distinct curved ridge opposite
the paracymbium. Paracymbium broad at base, abruptly narrowed, the tip
slender. The tail-piece of the embolic division broad at base, then con-
stricted and enlarged at tip. The middle part of the embolic division heavy,
produced with a sharp point beyond the break, shining black. The embolus
long, slender, curved in the form of a reversed “ S 7 ’ and lies over the face
of the bulb. The median apophysis appears as a thin blunt-pointed process
lying within the curve of the middle part of the embolic division and is over-
laid by another process which seems to be attached to the tegulum by a
membrane. This latter process is basally broad and terminates in a black
blunt beak-shaped tooth. Bezel rather low with the edge evenly rounded.
Female. Length, 2.5 mm. Similar to male in color but in fresh speci-
mens the abdomen is a more brilliant red. Tarsus of palpus nearly black.
Posterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, the median a little larger than
the lateral, separated by the diameter and from the lateral by a little less.
Anterior eyes in a nearly straight line, the median nearly touching, separated
from the lateral by a little more than the diameter. Epigynum has the mid-
dle lobe narrow in front and dilated in the middle, the posterior transverse
arms narrow. Abdomen purplish red.
Type locality : Alabama.
South Carolina: Nichols, Oct. 21, 1926, 1 §.
North Carolina: Jacksonville, Oct. 23, 1928, 1 <$.
Georgia: Bainb ridge, 2 $ (Bradley).
Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Jan., 2 3 $ (J. H. Comstock).
Florida: Wewahitchka, Dead Lake, Apr. 6, 1927, 1 J1, 1 2;
Lake Bradford, Leon Co., Apr. 13, 1927, 1 5 ; Bock Bluff, Apr.
4, 1927, 1 ?.
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
17
Louisiana: Jennings, 1 .J1; Baton Kouge, March 20, 1903, 4 J
(J. H. Comstock) ; without locality, 1 $ (Gilbeau).
Texas: Victoria, Aug., 1905, 1 2 J (J. D. Mitchell) ; Oct.,
1904, 3 J.
Cuba : Cerro Cabras, Sept. 11, 1913, 1 J.
In one female from Victoria, Texas, the terminal part of the
embolus which had been broken off at the bend, is retained in the
epigynum. The base of the broken part lies laterally from the
receptacle and the tip projects from the central fovea.
Ceratinopsis atolma Chamberlin
(Figures 5-7)
Ceratinopsis atolma Chamberlin, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. (Ser. 4)
14:110, figs. 11, 12. 1925.
Male. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax dusky orange, head darker;
viewed from above rather broad, evenly rounded on the sides, slightly con-
vergent towards the front, evenly rounded across the front; viewed from the
side, steeply ascending to the dorsal groove, then gradually ascending in a
straight line to the posterior eyes. Head rather high and narrow. Clypeus
straight and vertical.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal, equidistant, separated by the diam-
eter. Anterior eyes in a straight line, the median a little smaller than the
lateral, separated by the diameter, a little closer to the lateral. Clypeus
nearly twice as wide as the median ocular area. Sternum nearly smooth,,
dusky orange, darker at margin, rather wide, convex, convergent behind pro-
duced as a truncate point between the hind coxae which are separated by a
little more than the length. Labium and endites dusky orange. Legs and
palpi orange yellow. Chelicerae dusky orange yellow. Abdomen dirty gray-
ish white.
Femur short and rather thick. Patella rather short, strongly arched above..
Tibia longer than patella, produced dorsally into a broad process which is
bluntly and broadly rounded at tip. On the mesal side of this process there
is a large triangular lobe, below which there is a deep rounded notch. The
paracymbium is rather small and slender and lies close to the edge of the-
cymbium. The bezel long and slender, rounded at base and narrowed to a
point at the opposite end. Tail-piece of the embolic division very long,
strongly curved, the tip lying in a notch at the base of the cymbium. Thu
terminal part of the embolus emerges from a notch in the edge of the bezel
as a shining, black rod and curves around to the edge of the cymbium where
it ends in a blunt point. The duct crosses the embolus just before the end
18
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
and is reinforced with a black support and makes a wide curve so that the
tip lies just inside the edge of the bezel.
Tennessee : Springfield, July, 1 J1. Type.
Ceratinopsis auriculata Emerton
(Figures 8-13)
Ceratinopsis auriculatus Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 14:
185, pi. 2, fig. 9, 1909.
Male. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax orange yellow; viewed from
above rather short, broad, rounded on the sides, the sides strongly convergent
towards the front; the lateral eyes being borne on tubercles are thrown into
profile. Black area on head extending far back of the eyes and broadly
rounded behind; clypeus black.
Eye area very wide, when viewed from above, angulate on the sides and
concave in front. Cephalothorax viewed from the side rather steeply ascend-
ing to the posterior median eyes with a slight depression at the cervical
groove. Clypeus in side view bluntly angulate. Sternum orange darkened
with brown towards the margin. Endites lighter. Legs yellowish. Palpi
yellow, tarsus black. Abdomen reddish orange.
Posterior eyes in a very slightly procurved line, the median separated by
a little more than the diameter and from the lateral by three times the diam-
eter. Anterior eyes in a recurved line, the median smaller than the lateral,
separated by the diameter and from the lateral by six times the diameter.
Femur of palpus short, thick and nearly straight, curved inward at base.
Patella short and thick. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 12
to 7. Tibia short and greatly widened distally, the dorsal margin straight
with small notch on each side, mesal angle square, the lateral angle produced
into a stout process which when viewed from above appears curved inward;
when viewed from the side the tip is seen to be armed with 5 or 6 minute
teeth. Cymbium laterally excavated at base, strongly angulate opposite the
paracymbium, the edge beyond the angle thickened, provided with a broad,
shallow, smooth furrow. Paracymbium long, slender, gently curved, the basal
half hairy. Tail-piece of embolic division long, slender, nearly straight; the
middle part makes nearly a complete turn and is continued in a sharp point
beyond the break. The embolus seems to consist of a free duct which curves
back along the middle part.
Female. Length, 1.7 mm. The black on the head is more intense and
more sharply outlined than in the male. The head is broad but not concave
in front. The lateral eyes are protuberant but not so strongly as in the
male.
Posterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, equal, the median separated by
a little more than the diameter and from the lateral by a little more. Ante-
rior eyes in a very slightly procurved line, the median smaller than the lat-
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
19
eral, separated by the radius and from the lateral by three times the radius.
The epigynum has two large openings near the posterior margin.
Allotype 2> McLean, N. Y., July, 1904.
Type localities: Three-mile Island, Lake Winnipesaukee, and
Fitzwilliam, N. H. ; McLean, N. Y.
New York: Freeville, May, 1911, 1 J*; Ringwood, Tompkins
Co., May 20, 1919, 2 $ (Dietrich) Emerton det. ; McLean, July,
1904, 1 $ (allotype).
Banks (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1916, p. 72) states that his
records of C. nigriceps in Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1892, p. 33,
do not refer to that species but to C. auriculata Em. This is prob-
ably an error for he states in the earlier paper that it is frequent
in various localities near Ithaca. As a matter of fact auriculata
is rarely found except in sphagnum bogs.
Ceratinopsis bicolor Banks
Ceratinopsis bicolor Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23 : 67. 1896.
The types of this species in the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy are two recently hatched specimens that probably do not even
belong to the family. The species cannot be recognized from the
description. Banks states his specimens were immature.
Type locality : Ithaca, N. Y.
Ceratinopsis interpres Cambridge
(Figures 14-17)
Erigone interpres Cambridge, Zool. Soc. Lond. Proc. 1874, p. 430,
pi. 55, fig. 1.
Ceratinopsis interpres Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 37,
pi. 9, fig. 1, 1882.
Erigone interpres Keyserling, Spinn. Am. Therid. 2 : 144, pi. 16,
fig. 212. 1886.
Ceratinopsis interpres Emerton, Common Spiders, p. 153, figs.
377, 378. 1902.
Notionella interpres Banks, Am. Nat. 39 : 312. 1905.
Ceratinopsis interpres Crosby, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1905,
p. 316.
Male. Length, 2.5 mm. Cephalothorax orange with the head black,
viewed from above broad and rounded posteriorly, the sides strongly con-
20
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
vergent towards the front; head elevated and projecting forward so that the
eyes are in profile. Cephalothorax viewed from the side very gently arched
posteriorly with a broad gentle depression at the cervical groove, then gently
arched to the posterior eyes; top of head nearly straight; median ocular area
slanting forward. Clypeus concave and strongly retreating, yellow except
near eyes. Sternum and endites orange yellow. Legs light yellow, not dark-
ened distally. Abdomen yellowish wdiite, spinnerets black.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median separated by the diameter
and a little farther from the lateral. Anterior eyes in a slightly recurved
line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by less than the diameter
and from the lateral by the diameter. A row of hairs between the median
and lateral eyes on each side directed towards the middle, also a median row
on top of head directed forward.
Femur of palpus distinctly thickened. Patella thick, short, rounded above.
Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 20 to 8. Tibia short and
broad, the dorsal margin broadly and evenly concave, the mesal bluntly angu-
late, the lateral angle produced into a large divergent, black, triangular proc-
ess, the extreme tip of which is strongly incurved. Cymbium with a narrow
groove next to the lateral margin. Paracymbium small with a small sharp
hook at tip. Tail-piece of the embolic division long, slender, gently curved,
the middle part making about one half turn before the break beyond which
it is extended in a sharp point, the terminal part long, very slender and
curved back along the middle part.
Female. Length, 2.7 mm. Resembles the male in form and color but
the head is relatively wider and not so high. The epigynum consists of a
large quadrate plate, rounded in front, the fovea is triangular, pointed in
front, the transverse arm very narrow in a strictly ventral view. Dark brown
area indicates the internal parts.
Type locality: Holyoke, Mass.
New Hampshire: Hollis, July, Aug., 1888, 1 J1, 9 J (Fox).
New York: Rock City, Cattaraugus Co., June 5, 1915, 1
Peru, June 10, 1916, 1
Maryland: Glen Echo, Je., 1926, 2 § (Fouts) ; Plummer’s
Island, June 21, 1913, 2 5 § (Shoemaker), May 18, 1913, 6
(Shoemaker) ; Cedar Grove, May 28, 1912, 1 (Shoemaker).
Virginia: Great Falls, June 22, 1916, 2 5 (Shoemaker) ; Oppo-
site Plummer’s Id., May 18, 1913, 2 lCf ; July 19, 1913, 1 $ (Shoe-
maker) ; Black Pond, May 21, 1911, 1 <£ (Shoemaker).
District of Columbia: April, 1888, 1 J1, 5 $ (Fox), Oct., 1 J1
(Fox).
North Carolina : Henderson, 1 §.
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
21
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 3 <j>.
Missouri : Columbia, May, 1
Ceratinopsis labradoriensis Emerton
Can. Ent. 57 : 66, fig. 1, 1925
Type locality : Cabot Lake, Labrador.
We have not had opportunity to study this species.
Ceratinopsis laticeps Emerton
(Figures 18-21)
Ceratinopsis laticeps Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 37,
pi. 9, fig. 3. 1882.
Erigone calcarata Keyserling, Spinn. Am. Therid. 2 : 181, pi. 17,
fig. 240. 1886.
Porrhomma calcaratum Simon, Hist. Nat. Ar. 1 : 682. 1894.
Male. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax dark reddish orange, head black,
the black extending backward in a point to the dorsal furrow, clypeus black
above the protuberance. Cephalothorax viewed from above evenly rounded
on the sides and across the clypeus; head broad, straight across the front;
viewed from the side gently arched behind and then ascending in a nearly
straight line to the top of the head which is nearly level for a short distance
back of the eyes. Front of head slanting steeply downward through the
median ocular area to the rounded protuberance on the clypeus. Clypeus
strongly convex. Lower part of median ocular area and upper part of
clypeus clothed with numerous hairs directed upward. In front of posterior
median eyes a few hairs directed downward and outward. Chelicerse dark
reddish orange. Endites same color but crossed by curved blackish lines.
Sternum rough, blackish over dark reddish orange. Legs yellowish. Palpi
light orange. Abdomen light reddish over pale yellowish.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median smaller that the lateral, sepa-
rated by one and one-half times the diameter and from the lateral by twice
the diameter. Anterior eyes in a straight line, the median smaller than the
lateral separated by less than the diameter and from the lateral by two and
one-half times the diameter.
Femur of palpus rather short and thick, the stridulating tooth near the
base on the inner side prominent. Patella short, curved downward. Ratio
of length of femur to that of patella as 14 to 6. Tibia short and rather
broad, the dorsal margin produced into two short triangular teeth between
which there is a shallow rounded emargination, the lateral angle produced
into a very large process which is armed laterally with a short blunt tooth,
and anteriorly with a long black, sharp tooth. Cymbium provided with a
22
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
very narrow furrow near the edge; paracymbium with the base rather stout
and hairy, the remainder rather narrow, strongly curved, sickle-shaped.
Bezel low and narrow, produced toward the tip of the palpus into two dis-
tinct points of unequal length. Tail-piece of the embolic division long, slen-
der and gently curved, the middle part curved in a half circle and produced
beyond the break into a slender acute point, the terminal part curved back,
following the curve of the middle part, the tip lying next to the bezel.
Female. Length, 1.7 mm. Similar to the male in form and color but
the head is blacker and the black extends almost to the margin of the clypeus.
Head wide, not so straight across the front as in the male. Clypeus in side
view not so strongly convex. In some specimens the sides of the abdomen
are nearly black and occasionally there is a median black stripe. The middle
lobe of the epigynum narrow, transverse, the openings well separated, and
leading under the overhanging anterior part of the epigynum.
Type localities: Danvers, Mass., and New Haven, Conn.
Massachusetts : Shirley, June 18, 1917, 1 J.
Michigan: Eagle Harbor (Type of calcar ata).
New York: Freeville, July, 1 §. Ithaca, Aug., 1 May 11,
1916, 1 c?, 5 5; without date, 1 g (Banks) ; Olcott, Feb., 1925,
1 J1, 1 g, sifting leaves (Dietrich) ; Montauk Pt., May 24, 1924,
2 g; Cold Spring Harbor, July 10, 1907, 1 g ; Oyster Bay, 1 $
(Chamberlin).
Ceratinopsis nigriceps Emerton
(Figures 22-26)
Ceratinopsis nigriceps Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 37,
pi. 9, fig. 2. 1882.
Male. Length, 1.6 mm. Cephalothorax Grange, head black; the black
extends backward in a triangular point but not so far back as in laticeps.
Clypeus orange. Head narrow, eyes in profile when viewed from above.
Cephalothorax viewed from the side rather steeply ascending to the top of
the head. Clypeus concave. Chelicerae orange. Sternum orange yellow,
smooth.
Femora of legs orange yellow, the other segments dusky. Abdomen light
reddish orange over yellowish. Posterior eyes in a straight line, separated
by three times the radius. Anterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, equal,
separated by less than the diameter.
Femur of palpus rather short and thick, nearly straight. Patella short
and as thick as femur. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 15
to 7. Tibia short, armed with a very stout dorso-lateral apophysis which is
strongly incurved. When viewed from above and in front the tip of the
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
23
apophysis appears squarely truncate. The dorsal margin of the tibia armed
with a large triangular tooth separated from the apophysis by a deep
rounded notch. Cymbium with the lateral groove narrow and close to the
edge. Paracymbium slender and gently curved, the tip not strongly hooked.
Bezel with a broad rounded notch for the reception of the middle part of
the embolic spiral, the tip produced into a point and the opposite end
rounded. Tail-piece of embolic division long, slender and evenly curved.
After emerging at the bezel the embolus makes one turn in an open spiral
before the break beyond which it is continued in a sharp point. The termi-
nal part of the embolus is long and slender and follows in general the curve
of the middle part but the tip lies outside the bezel.
Female. Length, 1.6 mm. Very similar to the male in form and color
but the head is not so high. The epigynum has the middle lobe narrow in
front and widened behind.
Type localities: New Haven, Conn., and Dedham, Mass.
Maine : Sebasticook Lake, Aug. 24, 1925, 2 J.
New Hampshire: Pike, June, 1908, 1 J (Hayhurst).
Massachusetts: Shirley, June 18, 1917, 1 J'; Westfield, Sept.
2, 1925, 1 ?.
New York: Shelving Rock Mt., Lake George, July 27, 1920,
1 J*; Saratoga Co., June 26, 1920, 1 J'; Tackawasick Pond,
Rensselaer Co., June 25, 1920, 1 Freeville (Woodwardia
swamp) Aug. 13, 1922, 4 J; Oakland Valley, May 26, 1920, 6 5;
Little Pond, Orange Co., May 25, 1920, 1 5 ; Cold Spring Harbor,
July 4, 1907, 1 J'; Riverhead (Sound Beach), Sept. 10, 1922,
!(?•
Virginia: Maurertown, Oct. 5, 1923, 2 J1, 1 Alberta, Oct.
27, 1923, 1 $.
North Carolina : Blowing Rock, Oct. 10, 1923, 2 11 J.
Ceratinopsis nigripalpis Emerton
(Figures 27-28)
Ceratinopsis nigripalpis Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 38,
pi. 9, fig. 4. 1882.
Ceratinopsis similis Banks, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23 : 67. 1896.
Ceratinopsis tarsalis Emerton, Psyche 31 : 141, fig. 2. 1924.
Male. Length, 1 mm. Cephalothorax orange, the head black between
the eyes and backward to the dorsal groove, the radiating lines dusky.
Cephalothorax viewed from above rather broad, rounded on the sides and
24
Journal New York Entomological Society tvoi. xxxvin
rounded-convergent toward the front. No constriction at the cervical
groove. The eyes in profile. Cephalothorax viewed from the side gradually
ascending in a nearly straight line to the eyes, clypeus strongly concave.
Femur of legs yellow orange, the remaining segments nearly black. Palpi
yellowish, tarsi blackish. Chelicerse and endites yellowish. Sternum orange,
darker near the margin. Posterior coxae separated by the diameter. Abdo-
men dark gray, nearly black above, much lighter beneath.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, equidistant, the median a little smaller
than the lateral and separated by a little more than the diameter. Anterior
eyes in a very slightly procurved line, the median a little smaller than the
lateral, equidistant, separated by the radius of the median.
Femur of palpus rather short and stout, nearly straight, patella short and
stout, as thick as femur. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 12
to 6.
Tibia short; the dorso-lateral apophysis rather stout, when viewed from
above it appears double-pointed but when viewed diagonally from the side
it appears as a single straight sharp-pointed process. The dorsal margin of
the tibia with a blunt rounded tooth separated from the apophysis by a deep
rounded emargination. Cymbium with a narrow groove close to the margin.
Paracymbium broad at base, slender toward tip. Bezel elongate, notched
opposite the middle part of the embolic division and produced at tip into a
point. Tail-piece of the embolic division long, slender and spirally curved,
the middle part after emerging from the edge of the bezel curves outward
and then back to the edge of the cymbium, produced into a blunt point be-
yond the break. The terminal part long and slender, curved backward across
the middle part to form with it a figure eight.
Female. Length, 1.3 mm. Similar to the male but the head is broader
and not so high. Palpi have the femur and patella yellow, tibia and tarsus
blackish. The epigynum has the middle lobe with the central part very long
and slender and the transverse arms proportionally short.
Type locality of nigripalpis : New Haven, Conn.; of similis:
Shreveport, La.; of tarsalis: Providence, R. I., Monponsett, Mid-
dleboro and Hyannis, Mass.
New York: Ithaca, 1 det. by Banks as C. interpres ; Cold
Spring Harbor, Apr. 10, 1905, 1 J (Bryant) ; Oyster Bay, 1 §
(Chamberlin) ; Baiting Hollow, May 31, 1923, 1 J', 2 J; River-
head, Sound Beach, Sept. 10, 1922, 3 §.
Massachusetts: Woods Hole, July, 1919, 1 J'.
North Carolina: Jacksonville, Oct. 23, 1926, 1 $.
Georgia: Okefinokee Swamp, Billy’s Island, June, 1912, 2 §.
Unfortunately the specimen in Mr. Emerton’s collection which
he used for comparison for many years was not nigripalpis but
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
25
purpurescens. This has caused considerable confusion and ex-
plains why he redescribed the species as tar sails. We compared
the types of similis and nigripalpis and found them identical.
Ceratinopsis obscura Emerton
(Figures 29-30)
Ceratinopsis obscura Emerton, Can. Ent. 51 : 105, pi. 7, fig. 2,
1919.
Male. Length, 2 mm. Cephalothorax dark brownish, darker in front,
rather broad, the sides converging towards the front. The cephalothorax is
larger and the head broader than in nigriceps.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median a little more than the diam-
eter apart and a little farther from the lateral. Anterior eyes in a slightly
recurved line, the median close together but separated from the lateral by
a little more than the diameter. Chelicerse brownish at base and lighter at
tip. Sternum dark brown, shining, rather broad. Hind coxae separated by
nearly the length. Legs brown, coxae margined at tip beneath with black.
Patella of palpus shorter than tibia without the apophysis. The tibia
armed on the dorso-lateral angle with a stout process directed forward,
rounded at tip and slightly excised at base on the mesal side. Back of this
process the tibia is not so strongly thickened as in nigriceps. The para-
cymbium long, slender, curved in a semicircle with a small sharp hook at tip.
Tail-piece of the embolic division long, the middle part extends in an open
spiral to the tip of the bulb where the terminal part or embolus proper arises
from it at an acute angle. The embolus is very slender and lies parallel to
the middle part, the tip close to the bezel.
Rediscribed and figured from the type, Minaki, Ont., July 10,
1917.
Ceratinopsis purpurescens Keyserling
(Figures 31-35)
Ceratinopsis purpurescens Keyserling, Spinn. Am. Therid.
2 : 187, pi. 17, fig. 248. 1886.
Ceratinopsis unicolor Crosby, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1905,
p. 341.
Male. Length, 1.8 mm. Cephalothorax dusky orange, blackish on the
ocular area and immediately back of it; viewed from above evenly rounded
on the sides with a very slight constriction at the cervical groove, broadly
rounded across the front; viewed from the side gently and evenly arched
26
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
over the back to the posterior eyes. Clypeus concave below the eyes, some-
what protuberant across the middle.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal, separated by a little more than the
diameter. Anterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, equal, the median sepa-
rated by the radius and from the lateral by the diameter. Chelicerse reddish
orange basally, fading to yellow distally. Sternum and labium dusky
orange. Endites paler. Legs orange basally, nearly black distally. Abdo-
men reddish orange yellow in front becoming nearly black posteriorly. Spin-
nerets blackish.
Femur of palpus nearly straight dorso-laterally, curved inward, the inner
face without hairs except for a row of six hairs on the distal half. Patella
rather short and moderately curved downward. Ratio of length of femur
to that of patella as 16 to 7. Tibia short and broad distally, armed mesally
with a minute blunt tooth, the dorsal margin straight, armed laterally with
a long, stout apophysis, the ventral surface of which is finely dentate, the
lateral margin sinuate. The paracymbium strongly curved. The bezel
rather high and broad. The tail-piece of the embolic division long and the
tip curved inward on the edge of the tegulum. The middle part of the em-
bolus rather stout and broad, making one-half turn after merging from be-
hind the bezel, not produced beyond the break, the terminal part curved back
along the middle part, rather stout, the tip lying next to the bezel. The tip
of the embolus provided on the concave side with a thin, rather broad, hya-
line projection.
Female. Length, 2.3 mm. Resembles the male in form and color. The
epigynum bounded in front by a transverse ridge ; the middle quadrate area
outlined by a row of hairs directed diagonally inward, the middle lobe
broadly rounded behind.
A male and female from Columbia, Mo., were collected while
mated and killed before they were able to separate. The embolus
was inserted under the right side of the middle lobe at the angle
which it makes with the lateral wall of the central fovea. All of
the embolus beyond the point opposite the bezel was inserted.
The epigynum containing the embolus was removed and cleared.
It was found that the embolus after passing through the external
opening turns first outward, then forward, inward and backward
to form an almost complete circle with the “ break” of the em-
bolus lying very close to the point of entrance. The terminal
part of the embolus, beyond the “ break,” takes a transverse
course outward but the tip turns backward and lies just dorsad
of the receptacles.
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
Type locality: Washington, D. C.
Massachusetts : Blue Hills, Boston, June 25, 1904, 2 g
(Emerton).
New York : Baiting Hollow (Sound Beach), L. I., May 23, 1924,
1 <?, 2 ?, May 31, 1923, 1 ?; Yaphank, Aug. 29, 1916, 2 ?; Cold
Spring Harbor, June, 1921, 2 J (E. G. Anderson).
New Jersey: Lakewood, April 16, 1910, 2 3 §; Cassville,
1 J1, 2 J (determined by Emerton as nigripalpis) .
Maryland: Plummers Id., May 18, 1913, 1 (Shoemaker);
Little Paint Branch, June 9, 1912, 1 (Shoemaker).
Virginia : Great Falls, April 3, 1921, 2 J1, 5 5 ; Rhododendron
Run, May 18, 1912, 1 J1 (Shoemaker).
North Carolina : Black Mt., North Fork Swannanoa River,
i a i ?•
Kentucky : Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 1 J ; Brooklyn Bridge,
June 29, 1925, 3 ?.
Missouri : Columbia, 1 J1, 1 5, taken in coitu ; May, 1904, 1 J ;
June 4, 1906, 1 J, taken with egg sac on under side of leaf.
Keyserling also records the species from Florida and Georgia.
Some confusion has arisen from the fact that Mr. Emerton ’s
specimen of C. nigripalpis which he used instead of the type for
comparison was not that species but was C. purpurescens.
Ceratinopsis sutoris new species
(Figures 36-38)
Male. Length, 1.3 mm. Cephalothorax orange red, head black, the dark
area broadly rounded behind and extended in front half way across the
clypeus. Cephalothorax viewed from above evenly rounded on the sides with
a very slight constriction at the cervical groove, the head broad, straight
across the front, the lateral eyes slightly protuberant; viewed from the side,
rather steeply ascending and gently arched to the posterior eyes. Clypeus
strongly convex above and gently concave below, protuberant.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median separated by the diameter and
a little farther from the lateral. Anterior eyes in a straight line, the median
smaller than the lateral, subcontiguous, separated from the lateral by one
and one-half times the diameter.
Chelieeras, sternum and endites orange red, the sternum roughened and
suffused with dusky on the sides and behind. Legs and palpi pale orange
yellow. Abdomen reddish, blackish in the middle and along the sides; in
28
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvili
another specimen pale reddish without black markings, tip black around the
spinnerets.
Patella of palpus short; tibia short and broad, the dorso-lateral process
large, pointed-triangular and minutely denticulate on the inner margin. At
the base of this process on the mesal side are two slender black incurved
teeth arising one above the other. The lower tooth has a minute denticle at
its middle below. Paracymbium slender, bent in a right angle at middle
and at an acute angle near tip, basally armed with a row of stiff hairs.
Bezel transverse, ending in two sharp points towards the tip of the bulb.
Tail-piece of the embolic division very long, slender, strongly curved and
extending to the base of the cymbium; the middle part of the embolic di-
vision emerges from behind the bezel as a rather broad flattened rod which,
after making one-half of a spiral turn, ends in a sharp point at the tip of
the cymbium; the slender terminal part or embolus proper arises before this
point on the mesal side and curves back along the middle part. The median
apophysis appears as a conspicuous, brownish, flattened, sinuate, pointed
tooth.
Female. Length, 1.4 mm. Similar to the male in form and color. An-
terior eyes in a slightly procurved line, the median smaller than the lateral,
separated by the radius and from the lateral by three times the radius.
The epigynum has the transverse arm broad and short and covered from
in front by a broad transverse lobe the posterior margin of which is gently
concave. This lobe is strongly depressed across the middle.
Type, male : allotype, female. Eastern Branch near Bennings,
D. C., Dec. 3, 1911 (Shoemaker).
District of Columbia: Eastern Branch, Feb. 23, 1913, 16 $
( Shoemaker) .
Florida: Bunnell, Feb. 21, 1927, 1 (M. D. Leonard).
Louisiana : Baton Rouge, 2 5-
Ceratinopsis Xanthippe Keyserling
Erigone Xanthippe Keyserling, Spinn. Am. Therid. 2 : 192, pi. 18,
fig. 251. 1886.
This species, described from the female only, we place pro-
visionally in the genus Ceratinopsis. The roughened sternum
would relate it to sutoris but the figure of the epigynum precludes
the possibility of their being identical.
CERATINOPSIDIS new genus
Type Cornicularia formosa Banks
While the type species of this genus has a superficial resem-
blance to Ceratinopsis, in which it was placed by Emerton, the
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
29
structure of the embolic division of the palpal organ clearly indi-
cates that it is not closely related to that group. In Ceratinopsis
the embolic division is of the spiral type as in Ceraticelus, Gram-
monota, etc. In formosa the embolic division is of a peculiar
form and does not resemble that of any other species which we
have studied.
Ceratinopsidis formosa Banks
(Figures 39^2)
Cornicularia formosa Banks, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1892,
p. 34, pi. 5, fig. 35.
Lophocarenum venustum Banks, Same, p. 36, pi. 4, fig. 5.
Tmeticus luxuosus Banks, Same, p. 39, pi. 4, fig. 16.
Prosopotlieca formosa Crosby, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1905,
p. 307, 331.
Ceratinopsis alternata Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 14:
185, pi. 2, fig. 6. 1909.
Banks (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1916, pp. 72, 73, and 74)
states that Tmeticus luxuosus is the same as C. alternatus Em.
and that Cornicularia formosa and Lophocarenum venustum
equal Gonatium rubens Blackw. The latter statement is an error.
The types of both venustum and formosa are females and the
epigynum when viewed through a low power lens looks somewhat
like that of rubens. When examined under a microscope they are
seen to be the same as C. alternatus Em. In November, 1923,
one of us examined these types with Mr. Banks and he concurred
in our views.
Male. Length, 2.1 mm. C'epalothorax orange yellow, viewed from above
rather broad, evenly rounded on the sides behind, the sides nearly straight
and convergent towards the front, head broad across the front, the eyes in
profile. Cephalothorax viewed from the side gently and evenly arched over
the back to the eyes. Clypeus vertical, slightly concave.
Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal, separated by the diameter. An-
terior eyes in a straight line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated
by a little less than the diameter and from the lateral by the diameter.
Sternum, labium and endites orange yellow, the endites pale at tip. Legs
and palpi yellow. Abdomen light gray. Spinnerets blackish.
Femur of palpus nearly straight. Patella rather large, curved downward,
armed below at tip with a rather long round-tipped process1 gently curved
forward. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 20 to 10. Tibia
30
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
short, greatly widened distally, the dorso-mesal margin produced into a short
broadly rounded lobe, the dorso-lateral angle armed with a large erect process.
Paracymbium rather small, strongly curved with short hook. Tegulum
greatly enlarged ventrally produced into a large triangular point. Embolic
division consists of a short boot-shaped tail-piece (the foot of the boot lying
on the edge of the tegulum) from the side of which at the tip the middle part
arises. This part is thin, short and black, armed on one side near the base
with a sharp erect tooth and on the other side near the middle with a
quadrate projection in the posterior corner of which is the opening of the
ejaculatory duct. The embolus terminates in a stiff slender black style.
Female. Length, 2.2 mm. Similar to the male in form and color.
Epigynum is a weakly chitinized quadrate plate; the central fovea large,
nearly square, broadly rounded in front.
Type locality : Ithaca, N. Y.
New Hampshire: West Swanzey, Sept. 3, 1926, 1 J1, 1 5
(Forbes).
Vermont: East Corinth, Aug. 17, 1925, 1 J'.
Massachusetts: Princeton, Sept. 13, 1922, 1 5; Aug., 1925, 1 2
(Forbes).
New York: Mt. Whiteface, 2300 ft., Aug. 25, 1916, 3 J (Emer-
ton det.) ; Wilmington, Aug. 24, 1921, 1 §; Wilmington Notch,
Aug. 21, 1926, 1 J1 (Emerton det.) ; High Falls, Essex Co., Aug.
23, 1921, 5 5, on under side of leaves; Elizabethtown, Aug. 21,
1921, 2 § ; Newcomb, Sept. 20, 1924, 1 J1, 1 J ; Whetstone Gulf,
Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 J1, 1 5 ; Cranberry Creek, Pinnacle Mt.,
Aug., 1911, 4 J1, 15 $ (Emerton det.) ; Rock City, Cattaraugus
Co., Aug., 1918, 1 J1, 2 5; Montour Falls, Sept. 21, 1924, 2 §;
Ithaca, July 12, 1925, 1 Aug. 6, 1922, 1 §; Mt- Utsayantha,
Oct. 21, 1924, 1 J; Silver Bay, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 5 (Leonard) ;
Juanita Island, Lake George, Aug. 4, 1920, 3 J1, 2 J; Shelving
Rock Mt., July 27, 1920, 15 lCf, 2 § ; Pearl Point, Lake George,
July 29, 1920, 2 1 J ; Lake Bluff, Sept. 9, 1920, 3 § ; Lancaster,
1 (Van Duzee) ; Queechy Lake, Aug. 26, 1920, 1 $ (Schoon-
maker) ; Hunter, Aug. 10, 1923, 1 J1, Aug. 16, 1925, 2 J1, 1 §
(Mills & Frane) ; Riverhead, Sound Beach, Sept. 10, 1922, 1 §.
Pennsylvania : Arendtsville, 1 5 from stomach of Hyla crucifer
(S. W. Frost) ; New Bloomfield, Oct. 31, 1924, 2 J; Hazleton,
July 4, 1925, 1 ? (Dietz).
Maryland: Glen Echo, 1925, 1 J (Fouts).
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
31
Virginia : Alberta, Oct. 27, 1923, 1 § ; near Georgetown, D. C.,
Sept. 27, 1913, 2 2 (Shoemaker) ; Rocky Mount, Oct. 8, 1923,
1 2 ; Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 3 2 beating.
North Carolina : Nantahala Gap, Macon Co., Oct. 11, 1926, 1 2 ;
Hendersonville, Stoney Mt., Oct. 18, 1923, 1 2 ; Madison. Oct. 8,
1923, 6 2; Grandfather Mt., Oct. 12, 1923, 1 2; Hintons Falls,
Dec. 21, 1923, 1 2 (Mabee) ; Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 13, 1926, 2 2; Base
of Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 19, 1923, 1 2 ; Raleigh, Oct. 26, 1923, 5 2-
Tennessee : Mt. Leconte, Mill Creek below Falls, Oct. 10, 1926,
n ?-
Emerton has recorded this species from New Hampshire :
Three-mile Id.; Jaffney; Massachusetts: Mt. Tom; Connecticut:
Simsbury ; North Carolina : Balsam.
TUTAIBO Chamberlin
Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 60 (6) : 237, 1916.
Type : T. debilipes Chamberlin.
This genus is rather closely related to Ceratinopsis in the struc-
ture of the embolic division of the bulb of the male palpus but
differs from it in the armature of the tibia of the male palpus, in
the extraordinary length of the embolus, and in the long, slender
legs.
Tutaibo debilipes Chamberlin
(Figures 43-44)
Tutaibo debilipes Chamberlin, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 60 (6) : 237,,
pi. 17, figs. 9, 10, 1916.
Tibia of male palpus longer than patella and greatly widened distally on
the lateral side so that end of the segment is triangular with a small sharp
tooth near each angle. The paracymbium slender and only slightly hooked
at tip. The embolic division of the spiral type as in Ceratinopsis. The
tail-piece long, thin, curved and somewhat twisted; the middle part stout,
black and spirally coiled in one turn, continued in a sharp point beyond the
insertion of the embolus. The embolus slender and of extraordinary length
arising from the middle part at nearly a right angle. It then follows a.
complicated course over the face of the bulb as shown in figure 44.
Peru: Huadquina, 5000 ft., July, 1 J', tlie type.
32
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviu
PLATES III TO VI
Explanation of Figures
1. Ceratinopsis anglicana, g right palpus, ventral view.
2. Ceratinopsis anglicana, $ right palpus, lateral view.
3. Ceratinopsis anglicana, £ right palpus, tibia, dorso-lateral view.
4. Ceratinopsis anglicana, 5 epigynum.
5. Ceratinopsis atolma, g left palpus, ventral view.
6. Ceratinopsis atolma, $ left palpus, dorso-mesal view.
7. Ceratinopsis atolma, g left palpus, tibia, meso-dorsal view.
8. Ceratinopsis auriculata, g right palpus, lateral view.
9. Ceratinopsis an/riculata, $ right palpus, ventral view.
10. Ceratinopsis auriculata, g right palpus, tibia, dorsal view.
11. Ceratinopsis auriculata, 5 epigynum.
12. Ceratinopsis auriculata, $ cephalothorax, lateral view.
13. Ceratinopsis auriculata, $ cephalothorax, dorsal view.
14. Ceratinopsis interpres, g right palpus, ventro-lateral view.
15. Ceratinopsis interpres, g right palpus, ventral view.
16. Ceratinopsis interpres, $ right palpus, tibia, dorsal view.
17. Ceratinopsis interpres, 9 epigynum.
18. Ceratinopsis laticeps, $ right palpus, lateral view.
19. Ceratinopsis laticeps, g right palpus, ventral view.
20. Ceratinopsis laticeps, g right palpus, tibia, dorsal view.
21. Ceratinopsis laticeps, 5 epigynum.
22. Ceratinopsis nigriceps, $ right palpus, lateral view.
23. Ceratinopsis nigriceps, g right palpus, ventral view.
24. Ceratinopsis nigriceps, g right palpus, tibia, dorsal view.
25. Ceratinopsis nigriceps, g right palpus, tibia, lateral view.
26. Ceratinopsis nigriceps, 5 epigynum.
27. Ceratinopsis nigripalpis, g right palpus, tibia, dorsal view.
28. Ceratinopsis nigripalpis, 5 epigynum.
29. Ceratinopsis obscura, $ right palpus, dorsal view.
30. Cerati/aopsis obscura, $ right palpus, ventral view.
31. Ceratinopsis purpurescens, $ right palpus, lateral view.
32. Ceratinopsis purpurescens, $ right palpus, ventral view.
33. Ceratinopsis purpurescens, $ right palpus, tibia, dorsal view.
34. Ceratinopsis purpurescens, $ epigynum.
35. Ceratinopsis purpurescens, $ epigynum, with embolus of male palpal
organ in place.
36. Ceratinopsis sutoris, $ right palpus, ventral view.
37. Ceratinopsis sutoris, $ right palpus, lateral view.
38. Ceratinopsis sutoris, $ epigynum.
39. Ceratinopsidis formosa, $ right palpus, lateral view.
March, 1930]
Bishop and Crosby: Spiders
33
40. Ceratinopsidis formosa, $ right palpus, tibia, dorso-mesal view.
41. Ceratinopsidis formosa, $ embolic division of right palpal organ.
42. Ceratinopsidis formosa, $ epigynum.
43. Tutaibo debilipes, $ right palpus, dorsal view.
44. Tutaibo debilipes, $ right palpus, ventro-mesal view.
The preparation of many of the drawings, by Albert W. Force, of Ithaca,
N. Y., was made possible by a grant from the Heckscher Research Founda-
tion at Cornell University.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate III)
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate IV)
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate VI)
44
March, 1930]
Weiss: Olaus Magnus
35
OLAUS MAGNUS, CREDULOUS ZOOLOGIST, AND
ARCHBISHOP OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
By Harry B. Weiss,
New Brunswick, N. J.
Perhaps it is wrong to call Olaus Magnus a zoologist. Never-
theless he wrote about animals, and he was credulous — at a time,
however, when credulity was not uncommon.
Authors usually believe what they themselves write, and Olaus
wrote that in the regions of the North, the bees infested drunk-
ards, and stung them, being attracted by the odor of their rum-
soaked bodies. Apparently only hydropots were safe from their
attacks. Hornets, too, if his illustrations can be relied upon,
were quite savage, killing both men and beasts, and northern
bears went mad after eating the narcotic Mandragora but recov-
ered by eating ants.
Of the were-wolves, he wrote, “They go into the Beer-Cellars,
and there they drink out some Tuns of Beer or Mede, and they
heap al the empty vessels, one upon another in the midst of the
Cellar, and so leave them; wherein they differ from natural and
true Wolves.” Ducks in Scotland, he said, according to a Scotch
historian, * ‘ breed of a certain Fruit falling in the Sea ; and these
shortly after, get wings, and fly to the tame or wild ducks. ’ ’ He
wrote that swallows hibernated under water, that the griffin
preyed upon horses and men, that the sea cow, ‘ ‘ is known to have
lived 130 years, by cutting off her tail,” and of the sea-serpent,
he said, “They who Work of Navigation, on the Coasts of Nor-
way, employ themselves in fishing, or merchandize, do all agree
in this strange Story, that there is a Serpent there which is of a
Vast Magnitude, namely 200 feet long, and moreover, 20 foot
thick; and is wont to live in Rocks and Caves toward the Sea
Coast about Berge ; which will go alone from his holes in a clear
night in Summer, and devour Calves, Lambs, and Hogs, or else
he goes into the Sea to feed on Polypus, Locusts, and all sorts of
Sea Crabs. He hath commonly hair hanging from his neck a
cubit long, and sharp Scales, and is black, and he hath flaming
36
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
shining eys. This Snake disquiets the Shippers, and he puts his
head on high like a pillar, and eatcheth away men, and he de-
vours them ; and this hapneth not, but it signifies some wonderful
change of the Kingdom near at hand; namely that the Princes
shall die, or be banished; or some Tumultuous Wars shall pres-
ently follow. 7 7
All of which, and more of the same kind, appears in his work
on history, geography and natural history known briefly as
a “History of the Northern Nations, 77 in which he also displays
his dislike of the Protestants. Consisting of twenty-two parts, it
deals with the political and commercial life of the northern coun-
tries, the customs of the people, the land and its minerals and
animals. According to Hagen, it is a folio of 815 pages, of which
pages 779 to 801 are devoted to insects. It was printed in Rome
in 1555 and later editions were published in Antwerp in 1558,
Basle in 1567 and Frankfort in 1618. It was also translated into
German, Italian, Dutch and English, the English edition appear-
ing in London in 1658.
Olaus also wrote a life of Catharine, daughter of the Swedish
St. Bridget, “Vita Catharinas77 and edited some of his brother’s
books. His knowledge of the North was said to have been quite
extensive for his time, and part of his activity consisted in the
preparation of a map of the northern lands, which appeared in
Venice in 1539.
Born at Skeninge, Sweden, in 1490, he studied in Germany
from 1510 to 1517, and then entered higher religious service and
was made cathedral provost at Strengnas. In 1523 King Gus-
tave I named his brother John, Archbishop of Upsala and
dispatched Olaus to the Pope to have the appointment confirmed.
John Magnus was fiercely opposed to the Protestant religion and
tried unsuccessfully to prevent the king from introducing it into
Sweden. In 1537 John went to Rome and Olaus accompanied
him as his secretary, having lost his property when the king con-
fiscated the church lands. Both suffered annoyances while in
Sweden as a result of their attachment to the Church. When
John died in 1544, Olaus was appointed Archbishop of Upsala,
but he never entered into office, and lived the remainder of his
March, 1930]
Weiss: Olaus Magnus
37
life in Italy, mainly in Rome. In 1545 Paul III commissioned
him to attend the Council of Trent, which he did until 1549. He
died in Rome, August 1, 1558, and was buried in St. Peter’s.
Zoologically he belonged to the Middle Ages.
References
Ashton, John. Curious Creatures in Zoology (London).
Catholic Encyclopedia.
Chalmers’ Biographical Dictionary (London, 1815).
Hagen, H. A. Bibliotheca Entomologica (Leipzig, 1862).
March, 1930]
Goding: Membracid^e
39
SYNONYMICAL NOTES ON MEMBRACID^
By Frederic W. Goding
During a recent review of the literature and material on the
Membracidse a number of synonyms and misconceptions relative
to the genera and species were noted, some of which are herein
recorded.
Subfamily JETHALIONINJE
Oclasma* Melich., Wein. Ent. Zeit. xxiv, p. 284 (1905), is
Coloborrhis Germ. (1836). Oclasma degenerata* Melich. (1905)
is Coloborrhis perspicillata Gerst.
Sarritor Dist. (1916) is Hemicentrus Melich. (1914). Cicada
bispinus * Stoll (1783), from Ceylon, belongs to Hemicentrus.
As Lamproptera was first used by Gray, in 1832 (in Griff. Ann.
King., pi. 102, fig. 4), for a genus in the Lepidoptera, the mem-
braeids listed under Lamproptera Germar (1833) require a new
generic name for which Biturritia is proposed with capreolus
Germ., as the type.
Subfamily CENTROTINiE
The genus Phterotus Buckt. (1903) is Coccosterphus Stal
(1869).
Centrotus malayus * Stal, Eug. Res. Om. Jord., p. 285 (1859)
is Gar gar a semifascia Walk. (1856), both from Malacca.
Xanthosticta grisea Buckt., and Xanthosticta trivialis Buckt,,
belong to the genus Gargara Am. y Serv; Xanthosticta luzonica
Buckt., and Gargara sibirica Leth., belong to the genus described
by Distant as Tiberianus (1915) with three carinae on the front
of the pronotum. As Xanthosticta Buckt. (1903) was first pub-
lished, Tiberianus becomes a synonym; the type is luzonica
Buckt.
Recently while studying the membracidas in the United States
National Museum at Washington, four examples of Machcero-
typus sellatus Uhler, from Japan, were located which proved to
* Omitted from Funkhouser’s Catalog of the Membracidse.
40
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxyiii
be the species described and figured as Maurya brevicornis
Funkh., and Tricentrus vitulus Lindberg, also from Japan, both
being synonyms; while Maurya Dist. (1916) is a synonym of
Machserotypus Uhler (1896), whose description should be
amended by adding “with short distinct auricular supra-
humerals, wings with three apical cells, ocelli some nearer to and
above center of eyes.” As the species listed under Maurya be-
long to Machaerotypus Uhler, those (excepting sellatus) listed
under Machaerotypus Melichar are without a generic name,
Melicharella is proposed for them with Machcerotypus incultus
Melich., as the type.
Two examples, male and female, of Orthobelus flavipes Uhler
(1896) are in the National Museum collection which entirely
agree with the description of Tricentrus basalis Walk. (1851),
both from Japan.
The species listed in the genus Maguva Melich., apparently be-
long to at least two distinct genera, those properly included in
Maguva agreeing with horrida Melich. and typica Dist. in having
the posterior pronotal process distinctly angulate near base and
lobate at middle beneath, while in the others as serpentinus
Funkh., the process is strongly sinuate or undulate from base.
For those with a sinuate posterior pronotal process the name
Evanchon is proposed, with Anchonoides serpentinus Funkh.
(Jour. St. Br. R. A. Soc., p. 209, pi. 1, f. 3-4 (1920), as the type.
The genus Leucothorax (Buckt., is the genus Centruchus Stal.
Centrotypus alatus Buckt. (1903, from Sumatra, was renamed
Centrotypus perakensis by Distant (1916) under the impression
that Hemiptycha alata Fairm., was from India and cogeneric;
whereas alata Fairm., is from Brazil, and belongs in the genus
Sundarion, subfamily Darninae, and perakensis Dist. becomes a
synonym of alata Buckt.
As the genus Lobocentrus Stal has three discoidal cells in each
tegmen, and the genus Dograna Dist. has but two, the character
is quite sufficient to separate them, although otherwise they are
similar.
There appears to be a misconception of Walker’s genus
Micreune among students of this group which may be cleared up
by comparing the descriptions and figures of the several nominal
March, 1930]
Goding: Membrackl®
41
species listed under that name. In his description of the genus
Walker states that the “hind part of the thorax armed with a
horizontal horn which extends to near half the length of the abdo-
men,” which is clearly shown in his figure, and that of Buckton,
and also that the posterior process is rather close to the abdomen
(the process is shown too long in Buckton ’s figure). These
characters apply only to formidenda Walk., the one known species
of the genus. To his description of Micreune metuenda Walker
adds “(7. dama and gazella probably belong to this genus,” thus
recognizing their close relationship. The species dama and
gazella, as in all the species of the genus Leptobelus, have the
posterior process emitted from the front pronotal process (not
from the “hind part of the thorax”), very distant from the body,
and about as long as the tegmina. These characters are seen in
Buckton ’s figure of Micreune macularum, which doubtless is
Walker’s metuenda, all members of the genus Leptobelus.
The description of Centrotus alticeps Walk., proves it to be
foreign to the modern genus Centrotus, but agrees with the
characters of the genus Leptobelus, noticed by Walker as he adds
“Like C. gazella in structure.” It should be included in the
genus Leptobelus Stal.
“ Micreune f electa ” Melich. is not a Micreune; judging from
the description, it should be placed in the genus Congellana.
Distant.
II emiptycha balista Germ. (1835), from India is Ilypsauchenia
harwicki Kirby (1829). The true S plnong ophorus balista was
first described by Amyot y Serville, in Hemip., p. 535, pi. 9, fig.
5 (1843).
The genus Platyceras Schm., preoccupied in the Mollusca.
(1837), (1926) is Hybandoides Dist., (1915) ; Hybandoides must
stand as the name of the genus, with Platyceras as a synonym.
The African genus Negus Jae., is closely allied to the genus
Centrochares Stal, but differing in the pronotum which is cov-
ered with hair-bearing nodules, shorter more nearly straight and
robust posterior process which impinges on the scutellum nearly
covering it.
42
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Subfamily MEMBRACID.F
The genus Clonauchenia described by Funkhouser in 1921, is
the genus Bulbauchenia described by Schumacher in 1915.
Subfamily DARNINiE
Stictopelta varians Fowl., (1894) is Stictopelta arizona Godg.,
(1895) ; Stictopelta lineifrons Fowl., (1894) is Stictopelta nova
Godg., (1892).
Membracis bonasia Fabr., (1775) doubtless is Sundarion
xanthographa Germ., (1835).
March, 1930]
Stewart: Insects
43
THE INSECT VISITANTS AND INHABITANTS
OF MELILOTUS ALBA1
By M. A. Stewart
The Rice Institute, Houston, Texas
A study was made throughout the summer of 1928 to deter-
mine at least the more common insect visitors and inhabitants
of white sweet-clover ( Melilotus alba) in and about Ithaca, New
York. This study began just before the blossoming of the plants
and continued until after the seeds had ripened. Various white
sweet-clover patches wrere visited and these visits were arranged
so that collections were made at all hours from dawn till dark.
Several hundred roots were examined and about an equal num-
ber of stalks were cut open but in no case were insects found
either on or in the roots, or within the stalks. Neither were
insects found feeding on the seeds. During the summer of 1928
at least, very few leaf miners were found on these plants. As
will be seen below the very great majority of insects collected
were flower visitors.
Orthoptera
Melanoplus femur rubrum was found in great numbers, dur-
ing the first week of September, climbing on the stalks and
petioles of Melilotus alba.
Odonata
Enallagma civile Hagen was constantly found in numbers
about M. alba feeding upon its insect visitors. This species was
determined by Dr. James G. Needham.
Hemiptera
The following Hemiptera were collected throughout the sum-
mer, but never more than one or two specimens, crawling over
the leaves: Nabis subcoleoptratus Kirby, Sinea diadema Fabr.,
Podisus maculiventris Say, Miris dolabrata L., Lygus pratensis
1 A contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University.
44 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxym
V
L., Adelphocoris rapidus Say, and Paracalocoris scrupens Say.
These specimens were determined by W. L. McAtee of the
United States National Museum.
Homoptera
Philcenus spumarius var. ustulatus Fall and P. s. pallidus Zett
were frequently found feeding upon the leaves of Melilotus alba
throughout the entire summer. One specimen of P. spumarius
marginellus Fabr. was collected feeding on a leaf. These
homopterans were determined by Mr. McAtee.
Illinoia pisi Kalt., determined by Dr. P. W. Mason of the
U. S. National Museum, was very abundant at certain times
during the summer; notably from the middle of June to the
first of July and from the middle of July to the latter part of
August. Between these two periods hardly a specimen was to
be found. These aphids were observed to feed almost exclu-
sively on the under surfaces of the leaves.
Coleoptera
Adalia bipunctata L., and Coccinella novemnotata Hbst., were
very abundant on the plants at the same times that Illinoia pisi
was. They were feeding upon the aphids.
Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus Deg., was extremely abundant
during the first half of August. Great numbers were observed
in copula. These insects were found chiefly about the flowers.
Scattered specimens of Cycloneda munda Say, Dibolia borealis
Chevr., Trirhabda canadensis Kby., and Hemicrepidius decolo-
ratus Say were found on the leaves and flowers of M. alba
throughout the summer.
The above coleoptera were determined by Dr. E. A. Chapin
of the National Museum.
Lepidoptera
But one lepidopterous leaf-miner, Micrurapteryx kollariella
was found upon white sweet-clover. This is a European species
and has not been previously collected in the United States.
During the entire summer Pieris rapce L. was very common
about the flowers.
March, 1930]
Stewart: Insects
45
During the middle of July egg masses of Estigmene acraea
Dru., were common on the stalks of the plants. These egg
masses consisted of from thirty to forty eggs, which were closely
glued together in a flat, single-layered mass. Eggs collected on
July 16 hatched July 18; the larvse pupated August 18 and the
adults emerged, mated, and oviposited on September 4. The
larvae caused considerable defoliation.
Specimens of Crambus hortuellus Grt., C. prafectellus Zuick.,
and C. luteotellus Clem., were fairly common throughout the
entire summer.
Occasional specimens of the following species were collected:
Everes comyntas Gdt., Phyciodes tharos Gn., Laspeyresia inter-
stinctana Clem., and Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw.
The Lepidoptera listed above were determined by Dr. W. T.
M. Forbes of Cornell University.
Diptera
The only dipterous leaf-miner on Melilotus alba was Agromyza
pusilla Meig. The serpentine mines caused by this insect were
not uncommon.
The only other dipteron that was collected in any numbers
was Pollenia rudis Fab., (determined by Dr. J. M. Aldrich).
This species was found throughout the summer.
Occasional specimens of Mesogramma geminata Say and
Sphcerophoria cylindrica Say were collected. Both of these
species were determined by Dr. C. T. Green of the National
Museum.
Rare collections of the following flies were made : determined
by Dr. Green — Tabanus costalis Wied., Syritta pipiens L., Eris-
talis transversus Wied., and Psilopus scobinator Loew. ; deter-
mined by Dr. Aldrich — Wohlfahrtia vigil Walk., Archytas analis
Fab., Trypeta florescentice L., Oncomyia loraria Lw., Pholeomyia
indecora Lw., Spallanzania hesperidarum Will., Lucilia sericata
Mg., and L. sylvarum Mg. ; determined by Mr. F. M. Hull of the
Division of Entomology, Texas State Agricultural Experiment
Station — Platychirus pelt at us Meig., and P. hyperolreus Staeger.
There is no record of a previous collection of Oncomyia loraria
Lw., from New York State.
46
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
Hymenoptera
Apis mellifera L., was found in great numbers, even on days
when there was a strong wind, throughout the entire blossoming
season.
The following specimens, determined by Miss G. Sandhouse
of the U. S. National Museum, were collected on M. alba: Halic-
tus provancheri D. T., Ancistrocerus capra Sauss., A. unifas-
ciatus Sass., A. parietum L., A. tigris Sauss., A. catskillensis
Sauss., Halictus leurouxii Lep., H. craterus Lovell, H. fusci-
pennis Sm., H. pectoralis Sm., H. sparsus Robt., H. ligatus Say,
H. lineatulus Cwfd., Sphecodes confertus Say (?), Hylceus sp.
near stevensi Cwfd., Andrena sp., Philanthus bilunatus Cr., P.
politus Say, Cerceris nigrescens Sm., Cerceris sp., Oxyhelus
quadrinotatus Say, and Psen sp.
Of these species Halictus provancheri D. T., Ancistrocerus
catskillensis Sauss., Halictus sparsus Robt., and Hylceus sp. near
stevensi Cwfd., were common throughout the season. The other
species were relatively rare.
Halictus craterus Lovell, H. pectoralis Sm., H. sparsus Robt.,
H. lineatulus Cwfd., and Sphecodes confertus Say (?) have not
been recorded heretofore from New York State.
Formica fusca var., determined by Dr. W. M. Mann of the
National Museum, was found throughout the whole summer
crawling over the stalks, stems, and leaves.
One specimen each of Plectocryptus n. sp., and Casinaria
genuina Nort., were collected on white sweet-clover. Casinaria
genuina Nort., has not been previously recorded from New York
State. Dr. R. A. Cushman of the National Museum determined
these species.
One undetermined sawfly was collected.
Polistes pallipes Lep., and Bicyrtes ventralis Say were rela-
tively common on M. alba throughout the summer. These spe-
cies were determined by Dr. P. P. Babiy of Cornell University.
March, 1930]
Goding: Membracid
47
AN INJURIOUS MEMBRACID
By Frederic W. Goding
The Membracidaa are usually, and as a rule rightfully classed
as innoxious, the only case of any degree of importance hereto-
fore recorded against them being as enemies of potatoes, although
they are frequently found on fruit and shade trees with no
apparent ill effects.
In 1921, while passing through the Canal Zone, Dr. James
Zetek, Government Entomologist in charge of the Biological
Station, informed me that a membracid was infesting various
shrubs and trees in countless numbers in the vicinity of Panama,
with very injurious effect. They were so plentiful that they
covered the bark of the twigs and branches to such an extent
that the bark could not be seen. Dr. Zetek obtained several pho-
tographs of some of the infested trees, three of them accompany-
ing this account. As it is unusual to find a membracid on a list
of injurious insects it seems opportune to place this occurrence
on record.
Amyot and Serville in 1843 described this insect (Hemip teres,
p. 543, pi. 10, fig. 1) as Physoplia crassicornis and Physoplia
nigrata, since when it has been redescribed and figured many
times under various names, but now is known as Umbonia crassi-
cornis. It is frequently seen in Mexico, Central and South
America.
PLATE VII
Fig. 1. Um'bonia crassicornis in the several stages.
Fig. 2. Near view of infested branches.
Fig. 3. A badly infested tree.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVI IT
(Plate VII)
MEMBRACID^E
March, 1930]
Weiss: Spanish Fly
49
JOHN BUNGLE’S PANEGYRIC ON THE SPANISH FLY
By Harry B. Weiss
New Brunswick, N. J.
Every time I read the “Life and Opinions of John Buncle,
Esquire” by Thomas Amory, I find some diverting account
which I had overlooked previously. Mention has been made of
Buncle ’s narrative of the battle between a flea and a louse* and
his remarks on the “Spanish fly” and its vescicating properties
are equally as amusing and furnish some evidence concerning
the state of thought in 1756. Undoubtedly some present day
writings will be equally as entertaining after the passage of a
hundred or two hundred years.
Although the mathematical, medical, biological and other dis-
cussions in which the book abounds probably served no better
purpose than to display the pansophism of the author, Thomas
Amory, yet such opinions must have been current to some extent
when the book was written, even though seldom expressed in
such grandiose language. Speaking of a visit on July 2, 1734,
to one Dr. Stanvil, Mr. Buncle proceeds pompously as follows:
“As he had an Essay on Fevers in his hand, when I entered
the room, I requested to know how he accounted for the effects
of Cantharides, in raising and strengthening a low trembling
pulse, and driving the natural heat and efflatus of the blood
outward, in giving relief in delirious ravings, stupors, and loss
of reason, in reducing continual fevers to distinct remissions,
and in cleansing and opening the obstructed glands and lymphat-
ics, so as to bring on the critical sweats, let loose the saliva and
glandular secretions, and bring down the thick soluble urine?
How does blistering, so happily brought in by the physical bully
of this age, Dr. Radcliffe, so wonderfly cool and dilute the blood?
It seems to me somewhat strange.
* Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. xxxiii, pp. 114-
115.
50
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
4 4 It is easily accounted for,” replied Dr. Stanvil. “The Span-
ish fly, an extremely hot and perfectly caustic insect, is stocked
with a subtile, active, and extremely pungent salt, which enters
the blood upon the application of the blister, and passes with it
through the several glandular strainers and secretory ducts.
This stimulating force of the fly’s salt, occasions the pain felt in
making the water with a blister, which may be taken off by a
thin emulsion made with the pulp of roasted apples in milk and
water, and causes the liberal, foul, and stinking sweats, while
the Epispastic is on.
“This being evident, it is plain from thence, that the pene-
trating salts of the fly, that is, the volatile pungent parts of the
cantharides, act in the blood by dissolving, attenuating, and
rarifying the viscid cohesions of the lymph and serum ; by stimu-
lating the nervous coats of the vessels, throw off their stagnating
viscidities, and by cleansing the glands, and forcing out the
coagulated serum, restore the circulation and freedom of lymph
from the arteries to the veins ; opening, scouring and cleansing
at the same time, the expurgatory glands.
“In short, as common cathartics purge the guts, and cleanse
and throw off their clammy, stagnating, and obstructing contents,
by rarifying and dissolving the viscid cohesions of the fluids,
and by stimulating the solids; so do the active salts of the fly
penetrate the whole animal machine, become a glandular lym-
phatic purge, and perform the same thing in all the small strain-
ing conveying pipes, that common purgatives effect in the intes-
tines : and as by this means, all the sluices and outlets of the
glandular secretions are opened, the cantharides must be cooling,
diluting, and refrigerating in their effects to the greatest degree,
though so very hot, caustic, and pungent in themselves. So
wonderfully has the great Creator provided for his creature,
man ; in giving him not only a variety of the most pleasing food,
but so fine a medicine, among a thousand others, as the Spanish
fly, to save him from the destroying fever, and restore him to
health again. It is not by a discharge of serum, as too many
doctors imagine, that a blister relieves, for five times the quantity
March, 1930]
Weiss: Spanish Fly
51
may be brought off by bleeding, vomiting, or purging; but the
benefit is entirely owing to that heating, attenuating, and pun-
gent salt of this fly, and this fly only, which the divine power
and goodness has made a lymphatic purgative, or glandular
cathartic for the relief of man, in this fatal and tormenting
malady. Vast is our obligation to God for all his providential
blessings. Great are the wonders that he doth for the children
of men.”
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
53
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CICADAS IN THE UNITED
STATES WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES
By Wm. T. Davis,
Staten Island, N. Y.
In North America north of Mexico one hundred and forty
named forms of cicadas are now known to occur of which about
one hundred and twenty-seven may be considered species, though
some of the others will likely be so regarded in the future. The
best known of the number is the famous Magicicada septendecim
L., which, with the race tredecim Riley, and the smaller form
cassinii Fisher, occurs from the New England and South Atlantic
States westward to the eastern part of Nebraska, Kansas, Okla-
homa and Texas.
Of the large cicadas of the genus Tibicen, the usual coloring of
which is black and green, fifteen species inhabit the eastern half
of the United States and no member of the genus has so far been
recorded from the states bordering the Pacific. Tibicen canicu-
laris Harris, that extends from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and the
mountains of Colorado, has thus a wide distribution in the north,
while further south and occupying the territory from the New
England States to Florida and westward to about the 100th
meridian, the most wide-spread species are linnei S. & G-., chloro-
mera Walker, lyric en De Geer, and ciuletes Germar, this last
being one of our largest cicadas. Tibicen similaris S. & G. ap-
pears to be confined to the southeastern states from Virginia to
Louisiana, and is usually found in the lowland; figurata Walker,
occurs from Arkansas and Tennessee south to Louisiana and
Florida; resonans Walker, occurs from North Carolina to Flor-
ida, Louisiana and Kansas, though there are several gaps, such
as Arkansas and Oklahoma; davisi S. & G., occurs in all the coast
states from New Jersey to Mississippi and northward to Arkan-
sas. The beautifully marked latifasciata Davis, occurs along the
coast from New Jersey to North Carolina and probably to the
54
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
Gulf of Mexico ; winnemanna Davis, is more of an inland species
and occurs from Pennsylvania to Illinois and south to Alabama
and Georgia, while robinsoniana Davis, occurs from Virginia
westward to Missouri. In the general region of the Mississippi
and its tributaries, are found Tibicen pruinosa Say, T. aurifera
Say, and T. superb a Fitch, the last being a unique species mostly
green in color.
A different group of Tibicen that average somewhat larger
than the fifteen species just mentioned, are the five that have,
except in rare variations, the mesonotum decorated with two pipe-
shaped marks that have been likened to the Hebrew letter resh
inverted. They also pretty regularly have a dorsal row of spots
on the abdomen. Of such species are marginalis Walker, and
resh Haldeman, that occur in the central part of the United
States and reach the Gulf of Mexico to the south; dorsata Say,
that is slightly more western in distribution, and occurs south-
ward to Texas ; dealbata Davis, still more western, occurs from
Montana and North Dakota southward to New Mexico and Texas,
and lastly cultriformis, Davis, a large species, that thus far is
known only from eastern Arizona.
The remaining eight species of Tibicen, namely inauditus
Davis, tigrina Davis, townsendi Uhler, bifida Davis, duryi
Davis, parallela Davis, chiricahua Davis, and longiopercula
Davis, are all confined to the southwestern states, and are smaller
than the five just considered. The first five of this group are
known to reach Texas on the east; parallela and chiricahua are
recorded from New Mexico and Arizona, while longiopercula is
known only from Arizona. It is among these last mentioned in-
sects, which in most of the species have the sides of the body con-
spicuously parallel to each other, especially in the males, and
which are also generally black with orange or reddish markings,
that the greatest resemblance occurs to plebeja Scopoli of the old
world, the type of the genus Tibicen.
The seventeen species of Diceroprocta, with the exception of
viridifascia and vitripenms, are confined to the southern states,
many of them extending into Mexico. Diceroprocta viridifascia
Walker, olympusa Walker, marevagans Davis, and bicornica
Walker, are found along the Atlantic coast, or that of the Gulf
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
55
of Mexico; cinctifera Uhler, vitripennis Say, bequaerti Davis,
texana Davis, bibbyi Davis, delicata Osborn, and azteca Kirkaldy,
occupy the general region of the Mississippi or some part of
Texas, with an extension westward along the Rio Grande of cinc-
tifera; arizona Davis, knighti Davis, swalei Distant, semicincta
Davis, apache Davis, and eugraphica Davis, occur west of the
100th meridian, except for the slight extension eastward Of the
last mentioned species.
In the genus Cacama there are five species sometimes called
“Cactus Dodgers” from their habit of hiding behind the broad
parts of these spiny plants upon the approach of danger. All of
the species inhabit the southwestern states, often extending into
Mexico, where there are at least four additional species of the
genus. Cacama valvata Uhler, variegata Davis, and dissimilis
Distant, reach as far eastward as Texas, while calif ornica Davis,
and crepitans Van Duzee, have thus far not been recorded east
of southern California.
Cicada hieroglyphica Say, occurs from Long Island, N. Y., to
Florida and westward to Kansas and Oklahoma ; Cicada chisos
Davis, has been reported from Texas and Mexico. Proarna
venosa Uhler, occurs from Nebraska and Colorado southward into
Arizona and Texas; Pacarina puella Davis, in Louisiana, Okla-
homa, Arizona and Texas southward into Mexico, while Tetti-
gades mexicana Distant, extends northward from Mexico into
Cochise County, Arizona, from which locality several specimens
have been recorded.
The famous Quesada gigas Olivier, with its shrill song some-
times likened to a steam whistle, extends from southern Texas-
southward to Argentina, South America. It is known as the
“Soup Bug,” because about sun-down, when it is active and
noisy, it sometimes flies to light, and lands among the supper
dishes.
Up to this point we have in a general way considered the dis-
tribution in the United States of about fifty-seven species belong-
ing to nine genera, the males of which can protrude the uncus
from, or withdraw it into the abdomen. In the genera Okana-
gana, Tibicinoides, Okanagodes , Clidophleps, Platypedia and
Neoplay tpedia the uncus cannot be withdrawn to like extent by
56
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
the males into the abdomen, and is protected by being dropped
into the valve or hypandrium. This character furnishes an easy
method of separating the genera of North American Cicadas into
two series. The genus Melampsalta, in which the uncus can be
withdrawn into the abdomen, is generally placed at the end of
the series, on account of venational characters, but it probably
would be better placed near Proarna and Pacarina.
Okanagana rimosa Say, has the greatest known east and west
distribution of any cicada in North America. It occurs from
Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to New York, Penn-
sylvania and Nevada. Okanagana canadensis Provancher, oc-
curs from New Brunswick to Alberta and southward to New
York, Pennsylvania and Colorado. Okanagana balli Davis, is a
species sometimes common in Iowa and neighboring states, and
as far west as Kansas and Montana ; synodica Say and hesperia
Uhler, occur from Montana and Kansas westward to the Rocky
Mountains and southward to Utah, Arizona and Texas, while
Okanagana viridis Davis, the only species so far known from the
southeastern states, occurs in Mississippi, Arkansas and Tennes-
see. Okanagana bella Davis, has a wide distribution, occurring
from Alberta, Kansas, New Mexico and Utah westward to Cali-
fornia and British Columbia; 0. Occident alis Walker, is slightly
more northern in its distribution, occurring from Montana and
Manitoba to British Columbia and the mountains of California.
The remaining thirty-two species are to be found west of the
Rocky Mountains, and no less than twenty-two species of the
genus are known to be natives of California.
Of Tibicinoides, with proportionally shorter marginal areas in
the fore wings than in Okanagana , there are three species, namely
cupro^sparsus Uhler, mercedita Davis, and minuta Davis, all of
which are so far known only from California.
The pale colored Okanagodes gracilis Davis, is found in Cali-
fornia, Arizona and Utah. The uncus in this prominent-eyed
species, with a narrow pronotum, is shaped as in Clidophleps,
though in venational characters it resembles Okanagana, except
that it usually has five marginal areas in the hind wing instead
of six.
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
57
As far as at present known Clidophleps wrighti Davis, blais-
delli Uhler, distanti Van Dnzee, pallida Van Duzee, vagans Davis,
tenuis Davis, are confined to the state of California, while
a-stigma Davis, occurs over the line in Lower California.
The next genus is Platypedia, and so far all the records are
from west of the Mississippi. There are twelve known species
and three that are here recorded as geographic races of putnami,
but which may be species. The forms are as follows : mohavensis
Davis, from Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah; areolata
Uhler, Montana, Idaho, Utah, British Columbia, Washington,
Oregon, California ; falcaia Davis, western Texas near the Rio
Grande; latipennis Davis, Colorado; putnami Uhler, Nebraska,
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, California; race occiden-
talis Davis, California, race lutea Davis, South Dakota, Montana,
Utah to Arizona; race keddiensis Davis, California, Oregon;
vanduzeei Davis, California, Nevada; minor Uhler, California,
Nevada, Colorado; and rufipes Davis, similis Davis, aperta Van
Duzee, laticapitata Davis and barbata Davis, all from California.
N eoplatypedia, in which the costal margins of the fore wings
are suddenly bent and the end of the uncus upturned, is repre-
sented by two species, ampliata Van Duzee, found in Oregon and
California, and constricta Davis, from Colorado, Utah, Arizona,
Idaho and California.
It has already been stated that the genus Melampsalta might
be placed to advantage near Proarna and Pacarina, or at least
preceding Okanagana, instead of being at the end of the series.
This large genus of many species is represented in North Amer-
ica, as far as known, by the following: Melampsalta calliope
Walker, from Virginia to Georgia and westward to Colorado and
Texas; variety floridensis Davis, in Georgia and Florida; kansa
Davis, from Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas, and cam-
erona Davis, from southeastern Texas.
All the cicadas here mentioned have been considered in
papers appearing in this Journal since March, 1915. At that
time very little could have been written concerning the distribu-
tion of the species, a great many of which were unknown. In a
few years it is hoped that a satisfactory annotated list of the
North American cicadas can be made, that will give in more de-
58
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
tail the distribution of the species of which we have here at-
tempted a brief outline.
For the specimens upon which the following notes are based,
the writer is chiefly indebted to Dr. Raymond H. Beamer and the
University of Kansas. Dr. Beamer sent me for examination
nearly nine hundred specimens during 1929. Mr. George P.
Engelhardt has collected many during his travels in the western
states, while I am also indebted to Dr. John W. Sugden, of Salt
Lake City, Prof. Vasco M. Tanner, of Provo, Utah, and to Mr.
H. B. Parks, of San Antonio, Texas. Mr. Howard H. Cleaves,
of Staten Island, has collected many cicadas for me in the past
and secured the Grand Cayman Island specimen while on the
“Pinchot South Seas Expedition of 1929. ” Mr. W. E. China
has, as usual, been very kind in making comparisons in the col-
lection of the British Museum.
Tibicen robinsoniana Davis.
Originally described from Virginia in this Journal for March,
1922, this species was recorded from Missouri in the March, 1923,
number, page 7, and from Tennessee in the June, 1926, number,
page 177. On the fourth of September, 1928, Mr. A. E. Brower
collected a male at Forsyth, Missouri, which he has kindly pre-
sented to me.
Tibicen resh Haldeman.
In 1853 Prof. S. S. Haldeman described this species from
Utah, as noted in this Journal for 1915 and 1918, where some
account of it will be found. It received its specific name because
the spots on the mesonotum are shaped like the Hebrew letter
resh but inverted. Several other species of cicadas, notably
marginales, dorsata dealbata, and cultriformis, also have the in-
verted resh marks on the mesonotum. Several hundred speci-
mens of resh have been examined and almost without exception
the resh marks are present.
In 1916 Dr. R. H. Beamer kindly let me examine eleven males
and nineteen females that were very dark in color, collected in
Elk County, Kansas, in August of that year. One of these, a
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
59
female, was without any sign of the usual resh marks on the
mesonotum. In 1921, Miss M. McGill sent me two males col-
lected at Sulphur, Oklahoma, in July, 1921, that were without
the resh marks, and in 1923 Beamer and Lawson collected a
number of hesh in southeastern Kansas in July and August,
among them several very dark individuals. A female from
Wilson County, Kansas, August 2, 1823, is without the resh
marks on the mesonotum.
While Prof. Haldeman thought the cicada he described was
collected in Utah by the Stansbury expedition, it probably came
from Texas along with some of his other specimens. Tibicen resh
is known to occur in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri,
Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, in which last state it is at times
very common, but no specimens have been examined from Utah,
and Dr. John W. Sugden, of Salt Lake City, has so far been
unable to find it, or any of its immediate allies near that city.
Tibicen dorsata Say, and Tibicen dealbata Davis, reach the
Rocky Mountains and may ultimately be found in Utah, for
they have even a more westerly distribution than Tibicen resh
is known to have at present.
Mr. Perry A. Glick has kindly sent me a male resh taken in
the Glick Airplane Insect Trap at Tallulah, La., August 30,
1926, at 7 : 30 P. M., elevation 200 feet. In 1922, and again in
1923, Miss Louise Knobel collected this species at Hope, Arkan-
sas, chiefly in July and August, at light. Some came to a light
trap near woods, one, a male, as late as September 6, 1922.
Tibicen inauditus Davis.
This species was described and figured in this Journal for
December, 1917, from northwestern Texas, and further records
were given in this Journal for 1926, page 179, and 1927, page
376. A male has been received from the Chisos Mountains,
Brewster County, southwestern Texas, collected June 22, 1929.
The species is now known from Texas, New Mexico, and Okla-
homa.
60
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Tibicen duryi Davis.
This gayly colored and hansome species has been recorded in
this Journal for December, 1917, and March, 1921, from Colo-
rado, New Mexico and Arizona. It also occurs in Texas and
Utah as appears from the following records: Davfs Mountains,
Jeff Davis County, 8,000 feet, Texas, five males and one female,
June 20, 1928 (O. C. Poling). Chisos Mountains, Brewster
County, 7,000 feet, Texas, male and female, June, 1929, and
Boquillas, Brewster County, Texas, two females, June 24, 1929
(H. B. Parks). St. George, Utah, 1928 (Dr. John W. Sugden
collection) ; Zion National Park, Utah, August 12, 1929, two
males, one female (Dr. Raymond H. Beamer, University of
Kansas).
Dr. Beamer also collected duryi in Coconino County, Arizona,
and in McKinley County, New Mexico, in June and July, 1929,
while Mr. George P. Engelhardt collected a male at Estancia,
Torrance County, New Mexico, July 8, 1929. An additional
Colorado record is a male from Fremont County, 1913 (J.
Sinden).
Diceroprocta cinctifera Uhler, variety viridicosta. New var.,
PL VIII, fig. 1.
Type male and female allotype from Hidalgo County, Texas,
August 14, 1928 (Dr. Raymond H. Beamer). Collection Univer-
sity of Kansas.
Diceroprocta cinctifera Uhler, was originally described from
New Mexico, and it and nearly related forms are described in
this Journal for March, 1921 ; March, 1925, and December, 1928.
Tables have been given for their separation, and of cinctifera
Uhler it was stated that the opercula have the outer edges nearly
parallel to each other; 8th segment and middle base of tergum
pruinose. It may be added that the dark stripe running length-
wise of the abdomen beneath, is bounded each side in the male by
nearly parallel pruinose areas, which do not occur in apache. In
typical cinctifera the costal margin of the fore wings is colored
bright orange to the end of the radial cell.
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
61
Numerous typical specimens having these characters have been
examined from Bernalillo County, New Mexico, also from Dona
Ana County, New Mexico, the type locality, and from along the
Rio Grande in Texas from El Paso, Presidio, Castolon, Boquillas,
Del Rio, and to Eagle Pass in Maverick County, in all a distance
of about six hundred and fifty miles. In sending six males and
one female collected at Boquillas, 750 feet, Brewster Co., June
24, 1929, Mr. H. B. Parks wrote that the cicadas emerged from
the narrow river bank on the north side of the Rio Grande, and
that the willows along the river were white with the cast shells
of the pupae.
Below Eagle Pass the altitude is about six hundred feet or
less, and all the way to the coast, a distance of about three hun-
dred miles, there is found a variety of cinctifera that owing to
its great difference in color appears like a distinct species. It is,
however, a variety or geographic race, with the collar green or
greenish, the costal margin of the front wings green to the end
of the radial cell, the subcostal vein almost black and the anal
areas of all of the wings in part pale gray or straw-colored. In
typical cinctifera the collar and front margins of the fore wings
are conspicuously bright orange in color, as has been stated. The
typical form and the race are alike in having the same areas
pruinose.
We propose for this variety, or geographic race, the name of
viridicosta. Numerous examples of this form were collected by
Dr. Raymond H. Beamer and his associates from the University
of Kansas, in July and August, 1928, as follows : Hidalgo County,
thirty-one males and four females ; Starr County, one male, and
Cameron County one male. Other specimens have been ex-
amined, and we have a viridicosta labeled Eagle Pass, and also
a cinctifera supposed to be from the same locality.
Diceroprocta cleavesi new species. (PI. VIII, Figs. 2-3.)
Type male from Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies,
April 17, 1929 (Howard H. Cleaves collector). Davis collec-
tion.
62
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyili
Resembles Diceroprocta bonhotei Distant, from the Bahamas,
but differs in having the opercula with the outer sides more
nearly parallel to each other, and in the pattern of the pruinose
areas. It still more closely resembles Diceroprocta biconica
Walker, of Cuba, but differs in the pruinose areas, and in having
the extreme base of both pairs of wings deep orange instead of
greenish as in bonhotei and biconica.
Head with the front produced and eyes prominent, as in bonhotei and
biconica, the black or almost black areas on the head, pronotum and meso-
notum also following the same pattern, the collar pale brownish-green.
The front margin of the fore wings greenish orange to end of radial cell;
deep orange where the wings join the body; inner anal areas smoky gray;
marginal areas slightly clouded. Abdomen with the loase, sides, and ex-
tremity pruinose, leaving centrally an ovoid, brown colored area. Beneath
mostly pruinose, with the opercula pale greenish and having the outer sides
almost parallel to each other, the extremities not as rounded as in bonhotei.
The inner basal portions of the opercula just meet whereas in biconica and
bonhotei they usually overlap slightly. Centrally the abdomen is pale
brown; pruinose at sides.
Measurements in Millimeters
Male Type
Length of body 32
Width of head across eyes 13
Expanse of fore wings 95
Greatest width of fore wing 14
Width of opercula at base 8
Greatest length of opercula 9
03
cleavesi. Type
A photograph of the specimen here described from Grand
Cayman Island, was sent to the British Museum, and compari-
sons were kindly made by Mr. W. E. China. He wrote that:
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
63
“The distribution of the white pruinosity which is well pre-
served in our specimens is exactly the same as in yours. The
dorsal spine at the tip of the abdomen in the female is bent
slightly upwards as in bonhotei.” He found also that the last
ventral segment in the female of cleavesi had the central notch
more deeply cut than in biconica. From the drawing kindly
furnished by Mr. China, this would also appear to be the case in
comparison with bonhotei.
In this Journal for December, 1928, there is an account of
many of the cicadas belonging to the genus Diceroprocta with
a table for their determination, and under Diceroprocta biconica
Walker, is the statement that it is rather poorly figured in
“Genera Insectorum, ’ ’ Plate 4, Fig. 24, 1912. This figure we
now find represents the pattern of pruinosity found in the Cay-
man Island species, or sub-species, as will be noted by comparison
with the figure of the type here presented, and also as gathered
from the notes furnished by Mr. China. In the numerous
bonhotei examined the pruinose areas have been conspicuous
only at the base of the tergum between the tympana, and on the
last two segments. In fresh examples of biconica from Cuba,
the pruinosity is more extended and often includes the terminal
half of the tergum, leaving the brown, central area, small, and
of irregular shape. In the original description of biconica in
1850, Walker states: “Body ferruginous above, tawny and
powdered with white beneath, partly covered with pale yellow
shining down.” This is an accurate enough description for
many of the specimens, especially old examples. However, even
in rubbed individuals the one-time pruinose areas are usually
discernible.
Diceroprocta marevagans Davis. (PI. VIII, Fig. 4.)
Shortly after the description of this species appeared in this
Journal for December, 1928, Dr. Raymond H. Beamer sent me
twenty-eight males and sixteen females for examination, col-
lected by himself and associates in southeastern Texas near the
coast, in Aransas, Victoria, and Brazoria Counties, from August
6 to 9, 1928. The female from Aransas County here figured
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
has a shallow notch at the extremity of the last ventral segment,
and on each side of the notch the margin of the segment is
slightly produced.
Dr. Beamer has also sent two males and one female collected
at Tampico, Mexico, by W. F. Lynn, June and July, 1928. This
extends the range about four hundred miles to the south.
All of these specimens closely resemble the type; the macula-
tions on the fore wings are also the same.
Diceroprocta bibbyi Davis.
This species was described from seventeen specimens collected
near Langtry, Valverde County, Texas, in July, 1928, and was
figured in this Journal, December, 1928.
Mr. H. B. Parks has sent me a male collected about one hun-
dred miles further up the Rio Grande in the Chisos Mountains,
Brewster County, Texas, June 22, 1929.
Diceroprocta bibbyi may at first sight be confused with
Diceroprocta knighti, but it has a very differently shaped uncus
figured as cited above; the first and second crossveins of the
fore wings are unclouded, and in addition its general color is
much darker, being almost black instead of chocolate brown.
Cicada chisos Davis.
Since this species was described and figured in this Journal
for March, 1916, from Texas specimens taken in June, 1908, and
in collection U. S. National Museum, Mr. George P. Engelhardt
has collected two males at Alpine, Brewster County, Texas, June
7, 1927, and I have received through Mr. H. B. Parks, twelve
males and four females collected in the Chisos Mountains, Texas,
June 22, 1929. It also occurs in Mexico.
Okanagana schaefferi sub-species tanneri, new sub-species. (PI.
VIII, Fig. 5.)
Type male from Woodside, Utah (James Kartchner), Davis
collection, and paratypes in the collection, Brigham Young Uni-
versity, Provo, Utah.
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
65
This showy black and pale straw-colored insect resembles
Okanagana schaefferi, but the color pattern is qnite different.
Head narrower than the front margin of the pronotum; front consid-
erably produced and prominent. Median sulcus of the front well defined.
Pronotum with the humeral angles rounded, the anterior angles prominent
and the sides wavy or uneven and considerably amplified. Last ventral
segment with the sides converging toward the extremity, which is more
fully rounded out than in gibber a, where it is often shallowly notched,
and than in most specimens of schaefferi, where it is somewhat truncate.
Uncus black with a pale dorsal line. When viewed from behind, with a
shallow notch at the extremity. The valve extends slightly beyond the
uncus, and is pale straw colored. Fore wings moderately broad, and about
as in schaefferi, with the costal margin pale straw colored almost to the
end of the wings, where it is slightly darkened. Basal cell opaque with the
surrounding veins pale, causing the central dark portion to be, by contrast,
even more conspicuous. The venation is pale yellowish or straw-colored
nearly to the marginal cells, where it is pale brown. Both pairs of wings
at base, as well as the anal membranes, are pale straw-colored. The fore
wings have the usual dark marks at the extreme base, while in the hind
wings the pale straw-colored area at base is outwardly margined in places
with fuscous.
Head pale with a broad interrupted black band, in which the ocelli are
included, connecting the eyes; also black behind the eyes. Pronotum
black, with the collar, side margins, two large irregular spots, one each side
of the central line, pale. This pattern differs very greatly from either
schaefferi or gibbera, in which the pronotum, except the margins, is gen-
erally all black. Mesonotum black, the posterior margin, the elevated X
and connecting spots together with the posterior extremities of the obconical
marks pale; also pale straw-colored each side at the base of the wings.
Metanotum margined posteriorly with pale straw-color. Tergum black with
the segments margined posteriorly with pale straw-color, segments 8 and 9
about one half pale. Beneath pale; five segments narrowly black at the
66
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
base. Legs pale variegated with black with about the basal half of the
fore femora black, the remainder straw-colored. In schaefferi the fore
femora are black except at the extremities.
Measurements in Millimeters
Male Type
Length of body 28
Width of head across eyes 7
Expanse of fore wings 68
Greatest width of fore wing 12
Length of valve 4.5
In addition to the type, three male paratypes collected at the
same place and probably at the same time, have also been ex-
amined. They are in the collection of Brigham Young Univer-
sity, Provo, Utah, and one was collected by Prof. Yasco M.
Tanner, who has also sent me other cicadas.
Okanagana rimosa Say.
There seems every reason to believe that this species, known to
occur in the Highlands of the Hudson, is to be found living on
the coast as far south as Long Island, New York, though up to
date the only specimens collected have been those found in the
wash-up on the beach of the south shore. The record now stands :
Rockaway Beach, June 26, 1909, female (George P. Engelhardt) ;
Rockaway Beach, June 14, 1914, female (Ernest Shoemaker), and
Long Beach, June 27, 1926, female (Alfred J. Kistler).
Mr. Kistler wrote of this last specimen that it “was found to
the best of my recollection with some faint signs of life. . . . The
exact locality should be Lindo Beach, a mile or so further out
from Long Beach proper. ’ ’
This species has a wide range in the north extending from Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois,
Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and Manitoba. We
also have records, supposedly of this species, from Fraser Mills,
British Columbia, and from Idaho, Nevada and the mountains of
California, but further specimens should be examined from the
extreme western part of the range beyond the Rocky Mountains.
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
67
Okanagana canadensis Provancher.
Like Okanagana rimosa , mentioned above, this species has a
wide range in the northern part of North America. We have
records from New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania,
Ontario, Michigan, South Dakota, Colorado, Manitoba and
Alberta.
The Alberta records are two males collected at Edmonton, June
16, 1916 (Prof. F. S. Carr), and three males and one female, also
from Edmonton, June 5 to 14, 1925 (Owen Bryant). The Royal
Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto, contains a number of
specimens from Lake Nipigon, Macdiarmid, and various other
parts of that province, many of them collected by Norman K.
Bigelow. In the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario for 1922, page 38, Prof. Lawson Caesar records a brood
of this species on Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, June 16, 1922.
He states that seventy-five of the cast pupa skins were counted
on or close to a single poplar tree ( Populus tremuloides) , and
that the greatest volume of sound appeared to come from the
part of the woods where poplars were most abundant.
On June 21, 1887, Mr. E. J. Oslar collected a female of this
species at Strontia Springs, Douglas County, Colorado. This,
with Okanagana gibbera, described in this Journal for 1927,
page 379, adds two additional species to the twenty-three men-
tioned in the annotated list of the Cicadas of Colorado published
in March, 1921. Also from Colorado is Okanagana bella var.
rubrocaudata, described in this Journal, March, 1925.
Okanagana striatipes Haldeman.
In Stansbury’s Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the
Great Salt Lake of Utah, 1853, p. 369, S. S. Haldeman described
Cicada striatipes. He states that the wings expand nearly two
inches (23 lines) ; that it is “black above varied with a little yel-
low; beneath yellow”; hypostoma prominent; “tergum black
with the apex and margins of the segments yellow, elytra and
wings with the nervures yellowish-white; those of the exterior
cells blackish ; the basal portion, which is doubled beneath in re-
pose is orange.” In the writer’s collection there are 37 speci-
68
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
mens from Utah, collected at Salt Lake City by Dr. J. W. Sugden,
at Stockton and Eureka by Mr. Tom Spalding, and in Iron
County by Mr. Engelhardt, that agree with the description.
On July 1, 1929, Dr. Raymond H. Beamer and his associates
on a collecting trip for the University of Kansas, found fifty-nine
specimens of a dark form in Coconino County, Arizona, that is
evidently closely related to striatipes, but at first sight looks some-
thing like vanduzeei from California in color and size. The head
is much smaller and the front is more prominent, also the ventral
surface is without the long hairs found not only in vanduzeei ,
but also in the related consobrina and calif ornica. In color and
vestiture it more closely resembles Okanagana utahensis Davis,
but is very much smaller ; the front of the head is not as promi-
nently wedge-shaped, and the abdominal segments are margined
posteriorly with orange. As there are connecting specimens, the
form from Coconino County is here considered a dark colored
variety of striatipes.
Okanagana striatipes variety beameri. New variety. (Pl.
Type male and allotype female from Coconino County, Ari-
zona, July 1, 1929 (Dr. Raymond IT. Beamer). Collection Uni-
versity of Kansas.
Head slightly narrower than the front margin of the pronotum; front
moderately produced and about as prominent as is usual in striatipes.
Median sulcus of the front well defined for most of its length. Pronotum
as in striatipes , with the humeral angles rounded and the anterior angles
prominent. Last ventral segment constricted at the sides, then broadened
out to the extremity, which has the outer angles rounded, and a shallow
sinus centrally. Uncus when viewed in profile, hooked at the end; when
VIII, Fig. 6).
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
69
viewed from behind the hook is seen to be notched. The last ventral seg-
ment in the female allotype is broadly and doubly notched. In striatipes
the inner notch is not as prominent, and in uthensis there is usually no
inner notch. Venation of the fore wings fuscous; in several of the para-
types the veins surrounding the ulmar cells are straw-colored. Costal
margin of fore wing yellow to end of radial cell, darker beyond; subcostal
vein black, or nearly so. Basal cell clouded, blackened on the hind margin.
A few of the paratypes have the subcostal vein pale and the basal cell
clouded. Both pair of wings variegated with fuscous at base with the
membranes orange red. In striatipes the hind wings are not as dark at
base.
Head black with the grooves and supra-antennal plates testaceous; be-
neath with the median sulcus orange; rostrum black orange at base. Pro-
notum black; the grooves testaceous; bordered all round with orange but
more narrowly on the anterior margin. Mesonotum black with the hind
margin orange; the elevated X orange with a black spot on each of the fore
limbs and four orange spots arranged in a semi-circle in front of the X, as
in striatipes and utahensis. Metanotum black with the posterior margin
orange. Tergum black with the segments margined posteriorly with orange.
Uncus pale orange, blackened on sides. Beneath, the legs pale striped with
black, and abdominal segments fuscous, each one edged with pale pos-
teriorly. Valve pale.
Measurements in Millimeters
Male Type Female Allotype
Length of body 19 19
Width of head across eyes 6 6
Expanse of fore wings 49 49
Greatest width of fore wing 8 8
Length of valve 2
In individuals having the same expanse of wings, the fore
wings, as a rule, are slightly narrower in beameri than in
striatipes.
In addition to the type and allotype there are fifty-seven speci-
mens in the lot, all collected in Coconino County, Arizona, on the
first of July, 1929, by Dr. Beamer, Paul W. Oman, W. F. Lynn
and L. D. Anderson. In the writer’s collection there are two
males from Flagstaff, Arizona, June 29, 1892, and two males from
Bellevue, Washington Co., Utah, June, 1917, and July 7, 1917,
collected by Mr. George P. Engelhardt.
Dr. Beamer writes concerning the fifty-nine specimens collected
on July 1, that they were found eight miles north of Williams,
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Arizona, on a sage brush flat ; that the song was of fair duration,
neither long nor short, and that they were also found east of Ash-
fork in sage brush along the roadside.
Okanagana hesperia Uhler.
A great many specimens of this species have been examined
from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Colorado, New Mexico,
and Arizona which were alike in having the basal half or more
of all of the wings infuscated, the first two or three segments of
the abdomen dark, and with a median, dorsal row of dark spots
on the remaining segments. The entire dorsum of the body may,
however, in some specimens be so darkly colored as to appear
almost black. In the writer’s collection there are a number of
this dark variety from Turkey Creek Canyon, Colorado, 7,500
feet, July, found in sage brush; one from near Hereford, Deaf
Smith County, Texas, June 7, 1925, and a male and female col-
lected at Jemez Springs, New Mexico, July 3, 1929, by Mr.
George P. Engelhardt.
Okanagana pallidula Davis.
This species was described and figured in this Journal for
December, 1917, page 213, from the male type and nine para-
typic males collected at Athlone, Merced County, California, in
July and August, 1917, by Alonzo C. Davis. In the original
description it was stated that it was a yellowish or greenish-
yellow insect, almost unicolorous, with the membranes at the base
of the wings orange, and that at first glance, owing to its pale
color, it had the appearance of being immature.
Nothing further was learned of the insect until a very much
damaged female taken at Bakersfield, California, July 4, 1928,
was received from Mr. R. F. Sternitzky. In the summer of 1929,
Dr. Raymond H. Beamer of the University of Kansas and his
assistant, Mr. Paul W. Oman, captured sixty-four specimens in
California. On July 24 they took 32 males of the greenish
variety, and 22 males and 2 females of the yellowish variety at
Bakersfield. On August 6, Dr. Beamer took 2, males and one
female of the greenish variety, and 4 males of the yellowish
March, 1930]
Davis: Cicadas
71
variety at Merced, California, and on the same day a male at
Winters, California. There has been no difficulty in separating
the 64 specimens into the straw-colored and greenish forms or
varieties.
One of the females has a median row of small and dark col-
ored spots on the dorsum of the abdomen, except on segment
nine, where there are two spots, one each side of the central line.
The notch in the last ventral segment of the abdomen is simple
in all of the females, being without the inner notch found in many
species of Okanagana. These are the first females to be described
of this very pale species, separated from uncinata Van Duzee,
which it resembles, by its lighter color, larger size, and in having
the third marginal area in the fore wings the length of the median
area immediately adjoining it.
Okanagana uncinata Yan Duzee.
Mr. Van Duzee in the Journal of the New York Entomo-
logical Society, March, 1915, stated that this species was de-
scribed from two males taken by him on grass along the road
five miles north of San Juan Capistrano, Orange County, Cali-
fornia, June 25, 1914. But few specimens of uncinata have been
examined by the writer. The following are the records :
Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County, Calif., June, 2 males, Los
Angeles Museum.
Lindsay, Tulare County, Calif., June 6, 1925, female (Stanley
W. Bromley).
The female taken by Mr. Brumley has the notch in the last
ventral segment simple, as it is in Tibicinoides mercedita Davis,
which it resembles. The two species may be told apart by the
marginal areas being much shorter in mercedita; the third one in
the fore wings is about one half as long as the second ulnar area
adjoining and immediately behind it. In uncinata the third
cell is more nearly as long as the adjoining ulnar area.
V
Clidophleps vagans Davis.
This species was described and figured in this Journal for
March, 1925, from a single male found in an automobile, but
72
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvili
probably from the Owen’s Valley region, California. In the
December, 1927, Journal, another male from Yosemite is re-
corded and figured. In 1928 Mr. F. H. Wymore of the Branch
of the College of Agriculture, Davis, California, sent the follow-
ing specimens found at Victorville, San Bernardino County,
California: nine males and four females collected, June 29, 1927,
and one male collected, July 27, 1927. The notch in the last
ventral segment of the female is broad with a smaller central
notch, and is of the form usual in Clidophleps.
Plate VIII
Figure 1. Diceroprocta cinctifera variety viridicosta. Type.
Figure 2. Diceroprocta cleavesi. Type.
Figure 3. Diceroprocta cleavesi. Under side of Type.
Figure 4. Diceroprocta marevagans Davis.
Figure 5. OTcanagana schaefferi sub-species tanneri. Type.
Figure 6. OTcanagana striatipes variety beameri. Type.
(Journ. N. Y. TCnt. Soc.§§ Vol. XXXVIII
( P I j ATE VIII)
CICADIDJE
March, 1930]
Curran: Diptera
73
THREE NEW DIPTERA FROM CANADA
By C. H. Curran.
The two tachinids described in the following pages had been
set aside as new for several years, additional specimens of each
coming to light at various times. Both evidently have a wide
distribution in Canada and are apparently confined to the Cana-
dian zone. The new Hydrophones belongs to a very interesting
group in which there are four or more postvertical bristles and
pile on the pteropleura. There are several North American
species with the pteropleura short pilose and at least three or
four in Europe. Included with this species are many other
dolichopids previously known only from Alaska indicating that
the Arctic fauna is continuous in distribution around the north-
ern coast of Canada proper at least as far east and south as the
north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Dolichopidce
Hydrophorus browni, new species.
Related to intentus Aldrich but the face is shorter and wider, the arista
is shorter and much thicker, the anterior tarsi are two-fifths longer than
their tibiae instead of at least four-fifths longer and there is not the slight-
est indication of clouds on the posterior crossvein and apical section of the
fourth vein. Length, 4 to 5 mm.
Male. Face golden yellow; front brown, from anterior view golden
brownish yellow; occiput grayish ochreous, the black bristles limited to the
upper half. Beard yellow, some black bristles below the neck; four pairs
of postverticals. Cheeks moderately wide, gray. Antennae black, grayish
pollinose; arista very thick, terminating in a distinctly separated liair-like
point. Palpi black, gray pollinose and yellow pilose.
Mesonotum yellowish brown pollinose, with four slightly darker vittae;
from ten to fifteen dorsocentrals. Scutellum yellowish brown, with one pair
of strong and several pairs of weaker bristles. Pleura ochreous-gray, paler
below. Pteropleura with yellow pile; a single black bristle above the
anterior coxae.
Legs blackish or green, grayish-ochreous pollinose, the femora basally,
and the coxae more grayish. Anterior femora with two irregular rows of
short, stout bristles beneath and usually with three or four isolated bristles
above; anterior tibiae with a row of six or seven very short, curved bristles
-74
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvili
on the postero -ventral edge and with a row of shorter and finer closely
placed bristles on the antero -ventral surface, the latter terminating in three
stouter ones. Anterior coxae yellow pilose, on their inner surface and the
inner part of the posterior surface with scattered, short, stout spine-like
bristles. Middle and posterior coxae wholly yellow haired.
Wings strongly tinged with brown, the veins margined with darker
brown; base of wing grayish hyaline, in some lights with whitish or milky
tinge, especially a spot beyond the apex of the anal cell. Squamae yellow-
ish, the fringe paler. Halteres reddish yellow.
Abdomen thickly ochreous pollinose, yellow pilose on the sides and venter,
the dorsum with coarser, appressed black hair.
Female. Similar to the male but with a wider face, and more often
lacking the bristle above the anterior coxae.
Holotype, male, Bonne Esperance, Que., July 14, 1929 (W. J.
Brown), in the Canadian National Collection.
Allotype, female, same data.
Paratypes: male and four females, same data and male, Har-
rington Harbor, Que., July 4, 1929 (Brown).
The apical segments of the anterior four tarsi are shorter than
in intentus and apparently more compressed laterally and wider.
The two species look very much alike superficially but the differ-
ences are very evident when specimens are compared.
Tachinidce
Cyrtophloeba nitida, new species.
Differs from coquilletti Aldrich in having the abdomen shining black,
with only about the basal fifth of the second to fourth segments whitish
pollinose. Length, 6 to 7 mm.
Male. Front three-fourths as wide as greatest width of eye, strongly <
widening anteriorly; eight pairs of frontals, all reclinate; four or five pairs
of orbitals of which only one or two are strong. Frontal vitta as wide
at the middle as parafrontal opposite, widest above, reddish in ground
color. Head black, grayish white pollinose; soft part of cheeks reddish.
Parafacials with four or five downwardly directed bristles and a few
hairs. Palpi reddish. Antennae reddish, the third segment black; arista
black, thickened on basal two-fifths. Eyes short pilose.
Thorax shining black, the pleura and sides of the mesonotum in front
cinerous pollinose; dorsum thinly grayish pollinose in some lights. Acros-
ticals and dorsocentrals 3-3; sternopleurals 2—1; four pairs of marginal
scutellars the apical pair decussate, and a pair of sub-erect pre-apicals.
Propleura bare; infrasquamal setules present.
March, 1930]
Curran: Dysteria
75
Legs black; wings tinged with gray, smoky along the costa except api-
cally. Squamae whitish. Halteres yellow.
Abdomen shining black, not more than the basal fifth of the segments
whitish pollinose. Second and third segments each with a pair of discals,
the fourth with two rows; second with pair of median marginals, the third
and fourth with row.
Female. Front as wide as eye; pollen of parafrontals with brownish-
yellow tinge in the middle and inclined to appear shining above.
Holotype and Allotype, male and female, in coitn, Aweme,
Man., May 21, 1921, (N. Criddle), in Canadian National Col-
lection.
Paratypes Aweme, May 6, 1920 (P. Yroom) ; Low Bush,
Lake Abitibi, Ont., June 2, 1925 (N. K. Bigelow); 4 5, Hull,
Quebec, May 18, 1927 ; $, Aylmer, Quebec, May 19, 1927, and
5, Ottawa, Ont., May 23, 1927 (Curran). Paratypes in Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History.
Meriania septentrionalis, new species.
Agrees with puparum Fabricius in having the parafacials haired but
differs in color, etc. Length, 10 to 11 mm.
Male. Head black, cinereous pollinose, the facial depression, inner
border of parafacials and the soft part of the cheeks rusty reddish. Front
as wide as either eye, projecting the width of the eye beyond the anterior
border of eye; with eight to ten pairs of frontals, the lower two below the
base of the antennae; ocellar triangle black, with rather abundant hair, the
ocellars long; outer verticals absent. Occiput with about three irregular
rows of black hair and with pale yellowish pile. Cheeks and parafacials
black haired, the former more than half as wide as eye-height. Yibrissal
angles with numerous long bristly hairs, the vibrissae somewhat stronger
than the longest hairs. Palpi reddish. Antennae black, the arista thick-
ened on basal half.
Thorax black, with grayish pollen, the mesonotum in some lights appear-
ing shining black with two incomplete grayish vittae. Acrosticals 2-1 ;
dorsocentrals, 3-3; posterior sub-lateral absent; sternopleurals, 2-1. Apical
half of scutellum reddish; four marginals and usually a weak, decussate
apical pair; a row of four to six bristles behind the middle. Propleura
bare; infrasquamal setules absent.
Legs black; pulvilli elongate, yellow. Wings grayish hyaline, the costal
cell a little darkened; veins faintly clouded with brown, the crossveins con-
spicuously so; bend of fourth vein with very short appendage. Squamae
white with yellowish tinge. Halteres brown.
Abdomen shining black, the sides of the second and third segments
usually broadly red basally ; basal third or less of second to fourth segments
76
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
gray pollinose. First and second segments with pair of median marginals,
the third and fourth with row; second and third segments with one or two
pairs of discals, the fourth with one or two more or less complete rows.
Posterior forceps fused as in Ernestia, the outer forceps elongate triangular
as in that genus.
Female. Front wider, with only six or seven pairs of frontals and with
two pairs of orbitals.
Holotype: Yernon, B. C., April 28, 1924, (E. R. Buckell),
in the Canadian National Collection.
Allotype: Creston, B. C., May 19, 1924, (C. S. Lalla-
mand).
Paratypes : lCf, same data as holotype ; Medicine Hat, Alta.,
April 17, 1926, (F. S. Carr) ; 2 J, Low Bush, Ont., June 18,
1925, (N. K. Bigelow). Paratypes in American Museum of
Natural History.
Superficially this species resembles Ernestia fasciata Currau
but it is at once separated by the wider, haired parafacials.
March, 1930] Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 77
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Meeting of March 19, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on March 19, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with twenty members and eight visitors
present.
Mr. Barber spoke of ‘ 1 Collecting Experiences in California ’ ’ with illus-
trations by specimens and views of the sections visited. He had started from
New York on February 4, and after visiting in Lincoln, Nebraska, and a
day at the Grand Canon, had reached Altedena. From it as a center he had
collected in the Arroyo Seco, where sifting gave the best results, especially
where a growth of wild mustard on the flats made a cover for Coleoptera
and Hemiptera. A day with W. S. Blatchley was memorable for its visit
to the Pitch Beds, another was spent at the head waters of the canon, where
a male Belostomid, dorsally covered with eggs, was found. Palm Springs
was also visited. Then two weeks with W. S. Wright at San Diego, with
much collecting by pulling up grass clumps to find the insects clustered in
the damper soil around the roots. After a visit to Imperial Valley two weeks
were devoted to San Francisco with Van Duzee and Leach, including three
days at the latter’s bungalow in Mendocino County. The contrast between
the redwood and madrone which clothed the hills and the desert of Southern
California was great, and was accompanied by a different type of collecting.
At last came the end of a three months’ trip and the study of the material
from which already new species have been described.
Mr. Barber’s remarks were discussed by Mr. Davis, who said the Cicada
found on Manzanita was Okanagena rubrovenosa ; by Mr. Bromley, who was
interested in the Triatoma protraotus found in rat’s nests, because the
species found in Florida, sanguisuga, is said to feed on human blood; and
by Mr. Bueno, who discussed the habits of gerrids.
Mr. Barber said that all his specimens of Macrovelia were taken under
boards in a low damp meadow. He spoke also of some observed resemblances
of capsids and ants and of the abundance of box elder bugs.
Mr. Davis exhibited Circular No. 138 by Henry Fox on the Dermaptera
and Orthoptera of New Jersey and pointed out its discussion of faunal zones
in New Jersey.
Mr. Mutchler announced the sudden collapse of Mr. George W. J. Angell,
who was the first president of the Society, and who died on March 22.
Meeting of April 2, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on April 2, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History; Presi-
78
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
dent Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with sixteen members and seven visitors
present.
The president announced the death on March 22 of Mr. George W.
J. Angell, a member of the Society since September 7, 1892, and its first
president. On motion, duly seconded and carried, the secretary was in-
structed to forward an expression of the Society’s regret and sympathy to
his family.
Mr. Davis showed messages from Mr. Engelhardt, now in Florida, and Dr.
Lutz in Panama, and exhibited also Dr. Needham’s new book on Dragon
Flies.
Mr. H. F. Schwarz gave an interesting account of “A Visit to Some Euro-
pean Entomological Centers,” including London, Oxford, Paris, Germany
and Switzerland. The principal purpose was the study of types of bees in
the collections visited, but many details of insectivorous plants at Kew Gar-
dens, of the invertebrate zoo, and of the European water spider, added to
the interest of Mr. Schwarz’ remarks.
Mr. C. H. Curran described “An Entomological Visit to Panama” with
illustration by lantern slides. After showing the character of Barro Colo-
rado, Mr. Curran exhibited photographs of some of the more remarkable
Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Diptera he had found.
In the discussion following his remarks, Mr. Schwarz said that eighteen
species of honey bees were included in the material collected.
Mr. Bromley commented on the variety of trees shown, a condition similar
to that found in Florida hammocks.
Mr. Angell recorded Ceruchus pioeus found March 16 at Cook’s Falls,
N. Y.
Mr. Davis recorded Cicindela repanda seen March 24 at Fertile Plain,
N. Y. He also recorded three specimens of Okanagana rimosa Say, all
found in the wash-up on the Long Island shore, as follows:
2 Rockaway Beach, Long Island, N. Y., in wash-up, June 26, 1909 (Geo.
P. Engelhardt).
2 Rockaway Beach, Long Island, N. Y., in wash-up, June 14, 1914
(Ernest Shoemaker).
2 Long Beach, Long Island, N. Y., in wash-up, June 27, 1926 (A.
Kiestler) .
He also said no living specimens had been found on Long Island.
Meeting of April 16, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on April 16, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with fourteen members and ten visitors
present.
Mr. V. I. Safro, 40 West 77th St., New York, was elected a member of
the Society.
March, 1930] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 79
Mr. J. L. King made an address, illustrated by lantern slides, on “Para-
site Work at the Japanese Beetle Laboratory’ ’ in which he described the
preliminary studies of parasites, followed by a description of methods of
transportation to the Laboratory and of breeding there. His remarks dis-
played a thorough knowledge of the subject, and were followed with great
interest by the members.
In the discussion that followed Mr. Bromley spoke of the predatory work
of Asilidae, and the president congratulated and thanked Mr. King.
Mr. Schoof, present as a visitor, exhibited some remarkable insects from
New Guinea.
Dr. Lutz gave a preliminary account of his recent studies of leaf-cutting
ants at Barro Colorado in the Panama Canal Zone.
Mr. Engelhardt told of his visit to Florida, where he had met Mrs. E.
Robertson-Miller, Prof. Fernald, Dr. Blatchley, and Mr. Frank Morton Jones.
His own studies had been principally on clear-wing moths.
Meeting of May 7, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on May 7, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History; Presi-
dent Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with nineteen members and five visitors
present.
Communications from Mr. Notman in Alabama and from E. B. William-
son were read.
Dr. H. L. Dozier, Entomologist of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment
Station, spoke of his “Studies on Aleyrodidae and Fulgoridae” with illustra-
tions by microscopic specimens and photomicrographs. He made an informa-
tive address, dwelling especially on the structure of the pupa case as the
basis of classification in the Aleyrodidae, and the economic importance of the
greenhouse white fly in this latitude. The waxy secretions also were dis-
cussed and the origin of the name lantern fly for Fulgeroids.
His remarks were discussed during the meeting by Dr. Lutz and Messrs.
Davis, Weiss, Engelhardt and Mutchler.
After adjournment Dr. Dozier exhibited specimens under the microscope.
Mr. Huntington exhibited a rare Thecla wittfeldii- from Florida.
Mr. Angell exhibited Cremastochilus from North Carolina and the resem-
blance of a longhorn beetle with certain ants.
Mr. Davis gave April 30 as the date of the first Papilio this year, a large
$ turnus, and May 5 as the date for the first P. troilus.
Mr. Nicolay spoke of P. ajax at Washington, D. C.
Mr. Engelhardt had found Paratenedera sinensis egg masses at Queens,
Long Island.
Mr. Angell recorded Carabus serratus at Cook’s Falls, N. Y.
Other interesting finds were spoken of — Panagaeus by Mr. Shoemaker —
roaches in places warmed by underground fires by Messrs. Ragot and Davis,
and Ceutorhynchus and Bruchus by Mr. Leng.
80
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyiii
Meeting of May 21, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on May 21, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History; Presi-
dent Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with fifteen members and seven visitors
present.
In the absence of Mr. Leng, Mr. Sherman acted as secretary.
Mr. Joseph J. Copeland was elected to membership in the Society.
Miss Elizabeth Sherman, of Mount Vernon, N. Y., and of the class of
1929 at Smith College, was proposed for membership by her father, John
D. Sherman, Jr., and on motion by Mr. Mutchler, duly seconded, the by-laws
were suspended and the secretary was instructed to cast a ballot for her
immediate election to membership in the Society.
The president read a card from Mr. Notman dated at Liberty, Texas,
May 5.
Mr. Nicolay spoke on “Recent Experiences in Collecting Coleoptera, ’ ’
before which he placed on exhibition a box containing specimens of Ulodiini,
a tribe of Buprestidse peculiar to the old world, the species of which look
like lamellicorn beetles, and in their buzzing flight are suggestive of cetonid
beetles and bees. The tribe abounds in Africa and several species of the
Cape Town region have heavy tufts of hair on the elytra. Species from the
East Indies and Malay Archipelago are brilliantly colored.
Mr. Nicolay began his remarks with an enthusiastic account of the fine
species of Bembidium, Elaphrus cioatricosus, and other Carabidse to be found
in the New Jersey region variously labeled by Shoemaker as Montvale, by
Quirsfeld as Rivervale, and by Nicolay as Orangeburg; also of the occur-
rence at Terrace Pond, N. J., of Pterostichus pennsylvanicus and other boreal
species, and Buprestis Salisbury ensis and of B. sulcicollis taken, the latter
from healthy pine trees, on the hill summits around River Forest in the
Greenwood Lake section, in May and June.
He then took up the matter of his hardships in the vicinity of and on
Mount Washington, N. H., which he ascended with Mr. Quirsfeld from the
Glen House via the Carriage Road, Raymond Path, and Tuckerman’s Ravine,
finally reaching after somewhat normal experiences the Lakes of the Clouds
huts. No specimens of Blethisa julichii, which has been found in the vicin-
ity of these Lakes, were found, and the acting secretary got the impression
that the speaker wished it placed on record that he paid a five spot to be
safely conducted to the carriage road by one of the “hut boys’ ’ from this
benighted spot.
Mr. Nicolay admitted that Bembidium lucidum, Elaphrus olivaceus and
other nice carabids occurred along the Peabody River; also that he found
Mount Madison a much more friendly mountain than Mount Washington,
finding on Madison Sphoeroderus brevoorti, Nomaretus bilobus, and other
good Carabidse. The flat plateau of Carter Dome also furnished numerous
specimens of the gregarious Notiophilus nemoralis, a brown species, occur-
ring among the pine needles and not requiring sunlight for its activity.
March, 1930] Proceedings OF THE New YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 81
Mr. Nieolay found his honeymoon trip to Bermuda in December a little
less difficult than the White Mountain ordeals, but failed to enthuse over
the sea voyage and collecting in Bermuda, where the flora was much more
interesting than the fauna.
Mr. Angell spoke of his recent trip to Elizabeth City, N. C., with his
daughter. In this vicinity he found Cardbus vinctus var. carinatus, many
Cremastochilus, Cicindela tranquebarica var. minor , also two dead specimens
of a fine Cychrus.
An extraordinarily large rattlesnake, at first mistaken for a woodchuck or
allied mammal, was seen.
On the return trip Mr. Angell stopped in Washington, where he examined
the Casey Lucanidse, and he gave his opinion, with drawings, of the three
species of Platycerus — Tceenii, thoracicus , and pedecellaris.
Mr. Davis exhibited a box of Utah specimens of Okanagana consisting of
four species, one new, and all somewhat closely resembling each other, as
species of this genus from a given locality are apt to do.
Mr. Lemmer stated that night collecting of moths had not, so far this
spring, been very productive.
Meeting of October 1, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on October 1, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with seventeen members and seven visi-
tors present.
Mr. Hall submitted the treasurer’s report, which was received with thanks.
The secretary submitted a proposal from the New York Academy of
Sciences to publish a new directory, the proportionate expense to the Society
being about $22, which was approved.
Dr. Felt spoke of the death of Dr. Frank H. Chittenden on September 15,
1929, and of his long period of service in the Department of Agriculture.
The president recalled his editorial work on Entomologica Americana, his
studies of nut weevils and Splienophorus, and expressed the Society’s regret
in learning of his death.
The president called for reports of summer work. Among those who
spoke were Mr. Mutchler, who exhibited Calomycterus setarius, a Japanese
beetle which had appeared in great numbers in the garden of Mr. W. M.
Faunce, at Colonial Heights, near Yonkers, in July, and had been provision-
ally identified by Mr. L. L. Buchanan.
Dr. Felt spoke of the effect of the summer’s drought as weakening the
vitality of many trees, thereby making them more susceptible to the attacks
of insects. He also gave some data, derived from this summer’s work, on
hackberry galls.
Dr. Lutz spoke of his visit to Talulah, La., where he met Dr. Folsom and
Mr. Glick and obtained material for a cotton boll weevil group. With a
series of photographs he showed some of the activities then in progress, in-
82
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxyiii
eluding dusting the cotton fields by aeroplane, estimating the abundance of
the weevils as a clue to the size of the cotton crop, and collecting by traps
attached to aeroplanes the insects carried by air currents at various eleva-
tions up to 10,000 feet. Balloons were also used in connection with studies
of distribution of cotton moth.
Dr. Felt said that a feature of great economic importance deduced from
finding the pink boll worm moth at elevations up to 3000 feet was the ap-
parent futility of zoning restrictions.
Miss Dobroschky spoke briefly of her collection of leaf hoppers in Vir-
ginia and West Virginia.
Mr. Angell mentioned some of the insects caught and seen during the sum-
mer, Cicindela 12-punctata, N ecrophorus vespilloides, etc.
Mr. Chapin spoke of the genus Colias, albino philodice plentiful, and eury-
theme rare; other observers, however, had seen numbers of the latter.
Mr. Bromley spoke of a microlepidopteron apparently injurious to Norway
Maple by attacking the tissue at the base of the leaf petiole; also of the
Mexican bean beetle in Connecticut, and several species of Cuterebra each
mimicking some hymenopterous insect. A further subject of study at Stam-
ford had been the cause of spotted leaves on hickory, often making the whole
tree yellow and brown, which proved to be a small aphid, Mesocallus.
Mr. Frank Johnson spoke briefly of two months he had spent in South
America, exhibiting a number of photographs and promising to exhibit some
of the more interesting butterflies later.
Mr. Barber had spent the month of July at Ithaca studying the Heide-
mann collection of Hemiptera, and visiting McLean Bogs with Dr. Forbes
and other localities with Dr. Crosby. Later he had collected in Fairfax
County, Virginia, and at Hudson, N. Y., where in spite of drought he had
been successful by closely examining grass clumps and mullein which by
conserving moisture and providing shelter make natural habitats for insects.
Mr. Nicolay described the Chesapeake Beach locality for Cicindela puri-
tana which he had visited with Mr. Herbert Barber and the latter’s experi-
ences in bathing there. He had visited Nova Scotia with Mrs. Nicolay,
where both made collections. Mrs. Nicolay, being invited to speak by the
President, said she had commenced a collection of Carabidae of the world
and had so far eighteen specimens.
Mr. Huntington had made a trip through the Lesser Antilles and Trinidad.
In the latter place in about three weeks about ninety specimens of Hes-
peridse were caught which will be shown at a later meeting.
Mr. Lemmer had spent every week-end since March at Lakehurst, N. J.
Many moths had been caught by baiting, including lemmeri, and more at
light. Catocala ceased to appear about mid-July. An example of the de-
structive work of the Mexican bean beetle at Glendola, N. J., was shown.
Mr. Leng recorded Ceutorhynclms margmatus as plentiful on dandelion on
Staten Island.
March, 1930] Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 83
Mr. Davis exhibited two recent publications on Cicadidse — Insect Singers
by Myers, giving a comprehensive account of the family, and studies on
the biology of Kansas cicadas by Dr. R. H. Beamer. In the latter, evidence
of the length of nymphal life is adduced for several species.
Mr. Bromley exhibited a collection of Diptera made by Mr. Angell, giving
an account of several large robber flies with instances of the great size of
their prey, including even katydids.
Mr. Mutchler referred to the popular interest in the praying mantis, in
reference to which at least a hundred calls had been made at the American
Museum.
Mr. Leng added that as many as six specimens a day had been brought to
the museum on Staten Island, where Paratenodera sinensis was introduced
by Mr. Davis twenty-five years ago.
Among other speakers during the evening were Messrs. Clark, Curran, Hall,
Mann, Goodall, Ruckes and Wilson.
No. 2
Vol. XXXVIII
June, 1930
JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCI
Iruatrfc in foinmolngg in (gntmtl
JUNE, 1930
Edited by HARRY B. WEISS
Harry B. Weiss
Publication Committee
F. E. Lutz
C. E. Olsen
J. D. Sherman, Jr.
Published Quarterly by the Society
Lime and Green Sts.
LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
1930
Entered ns second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the
Act of August 24, 1912.
Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.
Subscription $3.00 per Year.
CONTENTS
Rearing the Young of the Viviparous Cockroach, Panch-
lora Cubensis.
By William T. Davis 85
New Membracidse, X.
By Frederic W. Goding 89
On Atasnius Strigatus Say and Allied Species (Cole-
optera).
By H. C. Fall 93
Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-flies
(Tipulidae, Diptera), VIII.
By Charles P. Alexander 109
Preliminary Notes on Certain Phases of the Behavior and
Habits of Proceratium Croceum Roger.
By Caryl Parker Haskins 121
Insects and Witchcraft.
By Harry B. Weiss 127
Remarks on “A List of the Insects of New York.”
By Georg Ochs 135
Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera; Observations on Species Un-
recorded or Little Known in New Jersey,
By Robert J. Sim 139
Descriptions of New South American Hesperiidae (Lepi-
doptera, Rhopalocera.)
By E. L. Bell 149
Bee-killing Robber Flies.
By S. W. Bromley 159
A Review of the Genus Myrmoteras (Hymenoptera,
Formicidae).
By William S. Creighton 177
Philippine Ants of the Genus Aenictus with Descriptions
of the Females of Two Species.
By William Morton Wheeler 193
Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 213
NOTICE: Volume XXXVIII, Number 1, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published
April 14, 1930.
JOURNAL
OF THE
New York Entomological Society
Vol. XXXVIII June, 1930 ' No. 2
REARING THE YOUNG OF THE VIVIPAROUS
COCKROACH, PANCHLORA CUBENSIS
By William T. Davis
Staten Island, N. Y.
In May, 1929, a Panchlora cubensis Saussure, was found in a
grocery store in Tompkinsville, Staten Island, N. Y., and pre-
sented to the writer. The roach wTas placed in a jar and fed on
various fruits, which, as the summer progressed, got mouldy so
soon that the food supply was changed almost daily.
In the middle of July it was observed that a number of young
cockroaches, about twenty in all, had suddenly appeared, and
that the portion of a peach that was in the jar was so soft that
they had become immeshed in its substance, and that most of
them were dead. They had evidently been born alive, for, as
has been stated, the food was changed so often that there was no
opportunity for an ootheca to have remained in the jar over two
days. If it had been carried about by the female, as in some
species of cockroaches, it would have been observed.
Four living young were found and placed in a separate jar
with banana peel, a dryer food than the peach, and they did well
until the 26th of September when two of them died. Meanwhile
the mother cubensis had died in late August, after being in cap-
tivity about three months.
The remaining two nymphs continued in apparent good health,
and on January 22 one was found to have transformed into a
green adult male. At that date the remaining nymph was 14
86
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviil
millimeters in length. On January 25 the male was taken to the
Staten Island Museum and shown to Mr. Charles W. Leng. We
were to exhibit it at the meeting of the Staten Island Nature
Club, but by evening it had escaped and could not be found.
On the morning of March 5 the remaining nymph was found
to have just transformed into male number two, with the old
and brown skin, still soft and limp, lying close by. This living
specimen together with the nymphal skin, the two deceased
young of September, 1929, and the mother Panchlora, were
shown at the March 18, 1930, meeting of the New York Ento-
mological Society.
It will be noted that it took the first male cockroach a little
over six months to mature, while the second one, under as nearly
as possible the same conditions, required nearly eight months.
At first the four nymphs kept close together among the folds of
the banana peel and were very sociable, and after September 26,
when two of them died, the surviving nymphs continued to keep
near each other until the first male matured, when, for the three
days that he was under observation before his escape, it was
noted that he was no longer as sociable, and tended to keep more
by himself.
The first statement of the fact that Panchlora is viviparous
or ovoviparous appears to be found in Dr. C. V. Riley’s accounts
in Insect Life, vol. iii, pages 443-444, 1891, and vol. iv, pages
119-120, 1891, based on observations of Dr. Carl F. Gissler and
Gustave Guttenberg, as well as the subsequent examination and
dissection of some of the material received from them. In these
instances, however, the young were not brought to maturity as
in the present case, though there was no doubt of the accuracy
of the observations made by Dr. Gissler and Mr. Guttenberg
about the young being born alive.
In “Further Notes on Panchlora,” on page 119 of Insect Life,
is the statement made by Mr. Guttenberg that the “green cock-
roach which, while being examined by one of his scholars, had
given birth to about thirty living young, besides some individuals
still in their ‘pupa cases’ [egg sacs] and a cluster of about
twelve ‘pupae’ [eggs] arranged side by side.”
June, 1930]
Davis: Cockroach
87
This statement can be further verified by the writer, who re-
ceived on December 19, 1929, from Mr. Carol Stryker, a dead
female Panchlora that had been put into a box when alive and
brought to the Staten Island Museum. In the same box there
were found three broken parts of what had possibly been a single
mass of eggs, in all about forty-five in number, that upon ex-
amination appear to have come from the Panchlora. As so often
happens among insects, when about to die, she had extruded
the eggs.
Dr. Riley identified the species examined by him as Panchlora
viridis, but Mr. Morgan ITebard states in “The Blattidse of
North America77 that no individuals of viridis, a South American
species, have appeared in collections of material adventive in the
United States. In the experience of the writer with adventive
material of Panchlora cubensis, the females are far more numer-
ous than the males, in fact as yet we have secured no males from
grocery and fruit stores.
In addition to Panchlora cubensis it is evident that cockroaches
of other species are viviparous. In his Jungle Days, page 34,
William Beebe mentions “a giant wood roach all browns and
greys, with marbled wings, strange as to pigment and size. . . .
The insect had flown through the rain and into the window, but
a glance showed that it was in dire extremity, being in the grasp
of a two-inch ctenid spider. 77 In a short time while still in the
grasp of the spider the cockroach gave birth to about “fifty
active roachlets. 7 7 “They had burst from their mother fully
equipped and ready for life. . . . Tiny, green, transparent,
fleet, they raced back and forth over the spider. He grasped in
vain at their diminutive forms, at the same time still clutching
the dying flavorless shred of a mother roach. 77
In the Cambridge Natural History, vol. v, page 229, Dr. Sharp
cites Dr. Riley’s articles in Insect Life, 1891, and continues: “It
is well known that some Blattidas are viviparous. In the case
of one such species, Panchlora viridis, it appears probable that
the egg-capsule is either wanting, or is present in only a very
imperfect form. 77 With the exception of Dr. Sharp’s statement
that some cockroaches are born alive, the standard works on
entomology that we have consulted do not mention the fact, and
88
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
refer only to the presence of the egg-case or ootheca. Dr. Pack-
ard in his Text-Book of Entomology, 1909, states that: “The
viviparous species are confined to certain May-flies, the Aphidse,
Diptera (Sarcophaga, Tachinicke, CEstridse, and Pnpipara), and
to certain Coleoptera (Stylopidge and some Staphylinidge).”
It may be added as a further note that the male, which
matured March 5, is still living and doing well on June 8, 1930.
June, 1930]
Goding: Membracid^e
89
NEW MEMBRACIDiE, X
By Frederic W. Goding
CENTROTINAE
Centrotini
Paraxiphopceus new genus.
Head triangular, base arcuate, ocelli equidistant even with upper margins
of eyes, clypeus narrow, apex acute extended below tips of the sinuate
gen©; surface finely punctate with a short median carina from base to
middle of vertex; strongly recurved below eyes. Pronotum roughly punc-
tured, vertically elevated above the head; humerals not prominent; supra-
humerals very long, rather broad, laterally compressed, margins serrately
carinate, directed from nearly contiguous bases upward apical half curved
outward and backward, summits somewhat dilated and foliaceous, briefly
acute; posterior process tises obliquely from slightly in front of apical
margin of the pronotum, then forms an obtuse angle with a tooth in front,
cylindrical from base to end of apical third, then laterally compressed,
broad with a carina each side near lower margin, apical third nearly per-
pendicularly decurved, apex briefly acute even with tips of tegmina, upper
and loweir margins spinose. Tegmina four times longer than broad, nar-
row, with two discoidal and five apical cells, apical margin obliquely trun-
cate, apical angle acute ; clavus with two veins, exterior vein almost reaching
apical margin, slightly narrowed from base, apex obtuse. Wings with three
apical cells. Sides of chest and trochanters unarmed. Scutellum longer
than broad, narrow, punctate, apex narrow, bidentate. Legs simple. Type,
Paraxiphopceus arebiensis new species.
It differs from Xiphopceus Stal. in the wings which have three apical
cells.
Paraxiphopceus arebiensis new species.
Black, strongly coarsely punctured, median carina percurrent ; supra-
humerals almost touching at bases, surfaces not carinate, carina on hind
margin extended to hind margin of pronotum each side. Tegmina sub-
opaque yellowish-brown, the clavus and long central stripe clear hyaline.
Sides of chest tomentose. Abdomen piceous, margins of segments paler;
legs entirely yellow. Type, $ . Long, cum teg. 9 ; inter sum. corn. 10 ;
lat. inter hum. 2 mm. From Arebi, NW Congo, Africa. It differs from
the other species of the genus in the position of the ocelli, the longer teg-
mina, etc. (Collection F. W. G.)
Spalirises humilis new species.
Suprahumerals rather long and slender, directed obliquely upward and
forward, prismatic, tips acute slightly recurved; base of posterior process
90
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvii:
weakly but distinctly elevated in an obtuse angle, near and touching apex
of scutellum, then sinuate following margins of tegmina passing their inner
angle. Tegmina dark vinaceous, base opaque. Ocelli equidistant. Long.
7.5-8 mm. Type in Collection Jacobi. This is Fig. A, b-c, on page 35, in
Jacobi, Wiss. Erg. Deutch. Cent.-Afric. Exped. of 1907-8. (1912.) From
Buwenzori, German Central Africa. It differs from the other described
species in the long oblique forward inclined suprahumerals, the less elevated
base of the posterior process, and position of the ocelli.
Planecornua new genus.
Head broader than long, base arched, ocelli equidistant or slightly nearer
the eyes and base, margins or gense straight, clypeus extended below apical
margin, apex acute. Pronotum coarsely punctate, metopidium much higher
than broad, humerals prominent; suprahumerals moderate, transverse,
acuminate, tips recurved, disk robustly elevated then angulate and extended
posteriorly in a rather slender acuminate process distant from the body,
weakly sinuate towards the acute apex which reaches the apex of the fifth
apical cell of the corium. Tegmina nearly three times longer than broad with
two contiguous discoidal and five apical cells, limbus broad; apex of clavus
acute. Wings with three apical cells. Legs simple. Type, Centrotus
inf r actus Jacobi. ($, $.)
It differs from Centrotus in the strongly elevated disk of the pronotum
and the lower margin of the posterior process not lobed, from Anchon in
the flat horizontal acuminate suprahumerals, and from Platyloelus in the
angulate posterior process.
Uroxiphini
Awania vicina new species.
Entirely dull black. Head large, long as broad, finely punctate, weakly
pubescent, a median carina from base to the base of clypeus, ocelli even
with the center of and nearer to the eyes with a prominent tubercle near
base above each, eyes large, globular, protruding, piceous, apical margin
of frons rounded, deeply emarginate to form two semicircular foliaceous
plates, clypeus large, triangular, rugose, almost entirely below and behind
the overlapping apical margin of the frons, apex bluntly pointed. Pro-
notum convexly gibbous, unarmed, strongly and roughly punctured, slightly
pubescent, basal margin projecting prominently forward and smoothly
carinate, a smooth spot behind each eye; humerals prominent, rounded;
posterior process lightly undulate, very slender from extreme base, tri-
carinate, lightly arched above scutellum then impinging upon the tegmina,
the median carina acutely elevated but weak on pronotal disk, apex lengthily
acute to the apex of the fifth apical cell of corium. Scutellum entirely
visible, black, punctate, apex emarginate. Tegmina shining vinaceous
hyaline, bases and veins pale ferruginous and punctate; two and a half
times longer than broad, apical margin obliquely convex, apical angle acute ;
two unequal contiguous discoidal and five apical cells; clavus with two
June, 1930]
Alexander : Crane -elies
91
veins, the exterior vein extended to the blunt apical margin. Wings with
four apical cells. Body and legs concolorous. Type, $ , long. 7 ; lat.
2.5 mm. From Gombari, French Congo, W. Africa.
It differs from typica Distant in the position of the ocelli, the projecting
basal margin of the pronotum, much longer and narrow posterior process
which is nearer to the scutellum and impinges on the tegmina, and color of
the middle legs. (Collection F. W. G.)
Leptocentrini
Euxiphopceus new genus.
Head broader than long, punctate, base arched, eyes not large, ocelli
slightly nearer to and above the center of eyes, margins of genae slightly
convex, clypeus broad as long, apex acute. Pronotum punctate, front
elevated nearly vertical, suprahumerals medium, transverse, gradually
acuminate, bases robust, tips decurved, sometimes covered with tubercles;
posterior process robustly elevated for a distance from base then abruptly
angulate and directed posteriorly, straight, gradually slender and acuminate,
smooth or serrate on lower margin, long as or longer than the abdomen.
Tegmina sordid hyaline, nearly three times longer than broad, with two
contiguous discoidal and five apical cells, apical area variously spotted with
brown, tips subacute. Wings with four apical cells. Legs simple. Type,
Xiphopceus geniculatus Stal. The species closely resembles those of the
genus Planecornua Goding, but the wings have four apical cells while those
of that genus have three. Xiphopceus Mr cuius Jacobi belongs here.
MEMBRACI1NLE
Bolljonotini
Leioscyta humeralis new species.
Head black, lightly punctulate, longer than broad, base weakly arched,
ocelli nearer to and even with upper margins of the eyes, a slight tubercle
above each near base; the lateral margins are emarginate at middle, cly-
peus large, long as broad, apex acute. Pronotum brownish-piceous, a
strong median carina and three lateral carinae each side short and weak;
humerals prominent, red; dorsum lightly sinuate posteriorly, long as ab-
domen, a short oblique subapical carina each side. Tegmina black with
several yellow dots, the exterior half of apical limbus white. Body piceous,
legs black, front and middle tibiae well dilated, hind tibiae spined, tarsi
yellow. Type, $, long. 4; lat. 2 mm; one male and two female paratypes,
the male slightly smaller. All are from Sao Paulo, Brazil. The type and
one paratype are in the Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, and two paratypes in
the collection of F. W. G. (Collector, Jose Pinto Fonseca.) It is near
drunnea Funkhouser, but differs in the broad tibiae, color, etc.
92
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Xiphistesini
Xiphidia new genus.
Margins of the head foliaceous, ocelli equidistant slightly above center
of the eyes. Pronotum tumid, unarmed, coarsely punctate, basal margin
produced forward, front convex, a small tubercle or short carina above each
humeral, median carina percurrent, humerals strong, blunt ; posterior process
straight, broad at base covering the scutellum, narrowed to the blunt apex
which is shorter than tegmina. Tegmina hyaline, broad, with three dis-
coidal and five apical cells, a cross-vein between the two ulnar veins in front
of middle, the veins nodulate. Wings with four apical cells. Sides of the
chest with a short tooth. Tibiae dilated. Type, Gongroneura carinata
Funkhouser.
Allied to Xiphistes from which it differs in the absence of suprahumerals.
Xiphistes inermis Jacobi belongs to this genus.
June, 1930]
Fall: Coleoftera
93
ON ATZENIUS STRIGATUS SAY AND ALLIED
SPECIES (COLEOPTERA)
By H. C. Fall
Tyngsboro, Massachusetts
The satisfactory identification of Say’s Atcenius strigatus and
its separation from the allied cognatus Lee. and the hitherto
supposedly allied ster corat or Fab. by means of Horn’s Mono-
graph (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1887) has always proved to the
writer a puzzling problem. If one is content to simply follow
the tabular characters it is usually possible to assign what one
has in hand to one or another of the above names, but a critical
inspection of the resulting aggregates is disconcerting.
In attacking the problem in my own collection it has become
evident that one basic source of misapprehension lies in Horn’s
characterization of strigatus under caption “16” of his key,
where he says — “Clypeus finely punctured without traces of
rugae.” Horn justifies this statement by the following quota-
tion from Say’s description — “Clypeus with very minute punc-
tures and larger ones at the base,” and then remarks that had
there been any clypeal rugas Say would have mentioned them.
The inference is a fair one and Say may really have drawn his
description from specimens without perceptible clypeal rugae,
for there are such examples although they seem to be compara-
tively rare. In the vast majority of individuals these transverse
wrinkles are more or less evident, and a good series of specimens,
apparently otherwise specifically identical, will show a complete
gradation in this respect between the extremes.
In this connection it should not fail to be noted that Say ex-
pressly states that his insect is the “ Scarab ceus strigatus Knoch
of the Melsheimer Catalog.” It is impossible to believe that he
was not appreciative of the significance of the specific name
which he accepted, and which could hardly have been suggested
by anything else than this same clypeal strigosity. Furthermore
Say says that the species is rather common, occurring in Penn-
94
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxyiii
sylvania and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. So far as I
know there are only two species of this group of Attenius occur-
ring at all commonly in the Northeastern States, in one of which
the clypeal rugte are in my experience always present though
sometimes very faint, and in the other usually evident though
occasionally they so nearly disappear as to easily escape observa-
tion. One of these two closely allied forms, which I believe are
specifically distinct, must be Say’s strigatus, but since the clypeal
rugosity exhibits practically the same range of variation in each
of them, the character given by Horn in caption “16” is not
distinctive.
A second cause of confusion is the presence in our collections
of several as yet undifferentiated but distinct species including
one of the two forms just mentioned. Just how many of these
undescribed species there are within our faunal limits would
require a protracted investigation with very extensive material
to determine, a work which I am unable at this time to under-
take. I give below, however, as a preliminary study the results
of my investigation of the material accessible to me in the small
group of species allied to strigatus ( inquietus to calif or nicus in-
clusive of Horn’s Monograph) which is admittedly the most
difficult in the genus taxinomically speaking.
Types of the species described as new are in the writer’s
collection.
The group characters of the species here treated, and a table
to assist in their separation follow.
Clypeus feebly emarginate, the angles each side broadly rounded; middle
and hind tibice with accessory spinule; base of thorax broadly arcuate;
elytra not pubescent, the discal interspaces at least finely sparsely punctate ;
hind femora nearly smooth.
Aj. Accessory spinule of middle and hind tibiae closely adjacent to the
shorter spur without intervening spinule of the terminal fringe.
Ventral segments finely sparsely punctate almost throughout, the
punctures at the extreme sides only slightly coarser erratus
Ventral segments coarsely punctate from side to side inquisitus
A,. Accessory tibial spinule more removed from the spurs, one of the
spinules of the terminal fringe intervening.
Bj. Ventral segments coarsely punctate from side to side; elytral in-
tervals with much coarser punctures at sides and apex than at
middle of disk floridanus
June, 1930]
Fall: Coleoptera
95
B2. Ventral segments evidently much more finely punctate or nearly
smooth medially.
Ci. Posterior femur with distinct impressed marginal line or
groove extending from knee f or more of the distance to the
trochanter.
Dj. Elytra relatively short and convex, J longer than wide,
sides distinctly arcuate (suboval), sides of thorax
straight and parallel, size small (3.5— 3.9 mm.) brevis
D2. Elytra more oblong and elongate, \ or more longer than
wide, sidqs of thorax broadly arcuate.-
Ei. Mesosternum with a rather long and distinct though
obtuse shining carina between the coxae.
Coarse punctures of prothorax nearly or quite
wanting antero-medially, the fine punctures
unusually dense in this area salutator
Coarse punctures of prothorax generally dis-
tributed, becoming a little larger and closer
laterally ludovicianus
E.,. Mesosternum scarcely or indistinctly carinate, or at
most with only a short incipient carina.
Pi. Coarse punctures of prothorax generally dis- .
tributed, usually conspicuously numerous or
even dense laterally, thorax often feebly nar-
rowed behind, metasternum of male (except in
anticus) with interspersed larger punc-
tures bearing very short setse, in addition to
the very fine apparently nonsetigerous punc-
tures which alone are present in the female.
Size larger, usually about 4.5 mm., inter-
stitial punctures of elytra very fine,
oedagus of male curved downward at apex
when viewed in profile strigatus
Size smaller (length scarcely 3.5 mm. in the
unique type), form narrower, interstitial
punctures of elytra stronger and more
evident, oedagus of male nearly 'straight
in profile, the apex not appreciably de-
flexed rudellus
P2. Coarse punctures of prothorax generally dis-
tributed but everywhere rather sparse, not or
but little closer laterally; thorax not narrowed
behind ; oedagus of male arcuate in profile,
curved downward at apex, impressed above
toward the base consors
96
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
F3. Coarse punctures of thorax almost or quite lack-
ing in an antero-median area of considerable
size; metasternum similarly minutely punctate
in both sexes ; cedagus of male dilated apically,
the tip not curved downward; size rather small
(3.6-4 mm.) anticus
C2. Posterior femur without or with only a short feeble marginal
line near the knee.
Ventral segments evidently punctate at middle; size larger
as a rule. (Texas; New Mexico.) cognatus
Ventral segments nearly smooth at middle, the coarser
punctures of the prothorax relatively larger ; size a
little smaller calif ornicus
Atasnius erratus new species.
Elongate oblong, black, shining, the elytra very finely but perceptibly
alutaceous in the female, scarcely detectably so in the male.
Head finely sparsely punctulate with slightly coarser punctures at base,
and with fine transverse rugulosity in front which varies from fairly dis-
tinct to almost wanting; clypeus at middle broadly sinuate with rounded
angles.
Prothorax rather strongly transverse, shorter than usual as compared with
the length of the elytra, sides subparallel and broadly arcuate; surface
strongly shining with the usual dual punctuation, the minute punctures very
sparse, the coarser punctures numerous and rather evenly distributed, being
only a little coarser laterally and slightly finer and sparser antero-medially.
Elytra elongate, parallel, slightly wider than the thorax; striae fine,
scarcely visibly punctulate at bottom, the punctures along the inner mar-
gins of the intervals unusually fine; intervals feebly convex and minutely
punctate.
Mesosternum not distinctly carinate between the coxae; ventral segments
finely sparsely punctured almost throughout, the punctures at sides not
coarser except slightly so at the extreme margins; marginal line of hind
femur extending more than half the distance to the trochanter; accessory
spinule of the four posterior tibiae closely adjacent to the spurs without
intervening spinule of the terminal fringe.
Length 5-5.25 mm.; width 2. 1-2. 2 mm.
The type is one of three examples from Enterprise, Florida,
submitted by Mr. Liebeck, who writes me that they are like the
specimen referred to by Horn following his description of
strigatus as presumably a male of that species. In this specimen
of Horn’s, which is from Georgia, the spur of the anterior tibia
is as mentioned by him rather strongly incurved at apex, un-
June, 1930]
Fall: Coleoptera
97
doubtedly a male character. None of the Enterprise specimens
show this, and they are by this token all females.
The distinctive characters of this species are the relatively
short thorax and long elytra ; the unusually fine crenations of the
inner margins of the elytnal intervals, the fine and nearly uni-
form punctuation of 'the ventral segments, and the close propin-
quity of the accessory tibial spinule to the shorter of the terminal
spurs. I have observed this last character only in inquisitus
among the other species of this group, the accessory spinule in
all others being a little removed from the spur with one of the
spinules of the terminal fringe intervening.
Atsenius inquisitus Horn.
Superficially this species is very similar to most of the others
of the strigatus group, but aside from having the ventral seg-
ments coarsely punctate from side to side, it possesses three other
characters of diagnostic value, none of which were recognized as
such by Horn. In all the species of the strigatus series there is
a group of more or less confluent coarse punctures forming a
rugose or eroded area of variable extent along the. side margins
of the metasternum. Within this lateral rugose area the sides of
the metasternum bear only a few fine scattered punctures in all
the related species, but in inquisitus there is an irregular series
of coarse punctures extending inward to the central flattened
area. The accessory spinule of the middle and hind tibiae is
appreciably more strongly developed than in any other species
known to me, and its close contiguity to the tibial spurs is paral-
leled only in erratus as is indicated in the tabular key.
Horn ’s specimens of inquisitus were from Southwestern Texas.
Those in my series are from Brownsville and Alpine, Texas.
Ataenius floridanus Brown.
Stout, oblong, somewhat strongly convex; black, shining, the
elytra with traces of very fine alutaceous sculpture toward sides
and apex.
Head distinctly transversely rugulose anteriorly, finely punc-
tate at middle, with a rather wider and distinctly denser belt of
coarse punctures at base than in the other species of the group ;
clypeus sinuato-emarginate with rounded angles.
98
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Prothorax moderately transverse, sides parallel and feebly
arcuate, a little more so anteriorly ; coarse punctures quite dense
laterally, sparser and a little finer medially.
Elytra at base perceptibly narrower than the thorax, at middle
very slightly wider than the latter ; striae deep, interspaces flatly
convex on the disk, becoming distinctly convex at sides and
strongly so at apex; interspaces very finely punctulate as usual
at middle of disk, the punctures becoming very much coarser at
sides and apex, where on the declivity they form a single series
occupying almost the entire width of the summit of the inter-
space ; striae evidently punctate, inner margins of intervals
strongly crenately punctate.
Posterior face of profemur coarsely numerously punctate ;
mesosternum obtusely carinate between the coxae; metafemoral
marginal line coarse and deep, extending fully two-thirds the
distance from knee to trochanter ; ventral segments very coarsely
and closely punctate from side to side, only a little less coarsely
so medially.
Length, 4.5-5 mm. ; width, 2. 1-2. 2 mm.
Florida. This species has been recently described (Can. Ent.,
Jan., 1930, p. 3) by Mr. W. J. Brown from a single specimen
without more precise indication of locality. I have myself seen
four examples, three in Mr. Liebeck’s collection (Biscayne and
Levy Co., Florida), the fourth being the specimen in the LeConte
collection referred to by Horn as the only example of stercorator
known to him from our territory ; it bears the label ‘ ‘ Sand Point,
Fla./’ and was collected by Hubbard or Schwarz.
The stout form, coarse punctuation of the elytral intervals at
sides and apex, and the very coarse ventral punctuation char-
acterize this species. It is very closely allied to and probably
only a geographical variant or race of the Mexican strigicauda
Bates, a specimen of which from the Biologia material is before
me. In the latter the head is as coarsely punctured at sides as
at base, the elytral interspaces are perceptibly more convex on
the disk, and their inner margins are more coarsely crenate.
Atsenius brevis new species.
Rather short oblong-oval, convex, black, shining; integuments polished,
the elytra faintly alutaceous only under strong amplification; legs dark
rufous.
June, 1930]
Pall: Coleoptera
99
Head finely but perceptibly wrinkled in front, finely punctate medially,
occiput with coarse punctures which are more numerous toward the sides ;
clypeal margin arcuato-emarginate with rounded angles.
Prothorax two-fifths wider than long, sides viewed from above very nearly
straight and parallel ; coarser punctures generally distributed, rather densely
aggregated laterally, sparser and somewhat finer medially, especially
in front.
Elytra one-third longer than wide, sides more evidently arcuate than
usual, intervals a little convex with minute scattered punctures.
Mesosternum with a moderately distinct but obtuse intercoxal carina;
ventral segments strongly punctured at sides, finely and very sparsely so at
middle; posterior (lower) face of profemur strongly punctate; marginal
line of posterior femur long, extending from knee three-fifths to trochanter.
Length, 3. 5-3. 9 mm.; width, 1.6-1.75 mm.
Described from two examples of undetermined sex labelled
simply Pennsylvania and collected by Henry Ulke many years
ago. The specimens were probably taken in the Blue Ridge Mts.,
where Ulke had a summer home or camp, in the vicinity of which
he did a good deal of collecting. Mr. Liebick writes me that he
has seen twelve or fifteen specimens of this species, all collected
and distributed by Ulke. There are specimens in the Liebeck
and Horn Collections, and the Ulke collection should contain a
good series.
Ataenius salutator new species.
Of rather large size, oblong, moderately convex, black, shining, integu-
ments not perceptibly alutaceous.
Head distinctly wrinkled in front, finely punctate medially, with sparse
somewhat coarser punctures at base; clypeal margin broadly emarginate
with rounded angles.
Prothorax moderately transverse, sides parallel and feebly arcuate,
slightly narrowed in front in the type ; coarser punctures a little larger and
more numerous but not dense at sides, somewhat finer on the disk, and
almost wholly lacking antero-medially, the fine punctures in this area more
numerous and evenly disposed than usual.
Elytra at base as wide as the thorax, sides nearly straight and parallel
in about basal three-fifths ; striae deep ; intervals naerly flat at middle of
disk, becoming gradually more convex toward the sides and apex, finely
sparsely punctate and with a row of punctures crenating their inner margins.
Mesosternum with a rather long polished intercoxal carina; ventral seg-
ments very finely sparsely punctate in middle third, moderately coarsely so
at sides; marginal line of hind femur well impressed and extending from
the knee a little more than half way to the trochanter.
Length (type), 5.6 mm.; width, 2.35 mm.
100
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Described from a single example, apparently a female, taken
by the writer at Pensacola, Florida, July 8, 1893.
The type agrees very closely with the specimens standing as
stercorator Fab. in the Horn collection. As I am informed by
Mr. Liebeck there are three of these and all without locality
labels. There however can be no doubt that they are the Buenos
Ayres specimens which Horn says were sent to him as stercorator
by Candeze, and it is from them that Horn drew his description
of this species. As will be explained further on it now turns out
that these Buenos Ayres specimens from Candeze are not the true
stercorator nor have I been able to ascertain whether they actu-
ally have a name or not. I have therefore for the sake of com-
pleteness thought best to describe the Pensacola species and take
the risk of creating a synonym.
Ataenius ludovicianus new species.
Of rather large size, moderately robust, oblong, shining, black, legs
brownish piceous ; elytra very finely alutaceous, the thorax not visibly so.
Head transversely wrinkled anteriorly, finely punctate at middle, more
coarsely so at base; clypeus broadly arcuately emarginate with rounded
angles.
Prothorax moderately transverse, sides feebly arcuate, and either parallel
or slightly convergent behind ; coarser punctures of surface everywhere
numerous, but a little larger and denser laterally.
Elytra slightly wider at base than the thorax, sides parallel to behind the
middle, intervals nearly flat on the disk, interstitial punctures fine and
sparse.
Mesosternum with a moderately long intercoxal carina; ventral segments
coarsely punctate at sides, very finely and sparsely so medially; marginal
line of hind femur rather fine, extending from the knee two-fifths the dis-
tance to the trochanter.
Length, 4. 3-4. 8 mm. ; width, 1.9-2. 2 mm.
Described from three examples (2 J1, 1 J) collected at Winn-
field, Louisiana, by Mr. G. R. Pilate. In the male type the
thorax is perceptibly narrowed behind; in the other male there
is no posterior narrowing while in the female the form is inter-
mediate between these two. In the male type the metasternum
is very finely punctate in front, with distinctly coarser punctures
posteriorly; in the female the metasternum is finely punctulate
throughout. In both males the inner spur of the anterior tibiae
is distinctly more strongly incurved at tip than in the female.
June, 1930]
Fall: Coleoptera
101
Atasnius strigatus Say.
This species, the first of the genus to be made known from our
fauna, was described by Say (as an Aphodius) in 1823. He ob-
serves that his insect is the Scarabceus strigatus Knoch of the
Melsheimer Catalog and that it is rather common in Pennsyl-
vania. Since Melsheimer ’s material was collected for the most
part in Pennsylvania it is fair to consider this the type region
of the species. As Say did not mention any clypeal rugae in his
description Horn assumed this to be characteristic of the species,
and the series in his cabinet was selected on this basis. It hap-
pens, however, as I have already pointed out, that there are two
species, hitherto confused, occurring more or less commonly in
this region, in both of which the clypeal sculpture varies much,
occasional examples being found in each with the clypeal rugae
virtually wanting; some other means must therefore be found
for their distinction.
In my search for such a means of distinction I have discovered
in the punctuation of the rear or lower face, of the anterior
femur a character which seems to me most nearly to meet this
requirement. In one of the two species the femur shows nu-
merous coarse punctures, which in the more extreme forms may
become in part rugosely subconfluent; in the other species the
profemur is very finely and remotely punctate with at most only
very few interspersed coarser punctures. In both species this
punctuation varies somewhat individually, but very rarely suffi-
ciently to cause doubt as to which category the given specimen
belongs.
In order to determine to which of these two species the stri-
gatus of the Horn collection belongs, Mr. Liebeck has sent me
examples found by careful comparison to be identical with the
specimen on the name label in the Horn cabinet. This speci-
men and most of the others in the Horn series are from Georgia
and prove to be the species with coarsely punctate profemur.
Oddly enough there are no specimens from Pennsylvania or any
of the adjoining states in the Horn series.
In the Harris collection, now in the possession of the Boston
Society of Natural History, Mr. C. W. Johnson, the curator,
writes me there are two examples bearing No. 1043 and entered
102
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyiii
in red ink in the Harris Note Book as Aphodius strigatus Say,
with the additional data Milton (Mass.), Sept. 20, ’29, and Cam-
bridge, June 1, ’32. The red ink entry signifies that the names
thns written were sent by Say after examining the collection
which Harris sent him in Nov., 1833. Mr. Johnson has kindly
sent me one of these two Mass, specimens for inspection ; it is the
species with finely punctate femur.
Finally an examination of the Melsheimer collection reveals a
series of six “Melsh.” specimens of A. strigatus, five of which
have the prof emnr coarsely punctate. In the sixth the rear
surface of the femur is not visible but the general aspect of the
specimen is that of the species with finely punctate profemur.
This last observation seems to me most significant of all and
goes far toward convincing me that the name strigatus properly
belongs to the species with coarsely punctate profemur, and it is
so applied in this paper.
As thus determined strigatus is a species of medium size,
ranging as a rule between 4J and 4f mm. in length. The clypeal
rugae are usually distinct but quite variable in development and
now and again are practically obsolete. The coarser punctures
of the pronotum are smaller and sparser medially, especially in
front, but become as a rule conspicuously closer or even dense
laterally, though occasionally they are not very much so. The
prothorax is not infrequently feebly narrowed behind but this
character is not a constant one; I have observed it most often in
examples from the Middle Western States. The punctuation of
the ventral segments is as usual rather coarse at sides becoming
finer at middle, but the change is here more gradual and the
disparity much less marked than in certain other species, notably
salutator, ludovicianus and calif ornicus, which are at once
separable from the present species on this character alone. The
coarse punctures of the posterior face of the profemur have
already been mentioned as of especial service in separating this
species from the closely allied consors, with which from com-
munity of habitat it is most likely to be confused.
Horn alludes to a specimen in his strigatus series as probably
a male, the anterior tibke being somewhat more slender and the
terminal spur incurved at tip. The apical curvature of the
June, 1930]
Fall : Coleoptera
103
tibial spur is undoubtedly a male character, but the example
alluded to belongs to an entirely distinct species (the erratic
of the present paper) and not to strigatus, in which I have dis-
covered no appreciable sexual difference in the tibial spur. I
have, however, noted a hitherto unobserved sexual character
which is well marked in the present species and several others.
This pertains to the metasternum, which in the female is very
finely and sparsely punctulate, but in the male shows a number
of coarser punctures bearing very short setas, which in well-
preserved examples are easily visible in profile.
Strigatus is widely dispersed from New England to Georgia
and the Mississippi Valley. I possess or have seen specimens
from the following states. New Hampshire; Massachusetts;
New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Virginia; Georgia; Ken-
tucky ; Indiana ; Illinois ; Iowa ; Kansas ; and Arkansas.
Atssnius rudellus new species.
Rather small and narrow for the present group, the size and form being
nearly as in one of the larger examples of abditus. Black, legs dark rufo-
piceous, surface not very strongly shining because of the close punctuation
of the thorax and the fine but evident alutaceous sculpture of the elytra.
Clypeal margin with the usual sinus and rounded angles ; head with feeble
traces of transverse rugae in front, the punctuation of the usual type but
distinctly stronger and denser than in strigatus.
Prothorax subequal in width to the base of the elytra, sides broadly
arcuate and parallel, coarser punctures very numerous and everywhere
present, finer and sparser antero-medially, and coarser and denser laterally
as usual.
Elytra oblong, sides parallel to behind the middle, sutural length about
two-fifths greater than the width ; intervals broadly but perceptibly convex
on the disk, becoming quite strongly so at apex; interstitial punctures
stronger and more distinct than in allied species ; mesosternum with a feeble
obtuse carina; hind femur with marginal impressed line extending from
knee two-fifths to trochanter.
Length, 3.5 mm.; width, 1.6 mm.
St. Petersburg, Florida. A single male taken by the writer
April 2, 1922.
In the unique male type the spur of the anterior tibia is rather
abruptly bent inwardly at tip ; the metasternum is very finely
punctate in front with coarser punctures in posterior half ; the
oedagus is short and obtusely rounded at the apex, which is not
104
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
deflexed as viewed from the side ; the accessory tibial spinule is
very short.
Ataenius censors new species.
Of medium size, oblong oval, moderately convey, black, shining, integu-
ments not distinctly alutaceous under the usual amplification.
Head with fine transverse wrinkles anteriorly which vary from barely
perceptible to well defined; vertex finely sparsely punctate, with coarser
punctures at base ; clypeus with the usual sinuate emargination with rounded
angles.
Prothorax moderately transverse, sides parallel and usually broadly
arcuate, but becoming nearly straight in some examples; coarser punctures
comparatively sparse, much less numerous than in strigatus, generally but
unevenly dispersed, not much sparser or larger laterally than at middle,
except anteriorly, where as usual they are fewer and smaller.
Elytra at base as wide as the thorax, sides parallel and nearly straight
in basal half; intervals very feebly convex on the disk; interstitial punc-
tures sparse and minute.
Profemur finely sparsely punctate on its posterior face; marginal line of
hind femur deep, extending half way or more from the knee to the tro-
chanter; ventral segments finely sparsely punctate medially, more coarsely
so at sides.
Length, 4-4.8 mm (head deflexed) ; width, 1.8-2 mm. One very large
example with head extended measures 5.5 x 2.35 mm.
The following localities are represented in my collection or
are known to me. Massachusetts (Lawrence, Milton, Cam-
bridge) ; New York (Peekskill) ; New Jersey; Pennsylvania (Mt.
Airy, Moore’s, Bucks Co.) ; District of Columbia; North Carolina
(Highlands) ; Florida (Biscayne, Paradise Key) ; Tennessee
(Madison) ; Missouri (St. Louis) ; Arkansas (Hope) ; Louisiana
(Winnfield, New Orleans) ; Kansas (Lawrence, Argentine) ; New
Mexico (Elba).
The type is a male from Lawrence, Mass., bearing date of 30
Aug., 1920, and collected by Miss Edith W. Mank.
I do not detect any appreciable sexual difference in the spurs
of the protibise, but here as in strigatus the males are easily rec-
ognized by the presence of the coarser setiferous punctures of the
metasternum, the metasternal punctures in the female being very
fine and non-setiferous.
As will be seen from a glance at the localities given, this spe-
cies and strigatus range over pretty much the same territory.
June, 1930]
Fall : Coleoptera
105
As compared with strigatus, consors is on the average a little
larger and more robust ; the coarse punctures of the pronotum
are very much fewer, though owing to some individual variation
the disparity is not equally marked in all specimens; the pos-
terior face of the profemur is much less punctate; the oedagus
while of nearly similar form, is so far as examined a little dif-
ferent in outline, notably because of a well-marked depression
above near the base, which is nearly or quite wanting in stri-
gatus. In strigatus the prothorax is not rarely a little narrowed
posteriorly, not so in any examples of consors thus far examined.
The clypeal rugosity shows a nearly similar amount of variation
in both species.
Atsenius anticus new species.
A little smaller and narrower than strigatus , and very markedly so as
compared with consors. Black, femora piceous, tibiae and tarsi brownish;
integuments strongly shining, not perceptibly alutaceous.
Head in anterior half or more conspicuously transversely wrinkled, vertex
finely sparsely punctate, at base with very few punctures which are nearly
or quite as fine as those of the vertex; clypeus broadly emarginate with
rounded angles.
Prothorax a little less transverse than in strigatus, not narrowed behind,
sides parallel and broadly feebly arcuate; pronotum with the usual dual
punctuation, the coarser punctures nowhere dense and almost or quite want-
ing in an antero -median area which usually reaches half way to base on the
disk and involves the middle half of the apex; in this area the fine punc-
tures are evenly distributed.
Elytra at base subequal in width to the thorax, fully to rather more than
one-half longer than wide (about two-fifths longer than wide in strigatus
and consors) ; intervals nearly flat on the disk, with the usual fine inter r
stitial punctures.
Mesosternum not distinctly carinate; marginal line of hind femur feeble
but visible, reaching from the knee about one-tliird distance to the trochan-
ter; ventral segments more finely punctate at middle.
Length, 3.6-4 mm.; width 1.4-1.75 mm.
I have received a good series of this species from Hope, Ar-
kansas, where it was taken abundantly at light by Miss Louise
Knobel. I have seen it also from Hot Springs, Ark., Winn-
field, La., Dunedin and Enterprise, Fla., and Tybee Isl., Georgia.
The type is a male from the first named locality.
Unlike strigatus and consors males of this species are not dis-
tinguishable by the metasternal punctuation, this being similarly
106
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
fine and sparse in both sexes. The form of the male genital
organ differs from that in all other species examined in being
distinctly dilated apically, the tip not deflexed. Briefly stated
the characteristic features of this species are the rather small and
narrow form, the head conspicuously wrinkled anteriorly and at
base with fine sparse punctures instead of the usual coarser ones,
the absence or near absence of coarser punctures in a rather large
antero-median pronotal area, metasternal area similarly finely
punctate in the sexes, marginal line of hind femur weak, oedagus
dilated apically.
Atsenius cognatus Lee.
So far as I have yet discovered there is only one obvious ex-
ternal character by which this species may be separated from
consors, viz. — marginal impressed line of the hind femur very
short and feeble or altogether wanting, as given in couplet 1 ‘ 18 ”
of Horn’s table. There is contributory evidence of the distinct-
ness^ the two species in the fact that in the single male cognatus
which I have been able to dissect the genital organ is somewhat
different from that in consors, and that of the dozen examples of
cognatus seen all are from Texas or Sonora (2 exs. in the Le-
Conte type series), while no specimens of consors have as yet
been recognized from Texas, although from its occurrence in
neighboring states it may fairly be expected to be found there.
Horn’s description of cognatus is sufficiently accurate and need
not be repeated. The head is distinctly wrinkled in front; the
coarser punctures of the pronotum are as in consors scattered
over the whole surface, and while usually a little closer and
coarser laterally, seem not to be densely aggregated at sides as
they frequently are in strigatus. Horn describes the meta-
sternum as having a few coarse punctures at middle. He was
unaware that this is a male character, the female having the same
area sparsely very finely punctured. Horn’s statement that this
species “ occurs from the New England States to the Rocky Mts.,
Texas and Sonora” is due to a confusion of species.
LeConte’s original series of cognatus consists of four speci-
mens said to have been collected by Haldeman and Webb in
Texas and Sonora. Two of the specimens, including the one on
June, 1930]
Fall: Coleoptera
107
the label are pinned and two are mounted on points, the differ-
ence in mounting probably indicating the two sources of supply.
The pinned specimens I believe to have been collected by Halde-
man in Southern Texas, and the one on the name label must be
considered the type. The other pinned specimen has a long
metafemoral line and is probably a different species. The two
specimens on points are I believe the Sonora ones collected by
Webb, and are possibly a third species, but as they agree with
the type in the absence of a femoral line they may stand as
cognatus for the present.
Specimens of this species are known to me from Brownsville,
San Antonio and Amarillo, Texas, while others bear simply the
label ‘‘Tex.7’ An example in my own collection from Roswell,
New Mexico, and a similar one in Mr. Liebeck’s collection from
Organ Mts., N. Mex., lack the femoral line but the ventral punc-
tuation is nearly as coarse at middle as at sides, and they may
represent a distinct species.
Ataenius californicus Horn.
The tabular characters combined with the locality label should
suffice for the separation of this species from all others now
known to us. Horn described it from San Bernardino. I have
it from along the Colorado River at Yuma and East Bridge and
also from Indio in the Colorado Desert.
Ataenius stercorator Fab.
Following his line or two of description of this species Fab-
ricius remarks “Habitat in America meridionali. ” In 1848
Haldeman doubtfully referred one of our insects to Fabricius7
species, and for more than eighty years stercorator has been ac-
credited to our fauna.
In his Synopsis of the Aphodiini of the United States (Trans.
Am. Ent. Soc., 1871) Horn wrote that he had received from
Candeze typical examples of stercorator from the Pampas of
Buenos Ayres, and decided that they were the same as the
strigatus of Say. In his later paper of 1887 Horn declares his
previous decision to have been in error and adds that “Among
the numerous specimens of the group which are usually aggre-
108
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyiii
gated as stercorator in collections, I have seen but one specimen
in the cabinet of Dr. LeConte which can be considered a true
stercorator.”
In the meantime (1886) and probably not yet seen by Horn
at the time of writing Bates points out in the Biologia that the
original type of stercorator is in the British Museum collection
in a good state of preservation, and is a wholly different thing
from the stercorator of von Harold, which latter Bates proceeds
to describe under the name strigicauda. Through the kindness
of Mr. Arrow I have been privileged to examine an example of
stercorator from the same locality as Fabricius’ type (Rio
Janeiro) and said by Mr. Arrow to be in every way identical
with the latter, also an example of strigicauda from the Biologia
material. I can now positively assert that we have nothing in
our fauna at all like the true stercorator, and furthermore that
the specimen in the LeConte cabinet so referred by Horn is very
close indeed to the specimen of strigicauda sent me by Mr.
Arrow and is not the same thing as the Buenos Ayres species
from Candeze in the Horn collection. As to this latter see my
description of A. salutator n. sp. on a preceding page. The Le-
Conte specimen above referred to is the same as A. floridanus
Brown.
The true stercorator turns out to be a robust species of dull
surface lustre, the head and thorax densely coarsely punctate,
the latter without the interspersed fine punetules common to all
our species of the st rig at us group ; the elytra alutaceous and not
at all shining, strke distinctly punctate, the intervals not appre-
ciably crenate along their inner edges; middle and hind tibiae
with a row of obtuse tubercles along the inner edge. Mr. Arrow
writes that he believes these tubercles to be a male character and
that his A. tenebrosus which lacks them is probably only the
female of stercorator. The four posterior tibise lack the acces-
sory spinule, which fact excludes stercorator from the strigatus
group.
June, 1930]
Alexander : Crane-flies
109
RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEOTROPICAL
CRANE-FLIES (TIPULID^E, DIPTERA), VIII
By Charles P. Alexander
Amherst, Mass.
The preceding part under this title was published in 1929
(Journal N. Y. Entomological Society, 37:395-407). The
majority of the species discussed at this time were included in
very large collections of crane-flies that were taken in Mexico,
British Honduras and Guatemala by my friend Dr. Alfons M.
Dampf, Government Entomologist for Mexico. Other important
series were collected by Dr. John Myers and Mr. Fred W. Walker,
the types of the latter being included in the Museum of Zoology
of the University of Michigan. One additional species was col-
lected by Mr. J. J. White and was given to me by Dr. Crampton.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to the ento-
mologists named. Except where stated to the contrary, the types
of the novelties are preserved in my collection.
Genus Limonia Meigen
Limonia (Geranomyia) neopenitheres new species.
Allied to L. ( G .) pentheres (Alexander), differing in the small size and
details of structure of the male hypopygium.
Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 4.5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm.; ros-
trum about 3.3 mm.
Rostrum unusually long and slender, dark brown. Antennae black
throughout; flagellar segments short-oval, with short, inconspicuous verti-
cils. Head gray, the vertex with an impressed median furrow.
Mesonotum brown, the humeral region extensively light yellow; scutal
lobes conspicuously variegated with brownish black; scutellum testaceous;
postnotal mediotergite dark brown medially, paler laterally and on cephalic
portion. Pleura testaceous yellow. Halteres pale, the knobs dark brown.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale yellow; femora brownish yellow,
the tibiae and tarsi somewhat darker. Wings with a faint dusky tinge, the
oval stigma brown; veins brownish black. Venation: Sct ending about op-
posite two-fifths the length of Bs, Sc2 close to its tip ; a supernumerary cross-
vein in cell Sc; Bs nearly straight; free tip of Sc2 some distance basad of
B2; m-cu before fork of M.
110
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Abdomen dark brown, the sternites paler ; hypopygium chiefly dark.
Male hypopygium of the general structure of pentheres, differing in the
details. Ninth tergite transverse, with a very deep median notch, the lateral
lobes relatively broad, not narrowed into slender lobules as in pentheres.
Ventral dististyle with the spines of the rostral prolongation more strongly
curved and unequal in length. Dorsal dististyle shorter and less arcuated.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Holotype, ^ Cordoba, October 12, 1924 (A. M. Dampf).
Limonia (Geranomyia) brevispinula, new species.
Allied to L. ( G .) canadensis; thorax almost uniformly greenish testace-
ous; wings with a faint brown tinge, the oval stigma darker brown; male
hypopygium with the spines of the rostral prolongation of the ventral disti-
style short and nearly straight.
Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 6 mm.; wing 6.5 mm.; ros-
trum about 3.6 mm.
Rostrum relatively elongate, brown, paler at base. Antennae dark brown;
flagellar segments oval, the verticals short and inconspicuous. Head infus-
cated behind, sparsely pruinose, the front and occiput brighter; anterior
vertex narrow.
Mesonotum and pleura almost uniformly greenish testaceous. Halteres
pale, the knobs weakly' infuscated. Legs with the coxae and trochanters
pale ; femora pale brown, their bases brighter ; tarsi passing into dark
brown at tips. Wings with a faint brown tinge, the oval stigma darker
brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc1 ending about opposite three-
fourths the length of Us, Sc2 not far from its tip; Es nearly straight; r-m
reduced in length; m-cu not far from the fork of M.
Abdomen pale brown. Male hypopygium with the caudal margin of the
ninth tergite with a broad U-shaped median notch, the lateral lobes broadly
rounded. Ventral dististyle large and fleshy, the rostral prolongation rela-
tively small, a little longer than the two spines, the latter unusually short,
nearly straight, placed side by side on small basal tubercles. Gonapophyses
with the mesal apical lobes long and relatively narrow, the margin micro-
scopically serrate.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Holotype, J1, Cordoba, November 23, 1924 (A. M. Dampf).
The present species is readily told from canadensis (West-
wood) and allied forms by the unusually short and unmodified
spines of the ventral dististyle.
Limonia (Geranomyia) viridula, new species.
Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 3.6 mm. ; wing 4.4 mm.; ros-
trum about 3.1 mm.
June, 1930]
Goding: Membracidje
111
Generally similar and allied to L. ( G .) virescens (Lw.), differing in the
details of structure of the rostrum and male hypopygium.
Eostrum unusually elongate, as shown by the measurements, pale brown-
ish yellow, the outer ends of the labial palpi darker. Antennae with the
basal segment pale, the remainder black ; flagellar segments short-oval.
Head brownish gray.
Mesothorax entirely light green. Halteres pale green. Legs pale green,
the outer tarsal segments darkened. Wings greenish subhyaline, the stigma
pale, scarcely evident; veins greenish brown. Venation: S c± ending about
opposite one-third the length of Bs, Sc2 near its tip; r-m shortened; m-cu
at fork of M.
Abdomen greenish yellow, including the hypopygium. Male hypopygium
with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin broadly emarginate. Ventral
dististyle large and fleshy, the rostral prolongation relatively small, shorter
than the spines, the latter unequal, divergent; outer spine from a small
basal tubercle, shorter and more slender than the inner which arises from a
larger stout tubercle and is strongly curved on basal half. Gonapophyses
with the mesal apical lobe pale, slender and elongate, gently curved to the
acute tip. -
Habitat. — Mexico (Yucatan).
Holotype, Payo Obispo, Quintana Roo, September 16, 1925
(A. M. Dampf) ; M. F. No. 682.
Limonia (Geranomyia) viridella, new species.
Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 4 mm.; wing 5 mm.; rostrum
about 2.2 mm.
Generally similar and allied to L. ( G .) virescens (Lw.), differing in the
details of coloration and structure of the male hypopygium.
Eostrum relatively short, as compared with viridula, new species, the base
paler than the dark brown labial palpi. Antennae black throughout; flagel-
lar segments oval. Head brownish gray.
Mesonotum yellowish green, presumably entirely pale green in living in-
dividuals. Halteres dark green, the knobs brownish black. Legs with the
coxae and trochanters yellowish green; remainder of legs dark green; outer
tarsal segments still darker. Wings with a faint dusky tinge, the oval
stigma dark green; veins dark brown. Venation: Se relatively long,
ending about opposite two-fifths Bs, Sc2 close to its tip ; a supernumerary
crossvein in cell Sc; free tip of Sc2 a short distance before B2; r-m elon-
gate; m-cu close to fork of M, subequal to distal section of Cu ±.
Abdomen pale greenish yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergite trans-
verse, the caudal margin very gently emarginate, the lateral lobes very low.
Ventral dististyle large and fleshy, dusky in color; rostral prolongation
small, much shorter than the rostral spines ; latter slightly unequal, the outer
arising from a larger tubercle, longer and more curved; inner spine more
112
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviil
nearly straight. Gonapophyses with the mesal apical lobe darkened, slen-
der, the margins smooth, gently curved to a subacute tip.
Habitat. — British Honduras.
Holotype, ;Cf, Yalbac, Cayo District, October 20, 1925 (A. M.
Dampf ) ; M. F. No. 738.
Limonia (G-eranomyia) subvirescens, new species.
Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 4.5 mm.; wing 5.8 mm.; ros-
trum about 2.3 mm.
Female. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 5 mm.; wing about 4.5
mm. ; rostrum about 3 mm.
Characters generally as in L. ( G .) virescens (Lav.), differing in the vena-
tion and structure of the male hypopygium.
Kostrum of moderate length, in male approximately one-half the length
of body, pale at base, the labial palpi darkened outwardly. Basal segment
of antennas conspicuously pale green; flagellar segments dark brown. Head
greenish.
General coloration of thorax brownish green, probably clear green in life.
Legs obscure yellow, the outer tarsal segments darkened. Wings nearly
hyaline, the stigma oval, pale brown; veins darker brown, those of the cos-
tal region brighter. Venation: Sc long ($), S^ ending beyond midlength
of the relatively long Bs, Sc2 close to its tip ; free tip of Sc2 lying far proxi-
mad of B2-, r-m very short to obliterated by approximation of adjoining
veins; m-cu close to fork of M.
Male hypopygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin with a
broad TJ-shaped median notch, the rounded lateral lobes, conspicuously setif-
erous. Ventral dististyle large and fleshy, the rostral prolongation short and
stout, the two spines about as long as the prolongation and thus compara-
tively short for this group of species, subequal, placed close together on
basal half of prolongation ; spines from low basal tubercles, their tips acute.
Gonapophyses with the mesal apical lobe elongate, pale, relatively wide, the
margin microscopically serrulate.
Habitat. — Cuba.
Holotype, lCf, Trinidad Mts., altitude 1000 feet, March 25, 1925
(J. Gr. Myers).
Allotopotype, §, pinned with type.
It seems very possible that the female I have associated with
the type belongs to a distinct species ; Sc is much shorter and the
rostrum conspicuously longer than in the holotype male.
Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken
Teucholabis (Teucholabis) furva, new species.
General coloration obscure yellow, the prsescutum with three black stripes ;
head black, somewhat shiny; pleura yellow, with a broad dark brown longi-
June, 1930]
Alexander : Crane-flies
113
tudinal stripe; halteres uniformly dark brown; wings relatively narrow,
with a faint brown suffusion; stigma darker brown.
Male. — Length about 5 mm. ; wing 5.2 mm.
Eostrum relatively long and slender, about as long as the rest of the
head, black; palpi black. Antennae with the first scapal segment dark
brown, the remainder black; flagellar segments oval, becoming smaller out-
wardly, clothed with an erect white pubescence and longer black verticils.
Head black, somewhat shiny, the occiput brown.
Pronotum yellow, becoming dark brown laterally. Mesonotal praescutum
shiny fulvous-yellow, becoming clearer yellow laterally, with three shiny
black stripes that are widely separated from one another; median stripe
narrow, almost broken beyond midlength, becoming a little wider at the
suture; scutum obscure yellow, each lobe largely covered by a brownish
black area; scutellum obscure yellow testaceous; postnotal mediotergite
black with an obscure yellow area on either side. Pleura yellow, traversed
by a broad dark brown longitudinal stripe that extends from the pronotum,
passing above the root of the halteres to the postnotum, the dorsopleural
membrane and dorsal portion of the pleurotergite remaining of the ground-
color. Halteres uniformly dark brown. Legs with the fore coxae brown,
the other coxae yellow; trochanters yellowish testaceous; femora obscure yel-
low, the tips dark brown; tibiae brownish yellow, the tips narrowly black-
ened; tarsi black. Wings with a faint brown suffusion; stigma short-oval,
dark brown; veins brownish black. Wings relatively narrow. Venation:
Sct ending about opposite two-fifths Es, Sc 2 some distance from the tip of
Sc1} the latter approximately equal to Wr-cu; Es long and very little arcu-
ated; E2 subequal to E1+2 and a trifle longer than E2+3+i; E3+i nearly straight,
the tip of E5 deflected strongly to the wing-tip, cell E4 thus suddenly
widened at outer end; m-cu at about one-half its length beyond the fork
of M.
Abdominal tergites brown, blackened laterally, the sternites obscure yel-
lowish brown; hypopygium dark. Sternal pocket well-developed. Male
hypopygium with the basistyle relatively stout, the lateral spine long and
acute, before the needle-like tip with numerous setae. Outer dististyle bifid,
the basal portion enlarged, darkened, with numerous setae, the long lateral
arm a slender gently curved rod that narrows very gradually to the acute
spinous tip, immediately before this tip with about four setae; inner arm a
shorter needle-like spine. Inner dististyle small, bifid, the longer arm a flat-
tened blade that terminates in two blackened spines. iEdeagus relatively
narrow, produced into a gently curved black spine, before this spinous apex
with three prominent setiferous tubercles.
Habitat. — Guatemala.
Holotype, J1, San Jose, Lago Peten, November 13, 1925 (A. M.
Dampf ) ; M. F. No. 797.
Teucholabis furva is well-distinguished by the combination of
characters diagnosed above.
114
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
Teucholabis (Teucholabis) miniata, new species.
General coloration of head and thorax reddish brown; mesonotal prsescu-
tum without dark markings or with these vaguely defined ; thoracic pleura
with a narrow dorsal black longitudinal stripe; halteres infuscated, the
knobs blackened; femora obscure yellow, the tips blackened; wings weakly
darkened, with very vague more whitish crossbands; male hypopygium with
the basistyle extended into a long slender rod; outer dististyle with an erect
spine before midlength; inner dististyle with the broad apex bispinous.
Male. — Length about 5.5 mm. ; wing 5.3 mm.
Female. — Length about 5.5 mm.; wing 5 mm.
Eostrum reddish brown, shorter than the head; palpi black. Antennae
black ; flagellar segments oval, gradually decreasing in size outwardly ;
verticils of outer segments becoming more elongate. Head dark reddish.
Pronotum reddish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum reddish, nitidous, in
male without distinct markings, in the female with the cephalic portion
of a median and posterior portions of lateral dark stripes slightly indi-
cated; scutal lobes more or less darkened; posterior sclerites of mesonotum
reddish. Pleura reddish, with a relatively narrow black longitudinal stripe,
dorsal in position, extending from the anepisternum caudad, passing above
the halteres to the abdomen. Halteres brown, the knobs blackened. Legs
with the coxae and trochanters reddish ; femora obscure yellow, broadly black
at tips, the amount subequal on all the legs; tibiae pale brown, the tips
and the tarsi more blackened. Wings with the ground-color weakly dark-
ened, with very vague more whitish-hyaline crossbands, including the wing-
base and areas before and beyond the cord; stigma dark brown; a some-
what paler brown seam on anterior cord ; veins dark brown. Costal fringe
relatively long and dense. Venation: Sc long, SCi ending just beyond mid-
length of Bs, Sc2 some distance from its tip ( $ ), closer to tip ($), this
character probably variable; cell 1st M2 relatively small, subequal to vein
Mi beyond it ; m-cu just beyond fork of M.
Abdomen dark brown, the sternites more bicolorous, brown, the caudal
margins of all but sternite six more yellowish; hypopygium obscure yellow.
Sternal pocket conspicuous. Male hypopygium with the basistyle produced
into a long yellow spinous rod that terminates in a glabrous black spine,
the surface of the rod densely hairy; margin of style near apex with a
blackened flange, weakly roughened on margin but not distinctly serrate.
Outer dististyle a long dark rod, narrowed to a spinous point, before mid-
length with a long acute broad-based spine, arising from the style at a
right angle, the base with numerous setae. Inner dististyle with the broad
apex bispinous. JEdeagus broad basally, the distal two-fifths a slender rod.
In the female the abdomen is more uniformly darkened, the genital seg-
ment obscure yellow. Ovipositor with the tergal valves yellow, strongly
upcurved, blackened at bases.
Habitat. — Panama.
Holotype, lCf, Changuinola District, United Fruit Company,
October 3, 1925 (F. W. Walker).
June, 1930]
Alexander : Crane-flies
115
Allotopotype, 5. Paratopotype, a broken specimen, probably
a
Type in the Mnseum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
Teucholabis miniata is very distinct from other regional spe-
cies in the vaguely cross-banded wings which at first sight appear
to be almost uniformly suffused with pale brown but in reality
are slightly cross-banded with whitish.
Teucholabis (Teucholabis) submolesta, new species.
Head dark, pruinose; mesonotal prsescutum black, the humeral region
and a small area at the suture yellow; halteres black throughout; wings
whitish, the base light yellow; stigma oval, dark brown, conspicuous; Sc
short, Sc2 exactly opposite origin of Rs ; abdomen black; male hypopygium
with a black spine on mesal face of basistyle.
Male. — Length about 4 mm.; wing 4.4 mm.
Eostrum about one-half the length of remainder of head, black; palpi
black. Antennae black throughout; flagellar segments oval, becoming
smaller outwardly. Head black, with a gray pruinosity; anterior vertex
broad.
Pronotum pale yellow. Mesonotal prsescutum with the disk largely cov-
ered by three confluent black stripes, the humeral region restrictedly brown-
ish yellow; a median yellow area just before the suture; scutal lobes black,
the median area yellow; scutellum yellow; post-notal mediotergite black,
pale laterally. Pleura largely pale with a dorsal black stripe that includes
the dorsal anepisternum, pteropleurite and the pleurotergite ; dorso-pleural
region yellow. Halteres black throughout. Legs with the fore coxae yel-
lowish brown; remaining coxae paler; trochanters yellow; femora brownish
yellow, the tips narrowly darkened, especially the fore femora; tibiae brown,
the tips blackened; tarsi black, the proximal half of the basitarsi paler.
Wings whitish, the base light yellow; stigma short-oval, dark brown, very
conspicuous; veins brownish black. Venation: Sc unusually short, Sc4 end-
ing slightly beyond the origin of Rs, Sc2 exactly opposite this origin; R2
more than twice R1+2j R3+4 diverging strongly from R5, cell R4 at margin
about one-half wider than cell R2; cell 1st M2 closed; m-cu not far beyond
the fork of M ; cell 1st A rather evidently constricted at near midlength.
Abdomen black, the surface vaguely pruinose; sternites dark. Male
hypopygium with the basistyle stout, on mesal face beyond the insertion
of the dististyles with an acute black spine.
Habitat. — Mexico (Nayarit).
Holotype, J1, between Portesuelo and Ixtlan, March 12, 1927,
flying at sunset (A. M. Dampf) ; M. F. No. 1184.
Teucholabis submolesta bears a superficial resemblance to
116
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
T. molesta Osten Sacken but is quite distinct, especially in the
darkened halteres and details of the venation.
Genus Neognophomyia Alexander
Neognophomyia panamensis, new species.
Size small (wing, about 4.5 mm.) ; head yellow; mesonotal praescutum
yellow with three dark stripes, the lateral pair blacker; pleura with a black
dorsal stripe; wings subhyaline, with a narrow dark crossband along the
cord; cell 2nd A narrow; male hypopygium with the lateral extensions of
the tergite appearing as pale rods, a little expanded outwardly, thence
narrowed to elongate points.
Male. — Length about 3.5-3. 8 mm.; wing 4.2-4.5 mm.
Female.- — Length about 5-5.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.
Eostrum and palpi yellow, the outer segments of the latter passing into
brown. Antennae brown; flagellar segments long-oval with verticils that
exceed the segments. Head yellow, the vertex somewhat darker behind,
the genae and postgenae infuscated.
Pronotum blackened, the anterior lateral pretergites light yellow. Meso-
notal praescutum with three shiny black or brownish black stripes; in most
cases the lateral stripes more intense than the pale median area; lateral
stripes crossing the suture and covering the lateral portions of the scutal
lobes; median region of scutum obscure yellow; scutellum yellowish tes-
taceous, darker laterally; postnotal mediotergite chiefly pale. Pleura with
an intense black dorsal stripe extending from the propleura, traversing the
dorsal pleurites to the postnotum; ventral pleurites pale. Halteres light
brown, the knobs darker. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellowish
testaceous; femora yellow, the tips narrowly and weakly infuscated; tibiae
and basitarsi yellow, the tips narrowly darkened; terminal tarsal segments
uniformly darkened. Wings subhyaline with a narrow dark crossband at
the cord, extending from costa to cell 1st M2, gradually narrowed pos-
teriorly; narrow and vague dark seams along vein Cu and outer end of
cell 1st M2’, veins brown. Venation: Scx ending opposite B2, Sc2 at near
midlength of Its ; R3 subequal to B2+2 ; cell 2nd A short and narrow.
Abdomen with the basal tergites bicolorous, pale basally, more darkened
apically; fourth tergite more extensively yellow; succeeding segments uni-
formly blackened ; genitalia yellowish brown ; sternites more uniformly
pale. Male hypopygium with the inner arm of the dististyle relatively
slender, terminating in a bristle that is weakly fasciculate; outer arm of
style terminating in a blunt tubercle. Phallosome a flattened plate, gently
narrowed outwardly, the apical margin weakly emarginate. What appears
to represent lateral arms of the tergite, but which in earlier papers were
considered as being dorsal interbasal structures, appear as pale rods,
slightly expanded toward outer end, thence narrowed to an elongate point.
June, 1930]
Alexander : Crane-flies
117
Habitat. — Panama.
Holotype, J1, Tonosi, Los Santos, September 18, 1925 (F. W.
Walker).
Allotype, J, Changuinola District, United Fruit Company,
October 2, 1925 (F. W. Walker). Paratopotypes, 1 <$, 1 J.
Type in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
Neognophomyia panamensis is distinguished by the features
listed above, more notably the small size, narrow cell 2nd A and
structure of the male hypopygium.
Genus Gonomyia Meigen
Oronomyia (Progonomyia) patraelis, new species.
Allied to G. (P.) hesperia Alexander; wings with a brownish tinge, the
subtriangular stigma darker brown; Sc long; E2 beyond the point of depar-
ture of vein P4; male hypopygium with the inner dististyle having the basal
half setiferous, the distal half strongly narrowed.
Male. — Length about 4 mm.; wing 4.8 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with the basal segment obscure yel-
low, the remainder broken. Head brown, the anterior vertex and posterior
orbits clearer gray.
Pronotum dark brown, with a yellow median spot behind, the caudal
margins narrowly pale. Mesonotal praescutum with four brown stripes, the
interspaces dusky, the humeral and lateral regions yellow; pseudosutural
fovese triangular; scutum dark brown; scutellum paler brown; postnotum
dark gray, the cephalic lateral angles of the mediotergite obscure yellow.
Pleura dark-colored, the dorsal region brownish gray, the ventral portion,
including the sternopleurite, more brownish, the two dark areas enclosing
a conspicuous whitish longitudinal stripe that extends from behind the fore
coxae to above the posterior coxae, interrupted at the pteropleurite. Halteres
dark brown, the base of the stem narrowly pale. Legs with the coxae
obscure yellow, darker basally; trochanters obscure yellow; femora brown-
ish yellow, the tips a little darkened; tibiae pale brown, a little darker dis-
tally; tarsi dark brown, the proximal ends of basitarsi paler. Wings with
a brownish tinge, the subtriangular stigma darker brown; veins dark brown.
Venation: Sc long, Scx extending to about opposite four-fifths the length
of the very long arcuated Es ; E2 about one and one-half times the length
of E1+2, E3+ 4 being reduced to a short section; E3 straight, more than one-
half R4; cell 2nd M2 a little longer than its petiole; m-cu close to the
fork of M.
Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with the apices of the basi-
styles produced caudad beyond the point of insertion of the dististyles, the
tip with two or three very powerful setse. Outer dististyle a powerful
smooth chitinized rod, the base dilated, thence gradually narrowed to the
118
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
long subacute apex, the surface glabrous. Inner dististyle elongate, the
basal half stouter, its lateral face densely setiferous and produced at apex
into a small stout spine; the distal half begins at this point as a slender
narrowed spine, at its base on the mesal face a little produced and weakly
spinulose. .ZEdeagus with the apex suddenly narrowed.
Habitat. — Mexico (Yucatan).
Holotype, Payo Obispo, Quintana Roo, September 16, 1925
(A. M. Dampf ) ; M. F. No. 682.
Gonomyia (Lipophleps) prolixistylus, new species.
Belongs to the manca group ; antennal scape yellow, flagellum black ;
thoracic pleura striped; wings with a strong brownish tinge, especially the
radial cells; cell 1st M2 closed; male hypopygium with the tips of the basi-
styles moderately produced beyond the level of the dististyle; inner dis-
tistyle a very long slender curved rod; phallosome entirely pale, asym-
metrical.
Male. — Length about 3.5 mm. ; wing 3.6 mm.
Female. — Length about 4 mm.; wing 4 mm.
Bostrum and palpi black. Antennae with the scapal segments yellow, the
flagellum black. Head yellow, the center of the vertex infuscated.
Pronotum yellow. Mesonotal praescutum brown, vaguely pruinose, the
lateral margins bright sulphur-yellow; pseudosutural foveae shiny chestnut
brown; scutal lobes dark brown, the median area obscure yellow; scutellum
yellow, with a dark brown median area; postnotum sulphur -yellow, darker
posteriorly and with a conspicuous brown basal triangle. Pleura dark
brown, with a broad yellowish white longitudinal stripe extending from be-
hind the fore coxae, passing beneath the halteres, margined ventrally with
a narrow purplish line. Halteres brown, the knobs obscure yellow. Legs
with the coxae pale brown, the middle coxae darkened at base; trochanters
yellowish brown ; remainder of legs brown, the terminal tarsal segments
darker brown. Wings with a strong brown tinge, the radial cells darker;
stigma a trifle darker brown; veins darker brown. Venation: Sc moderately
long, ending a short distance before the origin of Bs, the distance be-
tween the two about equal to m-cu ; Sct alone longer than m-cu ; Bs short;
cell 1st M2 closed ; m-cu before the fork of M .
Abdomen yellowish brown, the caudal margins of the segments a little
darker; sternites and hypopygium brownish yellow. Male hypopygium with
the apices of the basistyles produced beyond the point of origin of the
dististyles into a stout fleshy lobe that is about one-half longer than the
fleshy dististyle, provided with long conspicuous setae. Two dististyles, the
outer a small fleshy arm that terminates in two unequal fasciculate setae
and additional smaller setulae; inner style a very long slender simple rod,
strongly curved at near one-fourth the length, thence gradually narrowed
to the acute tip. Phallosome entirely pale, asymmetrical, irregular in out-
line, without paired blackened hooks as in scimitar.
June, 1930]
Alexander : Crane-flies
119
Habitat. — British Honduras.
Holotype, J', Blue Creek, October 7, 1925 (A. M. Dampf) ;
M. F. No. 695.
Allotopotype, Paratopotypes, <$ $, October 7-13, 1925
(A. M. Dampf) ; M. F. No. 695, 717.
G. ( L .) prolixistylus agrees most closely with G. (L.) scimitar
Alexander, from which it differs especially in the much longer
and more slender inner dististyle and the entirely pale phallo-
some. G. (L.) producta Alexander has a very similar inner
dististyle but the apical lobe of the basistyle is greatly produced
into a long fleshy lobe.
Genus Erioptera Meigen.
Erioptera (Mesocyphona) whitei, new species.
General coloration dark brown, variegated with paler ; second scapal
segment enlarged; femora yellow with a subterminal brown ring; wings
brownish subhyaline, immaculate; male hypopygium with a single powerful
dististyle that is split into two divaricate arms, the outer more slender
and spinous.
Male. — Length about 2.5-2. 6 mm. ; wing 2.4-2. 6 mm.
Female. — Length about 2.8-3 mm.; wing 2. 7-2. 8 mm.
Described from alcoholic specimens.
Antennal scape dark brown, the flagellum paler; second scapal segment
enlarged, oval, much larger than the basal segment; flagellar segments
crowded. Head chiefly dark brown, paler on the front and region of the
anterior orbits.
Mesonotum chiefly dark brown, variegated with paler, this usually includ-
ing the praescutal stripes and centers of the scutal lobes. Pleura dark
brown, with a narrow longitudinal pale stripe. Halteres pale. Legs with
the coxae and trochanters testaceous yellow; femora yellow, with a diffuse
brown subterminal ring; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, the terminal
tarsal segments passing into brown. Wings brownish subhyaline, immacu-
late; veins darker. Venation: Cell M2 open by atrophy of the outer deflec-
tion of Mz; m-cu about one-half to one-third its length before the fork of M.
Abdomen, including the hypopygium, dark brown. Male hypopygium
with a single powerful dististyle, the stem stout, at apex split into two
arms that diverge almost at a straight angle, the outer arm a slender curved
spine, the inner arm a more flattened blade. Gonapophyses appearing as
simple, nearly straight, blackened rods that narrow to the subacute tips.
Habitat. — Guatemala.
Holotype, alcoholic J*, Bananera, November, 1928 (J. J.
White).
120
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Allotopotype, 5. Paratopotypes, numerous J1, J, alcoholic, in
collection of the author and Mr. Charles P. Clagg.
We are indebted to Dr. Cramp ton for the opportunity of de-
scribing this very distinct species which is named in honor of
the collector. In the leg-pattern, the species agrees most nearly
with E. (M.) immaculata Alexander, differing notably from this
and all other described species in the structure of the male
hypopygium.
June, 1930]
Haskins: Ants
121
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON CERTAIN PHASES OF
THE BEHAVIOR AND HABITS OF PRO-
CERATIUM CROCEUM ROGER
By Caryl Parker Haskins
Because of the great kindness of Dr. M. R. Smith, of the State
Plant Board of Mississippi, who repeatedly and generously sup-
plied the writer with living queens and workers of the rare
hypogeaic ant Proceratium croceum Roger (Ponerinas, Pro-
ceratii) it has been possible to subject living colonies of the ant,
housed in modified Lubbock nests, to daily observations' for more
than a year. While innumerable problems of behavior and of
general biology remain to be solved, it has seemed to the writer
that sufficient material has accumulated, considering the nature
of the species, to warrant a preliminary presentation of it at this
time, in the hope that it may be of some interest to those con-
cerned with our American hypogeaic Ponerinae.
Nesting Habits and the Formation of
New Colonies
Such notes as are presented concerning the nesting sites and
the characteristics of adult colonies of Proceratium croceum were
generously placed at my disposal by Dr. Smith, and refer to the
ant in Mississippi.
Like most of the hypogeaic Ponerines, Proceratium croceum
habitually associates itself with glade or deep-woods ants, seek-
ing the less severe competition of silvicolous areas. In forested
or relatively wooded land the adult colonies are excavated in
moist fallen timber by preference, the rambling galleries and
poorly finished chambers giving no external evidence of their
existence. The colonies are often rather small, ranging from a
very few workers associated with an alate queen up to twenty
or so, but in favorable situations the colonies may be much larger
than this, as with others of the Proceratii and Amblyoponse. It
is probable that under natural conditions the workers are prac-
122
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
tically strictly hypogeaic, but individuals colonized in artificial
nests exhibited such a marked tendency to emerge occasionally
into the open air, thereafter returning underground, as to leave
some suspicion that they may occasionally do this under natural
conditions.
In Mississippi the adult colonies bring their winged forms to
maturity in August, and these are produced occasionally in no
inconsiderable numbers. Dr. Smith took from a single colony
between twenty and thirty winged queens ; this same community
containing a number of males, hitherto undescribed. The young
queens are completely pigmented before attempting the nuptial
flight. They dealate themselves rather readily if the flight is
artificially delayed. A group of six young queens sent to the
writer while in the winged condition dealated themselves en route
and thereafter behaved precisely like fertile females.
There is considerable evidence that young females of the spe-
cies are quite capable of and accustomed to forming new colonies
without assistance, in the fashion typical of higher ants. Young
fertile queens artificially nested together in damp wood have
repeatedly separated and built individual cells, which were fin-
ished and closed in the fashion typical of higher queens. Several
of these young queens thus isolated in December have produced
eggs the following March, which they attended carefully and
hatched. They were artificially fed during the intervening
period, but there was every evidence that the fat body, rein-
forced by the diminishing wing-muscles, alone would have suf-
ficed to produce the eggs and probably to rear a few minute
larvae.
Length of Developmental Period, and Care
of the Larye
Notes taken on the developmental periods of the young are at
present almost wholly incomplete, owing to the fact that no larvae
have as yet survived to maturity under artificial conditions.
Three eggs laid by young fertile queens hatched in twenty,
twenty, and twenty-one days respectively. Proceratium shows
little tendency to devour ova, and this fact combined with the
circumstances that the adults in laying colonies were kept con-
June, 1930]
Haskins: Ants
123
stantly full fed has, the writer believes, diminished the chance
which is always present in the determination of the incubation
period of ant ova, that the eggs which were observed to hatch
were not those observed as laid, the original specimens having
been devoured and others immediately deposited in their place.
The incubation periods for infertile ova were substantially the
same, three eggs laid by unfertilized queens hatching in twenty-
one, twenty, and, curiously enough, eleven days respectively. It
is probable that the abnormal recording was caused by some un-
checked error of observation. The temperature of incubation
was a mean of about 23° C.
Proceratium croceum pays much attention to the eggs, whether
they be laid and tended by a single fertile female, or in a large
colony. They are carefully licked and carried about, and
usually agglutinated in small packets. The larvae, when hatched,
are left on the egg packet for three or four days, and during this
period are not differentiated by the nurses from unhatched ova.
The larvae are short and thick set, with large heads, and
are noticeably inactive. They show no tendency to devour un-
hatched eggs, and during the first week of life give no indication
of hunger, nor are they, so far as could be observed, fed. When
about a week old, the larvae are removed from the unhatched
eggs, and are then placed on whatever food may chance to have
been brought into the brood chamber. Even at this stage they
show none of the activity usual to Ponerine larvae, but attach
themselves to their victims and remain in this position for days,
feeding extremely slowly. While feeding they are eagerly licked
for exudates, and some indication has been seen of a tendency to
pinch them to hasten the flow. When full-fed they drop from
their victims, more after the fashion of the larvae of solitary
wasps than of ants, and are then allowed to lie singly on the
chamber floor. Growth, under artificial conditions at least, is
extremely slow. The larvae have never been seen to move, their
complete immobility reminding one strongly of the behavior of
many Myrmicine larvae, and contrasting strangely with their
thoroughly entomophagous habits. No verifiable case has been
seen by the writer in which any attempt was made by a nurse to
feed the larvae by regurgitation, although the mouth and the first
124
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
thoracic segments of the larvas were often assiduously licked, per-
haps to obtain a minute quantity of saliva present with the
exudates.
When disturbed, the brood nurses eagerly seize both eggs and
larvse and hurry away with them. When undisturbed, however,
they showed an increasing tendency to neglect the larvae more
and more as the latter grew older, and in every case the young
when two or three months old were no longer placed on the in-
sect material brought into the nest to be devoured by the adults.
The young made no attempt to help themselves, but shriveled and
soon perished, when they were either thrown away or devoured
by the nurses.
Social Habits
The relations of the adults of croceum to one another, though
primitive, are yet more complex than might at first appear.
Foraging is done by single workers, and appears to be confined
entirely underground. The ants are wholly entomophagous.
Honey and sweet materials of all kinds are not recognized as edi-
ble. Larvge of Lasius americanus, Lasius umbratus, Camponotus
americanus, and Stigmatomma pallipes were eagerly accepted in
the artificial nest. Cocoons of the first-named species were
opened by a few individuals and the pupae extracted, a fact pos-
sibly significant of relations between adults and pupae about to
be enclosed, although there seems little doubt that the latter may
escape without assistance if required to. After repeated trials,
meat was accepted as edible by a few individuals after marked
hesitation.
Under artificial conditions, foraging individuals exhibit the
curious habit, when prey is discovered, of reversing their posi-
tion and backing up to it to insert their stings, instead of at-
tempting to seize it with the mandibles. This behavior has been
repeatedly observed, but whether it is practiced in the wild state
can only be surmised, together with the means whereby the in-
tended prey is induced to remain motionless during the lengthy
procedure. The prey having been stung, it is dragged to the
brood chamber by the mandibles in usual fashion, and there de-
voured and covered with the larvas.
June, 1930]
Haskins: Ants
125
No indication of regurgitation has been seen between adults,
although there is a clear foreshadowing of it in the habit fre-
quently seen of licking the gula and interlocking divaricated
mandibles while soliciting with the forefeet. The habit of de-
portation is strongly developed, although it is extremely gener-
alized and undertaken without precision. The individual to be
deported is seized by the mandibles, or by the posterior margins
of the head, or by the petiole, or by the first or second gastric
segments, and forcibly dragged. It is significant, however, that
the individual deported frequently makes no attempt to escape,
but submits quiescently to the treatment. It has never been seen
employed in times of danger, but is to be noticed at most other
times, especially when the ants are feeding on prey newly
brought in. Dr. Smith has observed a much more elaborate and
precise form of deportation, rather closely resembling the habit
of Leptothorax, though undertaken apparently with no definite
purpose in view. The ants concerned locked mandibles, and the
deported individual bent the body, dorsal side up, over that of
its porter.
Fertile females are given no special attention in the colony,
and it does not seem possible to differentiate them from the
worker personnel in point of activity or skill in nest duties.
Some individuals, to be sure, are somewhat more sluggish than
the workers, and this is perhaps more true of old females
in established colonies, but many individuals are both more
active and more skillful in carrying on nest activities than the
bulk of their workers, and the major portion of labor may de-
volve upon them.
The integrity of colonies is well preserved, alien individuals
being quickly detected and attacked. It is also significant that
young queens, a few weeks after their flight, are no longer recog-
nized by their own sisters or by the workers of their old colonies.
The brood-chambers are kept clean and free from foreign
material, but little tendency has been seen to establish kitchen-
middens. Foreign particles are sometimes buried in the cham-
ber walls, but more often are carried afield and deposited in an
unused gallery. Dead adult members of the colony are carefully
taken to the point furthest removed from the living nest, and
126
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
left there. The usual reaction, apparently so universal among
ants in general, of depositing earth upon moist spots in the nest,
is present.
Senses
Little can be said at the present time on this score, not because
of lack of good evidence, but because of lack of a sufficient quan-
tity of it, and of sufficient precision in it. As with all hypogeaic
ants, the topochemical sense clearly predominates, and some idea
of its delicacy may be gained through the perception of apparent
odor-change in young queens already mentioned. The instant
rejection of all but a very limited class of foodstuffs vividly indi-
cates the degree of development of the sense of taste. Touch,
because of the rather general distribution of the nerve-hairs, is
both general and rather delicate. The touch of the antenna of
a passing ant upon a resting sister will usually arouse it at once,
regardless of the portion of the body with which contact is made.
The sense of sight, though feebly developed, is clearly present,
and repeated tests with Wratten filters have convinced the writer
of the inability of the ants to perceive the red rays, but the pre-
cise wave-length which limits perception is difficult to discover,
both because of its probable high variability from individual to
individual, and because of the impossibility of deciding whether
in a given case the impulses of the ant are completely expressed
in visible fashion. Fear, familiarity or unfamiliarity with sur-
roundings, temperature and individual temperament add their
difficulties to detract from precision.
After a rather extended and careful series of experiments, the
writer has thoroughly convinced himself of the ability of cro-
ceum to perceive certain sound wave-lengths within the human
sound-spectrum. These remain to be further elaborated and
still further safeguarded from the error due to incomplete isola-
tion of mechanical vibration before they may be presented.
June, 1930]
Weiss: Insects
127
INSECTS AND WITCHCRAFT
By Harry B. Weiss
New Brunswick, N. J.
“It is one of the obligations that witches owe to the devil that,
when they assemble at the Sabbat, they must show that they have
wrought some fresh evil since the last meeting; and if they can-
not do so they escape with impunity. And that they may not be
able to plead ignorance as an excuse, their evil Master instructs
them in all those activities which he demands from them : as in
infesting the trees and fruits with locusts, caterpillars, slugs,
butterflies, canker-worms, and such pestilent vermin which de-
vour everything, seeds, leaves and fruit ; or in bewitching cattle ;
or in casting a spell on the crops so that they are destroyed by
leeches or wasted in some other way; or in the use of poisons,
and in working as far as in them lies for the destruction of the
whole human race. For all this we know from their own confes-
sions. ” So wrote Brother Francesco Mario Guazzo in 1608 in
chapter VIII of his “Compendium Maleficarum. ”
This little paper is not concerned with black magic as such,
but rather with the relatively unimportant part which insects
played in witchcraft and more particularly with their use as
familiars or demons in the shape of animals, by means of which
spirits, the witch was served in carrying out her nefarious plans.
Kittredge has stated, ‘ ‘ that the essential element in black witch-
craft is maleficium — the working of harm to the bodies and goods
of one’s neighbors by means of evil spirits or of strange powers
derived from intercourse with such spirits. This belief in male-
ficium was once universal; it was rooted and grounded in the
minds of all European people before they became Christian; it
is still the creed of most savages and of millions of so-called civi-
lized men.”
Beelzebub, or the lord of flies, was an ancient deity worshipped
under the form of a fly. Aelian (de Natura Animalium) states
that during a festival in honor of Apollo, an oxen was sacrificed
128
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
to flies, and Pliny mentions a divinity as being invoked for relief
from their annoying visits. Dalyell, in his “Darker Supersti-
tions of Scotland,” wrote that a “tutelary fly, believed immortal,
presided over a fountain in the county of Banff and here also a
large blue fly, resting on the bark of trees, was distinguished as
a witch.” In northern mythology, Loki, the spirit of evil, is
said to have metamorphosed himself into a fly and fiends in the
shape of flies were kept in captivity by the Finlanders, to be
released against men and beasts. Dalyell relates also that when
the Archbishop of St. Andrews was murdered in 1679, “upon the
opening of his tobacco box a living humming bee flew out,”
which was thought to be his familiar or devil. During the trial
of Isobell Elliot, Marion Veitch and others, September 13, 1678,
“a woman declared that a child was poisoned by its grand-
mother, who, together with herself, were ‘in the shape of bume-
bees,’ — that the former carried the poison ‘in her cleuchs, wings,
and mouth.’ ” Dalyell cites other instances of black beetles
being considered as metamorphosed devils, comparing this belief
in Scotland with that of the ancients, as recorded by Pliny, in
associating nocturnal moths fluttering around their lamps, with
an evil presence. He believed that the modern superstitions re-
garding demoniac insects were perhaps derived from the stories
of Jewish history, as literally accepted (Exodus, Chap. XXIII,
V. 28 ; Wisdom of Solomon, Chap. XV, V. 8 ; Deuteronomy,
Chap. VII, V. 20; Joshua, Chap. XXIV, V. 12).
According to Karsten, the spirits and demons of the South
American Indians sometimes assume the shapes of insects.
Among the Araucanians, horse-flies are regarded as spirits from
the shade-land. If such insects enter a village where some one
is sick, the Indians begin to wail as if death had already oc-
curred, saying that “the horse-flies are the souls of their dead
relatives who are coming to fetch him away.” The appearance
of these insects at their drinking bouts indicates that their dead
kinsmen are taking part in the feast, and it is believed that chiefs
especially transform themselves into horse-flies and remain in
this shape in the grass, emerging sometimes to visit their rela-
tions. Among the Jibaros and Canelos Indians, certain venom-
ous insects are regarded as demons and the Canelos pay particu-
June, 1930]
Weiss: Insects
129
lar attention to the “black wasp” and the “great black ant,”
the poisonous stings of which are thought to resemble the magical
arrows of the sorcerers.
Winstedt, writing of Malay magic, says that a class of familiar
spirits is created from the dead, the best known of these taking
the shape of a house-cricket. A woman enters the forest on the
night previous to a full moon and with her back to the moon and
her face to an ant hill, recites a charm and tries to capture her
own shadow. This may require three nights or she may have to
try for several months always on the same three nights. Finally
she succeeds and never again will her body cast a shadow. Then
in the night a child will appear before her and put out its
tongue. She seizes the tongue, the child’s body vanishes and the
tongue transforms into a tiny animal, reptile, or insect which
may be used as a bottle imp. Another version is that a tongue
to change into such an imp “must be bitten out of the exhumed
corpse of the first born child of a first born mother and buried
at cross roads.” Such vampire crickets are employed by jealous
wives to work harm to their rivals or to their rivals’ children.
Bottle imps are kept in closed bamboo vessels and fed with milk
and ant’s eggs. When released, a bottle imp will cause sickness,
delirium, etc., especially to children, the best known of such imps
taking the form of house-crickets.
Kittredge, in his recent work “Witchcraft in Old and New
England,” cites many instances of demons in the shape of in-
sects, serving the witch as familiar spirits. He writes that
“among the Bakongo, insects trapped by the doctor are witches
who have caused disease : if the insect is hurt, the witch suffers. ’ ’
When John Steward of Knaresborough (Yorkshire) was tried
for sorcery in the Archbishop’s Court in 1510, one of the wit-
nesses testified that he had been told by a Sir Thomas Spurret,
“that he sawe Stewerd have iii humble bees, or like humble bees,
and kepte theyme undir a stone in the erth, and called theyme
oute by oone and oone, and gave iche oone of theyme a drop of
blode of his fyngor.”
According to the “Depositions from the Castle of York relat-
ing to offences committed in the Northern Counties in the seven-
teenth century” (Surtees Society, vol. XL, p. 67, London,
130
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
1861), John Greencliffe of Beverley, on October 14, 1654, said
“that on Saturday last, about seaven in the evening, Elizabeth
Roberts did appeare to him in her usuall wearing clothes, with
a ruff about her neck, and, presently vanishing, turned herself
into the similitude of a catt, which fixed close about his leg, and,
after much strugling, vanished ; whereupon he was much pained
in his heart. Upon Wednesday there seized a catt upon his
body, which did strike him on the head, upon which he fell into
a swound or traunce. After he received the blow, he saw the
said Elizabeth escape upon a wall in her usuall wearing apparell.
Upon Thursday she appeared unto him in the likeness of a bee,
which did very much afflict him, to witt, in throwing of his body
from place to place notwithstanding there were five or six per-
sons to hold him downe. ” All of which Elizabeth Roberts
denied.
Cotton Mather, in “The Wonders of the Invisible World”
(1639), wrote that at the trial of Rose Cullender and Amy Duny
in New England, Margaret Arnold testified, — -“At another time,
a thing like a Bee, flew at the Face of the younger Child; the
Child fell into a Fit; and at last Vomited up a Two-penny NaiJ
with a Broad Head; affirming, That the Bee brought this Nail,
and forced it into her Mouth. The Child would in like manner
be assaulted with Flies, which brought Crooked Pins unto her,
and made her first swallow them, and then Vomit them.” Dur-
ing the same trial, Robert Sherringham testified among other
things that while driving past Rose Cullender’s house, “He was
also taken with a Lameness in his Limbs ; and so vexed with Lice
of an extraordinary Number and Bigness, that no Art could
hinder the Swarming of them, till he burnt up two Suits
of Apparel.”
Guazzo, in his “Compendium Maleficarum, ” discussing
whether witches could create living things, wrote, — “It is the
opinion of S. Augustine {Be Trinitate, III, 7) supported by all
other Theologians, particularly S. Thomas and S. Bonaventura,
that witches can in a moment produce imperfect animals, such
as flies, worms, frogs and such insects and other animals which
are generated by putrefaction; not by creating them, but
by applying active to passive principles. It is usually the
June, 1930]
Weiss: Insects
131
demon who, in accordance with his pact with the witch, produces
such animals by the application of active to passive forces : for
the witches themselves for the most part do not know how they
are produced, and are ignorant of the causes : as when the devil
gives a witch a little dust which she throws into the air, and there
are born various kinds of locusts and grasshoppers and mice and
caterpillars and suchlike animals. The devil could also, having
produced such things, tend them an(h nourish them and give them
breath in remote places where they appear to be generated; as
among rocks, where imperfect animals are often born, such as
flies and mice and similar things. ’ ’
In another place, Guazzo, speaking of the tenacious grip
which the devil keeps upon those in his power, said, — " Among
many other women condemned to the fire for witchcraft, whose
names I do not now remember, when Claude Simonette and her
son were led into prison it was observed that a demon in the form
of a fly buzzed round their temples and repeatedly warned them
not to lay their crimes bare by confession even under stress of
the direst torture : for if they confessed, it was most certain that
they would be condemned to the most terrible death ; whereas if
they held their tongues they would shortly escape safe and
unharmed. ’ ’
In "Witch Hunting and Witch Trials,” by C. L ’Estrange
Ewen, which includes abstracts of the indictments for witchcraft
in' England from 1559 to 1736, the following references to insects
may be found.
"Joan Wayte of Grt. Barneston, spinster, wife of Robert W.
of B., labourer, on 29 Aug., 1650, at Audleyend, did entertain,
employ, and feed an evil spirit called a butterfly. ’ ’
And among various seventeenth century depositions occur the
following :
"Alicia Warner de Rushmere ffrely beeinge at her liberty con-
fessed that she had enterteined certeine euill sperits wch had
succed her and that she imployed them to carry lice to one
Wrights wife and to one barnies and the sd. weamen weare lousie
according as she confessed.”
"Susanna Smith de Rushmere . . . confessed that the diuill
did againe appeare to her in likenes of a black bee and told her
132
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVlll
that she shold bee attached the next day and that if she confessed
any thinge she shold die for it. . . .”
In accordance with the published rules for the discovery of
witches, insects sometimes furnished a part of the evidence.
John Gaul in his “ Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches
and Witchcrafts” (1646) gives some particulars of the method
utilized by one Hopkins, a witch-finder.
“Having taken the suspected witch, she is placed in the mid-
dle of a room upon a stool or table, cross-legged, or in some other
uneasy posture, to which if she submits not, she is then bound
with cords ; there is she watched and kept without meat or sleep
for the space of 24 hours for (they say) within that time they
shall see her imp come and suck. A little hole is likewise made
in the door for the imp to come in at ; and lest it might come in
some less discernible shape, they that watch are taught to be ever
and anon sweeping the room, and if they see any spiders or flies,
to kill them. And if they cannot kill them, then they may be
sure they are her imps. ’ ’
Many other references to insects of a demonic nature may be
found in the literature of witchcraft. Kittredge states that flies
of such kind are frequently mentioned in Germanic lore and that
they are familiar to Lappish, Finnish and Norse sorcery. Of
course, insects were not the most popular of animal familiars and
they were greatly outnumbered by cats, dogs, toads, rats, ferrets,
birds, mice, rabbits, etc.
From the middle of the thirteenth to the beginning of the
eighteenth centuries such beliefs as are indicated above were a
part of the times, and it was no more improper to hold such views
then than it is now to believe in mediums, fortune tellers and
other forms of present day quackery. Yesterday, we hanged
witches. Today, we pay them consultation fees. 0 temporal
0 mores!
Bibliography
Boguet, Henry. An Examen of Witches, trans. by E. A. Ashwin. (Lon-
don, 1929).
Dalyell, John Graham. The Darker Superstitions of Scotland. (Edin-
burgh, 1834).
June, 1930]
Weiss: Insects
133
Ewen, C. L ’Estrange. Witch Hunting and Witch Trials. (New York,
1929).
Guazzo, Francesco Maria. Compendium Maleficarum, trans. by E. A.
Ashwin. (London, 1929).
Karsten, Bafael. The Civilization of the South American Indians. (Lon-
don, 1926).
Kittredge, George Lyman. Witchcraft in Old New England. (Cam-
bridge, Mass., 1929).
Kramer, Henry, and James Sprenger. Malleus Maleficarum, trans. by
Montague Summers. (London, 1928).
Mather, Cotton. The Wonders of the Invisible World. (Boston, 1693).
Summers, Montague. The History of Witchcraft and Demonology. (New
York, 1926).
Summers, Montague. The Geography of Witchcraft. (New York, 1927).
Talbot, P. Amaury. In the Shadow of the Bush. (London, 1912).
Winstedt, B. O. Shaman, Saiva and Sufi, a study of the Evolution of
Malay Magic. (London, 1925).
Ziegler, Grace M. Agricultural Magic. (Scientific Monthly, July, 1928,
pp. 69-76).
June, 1930]
Ochs: Insects
13d
REMARKS ON “A LIST OF THE INSECTS
OF NEW YORK”
By Georg Ochs
Frankfurt a. Main
Family Gyrinidag
Dineutus MacLeay
(MacLeay, 1825, Ann. Jav. I, p. 30; 1833, Ed. II, p. 133,
named his new genus Dineutus, not Dineutes, as used by later
authors. Cf. Ochs, 1924, Amer. Mus. Nov. 125, p. 1.)
2671 D. ciliatus Forsb. 1821 ( =vittatus Germ. 1824; cf. Ochs,
1925, Ent. Blatter, XXI, p. 174) ; White Plains Bno. ;
Valley Cottage, May, CU.
2674 D. discolor Aube. Ithaca, May-Oct., CU ; Ithaca, Fall
Creek, Aug., CU ; Wells, Je., Babiy-CU ; Penn Yan,
Cy-CU; NY, HHS-CU. L. I.: Wading River, Aug.,
Carnegie Museum.
2679 D. nigrior Rob. Ithaca, Je., Aug., CU ; White Plains
Bno; Fulton, Je., CU ; Adirondacks, Indian Lake, Je.,
Babiy-CU. L. I. : Wading River, Aug., Carnegie
Museum.
2680 D. assimilis Kirby. (The name americanus was used by
Linne in 1767 for a West Indian species -metallicus
Aube, 1838; cf. Ochs, 1927, Kol. Rundschau, XIII, p.
36.) Buffalo; Ithaca, Apr -May, Jl.-Sept., CU ;
Ithaca, Cove, Sept., CU ; Fulton, Jl., CU ; L. I. : Wading
River, Aug., Carnegie Museum.
2681 D. hornii Rob. White Plains Bno; Ithaca, Je., Aug., CU ;
Cinnamon Lake, Je., Babiy-CU ; Fulton, Je., CU ;
Adirondacks, Indian Lake, Jl., Babiy-CU ; St. Lorenz
R., Alexandria Bay, Je., Babiy-CU ; L. I. : Wading
River, Aug., Carnegie Museum.
D. emarginatus Say. S. I., AM.
2682
136
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Gyrinus Geoffroy
2684 G. minutus Fab. Ithaca, CU.
G. rockinghamensis Lee. NY, AM.
G. minutus and G. rockinghamensis must be separated;
they are probably different species, at least the latter is
a well distinguished varietal form.
2685 G. confinis Lee. Ithaca, Jl.-Sept., CU.
2687 G. ceneolus Lee. Ithaca, Jl.-Sept., CU ; NYC and vie.
AM; SI.: AM.
2688 = 2690 G. limbatus Say. There is nearly no doubt for me
that G. elevatus Lee. is the same as Say meant. It is
collected chiefly in the Southern States and records
from N. Y. seem to be doubtful.
G. latilimbus Fall. Ithaca, Ap., Aug.-Sep., CU ; Old
Forge, Aug., CU.
2689 G. dichrous Lee. NY, AM. ; Ithaca, CU.
2691 G. ventralis Kirby. Ithaca, CU.
2692 G. aquiris Lee. Ithaca, Ap.-May, Jl.-Sep., CU ; Old
Forge, Aug., CU; SI, AM.
It seems to me, as Fall had already presumed, that
G. aquiris and G. consobrinus are not specifically dif-
ferent. As seen in considerable material, all charac-
ters, which were hitherto regarded as distinctive, do
overlap, so the species must take the older name: con-
sobrinus Lee. (types from California). Aquiris (types
from Middle States) may perhaps be retained for east-
ern specimens, if they are considered as a variety; the
chief distinguishing characters, more straight trun-
cature of elytra, body apically less narrowed, are, how-
ever, not constant.
2695 G. maculiventris Lee. Ithaca, CU.
2696 G. affinis Aube ( =striolatus Fowl. 1887, cf. Zimmerm.
1926, Kol. Rundschau, XII, p. 97). Ithaca, Ap., Aug.-
Sep., CU ; Old Forge, Aug., CU ; Cranberry Lake (H) ;
L. I. : Wading River, Aug., Carnegie Museum.
2700 G. analis Say. Ithaca, Ap., Jl.-Aug., CU.
June, 1930]
Ochs: Insects
137
2705 G. marinus Gyll. does not occur in North America. The
records given in the “List” under this number must be
referred to another species.
2707 G. borealis Aube. NYC and vie., AM; SI, AM.
2707a G. lugens Lee. is a distinct species and not to be con-
founded with G. borealis Aube. Ithaca, CU ; Old
Forge, CU ; McLean, May, Oct., CU ; Tompkins Co.,
McLean Bogs, CU ; NY, AM ; L. I. : Wading River,
Aug., Carnegie Museum.
G. frosti Fall. Ithaca, Aug.-Sep., CU ; White Plains
Bno ; NY, AM ; SI, AM.
G. woodruffi Fall. New York.
G. bifarius Fall. Ithaca, Aug., CU.
G. lecontei Fall. (Omitted in the “List!” Buffalo;
Ithaca, CU.
Note: The above paper was submitted to Prof. H. C. Fall,
who very kindly supplied the following statement. — Ed.
In a footnote on p. 262 of the “New York State List of In-
sects” I am credited with having read the manuscript of the list
of Gyrinidas, and the casual reader might reasonably infer that
the list as there given was in accordance with my views, or at
least met with my acceptance. Such is far from the case in the
genus Gyrinus, in which the list followed the Leng “Catalog,”
and for which I requested an entire rearrangement in accord-
ance with my 1922 paper on the genus. For some reason this
was not done, the authors of the “List” contenting themselves
with appending the new species at the end of the old list and
adding a footnote to the effect that the sequence of species is
that of the Leng “Catalog” and not that of my more recent
Revision.
So far as Gyrinus is concerned the corrections indicated by
Ochs in the above contribution are precisely those called for in
my 1922 paper, except that in two cases of synonymy indicated
by me as possible, he goes a step further and is inclined to accept
them as established. To be specific, he expresses almost no
doubt that G. elevatus Lee. is the same as Say’s limbatus, and is
ready to unite acquiris Lee. with consobrinus Lee.
138
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
I have given reasons in my paper for refraining from announc-
ing the above possible synonymy as established, and may here
add that had Say actually had elevatus in hand it seems highly
probable that he would have observed and mentioned its notably
more convex almost humped form relative to that of analis with
which he compares it.
As regards acquiris and consobrinus there are still, so far as I
know, no reliable records of acquiris from west of the Mississippi,
nor of consobrinus from anywhere east of the Great Basin. The
slight difference in the male genitalia noted by me needs also to
be tested by further dissections before we can safely announce
the identity of the two species.
H. C. Fall
June, 1930]
Sim : Scarab jhidje
139
SCARABiEIDiE, COLEOPTERA; OBSERVATIONS ON
SPECIES UNRECORDED OR LITTLE-
KNOWN IN NEW JERSEY1
By Robert J. Sim, Agent
Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture
Since the 1909 edition of Smith’s “Insects of New Jersey,”
three foreign beetles of the family Scarabseidse have been iden-
tified and recognized as pests within the commonwealth. The
studies of Popillia japonica Newm., Phyllopertha orient alls
Waterh. and Autoserica castanea Arr. have necessitated rather
careful investigations of the native members of the same family.
These investigations involve not only the collecting and field
observations of adult beetles, but the rearing of numerous un-
known larvas as well. Such activities have made it possible for
the writer to add a number of names to the list of Scarabseidas
already recorded for New Jersey.
Of the 163 species mentioned in Smith’s list, 117 records have
been duplicated within the past five years and twenty-two addi-
tional species have been found. Of about forty-five species not
relocated, probably some have become either locally extinct or
extremely rare, owing to forest fires and to the encroachments of
civilization. Others are likely restricted to limited areas, not yet
sufficiently examined at the proper seasons. It is to be remem-
bered that with many insects the annual periods of specific abun-
dance are very short; then, too, a species may become really
common only at intervals of several years.
Southern New Jersey — the coastal plains region — has been
more thoroughly studied than that portion of the state lying
above the fall line. Practically all of the low country is com-
posed of sand or gravel ; much of it is covered with a wild growth
of pines and oaks. Certain portions, as the Delaware Valley and
a narrow strip along the coast, are characterized by old farm
i Contribution No. 74. Japanese Beetle Laboratory, United States
Bureau of Entomology, Moorestown, New Jersey.
140
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
lands with pastures, wood-lots, orchards, fields and gardens. All
this, with onr mild climate, forms an excellent breeding ground
for many Scarabasidae. A number of southern species are in-
cluded in our lowland fauna ; while a few isolated hills, rising to
perhaps 200 feet elevation, harbor several insects which are more
likely to be met with in North Jersey or across the Delaware in
Pennsylvania. Also, some things have been found which ap-
parently did not adhere to any definite rule involving altitude.
It will be remembered that in a general way the scarab family
is composed of two great groups; first, those species which sub-
sist upon refuse organic matter, and second, those which in the
adult stage feed upon living vegetable tissue — chiefly leaves,
flowers and fruits. There is, however, a smaller group which
seems to be transitional or at least intermediate. The food of
these is fungi — chiefly if not exclusively of terrestrial forms. Of
the twenty-two native Scarabaeids to be added to Smith’s list, ten
belong to the first group, that is, they are coprophagous in habit ;
four, we believe, are strictly mycetophagous in habit; while the
remaining eight are purely phytophagous. Below is a list of
New Jersey scarabaeids not mentioned in Smith’s paper.
1. Onthophagus cribricollis
Hn.
2. Aphodius er rations
(Linn.)
3. Aphodius hcemorrhoidalis
(Linn.)
4. Aphodius crassidus Hn.
5. Aphodius stupidus Hn.
6. Aphodius lentus Hn.
7. Aphodius campestris
Blatch.
8. Aphodius serval Say
9. Aphodius prodr omus
(Brahm)
10. Dialytes striatulus (Say)
11. Odontceus darlingtoni
Wallis
12. Odontceus simi Wallis
13. Odontceus liebecki Wallis
14. Bolbocerosoma tumefac-
tum (Beauv.)
15. S erica Carolina Daws.
16. S erica opposita Daws.
17. Serica lecontei Daws.
18. Serica georgiana Leng
19. Serica cuculata Daws.
20. Phyllophaga diffinis
(Blanch.)
21. Phyllophaga subtonsa
(Lee.)
22. Anomala nigropicta Csy.
June, 1930]
Sim: Scarab^eid^e
141
Onthophagus cribricollis Hn. was first reported for New Jer-
sey by Charles Schaeffer. He collected two specimens at Lake-
hurst and published the record in the Journal of the New York
Entomological Society for December, 1914, but gave no date. In
the Frank Heimbach collection, we have two old specimens
labeled “Five-mile Beach, N. J., April 20” — no year given. I
found them in the series of 0. pennsylvanicus. My own records
began with June 25, 1926, when one was found under a rabbit
pellet in the small Pine Barren at Rancocas Park, five miles
from Mount Holly. Between that date and July 9, seventy
specimens were collected under rabbit droppings in the same
place; twenty-seven being taken on July 4. In 1927, fifty were
collected in the same locality, all within an area one-eighth mile
in diameter. The best days were July 20 and 21, on each of
which twelve of the beetles were collected. All specimens were
taken at rabbit pellets. Thus, two seasons’ collecting resulted in
120 specimens. The beetles were most active on warm sunny
days after showers, and practically all were found between 9 A.
M. and noon. None was ever observed on the wing in the after-
noon or on a cloudy morning. As in all species of Onthophagus
whose habits are known to me, cribricollis buries its food where
found and sinks it vertically to a depth of a few inches, where
the subsequent grub lives in a double-walled plaster cell of its
own manufacture. The entire metamorphosis was found to re-
quire about one month. As in other species, this beetle probably
overwinters as a hibernating adult buried singly at a depth of
several inches. One feature of cribricollis not hitherto men-
tioned in descriptions is that a well developed male has a distinct
single median tubercle near the anterior thoracic margin, very
similar to that of 0. anthracinus Harold of the Southwest.
Aphodius erraticus (Linn.) is an introduced European species
common in some of the higher portions of the Eastern States.
Three specimens were found in a hillside cow pasture of the
Watchung Mountains near Pluckamin, New Jersey, on May 28,
1925. Another individual was seen among the sand dunes at
Seaside Park on a subsequent date not recorded. This is a
lively, active species.
142
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Aphodius hcemorrhoidalis (Linn.). An European species now
quite abundant throughout New Jersey. My first date for it is
May 20, 1925, when several were taken in a cow pasture near
Freehold, New Jersey.
Aphodius ■ crassulus Hn. A very small shining black species
described from Florida and now added to the New Jersey list on
the strength of two specimens taken by the writer in 1929. These
were found in deer droppings in a moist thicket of the Pine Bar-
rens between Medford and Indian Mills on June 3 and 11. Our
two specimens differ slightly from those of Horn’s small series in
having the elytral intervals concave instead of flat. This pro-
duces an effect unique among Aphodii so far as I know.
Aphodius stupidus Hn. March 27, 1925, is, I believe, the first
New Jersey date for this. On that day one beetle was collected
at Rancocas Park by H. C. Hallock. My records — all for the
same locality — begin with April 3, 1927, when one specimen was
taken. None appeared during the summer but between October
7 and 31, fourteen additional ones were collected. Stupidus is
a dull species both in appearance and actions.
Aphodius lent us Hn. is more generously represented. Eight-
een individuals have been collected at Rancocas Park, the first
date being May 25, 1927. That and the following year totaled
three, the latest date being June 3. The year 1929 was more pro-
ductive; eleven specimens for May 20 and four for June 1. In
the Pine Barrens between Medford and Indian Mills, thirteen
lent us were found in deer droppings on June 11 and 14. As the
name implies, this seems to be a spring species. It is a sluggish
insect and further resembles stupidus in having an inconspicu-
ous vesture of fine pubescence. It is, however, usually smaller,
brighter brown and lacks the frontal tubercles of the foregoing
species.
Aphodius campestris Blatch. Superficially similar to ster-
corosus Melsh. and no doubt confused with it in previous records.
Campestris differs in possessing the following characters : The
pronotum distinctly margined posteriorly, the elytra sparsely
pubescent near external margin towards apex, the first hind tar-
sal joint less elongate. It seems to be a spring and early summer
species, common in the sandy Pine Barrens. For a definite
record Rancocas Park, May 20, 1929, is given.
June, 1930]
Sim: Scarab^h).®
143
Aphodius serval Say. This small species somewhat resembles
distinct us (Mull.) but is usually smaller and has two minute
denticles on the clypeus. The first New Jersey specimen was
brought in by R. W. Burrell on November 14, 1927, and was col-
lected near Riverton. In 1928, the writer collected three near
Riverton as they were flying late in the afternoon of March 25.
On March 13, 1929, several more were found under rubbish on
the ground in the same locality. None has-been found under ex-
crement of any sort, so the feeding habits are not definitely
known. It is possible that serval normally inhabits the runways
of field mice or other small mammals.
Aphodius prodromus (Brahm). This abundant European
species, which often fairly swarms in our pastures, so closely re-
sembles femoralis Say that it was probably overlooked by the
older collectors, or maybe it has only recently become numerous
here. Femoralis has a nearly uniform dirty-yellowish elytral
disk, each elytral interval has a row of close, fairly large punc-
tures near each margin, and the fine punctation of the pronotal
disk is quite distinct ; while in prodromus the elytral disk has a
large light wedge-shaped area extending back medially from the
base, the rows of punctures on the intervals are much less dis-
tinct, and the finer punctures of the pronotum are nearly obso-
lete. For prodromus the following records are offered : Wat-
chung Mountains, September 9, 1925 ; Riverton, October 16,
1925 ; Bordentown, May 13, 1926.
Dialytes striatulus (Say). About fifty individuals of this in-
teresting little beetle were collected on June 11, 14, 16 and 18,
1929, at Jericho, New Jersey. They were all found under horse
droppings in a damp shaded depression of the old stage road.
The elevation at this point is about seventy feet. Many other
likely places in the neighborhood were carefully gone over but
no further specimens were discovered. Otherwise, I have taken
this species only on the mountains of Pennsylvania and Mary-
land. It might be mentioned here that D. truncatus (Melsh.)
has been found to be abundant on the mountains aforesaid and
has been recorded for the region of Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey,
but on July 15 and 20, 1929, more than 100 examples were dis-
covered in deer excrement in the Pine Barrens. These were in
144
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
the locality mentioned for Aphodius lentus, between Medford
and Indian Mills. The elevation at that point is given as
100 feet.
This closes the discussion of the coprophagous scarabaeids
added to onr list.
Now we turn to those little-known beetles which I believe to be
fungus feeders. The only reference to this that I have found
is in Social Life in The Insect World, by that observant French
naturalist, J. H. Fabre. In this book is a chapter headed “The
Truffle-hunter ( Bolboceras gallicus) ” = Bolbelasmus gallicum
(Muls.). This beetle, related to our Bolboceras, he found feed-
ing upon Hydnocystis arenaria, a subterranean fungus resem-
bling the truffle. Several years’ digging of the subterranean
tunnels of species of Bolboceras, Bolbocerosoma, Eucanthus and
Odontceus failed to throw any light upon the feeding habits of
these mysterious insects. Then on October 11, 1928, when ex-
cavating the burrow of an Odontceus in Rancocas Park, I came
upon a beetle an inch or two beneath the surface, associated with
a small greenish-gray mass of jelly-like substance. Further dig-
ging in the same locality within a day or so yielded similar re-
sults, but in one case the gelatinous mass was enveloped in a
tough skin similar to that of a puff-ball ( Lycoperdon , for in-
stance). All this material, including the beetles themselves, was
taken to the laboratory where Mr. M. C. Swingle made micro-
scope slides of the fungus substance and the insects’ stomach
contents. In each case there were elliptical greenish spores scat-
tered through a matrix of colorless jelly. The slides, together
with an alcoholic specimen of a complete fungus, were sent to
Minnie M. Johnson, of Ohio, who identified the mycological mate-
rial as a peculiar subterranean fungus named Bhizopogon pachy-
phloes Z. & D. The beetles from this station were subsequently
submitted to J. B. Wallis, of Winnipeg, and were described by
him under the name of —
Odoniceus darlingtoni. My first specimens of this were taken
at Rancocas Park (the type locality) on October 25, 1926. Since
then they have been found regularly burrowing in the sand
under the pines of that place from October to March. Just to
see if the above described experience could be duplicated, I
June, 1930]
Sim: Scarab.eid.e
145
visited the location on January 8, 1930, and unearthed two males
and two females in individual burrows, and one of the beetles was
found to have collected a mass of Rhizopogon jelly. Thus, it will
be seen that darlingtoni is our winter Odontceus, just as black-
burni is our winter representative of Geotrupes.
Odontceus simi Wallis. The type locality for the present
species is the golf course at Merchantville, New Jersey. This
seems to be a characteristic habitat. Throughout July and
August the little beetles give evidence of their presence on green
and fairway by pushing up small but conspicuous piles of sand.
This and three other beetles of the same general group are con-
sidered pests by greenskeepers on account of their habit of thus
marring the appearance of the golf courses with their little sand
piles. Simi has been found, also, associated with darlingtoni at
Rancocas Park, in a pine-oak bush-lot near Riverside and asso-
ciated with liebecki on Arney’s Mount.
Odontceus liebecki Wallis. This species is more distinctly
characteristic of higher elevations. Unlike the preceding beetle
which frequently works in open sunny places, liebecki is most
likely to be found burrowing on the upper levels of well-shaded
hills and mountains. While the beetles, of course, frequently
have their homes under the leaf carpet of the forest floor, their
diggings are much more easily found along some old wood road
of which the little used wheel tracks are bare. For New Jersey
records I mention the Jenny Jump Mountains, August 17, 1929,
and Arney’s Mount, August 30, 1927.
Bolbocerosoma tumef actum (Beauv.) is another beetle which
has frequently been reported as a pest Qn golf courses. The work
of this is very similar to that of the Odontceus and Eucanthus in
the same localities. In addition to golf courses, it frequents old
roadways which are not too well shaded. Most of my specimens
were collected in such a spot near Rancocas. Between August
21 and October 3, 1927, seventy-five tumef actum were collected
there.
Of the six New Jersey species belonging to the present group,
Odontceus darlingtoni is the only one so far found associated with
any food material, but it is believed that all related species and
146
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
genera will eventually be found to be feeders upon subterranean
fungi.
The following insects are all strictly phytophagous.
8 erica Carolina Daws. Thus far not frequently met with in
New Jersey. My only records are one specimen found in the
wash-up at Seaside Park, June 20, 1926, and one taken at night
on Hooton Hill, June 13, 1928.
S erica opposita Daws. The first record for this exceedingly
abundant species seems to be May 25, 1919, when type material
was collected at Riverton by J. J. Davis. At least along the
edges of the Pine Barren area, opposita is the most common and
evenly distributed of all our S erica. Its hours of activity begin
at dusk and various oaks are the favorite food plants.
Serica lecontei Daws. A locally common species on the higher
grounds and in certain parts of the Pine Barren. The localities
given by Dawson are Bergen County, Lahaway, Ocean County,
Fort Lee District, Ridgewood, Phillipsburg and Browns Mills
Junction. No dates are given. Two of my own collecting dates
are Arney’s Mount, June 26, 1926, and Hooton Hill, June 28,
1928.
Serica georgiana Leng. Taken in some abundance on a
wooded hill near Langhorne, Pennsylvania, but apparently less
common in New Jersey. I have it recorded only for Arney’s
Mount, June 22, 1926.
Serica cuculata Daws. Several of this rather large shining
blackish-brown species were collected on Hooton Hill on June 9
and June 16, 1928. They were found resting under dead leaves
on the ground in the daytime and feeding upon the leaves of oak
and chestnut bushes at dusk.
Phyllophaga diffinis (Blanch.). A rather small dark member
of the genus and apparently somewhat southern in distribution.
In 1926, thirty-three specimens were collected at Rancocas Park
between May 13 and June 13. In 1927, sixteen were collected
in the same locality between May 13 and June 8. Some were
taken from under the leaf carpet during the daytime and others
were collected at night feeding upon the foliage of black jack and
black oak and persimmon. While usually somewhat smaller,
June, 1930]
Sim : Scarab^id^e
147
diffinis bears a general resemblance to forsteri Burm., but the
male has a much longer antennal club.
Phyllophaga subtonsa (Lee.). Of this large fine pubescent
species, I have two old Anglesea specimens collected by H. W.
and H. A. Wenzel. One is marked July 3 and the other July
7, but no year is given. My first date records one specimen
taken near Riverton on May 14, 1924. Most of the New Jersey
material has been collected near the top of Arney’s Mount. In
May and June 2, 1926 to 1928, ten specimens were collected there
by scratching away the dead leaves on the ground. The locality
has not been visited at night, but since oak species are prevalent
on this wooded hill, probably they form the favorite food plants
of subtonsa.
Anomala nigropicta Csy. Usually our most common Anomala.
It may be found in numbers lying beneath the dead leaves in
woodlands during the daytime and at night is very active, some-
times swarming among the foliage of maples, or feeding in rose
blossoms. It is present throughout spring and early summer.
For definite dates we give Rancocas Park, May 11, 1927, and
Riverton, July 12, 1927. During July each year, it has been
found feeding in large numbers after dark upon the flowers of
the Japanese chestnut.
June, 1930]
Bell: Hesperiid2e
149
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOUTH AMERICAN HES-
PERIID^, (LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA)
By E. L. Bell
Flushing, N. Y.
Onophas watsoni new species. (Fig. I, male genitalia; paratype.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, reddish-brown; a discal band of the fol-
lowing rather ill-defined, yellowish spots: two small ones in interspace 1,
a larger one in interspace 2, excised on its outer margin, a smaller one in
interspace 3 ; hazy indications of a spot in interspaces 4 and 5, and hazy
subapical spots in interspaces 6 and 7. Basal half of the costal margin a
little paler than the apical half. Secondaries, same color as the primaries,
a little paler in the center of the disc, with long brown hairs from the base
of the wing over the disc and along the inner edge of the abdominal fold
with a few greenish hairs at its base. Fringes of both wings a little paler
than the ground color of the wing.
Beneath. Primaries, spots of the upper side repeated, paler in color ; those
of interspace 1 fused into one spot, in interspaces 2 and 3 somewhat better
defined, those in 4, 5, 6 and 7 hazier than above; costal margin yellow as
far as the sub-apical spots; apex and outer margin purple as far as vein 2,
the rest of the wing brownish. Secondaries, basal two-thirds yellowish;
the entire outer margin from the outer angle to the anal angle broadly
purple. Fringes of both wings fuscous.
Thorax, above metallic greenish, beneath, bluish-gray; abdomen, brown
above, beneath whitish. Legs, brown above, bluish beneath, with long blue-
gray hairs on the thighs, mid tibiae spined. Head metallic green. Palpi
green above, beneath, black interspersed with bluish-gray hairs.
Antennae, above black, beneath with a pale spot at each joint, basal two-
thirds of the club yellowish, and a narrow yellow line on the apiculus.
Expanse. Male, 36 mm.
Stigma similar to that of Onophas columbaria Herrich-Schaffer, but
somewhat heavier and continued almost to vein 1 in two parts.
The form of the genitalia is very similar to that of columbaria.
Described from two males from Annaburg, Santa Catharina,
Brazil.
Type, male, in the collection of the American Museum of Nat-
ural History, New York City; one male paratype in collection of
the author.
This handsome species is named for my good friend Mr. F. E.
Watson. The paratype is somewhat worn, and the purple areas
150
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvni
on the underside of the wings of the type are brown in the para-
type.
Onophas distigma new species. (Eig. 2, male genitalia; type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, brown, with discal spots as follows : a
scarcely perceptible indication of a spot in interspace 1, in interspace 2 an
ill-defined spot, yellowish with brown scales intermixed, a smaller and simi-
larly colored spot in interspace 3 ; a minute, hazy sub-apical spot in inter-
space 6. Costal margin towards the end of the cell with fulvous scales; at
the base of the wing with sparse metallic blue scales. Secondaries, same
color as primaries, with long brown hairs in the disc and along the inner
edge of the abdominal fold with a few bluish hairs intermixed at the base.
Fringes of both wings concolorous, a little lighter at the tips.
Beneath. Primaries, the spot in interspace 1 plainly visible, whitish,
the spots in interspaces 2 and 3 paler than above, the subapical spot not
repeated; costal margin yellow from the base to beyond the end of the
cell, apex and outer margin, as far as vein 2, brown, overscaled with yellow;
the rest of the wing black, slightly paler at the anal angle. Secondaries,
the basal third yellowish, gradually shading to brown at the margin.
Fringes fuscous, paler at the tips, intermixed with yellowish especially so
on the seondaries.
Thorax, above metallic bluish and greenish, beneath blue-gray.
Abdomen, above at the base, metallic greenish-blue, the rest brownish,
beneath, whitish with a dark line through the center, bluish-gray at the
base. Legs, brown above, bluish-gray beneath, thighs with bluish-gray
hairs, mid tibiae spined.
Head and palpi above metallic blue-green, palpi beneath blue with some
black hairs intermixed. Antennae, black above and beneath, the club
beneath yellow., including the apiculus.
The male has no stigma. The form of the genitalia is very similar to
that of both columbaria and watsoni.
Female similar to the male.
Expanse. Male, 34 mm. ; female, 36 mm.
Described from one male and two females from Annaburg,
Santa Catharina, Brazil.
Type, male, and allotype, female in collection of the author;
one female paratype in the collection of the American Museum
of Natural History, New York City.
Eutocus schmithi new species. (Fig. 3, male genitalia; paratype.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, and secondaries, blackish-brown. Fringes
fuscous and lighter scales intermixed, paler at the tips, somewhat paler on
the secondaries.
Beneath. Primaries, costal margin reddish; outer margin from apex to
vein 3, lilac, which extends inwardly as spots between veins 4 and 7, two
June, 1930]
Bell: Hesperiid^e
151
antemarginal rows of dark spots, and a reddish-brown marginal line, the
rest of the wing is black, somewhat paler at the inner margin; a lilac sub-
apical spot between veins 8 and 9. Secondaries, reddish-brown, abdominal
fold brown, inner margin narrowly reddish-brown sprinkled with lilac; a
band of lilac scales extends across the wing from near the center of the
costal margin, around the cell-end to near the base of the abdominal fold,
another broad lilac band extends from the outer angle to the abdominal
fold and includes all of the lower part of the wing, and is cut into by one
or two fine lines of the ground color running outwardly from the abdominal
fold, just above the anal angle; a sub-marginal row of dark spots, and a
reddish marginal line along the outer border. Fringes, of both wings darker
than above, paler at the tips and still paler at the anal angle of the
secondaries.
Thorax, above brownish with some paler scales at the sides near the wing
base; shoulder covers with brown and reddish hairs intermixed, beneath,
fuscous. Abdomen, above brown, beneath, pale reddish-brown. Legs, brown
with reddish-brown hairs. Head reddish-brown. Palpi, reddish and black
intermixed. Antennae, black above, beneath yellowish.
A triangular stigma fills the base of interspace 2.
Female similar to the male but both the female and the male paratype
have a second sub-apical spot on the primaries beneath, between veins 7
and 8, and a faint indication of sub-apical spots on the upper side.
Expanse: Male and female, 30 mm.
Described from one male from Hansa Humboldt, one male
from Blumenau, one female from Annaburg, all in Santa Catha-
rina, Brazil.
Type, male, Hansa Humboldt, allotype, female, Annaburg, in
collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New
York City; paratype, male, Blumenau, in collection of the
author.
This species is superficially very similar to Megistias (?) rane-
sus Schaus, which has a stigma of similar form ; schmithi is some-
what larger than ranesus and lacks the red spot at the base of
the secondaries beneath; the genitalia are also different, as may
be seen by comparing figures 3 and 4.
Named for Mr. Karl Schmith, of Hansa Humboldt, Brazil.
Eutychide maculata new species. (Fig. 5, male genitalia; type.)
Male. Upperside. Forewings, red-brown, with seven small spots as fol-
lows: three in a transverse discal row, the lowest on vein 1, semi-hyaline,
one between veins 2 and 3, one between veins 3 and 4, two in the cell, the
upper one obliquely over the lower, two sub-apical spots; all of the last six
152
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
spots mentioned are white hyaline. Fringes paler. Secondaries, same color
as primaries, immaculate. Fringes paler.
Beneath. Primaries, red-brown, paler at the costal margin and apex;
spots of the upper side repeated, the one on vein 1 being elongated to the
outer margin as a diffused whitish patch. Secondaries, red-brown, with a
slightly paler, narrow marginal area. Four small yellow spots in a curved
discal row and one in the cell-end.
Body, above red-brown, beneath on the abdomen yellowish. Legs paler
brown. Head and palpi, above brown mixed with yellow; palpi, beneath
yellow. The antennse are unfortunately lost in this specimen.
Expanse : 32 mm.
Described from one male from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, which is
designated as the type and is in the collection of the author.
The stigma is of the usual form of Eutychide but the parts are
narrow, not so greatly developed as in some of the species in this
genus.
Eutychide hyalinus new species. (Fig. 6, male genitalia; type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, brown with four white-hyaline spots as
follows: a small spot on vein 1, a large quadrate spot between veins 2 and
3, a smaller subquadrate spot between veins 3 and 4, a sub-apical spot be-
tween veins 6 and 7. Fringes concolorous. Secondaries, same color as pri-
maries, a hazy indication of a paler discal spot. Fringes concolorous, a
little paler at the tips.
Beneath. Primaries, costal margin, apex and outer margin as far as vein
2 purplish; rest of the wing black, spots of the upper side repeated, that
in interspace 1 is enlarged by whitish scaling. Secondaries, purplish, the
veins brownish; hazy indication of a pale discal patch.
Thorax, above dark brown and greenish; abdomen brown above, beneath
whitish. Legs brown. Head and palpi, above brown and greenish, mixed;
palpi, beneath fuscous mixed with whitish. Antennae, above black, beneath
narrowly yellowish, including nearly all of the club, apiculus reddish.
Expanse: 32 mm.
The stigma is of the form found in this genus, but the parts are rather
narrow.
Described from one male from Hansa Humboldt, Santa Catha-
rina, Brazil, which is designated as the type and is in the collec-
tion of the author.
The form of the genitalia of hyalinus is similar to that
of orthos Godman, but superficially the two are quite different.
Thoon viridis new species. (Fig. 7, male genitalia; type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, and secondaries, immaculate dark brown.
Fringes concolorous, slightly paler at the tips.
June, 1930]
Bell: Hesperiid^:
153
Beneath. Primaries, costal margin, apical area and outer margin as far
as vein 2, olive-greenish, the rest of the wing dull blackish; a barely per-
ceptible paler streak above vein 1 ; a minute whitish sub-apical spot between
veins 6 and 7. Secondaries, olive-greenish, three whitish spots, one each
between veins 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, and another in the cell.
Thorax, above, greenish; abdomen, black, with a few reddish hairs at the
sides ; thorax, beneath fuscous with a greenish tinge ; abdomen paler. Legs
brown. Head and palpi, above, greenish; palpi, beneath, fuscous and yel-
lowish mixed, with a greenish reflection at the base. Antennae, above and
beneath, black, the club, yellowish in the basal two-thirds with a few brown
spots.
Expanse: male, 38 mm.
The stigma is two small spots, one above and one beneath vein 2, near
its base.
Described from one male from Cochabamba, Bolivia, which is
designated the type and is in the collection of the author.
Cobalus huntingtoni new species. (Fig. 8, male genitalia; paratype.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, dark brown, with six whitish hyaline
spots as follows: a subquadrate spot between veins 2 and 3, a smaller one
between veins 3 and 4, two spots in the cell, one directly above the other,
and just above the spot in interspace 2 (in the paratype the cellular spots
are fused into one spot constricted in the middle), two minute sub-apical
spots. At the base of the wings with some greenish hairs. Secondaries,
same color as the primaries, with two whitish hyaline spots beyond the cell-
end. Fringes concolorous, paler at the anal angle of the secondaries, a few
greenish hairs at the base.
Beneath. Primaries, costal margin, apical area and outer margin as far
as vein 2, dark red, some yellow scales in the cell just inside the cellular
spots; disc of the wing, black, paler at the inner margin; spots of the upper
side repeated; a very hazy indication of a third sub-apical spot above the
other two : a large pale yellow spot in interspace 1 under the discal band.
Secondaries, dark red, spots of the upper side repeated. Fringes as above.
Body. Thorax above, dark green and blue; abdomen, dark brown; be-
neath, thorax with greenish and fuscous hairs mixed ; abdomen reddish with
paler scales at the joints. Legs, above brown with some reddish scales,
beneath yellowish or pale brownish. Head and palpi, above green, palpi,
beneath reddish brown, paler at the base; pectus reddish brown and green.
Antennae, black above and beneath, except the club beneath is yellow.
No stigma.
Expanse: male, 44 mm.
Described from two males from Annaburg, Santa Catharina,
Brazil.
154
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
Type, male, in collection of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York City. Paratype, male in the collection of
the author.
Named for my good friend Mr. E. Irving Huntington.
This species is very similar to Cobalus fortis Schaus, but dif-
fers in the shape of the hyaline spots of the primaries, in having
but two sub-apical spots against three in fortis , in the much
darker ground color of the wings beneath, and in the lack of the
yellow overscaling of the underside of the wings.
Cobalus boliviensis new species. (Fig. 9, male genitalia; paratype.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, brown, heavily overscaled with yellow in
the discal and basal area, sparsely so almost to the outer margin, some
greenish-yellow hairs along the inner margin ; five spots as follows : an accu-
mulation of yellow scales about the center of vein 1, not forming a well
defined spot (this spot is more prominent in the type than in any of the
others, entirely absent in one), a yellow subhyaline spot between veins 2
and 3, excised on its outer side, a smaller and similar spot between veins
3 and 4, two yellow subhyaline sub-apical spots between veins 6-7 and 7-8.
Fringes concolorous. Secondaries, same color as primaries, with greenish-
yellow hairs from the base over the disc and along the abdominal fold’s in-
ner margin; two yellowish sub-hyaline spots beyond the cell-end. Fringes
concolorous.
Beneath. Primaries, ferruginous, a black spot at the extreme base below
the cell, the discal area a little darkened, a yellow streak through the upper
part of the cell, spots of the upper side repeated, that in interspace 1 very
large and yellow. Secondaries, ferruginous, with scattered yellow overscal-
ing, spots of the upperside repeated. Fringes fuscous with ferruginous
scales at the base.
Body; thorax, above yellowish-green; abdomen, with yellowish-green hairs
at the base, the rest ferruginous; beneath, thorax with yellowish-green
hairs; abdomen pale yellowish. Legs brown, striped yellowish beneath.
Head and palpi above yellowish-green, palpi beneath, yellow, with scattered
scales black tipped; pectus yellowish. Antennae, above black, beneath nar-
rowly yellowish, the basal three-quarters of the club bright yellow and
apiculus red.
No stigma.
Expanse : 42 mm.
Described from four males from Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Type, male, in collection of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York City; three male paratypes in the collection
of the author.
June, 1930]
Bell: Hesperikle
155
Moeris mapirica new species. (Fig. 10, male genitalia; type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, reddish-brown, indistinct discal spots be-
tween veins 2 and 3, 3 and 4, and three indistinct sub-apical spots; the cell-
ular area darker than the rest of the wing. Secondaries, same color as the
primaries. Fringes, slightly paler than the ground color of the wings.
Beneath. Primaries, purplish, a darker purple patch beyond the cell-end;
below vein 2 pale brownish to the inner margin; ill-defined lilac spots in
the interspaces between veins 2 to 8, forming a curved row from below the
cell-end around the dark purple patch; a diffused light brown area at the
anal angle ; veins pale brown, contrasting in the purple area to the apex.
Secondaries, purple, the costal margin very dark purple, and a broad discal
band of the same color from the outer angle to the inner margin; basal and
marginal third of the wing paler; hazy indications of lilacine spots border-
ing the dark discal band on its outer edge.
Body; thorax above greenish, abdomen brown; beneath, thorax and abdo-
men whitish. Legs yellowish-brown. Head and palpi, above fuscous mixed
with yellowish; palpi beneath white, towards the tip mixed with yellowish
and black. Antennae, above black; beneath, basal half black, upper half
including the club, yellow. Stigma not as well developed as in striga Hub-
ner, the part between veins 1 and 2 being very small, the lowest spot hardly
visible.
Expanse : male, 32 mm.
Described from one male from Mapiri, Bolivia ; which is desig-
nated as the type and is in the collection of the author.
Augiades gloriosa new species. (Fig. II, male genitalia; type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, apex and outer margin broadly black, a
discal band of four spots from the inner margin to the cell-end, two small
extra-discal spots and three sub-apical spots, all fulvous; costal margin ful-
vous, a fulvous spot in interspace 1 from the stigma to the base; a black
spot between the extra-discal spots and the cell-end, which is extended as a
heavy black line along the apical third of the cell on its costal edge and
terminates as a small spot just within the cell; median vein heavily black
from the stigma to the base of the wing; all of the veins black. Second-
aries, costa, outer margin, and anal angle broadly black, basal third black
with a fulvous spot in the cell; a broad, curved, fulvous discal band, crossed
by the black veins. Fringes fulvous at the anal angle of the primaries,
becoming fuscous at the apex; of the secondaries, fulvous.
Beneath. Primaries, costa, apex, and outer margin grayish-yellow, cell
fulvous, spots in interspaces 2 and 3 fulvous, that in interspace 1 yellow,
all three bordered externally with black, a black stripe across the cell-end,
below the cell black to the discal spots. Secondaries, grayish-yellow, the
discal band and cellular spot repeated, another spot at the costal margin
above the cellular spot, all pale yellow. Fringes as above but paler.
156
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyiii
Body. Thorax, above greenish with yellow hairs at end of shoulder cov-
ers; abdomen black with fulvous hairs, yellow on the sides; beneath, thorax
yellow; abdomen white; anal extremity fulvous. Legs fulvous. Head,
above greenish-yellow; palpi above and beneath yellow; pectus, yellow.
Antennae, above black; beneath, orange; apiculus, reddish.
Female. Upperside. Primaries, dark brown with a purplish tinge
towards the base, paler at the costal margin almost to the cell-end; some
greenish hairs above and below vein 1 towards the base ; eight semi-hyaline,
white spots as follows: three in a transverse discal band, that in interspace
2 is the largest, a minute dot about the center of interspace 4, three sub-
apical, of which the upper is the smaller, a spot in the cell obliquely above
that in interspace 2. Secondaries, same color as the primaries, a discal row
of five yellow spots, and hazy indications of two more spots between the
lowest yellow spot and the inner margin, a small yellow spot in the cell;
some greenish hairing in the basal part of the cell and along the inner mar-
gin of the abdominal fold.
Beneath. Primaries, costal margin and apical area to vein 1, pale brown-
ish, rest of the wing purple-black, paler at the inner margin; spots of the
upper side repeated, the one in interspace 1 enlarged and extended toward
the outer margin, diffused outwardly. Secondaries, pale brown, spots of
upper side repeated, pale yellow and overscaled with the ground color, the
lowest of the two hazy spots of the upper side is repeated as a distinct spot,
the other absent; veins slightly paler in the outer half.
Body. Thorax, above with some brown hairs at the end; abdomen, brown
with yellow hairs on the sides ; beneath, thorax yellowish ; abdomen white.
Legs pale brown. Head and palpi, above greenish and yellow; palpi be-
neath and pectus, yellow. Antennae as in the male.
Expanse: male, 41 mm.; female, 44 mm.
Described from one male and two females from Hansa Hum-
boldt, Santa Catharina, Brazil.
Type, male, and allotype, female, in the collection of the
author; paratype, female, in the collection of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City.
All measurements of wing expanse are from center of the
thorax to the apex x 2.
158
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. XXXVIII
Figure
1.
Figure
2.
Figure
3.
Figure
4.
Figure
5.
Figure
6.
Figure
7.
Figure
8.
Figure
9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
PLATE IX
Onophas watsoni (paratype).
Onophas distigma (type).
Eutochus schmithi (paratype).
Megistias ranesus Schaus.
Euty chide maculata (type).
Euty chide hyali/nus (type).
Thoon viridis (type).
Cobalus huntingtoni (paratype).
Cobalus boliviensis (paratype).
Moeris mapirica (type).
Augiades gloriosa (type).
(Jotjkn. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate IX)
HESPERIIDJE
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
159
BEE-KILLING ROBBER FLIES
By S. W. Bromley, M.Sc.
Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Stamford, Conn.
Abstract
Certain robber flies frequently feed on honey bees and have been known
as ‘ ‘ bee-killers. ” In North America, Promachus fitchii O. S. and in the
Argentine, Mallophora ruficauda Wied. have been recorded as causing losses
to bee-keepers. In the United States five genera, Stenopogon, Deromyia,
Promachus, Mallophora and Proctacanthus, contain species which commonly
kill bees, while two genera, Bomhomima and Erax, contain species which
occasionally do so. A control measure is suggested in the rare cases where
economic losses are caused.
That so defenseless an insect as a fly should be able to over-
come and devour so formidably defended an insect as a bee is a
matter of considerable interest. Yet certain robber flies fre-
quently kill bees and have even caused economic losses to bee-
keepers. The present paper will be limited for the most part to
those species in which this activity has been noted.
It was in Europe where the bee-feeding habit was first noted,
but little economic importance has been attached to the habit
there. Robineau-Desvoidy was one of the first to remark upon
the killing of bees by robber flies. In 1836, he called attention
to the fact that Selidopogon diadema Fabricius frequently chose
the honey bee for its prey. In more recent years, two writers,
Poulton and Sarel- Whitfield, have recorded European species
feeding on honey bees. •
Spain. Poulton (1906) found Selidopogon diadema Fabricius
feeding extensively on the honey bee. He also took a species of
Machimus (probably chrysitis) and another species near setibar-
bis preying on honey bees.
England. Sarel- Whitfield (1925) has recorded Asilus crab-
roniformis Linn, as feeding on the honey bee.
India. Poulton (1906 — quoting T. B. Fry, 1902) lists Lax-
enecera flavibarbis Macq. as feeding on the small Indian honey
bee ( Apis florea). Walker gave the name apivorus to a species
of Promachus from Burma because it was reported as feeding on
the large black bees.
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Africa. Poulton (1906 — quoting Marshall, 1902) lists a
species of Promachus near guineensis with the African form of
the honey bee. In a collection of Asilidae sent me by Mr. H. K.
Munro of Pretoria, South Africa, two species were present with
honey bees in their grasp. These were Promachus vagator and
a large undetermined species of Neolophonotus. Dr. von Som-
eren of Nairobi, Kenya Colony, reporting to Professor Poulton
(1924) on the habits of Hyperechia hifasciata Griinb. and H.
imitator Griinb. mentioned that he has noted them feeding on
Apis mellifera adansoni.
Argentina. Mallophora ruficauda Wied. abounds in the
plantations about Buenos Aires and is recorded by Copello
(1922 and 1927) as a particular enemy of the honey bee.
Cuba. Mallophora maquartii Rondani is abundant in Cuba
and feeds largely on honey bees where these are available (Brom-
ley— quoting Bruner, 1929).
North America. The first writer to report the bee-killing
habits of these flies in North America was Dr. Asa Fitch, who in
1864 described the “ Nebraska bee-killer, ’ ’ Trupanea apivora,
now known as Promachus fitchii 0. S. The specimens from
which Fitch’s descriptions were made were received from R. 0.
Thompson, Esq., Florist and Nurserymen, Nursery Hill, Otoe
County, Neb., together with a note dated June 28, 1864, stating
that the insects were destructive to honey bees and rose bugs. A
later communication from Mr. Thompson gave further informa-
tion on the habits of the fly.
“My attention was first called to this fly destroying the honey
bee by a little boy, a son of D. C. Utty, Esq., of this place. After
sending you the specimens I watched its proceedings and habits
with much care, and find that, in addition to the honeybee and
rose bugs, it devours many other kinds of beetles, bugs and flies,
some of which are as large again as itself. It appears to be in
the months of June and July that it is abroad upon the wing,
destroying the bees. None of them are now (August 2d) to be
seen. When in pursuit of its prey it makes quite rapid dashes,
always capturing the bee on the wing. When once secured by
wrapping its legs about it, pressing it tightly to its own body, it
immediately seeks a bush or tall weed, upon which it alights and
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
161
commences devouring its prey by eating (piercing) a hole into
the body and in a short time entirely consuming it (sucking out
the fluids and soft internal viscera) and leaving only the hard
outer skin or shell of the bee. Upon the ground beneath some
favorable perch for the fly near the apiary, hundreds of these
shells of bees are found accumulated in a single day — whether
the work of one fly or of several I am not able to say. I have
just returned from a professional tour through the northern por-
tion of our territory, taking Nursery orders ; and in many things
this business and the apiary are closely connected. In no case
have I found a hive of bees that has thrown off a swarm this sea-
son! The dry weather, a bad pasture and other reasons were
assigned as the cause. But many persons, since they have found
this fly at his work of destruction, now believe it to be the cause
of the non-swarming of their bees; and I am led to the same
opinion. I have only to add further, that this bee-killer delights
in hot, dry weather, and is very invulnerable and tenacious of
life.” A good illustration of the insect is given in Fitch’s report
and the description leaves no doubt as to its identity.
This fly was also mentioned by C. V. Riley in his first Annual
Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of Missouri,
page 168 (1869). Dr. Fitch’s correspondent, Mr. Thompson,
had moved to Missouri where he met Riley and informed him
that he had found the fly in increasing numbers every year since
1864 when his report to Fitch had been made. In 1868, he re-
ported that it had made its appearance in such numbers in
Northern Missouri as to prevent to a great extent bees from
swarming. In the Rural World, September 12, 1868, he stated
that he had watched one individual and found that it destroyed
no less than 141 bees in a single day.
In his second Annual Report, page 121, 1870, Riley again re-
fers to this fly, stating that it was the same as Promachus bas-
tardi, an error which persisted to the extent that in most of the
subsequent references to the Nebraska bee-killer the name
Promachus bastardi has been used. Riley described in this re-
port another robber fly taken with honey bees, giving it the name
Asilus missouriensis or the Missouri bee-killer. This species was
subsequently identified as Prod acanthus milbertii Macquart.
162
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
Riley stated that this species “acts in the same manner as the
Nebraska Bee-killer, being*, if anything, more inhuman and
savage. ’ ’
In the Bee-Keepers’ Guide (1894 — Fifteenth Edition — page
414) Professor A. J. Cook gives robber flies prominence as ene-
mies of bees. He mentions Asilus missouriensis Riley ( -Proc -
t acanthus milbertii Macquart) but also notes that in Michigan
“this species has been observed to kill the cabbage butterfly by
scores.” He next mentions an Erax from Louisiana ( Erax in-
terrupts Macquart, I judge by the figure) and the “Nebraska
bee-killer” (for which he erroneously used the name Promachus
bastardi Macquart).
A more detailed description of the so-called “Southern bee-
killers” (Mallophora orcina Wiedemann and M. bomboides
Wiedemann) was then given. The most common was noted as
M. orcina occurring in Tennessee, Georgia and Florida. Cook
states that “the habits of the flies are interesting, if not to our
liking. Their flight is like the wind, and perched near the hive,
they rush upon the unwary bee returning to the hive with its
full load of nectar, and grasping it with their hard strong legs,
they bear it to some perch nearby, when they pierce the crust,
suck out the juices, and drop the carcass, and are then ready to
repeat the operation. A hole in the bee shows the cause of its
sudden taking off. The eviscerated bee is not always killed at
once by this rude onslaught, but often can crawl some distance
away from where it falls, before it expires.” The latter obser-
vation I have never been able to verify. In all cases, that I have
observed, the victim is killed almost immediately at the initial
piercing of the fly’s beak. In addition, Cook mentions “the
Laphria thoracica of Fabricius” ( Bombomima thoracica Fabri-
cius) as occurring in Georgia and having the same bee-killing
habits.
The Bee-Killing Genera of the U. S.
In this country, the bee-killing species occur principally in
seven genera, namely, Stenopogon, Deromyia, Bombomima
( Dasyllis ), Promachus , Mallophora , Prod acanthus and, oc-
casionally, Erax. We shall consider the species involved under
their separate subfamilies.
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
163
Leptogastrinas
No member of this subfamily is known to kill honey bees.
Dasypogoninse
Bee-killing species of this subfamily in the United States
occur in the genera Stenopogon and Deromyia, although it is
quite probable that the larger species of Saropogon such as 8.
combustus Loew and 8. dispar Coquillet may also kill honey bees.
The two species of Microstylum to which belong our largest Asi-
lids occur from Mexico to Kansas but are rare, and little is
known of their feeding habits. Those taken with prey had killed
large grasshoppers.
Stenopogon. Two species of this genus, 8. obscuriventris
Loew. and a closely related, apparently new, species are very
abundant in Southern California. Both species were either
observed or taken with prey on many occasions by the writer and
the majority of the species captured were worker honey bees.
Another apparently new species, related to both the above men-
tioned, but distinct from either, was found preying on honey
bees in Central California.
Deromyia. Probably most of the larger species of this genus
will kill honey bees. The habit has been definitely observed in
the following species — umbrina, discolor , angustipennis and
symmacha.
D. rufescens and a new species, common in the southeast, hith-
erto known as D. bilineata Loew, have been taken with worker
bumble bees, and both of these species no doubt feed on honey
bees when occasion offers.
The species of this genus are rather slender, bare, fragile-
appearing robber flies with long and slender but strong legs.
When seizing a bee or other large prey, they hold it off at “arm’s
length” rather than press it tightly to their own bodies as do the
species of Promachus and Mallophora. Flying to a weed or low
bush, the Deromyia suspends itself from one of the front legs
while with the others it manoeuvres its prey into a position favor-
able for inserting its beak. Less protected by bristles and coarse
hairs than the two bee-killing genera above mentioned, Deromyia
164
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
probably employs this method for protection against the stings
of its aculeate Victims.
Deromyia umbrina Loew. This common red robber fly of the
Northeastern States occurs from mid-July until October along
country roadsides, and around the edges of fields and meadows
where goldenrod, asters, joe-pye weed and wild carrot are bloom-
ing in profusion. It flies with a loud, rather high-pitched hum
and feeds largely on honey bees, bumble bees, yellow jackets
(Vespa communis, diabolica and vidua ) and other Hymenoptera.
It also preys on other Diptera, particularly Eristalis, tachinids
and other flies occurring about flowers. Occasionally, I have
taken it with a flower beetle or a tree hopper and rarely with a
small damsel fly ( Ischnura verticalis) . I have never seen it cap-
ture or attempt to capture a butterfly or a grasshopper. In
Massachusetts where most of my observations on this species were
made, I believe that it kills more honey bees than any other Asi-
lid there. This is due to the fact that it practically limits itself
to a Hymenopterous diet, is abundant, generally distributed and
occurs where bees are most likely to be found, namely, around
flowers.
The overcoming of a mud-dauber wasp ( Sceliphron cemen-
tarium) or a brown wasp ( Polistes pallipes) appears to be about
the limit of its powers so far as Hymenoptera are concerned.
The larger and more powerful wasps, such as the white-faced
hornet, are too strong for it. In fact, I once saw a white-faced
hornet attack and overcome one of this species.
Deromyia discolor Loew. This pale, inconspicuous species
occurs throughout the Central States, assuming much the same
position as a bee-killer in this region as D. umbrina occupies in
New England. It occurs in fields and around the edges of woods
in somewhat the same habitats as those occupied by D. umbrina
further north. It is, however, lighter-colored, less robust and
flies with a rather weak, drifting flight accompanied by a low
dull buzz. Its appearance in the field suggests that of a Hymen-
opterous insect, such as a polistes or large ichneumonid. It is
an avid feeder on honey bees and yellow-jacket workers. All
feeding records I have for it are Hymenoptera with the exception
of one, where the victim was an Asilid fly of the same genus, D.
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
165
misellus Loew. (hitherto known as winthemi Wied., a South
American species quite distinct from misellus). Marla tt, years
ago (1893), called attention to discolor feeding on yellow- jackets
(Vespa communis and V. Carolina) in Maryland. Later, Banks
(1913) recorded it under the name of D. ternata as feeding on
Vespa and also honey bees; while McAtee and Banks (1920, page
20) listed it as feeding on several species of Hymenoptera, in-
cluding the honey bee and yellow-jackets.
D. angustipennis Loew. This species, quite closely related to
the following but distinguished from it by its smaller average
size, comparatively more robust appearance, darker wings and
darker thoracic markings, appears to be quite common in certain
parts of Kansas, where it has been found preying on the honey
bee.
D. symmacha Loew. A light-colored species common in Kan-
sas and Texas. It is quite variable in size and large individuals
have frequently been identified as D. bigoti Bellardi. My deter-
mination of bigoti is a large Mexican species, darker in color and
with dark yellowish wings. Bellardi ’s specimen was from Mex-
ico. Symmacha has been taken feeding on honey bees and also
large wasps, such as Polistes, Sphex and Psammo char ids.
Laphriinas
This sub-family contains one genus in North America known
to kill honey bees, i.e., Bombomima Enderlein-, formerly termed
Dasyllis. The true Dasyllis is a neotropical genus, entirely un-
like our North American species which are closely related to
Laphria. Dasyllis is closely related to the old world genus
Hyperechia (which frequently take as prey large aculeate Hy-
menoptera) and its nearest allies in North America are Andre-
nosoma and Pogonosoma. The larger species of the two last
genera in this country are Hymenoptera feeders and probably
kill honey bees.
The species of Bombomima are more robust and hairy than the
average Asilid and many of them quite closely resemble bumble-
bees. Both Bombomima and the asiline genus Mallophora, our
two bumble-bee-resembling genera, seem to prefer as prey insects
of the “buzzing” rather than the “fluttering” type of flight, but
166
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviu
Bombomima prefers Coleoptera, while Mallophora is more par-
tial to Hymenoptera. Bombomima will, however, occasionally
select Hymenoptera for prey and two species, B. thoracica
Fabricius and B. grossa Fabricins, have been implicated in bee-
killing.
Bombomima thoracica Fabricins. This bumble-bee-like species
is found in early summer throughout eastern United States along
the sunny edges of woods or brushy pastures and in the vicinity
of logs and stumps in which the immature stages undergo their
development. It has been reared from a pine stump and I have
noted the adults about elm, maple and birch logs and stumps. I
have frequently taken the adults with beetles in their grasp ; the
rose beetle, Macrodactylus subspinosus, and the dung beetle,
Aphodius fimetarius, most commonly. Although I have never
myself taken it with a honey bee, I have two such records ; one
from near New York City and one from Lancaster, Pa., and I
have on at least one occasion noted it with a solitary bee ( Halic -
tus) as prey. Messrs. Champlain and Guyton of Harrisburg,
Pa., showed me a specimen in August, 1927, that had recently
been sent in by a bee-keeper with the information that it had
been caught killing bees. Cook (1894) recorded this species as
killing bees in Georgia.
Bombomima grossa Fabricius. This species also bears a re-
semblance to bumble-bees, but is considerably larger and stronger
than the preceding. It occurs from New England to South
Carolina and has been recorded from Florida. Its habitats are
much the same as those of thoracica. It seems to prefer, how-
ever, larger stumps and logs, being particularly partial to elm.
Its prey averages much larger than that of thoracica. Cham-
plain and Knull (1923) recorded it as capturing a large cicada.
I have taken it with, among other prey, the carrion beetle, Silpha
americana, the rove beetle, Staphylinus vulpinus, and the
bumble-bee, Bombus vagans. One specimen in the National
Museum bears the label “feeds on honey bees.”
Asilinge
To this sub-family belongs the majority of our more important
bee-killers. These include the genera, Promachus , Mallophora ,
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
167
Prod acanthus and occasionally Erax. I have no records of any
of the genus Asilus ( sensu latu) feeding on the honey bee in this
country, although in Europea Asilus crabroniformis Linn, is
reported as so doing. The genus Erax contains many rather
large and powerful species in the southwest and it would not be
at all surprising to discover bee-killing proclivities in other than
the three species mentioned in the present writing.
Promachus. Probably all of our species of Promachus will
prey on the honey bee if opportunity is given. The species
known definitely to prey on honey bees are fitchii, bastardly
rufipes, vertebratus and princeps.
Promachus fitchii 0. S. The “ Nebraska Bee-killer. ” This
was the first species of bee-killing habits in this country to which
attention was called. Its habitat seems to be quite restricted,
although its range is wide, including most of the Middle West,
New York and New England. It has also been recorded from
Florida. I have never found it except in rather dry hay fields
and wheat fields, where it alights on stalks of grass or weeds and
on timothy, daisy or clover heads in which the females are often
seen to oviposit. While other species are found more frequently
around the edges of the fields, this seems to prefer the center, but
individuals are generally well distributed throughout the field in
which they occur. In a favored field, this species is likely to be
found in enormous numbers. I have seen localities in Missouri
and Massachusetts where one might stand in the center of a field
and by a wave of the hat start up the species by the dozen, the
high-pitched shrill buzz of the flies taking flight filling the air
on all sides. Felt (1912-1916) has shown that the larva of this
species is predaceous on that of Phyllophaga fusca and possibly
other species of white grubs. It is quite probable that their
numbers fluctuate with the number of white grubs in a given ter-
ritory and the prevalence of the adult fly in certain types of
fields is no doubt explainable on this basis.
In addition to honey bees, solitary bees ( Halidus , Agaposte-
mon, etc.) are frequently taken as are Diptera, small Coleoptera
and Hemiptera, particularly pentatomids and reduviids, such as
Sinea sps. It seems to prefer insects of the “buzzing” rather
168
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
than the “fluttering” type of flight, although it will sometimes
kill small grasshoppers.
Promachus bastardi Macquart. The false “Nebraska bee-
killer.” This is a common and widely distributed species
throughout Central, Eastern and Southern United States. It is
of about the same size as fitchii, but is darker brown in color as
well as differing in other and more important characteristics. It
was confused by Riley and other writers with fitchii. Bastardi
has the same high-pitched buzz characteristic of the true
“Nebraska bee-killer,” but differs somewhat in habitat. Fitchii
is found in the center of fields, while bastardi is found more
characteristically around the edges of fields, along roadsides,
overgrown walls, and fences, and in brushy pastures and similar
locations, where it alights on twigs, posts, stones or tall weeds.
The type of insects chosen for prey is quite similar to that of
fitchii.
Promachus rufipes Wiedemann. The “Bee-Panther.” This
species is quite common in many parts of the South. It is the
largest of its genus east of the Mississippi. It occurs in late
summer in habitats that are characteristic of Deromyia umbrina
further north, i.e. — along the moist edges of fields, roads or
woods where golden-rod, joe-pye weed, asters and other herbace-
ous plants bloom in profusion. Rufipes is a bee-killer par excel-
lence and in these flowery haunts of bees, it may be found feed-
ing on honey bees, bumble-bees, solitary bees and wasps, varying
its diet with syrphid, tachinid or other asilid flies. (Erax rufi-
barbis and Mallophora clausicella have been taken from this
species.) I have also taken it with the leaf-footed plant bug
( Leptoglossus phyllopus). In some parts of the South, its bee-
killing habits have been noted by apiarists, who have termed it
the “bee-panther.”
Promachus vertebratus Say. There are specimens of Pro-
machus vertebratus Say in the National Museum bearing the
label “feeding on honey bees.” I found the species abundant
in the wheat and hay fields of northern Missouri along with P.
fitchii, but occurring more commonly along the “draws” and
moister parts of the fields. A few were to be found in the cen-
ter of the fields, also, where fitchii occurred in great numbers. I
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
169
did not find any preying on honey bees, although fitchii was seiz-
ing honey bees right and left in the same fields. The prey of
vertebratus seemed to average larger than that of fitchii. I
found them in several instances with large stink bugs ( Euschis -
tus sps.) and very frequently with grasshoppers ( Melanoplus
atlanis and others). In some cases, the grasshoppers were more
bulky than the fly itself and in one case the captor was unable
to fly with its victim due to its size. Le Conte (1850) described
the attacks of this species on cicindelids. Walton (1922) figures
it (page 12, figure 16) as an enemy of grasshoppers. Washburn
(1905, page 87) states that he has seen this species flying over a
wheat field with a good-sized grasshopper in its grasp. Adams
(1915) found it feeding on Euschistus. Evidently, the species
is more of a grasshopper feeder and less of a honey bee feeder
than fitchii.
Promachus princeps Williston. The only feeding record I
have of this species is one from Washington taken with a worker
honey bee.
Mallophora. Mallophora is undoubtedly an American off-
shoot of the cosmopolitan genus Promachus. The bee-killing
habit of the latter genus occurs also in Mallophora where it has
become even more fixed and specialized. Generally speaking,
members of this genus prefer aculeate Hymenoptera for prey,
and — even more remarkable — many of the species closely resem-
ble in appearance bumble-bees and other bees, being much more
robust than the average Asilid. All of our larger North Ameri-
can species kill honey bees. In Argentina, M. ruficauda Wiede-
mann is a distinct enemy of honey bees (Copello, 1922 and 1927),
while the common Cuban species, M. macquarti Rondani, has the
same habits.
Mallophora orcina Wiedemann. The “ Southern bee-killer. ’ 9
This bumble-bee-like species is frequently met with in most parts
of the South, occurring during the middle of summer in old
fields and around the edges of corn and cotton fields, flying with
a deep, dull hum and alighting on the stalks of weeds or low
brush. I have never seen it kill or have I any record of its kill-
ing anything but Hymenoptera. It frequently seizes honey
bees. Marlatt (1893) records this species as an enemy of yellow-
170
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
jackets (Vespa communis and V. Carolina) in Maryland, wliile
McAtee and Banks (1920, page 28) have listed among its prey
4 ‘the bnmble-bees, Bremis impatiens, B. affinis and B. pennsyl-
vanicus, and the wasps Polistes pallipes, Vespula vulgaris and
Dolichovespula maculata.” Mr. C. T. Greene of the National
Museum informs me that it is fairly common in the environs of
Washington, D. C., where it feeds extensively on yellow-jackets,
striking them in mid-air with an audible impact. Mr. C. W.
Johnson has observed the same habit at St. Augustine, Fla.,
where he has noted them killing honey bees and bumble-
bees. Charles Dury in “Random Notes on Natural History’’
(Jour. Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 5, page 172) says:
“In a field near Hyde Park this powerful robber fly was very
abundant from June until October, 1899. Its favorite victims
were Hymenopterous insects, mostly honey bees. I have several
specimens taken in the act of killing bumble-bees larger than
themselves; seventy specimens collected.”
In Central Missouri, I took it feeding on scoliid and tipliia
wasps, the honey bee, a large cerceris and, in one case, a large
polistes, larger (longer at least) than the fly itself.
Mallophora bomboides Wiedemann. This large species is
fairly common in Florida and along the sandy coastal strip as
far north as Wilmington, N. C. It is found in the dry sandy
scrub characteristic of this region, appearing in the late summer,
a few being found in Southern Florida as late as January. It
flies with a loud, deep buzz, alighting on the tips of shrubs or on
the stalks of tall reeds. Its flight may be prolonged, and it fre-
quently may be observed to zoom up into tree tops, presently
returning to a resting place on the twig of a shrub nearer the
ground. This species kills honey bees as well as the largest
bumble-bees, carpenter bees and wasps. In Southern Florida,
during a period when Hymenoptera were very scarce, I found it
feeding on large beetles, reduviid bugs, and even grasshoppers.
Mallophora fautrix 0. S. This fairly common western species,
considerably smaller than M. orcina, but having also a bee-like
habitus, has been taken in California feeding on honey bees.
Mallophora clausicella Macquart. This small, common, south-
ern species is said by Mr. C. S. Brimley of Raleigh, N. C., to kill
June, 1930]
Bromley: Robber Flies
171
honey bees. I have seen it preying on smaller solitary bees and
do not donbt that it would be able to overcome the honey bee in
spite of its size, which is less than that of the Hymenopteron.
Such would be no more remarkable than the ability of its large
relative M. bomboides, which I have taken feeding on a queen
bumble-bee noticeably greater in bulk than its captor. McAtee
and Banks (1920) recorded it as feeding on Vespula germanica
and V. vulgaris and Banks (1913) took it with a bee, Epeolus sp.
Proctacanthus. The members of this genus are among the
largest of our Eastern asilids. Probably all kill honey bees.
Those definitely known to kill honey bees are philadelphicus,
rufus, milbertii, and in the Far West, Occident alis and arno.
The food predilections of our largest species, namely, the very
rare heros Wiedemann found in the Southeastern States, are as
yet unknown.
Proctacanthus philadelphicus Macquart is an abundant, late
summer species in the Northeastern States, occurring as far
south at least as North Carolina. It frequents dry fields and
pastures where it flies up with a loud, sharp buzz taking an un-
dulating course over the field until with a sharp turn it alights
on a stone, dried patch of cow-dung or simply on the ground.
The varying intonations of the buzz of one or two of these insects
flying around within hearing of the observer suggest a mumbled
conversation in the near distance, and it was evidently to this
species that the late William Hamilton Gibson referred in his
charming, popular books on nature as “The Talking Fly.” Of
about 300 prey taken from this species by the writer, more than
two-thirds are Hymenoptera, with the honey bee well repre-
sented. Its favorite food seems to be worker yellow-jackets
{Vespa communis, diabolica, and vidua) of which it destroys a
great many. Worker bumble-bees of several species, the white-
faced hornet, ichneumon flies, other Diptera, particularly other
Asilids (including Deromyia umbrina, D. misellus and Erax
rufibarbis) and small Coleoptera figure in the list of species
taken, as do occasionally small grasshoppers.
Proctacanthus rufus Williston. This reddish species occurs in
early and midsummer from Maine to Florida and Oklahoma, but
its habitat is restricted to the sandy areas particularly along cer-
172
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
tain streams. In such places, it may be locally common. It is
an active and wary species, generally alighting on the sand and
is difficult to stalk and secure. Its prey seems to be pretty well
restricted to Hymenoptera and honey bees figure as the largest
item in the list of species that I have taken from it. It also cap-
tures numbers of polistes, other wasps, bumble-bees and even the
white-faced hornet.
P rod acanthus milbertii Macquart. The “ Missouri Bee-
Killer.’’ This is one of the largest and most widely distributed
species of the genus. It ranges from Mississippi, Texas and New
Mexico to Ohio and Virginia, northwest to British Columbia, and
is a characteristic species of the prairies and the plains. I found
it very abundant in dry fields in Missouri during the late sum-
mer. Although this species was recorded by Riley (1870) as a
particular enemy of bees, my observations failed to bear this out.
I obtained a large series of prey in Missouri and the vast major-
ity were grasshoppers, butterflies and skippers. I did not take
it with a single honey bee, although in many fields where it oc-
curred, both D. discolor and Mallophora orcina were also present
and feeding on honey bees. That it does on occasion take honey
bees is certain, but I am inclined to classify this species as one
that generally prefers insects of the “ fluttering” type of flight
rather than the “buzzing.” Riley in later papers records it as
an enemy of the Rocky Mountain locust and also of the cotton
worm, and I believe that such insects figure much more in its
menu than do honey bees. Walton (1914, p. 174) in New Mex-
ico found it preying largely on immature grasshoppers. Davis
(1919, p. 89) and Wallis (1913) have recorded its preying on
cicindellid beetles.
Prod acanthus occidentalis Hine. This large, elongate species
occurs on the dry prairies and mesas of California, Oregon,
Washington and British Columbia, and possibly slightly east-
ward. On the one occasion I found an individual with prey, the
victim was a worker honey bee.
Prodacanthus arno Townsend. I took this species in South-
western Arizona feeding on an alfalfa butterfly, a large apio-
cerid fly and a worker honey bee.
Erax. The only time I have taken a species of this genus with
a honey bee as prey was on June 28, 1925, near Arlington, Ari-
June, 1930]
Bromley: Bobber Flies
173
zona, where I found a female Erax pernicis Coquillet resting on
the side of a mesquite bush with a worker honey bee in its grasp.
Erax rufibarbis Macquart is a common species in the East and
large enough to overcome honey bees, but I have never seen it
capture . one, although I have watched it closely in the field and
disturbed bees on flower heads to make them fly in range of the
asilid. In all cases, the fly paid no attention, even in the same
field where Proctacanthus philadelphicus was seizing the bees at
every opportunity. I have collected a great deal of food mate-
rial from E. rufibarbis, but this has been composed mostly of
other diptera, winged ants, small solitary bees, small butterflies,
etc. I was quite surprised, therefore, to note in the North Caro-
lina State collection at Raleigh, a specimen (female) with a
worker honey bee as prey. The data on this specimen was Mon-
cure, N. C., X, 6, 1921. T. B. Mitchell.
Erax interruptus Macquart is listed by Cook as a bee-killer
(the name Erax only is given, but the picture identifies it in spite
of the fact that the venation is incorrectly drawn). Here again,
although I have tried to coax, in the manner above alluded to,
the species, to take bees, the effort was not attended with success.
This species, abundant in most parts of the South from Virginia
to Florida and Southern California, I have found to be partial
to butterflies and grasshoppers, seizing individuals of the latter
much larger than itself. It occurs in old fields, pastures and cul-
tivated fields and has received several local common names, such
as ‘ ‘fly-hawk,” “path-finder ” from its habit of alighting in
paths through pastures and fields, and “Snorey Joe” from its
sonorous buzzing. Under the name Erax apicalis, Comstock
(1879) pictures and refers to it as an enemy of the cotton leaf
worm, while Malley (1902) records it under the name Erax lat-
eralis as feeding on the boll-worm adults. It is, I believe, from
the standpoint of the feeding habits of the adult, one of our most
beneficial as well as abundant and wide-spread Asilids.
While, therefore, it is possible that some species of Erax may
occasionally feed on honey bees, the evidence points to their
activities in this respect as being not at all comparable to the
destruction caused by the major bee-killers, such as Promachus
or Deromyia.
174
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvili
Conclusions
It may be surmised from the foregoing that robber flies can
cause economic losses only where a certain combination of con-
ditions exist. This demands a great abundance of a bee-killing
species in the close vicinity of the apiary. Probably the only
species in this country for which these conditions would obtain
would be Promachus fitchii 0. S., which might be sufficiently
numerous in a field near an apiary to cause considerable damage.
As it would occur in fields heavily infested with white grubs on
which the larvae feed, the obvious control would be to pasture the
fields to hogs if this were practical. The latter would probably
feed on and to a considerable extent rid the field of both white
grubs and asilid maggots. Fall plowing of the infested fields
might also be suggested as a control method.
Bibliography
1915. Adams. Bulletin Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey, Yol. XI, Sept. 1915, p.
186.
1913. Banks, N. Asilids Catching Hymenoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash-
ington, XY, p. 51.
1914. Bromley, S. W. Asilids and Their Prey. Psyche, XXI, p. 192-198.
1923. Bromley, S. W. Observations on the Feeding Habits of Robber
Flies. Psyche, Yol. XXX, No. 2, p. 41-45.
1929. Bromley, S. W. The Asilidae of Cuba. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Yol. XXII, No. 2, p. 272-295.
1923. Champlain and Knull. Notes on Penn. Diptera. Ent. News,
XXXIY, July, p. 212.
1879. Comstock, J. H. Report on Cotton Insects, p. 172.
1894. Cook, A. J. The Bee-Keepers’ Guide, Fifteenth Edition, p. 414-419,
Geo. W. York and Company, Chicago, 111.*
1922. Copello, Andres. Biologia de Mallophora ruficauda Wied. Physis.
vi. no. 21, p. 30-42, 2 pis. Buenos Aires.
1927. Copello, Andres. Biologia de Moscardon cazador de abejas. Sec-
retaria tecnica No. 699. Ministerio de Agricultura, Buenos Aires.
1919. Davis, J. J. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Natural Enemies
of Phyllophaga. 111. Nat. Hist. Survey, Vol. XIII, Article Y.
1900. Dury, Charles. Random Notes on Natural History. Jour. Cinn.
Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XIX, No. 5, p. 172.
1913. Felt, E. P. Twenty-ninth Report of the State Entomology, 1913.
Univ. State N. Y. Bulletin No. 589, April 15, 1915, p. 25-26.
* Thanks are due Mr. H. F. Ammidown, Southbridge, Mass., for the use
of this volume loaned to me from his excellent library.
June, 1930]
Bromley : Bobber Flies
175
1864. Fitch, Asa. Ninth Beport on the Noxious and Other Insects of New
York State, p. 251.
1850. Le Conte, L. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Meet. ii.
1920. McAtee, W. L. and Banks, N. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol.
22, No. 2, p. 13-33.
1902. Malley, F. W. Beport on the Boll Worm. Texas, p. 32, Sept.
1893. Marlatt, C. L. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Yol. 2, p. 82.
1902. Marshall, G. A. K. Five Years’ Observations and Experiments on
the Bionomics of S. African Insects. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p.
292-405.
1906. Poulton, E. B. Predaceous Insects and their Prey. Trans. Ent.
Soc. London, Part III, p. 323-409.
1924. Poulton, E. B. The Belation between the Larvae of the Asilid
Genus HyperecMa and those of Xylocopid Bees. Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, p. 121-133.
1869. Biley, C. Y. First Annual Beport on the Noxious, Beneficial and
other Insects of Missouri, p. 168.
1870. Biley, C. V. Second Annual Beport on the Noxious, Beneficial and
other Insects of Missouri, p. 121.
1836. Bobineau-Desvoidy. Notice sur un nouvel ennemi de l’abeille
domestique. C. R. Acad. Sci., p. 689.
1925. Sarel-Whitfield, F. G. The Belation between the Feeding Habits
and the Structure of the Mouth-parts in the Asilidae. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 599-638.
1868. Thompson, B. O. Bural World, Sept. 12.
1913. Wallis. Canadian Entomologist, May, 1913, Vol. XLY, No. 5, p.
135.
1860. Walker, F. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2), p. 282 (Trupanea) .
1914. Walton, W. B. Beport on Some Parasitic and Predaceous Diptera
from N. E. New Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 48, p.
171-186.
1922. Walton, W. B. U. S. D. A. Farmers’ Bulletin 747.
1905. Washburn, F. L. Tenth Annual Beport of the State Entomologist
of Minnesota, p. 86-88.
176
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
PLATE X
Promachus fitchii O. S. The “Nebraska Bee-killer. ’ ’ Natural
size.
Deromyia umbrina Loew. A common “ bee-killer ” in New
England. Natural size.
Mallophora ruficauda Wied. The Argentine “ Bee-killer. ”
Natural size. Received from Dr. Andres Capello.
Proctacanthus philadelphicus Macq. A common ‘ 1 bee-killer ’ ’ in
the Northeastern States. Natural size.
Stenopogon sp. with honey bee. A 1 1 California Bee-killer. ’ y
Slightly enlarged.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate X)
ROBBER FLIES
June. 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
177
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS MYRMOTERAS
(HYMENOPTERA, FORMICID^)1
By William S. Creighton
Among a number of archaic genera which belong to the sub-
family Formicinse none is more striking than the singular Indo-
Malayan genus Myrmoteras. The ants of this group possess
enormous, reniform eyes, a character found in other ancient
genera, and in addition, show a curious occipital fold and a man-
dibular structure unique among the Formicinae. The mandibles
are linear, greatly elongated and with a number of sharp, well-
separated teeth along their inner border. The mandibles them-
selves are consequently not unlike those of the primitive
Ponerine genus Myrmecia. The mandibular mechanism taken
as a whole is, on the contrary, totally dissimilar to that of
Myrmecia, being closely analogous to a type found in the highly
developed Ponerine genera Anochetus and Odontomachus and
the peculiar Myrmicine genus Strumigenys. This blending of
primitive and specialized characters in Myrmoteras is sufficiently
unusual to repay careful consideration.
It has been observed that many of the species in the three
genera just mentioned utilize the mandibles in a form of leaping
to which Wheeler has applied the term retrosalience. The type
of mandibular structure upon which retrosalience depends, al-
though differing widely in detail, is remarkably uniform as re-
gards fundamental organization. In all the known retrosalient
forms the mandibles are linear and inserted close together. This
results in a marked narrowing of the front of the head. The
occipital angles have undergone linear or lateral expansion or
both, apparently to permit the attachment of a large number
of mandibular muscles. There has been developed a trigger
mechanism consisting of two or more hairs which project for-
ward and slightly downward. The details of this rather complex
mechanism, on the other hand, are exceedingly variable. Thus
1 Contributions from the Bussey Institution, Harvard University No. 336.
178
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
in Odontomachus (Fig. 1, C) and most of the species of
Anochetus (Fig. 1, D) the dentition of the mandibles is ordi-
narily reduced to two or three stout, apical prongs. The other
teeth, if present, are represented by small denticles along the
inner border of the mandibles, which meet but do not overlap,
just as do the cutting edges of a pair of electrician’s pliers. The
occipital angles have been produced through linear expansion
into two prominent lobes. The trigger hairs are usually four in
number, two hairs arising near the base of each mandible.
These are brought into an effective position only when the man-
dibles are wide open. In contrast to this we find in Strumi-
genys (Fig. 1, A) that the mandibles are much more slender
than those just described. Although the apical prongs are
similar the inner edges of the mandibles do not meet and in some
species bear widely separated teeth which may approach the
apical prongs in size. The occipital angles have undergone both
linear and lateral expansion which has resulted in the produc-
tion of the cordate head characteristic of Strumigenys. The
trigger hairs, when present, are two in number and arise from
the lower edge of the labrum which hangs perpendicularly from
the clypeus between the insertion of the mandibles. In certain
species the base of the mandible is hollowed to permit the re-
ception of the edge of the labrum. In some of the species of
Strumigenys the trigger hairs are absent. This is true of 8.
cordobensis Mayr and apparently of 8. godeffroyi Mayr also.
It seems possible that this absence of trigger hairs may explain
why certain members of this genus, although otherwise identical
with the retrosalient species, have never been observed to leap.
As has already been noted the cephalic characters of Myrmo-
teras (Fig. 1, E) are very similar to those described above. The
unusually long and slender mandibles are inserted relatively
close together. The occipital angles are laterally expanded.
There is a trigger mechanism consisting of two very long and
exceedingly thin hairs which arise from the forward edge of the
labrum. This structure in Myrmoteras is closely applied to the
under side of the clypeus and lies entirely above the mandibles.
The basal portion of the trigger hairs slopes forward and down-
ward so that the hairs lie beneath the mandibles to which they
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
179
are parallel throughout most of their length. The above simi-
larities have been taken as an indication that Myrmoteras is a
retrosalient form and such a conclusion appears to be amply
justified. Unfortunately the almost complete lack of field ob-
servations on the ants of this genus leaves us without definite
proof of this habit but, as will be subsequently shown, although
Myrmoteras may not display this trait, there can be little doubt
that it should be classed with a number of other genera which
Figure 1. Diagram showing the relation between the length of the
trigger hairs and that of the mandibles. A. Strumigenys gundlachi
Roger. B. Daceton armigerum Perty. C. Odontomachus hcematodes subsp.
laticeps Roger. D. Anochetus mayri Emery. E. Myrmoteras mjoeltergi
Wheeler.
might be characterized as trap- jawed. This group would in-
clude the retrosalient genera mentioned above and also Daceton,
Acanthognathus, Orectognathus, Microdaceton and Epitritus.
The heads of representative forms of some of the above genera
are shown in Fig. 1. As may be seen from this figure there is a
correlation between the length of the trigger hairs and the length
of the mandibles. The tendency of the hairs to curl when dry
makes it difficult to obtain exact measurements but in general it
180
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvui
may be stated that the tips of the trigger hairs reach a point
greater than one-half and less than six-sevenths of the distance
from the base to the apex of the mandibles when the latter are
closed. This insures that the external object which springs the
trap will be within the grasp of the closing mandibles and should
be impaled on the apical prongs.
That the above result is the primary function of this type of
mandibular mechanism appears fairly certain. In the retro-
salient species however the same mechanism occasionally oper-
ates to produce backward leaps of the insect. This process has
been described by a number of observers, particularly in the case
of Odontomachus, which may be regarded as the exemplar of
this type of leaping. The action is essentially as follows :
Prior to the leap the mandibles of the insect are opened to
their greatest extent so that they stand at right angles to the long
axis of the head or are directed slightly backward. At the same
time the antennge are held in such a position that their tips
project forward and inward. Upon the contact of these with
some external object the insect suddenly advances and when
the trigger hairs touch the object the mandibles are snapped
against it with the resulting backward leap of the insect.
Although this process has been repeatedly described very lit-
tle attention has been paid to the mechanics involved. This may
be because the action appears fairly obvious but is probably
more largely due to its extreme rapidity which makes it im-
possible to follow the movements of the mandibles. A considera-
tion of the mechanics of retrosalience must consequently be de-
rived largely from the structure of the parts involved coupled
with what can be observed of their action at the time of leaping.
Such a study leads to a number of interesting conclusions. I am
indebted to Dr. Gerald Almy for his helpful suggestions in the
following discussion:
Observable facts in the leaping of retrosalient forms indicate
that the process might be carried out in two ways. It is possible
that the mandibles might be brought against some small, hard
object with a scissor-like action in which the pressure would be
applied by the inner edge of each mandible as these slipped
along the object. This modus operandi would require tre-
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
181
mendous pressure to produce an effective leap and would be de-
feated by the occurrence of teeth along the inner border of the
mandible. Since these are always present, although sometimes
reduced to two terminal hooks, this explanation may be dis-
carded. The alternate explanation assumes that the tips of the
mandibles are driven against some hard object which is too large
to be included in their grasp. The tips then slide over the sur-
face of the object and the ant is thrown backward. This process,
if repeated many times would tend to wear down the terminal
teeth since these are the only part of the mandible in contact
with the object. It is by no means unusual to find specimens,
particularly in the case of Odontomachus, in which the terminal
teeth are blunted with the worn surfaces heavily scratched. If
the above explanation is correct retrosalience depends as much
upon the size and consistency of the object struck as upon the
mandibular organization of the ant. In view of the habits of
the retrosalient forms this fact is of considerable significance.
Wheeler2 has drawn a vivid picture of the ferocity with which
the workers of Oodontomachus attack and dismember living in-
sects placed in their nests. The appendages of the victims are
at once nipped off by the plier-like jaws of the Odontomachus
workers. The most casual inspection of the ants depicted in
Figure 1 will show that this cannot be true of Strumigenys or
Myrmoteras since the edges of the mandibles are not developed
to permit a nipping action. Nevertheless the structure of the
mandibles in each of these genera seems equally bound up with
a trophic peculiarity. One of the few field observations which
we possess for Myrmoteras was given me by Dr. Jas. W. Chap-
man who took M. williamsi in the Philippines. The specimens
which he secured were slow and clumsy in movement. This is
also true of every species of Strumigenys which the author has
been able to observe. If we assume that the members of both
these genera depend upon small and rather active insects for
food the explanation for their peculiar mandibular organizations
is at once apparent. While the efficacy of the mandibles as a
cutting instrument would be nil they would function in the same
manner as the jaws of a steel trap and by suddenly snapping
2 A Study of Some Texan Ponerinae. Biol. Bull. Yol. II, No. 1. 1900.
182
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
shut would impale insects whose agility would otherwise render
them impossible of capture. It is interesting to note that there
is an analogous type of trap mechanism in the angler fishes,
(Lophiidge) which enables them to capture other fishes more
active than themselves.
The extraordinary parallelism in the mandibular organization
of the various genera of ants mentioned at the beginning of this
paper may be regarded as a case of convergence in response to
a definite type of feeding habits. That the mandibles should
also function in leaping is, I believe, entirely fortuitous. Prac-
tically all ants will, if sufficiently aroused, attack anything
within reach. In the case of the retrosalient forms this attack,
if the object bitten is of a suitable size and hardness, results in
a backward leap of the insect. Although it is freely admitted
that retrosalience serves at times to promote safety I am strongly
averse to the view that this outcome has any fundamental sig-
nificance in the ethology of the species. Escape under such cir-
cumstances differs in no way from that which occurs when an
ant pursued by some predaceous enemy chances to tumble off a
leaf and is thus accidentally removed from danger. To assume
a more integral role for retrosalience necessitates the belief that
the insects, when in danger, deliberately select some suitable
object against which to strike the mandibles. In my opinion
such a view is untenable.
If it is true that retrosalience is to be regarded as an etho-
logical by-product we may amplify a concept advanced by
Wheeler in a publication of 1922.3 In this paper evidence was
presented to demonstrate that prosalience, which is shown only
by forms having elongated and thickened hind femora, is a
characteristic confined to very primitive, macrophthalmic species.
The large size of the eyes is apparently a necessary corollary to
this type of leaping which might, as a further distinction to
retrosalience, be called intentional. That prosalience plays a
vital part in the ethology of the few archaic species which still
show it is evident from Wheeler’s remarks on Gigantiops. This
ant, although conspicuous and a solitary forager, is able to
3 Observations on Gigantiops destructor Fabr. and other leaping Ants.
Biol. Bull. 1922, pp. 185-201.
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
183
escape capture by its agile leaps. The disappearance of pro-
salience in the great bulk of our present day Formicidse Wheeler
attributes to an increase in social organization which led to a
decrease in the size of the eyes and a consequent readjustment
of habits. Retrosalience on the other hand appears to be com-
pletely independent of habits or of the size of the eyes. It is
fairly certain that the small size and peculiar position of the
eyes in Strumigenys renders these insects virtually blind yet this
lack of any means of visual orientation has not prevented the
development of a trait in which this would seem to be of vital
importance. Similarly in Odontomachus and Anochetus the
value of the small eyes in orientation may be questioned. If,
therefore, future field observations confirm the supposition that
Myrmoteras is retrosalient it must be borne in mind that, al-
though the ants of this genus are primitive and macrophthalmic,
the trait of leaping is in this case a secondary development which
has little or nothing to do with the primitive characters.
The genus Myroteras was established by Forel in 1893 from a
series of workers taken in the Thaungyin Valley (Tennaserim),
Burmali. This ant, to which he gave the name binghami, was
for a number of years the only known representative of the
genus. In 1916 Wheeler described the female of a new species,
M. donisthorpei, from Borneo and three years later bakeri and
williamsi, both described from females. The first species was
taken in Borneo, the last in the Philippines. In the present
paper the workers of two new species are described, mjoebergi
from Borneo and barbouri from Java. A description of the
worker of williamsi, which has hitherto been unknown is also
given. A single female and two workers of this species were
taken by Dr. Jas. W. Chapman at Dumaguette, P. I. These
specimens Dr. Chapman generously turned over to me for ex-
amination and I wish to express my sincere thanks for this
courtesy. A comparison of two castes shows that, except for
the slightly longer mandibles of the worker, the cephalic char-
acteristics are identical. This is of great importance in the
separation of the described species, since two are known only
from females while three have been founded upon workers.
Since the difference between the head of the female and that of
184
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
the worker is negligible a key based upon cephalic characteristics
may include both castes. There is a single cotype of binghami
in the collection of Dr. W. M. Wheeler, who has kindly allowed
me to examine this species as well as the types of the species
which he has described. It is possible, therefore, to present a
review of the genus with the description of the new forms. I
wish to thank Dr. Wheeler for his cooperation in permitting me
access to the types and also for his consideration in turning over
to me, for inclusion in this paper, the original description of the
new species mjoebergi.
As might be expected of an archaic genus, whose members
have, through isolation, become very distinct, the species of
Myrmoteras show conspicuous differences in the shape of the
head, the length of the antennal scapes, the number of mandibu-
lar teeth and the details of sculpture and pilosity. The follow-
ing key presents an analysis of these differences :
Key to the Species of the Genus Myrmoteras
1. Frontal furrow well developed, extending back to the median ocellus 2
Frontal furrow absent or represented only by an obsolete impression
which does not extend behind the anterior third of the head , 5
2. Head opaque, completely coriaceous except the occipital fold williamsi
Head smooth and shining, the sculpture, if present, consisting of striae
on the front and clypeus 3
3. Head entirely smooth bdkeri
Front and clypeus striate : i 4
4. Mandibles with fourteen teeth, the denticles between the apical tooth
and the penultimate tooth not well developed; length of the female
4.5 mm donisthorpei
Mandibles with nine teeth, the denticles between the apical tooth and
the penultimate tooth well developed ; length of the worker 5.3 mm.
binghami
5. Head completely smooth and very highly shining mjoebergi
Head subopaque, finely and feebly coriaceous barbouri
Myrmoteras bakeri Wheeler
M. bakeri Wheeler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Yol. 63, p.
145, (1919)
In the original description of bakeri Wheeler surmised that it
might prove to be nothing more than a form of donisthorpei.
The specific status of bakeri can, however, scarcely be ques-
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
185
tioned. Although in size and general appearance the two forms
are similar, bakeri is much paler, the front and clypeus bear no
striae and the dentition of the mandibles is quite different (see
Plate 1, Fig. 5). The mandibles of bakeri have only nine teeth
with three additional denticles borne singly between the terminal
and second, the second and third and the third and fourth apical
teeth. The integument in the type is translucent and because
of this the frontal furrow and the circumocular grooves appear
unusually prominent. Whether this translucence is constant for
the species is open to doubt but, if so, it furnishes a very easy
means of recognition. The color of bakeri is a clear, golden yel-
low with the mandibular teeth and the thoracic sutures tinged
with red.
Type locality: Sandakan, Borneo (Baker).
B. M. binghami Forel. C. M. williamsi Wheeler. D. M. barbouri , sp.
nov.
Myrmoteras barbouri sp. nov.
Worker: Length over all 6.9 mm.
Occipital fold deeply impressed in the middle, the ocelli borne on low
and obtuse projections, a moderate concave impression between the lateral
ocelli. Frontal groove virtually obliterated, represented only by a feeble
impression which extends only a little way behind the level of the insertion
of the antennas. Mandibles with five apical teeth which gradually decrease
in length and five small basal teeth. No denticles between the terminal
tooth and the penultimate tooth. For other details of cephalic structure see
Plate XI, Fig. 6.
Thorax seen in profile (Fig. 2, D) with the pronotum feebly convex, the
mesonotum only moderately depressed, the tubercles bearing the meso-
thoracic spiracles prominent. Epinotum evenly convex, without distinction
186
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
between the basal and declivious faces. Seen from above the pronotum is
fan-shaped, one-fifteenth longer than broad (the neck excluded). Meso-
notum only slightly more than one-third as wide as the pronotum, its sides
approximately parallel. Epinotum subpyriform, slightly less than twice as
wide as the mesonotum. Node of the petiole seen in profile with a blunt
summit, both anterior and posterior faces sloping from crest to base, the
posterior face slightly longer. Anterior and posterior peduncles of about
equal length.
Ferrugineous, the mesonotum and epinotum slightly tinged with black,
the petiole and abdomen brownish red, the mandibles antennae and legs
yellowish brown. The head covered with a delicate, subopaque coriaceous
sculpture except for an oval area in the middle of the clypeus which is
feebly striate and dull and the rim of the occiput, the occipital fold and
the genae which are smooth and shining. Pronotum moderately shining
with very feeble coriaceous sculpture. Mesonotum with numerous strong
irregular rugae on the dorsum and five rugae extending across the anterior
half of the sides. Epinotum very feebly coriaceous, shining with fine wavy
rugae behind the spiracles and somewhat coarser rugae on the lower portions
of the sides. Hairs sparse, thin, erect and yellow.
Type: M. C. Z. No. 16231.
Described from a single worker taken by Dr. Thomas Barbour
at Singdanglalia, Java.
Barbouri is the largest known member of the genus. Its char-
acteristic cephalic sculpture readily distinguishes it from any
of the other species with the possible exception of williamsi. In
williamsi however, the sculpture is much heavier and more
opaque and the two are totally dissimilar in size, shape of the
head and dentition of the mandibles.
Myrmoteras binghami Forel
M. binghami Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Yol. 37, p. 607, (1893)
Forel, Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Yol. 8, p. 419,
(1894) 5- Bingham, Fauna Brit. India, Hym. Vol. 2, p.
314, fig. 95, (1903) Emery, in Wytsman, Genera In-
sectorum Fasc. 183, Subfamily Formicinge (1925) Plate
2, Fig. 1.
The front and clypeus of binghami are feebly reticulo-striate.
This character separates it from all the other species except
donisthorpei which has a similar sculpture. The pronounced
difference in size, in the shape of the head and in the dentition
of the mandibles prevents any possibility of confusion of these
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
187
two species. The mandibles of the worker of binghami bear nine
acute teeth, the basal four short, the apical five gradually increas-
ing in length. Between the terminal tooth and the penultimate
tooth are two well developed denticles, the more apical of these
about twice as long as the inner. For other cephalic characters
the reader is referred to Plate XI, Fig. 2.
In thoracic structure binghami (Fig. 2, B) closely approaches
barbouri but differs in its more angular epinotum and less exten-
sive mesonotal sculpture. The basal face of the epinotum is
very feebly convex and separated from the much shorter declivi-
ous face by a well marked angle. The dorsum of the meso-
notum lacks the conspicuous transverse rugge which are present
in barbouri and there are only four rugae on the sides. The
mesonotal tubercles are prominent but the spiracular openings
themselves are quite small. The node of the petiole seen in
profile has an almost perpendicular anterior face, a flattened
summit and a straight and steeply sloping posterior face.
Length over all: 5.3 mm.
Type locality: Thaungyin Valley, (Tenasserim) Burmah.
Myrmoteras donisthorpei Wheeler
M. donisthorpei Wheeler, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, Vol. 6, p.
14, fig. 3, (1916) <J. Emery, in Wytsman, Genera Insec-
torum, Fasc. 183, Subfamily Formicinae, Plate 1, fig. 16,
(1925).
In donisthorpei the front and clypeus bear numerous fine
wavy stride. A similar condition is found in binghami but the
striae in that species are feebler and more broken up and the
entire head is duller. The pronounced size difference in the two
further eliminates any possibility of confusion. The mandibles
of donisthorpei have the external border very feebly curved
throughout. In this particular it appears to be unique in the
genus. The inner border of the mandibles bear twelve teeth
which gradually increase in length toward the apex. The den-
ticles between the second and third and the third and fourth
apical teeth are unusually well developed, being considerably
larger than some of the basal teeth, consequently it is perhaps
less confusing to regard the mandibles as having fourteen teeth
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
rather than twelve as first stated. The customary two denticles
are present between the apical tooth and the penultimate tooth
but the innermost one is so small and closely applied to the base
of the other that it is difficult to see. A figure of the head of
the female of donisthorpei is given in Plate XI, Fig. 3. The
node of the petiole of donisthorpei is moderately thick with a
blunt summit which meets the almost perpendicular anterior
face at a well marked angle but passes to the more sloping pos-
terior face through a convex declivity. Length over all (female)
4.5 mm.
Type locality: Mt. Matang, (Sarawak) Borneo (G. E. Bryant).
The following description of the new species mjoebergi is
that of Dr. W. M. Wheeler, through whose kindness I am able
to present it here :
Myrmoteras mjoebergi Wheeler, sp. nov.
Worker: Length 5-5.6 mm.
Very similar in form to the other species of the genus. Antennal scapes
extending nearly two-fifths of their length beyond the posterior border of
the head. Basal teeth of the mandibles longer and more distinct. In all
there are ten teeth, counting the apical as the first. In the diastema
between the first and second there are two denticles, the subapical being
fully one-third as long as the apical, the other minute. A similar minute
denticle is present in the diastema between the second and third and third
and fourth teeth. Pronotum decidedly more rounded and convex than in
M. binghami and barbouri. Base of the epinotum convex above, about
twice as long as the declivity, which is straight and sloping. Petiole fully
twice as long as broad, longer than high, the node thicker than in binghami,
somewhat compressed laterally, in profile bluntly and evenly rounded above,
its superior border from behind transverse and feebly arcuate. Appen-
dages as in the other species, with the middle and hind tibiae and the tips
of the scapes incrassated.
Sculpture quite different from that of the other species, the whole body
smooth and shining, with minute piligerous punctures, which are very
inconspicuous on the head, thorax and abdomen and somewhat more numer-
ous on the appendages. Concavity of the mesonotum indistinctly trans-
versely striate.
Hairs white, delicate, erect, very sparse on the body, distinctly more
abundant but somewhat shorter on the appendages. The funiculi, as in
the other species, are clothed with erect hairs nearly as long as those on
the scapes.
Castaneous brown; appendages yellow; mandibular teeth, tips of scapes,
funiculi, bases of coxae, extensor surfaces of legs, incisures of gastric seg-
ments and venter darker, reddish or yellowish brown.
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
189
Described from three specimens taken by Dr. E. Mjoberg on
the summit of Mt. Tibang, Dutch Borneo, at an altitude of 1,700
meters. This is the third species of Myrmoteras to be described
from Borneo which would seem to be the metropolis of the
genus.
Mjoebergi is distinct from all the other species in the genus
because of its highly shining surface which, except for a few
very small punctures, is virtually free from sculpture. The
longitudinal stride of the sides of the mesothorax are reduced to
two, one terminating directly in front of the spiracle, the other,
which is shorter and more feeble, parallels the first and ends
below and well to the front of the spiracle (Fig. 2, A). The
mesothoracic spiracles are less conspicuous than in the other
species, being borne on a broad, obtusely triangular elevation
which gives them the appearance of being fused into the dorsum
of the mesothorax. The frontal furrow is absent. The head
of mjoebergi is shown in Plate XI, Fig. 1.
Myrmoteras williamsi Wheeler
M. williamsi Wheeler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, Vol. 63,
p. 146, (1919) £
Worker (not before described) : Length over all 3.9 mm.
Head as in the female (see Plate XI, Fig. 4) except that the mandibles
are relatively longer, being approximately one and one-third times the
length of the head, and bear two additional basal teeth. There are two
small denticles between the apical and penultimate teeth and one larger
denticle between the penultimate and third and the third and fourth teeth.
Thorax seen from above with the pronotum subspherical. The meso-
notum is stalk-like, scarcely one-third as wide as the pronotum, its sides
virtually parallel except posteriorly where they diverge slightly at the junc-
tion with the epinotum. Epinotum narrowed anteriorly, broader and with
subparallel sides behind, its greatest width slightly less than one-half as
wide as the mesonotum. Seen in profile (Fig. 2, C) the pronotum itself
is only moderately convex but since the premesonotal suture is feeble and
the transition to the steeply declivious and strongly depressed mesonotum
is not sharply defined, the pronotum appears strongly convex. Meso-
thoracic spiracles borne on prominent tubercles. Mesoepinotal suture
feeble on the sides but with a pronounced concave impression on the
dorsum. Epinotum in profile strongly convex with the posterior face
straight and sloping. Node of the petiole in profile with the summit rather
narrowly rounded, the anterior and posterior faces very steeply declivious,
the height of the node one and one-third times as great as the length of
190
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
its base, the posterior peduncle slightly longer than the anterior and feebly
expanded behind.
Head opaque, completely coriaceous, the antennal scapes and the base of
the mandibles dull, with numerous fine punctures, the remainder of the
mandibles strongly shining. Pronotum completely opaque, finely coriaceous,
base of the first coxa finely coriaceous. Mesonotum shining with a few
very coarse and widely separated striae. Epinotum feebly coriaceous above
but not completely opaque, the sides strongly shining. Petiole and gaster
shining. Hairs on the head and thorax and abdomen short sparse and erect,
somewhat more numerous and shorter on the appendages.
The above description is drawn from material secured by Dr.
Jas. W. Chapman at Dumaguate, P. I. Since two workers and a
female were taken it has been possible to compare the latter
caste with the types of williamsi. Except that the head of Dr.
Chapman’s specimen is slightly darker the two are identical.
This color difference is far too slight to be of any taxonomic
significance.
It is unnecessary to describe in detail the female of williamsi.
The head of this insect is shown in Plate XI, Fig. 4. The thorax
is rather short and stout with the dorsum strongly convex. The
pronotum, scutum, scutellum, basal face of the epinotum and the
episternum are coriaceous and opaque. The sides and the
declivious face of the epinotum and the metapluras are covered
with fine interrupted, feebly shining striae. Wings smoky, iri-
descent in certain lights, the veins dirty yellow. In other
regards as in the worker. Length over all 4.3 mm.
Localities: Los Banyos, Philippine Islands, (Type loc.) (F. X.
Williams) ; Dumaguete, Philippine Islands, (Dr. Jas. W. Chap-
man) .
Both the worker and female of williamsi may be readily distin-
guished by the coriaceous sculpture which renders the head com-
pletely opaque. An approach to this condition is found in
barbouri but in the last species the sculpturing is not sufficiently
heavy to cause complete opacity. Furthermore confusion of
these two species is very unlikely because of the marked differ-
ence in size. The frontal furrow in williamsi is unusually
prominent, extending from a point opposite the insertion of the
antennas back to the median ocellus. In the structure of the
June, 1930]
Creighton: Myrmoteras
191
thorax the worker of williamsi differs notably from that of any
of the other species in which this caste is known. The very
strong depression of the mesonotum makes the pronotnm and
epinotnm appear very gibbous. The concave impression at the
mesoepinotal suture is apparently peculiar to williamsi. The
characteristic sculpturing of the thorax has already been
described.
192
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Yol. XXXVIII
PLATE XI
The figures are drawn to the same scale and can be used in comparing the
size of the various species.
Figure 1. Worker of Myrmoteras mjoebergi, Wheeler.
Figure 2. Worker of Myrmoteras binghami, Forel.
Figure 3. Female of Myrmoteras donistliorpei, Wheeler.
Figure 4. Female of Myrmoteras williamsi, Wheeler.
Figure 5. Female of Myrmoteras bakeri, Wheeler.
Figure 6. Worker of Myrmoteras barbouri , Creighton.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XI)
MYRMOTERAS
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
193
PHILIPPINE ANTS OF THE GENUS ^NICTUS WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FEMALES
OF TWO SPECIES
By William Morton Wheeler
On returning to the United States from a second sojourn of
six years at Dumaguete, on the Island of Negros, Dr. Jas W.
Chapman has brought another extensive collection of Philippine
ants. Among them are numerous specimens taken from more
than 40 different JEnictus colonies, and comprising the extra-
ordinary females of two of the species (2E. Iceviceps F. Smith
and martini Forel), together with the larvae, insect prey and
myrmecophiles (aenictophiles) of many of the foraging and
bivouacking armies. Dr. Chapman will publish his ethological
observations in a separate paper. The following taxonomic
account, for which he has very generously contributed the speci-
mens, should supersede our notes on the Philippine iEnicti pub-
lished in our joint paper of 1925 and based on rather meager
material.
The genus ^Enictus comprises some 119 described forms (82
species, 11 subspecies, 26 varieties) and is both taxonomically
and ethologically the least adequately understood of the larger
genera of Doryline ants. It is confined to the Old World, where
it replaces the closely allied New World genus Eciton, but it
has a very wide range, embracing the whole of Africa, the Indo-
malayan and Papuan Regions and Northeastern Australia.
Most of the forms inhabit the Indomalayan Region (42 species,
7 subspecies, 17 varieties), but the African representation is not
greatly inferior (34 species, 4 subspecies, 9 varieties). At the
extreme limits of the range, however, the number of forms is
greatly diminished, there being only six species in Africa north
of the Sahara (Morocco, Oran, Tunis) and only three in Aus-
tralia (Queensland, New South Wales). No .Enictus occurs in
the Malagasy Region, which also lacks any species of Dorylus,
the only other Old World genus of the subfamily Dorylinae.
194
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
We must suppose, therefore, that Madagascar was isolated either
before this subfamily had been evolved or, more probably, since
these ants are very archaic, before they had migrated to East
Africa from some hypothetical center of origin in the Northern
Hemisphere. Since the females of the Dorylinas are clumsy,
apterous insects, unable to found colonies without the aid of
workers, we can hardly assume that they have been introduced
into islands either with flotsam and jetsam or by human agencies.
To account for the several species on the East Indian and
Papuan Islands and in Australia, we must, therefore, suppose
that they reached their present habitat before these islands were
separated from the Asiatic mainland.
In iEnictus, as in the other genera of Dorylinas, the correlation
of the workers, females and males of any particular species,
unless found together in the same colony, is impossible. The
singular females are among the rarest of insects in collections,
which usually consist of series of workers taken from foraging
columns or of a few males taken at lights. Hence most of the
described forms are based either on workers or on males only,
so that the actual number of species is undoubtedly considerably
less than the number recorded in our catalogues. The latter
show that 45 forms (28 species, 1 subspecies, 16 varieties) have
been described from worker specimens exclusively, 68 (48 spe-
cies, 10 subspecies, 10 varieties) from males only, and that only
three species have been described from both worker and male.
Two are known only from single female specimens and one from
both worker and female. The following table gives the numbers
of the described forms according to caste and geographical
distribution :
A study of the specimens and descriptions of the known work-
ers, and especially of the females and males indicates that the
genus HCnictus is decidedly heterogeneous, though previous to
1929, when I described a species, M. silvestrii from Penang
Island, as representing a distinct subgenus, Parasnictus, no
attempt had been made to subdivide the genus. But that its
species are sufficiently diverse to justify further subdivision is
apparent from the following considerations : first, the males show
great differences in the structure of the head, scapes, petiole,
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
195
Species
Subspecies
Varieties
Totals
No. of Forms
82
11
26
119
Known from workers
only
28
1
16
45
Known from males only
48
10
10
68
Known from males and
workers only
3
—
—
3
Known from females
only
2
—
—
2
Known from worker and
female only
1
—
—
1
Indomalayan forms
42
7
17
66
African forms
34
4
9
47
Papuo-Australian forms
6
—
—
6
legs and genitalia; second, certain peculiar males, comprising
seven species and known only from the Congo, have been
assigned to a separate genus iEnictogeton by Emery and
Santschi, though very probably the cospecific workers of some
of them have been described already as species of ^Enictus ; and
third, the females of 2E. Iceviceps and martini, discovered by
Dr. Chapman and described below, differ so widely from the
three females previously known that they would seem to belong
to a distinct genus, though Porel and Emery have not hesitated
to place their workers in the genus iEnictus.
The three known females of ^Enictus were all taken in Africa.
In 1885 Ernest Andre described from Oran a peculiar ant which
he regarded as a worker and named Alaopone abeillei. Emery,
in 1895, renamed it Dorylus ( Shuckardia ) abeillei on the basis
of the description, but on seeing the specimen while he was vis-
iting Andre, he concluded that it must be an ^Enictus, and,
therefore, described and figured it in two of his papers (1901,
1904). I reproduce his sketches of the insect (Pig. 1), which
measures 8 mm. and is reddish yellow. It closely resembles the
females of the subgenus Acamatus of the genus Eciton, except
that its antennae are 10- jointed, instead of 12- jointed, the thorax
more slender and especially the head and petiole much narrower.
A second ^Enictus female was described and figured by Emery
i96
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
in 1914 as that of 2E. vaucheri. It was taken in Morocco and
measured 9 mm. Its color was reddish brown. In structure it
closely resembled M. abeillei, but its head was broader and more
quadrate, with more clavate antennal scapes. Both of these fe-
males were obviously virgins, or at any rate had undeveloped
ovaries, since their abdomens exhibited no distension of the in-
Fig. 1. JEnictus abeillei Ern. Andre. Female, a, dorsal view of type;
b, lateral view of body except posterior end; c, antenna; d, posterior end
of abdomen, dorsal view; e, same in profile. (After C. Emery.)
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
197
tersegmental membranes. The third female is that of 2E., con-
golensis, and was described by Santschi in 1917 from a specimen
taken in Gaboon with the cospecific worker. It has a greatly en-
in profile ; c, hypopygium of same ; d, head of worker, dorsal view ; e, worker,
dorsal view, drawn to the same scale as a and fr; /, worker more enlarged
in profile; g, pedicel of same in profile; h, antenna of same; i, mandible of
same; j, same of another worker specimen; fc, mandible seen from above.
(After F. Santschi.)
198
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
larged abdomen and was clearly in an active egg-laying condi-
tion when captured (Fig. 2). It measured 13.5-14 mm. and is
of a deep reddish brown color like the worker, which measures
only 2.4-3. 4 mm. In structure this female resembles the two
from North Africa but the head is as broad as long and has more
rounded sides.
It happens that the workers of both Iceviceps and martini are
closely related and belong to a group of species characterized by
peculiar pale patches simulating large eyes at the posterior cor-
ners of the head. In Forel’s and Bingham’s dichotomic tables
of HDnictus workers these species and their allies are first sep-
arated off by this character as most readily identifiable among
the mass of species. Indeed, the first iEnictus worker to be de-
scribed by F. Smith in 1858 belonged to this group and was no
other than Iceviceps from Borneo, though he made it the type of
his genus Typhlatta. Unfortunately the genus A^nictus was
based by Shuckard (1840) on the male of A5J. ambiguus from
Hindustan, and this is one of the many species of which the
worker is still unknown. Since, therefore, we are unable to give
a precise characterization of two of the three castes of the type
species of HCnictus sens, str., we are at present debarred from a
thoroughgoing subdivision of the genus into subgenera. All we
are able to do is to resuscitate Smith ’s name Typhlatta as that of
a single subgenus and to assign to it the above-mentioned group
of species with workers characterized by the pale coloration of
the posterior corners of the head and females like those described
below for Iceviceps and martini. The following table may serve
to differentiate the workers of the various known forms of Typh-
latta, all of which are closely interrelated and confined to the
Indomalayan Region
Workers of ^Enictus of the Subgenus Typhlatta
1. Pale patches at the posterior corners of the head on distinct, elongate
oval, tubercle-like elevations T. 2
Pale patches not on such elevations 3
2. Head narrow; base of epinotum subopaque, longitudinally rugose-
punctate throughout :.. martini Forel
Head broader and more convex beneath; base of epinotum smooth and
shining above luzoni Wheeler & Chapman
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
199
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Entire thorax and petiole finely and densely punctate 4
At least the pronotum smooth and shining 5
Pronotum feebly shining binghami Forel
Pronotum more densely punctate and opaque like the remainder of the
thorax var. gates! Wheeler
Head oval, narrowed and rounded behind, with convex sides and with-
out a posterior border distinct from the occipital, or articular border,
which is, narrower than the anterior border 6
Head more oval-rectangular, with distinct posterior corners and the
posterior as broad or nearly as broad as the anterior border 8
Petiole reticulate, armed beneath with a well-developed spine ; post-
petiole broader than the petiole 7
Petiole smooth, unarmed beneath; postpetiole not broader than the
petiole gracilis Emery
Base of epinotum feebly convex in profile, forming a right or obtuse
angle with the short declivity lseviceps P. Smith
Base of epinotum horizontal, forming an acute angle with the declivity,
which is longer var. smythiesi Forel
Petiole armed beneath with a transparent spine; epinotal angle pro-
nounced 9
Petiole armed beneath with a truncated, dependent, transparent lamina ;
epinotal angle more rounded alticola sp. nov.
Thorax scarcely impressed in profile in the mesoepinotal region ; petiole
without a spine beneath elongatus Karawaiew
Thorax with distinct mesoepinotal impression; petiole armed with a
spine beneath 10
Head very distinctly longer than broad 11
Head scarcely longer than broad.
fergusoni Forel var. breviceps Forel
Epinotal angle distinctly rounded.
fergusoni var. karawaiewi Wheeler and Chapman
Epinotal angle pronounced 12
Petiolar and postpetiolar nodes as broad as long, smooth and shin-
ing ' 13
At least the petiolar node longer than broad 14
Base of epinotum distinctly convex, densely sculptured through-
out fergusoni Forel (typical)
Base of epinotum sloping upward posteriorly, its anterior two-thirds
smooth and shining var. hodgsoni Forel
Slightly smaller than the two preceding forms; both nodes of the
pedicel longer than broad var. piltzi Forel
Slightly larger than the typical fergusoni ; petiolar node slightly longer
than broad, densely reticulate var. montanus Forel
200
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
^nictus (Typhlatta) laeviceps F. Smith.
(Fig. 3)
Female (undescribed). Length 8.5 mm.
Head large, convex above and below, decidedly broader than long, broader
in front than behind, with very convex cheeks and broadly rounded posterior
corners, divided by a deep median groove extending from the very small,
Fig. 3. Mnictus Iceviceps F. Smith, a, worker in profile; b, head of
same, dorsal view; c, mandible; d, pedicel of same, in profile; e, female,
dorsal view, drawn to same scale as the worker (a) ; /, female in profile;
g, head of same, dorsal view; h, tip of abdomen of same, ventral view, show-
ing hypopygium.
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
201
triangular frontal area to a point where it bifurcates just in front of the
strongly marginate occipital border. Antennal fovese large and deeply
impressed. Genal carinse indistinct. Visual organs represented only by a
minute ocellus in the frontal groove. Clypeus very short, its anterior border
straight on each side, in the middle flattened and projecting as a blunt
triangular point. Mandibles less than half as long as the head, subfalcate,
slender, broadest in the middle, with pointed tips and microscopically den-
ticulate apical borders. Scapes about half as long as the head, slender at the
base, gradually widening apically; funiculi only slightly thickened towards
their tips, the first joint twice, the second to sixth fully one and one-half
times as long as broad, the seventh and eighth shorter but longer than broad,
together as long as the somewhat pointed terminal joint. Thorax stout but
much narrower than the head, broad through the pro- and epinotum, narrowed
and laterally constricted in the mesoepinotal region, without promesonotal
and mesoepinotal sutures though their positions are indicated by impressed
lines. Pronotum broader than long, its dorsal portion high and sub-
cuboidal, flattened in the middle with steeply sloping anterior and posterior
surfaces, the anterior angles convex and swollen, visible in dorsal view as a
rounded projection on each side of the subcuboidal dorsal portion. Meso-
notum shorter than the pronotum, concave on each side, in profile with a
strong dorsal convexity and concave, sloping posterior surface. Epinotum
broader than the pronotum owing to a strong swelling on each side in the
sternal region, the base subtrapezoidal, somewhat broader and more rounded
behind than in front, with a deep concavity in the center. The anterior
portion of the base is more convex and projects into the concavity as a
small, central, pointed tooth. In profile this dentate surface slopes upward
and backward. The border of the larger, posterior concave portion has a
similar inclination and forms a right angle with the straight, flattened and
perpendicular declivity. Seen from behind this surface is narrow below
and broad above, with its dorsal border rather deeply and sinuately excised
in the middle and the lateral angles prominent and somewhat rounded.
Epinotal spiracles large and circular; metasternal angles with a small,
acute, upturned tooth near the insertion of the hind coxa. Petiole from
above nearly as long as broad, somewhat broader behind than in front,
with rounded sides; the node in profile slightly flattened anteriorly and
dorsally, more rounded behind, the ventral surface of the petiole feebly
concave with scarcely an indication of a tooth at its anterior end. Gaster
large and broad, subtriangular, rounded anteriorly, tapering to a point
behind, strongly compressed dorsoventrally, with the first and especially
the third segment decidedly shorter than the second and fourth. Pygidium
small, triangular, with subtruncate tip; hypopygium with a raised tri-
angular median portion and a stout, slightly curved tooth on each side.
Sting small. Legs rather long and slender; the femora and tibiae slender
at the base and clavate.
Smooth and shining ; mandibles sparsely and indistinctly punctate.
Gaster covered uniformly with coarse, transverse, piligerous punctures,
202
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
except the median portion of the first segment and a large median, triangu-
lar area at the base of the fourth segment, which are very smooth and
shining. Pygidium very finely shagreened. Scapes and legs with small,
sparse, piligerous punctures.
Hairs pale yellow, rather long, sparse, slender, flexuous, and pointed on
the coxae, legs, scapes, mandibles and clypeus, absent on the head, thorax
and petiole, with the exception of four hairs on the front; gaster, excepting
the two very smooth areas above mentioned, invested uniformly with short,
obtuse, stiff, oblique, glistening hairs.
Black; mandibles, clypeus, funiculi and pygidium red; hypopygium dark
brown; scapes and legs, including the coxae, ivory yellow; bases of coxae
reddish, their tips, the trochanters, the tips of the femora and basal half
of each tibia dark brown. Head, thorax and gaster with the following
brownish ivory-yellow maculation: a large transverse spot near the middle
of each side of the head, representing the yellowish or reddish spot of the
worker, but more anterior; a quadrangular spot, divided longitudinally by
a median brown line, covering the disc of the pronotum; another on the
base of the epinotum behind its anterior dentate surface; a large reniform
spot, emarginate behind, on the dorsal surface of the petiolar node; an
arcuate spot apparently composed of four confluent circular spots at the
base of the first gastric segment and a pair of small transverse and less
sharply defined spots more posteriorly on the same segment; second seg-
ment with two pairs of transverse and more laterally situated spots, the
anterior pair at the anterior border of the segment; third and fourth seg-
ments each with a single pair of similar markings. The borders of the
various segments, both dorsally and ventrally, are also distinctly yellowish,
the median surface of the venter reddish, and the front of the head with a
tinge of the same color.
Described from a single specimen taken by Dr. Chapman on
May 23, 1923, from a colony that had been making raids for two
days on other ants and miscellaneous insects near his camp in
the mountains back of Dumaguete. This colony finally bivou-
acked under an overhanging rock and when a fire was built
very near it and it again began to migrate, the female, many
workers, much brood and a number of aanictophiles were cap-
tured. The contracted and strongly overlapping segments of the
gaster of the female indicate that she was not in an actively egg-
laying condition, and the many hundreds of workers and full-
grown larvse in the colony indicate that she must be either its old
and exhausted mother or a young substitute queen that had not
yet entered on her period of great fecundity. Her fresh and
unabraded appearance would seem to argue in favor of the latter
supposition.
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
203
Many of the workers belonging to this colony differ from those
taken by Dr. Chapman from ten other colonies in the same local-
ity in having a smooth, shining area on the base of the epinotum.
Since this character is not constant I merely call attention to it
as an incipient variety without giving it a name. All the speci-
mens taken about Dumaguete are slightly larger and darker than
series of Iceviceps in my collection from Luzon Island (F. X.
Williams), Java (K. Dammerman) and Borneo (Hewitt and
Brooks) .
JEnictus (Typhlatta) martini Forel.
(Fig. 4)
Female (undescribed). Length 6.5 mm.
Head much like that of the female Iceviceps, but narrower, though dis-
tinctly broader than long, with less convex cheeks, only slightly broader
in front than behind, also deeply divided by a longitudinal groove, which,
however, disappears before reaching the strongly marginate occipital border.
There are no traces of ocelli. Antennal foveae deep. Clypeus as in
Iceviceps , but the median projection of its anterior border much less pro-
nounced. Mandibles somewhat shorter and stouter but of the same con-
figuration. Antennae similar, the scapes somewhat more rapidly enlarged
and more cylindrical at their tips; the several funicular joints of about the
same lengths. Thorax much simpler; narrower than the head and both
dorsally and laterally constricted at the mesonotum. Pronotum about one
and one-third times as long as broad, elliptical, with evenly convex and
rounded dorsal and lateral surfaces, the inferior angles scarcely swollen.
Mesonotum short, broader than long, sloping to a rather deep and acute
transverse impression representing the mesoepinotal suture. Epinotum
broader than the pronotum, subrectangular and as broad as long, in profile
evenly convex and rounded, without differentiated basal and declivious sur-
faces. Epinotal spiracles large, circular, impressed. Metasterna swollen
anteriorly, the metasternal angles above the insertion of the hind coxae with
a very minute denticle. Petiole subquadrate, as broad as long, scarcely
broader behind than in front, in profile with low evenly rounded node, the
ventral surface nearly straight, unarmed. Gaster very similar to that of
Iceviceps, but the first segment is less transverse anteriorly and more nar-
rowed and constricted at the petiolar articulation. Pygidium shorter and
more truncated at the tip; hypopygium with much shorter and smaller
lateral teeth and its median raised area flattened, elongate, with sub-
parallel borders. Sting well-developed. Legs rather long ; femora and
tibiae clavate.
Smooth and shining, the whole body covered with sparse, piligerous
punctures, which are most distinct on the dorsal surface of the thorax,
petiole and gaster where they are raised above the general surface so that
the hairs appear to arise from very minute tubercles.
204
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Hairs glistening white, abundant, erect or suberect, long, curved, of
uneven length on the head, thorax, legs and scapes, more uniform, and
somewhat shorter on the gaster, which they cover, except for a smooth area
around the insertion of the petiole and a median smooth area on the middle
of the fourth segment. Even the funiculi have long, though oblique, hairs.
Those on the middle of the gaster and the dorsal surface of the head, thorax
and petiole are flattened, with long, slender tips, and are black with white
bases and tips. The hairs on the appendages are more delicate and of the
usual structure.
a, worker in profile; b, head of same,
dorsal view; c, mandible; d, pedicel; e, female, dorsal view, drawn to same
scale as worker (a); /, female, in profile; g, head of same, dorsal view;
h, tip of abdomen, ventral view, showing hypopygium.
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
205
Black; mandibles, clypeus, cheeks, gula and large spots at the posterior
corners of the head and representing the ivory yellow spots of the worker,
the sides of the pronotum, the coxae, femora and tibiae castaneous; tarsi,
funiculi and tips of tibiae and scapes paler and more reddish. Borders of
gastric segments both dorsally and ventrally, pygidium and hypopygium
broadly yellowish brown, with golden reflections.
Described from a single specimen taken by Dr. Chapman on
January 3, 1926, as she was being dragged by her workers over
a banana leaf lying on the ground, after the colony had been
stirred up and induced to migrate from its temporary quarters
in a great pile of earthworm castings. As shown by the con-
tracted gaster, the insect is in the same non-reproductive phase
as the Iceviceps female described above. The colony from which
this martini female was taken contained no larvae. Another
queen, of this species was captured by Dr. Chapman on April 4,
1924, in the same locality in a bivouacking colony, but was left
in the Philippines.
The collections received from Dr. Chapman contain numerous
workers of martini from twenty different colonies and exhibit
some variation in size and coloration, the body being brownish-
red instead of black in some cases, but both forms may occur in
the same colony, so that the paler individuals may be either nest
variations or due to immaturity.
Aenictus (Typhlatta) alticola Wheeler and Chapman sp. nov.
(Fig. 5, a-d)
Worker. Length 4-4.5 mm.
Distinctly larger and stouter than Iceviceps for which it may be readily
mistaken, but head as broad behind as in front, with distinct though
nontuberculate and rounded posterior corners, the posterior border with
a slight though distinct convexity in the middle, the occipital border
marginate. Anterior clypeal border straight and transverse in the mid-
dle, bearing a series of about six minute denticles. Mandibles triangu-
lar, with oblique apical borders, with a strong apical tooth and five
unequal, widely spaced basal denticles. Antennal scapes not reaching the
posterior border of the head, gradually enlarged and only slightly flattened
at their tips; funiculi much as in Iceviceps, first joint slightly longer than
the second. Thorax differing in having the epinotal angle more obtusely
rounded. Petiole with a distinctly more convex and rounded node in
profile, armed anteroventrally with a dependent, transparent, truncated
lamina instead of a spine. Postpetiole as in Iceviceps, with a small, acute,
forwardly directed tooth at its anteroventral border.
206
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvin
Sculpture and pilosity much as in Iceviceps, but the meso- and epinotum
more shining, owing to the less pronounced punctuation. Petiole smooth
and shining. Pilosity as in Iceviceps, but the hairs on the legs somewhat
more numerous, especially on the scapes and femora. Color also as in
Iceviceps, with the light patches on the sides of the head brownish ivory
yellow, rather small and somewhat nearer the posterior corners.
Described from numerous workers taken by Dr. Chapman
from a single large colony found raiding in Polis Pass, Bontoc,
Luzon, at an altitude of 6,000 feet.
Fig. 5. a, worker JEnictus alticola sp. nov. ; thorax and pedicel in pro-
file ; h, head, dorsal view ; c, mandible ; d, antenna ; e, worker JEnictus luzoni
Wheeler and Chapman, thorax and pedicel in profile; f, head, dorsal view;
g, mandible; h, antenna.
iEnictus (Typhlatta) luzoni Wheeler and Chapman
(Pig. 5, e-h)
Worker. Length 4-4.5 mm.
The following remarks may be added to the previously pub-
lished description : Resembling the worker of martini Porel in
June. 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
207
having the posterior corners of the head distinctly tuberculate,
but the statnre is larger and the head is decidedly broader,
flattened above, with much more convex sides and the posterior
border transverse and nearly straight between the projecting
posterior corners. The mandibles have a distinct denticulate
angle between the basal and apical borders; the latter with a
strong terminal tooth, a much smaller subterminal tooth and
several thinly set basal denticles. Funicular joints 1 and 2
subequal, 7 and 8 scarcely longer than broad, the terminal joint
longer than the two penultimate subequal joints together.
Thorax very similar to that of martini but the saddle-like im-
pression of the mesonotum is somewhat deeper. Petiole un-
armed beneath, the postpetiole with a small, anteriorly directed
tooth near the articulation with the petiole.
Sculpture, pilosity and color very much as in martini, but
the base of the epinotum is conspicuously smooth and shining.
The mesonotum and mesopleurse are also more shining, more
distinctly longitudinally rugulose and less punctate. The ivory
yellow spots on the tuberculate posterior corners of the head are
more extensive, covering nearly half of its sides. Funiculi,
tarsi and articulations of legs paler and more reddish.
The types of this species are from Illicos, Norte Province,
Luzon. Dr. Chapman has now secured numerous specimens
from two colonies at Dumaguete, on Negros Island.
The following Philippine forms, which must be left provi-
sionally in the subgenus iEnictus sens, str., may be readily sepa-
rated by means of the following key:
1. Head and thorax blackish or dark brown, opaque and densely sculp-
tured 2
Head and pronotum smooth and shining ; color yellow or yellowish
red ■ 3
2. Pedicel, gaster and appendages brown. Length 2.8-3 mm.
aratus Forel subsp. nesiotis subsp. nov.
Pedicel, gaster and appendages reddish. Length 2. 5-2. 8 mm.
var. fraterculus var. nov.
3. Thorax distinctly impressed in the mesoepinotal region. Length at least
2.5 mm ~ 4
Thorax not impressed in the mesoepinotal region. Length 1.6 mm.
piercei sp. nov.
208
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
4. Slender species; head subelliptical, distinctly longer than broad; an-
tennal scapes reaching beyond the posterior border of the head ; petiole
with a round ventral swelling; femora and tibiae not incrassated.
camposi Wheeler & Chapman
More robust species; head subrectangular, scarcely longer than broad;
antennal scapes not reaching beyond the posterior border of the head;
petiole with a transparent, truncated ventral lamella ; femora and
tibiae incrassated powersi sp. nov.
^Enictus (-ffinictus) aratus Forel subsp. nesiotis Wheeler and Chapman,
subsp. nov.
(Fig. 7, a-d)
Worker. This form, which we formerly referred to the typical aratus ,
proves to be distinct. It is only 2.8-3 mm. long and is therefore per-
ceptibly smaller than the type which measures 3. 3-3. 5 mm. The thorax is
Fig. 6. a , worker Cnidus camposi Wheeler and Chapman, thorax and
pedicel in profile; h, head, dorsal view; c, mandible; d, antenna; e, worker
JEnictus powersi sp. nov., thorax and pedicel in profile; /, head, dorsal
view; g, mandible; h, antenna.
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
209
even less impressed in the mesoepinotal region so that the dorsal outline
in profile is very nearly straight. The pedicel is somewhat more slender.
The head, thorax and pedicel are more opaque and the thorax both dorsally
and ventrally is more coarsely longitudinally rugose. The color is also
decidedly darker, the head and thorax being black or brownish black,
instead of reddish brown and the gula, pedicel, gaster and appendages are
also darker and less reddish, the greater portion of the first gastric segment
being concolorous with the head and thorax.
Numerous specimens from three colonies found at Dumaguete.
One of these, with numerous larvse was nesting in a brush-pile;
another, also with brood, was occupying earthworm burrows.
.Enictus (Enictus) aratus subsp. nesiotis var. fraterculus Wheeler and
Chapman, var. nov.
Worker. Length 2. 5-2. 8 mm.
Averaging smaller than the preceding form, and differing in color, the
pedicel, gaster and appendages being brownish red and contrasting with
the blackish brown head and thorax. Tarsi and borders of gastric segments
yellowish. Mandibles and in some specimens also the anterior portion of
the head, more or less reddish brown.
Numerous specimens from a single colony taken at Dumaguete.
iEnictus camposi Wheeler and Chapman
(Fig. 6, a-d)
A number of workers taken at Dumaguete from a small colony
that was foraging in the open on the ground.
This form is very closely related to 2E. wroughtoni Forel, of
India, but differs in having the epinotal declivity marginate on
the sides and above and in having the mesopleurte and epinotum
subopaque and finely and densely punctate, instead of smooth
and shining. Perhaps camposi should be regarded as a sub-
species of wroughtoni.
.Enictus (Enictus) piercei Wheeler and Chapman, sp. nov.
(Fig. 7, e-g)
Worker. Length 1.6 mm.
Distinctly smaller than JE. javanus, which it resembles in form, sculp-
ture and coloration. Head not longer than broad, with more rounded
sides and without produced posterior corners, with straight instead of con-
cave posterior border. Antennae short, funiculi reaching only to the middle
of the head, funicular joints 2-6 transverse, much shorter than in javanus.
210
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvin
Dorsal outline of thorax in profile even more nearly straight and con-
tinuous, with the epinotum forming a rounded instead of an acute rectangle.
Petiole and postpetiole distinctly broader in proportion to their length.
Femora and tibiae more incrassated.
Smooth and shining, with fine, sparse piligerous punctures, mesopleurae,
epinotum, sides and ventral portions of petiole and postpetiole, subopaque,
finely and densely punctate.
Pilosity white, uneven, sparse on the upper surface of the body, shorter
on the appendages.
Yellow; head, thorax and pedicel more reddish but decidedly paler than
in javanus; anterior border of head and mandibles slightly brownish.
Described from two specimens taken by Dr. W. D. Pierce at
Cadiz, P. I. This species is also clearly different from M. brevi-
cornis Mayr and ceylonicus Mayr.
^Enictus (^Enictus) powersi Wheeler and Chapman, sp. nov.
(Fig. 6, e-h)
Worker. Length 2.5-3 mm.
Head scarcely longer than broad, subrectangular, nearly as broad behind
as in front, with feebly rounded sides and straight posterior border, the
posterior corners rounded, not produced. Frontal and genal carinae very
short, the latter not dentate. Clypeus concave, with narrow, translucent
anterior border, subtriangular, with a large blunt apical tooth and several
minute, irregular basal denticles on the terminal border, the external border
convex. Antennse short, the scapes thickened apically, reaching to the
posterior third of the head, first funicular joint small, as long as broad,
joints 2-8 slightly broader than long, terminal joint a little longer than
the two penultimate joints together. Pronotum slightly flattened above,
the mesonotum short, sloping to the mesoepinotal constriction, which is
moderately pronounced. Epinotum with convex base and concave declivity,
the boundary between the two developed as a blunt point. Petiole nearly
as broad as long, its node evenly rounded and hemispherical, the ventral
surface with a transparent lamina, produced behind as a downwardly and
backwardly directed spine. Postpetiolar node resembling the petiolar node
but somewhat broader and slightly broader than long, anteroventrally with
a well developed tooth, which is directed downward and forward. Gaster
regularly elliptical. Legs with incrassated femora and tibiae.
Mandibles opaque, finely and densely shagreened. Remainder of body
smooth and shining, with fine, sparse, piligerous punctures, except the
mesopleurae, mesoepinotal constriction, sides of epinotum and ventral sur-
faces of the petiole and postpetiole, which are subopaque, finely and densely
punctate.
Hairs white, uneven, rather delicate, sparse on the body, short on the
appendages.
June, 1930]
Wheeler: Aenictus
211
Mandibles, antennal fovese and anterior border of head reddish brown,
remainder of head, antennal scapes and thorax yellowish red; pedicel,
gaster and legs, including the coxae, yellow; antennal funiculi brown,
except the terminal joint, which is yellowish red like the scapes.
Described from several workers taken near Dumaguete at an
altitude of 1,800 feet from a single colony under a piece of wood
in a garden. This species is hypogasic.
Fig. 7. a, worker JEnictus aratus Forel subsp. nesiotis subsp. nov.,
thorax and pedicel in profile; fc, head, dorsal view; c, mandible; d, antenna;
e, worker JEnictus piercei sp. nov., thorax and pedicel in profile; /, head,
dorsal view; g, antenna.
'£
Dr. Chapman has also secured several isolated males of
JEnictus at lights. All or some of these specimens are probably
the unknown males of the above recorded species. Before de-
scribing them, it seems best to await the results of his observa-
212
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvni
tions on iEnictus colonies during his coming sojourn in the
Philippines.
Literature
1886. Andre, Ernest. Deuxieme Supplement aux Fourmis in Spec.
Hymen. Europe 2, 1886, p. 855.
1895. Emery, C. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Ein-
theilung der Formiciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. 8, 1895, pp.
685-778, 4 pis., 41 figs.
1901. Emery, C. Note sulle Doriline. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 33, 1901, pp.
43-56, 8 figs.
1904. Emery, C. Le affinita del genere Leptanilla e i limiti delle Dory-
linse. Arch. Zool. 2, 1904, pp. 107-116, 9 figs.
1914. Emery, C. Contributo alia conoscenza delle Formiche delle Isole
Italiane. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (3) 6, 1914, pp.
244-270, 1 pi.
1917. Santschi, F. Description d’une nouvelle Heine de Formicide du
Genre JEnictus Shuckard. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 85, 1916
(1917), pp. 277-278, 7 pi.
1929. Wheeler, W. M. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in For-
mosa, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Boll. Lab.
Zool. Gen. Agrar. Portici 24, 1929, pp. 27-64, 7 figs.
1925. Wheeler, W. M., and Chapman, J. W. The Ants of the Philip-
pine Islands. Part I. Dorylinae and Ponerinse. Philip. Journ.
Sci. 28, 1925, pp. 47-73, 2 pis.
June, 1930]
Proceedings of the Society
213
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY
Meeting of October 15, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P, M., on October 15, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with fifteen members and
five visitors present.
Notices were given of the meeting on November 21, of Economic Ento-
mologists, of the new Cassino Directory, and of the publication of the
letters of E. A. Schwarz.
In a discussion on insect behavior, Mr. Schwarz told of a brood of
scorpions born in the museum which lived on the back of the mother and
were in part devoured by her.
Mr. Ragot added some similar information from observations made in
Mexico; and Mr. Curran suggested that those eaten might have been dying.
Some experiences with mantis were given by Mr. Ragot and Mr. Davis.
Mr. Marks remarked on their eyes being apparently of little use; Mr.
Bromley spoke of the short distance insect sight may carry, and Mr. Davis
mentioned longhorn grasshoppers depending on antennal information.
Mr. Burke spoke of his collections of Odonata, particularly of Libellula
axilina and L. vibrans.
Mr. Davis exhibited some interesting roaches with his observations on
the imperfect oetheca in Panchlora cubensis which will be printed in full.
Mr. Sherman spoke of Allorhina nitida used as toys by children at
Norfolk.
Mr. Barber spoke of the European Mantis religiosa introduced at Roches-
ter, N. Y., and found also by Mr. Burns on Long Island.
Mr. Chapin spoke of flies depositing eggs on a sick dog, the attraction
being possibly, as suggested by Mr. Curran, the dirt.
After a general discussion on such oviposition the Society adjourned.
Meeting of November 19, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P. M., on November 19, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with twenty-five members
and seventeen visitors present.
Mr. Davis Marks, of 25 West 68th Street, was elected a member.
Dr. Lutz, with lantern slide illustration, spoke of his “Observations on
Leaf -Cutting Ants in Panama.” His remarks have been printed in full
in “Novitates. ”
Mr. P. J. Darlington, of Boston, present as a visitor, exhibited by lantern
slides the localities in which he had made collections in South America.
214
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
He showed the region near Santa Marta in Columbia where a mountain
range extends into the Peninsula of Guajira and carries the coast-line
further north than Panama. There he found desert with cactus, fresh-water
swamps and dense forests penetrated by mountain torrents. During the
dry season the bed of these mountain waters courses furnished good collect-
ing. Continuing his description of this part of South America he showed
mountain scenes up to a tree line at 11,000 ft. and even beyond it to
summits at 15,000 feet or over, presenting an interesting picture of a region
still little known though visited by early Spanish explorers.
Mr. Davis exhibited a melanistic example of the Carolina grasshopper,
found by Mr. Angell at Englewood, N. J., as well as a number of the usual
form of the species.
Meeting of December 3, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P. M., on December 3, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with twenty members and
fifteen visitors present.
Mr. George De Ghika, 25 Broadway, New York City, and Mr. Herman
Moennich, Little Neck, N. Y., were elected members of the Society.
Mr. Davis exhibited the recent book on Mosquitoes by Robert Matheson.
Mr. Huntington spoke on “A Trip to Lesser Antilles and Trinidad,”
with illustration by lantern slides from photographs made by his com-
panion, Mr. Robert Brown.
The trip, which occupied six weeks in all, of which three weeks were spent
on Trinidad, resulted in finding there thirty-six species of Lyccenidce and
ninety species of Hesperidce. Of the latter twenty species were not listed
by Kaye and nine are still unidentified. With the help of a number of
lantern slides Mr. Huntington showed many features of the Lesser Antilles,
including St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia and Barbadoes. In Trinidad the pitch
lake and the commercial operations there conducted were shown.
Mr. Huntington’s descriptions of the pools of the pitch lake in Trinidad
brought forth a comment by Mr. Curran on the fish found in them, and a
discussion in which Mr. Huntington took part, of the manner in which
the fish reached such situations.
Mr. Davis showed five species of cicadas from Barro Colorado Island in
the Canal Zone, collected by Prof. George C. Wheeler, Howard H. Cleaves
and C. H. Curran.
Mr. Curran said that cicadas were sufficiently abundant on the island but
that there was great difficulty in getting near them in the woods.
Mr. Curran read a report on the insects collected at the station in Harri-
man State Park. Of Diptera he said 540 species had been found, many new
to the State List and thirty new to science. The report on the Lepidoptera
was incomplete but the estimated total was about 1,100 species.
June, 1930]
Proceedings of the Society
215
Meeting of December 17, 1929
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8: 00 P. M., on December 17, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm, T. Davis in the chair, with eighteen members and
nine visitors present.
The president appointed as nominating committee Messrs. Barber, Sher-
man and Dr. Lutz.
The president announced the death of Mr. Notman’s father; and change
in the announced program thereby necessitaed.
Mr. Engelhardt showed a portion of his collection of AEgeriidce pointing
out that the scope of his investigations was an attempt to trace the life
history of each species and its geographic races and varieties. As an
example he showed the clear-wing moth inhabiting the clematis, Alcathce
caudata, and the varied forms it assumes in the Atlantic region and then
westward and southward, known as Icorites, pepsiodes, ferrugata and ver-
rugo. Then taking up the maple callus borer, Synanthedon acerni, and
other species of that genus, he showed how by rearing the moths from
pupie found in known food plants, his data had been accumulated.
Dr. Hartzell spoke of his collections in Bermuda especially in Cicadellidce.
His remarks will later be printed in full.
Mr. Wm. T. Davis showed a box of dragon flies and stated that with the
aid of the recently published “ Handbook of the Dragon Flies of North
America’ ’ several additions to the New York State List of Odonata had
been detected in his collection. He said that he had in preparation a more
complete list of additions, but gave the following as important:
Erythrodiplax minuscula Rambur. A southern species first detected on
Staten Island by Mr. Joseph F. Burke during the summer of 1929. Several
individuals were captured.
Pantala hymenea Say. Collected at Tottenville, Staten Island, July 12,
1925.
Tramea abdominalis Rambur. A southern species, a male of which was
collected in the Clove Valley many years ago on the 21st of July.
Mr. Davis also exhibited a box of cicadas, containing a series of cinctifera
Uhler from New Mexico, and specimens collected by Dr. Beamer at Eagle
Pass, Texas, apparently related but not identical.
Mr. Mutchler exhibited the beetle Gibbium psylliodes and the white
spherical cocoons made by its pupa. A more complete account will be pub-
lished later by him.
Mr. Bromley spoke of the persistent character of the oviposition scars
of the last brood and evidences of scars of seventeen and thirty-four years
ago, their age being established by counting the annual rings. He spoke
also of the abundance some years ago of the crepuscular dragon fly at a
small lake in Massachusetts.
Meeting of January 7, 1930
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P. M., on January 21, 1930, in the American Museum of Natural
216
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with eighteen members and
fifteen visitors present.
Mr. Barber, as chairman of nominating committee, moved the re-election
of all officers. There being no other officers, they were re-elected.
Mr. Harold C. Hallock spoke with lantern slide illustration of 1 ‘ The
Oriental Garden Beetle’ ’ ( Aserica castanea ) in America and its control.
He showed how it first appeared on Long Island and its spread since into
Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia, with
the characters by which it is distinguished from allied species. The char-
acter of the injury and the plants attacked were discussed, together with
the control methods including trapping which once yielded 21,000 specimens
in a night. The application of arsenate of lead to the soil in which the
larvae work, as shown by the condition of the vegetation thereon, had proved
somewhat effective. The volunteer work of birds was also helpful in
reducing the number of larvae.
Mr. Hallock ’s remarks were discussed by Messrs. Bromley, Barber, Mutch-
ler, Davis and Dr. Leonard, especially in reference to the tendency of
natural enemies and disease to overcome injurious insects in time. Several
of the experienced economic entomologists thought this might be true of
native insects, but not apparent in such introduced pests as the cotton
boll weevil.
Mr. Davis gave some instances, as the bag worm and the Catalpa sphinx,
where the parasites had caught up with the pest.
Mr. Angell closed the meeting by an exhibition of an artificial insect
group from China.
Meeting of January 21, 1930
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8: 00 P. M., on January 21, 1930, in the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with fifteen members and
three visitors present.
Mr. C. Wm. Wurster, 104 Fifth Avenue, New York, and Mr. Leon Van-
derlen, 82 Washington Place, New York, were elected members of the
Society.
Mr. Howard Notman made an address, illustrated by lantern slides,
entitled “Another Transcontinental Collecting Trip.” Entirely alone, Mr.
Notman traveled in his auto through the southern and western states to
the Pacific coast, returning by a different route to his summer home in the
Adirondacks. About fifty locations, some in the coastal plain of the south-
ern states, some at elevations of 1,100 feet in the Bockies or Sierra Nevada,
others on the forested banks of rivers, or again in deserts or beside saline
pools, were searched for fluviatile beetles. Once 700 beetles were caught in
one day, and many thousands were caught on the trip, principally in the
families Carabidce, Hydrophilidce, Staphylinidce, Eeterocerdce, and Anthi-
cidcB. The genus Bembidion, which was the particular object of Mr. Not-
man’s search, was represented by a large number of species; occasionally
some species of Ochthebius or of Heterocerus were found in abundance.
June, 1930]
Proceedings of the Society
217
In collecting so assiduously in variations of the river bank environment
Mr. Notman made some interesting observations. Where there was a choice
between sunlight and shade, the beetles, especially those feebly chitinized,
always preferred the shade. In collecting along shores recently flooded it
was found that most of? the beetles had been driven away ; while the river
was rising, the collecting was good along the edge of the rising waters;
but as the waters receded leaving banks covered with mud, the beetles were
slow to return. Eeterocerus seemed to come first, the Scaritini last. Mr.
Notman also remarked upon the scarcity of carabid larvae in places where
the adults were abundant, though the larvae of some other families, Hetero-
ceridce and Staphylindce, for instance, were plentiful.
Meeting of February 4, 1930
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8:00 P. M., on February 4, 1930, at the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, and eighteen members and
three visitors present.
In the absence of Mr. Leng, Miss Sherman was appointed Secretary
pro tern.
The treasurer presented the annual report for 1929, duly audited.
The President called the attention of those present to the fact that the
Committees for 1930 were the same as for 1929.
The speaker of the evening, Mr. Robert J. Sim, of Moorestown, N. J.,
then gave his paper on 1 ‘ Observations on Unrecorded or little Known
Species of Scarahceidce of New Jersey.” He discussed twenty-two species,
chiefly of the genera Onthophagus, Aphodius, Odontceus and Serica, not
recorded in the Smith 1909 Catalogue. Mr. Sim’s paper will appear in
the Journal of the Society.
Mr. Bromley mentioned the occurrence in Missouri of a species of Odon-
tceus, which flew with a buzzing sound at twilight, close to the ground.
Mr. Davis exhibited two specimens of Polistes pallipes, one taken as it
was eating a live grasshopper which it had caught; the other, as it was
eating into the head of a live Cicada. Mr. Davis stated that it is usual
for Polistes wasps to seize soft buried caterpillars, etc., as their prey, but
that on July 16, 1929, while at Old Place, Staten Island, he had seen a
Polistes pallipes capture a small Melanoplus grasshopper, the body of which
was 7 mm. in length. This of course was quite a tender individual owing
to its small size. He exhibited the specimens and also referred to the
Journal for June, 1924, where there is an account of a Polistes found
eating a living Cicada hieroglyphic a at Willard, Missouri, by Mr. A. E.
Brower.
Mr. Curran exhibited a specimen of Chionea, a genus of apterous snow-
flies, of the family Tipulidce, mentioning that these flies, which are spider-
like in appearance, are active only on the snow and ice in a low temperature
and assume an attitude of death in warmer places. Their life history is
unknown. Locality: Interstate Palisades Park, N. Y.
218
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Meeting of February 18, 1930
A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8: 00 P. M., on February 18, 1930, in the American Museum of Natural
History; President Wm. T. Davis in the chair, with nineteen members and
thirteen visitors present. *
Dr. Lutz read a paper, “ Brief Notes on the Case-Making Instinct of
Caddis-Fly Larvae, ” which will be printed in full.
Mr. Nicolay spoke on “Beetling in Nova Scotia,” illustrating his re-
marks by specimens and photographs. In August, 1929, he and Mrs. Nico-
lay had visited Lake Kedgemakooge, reaching their destination via Yar-
mouth and Annapolis Royal, thirty-five miles south of which the lake and
its camps are situated. The Carabidae were the predominant beetles ; among
those shown were Bembidian umbraticum, Platynus metallescens, Lebia
canonica, Apristus cordicollis, and Cicindela 12-guttata. In Buprestidce,
Chrysobothris verdigripennis and Melanophila fulvoguttata were especially
noted. The region traversed in reaching the lake was level and, for much
of the distance, well cultivated. Mr. Nicolay commented on the absence of
Cychrini, Lycaenidce and Hesperidce, and the unnecessary number of bulls,
which led to several members recalling experiences with those animals.
Mr. Nicolay also recorded finding Casnonia ludoviciana on October 19, in
a swamp near the Hudson River at Piermont, N. Y.
The president announced the sailing, on February 13, of Mr. C. L. Pollars
to Iquitos, Peru, via Para, to collect Morphos for Mr. Frank Johnson.
< *HQ %
SZil
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Srmitrb to iEntomologij in (grnrral
SEPTEMBER, 1930
Edited by HARRY B. WEISS
Publication Committee
Harry B. Weiss F. E. Lutz J. D. Sherman, Jr.
C. E. Olsen
Published Quarterly by the Society
Lime and Green Sts.
LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
1930
Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the
Act of August 24, 19l£.
Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1303, Act of October
3. 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.
VOL. XXXVIII
September, 1930
JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
Subscription $3.00 per Year.
CONTENTS
Corrodentia of the United States of America: I. Suborder
Isotecnomera.
By Paul J. Chapman 219
Biological Notes on Some Western Cicadas.
By L. D. and R. H. Beamed 291
Some Observations on the Life History of the Tomato
Psyllid (Paratrioza Cockerelli Sulc.) (Homoptera).
By Russell S. Lehman, M.S 307
More about Doctor Brickell’s “Natural History of North
Carolina.”
By Harry B. Weiss .... 313
A New Mechanitis (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae).
By Wm. T. M. Forbes 317
NOTICE: Volume XXXVIII, Number 2, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published
July 12, 1930.
JOURNAL
OF THE
New York Entomological Society
Vol. XXXVIII September, 1930 No. 3
CORRODENTIA OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA: I. SUBORDER
ISOTECNOMERA
By Paul J. Chapman
The most widely known member of the order Corrodentia is
the minute, apterous indoor species known as the “book louse,”
Liposcelis divinitorius Mull. It appears strange that this and
related forms should be considered more or less typical of the
order, since an overwhelminging majority of the known species
are much larger, are fully winged, and are denizens of the out-
doors. No generally accepted common name has grown up with
the Corrodentia as in the other orders. Some of those sug-
gested include “book-lice,” “bark-lice,” “wood-lice,” and
“psocids.” The writer considers “psocids” the best name: it
is short ; it is already in rather common use for at least a portion
of the order ; its derivation from Psocus links it with the primary
generic name-stem of the order (a precedent in point is that of
the common name thrips for members of the order Thysanop-
tera) ; the terms “book-lice,” etc., are misleading because none
of them are descriptive of the order as a whole and furthermore
the word lice in common names of insects is already overworked.
Burmeister’s ordinal name of Corrodentia is used here, fol-
lowing Comstock1 and others. Copeognatha2 is used by Dr.
1 Comstock, J. H. An Introduction to Entomology, 1925.
2 Enderlein, G. Uber die Morphologie, Gruppierung und Systematische
Stellung der Corrodentien. Zool. Anzeiger 26: 423. 1903.
220
Journal New York Entomological Society [Yol. xxxvin
Gunther Enderlein, world authority on the order, while some
prefer Psocoptera.
In this paper a study is presented of the American members
of suborder Isotecnomera of Enderlein — those psocids possess-
ing two- jointed tarsi in the adult stage. Every species of this
suborder in America lives outdoors although at least two thrive
indoors. Psocids have apparently made little appeal to collec-
tors and students in the past if one may judge from the scanty
collections in our museums and utter absence of a single com-
prehensive paper on the American fauna. These insects are
small, soft bodied, and are both unattractive and difficult to
study when pinned. Since psocids have been almost invariably
pinned, in the past, this may explain in part the seeming lack
of interest in the order. Psocids should be preserved in alcohol.
Acknowledgement
The present paper is the product of work started in 1924
at Cornell University under the guidance of Dr. J. G. Needham
and Dr. 0. A. Johannsen. In addition to these men I am espe-
cially indebted to Prof. C. R. Crosby. His collections and those
in which he was assisted by Dr. S. C. Bishop, almost equal the
large amount of material taken by the author. And, what is
more important, he collected extensively in parts of the United
States where it was impossible for the writer to visit, making
this paper more national in scope than would otherwise have
been possible.
Six weeks were spent at the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard University in 1926 studying its valuable type
collection. For the gift of types and other specimens, and the
special privileges afforded, I am indebted to Nathan Banks and
Samuel Henshaw of this institution. For similar reasons I wish
to thank E. T. Cresson, Jr., of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, T. H. Frison of the Illinois Natural History
Survey, C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History,
and E. P. Felt formerly of the New York State Museum.
M. D. Leonard, J. Douglas Hood, T. H. Hubbell and 0. C.
McBride have been especially active psocid collectors. Others
who have taken specimens are: C. P. Alexander, P. P. Babiy,
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
221
T. C. Barnes, S. W. Chapman, E. N. Cory, R. A. Cooley, Eugene
Crosby, E. 0. Essig, F. C. Fletcher, C. W. Johnson, P. R. Need-
ham, Chester Rea, 0. W. Rosewall, R. M. Seeley, Esther Taub,
L. H. Weld and Augusta Wolf.
Genitalia and Terminal Abdominal Segments
Excellent taxonomic characters have been found in the geni-
talia and associated structures of most Corrodentia genera. So
little consideration has been given to the homologies and ap-
pearances of these pieces by other workers that it is necessary
to name and locate the several elements. The generalizations
which follow will undoubtedly need revision as these studies
proceed and especially when studies are made from a more
strictly morphological viewpoint. For this reason the writer
has avoided the use of special names for those structures which
now appear to be of a secondary nature. The terminology used
is principally from Comstock,1 Crampton,3 Walker4’ 5 and
Chopard.6 I have also adopted some suggestions which were
kindly made by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass.
Female: In Psocus, Peripsocus, and certain other genera, a
distinct if not long and strongly chitinized ovipositor is present.
It is composed of three pairs of gonapophyses, one pair arising
from the eighth segment and two pairs from the ninth. In
CcEcilius and others of its type these pieces are absent, reduced
to one or two pairs of insignificant blades or otherwise modified
from the hypothetical. The males show a greater variety of
genitalic detail than do the females. In Psocus, Lachesilla and
other genera, however, the structures in the females are usually
clearly distinctive of the species.
3 Crampton, G. C. A phylogenetic study of the terminal abdominal struc-
tures and genitalia of male Apterygota, Ephimerida, Odonata, Plecoptera,
Neuroptera, Orthoptera and their allies. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Bui. 13: 49.
1918.
4 Walker, E. M. The terminal abdominal structures of orthopteroid in-
sects: a phylogenetic study. Ent. Soc. Am. Ann. 12: 267. 1919.
s Idem. Ent. Soc. Am. Ann. 15 : 1. 1922.
6 Chopard, L. Recherches sur la conformation et la development des der-
nier segments abdominaux chez les Orthopteres. Rennes-Imprimerie Ober-
thur (Insecta) 1920.
222
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
The terminal ventral plate (usually the 7th sternite) is called
the subgenital plate. It frequently has a chitinous or pubescent
pattern distinctive of the species. When a definite distal process
occurs on the subgenital plate it is called the egg-guide. This
piece cooperates with the inner gonapophyses in roofing over the
passageway of the eggs. The ventral gonapophyses are borne
on 8th segment, and are almost invariably long, slender and
sharp-pointed blades which extend below the egg-guide and
project tongue-like from the egg passage. Two pairs of gona-
pophyses arise from the ninth segment. The lateral gonapophyses
are small lobe-like or cup-shaped pieces ; in Psocus they support
the dorsal gonapophyses at their base. The dorsal gonapophyses
are large and trough-shaped — often fleshy — and supported by
definite rami. For the sake of convenience, the plates, of various
origins, which lie below the subgenital plate are called interior
genital plates. Three lobe-like pieces guard the anal opening.
All three are more or less triangular with the outer surface
chitinized and with a group of setae distally. The median or
dorsal lobe is termed the suranal plate and the lateral pair are
the paraprocts. Proximally on the paraprocts occurs a curious
tubercle covered with hairs; this is called the sense tubercle of
paraprocts.
Male : The male genitalia are both symmetrical and asym-
metrical. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in
homologizing all of the structures in the suborder. Typically
a large plate, similar to, but not homologous with, the subgenital
plate of the female occurs in the male ; the writer has adopted
Crampton’s name hypandrium for this piece. The basal sclerite
is the term applied to the proximal division of the hypandium
in such forms as Psocus confraternus. In Psocus a true penis
has not been found, the genital opening lying between a pair of
parameres. These parameres are usually strongly chitinous and
may consist of a pair of hooks (P. confraternus) or may
be united, and present various specializations. According to
Chopard6 there are typically two pairs of parameres. This con-
dition apparently obtains in Ccecilius and related genera.
The paraprocts and suranal plate are similar to those in the
female. In Psocus however the paraprocts appear to have a
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
223
clasping function and the snranal plate in Lachesilla, Ectopsocus,
and others may bear some specialization. Certain pieces with
a clasping or other function arise from the primary structures
discussed : special names for these have been avoided.
Classification
Enderlein7 has divided the Corrodentia into two suborders
based principally on the number of tarsal and antennal seg-
ments. Psocids with two- jointed tarsi, in both the nymphal and
adult stages, and with 13- jointed antennae are included in the
suborder Isotecnomera. It is with these that this paper treats.
The members of the other suborder, Heterotecnomera, are char-
acterized by having two- jointed tarsi in the nymphal stages and
three- jointed in the adult stage ; antennae are 13 or more jointed.
Families of Isotecnomera may be separated as follows :
— Cux fused to M for a variable distance; wings almost always well devel-
oped Psocidae
— Cu unbranched, or Cu* not joined to M or if so by m-cu cross-vein; wings
usually well developed but not always Caeciliidae
The family Psocidae, in America, is divided into two subfam-
ilies, each represented by a single genus :
— Hairs on veins in basal third of wings; subcostal vein absent. No row
of ctenidia on inner surface of metathoracic tibiae. A single pair of
short gonapophyses present in $ ; paraprocts in $ without distal
claw Pseudopsocus n. gen Pseudopsocinae
— No hairs on wing veins, base of subcosta distinct; ctenidia present on
metathoracic tibiae. Three pairs of gonapophyses in $ ; a stout prong
distally on paraproct of $ Psocus Psocidae
The family Cseciliidas, in America, may be divided into three
subfamilies :
1 — $ apterous ( $ of American forms not known) ; segments of thorax of
about equal size; head elongate, relatively narrow between eyes, cly-
peus flattened ; buccal rods stout, bearing about 8 teeth.
Berfkauia Bertkauiinae
— $ subapterous or brachypterous, but usually macropterous ; prothorax
greatly reduced; head broad, clypeus bulging; buccal rods slender,
forked ; .....2
7 Enderlein, G. Zool. Anz. 35: 172. 1909.
224
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
2 — Wings well developed or occasionally brachypterous ; Cu unbranched;
ovipositor present Peripsocinae
— Wings usually well developed but occasionally $ subapterous or bra-
chypterous; Cu branched; no distinct ovipositor Caeciliinse
Key to Peripsocinae
— Cross-vein r-m present in hind wing Ectopsocus
— M fused to Cu for a variable distance in hind wing Peripsocus
Key to CLeciliin.e
1 — Female subapterous, a minute scale-like pair of mesothoracic wings; a
single pair of stout arm-like gonapophyses in $ Terraccecilius n. gen.
— Wings reduced or not; when wings reduced gonapophyses greatly
reduced 2
2 — Cross-vein m-cu and r present in fore wings Graphopsocus
— These cross-veins absent 3
3 — Hairs on wing margin, veins and sometimes in cells 4
— No hairs present Lachesilla
4 — Cell Cu, high, almost touching M; stout hairs on wing veins and also in
cells at base of wings. Length of wings about 4.3 mm.
Teliapsocus n. gen.
— Cell Cu, small, triangular; hairs on wings short, confined to pterostigma,
veins and wing margin; length of wings about 3 mm. or less.
CcBcilius
— Vein Cu, paralleling wing margin for considerable distance, causing cell
Cu, to be large and flat; disposition of hairs as in Ccecilius except cells
in apex of wing with hairs bordering wing margin Polypsocus
Family Psocidjs
Subfamily Psocin^:
Psocus Latreille 1794
This genus is the largest of the order. Certain genera have
been erected which would limit the earlier conceptions of Psocus.
The characters used are chiefly in the shape of various cells of
the wings and in the presence or absence of cross-veins. These
characters in themselves are frequently indistinct — due to indi-
vidual variation — and furthermore, lack of correlation with
other characters would indicate that there is little foundation
for considering them criteria for lines of descent. Unquestion-
ably the species may be more or less grouped; this becomes es-
pecially plausible when the genitalic pattern is considered.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
225
Both sexes of a number of American species are not known, and
this, for one reason, makes it appear unwise at this time, to erect
new genera for the inclusion of species with a Psocus-like wing
venation based on the genitalia. The writer is forced therefore
to consider the following tentatively as synonyms: Cerastipsocus
Kolbe 1885, Amphigerontia Kolbe 1880, Trichadenotecnum En-
derlein 1909, and Loensia Enderlein 1924.
Key to Psocus
1 — Markings present or not on fore-wings, if present confined to proximal
three-fifths (proximal to a line drawn from distal end of pterostigma
to Cu2) excepting small spots at end of veins and obscure clouding.
Wings ranging from hyaline to deep fumose 15
— Definite spots or bands in distal two-fifths as well as in proximal por-
tion of wings 2
2 — Head narrow, vertex depressed and produced laterally into pedestals
for reception of eyes 3
— Interval between eyes nearly straight or convex, eyes not prominently
elevated 4
3 — A rather narrow band in proximal three-fifths of wing elegans
— Markings covering most of proximal portion of wings lichenatus
4 — Series of six small dark brown spots in cells R, to M3 inclusive and
proximal to a band at wing margin 5
— No such series of spots 6
5 — Lateral plates of subgenital plate equilateral triangular; distal prongs
on liypandrium asymmetrical qucesitus n. sp.
— Subgenital plate rectangular; hypandrial prongs symmetrical.
slossonce
6 — Wing markings consisting of numerous small spots, no distinct bands
or large spots 7
— Marked with bands or large spots 10
7 — Spots small, rarely coalescing and not attaining wing margin in distal
half v conspersus
— Spots profuse, coalescing in certain areas and more or less covering en-
tire wing : 8
8 — Three triangular spots anteriorly on clypeus ; a large symmetrical
notched prong on hypandrium desolatus n. sp.
— Clypeus with usual lines, pale posteriorly. Hypandrium with asym-
metrical median ridge and arising to its left a secondary prong 9
9 — Hypandrial prong two-thirds as long as ridge moestus
— Prong very short, appearing merely as a notch at base of ridge.
maculosus
10 — Marking in distal two-fifths of wing a spot the size of cell M3 and
either confined there or extending into cell Cu, oppositus
■ — Not so marked 11
226
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
11 — A distinct cross on clypeus; wings 3.7 to 4.0 mm. long with a band
along outer margin pollutus
— Clypeus not so marked 12
12 — Wings about 5 mm. or longer 13
— Wings about 3 mm. or shorter 14
13 — Wings with three bands in distal half radiating from cell Cuj.
trifasciatus
— Head markings faded, three pairs of dark spots: on vertex, at ocelli
and laterally on front novaescotice in part
—Usual pigmented areas on vertex tan mottled with fine reddish lines;
clypeal lineation distinct, at least posteriorly hoodi n. sp.
14 — Wings about 2.4 mm., mostly deep fumose with a transverse hyaline
band midway atratus
— Wing marked with a band along outer margin and one from base of
pterostigma to anal veins submarginatus
- — Wing markings bordering veins in distal half, no distinct bands.
coquilletti
15— Head dull orange throughout, no distinct spots or lineation. Wings
deep fumose, those of $ 6.4 mm. long, $ 4.7 mm venosus
— Wings if fumose not strongly so. Spots and lineation usually distinct
on vertex and clypeus, respectively 16
16 — Four large spots on clypeus; arms of epicranial suture joined to cly-
peus forming a small elliptical front 17
— No such clypeal markings 18
17 — Female subapterous, wings of $ about 4.5 mm. long, faintly fumose.
subapterous n. sp.
— Wings of $ hyaline about 3 mm. long coclcerelli
18 — Wings about 5.3 mm. or longer 19
- — -Wings about 4.5 mm. or shorter 23
19 — A large blackish spot on clypeus touching posterior margin 20
— Not so marked 21
20 — A dark spot at furcation of M + Cu (small in $); wing, outside of
pterostigma, unmarked leidyi
— Wings unmarked. E-! conspicuously white in proximal half and black
or brown in distal half purus
21 — On head, pairs of spots: on vertex, at ocelli and on front.
—Usual lineation on clypeus and dots on vertex indistinct.
novaescotice in part
— Dotted areas on vertex and lineation on clypeus distinct 22
22 — Wings fumose, r-m cross-vein long. The median prong on hypandrium
distinctly forked infernicolus n. sp.
— Pterostigma long and shallow, r-m present or not. Median prong on
hypandrium unforked longipennis $
— Pterostigma sub-angulate ; a broad band in proximal half of wing.
crosbyi n. sp.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
227
23 — A pair of spots on clypeus 24
— Clypeus not so adorned 27
24 — Spots posteriorly on clypeus. Wings unmarked, pterostigma non-angu-
late variabilis
— Spots anteriorly on clypeus 25
25 — gently rounded. Typically the wing markings form the letter
“H” ...j 26
— Pterostigma deep, B, sub-angulate. A band midway of wing and an-
other proximal to it longipennis $
26 — Distal prongs on hypandrium independent strongly chitinized.
subquietus n. sp.
— Prongs joined by a yolk, median prong with strongly chitinized
rib quietus
27 — A distinct and often long r-m cross-vein present 28
— M rather broadly joined to Es, at a point or even by a short r-m 30
28 — Bars at base of egg-guide straight; median prong on hypandrium flat-
tened unbranched petiolatus
— Bars at base of egg-guide curved; hypandrial prong strongly
curved 29
29 — Eyes of $ only slightly larger than $ . Median prong on hypandrium
forked; at base of egg -guide a rectangular prolongation.
montivagus n. sp.
— Eyes of $ very large. Hypandrial prong not forked; prolongation at
base of egg-guide forked.. confraternus
30 — Wings ranging from hyaline to fumose but unmarked (excluding
pterostigma) 31
— Marked by definite bands or spots 36
31 — Pterostigma of moderate depth, E, evenly rounded 32
— E, angulate or subangulate 33
32 — Length of wings about 4.3 mm. ; $ genitalia asymmetrical ; subgenital
plate E-shaped lithinus n. sp.
— Wing length about 3.4 mm.; $ genitalia symmetrical; subgenital plate
an inverted V supporting square lateral plates inornatus
33 — Wings fumose 34
— Wings hyaline 35
34 — Wings about 4 mm. long, often strongly fumose and even a faint indi-
cation of banding infumatus
— Length of wings about 3 mm., usually only faintly fumose.
insulanus n. sp.
35 — Length of wings about 3.5 mm., $ genitalia of confraternus type.
persimilis
— Wing length about 2.5 mm., $ genitalia not resembling confrater-
nus campestris
36 — Epicranial suture arms touching clypeus ore g onus
— Condition not obtaining 37
228
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
37 — Marking in proximal half of wing triangular 38
— Markings not so extensive as to form a triangle 39
38 — Spots at end of veins, wing length about 3.7 mm floridanus
— No spots at end of veins, wing length about 4.3 mm striatus
39 — Egg-guide with lobes at base; a ridge on hypandrium gradually nar-
rows and twists to left bisignatus
— Egg-guide narrow at base; hypandrial structure large, complex — not a
simple ridge texanus
Psocus atratus Aaron
Psocus atratus Aaron. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 11 : 39. PL 9, Fig.
6. 1883.
Female :
Length of body 2.4 mm.
Length of fore-wings 2.4 mm.
Head and thorax above, uniformly shining deep brown grad-
ually paling on the sides and below; abdomen paler, greyish
brown, paling below. Maxillary palpus dark brown. Antenna
slender, sparsely clothed with very long fuscous hairs. Eyes
dull, purplish black.
Thorax: Legs dark brown. Wings (PL XX, Fig. 17) brown
with a few paler or hyaline areas. Pterostigma very deep,
bent abruptly to wing margin but the cell non-angulate. An
incomplete hyaline band from basal third of pterostigma to wing
margin at cell Cux ; cells R3 and R5, distal half of cell R^ fumose
while cells formed by media margined with fumose. A hyaline
spot at wing margin in cells M3, Cux and the distal part of cell
1A. Veins conspicuous, brown. Hind wing faintly fumose,
darker along costal margin and in anal cell.
Abdomen: Terminal segments and genitalia (Pl. XIII, Fig.
5). Sub-genital plate and egg-guide form a very much thick-
ened inverted letter “Y.” A highly chitinized strip marks off
the base of the egg-guide which is otherwise contiguous. Egg-
guide blunt-pointed, apex pilose. Ventral gonapophyses short,
just attaining end of egg-guide. Lateral gonapophyses large,
elongate, cup-like, uniformly chitinized and with a row of hairs
along distal margin. Dorsal gonapophyses with rather narrow
rami, apex pointed ; a large brown area bordering mesal margin
and involving the apex. Paraprocts stout, the row of hairs
Sept., 1980]
Chapman: Corrodentia
229
along latero-ventral margin long, closely set; sense tubercles
brown. Suranal plate triangular, rather long and narrow; a
triangular non-chitinized area proximally.
New York : Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 J on trunk of elm.
Pennsylvania: Near Philadelphia, 2 specimens (S. F. Aaron)
P. A. N. S. In crevices of the bark of a black oak in woods.
Holotype and Paratype.
Virginia : Falls Church July 14 to Sept. 29 a total of 12 speci-
mens (Banks) M. C. Z.
Psocus bisignatus Banks
Psocus bisignatus Banks. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6 : 203, PL 2,
Fig. 10. 1904.
Female :
Length of body 3.0 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.5 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.8 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Head and thorax ^narked with deep golden brown, abdomen
whitish striped with 'grey.
Head : Dotted areas on vertex distinct, brown ; front margined
with brown posteriorly and with a V-shaped mark medianly;
clypeus lineated with rather broad parallel lines ; posterior third
of clypeolus and two-thirds of labrum brown ; gense touched with
brown, no distinct spots. Eyes black, large. Antennae and
maxillary palpus brown.
Thorax: Bather completely marked with brown; tergal lobes
shining rich brown. Legs beyond coxae pale brown, tarsi darker.
Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 24) hyaline marked with rich brown. The
pterostigma opaque, deep ; Rx subangulate ; the distal two-thirds
of cell brown. Just below inner angle of pterostigma a spot ; a
broad irregular band from base of pterostigma to end of cell 1A ;
most of cell 1A brown. Veins brown and in some individuals
the veins in proximal three-fifths of wing margined with brown.
Hind wing hyaline.
Abdomen: Terminal segments and genitalia brown. (PL
XII, Fig. 15.) Proximally the subgenital plate consists of a pair
of lateral somewhat triangular plates. At base of egg-guide a
pair of small lateral lobe-like plates; the distal two-thirds rec-
230
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
tangular becoming slightly wider distally; apex truncate, non-
chitinized, pilose ; median part of egg-guide weakly chitinized.
Ventral gonapophyses short, of usual shape. Lateral gona-
pophyses cup-like with a strongly chitinized pilose basal por-
tion. Dorsal gonapophyses with sharp-pointed apex; mesally
a small infuscated area. Paraprocts narrow, sense tubercles
brown. Suranal plate roughly trapezoidal above, supported
laterally by chitinized strips and at the distal three-fifths by a
transverse bar.
Male :
Length of body 2.8. mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.3 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennge 3.0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Marked as female. Eyes phosphorescent, bluish green, very
large. On abdomen below and almost touching genital processes
a pair of brown spots.
Terminal segments and genitalia occupying a little more of
abdomen than those of female, dark brown, asymmetrical. Hy-
pandrium (PL XV, Pig. 6) jaw-like, giving rise medianly to a
relatively broad, highly chitinized ridge which arches and nar-
rows distally, and curves to the left, finally bending abruptly
cephalad. Parameres (PI. XV, Fig. 19) fused to form a tri-
angle, apex truncate, bearing medianly inside a short prong
which does not project beyond the apex. Paraprocts bear dis-
tally an upward pointing prong and near apex, a slight elevation
bears a pair of stout spines. Suranal plate semicircular, with a
conspicuous chitinized margin.
New York: Ithaca, Aug. 22, 1926, 8 J 2 ^ on dead hemlock
and pine limbs, 1 J 7 , J1 6 nymphs 1925. Reared indoors by P.
P. Babiy from limbs of deciduous trees, Aug. 6, 2 § 1 c?, Sept.
26, 1926, 1 J, Aug. 15, 1926, 2 j1, July 11, 1926, 6 $ 1 <?, Sept.
6, 1926, 1 J ; Baiting Hollow, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 2 ? ;
Sea Cliff, Sept. 5, 1925, 1 ? 6 J'.
New Jersey: Englewood Cliff, Sept. 6, 1925, 2 §.
Tennessee: Mill Creek below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 1 $ (C. & B.).
Virginia : London Bridge, Aug. 25, 1929, 1 §. Palls Church,.
25 June, 1 § (Banks). Holotype. M. C. Z.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
231
Psocus campestris Aaron
Psocus campestris Aaron. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 38: 14.
1886.
Known only from holotype, a male, in the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences. It was collected by Aaron in
“ Southern Texas — from the live oak trees that compose the small
groves (motts) on the prairies.” The wings are about 2.5 mm.
long and the pterostigma is of moderate depth, subangulate, and
with a dark spot at the inner angle ; Rx is black before the angle
and whitish beyond. While it was not possible to examine the
terminal abdominal segments and genitalia critically they are
not of the type represented by confraternus but more like
moestus. The head markings are not unusual.
Psocus confraternus Banks
Psocus semistriatus Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 14 :
361. 1862. Partim (1 $ of Paratypes).
Psocus confraternus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 32 : 2. 1905.
Psocus moderatus Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 15: 165. 1907.
Psocus additus Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 62: 3. 1918 (J').
Amphigerontia confraterna Enderlein in Dampf Sitz. Natur.-
Gesell. Univ. Dorpat 31 : 35. 1924.
Female :
Length of body 4.0 mm. ave. of 11 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.6 mm. ave. of 11 individuals.
Length of antennas about 4 mm.
Profusely marked with dark brown, the abdomen grey suf-
fused with purple.
Head: The dotted area on vertex distinct; a Y-shaped mark
midway on front ; clypeus lineated with distinct nearly parallel
lines fading out near the anterior margin ; genae unmarked ex-
cept at margins; clypeolus and labrum brownish. Maxillary
palpus fuscous, apical segment darkest, 3rd segment palest.
Eyes phosphorescent, bluish-green.
Thorax: Bather completely marked with brown, margins of
tergal lobes and sutures on sides whitish. Coxae brown ; femora,
above, brownish; tarsi dark. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 10) pale
232
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
fumose, in some individuals nearly hyaline, marked with brown ;
pterostigmal area whitish, opaque. Pterostigma moderately
deep, Rx subangulate (slightly concave before inner angle be-
yond which it becomes slightly convex) ; a brownish area in-
volves the distal half of the cell, extending below Rx. An irregu-
lar brownish band from base of pterostigma to end of anal veins ;
' towards base of wing, a series of three spots suggesting a band ;
an indistinct spot in cell R5 behind Rs furcation. Veins brown
paling basally; Rx pale. Cross vein r-m long, always present.
Hind wing unmarked ; in some individuals r-m present but
usually very short or absent.
Abdomen greyish, suffused with purple, light at the sutures
and pale below. Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia
(PI. XII, Pig. 9). Base of subgenital plate composed of a pair
of broad, lateral plates, joined caudally by a transvere nearly
straight slender strip from which arises medianly the elongate
egg-guide. The strips and egg-guide form an inverted “TV
Medianly on the strips a pair of short narrow “roots” proceed
cephalo-laterad, in some individuals touching the lateral plates.
Egg-guide made up of three chitinized areas : the proximal part
swollen medianly and highly chitinized — a continuation of the
transverse strips on the basal portion of subgenital plate ; the
distal portion evenly rounded, white; the intermediate section
lightly chitinized, widest distally. Ventral gonapophyses rela-
tively strong but of usual shape drawn out to a point apically.
Lateral gonapophyses broad, strongly chitinized, consisting of
two parts : a strong pilose basal portion and a non-pilose piece
which fits sleeve-like around the base of the dorsal gonapophyses.
The dorsal gonapophyses narrowing distally, giving rise to a
sharp, drawn-out apex. Sense tubercles on paraprocts large,
brown, set in a concolorous field. Proximal two-thirds of sur-
anal plate chitinized, distal third evenly rounded, white.
Male :
Length of body 3.4 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.4 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
Length of antennas about 4.0 mm.
Marked as in female. Wings inclined to be uniformly fumose,
the markings indistinct. Eyes very large, slightly ovate, nearly
twice as large as female.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
233
The distal two-fifths or more of the abdomen capped by the
highly chitinized terminal segments and genitalia : structure
symmetrical (Pl. XIV, Fig. 6). Hypandrium proper triangu-
lar (viewed from below) bearing distally a characteristic group
of three strongly bent hooks. Basal sclerite of hypandrium
broad and relatively long. The median hook (PI. XIV, Fig. 12)
distally on hypandrium curves strongly cephalically, ending in a
relatively much drawn out sharp point. It is constricted basally
and is supported by slender chitinized strips which, from their
lateral spread and abrupt ending, form a triangle with the ver-
tex at base of the hook. On each side of this median hook arises
a blunt hook which curves mesally and gradually dorsally. The
three pieces, viewed from below, appear to be of equal size
and shape. These lateral lobes are blunt-pointed and consist
of two parts; the overlapping basal portion ends midway, but
from below this condition is usually not visible. The para-
meres (PI. XIV, Fig. 8) lying below the hypandrium are inde-
pendent, caudo-laterally curved pieces. The slender proximal
portion of the paraprocts widen to bear the brown sense tubercle ;
the apical portion is twisted bearing distally a blunt triangular
hook. Suranal plate with a late arising perpendicularly which
in profile bears lateral lobes.
New York: Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 Nig-
ger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 6 2 7c?; Saratoga Springs,
July 15, 1926, 13 2 2 on dead pine and oak limbs; Ithaca,
July 5, 1926, 2 J, July 11, 1926, 8 2 2 J* on dead limbs, Aug. 22,
1926, 2 § 3 on dead pine and hemlock limbs, Aug. 28, 1925, 1
(T. C. Barnes) on upper shoot of Pinus strobus, Sept. 26, 1926,
1 2; McLean Reservation, July 31, 1926, 7 J on dead hemlock
limbs; Hudson, July 15, 1926, 1 2; Ballston Lake, July 14,
1926, 9 2 on dead oak and pine limbs ; West Barre, Sept. 19,
1925, 2 2 1 (?; Ceres, Sept. 16, 1925, 11 2 1 c? beating dead
limbs ; Wellsville, Sept. 15, 1925, 14 2 3 c? 4 nymphs, on dry
roots of hemlock which had blown down; Rock City, Sept. 16,
1925, 35 2 5 $ on dead limbs ; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 2 ;
Stow, Sept. 17, 1925, 5 2 on. dead limbs; Little Valley, Sept, 17,
1925, 5 2 1 ef ; Richburg, Sept. 16, 1925, 9 2 2 on dead limbs ;
Penn Yan, Aug. 29, 1926, 1 2 2 Sacandaga R., Fulton Co.,
June 27, 1910 1 2 Holotype of P. additus Banks, M. C. Z.
234
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvni
New Hampshire: Mt. Washington, 1 5 (Mrs. Slosson) Holo-
type M. C. Z.
Massachusetts: Worcester, Sept. 11, 1926, 1 5 (W. T. M.
Forbes) .
Maine: Mt. Katahdin, 1 J1 Holotype P. moderatus Banks,
M. C. Z.
Tennessee: Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 1 } 2 taken at light of
Coca-cola stand (C. & B.).
North Carolina: Base of Mt. Pisgah, Buncombe Co., Oct. 13,
1926, 1 S (C. & B.).
Georgia: Tallulah Falls, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 $ (C. & B.).
California: Oakland, Apr. 17, 1915, 1 g (E. P. VanDuzee)
supplied by E. 0. Essig; Berkeley, Sept., 1914, 1 5 supplied by
N. Banks.
Psocus cockerelli Banks
Psocus cockerelli Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 30 : 100. 1904.
This species is represented by the holotype, a female, in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. It was collected by Prof.
Cockerell Oct. 6, “on aster, at Whitewater by White Sand, New
Mexico. ” The wings are hyaline and unmarked (outside of
pterostigma) • this cell is of moderate depth and rounded, a dark
spot occurs at the inner “angle” resembling the condition in
quietus. Wing length about 3.4 mm. Four spots occur on the
clypeus, and the front is small and elliptical, since the arms of
the epicranial suture are broadly joined to the clypeus.
It appears to be closely related to P. subapterous n. sp. and
probably belongs to the “ quietus group.”
Psocus conspersus Banks
Psocus conspersus Banks. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5 : 237. PI.
4, Fig. 1. 1903.
This spotted winged species is rather distinct from others with
similarly marked wings ( moestus , maculosus and desolatus n.
sp.) in that the spots are small and rarely coalesce. In the apical
half of the wing small points are found at the end of the veins
but the spots in the cells do not attain the edge of the wing.
Banks gives the length for the species as 3 mm. I am not sure
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
235
but what some of the paratypes accompanying the holotype in
the National Museum, Washington, D. C., represent another
species; no specimens were available for a critical study of the
genitalia. The specimens are recorded from Williams and Tuc-
son, Arizona. A drawing of the fore-wing of the species ac-
companies the original description: R is indicated as joined to
M at a point ; the pterostigma is of moderate depth and rounded.
Psocus coquilletti Banks
Psocus coquilletti Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 64: '305. PI.
1, Fig. 7. 1920.
This small species (“ Length 3 mm.”) is represented by the
holotype, a female, taken in Los Angeles, California, by Coquil-
lett in 1889. The markings on the wings appear distinctive and
are figured by Banks as indicated in the citation.
Holotype in Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Psocus crosbyi new species
Female :
Length of body 4.0 mm.
Length of fore wings 5.3 mm.
The dotted areas on vertex distinct; a Y on the front. Clypeus with
lineation more distinct medianly. Clypeolus and labrum brown, and on
genae a brown spot. Apical segment of maxillary palpus brown. Antennae
brown, segments 2 and 3 pale. Eyes dull bluish black.
Tergal lobes rich brown. Pleurae and coxae mostly brown, tarsi brown.
Wings hyaline or subhyaline (PI. XX, Fig. 19). An incomplete brown
band with distal border running from base of pterostigma to end of anal
veins. Pterostigma deep, with Ej subangulate; distal two-thirds brown, the
pigmentation extending below the cell; a pale fumose spot in cell E5 with
faint touches along outer margin of wing. Veins distinct.
Abdomen dirty white coarsely and incompletely banded with grayish-
brown. Terminal segments and genitalia (PI. 12, Fig. 1). The proximal
portion of subgenital plate narrow, widening laterally. The egg-guide
broadly attached, blunt-pointed, chitinization forming an inverted ‘ ‘ Y. f ’
Ventral gonapophyses of usual shape, sharp-pointed. Lateral gonapophyses
cup-like, white, with some brown proximally, pilose; distal margin wide and
pilose. Dorsal gonapophyses very large and fleshy although the piece is
abruptly produced into a point distally. The dorso-mesal surface infus-
cated and likewise the mesal portion of the ventral surface of the para-
procts. Paraprocts of usual shape with sense tubercles brown, large. Sur-
anal plate white above, gently rounded distally.
236
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Washington: Longmire 22 Aug., 1927, 2 5 (Coll. Prof. C. R.
Crosby). Holotype and Paratype.
Psocus desolatus new species
Male :
Length of body 2.8 mm.
Length of fore wings 4.3 mm.
Similar to moestus in wing markings and general appearance but geni-
talia show relationship with slossonce and quaesitus n. sp.
Head sulphur yellow above, indistinctly marked with pale brown dots;
ocelli placed in a small black spot; gense brown with a median whitish area.
Covering the anterior three-fifths of the clypeus a conspicuous mark formed
by the fusion medianly of the vertices of three brownish, roughly triangular
areas; remainder of clypeus whitish except for the coarse lineation on the
posterior two-fifths which does not,, however, continue to the margin. Cly-
peolus and labrum light brown, maxillary palpus brown, except third seg-
ment pale. Eyes dull bluish black.
Thorax: Dull yellowish and pale brown above; sides brownish; legs pale,
a brownish spot or two on outer surface of femora, tibiae with brownish
ring distally. Wings hyaline marked in a manner similar to moestus with
numerous brownish spots. Veins pale brown, darker apically. M joined
with Rs a short distance.
Abdomen: Sternites brownish gray; tergites pale yellowish, coarsely
marked with brown at the sutures. Hypandrium (PI. XV, Fig. 2) roughly
diamond-shaped, symmetrical except for the pair of prongs on the distal
margin. The left prong is nearly twice as long as the right one. An elon-
gate median piece is attached a short distance above the ventral margin of
hypandrium and extends to the dorsal margin; it is highly chitinized and
distinctly notched apically; lateral margins of distal two-thirds parallel,
basal portion swollen; apical half unattached, jutting out at a considerable
angle from hypandrium; a pair of elliptical holes through hypandrium at
the base of this piece. Arising from the lateral margin of hypandrium a
pair of slenderly attached pieces which terminate in strongly chitinized
mesally facing hollow claws. Parameres fused, consisting of slender arms
forming an elongate heart-shaped structure; attachment proximally, below
hypandrium at base of the median structure. Sense tubercles on paraprocts
large, much elevated; the sharp claw which arises below and near the apex
is bent dorsally past the termination of the piece. Paraproct broad, only
strongly chitinized at sense areas and apex. Suranal plate with a curious
triangular-shaped part arising perpendicularly as in slossonce and ornatus.
Colorado: Pingree Park, Aug. 20, 1924, 1 Coll. Prof. C. R.
Crosby. Holotype.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
237
Psocus elegans Banks
Psocus elegans Banks. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5 : 203. 1904.
Female :
Length of body 3.0 mm.
Length of fore wings 3.0 mm.
Length of antennae 2.8 mm.
Pale orange marked with several shades of brown. The shape
of the head similar to lichenatus ; the two species distinctly dif-
ferent from other American forms in this and other particulars.
The head narrow except between the eyes where it is also strongly
concave ; laterally the vertex is drawn out forming pedestals for
the reception of the eyes. Markings on head dull orange or
sulphur above, a pair of dark brown bands above antennae fused
with markings on the clypeus which are dark brown laterally
and anteriorly (a triangular posterior portion light brown) ;
labrum dark brown ; genae unmarked except for a few dots just
below the eyes. Antennae pale, sparsely clothed with long hairs.
Maxillary palpus pale. Eyes globular dull black.
Thorax : Tergal lobes brown, sides scantilly marked with
brown. Legs pale, brown spot or band proximally on tibia;
tarsi brown. Wings hyaline marked with two shades of brown
spots. Pterostigma opaque with a definite dark brown spot
covering distal one-third of the cell and also extending slightly
below R-l ; cell deep, Rx rounded. Three large dark brown spots
arranged to form an incomplete band, one at origin of Rs, the
second at fork of vein RM and the third in distal three-fifths of
cell 1A. An irregular dark brown spot covers about half of
cells Cux and M3. Cells Mt and M2 each have a small dark
brown spot. A small light brown spot at end of veins R2 + 3 to
Cu2 inclusive. Veins pale. M fused with Rs a short distance.
Hind wings unmarked.
Abdomen pale, coarsely marked with brown. Terminal seg-
ments and genitalia (PL XIII, Fig. 1). Subgenital plate tri-
angular with strongly chitinized side pieces which are broad
basally and drawn out to a point distally ; apex truncate bearing
a row of 5 or 6 hairs; what is probably the 7th sternite extends
forward between the highly chitinized side pieces to a point al-
most half the length of the structure. Ventral gonapophyses
238
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi, xxxviii
very long and slender. Lateral gonapophyses large, weakly
chitinized, convex, oblong, bearing a row of hairs along the dis-
tal margin. Dorsal gonapophyses rather weakly chitinized,
sharp-pointed apically. Paraprocts long and slender. Suranal
plate triangular.
Virginia: Falls Church, Aug. 5, 5 Holotype; July 12, 1 J
and July 17, 1 J, Paratypes; Aug. 8-10, 2 J on bark of white-
wood, chestnut and oak (all Banks) M. C. Z. Great Falls, 1 $
(Banks) M. C. Z.
New York : Ithaca, Aug. 22, 1926, 1 § on cliff wall.
Psocus floridanus Banks
Psocus floridanus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 32 : 2. 1905.
Female :
Lenth of body 3.0 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.5 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.1 mm. measurement of 1 specimen.
This species is closely related to straitus from which it may be
distinguished by the smaller size and presence of spots at end of
veins in fore wings. The basal three-fifths of wing as in
striatus: in intensely colored specimens, the distal two-fifths of
the wing fumose, the pigment attaining the margin at the end of
veins (PI. XX, Fig. 26). In most specimens all that is readily
seen is a brown spot at the end of veins to R2+3 inclusive.
The subgenital plate (PI. XII, Fig. 3) and basal portion of
egg-guide nearly uniformly chitinized throughout ; a distinct
deep notch medianly on subgenital plate dividing the piece.
Other structures similar to striatus except that the suranal plate
bears a non-chitinized crescent proximally.
Male :
Length of body 3.2 mm.
Length of fore wings 3.9 mm.
Genitalia differing only slightly from striatus, as follows : the
medium part of hypandrium (PL XV, Fig. 3) very slender and
slightly grooved distally; the lateral plate on the left side not
as broad basally; the strongly chitinized apical portion of the
fused parameres occupies the distal half, and the plate at the
base is inclined to be hexagonal ; viewing the parameres (PL XV,
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
239
Fig. 22) from the rear, structure in situ, the right projection is
stouter, with a slight depression on the inner surface and the left
projection is twisted, flattened and fairly wide.
New York: Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 1 2 on dead oak limb;
Michigan Mills, Sept. 14, 1926, 1 J1; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925,
2 2 on tree trunks ; Wellsville, Sept. 15, 1925, 2 J on dead limbs.
Virginia: Caret, Oct. 28, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.)
Florida: Biscayne Bay, 1 2 M. C. Z. Holotype.
Psocus hoodi new species
Female :
Length of body 6 to 6.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 5 to 6 mm.
Length of antennae about 10 mm.
Closely related to Psocus novaescotice Walker.
Head : On vertex an inverted U of white while an area above eyes and
one involving the epicranial suture tan, and curiously mottled with a few
thin reddish-brown lines. These margin the U-shaped white area and occur
irregularly through the tan areas. Front with a triangular spot medianly
and a pair of broad lines laterally from ocelli; other lines occur at clypeal
margin, leaving a pair of conspicuous unmarked crescents on the front.
Clypeus lineated with relatively narrow brown parallel lines which fade in
anterior third. Labrum touched with brown. Gense infuscated, no distinct
spot. Antennse very long, slender and dark brown except segment three
paler. Eyes dull bluish black.
Thorax: Anterior part of tergal lobes dark brown, posterior portion
pale; pleurae mostly unmarked. Coxae brown, other leg segments much
paler brown, tarsal segments darkest. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 15) hyaline,
conspicuously marked with brown. Pterostigma milky white, rather deep —
R, subangulate. A Y-shaped brown mark starting at the middle of ptero-
stigma, across to cell Cu, and thence along wing margin to vein R4+5. A
broad and rather irregular band from base of pterostigma, ending along
anterior half of vein 2 A. Veins coarse, brown, M reaching Rs at a point.
Hind wing unmarked.
Abdomen: Broadly ringed with purplish grey. Terminal segments and
genitalia (PI. XII, Fig. 8). The subgenital plate composed of two parts:
the basal portion which bears a chitinized inverted short ‘ ‘ Y ’ ’ (the inter-
val between arms of the Y not acute) and the elongate egg-guide which
arises behind the point where subgenital plate is infolded. The egg-guide
is supported laterally by rami arising proximally and extending about half-
way. The lateral gonapophyses cup-shaped, wide and short; outer surface
brown, long hairs scattered over outer surface and at distal margin. Dor-
sal gonapophyses fleshy, trough-shaped, with an evenly rounded apex; an
h-shaped (viewing right one) distal portion to internal rami. Ventral
240
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
gonapophyses very long and of usual shape — not visible with structures in
situ. Sense tubercle on paraproct white; latero-ventral margin and dorso-
distal portion of paraprocts pilose. Suranal plate triangular, composed of
two parts, of which the distal element is triangular and infuscated.
Male:
Length of body 4.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 6.2 mm.
Resembles female closely, less robust; eyes only slightly larger; antennae
stouter, more pilose.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia (PI. XV, Fig. 1) strongly
chitinized, asymmetrical, and very similar to novaescotice. The distal proc-
ess arising from the jaw-like hypandrium consists of two parts separated
by a transparent J-shaped portion. The left piece is concave, undulate and
smooth-surfaced. A series of teeth appear behind a ridge marking the lat-
eral margin of the left-part proper. The right hypandrial element consists
of a median ridge which bears about six teeth and arises from the extreme
right forming an ear-like lateral surface; the mesal portion concave and
surface undulate. The median ridge branches distally and bears about four
teeth along left branch. The parameres fused as in novaescotice, notched
apically, but slightly enlarged before apex. Paraprocts tipped with a
strong dorsally pointed prong. Suranal plate consisting of two pieces; the
distal margin truncate; the distal plate with chitinous arms laterally, ex-
tending into basal plate.
Arizona : Nogales, Aug. 30, 1927, 2 { 1 on dead mesquite
branches coll. J. D. Hood. Holotype (J') Allotype, Paratype.
Psocus infemicolus new species
Male :
Length of body 3.0 mm.
Length of fore wings 6.0 mm.
Closely related to confraternus, montivagus and petiolatus (also P. bifas-
ciatus Latr. of Europe).
Dotted areas on vertex distinct. Ocellar interval black. A rectangular
mark medianly on front ; arms of epicranial suture not touching clypeus.
Clypeus adorned with distinct brown parallel lines. Labrum brown, genae
unmarked. Eyes large, dull bluish black. (Antennae missing.)
Thorax: A golden brown throughout, including coxae — other leg segments
a lighter brown. Wings faintly brown, inconspicuously marked with a band
running from base of pterostigma to base of anal veins and an indication
of another proximally. Pterostigma of moderate depth, rather evenly
rounded at inner ‘ ‘ angle ’ ’ and with a brownish spot involving the central
two-thirds of cell but not including apex. Veins golden brown throughout.
A very long r-m cross-vein present in fore wings (and from its length in
the holotype it is expected that this condition is a constant).
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
241
Abdomen slender, ringed with greyish brown and capped by the highly
chitinized terminal segments. The terminal prongs on hypandrium similar
to the confraternus group (PI. XIY, Fig. 4). The median prong is widely
forked distally (PI. XIV, Fig. 14). When viewed from above, it resembles
the condition of this piece in bifasciatus Latr. (PI. XIV, Fig. 13) ; there
is not, however, the dilation about midway found in bifasciatus. The lat-
eral prongs show some differences as figured. The parameres resemble those
figured for confraternus. Suranal plates with a weakly chitinized rectangu-
lar plate directed cephalad.
Wyoming: West Thumb, Yellowstone National Park. 28 Aug.
1927, 1 J1, coll. C. R. Crosby. Holotype.
Psocus infumatus Banks
Psocus infumatus Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 15: 165. 1907.
Female :
Length of body 3.3 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.9 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Related to striatus Walker from which it differs as follows:
A pair of brown spots on the front and a pair on genae. The
wings (PI. XX, Fig. 13) are almost entirely fumose; in fully
colored specimens, strongly fumose. Hind wings pale fumose.
The abdomen ringed with brown paling below.
The subgenital plate (PL XIII, Fig. 8) and egg-guide uni-
formly chitinized. The interval between the lateral plates tri-
angular. Lateral gonopaphyses large, the chitinized basal por-
tion larger than in striatus. On the inner surface of the dorsal
gonapophyses a large dark area. Suranal plate strongly chitin-
ized basally giving rise distally to thin lateral strips.
Male :
Length of body 2.8 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4,1 mm. ave of 8 individuals.
Length of antennae 4.1 mm. ave of 6 individuals.
Marked as in female. Wings often so strongly fumose that
the band from base of pterostigma to end of anal veins is barely
visible. A spot on each side of abdomen below, almost touches
genitalia. The genitalia asymmetrical differing from striatus
as follows: the median ridge of hypandrium (PI. XV, Fig. 4)
swollen basally especially on the left side and the piece turns
242
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvui
to the right distally; parameres (PI. XV, Fig. 7) fused, tri-
angular terminating in a pair of asymmetrical flat lobes from
which arises midway a long sharp prong; the paraprocts bear
distally a single large upward-pointing prong. Suranal plate
large quadrate.
New York : Ithaca, July 11, 1926, 9 $ 2 J1, Aug. 6, 1926, 2 §,
Sept. 26, 1926, 1 § ; Saratoga Springs, July 14, 1926, 3 5, 1 £ on
dead limbs; Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 $ 2 J1,
on dead limbs; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 § 1 $ on dead
pine limbs ; Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 1 5-
Tennessee : Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 1 $ 4 (C. & B.). Taken at
light of Coca-cola stand.
Virginia: Falls Church, 1 J (Banks). M. C. Z. Holotype.
Psocus inornatus Aaron
Psocus inornatus Aaron. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 11 : 39. 1883.
Female :
Length of body 3.0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.4 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennas 2.5 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Yellowish white marked with brown ; the abdomen marked with
grey mixed with brown.
Head : The lateral areas on vertex faint ; involving the epi-
cranial suture, however, a wide dark brown area proceeds an-
teriorly to enclose the ocelli and extends to the margin of the
clypeus; clypeus lineated with close set golden brown lines;
labrum dark brown; genas unmarked. Eyes small dull bluish
black.
Thorax: Tergal lobes shining brownish black. Legs pale,
tarsi and distal half of tibiae brown. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 25)
faintly fumose throughout. The pterostigma opaque, with the
distal half, or more, clouded with brown ; Rx evenly rounded, the
cell of moderate depth. Veins brown. M usually joined to Rs
at a point.
Abdomen marked with greyish brown, splotched above, ar-
ranged in stripes on the sides, pale below. Terminal segments
and genitalia (PI. XIII, Fig. 12). Base of subgenital plate con-
sisting of a pair of nearly square lateral plates which are joined
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
243
distally by arms which form an inverted V. The distal portion
of egg-guide rounded, distal margin pilose ; the proximal portion
consists of a highly chitinized central part and a pair of less
highly chitinized lateral plates. Ventral gonapophyses of usual
size and shape. Lateral gonapophyses large, sleeve-like, strongly
chitinized at base and with a row of hairs below and at end of
chitinization. Dorsal gonapophyses sharp-pointed, with a pair
of small brownish areas, one touching the mesal and the other the
lateral margins. Sense tubercles of paraprocts brown. Sur-
anal plate triangular but blunt pointed, a non-chitinous crescent
proximally.
Male :
Length of fore wings about 3.3 mm.
Marked as in female. Eyes small, only slightly larger than
female. Antennas stout. Terminal abdominal segments and
genitalia symmetrical (PL XIV, Fig. 5), strongly chitinized,
cap-like. The basal sclerite large, wide, fused narrowly to
hypandrium proper. Distally is borne a pair of large, strong, in-
ward directed lateral prongs and medianly a short truncate ridge
with a short median tooth apically and arising at almost right
angles to this tooth a large flat prong (not visible when viewed
from below). The interval between the median piece and the
lateral prongs angulate, nearly square. Parameres lying below
hypandrium, independent, consisting of arms terminating in
a swollen, talon-like part. Sense tubercles on paraprocts strongly
elevated while from the mesal margin is produced the twisted
flat upward-directed distal prong. Suranal plate roughly
isosceles trapezoidal in shape, when viewed from above.
New York: Ithaca, Aug. 15, 1926, 5 J on cliff wall, Aug. 22,
1926 1 J ; Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 2 ; River-
head, L. I., Oct. 1, 1926, 1 2-
Virginia: Spottswood, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Ohio : Sandusky, July 22, 1926, 16 2, 10 nymphs, on trunk of
elm tree in the city.
Illinois: Urbana, July 13, 1892, 20 2 (Hart), June 14, 1890,
2 <?, July 1, 1888, 1 2, June 27, 1916, 1 2 (Hart) I. N. H. S. ;
Meredosia, Aug. 22, 1917, 11 2 on tree trunks. I. N. H. S. ;
Algonquin, June 18, 1890, 1 2> I. N. H. S.
244
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia 1 (S. F. Aaron). Holotype.
P. A. N. S.
Psocus insulanus new species
Male:
Length of body 2.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 3.0 mm.
Golden brown markings throughout. An unmarked pair of lines on ver-
tex due to a solid triangular brown area on epicranial suture and obscured
dotted areas above eyes. Ocelli large, pigmentation blackish. A triangle
of brown medianly on front. Clypeus indistinctly lined with a few broad
brown lines with a darker line midway. Labrum brown, genae unmarked.
Antennae pale brown. Eyes large dull bluish black.
Coxae, most of plurae and tergal lobes concolorous — a light golden brown.
Wings faintly fumose, unmarked. Pterostigma rather deep, subangulate, a
greyish spot in inner angle. Veins pale golden brown throughout. In the
holotype a short r-m cross-vein present.
Genitalia and terminal abdominal segments asymmetrical. The hypan-
drium jaw-like (PI. XV, Fig. 23) and rather narrow. The distal portion
triangular, consisting of a ridge, adorned with a series of teeth, one row
containing about 8 teeth and a parallel one, three or four. To the right of
this ridge the structure strongly chitinized, the left portion weakly chiti-
nized. The parameres (PI. XV, Fig. 8) asymmetrical and appear as fig-
ured, the distal pieces stout and strongly chitinized while the proximal por-
tions are slender and weakly chitinized. The distal prong on paraprocts
long and slender — but none the less stout — a conspicuous spine arises just
above the point of origin of the distal prong. Suranal plate inclined to be
five-sided, viewed from above, apex blunt.
New York: Wading River, L. I., 19 Sept., 1926. 1 Holo-
type.
Psocus leidyi Aaron
Psocus leidyi Aaron. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc, 38 : 15, PI.
1, Fig. 2. 1886.
Psocus bilobatus Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bnl. 62: 4, PI. 1, Fig.
1, March, 1918 (<?).
Female :
Length of body 4.2-5. 0 mm.
Length of fore wings 5. 1-5. 5 mm.
Length of antennae 5. 0-5. 7 mm.
Ivory white, sparsely marked with dark brown or black and
thinly covered with whitish hairs.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
245
Head : dotted areas on vertex indistinct ; a small irregular spot
behind the eye and two larger irregular areas anterior of eye
on front. Ocelli surrounded by a small black spot. A large,
roughly circular, black area on the clypeus touching the posterior
margin and extending to the center of the sclerite ; clypeus fur-
ther indistinctly marked by about 14 broad lines apparently
radiating from the central half of the paler, anterior margin.
Clypeolus white, labrum brownish black. Genas unmarked ex-
cept for a small dorsal black spot. Eyes of moderate size, deep
black. Maxillary palpus dusky, paling at the joints, the apical
segment much deeper colored. Antennas slender, the first two
segments yellowish white, the third brownish, and the remaining
dark brown.
Thorax : A brownish or black spot above coxae ; on meso- and
metathorax they are much larger, divided by the pleural suture.
Another dark area is found subventrally on the mesothorax
ahead of the coxae. Tergal lobes shining black, sutures ivory.
Legs ivory, each segment becoming progressively darker distally,
the tarsal joints light brown. A distinct dark brown spot on the
proximal end of the tibia and a similar smaller one inside, dis-
tally on the femur. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 12) hyaline, the most
characteristic marking being a large roughly circular, brownish
or black spot centering on the point where vein M and Cu di-
vide— it is usually very small in the male. Pterostigma opaque,
white ; R^ angulate ; a brownish spot apically. The usual dark
spot surrounding wing clasp and at end of cell 1A large. Hind
wing unmarked. Veins dusky at base, brown distally, pale.
Abdomen : Coarsely and usually sparsely marked with dusky
brown at the sutures, uniformly white below but occasionally
striped. Subgenital plate (PI. XIII, Fig. 4) roughly quadrate,
large, strongly cliitinized laterally; weakly chitinized median
portion occupying about two-fifths of the piece. Egg-guide long
and slender, gradually widening distally and ending in a non-
chitinized pilose apex; this piece together with the socket-like
structures on the margin of the subgenital plate form the in-
verted letter y. Only the tip of the membranous portion of the
egg-guide is visible, with the structures in situ, gonapophyses
covering the wide crescent-shaped piece on each side. Ventral
246
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
gonapophyses long, very slender, each terminating in a sharp
twisted prong embracing the apex of the egg-guide. Lateral
gonapophyses large, uniformly weakly chitinized, white, decidedly
cup-shaped, about as long as wide, the distal margin evenly
rounded and beset with conspicuous hairs ( a few hairs also on
outer surface). Rami of dorsal gonapophyses relatively broad,
gradually narrowing distally to end rather abruptly at the base
of the weak but finely drawn out and pointed apex; mesally on
the inner surface of this fleshy trough or scroll-like appendage
(not visible with structure in situ) a large, irregular, fuscous
area. The inner surface is also thickly set with minute spines.
Sense tubercles on paraprocts black. Suranal plate white, tri-
angular bluntly pointed and beset with hairs.
Male :
Length of body 3. 7-4.2 mm.
Length of fore wings 5. 0-6.0 mm.
Length of antennas 6. 0-7.0 mm.
Similar to female in markings, usually a little darker. Eyes
very large and black. Antennae stout, beset with stout hairs
which are about three times longer than those on female. Wings
as in female, except the brownish or black spot where vein M+
Cu fork much smaller. In the darker specimens the wings are
faintly fumose and R is dark.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia strongly chitin-
ized, occupying distal half of abdomen. Viewed from the side
the highly chitinized distal tergites broadly crescent shaped — the
cephalic margin curved, the caudal one straight. Hypandrium
(PI. XV, Fig. 5) asymmetrical, the piece proceeds left of the
center. On each side basally a pair of weakly chitinized lobes
which are concave, disc-like ; the left disc is nearly circular, the
right one two times or more larger, ear-shaped. Laterally from
the lobes arise three strongly chitinized crooked ridges, (the two
on the right being close together) which fuse distally appearing
to end in a blunt point, but the fused part arches sharply
ventrally in a claw-like piece. On the right side of the median
piece considerable of the weakly chitinized lateral part of
hypandrium visible. The highly chitinized, broad, distal por-
tion of the fused parameres projects above the apex of the
Sept., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
247
hypandrium. The basal part consists of a small plate from
which arise the arms which soon fuse to give rise to the highly
chitinized, broad, asymmetrical, crozier or hook-shaped distal
part (Pl. XV, Fig. 16) ; the inner surface thickly beset with
small tubercles. Paraprocts (PI. XV, Fig. 15) clasper-like,
exceedingly slender proximally, terminating in a mushroom-like
part; tooth at lower margin broad basally; sense tubercle, and
immediately adjoining field, black. Suranal plate somewhat
quadrate, with a small blunt point distally.
New York : Hornell, Sept. 15, 1925, 8 2 ; Rock City, Sept. 16,
1925, 15 J, 2 $ solitary on trunks of maple and chestnut ; Mon-
tour Falls, Sept. 21, 1924, 13 J, 1 nymph on trunks of trees;
Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 17 2? 5 J1, on tree trunks; Stow,
Sept. 17, 1925, 1 2 on trunk of ironwood; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6,
1925, 2 $ on dead oak branches; Ceres, Sept. 16, 1925, 3 2 on
ironwood trunk; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 1 Ithaca, Sept. 12,
1925, 6 2> 1 d\ 1 nymph, on bark of ash, Oct. 2, 1925, 4 2? on
sycamore, Oct. 10, 1924, 7 2 solitary on tree trunks, Sept. 12,
1926, 8 2, 5 J1, 1 nymph, Sept. 6, 1926, 12 2, 19 c?, (6 J on dead
poplar limbs, remainder associated with P. purus on bark of dead
beech snag), Sept. 26, 1926, 9 2, 1 c?> 2 nymphs, Sept. 3, 1894,
1 2’ 1 c? (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925, 1 2;
Riverhead, Oct. 1, 1924, 1 2 on trunk of scrub oak; Geneseo,
Sept. 20, 1925, 8 2, 1 <?; Elmira, Oct. 1, 1925, 5 2 on ironwood;
Richburg, Sept. 16, 1925, 2 2 on ironwood; Wellsville, Sept. 15,
1925, 3 2 ; Fairhaven, Sept. 7, 1924, 1 2 under loose stones associ-
ated with P. purus ; Montour Falls, Oct. 7, 1924, 2 2 (C. R. C.) ;
McLean Reservation, Grass Bog 3, Aug. 22, 1924, 1 ; Whetstone
Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 2; Michigan Mills, Lewis Co.,
Sept. 1, 1926, 10 2, 19 J', 3 nymphs on dead limbs; Parkers,
Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 3 2? 1 Nigger Pond, Oswego Co.,
Sept. 3, 1926, 1 2> 4 J1; Frecks, Aug. 19, 1926, 5 2, 2 J', 2 nymphs
(S. C. Bishop) ; Haines Falls, Sept. 25, 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z. ;
Moshulu, Oct. 4, 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Sea Cliff, L. I., Oct. 2 2,
Aug. 1 2, July, 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z.
Maine: Mt. Desert Island (Beech Mt.) Sept. 12, 1926, 3
(C. P. Alexander) ; Ft. Kent, Sept. 1910, 1 J' (C. W. Johnson)
M. C. Z. Holotype of Psocus bilobatus Banks.
248
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
New Hampshire : Mt. Washington, 2 J1 (Banks) M. C. Z. ;
Gorham, Aug. 3, 1868, 1 M. C. Z. ; Franconia, 1 $ (Slosson)
M. C. Z.
Massachusetts: Cambridge, Aug. 19, 1 $ (Banks) M. C. Z.
Rhode Island: 1 J, 1 £ (Dr. Leidy) P. A. N. S. Holotype and
Allotype; 3 (Dr. Leidy) M. C. Z., 1 (0. Sachen) M. C. Z.
New Jersey: Riverton, Sept. 11, 1 J1, M. C. Z.
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, 2 J (S. F. Aaron) P. A. N. S. part
of type series; Pottstown, Aug. 8, 2 (Banks) M. C. Z.
West Virginia: Aurora, Aug., 2 2, 1 c? (Banks) M. C. Z.
District of Columbia : Washington, 1 <j>, 2 g (Banks) M. C. Z.
Virginia : Falls Church, July 17, 1 J1, July 27, 2 J1, Aug. 2, 1 2,
Sept. 1 ?, 1 Oct. 20, 1 ? (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Vienna, Oct. 2 $
(Banks) M. C. Z.
Wisconsin : Price County, Aug. 19, 1897, 1 J, M. C. Z.
Tennessee: Mill Creek, below falls, on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 1 (C. & B.).
California: Blue Lake, July 27, 1927, 1 J1 (J. D. Hood) beat-
ing mostly dead Salix.
In the vicinity of Ithaca during the last half of September
and early October the females of this large, light colored species
are commonly observed on the trunks of deciduous trees. At this
time they occur singly; they have forsaken the gregarious habit
common earlier. The females rarely fly but run rapidly a short
distance, when disturbed, in that curious stumbling gait so
characteristic of the order. The males fly readily. They dis-
appear two weeks or more before the female. Collections made
at weekly intervals at Ithaca, substantiate the belief that there
is bup one brood annually in this and localities northward.
Psocus lichenatus Walsh
Psocus lichenatus Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2 : 183. 1863.
This species related to elegans and the two distinct from other
members of Psocus because of the shape of the head. The wing
markings extensive, somewhat resembling moestus or Licheno-
mima sparsa Hagen. I have seen paratypes in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology and at the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences. Walsh writes: “ Occurred in the autumn, on
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
249
some precipitous sandstone cliffs, in great numbers.” I have
never taken any of this species and have no record of any collec-
tions being made of it other than those by Walsh about 1863 in
the vicinity of Rock Island, Illinois.
Psocus lithinus new species
Female :
Length of body 3.35 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.4 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.8 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Head: Dotted areas on vertex light brown; ocelli involved in a blackish
spot; two short, parallel lines medianly on front; clypeus lineated with nar-
row pale brown parallel lines; a spot in center of genae; posterior half of
clypeolus and all of labrum brown. Segments 1-3 of maxillary palpus
whitish, distal segment brown. Antennae brown. Eyes of moderate size.
Thorax: Tergal lobes shining brown; white area in sutures broad; a
brown spot or line above coxae which are pale brown. Tarsi brown. Wings
(PI. XX, Fig. 11) faintly fumose, unmarked. The pterostigma opaque with
indistinct light brown stippling in the distal two-thirds or less ; the cell only
moderately deep, E, rounded. Veins light brown. M joined to Es at a
point or for a short distance. Hind wing unmarked.
Abdomen striped with dark grey; the pigment confined to tergites. Ter-
minal segment and genital processes (PI. XIII, Fig. 3) dark brown. Basal
portion of the subgenital plate E-shaped, due to the presence of a pair of
short, elongate, lateral plates and a straight slender median plate. The
egg-guide arrow-shaped except the apex broad and rounded ; a white non-
chitinized median core widens at and includes the pilose apex. Ventral
gonapophyses stout, with a lateral arch distally, apex sharp-pointed. Lat-
eral gonapophyses rather small, cup-shaped, the slightly swollen proximal
portion sparsely pilose. Dorsal gonapophyses of average proportions with
the apex drawn out, sharp, the chitinized support lateral, and in two sec-
tions; near mesal margin an elongate fuscous area. Sense tubercles on
paraprocts rather large, brown. Suranal plate triangular, basal half chiti-
nized; apex blunt-pointed.
Male :
Length of body 3.2 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.2 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennge 4.0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Eyes black, only slightly larger than those of female. Antennae moder-
ately stout, strongly pilose. Terminal segments and genital processes (PI.
XIV, fig. 16) dark brown, highly chitinized, cap-like; at first glance appear-
ing to be symmetrical but upon closer examination the lateral pieces distally
on hypandrium found to be asymmetrical. Basal sclerite of hypandrium
relatively narrow, definitely fused midway to the triangular hypandrium
250
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
proper. Distally and medianly hypandrium produced into a large, swollen,
rather weakly chitinized, bluntly pointed, hollow cone which points slightly
inward; on each side and extending below this cone, a pair of curious,
highly chitinized arms. The right arm visible throughout its length, ex-
tending slightly beyond the median cone; the outer margin and truncate
apex, serrate. The left arm swollen at base, then bends sharply to the right,
extending below the median prong, ending where it touches the right arm.
(While not visible with the structures in situ the distal third of the dorsal
margin of this arm also serrate.) Parameres independent, consisting of a
pair of rather stout arms terminating in furcated inward and laterally
pointing hooks. The rather large sense area covers most of the basal por-
tion of paraproct; apical portion twisted; from the lower distal margin a
moderate sized inward and upward pointing claw. Suranal plate trape-
zoidal, gently rounded distally.
New York : Ithaca, collections in 1926 : July 11, 3 $, Aug. 6,
20 5, 5 J1, 8 nymphs, Aug. 15, 11 5, 5 J', Aug. 22, 10 $, 3
Aug. 30, 2 5, Sept. 6, 4 $, Sept. 12, 3 5, Sept. 26, 3 §, 2 J1, taken
chiefly in the shade on moderately dry rock cliffs in Six Mile
Creek or its tributaries. Some however were found under loose
stones. Holotype ( J1), Allotype, Paratypes. Ithaca, Sept. 12,
1925, 7 J, 1 $ under stones; McLean Keservation, July 31, 1926,
2 5? 1 5 nymphs, under loose stones in a pile ; Saratoga
Springs, July 14, 1926, 5 J, 3 3 nymphs, under stones in a
stone wall; Penn Yan, Aug. 29, 1926, 1 J on rock cliff in shade;
Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 4 J, on rock cliff;
Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925, 1 J ; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 5 §, 2
nymphs, under large stones; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6, 1925, 1 5,
1 ; Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 1 § ; Woodwardia Swamp, Tomp-
kins Co., Aug. 10, 1924, 2 §, under loose stones; Montour Falls,
Sept. 21, 1924, 2 § on rock cliff.
Psocus longipennis Banks
Psocus longipennis Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 62 : 3. 1918.
Male :
Length of fore wings 5.7 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of body 2.9 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Head: The spots in the usual position on the vertex, brown.
Ocelli set in a dark tubercle of usual appearance, but vertex
abruptly sunken just behind lateral ocelli. Clypeus distinctly
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
251
lined with rich brown, somewhat fused at posterior margin and
again fused into a pair of lateral spots near anterior margin.
Labrnm brown. Genae with a median spot. Maxillary palpus
pale or light brown; antennae (missing except for 3 or 4 basal
segments) not strongly pilose. Eyes dull bluish black, not
exceptionally large.
Thorax : Mostly dark shining brown throughout, paling at
sutures. Legs pale, darkening distally. Wings (PI. XX, Fig.
6) typically faint fumose. Pterostigma very long, shallow,
rounded distally; rather pale. Veins stout, light brown;
Rs and M joined at a point or for a short distance.
Abdomen: Coarsely striped with purplish brown on sides; a
series of diamond-shaped spots on median line of dorsum. Ter-
minal abdominal segments and genitalia symmetrical, dark brown
(PL XIV, Fig. 2) and of the type represented by quietus. Basal
sclerite of moderate depth and typical of this group. Hypan-
drium proper roughly triangular, viewed from below, and
strongly convex. Distally arise three well-spaced prongs; the
median one is the longest, triangular, yet rather slender, and
truncate distally ; the lateral pair strongly chitinized, sharp
pointed, directed slightly mesally. The parameres, independent,
arising a short distance above proximal margin of inner surface
of hypandrium. These pieces become swollen, distally, fork, and
each part strongly curved and pointed ; the more proximal hook
has a small, narrowly attached plate at its apex. Paraprocts
elongate, with the large brown sense area midway; the distal
hook twisted, triangular. Suranal plate triangular, definitely
chitinized except at the nearly truncate apex.
Colorado : Boulder, 30 Aug. 1899, 1 J', M. C. Z. Holotype.
Denver, (Oslar) 1 In Cornell University Collection. Used
for critical study. Agrees in every particular with holotype.
Wyoming : Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, 30 Aug.
1927, 9 <?, (C. R. Crosby).
In addition to the 9 males of this species taken by Prof. C. R.
Crosby at Mammoth Hot Springs, 5 females of Psocus sp. were
also collected which apparently are longipennis. The writer
hesitates to describe these females unqualifiedly as longipennis
252
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
because of the small size of their wings (also shape of ptero-
stigma) and differences in wing and abdominal markings. The
only members of Psocus taken at Mammoth Hot Springs on
Aug. 30, however, were these fourteen individuals. Head mark-
ings agree with the male ; these are usually much more constant
in the sexes than abdominal ones. Male genitalia of longipennis
are very similar to quietus and subapterous n. sp. The females
here discussed have genitalic structures practically identical with
oregonus and subapterous n. sp. and similar to quietus and
subquietus n. sp. These four species form a group remarkable
for the small differences in genitalic structures of males and
the even slighter differences in females. One might conclude,
therefore, that females of longipennis would probably have geni-
talia of the quietus type.
Female: ( macropterous )
Length of fore wings 3.6 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of body 3.2 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Agrees with male in markings, paler ; abdomen splotched with
purplish grey, faded above ; eyes about one-third smaller.
Wings subhyaline, with two wide fumose bands. Pterostigma
of moderate length and depth, rounded ; a fumose band includ-
ing distal two-thirds of pterostigma, thence across to cell Cux ;
wing distal to this band, slightly fumose ; a wide band proximal
to junction of M and Rs. Veins coarse, light brown.
Female: ( brachypterous )
Length of fore wings 2.5 mm.
Length of body 3.4 mm.
Differs from macropterous forms in being deeper colored
throughout and of course by the reduced wings.
Wyoming : Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, 30 Aug.
1926, 5 2 (1 brachypterous) . Allotype.
This case and that of subapterous are the only known examples
of reduced wings in American Psocus.
Psocus maculosus (Banks)
Muopsocus macidosus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 34 : 258.
1908.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
253
Male :
Length of fore wings 3.8 mm.
This species closely related to moestus ; the markings of body
and wings (PI. XX, Fig. 28) very similar. The genitalia, while
showing a striking similarity to moestus, differs as follows : the
left part of the median pieces on hypandrinm (PI. XY, Fig. 12)
greatly reduced, appearing merely as an inconspicuous notch at
the base of the right piece. The right piece broader except at
the apex, longer and more crooked than the corresponding piece
in moestus. The parameres (PI. XY, Fig. 13) also similar to
P. moestus but distally a former bipartite condition indicated
by the slightly forked condition.
California: Berkeley, June, 1 J1. Holotype M. C. Z.
A paratype (J1) was kindly supplied by Nathan Banks for
critical study.
Psocus moestus Hagen
Psocus moestus Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. N. A. p. 11. 1861
Female :
Length of body 2.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 3. 3-3. 6 mm.
Head : Dead sulfur yellow above, dotted area on vertex faint ;
ocelli surrounded by black; brownish ring around base of an-
tenna. Clypeus lineated with about sixteen broken brownish
lines radiating from a central point on the anterior margin
(lines much more distinct anteriorly). Clypeolus light brown,
labrum almost completely covered by a larger brownish spot.
Eyes phosphorescent, bluish green. Second and apical segment
of maxillary palpus fuscous, others whitish, but in other indi-
viduals all segments uniformly fuscous. Antennae short, rather
stout, clothed with relatively long hairs, pale brown.
Thorax: Pleurae brownish. Mesoprescutum and several large
spots on metascutum light brown, remainder dull greenish yel-
low. Tibia rather pale except distally, remainder of leg seg-
ments brown. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 9) largely covered with
numerous small brown spots. Some of the spots merge to form
larger areas especially at base of pterostigma and where M and
254
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvin
Cu divide. Veins for most part pale, darker apically. M
touches Rs at a point but no long cross-vein. Hind wing hya-
line, unmarked except for a very few pale brownish spots distally
in cell 1A and on costal margin near apex of wing.
Abdomen: Whitish above, almost uniformly dull brownish
below; stripes on side at sutures, brown, widening ventrally.
Base of subgenital plate consisting of a pair of large nearly
square plates (PI. XIII, Pig. 2). Egg-guide rectangular almost
three times longer than wide, truncate, with apex non-chitinized,
pilose; center of process less highly chitinized. Ventral gonapo-
physes of usual shape. Lateral gonapophyses cup-like, broad,
short and rather large ; proximal half strongly chitinized, and
where chitinization ends a regular row of hairs; apical portion
white, non-pilose. Dorsal gonapophyses broad at base, dorsal
side drawn out into a very sharp point ; rami extend well to
apex. Sense tubercles on paraprocts large, only slightly raised,
brown. Suranal plate pale brownish, triangular.
Male :
Length of body 2.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 3.3 mm.
Markings as in female ; eyes larger. Antennae stout with long
hairs which are two or three times longer than those on female.
Abdomen not as deeply colored as female. Ventrally on each
side, a circular fuscous spot back of the genital processes. Ter-
minal segments and genitalia (PI. XV, Fig. 18) asymmetrical.
Hypandrium jaw-like, with a pair of strongly chitinized slender
median pieces : the one on left, a stout, blunt pointed, unattached
prong; the right one a slender ridge on each side of which are
membranes which form a cap to enclose the parameres. Para-
meres fused, somewhat diamond-shaped, but more than twice as
long as wide ; the apex a single flat blade. Sense tubercles
brown, only slightly elevated; paraprocts with the distal por-
tion slender, curved upward and a strong, dorsally pointing
prong arising from the ventro-apical surface. Suranal plate
short, roughly quadrate.
New York : Ithaca, Sept. 26, 1926, 1 5, Sept. 5, 1926, 1 §, Oct.
7, 1926, 1 J (Chester Rea), Aug. 6, 1926, 2 J; Stow, Sept. 17,
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
255
1925, 5 J 1 J1, on tree trunks ; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925, 1 2 ;
Wellsville, Sept. 15, 1925, 3 ? ; Riverhead, Oct. 1, 1924, 6 ? 3 on
bark of oak; Hornell, Sept. 15, 1925, 4 ?; Hall, July 30, 1924,
1 2 indoors; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 11 2 4 J1; Parkers,
Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 2 ; Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1,
1926, 5 2 3 <?; Saratoga Springs, July 14, 1926, 1 2 2 J' on trunk
and live branches of oak; Sea Cliff, L. I., Aug. 1 2 (Banks).
M. C. Z.
Virginia: Caret, Oct. 28, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.) ; Falls Church,
July 17, 1 2, Sept. 24, and 29, 6 2 3 $ (Banks) M. C. Z.
Maine: Beach Mt., Mt. Desert Is., Sept. 12, 1926, 1 (C. P.
Alexander).
New Hampshire: High Island, July 1, 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z.
Georgia: Dalton 1859, 1 2 (Sacken) M. C. Z. Holotype.
Psocus montivagus new species
Female :
Length of body 3.5 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.35 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
Length of antennae about 3.8 mm.
Close to confraternus with which it agrees in markings of body and
wings, size, and color of eyes. This species is somewhat lighter in coloring.
The subgenital plate and egg-guide (PI. XII, Fig. 2) differ from con-
fraternus as follows: the lateral plates are widely separated, inclined to be
longer than wide; strips along distal margin slender, strongly curved; medi-
anly, roughly rectangular prolongation cephalad from base of egg-guide
(this usually servos to separate the females fropi confraternus) . The egg-
guide, while very similar, shows the termination of the highly chitinized
basal portion slightly forked, and the egg-guide is not constricted at this
point.
Male:
Length of body 3.4 mm. ave. of 12 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.3 mm. ave. of 12 individuals.
Length of antennae about 3.8 mm.
Eyes only slightly larger than the female, which character serves to sepa-
rate the males of this species from confraternus.
The genital processes differ from confraternus as follows : The median
prong arising distally on hypandrium curves strongly cephalically but is
forlced apically (PI. XIV, Fig. 11) the mesal and dorso-lateral lines form
right angles, the distal portion of parameres shell-like (PI. XIV, Fig. 7)
slender ; the pair of prongs arising laterally from hypandrium inclined to
be flattened, so that the overlapping of the short lateral piece is visible in
positions where this would not show in confraternus.
256
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
New York: Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 8 5 12 $
on dead hemlock and pine limbs, Holotype, Allotype, Paratypes ;
Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 12 g on dead hemlock
and spruce limbs ; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 6 2 14 on
dead hemlock and spruce.
Psocus novaescotiae Walker
Psocus novcescotice Walker. Cat. Neurop. Brit. Mus., p. 485.
1853.
Psocus contaminatus Hagen. Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 10. 1861.
Psocus perplexus Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 14: 361.
1862 W).
Psocus cratcegi Hagen (Mss. name of Asa Fitch). Verh. zool-bot.
Ges. Wein 16 : 213. 1866.
Psocus hageni Banks. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6 : 202. 1904.
Female :
Length of body 5. 0-5. 5 mm.
Length of fore wings 5. 5-6. 5 mm.
Length of antennae 6. 7-7. 5 mm.
Head : Dotted areas of vertex indistinct, obscured laterally by
a pair of large fuscous spots ; a pair of elongate fuscous spots
touch lateral ocelli; the front bears a median Y-shaped mark,
and a pair of lateral spots; clypeus clouded with fuscous medi-
anly, incompletely lineated with about fourteen lines which
fade anteriorly. Clypeolus and labrum unmarked. Palpus
pale, last segment fuscous, becoming pitchy apically. Antennse
slender dark brown except segments 1, 2 and proximal half of
3, light brown.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining black ; on mesotliorax in some
individuals are distinguishable a series of four roughly circular
blackish spots as in purus ; pleurae with a few touches of fuscous.
Legs pale, tarsal joints brown ; femora with a distal, inner, fus-
cous spot. Wings (PL XX, Fig. 5) hyaline, variously marked
with fuscous or brown; markings range from an almost un-
marked condition, exclusive of pterostigma, to individuals with
a distinct broad band bordering the outer margin of the wing
and other large spots. Pterostigma deep, angulate ; pigment
ranging from dark brown to light fawn. An elongate spot just
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
257
below inner angle of pterostigma. The following spots varying
in size and intensity may be found : at fork of R and base of
pterostigma, in cell R5 behind furcation of Rs continuing over
to cell M; in certain individuals a broad band borders the outer
margin of wing ranging to those where all indications of a band
are absent ; at apex of cell 1A ; in cell Cu at furcation of MCu
and below in cell 1A — these two spots often join. Veins dis-
tinct, dark brown, pale proximally. Hind wings hyaline, un-
marked.
Abdomen coarsely and irregularly marked above with fuscous,
laterally marked at sutures, frequently fading out below. Ter-
minal segments and genitalia (PI. XII, Fig. 13). From the 7th
sternite arises a small triangular piece which is notched distally
whence it bends abruptly cephalicly and becomes attached to
the triangular base of the egg-guide. Egg-guide elongate,
white, beset with short hairs, evenly rounded at apex, supported
medianly and laterally by chitinized prolongation from the base.
The lateral pieces extend less than half the length of the struc-
ture while the median one, fully three-fourths the length.
Viewed from the side the egg-guide becomes thickened apically.
Ventral gonapophyses very long and slender terminating in a
twisted sharp prong. Lateral gonapophyses broad, short, cup-
shaped and covered with long hairs. Dorsal gonapophyses very
large and very fleshy terminating in a short knob-like apex;
visible rami strong and appearing to end midway on the lateral
margin, but caustic potash specimens disclose an h-shaped (if
looking at left gonapophyses) continuation which extends
mesally and then distally, ending near the apex. Sense tuber-
cles on paraprocts pure white, surrounded by black ; apical part
of paraprocts elongate, slender. Suranal plate white, triangu-
lar, supported laterally by chitinized pieces which end midway.
Male :
Length of body 3. 5-4.0 mm.
Length of fore wings 5. 5-6.0 mm.
Length of antennse 6. 5-7.0 mm.
Markings similar to female, usually much deepr colored, es-
pecially on head, above. Eyes large, black. Antennse fairly
stout, clothed with hairs which are 2 or 3 times longer than
258
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
on female and in greater number. Wings slightly fumose.
Pterostigma showing the same variation in the amount and in-
tensity of brown pigment as found in female. Spots on re-
mainder of wing usually 'paler and more often absent (PI. XX,
Fig. 4).
Hypandrium (PL XV, Fig. 9) with the distal part consisting
of two asymmetrical pieces joined distally by a slender arm, in-
termediate part transparent. Left piece broadly crescent-
shaped with an evenly rounded convex surface which is thickly
set with short tubercles. Eight piece resembles a triangular
prism in shape ; the mesal surface undulated, leaf shaped, lateral
and distal margin serrate each bearing from five to seven teeth.
Basal margin of lateral surface also inclined to be serrate. Para-
meres asymmetrical, consisting of two slender wide-spread arms
which fuse distally, the apical portion blade-like, gradually nar-
rowing to the notched apex. Paraproets clasper-like with long
attachment arms, terminating in a foot-like part bearing the
much elevated sense tubercles at the “heel”; a very long, dor-
sally pointing claw arises from the lower margin. Posterior
margin of suranal plate produced laterally into curious bulb-like
areas, similar to the sense tubercles on the paraproets ; the plate
is quadrate.
New York : Ithaca, Sept. 12, 1925, 4 5 3 cT 1 nymph, on trunk
of poplar, Sept. 26, 1926, 3 ^2 nymphs, on dead poplar and
sycamore limbs, June, 1 $ (Banks) M. C. Z., July 29, 1897, 1 J
(Banks) M. C. Z. ; Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 20 J
7 J* on dead or shaded limbs of hemlock, spruce, and deciduous
trees ; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 J ; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept.
2, 1926, 1 Chapel Pond, Essex Co., July 19, 1925, 3 nymphs
(S. C. Bishop) ; Long Pond, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 1 J';
Artists Lake, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 3 § 3 <$ 2 nymphs on
dead and dying limbs of larch ; Lake Placid, Aug. 12, 1904, 1 <$
(E. P. VanDuzee) M. C. Z. ; Moshulu, Oct. 18, 1902, 1 5 (Banks)
M. C. Z. ; Sea Cliff, L. I., 2 ? 2 (Banks) M. C. Z.
Nova Scotia, Canada : Digby Co., Aug. 1917, 1 J M. C. Z.
Maine: Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, Aug. 31, 1926,
1 2 2 J1 (C. P. Alexander) ; Beech Mt., Mt. Desert Island, Sept.
12, 1926, 2 ? (C. P. Alexander) ; Greene, Aug. 26, 1925, 1 (C.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
259
R. C.) ; I860, 1 $ (P. R. Uhler) M. C. Z. ; West Beach, 1 ? M.
C. Z.
New Hampshire : Franconia, 1 M. C. Z.
Massachusetts : Beverly, Sept. 9, 1869, 1 J' M. C. Z. ; Boston,
June, 1877, 1 $ (J. P. B. N.) M. C. Z. ; Waltham, July 15, 1864,
1 2 (P. R. Uhler) M. C. Z. ; Wellesley, Sept, 15, 1904, 1 5 (A. P.
Morse) M. C. Z.
Rhode Island: Newport, Sept., 1 J M. C. Z.
Maryland: Plummers Island, Sept. 28, 1903, 1 J (Heidman)
M. C. Z.; Sept. 9, 1 $ (Banks) M. C. Z. ; 1 $ (P. R. Uhler) M.
C. Z. Type of P. contaminatus Hagen and P. hageni Banks.
West Virginia: Aurora, Aug., 1 2 1 <? (Banks) M. C. Z.
Virginia: Falls Church, June 28, 1 J1, Aug. 27, 1 J', Sept. 16,
1 2, Oct. 13, 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Delphone, Sept. 10, 1
2 (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Boykins, June 10, 1895, 1 2 (Banks) M.
C. Z.
District of Columbia: Washington, 1854, 1 2 (O. Sacken) M.
C. Z. Type of P. contaminatus Hagen and P. hageni Banks.
Illinois: Rock Island, 1860, 1 J1 Paratype (?) P. perplexus
Walsh, 1864, 1 (B. D. Walsh) M. C. Z.
North Carolina: Greensboro, June 1901, 1 2 (F. C. Fratt) M.
C. Z.
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 3 nymphs.
Georgia: Tallulah Falls, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 £ (C. & B.) ; Tiger,
Oct. 18, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Florida: Monticello, Jan. 26, 1914, 1 £ M. C. Z. ; Marion Co.,
3 miles S. W. of Micanopy, May 9, 1926, 1 2 (T. H. Hubbell).
Sweeping in low hammock.
The remarkable color variation found in Psocus novaescotice
Walker, particularly in the wings, has caused earlier workers to
designate certain of the extremes as distinct species. A critical
examination of the male and female genitalia of variously
marked individuals shows clearly that they are one species.
Psocus contaminatus Hagen, renamed Psocus hageni by Banks,
is, as an examination of the types disclosed, the form having a
broad band bordering the outer margin on the fore wing. The
type of Psocus perplexus Walsh is non-existent, but specimens
260
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviTi
sent Dr. Hagen apparently labelled Psocus perplexus in Walsh’s
hand writing are the form with nearly unmarked wings. All
gradations in wing markings between these extremes occur. The
species is widely distributed, and no color form appears to be
confined to a given locality.
P. novaescotice is found on tree trunks or on dead and dying
limbs. It is not infrequently associated with Psocus leidyi.
Psocus oppositus Banks
Psocus oppositus Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 15 : 165. 1907.
Psocus interruptus Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 64: 306, PI.
2, Fig. 15. Oct. 1920.
Female :
Length of body 3.2 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.7 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.6 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Plead: Dotted areas on vertex light brown; a blackish nearly
triangular spot involving ocelli, extending over front to clypeus ;
clypeus bears about six complete lines medianly, while laterally
there are broken, short, horizontal lines; genae unmarked; some
clouding at base of maxillary palpus ; posterior half of clypeolus
and all of labrum brown. Eyes dull black. Antennae brown,
pale proximally.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining dark brown, sutures whitish ;
sides mostly brown, legs pale brown. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 20)
hyaline, marked with two shades of brown. Pterostigma deep,
Rx angulate or subangulate; a dark brown spot involves about
the distal two-thirds and extends below Rx. A characteristic
dark brown spot involving all, or less, of cell M extending into
cell Cul7 where it may barely encroach or cover nearly half of
the cell; a light brown spot between this and the spot in ptero-
stigma suggests a band. Another band but of light brown ex-
tends from base of Rs to end of cell 1A ; proximal to this band an
irregular spot on vein MCu. Veins brown; cross-vein r-m pres-
ent or not. Cell M narrow. Hind wing hyaline touched faintly
with brownish.
Abdomen : Dirty white, striped with brownish grey. Sub-
genital plate (PL XIII, Fig. 13) composed of a pair of small,
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
261
irregular, elongate, widely separated lateral plates which are
connected medianly by a slender inverted V-shaped portion from
the apex of which arises the rectangular egg-guide. Egg-guide
consists of a rectangular distal portion with a chitinized “core”
and a narrow non-chitinized border; proximally a pair of lobe-
like plates. Ventral gonapophyses slender, fairly straight. Lat-
eral gonapophyses with a swollen, pilose, proximal portion, while
the distal part non-pilose and drawn out strongly laterally. The
dorsal gonapophyses characterized by a definite mesal direction
to the pointed apex ; the rami in two narrowly connected sections,
the lateral margin of the strongly chitinized proximal portion
undulated — bearing three ridges. Sense tubercles of paraprocts
large, light brown. Suranal plate strongly chitinized, triangu-
lar.
Male :
Length of body 2. 6-2. 7 mm.
Length of fore wings 3. 2-3. 5 mm.
Length of antennae about 4.2 mm.
Marked as in female, possibly darker. Eyes a little larger.
Antennae very stout, strongly pilose.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia symmetrical (PI.
XIV, Pig. 20), dark brown, highly chitinized, cap-like. The lat-
eral margin of the hypandrium proper, strongly chitinized and
deeply notched midway; distal half of the piece more highly
chitinized, swollen, terminating in a dorsally pointing prong.
Embracing this median prong a pair of longer, slender, curved,
lateral prongs. Viewed from the rear this group of prongs sug-
gest the letter W. Parameres arm-like and arising near the base
of the hypandrium ; the distal third of each drawn out into a long
slender prong. Paraprocts elongate, sense tubercles large,
brown; arising from mesal margin distally a rather short tri-
angular tooth. Suranal plate short, broad, gently rounded api-
cally.
New York: West Barre, Sept. 19, 1925, 1 J' beating dry
leaves ; Artists Lake, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 2 1 on dead
larch limbs; Long Pond, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 1 $.
Virginia: Palls Church, Sept., 1 J (Banks) M. C. Z. Holo-
type. London Bridge, Aug. 25, 1929, 2 §.
262
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
South Carolina: Sumter, Oct. 20, 1926, 2 5 (C. & B.).
Florida: Gainesville, Mar. 12, 1926, 1 5 (Hubbell) ; Lake
Worth, 1 J, M. C. Z. Holotype P. interruptus Banks.
Psocus oregonus Banks
Psocus oregonus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 26: 239. 1900.
Psocus calif ornicus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 32 : 2. 1905.
Female :
Length of fore wings about 3.8 mm.
Pale orange marked with brown.
Head : Dotted areas on vertex distinct ; arms of the epicranial
suture touch clypeus. Clypeus lineated with brown parallel
line; labrum brown; genac clouded with brown. Eyes dull,
black.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining, brown ; wings sub-hyaline,
sparsely marked with brown. Pterostigma opaque ; a brown
spot covering distal two-thirds, the cell is of moderate depth,
subangulate. An incomplete band from base of pterostigma to
end of cell 1A (the pigment in this band is practically confined
to a broad margin on each side of the veins in its course) . Veins
proximal to this band incompletely margined with brown, M
joined to Rs by a short cross-vein or not.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia show relationship
of species to the “quietus” group. Basal part of subgenital
plate inverted V-shaped (PI. XIII, Fig. 11), the egg-guide large,
uniformly chitinized, arrow-shaped, its side convex, and the
apex blunt pointed, weakly chitinized and pilose. Ventral gona-
pophys.es with a sharp, twisted apex. Lateral gonapophyses
produced mesally into a narrow portion; the structure short,
wide, chitinized proximally and there pilose. Dorsal gonapo-
physes bears a chitinized, pointed apex and a fuscous yoke along
distal margin below apex. Sense tubercles on the rather short
paraprocts large. Suranal plate triangular with a narrow non-
chitinized crescent proximally; apex swollen, non-chitinized.
Oregon: Divide, Sept. 12, 1 §. Cottage Grove, Sept., 1 J.
Supplied by N. Banks for critical study.
California: Claremont, 1 5 (Baker). Holotype of P. calif or-
nicus M. C. Z.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
263
Psocus persimilis Banks
Psocus persimilis Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 34 : 257. 1908.
Male :
Length of fore wing about 3.5 mm.
Dull white marked with brown. Head with the usual dotted
areas on vertex; front brown mesally; clypeus lineated with
moderately broad parallel lines ; genae unmarked ; posterior half
of clypeolus and nearly all of labrum brown. Eyes dull black,
very large.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining brown. Wings hyaline. Ptero-
stigma of moderate depth, R^ rounded; an elongate brown spot
in the cell and extending below R1? a brownish area at end of
cell 1A. Veins stout, brown.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia (PI. XIV, Fig. 17)
symmetrical, strongly chitinized, cap-like. Hypandrium proper,
when viewed from below, equilateral triangular in shape. Basal
sclerite similar to other members of this group. The distal por-
tion produced medianly into a swollen ridge. Lateral margins
strongly chitinized, distal three-fifths twisted and lying in back
of, and terminating before the apex, a short twisted piece. Dis-
tally the hypandrium then exhibits a blunt, weakly chitinized
narrow termination of the median ridge, the lateral pieces evenly
rounded, highly chitinized extending to a point in line with the
apex of the median ridge. Paraprocts stout, bearing medianly
the large sense area and terminally a flat, triangular, dorsally
pointing hook. Suranal plate short, triangular, with blunt apex.
Texas: Brownsville, 3 J' Holotype and Paratypes. A para-
type kindly supplied by Nathan Banks for critical study of
genitalia.
Psocus petiolatus Banks
Psocus petiolatus Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 62 : 4. March,
1918.
Female :
Length of body 3.15 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.2 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
Length of antennae about 3.8 mm.
264
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvili
Similar to confraternus in markings, lighter ; on the abdomen
the markings have a different distribution and are brownish or
blackish. Eyes of moderate size, dull deep blue. Antennae
rather stout, brown, paling proximally.
Wings (PL XX, Fig. 27) hyaline or subhyaline, sparsely
marked with several brown spots. Pterostigmal marking and
shape of cell as in confraternus except Rx evenly rounded with
no indication of an angle. Faint indication of band from base
of pterostigma to end of cell 1A. Veins dark, ^ often dark,
r-m shorter than in confraternus.
Abdomen with a large brownish black dorsal saddle which
narrows and ends midway on the sides ; a large triangular pur-
plish brown area on sternum at subgenital plate extending cepha-
lically to middle of abdomen. Genital processes similar to con-
fraternus, the subgenital plate and egg guide (PI. XII, Fig. 6)
differ as follows : the shape of the lateral plates ; the character-
istic straightness of the strongly chitinized distal strip ; and the
shape of the egg guide.
Male :
Length of body 2.9 mm. ave. of 14 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.7 mm. ave. of 14 individuals.
Length of antennas about 3.7 mm.
Similar to female in markings, darker. Antennae stout, dark.
Eyes only slightly larger than female. On the wings, vein
usually quite dark.
The genital structures similar to confraternus and montivagus
differing in that the three distal lobes on hypandrium are much
flattened (PI. XIV, Fig. 18). The median structure is short,
curving only slightly cephalically (PI. XIV, Fig. 10) ; viewed
from below the sharp-pointed apex readily visible; the median
prong and its basal portion are so completely one that a triangle
is formed, with the vertex the termination of the piece ; the
lateral margins are nearly straight, with only a slight constric-
tion midway. The lateral lobes flat, showing clearly from below
their two-pieced condition (the thin dorsally curved inner piece,
supported laterally by a strong overlapping piece which ends
halfway). The parameres (PI. XIV, Fig. 9) as in confraternus
but the distal parts only slightly concave.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: .Corrodentia
265
New York : Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 2 6^
on dead hemlock ; Hudson, July 15, 1926, 1 2 ; Ballston Lake,
July 14, 1926, 1 J1, taken in beating dead oak and pine limbs ;
Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 2 2 on dead oak limbs ; Sea Cliff, Sept.
6, 1925, 1 J1; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1
Indiana: Tremont, July 24, 1926, 1 $ (Sand Dunes).
Tennessee: Bristol, Oct. 5, 1925, 4 2 6 J* (C. & B.) taken at
light of Coca-cola stand.
Virginia: Falls Church, 30 June, 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z.
Holotype.
Psocus pollutus Walsh
Psocus pollutus Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 14: 361.
1862.
Female :
Length of body 2. 9-3. 2 mm.
Length of fore wings 3.7-4. 1 mm.
Length of antennas 3. 4-3. 8 mm.
Head : Whitish with the usual dotted areas on vertex, brown ;
a pair of spots touching lateral ocelli; a V-shaped mark medianly
on front and a pair of lateral spots ; genas white, margined with
brown and with a median brown spot; clypeus broadly lineated
with brown — the distinctness of the lines varying considerably —
and bearing a distinct cross which divides the clypeus into four
almost equal areas. (This cross is distinct even in nymphs and
teneral adults.) Posterior half of clypeolus brown. Maxillary
palpus brown; segments becoming progressively darker. Eyes
phosphorescent bluish green. Antennae rather stout, light brown,
segments 1-3 pale.
Thorax : Whitish areas above coxae, pleurae incompletely
marked with brown. Tergal lobes brown, margined and bi-
sected with white or pale brown. Legs pale, femora bearing a
dark spot distally below, tarsi brown. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 18)
hyaline, marked conspicuously with brown bands and spots.
Pterostigma opaque, moderately deep, R-l subangulate ; a spot of
variable size in distal half of cell; a smaller spot just below Rx
continuing the pterostigmal spot. Wing otherwise marked by:
an irregular band extending from base of pterostigma to cell 1A ;
266
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
base of wing especially at veins faint brownish ; basal two-thirds
of cell 2A, brown ; about three small spots proximally in cell R5 ;
a broad band borders outer wing margin but the pigment attains
wing margin only at end of veins. Veins brownish — except
which is white — paling proximally with or without r-m cross-
vein. Inner and costal wing margin of hind wing faintly clouded
with brown, otherwise hyaline.
Abdomen irregularly and variously marked with brown mixed
with purple and grey. Terminal segments and genitalia (PL
XIII, Pig. 6). Proximal portion of subgenital plate consisting
of a pair of small irregular plates. The base of the egg-guide
arrow-shaped, as in related forms, but distally the structure
widens and is almost truncate; the egg-guide uniformly chitin-
ized except at apex and there a row of five or six strong hairs —
a conspicuous one on each side of a median notch in the chitiniza-
tion. Ventral gonapophyses very slender, short. Lateral
gonapophyses white, cup-shaped with the distal portion lobe-like
and extending behind the dorsal gonapophyses; a row of hairs
divides the basal third from the non-chitinized apical portion.
Dorsal gonapophyses with a long, drawn out, bent point. Sense
tubercles on paraprocts dark brown. The evenly rounded distal
margin of the suranal plate bears a series of seven conspicuous
hairs: a short median one, with a pair on each side of equal
length, laterally two pairs of much longer ones.
New York: Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 9 J, on
both dead and living hemlock and spruce limbs ; Parkers, Lewis
Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 21 chiefly on dead spruce and hemlock
limbs; Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 11 J, on dead
hemlock; Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 2 2; McLean,
July 31, 1926, 17 $, 4 nymphs, on dry hemlock boughs in shade;
Artists Lake, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 2 2 ; Geneseo, Sept. 20,
1925, 1 2, on tree trunk.
Maine: Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, Aug. 31, 1926,
2 2 (C. P. Alexander) ; Beech Mt., Mt. Desert Island, Sept. 12,
1926, 1 2 (C. P. Alexander).
New Hampshire: Gorham, 1868 (Hagen) 1 2, M. C. Z.
Massachusetts: Auburndale, Sept. 22, 1907, 1 2 (C. W. John-
son), M. C. Z.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
267
Maryland: Chesapeake Beach, June 18, 1914, 1 2 (L. 0. Jack-
son), M. C. Z.
Virginia: Falls Church, July 3, 1 2> Oct. 10, 2 2 (Banks),
M. C. Z.; Delaphone, Sept. 10, 1 2 (Banks), M. C. Z. London
Bridge, Aug. 25, 1929, 3 2-
Illinois: Rock Island, 1864, 1 2 (Walsh), M. C. Z. Para-
type (?).
Psocus purus Walsh
Psocus purus Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 14 : 361.
1862.
Psocus lucidus Harris. Ent. Corresp., p. 328. 1869.
Psocus genualis Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11 : 236. 1903.
Female :
Length of body 4.3 — 4.8 mm.
Length of fore wings 5. 0-5. 6 mm.
Length of antennae 6. 0-6. 8 mm.
Generally ivory white, marked with black and fuscous.
Head : Two large elongate fuscous spots on vertex ; a small one
completely surrounding ocelli; another large roughly circular
one on clypeus touching the posterior margin; genae unmarked;
clypeus faintly lineated; labrum coarsely touched with fuscous.
Eyes black. Maxillary palpus white, terminal segment dusky at
tip. Antennae very slender, first three segments pale; median
ones deep brown, apical ones paling.
Thorax : Markings on pleurae indistinct. Tergal lobes irregu-
larly covered with shining black; white areas between lobes
broad; on tergum of metathorax four black spots arranged in a
curved transverse series, lateral spots larger Legs pale, tarsi
fuscous. Above, proximally on tibia, a black spot ; one distally,
above on femur. Probably the most characteristic marking
(PI. XX, Fig. 2) occurs on vein R1 which is wdiite for half its
length, then dark brown in the distal half ; the change occurs
before the inner angle of the pterostigma. Veins conspicuous,
brown, paling proximally. The wing entirely hyaline except for
a faint fuscous area in cell R5 behind Rs furcation; a dark spot
at wing hooks located at base of pterostigma and at end of anal
cells. Cross-vein r-m present or not; if present, short. Hind
wing hyaline, unmarked.
268
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Abdomen irregularly and usually indistinctly marked with
fuscous above ; rather distinct suture stripes on the sides in some
individuals. Genital structures (PL XII, Fig. 7) similar to those
of novaescotiae. Subgenital plate consists of two independent
parts ; the proximal part small, triangular, flap-like and notched
apically. The egg-guide, arising independently, elongate, white,
sparsely pilose apically and supported laterally at the base by a
pair of independent chitinized strips. Ventral gonapophyses
strong, very long, slender. Lateral gonapophyses white, curved,
cup-shaped, half as long as wide, sparsely pilose. Dorsal gona-
pophyses very large, fleshy, trough-shaped, truncate, without api-
cal knob or point. The rami appear to be a single stout piece but
like novaescotiae actually h-shaped (looking at left gonapophy-
ses). Sense tubercles on paraprocts white, much elevated, par-
tially set in a black field. Suranal plate triangular but nearly
truncate apically, dusky stripe medianly.
Male :
Length of body 3. 8-4. 5 mm.
Length of fore wings 5.0-5. 5 mm.
Length of antennae 7. 0-8.0 mm.
Markings as in female; antennae much stouter; hairs two or
three times longer.
Abdomen slender, curved. Hypandrium asymmetrical (PI.
XV, Fig. 20). A ventral part, drawn out into a gently pointed
beak-shaped piece. Above this is borne the quadrate distal part,
featured by a pair of lateral plates arising almost perpendicu-
larly— thus creating a trough-shaped structure — the interval be-
tween plates pilose. Structures on the right side are : on the
perpendicular plate a short tooth dorsally; a long strongly chi-
tinized prong, evenly rounded apically, proceeding dorsally and
cephalically from its origin back of the trough-shaped piece and
at the right distal margin of hypandrium; below base of this
prong a small, roughly circular, chitinized tubercle. On the left
side : the perpendicular plate is produced ventrally into a large
posteriorly pointing prong; the rim further adorned dorsally by
two teeth (or three if the pointed rim apex be counted) ; arising
from a position comparable to the strong prong on the right a
short, flat piece which is blunt-pointed ; below and distinctly
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
269
separated from the trough-shaped piece occurs a large, elongate,
highly chitinized protuberance produced distally into a disc with
the flat surface uppermost. Parameres fused, symmetrical, some-
what 0-shaped basally. Paraprocts often uniformly white, simi-
lar in shape to novaescotiae ; sense tubercles white, small, much-
elevated ; claw arising from lower margin of moderate size. Su-
ranal plate broadly ‘ ‘ notched ’ ’ basally, apex evenly rounded.
.New York: Ithaca, Aug. 30, 1926, 5 J', 4 nymphs, in slight de-
pressions on moderately dry rock cliff, Sept. 6, 1926, 10 5 6 g
on bark of dead beech snag associated with Psocus leidyi Aaron,
Aug. 13, 1895, 1 J' (N. Banks) M. C. Z. ; Fairhaven, Sept. 7,
1924, 5 J 1 on lower surface of loose stones; Cairo, Aug. 17,
1925, 1 J under loose bark of apple; Sea Cliff, Aug. 6, J' on
cedar, 2 2 1 c? on pear (N. Banks) M. C. Z.
Massachusetts : Cambridge, 1 2 1 c? M.-C. Z. Ms notes of Har-
ris: “Aug. 15, 1832 on side of house. On window in privy Sept.
1-Oct. 20, 1836.” Specimens in collection bear date Sept. 6,
1837; another “ numerous on fences.” Types of Psocus lucidus
in Boston Nat. Hist. Soc.
Rhode Island: Kingston, Sept. 1, 1907, 2 £ (Banks) M. C. Z.
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, 1 g (S. F. Aaron) M. C. Z. ; Rock-
ville, July 29, 3 2 1 c? (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Carrville, Aug. 2, 2 2
(Banks) M. C. Z.
Maryland : Plummers Island, July 24 1 2 (Banks) M. C. Z.
Virginia: Falls Church, Sept. 3 2 3 (Banks) M. C. Z.
North Carolina: 1 J' (Morrison?) M. C. Z.
Illinois : Rock Island, 1863, 1 2 (B. D. Walsh) M. C. Z. Para-
type sent to Hagen.
Texas: Austin, June, 1901, 1 2 M.C.Z. Holotype of Psocus
genualis Banks.
Psocus purus Walsh resembles leidyi and novaescotiae and
with the latter is closely related. This species inhabits such
places as stones, cliff walls, tree trunks and dwellings. P. leidyi
may share the same location. Of historic interest are the obser-
vations of Harris on this species; apparently he knew it well,
having made collections and observations as early as 1832. The
Ms. name Psocus lucidus cannot stand because his notes remained
unpublished until 1869 — Walsh named the species purus in 1862.
270
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Psocus genualis Banks is, as an examination of the holotype re-
vealed, a female of this species.
Psocus quaesitus new species
Female :
Length of body 2.9 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.8 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of antennae 4.0 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Essentially identical with slossonce in general appearance and markings,
including those on wings. The markings are probably darker and the cdr-
responding colored areas, larger.
Genital processes (PI. XIII, Fig. 10) differ from slossonce as follows:
The subgenital plate consists of a pair of plates roughly equilateral trian-
gular in shape; egg-guide short, broad, with rectangular chitinized central
portion; bearing medianly a weakly chitinized thin strip which widens and
involves the nearly truncate pilose apex; on each side of the egg -guide, at
the base, weakly chitinized triangular plates; the lateral gonapophyses con-
siderably shorter.
Male :
Length of body 2. 6-2. 8 mm.
Length of fore wings 3. 7-3. 9 mm.
Length of antennae about 3.8 mm.
Markings as in female, often paler. Eyes large. Genital process (PI.
XY, Fig. 10) symmetrical except for a pair of slender arms arising from
distal margin of hypandrium. Midway distally on hypandrium a large
highly chitinized piece, consisting of an elongate distal portion and a pair
of curved basal arms bent mesally to form the letter “ O. ”
The asymmetrical arms already mentioned lie on each side and below this
median piece; the left prong extends to the end of the median piece, while
the right one arising somewhat lower, curves below the median piece, and
extends beyond the left prong. A pair of chitinized strips bordering the
lateral margins of hypandrium and a branch attached to the base of the
asymmetrical prongs give rise to a pair of elongate less highly chitinized
cg,psule-like pieces. Two chitinized bands lie one above the other at base
of hypandrium. Laterally on 9th tergite a pair of blister-like cushions
nearly touching the capsule-shaped pieces. Parameres fused, consisting of
two flat arms joined to form a heart-shaped structure; proximally it is at-
tached to the basal sclerite. The brown sense area is well towards the base
of the paraprocts which distally are slender and terminate in the usual up-
ward-pointing prong. Arising from the suranal plate perpendicularly a
curious weakly chitinized plate which in profile consists of a pair of lateral
lobes and medianly, of a sharp peak.
New York: Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 5 5 on
dead hemlock and spruce limbs associated with P. pollutus ; Gen-
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
271
eseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 1 $ on partially dead oak limb ; Ithaca, Sept.
6, 1926, 1 £ on dead limb Holotype; Richburg, Sept. 16, 1925,
1 J ; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 J ; Artists Lake, Suffolk
Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 1 2 on dead limb ; Nigger Pond, Oswego Co.,
Sept. 3, 1926, 1 J1; McLean, July 31, 1926, 1 2 on dry hemlock
boughs in shade, associated with P. pollutus.
Psocus quietus Hagen
Psocus quietus Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. of N. A. p. 12. 1861.
Psocus semistriatus Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 14 : 361.
1862. In part — 1 2 1 £ of Paratypes.
P{socu)s semistriatus Hagen and Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc.
2:167,182. 1863.
P(socu)s Hfasciatus Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2: 183.
1863. Not P. confraternus as surmised by Banks.
Blaste juvenilis Kolbe Stett. Ent. Zeit. 44 : 80. 1883.
Female :
Length of body 3.55 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.4 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.2 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Considerable variation in the intensity of markings. Head
and thorax strongly marked with brown, the abdomen with dark
grey or dark cinnamon brown.
Head : Dotted areas of vertex distinct or sometimes the lateral
pigmented areas without distinct spots. A large brown spot cov-
ers the ocelli and extends over the front and slightly into the
clypeus; clypeus strongly lineated with rich brown; on the an-
terior two-fifths a pair of distinct dark brown spots which vary
considerably in size (in some specimens totally absent) ; genae
white with a distinct brown spot medianly ; posterior half of cly-
peolus and all of labrum brown. Eyes black ; antennaa brown.
Thorax : Pleuraa irregularly marked with equal amounts of
brown and white. Tergal lobes shining dark brown or black.
Legs pale brown, the femora mottled with brown above. Wings :
hyaline (PI. XX, Fig. 16), largely covered with faint brown.
Pterostigma: opaque, rather shallow, R-l gently curved; a char-
acteristic elongate dark greyish brown spot in inner “angle, ”
only a slight amount of pigment below the cell. Distal third of
272
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
wing faintly brownish. An incomplete pale brown band from
base of Rs to end of cell 1A together with another shorter one
proximally; these are connected horizontally so that the total
marking is H-shaped. Veins dark brown paling proximally;
cross-vein r-m present or not. Hind wings unmarked.
Abdomen irregularly splotched or striped with dark grey or
deep cinnamon brown ; pigment largely confined to tergites. Ter-
minal abdominal segments and genital processes (PI. XII, Fig.
14) dark brown. The basal portion of the snbgenital plate an in-
verted V-shaped piece giving rise at the apex to the broad, short,
arrow-shaped egg-guide, the apex of which is blunt pointed and
weakly chitinized. Ventral gonapophyses rather slender, extend-
ing a short distance beyond the egg-guide. The basal portion of
the lateral gonapophyses swollen, strongly chitinized, pilose ; the
apical portion weakly chitinized, white. Dorsal gonapophyses
with a long drawn out, chitinized apex. Suranal plate triangu-
lar, blunt pointed, bearing distally a row of five setae — a pair of
long lateral ones and three short median ones.
Male :
Length of body 3.0 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.7 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.5 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Marked as in female, possibly somewhat darker. The wings
inclined to be uniformly faint fumose. Eyes black, larger than
female. Antennae rather stout, dark brown.
Genital processes (PI. XIV, Fig. 3) symmetrical, dark brown.
Hypandrium proper with the apex bearing a strongly chitinized
semicircular piece, laterally on which arise a pair of short, sharp,
dorsally pointing prongs, and arising between these a triangular
piece with a thin, conspicuous, highly chitinized median rib. The
parameres independent, consisting of a pair of long stout arms
which arise from a small triangular plate which bridges hypan-
drium and the basal sclerite. Each paramere swollen distally,
terminating in a sharp, lateral pointing hook. Sense tubercles on
paraprocts large, brown, the apical portion twisted, bearing a
short, plate-like, upward pointing prong. Suranal plate trian-
gular, chitinized except a circular part at apex.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
273
New York: “N. Y.” M. C. Z. Holotype; Saratoga Springs,
July 14, 1926, 20 2 31 J* 1 nymph, on live branches of oak ; Park-
ers, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 6 2 ; Ithaca, July 11, 1926, 3 $ on
dead limbs ; Aug. 1, 1926, 1 2 ; Sept. 26, 1926, 1 2? Aug. 6, 1926,
2 2, Sept. 12, 1926, 2 2 3 J* on dead poplar limbs ; Ballston Lake,
July 14, 1926, 1 2; Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 2 2 on dead oak
limbs; Whetstone Gulf, Sept. 2, 1926, 1 $ ; West Barre, Sept. 19,
1925, 1 2; Sodus, Aug. 16, 1926, 1 2-
Massachusetts: Cambridge, Sept. 1 2 (Banks). Holotype of
P. stigmosalis.
Maine : Beech Mt., Mt, Desert Island, Sept. 12, 1926, 1 2 1 c?
(C. P. Alexander) ; Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, Aug.
31, 1926, 1 2 (C. P. Alexander).
Virginia: Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 2 2 1 <? 2 nymphs (C. &
B.) ; Mt. Vernon, Oct. 28, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.), deer park fence;
London Bridge, Aug. 25, 1929, 3 2 1 <?•
Tennessee: Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 7 2 1 c? (C. & B.) taken at
light of Coca-cola stand; Laurel Creek, Sevier Co., Oct. 8, 1926,
1<? (C. &B.).
Kentucky, Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 1 2-
North Carolina: Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 14, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Georgia: Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Illinois: Rock Island, 1864, 1 2 (Walsh) M. C. Z. Paratype of
Psocus semistriatus.
Psocus slossonae Banks
Psocus slossonae Banks. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11 : 236. 1903.
Female :
Length of body 2. 7-3.0 mm.
Length of fore wings 3. 5-3. 8 mm.
Length of antennae about 3.8 mm.
Pale buff marked with brown and brown diffused with grey;
decidedly pale above, most of the markings below.
Head : Pale buff above marked with indistinct brown dots on
vertex; on front, a pair of lateral spots and a V-shaped one
touching anterior ocellus; clypeus coarsely lineated — lineation
fading out towards posterior margin; the anterior half or more
of clypeus bears marks as in desolatus and quaesitus consisting of
274
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
three triangular brownish areas the vertices of which fuse me-
dianly ; posterior third of clypeolus and anterior three-fourths of
labrum brown; genae brownish white medianly. Compound eyes
large, dark, phosphorescent bluish-green. Third joint of maxil-
lary palpus pale, remainder brown. Antennas pale, median seg-
ment dark.
Thorax: Dorsal half of pleurae brown, remainder light tan;
tergal lobes dull bluish white, irregularly marked with tan, espe-
cially laterally. Legs white at joints; coxae and femur of meta-
thoracic legs brown; femora of other legs with broad ring of
brown proximally and distally; ring or spot distally on tibia;
tarsi brown. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 3) hyaline, beautifully
marked with tan and dark brown, characterized by a series of six
dark brown dots in the apical portion of wing. Pterostigma
deep, but Rx not angulate ; basal third or half of cell whitish,
margined with yellowish, unmarked ; a small dark spot covers
base, and a large irregular one on the apical half of cell. Wing
further marked by an area between pterostigma and Cu, in-
volved with brown dots ; a brown band from base of pterostigma
— widening as it proceeds — to cell 1A where it ends abruptly;
two dark spots in basal portion of cell 2A; wing proximal of
stripe slightly dotted, pale tan along costal margin; an incom-
plete tan band from apex of pterostigma to cell Cux composed of
four or five spots; a tan band borders outer margin of wing at-
taining the margin at end of veins where is found a dark brown
spot, inside the hand lie the six characteristic dark brown spots.
Veins brown, fading proximally. M usually broadly joined to
Rs. Hind wings hyaline, essentially unmarked.
Abdomen: Conspicuously colored pale tan. On sides a few
small irregular brownish spots, chiefly at sutures ; uniform brown
diffused with grey below, sutures pale. Basal portion of subgen-
ital plate (PI. XIII, Fig. 7) consisting of a pair of widely sep-
arated elongate rather irregular plates. Egg-guide short, broad,
somewhat arrow-shape but the apex broad; a row of hairs at
apex; weakly chitinized medianly. Ventral gonapophyses short,
slender, inconspicuous. Lateral gonapophyses consisting of a
basal piece which is very short and broad, white and pilose ; the
distal portion non-pilose and drawn out laterally so that it ex-
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
275
tends slightly behind the dorsal gonapophyses. Dorsal gona-
pophyses of moderate size ending in a sharp, much drawn out
chitinized point. Paraprocts and sense tubercle pale brown. Su-
ranal plate gently pointed, supported laterally by short arms.
Male :
Length of body about 2.3 mm.
Length of fore wings about 3.7 mm.
Markings as in female, somewhat paler throughout. Eyes
very large. Hypandrium (PI. XV, Fig. 11) symmetrical,
roughly quadrate ; distally and laterally arise long, slender,
mesally pointing arms; the distal portion weakly chitinized,
broadly notched; mesally on the chitinized plates from which
the arms arise an area sparsely pilose. Arising just below the
junction of these pieces, a straight, slender, weakly chitinized,
tassel-like piece, extending to distal margin of hypandrium.
Basal portion of hypandrium consisting of two pieces as de-
noted by a pair of deep notches laterally — the upper piece tri-
angular, sparsely pilose mesally; the lower part a narrow band.
Parameres united, forming an angular O-shaped piece; fused
distally, at which point arises a pair of short, highly chitinized,
sharp pointed prongs. From the ninth tergite arises a pair of
flat, blunt, hook-shaped pieces lying above lateral arms on hy-
pandrium. Paraprocts lobe-like, the tooth arising apically,
sharp and strong; sense tubercles flat, brown. From the base
of the white, broadly triangular suranal plate arises perpendic-
ularly a thin, concave, shell-like piece, which in profile consists
of a pair of lateral lobes with the interval between straight.
New York : Ithaca, Sept. 12, 1925, 1 2 on bark of beech stump ;
Ceres, Sept. 16, 1925, 1 2 on trunk of ironwood ; Richburg, Sept.
16, 1925, 1 J1.
New Hampshire : Franconia, 2 } M. C. Z. Holotype and
Paratype.
Maine: Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, Aug. 31, 1926,
2 (C. P. Alexander) ; Beech Mt., Mt. Desert Island, Sept. 12,
1926, 1 2 (C. P. Alexander).
Tennessee : Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 1 J* taken at light of Coca- #
cola stand (C. & B.).
276
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Psocus striatus
Psocus striatus Walker. Cat. Neuropt. Brit. Mus. p. 486. 1853.
Psocus frontalis Harris. Ent. Corresp. p. 330. 1869.
Female :
Length of body 3.9 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.3 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Length of antennas 3.8 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Head : Dotted areas on vertex conspicuous ; front with a brown
dot or two laterally and a faintly V-shaped mark medianly;
clypeus pale yellowish, lineated with rather broad, brown lines
which do not attain the anterior margin; posterior half of cly-
peolus and nearly all of labrum brown; genae unmarked. An-
tennas brown. Eyes small, dull bluish black.
Thorax strongly marked with dark brown, a whitish line
medianly above. Legs pale, tarsi brown. Wings (PL XX,
Fig. 7) hyaline marked with rich chocolate brown. The ptero-
stigma opaque, deep, Rx rather sharply angulate ; in about the
distal third of the cell a dark brown spot extending below Rx but
preserving a characteristic small white area in the cell at the
angle. An irregular spot in cell R5 behind furcation of Rs ; an
incomplete band extending from base of pterostigma to end of
anal veins; basal half of cell 1A brown. This group of mark-
ings roughly forms the outline of a right-angled triangle, the
base of the triangle being the anal wing margin, a line from
end of anal vein to base of pterostigma from which point to the
base of vein 2A completes the figure. Veins conspicuous, brown.
M just touches or is not broadly joined to Rs. Hind wing hya-
line, unmarked.
Terminal abdominal segments and genital processes (PL XII,
Fig. 5). Subgenital plate consisting of a broad, rather narrow
plate varying in the degree of chitinization as indicated in the
figure. Pyramided on this medianly, a pair of lateral plates,
then a single median piece and finally the extremely slender egg-
guide. The ventral gonapophyses easily visible, rather strong,
extending well beyond the apex of the egg-guide. Lateral gona-
.pophyses large, cup-like, strongly chitinized proximally, pilose
and bearing a row of hairs along the distal margin. Dorsal
Sept., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
277
gonapophyses blunt-pointed the rami extend almost to the apex,
and infuscated area along mesal margin. Sense tubercles of
paraprocts brown. An unchitinized area basally on suranal
plate forms and equilateral triangle ; midway the rather broad
chitinized lateral strips bend below; the apex swollen, evenly
rounded, unchitinized.
Male :
Length of body 3.4 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.3 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennas 4. 5 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Marked as in female. Eyes small but still considerably larger
than female. Genital processes asymmetrical occupying less of
the abdomen than those of the female. Hypandrium jaw-like
(PL XY, Fig. 14) with a long, rather broad, median chitinized
ridge which turns slightly to the left distally and finally bends
abruptly cephalad. On the left margin of hypandrium con-
necting the apex of the median ridge with the base and sus-
pended midway between each by slender strips, an elongate
irregular plate. The conspicuous parameres fused (PI. XV,
Fig. 17) and strongly chitinized, decidedly asymmetrical and
generally triangular in shape. Viewing the structure in situ ,
on the right side arises a large thumb-like projection covered
with tubercles, the mesal margin at the base beset with a row
or two of stout teeth (not visible with structures in situ). On
the left a similar thumb-like projection beset with tubercles,
shorter, more crooked, not definitely dilated distally and basal
portion much smaller. Arising from the strip between the two
“thumbs” and close to the left projection, a non-tuberculate
conical prong ; it is not as long as the left projection. The basal
portion consists of slender arms which fuse basally to form a
roughly diamond-shaped plate. Sense tubercles flat; at point
of attachment paraprocts bear a small highly elevated tubercle,
and distally a rather flat, upward pointing prong. Suranal
plate gently pointed, arrow-shaped.
New York : Ithaca, Sept. 6, 1926, 1 J', July, 1901, 2 J' at light
in Fall Creek, Aug. 22, 1926, 1 £; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925,
I?-
278
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvin
District of Columbia: Washington, 1860, 1 J1 (0. Sacken).
Missouri: Columbia, Sept. 1905, 1 ? (C. E. C.).
Psocus subapterous new species
Male:
Length of body 3.2 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.5 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennse 3.0 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Closely related to P. longipennis, quietus, sub quietus and or eg onus.
Arms of epicranial suture fused to clypeus forming a small elliptical
front. Clypeus faintly lined, adorned with four large spots as in cocTcer-
elli. Labrum brown; a distinct spot on gense. Antennae pale brown.
Wings hyaline or subhyaline, unmarked (PI. XX,' Fig. 14). The ptero-
stigma long and shallow, non-angulate (similar to longipennis). Veins
distinct, light brown. Considerable variation in the way that M is joined
to Cu, ranging from a definite fusion for a short distance, to a condition
such as obtains in confraternus.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia very similar to sub quietus
(PI. XIV, Fig. 1) from which this species differs as follows: basal sclerite
broader; the median prong of the distal processes of hypandrium long and
pointed and with a more strongly chitinized median portion or core; the
lateral hooks are directed only slightly mesally and their inner line forms
an even curve; parameres show some differences as figured. The distal
prong on the paraprocts triangular, appearing as if a notch had been made
at apex of paraproct. Suranal plate triangular weakly chitinized apically.
Female (subapterous) :
Length of body 3.5 mm.
Length of antennae 2.0 mm.
Similar in markings to male, much stouter. Eyes equal those of male in
size but head of male only about one-third as large as female.
Wings reduced to two pairs of buds of which those on mesothorax bear
three longitudinal ridges — the median ridge forked distally. Prothorax
greatly reduced although tergal lobes of meso and metathorax much reduced
over condition found in winged members of the genus.
Genital process similar to those figured for quietus and oregonus.
California: Sequoia National Park, Aug. 11, 1927, 1 § 11 J1
on Douglas fir (J. D. Hood). Holotype (J1) Paratypes. Allo-
type.
This is the only member of Psocus known to me in which the
wings are reduced to a nearly apterous condition : some females
of P. longipennis are brachypterous. I have found no previous
record of the existence of short winged or subapterous indi-
viduals in the family Psocidae in this country or elsewhere in
the world.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
279
Psocus submarginatus Aaron
Psocus texanus var. submarginatus. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Proc. 38: 16. PL 1, Fig. 1, 1886.
Psocus submarginatus Enderlein. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 67 : 317.
1906.
Although it was only possible to make a cursory examination
of the type series, submarginatus appears to be a distinct spe-
cies and not, as indicated by Aaron, a variety of texanus. An
excellent figure of the markings on the fore wing accompanies
the original description and this and the size (length 3 mm.)
should enable one to recognize the species.
Psocus subquietus new species
Female :
Length of body 3.4 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.3 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.15 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
This species so closely resembles quietus that no sufficiently constant
characters have been found to separate this species except in the male geni-
talia. The genitalia of the females appear to be identical. A character
which is moderately constant is the markings on the vertex; in this species
the epicranial suture is devoid of markings, or only faintly marked, while
on each side lie large roughly square greyish purple spots (in nymphs and
teneral individuals of both species these spots are found).
Male :
Length of body 3.0 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.2 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.85 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
The genitalia (PI. XIV, Fig. 15) differ from quietus as follows: Apically
on hypandrium arises medianly a long, uniformly chitinized, drawn out,
blunt-pointed prong (or with an indication of a slight fork) ; this prong is
the termination of a distinct broad ridge which becomes distinctly swollen
distally; on each side of this median prong a pair of mesally pointing claws,
the strongly chitinized support of which lies along the lateral margins of
the hypandrium, having no connection with the median piece as in quietus.
The basal plate from which the parameres arise large, heart-shaped, the
parameres similar to quietus, each arm is shorter.
New York: Ballston Lake, July 14, 1926, 7 J 4 on dead
limbs Holotype ; Ithaca, July 11, 1926, 3 $ on dead limbs, Aug.
6, 1926, 2 J, Sept. 26, 1926, 2 $ ; Michigan Mills, Sept. 1, 1926, 2
$; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 2 2 1 on dead hemlock limbs;
280
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 2 J; Woodwardia
Swamp, Tompkins Co., Ang. 10, 1924, 2 5 10 nymphs under
loose stones.
Tennessee: Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 4 § (C. & B.) taken at light
of Coca-cola stand.
Psocus texanus Aaron
Psocus texanus Aaron. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 38 : 16.
1886.
Female :
Length of fore wings 3.8 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Length of antennas 3.8 mm.
Head : The usual dotted areas on vertex present ; on the front
a U-shaped mark and a pair of lateral spots; clypeus lineated
with moderate sized brown lines; a spot on genae. Eyes dull
black, rather large.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining dark brown. Legs pale, a brown
spot inside, proximally on tibia; tarsi brown. Wings (PI. XX,
Fig. 22) hyaline marked with brown; the pterostigma opaque,
rather deep, angulate, a brown spot distally and a smaller
one below it touching Rx ; a pale brown spot in cell R5 just be-
hind Rs furcation; distal third of wing faintly fumose. A dis-
tinct brown band from base of pterostigma to end of cell 1A ;
vein R and anal veins margined with brown, R 1 white. Vein
M fused with R at a point. Hind wing hyaline, a pale brown
spot at end of anal veins.
Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia (PI. XII, Fig.
12). Subgenital plate U-shaped with the arms short and mar-
gins very irregular. The egg-guide short with pilose apex broad,
rounded. The chitinized supports of the egg-guide V-shaped,
the arms end before the apex. Ventral gonapophyses relatively
stout, ending in a sharp point. Lateral gonapophyses large,
broad, a sleeve-like structure with a pilose, strongly chitinized
basal part and a nearly truncate distal portion. Dorsal gonapo-
physes trough-shaped with a much drawn out chitinized apex;
rami strongly chitinized, stout ; a large brownish area borders
the mesal margin. Paraprocts short, with sense area brown,
Sept., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
281
large. Suranal plate with a median non-chitinized area at the
base which is deep, crescent-shaped ; apex blunt pointed.
Male :
Length of fore wings 3.7 mm.
Length of antennae 3.7 mm.
Marked as female. Eyes large, dull black. Genitalia brown,
asymmetrical. Hypandrium (PI. XY, Fig. 21) jaw-like, bear-
ing medianly a large, broad, elongate piece which terminates in
a narrow cap. This median piece bears three ridges; when
viewed from the rear, the right margin strongly chitinized and
elevated, distally, twisting to the left ; on the left side a pair of
small narrow ridges arising near the base, running nearly
parallel and twisting to the left. (In a lateral view an area
proximo-ental of this ridge set with short spines. The other
“ridge” terminates as an upward directed arm.) The para-
meres fused; elongate, trapezoidal in shape, the asymmetrical
distal portion consisting of an irregular arm visible to the left
of the apex of the hypandrium, and a blunt pointed prong and
laterally a large plate or lobe-like piece ; on the right a smaller
lateral lobe. Paraprocts long, angular, the sense tubercles distal
of half way, while terminally a moderate sized upward pointing
prong. Suranal plate longer than wide, a non-chitinized basal
portion equilateral triangular in shape.
Texas: Described from 1 J1 and 2 §. Paratypes kindly sup-
plied by E. T. Cresson, Jr., from Aaron’s type series in the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.
Psocus trifasciatus Provancher
Psocus trifasciatus Provancher. Natur. Canad. 8 : 186. June,
1876.
Psocus speciosus Aaron. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 11 : 40. PI. 9,
Fig. 7. 1883.
Cerastis nigrofasciatus (Hagen) Kolbe Stett. Ent. Zeit. 44: 70.
1883.
Psocus tolteca Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11 : 237. 1903.
Cerastipsocus nigrofasciatus Enderlein. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 67 :
318. 1906.
282
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Cerastipsocus trifasciatus Banks. Cat. Neuropt. Ins. U. S. p. 10.
1907.
Female :
Length of fore wings 4.7-5. 1 mm.
Length of body 4-4.3 mm.
Length of antennas 7-8 mm.
Head yellowish white, thorax and abdomen brown, wings con-
spicuously marked with three bands of brown.
Head whitish above, faintly marked with orange in the posi-
tion of the usual dotted areas. Ocelli deep brown or black. A
wide light brown Y on front. Clypeus lineated with light brown
lines of moderate width. Proximal half of labrum brown.
Genae concolorous with vertex, unmarked or only faintly so.
Maxillary palpus brown deepening distally. Eyes dull black.
Third segment of antennas pale, deepening to dark brown distally.
Thorax : Tergal lobes dark, shining brown margined with
whitish : Pleurae and coxae brown. Femora pale, tibiae and
tarsi brown. Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 21) hyaline, largely marked
with brown. Pterostigma short, very deep and subangulate.
This cell is opaque, white in proximal two-thirds and brown
distally. Distal half of wing with three bands diverging from
cells Cu4 and M3 : the proximal margin of one runs from the base
of Rs across to cut cell Cux in half ; another extends along wing
margin from CUi to R4+5 or slightly beyond (may not attain
margin except at veins) ; the other lies between these two, lining
up with distal spot in pterostigma. There is a hyaline band
running across the wing through the middle of cell M ; proximal
to this the wing is largely brown except for a large hyaline spot
on vein MCu and several smaller ones on cell 1A. Generally
veins white in proximal half of wing, brown in distal half.
Hind wings hyaline, unmarked.
Abdomen a purplish brown, paling below and pale at sutures.
Genitalia and terminal segments (PI. XII, Fig. 11) similar to
venosus. The subgenital plate a rather narrow bar, widening
and slightly notched laterally. The egg-guide is urn-shaped
with the apex swollen, weakly chitinized, pilose and with a slight
depression. A slender weakly chitinized core lies in distal half
Sept., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
28:
of egg-guide. Ventral gonapophyses of usual shape, long.
Lateral gonapophyses large, weakly chitinized ; basal third more
strongly chitinized, pilose ; distal two-thirds non-pilose, fitting
sleeve-like to dorsal gonapophyses. Dorsal gonapophyses shal-
low, trough-shaped, weakly chitinized, apex pointed; infuscated
area inside distally and mesally. Sense tubercles of paraprocts
concolorous with brown lateral surface of paraprocts. An in-
fuscated area covered with tiny spines at base of paraprocts
mesally on ventral surface. Suranal plate triangular, weakly
chitinized and with five or six stout spines distally.
North Carolina: “N. C.” 5 $ (¥ sex) (Morrison) M. C. Z. ;
“N. C.” 2 2 (? sex) Morrison. Types of Psocus speciosus
Aaron P. A. N. S. ; Goldsboro, Sept. 1903 (F. Sherman) 1 2
M. C. Z.
Kentucky: “Ky. ” May, 1 2 (Sanborn), June, 1 <£ labelled
“Ps. nigrofasciatus Hagen” apparently in Hagen’s handwriting.
Virginia: Falls Church, 2 2 (• sex) (Banks) M. C. Z.
Georgia: Tallulah Falls, 18 Oct. 1926, 1 2 (C. K. C.).
Arizona : Ruby, Aug. 30, 1927, 1 J on dead yucca or agave
(J. D. Hood).
Psocus variabilis Aaron
Psocus semistriatus Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 14 :
361. 1862. Partim.
Psocus variabilis Aaron. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 11 : 38. PL 9,
Fig. 5. 1883.
Psocus medialis Banks. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 15: 165. 1907.
Female :
Length of body 3.0 mm.
Length of fore wings 3.6 mm.
Yellowish white, sparsely marked with brown. Head with a
brown area involving ocelli and epicranial suture ; the other
areas on vertex dotted, faint; clypeus faintly lineate, a distinct
pair of brown spots on posterior two-fifths; genae unmarked;
labrum brown. Eyes of moderate size, dull black.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining brownish black. Legs pale.
Wings (PI. XX, Fig. 8) uniformly hyaline throughout. Ptero-
stigma of moderate depth, Rx gently rounded. Veins yellow or
light brown. M joined with Rs for a short distance.
284
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Abdomen : Splotched with fuscous above, and three or four
stripes on the sides. Terminal segments and genital processes
(PL XII, Fig. 10). Base of subgenital plate wide, short, con-
sisting of a pair of plates which are bound on all sides by highly
chitinized border except mesally. Egg-guide somewhat arrow-
shaped, blunt pointed, the distal three-fifths weakly chitinized
and the lateral margins parallel. Ventral gonapophyses normal.
Lateral gonapophyses sleeve-like, rather weakly chitinized and
slightly pilose on the swollen proximal half. Dorsal gonapo-
physes, with a drawn out sharp apex; a small brownish area
along disto-mesal margin. Suranal plate blunt-pointed, tri-
angular.
Male :
Length of fore wings 3.5 mm.
Marked as female. Eyes large. Genital processes (PI. XIV,
Fig. 19) asymmetrical, strongly chitinized, cap-like. Basal
sclerite very large, fused broadly to the roughly triangular hy-
pandrium. Distally on hypandrium the structures disposed as
follows, proceeding from the outside in: outermost, arising on
the right and twisting to the left a large 'hollow swollen piece
which ends in a point ; arising below but extending beyond (from
some angles appearing as a continuation of the first structure)
a circular piece ; lying below the cap formed by these two struc-
tures, on the left, a strong, inward directed, sharp prong sup-
ported by chitinization from the left margin of hypandrium ;
then mesally a curious straight rod which is worked distally.
On the right, supported by chitinization from the margin of
hypandrium a small twisted, elongate, flat piece, the outer sur-
face of which is thickly studded with stout tubercles. Parameres
independent, consisting of a pair of rather straight rods which
distally are swollen and forked. A small prong distally on the
paraprocts. Suranal plate with a small triangular perpendicu-
lar part.
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia. (S. F. Aaron).
Described from two paratypes, one kindly supplied by the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and the other by the
Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Sept., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
285
Florida: Appalachicola 2 (M. C. Z.). Holotype and Para-
type of P. me diali s Banks.
Psocus venosus Bnrmeister
Psocus venosus Bnrmeister. Hanb. Ent. 2 : 778. 1839.
Psocus micropthalmus Rambur. Hist. Nat. Neuropt. p. 321.
1842.
Psocus magnus Walker. Cat. Neuropt. Brit. Mus. p. 484. 1852.
Psocus aceris (Fitch in litt.) Hagen Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein.
16: 211. 1866.
Psocus gregarious Harris. Ent. Corresp. p. 329. 1869.
Cerastis venosa Kolbe. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 44: 69. 1883.
Cerastipsocus venosus Kolbe. Berlin, Ent. Zeit. 28: 38. 1884.
Psocus gossypii Ashmead. Insect Life 7 : 29. 1894.
Female.
Length of fore wings 6.4 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of body 4.4 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 8-10 mm. measurement of 10 individuals.
Wings uniformly brownish black; the abdomen dark brown
ringed with white or yellow and the head and thorax dull
orange. (In poorly preserved specimens and those which have
been in alcohol several years the wings become a drab brown
and body colors dull.) Head dull orange unmarked, except for
indistinct brownish areas on vertex and faint lineation on
clypeus. Maxillary palpus brown, the segments small. Eyes a
phosphorescent blue-green. Antennas dark brown except seg-
ments 1 and 2, which are pale.
Thorax nearly concolorous with head ; tergal lobes brown
medianly and the median lobe dark brown anteriorly while the
posterior margin of the lateral lobes is abruptly cream colored
in fresh specimens; pleurae dusky. Femora pale; tibia dull
orange, dark brown distally; tarsi dark brown. Fore wings (PI.
XX, Fig. 23) uniformly brownish black throughout changing to
a golden brown with long preservation in alcohol. Pterostigma
opaque, white, in some individuals variously covered in extent
and intensity with grey; the cell is deep, angulate, isosceles
triangular in shape. Veins in basal half of wing white, R dusky,
those on apical half dark brown. Hind wing uniformly fumose.
286
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Abdomen typically dark brown suffused with grey and with
narrow stripes of cream or yellow at the sutures of the tergum;
also coarsely dotted and streaked with whitish at the spiracles
and elsewhere. Terminal segments and genital processes (Pl.
XII, Fig. 4) from below pale, the structures are weak and
'‘made out” with difficulty. The subgenital plate consists of
a narrow basal stripe which gives rise medianly to the urn-shaped
egg-guide with a superficial apical pocket. Ventral gonapo-
physes short, stiletto-like, extending below and shortly beyond
the egg-guide. The proximal and lateral portion of the lateral
gonapophyses strongly chitinized and pilose ; the concave distal
and inner portion non-chitinized, non-pilose. Dorsal gonapo-
physes weak, inconspicuous, apex abruptly pointed ; chitinized
support strong, produced into an inverted Y distally. Lateral
and dorso-distal portion of paraprocts strongly chitinized ; sense
tubercles brown, large, much elevated. Suranal plate triangular,
apex swollen, pilose, weakly chitinized.
Male :
Length of body 3.3 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.7 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 9 mm. from one specimen.
Closely resembles female in general appearance : wings pos-
sibly slightly darker, the pterostigma usually clouded partly or
entirely with grey and brown ; eyes of moderate size, larger ;
antennae proportionately stouter, more densely pilose.
Genital structures small, symmetrical; hypandrium (PI. XIII,
Fig. 9), a narrow jaw-like piece which bears distally a mem-
branous or weakly chitinized pouch-like portion supported
medianly by a short, flat ridge and laterally by a pair of shorter
finely drawn out twisted strips. The median ridge widens and
is slightly notched or truncate distally. The parameres united,
forming an elliptical structure and consisting of a pair of thin
rods fused proximally and closely appressed distally; the distal
portion normally extending slightly beyond the end of the
median ridge on hypandrium. Sense tubercles on paraprocts
brown, large : the distal portion large, plate-like, produced dis-
tally into a blunt point below which arises a sharp upward di-
Sept., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
287
rected claw. Suranal plate triangular with the apex and a
small triangle at the base weakly chitinized.
New York : Ithaca, Aug. 9, 1890, many 5 and J1 (A. P. Morse),
Aug. 17, 1897, 3 J, Aug. 23, 1897, 5^4^, July 25, 1896, many
2 and <?, Aug. 4, 1898, 2 ?, Aug. 8, 1892, 2 2 6 J1, Aug. 9, 1890,
2 and J1: Westport, Aug. 11, 1906, 3 2? N. Y. S. M. : Middleburg,
Aug. 10, 1881, 1 2, N. Y. S. M. : Coy Glen, Tompkins Co., July
30, 1921, 2 2 ; Alpine, Aug. 20, 1897, 4 2-
Rhode Island: 6 2 2
Maryland: Somerset, July 24, 1926, 5 nymphs (B. N. Cory).
Illinois : Urbana, Aug. 7, 1885, 1 2? I- N. H. S. ; Normal, 4 2,
I. N. H. S.
Georgia: Spring Creek, Seminole Co., 3 2 4 (? (C. R. C.) ;
Billy’s Island, Okefinokee Swamp, July, 1912, 3 2 2 J'; St.
Simons Island, April 22-May 12, 1911, 3 2 3 (J. C. Bradley).
Florida: Gainesville, 104 2 145 J' (T. H. Hubbell) ; Orlando,
Aug. 2, 1926, 8 2 2 2 37 nymphs (O. C. McBride), June, 1927,
3 2 2 J1 (O. C. McBride) ; St. Cloud, Jan. 20, 1927, 44 2 12
(M. D. Leonard) on trunk of orange tree feeding on lichens or
the fungus growing on old scale insects. All the individuals in
a colony; Wewahitchka, Dead Lake, April 6, 1927, 14 nymphs
(C. R. C.) ; Key West, 2 J1 (Morrison) supplied by M. C. Z.
Louisiana : Baton Rouge, April 21, 1922, 13 2 3 J' on bark of
wild cherry; May 3, 1927, 12 2 6 J' 12 nymphs on bark of oak.
(All by O. W. Rose wall.)
Subfamily Pseudopsocinge
Pseudopsocus new genus
Genotype: Psocus amabilis Walsh 1863.
Except for the wing venation, which is essentially that of Psocus, this
genus resembles members of the family Caeciliidae, especially Lachesilla.
Subcosta absent; R and Rj parallel costa until the middle of pterostigma,
where Rj curves strongly into the wing and as suddenly turns to costa, caus-
ing the pterostigma to be deep and truncate distally. Pseudopsocus differs
from Psocus as follows : veins in basal third of wings adorned with hairs ;
tibiae of metathoracic legs unarmed with ctenida; male genitalia differing
in many particulars as indicated in the figure and description of Pseudop.
amabilis ; a readily discernible difference is the absence of a distal claw on
the paraprocts. In the female the subgenital plate is simple, without an
egg-guide, and the gonapophyses have been united into a single pair.
288
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Pseudopsocus amabilis (Walsh)
Psocus amabilis Walsh. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 14: 362,
1862.
Psocus minusculus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 32 : 3, 1905.
Female :
Length of body 2.5 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.7 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.9 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Dull orange throughout except that the abdomen, exclusive
of the genital processes, is paler. Head unmarked, covered
above with long dark hairs which are shorter on clypeus, genae
non-pilose. Maxillary palpus concolorous with head. Com-
pound eyes small, dull black. Antennae moderately stout, first
two segments, while stout, not much thicker than the others;
proximal half of each segment, exclusive of 1 and 2, pale, apical
portion brownish ; distal segments become uniformly light brown.
Thorax : Slightly deeper colored than head in some specimens.
Dorsum covered with hairs, similar to those on head, darker.
Legs slightly paler than thorax. Fore wings (PI. XX, Fig. 1)
slightly clouded with brownish. Pterostigma only slightly
opaque. Brownish spot at base of pterostigma and also deeper
colored at end of anal veins. Veins conspicuous, light brown.
R and Rj parallel with costa until about the middle of ptero-
stigma where Rx curves posteriorly rather deeply and then
curves sharply back to costa so that the distal margin of ptero-
stigma is truncate. M broadly joined to Rs. Hind wings sub-
hyaline.
Abdomen generally lighter than remainder of body, marked
with pale, irregular stripes of greyish orange, paling out below.
Terminal segments and genital processes (PI. XVIII, Fig. 10)
concolorous with head and thorax. Subgenital plate an inverted
V in shape, with a rather blunt, rounded apex. A fine white line
medianly at apex separates each element of subgenital plate.
Gonapophyses (PI. XVIII, Fig. 9) reduced, consisting of a single
concave piece, and distally drawn out into a sharp, upward
pointing prong. Paraprocts with a strongly chitinized portion
involving the apex and lateral surface ; sense tubercles small,
Sept., 1930J
Chapman: Corrodentia
289
brown; proximo-mesally a large area covered with short hairs
while at the apex several conspicuous bristles. Suranal plate
cap-like, short, triangular from above.
Male :
Length of body 1.9 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.1 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennas 1. mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Colored as female, usually head and thorax darker and ab-
domen paler. Eyes small, only slightly larger than female. Gen-
ital processes (PI. XVIII, Fig. 7) symmetrical, occupying only a
small portion of abdomen; concolorous with head and thorax.
The large O-shaped parameres arise from a small crescent-shaped
plate — the basal plate, whence the extremely thin highly chiti-
nized arms advance to hypandrium. Just below the base of
hypandrium, hinged to, and when viewed from below appearing
as a continuation of the lower clasper arms, advance a pair of
thin strips which soon fuse medianly and give rise to a strong,
inward curved hook. Below the hook lies what is probably a
true penis which resembles the letter Y ; this is part of a pocket-
like formation of two plates, one margined by the strips bearing
the clasper hook and the other by the continuation of the lower
clasper strips. Hypandrium short, shield-like, the distal margin
bearing a pair of inconspicuous short teeth. Sense areas on
paraprocts, proximal, small; the distal portion broad, weakly
chitinized. Suranal plate a thin crescent-shaped piece.
New York: Ithaca, Sept. 12, 1925, 7 2 in dry oak and poplar
leaves; Sept. 6, 1926, 9 j, July 11, 1926, 2 2; Sea Cliff, L. I.,
Sept. 6, 1925, 6 $ 4 in dry oak leaves ; Olcott, Sept. 19, 1925,
18 2 3 $ ; Bock City, Sept. 16, 1925, 7 2 3 ; Geneseo, Sept. 20,
1925, ljl <?;' Barcelona, Sept. 18, 1925, 7 $; Stow, Sept. 17,
1925, 28 J 6 Bichburg, Sept. 16, 1925, 16 2 4 lCf; Ceres, Sept.
16, 1925, 3 2; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925, 2 2; Painted Post,
Sept. 15, 1925, 9 2; Silver Creek, Sept. 18, 1925, 18 2 5 in dead
oak leaves; Elmira, Oct. 1, 1925, 18 2 5 in oak leaves; Penn
Yan, Aug. 29, 1926, 12 2 5 lCf ; Ballston Lake, July 14, 1926, 1 2;
Hudson, July 15, 1926, 1 2 ; Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3,
1926, 1 2-
290
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Illinois : Kock Island, 1864, 1 $ (B. D. Walsh) M. C. Z. Para-
type.
Virginia: Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 J 1 g (C. & B.) ; Falls
Church, Oct. 10, several specimens. Types of P. minusculus
Banks. M. C. Z.
Tennessee: Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 1 (C. & B.).
(To be continued)
Sept., 1930]
Beamer: Cicadas
291
BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME WESTERN CICADAS
By L. D. and R. H. Beamer
Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence
Special attention was given to the collecting and study of
cicadas during the biological field trip from Kansas to Cali-
fornia and return in the summer of 1929. The ear of each
member of the party was trained to listen for their song and,
when it was heard, every effort was made to secure specimens
and notes on the songs, nesting habits, general habitat, etc.
Cicadas were collected in all sorts of habitats : in the desert at
a temperature of 120 degrees, below sea-level in Salton Sea val-
ley, where the dust was six inches deep in the fields, on precipi-
tous cliffs, on mountain sides where chapparal was almost im-
penetrable, among cacti, in huge trees, and in holes in the
ground.
In all, 831 specimens were taken belonging to thirty-one spe-
cies and varieties. While only one variety was new to science,
this series added twelve species and varieties to the Snowr col-
lection and completed the series of four specimens in seven other
cases. The authors are deeply indebted to Mr. Wm. T. Davis,
Staten Island, N. Y., for making all the determinations.
The following notes are arranged in the order in which the
species were taken and hence present a chronological arrange-
ment but no sequence at all as to relationship of species.
Okanagana bella var. rubrocaudata Davis
The first cicadas heard were at Raton Pass, N. M., June 26.
0. bella var. rubrocaudata Davis was singing in pine trees in
the forenoon. Five males and one female were taken. The
specimens were not numerous and were located with difficulty.
Platypedia putnami Uhler
A mating pair of P. putnami Uhl. was taken with the hands
from a scrub oak shrub in this same locality. No other speci-
mens were heard or seen.
292
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Cacama valvata Uhler
The party next found a large brood of C. valvata Uhl., June
28, on the steeply sloping side of the mesa about thirty miles
west of Santa Fe, N. M. Stopping near the foot of the hairpin
trail leading off of the mesa, everyone collected for an hour in
a habitat of cane cactus sparsely set among large boulders.
From one to many cicadas could be located on each cactus and
it was soon discovered that they could be taken with the fingers
if one moved slowly and steadily upon them. They usually were
found sitting on the thorns. In only one case was one observed
in such position that it was thought to be feeding on the green
stalk. The males, which predominated in numbers, sang with a
high pitched, even, metallic zing. The females were ovipositing
almost entirely in the very dry dead skeletonized stems of the
cactus. Very rarely was green material used. A great many
nests were collected and several large series were sent to the
laboratory at Lawrence for further observation. There were
usually four or five eggs in a nest in irregular arrangement.
Quite often the stems were so filled with nests that it was diffi-
cult to determine where one nest ended and another began.
The entire outer surfaces of the stems were roughened by the
torn tissue at the nest openings. There were many emergence
holes in the dry ground between the boulders and numerous
exuvia were found clinging to rocks or cactus thorns. Forty-
nine males and thirteen females were taken. While the vegeta-
tion here was exclusively cane cacti, Cacama valvata Uhl. was
taken six miles farther southwest in a habitat of sage brush,
yucca, and cedar where there was no cactus.
Again, near Ashfork, in the north edge of Yavapai Co., Ariz.,
seven males and five females of this same species were taken in
a habitat of small cedars on the first of July. The striking dif-
ference in the brood here and that studied in New Mexico was
that these were exceedingly wild. The specimens were easily
spotted perhaps twTenty feet away as they perched on the edge
of small cedar twigs, but the greatest caution was necessary to
take them with nets. The collectors soon learned to circle the
tree and approach as near as possible to the cicada before com-
Sept., 1930]
Beamer : Cicadas
293
ing in sight. From this ambush a quick stroke of the net was
sometimes effective. When collecting began at 4 P. M. a number
of males were singing. The song was from six to nine seconds
duration with the rest between songs varying from eight to fif-
teen seconds. The rate of vibration usually became slower
toward the end of the song. Within half an hour after collect-
ing began, all the songs had ceased and they did not begin again
while the party remained.
One female was observed and photographed ovipositing in a
cedar twig three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter six inches
from the tip. She flew before a picture at close range could be
taken. She had made eight nests in a straight line sitting with
her head toward the tip of the twig. The nests each contained
five eggs, inserted two, two, one from the bottom up, slightly
mismatched. The nest opening was left jagged. The eggs
shriveled when the host withered.
A cicada was heard on Yarnell Hill, Ariz., which was thought
to be this species but no specimens were taken.
The nests of eggs in cane cactus were placed over live cages
in Lawrence, Kansas. When they were examined September 12,
the eggs were found to be pink and the dark eyespots and tarsal
claws were plainly visible. On September 13, a stem was im-
mersed in water and placed in the morning sunlight. In half
an hour the nymphs were emerging rapidly. In an hour the
hatch for the day was completed. Later the stems were wet in
the afternoon with no result. September 17, they were left in
a cold rain during the early morning. About eight A. M., with
the temperature fifty-two degrees, the nymphs began emerging.
September 20, forty-six nymphs emerged following immersion
of the stem. Subsequent wettings brought out two or three
nymphs. The egg stage, under conditions of Kansas climate,
appears to be nearly three months.
The observations on these relatively few nests of eggs indi-
cated that the eggs hatched only in the presence of moisture and
reduced temperature. This seems not an illogical phenomenon
for surely the fragile nymphs would be helpless in the normal
excessive heat and drouth of the New Mexico desert and prob-
ably their only chance for life is to wait until one of the rare
294
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
desert storms wets the stem and the ground and reduces the
temperature.
The notes on the eggs of the two different broods offer inter-
esting problems. Only one instance has been found in the study
of Kansas cicadas where the eggs of a species, which usually will
withstand the wilting of the host plant, wilt in a special host.
This instance was where a female Tibicen dorsata, caged over a
small black walnut tree, oviposited in the stems of the deciduous
leaves. When the leaves withered, the eggs did, also. In this
case the conditions were considered to be so abnormal that no
special importance was attached to the phenomena. In the case
of Cacama valvata, however, both ovipositions were made under
natural conditions. In both instances the female had a choice
of live or dead material. The fact that one brood used live and
the other dead is not unique. Many Kansas cicadas use live or
dead tissue. But, if the eggs placed in the green cedar were
dependent on the continued health of the host for their proper
development, it is the first case observed where one species of
cicada lays eggs in dead tissue so protected that they will mature
of themselves and also in green tissue so unprotected that they
will wilt when the host does. Of course, it is possible that the
one female observed ovipositing in green cedar was not typical
of the brood.
Diceroprocta eugraphica Davis
In a waste-land of sagebrush and cedar thirty miles east of
Albuquerque, N. M., thirty-three males and twelve females of
D. eugraphica Davis were taken June 27. Some were caught
with the hands but they were more easily taken with nets. The
song is a series of clicks, then a high-pitched whirr. When dis-
turbed they flew a considerable distance, usually out of sight.
Diceroprocta cinctifera Uhler
At two P. M., on June 27, a few specimens of D. cinctifera Uhl.
were heard singing in cottonwoods along an irrigation ditch
near Isleta, New Mexico. One male was shot. The song is loud
and can be heard for a considerable distance.
Sept., 1930]
Beamer: Cicadas
295
Okanagana magnified Davis
On a hillside covered with pine, cedar and sage brush about
fifteen miles west of Gallup, New Mexico, a large brood of
0. magnified Davis were singing lustily from nine to eleven
A. M. on June 28. As many as thirty-six emergence holes were
counted in a circle three feet in diameter and the exuvia were
numerous in all the trees.
The song is not loud for so large a cicada and is of short dura-
tion, beginning and ending in a series of clicks. The song re-
sembled somewhat that of one of the tree crickets. Many speci-
mens were located by throwing a club into a tree and watching
where the cicadas alighted when they flew. Some specimens
were shot, some taken with nets, and a few stunned by hitting
the limb near where they were sitting with stones and sticks
with sufficient force to stun them till they fell to the ground.
Mating was observed once but no eggs were found. Twenty
males and twenty-three females were taken.
Tibicen duryi Davis
Along with the songs of 0. magnified Davis, near Gallup, New
Mexico, the much longer and louder song of T. duryi Davis, was
occasionally heard. In the two hours spent here, only seven
males and one female were taken although special attention was
given to them. Most of these specimens were shot because they
were found too high in the trees to be reached with a net. Two
specimens were taken by climbing the trees and catching them
with the fingers.
This species was observed again ten miles north of Williams,
Ariz., in cedar trees, July 1. Four males were taken. This
brood was difficult to frighten out of trees and specimens could
be taken with the fingers when they were accessible.
Again, in Zion National Park, Utah, August 12, this loud
singer was found in pine trees. Here one male and one female
were taken with nets and one was taken by hand, although it was
necessary to climb the tree to, reach them in two of the three
cases.
In all three habitats this species was heard singing between
eight A. M. and one P. M. In each case the song was noted to
296
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
be very loud and of long duration and resembled somewhat in
rhythm the song of Tibicen dealbata Davis or T. marginalis
(Walker). In none of the three habitats was there a large
brood.
Tibicen bifida Davis
T. bifida Davis occurred in great numbers, June 28, in the sage
brush waste from Navajo, Arizona, almost to the Painted Desert.
The vegetation was growing in deep, shifting sand. They were
singing lustily at twelve thirty but, though easily located, they
were wary enough to be rather difficult to take. Because this
species occurs and has been studied in Kansas, only eleven males
and nine females were collected.
Diceroprocta apache Davis
D. apache Davis was common over large areas and occurred
in a great variety of habitats, all of which were of low altitude.
A number of males were heard singing in willow at eight P. M.,
June 30, at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Only one was
taken. A large brood occurred near Wickenburg, Ariz., July 2,
in a habitat almost exclusively Palo Verde trees. Phoenix was
noisy with their songs at half past six in the evening and again
at ten in the morning. Near Yuma the party was welcomed
when it arrived at half past seven P. M. (Rocky Mountain time),
for all along the Colorado River and the irrigated section west
of the river there were myriads of these noisy friends. Even in
the Salton Sea valley, D. apache was busy singing at eight P. M.,
July 28, and again at seven the next morning. Exuvia clung
to the wire netting around the government laboratory in
Coachella. Nests of eggs were found in sunflower stalks nearby.
Hundreds of adults were living in a citrus orchard a few miles
north of town. As many as twenty were found in one tree. In
a little group of mesquite trees a mile farther north, numbers
were picked off the limbs with the fingers. Here large cicada-
killers were at work but eluded the collectors.
The nests in sunflower stems were placed in a straight line
from two to sixteen in a series so close together that one extends
to the next. Nine or ten large eggs were placed in mismatched
pairs down the stem from the nest opening. Seventy-four males
and twenty-four females were taken.
Sept, 1930]
Beamer : Cicadas
297
Okanagana striatipes var. beameri Davis
About eight miles north of Williams, Arizona, numbers of a
new variety of 0. striatipes which Mr. Wm. T. Davis has de-
scribed as var. beameri in the March, 1930, number of the Jour-
nal, New York Entomological Society, were singing at eleven
A. M., July 1. The habitat here was a flat, sparsely covered with
very short sage brush. Again, on the same day, this variety was
collected east of Ashfork, Arizona, in a similar habitat. Two
exuvia were found clinging to sage brush twigs. One female
was observed ovipositing in the live stem of a composite weed.
The female was sitting with her head down the stem. She had
made two series of nests, two nests in each series. The nests
each contained six slender white eggs placed up the stem from
the opening in two even rows. The eggs shriveled when the host
wilted.
The song of the male was of medium pitch and of average
duration.
Pacarina puella Davis
While collecting Cacama valvata Uhl., near Ashfork, Ariz.,
the party heard a male Pacarina puella Davis singing in a cedar
near the road. It was located by its song and taken with a net.
Diceroprocta swalei Distant
Eleven males of D. swalei Dist. were taken about halfway
down Yarnnell Hill, Ariz., July 2. They occurred on catclaw,
cactus and other desert plants on this almost barren, boulder-
covered hillside. The song was loud and varied from thirteen
to twenty-three seconds in duration with a rest of ten seconds or
more between songs. They frequently ceased singing when ap-
proached but could sometimes be taken with the hands when
they were located.
Cacama dissimilis Distant
In the northern edge of Maricopa Co., near Hot Springs, Ariz.,
twelve males and ten females of C. dissimilis Dist., were taken
July 1. They resembled C. valvata Uhl. very closely in the field.
The song was loud and steady. The habitats here were almost
exclusively Palo Yercle trees and several females were observed
298
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
ovipositing in the terminal twigs which were from one-eighth to
one-fourth inch in diameter. The nests occurred in series of
from three to twenty and each contained six eggs placed in mis-
matched pairs. The eggs in several nests examined had all
hatched. These nests appeared to have been made this year, yet
no eggs were observed which were nearing maturation. It is
possible the empty nests were made the year previous. The eggs
taken shriveled.
Okanagodes gracilis Davis
0. gracilis Davis came to be a familiar part of the desert as
the party -journeyed south throughout Arizona to Phoenix and
thence west to Yuma. The intermittent Z' Z' Z' - - - -
of this little white cicada was loud enough to be heard by the
normal ear in a moving auto. One member of the party, with
slightly defective hearing, could not detect their song even when
quite close to them. The cicada sings for minutes at a time when
undisturbed but may cease its song or change to a more broken
one when it is approached. They are not easily frightened
from their perch and are taken with a net or the hands without
difficulty. It occurs on any kind of desert vegetation and ap-
pears to thrive in a habitat which looks to be almost entirely
dry and dead. When one has attempted to rear cicadas in cap-
tivity and failed under circumstances which seem to be favor-
able, one cannot help wondering how the tiny, frail nymphs ever
succeed in reaching the safety of a cell and food through the
mass of dry, shifting sand which surrounds these desert plants,
or how an adult, so dependent upon plant juices for food, can
find enough sap in a desiccated sage bush to sustain life. But
here they were in abundance from Hot Springs to Phoenix and
from Phoenix to Yuma singing happily in the sun, when the
temperature was 122 degrees in the shade. The excellent pro-
tective resemblance may account for the fact that only two
females were taken with sixty-three males. One other was ob-
served on a stem about three inches from a male but flew before
she could be taken. The color varies from almost white to green-
ish and tan with dark markings. July 24, this species was heard
singing on the white barked shrubs near Palm Canyon south of
Sept., 1930]
Beamer: Cicadas
299
Palm Springs, Calif. The heat was excessive and the vegetation
typical of the arid regions. Only three males were taken here.
Although 0. gracilis Davis was collected in several localities
when large broods were out, no nests were found.
Okanagana nigriviridis Davis
En route to San Diego from Yuma the party camped, July 4,
under some large live oak trees near the highway between
Jacumba and Buckman Springs. The country is rough and the
hillsides densely covered with manzanita, small oak, etc. In
this locality five species of Okanagana were taken and two
species of Clidophleps. None of them occurred in large num-
bers. The vegetation was dense and most of the songs were of
short duration so that only a few specimens of each species were
obtained.
The brilliant 0. nigriviridis Davis was caught while singing
in the shrubbery both in the forenoon and evening. Its song
was of sufficient duration to enable the collectors to locate it
while it sang. The second beat of its song was accented thus :
M-ee', M-ee'. Two males and one female were taken.
Okanagana rubrovenosa Davis
One specimen of 0. rubrovenosa Davis was taken with a net,
July 4, while sweeping manzanita. Two others were located by
their song.
Okanagana mariposa Davis
Four of these large males were located singing in oak, July 4,
at 5 P. M. The song was loud and continuous but the specimens
were wary and difficult to take.
Okanagana vanduzei (Dist.)
0. vanduzei (Dist.) sang faintly, leading one to think it was
still distant when it was close at hand. Its song was noted both
morning and afternoon. Five males were taken in this locality,
August 4. Eighteen specimens were taken at Winters, Cali-
fornia, August 6. Its song was heard occasionally throughout
the morning and early P. M., but the specimens were located
with difficulty due to the fact that the song ceased when the
300
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvnr
collector approached. Even when located they frequently flew
before they could be taken and in most cases flew high and en-
tirely out of range. The song was high-pitched and persistent
when not disturbed.
Okanagana tristis var. rubrobasalis Davis
In San Diego Co., one male of 0. tristis var. rubrobasalis Davis
was taken July 4. The song of this species is much louder than
vanduzei but somewhat similar to it. The louder song caused
the collector to think he was immediately upon the specimen
when he was some distance away.
Clidophleps wrighti Davis
Only two specimens, males, of C. wrighti Davis, were taken.
These were singing at three P. M., July 5.
Clidophleps blaisdelli Uhler
C. blaisdelli Uhler, sang both in the forenoon and in the after-
noon usually as autos passed along the highway. The song was
coarse and of very short duration, usually ending as soon as the
car had passed. Seven were collected in San Diego County.
Okanagana calif ornica Distant
In the grass-covered clearings between the timber of pines, live
oaks, and white oaks near Cuyamaca Lake, San Diego, Co., Cali-
fornia, 0. calif ornica Dist. attracted attention by its song about
nine A. M., July 6. The elevation was about 5,000 feet. Two
specimens were taken on live oak shrubs but the other forty-
seven were taken among the grasses. The song was faint. The
specimens were easily taken with nets when located. About ten
A. M. the party moved to the west side of the lake and collected
a number of males in a grassy clearing. Soon two different
members of the party were discovered each moving cautiously
around and around in a small area in different parts of the field.
In each case a male was singing, obviously very close by but the
collectors could not locate him. Sensing the unusual in the
situation the party concentrated on one spot and began a deter-
mined search for the elusive singer. He was finally located
Sept., 1930]
Beamer: Cicadas
301
singing in a hole in the ground. When disturbed he backed
down the hole. Excavation revealed a vertical tunnel about
six inches deep with the matured male and his discarded
exuvium at the bottom. Subsequently, numerous similar in-
stances were found. Sometimes the emergence hole was large
enough to admit the escape of the adult, sometimes it was too
small for either the adult or nymph to have passed. In some
cases the opening was obscured. Always when an adult was
found singing in the ground, his exuvium was found at the bot-
tom of a tunnel six to nine inches in depth either placed vertical
or slanting. At eleven A. M. the party moved to another clear-
ing covered with green grass. A number of cicadas were singing
here but not one was located above ground. No exuvia were
found above ground in any of the localities.
This species was collected again eight miles north of Hunting-
ton Beach, July 17, on an uncultivated flat covered with weeds
and grasses. The vegetation was almost brackish in appearance.
The cicadas were singing here about noon either sitting on weeds
and grasses or in the ground. In both localities the song was
persistent and the male fairly easily located and taken. When
one was frightened, however, it usually flew high and to another
part of the field. Out of a total of seventy specimens only two
were females.
Clidophleps distanti Van Duzee
Clidophleps distanti Van D. was first heard singing along the
highway a few miles northeast of San Diego, July 8, in a habitat
of chaparral similar to that where C. blaisdelli Uhl. was taken.
The song seemed too loud for so small a cicada. It was of very
short duration apparently stimulated by the passing of cars.
July 9, at Alpine, Calif., a man said twigs of the trees in his
young orchard looked as though they had been sewed on a sew-
ing machine. Inspection showed the twigs to be filled with nests
of C. distanti Van D. As many as ninety nests placed in a
straight line were counted in a length of one and a half feet of
twig. The punctures extended just under the bark raising it
enough to form the nest. Twelve eggs were placed in pairs in
each nest. Peach, pluifi, cedar and citrus trees were used as
hosts. When the host withered the eggs shriveled.
302
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Cacama crepitans Van Duzee
As the party moved northward from San Diego, July 14, along
highway 101, within sight of the ocean much of the way, a large
brood of Cacama crepitans Yan D., was discovered. Near
Oceanside, California, with this persistent singer rendering a
noisy chorus, a half hour was spent about noon collecting a
large series on a cactus covered hillside. The continuous song
and the tameness of these adults made them easily located and
taken with nets. The tip of the abdomen was raised gradually
as the song increased in intensity and rate of vibration, and was
lowered as the song decreased. A female was observed ovi-
positing in the stem of a dead weed about one-eighth inch in
diameter. She had placed four large white eggs almost in single
file in a nest. The nests were so close together that they made
almost a continuous line of eggs down the pithy center. This
series contained eight nests. Eleven days later these eggs were
in good condition. It seems probable they would develop and
hatch in the laboratory just as the eggs of C. valvata Uhl. did.
This species was out in numbers also on the desert hills sur-
rounding Irvine Park ten miles northeast of Santa Ana, Califor-
nia. They sang persistently from eight thirty in the morning
until one in the afternoon but did not sing at all in the late after-
noon, July 15 and 16, although the sun shone brightly.
Okanagana consobrina Distant
0. consobrina Dist. was first heard, July 21, singing along the
roadside near the Rangers cabin twelve miles north of Idlewild,
California. Two males were located by their song about noon
and captured. They sang continuously but were so wary that
they were taken with difficulty even when located. Eighteen
males and three females were later taken at Winters, and near
Sacramento, California. In both latter localities they were less
wild. Great variation in color was noted among the adults taken
near Sacramento. A cage was formed from mosquito netting
over a large green weed containing many nests of cicada eggs
which were thought to be laid by this cicada. A light colored
male and dark colored female were placed in this cage in the
hopes that some data might be obtained on the mating of dis-
Sept., 1930]
Beamer: Cicadas
303
similar colored specimens. The males sang almost incessantly
throughout the afternoon during the fifty-mile drive and while
the car was stopped at various times. No data were obtained on
copulation.
The nests in the weed were an interesting study. Three
freshly made nests were thought to have been made by the female
in captivity. In these the eggs were white. The older nests
were in series of from two to twenty-one. The nests usually
contained eight eggs. Most of these eggs were pink with dark
eye spots plainly visible.
Okanagana pallidula Davis
0. pallidula Davis occurred in great numbers south of Bakers-
field, California, July 24, in large patches of a light-colored
bushy weed, from a foot to two feet tall, which were growig near
the highway. The cicadas were very numerous on this weed and
many exuvia were found clinging to clods in a nearby field. The
males sang persistently and were easily taken with nets. One
male was located singing in the ground just as specimens of
0. calif or nica were found. The adult was taken three inches
below the surface and the exuvium was found down about two
feet.
Again, on August 1, this species was singing along the high-
way both south and north of Merced, California. Several speci-
mens were, taken in the short grass covering the airport north-
west of town. It was also very common at Winters, California.
Okanagana utahensis Davis
In the same locality near Bakersfield, California, where
0. pallidula Davis was collected, three males of 0. utahensis
Davis were taken. The song of this species is much louder than
that of pallidida. The brood here was very small and only a
few males were heard.
Clidophleps pallida Van Duzee
C. pallida Van D. was first heard at Lemon Cove, California,
July 26, singing in a grape vineyard. Later in the evening it
sang in the live oak trees in a camp site near a stream east of
304
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvin
Three Rivers. Frequently, en route to the Giant National For-
est, the short, harsh, song of this elusive cicada would bring the
party to a halt only to cease before any one could locate the
singer. Its song was heard frequently up to 4,000 feet eleva-
tion and it was thought probable that it was this species which
was heard once at 5,000 feet elevation in the edge of the Giant
Forest. It was not until the party was descending the moun-
tain road from the Park toward Three Rivers, however, and
stopped to collect, a few hundred feet above a construction gang
who were using a large truck in building the new road, that the
collectors succeeded in taking any of this species. Its song is of
very short duration, stimulated undoubtedly by the sound of a
running motor or by the song of other males of its species. It
was almost impossible to locate them by their song because of its
brevity but frequently one could follow the short clucks which
are often made at intervals between songs. This cluck resem-
bles, somewhat, that frequently made by birds. This habit of
clucking between songs seems to be typical of many species of
Clidophleps, but in this species the sounds are a little farther
apart and continued over a longer period than most of the others
observed. Some of the specimens were taken with nets, some
shot, and some taken with fingers after climbing a tree to reach
them. One pair was observed mating, and taken in the latter
manner about fifteen feet above ground. Song was noted from
eight A. M., until night.
This song was heard occasionally at Winters, California, and
three specimens were secured with difficulty.
Okanagana tristis Van Duzee
In the same habitat where C. pallida Van D. was first taken
occurred the persistent singer O. tristis Van D. The vegetation
was so dense that several specimens were frightened away before
they could be located. Only one male was taken. When the
singing male is approached, he ends his song in a series of flut-
tery clicks.
Okanagana rimosa Say
One male specimen of O. rimosa Say was shot while it was
singing in a pine tree near the highway west of Carson City,
Sept., 1930]
Beamer: Cicadas
305
Nev., August 8. Its song was rather low pitched and loud, and
continued for several minutes.
In view of the fact that over 800 specimens had been taken on
the first part of the trip it is interesting to note that only four
were collected after the party left Lake Tahoe, California, al-
though they were especially sought. Exuvia were found occa-
sionally and also nests of mature eggs. These eggs were pink
and showed red eyespots and tarsal claws. One adult was heard
at Beaver, Utah, but eluded the collectors. The scant evidence
seemed to indicate that the cicadas in the high altitude of Utah,
Nevada, and Colorado appear early in the season and the eggs
mature and hatch before winter.
Sept., 1930]
Lehman: Psyllid
307
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF
THE TOMATO PSYLLID (PARATRIOZA
COCKERELLI SULC.) (HOMOPTERA)
By Russell S. Lehman, M. S.
The experiments in this investigation were conducted in the
insectary of the Colorado Agricultural College under the super-
vision of Dr. C. P. Gillette. The tomato psyllid is only occasion-
ally injurious in Colorado. In addition to being injurious to the
tomato plant, the insect is also found occasionally in large
enough numbers to be injurious to the potato plant.
Method of Procedure
The psyllids used for this investigation were obtained from
the college greenhouse and they were allowed to infest tomato
plants about two feet high of the climbing variety. The psyllids
on these plants were then allowed to multiply. These were used
as a source of material for conducting individual observations
which were performed as follows. The adult females were
placed in glass tubes about ten inches long and four inches in
diameter closed at both ends with cheese cloth. A fresh tomato
leaf was placed in each of these tubes every day until eggs were
laid and then fresh leaves for the nymphs when they emerged.
Two series of experiments were conducted with small tomato
plants covered with a glass chimney. Several females were con-
fined and then removed after the eggs were laid. Observations
were also made on the large tomato plants. In the two series of
experiments mentioned, observations were made every few hours
so that an accurate account of the habits, egg laying, and the
length of the instars was obtained.
Results and Discussion
The results given in table I were conducted in the insectary
where there was a wide range of temperature from 10° to 35° C.,
while those in table II were conducted at a temperature of from
16° to 27° C.
TABLE I
308
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvixi
Ave. life
of adult
Days
13
Life of
adult
03
K
OS
P
1
CO O 03 ClCOOrtHCOlO
r— 1 i — 1 rH tH rH rH rH rH
Tube
(M CO lO CO N(M iO CO N
rH rH rH rH
Ave. life
of nymphs
Days
24
Life of
nymphs
Days
29
22—23
28
18
22-23
Plant
0)
be
CM iH CO °0
O
Ave. length
j of egg stage
Days
t>-
1
co
Length of
egg stage
Hrs. '
^ co co co
Days
t>-
I I co co co co | co t> n
co co co
Cage
<U
COlOl>rQ>QCOQOO>OCOt>
P H I— 1 H H
B
2
a
P
«H 03
o be
. e3
r£l
-4-i 03
be
pi be
9 be
P ®
03 |
Sept., 1930]
Lehman: Psyllid
309
In cage 1 the adults appeared four days twelve hours after the
sixth molt. The adults laid eggs three days after emergence.
The length of the life cycle in cage 1 was therefore twenty-five
days from the time the egg was lain until the adult deposited
an egg.
In cage 2 the adults died before eggs were deposited. This
was probably because of starvation, since the plant on which they
were had withered.
The Egg
Although the eggs were observed most anywhere on the leaf
and stem, they are usually deposited near the edge on the upper
surface of the leaf, and always on a stalk. One of the females
which was confined in a tube laid an egg on the cork. An egg
deposited on the glass of the tube was also observed. In addi-
tion to eggs being found on the leaves and stems of growing
plants, they were also noticed on the calyx of the tomato. The
number of eggs deposited by a female at one laying varies con-
siderably, but deposits of a dozen were frequently observed.
The eggs, elliptical in shape, are a light yellowish color when
first deposited except for one end being orange in color. As the
eggs become older they turn more of an orange color. The fol-
lowing data shows measurements that were made of the eggs
about ready to hatch.
Egg
Length in mm.
Width in mm.
1
.33
.155
2
.357
.148
3
.33
.155
4
.345
.142
5
.345
.155
The length of the stalk to which the egg is attached is .213 mm.
The adult is usually able to deposit an egg in a minute or two,
but sometimes the female seems to have difficulty in deposition
of the egg and the time required may be five or more minutes.
Eggs that are not fertile do not seem to hatch but appear to
dry up. Much more data would have to be obtained on this
before definite conclusions could be drawn since temperature
conditions may have affected the results.
310
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
The Nymphs
The nymphs upon hatching are yellowish in color with the
posterior end orange. They have three pairs of legs and two
projecting horns on the ventral surface near the head. The
nymphs seem to be ready to feed immediately upon emergence
from the egg. They seem to prefer the under surface of the leaf
and usually move to the under surface if the eggs were deposited
on the upper surface. The nymphs do not usually move around
very much, but they were observed leaving a perfectly good leaf
which was not very crowded. If the leaf becomes withered, they
will immediately move to another leaf or the stem.
The data given below is measurements of the nymphs in dif-
ferent stages.
The number of molts seems to depend upon the food supply
and temperature. The highest number of molts observed was
six, and the fewest four. The length of each stadium has been
given in the first table of observations. The nymph changes to
a green color after the third molt. The nymph does a lot of
wiggling but the reason for this was not determined. However
this wiggling occurred just before they were ready to molt and
was probably to loosen the skin before molting.
The Adult
The adult upon emergence from the last nymphal skin is green
in color. The wings, which were white with slight brownish
color, were folded under and appeared to be blown up. Four
minutes after emergence the tips of the wings were still brown-
ish in color. The eyes, which appeared to "be lavender in color,
were at the front, but five minutes after emergence they were at
the side of the head. The body was green with the legs practi-
cally colorless with the exception of a slight brownish tinge.
Eight minutes after emergence the wings were colorless. Ten
minutes after emergence the wings were entirely expanded. The
adults which are green upon emergence turn brown the second
day and the third day they are black. This is their normal
development. If the adult is injured or its wings are caught
they may not change to a black color for as long as a week.
Sept., 1930]
Lehman: Psyllid
311
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312
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
Nymph
Nymph yellow, about ready
to turn green
Nymphs just turned
green
Length
Width at
widest part
Length
Width at
widest part
1
.958 mm.
.583 mm.
1.083 mm.
.75 mm.
In copulating the male and female are alongside of each other
and the male twists its abdomen around to the female.
The adult measures 2.75 mm. from the head to the tip of the
wing. The length of the body varies from 1.333 mm. to
1.666 mm.
The following table gives data collected on the egg laying of
the females.
Tube
No. of eggs
Length of life
3
55
10 days
6
60
19 “
16
93
15 1 1
The female is not easily disturbed from her egg laying. She
seems very intent on depositing the egg regardless of the cir-
cumstances or annoyances that may occur.
Conclusion and Summary
The damage is done to the plant by the nymphs and there is
not much harm to the plants if they are fairly large. The small
plants are killed outright if the infestation is heavy. The leaves
of the large plants wilt if the nymphs are in great numbers.
Paratrioza cocJcerelli must be present in large numbers before
any damage to the plant would be noticeable. Their presence is
shown very clearly by a white substance exuded from the anus
of the nymph and adult.
The length of the life cycle of Paratrioza cockerelli varies with
temperature, but at a temperature of from 16° to 27° C. the com-
plete life cycle requires 25 days. The adult female lays on an
average seventy-five eggs, with an average length of life of
about fifteen days.
Sept., 1930]
Weiss: Brickell
313
MORE ABOUT DOCTOR BRICKELL’S “NATURAL
HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA”
By Harry B. Weiss
New Brunswick, N. J.
When I wrote my little account entitled “The Entomology of
Doctor Brickell’s ‘Natural History of North Carolina’ ” for the
June, 1928, issue of this Journal, volume III of Meisel’s “Bib-
liography of American Natural History” had not made its
appearance, and being unfamiliar with ornithological literature
I was unaware of the “List of Faunal Publications Relating to
North American Ornithology” by Elliott Coues. Both of these
bibliographies make it plain that John Brickell, M.D., was not
the author of the book in question and that he brazenly appro-
priated the work of John Lawson. I knew, of course, that book
piracy existed in early days and that it flourished even after the
Copyright Act of Queen Anne (1709-10), but I naively sup-
posed that naturalists could never be guilty of such a practice.
John Lawson, the rightful author, was a Scotchman who had
been sent to America in September, 1700, as surveyor-general of
North Carolina. He explored the Carolinas with a party of five
white men and four Indians, traveling on foot and by canoe and
accumulating much knowledge about the Indians and the natural
history of the area in connection with his duties as a surveyor.
It is stated that the natives eventually became suspicious of his
operations and that he was put to death in 1712 by the Tuscarora
Indians. Goode states that he was burnt at the stake in 1709.
A Swiss Baron de Graff enreid seized at the same time was per-
mitted to ransom himself. William Byrd, in his “History of
the Dividing Line between Virginia and Carolina” (ed. 1866,
p. 174, 214), said that Lawson “was waylaid and had his Throat
cut from Ear to Ear.”
Lawson’s impressions and observations were recorded first by
him under the title “Journal of 1000 Miles! Travel among the
Indians, ,with a Description of North Carolina.” This appeared,
314
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
according to Allibone, in quarto form in London in 1700. Then
it appeared under the title, “A New Voyage to Carolina; Con-
taining the Exact Description and Natural History of that
Country; Together with the Present State thereof and a Journal
of a Thousand Miles Travel’d thro’ several Nations of Indians.
Giving a particular Account of their Customs, Manners &e.”
(London, 1709). It was also issued in numbers in 1708 as a
part of Stevens’s “Collection of Voyages.” Other London edi-
tions with slightly different title pages appeared in 1711, 1714
and 1718, and in this country it was reprinted in 1860 and in
1903. A German translation was printed in Hamburg in 1722.
In 1723, Dr. John Brickell appeared on the scene as the author
of a work entitled “The Natural History of North Carolina, with
an Account of the Trade, Manners and Customs of the Christian
and Indian Inhabitants. Illustrated with Copper-Plates,
whereon are curiously Engraved the Map of the Country, several
strange Beasts, Birds, Pishes, Snakes, Insects, Trees, and Plants,
&c. ’ ’ This was published in Dublin and later editions appeared
from the same city in 1737, 1739, and 1743. Of the 1737 edition
of Brickell ’s work, Coues said, “The material for this work was
stolen from Lawson with scarcely the disguise of change of
form.” The fact that it was stolen four times is proof that
Lawson’s account must have been popular and profitable. At
this date it continues to be interesting and sprightly.
In my former paper I called attention to another work by
Brickell, a folio, “Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs,
which will endure the climate of England,” published in London
in 1739. I strongly suspect that this too was stolen from Law-
son, because in the “Practical Husbandman & Planter,” vol. 1,
No. 2, pp. 73-112, there is attributed to Lawson a paper called
“An abstract of several sorts of trees, shrubs, etc., which grow-
ing in the remotest parts of North America will undoubtedly
prosper well in all parts of Great Britain; to which is prefixed
a short essay concerning the easy and profitable propagation of
them in our English nurseries.” Apparently nothing of Law-
son’s was safe from Brickell or Brickell ’s publisher. Lawson
was dead when the thefts took place, and at that time eminent
lawyers argued that there were no property rights in ideas.
Sept, 1930]
Weiss: Brickell
315
Mr. B. L. Robinson, who wrote in “Rhodora” in 1916, found
that there were two Brickells — both physicians and both Johns.
One was born in Ireland about 1749 and lived in Savannah,
Georgia, for about thirty years, dying there December 22, 1809.
He was a good observer of local vegetation and corresponded
with and sent plants to Muhlenberg and Elliott. He also con-
tributed papers on botany and medicine to the Medical Reposi-
tory. The other John Brickell, author of the “ Natural History
of North Carolina,” settled at Edenton, N. C., in the earlier half
of the eighteenth century. J. Bryan Grimes, in an introductory
note in the facsimile reprint of the “Natural History of North
Carolina,” published in 1911, states that although based on Law-
son’s work, Brickell’s book is nearly twice as long and contains
much additional matter on the medical side. He also says that
John Brickell and his brother, Rev. Matthias Brickell, came to
Carolina with Governor Burrington. John settled at Edenton
and was on the grand jury of the whole province in 1731 ; he was
also about that time a member of a mission to the Cherokee In-
dians, and took part in an expedition to the interior. Shortly
afterward he returned to England and nothing additional on his
life seems to be recorded.
Bibliography
Allibone, S. Austin. Dictionary of English Literature (Phila, 1858).
Coues, Elliott. List of Faunal Publications Eelating to North American
Ornithology. (U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. of Territories. Misc.
Pub. No. 11, p. 576-7; p. 577-8, Wash., 1878.)
Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XI (London, 1921).
Goode, George Brown. The Beginnings of Natural History in America.
(Eept. of U. S. National Museum, 1897, Part II, p. 376.)
Meisel, Max. Bibliography of American Natural History, vol. Ill (New
York, 1929).
Sept., 1930]
Forbes: Mechanitis
317
A NEW MECHANITIS (LEPIDOPTERA,
NYMPH ALIDAE)
By Wm. T. M. Forbes
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
At the time of my revision of the genus Mechanitis (Jour. N.
Y. Ent. Soc., xxxii, 145, 1924) there was a single female in the
U. S. National Museum which I was unable to place in any spe-
cies, but which appeared either distinct or an extreme form of
mantineus, lacking all the characters usually considered diag-
nostic of that species. Since then four additional specimens
have come my way, including both sexes, and the form appears
entirely constant and worthy of a name. As it flies with M.
polymnia without intermixing it seems worth considering a
species, though it may yet turn out to be an extreme form of
mantineus, and there are no genitalic differences from the other
members of the polymnia group.
Mechanitis limnaea, new species.
Elements of pattern as in M. polymnia, doryssus and franis. Ground
solidly tawny out to end of cell, the spot in the outer part of the cell broadly
connected to the base, and either solidly tawny above, or at most with a
very few yellow scales, yellow beneath. Postmedial fascia as in doryssus
and eurydice, taking the form of a zigzag band, with the spot in cell Mj
longitudinal and the lower half of the one in cell M2 transverse; band sepa-
rated from tawny base by heavy black markings, except very shortly just
below the cell, and even there separated by the black vein, and by the
abrupt and striking change in color. Black discal bar continuous, though
sometimes nearly interrupted; the portion at lower angle of cell rather
larger than the upper portion. Spot in outer third of cell not large, absent
in one female; spot in base of cell Cuj also small, the postmedial spot in
that cell broadly connected with the marginal black to form a thick
1 1 comma-mark, ’ ’ which usually fills the whole upper half of the cell sub-
marginally, or leaves only a minute yellow spot above it, unlike the regional
specimens of the polymnia group. Apex black, without tawny shading
above or below, with a diffuse crescentic subterminal yellow band. Mar-
ginal spots white, conspicuous below, less frequently well developed above
than in M. franis. Hind wing tawny, with the usual yellow base of costa
below, but otherwise without yellow scaling ; border more nearly even than
318
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
in the polymnia group, though comparable with some specimens of dorys-
sus, with two teeth on its inner border to an interspace, which in some
specimens are nearly equal, and never are as strikingly unequal as in those
specimens of polymnia which have them. Postmedial band strong and con-
tinuous, only a little widened at its middle; the tawny between it and the
border somewhat narrower, and also only a little widened at its middle.
Expanse about 55 mm.
The species is smaller than polymnia , doryssus and eurydice
forms, though not smaller than franis and mantineus. The
postmedial yellow band is broader than in other specimens with
an equal amount of black, the yellow area in cell Mx being three
times as long as wide ; and this, with the abrupt change from
tawny to yellow with the whole cell tawny, will distinguish it
from all other forms of the group, I believe. There is a remark-
able resemblance to “ Melincea” tecta Haensch (Seitz Macr.
World, pi. 33, fig. d4, as mndsias ) , which I believe is a Ceratinia;
but it differs in nearly or completely lacking the admarginal
spots, and having a subapical yellow crescent; and also in the
arrangement of the black spots in the cell and cell Cu^ which
in tecta are arranged as is usual in Ceratinia. There is less re-
semblance to M. mnasias Hew., which is also obviously a Cera-
tinia.
St. Laurent, E. Maroni, French Guiana, type and paratypes
received through Staudinger and Bang-Haas, in Cornell Univer-
sity collection ; and Moengo, R. Cottica, Surinam, May 23, 1927,
paratype, also in Cornell University collection. There is also a
female paratype in the U. S. National Museum. I caught the
Moengo specimen on a small bauxite island in the enormous
coastal swamp of the Guianas but have no data on the other
specimens ; the two localities are only about 30 miles apart.
Vol. XXXVIII
December, 1930
No. 4
JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Umitrh to iEntnmnlogij ttt (grnmil
DECEMBER, 1930
Edited by HARRY B. WEISS
Harry B. Weiss
Publication Committee
E. E. Lutz
C. E. Olsen
Published Quarterly by the Society
Lime and Green Sts.
LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
1930
Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the
Act of August 24, 1912.
Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.
Subscription $3.00 per Year.
CONTENTS
Corrodentia of the United States of America: I. Sub-
order Isotecnomera.
By Paul J. Chapman 319
New Genera and Species of Neotropical Membracidae.
By \Y. D. Funkhouser 405
The External Morphology of the Mexican Bean Beetle,
Epilachna Corrupta Muls. (Coccinellidae, Coleoptera).
By Harvey L. Sweetman 423
Descriptions of New South American Hesperiidae (Lepi-
doptera, Rhopalocera).
By E. L. Bell 455
Insects from Lactuca Stems.
By Ethel Louise Shaw 463
Two New Localities for Parnassius Apollo in Asia Minor.
By Martin Holtz 468
Book Notice 469
NOTICE: Volume XXXVIII, Number 3, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published
September 25, 1930.
JOURNAL
OF THE
New York Entomological Society
Vol. XXXVIII December, 1930 No. 4
CORRODENTIA OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA: I. SUBORDER
ISOTECNOMERA
By Paul J. Chapman
( Continued from page 290)
Family Caeciliuxu
Subfamily Caeciliin^
Caecilius Curtis 1837
Type : Caecilius flavidus Stephens 1836.
Since Curtis erected this genus in 1837 it has been consider-
ably limited by the erection of a number of genera which have
a wing venational order more or less in common with the original
genus. In spite of these redefinitions Caecilius is still a large
genus, including species from many parts of the world. Cell Cux
of the fore wing is small — somewhat semicircular. Short hairs
occur on the veins, wing margins, in the pterostigmal cell where
they are exclusively confined. The terminal abdominal segments
and genitalia of both sexes are weakly chitinized. They are not
very useful in distinguishing the species. In the female the
gonapophyses are reduced to two pairs of weak, insignificant
blades ; the dorsal pair may be forked or bear a lobe proximally.
In the male two pairs of parameres and a penis appear to be pres-
ent. The structures are symmetrical and of much more simple
design than in Psocus.
320
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Key to Caecilius
1 — Wings entirely brown, or largely marked with brown; wings of $ some-
times reduced. Head and thorax mostly dark brown 2
— Wings paler, not spotted or banded, subhyaline, tan or salmon; macrop-
terous forms only, known to exist. Head and thorax rather pale in
C. aurantiacus, tergal lobes sometimes dark brown 3
2 — Wings uniformly brown, length about 2.5 mm. or more confluens
— Wings of $ about 2.0 mm. long, hyaline, marked with brown; $ usually
subapterous 'posticus
3 — Length of wings about 3.0 mm. ( $ sometimes about 2.7 mm.) 4
— Wing length about 2.3 mm 7
4 — Ocellar interval pale, concolorous with surroundings. In $ lateral
chitinized strips (not conspicuous) on subgenital plate.
quillayute n. sp.
— Ocellar interval dark brown or black. Subgenital plate weakly chiti-
nized throughout 5
5 — Veins in distal half of fore wings brown, in distinct contrast to pale
basal portions; cell 2A brown. Dorsum of thorax usually much more
deeply colored than sides aurantiacus
— Veins in distal half not in contrast to those in proximal half; cell 2A
not darker. No sharp contrast between intensity of color on dorsum
and sides of thorax 6
6 — Head pale with a pair of distinct reddish or brown spots — one on each
side of the ocelli pinicola
— Head pale, markings obscure. Wings of $ longer than $ .
perplexus n. sp.
7 — Wings subhyaline. Vein 1A not haired subflavus
— Wings tan or salmon, veins same. Ocellar interval usually not darker
than surroundings. Hairs on vein 1A croesus n. sp.
Caecilius aurantiacus Hagen
Psocus aurantiacus Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. of North Am., p.
10. 1861.
Caecilius aurantiacus Hagen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein 16:
205. 1866.
Female :
Length of body 2.4 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.0 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennse 2.8 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Body mostly dull white; dorsum of head and thorax marked
with brown ; wings tan, veins brown in distal half, pale in proxi-
mal half.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
321
Head: Vertex with a triangular light brown area centering on
the epicranial suture — the apex at the clypeal margin; interval
between the ocelli black or dark brown ; clypeus faintly lineated
with broad, mesally directed tan lines which fade anteriorly ; re-
mainder of head unmarked. Maxillary palpus pale throughout.
Segments 1-3 of antennae pale brown, remainder darker, in some
individuals deep brown. Eyes small, black.
Thorax: Tergal lobes brown, ranging from a golden brown tu
a dark brown; sutures and pleurae dull white, tinged sometimes,
with tan. Legs pale ; second tarsal joint light brown, claws dark
brown. Wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 14) uniformly light tan or sal-
mon. Typically the brown veins in distal half of wing in dis-
tinct contrast to the pale proximal portions ; narrow margins of
brown accentuate the contrast in some individuals. Cell 2A uni-
formly light brown. Pterostigma opaque, roughly isosceles tri-
angular in shape but Rx gently rounded. Hind wing pale, like-
wise the veins.
Abdomen dull white throughout. Genitalia weakly chitinized,
structures not readily visible in unstained material (PI. XVI,
Fig. 10). The subgenital plate is the not greatly modified 7th
sternite ; distal margin rather narrow, slightly concave and in-
definitely cleft midway while the lateral angles are drawn out
slightly. The median part of the plate is beset with numerous
long spines while laterally the spines shorter. The gonapophyses
consist of two pairs of long, very slender, sharp pointed, nearly
parallel blades. A widening at the base of the caudal pair prob-
ably indicates a vestige of the lateral gonapophyses — the blade-
like portion being the dorsal gonapophyses. The distal half of
the lateral surfaces of paraprocts pilose.
Male :
Length of body 1.8 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.7 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennse 2.8 mm. ave. of 9 individuals.
The male is considerably paler throughout than female, eyes
about three times as large, bluish black. Wings pale; veins
brown distally, pale proximally. Body white, not as strongly
marked as female. Abdomen slender, curved upwards.
322
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvin
Genitalia (Pl. XVI, Fig. 2) rather weakly chitinized but the
triangular shaped ensemble of penis and parameres usually
readily visible. The hypandrium broadly joined and seemingly
contiguous with the tergite; the median portion clothed with
hairs which are shortest in the caudo-mesal part ; the caudal mar-
gin is gently rounded. The penis and parameres form a trian-
gular structure as in other Caeciliidas ; the two pairs of parameres
occupy the distal half; the inner pair are slender, highly chiti-
nized, and fused distally; the outer pair are less strongly chiti-
nized, scroll-like, abruptly pointed. The basal arms almost meet
midway. Viewed in situ , the portion lying between the bases of
the clypeus (penis?) shaped as the letter Y. The paraprocts flat,
pilose in caudo-mesal area. Sense tubercles rather small, dark,
much elevated.
New York: Ithaca, July 5, 1926, 3 ?; July 11, 1926, 15 ? 1 J1;
Aug. 1, 1926, 19 ? 3 c?; Aug. 6, 1926, 2 2; Aug. 8, 1925, 8 ? 1 J1;
Aug. 24, 1924, 4 2; Sept. 12, 1925, 1 5 laying egg in crevice on
bark of maple; Sept. 26, 1926, 2 §; Oct. 5, 1926, 1 2 sweeping
grass (P. P. Babiy) ; Danby, Oct. 19, 1927, 27 J; Enfield Glen,
Tompkins Co., Aug. 23, 1925, 14 J 7 J1; Freeville, Oct. 12, 1924,
2 5; Woodwardia Swamp, Tompkins Co., Aug. 10, 1924, 7 J;
McLean Res., July 16, 1924, 2 ?, July 31, 1926, 1 ? ; Chapel Pond,
Essex Co., Sept. 19, 1925, 4 5 (S. C. Bishop) ; Avalanche Lake,
Essex Co., Sept. 2, 1927, 5 $ 3 <?; July 25, 1925, 1 $ 1 (C. R.
C.) ; Adirondack Lodge, Essex Co., Sept. 2, 1927, 4 5; Mt. McIn-
tyre, Essex Co., Sept. 4, 1927, 1 J at about 4300 ft. ; Jabes Pond
(Lake George), Sept. 11, 1925, 4 § 1 (M. D. Leonard) ; Michi-
gan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 9 2; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept.
2, 1926, 4 $ ; Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 12 ? ; Nig-
ger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 7 2 1 <?> Saratoga Springs,
July 14, 1926, 1 ?; Paul Smiths, Aug. 31, 1927, 2 ?; Tuxedo,
Oct. 7, 1925, 1 2 (A. Wolf) ; Larchmont, Sept. 25, 1925, 7 5 (A.
Wolf) ; Catskill, Aug. 17, 1925, 2 $; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 17 ?
3 J' misc. beating; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6, 1925, 5 $; Baiting
Hollow, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 2 5 ; Loucks Pond, Steuben
Co., July 5, 1924, 1 ?; Howard, July 5, 1924, 3 ?; Bean’s Sta-
tion, Steuben Co., 1 2; Cinnamon Lake, Schuyler Co., July
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
323
4, 1924, 15 July 12, 1924, 3 ?; Elmira, Oct. 1, 1925, 6
2; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 6 $; Hammondsport, July 6,
1924, 1 Barcelona, Sept. 19, 1925, 3 J; Montour Falls, Sept.
21, 1924, 10 Wellsville, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 2; Richburg, Sept.
16, 1925, 9 2; Rock City, Sept. 16, 1925, 12 2; Little Valley, Sept.
17, 1925, 6 2; Silver Creek, Sept. 18, 1925, 2 2; Penn Yan, July
29, 1925, 13 2 4 <?, Aug. 2, 1925, 18 2; Eglestone Glen, July 3,
1925, 1 2 (C. R. C.) ; Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 1 2; Olcott, Sept.
19, 1925, 2 2; Ceres, Sept. 16, 1925, 3 2; Stow, Sept. 17, 1925,
17 2; West Barre, Sept. 17, 1925, 2 2-
Maine: Island Falls, Aug. 16, 1925, 1 2 (C. R. C.) ; Sebasti-
cook Lake, Aug. 24, 1925, 29 2 (C. R. C.) ; Falmouth, Aug. 30,
1925, 1 2 (C. R. C.) ; Presque Isle, Aug. 26, 1925, 11 2 (C. R.
C.) ; Molunkus Pond, Aug. 25, 1925, 3 2 2 , J1 (C. R. C.) ; Houlton,
Aug. 26, 1925, 6 2 1 c? (C. R. C.) ; Winterport, Aug. 29, 1925,
1 2; Southwest Harbour, Mt. Desert Is., Aug. 31, 1926, 5 2 3 $
(C. P. Alexander) ; Beech Mt., Mt. Desert Is., Sept. 12, 1926, 13
2 (C. P. Alexander).
New Hampshire: Meredith, Aug. 22, 1925, 5 2 (C. R. C.) ;
Littleton, Aug. 19, 1925, 2 (C. R. C.).
Pennsylvania: Potters Mills, Oct. 31, 1924, 3 2 (C. R. C.) ;
Roxbury, Oct. 30, 1924, 3 2 (C. R. C.) ; New Bloomfield, Oct. 31,
1924, 2 2 (C. R. C.) ; Arendtsville, Aug. 23, 1924, 1 2 from stom-
ach of frog (Hyla pickeringii Holbrook) (S. W. Frost).
New Jersey: Englewood Cliff, Sept. 6, 1925, 2 2 1 J1*
Virginia: Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 2 (C. R. C.) ; Fredericks-
burg, Oct. 28, 1926, 2 2 (C. R. C.).
Kentucky: Valley View, June 28, 1925, 2 2; Lexington, July
5, 1925, 1 2 (L. Giovannoli) ; Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 14 2 3
Mammoth Cave (outside), July 1, 1925, 2 2-
North Carolina: Frying Pan Gap, Oct. 13, 1926, 9 2 (C. R.
C.) ; Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 14, 1926, 4 2 (C. R. C.) ; Cowee Mts., Swain
Co., Oct. 15, 1926, 2 2 (C. & B.) ; Junaluski Gap, Macon Co.,
Oct. 17, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.) ; Andrews, Oct. 17, 1926, 1 2 (C. &
B.) ; Nantahala Gap, Macon Co., Oct. 14, 1926, 3 2 (C. & B.) ;
Whitakers, Oct. 25, 1926, 1 2 1 (? (C. & B.) ; Grandfather Mt.,
Oct. 12, 1923, 2 2 (C. R. C.) ; Jacksonville, Oct. 23, 1926, 1 (C.
& B.) ; Blowing Rock, Oct. 10, 1923, 1 2 (C. R. C.).
324
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviil
Tennessee: Laurel Creek, Sevier Co., Oct. 8, 1926, 16 § 2 J1 (C.
& B.) ; Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 2 5 at light of Coca-cola stand (C. &
B.) ; Mill Creek below falls on Mt. LeConte, 27 5 1 , (C. & B.).
Georgia : Top of Blue Ridge at Towns and Rabun Co. line, Oct.
18, 1926, 1 § (C. & B.) ; Dalton, 1859, 1 ? (Sacken). Holotype
M. C. Z.
South Carolina: Sumter, Oct. 20, 1926, 1 J (C. & B.).
Florida: Lake Bradford, Leon Co., April 13, 1927, 4 § 5 (C.
R. C.) ; The Glen, Marion Co., March 6, 1927, 2 ? (M. D. Leon-
ard) ; Newnans Lake, May 15, 1926, 1 J1 (T. H. Hubbell).
Washington: La Push, Aug. 10, 1927, 1 J (C. R. Crosby) ;
Lake Sutherland, Aug. 10, 1927, 1 § (C. R. C.) ; Seattle, Aug. 7,
1927, 1 $ (C. R. C.).
Caecilius confluens Walsh
P(socu)s confluens Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phil. Proc. 2: 185. 1863.
Ccecilius confluens Hagen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein 16: 212.
1866.
Ccecilius umbrosus Banks. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 66 : 612.
1914.
Female ( macropterous ) :
Length of fore wings 2.5 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of body 2.0 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.85 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Wings uniformly brown, body predominately brown.
Head mostly browm ; on vertex a pale U, ocellar interval black.
Clypeus and labrum uniform brown, lineation on former indis-
tinct. Genas unmarked light brown. Antennas and maxillary
palpi light brown throughout. Eyes dull black.
Thorax: Brown, paling at sutures. Legs pale. Wings uni-
form brown, varying in intensity with individuals; pterostigma
typically paler than other cells, opaque, rather deep, subangu-
late. Veins coarse, light brown. Hind wing light brown, un-
marked.
Abdomen incompletely ringed with light greyish brown with
the genitalia dark brown. Genitalia (PI. XVI, Fig. 5) readily
visible; the subgenital plate with distinct V-shaped chitinization ;
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
325
on each side of the cleft apex the chitinization curls under, caus-
ing the apical margin to be semicircular when viewed directly
from the rear ; hairs on subgenital plate long distally, short hairs
rather uniformly distributed elsewhere. Gonapophyses identical
with aurantiacus except for the proximal shape and attachment
of the dorsal pair. It presents a slightly concave margin to the
tergite and is attached at a point midway ; a dorso-lateral portion
large, nearly square, with one spine at distal margin. Sense
tubercles on paraprocts large, distinct. Suranal plate uniformly
chitinized, blunt pointed, triangular, without distal row of long
stout spines as in posticus.
Female ( brachypterous ) :
Length of fore wings 1.0 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Venation reduced, cells distorted; deeper colored; pterothorax
smaller ; otherwise as macropterous forms.
Male :
Length of fore wings 2.65 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of body 1.65 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennas 2.4 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Differs from female in the much larger size of the eyes, the
slightly stouter antennas, the paler more uniform brown of the
wings and the slender upward-curved abdomen.
Genitalia (PI. XVI, Fig. 3) typical of genus. Suspended be-
tween the parameres a diamond shaped structure composed of
four parts including the penis. A basal plate is circular in out-
line, a pair laterally, triangular. What may be the penis lies
between the lateral plates and extends toward junction of inner
clasper. This part is bipartite — a pair of closely appressed
spindle-shaped lobes. Chitinization on hypandrium weak, mid-
way; distal margin definite, convex; slightly pilose laterally.
Suranal plate produced into a small much elevated knob distally.
New York: Woodwardia Swamp, Tompkins County, August
10, 1924, 10 2 (6 brachypterous) 3 J1; Fairhaven, Sept. 7, 1924,
4 J (3 brachypterous) ; McLean, July 16, 1924, 4 § {brachypter-
ous) ; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 2 J (1 brachypterous) ; Ithaca,
Aug. 14, 1924, 1 $ 2 Sept. 23, 1924, 1 <?; Hillside, Fulton Co.,
1 Holotype of Caecilius umbrosus Banks. M. C. Z.
326
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Caecilius croesus new species
Female :
Length of body 2.0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.3 mm. average of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.7 mm. average of 7 individuals.
Superficially resembling Lachesilla rufa in size and coloring.
Head and thorax concolorous, a light golden brown or tan; dorsum
clothed with hairs and only slightly darker than sides and venter. Ocellar
interval concolorous with surroundings. Head unmarked, lineation on cly-
peus obscured, eyes dull black. Antennae stout, concolorous with head.
Wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 7) pale salmon and veins almost concolorous. The
veins would be less distinct were they not indicated by the rather long dark
hairs along their course. Vein 1A beset with hairs unlike other members
of the genus; cell 2 A no darker than remainder of wing.
Abdomen paler than head and thorax although not white. The terminal
segments and genitalia resemble aurantiacus, especially the gonapophyses.
The hairs on the subgenital plate are possibly more sparse.
Male :
Length of body 1.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 2.3 mm.
Length of antennae 2.0 mm.
Almost identical with female in coloration. Eyes much larger, antennae
stouter and the abdomen slender, curved upward.
The genitalia resemble aurantiacus except the ensemble of parameres
and penis is very weakly chitinized and the part between the parameres
does not resemble the letter Y.
North Carolina: Lake Waccamaw, Oct. 21, 1926, 8 § 3 J* (C. &
B.). Holotype (J1), Allotype and Paratypes.
New York : Artist Lake, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 3J 2 on
larch (Paratypes) ; Penn Yan, Aug. 2, 1925, 5 § 6 Montour
Falls, Sept. 26, 1924, 7 ? 3 J1.
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 3 § 1 <?> Valley View,
June 28, 1925, 1 J 1 Brooklyn Bridge, June 29, 1925, 2 J 2
Caecilius perplexus new species
Female :
Length of body 2.4 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.1 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.1 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Almost identical with croesus in coloring including the wings (PI. XXI,
Fig. 6). Differs in being larger and that the ocellar interval is invariably
dark brown. The terminal segments including the gonapophyses appear
almost identical with aurantiacus.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
327
Male :
Length of body 2.0 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.4 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.1 mm. av. of 4 individuals.
In general similar to female, with the usual differences in size, eyes and
antennae; wings deeply colored. Genitalia resembling crcesus; the structure
lying between the parameres weakly chitinized, consisting of several indis-
tinct lobes but not resembling the letter Y.
Colorado: Pingree Park, Aug. 20, 1924, 20 2 7 $ (C. R. C.).
Holotype (J1), Allotype and Paratypes; Cascade, Aug. 28, 1924,
1 2 (C. R. C.).
Wyoming: Yellowsone National Park, 24 J 2 $ ; Aug. 27 to
31, 1927 (C. R. C.).
Alberta (Canada) : Sulphur Mts., Banff, Aug. 2, 1927, 5 2 3 J*
(Eugene Crosby).
Caecilius pinicola Banks
Ccecilius pinicola Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11 : 238. 1903.
Female :
Length of fore wings 2.9 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of body 2.3 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennas 2.1 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Head and thorax a pale tan throughout, abdomen white.
Head uniformly pale tan with the only distinct markings a pair
of large reddish brown spots between ocelli and antennae. Ocel-
lar interval deep brown. Only a faint indication of dotted areas
on vertex and lineation on clypeus. Maxillary palpus and an-
tennae tan, the latter deeply colored. Eyes dull bluish black.
Thorax, including legs, concolorous with head throughout,
usually without any deeper pigmentation on tergal lobes. Wings
a uniform tan ranging almost to a salmon. Pterostigma only
moderately deep, rounded; the cell is thickened, opaque, pale.
Veins uniformly pale, practically concolorous with the cells.
Abdomen white. Genitalia weakly chitinized, structures not
readily distinguishable in unstained material and essentially
identical with aurantiacus in form.
Male :
Length of fore wing 2.8 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of body 1.8 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
328
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Length of antennae 2.3 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Differing from female in that eyes are about two times larger,
characteristic pair of reddish brown spots on vertex not as dis-
tinct, antennae stouter and abdomen slender curved upward.
Genitalia weakly chitinized closely resembling aurantiacus ; no
structure (except possibly the sense tubercles on paraprocts)
readily visible in unstained material. Hypandrium pilose later-
ally but also slightly so proximally. The paramere-penis en-
semble resembles perplexus rather than aurantiacus being very
weakly chitinized and the penis located at a pair of elongate
closely Oppressed lobes which are widest proximally tapering
to a blunt point distally.
The presence of the reddish brown spots on the vertex was
the only character found that serves to separate the species
readily from others with tan or orange wings about 3 mm. long.
Virginia: Caret, Oct. 28, 1926, 1 £ (C. & B.) ; Falls Church,
Oct., 1 § M. C. Z. Holotype.
North Carolina: Base of Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 19, 1924, 1 §, Oct.
13, 1926, 3 ? 2 J1 (C. & B.) ; Yadkinville, Oct. 9, 1923, 1 ? (C. R.
C.) ; Madison, Oct. 8, 1923, 3 $ (C. & B.), In a dry pine wood.
Florida: The Glen, Marion Co., March 6, 1927, 3 J (M. D.
Leonard) ; Rock Bluff, April 4, 1927, 1 (C. R. C.).
Georgia : Top of Blue Ridge, Towns and Rabun Co. line, Oct.
18, 1926, 4 $ 1 $ (C. & B.).
Cascilius posticus Banks
Ccecilius posticus Banks. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 66: 1914,
612. PL 28, Fig. 15.
Female {sub apterous) :
Lengh of body 2.2 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.0 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Head dark brown ; in distinct contrast to the yellowsh white
abdomen and the lighter brown thoracic segments and genitalia.
Pigmentation slightly paler on vertex behind eyes; a more
constant pair of triangular paler area between ocelli and base of
antennae. Epicranial suture distinct to ocelli and terminating
there. Head rather narrow between eyes, flat, elongate.
Clypeus, genae and labrum uniformly dark brown except the
Dec., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
329
first may be faintly lineate in teneral individuals. Maxillary
palpus pale. Antennae pale brown fading to white distally.
Eyes dull bluish black.
Thorax: Segments light brown, prothorax almost equalling
other segments in size. Tergum of mesothorax twice the size
of other segments. Wings reduced to minute white, slightly
pilose buds. Those on mesothorax extending caudally to pos-
terior margin of metathorax and covering the much smaller wing
buds on this segment. Legs pale brown throughout.
Abdomen : Large, dull white, with broad faint stripes of or-
ange. An elliptical thickened spot between fifth and sixth
sternites. Genitalia brown (PL XVI, Fig. 9) distinct. Sub-
genital plate triangular with a pair of wide lateral stripes widen-
ing and then converging apically just behind the blunt pointed
membranous non-pilose apex. The subgenital plate covered with
short hairs which extend to the end of the chitinization. The
gonapophyses consist of two small extremely slender pointed
blades which arise a right angles to elongate parallel processes
from the tergite. Sense tubercles small, brown, — located on
proximo-dorsal portion of paraprocts. These pieces with lateral
surface definitely chitinized, not strongly pilose. Suranal plate
semicircular, chitinization increasing laterally where there are
a number of large spines at or near distal margin.
Female ( macropterous ) :
Length of fore wing 2.3 mm. c
Length of body 2.1 mm.
Length of antennae 2.1 mm.
Essentially the same as subapterous individuals. The ptero-
thorax is of course very large, the prothorax small. The wings
are subhyaline and not as strongly marked with brown as the
male.
Male :
Length of fore wings 2.0 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Lengh of body 1.9 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.3 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
Marked as female, eyes of about equal size. The wings (PI.
XXI, Fig. 20) narrow, subhyaline, strongly marked with brown.
330
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Pterostigma long, of moderate depth distally, rounded, white.
Pale or unpigmented areas occur just below and for the length
of pterostigma, in distal half of cell R5, most of R3 and Cu^ on
each side of first anal vein and bordering proximal half of costal
margin of wing. Veins coarse light brown; R2+3 comes un-
usually close to Rj at wing margin. Hind wing fumose. The
hairs, at wing margin especially, long.
Abdomen : The ventral thickening on 5th and 6th segments
prominent. Genitalia (PI. XVI, Fig. 11) distinct, similar to
aurantiacus. Between the parameres a pair of lateral plates
(edge uppermost viewing structures in situ) and a circular
thickening ventrally attached to which a pair of elongate lobes
which are closely appressed for two-thirds their length distally.
The hypandrium with wide distal margin strongly chitinized
laterally. Attachment to tergites weakly chitinized, rather nar-
row. Hypandrium pilose; hairs longest laterally and especially
at distal margin, laterally. Paraprocts similar to female; sur-
anal plate narrower.
New York: Sea Cliff, L. I., Aug. 1 (N. Banks) M. C. Z.
Holotype. Wading River, L. I., Sept. 19, 1926 4 5 ( subap -
terous) 4 J' 5 nymphs (writer and A. M. Boyce). In dry oak
leaves on ground. Allotype. Baiting Hollow, Suffolk Co., L. I.,
Sept. 19, 1926 4 § {sub apterous) 2 (writer and A. M. Boyce).
In dry oak leaves on ground; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925 3 5 {sub-
apterous). On stones, associated with Bertkauia lepicidinaria ;
Freeville, Oct. 12, 1924 1 J {subapterous) (C. R. C.) sifting
leaves; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925 1 5 {subapterous) (C. R. C.)
sifting leaves; Penn Yan, Aug. 2, 1925 3 5 (1 macropterousf
2 subapterous) .
Maine: Sebasticook Lake, Aug. 24, 1925 1 5 {subapterous)
(C. R. C.).
Connecticut : Wachocastricook Creek, Salisbury, June 29,,
1930, 5 § (1 macropterous, 4 brachypterous) .
Caecilius quillayute new species
Female :
Length of body 2.2 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.25 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
331
Resembles aurantiacus from which it may be distinguished as follows:
most of the vertex and front and all of the clypeus a uniform pale brown
or buff ; interval between ocelli white ; tergal lobes concolorous with mark-
ings on head; a rather wide unmarked band midway proceeding well into
the median lobe of the mesothorax. The wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 21) pale
brown or salmon, the veins are slender and not margined with brown and
while the veins are palest basally there is no strong contrast between the
proximal and distal parts as in aurantiacus. Cell 2A brown.
The genitalia are definitely chitinized in parts making the ensemble
much more distinct than in aurantiacus. (PI. XYI, Fig. 1). The sub-
genital plate bears a pair of lateral chitinized strips while the distal part
is produced into a pair of lobes with a median depression. This distal
portion strongly pilose. Gonapophyses consist of two pairs of slender
blades: the ventral pair more or less indefinite in outline distally while
the more caudal pair bear an elongate lobe on the proximo-caudal margin
(and which bears one or two hairs distally). The paraprocts pilose distally
and likewise an area midway between the sense tubercles and the mesal
surface. Suranal plate lobe-like slightly tuberculate and almost non-pilose.
Male:
Length of body 1.8 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.0 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Closely resembles female. Eyes much larger. Abdomen slender, curved
upwards. The genitalia similar to male of aurantiacus, especially the
ensemble penis and claspers.
Washington: La Push, Aug. 10, 1927 24 2 5 J* (C. E. C.)
Holotype (2) Allotype, Paratypes; Lake Sutherland, Aug. 10,
1927 1 J (C. K. C.) Paratype; Longmire, Aug. 22, 1927 1 2
(C. E. C.) Paratype; Sol Due Hot Springs, 7 $ 2 J* Aug. 12,
1927 (C. E. C.) Paratypes.
Caecilius citricola (Ashmead)
Psocus citricola Ashmead. Can. Ent. 11 : 228. 1879.
I have been unable to find the type specimens of this Florida
species. From its size (.10 to .12 in.) and coloration, as given
by Ashmead, it appears to belong to Ccecilius or Lachesilla. I
tentatively place in it Ccecilius.
Caecilius subflavus Aaron
Ccecilius subflavus Aaron. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 38 : 13.
1866.
It was not possible to make a critical study of this species.
Type locality “Southern Texas.”
332
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvili
P seudo ccecilius Enderlein
Pseudocaecilius Enderlein. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 1 : 260.
1903.
In Pseudo ccecilius pretiosus Banks individuals are found
with a distinct r-m cross vein in fore wings and all gradations
up to those where K and M are fused for a short distance.
Enderlein assigns species where the cross vein is distinct to
Ptilopsocince. I am including psocids with Caecilius-like wing-
venation in this genus where cell Cu-l is elongate and flattened,
r-m cross vein present or not, veins and wing margin bearing
long hairs, pterostigma non-angulate, non-pilose, and veins in
apical portion of hind wings and at wing margin pilose. The
female genitalia in P. pretiosus not greatly reduced as in
Ccecilius , three pairs of gonapopyses present. It is not clear
how this genus is distinct from Epipsocus Hagen. In the geno-
type E. ciliatus, Hagen shows a long r-m cross vein and a pu-
bescent pterostigma (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1882 : Taf. 1, fig. 4).
Enderlein describes four new species in erecting Pseudo ccecilius;
no genotype was designated. In the species appearing first,
elutus and testaceus, the pterostigma is non-pubescent, in the
other two the pterostigma is figured with hairs.
Pseudocaecilius pretiosus (Banks)
Ccecilius pretiosus Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 64: 311.
1920.
P seudo ccecilius wolcotti Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 65 : 423.
1924.
Female :
Length of wings 2.65 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of body 2.5 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennas about 2.5 mm.
Mostly creamy white throughout. A constant fuscous stripe
running through the pleuras of the thorax continuing on head
through eyes to antennae.
Head unmarked except for faint indication of orange dots in
usual position on vertex and the lineation on clypeus. Maxil-
lary palpus and antennae concolorous with head. Eyes dull
black.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
333
Thorax: A light brown V on each segment above. Pleurae
with fuscous stripe midway. Legs pale throughout. Wings
(PI. XXI, Pig. 1) hyaline with several light brown spots.
Pterostigma very long and shallow, opaque, with a pale brown
spot distally, R white. Central half of cell Cu light brown, the
pigmentation extending up to vein M ; a small spot in distal
end of anal cells. Veins coarse, pale proximally, brown in distal
third of wing. Proximal to their junction, Rs and M brown
(forming a V) ; a tendency toward union of these veins by
r-m cross vein although R is frequently fused to M for a short
distance. Hairs on veins and wing margin long, stout. Hind
wings unmarked, veins pale.
Abdomen white with a few purplish grey stripes on dorsum.
Genitalia weakly chitinized, structures not readily visible in un-
stained material. The basal portion of sub-genital plate (PI.
XVII, Pig. 6) about one-third as deep as wide. At proximal
margin a triangular pilose area ; distal margin bent to give rise
to an egg-guide. This piece produced distally into a pair of
lateral lobes each bearing a single spine; the egg-guide comes
to a blunt point between the lobes so that the distal margin
forms the letter W. A weak V-shaped plate lies beneath the
egg-guide. Three pairs of gonapophyses present. The lateral
pair large, swollen and lobe-like; attached broadly with the
blunt pointed distal portion extending over the egg-guide ; a
few (about six) long spines adorn the structure. The ventral
and dorsal gonapophyses of similar shape, being fleshy, slender,
curved with a median, slightly chitinized “core, ” twisted and
flattened. Distally they fork slightly. The dorsal gonapophyses
bear an inconspicuous row of minute hairs distally and one or
several apical teeth.
Sense tubercles of paraprocts small, much elevated proximally.
Hairs at distal margin long, numbering about seven or eight.
Suranal plate wide with a row of eight stout spines at distal
margin.
Florida : Orlando, June 4, 1926 32 § many nymphs. Common
on citrus (M. D. Leonard) ; January, 1927 4 § and May, 1927 1 §
(0. C. McBride).
334
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Texas: San Antonio, 3 J M. C. Z. Holotype and Paratypes;
(1 5 Paratype kindly supplied for critical study by Nathan
Banks).
Dist. of Columbia: Washington, Oct., 4 §. In hot house.
Paratypes M. C. Z.
Porto Rico: 3 J (G. N. Wolcott) Holotype and Paratypes of
Pseudoccecilius wolcotti Banks; San Juan, 1 J April 10, 1923
(G. N. Wolcott) Paratype ( ?) kindly supplied by Nathan Banks
for critical study.
Pseudocaecilius (?) clarus (Banks)
Ccecilius clarus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 34: 258. 1908.
No careful study was made of this species. Because wing
venational characters and wing pubescence resemble P. pretiosus,
clarus is tentatively placed here. The pterostigma is transparent
and, I believe, nonpilose. R is joined to M for a considerable
distance in the holotype. Wing length 2.9 mm. Wing markings
similar to pretiosus. The head a dull sulphur-yellow, with a few
obscure marks on vertex.
California : Berkeley, 1 J on bay laurel M. C. Z. Holotype.
Teliapsocus new genus
Genotype: P(socu)s conterminus Walsh 1863.
Eelated to Kolbea Bertkau, differing principally in the disposition of
hairs on the wings. In Teliapsocus large stout hairs are found along the
veins but also in the cells in proximal half of the wings and in psterostigma.
Only a few large hairs occur in the distal half of wings while the wing
margin is sparsely clothed with much shorter hairs. Hind wings unhaired
except for a few at the margin in the apfex. Cell Cui is large, deep; vein
Cui almost touching M. Brachypterous females of T. conterminus have
been taken.
The terminal abdominal segments and genitalia resemble Ccecilius: only
one representative of Teliapsocus has been found in the United States. It
is easily distinguished from others of the family Cseciliidae.
Teliapsocus conterminus Walsh
P(socu)s conterminus Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2: 185.
186.3.
Psocus canadensis Provancher. Nat. Canad. 8: 177. 1876.
Ccecilius definitus Aaron. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 11 : 38, PL 9,
Fig. 4. 1883.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
335
Elipsocus conterminus Hagen. Yerli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16:
207. 1866.
Female ( macropterous ) :
Length of body 3.8 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.25 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.9 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Head: Vertex covered with coarse fuscous markings; ocelli
enclosed in a blackish spot; a U-shaped brown spot on front;
clypeus short, wide, much swollen; lineated with mesally di-
rected lines which are dark fuscous anteriorly, then tan, and
finally fading out posteriorly; in some individuals the lines
merge posteriorly ; labrum tinged with tan and brown ; genae
white with a black spot below antennas and a similar one on
maxillae at base of maxillary palpus. Maxillary palpus white
except the distal two-thirds of last segment which is brown.
Antennae brown paling proximately to faint tan or white ; seg-
ments 1-4 distinctly pale writh a brown ring distally on segments
3 and 4. Eyes small, dull black.
Thorax: Tergal lobes shining black, sutures white. Pleurae
white with large conspicuous black spots distributed as follows :
one just below attachment of each wing ; one above coxa of meso-
thoracic leg ; one on each of coxae. Legs : femora white with a
few brown dots on outer surface ; tibiae white touched with brown
proximally and distally; tarsi brown, darkest distally. Wings
(PL XX, Fig. 29) hyaline with only small touches of brown.
Pterostigma opaque ; a narrow band of brown at apex and base
of cell ; a faint incomplete band of light brown extending from
end of anal veins to base of Rs. Veins distinct, dark brown in
distal half of wing, pale brown basally.
Abdomen conspicuously white with greyish and reddish brown
stripes on tergum while the 9th tergite almost completely cov-
ered with two pairs of blackish spots. Subgenital plate (PI.
XVI, Fig. 8) dark brown resembling the letter n in shape. The
ventral gonapophyses short, the Y-shaped gonapophyses prob-
ably represent the united lateral and dorsal gonapophyses.
Sense tubercles of paraprocts white and likewise the paraprocts
while at its apex three conspicuous spines, the middle one short.
336
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Suranal plate short, triangular, white, with a pair of stout spines
apically.
Female ( brachypterous ) :
Length of fore wings 1.0, 1.7, 1.6 mm. Measurements of 3 in-
dividuals.
The venation of these reduced wings may usually be recog-
nized as that of Teliapsocus but aberrations are common. The
hairs are distinct, both those on the veins and on cells Cux
and Aj.
Male :
Length of body 2.75 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of fore wings 4.35 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Length of antennas 4.1 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Resembles female in markings, much less robust, abdomen
slender. Eyes larger but not twice the size of female. Antennae
brown throughout, palest at base, not more pilose than female
but stouter.
Genitalia (PI. XVI, Fig. 4) symmetrical. Hypandrium
roughly triangular, chitinization V-shaped. Parameres similar to
Ccecilius. Suspended between these pieces a concave triangular
piece — (the penis?). Paraprocts similar to female in that the
sense tubercles are white and that similar spines appear at the
apices of the structures.
New York : Chapel Pond, Essex Co., July 19, 1925, 3 brachyter-
ous 5 (S. C. Bishop) ; Sea Cliff, L. I., 1 $ (Banks) M. C. Z.
Quebec, Canada: 1 5 (Provancher) M. C. Z. Paratype of
Psocus canadensis ?
Maine: Winterport, Aug. 29, 1925, 1 J (C. R. C.).
Massachusetts : 4 } M. C. Z.
Connecticut : Bear Mt. 2300 ft. elevation, Salisbury, Aug. 22,
1902, 1 (A. P. Morse) M. C. Z.
Maryland : Plummers Island, Aug. 21, 1 5 M. C. Z.
Virginia: Caret, Oct. 28, 1926/ 2 § (C. & B.) ; New Market,
Oct. 4, 1926, 1 (C. & B.).
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 1 § misc. beating.
North Carolina : North Fork Swannanoa, Black Mts., 1 J
M. C. Z.; Bridgewater, Oct. 14, 1923, 1 $ (C. R. C.) ; Blowing
Rock, Oct. 10, 1923, 2 J (C. R. C.).
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
337
Georgia: Spring Creek, Seminole Co., Apr. 11, 1927, 2
(C. R. C.) ; Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 3 $ (C. & B.).
Florida: Orlando, Aug. 2, 1927, 4 2 ; Jan., 1927, 2 ? (0. C. Mc-
Bride).
Wyoming: East Entrance to Yellowstone Park, Aug. 31, 1927,
12 J 6 J1 (C. R. C.).
Washington: Longmire, Aug. 22, 1927, 12 1 (C. R. C.).
In 1863 Walsh described Psocus conterminus, and, although
the types are non-existent, the species is readily recognizable
from his description. He made clear that cell Cux was not
joined to M and was “ nearly in the shape of an equilateral
triangle.” This places it in the Cceciliidce. Walsh gives the
length of conterminus as 4.5 mm., which point alone is sufficient
to distinguish it from other North American Cceciliidce. Pro-
van cher in 1875 described Psocus canadensis. This is a
synonym of T. conterminus : the description fits and in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology there is a specimen ( ‘ Elipsocus
canadensis Prov. ” labelled apparently by Hagen, “Quebec,
Prov.” “397” and which is unmistakably T. conterminus.
Hagen erroneously assigned contermina to Elipsocus thinking it
had three jointed tarsi; and Banks likewise lists it, and its two
synonyms, as distinct species of Elipsocus in his catalogue.
Ccecilius definitus Aaron is a male of T. conterminus.
Polypsocus Hagen
Polypsocus Hagen. Yerh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16: 203. 1866.
Ptilopsocus Enderlein. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 14: 153. 1900.
Type : P. corruptus Hagen. 1861.
The unusual shape cell C^ caused Hagen to erect the genus
Polypsocus for the inclusion of the single species P. corruptus
Hagen. Vein Cux parallels the wing margin for a considerable
distance causing cell Cu-l to be very large. Wing margins, veins,
pterostigma and cells in apex of wing, near margin, covered with
hairs. The genitalia show an affiliation to Teliapsocus, Ccecilius
and Graphopsicus.
Polypsocus corruptus Hagen
Psocus abruptus Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. of N. A., p. 13, 1861.
Psocus corruptus Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. of N. A., p. 13, 1861.
338
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Polypsocus corruptus Hagen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16:
211. 1866.
Ptilopsocus annulicornis Banks. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11 : 238.
1903.
Female :
Length of body 3.1 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.65 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.0 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
This striking psocid is readily recognized by the shining bronze
wings with the hyaline band near their apex.
Head : Uniformly dull tan, mouthparts pale ; a pair of dark
stripes run between the base of antennae and eyes, continuing
and widening behind the eyes. Maxillary palpus tan, pale dis-
tally. Compound eyes dull bluish block. Antennae with seg-
ments 1-4 hyaline and the remaining with a distal portion
brown, the proportion of the segment colored increasing progres-
sively, distally.
Thorax: Dorsum ranging from tan to brown, darkest ante-
riorly on median tergal lobe. On pleurae a continuation of the
dark fuscous stripe on head. Prothorax white below this stripe.
Meso- and metathoracic legs with brown on the coxae ; femora
brown, tibiae and tarsi pale, nearly white but the tarsal claws
brown. Fore wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 12) uniformly shining dark
brown except for a distinct hyaline band at the apex of the wing
which would be crescent shaped, except that the extreme apex
of the wing is brown. A small white spot at base of pterostigma,
cells otherwise darker than remainder of wing. Veins coarse,
inconspicuous. Hind wings paler, greyish brown, darkest mar-
ginally in apical third of the wing.
Abdomen : Usually a purplish grey ; dorsum palest, quite pale
or nearly white above in some individuals. Genitalia (PI. XVI,
Fig. 12) brown. Chitinized portion of subgenital plate V-
shaped. A strip of purplish pigment, alongside each arm. The
gonapophyses reduced to a single pair consisting of a lobe-like
basal portion and stiletto-like distal part, while fused to their
mesal margins is the interior genital plate thus making a con-
tinuous piece beneath the subgenital plate. Sense tubercles of
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
339
paraprocts large. Suranal plate long, rather narrow, truncate
with distal margin strongly pigmented.
Male :
Length of body 2.45 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.65 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennas 3.7 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Hyaline portions on fore wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 13) consis-
tently differing from female as follows; a pale area midway,
roughly diamond shaped with the extreme angles at the base of
pterostigma and at Cu2 ; the hyaline area at the tip of wing tri-
angular with its base at the costal margin and the apex about
halfway 'across wing. Compound eyes slightly ovate, extremely
large, several times larger than female’s. Antennae stouter than
female, segment 1 and 2 brown and with gradually increasing
amounts of brown distally.
Abdomen usually white with the genitalia brown (PI. XVI,
Fig. 7). Hypandrium short, basal margin wide, straight across;
definitely chitinized laterally but a weakly chitinized diamond
shaped portion lies mesally. On hypandrium long hairs laterally,
short hairs mesally. The parameres as in Ccecilius; suspended
between these lie pieces consisting of two pairs of lateral hooks
and a single distal hook. Sense tubercles large, occupying the
proximal two-fifths of chitinized part of paraprocts. Suranal
plate small, blunt pointed, with a proximal weakly chitinized
crescent.
New York: Ithaca, July 11, 1926, 13 J 12 ^ in dead leaves on
fallen beech tree, Sept. 6, 1926, 19 J 5 J' in dead beech leaves;
Enfield Glen, Tompkins Co., Aug. 23, 1925, 7 5 3 ^5 nymphs;
Sea Cliff, L. I., 3 ? 2 ^ (Banks) M. C. Z.
New Hampshire : Berlin Falls, Aug. 12, 1 J M. C. Z. ; Fran-
conia, 1 5, M. C. Z.
Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Mts., 1860, 2 2 1 c? (0. Sacken)
M. C. Z.
Massachusetts: 1 5, M. C. Z.
Wisconsin: Polk Co., July, 1 2 2 (Baker) M. C. Z.
Illinois: Kock Island, 1860, 2 $ 1 J* (Walsh) M. C. Z.
Virginia: Falls Church, June 8, 1 Holotype Ptilopsocus
annulicornis Banks, Sept. 3, 8 J 2 J', Aug. 27, 1 2 (Banks) M. C.
340
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Z. ; Great Falls, July 21, 1 (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Delaplione,
Sept. 10, 1 ? (Banks) M. C. Z. ; Glencarlyn, May 9, 3 (Banks)
M. C. Z.
Maryland: 1860, 1 5 (Uhler) M. C. Z.
District of Columbia, Washington: 1858, 2 § 1 , g (0. Sacken).
Types M. C. Z., 1 ?, July 21 (Banks) M. C. Z.
Kentucky: May, 1 ? (Sanborne) M. C. Z.
North Carolina : Blowing Rock, Oct. 10, 1923, 5 J 5 J1
(C. &B.).
Tennessee: Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 12 ? 12 £ (C. &B.).
Georgia: Dalton, 1859, 2 ? 1 £ (O. Sacken) Types M. C. Z. ;
Clarkesville, Aug. 10, 1909, 1 ? 1 $ M. C. Z.
Washington: Seattle, Aug. 7, 1927, 1 ? (C. R. C.) ; Lake
Sutherland, Aug. 10, 1927, 2 J1 (C. R. C.).
The difference in markings in the sexes, especially the mark-
ings of the fore wings, caused Hagen to name the female Psocus
abruptus and the male Psocus corruptus. Later he decided they
were one species and not congeneric with Psocus. He then
erected the genus Polypsocus with corruptus as the genotype.
Ptilopsocus annulicornis Banks is a male corruptus.
Dead leaves of deciduous trees are known to be a favorite
feeding and breeding ground of this handsome species. The
writer has found oak and beech leaves so inhabited both on the
ground or when still attached to a fallen tree or broken branch.
A slight webbing encloses their home. P. corruptus also occurs
on tree trunks, cliff walls and elsewhere. Two broods or more
are found in New York State.
Graphopsocus Kolbe
Graphopsocus Kolbe. Jahresber. Westfal. Ver. Wissens. 8: 125.
1880.
Type: G. cruciatus L. 1768.
In the fore wings of Graphopsocus, cross-veins r and m-cu
are present and the wing margin is non-pubescent. These char-
acters readily distinguish the genus. The genitalia are very
similar to Ccecilius, Teliapsocus and others. Enderlein has con-
sistently grouped Graphopsocus and the related genus Stenop-
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
341
socus Hagen 1866, under the Psocidae. The genitalia, however,
are so similar to the Caeciliidae that it appears to be more prop-
erly placed in that family than in Psocidae.
Graphopsocus cruciatus (Linne)
Hemerdbius cruciatus Linne. Syst. Nat. Ed. 13, T. 3, App., p.
225. 1768.
The synonomy is listed in Cat. Coll. Selys. Longchamps Fasc. 3.
Pt. 2, p. 13. 1915.
Female :
Length of body 2.35 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.9 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.8 mm. ave. of 8 individuals.
Keadily recognized by the wing markings which consist of
three bands of light brown in the distal half of the wing and four
large dark brown spots in proximal half.
Head: Vertex tan, marked with elongate brown dots: just
behind the ocelli a pair of dotted areas composed of three or four
dots; the marginal area marked with dots thus leaving a large
unmarked area on each side of epicranial suture. Most of front
covered by about four brown dots ; a white area surrounding the
antennae, includes the anterior third of the genae and anterior
third of clypeus (half of clypeus laterally). Posteriorly the
clypeus brown, lineated with broad broken lines of dark brown.
Labrum touched with brown deepening mesally, with a triangu-
lar white area midway anteriorly; posterior two-thirds of genae
brown. Maxillary palpus pale, darkest proximally. Antennae
brown distally, with a gradual paling proximally so that seg-
ments 1 and 2 are white. Eyes dull black.
Thorax: Tergal lobes dark brown. On the pleurae the epime-
rum and coxas of the mesothorax brown while the sides are other-
wise white or inconspicuously touched with brown and in other
individuals the coxae of the metathorax are brown. Legs: fe-
mora white, tibiae and tarsi light brown. Wings hyaline (PL
XX, Fig. 30) fore wings strikingly marked as figured. Veins
pale proximally, brown distally. Hind wings hyaline, clouded
with pale brown areas which correspond generally to the mark-
ings of fore wings. These markings are more distinct proxi-
342
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
mally while the most proximal of the spots in the anal area is
dark brown.
Abdomen white, pale straw yellow or gray below. Genitalia
(PI. XVIII, Pig. 13) distinct. The snbgenital plate an inverted
U in shape with the arms slightly spread. The distal margin is
broad, slightly concave, strongly chitinized. Ventral gonapophy-
ses, short, slender, stiletto-shaped, obscured by the subgenital
plate under which they lie. Apparently the dorsal and lateral
gonapophyses combined in the pair of slender, stiletto-like rods
with the elongate blunt-pointed portion arising proximally from
the dorsal margin. Paraprocts and suranal plate weakly chit-
inized ; sense tubercles on the former inconspicuous, with the lat-
ter structure triangular in outline.
Male :
Length of body 1.9 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 3.05 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.05 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Resembles female, but with these differences : body less robust ;
antennae more robust but not more pilose; eyes large, slightly
ovate, more than twice as large as females ; markings paler, less
distinct, especially on head and on wings; abdomen slender,
curved upward.
Genitalia (PI. XVI, Fig. 6) symmetrical. Parameres as in
Ccecilius. An indistinct triangular concave structure suspended
between the parameres. Hypandrium wide, definitely chitin-
ized, (usually chitinization fades out mesally), bearing a dis-
tinct distal portion elliptical in outline and with a pilose strongly
chitinized distal margin. Caudo-mesally on the 9th tergite a
pair of slender pointed, mesally directed processes. Sense tuber-
cles on the paraprocts proximal, large, distinct. Suranal plate
short, membranous, triangular.
Maine: Bar Harbor, June 22, 1922, 1 § (C. W. Johnson).
Washington: Seattle, Aug. 7, 1927, 13 $ 3 g (C. R. C.). Ed-
monds, Aug. 16, 1927, 7 ? 1 J1 (C. R. C.).
Germany: Saxony, 1 (Rostock). Supplied by M. C. Z.
This is believed to be the first American record of this species.
It is common and widely distributed in Europe. G. cruciatus is
probably not indigenous to America — at least to Eastern United
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
343
States — or it should have been found before 1922 when Mr. C.
W. Johnson took it at Bar Harbor, Maine. In Washington,
Prof. C. R. Crosby took specimens at Seattle and nearby at Ed-
monds ; he was unable to find it in more isolated localities. Can
these Washington specimens be representatives of an introduc-
tion from Japan or elsewhere in the Orient? ( G . cruciatus is
recorded in Japan.) The Museum of Comparative Zoology gave
the author a male of this species taken in Germany. A critical
examination of this specimen causes me to conclude that the
American specimens are conspecific with it.
Terracsecilius new genus
Type T. pallidus new species.
Female subapterous, the wings reduced to a single pair on the meso-
thorax. Male unknown. Thorax reduced, mesothorax slightly larger than
the other two segments. Tarsi two-jointed. Legs not armed with ctenidia.
Head broad, rather flat; ocelli apparently non-functional, being represented
by three dark dots in a depression. Epicranial suture fading out at this
depression. Buccal rods slender, forked apically. Genitalia resembling
Lachesilla. The gonapophyses reduced to a single pair of arm-like pieces.
Sense tubercles of paraprocts wanting.
Terracaecilius pallidus new species
Female :
Length of body 2.2 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.0 mm.
Head, abdomen and genitalia dull orange; abdomen paler, sternites con-
spicuously marked with greyish brown stripes at the sutures. Head deep
orange above, paling at the genee; clypeolus and also a V-shaped mark
on the vertex, unmarked; on clypeus barely distinguishable, broad, mesally
directed lines. Antennae clothed with a few long hairs; concolorous with
head together with maxillary palpus. Eyes small, dull bluish black.
Thorax: Pleurae paler than dorsum. Wings elongate, blunt pointed
apically, convex, thickened and covered with minute spines. Legs pale,
concolorous with pleurae. Tarsal claws short.
Genital processes (PI. XVII, Fig. 7). Subgenital plate a large, V-shaped
plate with a blunt-pointed, weakly chitinized apex. The single pair of
gonapophyses stout, convex, blunt-pointed arms. They are sparsely pilose.
Paraprocts triangular, pilose in distal half with a weakly chitinized spot
at the apex. The chitinization extends beyond distal edge to form a
crescent-shaped part there. Suranal plate isosceles trapezoidal with the
distal margin gently rounded and pilose ; proximally a thin non-chitinized
crescent.
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
New York: Ithaca, July 12, 1925, 12 § Holotype and Para-
types ; Clarksburg, Sept. 18, 1925, 1 5, sifting leaf mold (C. R.
C.) ; Barcelona, Sept. 19, 1925, 1 § sifting leaf mold (C. R. C.).
Tennessee : Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 2 $ (C. R. C.).
Lachesilla Westwood
Lachesilla Westwood. Introd. Class. Ins. 2 : 19, 1840.
Pterodela Kolbe. Jahresber Westfal. Yer. Wissens. 8: 118.
1880.
Type: L. pedicularia, 1758.
Wing venation as in Ccecilius from which Lachesilla differs
in that the veins and wing margin are non-pilose. The genitalia
are considerably different from the other members of the sub-
family. In the female appears, usually, a single pair of arm-like
gonapophyses; the interior genital plate is frequently distinct,
and the genital structures generally, are readily visible. The
male genitalia present such a great variety of form that it is
difficult to homologize the several elements. A pair of stout
claspers arising from the tergum or sometimes fused to the
hypandrium is rather constant. A chitinized structure lying
mesally below the hypandrium is considered homologous with the
true parameres in other genera. It differs from the fused para-
meres of other genera, among other things, in the proximal por-
tion not being paired. It hardly seems to qualify as a true penis.
Species of Lachesilla inhabit dead and dying leaves, but some,
like L. pedicularia L. are found in a great variety of situations.
Key to Females of Lachesilla
1 — Arm-like gonapophyses present; fore wings unmarked 3
— Arm-like gonapophyses absent or vestigial; fore wings with brownish
spots at ends of veins 2
2 — Arm-like gonapophyses absent; distal portion of interior genital plate,
which is chitinized, W-shaped with the median part drawn out into
lateral points nubilis
— Arm-like gonapophyses appearing to be absent but very small — only an
oval spot at apex readily visible ; interior genital plate hexagonal, the
four distal angles drawn out into points punctata
3 — Wings with a distinct orange or tan cast but veins almost concolorous;
abdomen not striped, usually unmarked; length fore wings about
1.7 mm 4
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
345
— Wings hyaline or with faint orange or tan cast, veins distinct, darker :
abdomen usually striped 5
4 — Shape of subgenital plate not easily distinguishable in unstained speci-
mens, but an elongate lemon yellow part of the interior genital plate
readily visible forcepata n. sp.
— Outline of subgenital plate distinct, deep narrow cleft midway.
contraforcepata n. sp.
5 — A short, wide, forked plate medianly, the unbranched basal half fused
to subgenital plate; subgenital plate rather indistinct; length of fore
wings between 2.2 and 2.8 mm 6
— A single slender prong midway distally on subgenital plate; subgenital
plate distinctly chitinized, a less highly chitinized diamond-shaped
part distally; length of wings about 2.0 mm corona n. sp.
— No prong or forked plate fused externally to subgenital plate; either
small (length of wings 1.7 mm.) and subgenital plate distinct in out-
line or wings about 2 mm. long, genitalia as in forcepeta 8
6 — Interior genital plate strongly chitinized, roughly hexagonal; subgenital
plate less highly chitinized, strongest laterally; forked plate indistinct,
slender; length wings 2.7 mm.; gonapophyses arise directly from the
tergite rufa
— Interior genital plate indistinct, forked plate wide, short; gonapophyses
fused to a plate which is probably a continuation of interior genital
plate 7
'7 — Distal half of veins in fore wing brown, in striking contrast to the pale
basal portion; length fore wings 2.7 mm.; subgenital plate wide, of
definite outline; gonapophyses with nearly circular basal attachment
and almost covering plate to which they are fused arida n. sp.
— Veins pale throughout; length of wings 2.2 mm.; subgenital plate
weakly chitinized; plates to which gonapophyses fused extending con-
siderably caudo -laterally from base of gonapophyses silvicola n. sp.
8 — Form of subgenital plate readily visible; length of wings 1.7 mm., or
shorter 9
— Form of subgenital plate indistinct, elongate, yellowish portion of in-
terior genital plate visible, length of fore wings 2.0 mm. ; abdomen
somewhat striped forcepeta var. major n. sp. and n. var.
9 — Head with the usual group of dotted areas on vertex distinct; wings
subhyaline; a small plate with a large triangular cleft basally, fused
to apex of subgenital plate below; abdomen not definitely striped.
pacifica n. sp.
— Head uniformly golden brown or dark brown; wings hyaline; abdomen
typically ringed with gray pedicularia
Key to Males of Lachesilla
1 — Hypandrium greatly reduced; pincer-shaped arms give rise distally to
long, slender elaspers; fore wings with spots at end of veins 2
— Hypandrium large, or of moderate size ; wings unmarked 3
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
2 — A very large beak-shaped hook on suranal plate; claspers from pincer-
shaped arms extremely long and slender, strongly chitinized, sickle-
shaped punctata
— Weakly chitinized ear-like lobes on suranal plate; claspers from pincer-
shaped arms weakly chitinized, sword-shaped nubilis
3 — Hypandrium roughly rectangular, about three times wider than long,
fused parameres a straight unforked (or not appreciably so) rod, a
pair of strong curved claspers arising laterally independent of
hypandrium 4
— Parameres branched, usually Y-shaped; claspers fused to hypandrium 6
4 — Claspers strongly chitinized, awl-shaped pointing mesally 5
— Claspers less strongly chitinized, curved mesally, then arching out so
that the foot-like apex points laterally; wings pale orange, veins
almost concolorous; length of wings about 1.8 mm.
contraforcepeta n. sp.
5 — Wings pale orange, veins nearly concolorous; length about 1.6 mm.;
claspers wide at the base, distal portion only slightly twisted.
forcepeta n. sp.
— Wings subhyaline, veins distinct; about 1.8 mm. long; claspers only
moderately wide at base, distal portion much twisted.
forcepeta var. major n. sp. and n. var.
6 — Hypandrium large with narrow basal plate; prongs from hypandrium
arising laterally 7
■ — Prongs on hypandrium arising medianly 8
7 — Hypandrium very large, with a single pair of slender lateral claspers;
fused parameres Y-shaped with extremely long slender arms rufa
— Hypandrium deeply notched medianly, two pair of slender lateral
claspers; parameres Y-shaped, each arm branching again.
corona n. sp.
8 — Parameres Y-shaped; a pair of short, sharp-pointed claspers medianly;
a single small ventral-pointing hook on suranal plate pedicularia
— Parameres independent, lobe-like; a single spear-shaped clasper medianly
with its base consisting of three divisions; a pair of large asym-
metrical “horns” on dorsum . silvicola n. sp.
Lachesilla arida new species
Female :
Length of body 2.2 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.7 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.1 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Resembles silvicola in general appearance and markings and is closely
related to it. Wings hyaline. Veins in proximal half of wing pale yellow,
in distal half brown, thus producing a rather unusual contrast. M joined
to Cu for a short distance or by a short cross-vein. On the abdomen occur
the side markings of grey as in silvicola but an occasional dorsal mark
may be found.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
347
Genitalia (PI. XVII, Fig. 8) fairly distinct without staining. Similar
to silvicola with the following differences: the subgenital plate is of
definite outline being very broad but with a basal cleft midway; lateral
margin sloping mesally beyond the attachment, while the distal margin
is rather narrow, straight across. The pair of gonapophyses large, nearly
circular at the base, almost covering the lateral part of the plate to which
they are fused ; the distal part slender, blunt-pointed and considerably more
caudally than mesally directed. Sense tubercles on paraprocts dark purple.
Arizona: Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Sept. 2, 1927, 6 J,
in dead oak leaves (J. D. Hood.). Holotype and Paratypes.
Lachesilla contraforcepeta new species
Female :
Length of body 1.65 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.7 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae i.l mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Eesembles forcepata from which it may be distinguished by genitalial
characters. Head and thorax tan, abdomen dull white. Head and ap-
pendages generally tan with the dotted areas of the vertex a little darker
tan; genae pale; the clypeus indistinctly lineated. Antennae become darker
distally. Eyes dull bluish black.
Thorax including legs, tan, rather pale on dorsum, with sutures brown on
the pleurae; femora pale. Wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 19) unmarked, uniformly
faint tan or salmon. Pterostigma opaque, veins inconspicuous, tan. Hind
wings almost hyaline.
Abdomen usually dull white, but touched with purplish grey on the
sides. The subgenital plate (PI. XVII, Fig. 10) unlike forcepeta, is dis-
tinctly visible, being broad, with a narrow deep “ cleft” extending two-
thirds of its length; the distal margin wide and slightly concave, while
the lateral margin beyond the attachment bevelled. The subgenital plate
pilose except for a pair of small triangular lateral pieces distally. The
interior genital plate obscured by subgenital plate; the puncture is defined
by a rather wide chitinized ring. Gonapophyses bent strongly mesally,
narrow proximally and distally. Sense tubercles of paraprocts purple,
small. Suranal plate purplish, short, gently rounded distally.
Male:
Length of body 1.5 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.8 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.25 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Eesembles the female closely; eyes and antennae not appreciably larger,
abdomen slightly less robust. In this species the claspers (PI. XVIII,
Fig. 4) curve first mesally but bend out again to point laterally. Their
direction is directly opposed to the mesal direction of the claspers in
forcepeta which point serves as a ready means of distinguishing between
348
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviir
the two species. The basal three-fifths of the claspers considerably broader
than the distal two-fifths; terminally, the piece has a foot-like enlargement.
The hypandrimn a rather short plate with a convex distal margin; lying
directly ahead a pair of small, short, nearly triangular plates which end in
a rounded lobe-Uke part; the interval between these plates rather narrow,
deep and angular at the base. The parameres fused to form a notched rod.
Paraprocts give rise to slender curved mesally directed plates.
New York : Ithaca : Aug. 22, 1926, 23 5, 7 J1, 2 nymphs, on red
cedar; Aug. 8, 1925, 9 $, 8 J1, in dry leaves; July 11, 1926, 1 5 in
dead leaves on fallen tree, Holotype (J1) Allotype and Para-
types; Enfield Glen, Tompkins County, Aug. 23, 1925, 2 J, 2
Dauby, Oct. 19, 1924, 1 Montour Falls, Sept. 21, 1924, 1 §.
Maine: Sebasticook Lake, Aug. 24, 1925, 1 § (C. R. C) ; Win-
tersport, Aug. 29, 1925, 1 ?, 1J1 (C.R.C.).
Virginia: Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 (C. & B.) ; Spottswood,
Oct. 4, 1926, 7 ?, 4^ (C. & B.).
North Carolina: Lake Waccamaw, Oct. 21, 1926, 6 5, 1 J1 (C.
& B.) ; Davis Gap, Waynesville, Oct. 14, 1926, 1 J (C. & B.).
Wyoming : East Entrance to Yellowstone Park, Aug. 31, 1927,.
2?,1<? (C. R. C.).
This small species is sometimes found in very large numbers
in dead leaves of deciduous trees and on at least one conifer,
the cedar. The names assigned to this and its near relative L.
forcepeta were suggested from the shape of the claspers in the
male.
Lachesilla forcepeta new species
Female :
Length of body 1.6 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.6 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.1 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Very similar to contrafo^cepeta in size, color and general appearance,
the genitalial characters serving to distinguished the species. Subgenital
plate (PI. XVII, Fig. 2) indistinct in unstained material, but lying below
it distally, an elliptical yellowish portion of the inner genital plate dis-
tinctly visible, even in teneral forms. Upon staining, the subgenital plate
is found to be rather indistinct in outline but generally quadrate, the distal
margin wide and convex; entire plate pilose except for the distal marginal
strip and this narrows mesally. The pair of gonapophyses curved, blunt-
pointed, the proximal portion narrows at point of attachment.
Male:
Length of body 1.4 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
349
Length of fore wings 1.65 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.4 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
The pair of conspicuous claspers (PI. XVIII, Pig. 1) are awl-shaped ; the
basal half is wide and stout and then tapers down with a slight mesal twist,
straightens out and finally terminates pointing in a definite mesal direction.
Lying between the claspers at their base, the hypandrium, a wide, rather
short plate with a slightly concave distal margin; midway on this distal
margin a pair of small, lobe-like, weakly chitinized plates. The parameres
are fused to form a slender rod which ends at the distal margin of the
hypandrium. The sense tubercles of paraprocts of moderate size, rather
flat.
New York: Ithaca, Sept. 12, 1926, 1'2, Aug. 1, 1926, 1 2;
Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 1 2 ; Rockland Co., Sept. 10, 1925, 1 2?
1 nymph on juniper; Artists Lake, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926,
1 £ (Paratypes) ; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6, 1925, 11 2, 2 J1, on
dead oak leaves. Holotype {$) Allotype and Paratypes.
Kentucky: Brooklyn Bridge, June 29, 1925, 1 J1, beating
bushes; Valley View, June 28, 1925, 1 2, 2 J', beating bushes.
North Carolina : Base of Mt. Pisgah, Buncombe Co., Oct. 13,
1926, 2 2 (C. & B.).
Tennessee : Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Georgia: Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 2, 1 c? (C. & B.).
Florida : The Glen, Marion Co., Mar. 6, 1927, 6 2, 4 (M. D.
Leonard) .
Lachesilla forcepeta var. major new variety
Female :
Length of body 1.7 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.0 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.6 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Differs from forcepeta, as follows: is larger; definite rings of grey occur
on the abdomen; the wings are nearly hyaline, the veins distinct, stout. No
significant point of difference was found in the genitalia.
Male:
Length of body 1.5 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.8 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.5 mm. ave. of 3 individuals.
The claspers (PI. XVIII, Pig. 6) while closely resembling those in
forcepeta differ in that the basal portion is narrower, the distal portion is
longer and definitely more twisted.
350
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviil
Tennessee : Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 2 $, 1 g (C. & B.).
Virginia: Spottswood, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 J1 (C. & B.).
North Carolina : Summit of Big Bald, Pisgah Range, Oct. 13,
1926, 1 $ (C. & B.) ; Cowee Mts., Swain Co., Oct. 15, 1926, 1 $
(C. & B.).
Indiana : Tremont, Sand Dunes, July 24, 1926, 2 J1, 1 nymph,
in dry oak leaves.
Florida: The Glen, Marion Co., March 6, 1927, 11 5 (M. D.
Leonard).
Lachesilla corona new species
Female :
Length of body 1.85 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.0 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.5 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Head and thorax tan, abdomen dull white ringed or not with grey. Head
and appendages uniformly tan with the dotted areas of the vertex indis-
tinct, deeper tan. Eyes dull, bluish black.
Thorax: Uniformly tan throughout, including the legs; somewhat darker
on tergum with some paling on the pleurae. Wings unmarked, the fore
wings with a faint orange cast. Veins distinct, tan.
Abdomen whitish, coarsely striped or not with grey. In teneral speci-
mens a broken dark line extends along the sides of the abdomen, thorax,
and ending at the genae. Genitalia (PI. XVII, Fig. 4) characterized by a
broad readily visible subgenital plate bearing a diamond shaped, rather
weakly chitinized distal portion which bears a long, slender, straight prong.
Subgenital plate cleft apically. Interior genital plate large, diamond
shaped, almost completely obscured by the subgenital plate. Gonapophyses
long, slender, curved, somewhat swollen at base; the dorsal margin forms
a straight line when viewed from the side. Sense tubercles of paraprocts
of usual size, brown and purplish. Suranal plate elongate, evenly rounded
distally, the distal three-fifths more highly chitinized than basal portion.
Male :
Length of body 1.7 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.1 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.6 mm. ave. of 6 individuals.
Marked as female, and of much the same general appearance ; eyes
slightly larger and antennae somewhat more robust. Genitalia (PI. XVIII,
Fig. 11) symmetrical, hypandrium a large plate which is divided into a pair
of lateral pieces by a wide deep notch. These are united at the base where
a wide narrow plate is also fused. The fused parameres are Y-shaped and
strongly chitinized, each arm in turn giving rise to a long, less strongly
chitinized prong. Laterally from a distal point on each element of the
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
351
hypandrium arise two pairs of long slender arms. The inner pair closely
resembles the pair in rufa, bending strongly mesally and then twisting out
laterally again. The outer pair are twisted a little at the base but are
nearly straight throughout most of their length. Below and between the
sense tubercles, the paraprocts are reduced mesally to form a pair of short,
flat, blunt prongs.
New York: Hudson, July 15, 1926, 3 2 in dry leaves on fallen
tree ; Ithaca, Aug. 22, 1926, 2 J, 1 J' on red cedar Holotype, (J1)
Allotype Paratype, June 11, 1907, 2 2, 3 J1 “from round golden-
rod-gall Cage”; Enfield Center, Sept. 27, 1927, 1 J1 (Chester
Rea) on wood pile (mostly willow) ; Penn Yan, Sept. 29, 1926,
2 2, 1 <?; Wells ville, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 2; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6,
1925, 1 2 in dead oak leaves.
Virginia: Spottswood, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 (C. & B.).
This species is readily distinguished from the others by the
maze of antler-like prongs in the genitalia of the male.
Lachesilla nubilis (Aaron)
Ccecilius nubilis Aaron. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 38 : 13.
PL 1, Fig. 3.
Female :
Length of body 1.6 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.1 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.4 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Head: The dotted areas of vertex tan or brown according to
the individual ; the lateral ocelli margined mesally with a brown-
ish black crescent, the median ocellus with a similarly located
spot; clypeus appearing entirely tan, but actually lineated with
wide mesally directed tan lines with an uncolored crescent on the
anterior margin; gense tan paling anteriorly, labrum with some
brown. Maxillary palpus brown, the first segment pale. An-
tennal segments 1 and 2 and proximal half of 3 pale, then the
segments becoming tan deepening to brown distally. Eyes dull
black.
Thorax: Tergal lobes golden brown, pale tan in the sutures;
pleurae light brown with considerable fading to white. Legs
tan, tarsi light brown. Wings hyaline, (PI. XXI, Fig. 18) fore
wings marked with brown as follows: elongate spots at end of
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
veins to Cu2, inclusive, which narrow to points at the wing
margin; the distal half of the wing more or less clouded with
pale brown (not visible in some specimens) with hyaline cres-
cents or triangles at the wing margin between veins. Ptero-
stigma opaque of the usual shape. Veins brown, distinct.
Hind wings hyaline with small brown spots at end of veins.
Abdomen : Often strongly striped and generally overcast with
dark purplish grey. Genitalia (PI. XVII, Fig. 1) moderately
.distinct, characterized by the absence of the arm-like pair of
gonapophyses. Subgenital plate broad, definitely chitinized
laterally especially surrounding point of attachment. Margin
beyond attachment forming a flattened letter M. Fused to the
subgenital plate below, midway, a plate with a convex basal
margin and with a slight cleft midway ; it is composed of a pair
of roughly triangular side pieees. The interior genital plate
projects beyond the subgenital plate, the chitinized portion
forming the letter W, the lateral parts wide, blunt pointed, the
middle portion with strong laterally directed prongs which ex-
tend behind the lateral pieces ; the puncture is visible just be-
low the W-shaped part; interior genital plate broadly attached
to what is probably the eighth tergite. Sense tubercle of para-
procts rather large, brown.
Male :
Length of body 1.4 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.2 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.5 mm. measurement of 1 individual.
Generally identical with female in markings; eyes twice as
large ; markings on wings probably not as distinct or extensive.
Genitalia and terminal abdominal segments (PI. XVIII, Fig. 5)
symmetrical, occupying nearly a third of the abdomen. Strongly
chitinized, pincer-like projections extend mesally from the eighth
segment and from the longer basal prongs arise a pair of long
sword-shaped laterally directed claspers which are drawn out to
a fine point distally and are slender proximally. Between the
pincer-shaped pieces a small plate (hypandrium ?) with slightly
convex margins on all sides, the distal margin only half as wide
as the basal one. The parameres consist of a long, stout rod,
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
353
furcated at the base, somewhat belled out distally, but arising
directly from the belled out cavity a highly chitinized Y-shaped
structure. This forms the basal support for a pair of long,
narrow, twisted plates below which in turn lies a pair of curved,
slender arms which are not readily visible unless viewed later-
ally. Covering the Y-shaped support, a small plate with a con-
cave distal margin except for a peak midway, while the basal
margin is convex and the lateral margins with a notch near
base. Sense tubercles brown, of moderate size, arising between
them a pair of small, blunt, highly chitinized prongs. On the
suranal plate a weakly chitinized structure which when viewed
in profile consists of a pair of ear-like lateral lobes separated by
a straight median portion.
Texas: “ Southern Texas, one specimen discovered while beat-
ing a live oak thicket7’ (Aaron) P. A. N. S. Holotype.
Oklahoma: Comanche Co. 6 § 4 (T. H. Hubbell).
Tennessee: Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.) taken at light
of Coca-cola stand ; Summit of Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10, 1926, 1 2 1 c?
(C. &B.).
North Carolina : Frying Pan Gap, Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 13, 1926,
12 (C. &B.).
Florida: Orlando, Jan., 2 ^ (0. C. McBride).
An examination of the types of Ccecilius nubilis Aaron showed
the absence of hairs on the wing which places the species in
Lachesilla: L. nubilis and pitnctata appear to be closely related
as indicated by the genitalia and wing markings.
Lachesilla pacifica new species
Female :
Length of body 1.5 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.7 mm. ave. of 4 individuals.
White, marked with brown and purplish grey.
Head: The dotted areas on vertex distinct; clypeus lineated with faint
brown with an unmarked crescent on the anterior margin ; genae and labrum
white with a faint brown streak on genae. Maxillary palpus brown. ' Eyes
dull black.
Thorax brown above on tergal lobes, paling at sutures; coxae and dorsal
half of pleurae brown, ventral half pale. Legs pale, tarsi somewhat darker.
Wings unmarked, subhyaline. Veins brown, distinct. Pterostigma opaque,
of moderate depth.
354
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Abdomen with a purplish grey cast on the sides; sometimes assuming
form of stripes. Subgenital plate (PI. XVII, Fig. 5) readily visible, five-
sided with a blunt, slightly concave apex. Lying below the subgenital plate
at its apex a rather strongly chitinized small plate with a triangular cleft at
its base. Gonapophyses blunt-pointed, broadly attached; somewhat con-
stricted just beyond attachment; the piece is bent to face mesally. Sense
tubercles of paraprocts small, purplish. Suranal plate roughly heart-
shaped.
Washington: Seattle, Aug. 7, 1927, 5 2 (C. R. C.) Holotype
and Paratypes.
Lachesilla pedicularia Linne
A nearly complete synonymy of this species appears in Ender-
lein, G. Catt. Coll. Selys Longchamps Pasc. 3 Part 3 : 16-
19. 1915.
Female ( macropterous ) :
Length of body 1.55 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.7 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.3 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
This cosmopolitan species shows considerable variation in size,
intensity and extent of coloration.
Typically the head, thorax, their appendages and the terminal
abdominal segments and genitalia golden brown, abdomen dull
white, ringed with distinct greyish brown stripes which are
usually confined to the tergites.
Head : Uniformly shining golden brown ranging to a very deep
brown ; paling at genae and labrum. Eyes small, dull black.
Thorax : Uniformly golden brown ranging to dark brown, with
some paling on pleurae. Legs light brown throughout. Wings
(PI. XXI, Fig. 17) hyaline, iridescent. Pterostigma opaque, of
usual shape. Veins distinct, brown.
Abdomen dull white, usually distinctly striped with greyish
brown. In some individuals the stripes narrow, or almost
lacking, while on the other extreme they may be broad, almost
touching each other, and dark purplish brown in color ; a rather
characteristic indication of a mid-dorsal line. Genitalia (PI.
XVII, Fig. 11) relatively strongly chitinized, making the parts
readily visible. The subgenital plate wide, with a median notch
Dec., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
355
basally; the distal margin convex, even slightly blunt-pointed.
The puncture on the interior genital plate is made visible by a
wide border of chitinization. Gonapophyses of moderate pro-
portions, blunt pointed, directed mostly mesally; rather wide
for a short distance proximally. Sense tubercles of paraprocts
brown, inconspicuous. Suranal plate short, wide, blunt pointed.
Female ( brachypterous ) :
Length of body 1.7 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings .9 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.25 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Short- winged females (PL XXI, Fig. 10) are commonly found
where the species breeds. Wings reduced in all directions ;
veins distinct in both pairs of wings and retaining all the vena-
tional characters of the genus. Brachypterous females are prob-
ably not capable of flight ; in my collections they have been taken
exclusively where the species breeds. The abdomen is probably
more plump on the average than macropterous females.
Male :
Length of body 1.35 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.65 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.55 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
(Individuals with wings only 1.1 mm. long have been found
but 1.65 mm. is a fair average length for normal males.)
Resembles female, less robust; antennae more robust, eyes
small, of same size as female. The genitalia distinct, brown,
concolorous with head and thorax. Markings on abdomen prob-
ably not as extensive or intensive as female.
Genitalia (PI. XVIII, Fig. 2) symmetrical consisting of a wide
short plate composed of two parts: a basal portion or hypan-
drium triangular in outline, the base of the triangle being the
wide nearly straight basal margin of the compound piece — a
slight ridge occurs midway; the distal part consists of a pair of
claspers, the basal portions of which are nearly fused to the hy-
pandrium. Running diagonally at this point a pair of highly
chitinized strips which distally nearly meet and there twist
laterally giving rise to sharp, caudally pointing prongs. The
fused parameres Y-shaped. Basal portion stout extending be-
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
hind the hypandrium ; the branches long, very slender and
drawn out to fine points. The* sense tubercles rather larger than
usual, paraprocts giving rise to small, ventro-mesally directed
plates. Distally on suranal plate arises a small ventrally point-
ing hook while just cephalic of its base a small puncture.
New York: Ithaca, Oct. 3, 1925, 1 5 (T. C. Barnes) sweeping
grass, Sept. 10, 1925, 2 ? 2 (P. P. Babiy), Aug. 13, 1926, 1 $
(P. P. Babiy), Sept. 5, 1926, 1 ^ (P. P. Babiy) Aug. 30, 1924,
1 J1 indoors, Sept. 23, 1926, 1 (K. C. Sullivan) floating dead
in Beebe Lake; Hadley, Aug. 15, 1925, 1 (T. C. Barnes) in
box containing white pine shoots ; Enfield Center, Sept. 27, 1927,
35 § (10 brachypterous) 22 J' (Chester Rea) breeding under
loose bark on wood (mostly willow) in woodpile ; McLean Reser-
vation, Argus Brook, Sept. 16, 1924, 1 J* (Sibley) ; Moravia,
Sept. 3, 1922, 1 $ 7 (T. Helen MacLean) ; Rock City, Sept.
16, 1925, 1 in dead leaves ; Montour Falls, Sept. 21, 1924, 1 ;
Richburg, Sept. 16, 1925, 1 J 2 ^ in dead leaves; West Barre,
Sept. 19, 1925, 3 5 in dead leaves ; Stow, Sept. 17, 1925, 1 in a
dead leaf ; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 J' in a dead leaf ; Penn
Yan, July 5, 1926, 1 J (C. R. C.) ; Upper Red Hook, Aug. 28,
1925, 1 J 1 , on barn wall ; Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3,
1926, 1 J1; Lake George, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 (M. D. Leonard) ;
Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 1 $ in dead leaves;
Medina, Sept. 16, 1927, 4 5 1 (M. D. Leonard) occurring in
large numbers on corn.
Maine: Sebasticook Lake, Aug. 26, 1925, 20 § 1 J* (C. R. C.)
in damp hay.
Vermont: Woodstock, Sept, 1925, 5 J* (A. M. Nadler) in barn.
Pennsylvania: Arendtsville, Aug. 23, 1922, 1 ^ (S. W. Frost)
taken from the stomach of the frog Hyla pickeringii Holbrook.
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 24 5 (12 brachypterous)
29 and 11 nymphs. Breeding in large numbers in moist straw
and debris in old houses; Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 31 2 18 cf
large numbers stuck in paint on house.
North Carolina: Jacksonville, Oct. 23, 1926, 1 (C. & B.) ;
Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 14, 1926, 1 5 (C. & B.).
Utah: Logan, July 3, 1926, 1 $ (J. G. Needham).
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
357
Washington: Longmire, Aug. 22, 1927, 1 (C. R. C.).
Among the winged members of the Corrodentia, L. pedicularia
is probably the most numerically common and widespread. It
is found in most of the inhabited portions of the world. It
breeds indoors and out, occurring in a great variety of situations.
At times great swarms appear which rival the flights of migrat-
ing aphids. I have seen newly painted houses entrap thousands
of this psocid. L. pedicularia not infrequently appears in Eco-
nomic literature. It is occasionally an important household pest,
breeding in furniture and mattresses stuffed with plant parts and
where it usually is associated with Trogium pulsatorium L. and
Liposcelis divinitorius Miill.
The rather unusual variation in size markings and presence
of specialized forms has led to the creation of many synonyms.
Lachesilla punctata (Banks)
Elipsocus punctatus Banks. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 32 : 1. 1905.
Female :
Length of body 2.2 mm.
Length of fore wings 2.4 mm.
Length of antennae 1.6 mm.
Head: Dotted areas of vertex brown; clypeus dull orange,
lineated with darker orange the lines directed mesally; labrum
brown; genae whitish with a small white spot below the eye.
Eyes a phosphorescent greenish blue. Antennae brown, dark
distally, pale proximally. Maxillary palpus brown, each seg-
ment becoming progressively darker distally.
Thorax : Generally brown with several whitish areas on
dorsum. Legs pale, tarsi and distal portion of tibiae brown.
Wings hyaline, with brown spots at the end of veins R2+3 to M3
inclusive. The spots are roughly heart-shaped. Veins dark
brown margined with brown distally, pale proximally. Hind
wing hyaline, with a faint brown spot at end of viens.
Abdomen dull whitish, broad and coarsely ringed with brown-
ish grey. Terminal abdominal segments and genitalia (PI.
XVII, Fig. 12) distinctly chitinized. Subgenital plate large,
somewhat hexagonal in form and distally superimposes a plate
358
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxyiii
the basal margin of which is strongly ehitinized. These two
plates fuse distally to form long lateral lobes between which
lies a membranous quadrate piece. Lying just below these
terminal pieces the distally ehitinized roughly hexagonal in-
terior genital plate with the basal side deeply cleft and the
four distal angles produced into sharp prongs ; the puncture
lies in the distal two-fifths. Gonapophyses degenerated into
insignificant, slender arms, the oval distal portion only being
distinctly visible. Sense tubercles on paraprocts dark purple.
Suranal plate elongate, lobe-like.
Male :
Length of wings 3.0 mm.
Similar in markings to female.
Genitalia (PL XVIII, Fig. 8) symmetrical. Arising at ter-
mination of narrow pincher-shaped projections, a pair of ex-
tremely long and slender sickle-shaped claspers. The ninth
segment completely bridged ventrally by an elaborated U-shaped
part. The fused parameres consist of a long slender rod which
forks distally, each fork terminating in a foot-like enlargement.
The distal two-fifths of parameres covered by a small heart-
shaped hypandrium. Sense tubercles of paraprocts small, bear-
ing mesally a short, straight, upward pointed prong. Suranal
plate produced into a single very large beak-shaped piece, broad
at base and apex pointed ventrally.
California: San Mateo Co. 7 specimens (Baker) Holotype ($)
Allotype, Paratypes. M. C. Z.
Arizona: Prescott, Aug. 23, 1927, 1 § at light (J. D. Hood).
This species was originally placed in Elipsocus by Banks but
an examination of type material revealed that it should be
assigned to Lachesilla. The female used here may not be
punctata. It was only possible to examine critically the one
female from Prescott, Arizona, which superficially was similar
to the male paratype studied but the wing measures .5 mm.
shorter.
Lachesilla rufa (Walsh)
P(socu)s rufus Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2: 185. 1863.
Ccecilius rufus Hagen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16: 206.
1866.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
359
Pterodela rufa Enderlein. Stett. Ent. Zeit, 67 : 319. 1906.
Ccecilius impactus Aaron. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 38 : 14.
1886.
Female :
Length of body 2.3 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.7 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 2. 0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Head : Dotted areas of vertex tan, moderately distinct ;
clypeus dull orange due to the indistinct lineation of broad,
broken, mesally directed lines; labrum pale orange; genae white
obscurely touched with tan. Maxillary palpus light brown,
last segment darkest. Antennae pale in proximal segments
darkening to brown distally. Eyes dull bluish black.
Thorax : Tan with considerable fading to pale orange or
white both on the tergal lobes and on the pleurae. Legs pale,
tarsi light brown. Wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 16) unmarked, hy-
aline with possibly a faint orange tint. Veins slender, pale
brown; M, Rs and branches darker. In some specimens Rs
joined to M at point. Veins in hind wings pale.
Abdomen: White, coarsely ringed with grey, venter pale. In
the genitalia (PI. XVII, Fig. 9) the interior genital plate
hexagonal in outline and strongly chitinized, being readily
visible even in teneral forms. The subgenital plate rather
weakly chitinized except laterally. Midway distally is borne
a small forked plate of which the forked portion occupies the
distal half of the process. (This plate not readily seen in un-
stained material.) The gonapophyses large, straight, rather
broadly attached, tapering down gradually to the apex. The
puncture on the interior genital plate lies about midway and
it is framed by a chitinized yoke. Sense tubercles of paraprocts
rather small, dark purple. Suranal plate elongate, evenly
rounded distally.
Male :
Length of body 1.9 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.75 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennas 2.45 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
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Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Closely resembles female in markings. The antennae more
robust, but the eyes are not appreciably larger. Abdomen
shorter and much less robust than female, truncate distally.
Genitalia (PL XVIII, Pig. 3) symmetrical. The hypandrium
very large, slightly more highly chitinized in the basal three-
fifths, the distal margin concave with a narrow, strongly chiti-
nized margin. At the base of the hypandrium a small narrow
plate. A pair of conspicuous curved claspers arise laterally of
the hypandrium, lying along its lateral margin curving strongly
mesally and then dorsally and laterally. The parameres fused,
Y-shaped, consisting of a short base and extremely long and
slender arms. Sense tubercles of paraprocts of usual size while
below and between these a pair of short, straight, dorsally
directed prongs.
New York : Ithaca, Sept. 12, 1925, 1 J 1 J' in dead oak and
poplar leaves ; Penn Yan, Sept. 29, 1926, 4 J, Aug. 2, 1925, 1 § ;
Richburg, Sept. 16, 1926, 12 J 1 J' in dry leaves; Rock City,
Sept., 1925, 6 $ in dead leaves ; West Barre, Sept. 19, 1925, 2 £
in dead leaves ; Barcelona, Sept. 19, 1925, 11 J 3 in dead leaves ;
Silver Creek, Sept. 18, 1926, 6 5 5 in dead leaves; Geneseo,
Sept. 20, 1925, 8 § in dead leaves and on dead cedar branches;
Elmira, Oct. 1, 1925, 8 § 8 ^ in dead oak and chestnut leaves ;
Stow, Sept. 17, 1925, 7 § 5 , £ in dead leaves; Rochester, Oct. 8,
1927, 6 § 2 , J' (J. D. Hood) beating miscellaneous trees.
Indiana : Tremont, July 24, 1926, 1 5 in dry oak leaves. Sand
Dunes.
Virginia: Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 3 5 1 S (C. & B.).
North Carolina: Andrews, Oct. 17, 1926, 1 J' (C. & B.) ; Sum-
mit of Big Bald, Pisgah Range, Oct. 13, 1926, 1 J1 (C. & B.) ;
Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 14, 1926, 1 $ (C. & B.) ; Wayah Bald, Macon
Co., Oct. 16, 1296, 1 J' (C. & B.) ; Base of Mt. Pisgah, Buncombe
Co., Oct. 13, 1926, 2 $ (C. & B.).
Tennessee : Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 2 J1 (C. & B.) ; Laurel Creek, Sevier Co., Oct. 8, 1926,
21 ? 2 (C. & B.) ; Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 1 J (C. & B.) taken
at light of Coca-cola stand; Summit of Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 2 $ (C. & B.).
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
361
Georgia: Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 § (C. & B.) ; Top of Blue
Bidge at Towns and Babun Co. line, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 $ (C. & B.).
Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, 1 $ (Aaron) Holotype of Ccecilius
impactus. P. A. N. S.
The type of rufa is non-existant. In Walsh’s description he
indicates that the species measures 3.25 mm. “length to tip of
wings.” This relatively large size, together with Walsh’s short
description is sufficient to identify the species. L. rufa is exceed-
ingly common in the dead or dying leaves of deciduous trees.
Aaron’s Ccecilius impactus is a male of L. rufa.
Lachesilla silvicola new species
Pemale :
Length of body 1.8 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.15 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.4 mm. ave. of 5 individuals.
Head: Dotted areas of vertex light brown; a small brownish area on
front touching the median ocellus; a brown ring around antennal socket,
extending from which a short brown line touching eye midway and a longer
parallel line below eye; clypeus with a large triangular white area pos-
teriorly and a crescent-shaped paling along anterior margin. The remain-
ing lateral areas lineated with broad tan; genae, except for line below eye,
dull white ; labrum unmarked. Maxillary palpus pale, last segment light
brown. Eyes dull bluish black. Antennae pale at base, light brown dis-
tally.
Thorax: Mostly dull white above, tergal lobes white margined with pale
brown ; pleurae brown at, and bordering sutures, a longitudinal broken brown
line midway (especially noticeable on teneral forms). Legs pale, tarsi
golden brown. Wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 9) unmarked, hyaline. Pterostigma
opaque, of usual shape. Veins pale throughout, becoming light brown dis-
tally. M and Cu typically united at a point.
Abdomen: Dull white above with stripes of greyish brown on the sides,
fading caudally. (The abdomen of specimens at hand covered with white
patches. The specimens were collected into 95% alcohol, which may be
responsible for the condition.) Genitalia (PI. XVII, Fig. 3) not readily
visible in unstained material. On the subgenital plate, arising midway, a
small forked plate similar to the structure in arida and rufa — short and
wide as in arida. Upon staining, the subgenital plate is found to be rather
indefinite in outline, the distal margin wide and convex; cephalic to the
forked plate, the subgenital plate pilose, while the large distal elliptical
area non-pilose. Interior genital plate diamond-shaped with a highly
chitinized turned under flap basally and an infuscated area apically and
around the puncture. Gonapophyses short, blunt-pointed, and with a swol-
len basal portion at attachment to plate. This plate is fused with the distal
362
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxyiii
portion of the interior genital plate and extends considerably caudo-later-
ally of the gonapophyses. Sense tubercules of paraprocts small, brown.
Male :
Length of body 1.5 mm.
Length of fore wings 2.4 mm.
Markings as in female ; more slender throughout ; eyes not appreciably
larger. Genitalia (PI. XVIII, Fig. 12) asymmetrical. Hypandrium a large
roughly rectangular plate which has a deep crescent-shaped, less highly chit-
inized part distally. Fused to this plate midway — and outside — a pair of
lateral strips and a long median strip giving rise to a large clasper with a
spear-shaped apical portion. (In the single specimen available the point
turns to the left.) The parameres lying just below the spear-shaped apex in-
dependent, each element being stout, blunt-pointed, upward directed prongs.
Laterally beyond the median plate a pair of small lobe-like plates (the
claspers of other members of the genus?) with a sense field proximally.
Dorsally a pair of asymmetrical twisted prongs which arise mesally from
small swollen areas; dorsally of these the suranal plate, a small, highly
chitinized, convex, elongate plate, rounded distally and constricted proxi-
mally.
Washington: Seattle, Aug. 7, 1927, 4 $ 1 (C. R. C.) Holo-
type ($) ; Allotype, Paratypes. Longmire, Aug. 22, 1927, 63
§ (C. R. C). Paratypes; Edmonds, Aug. 16, 1927, 13 J (C.
R. C.). Paratypes.
Subfamily Bertkauiinae
Bertkauia Kolbe 1882
Type : B. lucifuga Rambur 1882.
Female apterous (male unknown to me). Segments of thorax
nearly uniform in size. Legs unarmed by ctenidia, tarsi two
segmented, segments long. Head elongate, narrow, (especially
between the eyes) clypeus convex but relatively flat. Ocelli
absent. Antennas thirteen- jointed. Buccal rods stout, very
prominent ; distally they are flattened and so twisted that the
flattened surface faces dorso-mesally ; the distal margin is
strongly chitinized and produced into eight or more short teeth
which from their disposition would suggest a saw-like function.
Abdomen very large. In genital processes (PI. XIX, Fig. 9)
an indication of three pairs of gonapophyses. Lateral surface
of paraprocts flat, triangular and without sense tubercles.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
363
Bertkauia lepicidinaria new species
Female :
Length of body 3.0 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 3.0 mm. ave. of 10 indivduals.
Head: Vertex orange suffused with brown which deepens anteriorly, a
large median U-shaped mark of pure orange; remainder of head dark brown
with the genae palest except for a dark spot anteriorly. An elongate
fuscous spot ahead of eye, which extends slightly beyond the base of an-
tennae (not distinguishable in deeply colored specimens). A deep pit
below antennae. Antennae dark brown, sparsely clothed with long hair, the
first segment distally with a shield-shaped membranous area. Maxillary
palpus long, slender, dark brown throughout. Eyes small, dull bluish black.
Thorax dull white above ; medianly on tergum of prothorax a pair of
conspicuous hairs while the tergum of meso- and metathorax sparsely pilose.
Pleurae dark brown and likewise the legs; tarsal claws long, slender, with a
long inner proximal spine.
Abdomen dull yellowish white marked with brown suffused with grey.
The pigment is typically distributed as follows: venter pale; on the sides a
large, irregular spot or stripe which is distinct cephalicly and narrows or
fades out caudally; stripes extending dorsally from this spot at the sutures
(they usually fade out well before the dorso-median line) ; above medianly,
elongate, diamond-shaped marks centering on the suture between segments
1 and 2, 2 and 3, while on segments 5 and 6 two long, broad bands which
narrow down to a triangular mark on 7 and a line on 8. Abdomen strongly
pilose, the hairs roughly arranged in two rows to a segment; hairs on dor-
sum several times longer than those on venter.
Genital processes (PI. XIX, Fig. 8) brown. The subgenital plate V-
shaped with a blunt pointed apex. Gonapophyses consisting of two distinct
pairs (PI. XIX, Fig. 9). The ventral gonapophyses long, slender blades
which gradually widen distally and are then suddenly produced into a sharp
drawn out point. The other pair of gonapophyses consist of two parts,
the proximal portion probably representing the lateral gonapophyses and
the distal piece the dorsal gonapophyses. The basal portion is broad,
elongate, convex and bears a staggered row of from 5 to 7 (possibly more
or less) spines along the lateral margin; the distal part is twisted mesally
at right angles (attached to the basal part by a slender neck) and consists
of a broad, hook-like basal portion and an extremely long and finely drawn
out distal portion. Paraprocts triangular, pilose on distal half and especi-
ally along this margin. Suranal plate dull orange, nearly semicircular in
form, pilose.
New York: Ithaca, 1926 collections: Aug. 6, 15 5, Aug. 15,
7 2, Aug. 22, 11 J, Sept. 26, 7 2 3 nymphs. On large stones in
shade. Holotype and Paratypes. Penn Yan, Aug. 29, 1926,
34 2 3 nymphs on large stones in shade ; Michigan Mills, Lewis
364
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 24 J on stones in stone wall; Hunter, Aug.
16, 1925, 11 5 1 nymph on stones; Penn Yan, Ang. 2, 1925,
11 5 5 nymphs on large stones.
Kentucky: Lexington, July 15, 1925, 2 § (L. Giovannoli).
Bertkauia crosbyana new species
Eemale :
Length of body 2.3 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennse 2.15 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Similar to lepicidinaria, differing from it principally in size, markings
(mostly abdominal) and habitat. This species averages fully .5 mm.
shorter. It is almost invariably found in leaf mold while its relative ap-
pears to be confined almost exclusively to stones. The genitalia are so
similar as to appear identical.
In most specimens of Bertkauia crosbyana there is a distinct contrast
between the almost uniform creamy white or violet of the abdomen and the
dark brown of head, thorax, genitalia, and the appendages. Neither the
broad brown bands on the fifth and sixth tergites nor the clear-cut markings
on segments 1-3, appearing in lepicidinaria, are found on crosbyana. In
darker individuals a greyish violet spot lies anteriorly on the sides of the
abdomen; these spots may widen, fuse and continue across the dorsum at
segments 1-3. In still other individuals all the tergites are uniformly
greyish violet. No dark spots by the antenna} and on genae appear in
crosbyana ; the head is frequently almost uniform brown with little or no
trace of orange on the vertex.
New York : Ithaca Aug. 1, 1926, 2 5 1 nymph, Sept. 26, 1926,
1 5, July 12, 1925, 34 5 8 nymphs in leaf mold, Aug. 1, 1926,
2 5 1 nymph. Holotype Paratypes. McLean, July 31, 1926,
2 $ 1 nymph under stones; Penn Yan, Aug. 29, 1926, 1 §;
Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 6 $ ; Wading River,
L. I., Sept. 19, 1926, 10 5 H nymphs (A. M. Boyce) sifting
leaves; Baiting Hollow, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926, 1 } (A. M.
Boyce) ; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 5 $ ; Penn Yan, Aug. 2, 1925,
8 $ 1 nymph; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 5, 1925, 18 5 (Augusta
Wolf) sifting leaves; Ringwood, Tompkins Co., July 13, 1925,
2 nymphs, sifting leaves; Olcott, Sept. 19, 1925, 1 § (C. R. C.) ;
Wawbeek, July 26, 1925, 2 nymphs (C. R. C.) sifting leaves;
Hague, Sept. 16, 1925, 1 § (M. D. Leonard) ; Stow, Sept. 17,
1925, 8 J1 nymph (C. R. C.) ; Tuxedo, Oct. 7, 1925, 4 5
(Augusta Wolf) sifting leaves; Enfield Glen, Aug. 23, 1925, 4 J
(Augusta Wolf) sifting leaves; Larchmont, Sept. 25, 1925, 1 §
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
365
(Augusta Wolf) ; Eock City, Sept. 16, 1925, 2 § (C. E. C.) sift-
ing leaves; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 J (C. E. C.) sifting
leaves; Potter, July 16, 1926, 7 5 1 nymph (C. E. C.) sifting
leaves; Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 5 J (C. E. C.) ;
Mt. McIntyre, Essex Co., July 24, 1925, 8 nymphs (C. E. C.)
sifting leaves ; Adirondack Lodge, Essex Co., July 23, 1925, 2 §
1 nymph (C. & B.).
Maine: Island Falls, Aug. 16, 1925, 1 J (C. E. C.) ; Molunkus
Pond, Aug. 25, 1925, 3 $ (C. E. C.).
New Hampshire: Littleton, Aug. 19, 1925, 1 £ (C. E. C.) ;
Base Station, Mt. Washington, Aug. 18, 1925, 6 J 1 nymph
(C. E. C.).
Minnesota: Lake Minnetonka, Sept., 1925, 7 J 3 nymphs (F.
C. Fletcher).
Illinois: Belleville, Aug. 12, 1 J (C. E. C.).
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 11 J 1 nymph (C. E. C.)
sifting leaves.
South Carolina: Sumter, Oct. 20, 1926, 2 { 6 nymphs (C.
E. C.).
Florida : Dunedin, Dec. 15-Jan. 8, 1925-26, 1 § (W. S. Blatch-
ley) ; Micanopy, March 6, 1927, 1 J (T. H. Hubbell).
Mississippi : Oxford, Sept., 1905, 1 £
Subfamily Peripsocinas
Peripsocus Hagen 1866
Type : P. phceopterous Stephens 1836.
In Peripsocus, Cu is unbranched and in the hind wing M is
fused to Cu for a variable distance ; the veins and wing margins
are unhaired. The genitalia of the female resemble Psocus. A
definite ovipositor is present consisting of a distinct egg-guide,
concave dorsal gonapophyses, slender ventral gonapophyses and
ear-like lateral gonapophyses. The male genitalia are sym-
metrical resembling in form other Cseciliidge rather than Psocus.
Paraprocts small, not produced into claspers. Parameres very
large and highly chitinized ; suspended between them a complex
structure which may be a true penis.
366
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Key to Peripsocus
1 — Length of fore wings about 1.4 mm. (body 1.5 mm .) ...stagnivagus n. sp.
— Length of fore wings about 2.5 mm. or more (body 2.1 mm.). 2
2 — Vertex with a conspicuous pair of fuscous spots in addition to usual
dotted areas. Gense also with fuscous spot madidus
— Not so marked 3
3 — Fore wings uniformly deep fumose fumosus
— Fore wings marked with hyaline, greyish brown and dark brown 4
4 — Fore wings with three hyaline or subhyaline bands quadrifasciatus
— Fore wings spotted, little or no indications of bands madescens
Peripsocus fumosus Banks
Peripsocus fumosus Banks. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11 : 237.
1903.
This Colorado species has uniformly brown wings, a character
which is sufficient to separate it from the known members of
this genus. The head of the female holotype is brown with a
pair of faint darker spots behind ocelli and with faint mesally
directed lines on the clypeus.
Colorado: “S. W. Colo.” 1 $ (Oslar) M. C. Z. Holotype.
Peripsocus madescens (Walsh)
P{socu)s madescens Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2: 186.
1863.
Peripsocus madescens Hagen. Yerh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16:
210. 1866.
Female :
Length of body 2.1 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.5 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.45 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Similar to P. quadrifasciatus in markings and in general
appearance, more intensely colored throughout. Wings (Pl.
XXI, Fig. 2) bear a characteristic pattern of irregular areas of
hyaline, greyish brown, and dark brown; there are no definite
bands. In general two dark brown irregular spots are found
in the larger cells while in the smaller ones (pterostigma, R3,
M-,, and M2) a single spot. Two or more hyaline spots are found
in each cell. These spots vary in size and shape, and to some
extent, in distribution, with each specimen. The greyish brown
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
367
borders the veins and covers those portions of the wings not
mentioned. Veins distinct, dark brown. Hind wing uniformly
pale greyish brown.
Abdomen whitish or frequently marked coarsely and profusely
with grey or purplish grey. Genitalia brown (PL XIX, Fig.
1). The subgenital plate is an inverted V in shape and is com-
posed of two parts; the basal portion consists of the pair of
rather wide lateral plates which are united distally and there
delimited by a wide, concave margin. The distal portion or egg-
guide is short, constricted proximally, then gradually narrows to
a blunt pointed apex; a pair of strongly chitinized strips extend
about halfway along the lateral margin and a larger and slightly
longer part extends cephalad (where they are visible below
each lateral plate of the subgenital plate). The lateral gonapo-
physes very small, pilose and lobe-like. The projection from the
rod between the lateral and dorsal gonapophyses long, slender —
a flattened L in shape. Suranal plate almost equilateral trian-
gular in shape, with a small non-chitinized triangle proximally.
New York : Ithaca, July 11, 1926, 3 2, Aug. 6, 1926, 1 J, Aug.
24, 1924, 4 2, Sept. 6, 1926, 4 2, Sept. 12, 1926, 1 2, Sept. 26,
1926, 1 2; Woodwardia Swamp, Tompkins Co., Aug. 10, 1924,
5 2; McLean Reservation, July 16, 1924, 1 2; Enfield Center,
Sept. 30, 1927, 2 2 (Chester Rea) on willow woodpile; Little
Valley, Sept. 17, 1926, 1 2 ; Penn Yan, Aug. 2, 1925, 2 2 ; Wells-
ville, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 2; Howard, July 5, 1924, 3 2; Richburg,
Sept. 16, 1925, 1 2; Cinnamon Lake, Schuyler Co., July 4, 12,
1924, 5 2 ; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 5 2 miscellaneous beating ;
Ballston Lake, July 14, 1926, 1 2 ; Fairhaven, Sept. 7, 1924,
1 2 ; Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 27 2 heating,
mostly spruce ; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 7 2 ; Paul
Smiths, Aug. 31, 1927, 43 2 beating, mostly larch and spruce ;
Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 4 2 on larch ; Whetstone
Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 11 2 on dead hemlock; Adiron-
dack Lodge, Essex Co., Sept. 2, 1927, 4 2-
Maine: Houlton, Aug. 26, 1925, 1 2 (C. R. C.).
Illinois: Belleville, Aug. 12, 1926, 1 2 (C. R. C.).
North Carolina: Blowing Rock, Oct. 10, 1923, 1 2 (C. & B.).
368
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviil
Georgia: Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 J (C. & B.).
Florida: The Glen, Marion Co., Mar. 6, 1927, 8 5 (M. D.
Leonard) ; Micanopy, Mar. 6, 1927, 1 § (Borrows).
The description given by Walsh of madescens is sufficient to
distinguish the species; the types are non-existant. Madescens
is commonly found on dead or partially dead spruce, balsam,
hemlock and larch but is occasionally found on other trees. The
male is unknown to me. P. alboguttatus Dalman of Europe is
closely related, or possibly identical with madescens.
Peripsocus madidus Hagen
Psocus madidus Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. of N. America, p. 12,
1861. ( Partim ).
P(socu)s permadidus Walsh. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2: 185.
1863.
Peripsocus madidus Hagen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16: 210.
1866.
Peripsocus permadidus Banks. Cat. Neuropt. Ins. p. 8, 1907.
Female ( macropterous ) :
Length of body 2.35 mm. ave. of 21 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.55 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.65 mm. ave. of 21 individuals.
Readily distinguished by the presence of a pair of dark fuscous
spots on the vertex and by the single shade of pale greyish brown
clouding the wings. (PI. XXI, Fig. 4).
Head : In addition to the pair of dark spots on the vertex, the
ocelli are completely covered by a large dark brown or black
spot; the dotted areas on vertex indistinct; normally there is a
small fuscous spot anteriorly on genae; clypeus as in the other
species, lineated with golden brown, in some individuals an area
bordering the lateral margins, darker; labrum dark brown or
black. Eyes small, dull bluish black.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining dark brown or black, the median
lobe less intensely colored ; legs pale, tibia and tarsi light brown.
Fore wing clouded with a single shade of pale greyish brown
whereas in quadrifasciatus and madescens two shades are pres-
ent. Two illy defined hyaline bands are distinguishable: a
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
369
rather broad one across the middle of the wing involving the
basal half of the pterostigma ; a narrower one dividing the basal
half of the wing. Veins stout, light brown. Hind wings nearly
hyaline with the veins faintly margined with pale greyish brown.
Abdomen white, banded with coarse, broad, broken lines of
grey or purplish brown. The stripes are confined to tergites.
Genitalia (PI. XIX, Fig. 3) deep golden brown. Subgenital
plate an inverted and spread U-shaped plate with the lateral
pieces rather narrow. At the base of the “U” a wide, slightly
concave line, showing where the plate is bent dorsally; there it
consists of a pair of lateral triangular pieces separated by a
large central triangular or diamond-shaped non-chitinized area
which is so conspicuous as to be useful in recognizing the species
at a glance. The distal portion of the subgenital plate or egg-
guide bears chitinized strips laterally throughout its entire
length, is longer than wide and broader proximally than distally ;
the distal margin is deeply notched. Lateral gonapophyses
large, elongate and pilose. The projection from the chitinized
strip connecting the gonapophyses of the ninth segment short,
triangular. Sense tubercles on paraprocts rather small, pale.
Suranal plate cap-like, short, wide, almost rectangular except
that the distal margin is slightly convex.
Female ( brachypterous ) :
The wings are of about three sizes. Those that average about
.8 mm. long, 1.25 mm. and 1.6 mm. The venation may readily
be recognized as that of Peripsocus in the larger winged indi-
viduals but as the wings diminish in size, aberations and incom-
plete venation are common. (PI. XXI, Fig. 11). The body
markings are essentially identical with macropterous forms.
Male:
Length of body 2.1 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.55 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 2.05 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
The male, while marked in general as the female, less robust
throughout ; spots on the vertex very small or obscured in dark
individuals; the eyes ovate, very large — almost three times as
large as female ; antennae longer and stouter. Fore wings are
.370
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
possibly more nearly a uniform pale brown throughout than the
female. Abdomen creamy white with a few coarse greyish
brown bands ; in dark individuals the dark brown of head, thorax
and genitalia are in striking contrast to the white of the abdomen.
Genitalia (PI. XIX, Pig. 6) symmetrical. The conspicuous
parameres are fused. They are four times as long as at their
widest measurement. The basal fourth is a narrow plate where
it then forks and halfway each branch forks again, the outer
pair of elements being very slender rods which gradually diverge
until at about the distal fifth they almost meet and are then
capped by a narrow sharp-pointed piece; the inner elements of
the secondary forking are leaf-shaped, the basal half consists
of an exceedingly slender pedicel while the narrow leaf -like por-
tion gradually comes to a point distally. The hypandrium
covers the distal half of the parameres; it bears a weakly chiti-
nized triangular portion midway, the apex of which is at the
distal margin; a pair of narrow strongly chitinized strips are
on each side of the median line. The penis (?) is strongly
chitinized and like quadrifasciatus may be likened to an anchor
in shape — the lateral arms were not found crossed. Paraprocts
elongate, the proximal half occupied by the large sense area and
the distal half composed of two divisions, the larger apical part
bulbous. Suranal plate an isosceles trapezoid with a circular
chitinized area medianly.
New York : Ithaca, July 5, 1926, 3 $ 2 July 11, 1926, 12 ?
1 lCf in dead leaves on fallen trees, July 24, 1927, 10 J (2 brachyp-
terous), July 25, 1925, 2 under loose bark, Aug. 6, 1926, 30 5
(10 brachypterous) , 12 2 nymphs, beating dead limbs, Aug.
15, 1926, 8 5 6^1 nymph, Aug. 22, 1926, 6 2 (2 brachypterous) ,
1 Aug. 28, 1926, 1 J (P. P. Babiy), Aug. 30, 1926, 3 ?
brachypterous , 4 , J1 3 nymphs (P. P. Babiy) on Plautus occiden-
talis, Sept. 1, 1926, 2 2 6 c? (P. P. Babiy), Sept. 6, 1926, 1 $,
Sept. 12, 1926, 2 2, Sept. 26, 1926, 13 $ (6 brachypterous) 7 $
2 nymphs, Oct. 2, 1925, 1 brachypterous 2 under loose bark of
sycamore ; Olcott, Sept. 19, 1925, 1 J' ; Enfield Center, Sept. 30,
1927, 8 2 (1 brachypterous) 2 J* 2 nymphs (Chester Rea) on
willow woodpile; McLean, July 31, 1926, 1 2; Richburg, Sept.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
371
16, 1925, 6 5 in dead leaves; Wellsville, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 2;
Barcelona, Sept. 19, 1925, 2 2 ; Ceres, Sept. 16, 1925, 9 $ 3 on
dead limbs ; Rock City, Sept. 16, 1925, 28 2 10 ; Clarksburg,
Sept. 18, 1925, 4 2 ; Sodus, Aug. 16, 1926, 1 2 -2 (? 2 nymphs on
dead maple limb ; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 1 2 1 c? on tree
trunks; Little Valley, Sept. 17, 1925, 2 2 1 c?; Stow, Sept. 17,
1925, 2 2 ; Ballston Lake, July 14, 1926, 2 2 ; Hudson, July 15,
1926, 1 2 ; Saratoga Springs, July 14, 1926, 1 2 ; Adirondack
Lodge, Essex Co., Sept. 2, 1927, 1 J1; Paul Smiths, Aug. 31, 1927,
6 2 4c?; Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 3 2 ; Whetstone
Gulf,. Lewis Co., Sept. 3, 1926, 2 2; Parkers, Lewis Co., Sept. 2,
1926, 2 2 1 c? ; Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 1 2 2 c?;
Riverhead, L. I., Oct. 1, 1924, 1 J1; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6, 1925,
7 2 2 J1; Cinnamon Lake, Schuyler Co., July 14, 1924, 1 c?;
“N. Y.” 1 2 (Winthem) M. C. Z. Type series.
Maine: Sebasticook Lake, Aug. 24, 1925, 1 c? (C. R. C.).
Vermont: Pownal, Oct. 2, 1927, 1 2 ( brachypterous ) (S. C.
Bishop).
Ohio: Sandusky, July 22, 1926, 1 2 ( brachypterous ) on trunk
of elm tree in city.
Illinois: Anderson, Sept. 17, 1902, 5 2 5 (? many nymphs.
Bark of maple.
Kentucky: Valley View, June 28, 1925, 1 2; Quicksand, June
25, 1925, 1 misc. beating.
Tennessee: Bristol, Oct. 5, 1926, 2 c? (C. & B.) taken at light
of Coca-cola stand.
Two species are found in Hagen’s type of madidus. I am
here considering the specimen from New York collected by
Winthem as the holotype ; the specimen from Dalton, Georgia,
is quadrifasciatus. That Hagen had the New York specimen
most in mind is indicated by the following points : he listed it
first ; the pair of spots on the occiput mentioned in his descrip-
tion are not found in other American species ; he mentions ‘ ‘ two
paler obsolete bands” while in quadrifasciatus three hyaline or
subhyaline bands may be distinguished ; a label, probably
Hagen’s, on the New York form bears the following — “P.
madidus Hagen, Ps. 4-striatus Harr. Ps. permadidus Walsh.”
372
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvin
Peripsocus permadidus Walsh is synonymous with madidus
Hagen; the types are non-existent but Walsh’s description makes
clear what species he had in mind.
Dead limbs on deciduous trees appear to be the favorite feed-
ing and breeding grounds of P. madidus. It is a common species.
As far as known this is the only American species of Peripsocus
with short- winged females. Males are frequently taken through-
out the season while males of madescens are not known to me
and those of quadrifasciatus are rare.
Peripsocus quadrifasciatus Harris
Psocus quadrifasciatus Harris. Ento. Corresp. p. 331, 1869.
Peripsocus madidus Hagen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wein. 16: 210.
1866. (Partim).
Female :
Length of body 2.1 mm. ave. of 12 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.4 mm. ave. of 12 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.35 mm. ave. of 12 individuals.
Head: Vertex, covered with pale elongate golden brown dots
except for a pair of unmarked crescents, one on each side of the
ocelli; ocelli completely enclosed by a dark brown or blackish
spot ; clypeus covered with broad, nearly straight, pale, golden
brown lines directed mesally; genae unmarked; labrum brown,
varying in intensity with the individual. Maxillary® palpus and
antennas light brown throughout. Eyes dull black.
Thorax : Tergal lobes shining dark brown, the median lobe not
as deeply colored, the sutures white; pleurae light brown with
considerable paling; legs pale throughout. Wings (PI. XXI,
Fig. 3) light greyish brown except for three irregular, incom-
plete hyaline or greyish bands which are so spaced as to divide
the wing into four nearly equal sections. The middle band is
wide, sometimes H-shaped and centered by a definite brown spot
proximally in cell R5. The apical band narrow, and sometimes
indistinct ; it lies just beyond the pterostigma. Generally the
marginal portion of the wing a pale greyish brown while the
central portion between the bands darker, more brown than
grey. Pterostigma opaque, Rx almost parallel with costa
Dec., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
373
throughout its course. Veins brown, distinct. Hind wing uni-
formly pale grey with a pale border at wing margin and on
each side of veins.
Abdomen : Dull white, usually ringed with grey especially on
the sides ; in some individuals are distinguishable a series of
about ten longitudinal greyish stripes (the musculature). Geni-
talia (PI. XIX, Fig. 2) light brown. The basal portion of the
subgenital plate roughly crescent-shaped and without a median
cleft as in the other American species ; the plate convex becoming
sharply so distally. The egg-guide rectangular almost as wide
as long, convex, bounded laterally by a pair of wide, straight,
highly chitinized strips leaving a median portion which is weakly
chitinized and beset with short spines ; the distal margin is con-
cave and pilose. The gonapophyses of the ninth segment arise
from a roughly diamond-shaped frame, the small convex, pilose,
lateral gonapophyses cover the extreme lateral angles while
caudo-medianly arise the short, blunt dorsal gonapophyses. On
this framework halfway lies a pair of long, slender, tongue-like
pieces. Ventral gonapophyses of usual shape. Suranal plate
a chitinized cap with a pair of roughly circular weakly chitinized
spots proximally.
Male :
Length of body 1.5 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 2.2 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.85 mm. ave. of 7 individuals.
Wing markings as in female ; body markings generally darker,
sometimes obscured, especially on head. Eyes very large, ovate,
nearly three times larger than female. Antennas more robust.
On costa of the fore wing just behind the pterostigma a curious
thickening which is concave and three or more times longer
than wide.
The abdomen slender, almost tubular. Genitalia (PI. XIX,
Fig. 7) symmetrical and featured by the broad Y-shaped plate
or the fused parameres. Considerable variation has been ob-
served in the proportional width of this plate at its base as com-
pared with the widest distal measurement. Distally on it arise
two pairs of processes; the upper and inner pair blunt pointed
374
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
and fused to the narrow chitinized portion of hypandrium ; the
lower outer pair are highly chitinized, bending sharply mesally
and each element approaching the other closely and finally
capped by a less highly chitinized funnel-like piece. The penis
( ? ) is small, highly chitinized and suggesting an anchor in
shape. Caudal margin of the hypandrium with definitely chiti-
nized strips narrowing and finally disappearing mesally. Sense
tubercles bulbose, situated proximally on a plate which is elon-
gate, convex and of irregular outline. The suranal plate short,
broad, and truncate distally, while the chitinization is confined
to a marginal strip.
New York : Ithaca, July 5, 1926, 12 J, July 11, 1926, 27 §,
July 25, 1925, 3 J 2 nymphs under loose bark, Aug. 1, 1926, 7 5,
Aug. 6, 1926, 18 5, Aug. 8, 1925, 7 $, Aug. 15, 1926, 25 $, Aug.
22, 1926, 10 ?, Sept. 6, 1926, 1 $, Sept. 12, 1925, 10 ?, Sept. 23,
1924, 1 J, Sept. 26, 1926, 13 §, Oct. 2, 1925, 1 2 feeding in num-
bers on bark of sycamore ; Enfield Glen, Aug. 23, 1925, 6 5 ;
McLean Reservation, July 31, 1926, 15 2 on dead hemlock, July
16, 1924, 6 2, Sept. 19, 1924, 1 $ ; Enfield Center, Sept. 30, 1927,
34 J (Chester Rea) on willow woodpile; Woodwardia Swamp,
Tompkins Co., Aug. 10, 1924, 8 § 3 nymphs; Danby, Oct. 17,
1924, 1 2 ; Cinnamon Lake, Schuyler Co., July 4, 12, 1924, 9 2
on tree trunks ; Montour Falls, Sept. 21, 1924, 9 2 ; Sodus, Aug.
16, 1926, 2 2 on dead maple limbs ; Barcelona, Sept. 19, 1925,
2 'J ; Geneseo, Sept. 20, 1925, 15 $ ; Ceres, Sept. 16, 1925, 31 $ on
dead limbs; Silver Creek, Sept. 18, 1925, 5 §; Stow, Sept. 17,
1925, 5 2 ; Painted Post, Sept. 15, 1925, 28 2 on tree trunks and
dead limbs; Little Valley, Sept. 17, 1925, 6 J; Richburg, Sept.
16, 1925, 3 2 ; Elmira, Oct. 1, 1925, 7 J on tree trunks ; Penn
Yan, Aug. 2, 1925, 1 5; Whetstone Gulf, Lewis Co., Sept. 2,
1926, 14 2 ; Michigan Mills, Lewis Co., Sept. 1, 1926, 101 2 *nis-
cellaneous beating hemlock, larch, spruce, willow, etc. ; Paul
Smiths, Aug. 31, 1927, 59 § on dead larch, spruce, etc. ; Parkers,
Lewis Co., Sept. 2, 1926, 23 § ; Nigger Pond, Oswego Co., Sept.
3, 1926, 20 § ; Mt. McIntyre, Essex Co., Sept. 4, 1927, 4 2 taken
at 4500 ft. confined exclusively to birch, July 24, 1925, 1 2 (C.
& B.) ; Adirondack Lodge, Essex Co., Sept. 2, 1927, 20 5; Chapel
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
375
Pond, Essex Co., July 19, 1925, 1 5 (C. & B.), Sept. 19, 1925,
3 $ (S. C. Bishop) ; Avalanche Lake, Essex Co., July 24, 1925,
2 § 2 nymphs (C. & B.) ; Fairhaven, Sept. 7, 1924, 2 2; Ballston
Lake, July 14, 1926, 1 2 ; Hudson, July 15, 1926, 1 2 ; Saratoga
Springs, July 14, 1926, 2 2 ; Hunter, Aug. 16, 1925, 18 2 heating
hemlock, etc., also under loose stones ; Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6,
1925, 22 2 miscellaneous beating ; Baiting Hollow, Suffolk Co.,
L. I., Sept. 19, 1926, 1 2 ; Mineola, June 26, 1926, 1 2-
Maine: Presque Isle, Aug. 26, 1925, 2 2 (C. R. C.) ; Winter-
port, Aug. 29, 1925 1 2 (C. R. C.) ; Molunkus Pond, Aug. 25,
1925, 1 2 (C. R. C.) ; Falmouth, Aug. 20, 1925, 1 2 (C. R. C. ;
Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, Aug. 31, 1926, 3 2 (C. P.
Alexander) ; Beech Mt., Mt. Desert Is., Sept. 12, 1926, 3 2
(C. P. Alexander).
Ontario, Canada : Pointe au Bavil, 7 2 on ground hemlock
(L. Giovannoli).
Massachusetts: Cambridge, 1 2 (Harris) Boston Society of
Natural History. Holotype P. quadrifasciatus.
New Jersey: Englewood Cliff, Sept. 6, 1925, 5 2 on dead oak
limbs.
Virginia: Spottswood, Oct. 4, 1926, 2 2 (C. & B.).
Kentucky: Brooklyn Bridge, June 29, 1925, 1 2-
Tennessee : Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 8 2 2 ij1 (C. & B.) ; Summit of Mt. Leconte (6500 ft.), Oct.
10, 1926, 1 , J' (C. & B.) ; Laurel Creek, Sevier Co., Oct. 8, 1926,
2 2 (C. & B.).
North Carolina : Base of Mt. Pisgah, Buncombe Co., Oct. 13,
1926, 1 2 (C. & B.) ; Cowee Mts., Swain Co., Oct. 15, 1926, 1 2
(C. & B.) ; Waynesville, Oct. 14, 1926, 3 2 (C. & B.) ; Jackson-
ville, Oct. 23, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Georgia: Dalton, 1 2 (O- Sacken) M. C. Z. Paratype of P.
madidus ; Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 6 2 (C. & B.).
Florida: Rock Bluff, Apr. 4, 1927, 1 2 *(C. R. C.), Apr. 25,
1924, 1 2 (T. H. Hubbell) ; Camp Torreya, Liberty Co., 1 2 (T.
H. Hubbell) ; The Glen, Marion Co., Mar. 6, 1927, 1 (M. D.
Leonard) .
Washington: Seattle, Aug. 7, 1927, 26 2 43 (C. R. C.) ; Sol
Due Hot Springs, Aug. 12, 1927, 4 2 (C. R. C.) ; Edmonds, Aug.
376
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvin
16, 1927, 14 g (C. R. C.) ; Longmire, Aug. 22, 1927, 22 5
(C. R. C.).
California : Palo Alto, Aug. 4, 1927, 1 5 on dead Salix branch
(J. D. Hood).
Hagen’s types of Peripsocus madidus includes two species.
The one from Dalton, Georgia, is what I here consider Peripsocus
quadrifasciatus Harris. The original description of quadri-
fasciatus appears in Harris “Entomological Correspondence”
published in 1869. Just the left wing of one specimen remains
of the original specimens in the collection of the Boston Society
of Natural History. In Harris’ notes at this institution appear
this reference to the species : ‘ ‘ Cambridge on fence north of Mr.
Newell’s garden in college yard, Sept. 9, 1837, in great numbers
together.” I have been unable to find any difference between
quadrifasciatus and P. subfasciatus Rambur of Europe. The
former species is so common and widespread in this country as
to appear indigenous and therefore until male specimens can be
carefully compared (I have examined only female specimens of
P. subfasciatus) I shall consider quadrifasciatus distinct. The
males of this species are rare as an examination of the distribu-
tion data will indicate. Males taken in the Pacific Northwest by
Prof. C. R. Crosby appears identical with the forms taken in
Eastern United States. More than one generation of quadrifas-
ciatus must occur in the North; it is among the first to appear
in early summer and among the last to disappear in the fall. In
New York it is the most common woodland form. One finds it
breeding in a great variety of situations ; on cliff walls, on stones,
on tree trunks, or having a home among dead or living hemlock
needles or the leaves of deciduous trees.
Peripsocus stagnivagus new species
Female :
Length of body 1.4 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.5 mm. ave. of 2 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.0 mm. measurement of 1 individual.
Readily distinguished from the other American members of the genus
by its small size. Body markings similar to quadrifasciatus with the fol-
lowing differences: blackish spot enclosing ocelli smaller; tergal lobes on
thorax a deep golden brown, median lobe as deeply colored as lateral ones;
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
377
the abdomen light greyish brown with the markings most distinct anteriorly
on the sides. The wings (PI. XXI, Fig. 5) pale greyish brown with sev-
eral spots and streaks, slightly darker, brown, in the fore wings. In one
specimen a series of six pale spots distally, one spot to each cell from Ej to
M3 inclusive. Veins distinct, pale brown.
Genitalia (PI. XIX Fig. 5) light brown. The subgenital plate with an
inverted V-shaped basal portion, the arms rather narrow as in madidus.
This basal portion is terminated by being bent under suddenly and at
which point arises the short distal portion or egg-guide. It is generally
similar in shape to the corresponding piece in quadrifasciatus. It differs
in being slightly wider than long and while the lateral margins are marked
by chitinized strips these supports have at their base slender, triangular,
laterally directed plates which are relatively wide at point of attachment
and become pointed distally. The lateral gonapophyses large, nearly at-
taining the base of the dorsal gonapophyses. Suranal plate with rounded
distal margin and a crescent-shaped non-chitinized area basally.
North Carolina: Lake Waccamaw, Oct. 21, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.).
Holotype. Knotts Island, July 24, 1929, 1 § Paratype.
South Carolina: Sumter, Oct. 20, 1926, 1 £ (C. & B.). Para-
type.
Ectopsocus MacLachlan 1899
Type : E. briggsi MacLachlan 1899.
The cross-vein r-m is present in the hind wings of members
of this genus; the forewings as in Peripsocus with Cu un-
branched. A few short hairs occur on the veins and on wing-
margin but they are not readily visible. In 1901 Enderlein
erected Micropsocus based on the presence of hairs on veins and
wing margins, assuming that Ectopsocus was unhaired. Later
he discovered this was not the case. The genitalia of the
female consists of two pairs of gonapophyses and the subgenital
plate bears what may be called an egg-guide. Male genitalia are
extremely complicated, asymmetrical, while on the dorsum are
elaborate secondary structures presumably concerned with
copulation.
Ectopsocus californicus (Banks)
Peripsocus californicus Banks. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11: 237.
1903.
Eemale :
Length of body 1.95 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
378
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Length of fore wings 1.9 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.6 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Markings tan, the wings hyaline with brown spots at ends of
veins.
Head : Dotted areas on vertex tan ; each ocellus with a crescent
of orange pigment; elypeus indistinctly lineated with broad
mesally directed tan lines ; genae and labrum unmarked. Maxil-
lary palpus and antennae concolorous with head, darkest apically
while segment 1 and 2 of antennae, light brown. Eyes dull
bluish black.
Thorax : Dorsum pale, with the tergal lobes incompletely cov-
ered with tan ; pleurae generally pale with an illy defined tan and
brown stripe midway. Legs pale, tibia and tarsi tan. Wings
(PI. XXI, Pig. 8) hyaline, fore wings with spots ranging from
tan to brown at end of the veins and spot at junction of Ks
with M. Pterostigma opaque, rectangular, about four times
longer than wide; a brown spot at each end of cell. Veins dis-
tinct, tan, darkening to light brown distally. Hind wing
unmarked.
Abdomen : Tergites with broad greyish brown stripes fading
or disappearing dorsally. Genitalia (PL XVI, Fig. 13) tan, the
subgenital plate considerably longer than wide, with the chitini-
zation confined to a pair of lateral stripes. A distal process
resembles the letter W due to the presence of elongate lateral
lobes and a much shorter triangular middle portion. A small
distinct chitinized area at the angles of the distal margin while
just below these a concave row of six distinct bristles. The
gonapophyses consist of a pair of short, slender blades directed
mesally below the subgenital plate and to which is attached
proximally a pair of long slender curved gonapophyses extending
as far caudally as the end of lateral lobes of the subgenital plate.
The proximal third of this piece is very slender and the lateral
surface is sparsely pilose. Sense tubercles of paraprocts brown,
very small. Suranal plate short, distal margin wide bearing a
row of four conspicuous bristles.
Male:
Genitalia (PI. XIX, Fig. 10). Hypandrium large, rectangu-
lar, the greatest dimension being in depth, the chitinization being
Dec., 1930]
Chapman : Corrodentia
379
confined to the lateral and distal marginal area; laterally at
the distal margin arise a pair of short curved hooks. The para-
meres and what is probably a penis more or less united, asym-
metrical. Parameres nearly independent consisting of a pair
of scroll-like arms widest at base, becoming dilated, then sud-
denly narrowing to a very slender rod with a blunt pointed apex ;
lying between these arms distally a structure — probably the
united inner pair of parameres — shaped like the letter rr. The
right arm of the rr-shaped piece attached to the base of a large,
strongly chitinized sickle-shaped piece which proceeds to the
left ; below and to the right lies an outer plate bound at the
base by a highly chitinized strip, while behind, the two horizon-
tally directed plates are visible ; at the base of the left paramere
a C-shaped piece. Sense tubercles of paraprocts very small.
The apex of the suranal plate weakly chitinized bearing four
spines noticed in the female. Cephalic of apex is found a large
concave plate bound by a straight chitinized strip distally and
by thin nearly parallel lateral strips which converge mesally
near the small highly chitinized crescent-shaped piece lying mid-
way proximally.
New York : Sea Cliff, L. I., Sept. 6, 1926, 20 2 in dead leaves,
etc.
Virginia: Spottswood, Oct. 4, 1926, 7 5 (C. & B.) ; New Mar-
ket, Oct. 4, 1926, 1 J (C. & B.) ; Blue Ridge Mts. near Roanoke,
Oct. 7, 1923, 6 J1 nymph (C. & B.) ; Fredericksburg, Oct. 28,
1926, 1 J (C. & B.) ; Blacksburg, Oct. 4, 1926, 22 J 7 nymphs
(C. &B.).
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 3 § 1 nymph.
North Carolina : Nantahala Gap, Macon Co., Oct. 16, 1926,
12 J 2 nymphs (C. & B.) ; Mine Hole Gap, Buncombe Co., Oct.
17, 1923, 2 J (C. & B.) ; base of Mt. Pisgah, Buncombe Co.,
Oct. 19, 1923, 1 2 (C. & B.), Oct. 13, 1926, 8 2 (C. & B.) ; Frying
Pan Gap, Mt. Pisgah, Oct. 13, 1926, 1 2 (C. & B.) ; Andrews,
Oct. 17, 1926, 4 2 (C. & B.) ; Montreat, Oct. 16, 1923, 2 2; Mar-
shall, Oct. 12, 1926, 1 2 ; Weldon, Oct. 26, 1926, 2 2 ; Olean, Oct.
13, 1926, 2 2 (C. & B.).
380
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Tennessee: Laurel Creek, Sevier Co., Oct. 8, 1926, 6 J (C. &
B.) ; Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10, 1926, 10 §
(C. & B.).
Georgia: Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 12 ? (C. & B.) ; Tallulah Falls,
Oct. 18, 1926, 1 5 (C. & B.) ; top of Blue Ridge, Towns and
Rabun Co. lines, Oct. 18, 1926, 2 $ (C. & B.).
Florida: Orlando, Jan. 27, 1927, 18 J; April, 1927, 1 § 011
citrus; Dec. 17, 1926, 5 $ (All 0. C. McBride) ; Lake Hall, Leon
Co., April 13, 1927, 8 J 2 nymphs (C. R. C.) ; Dead Lake,.
Wewahitchka, April 6, 1927, 6 ? (C. & B.).
California: Blue Lake, July 27, 1927, 1 J' (J. D. Hood) on
dead Salix. “Calif.” 1 { 1 cf (M. C. Z.). Holotype and
Allotype.
Ectopsocus pumilis (Banks)
Peripsocus pumilis Banks. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui. 64: 313. PL
6, Fig. 79. 1920.
Female :
Length of body 2.0 mm. ave. of 7 individuals. #
Length of fore wings 1.7 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennas 1.1 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Head, thorax and genitalia concolorous, a deep greyish orange ;
abdomen pale, faintly and broadly ringed with pinkish grey.
Head: Vertex sparsely clothed with short hairs. Antennas
and maxillary palpus concolorous with head, the former paling
distally. Eyes dull bluish black. Ocelli large, pale; ocellar
interval concolorous with vertex. The head is wide and short.
Thorax: Several conspicuous short hairs on dorsum. Wings
(PI. XXI Fig. 15) tan or pale salmon throughout. Veins stout
reddish brown. M usually joined to Rs for only a short distance,
varying to individuals with a short cross-vein. Hind wing
slightly paler than fore wing ; cross-vein r-m distinct.
Genitalia characterized by a strongly chitinized asymmetrical
interior genital plate (PI. XIX, Fig. 12). The subgenital plate
is triangular with lateral strip definitely chitinized forming a
V. The apex is slightly depressed, weakly chitinized. But at-
* Some females full of eggs may have a body measurements as much
as 2.6 mm.
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
381
tached below and to the inner surface a short wide plate which
at its attachment is strongly chitinized. The only gonapophyses-
like structures are the pair of stout curved pointed arms arising
in a normal position from the tergites. These pieces bear four
hairs distally: three in a row along inner margin, and one near
outer margin. The interval between these “gonapophyses” at
their base bridged over and supports the inner genital plates:
the proximal part of this piece is circular, with a large median
hole. Attached to this punctured plate cephalically are two
asymmetrical, oblong, concave plates. They are connected by a
weakly chitinized portion extending from the mesal margin of the
left one to the inner convex surface of the right one. Sense
tubercles on paraprocts small, proximal; a row of about four
long hairs a short distance distal of sense tubercles; at distal
margin of paraprocts an area covered with short hairs. Suranal
plate triangular, pilose, a conspicuous pair of long hairs at the
weakly chitinized apex.
Male :
Length of body 1.7 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of fore wings 1.5 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Length of antennae 1.1 mm. ave. of 10 individuals.
Slightly smaller than female, eyes no larger ; abdomen slender,
more deeply colored on the average (in some individuals strongly
marked with purplish grey). Genitalia (PL XIX, Fig. 11)
asymmetrical. Hypandrium very large, nearly square. A little
distal of halfway laterally, arise a pair of curved arms wdiich are
fused to the hypandrium but extend a short distance beyond its
distal margin. The mesal margin of these arms strongly defined
while attached to the lateral margin a strip connected to the
elaborate genital armature on dorsum. The distal margin of
hypandrium bears a row of long hairs. Attached at a point
mesally on proximal margin a narrow weakly chitinized plate.
A large U-shaped piece, the base of the parameres, gives rise to a
pair of slender ' twisted, then finely drawn out pointed prongs.
The interval between the origin of these prongs is spanned by
an inverted U (the inner parameres?) which widens suddenly
medianly and bears a small tubercle on the otherwise straight
382
. Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
distal margin. Attached to this bridge and proceeding cephal-
ically into abdomen a very long, tongue-like plate. The strongly
chitinized piece (the penis?) lying below the bridge is a compli-
cated series of twisted plates. A median and most caudal piece
is elongate, gradually widening distally and ending abruptly
with an uneven rounded margin. On its left and almost its
length a pointed prong which is divided proximally. The upper
branch is unattached. The inner arm gives rise to two plates, of
which the caudal one is narrow, curves up, and terminates in a
point medianly at base of the first named structure ; the cephalic
plate parallels roughly the caudal one but is much broader, the
upper margin produced into two prongs medianly and one on
the left. An elongate, much twisted plate lies cephalic to the
structures just named. Paraprocts weakly chitinized, sense
tubercles distinct. The striking dorsal genital armature is con-
cave (PL XIX, Fig. 4) the chitinization forming an elongate
“0.” The cephalic portion consisting of a large, flat, blunt,
mesally curved prong on the left and a smaller prong on the right
which curved mesally and then laterally ; at origin of right prong
a short, nearly square plate. Caudally the “0” curves up into a
crescent-shaped plate.
New York: Riverhead, L. I., Oct. 1, 1924, 1 $ 1 J'; Sea Cliff,
L. I., Sept. 6, 1925, 8 § 2 $ in dead oak leaves which were still
attached to cut limbs ; Long Pond, Suffolk Co., Sept. 19, 1926,
10 5 10 J' in dead oak leaves on broken branch.
Virginia: Lynnhaven Inlet, Oct. 27, 1926, 2 J 3 (C. & B.).
Kentucky: Quicksand, June 25, 1925, 14 § 8 J' breeding in
straw and debris indoors, 3 £ entangled in wet paint on newly
painted house (associated with Lachesilla pedicularia L.).
Missouri: Creve Coeur Lake, Aug. 4, 1926, 1 § (C. R. C.).
Tennessee : Mill Creek, below falls on Mt. Leconte, Oct. 10,
1926, 1 5 (C. & B.), also 1 $ at summit.
North Carolina : Summit of Big Bald, Pisgah Range, Oct. 13,
1926, 2 J* (C. &B.).
Georgia : Towns and Rabun Co. line, Oct. 18, 1926, 7 2 4^
(C. & B.) ; Tiger, Oct. 18, 1926, 1 (0. & B.) ; Spring Creek,
Seminole Co., April 11, 1927, 2 (C. R. C.).
Dec., 1930]
Chapman: Corrodentia
383
Louisiana: Baton Rouge, Feb. 15, 1927, 10 2 12 g (0. W. Rose-
wall) at windows of feed barn.
Florida: Orlando, Aug. 2, 1926, 3 2 2 , J1 (0. C. McBride) ,
Jan., 1927, 2 $ 5 J1 (0. C. McBride), April, 1927, 1 2 (C. P. Alex-
ander) ; Dead Lake, April 6, 1927, 2 2 3 (M. D. Leonard) ;
Monticello, 12 (?) (Scammell) M. C. Z. Holotype.
The occuranee of Ectopsocus pumilis Banks in dwellings and
breeding in many of the same situations as Lachesilla pedicularia
L. suggests the possibility of this species being cosmopolitan in
distribution and that pumilis is a synonym of some earlier named
member of the genus. With material at hand it should be a
simple matter to establish these points, since the genitalia in both
sexes present a wealth of detail. E. pumilis is Southern in range.
I do not know of specimens being taken North of Long Island,
New York.
Explanatory Note on Distribution Data
The order followed in citing collections is as follows : locality,
date, number of individuals of each sex; collector in parenthe-
sis (omitted when author is collector) ; museum where speci-
mens may be found (omitted when in author’s collection), and
finally miscellaneous note such as habitat, rank in type series
and others. Omission of collector in listing specimens prior to
1924 and those credited to the several museums is due to incom-
plete data rather than that the author collected the specimens.
The few abbreviations of collectors and institutions are :
(C. R. C.) — C. R. Crosby, Professor of Entomology at Cornell
University.
(C. & B.) — Prof. C. R. Crosby and Dr. S. C. Bishop, Assistant
Professor of Zoology at the University of Rochester.
M. C. Z. — The Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
University.
I. N. H. S. — Illinois Natural History Survey.
P. A. N. S. — Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.
N. Y. S. M. — New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y.
384
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvin
Ventral
in situ.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
PLATE XII
view of genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. Structures
Psocus crosbyi n. sp. $
Psocus montivagus n. sp. $ (only subgenital plate and egg-
guide.)
Psocus floridanus Banks $ (only subgenital plate and egg-
guide).
Psocus venosus Burmeister $
Psocus striatus Walker $
Psocus petiolatus Banks $ (only subgenital plate and egg-
guide).
Psocus purus Aaron $
Psocus hoodi n. sp. $
Psocus confraternus Banks $
Psocus variabilis Aaron $
Psocus trifasciatus Prov. $
Psocus texanus Aaron $ sur. pi = suranal plate, pt. = paraproct,
s. t. = sense tubercle of paraproct, d. gon. = dorsal gonapo-
pliyses, 1. gon. = lateral gonapophyses, v. gon. ventral gona-
pophyses, e. g. = egg-guide, sg. pi. = subgenital plate.
Psocus novcBscotice Walker $
Psocus quietus Hagen $
Psocus bisignatus Banks $
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.)> Yol. XXXVIII
5
386
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. XXXVIII
Ventral
in situ.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
PLATE XIII
view of genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. Structures
Psocus elegans Banks $
Psocus moestus Hagen $
Psocus lithinus n. sp. $
Psocus leidyi Aaron $
Psocus atratus Aaron $
Psocus pollutus Walsh $
Psocus slossonce Banks $
Psocus infumatus Banks $ (subgenital plate and egg-guide)
Psocus venosus Burm. $ hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus qucesitus n. sp. $
Psocus oregonus Banks $
Psocus inornatus Aaron 2
Psocus oppositus Banks $
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soo.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XIII)
388
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Yol. XXXVIII
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
PLATE XIY
Psocus subapterous n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
b. scl. = basal sclerite, hyp. = hypandrium, par. = parameres.
Psocus longipennis n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus quietus Hagen $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus infernicolus n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus inornatus Aaron $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus confraternus Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus montivagus n. sp. $ Left paramere.
Psocus confraternus Banks $ Left paramere.
Psocus petiolatus Banks $ Left paramere.
Psocus petiolatus Banks $ Apex of hypandrium from behind.
Psocus montivagus n. sp. $ Apex of hypandrium from behind.
Psocus confraternus Banks $ Apex of hypandrium from
behind.
Psocus bifasciatus Latr. $ Apex of hypandrium from behind.
Psocus infernicolus n. sp. $ Apex of hypandrium from behind.
Psocus sub quietus n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus lithinus n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus persimilis Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus petiolatus Banks $ Apex of hypandrium diagram-
matic).
Psocus variabilis Aaron $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus oppositus Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XIV)
4
15
20
390
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. XXXVIII
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
PLATE XV
Psocus lioodi n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus desolatus n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus floridanus Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus infumatus Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus leidyi Aaron $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus bisignatus Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus infumatus Banks $ Parameres.
Psocus insulanus n. sp. $ Parameres.
Psocus novcescotice Walker $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus qucesitus n. sp. $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus slossonce Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus maculosus (Banks) $ Median ridge on hypandrium.
Psocus maculosus (Banks) $ Parameres.
Psocus striatus Walker $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus leidyi Aaron $ Left paraprocts.
Psocus leidyi Aaron $ Parameres.
Psocus striatus Walker $ Parameres.
Psocus moestus Hagen $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus bisignatus Banks $ Parameres.
Psocus purus Walsh $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus texanus Banks $ Hypandrium and parameres.
Psocus floridanus Banks $ Parameres.
Psocus insulanus n. sp. $ Hypandrium (3 missing from Fig.
23 on plate).
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XV)
5
2
392
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi xxxvill
Ventral
in situ.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
PLATE XVI
view of genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. Structures
CcBcilius quillayute n. sp. $
Ccecilius aurantiacus Hagen $
Ccecilius confluens Walsh $
Teliapsocus conter minus (Walsh) $
Ccecilius confluens Walsh $
Graphopsocus cruciatus L. $
Polypsocus corruptus Hagen $
Teliapsocus conterminus (Walsh) $
Ccecilius posticus Banks $
Ccecilius aurantiacus Hagen $
Ccecilius posticus Banks $
Polypsocus corruptus Hagen $
Ectopsocus calif ornicus (Banks) $
(Joukn. N. Y. Ent. Soo.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XVI)
394
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVlir
Ventral
in situ.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
PLATE XVII
view of genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. Structures.
Lachesilla nubilis (Aaron) 9
Lachesilla forcepeta n. sp. $
Lachesilla silvicola n. sp. 9
Lachesilla corona n. sp. 9
Lachesilla pacifica n. sp. 9
Pseudoccecilius pretiosus (Banks) 9
Terraccecilius pallidus n. gen., n. sp. 9
Lachesilla arida n. sp. 9
Lachesilla rufa (Walsh) 9
Lachesilla contraforcepeta n. sp. 9
Lachesilla pedicularia L. 9
Lachesilla punctata (Banks) 2
{Jouen. N. Y. Ent. Soo.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XVII)
396
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Ventral
in situ.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
PLATE XVIII
view of genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. Structures
Lachesilla forcepeta n. sp. $
LacJiesilla pedicularia L. $
Lachesilla rufa Walsh $
Lachesilla contraforcepeta n. sp. $
Lachesilla nubilis Aaron $
Lachesilla forcepeta var. major n. sp., n. var. $ left clasper.
Pseudopsocus amabilis Walsh $
Lachesilla punctata Banks $
Pseudopsocus amabilis Walsh $ right gonapophyses.
Pseudopsocus amabilis Walsh $ general view of genitalia.
Lachesilla corona n. sp. $
Lachesilla silvicola n. sp. $
Graphopsocus crucidtus L. $
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XVIII)
398
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Ventral
in situ.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
PLATE XIX
view of genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. Structures
Peripsocus madescens (Walsh) $
Peripsocus quadrifasciatus (Harris) $
Peripsocus madidus Hagen $ gur. pi. = suranal plate, pt. = para-
procts, d. gon. = dorsal gonapophyses, 1. gon. = lateral gona-
pophyses, v. gon. = ventral gonapophyses, e. g. = egg-guide,
sg. pi = subgenital plate.
Ectopsocus pumilis (Banks) $ (Dorsal copulatory structures).
Peripsocus stagnivagus n. sp. $
Peripsocus madidus Hagen $ sur. pi. = suranal plate, pt. = para-
proct, hyp. = hypandrium, pe. = penis, par. = parameres.
Peripsocus quadrifasciatus $ (Harris).
Berfkauia lepicidinaria n. sp. $
Berfkauia lepicidinaria n. sp. $ the gonapophyses.
Ectopsocus calif ornicus (Banks) $
Ectopsocus pumilis (Banks) $
Ectopsocus pumilis (Banks) $
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XIX)
4
400
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvili
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
PLATE XX
Pseudopsocus amabilis (Walsh) $ (xl2).
Psocus purus Walsh 9 (x6).
Psocus slossonce Banks $ (x9).
Psocus novascotice Walker $ (x5).
Psocus novascotice Walker 9 (x5).
Psocus longipennis Banks $ (x5).
Psocus striatus Walker 9 (x7).
Psocus variabilis Aaron $ (x9).
Psocus moestus Hagen $ (x9).
Psocus confraternus Banks $ (x7).
Psocus lithinus n. sp. 9 (x7).
Psocus leidyi Aaron 9 (x6).
Psocus infumatus Banks 9 (x 8) .
Psocus subapterous n. sp. $ (x7).
Psocus hoodi n. sp. 9 (x6).
Psocus quietus Hagen 9 (x7).
Psocus atratus Aaron 9 (xl3).
Psocus pollutus Walsh $ (x 8).
Psocus crosbyi n. sp. 9 (x6).
Psocus oppositus Banks $ (x9).
Psocus trifasciatus Provancher $ (x7).
Psocus texanus Aaron $ (x8).
Psocus venosus Burmeister 9 (x5).
Psocus bisignatus Banks 9 (x9).
Psocus inornatus Aaron 9 (xlO).
Psocus floridanus Banks 9 (x9).
Psocus petiolatus Banks 9 (x8).
Psocus maculosus (Banks) 9 (x9).
T eliapsocus conterminus (Walsh) 9
Graphopsocus cruciatus L. 9 (xll).
on plate.)
The photomicrographs of the fore wings in Plates XX
made with apparatus described by Dr. F. P. McWhorter,
inexpensive method of making photomicrographs” in Camera, Dec., 1927.
(x 8).
(3 missing from Fig. 30
and XXI were
“A simple and
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XX)
402
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 11.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 15.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 17.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 16.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
PLATE XXI
P seudoccecilius pretiosus (Banks) $ (xl2).
Peripsocus madescens (Walsh) $ (xl3).
Peripsocus quadrif asciatus (Harris) $ (xl3).
Peripsocus madidus Hagen $ (xl3).
Peripsocus madidus Hagen $ ( brachypterous ) (xl3).
Peripsocus stagnivagus n. sp. $ (x22).
Ccecilius perplexus n. sp. $ (xlO).
Ccecilius creesus n. sp. $ (xl4).
Ectopsocus calif ornicus (Banks) $ (xl7).
Ectopsocus pumilis (Banks) $ (xl9). (5 missing from Fig.
15 on plate.)
Lachesilla silvicola n. sp. $ (xl5).
Lachesilla pedicularia L. $ (dwarf) (xl9).
Lachesilla pedicularia L. $ (xl9). (7 missing from Fig. 17
on plate.)
Polypsocus corruptus Hagen $ (x9).
Polypsocus corruptus Hagen $ (x9).
Ccecilius aurantiacus Hagen $ (xll).
Lachesilla rufa (Walsh) $ (xl2).
Lachesilla nubilis (Aaron) $ (xl5).
Lachesilla contraforcepeta n. sp. $ (x20).
Ccecilius posticus Banks $ (xl4).
Ccecilius quillayute n. sp. $ (xlO).
Fore wing of Psocus with the principal veins and cells lettered.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XXI)
Dec., 1930]
Funkhouser: Membracidje
405
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL
MEMBRACIDjE
By W. D. Funkhouser
University of Kentucky
Centronodus gen. nov.
Pronotum with strong suprahumeral horns and with large node in center
of posterior process; scutellum exposed on either side of posterior process;
posterior process extending to internal angles of tegmina; clavus acumi-
nate; venation of terminal area of tegmina reticulate and irregular, form-
ing numerous cellules ; wings with four apical cells ; head subquadrate,
wider than long; ocelli equidistant from each other and from the eyes;
tibiae not foliaceous; tarsi normal. Type: C. denticulus.
Centronodus denticulus sp. nov. (Fig. 1)
Large, brown, coarsely punctate, sparingly pubescent; a small tooth on
median line just behind suprahumerals and in front of central node; supra-
humerals heavy, triquerate, extending outward and upward; tegmina coria-
ceous and opaque.
Head subquadrate, wider than long, roughly sculptured, coarsely punc-
tate, sparingly pubescent with long golden hairs; base arcuate; ocelli large,
amber-colored with white margins, slightly elevated, equidistant from each
other and from the eyes and situated about on a line drawn through cen-
ters of eyes; genae foliaceous and angulate; clypeus twice as long as wide,
extending for one-third its length below inferior margins of genae.
Pronotum rough, brown, mottled with black and yellowish, coarsely
punctate, sparingly pubescent; metopodium straight, broader than high, a
smooth depression on each side at base; humeral angles large, triangular,
prominent, extending laterad farther than the eyes; median carina strong,
percurrent; suprahumeral horns strong, heavy, about as long as the dis-
tance between their bases, triquerate, extending outward and upward with
the tips suddenly bent outward; a distinct tooth on median line of dorsum
just back of suprahumerals and in front of central node; posterior process
heavy with a strong elevated node at base, tip tectiform and extending to
internal angles of tegmina, a yellow fascia before the tip.
Scutellum narrowly exposed on each side; mottled brown and yellow;
punctate ; pubescent.
Tegmina brown, irregularly mottled with yellowish and black, coriaceous,
opaque, veins heavy, apical area broken up into many irregular cellules, tip
obtuse. Wings with four apical cells.
406
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Undersurface of body brown; femora and tibiae banded brown and yel-
low; tarsi ferruginous.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 9 mm.; width between
tips of suprahumerals 4.9 mm.
Type: male. Locality: Costa Rica.
Described from a single specimen. Type in author’s col-
lection.
Centronodus flavus sp. nov. (Fig. 2)
Large, yellow, punctate, not pubescent; suprahumerals heavy, stout, pro-
jecting outward and very slightly upward; crest on posterior process
straight on front margin; no tooth before crest; basal third of tegmen
opaque and coriaceous, apical two-thirds wrinkled hyaline, venation of api-
cal area reticulate; undersurface and legs yellow.
Head subquadrate, wider than high, finely punctate, very sparsely pubes-
cent, roughly sculptured ; base arcuate ; eyes large, gray ; ocelli large, some-
what elevated, amber-colored, a little nearer to each other than to the eyes
and situated a little below a line drawn through centers of eyes; gense
foliaceous and truncate; clypeus about as long as wide, the inferior margin
continuing the line of the genae.
Pronotum yellow mottled with brown, finely punctate, very sparingly
pubescent; suprahumerals rough, heavy, subconical, extending outward and
very slightly upward, about half as long as the distance between their
bases, tips acute; humeral angles small, not prominent; metopidium sloping,
twice as wide as high; median carina light yellow and strongly percurrent;
posterior process heavy, extending to internal angles of tegmina, basal ele-
vation perpendicular in front and sloping behind with a ridge on each side.
No tooth in front of central node.
Scutellum narrowly exposed on each side of posterior process; yellow
and brown mottled.
Tegmina opaque, punctate and coriaceous on basal third, translucent on
apical two-thirds; veins heavy; venation of apical area irregular and broken
up into many small cellules; tip rounded. Wings with four apical areas.
Undersurface and legs uniform yellow.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 8.5 mm.; width between
tips of suprahumerals 4.5 mm.
Type: female. Locality: Pernambuco, Brazil.
Described from two specimens of the same sex from the same
locality. Type and paratype in author’s collection.
Orekthen gen. nov.
Pronotum extended in a porrect horn; scutellum entirely exposed; no
posterior process; head not sulcate; ocelli far apart and lower than centers
Dec., 1930]
Funkhouser: Membracid^e
407
of eyes ; clavus acuminate ; tegmina with five apical and two discoidal areas ;
wings with four apical areas; legs simple. Type: 0. osborni. This genus
is near Eustollia Goding but differs distinctly in head structure and in wing
venation.
Orekthen osborni sp. nov. (Fig. 3)
Small, greenish-yellow, punctate, not pubescent; pronotum projecting in
a porrect horn as long as its width at base with a longitudinal brown stripe
on each side; scutellum entirely exposed; no posterior process; tegmina
hyaline ; undersurface and legs yellow.
Head subquadrate, yellow, roughly sculptured, not pubescent; base arcu-
ate; slightly depressed at center; eyes red; ocelli very small, yellow, incon-
spicuous, twice as far from each other as from the eyes and situated
distinctly below a line drawn through centers of eyes ; clypeus twice as long
as wide, projecting for half its length below inferior margins of gense, tip
rounded.
Pronotum greenish-yellow, punctate, not pubescent, extending in a single
porrect horn upward and forward, tip blunt, a broad brown longitudinal
fascia on each side; humeral angles large, blunt, triangular; metopidium
triangular, as wide as high; median carina faintly percurrent; scutellum
entirely exposed, triangular, smooth, tip acute; no posterior process.
Tegmina hyaline; clavus acuminate; veins punctate; tip rounded; five
apical and two discoidal cells ; no limbus ; wings with four apical cells.
Sides of thorax, undersurface and legs uniform light yellow.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 4.7 mm. ; from tip of pro-
notal process to tips of tegmina 5.4 mm. ; width between humeral angles
1.7 mm.
Type : female.
The males are smaller and darker with light eyes and with
very much shorter pronotal process. The tegmina of the males,
also, are inclined to show darker areas in the basal and internal
areas.
Described from three specimens, one female and two males,
received from Professor Herbert Osborn and collected at Con-
cepasa, Chile, on January 31, 1923. Type and one paratype in
author’s collection; allotype in collection of Professor Osborn.
Dontonodus gen. nov.
Base of posterior process elevated above scutellum in an erect, arcuate,
toothed node; scutellum exposed; suprahumeral horns present; posterior
process reaching internal angles of tegmina; tegmina coriaceous, five apical
and two discoidal cells, apical cells oblique; clavus acuminate; base of head
bituberculate ; legs simple. Type: D. serraticornis.
408
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Dontonodufc serraticomis sp. nov. (Eig. 4)
Large, mottled green and brown, coarsely punctate, sparingly pubescent;
suprahumerals large, heavy, serrate; base of posterior process expanded into
a denticulate semicircular crest; posterior process reaching tip of abdomen;
scutellum exposed; tegmina opaque, five apical and two discoidal cells;
clavus acuminate; base of head strongly nodulate; tibiae not foliaceous.
Head subquadrate, wider than long, roughly sculptured, brown, not punc-
tate, densely pubescent; base expanded into two strong tubercles, basal
margin sinuate; eyes large, prominent, gray; ocelli large, brown, equidis-
tant from each other and from the eyes and situated about on a line drawn
through centers of eyes; genae flattened and projecting; elypeus twice as
long as wide, extending for two -thirds its length below inferior margins
of genae.
Pronotum mottled green and brown, coarsely punctate, sparsely pubes-
cent ; metopidium wider than high ; median carina strongly percurrent ;
humeral angles prominent, triangular ; suprahumeral horns heavy, strong,
flattened dorso-ventrally, tricarinate, extending outward and upward, twice
as long as the distance between their bases, posterior margins strongly
denticulate; scutellum well exposed, tip bifurcate; posterior process sinu-
ate, extending to internal angles of tegmina, base elevated to form a toothed
semicircular node, tip blunt and dark brown.
Tegmina opaque, coriaceous, mottled green and brown, distinctly pilose;
clavus acuminate; two discoidal and five apical cells; apical cells oblique;
tips pointed; no limbus.
Sides of thorax and undersurface of abdomen brown, pubescent; legs
banded green and brown; tarsi black.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 9.6 mm. ; width between
tips of suprahumerals 4.7 mm.
Type: female.
Locality: Costa Rica.
Described from a single specimen in author’s collection.
Eustellia variegata sp. nov. (Eig. 5)
Small, greenish mottled with brown, punctate, not pubescent; pronotal
process curved forward over the head; scutellum entirely exposed; no pos-
terior process; tegmina with five apical and four discoidal cells; wings with
four apical cells; clavus acuminate; head subovate.
Head subovate, weakly sculptured, finely punctate, sparsely pubescent;
a broad brown fascia across base, a narrow vertical line inside each ocellus
and a narrow brown line at margins of genae; base arcuate; eyes small,
gray; ocelli large, prominent, yellow, nearer to each other than to the eyes
and situated about on a line drawn through centers of eyes; elypeus twice
as long as wide, extending for half its length below inferior margins of
genae.
Dec., 1930]
Funkhouser : Membracid^
409
Pronotum extended in a fattened horn curving over the head, twice as
long as its width at base, punctate, not pubescent, mottled green and brown ;
median carina strongly percurrent; humeral angles small, blunt, inconspicu-
ous; scutellum entirely exposed, triangular, tip acute; no posterior process.
Tegmina hyaline mottled with brown; veins prominent; basal area punc-
tate; five apical and two discoidal cells; tips rounded; clavus acuminate;
wings with four apical cells.
Sides of thorax, undersurface and legs mottled green and brown. Legs
simple.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5 mm.; from tip of pro-
hotal process to tips of tegmina 6 mm.; width between humeral angles 1.7
mm.
Type: female.
Described from two females received from Professor Herbert
Osborn and labeled “Prov. Valparaiso, Chile, Coll. A. Faz.”
One specimen has a shorter pronotal horn than the other and is
somewhat darker but there seems to be no specific difference.
Type in collection of Professor Osborn; paratype in author’s
collection.
Mina spinosa sp. nov. (Fig. 6)
Small, brown, finely punctate, sparingly pubescent; pronotum convex;
scutellum entirely exposed and extending backward in a fine hair-like spine;
no posterior process; head strongly bilobed; tegmina smoky hyaline with
five apical arid two discoidal cells; clavus acuminate; wings with four api-
cal cells; undersurface and legs brown.
Head yellow-brown, twice as long as wide, finely punctate, shining, not
pubescent; base strongly bilobed; eyes small, dark brown; ocelli dark
brown, twice as far from each other as from the eyes and situated well
above a line drawn through centers of eyes; clypeus three times as long as
wide, dark brown, smooth, shining, extending for half its length below
inferior margins of gense.
Pronotum convex, brown, punctate, pubescent; median carina obsolete;
humeral angles strong, blunt, triangular. Scutellum entirely exposed and
elevated in a flattened crest with the posterior apex produced in a hairlike
spine. No posterior process.
Tegmina smoky-hyaline; veins strong and brown; clavus acuminate; tips
rounded; five apical and two discoidal cells. Wings with four apical cells.
Sides of thorax, legs and undersurface of body uniform dark brown.
Legs simple.
Type: female. Locality: Tena, Ecuador.
Described from a single specimen. Type in author’s col-
lection.
410
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Campylocentrus nigris sp. nov. (Fig. 7)
Large, black, shining, punctate, sparingly pubescent ; suprahumerals
broad, sharp, extending outward and upward; base of posterior process
slightly elevated above scutellum, inferior node touching tip of scutellum;
tip of posterior process extending beyond internal angles of tegmina ;
tegmina black, hardly translucent, a subhyaline spot near base and another
near internal apical margin; undersurface and legs black.
Head subtriangular, black, punctate, pubescent; base arcuate; eyes large,
white; ocelli large, white, prominent, a little farther from each other than
from the eyes and situated above a line drawn through centers of eyes;
clypeus twice as long as wide, extending for half its length below inferior
margins of genae, tip rounded, pilose.
Pronotum black, punctate, sparsely pubescent ; metopidium quadrate,
about half as high as wide, smooth callosity above each eye; median carina
percurrent ; humeral angles large, triangular, prominent ; suprahumeral
horns strong, tricarinate, extending outward and upward with tips curving
backward, a little longer than the distance between their bases; posterior
process long, sinuate, gradually acuminate, tricarinate, base slightly elevated
above scutellum, inferior node impinging on scutellum, tip sharp, extending
beyond internal angles of tegmina and about to tip of abdomen; scutellum
largely exposed, base tomentose, tip bifurcate.
Tegmina black, a subhyaline spot near base and another near internal
apical margin; clavus obtuse; veins strong; five apical and two discoidal
cells; apical limbus broad. Wings with four apical cells.
Sides of thorax tomentose ; undersurface of body black ; femora and tibiae
black; tarsi ferruginous.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 8.5 mm.; width between
tips of suprahumerals 5 mm.
Type: male. Locality: Costa Kica.
Described from two specimens, male and female, from the
same locality. The female is entirely similar to the male in size,
coloration and structure of pronotum. Type and allotype in
author’s collection.
Flexocentrus brunneus sp. nov. (Fig. 8)
Small, brown, punctate, pubescent ; suprahumeral horns very short, extend-
ing directly outward; posterior process just reaching internal margins of
tegmina; basal third of tegmina coriaceous and punctate, apical two-thirds
hyaline ; apical cells oblique, median apical cell sessile ; scutellum well
exposed; tibiae foliaceous.
Head wider than long, brown, punctate, pubescent; base sinuate; eyes
large, brown; ocelli prominent, glassy, farther from each other than from
the eyes and situated well above a line drawn through centers of eyes;
clypeus broad, foliaceous, trilobed, continuing the outline of the inferior
margins of the flattened genae.
Dec., 1930]
Funkhouser : Membracid^
411
Pronotum brown, punctate, pubescent; metopidium convex, as wide as
high, slightly tomentose; humeral angles strong, blunt, obtuse; suprahumeral
horns very short, triquerate, flattened dorsally, about as long as the distance
between their bases, extending directly outward, not projecting laterad as
far as the humeral angles and no farther than the eyes; median carina per-
current; dorsum sinuate, a slight elevation just back of the suprahumerals ;
scutellum well exposed, slightly tomentose; posterior process long, slender,
tectiform, tip acute and just reaching internal angles of tegmina.
Tegmina entirely exposed; clavus gradually acuminate from base to tip;
corium with five apical and one discoidal cell ; basal , third coriaceous and
punctate, apical two -thirds hyaline; apical cells oblique; median apical cell
sessile; no limbus.
Sides of thorax slightly tomentose; undersurface of body brown; legs
brown ; tibise f oliaceous ; tarsi normal.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5.9 mm.; width between
tips of suprahumerals 2 mm.
Type: male.
Locality: Demerara River, British Guiana.
Described from a single specimen in author’s collection.
Leioscyta pulchella sp. nov. (Fig. 9)
Small, brilliant scarlet and black, finely punctate, sparsely pubescent;
dorsum weakly sinuate ; posterior process extending beyond tip of abdomen ;
tegmina hyaline with base black and punctate; eyes red, undersurface of
body jet black; legs red.
Head longer than wide, black, very densely pubescent ; base arcuate ;
eyes large, prominent, red; ocelli very small, inconspicuous, red, twice as
far from each other as from the eyes and situated close to the basal margin
of the head; clypeus f oliaceous, quadrate, pubescent, tip rounded.
Pronotum finely punctate, sparingly pubescent, brilliant scarlet except lat-
eral carinse, tip of posterior process and depression above each humeral an-
gle jet black; front margin convex above head, metopidium as high as wide;
humeral angles prominent; median carina strongly percurrent; a strong
lateral carina above shoulders on each side extending to lateral margins of
pronotum; posterior process tectiform, tip black, extending beyond internal
angles of tegmina and beyond abdomen; dorsum of pronotum very slightly
sinuate in center.
Tegmina hyaline, base black and punctate; four apical and two discoidal
cells; limbus broad.
Sides of thorax and undersurface of body black; legs red; first and second
pairs of tibise broadly foliaceous.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 3.6 mm.; width between
humeral angles 1.8 mm.
Type : male. Locality : Brazil.
Described from a single specimen in author’s collection.
412
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvnr
Erechtia trinotata sp. nov. (Fig. 10)
Black with three white spots, one on front of dorsal crest and two on
median line of dorsum; dorsum nearly straight; pronotum punctate, spar-
ingly pubescent; posterior process extending just beyond internal angles
of tegmina; tegmina black, opaque, veins indistinct, four apical and three
discoidal cells; two faint lateral carina on frontal crest; undersurface black.
Head foliaceous, black, punctate, pubescent; base nearly straight; eyes
large, black, prominent; ocelli large, pearly, farther from each other than
from the eyes and situated about on a line drawn through centers of eyes;
clypeus broad, foliaceous, tip rounded.
Pronotum black, punctate, sparsely pubescent; anterior crest slightly
porrect with two faint carina on each side; large white spot on median
line of anterior crest and two other white spots on median line of dorsum;
posterior process nearly straight, tectiform, tip acute and slightly decurved,,
extending just beyond internal angles of tegmina.
Tegmina black, coriaceous, base punctate; four apical and three discoidal
cells; veins indistinct; apical limbus broad and wrinkled.
Sides of thorax, legs and undersurface of body entirely black; front and
middle tibiae broadly foliaceous; posterior margins of hind tibiae serrate.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5.9 mm. ; width between
humeral angles 2.1 mm.
Type: female.
Locality: Tucuman, Argentina.
Described from a single specimen received from Mr. Harold
E. Box and dated December 31, 1927. Type in author’s collec-
tion. We have a specimen from Jalapa, Mexico, which seems to
agree in all particulars except that the eyes and abdomen are
bright red and the tarsi flavous and we therefore hesitate
to assign it to the same species without more knowledge as to
distribution.
Orekthophora gen. nov.
Pronotum extended forward in a slender upcurved median horn; posterior
process long, slender, reaching tips of tegmina, with a slight central inferior
lobe; tegmina entirely free, coriaceous, five apical and three discoidal cells,
terminal cell sessile; ocelli located in latero-basal angles of head; scutellum
entirely hidden; legs simple; hind tarsi normal. Type 0. cornuta.
Orekthophora cornuta sp. nov. (Pig. 11)
Small, black, punctate, pubescent; sides of thorax white tomentose; fron-
tal horn long, slender, upcurved ; posterior process reaching tips of tegmina ;
tegmina brown with white spots; undersurface black; femora and tibiae
brown; tarsi white; claws brown.
Dec., 1930]
Funkhouser : Membracid.®
413
Head subtriangular, longer than wide, black, punctate, with white tomen-
tose patches; base sinuate; eyes large, prominent, gray; ocelli small, incon-
spicuous, amber-colored, very close to the eyes and to the basal margin of
the head, far removed from each other; clypeus long, foliaceous, tip triden-
tate, extending for more than half its length below inferior margins of
gense.
Pronotum black, punctate, pubescent, sparingly tomentose; pronotal horn
projecting forward and curving upward, somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally,
tip distinctly bilobed; posterior process long, slender, decurved, tricarinate,
undersurface showing a slight lobe at middle, tip sharp and reaching tips
of tegmina.
Tegmina opaque, brown with white spots, base black and punctate; five
apical and three discoidal cells; terminal cell not petiolate; apical limbus
narrow.
Sides of thorax densely white tomentose ; undersurface of abdomen black ;
femora and tibise ferruginous brown ; tarsi white ; claws brown.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5.5 mm.; length of pro-
notal horn 2.5 mm.; width between humeral angles 2.2 mm.
Type: female. Locality: San Domingo.
Described from two specimens, a male and a female. The
allotype was collected at Blanton mine, north of Christobal, San
Domingo, July 27, 1927, by Harold Morrison. Type and allo-
type in author’s collection.
Spinodarnoides gen. nov.
Humeral angles produced in sharp spines; erect spine in center of dor-
sum ; metopidium sloping ; posterior process long, slender and reaching tip
of abdomen; scutellum not exposed; third apical cell sessile, base truncate;
legs simple; hind tarsi normal; tegmina hyaline, five apical and three dis-
coidal cells. Type: S. typus. This genus is nearest Paradarnoides Fowler
but differs in the spine-like humeral angles and the median spine on the
dorsum.
Spinodarnoides typus sp. nov. (Fig. 12)
Long, slender, brown, punctate, pubescent, slightly tomentose; humeral
angles produced in sharp spines ; dorsum elevated in a triangular spine back
of humerals; posterior process tricarinate, long, slender, extending almost
to tip of abdomen; tegmina hyaline, five apical and three discoidal cells;
abdomen brown with lateral margins yellow; legs flavous-brown.
Head twice as wide as long, brown, punctate, pubescent; frontal angle
sharp; base sinuate; eyes large, yellow; ocelli large, prominent, yellow,
more than twice as far from each other as from the eyes and situated about
on a line drawn through centers of eyes; clypeus twice as long as wide,
projecting for two-thirds its length below inferior margins of gense.
414
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Pronotum brown, punctate, pubescent, slightly tomentose; metopidium
sloping, twice as wide as high; humeral angles produced in sharp spines;
median carina percurrent; dorsum elevated in a strong triangular blunt
spine just back of humeral angles; posterior process long, slender, straight,
tip not reaching tips of tegmina nor tip of abdomen.
Tegmina entirely exposed, hyaline, base narrowly coriaceous and punctate ;
veins strong; five apical and three discoidal cells; median apical cell sessile,
base truncate.
Sides of thorax tomentose; abdomen brown with lateral margin yellow;
legs yellow-brown, simple.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 7.3 mm.; width between
tips of humeral spines 3.5 mm.
Type : female. Locality : Porto Rico.
Type in author’s collection.
Alchisme projecta sp. nov. (Fig. 13)
Long, narrow, yellow, punctate; horns projecting strongly forward;
dorsum elevated in an obtuse angle behind the humeral horns; posterior
process extending beyond abdomen; median carina percurrent, concolorous;
tegmina brown, coriaceous; undersurface and legs yellow; hind tarsi abbre-
viated.
Head three times as wide as long, yellow, punctate, roughly sculptured,
sparingly pubescent; base strongly sinuate; eyes large, brown; ocelli large,
yellow, much nearer to each other than to the eyes and situated about on a
line drawn through centers of eyes; clypeus longer than wide, projecting
for half its length below inferior margins of gense.
Pronotum yellow, roughly punctate, sparsely pubescent; humeral angles
produced into strong horns which project forward and upward, these horns
sharp, triquerate, about as long as the distance between their bases; dorsum
elevated in middle in an obtuse angle; posterior process long, slender, tri-
querate, tip sharp and extending to a point halfway between internal angles
and tips of tegmina.
Tegmina dark brown, coriaceous, veins strong; apical limbus broad; five
apical and two discoidal cells; terminal cell sessile.
Sides of thorax, legs and undersurface of body yellow; hind tarsi very
short.
Length from front of head, to tips of tegmina 9 mm. ; width between tips
of horns 5.7 mm.
Type: male. Locality: Pern.
Described from a single specimen in author’s collection.
Tragopa bitriangulata sp. nov. (Fig. 14)
Large, shield-shaped, yellow-brown with a large triangle definitely out-
lined in black on each side of metopidium and a dark brown fascia on each
Dec., 1930]
Funkhouser: Membracid^e
415
side of pronotum behind middle; finely punctate, not pubescent; humeral
angles auriculate; tegmina almost entirely covered by pronotum; under-
surface and legs yellow-brown.
Head subquadrate, brown, punctate, roughly sculptured; base sinuate;
eyes large, black; ocelli large, amber-colored, twice as far from each other
as from the eyes and situated well above a line drawn through centers of
eyes ; clypeus longer than broad, extending for half its length below inferior
margins of gense, tip rounded, pilose.
Pronotum gray-brown, finely punctate; two large triangles strongly out-
lined in black on front of pronotum and a large brown fascia on each side
behind middle; metopidium sloping, broader than high; median carina per-
current, brown; humeral angles large, prominent, expanded, auriculate;
posterior process swollen, tip acute.
Tegmina almost entirely covered by pronotum; brown, coriaceous, veins
indistinct; apical limbus broad; wings with four apical cells.
Legs and undersurface of body yellow-brown; legs simple.
Length from front of head to posterior tip of pronotum 4.8 mm.; width
between tips of humeral angles 3.7 mm.
Type: female. Locality: Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Described from a single specimen in author’s collection.
Antonae bulbosa sp. nov. (Fig. 15)
Small, yellow and brown; six bulbs, one at base of each suprahumeral,
one in center of dorsum, one on lateral margin at each side, one at base of
posterior process; suprahumeral horns very short; posterior process with
single terminal spine; tegmina entirely hyaline; legs yellow with joints
black.
Head twice as wide as long, shining, yellow with brown striase, roughly
sculptured; base arcuate; eyes very large, prominent, amber-colored, equi-
distant from each other and from the eyes and situated a little below a line
drawn through centers of eyes ; clypeus longer than wide, extending for half
its length below inferior margins of gense, tip rounded and pilose; genae
with a black spot below each eye.
Pronotum yellow and black, smooth, shining, not punctate, bearing a few
scattered long black coarse hairs; anterior pronotum convex with a bulb
at the base of each short suprahumeral horn, a second bulb behind horns
and just before median constriction, a small bulb on each side on margin of
pronotum below median bulb, a very large bulb at base of posterior
process; posterior process ending in a single sharp median spine which
extends beyond internal angles of tegmina; suprahumeral horns very short,
blunt, extending directly outward ; humeral angles small, blunt ; dorsal
surface of frontal and median lobes marked with brown; dorsal and lateral
surfaces of posterior lobes brown; no median carina.
Tegmina entirely hyaline, entirely exposed ; five apical and three discoidal
cells; apical limbus broad.
416
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvili
Undersurface of body yellow; legs yellow with black joints.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5 mm.; width between tips
of suprahumerals 2 mm.
Type: male. Locality: Mexico.
Described from a single specimen in author’s collection.
Poppea zebrina sp. nov. (Fig. 16)
Shining yellow with black markings, feebly punctate, not pubescent; pro-
notum bulbous, weakly depressed on sides before posterior expansion ; supra-
humerals short, sharp, jet black, extending directly outward; front of
pronotum bearing four black parallel stripes ; tip of posterior process
trispinose; tegmina hyaline with veins of costal area black; undersurface
and legs yellow.
Head subtriangular, smooth, shining, yellow, not punctate nor pubescent;
base feebly arcuate; eyes large, white; ocelli large, white, nearer to each
other than to the eyes and situated about on a line drawn through centers
of eyes; genae narrowly margined with black; clypeus diamond-shaped, its
apex about continuing the line made by the inferior margins of genae.
Pronotum swollen, shining yellow, very lightly punctate, not pubescent;
four heavy black parallel lines extending over the metopidium between the
horns and another line on each side below the horns; suprahumeral horns
short, sharp, entirely black, extending directly outward, not as long as the
distance between their bases ; metopidium sloping ; humeral angles reduced,
blunt, not conspicuous; median carina obsolete; depression between anterior
and posterior lobes of pronotum not deep; posterior process ending in three
spines, the middle one three times as long as the lateral, tip of process
extending just beyond internal angles of tegmina but not reaching tip of
abdomen.
Tegmina hyaline, veins of costal area black; five apical and one discoidal
cell; apical limbus broad.
Sides of thorax, undersurface of body, femora, tibiae and tarsi uniformly
shining light yellow.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 7.2 mm.; width between
tips of suprahumeral horns 4 mm.
Type: male. Locality: Barro Collo, Canal Zone.
Described from five specimens, all males, received from Mr. S.
W. Frost and all collected by Mr. Frost at the type locality on
February 11, 1929. Type and paratype in author’s collection.
Poppea nitida sp. nov. (Fig. 17)
Large, shining purplish-brown, finely punctate, not pubescent ; supra-
humeral horns long, sharp, extending upward and outward with tips curving
backward ; dorsum feebly sinuate, slightly swollen behind suprahumerals ;
posterior process trispinose, lateral spines swollen at bases, terminal spine
Dec., 1930]
FUNKHOUSER: MEMBRACIDyE
417
slender and decurved; tegmina smoky -hyaline ; undersurface dark brown;
legs yellow. This species is close to P. subrugosa Fowler but is very much
larger and differently marked.
Head twice as wide as long, dark purplish-brown, shining, not punctate,
not pubescent, roughly sculptured; base arcuate; eyes large, gray; ocelli
large, prominent, yellow, equidistant from each other and from the eyes and
situated about on a line drawn through centers of eyes; clypeus twice as
long as wide, extending for two-thirds its length below inferior margins of
gense, yellow, marked with two longitudinal brown striae, tips acute.
Pronotum shining dark purplish-brown, lightly punctate, not pubescent;
metopidium straight, about as broad as long; humeral angles prominent,,
triangular; median carina faintly percurrent; suprahumeral horns long,
strong, sharp, extending outward and upward with tips curving backward;
dorsum weakly sinuate, slightly swollen behind suprahumeral horns; pos-
terior process heavy, trispinose, lateral spines swollen at bases, terminal
spine long, slender, decurved, extending far beyond internal angles of
tegmina.
Tegmina smoky hyaline, veins prominent, five apical and three discoidal
cells; apical limbus broad.
Undersurface of body brown; legs yellow.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 10 mm.; width between
tips of suprahumerals 5.2 mm.
Type: male. Locality: Aqualane, Peru.
Described from a single specimen. Type in author’s col-
lection.
Maturna. macuiata sp. nov. (Fig. 18)
Small, green, punctate, not pubescent; front of head, metopidium and
basal half of tegmen black; pronotum highest in front of humeral angles;
dorsum feebly sinuate; posterior process extending just beyond tips of
tegmina; sides of pronotum longitudinally ridged; tegmina half covered by
pronotum, five apical and one discoidal cell; sides of thorax black; abdomen
black; legs yellow.
Head wider than long, black, punctate, rough ; base sinuate ; eyes large,
brown; ocelli large, brown, equidistant from each other and from the eyes
and situated about on a line drawn through centers of eyes; clypeus wider
than long, apex about continuing line of inferior margins of gense.
Pronotum green except metopidium which is black ; punctate ; front
roughly sculptured; four longitudinal ridges behind humerals; metopidium
perpendicular, highest in front of humeral angles, triangular ; humeral
angles large, prominent, triangular; median carina strongly percurrent;
dorsum weakly sinuate ; posterior process tectif orm, tip sharp and extending
slightly beyond tips of tegmina.
418
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Tegmina half covered by pronotum; basal half black and punctate, apical
half hyaline; veins strong; five apical and one discoidal cell; median apical
cell petiolate; apical limbus narrow.
Sides of thorax black; abdomen black; legs yellow; tibiae simple; tarsi
normal.
Length from front of head to tips of tegmina 5.1 mm.; width between
humeral angles 2 mm.
Type : male. Locality : Canon del Tolima, Colombia.
Described from two males from the same locality. Type and
paratype in author’s collection.
Plate XXII
Figure
1.
Figure
2.
Figure
3.
Figure
4.
Figure
5.
Figure
6.
Figure
7.
Figure
8.
Centronodus denticulus sp. nov.
Centronodus flavus sp. nov.
Orefcthen osborni sp. nov.
Dontonodus serraticornis sp. nov.
Eustollia variegata sp. nov.
Mina spinosa sp. nov.
Campylocentrus nigris sp. nov.
Flexocentrus trunneus sp. nov.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Yol. XXXYIII
(Plate XXII)
MEMBRACID^E
420
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Yol. XXXVIII
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Plate XXIII
Leioscyta pulchella sp. nov.
Erechtia trinotata sp. nov.
OreTcthophora cornuta sp. nov.
Spinodarnoides typus sp. nov.
Alchisme project a sp. nov.
Tragopa bitriangulata sp. nov.
Antonce bulbosa sp. nov.
Poppea zebrina sp. nov.
Poppea nitida sp. nov.
Maturna maculata sp. nov.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Sqc.), Vol. XXXYIII (Plate XXIII)
18
MEMBBACIDiE
Dec., 1930]
SWEETMAN: EpILACHNA
423
THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MEXICAN
BEAN BEETLE, EPILACHNA CORRUPTA MULS.
(COCCINELLIDiE, COLEOPTERA)1
By Harvey L. Sweetman
The Coccinellidas are very important from an economic stand-
point, largely because of their predaceous habit. One tribe, the
Epilachnini, feeds upon plants and two species, Epilachna cor-
rupta Muls. and E. borealis (Fab.), are pests in the United
States. From a taxonomic viewpoint the Coccinellidas are very
difficult to classify because of their size and uniformity of
appearance. Perhaps a detailed study of the external morphol-
ogy of one species, E. corrupta Muls., will suggest the use of
some structures of taxonomic value, that are not made use of at
present.
The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. G. C.
Crampton for the many helpful suggestions he has offered dur-
ing the progress of this study and to Mr. C. 0. Eddy of the South
Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and Mr. R. Cecil of
the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the furnish-
ing of preserved specimens.
General Description
The bean beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long and one-
fifth of an inch wide. The general body color varies from a
light yellow to brown, depending on age and somewhat on envi-
ronmental conditions. The elytron is usually marked with
eight black spots as follows : three near the base, three near the
center forming a transverse row, and two near the apex. The
entire external surface of the body is clothed with minute setas
giving the beetles a pubescent appearance. In the following
study no mention is made of setas unless they are of a different
appearance from the pubescence mentioned above.
1 This paper was submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of
Massachusetts Agricultural College as part of a thesis in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
424
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Literature
Studies in the morphology of certain families of the Coleop-
tera include the following: Hayes (1922) and Friend (1929)
on the Scarabaeidse, Korschelt (1923) on the Dystiscidae, Yan
Zwaluwenburg (1922) on the Elateridse, and Kivnay (1928) on
the Chrysomelidae. Those who have worked on special struc-
tures of the Order include Forbes (1922, 6) and Graham (1922)
on the wings; Stickney (1923) on the head capsule; Tanner
(1927), Wilson (1926,7), Sharp and Muir (1912), and Muir
(1918) on the genitalia. Works on the general morphology
that have proved of value in this study include the text by Mac-
Gillivray (1923), and the numerous papers of Snodgrass and
Crampton, especially the latter.
The Head
Head Capsule. The head capsule of the Mexican bean beetle
is somewhat elliptical in shape, being broader than long. It is
composed of several united sclerites, those found on the more
primitive Coleoptera having fused so that all of the sutures have
nearly or entirely disappeared. The epicranial suture has dis-
appeared on the dorsal surface (Fig. 2). It is doubtful if any
portion of the arms of this suture remain. Stickney (1923)
found a trace of the epicranial arms ventro-cephalad of the com-
pound eyes (e) in two species of Coccinellidae, Hippodamia con-
vergens Guer. and Adalia bipunctata (L). The dorsal surface
of the epicranium cannot be divided accurately into the recog-
nized areas because of the absence of ridges and sutures. The
position of the frontal pits (fp) cephalad of the compound eyes
is indicated in the figure although the depressions are rather
obscure. The labrum (lr) is attached to the head capsule by a
membrane which may be the anteclypeus. The antennifer (anf )
is prominent and serves as a pivot for the scape (ac) of the
antenna. The ventral aspect of the head is shown in Figure 1.
The raised area between the gular sutures (gs) is the gula (gl ) .
The sutures extend only a short distance cephalad from the mag-
num foramen (mt), where they lead into the distinct gular pits
(gp). Extending cephalad from the magnum foramen and
Dec., 1930]
SWEETMAN: EPILACHNA
425
laterad of the gular sutures are prominent folds which are asso-
ciated with a change in level of the gula from the surrounding
areas. The anterior portion of the gular region is not demarked
laterally. The hypostoma (h) to which the mandibles (md)
and maxilla (mx) are attached is sharply defined.
The tentorium has two parts each extending from the frontal
(fp) to the gular (gp) pits. One of these is shown in Figure 3.
The pits are the external manifestations of the invaginations of
the head capsule to form the internal processes of the tentorium.
The body of the tentorium has apparently disappeared leaving
only the anterior (at) and posterior (pt) arms. A remnant of
the dorsal arm (dt) is indicated by a small protuberance at the
point of junction of the anterior and posterior arms. The ante-
rior arm shows a slight thickening near the frontal pit, but the
posterior arm is greatly enlarged in the gular region (gl). The
cephalic extension of the posterior arm is a very delicately
sclerotized rod that is difficult to dissect out without breaking.
Apparently the fusing of sclerites and loss of sutures of the
head capsule has been accompanied by a reduction in size and
rigidity of the tentorium until it is nothing more than two deli-
cate rods.
The eyes (e) are very prominent organs about twice as long
as broad. They are located on the cephalo-lateral margins of
the head and can be seen from both the dorsal and ventral
aspects of it. The ocular sclerites are found on the inside
periphery of the eyes. There are no ocelli.
The antennas (Fig. 2), composed of eleven segments each, are
meso-cephalad of the eyes. The bulb (b, Fig. 5) of the scape
(ac) fits into the antennal socket (as). It is slightly enlarged
but does not form a distinct ball like that in the more primitive
Coleoptera such as the Meloidas. The scape is the longest seg-
ment of the antenna. The pedicel (pd) is narrower and shorter
than the scape, but is broader than the first six segments of the
flagellum (fu). The first segment of the latter is slightly
longer than the pedicel while the remaining eight segments are
shorter. Segments two to six are short and stout. The three
terminal segments are greatly broadened, largely on one side,
forming a rather distinct club.
426
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvili
Mouthparts. The labrum (Fig. 9) is composed of two parts
which may be called antelabrum (lr) and postlabrnm (pi) for
convenience, although the region designated postlabrum may be
the anteclypeus or a fusion of the two structures. Stickney
(1923) states that the preclypeus (anteclypeus) is always pres-
ent and is usually membranous. The labrum is attached to the
head capsule by a membrane between the dorsal surface of the
postlabrum and the clypeal region. This membrane is termed
the preclypeus by Stickney. The antelabrum, the only part of
the labrum showing externally, is covered with numerous promi-
nent setse that project beyond the anterior margin.
The epipharynx (ep, Fig. 4), lining the under side of the
labrum, forms the roof of the mouth and extends caudad under
the clypeal region. It is membranous in structure and has
minute ridges arranged over a bell shaped area indicated by the
dotted lines in Figure 4. These ridges are densely setose, while
the remaining portion is smooth or sparsely covered with hairs.
The hypopharynx (hp, Fig. 4), a flat, rounded lobe much
smaller than the epipharynx, is attached mainly to the dorsal-
side of the labium. The cephalic margin is covered with a very
dense mass of slender hairs. The dorsal surface is thickly
clothed with minute setas, while the ventral region is more
sparsely covered with similar setae. Several slender bristles are
also found on the ventral surface. The pharyngeal cavity opens
between the hypopharynx and epipharynx.
The mandibles (md) have their mesal margins covered by the
labrum (lr, Fig. 2). The incisor region is well developed and
bears three sharp teeth (Fig. 12). These regions of the two
mandibles overlap, increasing the efficiency when cutting plant
tissues. They articulate with the head capsule at two points,,
a dorso-lateral one where a protuberance of the latero-clypeal
region fits into the ginglymus of the mandible and a ventro-
lateral one where the condyle (c) of the mandible fits into the
acetabulum of the postgenal region. The basal s.clerite (be) has
apparently fused so firmly with the mandible that only a small
projection not demarked by a suture remains. A ventro-mesal
membranous lobe, the submola (sa), on the basal portion of the
Dec., 1930]
Sweetman: Epilachna
427
mandible bears a dense fringe of setae on its mesal margin.
Scattered setae are present on the basal half of the mandible.
The maxilla is shown in Figure 11. The cardo (cd) contains
a deep groove on its basal edge by which it articulates with the
hypostoma (h, Fig. 1). An internal projection, the cardo proc-
ess (cp), extends into the head capsule and serves for muscle
attachment. The next division of the maxilla, the stipes (st),
is composed of two triangular sclerites (Crampton, 1923). The
palpifer (pfr) situated dorsad of the basal sclerite of the stipes
is a hollow cylinder bearing the four segmented palpus (mp).
The fourth segment of the palpus is the longest, followed by the
second, third, and first in the order given. Each segment, be-
ginning with the basal end, is wider than the preceding one.
The fourth segment is flattened and membranous on the distal
end and probably contains sensory organs on this area. The
galea is composed of two segments, the basigalea (bb) and the
distigalea (da). The former is sclerotized on its dorsal surface
and membranous on its ventral surface. It is attached to the
distal end of the stipes. The lacinia (la), a pear-shaped sclerite
from the ventral aspect, is attached to the stipes also. The dis-
tal ends of the lacinia and the distigalea are covered with dense
brushes of hairs that often are worn short in old specimens. The
maxilla is covered with many minute setae but is devoid of spines
or teeth.
The true labium is attached to the head capsule between the
maxillae by the mentum and submentum, sclerites which are gen-
erally included as a part of the labium, but strictly speaking are
not a part of it (Crampton, 1928). The subdivisions of the
labium (Fig. 10) are submentum, mentum, united palpigers,
united paraglossae, and palpi. The submentum (sm) is a
heavily sclerotized sclerite firmly attached to the gular region of
the head capsule. The mentum (mn) is movably attached to the
submentum. The distal third, to which are attached the united
palpigers, is membranous while the basal portion is heavily
sclerotized. The palpigers (np) have become united (Cramp-
ton, 1928) forming a thick, fleshy structure rather heavily
sclerotized which bears the palpi. The palpi (lp) are composed
428
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
of three segments, the first very short, the second longest, with
the third slightly shorter than the second and tapering to a point
at the distal end. The paraglossae (ds) have become fused also
and form the distal lobe of the fleshy stalk made up of the united
palpigers. A longitudinal groove marks the line of union of
the two palpigers and the two paraglossae. The entire structure
is densely covered with very minute setae. The glossae have
become fused with the paraglossae or have been lost.
Thorax
Cervical sclerites. The lateral cervicalia (lc, Fig. 6) appear
as dumb-bell shaped sclerites in the intersegmental membrane
between the prothorax and head capsule. The cephalic end is
more enlarged than the caudal end. There is a faint trace of a
suture through the median portion of the cervicalia.
Prothorax. The pronotum (pn, Figs. 6, 7, 8) comprises a
single sclerite which is about three times as long as broad from
the dorsal aspect. The latero-cephalic margins are extended for-
ward along the sides of the head. The pronotum extends ven-
trad to the precoxal bridge (pc) cephalad of the coxae (cx) and
to the furcasternum (fs) caudad of the coxae. A lateral carina
is formed at the line of folding between the dorsal and ventral
surface. This does not take the place of a suture as has been
shown by Crampton (1926). The ventral portion of the pro-
notum probably overlaps the pleuron and fuses with it.
The basisternum (bs, Figs. 6, 7) is broad anteriorly and very
much reduced between the coxae (cx). The anterolateral
branches of the basisternum are the precoxalia (pc) which unite
with the pronotum. A suture separates the precoxalia from the
pronotum. The furcasternum (fs) is between and behind the
coxae. The lateral extensions uniting with the pronotum form
the postcoxal bridges (pcx) closing the coxal cavities posteriorly.
The f ureal pits (fp) are very shallow slits produced by invagina-
tions forming the furcae (f). The furcae are internal projections
of the body wall extending dorsad and serving for muscle attach-
ment. The trochantin (tn, Fig. 24) is a small pleural sclerite
that has been drawn internally with the basal portion of the
coxae (cx). It is movably attached to the coxae and to the body
wall by a membrane.
Dec., 1930]
SWEETMAN: EPILACHNA
429
The leg is shown in figure 27. The coxa (cx, Figs. 6, 7, 24, 27)
extends into the body cavity, the basal third not being visible
externally. It is about three times as long as broad in its widest
part and rotates antero-posteriorly in the coxal cavity. The
dorsal surface is open for about two-thirds of its length for the
entrance of muscles and other internal structures. On one side
near the apex of the coxa is a cavity which receives the condyle
of the trochanter (tr). The latter is a somewhat triangular
shaped segment articulating distally with the femur (fr) and
basally with the coxa. The movement between the trochanter
and femur is very much restricted. The flexor surface is in-
dented to receive the distal end of the tibia when the leg is
folded. The femur is the largest segment of the leg and is about
three times as long as broad. It tapers somewhat at the ends and
is deeply and broadly grooved on its flexor surface to receive the
tibia. The distal end contains a cavity for the reception of the
condyle of the tibia. The tibia (ti) is about as long as the femur
and about two-thirds as wide. It is elbowed at the basal end
which permits it to fit into the groove of the femur when the leg
is folded. There are two spurs (sb) on the flexor surface at the
distal end. The articulation with the femur permits more free-
dom of movement of the tibia than is found with the other divi-
sions of the leg. The dorsal surface is deeply hollowed for recep-
tion of the tarsus when the leg is folded. The tarsus (ta) is
distinctly four segmented as with many of the Coccinellidge.
The so-called apparently three-segmented tarsus is a character
used in many keys to separate this from the other Coleopterous
families. Since beginning students can easily see the four seg-
ments in many species it is very misleading to speak of the
Coccinellidse as having apparently three segmented tarsi. The
first segment is conical, being narrow at the point of articulation
with the tibia and is broadened and cut off obliquely at the distal
end. It is densely pubescent beneath. The second segment is
flat and triangular in shape, being broadened distally. The
distal third is densely pubescent beneath. An opening is present
on the dorsal surface just before the middle for reception of the
third segment. The latter is very short and cylindrical in shape.
It articulates with the second but is immovably attached to the
430
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
fourth segment. The fourth segment is conical and curved, the
distal portion being the largest. This is the longest segment of
the tarsus. Distally it bears two bifid claws, which are longer
than the third segment.
Mesothorax. The mesothorax is the smallest of the three
thoracic segments. The notum (Figs. 13, 14) can be divided
into three areas: the prescutum (psc), scutum (sc), and scutel-
lum (si). The cephalic margin of the prescutum is Y-shaped,
the extensions of the arms forming the suralares (su). The
scutum is the area between the prescutum and scutellum. Both
the scutum and prescutum lie beneath the caudal margin of the
pronotum. The scutellum is the triangular elevated area mesad
of the bases of the elytra. It is the only exposed portion of the
notum when the elytra are in place. The parascutellum (pas)
is beneath the scutellum and extends laterad under the bases of
the elytra. A groove is formed between the scutellum and para-
scutellum along the lateral margins of the former for the recep-
tion of the antero-mesal margins of the elytra when at rest.
With the exception of the scutellum, which is hidden by the
parascutellum, the internal aspect of the above structures are
shown in figure 14. The phragma (pf) is an invagination of
the notum serving for muscle attachment.
The mesothoracic axillary sclerites (ax, Fig. 13) are greatly
modified from those found in the primitive Coleoptera so that it
is impossible to homologize the sclerites until a thorough study
of intermediate forms has been made.
The mesopleuron (Figs. 17, 19) is made up of two sclerites,
the episternum (es) and epimeron (em). The pleural suture
(ps), which is the external manifestation of the pleural ridge
(pr), demarks the episternum and epimeron. A longitudinal
carina, shown as a dotted line, divides the epimeron into two
areas. The epimeron is united with the episternum along the
pleural suture, the other sides being free, which permits free
access of air to the metathoracic spiracle (ms) that lies beneath
it. The alifer (o), a dorsal process of the episternum, gives
support to the elytron. The pleural ridge is formed by the
infolding of the posterior margin of the episternum and the
anterior margin of the epimeron. It is quite broad dorsally and
Dec., 1930]
Sweetman: Epilachna
431
tapers so that it is much narrower ventrally. The pleural
apodeme (pa) is a projection of the dorsal portion of the pleural
ridge extending meso-ventrally. There is no trochantin.
The basisternum (bs, Figs. 17, 19) extending in front of and
between the coxae (cx) comprises the greater portion of the
mesosternum. The portions in front of the coxae are the pre-
coxalia (pc). In the mesal region is a pit (pe) in which the
prominent portion of the prothoracic basisternum between the
coxae fits. Just behind the pit is a transverse suture dividing
the basisternum into two sclerites. Projecting laterad from the
pit are distinct carinae, shown by the dotted lines, which extend
into the episternum. The furcasternum (fs) shows externally
as a narrow transverse area behind the f ureal pits (fp) and
coxae. The pits are the external manifestations of the furcae
(f). When the coxae are removed the indexed portions of the
furcasternum under them can be seen. The areas behind the
coxae are the precoxalia (pcx). Internally between the furcae
is a sclerotized rod (sr) connecting these indexed parts of the
coxal cavities. The mesothoracic spiracle (msp, Fig. 6) is in
the intersegmental membrane connecting the prothorax and
mesothorax.
The mesothoracic leg (Fig. 26) is slightly larger but otherwise
similar to the prothoracic leg except for the coxa. The coxa (cx)
is broader than long and is reduced in movement in its articula-
tion with the body.
The elytron (Fig. 22) is a heavily sclerotized convex structure
completely covering one-half of the abdomen. Two main tracheae
(to) with numerous fine branches extend nearly to its tip. The
longitudinal margins are indexed, the lateral one being much
more so and greatly thickened. This margin is flattened ven-
trally so that it can fit snugly against the surface to which the
beetle is clinging. It likewise fits closely against the latero-
ventral angle along the thorax and abdomen. These margins
are hollow and contain body fluids which probably are carried
throughout the elytron indicating that the internal tissues are
alive. The portion of the elytron serving for attachment to the
notum is called the apophysis (ap). The eight, prominent black
spots on the elytron referred to in the general description are
not shown in the figure.
432
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Metathorax. The metathorax is the largest of the thoracic
segments. The notum (Figs. 15, 16) can be divided into four
areas: the prescntnm (psc), scutum (sc), scutellum (si), and
postscutellum (psl). The prescutum is an arched sclerite nar-
rowed in the middle and broadened laterally. Its posterior
margin blends with a semimembranous region connecting it with
the scutum. The anterior margin projects into the body cavity
forming the prephragma (pph). A membrane connects it with
the mesothorax. The scutum (sc) is the largest of the notal
areas. It is divided longitudinally by a median groove (mg)
which is carried on through the scutellar region. The thickened
mesal indexed portions of the elytra fit into this groove. A large
lobe demarked by a suture is evident on each half of the scutum.
This arched lobe probably strengthens the body wall and the
suture is the external manifestation of invaginations of the body
wall serving for muscle attachment. The three lateral projec-
tions of the scutum associated with the wing are the suralare
(su), adnotale (ad), and adanale (pw). A small muscle disk
(m) is in the membrane anterior to the suralare. Three of the
axillary sclerites: the notale (n), basanale (ba), and one of the
medialia are readily distinguished. The scutellum (si) is
formed of two triangular shaped sclerites and the portion of the
median groove dividing them. The post-scutellum (psl) is com-
posed of a narrow transverse sclerite connected to the scutellum
by a membranous area. Its posterior margin projects into the
body cavity forming the postphragma (po). Lateral prolonga-
tions, the postalar bridges (pb), connect the postscutellum with
the anepimera (aem, Figs. 18, 20).
The metapleuron (Figs. 18, 20) is divided into two areas, the
episternum and epimeron. The pleural suture (ps), which
becomes indistinct dorsally, separates the two regions. Inter-
nally the pleural ridge (pr) is prominent. The episternum is
divided into the katepisternum (kes), which connects the pleuron
to the sternum, the anepisternum (aes), and the pre-episternum
(pes). About half of the pre-episternum lies beneath the
anepisternum. The basalar region (bt) has apparently fused
with the anepisternum. The epimeron is subdivided into the
katepimeron (kem) and anepimeron (aem). The dorsal portion
Dec., 1930]
SWEETMAN : EPILACHNA
433
of the anepimeron is membranous except at the anterior and
posterior margins. A prolongation of the anterior portion forms
the alifer (o) for supporting the wing while the posterior margin
connects with the postalar bridge (pb). A muscle disk (m) is in
the membranous region. The trochantin has disappeared.
The metasternum (Figs. 18, 20) is flat and smooth and is
larger than the prosternum and mesosternum. The basisternum
(bs) is divided longitudinally by a median suture (mu) and
transversely by another suture into anterior and posterior
regions. The anterior region is inflexed at the mesothoracic
coxal cavities. A sclerotized rod (sr) connects these inflexed
areas. An indistinct suture separates the mesosternum and
metasternum along the inflexed walls of the coxal cavities and
the rod connecting them. The furcasternum (fs) consists of a
small median sclerite anterior to and between the coxae and a
narrow transverse sclerite in front of each coxa. A median
suture (mu) divides it longitudinally. Internally the furca-
sternum bears the furca (f), a broad, flat piece with six projec-
tions. The median suture divides the furca also.
The metathoracic leg (Fig. 25) is about the size of the meso-
thoracic leg. It differs from the other legs in the shape and the
attachment of the coxa (cx). The coxa is attached along its
anterior margin and ends so as to give it a restricted hinge-like
movement (Figs. 18, 20). It is flattened and tapers at both ends
and has the anterior half of the dorsal surface opening into the
body cavity. A large muscle disk is attached at the antero-mesal
angle of the coxa.
The wing (Fig. 23) is membranous and has a much reduced
and peculiar venation. Since Forbes (1922) has made a detailed
study of the wings of Coleoptera his interpretations will be fol-
lowed. The venation is seen clearly in the basal half of the wing
only and all of the veins have migrated forward. The subcostal
(Sc) and the radial (R) veins are near the costal margin.
Probably the basal portion of the subcosta is present forming a
small loop with both ends coalesced with the radius. The radius
is greatly modified and is so broken up that the parts are difficult
to identify. The media is present as a recurrent vein (Mr) and
the branch M4, which coalesces with the cubitus (Cu). The
434
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviix
anals (A) show a peculiar looping and portions of the three anals
may he present.
The folding of the wing of the bean beetle follows the peculiar
venation (Fig. 23). The areas concerned in the folding are
numbered from one to five. The positions where the folds occur
are shown as solid lines that are lettered from a to n. Dotted
lines are used to indicate variations in the places of folding. By
viewing the extended wing from the dorsal aspect the folding
can be explained as follows : Area 1 folds under at the oblique
line ah and lies flat against the ventral surface of the wing.
Area 2 folds over onto area 4 at the transverse line cde. Area 3
folds over onto area 4 at the longitudinal line dfng. Area 4 folds
under at the transverse line hmfli carrying area 2 with it until
area 4 comes into contact with the ventral surface of the wing.
A secondary folds occurs at mn. Area 5 tends to fold over on
the line kj, but the point g is approximately above the line kj
when the wing is folded. The areas 2 to 5 are folded more or
less simultaneously; the areas 2, 3, and 5 folding approximately
at the same time, with area 4 slightly delayed. The folded wing
forms a loose mass that permits ample room for wrinkles pro-
duced by the angles of the folds.
Abdomen
Eight abdominal tergites are visible when the wings are spread
(t, Figs. 30, 31). Probably at least two more are represented
by the hidden genital segments (Figs. 32-34). The tergites are
not definitely demarked from the pleurites. The first tergite
(It) is semimembranous in texture with the exception of two
transverse sclerotized areas near the posterior margin. Tergites
two to seven (2t-7t) are rather flexible in texture and become
membranous between the segments. A wider membranous area
lies between tergites two and three and three and four. A simi-
lar area exists in the median region between tergites four and
five. The seventh tergite has a small membranous area in the
postero-medial region. The eighth tergite (8t) is more heavily
sclerotized than the others. Internally the appearance of the
tergites is only slightly changed (Fig. 31). A slight invagina-
tion at the junction of the tergites is evident. Projections into
Dec., 1930]
Sweetman: Epilaciina
435
the body cavity occur laterally between tergites six and seven
and seven and eight.
Seven visible pleurites (lp-7p) are present (Figs. 28, 29).
The eighth pleurite may be present as a connecting membrane
between the tergite and sternite. Externally (Fig. 29) deep
folds of the pleurites occur but when the muscle attachments are
removed (Fig. 28) they appear as a smooth membrane.
The abdomen has seven spiracles (lsp-7sp, Figs. 28, 29).
The first is about three times the size of the second but it is
much smaller than the first spiracle of the more primitive
Coleoptera and is round instead of elliptical in shape as is found
in the generalized forms. The second to the fifth are similar in
size, but the sixth and seventh are greatly reduced, appearing
as mere specks. Minute tracheae lead to the sixth and seventh
which are still apparently functional. Balsam mounts of the
pleuron showed very small openings in a few of these spiracles
when examined through the compound microscope.
There are seven visible sternites (2s-8s), the first having fused
with the second or else disappeared (Figs. 21, 28, 29). They
are heavily sclerotized with the exception of sternite two. This
forms the ventral connection of the abdomen with the thorax
and is largely membranous except along the posterior margin.
The greater portion of this sternite is invisible when the abdo-
men is in a normal position. The third is the largest of the
sternites. It is indexed along the anterior margin on either
side to form the posterior portion of the metathoracic coxal cavi-
ties. The mesal part projects cephalad between the mesal ends
of the metacoxse. Posterior to the coxal cavities are the meta-
coxal plates (ma) demarked by an indistinct suture and ridge.
The plates are subdivisions of sternite three (3s). They are
usually narrower in the <$. The posterior margins of sternites
four to six in the '§ (4s-6s, Fig. 29) and three to six in the $
(3s-6s, Fig. 21) are sharply demarked, smooth, and more or less
transparent. The areas are wider in the $ and can be used to
distinguish the sexes. Sternite eight (8s, Fig. 21) of the is
notched in the mesal portion of the posterior margin. Often-
times this notch is hidden by the pubescence on the sternite.
436
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Tanner (1927) has published an excellent paper on the $
genitalia of the Coleoptera and Crampton (1929) has made a
comparative study of the 5 genitalia throughout the orders of
insects. The J genitalia (Figs. 28-31, 35, 37) are retracted
within the eighth segment. Dorsally there are two sclerites, the
proctiger (pi) and surstylus (pp). The latter extends over the
pleural region to the ventral side. The coxites (co) form the
ventral part of the genitalia. Near the ventro-mesal margins of
these are deep grooves with sharp lips. The dorsal lip of one
uoxite fits into the lips of the other coxite so that they interlock.
Each coxite bears a stylus (ss) posteriorly, which articulates
with the coxite in a membranous area. Wilson (1926) states
that the genital tubercle (stylus) is absent. The posterior mar-
gins of the surstylus, proctiger, coxites, and styli bear numerous
setas. The anal opening (a) is situated above the genital
orifice (g).
The terminal segments of the $ are shown from three aspects
in Figures 32, 33, and 34. At least parts of the ninth and tenth
segments can be distinguished. They are retracted into the
eighth segment except during copulation. The anal orifice (a)
is situated above the genital opening (g).
The <£ genital tube in the Coleoptera has been studied com-
prehensively by Sharp and Muir (1912) and by Muir (1918).
Wilson (1926, 7) has published on the genital tube of the Coc-
cinellidae. He has followed the terminology of the former
workers. The genital tube (Fig. 36) lies inside the body cavity
and is turned on its side. It is quite different from that of the
other families of the Coleoptera. The entire structure with the
exception of the ejaculatory duct and the enclosing membrane
is heavily sclerotized. The ejaculatory duct (ed) leads from
the seminal vessicles into a hollow, curved tube, the median lobe
(ml). The latter is flattened and slightly expanded at the base
and does not form a complete tube in this portion. The median
lobe passes through a supporting structure, the tegmen (tg).
The tegmen is composed of the basal piece (bp), basal lobe (bl),
lateral lobes (11), and the median strut (me). The basal piece is
the central portion supporting the other structures. The lateral
Dec., 1930]
Sweetman: Epilachna
437
lobes are outgrowths of the tegmen clothed with setae on the
distal half. The basal lobe (Wilson, 1926) surrounds the median
lobe and has its edges touching but does not form a solid tube.
The median strut is an outgrowth of the basal piece in the direc-
tion of the base of the median lobe. A sclerotized rod (sr) at-
tached to the basal piece of the tegmen by muscles is probably
of a supporting nature and may aid in turning the genital tube
when the latter is extruded. A delicate enclosing membrane,
not shown in the figure, covers the genital tube and is attached
to the genital segments.
Literature Cited
Crampton, G. C., 1923, A phylogenetic comparison of the maxillae through-
out the orders of insects. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 31: 77-106.
, 1926, A comparison of the neck and prothoracic sclerites
throughout the orders of insects from the standpoint of phylogeny.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 52: 199-248.
— , 1928, The eulabium, mentum, submentum, and gular region
of insects. Jour. Ent. and Zoo. 20: 1-18.
, 1929, The terminal abdominal structures of female insects
compared throughout the orders from the standpoint of phylogeny.
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 37: 453-96.
Forbes, W. T. M., 1922, The wing-venation of the Coleoptera. Ann. Ent.
Soc. Amer. 15: 328-52.
, 1926, The wing folding patterns of the Coleoptera. Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. 34: 42-68, 91-115.
Friend, R. B., 1929, The Asiatic beetle in Connecticut. Conn. (New Haven)
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 304: 585-664.
Graham, S. A., 1922, A study of the wing venation of the Coleoptera. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. 15 : 191-200.
Hayes, W. P., 1922, The external morphology of Lachnosterna crassissima
Blanch. Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc. 41: 1-28.
Korschelt, E., 1923, Bearbeitung Einheimischer Tiere I. Der Gelbrand
Dytiscus marginalis L. External morphology: 9-79. Wilhelm
Engelmann. Leipzig.
MacGillivray, A. D., 1923, External insect-anatomy. Scarab Co. Urbana,
111.
Muir, F., 1918, Notes on the ontogeny and morphology of the male genital
tube in Coleoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1918: 223-9.
Rivnay, E., 1928, External morphology of the Colorado potato beetle
( Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 36:
125-44.
438
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
Sharp, D., and Muir, F., The comparative anatomy of the male genital tube
in Coleoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1912: 477-642.
Sttckney, F. S., 1923, The head-capsule of the Coleoptera. 111. Biol. Mono-
graphs 8 : 7-104.
Tanner, Y. M., 1927, A preliminary study of the genitalia of female
Coleoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53 : 5-50.
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1922, External anatomy of the Elaterid genus
Melanotus (Coleop.) with remarks of taxonomic value on some
characters. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 24: 12-29.
Wilson, J. W., 1926, The genitalia of some of the Coccinellidae. Jour.
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc. 42 : 63-74.
, 1927, The male genital tube of some of the species of the
genus Scymnus (Coleoptera, Fam. Coccinellidae). Psyche 34:
167-70.
ABBREVIATIONS ON FIGURES
a, Anal orifice
A, Anal veins
ac, Antennal scape
ad, Adnotale
aem, Anepimeron
aes, Anepisternum
anf, Antennifer
ap, Apophysis
as, Antennal socket
at, Anterior arms
ax, Axillary sclerites
b, Bulb
ba, Basanale
bb, Basigalea
be, Basal sclerite
bl, Basal lobe
bs, Basisternum
bp, Basal piece
bt, Basalar region
c, Condyle
cc, Coxal cavity
cd, Cardo
cl, Claw
co, Coxite
cp, Cardo process
Cu, Cubitus
cx, Coxa
da, Distigalea
ds, United paraglossae
gl, Gula
gp, Gular pits
gs, Gular suture
h, Hypostoma
hp, Hypopharynx
kem, Katepimeron
kes, Katepisternum
1, Labium
la, Lacinia
lc, Lateral cervicales
11, Lateral lobes
lp, Labial palpus
lr, Labrum, antelabrum
m, Muscle disk
M, Media
ma, Metacoxal plate
me, Median strut
md, Mandible
me, Mediale
mg, Median groove
ml, Median lobe
mn, Mentum
mo, Median orifice
mp, Maxillary palpus
Mr, Median recurrent vein
ms, Metathoracic spiracle
msp, Mesothoracic spiracle
mt, Magnum foramen
mu, Median suture
Dec., 1930]
Sweetman: Epilachna
439
dt,
Dorsal arm
mx,
e,
Eye
n,
ed,
Ejaculatory duct
np,
em,
Epimeron
o,
ep,
Epipharynx
V,
es,
Episternum
pa,
f,
Furca
pas,
fp,
Furcal pit
pb,
Femur
pc,
frp,
Frontal pit
pcx,
fs,
Furcasternum
pd,
fu,
Flagellum
pe,
S,
Genital orifice
pes,
Pf,
Phragma
sa,
pfr,
Palpifer
sb,
PgU
Palpiger
sc,
Ph,
Pharynx
Sc,
Pb
Proctiger
si,
pi,
Postlabrum
sm,
pn,
Pronotum
sp,
po,
Postphragma
sr,
pp,
Surstylus
ss,
PPhj
Prephragma
st,
pr,
Pleural ridge
su,
PS,
Pleural suture
t,
psc,
Prescutum
ta,
psl,
Postscutellum
tg,
pt,
Posterior arm
ti,
pw,
Adanale
tu,
R,
Radius
to,
s,
Sternite
tr,
Maxilla
Notate
United palpigers
Alifer
Pleurite
Pleural apodeme
Parascutellum
Postalar bridge
Precoxale
Postcoxale
Pedicel
Pit
Pre-episternum
Submola
Spur
Scutum
Subcosta
Scutellum
Submentum
Spiracle
Sclerotized rod
Stylus
Stipes
Suralare
Tergite
Tarsus
Tegmen
Tibia
Trochantin
Tracheae
Trochanter
440
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Figure 1
Figure 2
figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Plate XXIY
. Ventral aspect of head.
. Dorsal aspect of head.
. Lateral aspect of one-half of tentorium.
. Ventral aspect of pharynx, hypopharynx, and epipharynx.
. Antenna.
<Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XXIV)
446
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvm
Plate XXV
Eigure 6. Ventral aspect of prothorax.
Figure 7. Posterior aspect of prothorax.
Figure 8. Dorsal aspect of pronotum.
Figure 9. Labrum.
Figure 10. Labium.
Figure 11. Maxilla.
Figure 12. Mandible.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XXV)
EPILACHNA CORKUPTA
444
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
Figure 13. External
Figure 14. Internal
Figure 15. External
Figure 16. Internal
Plate XXVI
aspect of mesonotum.
aspect of mesonotum.
aspect of metanotum.
aspect of metanotum.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vql. XXXVIII (Plate XXVI)
EPILACHNA CORRUPTA
442
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Plate XXVII
Figure 17. Internal aspect of mesosternum and mesopleuron.
Figure 18. Internal aspect of metasternum and metapleuron.
Figure 19. External aspect of mesosternum and mesopleuron.
Figure 20. External aspect of metasternum and metapleuron.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.)? Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XXVII)
0<
EPILACHNA CORRUPTA
448
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. XXXVIII
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Plate XXVIII
External aspect of $ sternites.
Elytron.
Wing.
Prothoracic coxa and trochantin.
Metathoracic leg.
Mesothoracic leg.
Prothoracic leg.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII (Plate XXVIII)
EPILACHNA CORRUPTA
450
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. XXXVIII
Plate XXIX
Figure 28. Internal aspect of 9 sternites.
Figure 29. External aspect of 9 sternites.
Figure 30. External aspect of 9 tergites.
Figure 31. Internal aspect of 9 tergites.
(Plate XXIX)
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
452
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvill
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Lateral aspect of
Dorsal aspect of
Ventral aspect of
Ventral aspect of
$ genital tube.
Lateral aspect of
Plate XXX
$ genitalia.
$ genitalia.
$ genitalia.
$ genitalia.
Q genitalia.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVIII
(Plate XXX)
EPILACHNA CORRUPTA
Dec., 1930]
Bell: Hesperihle
455
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOUTH AMERICAN HES-
PERIIDZE (LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA)
By E. L. Bell
Flushing, N. Y.
Niconiades reducta new species. (Fig. 1, male genitalia. Type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, brown, six semi-hyaline spots, yellowish,
as follows: two discal spots, one each in interspaces 2 and 3, excised on
their outer edge; two small spots in the cell, one above the other, a little
beyond the center; two minute sub-apical spots in interspaces 6 and 7.
Secondaries; same color as primaries, very faint indications of a row of
discal spots ; a tuft of long brown hairs from the base of the cell, extending
to about the center of the wing; inner edge also long-haired.
Beneath. Primaries, brown, paler than above; from vein 2 to inner
margin paler than the rest of the wings; a blackish patch from the spot
in interspace 2 to the base of the wing; spots of the upper-side repeated.
Secondaries, brown, a minute yellowish spot in the cell-end; a band of
four discal spots, the lowest much larger than the others, yellowish.
Fringes, fuscous above and beneath. Body; above, thorax, greenish;
abdomen, brownish with some green hairs at the base; beneath; thorax
with sordid greenish hairs; abdomen, white with a dark line in the center.
Legs, brown, striped with yellowish beneath. Head and palpi; above green
with a few yellow hairs ; beneath, palpi with fuscous and scattered yellowish-
white hairs, at the sides fulvous; pectus yellowish-green. Antennae, above,
black beneath the upper part of the shaft with the joints minutely marked
with yellowish; club and apiculus, yellow with a few dark scales. Stigma
reduced to two small round spots, black, one below and touching vein 2 a
little beyond its angle, the other directly beneath it on vein I.
Expanse: 42 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, French Guiana; in collection of the
author.
The species may not belong in this genus, but from the rather
elongate secondaries and general superficial appearance, it will
probably be as readily recognized here as any where.
Cobalus cristatus new species. (Fig. 2, male genitalia. Type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, dark brown, with a slight luster ; a minute
vertical, semi-hyaline streak in interspace 3, about one-third of the distance
from the base of the interspace. Secondaries, same color as the primaries;
a short, thick tuft of hairs, darker than the ground color of the wing, from
456
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvill
the base of the cell, prominently noticeable ; inner margin of the abdominal
fold also long haired. Fringes of the primaries fuscous, paler at the tip;
of secondaries, whitish.
Beneath. Primaries, cell blackish; costal margin and apical half, some-
what reddish; below vein 2 to inner margin much lighter, almost whitish,
but not quite reaching the outer margin; the streak of the upper side
repeated and another rather ill-defined streak in interspace 2, about the
center. Secondaries, purplish brown, abdominal fold brown. Fringes
fuscous.
Body. Above, thorax, green; abdomen, black; beneath, thorax, greenish;
abdomen, whitish. Head and palpi, above green, beneath, palpi fuscous and
yellow; pectus green. Legs, black above, fulvous beneath. Antennae,
above black; beneath, shaft narrowly yellow in the upper two-thirds; club
and apiculus yellow. No visible stigma.
Expanse: 34 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, Hansa Humboldt, Santa Catharina,
Brazil ; in collection of the author.
The form of the valvae resembles that of some of the Khinthon
species, but the characteristic stigma of that genus is lacking.
Euroto fuldai new species. (Fig. 3, male genitalia. Type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, blackish-brown; two white-hyaline spots
in the cell, a little beyond the center; a semi -hyaline, pale yellowish spot
on vein I, a little beyond the center and about half the width of the inter-
space; a small semi-hyaline white spot above the outer corner of the spot
just mentioned in interspace I; a large, subquadrate, hyaline, white spot
in interspace 2 ; another smaller one in interspace 3 ; three sub-apical, white
spots, the central one placed inwardly out of line with the other two, the
lower two hyaline, the upper spot very small; fulvous scales on the basal
half of the costa ; greenish-yellow hairs on the basal half of the inner
margin. Secondaries, same color as the primaries; a discal band of six,
elongate, pale yellowish spots, the upper four of which are better defined
than the other two ; some greenish-yellow hairs along the edge of the ab-
dominal fold and over the cell. Fringes of primaries fuscous; of second-
aries, whitish.
Beneath. Primaries, costal margin at extreme base violaceous, from there
to the cell-end overscaled with pale yellowish; apical area and outer margin
to vein 2, violaceous with the veins outlined with pale yellow; rest of the
wing, black; spots of the upper side repeated; those in interspace I en-
larged, coalescent and white. Secondaries, steely, violaceous blue, all of the
veins heavily outlined with pale yellow, abdominal fold violaceous-brown;
spots of upperside repeated, white, with another spot between the cell-end
and the upper angle of the wing, and another in the cell-end. Fringes, of
primaries paler than above and darkened at the end of the veins, sordid
whitish at the anal angle; of the secondaries, whitish.
Dec., 1930]
Bell: Hespebiid^e
457
Body. Thorax, above with yellowish-brown hairs; abdomen, black; be-
neath, thorax white ; abdomen yellow. Legs yellow, thighs with white hairs.
Head and palpi, above yellow and black; beneath, palpi whitish. Antennae
missing.
Stigma, a triangular patch filling the angle at the rise of vein 2, slightly
longer on the median vein than on vein 2; a stripe immediately below vein 2.
Expanse: 32 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, Simiti, Colombia, July 2, 1929 ; in col-
lection of the author.
Named for Mr. Oscar Fulda, of New York City, who col-
lected the specimen.
Mnasitheus badius new species. (Fig. 4, male genitalia. Type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, brown, immaculate. Secondaries, same as
the primaries. Fringes of both wings brown, paler at the anal angle of
each wing.
Beneath. Primaries, brown, paler than above, from vein 2 to inner
margin paler than the rest of the wing. Secondaries, darker than the
primaries, with a somewhat reddish tinge, except the abdominal fold which
is pale brown.
Body. Thorax and abdomen, above and beneath brown. Head and palpi,
above brown; palpi beneath brown, with some of the hairs pale tipped.
Legs brown. Antennae missing.
The stigma consists of an indistinct narrow line on the underside of vein 2,
near its base ; a slightly heavier line beneath it on vein I, also indistinct.
Expanse: 36 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; in collection of
the author.
Prenes vala race immaculata new race.
Male. Upperside, differs from vala Mabille in the primaries being devoid
of the discal, cellular and sub-apical spots.
Beneath, the primaries have a faint suggestion of these spots; the streak
in interspace I, which is white in vala, is in this form pale brown. Second-
aries, the curved discal band of spots and the cellular spot are also faint.
The ground color of the secondaries is darker than typical vala.
The fringes, the palpi and abdomen beneath, are darker than in vala.
The form of the genitalia is identically the same as the Biologia Centrali-
Americana figure of the genitalia of vala (Plate 96, figure 18).
Type. Holotype, male, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil,
March ; paratype, male, Manicore, Brazil, August ; in collection
of the author.
458
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvm
These specimens have been unidentified in the collection of the
author for several years, and as they present so different an ap-
pearance superficially from vala, that it would hardly be sus-
pected that they were in reality so closely allied to that species,
it seems fitting to distinguish the race by a special designation in
order to call attention to the fact of its existence.
Phlebodes simplex new species. (Fig. 5, male genitalia. Paratype.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, dark brown, a few paler scales indicate
discal spots in interspaces 2 and 3, and sub-apical spots in 6, 7, and 8, all
of these are very faint. Secondaries, immaculate, dark brown.
Beneath. Primaries, dark brown, a little paler than above; spots of
upperside repeated a little more distinctly. Secondaries, basal half of the
wing violaceous brown, this area bordered outwardly from the abdominal-
fold to the costal margin by a semi-circular row of pale spots; a small pale
spot in the cell-end ; all the rest of the wing is dark brown.
Body. Thorax and abdomen, above and beneath, and legs, dark brown.
Head and palpi, above and beneath, dark brown. Antennae, above black,
beneath, shaft black, club and apiculus brownish-yellow.
The stigma consists of a somewhat triangular part near the base of inter-
space 2, the longest side on the median vein, reaching about the middle of
that segment, a small roundish piece just below vein 2, and a narrow streak
extending upward from vein I, near its center, slanting outward to the
outer edge of the small spot below vein 2.
Expanse : 32 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil,
November ; paratype, male, Mubevo, Paraguay, December ; in col-
lection of the author.
This may not belong in the Genus Phlebodes, but it seems to fit
here better than elsewhere.
Vorates steinbachi new species. (Fig. 6, male genitalia. Type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, blackish brown, basal two-thirds of the
costal margin sprinkled with orange-yellow scales; a short ill-defined stripe
of the same color in the base of the cell, on the median vein ; another similar
one in the upper part of the cell, near the end; an oblique discal row of
similarly colored, narrow and uneven spots in cells I, 2, 3, and 4; and four
sub-apical spots, of the same color, those in interspaces 5, 6, and 7 placed
in an outwardly, very slanting row, the fourth, in interspace 8 placed out
of line towards the apex. Secondaries, same color as primaries; discal area
and inner edge of abdominal fold with fulvous hairs; a collection of pale
fulvous scales just beyond the end of the cell, noticeable but not forming
a defined spot. Fringes of primaries fuscous above vein 2, from there to
Dec., 1930]
Bell: Hesperiidae
459
anal angle orange-yellow; of secondaries, fuscous with some orange-yellow
scales intermixed. Beneath. Primaries, black, a yellow line from the base
to the apex, just inside the coastal edge; a yellow streak in the center of
the cell; another in the upper part of the cell, near the end; the discal and
sub -apical spots of the upper side are repeated, except that in interspace I
is absent; the outer margin narrowly yellow from the apex to vein 2, and
this color is extended along veins 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Secondaries, blackish-
brown, all of the veins heavily outlined with yellow. Fringes as above.
Body; thorax and abdomen blackish-brown above, with some fulvous
scales; beneath sordid yellowish, abdomen with a dark central line; pectus
greenish-yellow. Head and palpi, above black and yellow, palpi beneath,
yellow and dark brown. Legs, brown above; fulvous beneath. Antennae,
above black; beneath, yellow at the joints, club and apiculus yellow. The
stigma consists of an angular part between veins 2 and 3, a narrow stripe
along the median to the rise of vein 3, and a shorter stripe on the upper
side of vein 2; another stripe immediately below vein 2.
Expanse: 30 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, Cochabamba, Bolivia, in collection of
the author.
Named for Mr. Jose Steinbach, of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Mnaseas inca new species. (Fig. 7, valve of male genitalia. Type.)
Male. Upperside. Primaries, brownish, becoming almost black basally;
scattered yellowish-brown scales in the apical area and along the outer
margin to vein 2 ; a hazy spot in the lower cell-end and one each in inter-
spaces 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, forming a bent row around the cell-end, all
yellowish-brown and ill-defined. Secondaries, same color as primaries and
dark at the base. Fringes of both wings pale brown with a dark line at the
base.
Beneath. Primaries, paler than above, with a ferruginous tinge, blackish
toward the base below the cell; discal and sub-apical spots of the upper side
repeated, and one more in interspace 8, all yellowish and brighter than
above ; the spot in the cell absent. Secondaries, ferruginous ; a curved band
of pale and ill-defined spots in the disc. Fringes as above, but the dark
basal line is not so pronounced.
Body; thorax above brownish with some yellow scales, abdomen brownish;
beneath ferruginous. Head and palpi, above brown mixed with yellow, palpi
beneath, yellowish-white mixed with black, at the sides ferruginous. An-
tennae missing. The stigma is a narrow gray line slanting inwardly across
interspace 2 from near the rise of vein 3, and continued very indistinctly
across interspace I to vein I.
Expanse: 30 mm.
Type. Holotype, male, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, in collection of
the author.
460
Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxviii
Unfortunately the genitalia were broken in preparation, and
only the valve is figured; the form is very similar to that of
hicolor Mabille. It may be a race of bicolor.
All measurements of expanse are from the center of the thorax
to the apex x 2.
Plate XXXI
Male genitalia
Figure 1. Niconiades reducta Bell. Type.
Figure 2. Cobalus cristatus Bell. Type.
Figure 3. Euroto fuldai Bell. Type.
Figure 4. Mnasitheus Radius Bell. Type.
Figure 5. Phlebodes simplex Bell. Paratype.
Figure 6. V orates steinbachi Bell. Type.
Figure 7. Mnaseas inca Bell. Type.
(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXYIII (Plate XXXI)
HESPERIID^E
Dec., 1930]
Shaw : Lactuca
463
INSECTS FROM LACTUCA STEMS*
By Ethel Louise Shaw
This is a study of the insect population found in the stalks of
Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitche, of the family Composite. The
plants used were collected from three small open woodlands near
Ithaca, N. Y. The plants were growing on the banks of small
streams or on slightly marshy ground on a hillside.
This plant is well adapted for supporting a large insect popu-
lation within its stalks. From the base up to a height of two or
three feet the stem is almost entirely hollow, but from this point
on up to the apex the pith increases in thickness until, when the
flower panicle is reached, the center of the stalk is almost com-
pletely filled. The most abundant insect population was found
where the pith was from 1/4 to 3/16 inches thick.
The material used in this study consisted of the stalks of the
previous season. These were brought indoors, some being ex-
amined immediately to determine what stages in the life history
of the various insects were present at that time ; others were kept
in a warm room for the purpose of rearing adults.
NOTES ON INSECTS FOUND1
Hemiptera
This order was represented by a single adult Brachymena
quadripustulata, family Pentatomidae, which was found dead
within the hollow stalk of a plant collected on March 13.
* The work was done at Cornell University under the direction of Dr.
James G. Needham during the late winter and spring of 1930.
1 Acknowledgment is made to the following specialists for their aid in
the determination of the insects found:
Lepidoptera
Dr. W. T. M. Forbes and Mr. A. B. Ulots, Cornell University.
Diptera
Dr. O. A. Johannsen, Cornell University.
Eymenoptera
D|r. L. H. Weld and Dr. A. B. Gahan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology,
Washington, D. C.
Dr. J. C. Bradley and Mr. V. S. L. Pate, Cornell University.
464
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxviii
Coleoptera
One adult beetle was found free-ranging in the hollow Lactuca
stem. It was a minute, shining black, convex insect belonging to
the family Phalacridge, whose members are said to live in flowers
and under the bark of trees.
Lepidoptera
The commonest caterpillar found was Phalonia iounteana
which is a borer in the stalks of a number of herbaceous plants.
The larvae found were in shallow depressions about f of an inch
long, hollowed out of the pith and roofed over with a covering of
silk and frass. In one case three larvae were found in one stem.
All others were in separate stalks. Several larvae were kept alive
indoors for months without pupation. It is believed that the
pupal stage of this species does not begin until midsummer. The
Phalonia caterpillars were found usually about half way between
the base of the plant stalk and its apex.
In a shallow depression similar to that of Phalonia was found a
single larva of the genus Pyrausta, the group to which belongs
the destructive European corn-borer, Pyrausta nubilalis. No life
history of an insect of this genus has ever been described from
Lactuca. As the single specimen found had to be killed for iden-
tification it was not possible to obtain an adult for determination
of species.
On May 9 an examination of Lactuca stalks, all obtained in the
same locality, yielded three larvge of the family Noctuidae. Only
one larva was found in a stalk, and all were apparently actively
boring in the pith, each being surrounded by an accumulation of
frass. The genus could not be determined without rearing the
adults, but it is believed to be closely associated with the cut-
worms, although the boring habit is not characteristic of this
group.
Diptera
Well down near the base of several stalks of Lactuca were
found adult insects of the family Mycetophilidae, genus Exechia.
Usually only single specimens were found, but in one stalk a
group of four were packed closely together. As the first adult
Dec., 1930]
Shaw: Lactuca
465
was found on March 13 it is probable that the insects were hiber-
nating in that stage.
The only other representative of this order was a specimen of
Agromyza virens Loew which was found in the pupal stage in
material brought indoors on March 22, and which later emerged.
Hymenoptera
In material collected on May 9, a few inches from the apex of a
dried stalk was found an adult female carpenter-bee, Ceratina
dupla Say. Insects of this genus commonly build nests, pro-
visioned with pollen and nectar, in the stems of sumac and other
plants, so it was not unusual to find this female in such a situa-
tion.
A number of specimens of Scambus scriptifrons (Cresson)
were found pupating in depressions in the pith of several stalks.
Adults were obtained from two of these pupae.
By far the most numerous members of the Lactuca population
were insects belonging to the superfamilies Cynipoidea and Chal-
cidoidea. Because of the fact that this study was carried on dur-
ing the part of the year when no fresh plant material was avail-
able, the life histories and relationships of the species found
could not be carried through.
Of the Cynipoidea only one species was found — Aulacidea
podagrae (Bassett). This species belongs to the tribe Aulacini
which contains the most primitive members of the family
Cynipidae. Three species of Aidacidea have been reported from
Lactuca in this country. A. podagrae has been described from
Quercus as well as from Lactuca. The normal time of emergence
of this species is mid-June. From Lactuca stalks brought in-
doors on February 20 adults first emerged on March 18. The
cynipids were found to be much slower in pupating than the
chalcids.
The galls caused by A. podagrae take the form of rounded
swellings at the leaf nodes of the host plant, or they occur as
small hollow chambers scattered throughout the pith with no ex-
ternal evidence of their existence.
Kinsey says of this species : 1 1 It may be that the state of the
plant at the time the insect ’s egg is laid in it, or the physiological
466
Journal New York Entomological Society *[Vol. xxxvm
nature of the particular plant, due to its special environment, de-
termines the extent of the hypertrophy. In either event it seems
that the gall-producing powers of the insect are not developed
enough to insure the formation of a gall except under the most
favorable circumstances, although other Cynipidse, whenever
they produce a gall at all, apparently always produce galls of a
uniform pattern and of the same degree of complexity. 1 ’
The galls were found to be fairly definite in distribution in the
various stems examined. In no plants were galls found to be
present in the roots or in the basal foot of stem. In the second
and third feet only occasional galls were present, while from the
fourth foot upward to the beginning of the flower panicle they
were extremely abundant. A count of the larvas found in one
inch of stem which appeared to have a maximum infestation
yielded a total of 68. Others more moderately infested were
found to have 20 larvas per inch. This count included both cyni-
pids and chalcids. On May 5 an examination was made of three
6-inch sections of stem, all much swollen by galls. These sections
of stem had been brought indoors in October, and had been kept
in a closed glass jar throughout the winter. A count of the
population which had emerged from these galls gave 245 adults
of Aulacidea yodagrae, and 14 adults of Ormyrus ventricosus.
A few pupae were also found.
These figures give only a general idea of the stupendous num-
bers of these insects which must emerge from one small patch of
Lactuca during a single season. It is indeed fortunate that these
two groups act as checks upon each other. If the cynipids begin
to increase greatly, the parasitic chalcids increase also, and feed
upon them ; if the chalcids become too numerous the food supply
becomes insufficient and their numbers decrease. So is the bal-
ance of nature accomplished.
In the group Chalcidoidea three distinct species were found.
Very few parasites emerged from the enlarged stem galls, most of
them coming from the small chambers in the pith of normal-sized
stalks. Whether some of these species are true gall-makers them-
selves is uncertain. From some stalks nearly the whole emerging
population consisted of chalcids.
The first chalcid to emerge, and the species which proved most
numerous in all the material examined, was Ormyrus ventricosus
Dec., 1930]
Shaw: Lactuca
467
Ashmead, a brilliant metallic green insect about 4 mm. in length.
On March 8 a large number of these newly emerged chalcids was
examined from material brought in February 15, and all were
found to be males. Two days later another emerging group was
made up wholly of females of the same species. This order of
emergence is said to be characteristic of most chalcids.
The second group to emerge was made up of individuals of the
species Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashmead, the first specimens
being noted on March 13 from stalks brought in February 20.
These eurytomids were easily distinguished from the previous
group by their lack of metallic coloring and by their shining
black abdomens. In the male the abdomen is small and distinctly
pediceled, and each antennal segment is constricted at its apex
and provided with a conspicuous whorl of long hairs. The female
has a less distinct pedicel, a larger abdomen, and lacks the anten-
nal constrictions and whorls of hairs.
Of the third species, Eupelminus coleopterophagus Girault,
only one specimen was found. This was an apterous form about
4 mm. in length.
This very brief survey of the insect population of Lactuca
stems has thus revealed representatives of five different orders,
totaling thirteen species, of which at least five are permanent
residents in the stalks of the host plant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ashmead, W. H. (1903).
Classification of the Gall-wasps and parasitic Cynipoids, or the Super-
family Cynipoidea. (Psyche, Yol. 10, pp. 7, 59, 140, 210.)
(1904.
Classification of the Chalcid flies, or the Superfamily Chalcidoidea.
(Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Yol. I, No. 4, Carnegie In-
stitute, Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Beutenmuller, Wm. (1910).
The North American Species of Aulacidea and their Galls. (Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXYIII, pp. 253-258.)
Britton, W. E. (1916).
Guide to the Insects of Connecticut: Part III, Hymenoptera of Conn.
(Bull. 22, State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Conn.)
Felt, E. P. (1918).
Key to American Galls. (N. Y. State Museum Bull. 200.)
468
Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvni
Forbes, W. T. M. (1923).
The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States. (Cornell
Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 68.)
Howard, L. O. (1891).
The Biology of the Hymenopterons Insects of the family Chalcididae.
(Proc. Nat. Mus., Yol. 14.)
Kinsey, A. C. (1920).
Phylogeny of Cynipid Genera and Biolgical Characteristics. (Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. XLII, Art. vii, pp. 356 a-c, 358-402.)
Thompson, M. T. (1915).
An Illustrated Catalog of Insect Galls. Nassau, Bensselaer Co.,
N. Y.
Weigand, K. M., and A. J. Eames (1925).
The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York. (Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 92.)
TWO NEW LOCALITIES FOR PARNASSIUS APOLLO
IN ASIA MINOR
By Martin Holtz
Berlin, Germany
This year the well-known entomologist and cavern-searcher,
Mr. L. Weirather-Innsbruck (Austria, Postfach 109) on his ex-
pedition to the Pisidian Taurus has discovered two new localities
for Parnassius apollo in Asia Minor.
One of the localities is situated in the sterile country of
Anamas (northwest of the lake of Bey-Shehir and south of the
Sultan Dagh next Ak-Shehir). The other locality is in the
north of the high mountains in the Ovagyk-group (northeast
of Adalia). The scientific determination of this race which
is close to anatolicus Pgst., has not been settled exactly. It will
be necessary to compare all the known localities on a map show-
ing the zoogeographical distribution of P. apollo in Asia-Anterior.
That such did not exist until now is regretted by the collector.
Note: According to a recent communication from Mr. Holtz,
the new race will be described by Mr. Eisner in “Parnassiana. ”
—Ed.
Dec., 1930]
Book Notice
469
BOOK NOTICE
Blatchleyana. A List of the Published Writings of W. S.
Blatchley, A.B., A.M., LL.D., of Indianapolis, Indiana, and
Dunedin, Florida. Together with a Chronology of his Life :
The Fixation of Types and New Genera and Species Described
by Him, etc., etc. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis,
1930.
The title as given above tells what Dr. Blatchley, always prac-
tical and helpful, has to say in seventy-seven pages of his activi-
ties from the time he was born in Connecticut in 1859 to the
present. He should feel justly proud of the record, for but
few have been so helpful to their fellow naturalists as has been
Dr. Blatchley.
Blatchleyana is a document of unusual interest for, in the
“Chronology” with which it begins, it is an autobiography
tracing the early struggles of the author to gain an education,
meanwhile supporting himself by peddling notions on foot, and
the later triumphs which culminate in the well-deserved honor
of the degree of LL.D.
In the footnotes of the lists of species described by him, Dr.
Blatchley has compelled the taxonomist to take notice of the pub-
lication by rising to their defence and combating the synonymy
which has in some cases been proposed. His literary taste is
exemplified on numerous pages by quotations from his own and
other writings, and his strong personality is well shown by the
two portraits.
The lengthy bibliography includes numerous titles, such as
“Gold and Diamonds in Indiana” and the “Petroleum In-
dustry,” papers published from 1894 to 1911, during the time
Dr. Blatchley was Indiana’s State Geologist, but he has con-
fided to us that his heart and mind during all that time leaned
most strongly toward his beloved insects. The authors of this
notice are gratified that they have had the privilege of knowing
Dr. Blatchley intimately, of sympathizing with him, and they
are pleased to find in the record of his life that on three differ-
ent occasions during the preparation of his useful manuals on
the insects of the eastern United States, that he has visited their
homes and collections on Staten Island.— Wm. T. Davis, Charles
W. Leng.
INDEX TO NAMES OF INSECTS AND PLANTS
IN VOLUME XXXVIII
Generic names begin with capital letters. New genera, snbgenera, species,
subspecies, varieties and new names are printed in italics.
Adalia
bipunctata, 44
Adelphocorus
rapidus, 44
Aenictus
alticola, 205, 206
aratus
nesiotis, 208, 211
fraterculus, 209
camposi, 208, 209
congolensis, 197
laeviceps, 193, 195, 198, 200
luzoni, 206
martini, 193, 195, 198, 203
piercei, 209
powersi, 210
silvestrii, 194
vaucheri, 196
Agromyza
pusilla, 45
virens, 465
Alaopone
abeillei, 195, 196
Alchisme
projecta, 414
Allorhina
nitida, 213
Amphigerontia
confraterna, 231
Anchonoides
serpentinus, 40
Ancistrocerus
capra, 46
catskillensis, 46
parietum, 46
tigris, 46
unifasciatus, 46
Anomala
nigropicta, 147
Anthidiellum
robertsoni, 14
Anthidium
angelarum, 10
blanditum, 10
brachyurum, 10
eollectum, 10
jocosum, 10
nebrascense, 9
sayi, 9
sculleni, 10
Antonae
tulbosa, 415
Aphodius
campestris, 142
crassulus, 142
erraticus, 141
fimetarius, 166
haemorrhoidalis, 142
lentus, 142, 144
prodromus, 143
serval, 143
stupidus, 142
Apis
mellifera, 46
adansoni, 160
Apristus
* cordicollis, 218
Archytas
analis, 45
Aserica
castanea, 216
Asilus
crabroniformis, 159, 167
missouriensis, 161, 162
471
472
Journal New York Entomological Society
Ataenius
anticus, 105
brevis , 98
californicus, 107
cognatus, 93, 106
consors, 104
erratus, 96
floridanus, 97
inquisitus, 97
ludovicianus, 100
rudellus, 103
salutator, 99
stercorator, 93, 107, 108
strigatus, 93, 101, 102, 103
tenebrosu's, 108
Auglades
gloriosa, 155
Aulacidea
podograe, 465
Autoserica
castanea, 139
Awania
vicina, 90
Bathyphantes
anglicanum, 15
Bembidian
umbraticum, 218
Berkavia
crosbyana, 364
Bertkauia
lepicidinaria, 363
lucifuga, 362
Bicyrtes
ventralis, 46
Blaste
juvenilis, 271
Bolboeeras
gallieus, 144
Bolboeerosoma
tumefactum, 145
Bombomima
grossa, 166
thoraciea, 166
Bombus
vagans, 166
Brachymena
quadripustulata, 463
Bremis
affinis, 170
impatiens, 170
pennsylvanieus, 170
Cacama
crepitans, 302
dissimilis, 297
puella, 297
valvata, 292, 294
Csecilius
aurantiacus, 320
citricola, 331
clams, 334
confluens, 324
croesus, 326
definitus, 334
flavidus, 319
impactus, 359, 361
nubilis, 351
per plexus, 326
pinicola, 327
posticus, 328
pretiosus, 332
quillayute, 330
rufus, 358
subflavus, 331
umbrosus, 324
Calomycterus
setarius, 81
Camponotus
americanus, 124
Campylocentrus
nigris, 410
Carabus
serratus, 79
Carpocapsa
pomonella, 1, 4
Casinaria
genuina, 46
INDEX
473
Casnonia
ludoviciana, 218
Centronodus, 405
denticulus, 405
flavus, 406
Centrotus
alticeps, 41
infractus, 90
malayus, 39
Centrotypus
alatus, 40
perakensis, 40
Cerastipsocus
nigrofasciatus, 281
trifasciatus, 282
venosus, 285
Cerastis
nigrofasciatus, 281
venosa, 285
Ceratina
dupla, 465
Ceratinopsidis, 28
formosa, 29
Ceratinopsis
alternata, 29
anglicana, 15
atolma, 17
auriculata, 18
bicolor, 19
interpres, 15, 19
labradoriensis, 21
laticeps, 21
nigriceps, 22
nigripalpis, 23
obscura, 25
purpurescens, 25
similis, 23
sutoris, 27
tarsalis, 23
unicolor, 25
Xanthippe, 28
Cerceris
nigrescens, 46
•Ceruchus
piceus, 78
Chauliognathus
perinsylvanicus, 44
Chrysobothris
verdigripennis, 218
Cicada
chisos, 55, 64
hieroglyphica, 55, 217
Cicindela
repanda, 78
12 -guttata, 218
Clidophleps
blaisdelli, 300
distanti, 301
pallida, 303
vagans, 71
wrighti, 57, 300
Cobalus
boliviensis, 154
cristatus, 455
huntingtoni, 153
Coccinella
novemnotata, 44
Coloborrhis
perspicillata, 39
Cornicularia
formosa, 28, 29
Crambus
hortuellus, 45
luteotellus, 45
prafectellus, 45
Cycloneda
munda, 44
Cyrtophloeba
nitida, 74
Deromyia
angustipennis, 163, 165
bigoti, 165
bilineata, 163
discolor, 163, 164
misselus, 171
rufescens, 163
symmacha, 163, 165
ternata, 165
umbrina, 163, 164, 168, 171
474
Journal New York Entomological Society
Dialytes
striatulus, 143
truncatus, 143
Dianthidium
pudicum, 13
sayi, 13
subparvum, 14
Dibolia
borealis, 44
Diceroprocta
apache, 296
bibbyi, 64
cinctifera, 60, 294
cleavesi, 61
eugraphica, 294
marevagans, 63
swalei, 297
Dineutus
assimilis, 135
ciliatus, 135
discolor, 135
emarginatns, 135
hornii, 135
nigrior, 135
Dolichovespula
maculata, 170
Dontonodns, 407
serraticornis, 408
Dorylus
abeillei, 195
Ectopsocus
briggsi, 377
calif ornicus, 377
pumilis, 380
Eliopsocus
punctata, 357
Enallagma
civile, 43
Epilachna
borealis, 423
corrupta, 423
Erax
interruptus, 173
lateralis, 173
rufibarbis, 168, 171, 173
Erechtia
trinotata, 412
Erigone
calcarata, 21
interpres, 15, 19
purpurescens, 15
Erioptera
whitei, 119
Eristalis
transversus, 45
Ernestia
fasciata, 76
Erythrodiplax
minuscula, 215
Estigmene
acrsea, 45
Eupelminus
coleopterophagus, 467
Euroto
fuldai, 456
Eurytoma
tylodermatis, 467
Eustellia
variegata, 408
Eutocus
schmithi, 150
Eutychide
hyalinus, 152
maculata, 151
Euxiphopoeus, 91
Everes
comyntas, 45
Flexocentrus
brunneus, 410
Formica
fusca, 46
Gargara
semifascia, 39
sibirica, 39
INDEX
475
Gibbium
psylliodes, 215
Gigantiops
destructor, 182
Gongroneura
carinata, 92
Gonomyia
patruelis, 117
prolixistylus, 118, 119
Graphopsocus
cruciatus, 340, 341
Gyrinus
seneolus, 136
affinis, 136
analis, 136
aquiris, 136
bifarius, 137
borealis, 137
confinis, 136
consobrinus, 136
dichrous, 136
elevatus, 136
frosti, 137
limbatus, 136
latilimbus, 136
lecontei, 137
lugens, 137
maculiventris, 136
marinus, 137
minutus, 136
rockinghamensis, 136
striolatus, 136
ventralis, 136
woodruff!, 137
Halictus
craterus, 46
fuscipennis, 46
leurouxii, 46
ligatus, 46
lineatulus, 46
pectoralis, 46
provancheri, 46
sparsus, 46
Hemerobius
cruciatus, 341
Hemicrepidius
decoloratus, 44
Hemiptycha
alata, 40
balista, 41
Holodiscus
discolor, 9
Hydnocystis
arenaria, 144
Hydrophorus
browni, 73
Hyperechia
bifasciata, 160
Hypsauchenia
harwicki, 41
Illinoia
pisi, 44
Ischnura
verticalis, 164
Lachesilla
arida, 346
contraforcepta, 347
corona, 350
forcepta, 348
major, 349
nubilis, 351
pacifica, 353
pedicularia, 344, 354
punctata, 357
rufa, 358
silvicola, 361
Lactuca
spicata, 463
Lasius
americanus, 124
umbratus, 124
Laspeyresia
interstinctana, 45
molesta, 1
476
Journal New York Entomological Society
Laxenecera
flavibarbis, 159
Lebia
canonica, 218
Leioscyta
humeralis, 91
pulchella, 411
Leptoglossus
phyllopus, 168
Libellula
azilina, 213
vibrans, 213
Limonia
brevispinula, 110
neopentheres, 109
subvirescens, 112
viridula, 110
viridella, 111
Liposcelis
divinitorius, 219
Lophocarenum
venustum, 29
Lucilia
sericata, 45
sylvarum, 45
Lygus
pratensis, 43
Machserotypus
incultus, 40
sellatus, 39
Macrodactylus
subspinosus, 166
Magicicada
septendicim, 53
Mallophora
bomboides, 162, 170
clausicella, 168, 170
fautrix, 170
orcina, 162, 169, 172
rnficauda, 160
Mantis
religiosa, 213
Maturna
maculata, 417
Maurya
brevicornis, 40
Mechanitis
limnceci, 317
Melanophila
fulvoguttata, 21 S
Melanoplus
atlanis, 169
femur-rubrum, 4J
Melilotus
alba, 10, 43
Membrasis
bonasia, 42
Meriana
septentrionalis, 75
Mesogramma
geminata, 45
Micreune
electa, 41
macularum, 41
Micrurapteryx
kollariella, 44
Mina
spinosa, 409
Miris
dolabrata, 43
Mnaseas
inca, 459
Mnasitheus
badius, 457
Moeris
mapirica, 155
Myrmoteras
bakeri, 184
barbouri, 185
binghami, 183, 186
donisthorpei, 183, 187, 188
mjoebergi, 188, 189
williamsi, 181, 189, 190, 191
Nabis
subcoleoptratus, 43
INDEX
477
Neognophomyia
panamensis, 116
Niconiades
reducta, 455
Notionella
interpres, 19
Oclasma
degenerata, 39
Odontaeus
darlingtoni, 144
liebeeki, 145
simi, 145
Okanagana
balli, 56
bella, 56
var. rubrocaudata, 291
californica, 300
canadensis, 56, 67
consobrina, 302
gracilis, 298
hesperia, 70
magnifica, 295
mariposa, 299
nigriviridis, 299
occidentalis, 56
pallidula, 70, 303
rirnosa, 56, 66, 304
rnbrovenosa, 77, 299
schae fieri
tanneri, 64
striatipes, 67
var. beameri, 68, 297
tristis,. 304
var. rubrobasalis, 300
uncinata, 71
utahensis, 303
vanduzei, 299
Okanagodes
gracilis, 56
Oncomyia
loraria, 45
Onophas
distigma, 150
watsoni, 149
Onthophagus
anthracinus, 141
cribricollis, 141
pennsylvanicus, 141
OreTcthen, 406
osborni, 407
OreTcthophora, 412
cornuta, 412
Ormyreus
ventricosus, 466
Orthobelus
flavipes, 40
Oxybelus
quadrinotatus, 46
Pacarina
puella, 55, 297
Panchlora
cubensis, 85, 87, 213
viridis, 87
Paracalocoris
scrupens, 44
Paratrioza
cockerelli, 307, 312
Paraxiphopoeus, 89
arebiensis, 89
Parnassius
anatolicus, 468
apollo, 468
Pentala
hymenea, 215
Peripsocus
calif ornicus, 377
fumosus, 366
madescens, 366
madidus, 368, 3/2
permadidus, 368, 372
phaeopterous, 365
pumilis, 380
quadrifasciatus, 372
stagnivagus, 376
Phalonia
bunteana, 464
Philsenus
pallidus, 44
478
Journal. New York Entomological Society
spumarius
var. marginellus, 44
var. ustulatus, 44
Philanthus
bilunatus, 46
Phlebodes
simplex, 458
Pholeomyia
indecora, 45
Phyciodes
tharos, 45
Phyllopertha
orientalis, 139
Phyllophaga
diffinis, 146
fusca, 167
subtonsa, 147
Physoplia
crassicornis, 47
nigrata, 47
Pieris
rapse, 44
Pinus
strobus, 233
Planecornua, 90
Platychirus
hyperolreus, 45
peltatus, 45
Platynus
metallescens, 218
Platypedia
putnami, 291
Platyptilia
pallidactyla, 45
Podisus
maculiventris, 43
Polistes
pallipes, 46, 164, 170, 217
Pollenia
rudis, 45
Polypsocus
corruptus, 337, 338
Popillia
japonica, 139
Poppea
nitida, 416
ze~brina, 416
Porrhomma
calcaratum, 21
Prenes
vala
immaculata, 457
Proarna
venosa, 55
Proceratium
croceum, 121, 123
Proctacanthus
arno, 172
milbertii, 161, 162, 172
occidentalis, 172
philadelphicus, 171, 173
rufus, 171
Promachus
apivorns, 159
bastardi, 161, 162, 168
fitchii, 160, 167, 174
princeps, 169
rufipes, 168
vagator, 160
vertebratus, 168
Prosopotheca
formosa, 29
Pseudocsecilius
clarus, 334
pretiosus, 332
wolcotti, 332
Pseudopsocus , 287
amabilis, 288
Psilopsus
scobinator, 45
Psocus
abruptus, 337
aceris, 285
additus, 231
amabilis, 288
atratus, 228
aurantiacus, 320
bifasciatus, 271
INDEX
479
bilobatus, 244, 247
bisignatus, 229
californicus, 262
campestris, 231
canadensis, 334
citrieola, 331
cockerelli, 234
confluens, 324
confraternus, 231
conspersus, 234
conterminus, 334
contaminatus, 256
coquilletti, 235
corruptus, 337
cratsegi, 256
crosbyi, 235
desolatus, 236
elegans, 237
floridanus, 238
frontalis, 276
genualis, 267
gossypii, 285
gregarius, 285
hageni, 256
hoodi, 239
infernicolus, 240
infumatus, 241
inornatus, 242
insulanus, 244
interruptus, 260
leidyi, 244
lichenatus, 248
lithinus, 249
montivagus, 255
novsescotise, 239, 256
oppositus, 260
oregonus, 262
permadidus, 368
perplexus, 256
persimilis, 263
petiolatus, 263
pollntus, 265
purus, 267, 269
qucesitus, 270
quietus, 271
rufus, 358
semistriatus, 231, 271, 283
slossonse, 273
speciosus, 281
striatus, 276
sub apterous, 234, 278
submarginatus, 279
sub quietus, 279
texanus, 280
var. submarginatus, 279
tolteca, 281
trifasciatus, 281
variabilis, 283
venosus, 285
Pterodela
rufa, 359
Ptilopsocus, 337
annulicornis, 338
Pyrausta
nubilalis, 464
longipennis, 250
lucidus, 267
maculosus, 252
Quesada
gigas, 55
madescens, 366
madidus, 368
magnns, 285
Rhizopogon
pachyphloes, 144
medialis, 283
microphthalmus, 285
minusculus, 288, 290
moderatus, 231
moestus, 253
Saropogon
combustus, 163
dispar, 163
Scambus
scriptifrons, 465
480
Journal New York Entomological Society
Scarabseus
strigatus, 93
Sceliphron
cementarium, 164
Selidopogon
diadema, 159
Serica
Carolina, 146
euculata, 146
georgiana, 146
lecontei, 146
Sinea
diadema, 43
Sitotroga
cerealella, 4
Spalirises
humilis, 89
Spallanzania
hesperidarum, 45
Sphserophoria
cylindrica, 45
Sphecodes
confertus, 46
Sphongopliorus
balista, 41
Spinodarnoides, 413
typus, 413
Staphylinus
vulpinus, 166
Stenopogon
obscuriventris, 163
Stictopelta
arizona, 42
lineifrons, 42
nova, 42
varians, 42
Stigmatomma
pallipes, 124
Strumigenys
cordobensis, 178
godeffroyi, 178
Sundarion
xanthographa, 42
Syritta
pipiens, 45
Tabanus
costalis, 45
Teliapsocus, 334
conterminus, 334
Terracaecilius
pallidus, 343
Tettigades
mexicana, 55
Teucholabis
furva, 112, 113
miniata, 114, 115
submolesta, 115
Thecla
vittfeldii, 79
Theridion
anglicanum, 15
Thoon
viridis, 152
Thyridopteryx
ephemerseformis, 4
Tibicen
aurifera, 53
bifida, 296
dealbata, 296
duryi, 60, 295
inauditus, 59
pruinosa, 53
resh, 58
robinsoniana, 58
similaris, 53
superba, 53
Tmeticus
luxurosus, 29
Tragopa
bitriangulata, 414
Tramea
abdominalis, 215
Triatoma
protractns, 77
Tricentrus
basalis, 40
vitulus, 40
Trichogramma
minutum, 1, 6
pretiosa, 6
INDEX
481
Trifolium
repens, 10
Trirhabda
canadensis, 44
Trupanea
apivora, 160
Trypeta
florescentise, 45
Tutaibo
debilipes, 31
Umbonia
crassicornis, 47
Vespa
Carolina, 165, 170
communis, 164, 170, 171
diabolica, 164, 171
vidua, 164, 171
Vespula
vulgaris, 170
Vorates
steinbachi, 458
Wohlfahrtia
vigil, 45
Xanthosticta
grisea, 39
luzonica, 39
trivialis, 39
Xiphidia, 92
Xiphistes
inermis, 92
Xiphopoeus
geniculatus, 91
hirculus, 91
The
New York Entomological Society
Organized June 29, 1892 — Incorporated June 7 , 1893
The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month
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Officers for the Year 1930
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