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THE

J 0 U 11 N A L

OF THE

EOYAL AGEICULTUEAL

OF ENGLAND.

SECOND SERIES,

VOLUME THE NINTH.

PEACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

LIBIRaRY
NEW YORK

botanical

Garden

SOCIETY

LONDON:

JOHN MUEKAY, ALBEMAELE STKEET.

'oc\ri,

'I- ►'A Ser\e^

These experiments, it is true, are not east; still they are in the power of every

THINKING HUSBANDMAN, HE WHO ACCOMPLISHES BUT ONE, OF HOWEVER LIMITED APPLICATION, AND
TAKES CARE TO REPORT IT FAITHFULLY, ADVANCES THE SCIENCE, AND, CONSEQUENTLY, THE PRACTICE
OF AGRICITLTURE, AND ACQUIRES THEREBY A RIGHT TO THE GRATITUDE OF HIS FP:LL0WS, AND OF THOSE
WHO COME AFTER. TO MAKE MANY SUCH IS BEYOND THE POWER OF MOST INDIVIDUALS, AND CANNOT
BE EXPECTED. THE FIRST CARE OF ALL SOCIETIES FORMED FOE THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR SCIENCE
SHOULD BE TO PREPARE THE FORMS OF SUCH EXPERIMENTS, AND TO DISTRIBUTE THE EXECUTION OF
THESE AMONG THEIR MEMBERS.

Van Thaer, Principles of Agriculture^

LONDON : PRINTED BY WILUAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,
AND CBARUfO CROSS,

mar 1 7 ;;

( iii )

CONTENTS OF VOL. IX.

Second Series.

[MBW

U0TAN»<-^-''

Statistics : — page

Meteorology for the year 1872 .. i-xii

Imports of Corn, &c., British Wheat sold, and Average Prices .. xiii-xvii
Acreage under each description of Crop, Fallow, and Grass ;
with number of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs in Great Britain

and Ireland, 1870, 1871, and 1872 _ ..xviii-xix

Importations and Average Priees of certain Foreign and

Colonial Productions xx

Statistics of Dairy Produce, and Prices Current xxi-xxv

AnXICLE PAGE

I. — On the Characters of Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes. By Dr.

Augustus Voeicker, F.R.S 1

II. — Report of the Judges on the Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at

Cardiff. By F. J. Bramwell, C.E., and W. Menelaus, C.E.
With an Appendix on the Composition and Calorific Power
of Llangennech Coal 51

III. — Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley for Twenty

Years in succession on the same Land. By J. B. Lawes, Esq.,
F.R.S., F.C.S. ; and J. H. Gilbert, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. .. 89

IV. — Record of Rainfall at Rothamsted (Parish of Harpenden) and

Harpenden Village, near St. Alban’s, Herts, in 1872 and the

19 preceding years 186

V. — Report on the Trade in Animals, and its Influence on the spread
of Foot-and Mouth and other Contagious or Infectious Diseases
which affect the Live Stock of the Farm. By H. M. Jeukins,
F.G.S., Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society .. .. 187

VI. — Further Report by the Judges on the Competition for Prizes for
Plans of Labourers’ Cottages in connection with the Cardiff
Meeting, 1872 246

VII. — The Potato Disease. By William Carruthers, F.R.S., Consulting

Botanist to the Society 248

VIII. — On Dodder. By W. Carruthers, F.R.S., Consulting Botanist to

the Society 253

J/— . IX. — Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1871 258

X. — Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee, December, 1872 269

XL — Quarterly Report of the Principal of the Royal Veterinary

College 271

XII. — Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley for Twenty

Years in succession on the same Land. By J. B. Lawes, Esq.,
F.R.S., F.C.S. ; and J. H. Gilbert, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.
(continued from p. 162) 275

XIII. — Report on the Health of Animals of the Farm. By Professor
J. B. Simonds, Principal of the Royal Veterinary College .. 374

XIV. — On Climate and the Supply of Labour as affecting Agriculture

in Ireland. By W. Bence Jones, Lisselan, Co. Cork .. .. 378

XV. — Illustrations of Irish Farming. By R. 0. Pringle, Editor of

the ‘ Irish Farmers’ Gazette ’ 400

XVI. — Agricultural Education in Ireland. Py R. 0. Pringle, Editor

of the ‘ Irish^Farmers’ Gazette ’ 422

CONTENTS.

AKTICLE PAGB

XVJI. — On Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup as a Food for Pigs.

By Dr. Augustu.s Voelcker, F.Il.S 428

XVIII. — On Foot-and-Mouth Complaint of Cattle and other Animals ;

with Picmarks on the general characters of the disease and
the causes which led to its recent extensive prevalence in
this kingdom. By G. T. Brown, Chief Inspector in the
A’eterinary Department of the Privy Council, and Professor
of Physiology and Therapeutics in the Koyal Veterinary

College 43T

XIX. — Pieport on the Contagious and Infectious Diseases of Animals
referred to in the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869,
especially with respect to their degree of prevalence in 1872.

By Professor G. T. Brown, Chief Inspector of the Veterinary

Department 482'

XX. — Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull. By Richard

klilward (Senior Steward) 502

XXL — Report on tlie Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Hull.

By W. J, Edmonds, of Southrope, Lechlade (Senior Steward) 522
XXII. — Report on the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, &c., at Hull. By

John Coleman, of Escrick, York 524

XXIII. — Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking- Machines and
Miscellaneous Implements at Hull. By Charles Gay Roberts,
of Shottermill, Haslemere, Surrey 606

APPENDIX.

PAGE

List of Officers of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1873-4 i, xxxix

Standing Committees for 1873 iii, xli

Report of the Council to the General Meeting, December 12, 1872,

and May 22, 1873 v, xliii

Memoranda of Meetings, Payment of Subscription, &c xiii, xciv

Distribution of Members and Council xiv

Half-yearly Cash Account from 1st July to 31st December, 1872, and

from 1st January to 30th June, 1873 xvi, xlviii

Yearly Cash Account from 1st January to 31st December, 1872 .. xviii

Country Meeting Account : Cardiff, 1872 xx

Hull Meeting, 1873 : Schedule of Prizes, &c xxi

List of Stewards and Judges, and Award of Prizes at Hull .... 1

Agricultural Education : Examination Papiers, 1873 Ixxxvi

Members’ Veterinary and Chemical Privileges xxxv, xcv

^Members’ Botanical Privileges xxxviii, xcviii

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER,

List of Governors and Members at the end. parr

Table XXIV. Experiments on the Growth of BarLy to face 27fr

„ XXXIX. Quantity of Ammonia in Manure, &c

„ J. & II. Kesulis of Trials of Ploughs, &c., at Hull >» 53S

„ IV. &V11. Results of 'Trials of Horse Harrows, Cultivators, &c., at Hull .. 588

„ V. & VI. Results of Trials of Horse Rollers, Clod'Crushers, &c., at Hull .. „ 590

,, I. & II. Results of Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines at Hull „ 612

The Binder is desired to collect together all the Appendix matter, with Roman numeral folios, and

place it at the end of each volume of the Journal, excepting Titles and Contents, and Statistics,
&c., which are in all Ciisos to be placed at the heginning of the Volume; the lettering at the back ro
include a statement of the year as well as iha volume; the first volume belonging to 1839-40, the
second to 1841, the third to *1842, the fourih to 1843, and so on.

In Reprints of the Journal all Appendix matter and, in one instance, an Article in the body of
the Journal (which at ihe time had become obsolete), were omitted ; the Roman numeral folios,
however (for convenience of reference), were reprinted without alteration in the Appendix matter
retained.

METEOEOLOGY ; IMPOETATIONS OF GEAIN ; SALES OF
BRITISH WHEAT ; PRICES OF CORN AND OTHER
PRODUCE; AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS; AND STA-
TISTICS OF DAIRY PRODUCE.

[The facts are derived chiefly from the Meteorological Iteports of Mr.
Glaisher, and the Returns of the Board of Trade, and of the Inspector-
General OF Imports and Exports.]

METEOROLOGY.— 1872.

First Quarter {January, Fd>ruary, March). — The ■warm -weather
which set in on December 13th, 1871, continued with very few
exceptions till the 18th March — then followed eight days of severe
cold weather, and snow fell over the country, even to the South
Coast, and over the counties of Devonshire and Corn-wall. This
cold period was very severely felt, owing to its suddenness and
great contrast to the long continued high temperature of the pre-
ceding ninety-seven days. The remaining five days of the quarter
were warm — and Mr. Glaisher states that he does not know any
instance of so remarkable a cold period as that ending December
12th, 1871, being followed by as remarkable a warm one as that
ending March I8th, 1872. The remarkable feature of the winter
now under review is the long continuance of high temperature
following immediately so remarkable a long continuance of weather
of low temperature. For 100 years back, the warmth of the past
three months has been but once equalled, viz., in 1846, and has
never been exceeded. The mean temperature of January was 41°-3
or 5° higher than the average of 101 years; that of February was
44°-8 or 6°’3 higher than the average, and the mean temperature of
March was 44°'6 or 3'’’7 in excess of the average. The mean tem-
perature in the three months ending February’-, constituting the
three winter months, was 41°’5 or 3°*5 higher than the average of
101 years.

The fall of rain in February was only one half of its average, but
in January and March it was in excess.

Hardy Pear was in blossom on the 9th of March at Llandudno ; on
VOL. IX. — s. S. A

( II )

the 11th at Helston ; on the 20th at Chislehurst ; on the 24th at
Carlisle ; on the 26th at Weybridge ; on the 28th at Oxford and
Culloden ; on the 29th at Eastbourne ; on the 30th at London; on
the 31st at Strathfield Turgiss.

Hardy Apple was in blossom on the 20th of March at Helston; on
the 30th at Oxford ; on the 31st at Eastbourne.

Cherry was in blossom on the 14th of March at Brighton ; on the
-’2nd at Oxford ; and on the 31st at Carlisle.

Plum was in blossom on the 7 th of March at Strathfield Turgiss ;
on the 12th at Helston; on the 13th at Oxford; on the 24th at
Weybridge Heath ; on the 28th at Culloden ; and on the 31st at
Carlisle.

Hooks began to build on the 22nd of March at Brighton.

Second Quarter (^April, May, June). — The weather at the end of
3Iarch and till the first week in May was very changeable, there
were alternately a few days of warmth, and then a few days of cold,
the warm periods preponderating both in duration and in excess of
temperature over the defects of temperature and cold. Till May
oth the temperature was in exeess to the amount of 2f° on the
average daily. From the 6th of May to the 12th of June, with the
exception of three or four days of moderate warm weather at the
end of May, the weather was cold, the sky mostly cloudy, the nights
i)f low temperature with hoar frost and frequent rain, the average
deficiency of daily temperature was 3^?°. On June 13th a warm
period set in, and for some days the weather was fine, bright, and
hot, but towards the end of the month it was again changeable,
there was an excess of daily temperature above these averages
of 3|°. Some heavy thunderstorms took place during the hot
weather in June 17th, 18th, and 19th, principally over the Northern
and Midland Counties.

The changeable weather which had thus prevailed nearly
throughout the quarter, sometimes warm but frequently cold, till
the middle of June, caused all cereal crops to be in a backward
state, as they did not receive sufficient warmth and sunshine ;
their forward state in the early spring was entirely lost through
the low temperature and harsh weather in the month of May.
Under the influence of the bright sunshine and hot weather about
the middle of June, everything progressed satisfactorily and rapidly ;
at the end of the quarter vegetation generally was about ten or
twelve days later than in an average season. The wheat crop was
generally in oar or in bloom. The storms in June had, in some
places, laid the wheat, and in others, blown off the blossoms, but

C in )

ouly in a small portion of the whole, and it was generally expected
the yield would be that of a full average.

The hay crop was spoken of as generally very good, and the
heaviest for many years.

The potato crop was also spoken of as good and abundant, but
subsequently suffered to an unusual extent from the well-known
potato-disease.

The average temperature of these three months differs less than
i of a degree from the average of the same months in the preceding
30 years.

The mean temperature of April, May, and June, was 48°'3, 50°*9,
and 59°‘2 respectively ; that of April was 2°‘3, and that of June
1°'0 higher than the average ; while that of May was 1°'7 lower
than the average. The mean temperature of the air in the three
months ending Ma}’’, constituting the three spring months, was 47°'9
or l°-4 higher than the average of 101 years; The fall of rain was
O' 7 inch and 0-3 inch, respectively, in defect of the average in
April and June, but 0'9 inch in excess in May.

Wheat was in ear on ’the 17th of June at Cardington; on the
19th at Hull; on the 20th at Llandudno; on the 21st at Helston,
llawarden, and Cockermouth. In flower on the 20th of June at
Chislehurst ; on the 21st at Silloth ; on the 24th at Taunton and
Weybridge ; on the 27th at Cardington ; on the 28th at Hawarden ;
and on the 30 th at Helston.

Barley teas in flower on the 20 th of June at Llandudno.

Bye was in flower on the 7 th of June at Chislehurst.

Gats were in flower on the 30th of June at Weybridge.

Third Quarter (July, Augitst, September). The weather during the
whole quarter was changeable. The mean temperature in July,
notwithstanding a cold period which lasted from the 8th to the
18th, was 3°'4 above the average, the warmest period in the whole
quarter being the eleven days from the 19th to the 29th July,
during which the average daily excess of temperature was 7°'9.
The first half of August was cold and wet, but during the latter
part of that month and the early part of September the temperature
was higher, though the weather was unsettled. From the 17th
September to the end of the quarter, rain fell generally and the
daily temperature was deficient. The most remarkable feature of
the quarter was the frequency of thunderstorms.

The mean temperature of July was 65°'0, or 3°'4 higher than the
average of 101 years, that of August was 61°’0 or 0°-2 higher than
the average, and that of September was 57°'4 or 0®'9 higher than
the average. The mean temperature in the three months ending

A 2

( IV )

August, constituting the three summer months, was 61°-7 or 1°'.“)
higher than the average. The fall of rain was OT inch and 1-0'
inch, respectively, in defect in July and September, but 0'3 inch in
excess in August.

Wheat loas in flower on the 1st of July at Helston; and on the-
12th at Culloden. — Wheat was cut on the 27th of July at Itoyston -
on the 29th at Osborne, Chislehurst, and Cardington ; on the 30thi
at Brighton and Oxford. On the 1st of August at Guernsey ; on
the 4th at Wey bridge; on the 10th at Helston; on the 12th at
Llandudno ; on the 19th at Carlisle ; on the 25th at Milltown ; and
on the 28th at North Shields. On the 14th of September at Silloth.

Barley teas in flower on the 10th of July at Culloden. — In ear on-
the 2nd of July at Helston. — Cut on the 2nd of August, at Wey-
bridge ; on the 6th at Llandudno; on the 10th at Guernsey; and
on the 12th at Helston and Carlisle.

Bye was cut on the 13th of July at Brighton and Chislehurst. On
the 26th of August at Culloden.

Oats were in flower on the 5th of July at Culloden. — In ear on
the 2nd of July at Helston. — Cut on the 27th of July at Osborne ;
on the 28th at Helston ; and on the 29th at Chislehurst and Oxford.
On the 1st of August at Weybridge ; on the 19th at Stonyhurst ; on
the 20th at Guernsey ; and on the 30th at Milltown.

Peas were cut on the 27th of August at Culloden.

Flax was pulled on the 20th of August at Milltown.

Fourth Quarter [October, November, December'), — Until the 24th
October the weather was cold, but on the 25th a warm period set
in and continued till November 9th. From November 10th to the
19th was a steady cold period, but from November 20th to December
3rd the weather was warm. Then followed a period of changeable
weather which lasted up to December 19th. On the 20th an
extraordinary warm period set in, and continued to the end of the
year.

The mean temperature of October was 47°'8, being 1°’8 lower-
than the average of 101 years ; that of November was 45°'3, or 3°.0
higher than the average, and that of December was 42°'9, or 3°*8
higher than the average. The mean temperature in the three
months ending November, constituting the three autumn months,
was 50°'2, or 0'’"7 higher than the average. The fall of rain was
1‘5 in. 0‘6 in., and 2T in. in excess of the average in October,
November, and December, respectively.

The readings of the barometer at 159 feet above the sea- level
were remarkably low throughout the quarter, the mean values for
each month were : — October 29‘533 in., November 29‘511 in,, and j

( V )

Ucccmbor 29'413 in., and these departures below the averages were
0-172 in., 0*252, and 0*397 respectively. It is very rarely that
.such a long period of continuous depression is experienced.

The most remarkable feature, however, has been the frequency
•of rain. During the quarter it has fallen at Greenwich on G7 days, a
greater number than has been previously experienced at Greenwich
back to the year 1815. The total fall was large, amounting to
11*32 inches. The previous instances of large falls at Greenwich
are as follows : —

Year.

Amount Fallen.

Total Fall
in the
Quarter.

Number of Days of
Kaiu in

The

Quarter.

October.

November.

December.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

In.

in.

1821

2*42

4*33

4*72

11*47

1822

3* 60

3*66

2*26

9*52

2824

2*44

3*88

3*55

9*87

1831

3*65

2*70

3'47

9-82

1832

4*4f

4*48

2*o8

10*97

1833

2*87

2*51

4*95

10*33

1841

5*84

2*75

1*92

10*5 1

1844

4*01

4*74

0*34

9-09

1852

3 '75

5*66

1*72

11*13

2865

5*90

2*39

0*87

9* 16

1868

2*59

I * 16

5*45

9* 20

1872

4‘33

2*92

4*07

II ‘32

The Table shows that the total fall in the quarter has been but
once exceeded, viz., in the year 1821, when it was 11*47 inches or
OT5 greater ; back to 1818, there is only one other instance of a fall
exceeding 11 inches, viz., in 1852. The Table also shows that in
58 years there have been 1 2 instances of the fall in the three months
ending December exceeding 9 inches, of which five were between
9 and 10 ; three between 10 and 11, and three exceeding 11 inches.
The number of days of rain are shown in the last column, they
differ greatly, and all are less in number than in the quarter just
closed. This unusual frequency of rain has been general over the
country. At Stonyhurst, in Lancashire, rain fell on every day in
the quarter except two, and at Guernsey on 80 days, and the general
average over the country was 67 days. The amount at Guernsey
is very remarkable, being as large as 25^ inches. The average fall
of rain from all stations was 13*97 inches, being more than double of
the fall in the corresponding period of the year 1871, which was
6*09 inches. The smallest falls of rain at Greenwich in this quarter
were in 1851, when it was 2*92 inches, and in 1871 when it was
5*17 inches, in both cases preceding the two heaviest falls.

( VI )

The Agricultural prospects towards the close of the quarter are
thus described in the Mark Lane Express for 23rd December. —
“ The state of the weather has become the permanent source of
complaint. The floods, instead of abating, have further increased,
and most of our great rivers have overflown their banks, entirely
swamping the low-lying neighbourhoods. Farmers are literally
puzzled what to do, their horses getting out of health, for want of
work, in the stables, the land hopelessly sodden, and the flail or
thrashing machine next to useless ; while round our coasts there
have been numerous and terrible wrecks. But it is almost dangerous
to have a strong frost when vegetation is so heavily charged with
moisture, and all we can hope for is a continuance of moderate
breezes till the land is in w^orking order. There are many fears
that the little wheat already planted will turn out a partial failure,
the seed rotting in the soil ; and this apprehension is felt on the
continent of Europe, where the sowing was more successful, as well
as here. Still, with foreign supplies arriving in greater plenty
than what immediate consumption requires, the market is effectu-
ally prevented from rising, and is only maintained with difficulty.
It is worthy of note that for the last four weeks the London
averages have been below those of the country about Is. per qr.,
and this may well account for the poor supplies sent up to the
metropolis. Farmers, indeed, would seem to send very little more
here than what they are obliged, and of the poorest quality, London
being the great market for everything good or bad. We are not
fond of disparaging our own produce, but it is clear from the ex-
hibition of samples, that if no rain had fallen, the crop in quality,
more especially the white wheat, would have been below the
average of seasons ; and if we select the numerous sprouted corns
from these we shall find they were the best and plumpest grains,
which are always the first to grow. The damage therefore to the
flour is unusually great, its strength and nutrition are diminished,
and though only a slow and gradual course will make this felt, it
shows that whatever be the present dulness or the fluctuations
following, we must have unusual imports to fill the void. Paris is
again 1 fr. dearer for flour, Belgium and Holland show a slight
improvement, but Dantzic has rather given way, other places re-
maining much the same. They have frost at Konigsberg, Dautzic,
and Stettin.”

Table showing the Kainfall in different Parts of England and Wales from Information supplied by Members of

the Council of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England.

( VII )

Bain fell on 185 days. f Bain fell on 166 days. J Bain fell on 183 days. § Bain fell on 220 days. H Bain fell on 290 days.

MKI'KOilOI-OGICAL OBSERVATIONS RECORDED AT THE ROYAE OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, IN THE FlRST SiX MONTHS OF

THE Year 1872.

( VIII )

Weight of vapour in
a Cubic Foot of Air.

Dlff. from
average of
31 years.

^ rA

£ o b O
^ + + +

O'-*'-'

E b o o

• 00

e • • •

b£> n

. ON fA
S) rA

^ Elastic Force

1 of Vapour. !

Dlff. from
average of
31 years.

cr* oo o

0 o o o

““bob
+ + +

\£>

fA O' ^

O M O

d o P p

““ O O O

+ 1 4-

e v/N rj-

.S (S r« r«

bob

^ oo r-

.S rs c» fA

b b b

‘A

Temperature of

Water
of the
Thames.

° b V i

tT V

^A ON

° b V

VA VA *0

r>.

Diff. from i
average of *
31 years.

o b M ^

1 + +

r~>. OO fs

o b O O

+ 1 +

o • • •

fA fA

O O' ON >-■

^ M fS

CLh

Dlff. from
average of
31 years.

r-> o

o VA **A

4- + +

r»

rA ON ^

o b ■« b

+ 1 +

§■

M r <. oo
® 00 b crs

fA tJ- «*A

O NO M

o M ;a -

Ni* Nj- XA

DifF. from
average of
31 years.

r* CA r«
n xA

° + + +

r>. ON fA

o "o o

+ 1 +

Diff. from
average of Mean.
31 years.

o> C>

<*A Tj-

oo fA O'

® ’-4' r-- tJ-

nJ*

r A »A M
rA XA ^
° + + +

ri-

-h

M M fS

O M b b

4- 1 4"

Diff. from
average of
101 years.

O fA

o VA O »A

4~ + +

fA O

O M M

+ 1 +

fA oo O

o • • .

I-I rj*

v£>

«A

fA ON fS

® OO o ON
iA *A

•-A

1872.

Months.

January

February

March

^ ^ c

p- 5

■< S r?

Note.— In reading this Table it will be borne in mind that the sign (-) minus aigniBes Velow the average, and that the sign (+) plus signifies above the average.

Meteorological Observations recorded at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in the First Six Months oe

THE Year 1872.

( IX )

Reading of Thermometer on Grass.

Highest

Reading

Night.

O o

't' ^

•a o
K '*■

tJ- OO

® Si'S 1-^

^ SA

Highest

54-8

Lowest ,
Reading
at

Night.

M r<

° b V

Lowest

ig-9

rA OO »A

® M OO

<s ri

j Lowest
2I-3

Number of Nights it was j

Above
40°. 1

M O

Sum

rA M

Sum

Between

30°

and 40°.

I I ,

rang

O' SA OO
HI IH

2 <s

3 'i*
w

At or
below
30°.

(H so tJ-

rang

OO SA M

§ ^
cn

Daily

Horizontal

movement
of the Air.

«5 (S sD

^ r* O

■JIZ rr\

Mean

301

S ^ ^

03 sA sO

g r. r. c

Mean

265

Rain.

Diff. from
average
of 5 7 years.

B " b b

" + 1 +

S M

5 +

t--. O'

a b b b

“ 1 + 1

Sum

0*0

Amount.

sO OO M

£ ro O

fl ^

CQ ^

0 0

.2 M rA HI

^ -

Weight of
a Cubic Foot of Air.

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

. O' o

^111

. M CS

“III

Mean.

grs.

545

544

. O' 0

« Tf rA rA
S] SA SA sA

Reading
of Barometer.

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

OO VA

a " •"

0 o o

1 1 1

sA HI

. fA OO

fl 0 0 0

bob
1 1 1

so r<

Q so so

0> O O'
<s (s

r>.

r«

kA sO »A

fA rA

s r' r

Degree
of Humidity.

Diff. from ,
average of ;
31 years.

M M fS

+ + +

+ I

rA 0 Hi

1 +

Mean.

O' sO
OO OO OO

SO SO SA
f>.

r'.

1872.

Months.

January ..
February ..
March

Mean

April . .
May . .
June ..

Mean

Note. — In reading this Table it ■will be borne in mind that the sign (-) minus signifies Vdow the average, and that the sign (+) ylus signifies above the average.

METEOROLOaiCAIi OBSERVATIONS RECORDED AT THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, IN THE LAST SiX MONTHS OF

THE Year 1872.

( X )

Weight of Vapour in
a Cubic Foot of Air.

DifF. from
average of
i 31 years.

M o
w b b b
a + 1

rv^ rA <s

w b b b

& 1 + +

Sj ^ ^

rf M OO
ti, IW <vi r»

Elastic Force
of Vapour.

Diff. from
average of I
31 years.

OO c>

wN O O

O p o o

o o b

+ 1 1

ajA rv-»

«-l M <S

s ? ? ?

0 b b

1 + +

(S M

r«» M

b b b

os ^

OS VO sj-

<s r« r*

O O O

Temperature of

■Water
of the
Thames.

^ VTN O

® ts

o o o

o 1

Si-V

O O VA

O M o 1

sr» si*

Dew Point. | Air — Daily Range.

Diff. from
average of i
31 years.

t}- vO VO

O ’r* b b
+ + +

r»

° + T V

® O C7*

(S n M

so o

® *rs b oo

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

r>. M rA

o O O

+ 1 1

r-i (S oo

° T + +

vr\ O oo
® O

® M os

sj- rA

si*

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

tJ- OO l-f

^ m O O

+ 11

b •

OO fv.V

o 7 V

1 + +

si*

C> O

° O VO +
s9 trt ^

r>.

vr\

sA sO ^
° SO rA *-•

Diff. from
average of
31 yeais.

O M

^ rv> O O

+ :i +

vA r>»

o b « r.

1 + +

Diff. from
average of
101 years.

O rA O O
+ + +

SA\

OO O OO
M rA rA
1 + +

r^.

j-t

O O

° vrv t--

vO so aa

OO rA OS

® r>. VA

rj- Tj-

■«i-

1872.

Months.

July .. ..

August
September . .

October
November.. 1
December . .

Note.— In reading this Table it will be borne In mind that the sign (-) mimis signifies Mow the average, and that the sign (+) j)/ws signifies abate the average.

Meteorological Observations recorded at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in the Last Six Months of

THE Year 1872.

( XI )

Reading of Thermometer on Grass.

^ tc
mj ta * •—

M IS O'

° b V

VO ^

Highest
6o* I

O cf O
't' 'I*

Highest

49’o

Lowest

Heading

Night.

M O' O

® OO O

rrt M

"i o

00 O'

® sO r*'

fs n M

£ O'
o

Number of Nights it was

oo oo

tN n M

1 o

02 M

CJ o

fc: ®

(S g

1 vr,
M

Th O' O'

M M Ht

S r.

At or
below
30°.

O O 'i-

O SO 00
M

a ^

3 'i'

(Tt C*

Daily
Horizontal
movement
of the Air.

« VTt ^ O'

.2 oo r* w

•-» TA

rt SO O

.S rA i-s ^

<s TA

W <A

DifF. from
aveiage
of 67 years,

M O

a* O O M
1 + 1

I o

m 1

s.r\ vO M

C5* M O

" + + +

- i

CQ 4-

d :*•

r< M

i -
«2 ^

fA O' H

§ fA

W w

Weight of
a Cubic Foot of Air.

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

. O

i 1 1

.OHO

2 M

“ 1 1

. rj- O' JH

2 fs r<

r»

. O' *-« C»

£ fA

Sj ATS *A s/s

Reading
of Barometer.

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

OO O

^ o

O O O w

d b b

1 + 1

M r»

sA O'
g H <S fA

b o b

1 1 I

O' O M

o OO

H r “ ?

O' O' O'
fs fs

t 1 p

' O'
<N

rA M rA

CA M M

SA »A

O' O' O'

«s r< <s

Degree
of Humidity.

Diff. from
average of
31 years.

<V> M M

+ 1 1

ri- »- O
+ 1

CO u^ O'
r>.

r>.

M OO

O' CO 00

1872.

Months.

J uly . .
August
September

October
November . .
December ..

o»

Note. — In reading this Table it will be borne In mind that the sign (-) minus signifies betmo the average, and that the sign (+)^)I«s signifies ahove the average.

( XII )

IIainfall, at different Stations, in eacli of the Three Months
ending 31st December, 1871 and 1872.

■

Rainfall in the 3 Months ending

Names of Stations.

3Ist December, 1871.

3lst December, 1872.

Number
of Days on
which
Rain fell.

Amount of
Rain

Collected.

Number
of days on
which
Rain fell.

Amount of
Rain
Collected.

Guernsey

Inches.

9'73

Inches.

25*24

Helston

11-95

17-85

Truro

10-33

17-76

Eastbourne

4-18

18-46

Osborne

4-61

16-34

Bournemouth

5-90

16-04

Portsmouth ..

4' 75

i4'52

Worthing

3'36

14-99

Brighton

3T3

> 75

15-90

Taunton

5-84

13-89

Wilton House

6-30

! 64

17*10

Barnstaple

10-45

' 78

19-36

Aldershot Camp

3-32

1 65

14-09

Strathfield Turgiss •

3-12

11-32

Wey bridge Heath

2* 70

11-84

Marlborough College

4'99

16-40

Royal Observatory

3‘i7

11*32

Streatley Vicarage

2-94

11-77

Camden Town

2-95

13-53

Oxford

2-78

9-82

Gloucester

4-07

ii-o6

Royston

2-27

i 71

9-55

Cardington

2*34

9-71

Leamington

2-82

11-15

Somerleyton Rectory

5'43

11-47

Norwich

5-03

10*90

Wisbech

4’02

1 60

10*12

Llandudno

11*70

17-62

Derby

4’7i

10*70

Nottingham

4-52

10*29

Hawarden

7-58

1 7^

H-93

Liverpool '

8-93

13-04

Eccles

8-18

10-83

Hull

5-40

r63

11*00

Stonyhurst

12-55

14-79

Cockermouth

12 * 10

18-00

Allenheads

11-28

21.43

Silloth

9’ 74

12-54

Carlisle

2-80

9-19

North Shields

5-70

14-53

Milltown (Ireland)

5’57

14- 28

( XIII )

CORN : Importations, Sales, and ruicES.

Quantities of Wheat, Wheatmeal and Flour, Barley, Oats, Peas and
Beans, Imported into the United Kingdom in the Year 1872.

1872.

IVlieat.

\Vliontmeiil
and Klour.

Barley,

Oats.

Peas.

Beans.

.lamiary ..

February

March

April

May

June

cwts.

3.932.285

2,034,903

2,777.964

2, 285 ,048
2,047,194
2,559,448

cwts.

220,254

207,452

265,619

209,475

211,071

332.213

cwts.

1,165,674

1,257,626

1,561,748

1,195,388

813,841

1,042,420

cwts.

829,177

704.317

842,120

850,241

1,108,857

2,297,557

cwts.

41 ,005
16,405

31.992

61,012

85,395

219,046

cwts.

307.948

234,982

281,617

259,845.

271,367

267,193

111 first Six\
Months J

15,636,842

1,446,084

7,036,697

5,632,269

454,855

1,622,952

July..
August ..
September
October ..
November
December

3,997.257

3,526,112

4,237.694

5,718,647

4,949.083

3.924.593

315.374

300,499

356,169

636,199

625,970

715,764

748,494

562,421

811,654

1,762,645

1,835,833

2,320,396

1,375.422

912,670

835,627

1,270,609

579.434

961,027

122,743
125 ,220
91 , 298
200,369

114,511

181,080

199,706

189,641

235,328

286,749.

172,137

231,001

In last Six'!
Months /

26,353,386

2,949,975

8.041,443

5,934.789

835,221

1,314,562

Year ..

41,990,228

4,396,059

15,078, 140

11,567,058

1,290,076

2.937.514

Note. — The average weights per quarter of corn, as adopted in the office of the
Inspector-General of Imports and Exports, are as follow : — For wheat, 485J lbs.,
or 4l cwts. ; for barley, 400 lbs., or cwts. ; for oats, 308 lbs., or 2| cwts. Corn
has been entered and charged with duty by weight instead of measure since Sep-
tember, 1864.

Computed Beal Value of Corn Imported into the United Kingdom in each
of the Five Years, 1868-72.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1872.

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Maize

Other kinds
Wheat Flour ..
Other kinds of Flour

£.

22,069,353

3,799,527

3.875.929

4,838,012

1,981,553

2,832,077

23,839

£.

19,515,758

3,379.775

3,340,494

5.935,665

1,376,087

3,792,939

6 ,640

£.

16,264,027

2,831,844

4,381,607

5,790.550

1,498,043

3.383,751

19,822

£.

23,345,630

3.407,425

4,141,687

6,470,789

1,729,048
3,502,784
10, 712

£.

26,046,876

6, 194. 155

4,212,086

8,696,362

1,747,073

4,092,189

9,883

Total of Corn

39,420, 290

37.347,358 '34,169,644

42,403,575

50,998,624

( XIV )

Quantities of British Wheat Sold in the Towns from which Returns are
received under the Act of the 27th & 28th Victoria, cap. 87, and their
Average Prices, in each of the Twelve Months of the Years 1867-72.

Quantities in Quaetees.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1872.

First month ..
Second month
Third month )
(five weeks) /
Fourth month
Fifth month ..
Sixth month \
(five weeks) /
Seventh month
Eighth month
Ninth month 1
(five weeks) /
Tenth month
Eleventh month
Twelfth month 1
(five weeks) /

quarters.

221,791

203,900

280,878

205,231

221,067

196,985

109,829

102,303

265,668

349,788

265,622

301,558

quarters.

193,077

201,325

235,402

173,120

162,030

128,142

106,812

174.633

444,296

284,810

268,848

307,386

quarters.

248,047

258,883

278,086

204,519

238,483

268,599

166,485

174,904

255,286

256,984

220,876

244,933

quarters.

187.027
231,428

314,040

242,457

281,620

296.028

171,005

201,788

435.398

340,445

298,407

352,629

quarters.

267,827

309.376

377.003

293,494

222.003

229,749

120, 154
123,889

371.590

367.672

269,351

322,756

quartere.

194,719

193,910

245,612

191,522

231,780

268,626

109,543

126,769

295.774

264,934

195,743

263,152

Avekagb Pmces pkk Quartke.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1872.

s. d.

5. d.

First month . .

61 5

70 4

51 10

43 XI

52 8

55 4

Second month

60 11

72 11

50 10

41 10

53 6

55 8

Third month i
(five weeks) /

59 9

73 I

48 5

41 3

54 6

55 I

Fourth month

61 7

73 4

46 4

42 7

58 2

54 2

Fifth month ..

64 8

74 3

44 8

43 10

59 I

56 3

Sixth month "1
(five weeks) /

65 5

68 9 .

47 0

59 8

58 ir

Seventh month

65 I

65 6

49 5

50 9

58 7

Eighth month

68 0

57 9

52 X

53 II

57 II

59 9

Ninth month 1
(five weeks) j

63 5

55 I

51 4

47 0

57 0

58 7

Tenth month ..

66 7

53 ir

47 8

47 4

56 5

58 7

Eleventh month

69 9

52 2

46 8

50 I

56 2

56 ir

Twelfth month 1
(five weeks) /

67 7

50 2

44 2

52 4

56 2

56 7

( XV )

Avehage Prices of British Corn per Quarter (imperial measure) as received
from the Inspectors and Officers of Excise according to the Act of 27tli
& 28th Victoria, cap. 87, in each of the Fifty-two Weeks of the
Year 1872.

Week ending

Wheat.

Barley.

Oats.

Week ending

Wheat.

Barley.

Oats.

January

6..

July 6

January

13..

July 13

January

20..

July 20

January

27..

July 27

February

3..

August 3 ..

February

10 ..

August 10 ..

February 17..

August 17 ..

February 24..

August 24 . .

March

2 ..

August 31 ..

March

9..

1 1

September 7

March

16 ..

September 14

March

23..

September 2i

March

30..

September 28

Average

of )

Average of 1

Winter >

Summer >

Quarter )

Quarter J

April

6..

October 5 ..

April

13-.

October 12 ..

April

20.,

October 19 ..

April

27..

October 26 ..

May

4..

November 2

May

II ..

November 9

May

18..

November 16

May

25 ..

November 23

June

I ..

November 30

June

8..

December 7

June

15..

December 14

June

22..

December 21

June

29..

December 28

Average of j

Average of 1

Spring >

Autumn 1

Quarter )

Quarter J

Note. — The system of preparing the Monthly Trade Accounts of the United
Kingdom has been altered since the commencement of the year 1871, with the
view of providing earlier and more accurate information.

The quantities of articles imported are now taken from the “ Importers’
Entries,” instead of from the “ Landing Accounts,” which are not completed
until a much later date : the figures given for the Imports in January. 1871, will
not, therefore, compare with those given for the months of January, 1869 and
1870 — the former showing the complete Importations of the month, and the latter
only the Returns of the Landing Accounts so far as received within the month,
by which method the last seven to ten days’ Importations of the month were
excluded. So great a divergence will not occur in subsequent months.

The Import Account for the month of December, 1871, will in many cases
exhibit a considerable deficiency when compared with the month of December in

( XVI )

Quantities of Wheat, Baelet, Oats, Peas, Beans, Indian Corn or Maize,
Wheatmeal and Flour, Imported in the Three Years 1870-71-72 ; also
the Countries from which the Wheat, Wheatmeal, and Flour were
obtained.

Wheat from —

Bussia

Denmark

Germany

France

Austrian Territories

Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia

Egypt

United States

Chili

British North America

Other countries

Total Wheat

Barley

Oats

Peas

Beans

Indian Corn, or Maize

Wheatmeal and Flour from —

Germany

France

United States

British North America

Other countries

Total Wheatmeal and Flour
Indian Corn Meal

1870.

1871.

1872.

cwts.

cwta.

CWt5.

10,269,198

15.629,435

17,840,640

327,919

130,370

431,176

3.348,214

3,049.031

3,887,746

253,644

134,841

2,843,016

60,472

239,147

54.732

489,421

1,418,886

838,073

104,950

884,396

2,337,208

12,371,922

13.405,057

8,606,403,

599.337

549,529

2,434,125

2,838,361

3,279,264

1,719,378

237,791

687,690

2,997.731

30,901,229

39,407,646

41,990,228

7,217,327

8,589.059

15 ,078,140

10,830,630

11,007,106

11,567,058

1,799,354

1,021,950

1,290,076

2,505.798

2,975.651

2,937,524

16,756,783

16,832,499

24,563,334

911,108

967,892

, 1,054,574

645 , 181

37,150

1,341,465

2,148,251

1,794,805

743,412

451,463

403,989

339,300

647,906

780,802

917,308

4,803,909

3,984,638

4,396,059

5.741

7,881

5,384

previous years. This circumstance should not be taken to indicate a decrease
in the trade of the month, inasmuch as in former years the account for December
■was not published until the end of the following February, and embraced the
record of large quantities of goods imported in previous months, but not registered
until the “ Landing Accounts” had been received.

( XVII )

Tlie Avkuage Prices of Consols, of Wheat, of Meat, and of Potatoes ; also the Average
Number of Paupers relieved on the last day of each Week ; and the Mean Iemperature,
in each of the Twelve Quarters ending December 31st, 1872.

Average Pnicts.

Pauterism.

Quarters

eudiug

Consols

(for

Money).

Minimum
Rate per
Cent, of
Discount
charged
by the

Wheat

per

Quarter

England

Meat per lb. at the Metro-
politan Meat Market
(by the Carcase).

Potatoes
(York Regents)
per Ton,
at Waterside
Market,
Southwark.

Quarterly Average of the
Number of Paupers re-
lieved on the last da^j of
each week.

Mean
T f mpe-
rature.

Bank of
England.

Wales.

Beef.

Mutton.

In-door.

Out-door.

1870

£.

892,822

Mar. 31

92|

3-0

A\d—ld.
Mean 5f<f.

i\d.— i\d.
Mean 6J<i.

95s. — IIOS.

Mean 102s. 6d.

164,387

38'o

June 30

3-0

4^4. — 6|d.
Mean 5|d.

5id.— Thd.
Mean 6§d.

115s. — 135s.
Mean 125 s.

144,226

825.337

54'4

Sept. 30

9i|

3-9

4fd.— 7i<f.

Mean 6tf.

Sid— ad.
Mean b^d.

lOOS. — I40S.
Mean 120s,

138,444

787.976

6o* 7

Dec. 31
1871

92|

2-5

Sd.—^^d.
Mean 6jd.

sid. — ad.

Mean 6|d.

505,-905.
Mean 70s.

150,729

802,291

4i’6

Mar. 31

92|

2-7

5d.— 7fd.

Mean 6^d.

Sid.—j^d.
Mean b^d.

75£. — 1005.

Mean 8 75. 6cZ.

160,984

878,892

40*2

June 30

93i

2-5

sH—iH

Mean 6^d.

sid — aid.
Mean -jd.

5 IS. — 76s.
Mean 63s. bd.

140,338

805,519

51-5

Sept. 30

93i

2*2

5 ^d. — Sd.
Mean 6|</.

Sid.—^d.

Mean -jid.

60s. — 77s.
Mean 68s. 6d.

132,065

769,482

6i-3

Dec. 31
1872

4'2

Sd.—^id.
Mean 6Jcf.

sid. — a\d.

Mean 6|d.

755. 1045.

Mean 89s.

140,955

758,474

4I'8

Mar. 31

92j

3-0

Sd.—-]ld.

Mean 6^d.

— 85^.
Mean yjff.

80s. — 1 20s.
Mean loos.

149.599

776,793

43-6

June 30

9^3

4*0

i\d.~lhd.
Mean 6|i.

bd.—aid.
Mean -jld.

124s. — 1 5 os.
Mean 137s.

134,412

724,463

52-8

Sept. 30

9^1

3-5

5^rf. — 8rf.
Mean 6|d.

b\d.— ()id.
Mean 7frf.

105s. 133s.

Mean 119s.

126,377

681,987

61 ' I

Dec. 31

92|

5'9

5^(/. — 8d.
Mean 6|d.

bd.—aid.
Mean jid.

154s. — 1878.
Mean 171s.

138,648

675,598

45 ‘3

The annexed return shows the number of Beasts exhibited and the
prices realised for them at the Christmas markets since 1841 : —

Year.

Beasts.

Year.

Beasts. ^

d. s.

1841

4,500

8 to

1857

6,856

4 to 4

1842

4.541

4 —

1858

6,424

4— 5

1843

4,510

8 —

1859

7,560

6 — 5

1844

5,713

0 —

i860

7,860

4— 5

1845

5,326

6 —

1861

8,840

4— 5

1846

4,570

0 —

1862

8,430

4— 5

1847

4,282

4 —

1863

10,372

6 — 5

1848

5,942

4 —

1864

7,130

,i- 5

1849

5,765

4 —

1865

7.530

4— 5

1850

6,341

c —

1866

7,340

8- 5

1851

6,103

8 —

1867

8, no

4—5

1852

6,271

8 —

1868

5,320

4— 5

1853

7,037

1869

6,728

6—6

1854

6,181

6 —

1870

6,425

6 — 6

1855

7,000

8 —

1871

6,320

10 — 6

1856

6,748

4 —

1872

7,560

6—6

VOL. IX. — S. S. B

( XVIII )

ACEEAGE nudcr each Description of Crop, Fallow, and

Great Britain and

Cheat Bkitaik.

Desciuttios of Chops and Live Stoop.

1870.

1871.

1872.

Corn Crops: —

Acres.

Acres. i

Acres.

Wheat

3,500.543

3,571,894

3,598,957

Barley or Bere

2,371,739

2,316,332

Oats

2,763,300

2,715,707

2,705,837

Bye

65 , 166

71.495

66,875

Beans

530,095

540,835

524,005

Peas

317,198

389,547

361,545

Total Corn Crops . .

9,548,041

9,675 , 261

9,573,551

Green Crops : — ■

Potatoes

587,661

627,691

564,088

Turnips and Swedes

2,210,911

2,163,744

2,083,507

Mangold

306,531

360,517

329,190 if

Carrots

15,259

20,154

16,499 j|

Cabbage, Kohl-rabi, and Rape . .

143,930

178,919

177,800 ||

Vetches, Lucerne, and any other crop |
(except clover or grass ) /

322,438

387,155

445,299

Total Green Crops..

3,586,730

Vaj

3,616,383

Other Crops, Grass, &c. : —

Flax

23,957

17,366

15,357 1

Hops

60,594

60,030

61,927 :

Bare fallow or uncropped arable land

610,517

542,840

647,898 ;

Clover and artificial and other grasses'!
under rotation /

4,504,884

4,369.448

4,513,451 [

Permanent pasture, meadow, or grass!
not broken up in rotation (exclusive)
of heath or mountain land) .. .. )

i2-,072,856

12,435,442

12,575,606 ■

Live Stock : —

No.

No,

No. i

Cattle

1 5.403.317

5,337, 759

5,624.994 j

Sheep

28,397,589

27, 119,569

27,921,507 lij

Pigs

j 2,171,138

2,499,602

2,771,749 i

Total number of horses used for'
agriculture, unbroken horses, j
and mares kept solely fori
bixeding

1,266,709

1,254,450

1,258,020 1

t '

Acreage of )rchard, or of arable or grass-)
land, used also for fruit-trees .. ..J

206,583!

Not yet j'l

ascertained jj!

Acreage of woods, coppices, and plan-1
tations j

2,175,471

2,187,078 1

( XIX )

Guass, aud Number of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs, in
Ireland, in 1870-71-72.

Ibeland.

United Kingdom,
including the Islands.

1870.

1871.

1872.

1870.

1871.

1872.

Acres.

160,914

246,954

228,189

3,773,663

3,831.054

3,839,532

243.435

222,604

220,057

2,623,752

2,616,965

2,543,581

1,648,764

1,633,960

1,621,813

4,424,536

4,362,139

4,340,748

9,281

9,647

8,832

74,527

81,222

75 .’849

9,644

9,549

10,029

539.968

550,613

534.341

1,071

1,365

1,753

318,607

391,250

364,194

2,173,109

2,124,079

2,090,673

11.755,053

11,833,243

11,698,245

1,043.788

1,058,287

991,802

1,639,296

1,693,825

1,563,691

339,059

327, 162

346,464

2,559,629

2,500,565

2,439,336

25 , 220

31,766

34,736

332,409

392,941

364,699

3,940

4,167

3,782

19.925

25,047

20,977

45.266

43,543

50, 207

189,344

222,610

228,118

41,446

46,607

46,925

366,532

436,410

495,173

1,498,719

1,511,532

1,473,916

5,107.135

5,271,398

5.111,994

194,893

156,883

122,003

218,870

174,269

137,360

••

60,594

60,030

61,931

19,054

22,323

18,512

630,294

565,886

667,299

1.827,733

1,799,930

6,320, 126

6,236,588

6,354,319

' 9,990,968

10,068,848

10,241,513

22,085,295

22,525,761

22,838,178

1 No.

No.

i 3,796,380

3,973.102

4,057.153

9,235.052

9,346,216

9.718,505

4,333.984

4,228,721

4,262,117

32,786,783

31,403,500

32,246,642

! 1.459.332

1,616,754

1,385,386

3,650,730

4,136,616

4,178,000

1 531,306

537,633

540,745

1,808,040

1,802,108

1,808,259

ii 320,853

!■

324,285

••

B 2

( XX )

Average Prices of British Wheat, Barley, and Oats, per Imperial
Quarter, in each of the Sixteen Years 1857-72.

Year.

\Vheat.

Barley.

Oats.

Year.

Wheat.

Barley.

Oats.

8. d.

1857

1865

21 10

1858

1866

24 7

1859

1867

26 I

i860

1868

28 I

1861

1869

26 0

X862

1870

22 10

1863

1871

25 2

1864

1872

23 2

Certain Articles of Foreign and Colonial Production Imported in the Tears
1869-72 ; and their Quantities.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1872.

Animals, Living:

Oxen, Bulls, and Cows, number

190,674

170,647

208,772

139,31

Calves

29,516

31,525

40,139

33,51

Sheep

Lambs

691,472

18,371

651,138

18,767

} 916,799

809,8)

Swine and Hogs . .

• • > »

69,067

95,624

85,622

16, IC

Bones (burnt or not, or
charcoal)

as animal)

95,980

94,923

94,212

97,7

Cotton, Paw

10,900,818

11,931,979

15,843,890

12,641,0'

Flax

1 ,542, 201

2,373,528

2,597,915

178,678

2,017,3,

Guano

210,010

i»055»769

280,311

117,0

Hemp

1,108,839

1,320,747

1,103,5

Hops

322,515

127,013

527,809

220,409

137,4

Hides untanned : Dry

• • J >

340.449

599.922

815,5

„ „ Wet

»• 1 »

524,899

670,941

678,432

626,0.

Petroleum

21,439

27,220

158,211

35,808

25,3

Oilseed Cakes ..

159,295

162,613

1,254,11

Potatoes

1,660, 189

772,003

852,121:

6,029,51

Butter

1,259,089

1,159,481

1,337,808

1,138,4

Cheese

979,189

1,041 ,281

1,219,056

1,060,11

Eggs .. .. per great hundred

3,684,772

3,590,352

1,351,106

4,650,6.

Lard

255,964

217,696

477,147

1,143.873

i,3o8,c:

Bacon and Hams

• • > J

740,193

. 567,164

2,244,:'

Salt Beef

214.955

203,713

279,179

193. B

Salt Pork

165,944

220,533

266,967

212,

Clover Seeds

231,427

155,673

340,377

292,15

Flax-seed and Linseed

.. qrs.

1,397,066

1,490,695

1,334,945

665 ,161

1,510,';

Eape

260,212

551,107

249.4

Sheep and Lambs’ Wool

lbs.

255.161,344

259,361,963

319,511,336

302,909,12

( XXI )

STATISTICS OF DAIRY PRODUCE.

{The following Quotations, <Scc., are extracted from ‘llie Grocer.’)

I’eices Current on 1st Saturday in January of each Year, from the latest actual

Market Sales.

1873.

1872.

1871.

1870.

Butter ;

Per cwt.

Carlow, finest, F.O.B.

I20S. to

132s.

1 20s. to

134s.

i3o«. to

I44«-

124s. to I30«.

Landed

120

f i

134

II6

y y

136

126

y y

146

122 ,

) 230

Cork, Ists

136

y y

142

133

, ,

137

142

y y

150

134 ,

. 137

, , 2nds

128

, ,

133

124

129

134

y y

142

123 .

, 125

, , 3rds, new

100

y y

106

118

122

* y

125

r°7 .

y 109

,, 4ths ,, ....

Limerick

y y

II2

y y

114

lOO ,

, 104

1 i

1 14

II2

y y

116

128

y y

132

II6 ,

, 120

Foreign :

Friesland

II2

y y

121

106

y y

II6

1 12

y y

142

104 ,

. 232

Jersey, &c.-

y y

120

y y

124

, ,

130

74 ,

, 130

Kiel

II2

y y

146

100

140

y y

156

104 ,

, 136

Normandy

y y

150

y y

150

90 .

, 150

American

> y

105

115

y y

II6

100 ,

, 112

Cheese :

English Cheddar, fine, new

1 y

y y

• • •

90 ,

>, good ,,

y y

100

74 ,

Red Somerset Loaf . .

) i

y 9

72 ,

White or yellow Cheddarl
Loaf /

y y

76 ,

Scotch Cheddar

y y

70 .

Cheshire, new

y y

9 y

84 .

, , good ditto

Wiltshire, new

y y

66 ,

y y

9 y

72 ,

, , good ditto

y y

y }

, .

•

62 ,

North Wilts, Loaf, new . .

y y

76 ,

Derby , ,

y y

72 ,

Foreign :

American, fine

y y

72 ,

. 75

,, good .. ..

Gouda

y y

64 .

. 70

y y

50 ,, 62

Kan ter

Edam, new

y y

' 68

y y

54 ,

. 65

During the year 1872 the provision market no longer suffered
from the effects of drought, or from the prohibition of shipments of
butter from France through war. The following remarks relating
to Irish and Foreign Butter and to Cheese are extracted from ‘ The
Grocer.’

Irish Butter. — The sale of Irish butter, in January, was slow,
but the quantity of really fine on offer being small, quotations
showed scarcely any change. Clonmels quoted at 118s. to 134s.,

( XXII )

and Cork firsts at 134s. to 138s. In February, the quotations differed
but little from those of last month. The largo quantities of inferior
foreign operated against inferior Irish. In March, the market
showed a slight improvement for finest qualities. Scarcely any
Irish butter of fine quality was left unsold in April; holders of
other kinds were anxious to clear out. The Cork butter market
opened with new brands on the 22nd with quotations at — firsts,
130s. ; seconds, 130s. ; thirds, 99s.; and fourths, 60s. In June, the
sales of Irisli butter were very few. In July, a little more business
was transacted than in the previous month. Early in September,
the transactions were few, the month, however, closed with more
doing at higher rates. In November, the demand for most de-
scriptions was inactive. In the last month of the year the opera-
tions in the Irish butter market were few, but the chief part of the
little done was in sales of third and fourth Corks. These in the
early part of the month were taken pretty freely at 98s. to 99s. for
fresh parcels of thirds and fourths at 88s. to 90s. ; a few firsts
changed hands at 130s. to 131s.

“ Cork Butter Market. — During the early months of the year
there is little to be said of the operations in this market ; the supply
is always then limited, but the demand equally so, the dealers
having stocked themselves before Christmas, when butter of fine
quality is procurable. The real work of the season commences in
April or May, when the market re-opens, after being generally
closed for two or three weeks. In 1872 the new season commenced
on May 1, when thei'e was a fair supply of new grass butter, which
sold at 140s. for first quality, 130s. for second, and 100s. for third.
These very high prices of course do not hold long, and by May 9,
under the influence of fine weather and the expectation of a plenty
which is always anticipated at that season, the lowest point of the
3'ear was almost touched, firsts being then 112s. and seconds 101s.,
after which they advanced again ; so that during the month of
June these qualities ranged several shillings higher, and were at
one period as high as 115s. and 109s. The excess of rain during
the summer banished all fear of a short supply, and this feeling,
coupled with an easier demand from England, kept prices very
steady and brought them back again ; so that few years have passed
which show less variation, seconds being in December the same as
they were in September, the price having scarcely varied since
then. Though the supplies were very heavy during the autumn,
and considerably larger than at the corresponding period of the
previous year, yet, on the whole, the receipts of butter to the
market for the eleven months ending November 30 show a trifling
falling off, the numbers for the first eleven months of 1871 being

( XXTII )

370,200 firkins against 370,080 for tlio same period of 1872 ; but as
1871 was one of the largest on record, the deficiency of 111 firkins
is of no moment, and tliis market may fairly be described as pro-
gressing in every respect.

“ Foreign Butter. — Januaiy commenced and finished with a
heavj’' stock of foreign Imtter — say 20,000 packages at the public
wharves, besides largo quantities in private stores, a very large
portion of it so inferior in quality that it was found to be almost
impossible to force it into consumption for human food ; the result
was a wide range of prices at the beginning of the month. March
commenced with a heavy stock of foreign butter, chiefly of inferior
quality, and nearly unsaleable, 140s. to 156s. were selling prices for
finest Normandy up to the 20th. Although the supplies of best
Normandy’s were not large in April, prices, in the face of an increase
in the make of fine English gave way 5s., the first week in the
month from 150s. to 145s., and the fourth week 124s. A large
quantity of inferior foreign still lying nearly unsaleable. In June,
the supply of foreign butter was a full average one ; finest qualities
preponderating. A large quantity of inferior still on hand. The
supply of foreign butter in J uly was about the average ; in August
wdth cooler weather the arrivals came to hand in better condition.
In September, the market was heavily stocked with old inferior-
foreign, but there was less of that called adulterated coming forward.
Iir October inferior qualities were not shipped as freely as last
season — dealers being afrdid of the Adulteration of Food Act. In
December, supplies of best Normandy’s fell off; on the finest the
demand was active, the chief rates for such varying from 134s. to
146s. A good deal of the inferior qualities, many of them last
season’s shipments of repacks, &c., still lying here nearly unsaleable,
although offered at little if anything above grease prices.

“ Cheese. — The variation in prices, throughout January, was
very trifling ; fine qualities were scarce. Quotations for Cheddar
rvere 70s. to 84s., American, fine, 60s. to 66s. In February a great
falling off in the arrivals of American cheese into Liverpool gave
more confidence to holders. In March, really fine English was
scarce, but there was a plentiful supply of second-rate qualities.
The i-ange in prices of Cheddar was from 60s. to 90s., Cheshire
from 20s. to 64s. for common descriptions, and 70s. to 84s. for best.
Arrivals of American during this month fell off very much.
Throughout April quotations varied little ; really fine English still
scarce. The asking rates for choice Cheddar 80s. to 90s. downward
to 60s. for common. In consequence of small arrivals of American
the moderate priced English were more easily disposed of. Ame-

( XXIV )

rican commenced at GGs. to 74s. for best; tbo rates current in
America left no profit for shippers at these prices. For the little
fine quantity of English cheese left on hand in June, high rates
were obtained. New American found buyers fast to hand. In
July, the season for fine old English may be said to be brought to a
close, and the weather this season has been too warm to bring new
freely to market ; 8Gs. to 90s. still quoted for finest Cheddar, and
80s. to 88s for finest Cheshire. American has arrived more freely
and — to prevent accumulation of stocks — has been offered at mode-
rate prices ; 58s. to G2s. In October, arrivals of American fell off
considerably in quantity. In December, the extreme quotations
for Cheddar were 70s. to 90s., Cheshire 74s. to 84s. for best, and 5Gs.
to G4s. for middling quality. Ameriean best GGs. to 70s., a few at
72s., and middling parcels 5Gs. to 60s.

“ According to the ‘ New York Shipping and Commercial List’ of
August 31, the American export trade in cheese has assumed
enormous proportions, England taking nearly all the suiplus
product.

“ It is mainly,” it adds, “ carried in steamers, and the rate this
season has been quite uniform at 40s. to Liverpool and 50s. to
London. The price of American cheese has lately advanced in the
English market, with a corresponding rise here. The competition
among English buyers is so sharp that they do not wait for the
product to reach our market, but contract for it at the sources of
supply often before it is made. The shipments hence to England
have for some time past averaged about 100,000 boxes weekly, the
freight engagements in a single day this week having reached
65,000 boxes — by far the largest transactions which have ever
before been made in a single day. Prime State Factory cheese has
been selling the present week at 13 to 14i cents, the latter price for
a fancy article. Some of the dealers are doubtful if the present
prices in the English market can be sustained, and seem to look for
an early reaction. Stocks here are sold up close to the production,
and contracts in some" instances have been made ahead, and, as
meat provisions in England-^ are scarce and dear, the reliance of her
population must necessaril} be more than ever upon cheese, — a
circumstance that would seem to. lessen the chances of a return to
lower prices.”

( XXV )

Statement ot the Quantity and Value of Butter imported from the
United States, Belgium, France, and Holland ; and of Cueese im-
ported from the United States and Holland, 1864-71.

united states.

Years.

Butter.

CUEE^.

Quantities.

Computed
Keal Value.

Quantities.

Computed
Real Value.

Cwts.

£.

Cwts.

£.

1864 ..

142,672

780,024

466,988

1,213,890

1865

83,216

437,703

442,913

1,296,204

1866 ..

16,059

77,754

415.726

1,386,447

1867

39,035

I13 ,290

526,740

1,470,017

1868 ..

7.117

37.279

489,117

1,439,380

1869 ..

17,203

84,603

487,870

1,612,325

1870 ..

16,915

80,928

555.385

1,861,263

1871 ..

83,775

394,359

731,326

2,014,805

Years.

BELGIUM.

FRANCE.

Bdtteb.

Butter.

Cwts.

£.

Cwts.

£.

1864 ..

81,575

470,167

163,020

858,793

1865

70,619

433.179

353,115

1,867,085

5866 ..

76,667

426,712

452,196

2,276,493

1867 ,.

80,754

470,464

450,693

2,265,147

1868 ,.

70,456

405,987

393,578

2, 156,824

1869 ,.

85,789

481,609

407,432

2,231,450

1870 ..

84,408

516,643

289,692

1,672,899

1871 ..

94.539

523,460

304,683

1,636,006

HOLLAND.

Butter.

, Cheese.

Cwts.

£.

Cwts.

1864 ..

336,224

1,774,462

336,831

881,972

1865

345,026

1,886,486

386,962

1,100,037

1866 ..

383,225

1,979,070

426,559

1,317,231

1867 ...

326,217

1,733,459

332,628

961,245

1868 ...

343.322

1,992,414

329,565

959,547

1869

415,176

2,253,420

426,913

1,262,101

1870 ..

406,795

2,388,459

422,553

1,204,830

1871 ..

390,616

1,986,708

348,148

954,236

VOL. IX.— S.

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’•V. cl •

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF ENGLAJH).

I. — On, the Characters of Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

By Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S.

In the course of a long experience in examining feeding
materials of every description, oilcakes have been brought
under my notice, ranging in quality from fine pure linseed-cake
down to compounds of all kinds of refuse matters pressed into
cake, with a little linseed, and hardly deserving the name of
oilcake. During a single year from 150 to over 200 samples
of various kinds of feeding cakes and meals are usually submitted
to me for examination.

The annual and quarterly Reports issued by the Chemical
Committee of the Royal Agricultural Society afford abundant
evidence of the prevalence of endeavours to induce the farmer
to buy mixed in preference to pure linseed-cakes. This system
unfortunately finds too much encouragement in the inclina-
tion of many agriculturists to buy cakes at prices at which it is
impossible to produce genuine linseed-cakes.

• Notwithstanding frequent public exposures, and the known
danger which the buyer of cheap cakes runs of injuring the
health of his stock, it is a notorious fact that in many markets
really “Pure Linseed-Cake” is an almost unsaleable commodity ;
and inferior, mixed, and adulterated cakes are freely bought on
account of the temptingly low prices at which they are offered.
Many cakes improperly sold as linseed-cakes, at prices varying
from 21. to 3?. below the market price of pure linseed-cake, have
but little in common with the genuine article ; for they contain
only a little linseed, artfully squeezed into cake with earth-nut,
cotton, beech-nut, rape, and other feeding cakes, together with
bran, rice-husks, oat-dust, and a host of other materials to which
reference will be made in this paper.

VOL. IX. — S. S.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

Such cakes, although apparently cheap, in reality are dear at
the price at which they are sold, and less economical than the
more expensive and more nutritious pure linseed-cake.

Makers of pure linseed-cake cannot afford to pay so high a
commission to their agents, or to country dealers, as the crushers
who incorporate with their cakes rice-dust, pollard, oat-dust, and
other cheap materials of questionable feeding value. Thus
it happens that the sale of inferior and occasionally downright
bad and unwholesome feeding-cakes is encouraged to the mani-
fest disadvantage of the stockfeeder. There are, of course, ex-
ceptions to the prevailing inclination of many to buy cheap
cakes. In the neighbourhood of Gainsborough, for instance,
pure linseed-cake finds a ready sale, and the frequenter of
Gainsborough market, and several other agricultural centres in
Lincolnshire and in Norfolk, has the choice between at least half
a dozen equally good pure linseed-cakes of rival makers.

Amongst the numerous samples which have passed through
my hands, I found some cakes unmistakeably poisonous, others
of a doubtful character, and a great many, considering their low
feeding value, far too dear at the price at which they were
bought.

Few feeding-cakes contain ingredients so positively poisonous
as to render the cake unfit as food for sheep or cattle. In
most cases, cakes reported to have done mischief to stock, I
find do not contain poisonous matters capable of being isolated
by chemical analysis or by the microscope. Of late years, instances
of death or injury to stock supposed to have been caused by the
cake upon which the animals were fed, have been again and again
brought under my notice, and in several cases the circumstances
under which the animals died strongly pointed out the cake as the
most likely cause of their death. Considering the large number
of suspected cakes that have been referred to me for examination,
I have come to the conclusion that the deleterious character of
some cakes cannot be recognised by any known chemical test,
and is only recognisable in the disastrous effects which they
produce on the animal system. It may be a coincidence, but it
is nevertheless a remarkable fact, that, to my recollection, in
almost all cases in which I had to examine cakes for poisonous
ingredients, mixed or compound feeding-cakes were sent to me
to report upon. Whilst I can refer to dozens of cases in which
inferior linseed-cakes, or specially prepared compound feeding-
cakes, were reported to me as having done serious injury to stock,
I do not recollect more than one or two instances in which pure
linseed-cake was supposed to have been injurious to the health
of the animals to whom it was given. _

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

That bad or inferior, and especially mouldy, cakes occasion-
ally do serious mischief to stock is an undeniable fact, but the
cause of the injury is still enveloped in much mystery. The
subject has engaged the careful attention of the Chemical Com-
mittee, at whose request I have undertaken to investigate the
cause or causes of the injury to stock which feeding-cakes occa-
sionally produce.

The main object of the present paper is to lay before the
readers of the Journal the results of my inquiries into the causes
which render some kinds of feeding-cake either positively unfit
as food for animals, or which account for the practical obser-
vation that oilcake sometimes does more harm than good to
sheep or cattle. At the same time I purpose to bring out some
facts which I trust may afford to the breeder and feeder of stock
some useful hints in warning him in time of the risks he runs
in buying cheap mixed cakes, and of enabling bim to distinguish
pure and wholesome, from adulterated or inferior linseed-
cakes.

The nutritive value of feeding-cakes depends not merely upon
their proximate composition, but likewise upon their physical
condition. Like other perishable articles of food, linseed-cake,
when kept in a damp or badly ventilated place, rapidly turns
mouldy, and after some time becomes unfit for feeding purposes.

I propose to discuss the subject under the following heads ; —

1. The composition and characters of pure linseed-cake, and
the means of distinguishing genuine from inferior or adulterated
cakes.

2. Materials used in the manufacture of mixed or com-
pound feeding-cakes, and the composition, structure, and pro-
perties of various substances employed for adulterating linseed-
cake.

3. Composition and properties of inferior and adulterated
mixed cakes.

4. Remarks on the causes which render feeding-cakes either
poisonous or more or less injurious and dangerous to the health
of stock.

I shall endeavour to confine my remarks to matters which
have come under my personal notice, and not to relate the
experience of others who have written on the adulteration of
linseed-cake.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

1. — The Composition and Characters of pure Linseed-

Cake, AND the means OF DISTINGUISHING GENUINE FROM
Inferior or Adulterated Cakes.

Pure linseecl-cake ought to be made from nothing else but
clean or screened linseed. Such seed is not absolutely pure, for
the best samples of screened commercial linseed usually contain
a small amount of weed-seeds which cannot be entirely sepa-
rated by screening. There is, however, no difficulty in cleaning
linseed so effectually that not more than 4 to 5 per cent, of
small seeds and other impurities are left in it; and for all
practical purposes such seed may be regarded as pure.

India and Russia are the great linseed producing countries of
the world. From India we obtain Bombay and Calcutta linseed,
and from Russia linseed is exported into England from St.
Petersburg, Archangel, Riga, and other ports of the Baltic
in the North, and from the ports of the Black Sea in the
South. The trade at the Black Sea Ports is almost entirely
in the hands of Greek merchants, whilst the export business in
the Baltic Ports is chiefly regulated by an old-established colony
of English merchants, and by several German houses of
business.

Apart from the accidental impurities that occur in commercial
samples, linseed varies to some extent in its composition, feeding
properties, and general appearance, according to the country in
which it was grown, the season, and its state of maturity.

With a view of obtaining some idea of the variations to which
the composition of linseed is subject, I made the following
analyses of pure seed picked from fair commercial samples of
Bombay, Morshanski, Medium Riga, Petersburg, Black Sea,
and fine Alexandria linseed ; —

Table I. — Composition of Different Kinds of absolutely Pure Linseed.

Bombay

Linseed.

Slorshanski

Linseed.

Black Sea
Linseed.

Riga

Linseed,

St. Peters-
burg
Linseed.

Alexandria

Linseed.

Moisture

Oil

35-

* Albuminous compounds'!
(flesh-forming matter'; /

19-

Mucilage, sugar, and di-i
gestible fibre . . . . /

26-

Woody fibre (cellulose) ..

^lineral matter (ashj ..

7 7

100

100-

* Containing nitrogen. . ..

J-49

•10

1-26

3-55

P23

•09

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

Some kinds of linseed, it will be seen from tlie preceding-
tabular statement, yield a good deal more oil than others. The
quantity of albuminous compounds

in dlfTerent samples, and to a minor Fig. I. — Section of Linseed.
extent that of woody fibre, and of
ash, is likewise subject to fluctua-
tions. Speaking generally, Baltic
linseed, more especially from Mor-
shanski seed, has a finer skin, is
smaller, and produces a more nutri-
tious cake than Bombay linseed.

Bombay linseed has a lighter colour
than Black Sea or Baltic linseed,
and becomes less gelatinous than
the latter when mixed with water.

The annexed woodcut represents
the structure of linseed under a
quarter-inch power of a compound
microscope.

In the next illustrations Petersburg and Bombay linseed are
represented of their natural size, and magnified to 140
diameters : —

A the outer skin or layer.
B the second layer.

C the third layer.

I) the fourth layer.

Fig. 2. — Exterior of Bowbay
Linseed.

Fig. 3.

-Exterior of Petersburg
Linseed.

Seeds, natural size ; exterior

Linseed, as imported, always contains more or less dirt and
small weed-seeds, which, however, can be readily separated from
it by screening. The percentage of the impurities in com-
mercial samples varies extremely ; in some samples it is as low
as from 3 to 4 per cent. ; in others as high as 50 per cent, and
more. Some years ago I obtained about a dozen samples of
linseed from various sources, and determined in each the
amount of foreign seeds and other impurities, and as the

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

results of these mechanical analyses throw light on the re-
markable differences in the quality of linseed-cakes professing to
be genuine, I give them in the following list : —

Foreign Seeds mid Impurities in Samples of Linseed.

Bombay linseed

Finest Bombay seed

Black Sea seed

„ „ 2nd sample

„ „ 3rd „

Odessa linseed

Morsbanski seed

Fine Petersburg seed

Petersburg Kijeff (common) seed

„ „ „ 2nd quality . .

,, ,, „ 3rd ,,

Medium Eiga seed

Eiga crushing seed

„ „ 2nd sample

Per cent.

41
43i
70
35

42
491

No one can look on that list without feeling astonished at
the large amount of foreign weed-seeds that occur in com-
mercial linseed, which is pressed and made into cakes that are
sold as genuine linseed-cakes. Irx good samples of linseed seldom
more than from 5 to 8 per cent, of foreign seeds occur. When
gathered from foul land, the flax crop necessarily yields linseed
contaminated to a considerable extent with the seeds from a
variety of weeds grown amongst the flax, but probably the foulest
fields) overrun with charlock and other weeds do not produce
linseed containing more than from 25 to 30 per cent, of foreign
impurities. It will appear, therefore, that the 49 or 70 per
cent, of impurities which I actually found in two of the samples
referred to in the preceding table, could not have grown amongst
the flax from which the seed was produced. In fact, linseed
is frequently adulterated before it is landed in England. Most
of the foreign seeds in linseed are smaller than the latter, and
can be readily removed from it by sifting. This is actually
done in producing fine samples that are sold to the makers of
pure linseed-cake, or to oil-crushers prepared to pay a proper
price for clean linseed. The impurities or siftings, however,
are too valuable to be thrown away ; they have, indeed, a peculiar
value of their own, for they are used for mixing with linseed in
certain proportions, and producing second, third, and fourth
qualities of Riga, Petersburg, and other varieties. ^ I have been

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

assured by persons well acquainted Avith dealings in genuine
linseed that the siftings from it are mostly used for producing
cheap linseed. Occasionally barges laden with the siftings are
sent out a little way to sea, to meet ships having on board linseed,
and coming from one of the ports in the North, An amalga-
mation of the siftings with the linseed is effected on the high
sea, and the mixture, containing a greater or less quantity of
siftings, is then imported, and sold as linseed “ genuine as
imported.” A good deal of so-called genuine linseed-cake is
made from such seed. It is well to bear in mind that a gua-
rantee which describes a cake as made from linseed, “ genuine
as imported,” in point of fact is no guarantee at all, for it is a
well-known fact that A^ery dirty linseed, not unfrequently con-
taining more than half its weight of foreign weed-seeds, is
freely imported into Hull and other ports.

Some of the Aveed-seeds Avhich compose the bulk of the
siftings and screenings from linseed, like the seeds of the
purging flax, wild mustard, and wild radish, possess decidedly
injurious properties; others, like darnel and corn-cockle seed,
are reputed to be unAvholesome, and the remainder have no
great A'alue as feeding materials, Avhile many give a bad flaA'our
to the cake.

Amongst the Aveed-seeds in commercial linseed I haA'e found
the folloAving : —

1. Rape-seed (Brassica Rapa).

2. Indian rape {Sinapis glauca).

When rape-seed occurs in linseed-cake in appreciably large
proportions, it imparts to the cake a somewhat pungent and
turnip-like flaA’our. From linseed-cake adulterated with rape-
seed, portions of the broAvn cuticle may easily be separated, and
these examined under the microscope will exhibit the structure
represented in the accompanying Avoodcuts. The proportion of
nitrogenous compounds in tAvo samples of rape-seed I found to
amount to 18‘50 per cent, in best Indian rape-seed, and 19'4;3 in
English rape-seed.

3. Red or Avild mustard, charlock or ketlock {Sinapis arvensis).

4. White mustard (Sinapis alba). Red and white mustard,
on digestion Avith Avater, produce highly pungent essential oils.
Linseed-cake contaminated Avith mustard, Avhen made into jelly
with water, and allowed to stand for an hour or thereabout in a
warm place, deA^elops the peculiarly pungent smell of oil of
mustard.

The cuticle of mustard-seed resembles in appearance that of
rape. It may, hoAveAer, be distinguished from the latter by the
hexagonal cells which appear quite marked under the microscope.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

when examined with a J-inch lens, as will be seen in the
accompanying representations of the epidermis or cuticle.

Figs. 4-6. — Exteriors of Eape and Mustard.

Fig. 4. — Common Rape. Fig. .5. — Indian Rape. Rig. Red Mustard.

f X 195 Diameters. x 195 Diameters. X 195 Diameters.

Fig. 7. — Section of Red
Mustard.

Fig. 8. — Section of White
Mustard.

A. Outer skin or layer.

B. S“Cond layer.

C. 1 bird layer.

D. Fourth layer.

E. Fifth layer.

F. Oil-cells.

In a sample of wild mustard-seed, or charlock, taken frona
linseed, I found ; —

Nitrogen 3 ’99

Equal to albuminous compounds 24 ’93

Mineral matter (ash) 5 'IS

5. Yellow Dodder {Camelina sativa). This is a bright yellow
seed, of about the size of cress-seed, and resembling it in its
general structure. Dodder or camelina-seed occurs almost
always, and, speaking comparatively, in large proportions in

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

Baltic linseed, especially in common Petersburg or RijefT-seed.
It imparts to cake made from such
linseed a disagreeable garlic-like taste.

In a sample of camelina-seed, from Peters-
burg linseed, 1 found : —

Nitrogen 3 '46

Equal to albuminous compounds 21 • 62

The yellow dodder seed must not be
confounded with flax-dodder, vulgarly
called Devil’s-guts, that also occurs in
linseed.

6. Flax Dodder — Devil’s-guts {Cuscufa
Epilinum). A small, round, dirty, green-
ish-brown seed, which often occurs in
large quantities in foreign linseed.

7. Purging flax (Lmwni ea^Aarffcum). This is a small shining
yellow seed, possessing purging properties.

8. Corn-cpckle {Githago segetum, Desf., or Agrostemma Gi-
thago, L.). j A farinaceous seed, forming ovoid capsules, with a
black striatj:d epidermis. In a sample of corn-cockle-seed I

found : —

Nit/ogen 2 ‘56

Equal to albuminous compounds 16 '01

The seeds of corn-cockle are considered to render flour un-
wholesome when ground along with it.

9. Heartsease or wild pansy ( Viola tricolor).

10. Millet-seed.

11. Bluebottle or corn-flower {Centaurea Cyanus). A grey
silky seed, with dirty white pappus. A sample taken from lin-

seed yielded ; —

Nitrogen 2 '31

Equal to albuminous compoimds 14 ' 41

12. Knap-weed ( Centaurea nigra).

13. Docks and Sheep Sorrel (Rumex Acetosella) and several
others. Small, triangular, yellowish-brown seeds, of various
species of Rumex.

14. Goosefoot-seed (Chenopodium). Small, black, shining
bard seeds. A sample of Chenopodium seed found in linseed
contained : —

Nitrogen 2 ’66

Equal to albuminous compounds 16 ' 01

15. Dandelion seed (^Leontodon Taraxacum).

16. Wild radish (^Raphanus Raphanistrum). A very pungent
seed which imparts a nasty taste to linseed-cake.

Fig. 9. — Camelina
saliva (Dodder).

X 140 Diameters.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

17. Cleavers or goosegrass-seeds (^Galium aparine).

18. Darnel-seed, Drunken Darnel {^Lolium temulentum). This
is a large grass-seed resembling somewhat
in appearance rye. It is reputed to pos-
sess intoxicating properties. In a sample
of darnel-seed I found : —

Nitrogen 1'80’

Equal to albuminous compounds 11 ‘81

19. Several species of lotus and similar
papilionaceous seeds.

20. Spurry (Spergula arvensis). A dull
black, small, round seed, containing much
starch. Spurry, which is abundant in
some kinds of linseed, gives a peculiar
flavour to linseed-cake, reminding one of

the smell of a cage in which canary birds are kept. From an
analysis of spurry-seed I obtained the following results : —

Moisture 12 ‘53

Oil 10-19

^Nitrogenous compounds 5 ' 62

Starch and digestible fibre 59 ' 13

Woody fibre (cellulose) 8 '86

Mineral matter (asb) 3 ‘67

100-00

^Containing nitrogen ‘90

Spurry-seed, it will be seen, is not, strictly speaking, an oUv
seed ; it is poor in albuminous compounds, but contains a large
proportion of starch.

21. Knot-grass (^Polygonum aviculare). A brown leather}'
seed, minutely striate and punctate. Is
very common in dirty linseed.

22. Black bindweed [Polygonum Con-
volvulus). A triangular seed, resembling
buckwheat, but smaller.

23. Buckwheat [Polygonum Fago-
pyrum). A farinaceous seed, which oc-
curs in some kinds of linseed in consi-
derable quantities.

24. Various kinds of clover-seed,

25. A number of grass-seeds.

The seeds here mentioned are readily

recognised in dirty linseed by any one
who has had some experience in botanical
examinations. A professional botanist, no doubt, would find a

Fig. 11. — Knot-grass
seed. Polygonum avi-
culare.

X140. — Diameter.

Fig. 10. — Darnel-seed.
Lolium temulentum.

t X140. — Diameter. "

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

host of other weed-seeds in the screenings from linseed. The
preceding list, however, is sufficiently long to show the varied
character of the weed-seeds in linseed, and affords abundant
evidence that good and wholesome linseed-cake cannot be made
from dirty linseed, and that cake which is made from little
else but linseed-siftings is not food fit for cattle.

Good linseed-cake, when examined by an ordinary pocket-lens,
ought to exhibit nothing but crushed linseed. If a hundred
grains of ground pure linseed-cake are mixed with 4 ounces of
hot water, and the mixture stirred up occasionally, it will form,
after an hour’s time, a thick jelly, possessing an agreeable taste
and nice smell. Pure linseed-cake, in good condition, colours
the water in this experiment only slightly yellow, and the solu-
tion appears neither acid nor alkaline when tested with Litmus-
paper. A portion of the powdered cake boiled with distilled-
water in a test-tube, and allowed to become perfectly cool by plung-
ing it in cold water, gives no reaction, or only a faint greenish
colour, on the addition of a few drops of Iodine solution, showing
the absence of starch in perfectly pure linseed-cake, or the pre-
sence of mere traces of starchy matter occurring in the farina-
ceous seeds, which in minute proportions occured in the linseed.
By these simple means pure linseed-cake can be readily dis-
tinguished from inferior, mixed, or adulterated cake.

The composition of equally pure linseed-cakes varies con-
siderably, as will be seen in the following tables, in which are
grouped together analyses of three species of linseed-cake.
Table II. contains a selection from a large number of analyses of
pure linseed-cakes, all very rich in albuminous compounds.
Table III. gives the analyses of pure linseed-cakes of a fair
average composition; and Table IV. shows the composition of a
number of pure linseed-cakes, comparatively poor in albuminous
matter.

In Tables II. and IV., I have introduced the highest and lowest
proportion of albuminous compounds which I ever found in pure
linseed-cake ; and have selected the analyses from a large number,
with a view of exhibiting the extent of the variations to which
the composition of such cake is liable. This appeared to me
desirable, because the question has frequently been asked of me,
what is the composition of pure linseed-cake ? a question which
cannot be answered in a categorical manner. Indeed, as will be
shown presently, the fair average proximate composition of pure
linseed-cake can be closely imitated and obtained by introducing
into the com.pound cake carefully selected cheap materials other
than linseed, some poor and others rich in albuminous matters,
and feeding materials rich in oil together with starchy refuse
matter. If, therefore, an analysis of a feeding-cake shows a close

Table II.— Composition of Pure Linseed-cakes, rich in Albuminous Compounds.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

Table III. — Composition of Pure Linseed-cakes, containing an average
amount of Albuminous Compounds.

English

Cakes.

American Cakes.

Moisture

•44

•88

Oil

•84

•64

■12

•35

•22

•94

* Albuminous compounds 1
fflesh-forming matters) )

•06

•87

•43

Mucilage, sugar, and di-1
gestible fibre . . . . )

•46

•79

•43

•41

•44

Woody fibre (cellulose) . .

•18

•38

•68

•66

t Mineral matter (ash) . .

•93

•44

•38

•02

•90

100

■00

100

•00

100

•00

100

•00

100

•00

100

■00

* Containing nitrogen . .

t Containing sand . . . .

2‘

Table IV. — Composition of Pure Linseed-cakes, comparatively poor in
Albuminous Compounds.

American Cakes made from
Bombay Linseed.

English Cakes.

Moisture

11*98

9-92

10-46

11-28

12-78

14-24

Oil .. ..

12-14

9-88

10-15

10-35

11-20

12-34

* Albuminous compounds!
(flesh-forming matters) /

25-12

23-25

24-05

23.50

24-93

23.93

Mucilage, sugar, and di-)
gestible fibre . . . . /

31-01

35-46

36-86

35-51

31-51

28 -.53

Woody fibre (cellulose) . .

11-74

13-73

10-84

11-80

12-66

1^-60

t Mineral matter (ash) . .

8-01

7-76

7-64

7-56

6-92

6-36

100*00

100-00

Too-co

* Containing nitrogen

4-02

3*72

3-85

3-T6

3-99

3-S3

t Containing sand . . . .

2-66

2-45

2*43

2-32

1*96

1-64

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

approximation to the average composition of a pure linseed-cake,
it follows by no means that the cake is really such. I may
mention at once that I have analysed farinaceous and mixed
linseed-cakes, possessing by no means the qualities for which
pure linseed-cake is justly held in high esteem, which had the
same proximate percentic composition as pure linseed-cake of
good quality.

Generally speaking, cake from St. Petersburg or Riga linseed
is richer in albuminous compounds than that made from Bombay
linseed. Cakes made from Baltic seed have a darker colour
than cakes made from Bombay seed. Some of the finest descrip-
tions of linseed-cake which ever passed through my hands were
made from Baltic seed.

Cakes made from Bombay linseed are of a light-brown colour,
and as a rule do not get so gelatinous as cakes which are made
from fine Baltic seed. In Bombay linseed-cakes the form of the
seed generally is more plainly visible than in cakes made from
other kinds of linseed, Bombay seed being larger and having a
coarser husk than most other kinds.

A good many American cakes are made from Bombay linseed.

The question is often asked — Is American cake better than, or
not so good as, pure English linseed-cake? In reply to this question
I would answer that, as a rule, the bulk of American cake is
better than the majority of linseed-cakes that are manufactured in
England and sold as genuine linseed-cakes. Pure English
linseed-cake, as regards quality, however, can compete success-
fully with the best American barrel-cake, or any other kind
of cake, no matter where it is produced.

The best American cake, as is well known, is shipped in
barrels, care being taken to dry the cake thoroughly before it is
packed. In consequence of the care which is taken, by several
exporters of cake in America, in drying the cake and sending it
over to England in barrels instead of packing it in bags, the cake
is not so liable to become damaged or to heat on its passage —
and therefore arrives in a fresh, dry, and excellent condition,
which no doubt is the main reason why American barrel-
cake fetches a higher price in the market than bag cake. If
the cake is shipped too fresh, and not thoroughly dried, it is
very apt to heat on its passage, to lose its fine flavour, and to
turn sour or mouldy. Sour or mouldy cakes are always inferior
in feeding quality, and if the mouldiness is very marked it is
undesirable to use the cake for feeding purposes, for experience
has shown that such cakes may do injury to animals. American
bag-cake occasionally arrives in a bad condition, and has to be
sold at a low price. Formerly, American linseed-cake- was much

Fare and Mixed Linsced-Cahes.

richer in oil than it has been of late years, since the introduc-
tion into America of improved machinery for crushing the seed.

The oil uncjuestionably is the most valuable constituent of oil-
cakes, and hence cakes that have been pressed very hard are not so
valuable for feeding purposes as cakes to which a more moderate
pressure has been applied.. In the making of thin cakes the oil
can be more thoroughly squeezed out of the seed than in the
manufacture of thick cakes, and hence thin cakes, as a rule, are
poorer in oil than thick.

Marseilles cakes are usually made from clean linseed, but, gene-
rally speaking, Marseilles cake is very hard pressed, and conse-
(juently rather deficient in oil. This description of oil-cake,
however, keeps well, and when finely broken up by a cake-
crusher answers extremely well for store cattle.

Hungarian and Neapolitan linseed-cakes often contain rather
a larger proportion of wild oats and other cereal grains than
should be present in pure linseed-cake, but as their price is
lower than good English or American cakes, and their condition
generally is good, they have been found economical and useful
by the stock farmer.

II. Materials used in the Manufacture of mixed or
COMPOUND Feeding - Cakes, and the Composition,
Structure, and Properties of various substances

EMPLOYED FOR ADULTERATING LiNSEED-CaKE.

The substances which are used in the production of com-
pound feeding-cake or for adulterating linseed-cake are very
numerous, as is shown by the following lists of substances which
have come under my personal observation.

List of Adulterating Materials, — Rape-cake, ground or earth-
nut-cake, earth-nut-husks, decorticated and undecorticated cotton-
cake, beech-nut-cake, hempseed-cake, cocoa-nut-cake, cocoa-nut
fibre, cocoa-cake, palm-nut-cake, palm-kernel-cake, palm-kernel
refuse, Niger-seed-cake, sesame or -teal-seed-cake, poppy-cake,
castor-oil-cake, bassia-cake, curcas-cake, indigo-seed-cake, olive-
cake, siftings-cake, carob-beans, acorns, rice-meal, rice-shudes
(husks), oat-shudes, barley-shudes, bran and pollard, dari-meal,
flax-chaff, rye, maize, and sawdust.

1. Rape-Cake. — Rape-cake, when free from mustard, is a good
feeding cake, and therefore largely employed in the manufacture
of compound cakes. The best kind is green German rape or
Rubsen-cake. Indian rape-cake generally is contaminated with
so much wild mustard or charlock (^Sinapis artensis), that it is
not safe to feed animals upon it. Several actions having been

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

tried in our law-courts in which the plaintiffs obtained verdicts
for damages caused by feeding cattle upon cake which turned
out to be Indian rape-cake, it is now seldom sold for feeding
purposes, but is either bought for manuring purposes, or em-
ployed for adulterating linseed-cake or preparing mixed feeding-
cakes.

The best rape-cake imparts a turnip-like flavour to the linseed-
cake with which it is mixed, and for that reason alone reduces
the practical value of it.

From a large number of analyses I select the following charac-
teristic ones of three samples of rape-cake : —

Table V. — Composition of Three Samples of Eape-cake.

No. 1.

English

Eape-cake.

No. 2.

Green

German

Rape-cake.

No. 3.

Indian

Rape-cake.

Moisture

9-14

10-82

12-07

Oil

10-84

8-72

10-31

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) ..

23-31

33-81

34-12

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre

25-84

28-05

29-15

Woody fibre (cellulose)

11-16

11-49

7-38

t Mineral matter

14-71

7-10

6-97

100-00

* Containing nitrogen

4*53

5-41

5*46

t Containing sand

6-15

*52

•75

No. I. represents the composition of a sample of English rape-
cake, which contained some mustard, and was evidently made
from dirty seed, as it yielded over 6 per cent, of sand.

No. II. shows the composition of an excellent sample of green
German rape-cake. It will be seen that this cake is fully as
rich in nitrogenous (flesh forming) matters as the best linseed-
cake, but is poorer in oil.

No. III. resembles in composition No. II. This Indian rape-
cake was given in moderate quantity to a number of store cattle.
Most of the animals, fortunately, would not touch it, hut of those
who partook of it, 3 died and others suffered more or less from
the effects of the irritating essential oil of mustard. From a
J- lb. of cake I obtained enough essential oil of mustard to con-
vince me that half a cake of it, if not a smaller quantity, might
kill a bullock. •

2. Ground-nut or Earth-nut Cake. — Ground-nut or earth-nut

Pare and Mixed Linseed-Cahes.

cake, or aracliis-cakc, as it is also called, is largely employed for
adulterating linseed-cake. There are two kinds — the decorti-
cated and undecorticated cake. The former is a dirty-white
looking cake, the latter is light-brown coloured and shows a good
nmny husks, the peculiar structure of which can be readily iden-
tified with a low power under the microscope. The following
analyses fairly represent the average composition of the decorti-
cated and whole-seed-cake : —

Table VI. — Composition of Gpound-nct or Earth-nut Cake.

Decorticated.

Uiidccorti-

cated.

iiloislure

9-26

8-10

Oil

5-58

8-7G

Albumluous compouiuls (flesh-forming matter) . .

43--13

30- oO

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre

31-39

27-78

Woody fibre (cellulose)

5-18

19-1-2

Mineral matters (ash)

5-16

5-74

100-00

* Containing nitrogen

6-95

4*88

Ground-nut or earth-nut cake is made from the seed of Arachis
hypogcea, a pea-like plant, a native of Africa, now being extensively
cultivated in many quarters of the globe for the sake of the sweet
almond-like oil which is contained in its seed. The arachis or
earth-nut partakes of the nature of the pea or bean of our own
country, and has the singular habit of ripening its fruit or seed-pod
underground. When the yellow flower has withered and the seed
becomes fertilized, the bare stem of the plant grows rapidly in a
curved manner towards the soil, which it gradually penetrates to
a depth of several inches. In this obscure position the germ of
the future seed grows and ripens. When mature the so-called
•earth-nut appears as a pale yellow-coloured oblong pod, some-
times contracted in the middle, and containing generally two
seeds of the size of a small almond. The kernel is surrounded
by a thin reddish-brown cuticle and is incased in a shell, which,
in a dry state, has a wrinkled appearance, and possesses little
feeding value, as it consists principally of woody fibre. The
kernel is full of oil, and when fresh is as nice and sweet as an
almond.

Arachis-nuts or peas are considered a valuable article of food
in the tropical parts of Africa, America, and Asia. The plant
is grown in many parts of the globe, notably in China, Ceylon,

VOL. IX. — S. S. C

Pui'e and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

and other parts of India, in South Carolina, and the Isles of the
Malayan Archipelago. It is also cultivated in Jamaica, where
it is called pindar-nut. The seed furnishes from 40 to 45 per
cent, of a pale-yellow oil, which is used as food and for burning
in lamps.

Although earth-nut-cake is produced in very large quantities,
and freely imported into England, it is seldom seen in the markets
frequented by farmers, and is chiefly sold to cake-makers, who
use it for adulterating linseed-cake.

The undecorticated cake contains nearly 20 per cent, of indi-
gestible woody fibre, but, nevertheless, is rich in albuminous
f nitrogenous) compounds, in which also the decorticated cake
abounds. Both descriptions, on the other hand, are usually poor
in oil. On account of the large percentage of nitrogenous com-
pounds in earth-nut-cake, it is a favourite article with cake-
makers for raising the percentage of nitrogen in linseed-cakes
adulterated with starchy mill-refuse and other materials poor in
nitrogen, to about the same level in which the nitrogenous con-
stituents occur in pure linseed-cake.

The appended woodcut (Fig. 12) shows the earth-nut in
natural size and a portion of the husk magnified. Under a higher
power a section of earth-nut presents the appearance delineated
in Fig. 13 : —

Fig. 12. — Exterior of Earth-Nut.

X TO Diameters.

Fig. 13. — Section of Earth-Nut.

X 195 Diameters.

A. Cuticie. C. Spiral vessels.

15. Fibrous structure. D. Oil cells.

In connection with earth-nut-cake the subjoined analysis of
earth-nut husks, composed chiefly of the light and reddish brown
coloured cuticle surrounding the white kernel, may be given.
They were sent to me not long ago, with the request to determine
their feeding value : —

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes. ] 9

Composition of Ground or Earlh-mit Husks.

Jloisture G • 54

Oil 20-37

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) ,, 1 5 ' 18

IMucilage, gum, and digestible fibre 30 • 39

Woody fibre (celhdose) 19 ’98

t Mineral matter (ash) 7 • 54

100-00 I

* Containiug nitrogen 2-43

t Containing sand 3-34

It will be seen that this refuse material contained rather more than
20 per cent, of oil, and in round numbers 15 per cent, of albuminous
compounds, and therefore possessed valuable feeding properties.

3. Cotton-Cake. — The accompanying woodcut (Fig. 14) re-
presents the appearance of cotton-seed
under the microscope. Cotton-seed can be
readily identified by the reddish-brown
colour and peculiar structure of its husks.

Undecorticated cotton-cake is full of
husk^, inasmuch as most samples of cot-
ton-seed contain ftver 40 per cent, and
some rather more than 50 per cent, of
husk. It has a greenish colour when
fresh, and turns brown when the cake
is kept for some time. Decorticated
cotton-cake is made from the shelled seed
or kernel, which varies in size in different
samples, and is seldom larger than a
large raisin pip.

The following average analyses show that decorticated cotton-
cake is very rich in albuminous compounds, in which respect it
closely resembles decorticated earth-nut-cake. It differs from
the latter by being much richer in oil, and on the whole is pre-
ferable to earth-nut-cake as a feeding material : —

Table VII. — Composition of Decoeticated and Whole-seed Cotton-Cake.

1 Decorticated.

Undecorti-

cated.

Moisture

Oil ’

* Albumiuous compounds (flesh-forming matters)

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre

Woody fibre (cellulose)

Mineral matter (ash)

9-28

16-05

41-25

16-45

8-92

8-05

11-46
6-07
22-94
32-52
. 20-99

6-02

* Containing nitrogen . .

100-00

6*58

3-67

C 2

Fig. 14. — Cottonseed,
eocternal coat, with
fibres.

X 140 Diameters.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

4. Beecli-nut-Cake. — Beecli-nut-cake Is poor in oil anO albu-
minous compounds, and abounds in the husk, a representation of
which under the microscope is here give^i.
A sample of beech-nut-cake on analysis

Fig. 15. — External
layer of Beech-nut
husks.

gave the following result : —

X TO Diameters.

Composition of Beech-nut-Calce.

Moisture 11 ‘44

Oil 5-22

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-) lo.oi

forming matter) )

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 36 • 17
Woody fibre (cellulose) .. .. 23'52

f Mineral matter (ash) 4 '84

100-00

* Containing nitrogen .. .. 3-01

t Containing sand .. .. -62

I have repeatedly found beech-nut-cake in adulterated lin-
seed-cake.

The husks of beech-nuts contain a volatile narcotic principle
called fagin, which is said to be the cause of the poisonous effects
that are occasionally observed when beech-nut-cake is given to
horses and cattle.

5. Hemp-Cake. — This cake is wholesome and nutritious, and
notwithstanding a high percentage of woody fibre (due to the
hard, shining shell of hemp-seed), it is fully as rich in nitrogen
as the best linseed-cake: —

Composition of Hemp-Cake.

Moisture 11 -.59

Oil 7 -23

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 33 '50

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 15-56

Woody fibre (cellulose) 23-74

t Mineral matter (ash) 8-38

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 5-36

t Containing sand 2*14

I have found hemp-seed only on two or three occasions in
adulterated linseed-cakes.

6. Cocoa-nut-Cake (Cocos rmcifera). — Cocoa-nut-cake, or poo-
nac, or the press refuse from the manufacture of cocoa-nut oil,
IS a whitish-looking cake, interspersed with particles to which
the dark reddish brown and black epidermis of the cocoa-nut
kernel adheres.

It possesses the characteristic taste and smell of cocoa-nut oil,
and frequently the oil left in the cake is rancid.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

It Is occasionally imported into England, and employed for
adulterating oil-cake.

A sample of cocoa-nut cake, as analysed by me, gave the
following result : —

Composition of Cocoa-nut-Cake.

Moisture 8 ’97

Oil .. 11-44

* Albuminous coiupouuds (flesh-forming matters) . . 20‘ 75

Gum, sugar, aud digestible fibre 39-41

Woody fibre (cellulose) 14-27

t Mineral matter (ash) 5-16

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 3-32

t Containing sand *51

Fig. 16. — External
layer of Cocoa-Nut.

The structure of the external layer of cocoa-nut may be re-
cognised under the microscope as indi-
cated in the woodcut.

7. Cocoa-nut-Fibre. — A far more ob-
jectionable ingredient of mixed or adul-
terated cakes is cocoa-nut-fibre refuse,
which I have detected in several oil-
cakes.

The accompanying analysis shows
that cocoa-nut-fibre has no more nutritive
value than woody fibre in the shape of
sawdust : —

Table VIII. — Composition of refuse Cocoa-nut-Fibre.

Calculated

dry.

Moisture

71-51

Woody fibre (cellulose)

9-29

* Nitrogenous compounds

-36

Other organic compounds

15-gi

t Mineral matter (ash)

3-03

100-00

100

* Containing nitrogen

f Containing sand '

•058

•23

•70

In a perfectly dry state, cocoa-nut-fibre refuse, it will be seen,
contains only ’23 of nitrogen, and consists almost entirely of
woody fibre and browm humus-like substances, similar to the
brown humus in peat.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

8. Cocoa- Cake. — The fruit of Theohroma Cacao, or cocoa-bean,
is encased in an outer shell, which is separated from the kernel by
gentle roasting. The shelled beans, or cocoa-nibs, are ground
and manufactured into cocoa powder or chocolate, whilst the
outer shell, with fragments of the kernel, on pressure yields
cocoa-butter and cocoa-cake.

A sample submitted to me for analysis produced the following
results : —

Composition of Cocoa-Cake (Theobroma Cacao).

Moisture 14 • 95

Oil 8-02

* Albuminous compounds 19 '87

Woody fibre 18 ’26

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 32 '46

Mineral matter G‘44

100 -00

* Containing nitrogen 3‘18

Cocoa-cake has a chocolate-brown colour, and by no means an
unpleasant taste or smell. Cattle like it, and it is a wholesome
food, but, as the preceding figures show, much inferior in nutri-
tive properties to linseed-cake.

A fragment of cocoa-cake placed under the microscope has

the appearance represented
in Fig. 17.

9. Palm-nut-Cake. — The
fleshy part surrounding the
hard kernel of the oil-palm
{Elais Guincnsis) furnishes on
the application of pressure
the palm-oil of commerce,
and the expressed pulp,
which, under the name of
palm-nut poonac or cake, oc-
casionally finds its way into
England, where it is used
for adulterating oil-cake.

Some years ago a sample
of this cake was sent to me
for analysis from Hull by an
oil-cake manufacturer. It
was a dark-brown, hard-
pressed cake, and had a nasty l andd taste and smell. It yielded
on analysis the following results ; —

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cahes.

Composition of Pahn-nut-CaTce.

Moisture 8 '07

Oil 9-82

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming n'.attcvs) . . 35 • 56

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible flbre 18 • 50

Woody fibre (cellulose) 17 '05

•f Mineral matter (ash) 10 '40

IOC -00

* Containing nitrogen 5'69

t Containing sand 2'6l

In a frcsli condition palm-nut-cake no doubt is a useful feed-
ing material, for it contains a fair proportion of oil and is rich in
albuminous compounds. The sample, however, submitted to
me for examination had such an abominably rancid taste, that I
felt convinced no animal would touch it, and I cannot but think
that an oil-cake which is adulterated with old rancid palm-nut-
cake is likely to do more harm than good to stock.

10. Palm-nut-kernel-Cake. — The hard oleaginous kernels of
the palm-nut, pressed hot under powerful hydraulic presses,
yield a white butter-like fat, and a press-cake, which varies in
composition to some extent with the quality of the kernels and
the amount of pressure to which they have been exposed.

For adulterating purposes, the hard-pressed foreign cake,
which is chiefly made at Hamburg and Marseilles, is generally
employed. The average composition of foreign palm-kernel-cake
may be fairly represented as follows : —

Composition of Foreign Palm-kernel- Cake.

Moisture 11 ‘91

Fatty matters 7 ' 48

* Albuminous compounds 18 ' 25

Starch, sugar, and digestible fibre 41'16

Woody fibre (cellulose) 17 "90

Mineral matter (ash) 3 • 30

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2 -92

Palm-kernel-cake has a light brown or dirt-coloured appear-
ance, dotted with dark brown-coloured particles, to which the
epidermE^l layers of the kernel adhere, and it contains also more
or less of the hard, woody, black shell in which the kernel is
encased.

The appended woodcut represents the appearance of palm-nut
shelled kernels of the natural size, and of a fragment under the
microscope.

Pure and Infixed Linseed- Cakes.

It is a wliolesoine food enough, but its price — from Al. 10.?.

to bl. a ton — plainly shows that
its nutritive properties are much
inferior to oil-cake.

11. Palm-nut-kcmel- Shells. — ■
The palm-nut-kernels are sur-
rounded by a thick brown shell
consisting of woody or incrust-
ing matter. These shells, re-
duced to powder, are occasion-
ally to be found inconsiderable
quantities in adulterated oil-
cakes. Not long ago I re-
ceived a sample for the purpose of ascertaining what amount of
nutritive matter the shells contained, and found their compo-
sition as follows : —

Composition of Palm-nut-l ernel-Skells.

Moisture 10 ‘12

Oil 1-51

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 2 ‘93

Digestible fibre 16 ’37

j Woody fibre 67 ’90

Mineral matter.s 1-17

100-00

* Containing nitrogen *47

It will be seen by the preceding figures that ground palm-
kernel-shells are but little better for feeding purposes than black
ebony- wood chijis.

12. Niger-seed or Gingellg-Cake. — Niger or gingelly-cake is
the pressed oily seed of the Guizotea
oleijiera, a small elongated black seed repre-
sented in the appended woodcut in its
natural size, and as a fragment appears
under the microscope. The cake has a
dark-grey colour, showing here and there
particles of the black, shining husk of the
seed.

I found its composition to be as
follows : —

Fig. 19. — External
layer of Niger-seed.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cahes.

Composition of Gingelhj, or Niger-seed-Calce.

Moisture 12' 56

Oil 5-38

•Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 32'81

Mucilngc, sugar, and digestible fibre 20’31

Woody fibre (cellulose) 21 '08

t Mineral matter (ash) 7 '86

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 5 ‘25

t Containing sand 1 -20

NIger-cake, it will be seen, is poor in oil ; and contains much
woody fibre, but gives as high a percentage of albuminous com-
pounds as occurs in genuine linseed-cake. It is largely used for
adulterating the latter.

13. Sesam^ or Teel-Cake. — There are several species of sesame,
which are annual plants, natives of the East
Indies, and cultivated in the East for the
sake of their oleaginous seeds. Sesame
orientale is the common sort. Sesame-seed
is about the same size as a large grain of
white mustard ; it is a flat, cordate-shaped
seed, and either light or dark coloured.

A fragment of the husk of Sesame-seed
exhibits under the microscope the struc-
ture shown in Fig. 20.

A sample of sesame-cake on analysis
yielded the following results ; —

Composition of Sesame-Cake.

Moisture 8 -06

Oil : 11-31:

• Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) 36 '87
Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre .. .. .. 25 ‘05

Woody fibre (cellulose) 8*14:

Mineral matter (ash) 10 '54:

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 5*90 ^

Sesame-cake is rich in albuminous compounds, and contains
as much oil as good linseed-cake.

Teel-oil is much used both for cooking purposes and burning
in Egypt, India, China, and Japan, and may be kept for many
years without becoming rancid. The press-cake, usually retain-
ing from 10 to 12 per cent, of oil, has also an agreeable taste,

Fig. 20. — External
layer of Sesame-
seed.

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

and may be ke])t sweet for a long period when stored in a dry
place.

14. Olive Press-Cake. — In preparing olive-oil a press-cake is
obtained, which consists of the pressed fleshy part of the olive
( Olca Europcca'), and the hard, crushed, oblong, olive-stones. The
quality and composition of olive-cake varies a good deal with
the degree of pressure that has been applied in obtaining olive-
oil, and the relative proportions of the fleshy part and the stones
in the residual press-cake.

This will appear from the subjoined analyses of two samples
of this kind of refuse-cake : —

Table IX. — Composition of two samples of Olive-Cake.

No. 1.

No. 2.

Moisture

17-11

13-41

Oil

11-29

3-10

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matter.s)

3-50

G-01

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre

2T-18

30-66

Woody fibre (cellulose)

33-19

38-24

Mineral matters (ash)

7-73

8-58

100-00

* Containing nitrogen

*5C

•96

The first sample is much richer in oil than the second, which,
as shown by the larger proportion of woody fibre, was made prin-
cipally from olive-stones. Olive-cake of the character of the
second sample is a poor feeding material, for it contains but little
oil and albuminous substances, and abounds in woody fibre, due
to the presence of a large proportion of the hard woody portion
of olive-stones.

The woody shells of olive-stones, which are as hard as cherry-
stones, frequently occur in olive press-cake in a very coarsely
crushed state. In that condition they are indigestible, and liable
to cause constipation and subsequent inflammation of the bowels of
the animals that are fed upon cake like the second sample. Olive-
cake has a dark-brown colour, and usually is full of hard bits of
broken shell of the stones. It is used in the manufacture of cer-
tain compound feeding-cakes, and occasionally employed for
adulterating oil-cakes.

15. Castor-oil - Cake. — The seeds of the castor-oil bean
(Ricinus communis), represented in the accompanying woodcut,
are readily distinguished from other seeds by their size, shape,

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

and the peculiar striated appearance of the shiny, brittle, and
modelled-lookinff seed-shell. ^ ,

The shelled seed is white, and “ ‘ (^stor-oi - em.

full of a purgative oil.

Castor-oil-cake, or castor-
poonac, is a powerful purga-
tive medicine, and, when
mixed Avith linseed-cake, im-
parts poisonous properties to it.

It is very rich in nitrogen,
as will be seen by the follow-
ing analysis of a sample lately
analysed by me : —

Composition of Castor-oil-Cake, or Casior-Poonac.

Moisture 9 • 95

* Organic matter 81 ' 07

Phosphate of lime and magnesia 4 • 49

t Alkaline salts 1'80

Sand 2-69

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 8*69

Equal {0 ammonia 10*55

t Containing phosphoric acid -06

Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime . . . . ' 1 3

Castor-cake, on account of the large amount of nitrogenous
matters which it contains, is a powerful fertilizer, but should
never be mixed with feeding-cakes.

I have repeatedly found castor-cake in linseed-cake, which
had been sent to me for examination on account of the
injury the adulterated cake had done to cattle. Its presence
in oilcake can only be recognized under the microscope by
the peculiar appearance and structure of fragments of the seed-
shells.

16. Bassia-Cake. — The seeds of several species of Bassia
indigenous to India, yield solid
oils or fats.

Mahower (Bassia latifolia) is
common in most parts of the
Bengal Presidency. The seed-
kernels have a light reddish-
brown colour ; they are sur-
rounded by a yellow-coloured,
bright-looking thin leathery seed-
shell, and are about the size of
an acorn.

The appended woodcut illus-

Fig. 22. — Bassia-seed.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

tTates the appearance of a Bassla-seei of the natural size, and a
fragment under the microscope.

The solid fat, properly refined, has no disaojreeable taste, but
the pressed cake, and especially the yellow busk of the seed,
have an intensely acrid and bitter taste, and are altogether unfit
for feeding purposes.

Recent analyses of Bassia-nuts and cake — both in all proba-
bility derived from Bassia latifolia — gave me the following
results : —

Composition of Indian Bassia-nut-Calcc.

Moisture 13 ‘54

* Organic matter 80 '79

I’liospliates 1‘43

Magnesia, &c 3‘G3

Sand '61

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2-73

Equal to ammonia 3 '31

Composition of Bassia-nuts.

Moisture G ’ 54

Oil 40-40

* Albuminous compoumls (desli-l’ormmg uiatter.s) .. 9-31

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 32-41

Woody fibre (cellulose) 8-24

Mineral matter 3-10

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 1'49

Since I made the preceding analyses, I have recognized
Bassia-cake in adulterated rape-cake, but have not yet met with
it in linseed-cake.

17. Indigo-seed-Cake. — A few years ago I received for exami-
nation a cake which was described to me as indigo-seed-cake.

It had a yellowish-brown colour, a nasty slightly bitter taste,
became very gelatinous when mixed in a powdered state with
water, and on analysis yielded the following results : —

Composition of Indigo-seed Cake.

Moisture 11-91

Oil 4-01

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-lbrmiiig matters) .. 18-15

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 47-93

Woody fibre (cellulose) 11-88

t Mineral matter G-09

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2 90

t Containing sand -99

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

Indigo-seed-cakc, it appears from the preceding analysis, is
very poor in oil, nor does it contain a high percentage of albu-
minous compounds. Apart from its disagreeable taste, which
in a great measure spoils the fine flavour of linseed-cake, with
which it is occasionally mixed, it does not possess a high feeding
value.

This cake was sent to me for examination by an oil-crusher,
and but for this circumstance 1 probably should not have been
able to detect Indigo-seed in a sample of linseed-cake, which
was sent to me for examination soon after I reported that the
indigo seed-cake was not poisonous, but a poor and disagreeable
tasting cake. Notwithstanding the unfavourable report I had
given, indigo seed-cake appears to have found its way into
linseed-cake mills.

18. SiJ’tinffs, or Screeninr/s-Cake. — Dirty linseed, as already
fully described in the preceding pages, contains a host of small
weed-seeds, dirt, and similar impurities. In mills in which pure
linseed-cake is made, these impurities are removed from linseed
by screening or sifting. The siftings or screenings, however,
are not thrown aside, for they possess a commercial value of
their own, and fetch a much higher price than they are worth
intrinsically, inasmuch as they are either employed for mixing
with fairly clean samples of linseed, and producing 2nd and 3rd
((uality samples of “ genuine linseed as imported,” or are pressed
into cake.

A sample of siftings-cake, on analysis in my laboratory,
yielded the following results : —

Composition of Siftings, or Screenings-Cahe.

Moisture 10 '57

Oil 6-45

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matter) .. 18 ‘44

Starch, mucilage, and digestible fibre 35 ’94

Woody fibre (cellulose) 14'13

t Mineral matter (ash) 14 • 47

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2 ‘95

t Containing sand 7 ’37

Siftings-cake, as shown by the preceding analytical result,
contains much sand, and is one of the most abominable com-
pounds that can be incorporated with feeding stuffs. It appears
to be a regular article of commerce : and, although it contains
hardly any linseed, and generally is full of wild mustard, and
for that reason decidedly injurious to cattle, it is occasionally
sold at a low price as linseed- cake.

Not long ago a farmer sent me a so-called linseed-cake, which

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

he reported to me had killed several of his cattle, and proved
more or less injurious to the rest. On examination I recognized
the cake at once as a siftings-cake containing scarcely any
linseed.

19. Poppy-Cake. — There are two kinds *of poppy-cake —
one a whitish-looking cake made from white poppy, and the
other a brownish-coloured cake made from ordinary poppy-
seed.

When fresh, poppy-cake is a useful feeding-cake. Poppy-oil,
however, rapidly turns rancid, especially under the influence of
heat. Hot pressed poppy-cake for this reason frequently has a
rancid taste. On keeping for any length of time, such cake
Ijecomes so rancid that cattle refuse to eat it. Having become
unsaleable as a feeding-cake, it is exported into England from
Belgium and other parts of the Continent where it is chiefly
produced. It is ground fine, and together with other materials
manufactured into linseed-cake.

A sample of poppy-cake analysed by me yielded the following
results :• —

Composition of Poppy-Calce.

Moisture 11 ‘03

Oil 5'75

* Albuminous compounds (flesb-forming matters) .. 31 '4G

Non-nitrogenous substances 38 ' 18

t Mineral matter (asb) 12 '98

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 5-11

■j- Containing sand 7-58

Poppy-cake is usually poor in oil, and as poppy is generally
grown on light sandy soils, in harvesting the seed it frequently
becomes contaminated with fine white sand, which, as shown in
the preceding analysis, thus finds its way into the cake.

20. Curcas-Cake. — Curcas beans are the oily seeds of a small

tropical tree {Jatropha Curcas)
Fig. 23. — Ciircas-bean.

which flourishes especially in
the Cape de Verde Islands,
from whence we receive the
largest supply of this oleagin-
ous seed. The beans are of
about the same size as acorns.
The white kernel is surrounded
by a brown-coloured thick seed-
shell, which has the distinctive
structure represented in the
accompanying wood-cut { Fig.

23).

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

The oil contained In these beans Is a most violent purgative,
for 10 to 12 drops are sufficient to produce all the effect of a
powerful dose of a drastic medicine, and only a few beans have
to be swallowed to kill a strong healthy man. Curcas-cake,
or the residue from the oil-presses, usually contains from 9 to
11 per cent, of oil, and of course is extremely poisonous, and
only fit to be used as a manure.

In the course of my experience I have met with about half a
dozen instances in which cake, sold as pure linseed-cake, was
adulterated with curcas beans, which, although present in appa-
rently but small quantities, nevertheless rendered the cake
poisonous. Of all the materials which get mixed up with
linseed-cake, either through culpable carelessness or Ignorant
cupidity, curcas-cake is the most poisonous matter with which I
have become acquainted.

21. Locust or Carob-Beans. — Carob or locust-beans, or St.
John’s bread, are the seed-pods of the locust-tree {Ceratonia
Siliqua). Dried and ground into meal, they form a favourite
material for manufacturing cattle-food and compound cakes,
and for adulterating linseed-cakes.

Locust-meal, as will be seen by the following analyses of three
samples analysed in my laboratory, contains in round numbers
fully half its weight of sugar, and in consequence is very pala-
table and much liked by horses, sheep, and cattle.

Table X. — Compositiox of Locust of Cakob-Bean-meai..

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Moisture

17-11

12-61

14-22

Oil

1-19

1-08

•96

Sugar

.51-42

50*30

54-07

Mucilage aud digestible fibre

13-75

20-13

14-41

*Albuminous compounds

7-50

5-87

7-72

Woody fibre

6-01

7-14

5-88

Mineral matter (ash)

3-02

2-87

2-74

100-00

* Containing nitrogen

1-20

•94

1-25

In addition to the constituents mentioned in the preceding
analyses, carob-beans contain variable quantities <of butyric acid,
which impart to the crushed beans or meal a peculiar flavour.
This meal is deficient in albuminous compounds, and for
this reason it is desirable not to feed cattle too freely upon

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cukes.

it, but to mix it with peas or bean - meal, or decorticated
cotton-cake, or similar feeding materials rich in nitrogenous
compounds.

Locust-beans are cheap at the price at which they can usually
be bought in the market, and this is another reason why they are
largely employed by makers of cattle foods.

'I'here is, however, a drawback to the use of locust-beans in the
manufacture of compound cakes. Locust-meal, it appears from
the preceding analyses, contains in round numbers from 50 to
54 per cent, of fruit and crystallizable sugar. In consequence of
this large proportion of sugary constituents the meal is very
hygroscopic ; and cakes into the composition of which locust-
meal largely enters are very liable to attract moisture, to become
soft, and subsequently to turn mouldy. In a mouldy condition
feeding-cakes, it is to be feared, often do more injurv than most
people are aware of.

Locust-meal, on account of its sweet taste, is frequently em-
ployed by cake-mixers to conceal the presence of bitter or
unpalatable cheap materials in so-called linseed-cake.

its presence in adulterated oilcakes may be recognized by

the butyric-acid smell which such
Fig. 24. Cuticle of Carob-hean. cakes emit; by determining the

amount of sugar, which is abnor-
mally large in oilcakes adulterated
with carob-beans; and lastly by the
shiny appearance and structure of
the cuticle of carob-beans under the
microscope, as will be seen by the
appended microscopic representa-
tion of a fragment of the locust
bean-pod.

22. Acorns. — In seasons of plenty,
dried and ground acorns are much
more profitably sold as linseed-cake
than under their legitimate name. I have in my collection a
cake branded “ Pure,” which was sold as linseed-cake, and in
which 1 found considerable quantities of ground acorns.

In a fine specimen of acorns I found the proportion of husks
and decorticated nuts as follows: —

Husks 139-05 ’

Decorticated acoi ns 860 '95

1000-00

The decorticated acorns had the following composition : —

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cahes.

Composition of Decorticated Acorns.

Moisturc 40 '88

Oil 2-G4

* Albuminous compounds 4 '39

Starch, sugar, and digestible fibre 46 ‘74

Woody fibre 3 -94

Mineral matter 1 ’ 41

100-00

* Containing nitrogen *703

Acorns are rich in starch, and in addition lo the constituents
enumerated in the preceding analysis, contain tannic and gallic
acid. Their presence in linseed-cake can be recognised by the
appearance of fragments of acorn-shells under the microscope,
and further by making a cold infusion of the powdered cake in
water. If a few drops of perchloride of iron are added to the
clear and filtered watery solution, the presence of the tannic
acid in acorns is at once revealed by the black inky colour
which the iron salt produces with it.

23. Dari, or Dhoora Grain. — Under the names of Durra,
Doora, Dhoora, Juwaree, Joudha, and Dari, the seed of the
Andropogon Sorghum forms an article of diet in India, Arabia,
Turkey, the Levant, and other parts of the world; it is
occasionally imported into England and sold at a cheap rate,

is a capital and cheap food for poultry, and is also used for adul-
terating linseed-cakes. When analysed I found it to consist of —
VOL. IX.— S. S. D

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

Composition of Dari Grain.

Moisture 13 '14

Oil 3-30

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 7 '75

Starch, sugar, and digestible fibre 68 '45

Woody fibre (cellulose) 4 '72

t Mineral matter 2 ‘64

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 1*24

+ Containing sand "88

Earthy phosphates -81

Alkaline salts *95

Containing phosphoric acid -38

This analysis shows that Dari-seed is rich in starch, and
contains an appreciable quantity of oil. It is poorer in albu-
minous compounds than barley-meal, and scarcely as valuable
for feeding purposes.

24. Rice-Meal. — In preparing rice for the market various
descriptions of rice-meal are obtained, 'differing in quality and
nutritive value according to the relative proportion of the outer
husks (rice-shudes), and the broken grain of rice which they
may contain.

The following analysis fairly represents the composition of a
sample of rice-meal rif fair average quality : —

Composition of Rice-Meal. '

Moisture 8 • 67

Oil 7-59

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 7 ‘75

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 39 ’98

AVoody fibre (cellulose) 21 '98

t Mineral matter (ash) 14 '03

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 1-24

t Containing silica .. .. ; .. .. 9-41

Ricc-meal is a favourite material for adulterating linseed-
cakes. It is cheap, and contains, as shown in the preceding
analysis, a considerable quantity of oil, and is a useful fattening
meal, but of course far too dear when sold in the shape of
oilcake.

25. Rice- Shades (husks). — The chaff or outer husks of rice
are much inferior in feeding value to rice-meal ; in a finely
ground state they are frequently found in inferior and adulterated
oilcakes.

On analysis, I found the composition of rice-shudes to be
as follows : —

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes. 35

Composition of Bice-Shudcs (Husks').

Moisture O' 80 /

Oil I'lO

* Albuniiiious compounds (flesh-forining matters) 4 '18

Starch, mucilage, and digestible fibre 44 '04

Woody fibre (cellulose) 2G ' 80

t Mineral matters (asli) 13 '18

100-00

* Containing nitrogen '07

t Containing silica 12' 34

It will be seen that rice-shudes contain onh' a small quan-
tity of oil and albuminous compounds, but much w'oody fibre ;
and that the mineral matter chifefly consists of silica, which forms
the glaze of the rice-husks. They are worth about as much for
feeding purposes as good oat or barley chaff.

Rice-husks may be recognised under the microscope by the
structure represented in the following
woodcut.

26. Barley-Husks. — Inferior adulte-
rated oilcakes not unfrequently contain
abundance of barley-husks, which are
little more valuable than barley-straw.

27. Oat-Shudes (husks). — The outer
husks of oats closely resemble oat-straw
in composition, as the appended analysis
clearly shows. They are obtained in
the preparation of oatmeal, and sold
largely to the oilcake-makers.

Composition of Oat-Shudes (Husks).

Moisture 11 '98

Oil -38

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 1'25

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 53 '63

Woody fibre (cellulose) 28 '48

t Mineral matter (ash) ..' 4 '30

100-00

* Containing nitrogen '20

t Containing solublie silica •• 3*64

28. Bran and Pollard. — Bran and pollard are perhaps more
extensively used for adulterating oilcakes than any other material.
Bran on an average contains in 100 parts : —

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

Composition of Bran.

Moisture 12 ‘86

Oil 5-5G

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters') .. 13 '80

Starch, gum, and digestible fibre 50 '17

Woody fibre (cellulose) 11 ‘50

Mineral matter (ash) 6 ‘11

100-00

* Confaiuing nitrogen 2 -24

Fig. 28. — Oat-lmslc. Fig. 29. — Barley-hisJc. Fig. 30. — Bran.

Fig. 28. — Oat-husk. Fig. 29. — Barley-husk. Fig. 30. — Bran.

Fig. 31. — Husks and Fig. 32. — Husks and Fig. 33. — Skins

skins of Oats. .skins of Barley. of Wheat.

Bran contains a larger amount of fatty matters and nitrogenous
compounds than the whole grain of wheat, and for this reason it
constitutes a valuable refuse, which the makers of adulterated
oilcake turn to a very profitable account. It can be readily
detected in cakes by its appearance under the microscope.

The preceding woodcuts illustrate the appearance under the
microscope of barley, oat, and wheat husks and skins.

29. Flax-Chaff. — The seed capsules in which linseed occurs,
dried and ground fine, are used occasionally for adulterating
oilcakes.

A sample of flax-chaff analysed in my laboratory was found to
have the following composition : —

Fare and Mixed Linseed- Cakes. 37

Composition of Flax-Chaff (the Seed-capsules of Linseed.)

Moisture H'tiO

Oil 2-82

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 4'75

Gum, mucilage, and sugar 8 ’72

Digestible fibre .. .v 18 'SG

Woody fibre (cellulose) 43 '12

Mineral matter (ash) 7 ‘43

100-00

* Containing nitrogen *7G

Flax-clialT contains more oil, and rather more albuminous
matter, than the straw of cereals, and is more valuable for
feeding purposes. However, on the whole, it is a cheap and
bulky article of food which should never find its way into
linseed-cake.

30. Ri/e is occasionally found in adulterated linseed-cake.

31. Maize or Indian Corn is another material which is employed
for adulterating linseed-cake.

Fig. 34. — Shin of Bye. Fig. 35. — Shins of Maize.

32. Sawdust. — In completing the enumeration of materials
which I have actually found in oilcakfes, I have to mention that
in several instances pine and mahogany sawdust were detected.

III. Composition and Properties op Adulterated, Mixed,
AND Inferior Linseed-Cakes.

The foregoing description of the materials used in oil-mills,
for the purpose of adulterating linseed-cakes, and for the manu-
facture of compound feeding-cakes, shows how great is the
variety of substances which are actually used for the production
of cheap and adulterated linseed-cake.

Some of the materials, which, like curcas-beans or castor-oil-
cake, are downright poison, do not frequently occur, and gene-
rally get mixed up with feeding cakes through ignorance or

Pare and JSJixed Linseed- Cahcs.

carelessness ; for it may be taken for granted that no oil-cake
maker is likely, willingly, to mix with cake materials which
he knows to be poisonous.

Thus, when the sweepings of seed-warehouses, or granaries and
general provision stores, together with various broken cakes and
similar cheap materials are pressed into compound cakes, it
happens at times that poisonous materials are accidentally intro-
duced into such cakes. I have myself picked out from broken
linseed-cake and linseed-cake-dust sold for re-crushing, castor-oil-
beans, resin, and gums having the appearance of scammony ; and
in dozens of instances I have found castor-cake in linseed-cake.

The following analyses of three poisonous cakes, in which I
found castor-cake, are here introduced for the purpose of
showing that although they were equally poisonous, and owed
their prejudicial properties to the same poisonous ingredient,
they widely differed in their proximate composition, and that
the mere chemical analysis of a suspected cake does not
necessarily throw light upon its true character : —

Table XI. — Composition of three samples of poisonous Linseed-Cake,
containing Castor-oil Beans.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No, 3.

Moisture

6-24

11-34

13-88

Oil

15-02

8-22

7-47

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters)

24-75

30-93

36-31

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre

\ 41-33(

32-75

22-64

Woody fibre (cellulose)

9-09

12-02

t Mineral matter (ash)

12-66

7-67

7-68

100-00

* Containing nitrogen

3-96

4-93

5-81

f Containing sand

6*42

2*20

2-52

A glance at the preceding analyses shows : —

1. That No. 1 was very dry, and No. 2 rather a damp cake,
containing more than twice as much water as No. 1.

2. That the proportion of oil varied from 7^ to 15 per cent,
in the three cakes.

3. That No. 1 was comparatively poor in nitrogenous com-
pounds, whilst the cake under No. 3 was unusually rich in these
compounds.

A comparison of the percentage composition of the poisonous
cake marked No. 2, with that given in a preceding page for
several pure linseed-cakes, further shows a close agreement in the
proportions of the several constituents mentioned in the analysis.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

Similar Instances, if necessary, might be quoted in further
illustration of the fact that a proximate analysis in itself is insuf-
ficient to determine whether a cake is poisonous, or a pure, or an
adulterated linseed-cake. It must not be inferred, however, from
this remark, that it is altogether useless to submit a cake to a
proximate analysis, for in not a few cases such an analysis
affords useful hints to the examiner, and supplies him with posi-
tive evidence that a cake is adulterated.

Thus linseed-cakes adulterated with ground-nut' and cotton-
cake, or rice-husks, olive-cake, cocoanut-fibre, and other materials
abounding in woody matter, on analysis furnish a much higher
percentage of woody fibre than occurs in genuine cake of fair
average quality.

Again, if a cake is largely adulterated with starchy mill-
refuse, its analysis generally shows a deficiency in oil and albu-
minous compounds, and by appropriate tests the presence of
starch, which is not a normal constituent of linseed, can be demon-
strated. Or if a cake is made from very dirty seed, or is mixed
with ground plaster of Paris, which I might have mentioned in
the list of adulterating materials, for I found ground plaster of
Paris on several occasions in oil-cakes, the analysis of the
adulterated cake will show an unusually high percentage of sand,
or the presence of sulphate of lime (plaster of Paris) or other
earthy or mineral matter that may be present in much larger
quantities in the adulterating materials used in the manufacture
of the cake than in genuine linseed-cake. Linseed-cakes which
are adulterated with bran or pollard, or with rice-meal are gene-
rally poor in oil and albuminous compounds. This is seen in
the following analysis of cakes, all adulterated with bran, pollard,
and similar starchy mill refuse.

Table XII. — Composition of Linseed-Cakes adulterated with Bean,
Pollard, and PiIce-]\Ieal.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

Moisture

13-32

9-92

13-52

12-12

Oil

9-26

9-88

9-02

8-27

*Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming)
matters J

21-9-t

23-25

23-64

25-87

Starch, mucilage, and digestible fibre

38-46

35-46

33-87

31-37

Woody fibre (cellulose)

10-96

13-73

12-08

12-92

t Mineral matter (ash)

6-06

7*76

7-87

9-45

100-00

100 -00

* CoQtdining nitrogen

3-51

, 3-72

3’76

4*14

f Containing sand

1-64

2*45

3-43

3*37

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

The cakes No. 1 and No 2 were adulterated with bran and
pollard, and Nos. 3 and 4 with rice-meal. All were poor in oil
and in albuminous compounds.

The husk of rice contains much silica, and hence linseed-cake
largely adulterated with rice-shudes or inferior rice-meal, on
burning in a platina-dish, produces an ash which contains much
silica. Cakes adulterated with cotton-cake, earth-nut -cake,
hemp-cake, and other cakes made from seeds with a hard husk,
contain more than an average proportion of woody fibre. In
illustration of this I have selected from a large number of
analyses of adulterated cakes the following : —

Table XIII. — Composition of Linseed-Cakes adulterated with Cotton anti
Earth-nut Cake, Hemp-Cake, and Olive-Cake.

No.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No.

Moisture

•54

10-18

9-45

•76

Oil

•14

7-61

13-39

-60-

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming)
matters J

•56

24-68

28-56

•C9

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre

31-21

22-85

•9!r

Woody fibre (cellulose)

19-88

20 '30

•84

t Mineral matter (ash)

•23

6-41

5 ’45

•12

100

•00

100-00

100

•00

* Containing nitrogen

3-95

4-57

f Containing sand

•85

1*68

1-48

The cake marked No. 1 was largely adulterated with cotton-cake
and earth-nut-cake. No. 2 was much adulterated with hemp-
seed-cake and some cotton-cake. No. 3 was much adulterated
with earth-nut- cake, bran, rice-meal, and a little cotton-cake.
This cake was sold as best English linseed-cake, and the
gentleman who sent it to me for analysis wrote as follows : — “ 1
have reason to believe the cake contains some ingredient highly
injurious to stock, as I have within the last five weeks lost
thirty lambs which have been fed on it.” The condition of the
cake was not good, and it is more likely that it did injury to
the lambs by reason of its bad condition, than on account of any
positively poisonous ingredient which it may have contained and
which I failed to detect.

No. 4 was a mixed linseed-cake, composed of linseed, carob-
bean-meal, cotton-cake, and olive-cake.

Not long ago I received for examination a sample of cake,
which was sold at a fair price as genuine linseed-cake, and which

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

I was informed had killed several beasts, and done serious in-

jury to others. This cake on analysis yielded the following
results : —

Moisture 10 ‘42

Oil 8-92

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) . . 17 '25

Starch, mucilage, and digestible fibre 37 '95

Woody fibre (cellulose) 17 '70

t Mineral matter (ash) 7 '76

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2'7G

+ Containing sand 2-85

It will be seen that this cake was deficient in oil, very poor in
albuminous compounds, and richer in woody fibre than genuine
linseed-cake. On further examination 1 found that it did not
become gelatinous at all on digestion with distilled water, that
it hardly contained any linseed, and was almost entirely com-
posed of a host of weed-seeds like the seeds which I enumerated
in a former page, when speaking of the nature of the seeds
which constitute the screenings or siftings from linseed. In
point of fact this cake was hardly better than the siftings-cake
of which I have already given an analysis, and to which I
would refer the reader for a comparison with the preceding
analytical results.

We have here a practical illustration of the injurious proper-
ties of linseed-siftings, and the danger which the purchaser of
cheap cakes (made from very foul linseed) runs of doing injury to
his stock when he feeds them upon such cake.

Generally speaking, inferior or adulterated linseed-cakes do net
become very gelatinous when mixed with water, and not unfre-
quently have an acid taste, and are destitute of the peculiar nice
flavour which distinguishes pure linseed-cake.

Many farmers like cakes in which they can clearly recognise
fragments of linseed ; and they regard it as a proof of good qualitr
if a cake presents to the eye some apparently uncrushed linseeds.
It is not safe, however, to rely upon the visible presence of
whole linseeds as a test of the good quality of a cake, for in
apparently some of the worst samples a good many whole un-
crushed linseeds are frequently visible. Oil-cake makers, aware
of the habit of many farmers to look out for whole linseeds in
cake, simply add a proportion of whole linseed to the mixture
of cheap feeding materials which they intend to convert into
linseed-cake, and by this means give it a character which some
regard as an indication of genuineness.

Pare and Mixed Linseed- Cahes.

IV. Eemarks THE Causes which render Feeding-Cakes

EITHER DECIDEDLY POISONOUS, OR MORE OR LESS INJURIOUS
TO THE Health op Animals.

Decidedly poisonous substances, as a rule, do not often occur
in .linseed-cake, and it is rather by accident or carelessness than
by design that cakes become contaminated with poisonous ingre-
dients. Besides curcas and castor-oil-beans, I have not found in
linseed-cake any other decidedly injurious ingredient; in rape-
cake, however, I may mention that black or wild mustard fre-
quently occurs in so large a proportion as to render it quite unfit
for feeding purposes.

As far as I know, castor-oll-beans are not crushed in England,
which circumstance accounts for the fact that 1 have never found
castor-beans in English linseed-cake. Castor-oil is principally
produced in India, and to some extent also at Marseilles, and I
have found castor-cake both in Bombay and Marseilles linseed-
cake. In mills where both linseed and castor-oil beans are
crushed, it occasionally happens that through the carelessness of
the workmen, the stores of linseed in part get mixed up with
some castor-oil-beans. In consequence of the partial admixture
of the linseed with castor-oil-beans, the cake from the mixed
seed is rendered more or less injurious, whilst the bulk made
from linseed free from castor-oil-beans is perfectly wholesome.
Under these circumstances the cakes shipped to England, pro-
bably in nine cases out of ten turn out to be wholesome, whilst,
it may be, the tenth parcel from the same shipment is more or
less contaminated with castor- bean- cake. The farmer who,
unfortunately, is supplied with such a mixed lot, experiencing
injury to his stock, then claims compensation for the damage
done by the use of the cake, which he bought as genuine linseed-
cake. In resisting the claims, the dealer who supplied the cake
finds no difficulty in pointing out a number of customers who
express themselves to be perfectly satisfied with the quality oE
the cake, which he can prove to have been delivered to them
from the same cargo from which the cake alleged to be poi-
sonous was sold. In this way disputes originate, which finally
are brought into Court ; trustworthy evidence is given by the
plaintiff’s witnesses, in proof of the poisonous character of the
cake, and equally reliable witnesses on the defendant’s part
declare the same cake to have proved in practice perfectly
wholesome and of excellent quality ; and the bewildered jury find
no little difficulty in agreeing upon a verdict. However, if the
plaintiff would take the precaution to send the suspected cake to
an analytical chemist or microscopist, well experienced in cake
examinations, convincing evidence would be forthcoming in

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

case the linseetl-cake is really contaminated with castor-oll-beans,
for the characteristic seed-shells of the beans can be detached
without much trouble from the cake, and exhibited in Court.

In connection with oil-cake trials, in which the question has
to be decided whether a cake is poisonous or unwholesome
(trials in which I have been repeatedly engaged professionally),
1 may mention that not long ago four samples of linseed-
cake were sent to me for examination by a dealer, who in-
formed me he had good reason for supposing that some of the
parcels represented by the samples were made up of sound, and
others from the same cargo, of poisonous, linseed-cake. The
supposition of the cake-merchant turned out to be correct, for
in two of the samples I found the shells of castor-oil-beans, and
in the two remaining cakes I could not detect a trace of castor-
cake, or of any other deleterious substance.

As already stated, linseed and other feeding cakes have fre-
quently been sent to me on account of the mischief which they were
alleged to have done to cattle and sheep. I nevertheless could
not detect any decidedly poisonous ingredient in the cakes. A
review of the different cases which have from time to time
been brought under my notice has forced upon my mind the
conviction that certain cakes are injurious to the health of
animals, although they do not contain any positively poisonous
material which is amenable to chemical tests. As this is a sub-
ject of considerable interest to the breeder and fattener of stock,
I may be allowed to give expression to my views on the matter
at some length.

I observe, therefore, in the first place, that mouldy and heated
feeding-cakes have frequently proved in practice to be more or
less injurious to animals fed upon them in any considerable
quantity. The instances in which very mouldy feeding-cakes
have injured or killed cattle are too numerous to leave any
room for doubt about the injurious properties of damaged mouldy
linseed or other feeding-cakes. Indeed, all articles of food in a
mouldy condition are more or less unwholesome. Damaged, fusty,
or mouldy oats or wheat, mouldy flour and bread, in many cases,
have done serious injury to men and animals fed upon them. A
striking instance of poisoning with mouldy oats is recorded in
the ‘Veterinarian’ for 1862. Professor Varnell’s account of the
particulars relating to the death of several horses from partaking
of some deleterious oats brought under his notice by Mr. Mitchell,
M.R.C.V.S., Leeds, and the experiments which the Professor
subsequently made with some of the deleterious oats, are full of
interest and worthy of careful perusal. But as the ‘ Veterinarian ’
may not be accessible to many, I take the liberty of quoting
from that journal some of the particulars with which, as it
appears to me, all stock-farmers should be acquainted.

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

“ A gentleman in the neighbourhood of Leeds lost six horses
in a very sudden manner. The veterinary surgeons engaged,
viz., Messrs. John Mitchell, Dray, and Cuthbert were unanimous
in their opinion that poison, in some form or other, was the
cause of death, notwithstanding that no poison could be traced
by the chemist who examined the contents of their stomachs and
intestines. The oats, beans, &c., upon which the horses were
fed, on analysis likewise proved to be free from poison.

However, three feeds of the suspected oats, given to a horse
obtained for experiments, were found sufficient to produce death.

Mr. Mitchell, in speaking of the oats, writes to Professor
Varnell; — “The oats, which were foreign ones, consisted ori-
ginally of 12 quarters, of which about 5 quarters now remained ;
and with the exception of having a fusty smell, they presented
nothing remarkable, nor did the bean-meal or bran, both of
which had been purchased from a respectable dealer, and were
unexceptionable in quality.”

Some of the oats were sent by Mr. Mitchell to Professor Var-
nell, of the Royal Veterinary College, London, who tried the
following experiments : —

On the 10th Sept., 1861, a brown mare was procured by the
college for the purpose of being fed upon the suspected oats.
She was old, but apparently in a healthy condition. On the
first day she had only one feed of the oats given her ; on the
11th she had four feeds, and the same quantity on the 12th.
On the 13th she had only three feeds, for during the afternoon
of this day she was observed to have a staggering gait, and at
six in the evening she fell and was unable to get up again.
Her hind feet were nearly paralysed. Sensation was so be-
numbed, that she scarcely responded to the prick of a pin. The
visible mucous membranes were pale, the pupils dilated, breathing
increased, apparently chiefly from the position in which she
laid. The pulse numbered about fifty, and was very feeble, and
her tongue protruded from her mouth. She did not appear to
suffer much pain. She lingered on until the 15th, when she died.

The oats, which had been examined before by two competent
chemists, residing in Leeds, were likewise analysed by Professor
Tuson, Lecturer on Chemistry in the Royal Veterinary College,
London, who also was unable to detect in them either any
mineral or vegetable poison. They were damp, dark in colour,
and had a very musty smell. Being more closely examined by
Professor Varnell, it was found that many were matted together
into lumps by a thready cobweb-like kind of material. The
majority of them were covered with a smutty substance, and the
interior of a considerable number was decayed, so that instead of
the natural white flour of the oats, this was filled with granular
matter, which had a blackish-grey hue, and which in many instances

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

projected some distance above the surface of the oat. Under the
microscope the thready material was found to consist of elongated
cells, and the surface of the oats was covered more or less with
well-defined bodies, which were also observed, but in few
numbers, to be connected with the thready material ; the dark
grey matter found in the interior of the oat was granular, the
granules being supported by a reticular-like substance.

The investigation was further carried out by Professor Tuson,
who has placed his report at my disposal, and 1 have not only to
thank him for it, but also the Editors of the ‘Veterinarian’ for

Fig. 36. — Comparative Bepresentations of healthy and mouldy Oats,

liberally lending me the blocks to reproduce in the Society’s
Journal the beautiful microscopic objects, a description of which
I am permitted to give in Professor Tuson’s own words.

General Characters of the Oats.

When examined by the naked eye they were found to be
coated more or less completely by a greyish pulverulent matter,
which could be easily detached, and by minute specks, having a
drab colour, and sometimes a silvery-white appearance.

By referring to B, Fig. 36, one can observe the appearance

Microscopic Examination of the Grey Pulverulent Deposit and of
the Horny Mass.

When microscopically examined by a quarter-inch object-
glass, the grey pulverulent deposit upon the exterior of the oats,
as well as the horny mass contained in them, presented the
appearance indicated in Fig. 37.

These small circular bodies are the spores or germs of minute

43 Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

presented by many of the oats. On the left side of this drawing
is represented the greyish deposit in great quantity. It there
appears to be convoluted or folded. On making longitudinal
sections of some of these oats, the white farinaceous matter con-
tained in oats of good quality was sometimes partially, and
sometimes completely, replaced by a dark-coloured, hard, horny
mass. C, Fig. 36, represents a vertical section of an oat of this
description, in which the horn-like body has been partially
developed. A, Fig. 36, is a section of a healthy oat, and is placed
by the side of C for the sake of comparison.

Fig. 37. — Appearance of the Pidccrulent Deposit on the Shin of the Oa!s
under a quarter-inch object-glass.

Parc and Mixed Linseed- Cakes..

fungi. By instituting a more rigid search, the objects shown in
Fig. 38 were discovered. They appear to consist of long tubes
terminating in a congeries of minute globular bodies. These
are the mycelium or roots of fungi belonging to the Mucor or
common mould class.

Microscopic Examination of the surface of an entire Oat.

For this purpose it was found desirable to employ reflected
light, and to use an object-glass having a half-inch focal power.
A, Fig. 38, represents the surface of an oat upon which is

Fig. 38. — Mycelium of Fungus (^Aspergilluiri) growing on mouldy Oats.

standing, and apparently out of which is growing, a fullj'-
dcveloped fungus of the most beautiful description. The head
of this little fungus evidently resembles that of the common
mushroom in its general appearance. It. belongs to a species of
Aspergillum. In the other parts of the same drawing we may
easily detect some of the spores depicted in Fig, 37, the
mycelium, or roots, shown in Fig. 38, and a number of the

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

mushroom-like fungi (aspergilli) referred to in the preceding
paragraph.

Professor Tuson sums up the results of his examination as
follows : —

1st. No mineral poison was discovered in the oats by chemical
analysis.

2nd. The oats were extensively contaminated by a mould-like
fungus.

3rd. It is known, on good authority, that many mould-like
fungi are poisonous to animals.

4th. The infected oats were given by Professor Varnell and
others to several horses, and the animals subsequently died.

He infers from the facts referred to in his report, that in all
probability the infected oats were the cause of the death of the
horses.

On showing the drawings of the fungi to Mr. Jabez Hogg,
whose intimate acquaintance with microscopic fungi is well
known, that gentleman at once identified the fungi, portrayed in
Fig. 38, as a variety of Aspergillum.

Mr. Hogg further stated he had no hesitation in saying that
the horses were killed by the fungus attacking the oats ; for he
knew of many instances in which sickness and death had been
occasioned in various animals by the very same species.

In support of his conclusions, Professor Tuson quotes a passage
from the Rev. M. J. Berkeley’s ‘ Outlines of British Fungology,’
in which the author says* “It is observable that the same bad
effects are sometimes produced by mouldy (fungus-containing)
provisions which are produced by ergot in ’bread.” And also
extracts from a lecture by the Rev. Edwin Sidney, at the
Annual Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, held at
Norwich, July 18th, 1849. The lecturer describes a fungus
called Ustilago hypodytes as “a species of penicillium which
attacks grasses or hay, and appears to be quite poisonous. The
structure, in a very young stage, is thread-like ; but all traces of
mycelium (spawn) soon disappear, and nothing remains but a
mass of minute spores. In addition to the ruin of the grass, this
fungus is most pernicious. According to Leveille, the immense
quantity of black dust resulting from it in the hay-fields of
France, produces disastrous consequences on the haymakers,
such as violent pains and swellings in the head and face, with
great irritation over the entire system.”

Mr. Sidney further states that penicillium, the mould on hay,
“ is found on bread, also in the inside of casks ; and that there
is reason to believe its spores to be poisonous, for two coopers
who entered a great tun, covered with this mould, to clean it,
inhaled them, and were seized with violent pains in the head,

Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes.

jyuMIness, and vomiting, wliicb only yielded to severe medical
treatment.”

The preceding observations of Professor Tuson are bigbly
interesting, for they throw mucb light on the injury which
mouldy or stale oilcakes have frequently been observed to
produce. Adulterated or mixed linseed-cakes, in particular, are
apt to cause injury to animals, and if we remember for a moment
what materials are often employed by the makers of cheap
adulterated linseed-cakes, or compound feeding-cakes, we can
only feel surprised that complaints respecting injury done to
stock fed upon them are not more numerous. Still, complaints
of that kind are constantly brought under my notice, and I am
convinced that many apparently unaccountable losses which
stock-farmers experience are traceable to the bad condition of the
cakes on which the animals have been fed.

Reference has already been made to the death of several
animals fed upon cake, which, on examination, was found com-
posed mainly of the siftings or screenings from linseed. As a
further illustration of the danger of feeding animals on mixed
refuse feeding materials, I may quote the case of a gentleman
who lost fourteen sheep, three horses, and a pony by feeding
them on food which he bought as cattle-food.

On receipt of a sample of the food which had done all this
mischief 1 submitted it to a careful examination, naturally sus-
pecting some mineral or vegetable poisonous material to have
become accidentally mixed up with otherwise good feeding sub-
stances. However, I failed to detect in it any mineral poison,
nor could I recognise in it any organic substance which is
known to possess poisonous properties. I found it to be a
mixture, in which the following ingredients were readily dis-
tinguished : —

Irish moss, cotton seeds, and bits of cotton seed-cake ; frag-
ments of locust-beans, earth-nut-cake, and broken earth-nuts ;
bits of linseed-cake, linseed, vetches, Indian corn, beans, lentils,
Dari-grains, barley, hemp-seed, wheat, oats, niger-seed, peas,
rape-seed, white and black mustard, rye, clover, grass-seeds,
bran, and a good deal of dirty-looking meal or dust.

A good many of the bits of cake in this heterogeneous mixed
food were covered with mould, as were also many of the grains
of broken wheat, oats, and barley ; and I have no doubt that the
dust was full of the spores (germs) of fungi, which in all pro-
bability caused the death of the animals.

This cattle-food consisted chiefly of the accumulations of
broken cake, and the sweepings of a general grain or seed ware-
house, and was readily recognised as such.

Similar mixtures of all kinds of feeding matters are freely used

VOL. IX. — S. S. E

Pure and Mixed Linseed- Cakes.

by makers of adulterated linseed-cakes, or compound feeding-
cakes, and are a fertile source of the injury which such cakes
are liable to produce when given to sheep or cattle in any con-
siderable quantity.

It is difficult at all times, and in most cases next to impos-
sible, to ascertain positively whether in the manufacture of cheap
com pound-cakes or inferior adulterated linseed-cakes, materials
have been used which in a separate form were unsaleable, because
their condition was such as to render them unfit for feeding pur-
poses. It is easy enough to recognise an oilcake eovered with
mould, and possessing a rancid and sour taste and fusty smell,
as a material which cannot be given with impunity to cattle ; but
when the same cake has been superficially scrubbed with a hard
brush, stove-dried, ground fine, and mixed with some good lin-
seed and pressed afresh into cake, the bad and injurious pro-
perties of the spoiled food, which forms a part of the compound
cake, may become disguised by the process of manufacture to an
extent which renders it impossible to determine by any known
chemical test whether the compound or adulterated linseed-cake
will be wholesome, or prejudicial to the health of the animals
. that are fed upon it. An analogous example of the difficulty of
recognising by analysis, or by the most careful inspection or
microscopic examination, the poisonous characters of a compound
article of food, is presented to us in sausages, made partly from
diseased and unwholesome meat. In a separate form such meat
presents to the eye and touch such an unmistakeably bad con-
dition, that the meat-market inspector feels no hesitation in
condemning it at once as unfit for human food ; but if it should
happen, as it does sometimes, that diseased and unwholesome
meat finds its way into the hands of the unscrupulous pork-
butcher and sausage-maker, and is by him boiled, minced fine,
mixed with bread-crumbs and some good minced pork, salt,
spices, &c., and made into sausages, nobody can say d priori,
nor ascertain by chemical analysis, whether the sausages are
likely to prove wholesome or poisonous to those who partake of
them ; and it is only by the effects which such food produces on
the system that its true character becomes apparent. Nor is it
always possible, by the effects which suspected articles of food
produce, to discern distinctly their dangerous or injurious pro-
perties, for the constitution of individual animals varies greatly,
and with it their power to resist the evil effects which damaged
and mouldy feeding materials produce on less vigorous con-
stitutions. Hence the same food, which apparently does no
harm to some animals, seriously affects the health of others,
and may become rank poison to individual heads of the same
herd.

Report of Judges on Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff. 51

There is one species of cake which is rarely seen by farmers, for
it is seldom offered for sale in the open market ; nevertheless it is
consumed in large quantities in the shape of linseed-cake. I
allude to earth-nut-cake. Frequently earth-nut-cake is so rancid,
stale, or mouldy, that it is only fit for manuring purposes ; and yet
we never hear of earth-nut-cake having been offered for sale as a
manuring cake. But its frequent occurrence in linseed-cake,
reported to have done mischief to stock, renders it more than
jirobable that at any rate the bulk of the damaged earth-nut-cake
finds its way into the mills of oilcake crushers who sell mixed
or adulterated linseed-cakes.

Dozens of oilcakes have been sent to me for examination, on
account of the prejudicial effects which they were alleged to
have produced on sheep and cattle fed upon them, and in no
instance have I been able to detect any positively poisonous
substance in them, though I have often found earth-nut-cake.
Although I am not prepared to say positively that these adulterated
oil-cakes were unfit for feeding purposes, the frequency of the
occurrence of earth-nut-cake in suspected oilcakes, coupled with
the well-authenticated fact that rancid or damaged earth-nut-cake
is largely used for adulterating linseed-cakes, and is prejudicial
to stock, inclines me to believe that the cause of the injurious
properties of adulterated linseed-eakes is referable in many
instances to the rancid and bad condition of the earth-nut-cake
used in their manufacture.

In conclusion, I hope that all sections of the agricultural
community will resist, by all means, in their power, the use of
a trade-custom which regards the designation “linseed-cake” as
a generic term to be applied to all manner of feeding cakes, pro-
vided they contain some linseed, no matter however little it may
be, and which indicates the distinction between the different
qualities by the graduated trade-marks of various makers.

Laboratory, 11, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E.C.,

August, 1872.

II. — Report of the Judges on the Trials of Portable Steam-Engines
at Cardiff. By F. J. Bramwell, C.E., and W. Menelaus,
C.E. With an Appendix on the Composition and Calorific
Power of IJangennech Coal.

The Judges, in their Report on this class of engines, and
on the fixed engines, tried at the Bury Show in 1867 ; in their
Report on the semi-portable, and on the fixed engines tried at

E 2

Report of the Judges on the

Oxford in 1870 ; and lastly, in tlieir Report on the traction en-
gines tried at Wolverhampton in 1871, have had to comment
on the attempt, or on the absence of an attempt, by the Society,
to settle that most difficult question. What shall be deemed a
“horse-power ” — not the theoretical horse-power, but the commer-
cial horse-power. The theoretical horse-power, as all engineers
and all readers of the ‘ Journal ’ of the Society know, is 33,000
lbs. raised 1 foot high in a minute, or the equivalent of this,
i. e. such a number of pounds as will give, when multiplied by the
feet moved through, the sum of 33,000 as the result. It is not the
settlement of this horse-power, then, which has occupied the Society
from time to time, but the settlement of how , many such theo-
retical horse-powers an engine shall be capable of developing
for one commercial or nominal horse-power ; in other words,
the difficulty is to determine, what size of engine shall be given
to a purchaser for a nominal horse-power. Upon this question of
size will depend, whether, when an engine, say a 10-horse, is put
to work, it will give to its users 20, 30, 40, or even 50 theoretical
horse-power for the commercial or nominal lO-horse-power.
With respect to horse-power, the purchasing public behave
towards engine-makers in, we were about to say, a very Jack
Cade sort of spirit ; but we feel that this would be unjust
towards Jack Cade. That enlightened representative of the people
merely required that “ seven halfpenny loaves should be sold
for a penny, and that the three-hooped pot should have ten
hoops” (or about 3^,- to 1), while the purchasing public will not
be content unless the 8-horse engine will work up to 30-horse,
and they like as much more as they can get.

At Bury, the Society determined that engines with single
cylinders should have a piston area of 10 circular inches for
each horse-power, so that a 9 -inch cylinder, giving 81 circular
inches of area, was taken as 8yV"borse-power. But if the
engines had two cylinders, as many had in those days, then, for
some never explained reason, in fact for an inscrutable reason
(if that which is inscrutable can be a reason), their aggregate
area, in circular inches, was to be divided by 9, as with two
cylinders that number of circular inches was to be deemed to be
sufficient for a horse-power.

At Oxford, the Society left the Exhibitor to give any measure
he pleased, so long as he did not exceed 13T4 circular inches
in piston area, per horse-power, for the 4-horse engines ; and 13’22
circular inches per horse-power, for the 10-horse engines.

It will be seen that these Oxford rules were about from 30 to
nearly 50 per cent, in excess of the Bury rule ; according as the
10, or the 9, circular inches there prescribed, be used as the
standard of comparison.

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

At Wolverhampton, the Society gave up the task altogether,
and left each Exhibitor to do that which was right in his own
eyes ; the result was, that the circular inches varied Irom 10^ to
8 per horse-power.

This year, however, the Society thought it right once more to
lay down a rule. It was as follows. Condition II. : — •

“ The nominal iiowcr of the engines entered for trial will he taken at ^ the
indicated jiower, at GO lbs. pressure in the boiler, cutting off at J the stroke,
and the periphery of the fly-wheel running 1884 feet per minute.”

This rule is clearly based on the speed of strap usual for
driving threshing-machines, and it will be seen was intended to
limit the purchaser’s views to just about, or a little below, the
true Jack Cade standard, viz., to a demand of about three times
the nominal power, and it is said to have had the result of satis-
fying everybody interested. This being so, it would be im-
proper for the Judges to make any comment upon it. They
will therefore only say that they do not understand how a rule,
which, while specifying fly-wheel rim speed, ignores the length
of stroke and the diameter of fly-wheel, can by any possibility be
practically applied, unless there be an uniformity of proportion
among the makes of portable agricultural engines as regards
these two points. In effect, this seems to be nearly so, and thus,
the speed of the fly-wheel rim is an exponent of the speed
of the piston. Were it not, this curious event would happen, that
if a maker sent two engines to be tried, exactly alike in all
respects except in the diameters of the fly-wheels, the engine
which had the smaller fly-wheel would be estimated as being
of proportionately greater power than the engine which had
the larger wheel : so that a maker, by halving the diameter of
his fly-wheel, could double the nominal power of his engine,
because to attain the same rim-speed, he must make double the
number of revolutions that he would have to make if he used
the larger wheel, and thus the calculated indicated power would
be doubled. It is true that the boiler would not, in all proba-
bility, supply the steam for the double speed, but then, Condi-
tion II. does not say that it shall, bat merely provides a basis of
calculation for the power of the engine, on the assumption that
the steam is there. •

It is much more easy, however, to criticize than to suggest
a remedy. One of the writers of this Report has the
honour to be a Member of Council of two engineering societies,
to which the Board of Trade, some months since, addressed
letters, asking their advice as to what could be done to define
a commercial horse-power. One of these societies is the Institu-
tion of Naval Architects, and, as their action in the matter is
over, the writer is at liberty to state what took place.

Report of the Judges on the

The letter of the Board of Trade was as follows : —

Board of Trade, 'Whitehall Gardens, 22nd March, 1872.

Sir, — I am directed by the Board of Trade to enclose some copies of a
Memorandum on “ Horse-power ” of steam-engines.

llepresentations have been made to the Board, that the term “ Nominal
Horse-power ” conveys no definite meaning. This term occurs in Section 5 of
the ‘ Merchant Shipping Act, 18G2,’ of which a copy is enclosed.

The Board of Trade will be glad to receive any observations on the subject,
with which the Council of Naval Architects may be able to favour them.

If some understanding can be come to on the point, a definition of the
term might be agreed to, which will be accepted, not only by the manu-
facturers and users of engines, but by the Legislature, in the event of the
term “ Nominal Horse-power” being retained when the Statute is revised.

I am. Sir, your obedient servant,

(Signed) Thomas Gray.

The Secretary, Institution of Naval Architects, Adelphi.

The Council of the Institution appointed a Committee to con-
sider the question, and, finally, after two months spent in fruit-
less discussion, the Council met to consider the Report of that
Committee.

The result was the following letter to the Board of Trade : —

Institution of Naval Architects,

9, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C., 4th June, 1872.

Sir, — In reply to your letter (M) of the 22nd March, in wdiich you ask
for certain advice with respect to the term Nominal Horse-power, I am directed
to inform you that the subject has been carefully considered by a Committee
of the Council of this Institution, wdth the following results ; —

The Committee were unanimously of opinion that the term Nominal’Horse-
power, as at present ordinarily used for commercial purposes, conveys no
definite meaning.

They were also unanimous in considering that the proposal contained in
Mr. MacFarlane Gray’s pamphlet could not be recommended for adoption. The
majority of the Committee were of opinion that no formulie depending upon
the dimensions of any parts of the engines, boilers, or furnaces could be
relied upon as giving a satisfactory measure of the jiower of an engine, and
that even if the varieties of engines and boilers now in use could be com-
prised under one general expression for the power, the progress of invention
would soon vitiate any such expression, or formula.

The entire abandonment of an old commercial standard, such as Nominal
Horse-power, however inaccurate, must be a matter of considerable inconve-
nience, and accordingly, great attention was given by the Committee to the
question wdiether that standard could not be amended and retained. Among
the many plans considered, not one received unanimous, or even general,
approval. That which met with least objection w'as that the Indicated Horse-
power, as ascertained on a trial trip, should be. taken either as the Nominal
Horse-power, or as a basis for it, being divided by a suitable divisor.

The Committee were of opinion that, for the purposes of the Act, if any
standard at all of horse-power is to be used with reference to the Engineers, it
would be better to name 400 Indicated Horse-power in place of 100 Nominal
Horse-power.

The Committee were also of opinion that all engineers of coasting and sea-

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

going ships should he required to pnss some examination, and tho Council
tlunk it desirable that this opinion should be communicated to the Board of
Trade.

I have the honour to bo, Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

(Signed) C. W. Merrifield,

The Secretaiy, Tho Board of Trade, lion. Sec.

Whitehall Gardens, S.W.

Tlie other Society has not, up to the present time, come to a
conclusion upon the matter.

The before quoted letter of the Naval Architects to the Board
of Trade is abundant proof, if proof were wanted, that the
settling of what shall be considered a Commercial horse-power,
is among the most difficult problems that can be brought before
a practical body ; at least it appears so to those who have
tried to solve it, but to those who have not, it seems extremely
simple.

A barrister lately said to the same writer of this Report,
“ You surely do not mean to tell me that you do not know what
a horse-power is, you, that have been a mechanical engineer all
your life ! ” The answer given was — “ Indeed, I do not, there
is a difficulty in the outset ; what sort of horse-power do you
mean r

“ Why, I mean a horse-power.”

“ I know you do, but there are five kinds of horse-power.”

“ Five kinds ! impossible, it can’t be.”

“ But there are : I will give you the names and the nature of
them.”

“ 1st. The real horse-power, the power of a horse, estimated
to lift 22,000 lbs. 1 foot high per minute.

“ 2nd. That which in James Watt’s time was called the
Nominal horse-power, a horse-power of 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot
high per minute, which power he gave to all his early engines, so
that the purchaser, having one-and-a-half times the power of a
good horse, should not be in a position to complain of the engine
as inadequate.

“ This term Nominal is now commonly confounded with the
Commercial horse-power, and the name. Theoretical horse-power,
is substituted to represent the received scientific horse-power of
33,000 foot-pounds;

“ 3rd. The Gross Indicated horse-power. This is the whole
power developed on the piston of the engine, without any deduc-
tion for friction, which power divided by 33,000 gives the Gross
Indicated horse-power.

“4th. The Net Indicated horse-power. This is the same as
the foregoing, minus a certain allowance for friction.

Report of the Judges on the

“ 5tli. The Commercial, or as it is now frequently called, the
Nominal horse-power. This is the horse-power, about which no
two persons can agree.”

Such are the obstacles that beset men acquainted with the
subject, when they endeavour to settle the question, while, as
before mentioned, those who have not that acquaintance, see not
the slightest difficulty in dealing with the matter.

As an example of this, an enthusiastic bystander rushed up
to one of the stewards at Cardiff, to point out the gross unfair-
ness of the trials, because an exhibitor was working an 8-horse
engine at a greater power than 8 -horse on the brake. This
gentleman was not a manufacturing engineer, and we need
hardly say he was not a purchaser of steam-engines. The pur-
chaser, no doubt, would wish to be delivered from such a solver
of the Commercial horse-power difficulty.

The Judges are sorry to have consumed so much time in
considering this question of Commercial horse-power, but they
have done so, in order that their readers may be in possession
of the history of the Society’s efforts on the subject; and that
they may see how great are the difficulties in the way of a solu-
tion of that which, at first sight, appears so simple a question.

No restriction as to the horse-power at which the engines
were to be worked on the dynamometrical brake were imposed
the Exhibitor was left at perfect liberty, so long as he did not
exceed the declared pressure of steam. Condition VI., which
regulated these questions, was as follows : —

“ Exhibitors shall, on making their final specifications, elect at what steani-
jiressure not exceeding the declared pressure, what horse-power on the brake,
and what number of revolutions they would wish to be tried.”

Conditions as to the engines being each worked by one man,
as to taking the indicator diagrams, as to ascertaining the evapo-
ration of water, and as to the amount of oil and tallow used,
were laid down similar to those which were stipulated for at
Wolverhampton.

On this occasion, at Cardiff, the whole of the Exhibitors who
entered “ engines,” entered them as 8-horse power ; one maker,
however, did not venture, in the Catalogue, to state the horse-
power, but gave simply the diameter of his cylinder. All the
engines were single-cylinder engines ; the two-cylinder type, of
Avhich, as before stated, several were exhibited in 1867 at Bury,
being now entirely abandoned in engines of the 8-horse size.

Two additional, and most salutary conditions were imposed on
the Exhibitors ; they are given in the latter part of Condition V.,
and are as follows : —

“ Over and uiider-running will not be permitted; steady running as nearly

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

as possible at the speed declared at entry will be considered a point of merit.
The engines must be fitted with governors, and the efficiency of the latter
will be tested, after the trials for economy of working are over, by suddenlj'-
varying the load on the brake.”

Following- up the suggestion contained in last year’s Report,
the Judges endeavoured to get the heat of the escaping gases
in the smoke-boxes. Unhappily the arrangements were not
sufficiently near to perfection, to enable observations that
could be relied on to be obtained in all cases ; those which
are worthy to be recorded are given in the Table II. It is
much to be regretted that the whole set are not complete ;
but enough was done to show that, except in one or two instance.s,
the heat was very effectually abstracted from the products of
combustion, and that they carried very little waste with them
up the chimney. There was a most marked improvement on
this point, as compared with the condition of things at Wolver-
hampton ; where in every case that was tried, rough though the
trial was, the temperature was high, while in some instances it
was so great as to melt lead freely. The result of the Exhibitors’
attention to this matter has been most gratifying ; for, whereas at
the Wolverhampton meeting the average evaporation from cold
water was only 6’9 lbs. of water per lb. of coal consumed, equal to
8 lbs. of water evaporated from 212°, the quantity boiled off at
Cardiff averaged 9 ‘85 lbs. from 212° ; and while this is the com-
parison of the average, the comparison between the best per-
formance at Cardiff, and the best at Wolverhampton, is equally
satisfactory. At Cardiff, as much as 11’83 lbs. from 212° was
evaporated as a maximum, while at Wolverhampton only 7'76
lbs. were boiled off from cold water, equal to 9 lbs. from 212°
as a maximum.

The Prizes offered were as follows : —

For the best Portable Steam-Engine (not self-moving),

not exceeding 8-horse-power 407.

For the second ditto ditto 207.

The following is the list of engines that were originally entered
for trial. This list shows also the order in which they were to
be tried, that order being determined, as usual, by lot.

5024 Marshall, Sons, and Co., Limited.

*4975 Wallis and Steevens.

4942 Clayton and Shuttleworth.

4834 Hayes, Edward.

4959 Davey, Paxman, and Co.

*4896 Tuxford and Sons.

*5043 Lewin, Stephen.

Report of the Judges on the

*4227 Holmes and Sons.

*4912 Willsher, J. C.

4894 Brown and May.

4991 Tasker, W., and Sons.

2927 Reading Iron Works Company, Limited.

|4245 Turner, E. R. and F.

5037 Hindley, E. S.

2950 Barrows and Stewart.

4004 Ask by, Jeffery, and Luke.

Of these engines those marked with an asterisk did not run ;
the causes which prevented them from so doing are stated below.
The one marked, f though it ran, could not compete for the
prizes ; the reason will appear in the description of the trial of
this engine.

4975. Wallis and Steevens. — This engine had not arrived at the time of the
commencement of trial, and it was therefore thrown out from the competition.

4896. Tuaford and Sons. — Unhappily the boss of the fly-wheel of this engine
cracked, and occasioned the trial to be stopped.

The exhibitor was directed to repair the boss, and was informed that he
would then he allowed to go on with the trial. Instead of repairing the boss
.he inadvertently provided himself with a fly-wheel, belonging to another
exhibitor. It was felt that if it were once allowed to an exhibitor to have a
machine tried, some portion of which was not made for the machine — was not
even purchased for it, hut was merely on loan — it might cause much
irregularity hereafter. On these grounds it was impossible to allow the trial
to proceed.

5043. Stephen Lewin. — This engine, while on the “ brake,” suffered so much
from a hot bearing, that the trial was (with the fullest consent of the exhibitor)
stopped ; and the engine was withdrawn from competition.

4227. Holmes and Sons. — This engine did not come to trial.

4912. J. C. Willsher. — Unhappily the fly-wheel boss of this engine was broken
on the journey, and at the same time the shaft was bent, and thus a trial
became impossible.

As the engines were to be tried to ascertain to what extent
they were under the control of their governors, it became neces-
sary not to throw the governor out of work ; this throwing out
of Avork was the course pursued on former occasions, with the
object of ensuring that the throttle-A’alves should be wide open
at the end of the preliminary run, and also at the end of the
final run ; but the throttle-valve being now left in gear, some
other means had to be devised to prevent advantage being taken
of any difference between the area of the opening for the steam
at the end of the final run, and the area of that opening at the
end of the preliminary run.

A “ notice ” was therefore issued that, on the preliminary run,
the pressure of steam at which the engine first fell below the de-
clared speed would be recorded ; and that in the final run the
trial would be stopped as soon as the pressure fell to the same

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

point, or as soon as the speed got below the working revolution,
whichever event might first happen.

The engines had delivered to them the usual 14 lbs. of coal
per brake horse-power ; this coal was from the Llangennech
Colliery, the coal with which the Society’s trials have been made
for years past.

The following is a description (In the order in which they
ran) of the various engines that were tried upon the brake.

It is to be feared there will be found in this description a
great deal of repetition, as in several of the points many of the
engines were so nearly alike that the same language might
properly be applied to them ; but to prevent confusion, and to
obviate the necessity of referring from the description of one
engine to that of another, it has been thought better to describe
each engine as though it stood alone.

The first engine on the list for trial was that of Messrs. Mar-
shall, Sons, and Co. (Limited), of Gainsborough (No. 5024).
Price 230/.

This engine has a cylinder of inches diameter, 1 foot length of stroke.
The heating surface is 283 '5 feet, the fire-grate is 4 '4 feet; but at the time
of the trial fire-bricks were introduced, so as to reduce the effective area of the
fire-grate surface to 3 feet.

These exhibitors elected to work at 14 horse-power on the brake ; and at
165 revolutions per minute; they also elected to work at the maximum
pressure allowed, viz., 80 lbs.

The construction of this engine is as follows :

ff'he cylinder is placed upon the fire-box, and takes its steam from an internal
pipe, the end of which, nearest to the smoke-box, is made with a number of
slots on the upper side to receive the steam. The cylinder is steam-jacketed,
as also are both covers. The slide-jacket is cast with the "cylinder, and on it
and on the cylinder are two lugs, to which are bolted the solid ends of two
tubular wrought stays, which extend from the cylinder to the crank-shaft
bearings. These bearings are made of gun-metal, carried on cast-iron blocks ;
to bosses in which the tubular stays are attached. The bottoms of the cast-
iron blocks are furnished with dovetails, free to move in dovetailed grooves,
formed in the upper part of other castings, bolted to wrought brackets riveted
to the boiler. By this arrangement, the exhibitors suggest, that there is freedom
for the expansion of the boiler, and that the strain is taken by the stay-bolts
which connect the cylinder casting to the crank-shaft bearings. In these
stays is also carried a wrought-iron frame, to receive the outer ends of the
guide-bars, and to support the governor-bracket.

The frame has a bottom piece which bears upon a boss on the top of the
boiler cleading, or rather on the top of the feed-heater, to be hereafter
mentioned, but this bottom piece has no connection with the boiler. 'Phe
crank-shaft is a “ bent-shaft,” and is made of Btenson’s mild steel. On the
one end is the fly-wheel, provided with counterbalance, and on the other
the eccentric, driving the feed-pump.

The four guide-bars are of cast steel. The guide-blocks are of cast iron,
and an adjustment for wear is made by brass liners to the guide-bars.

The steam is admitted to the cylinder by two gun-metal short slides,
connected hy a rod with an adjusting screw. These slides have, cast through

Report of the J adejes on the

tliein, passages to admit the steam from expansion-valves, woi'king on tlie
hack of the jirincipal slides ; these passages are vertical in the working face of
the main slides, but are at an angle of 52° to the horizontal in the back faces
of those slides, the passages being twisted in their progress through the body
of the slide. The pair of expansion slides are of gun-metal, and have bevelled
ends, at the same angle (52°) as the openings in the main slides. The expansion-

slides are driven by a slide-stalk,
having on it a pair of eccentrics,
working in blocks carried in brackets
attached to the backs of the expan-
sion-slides, in which brackets the
blocks are free to slide. The slides
are driven by the sides of the eccentrics ;
and by their circumference, on the
j'artial revolution of the slide-stalk,
the ex2iansion-slides can be raised
or lowered. As the ends of these
slides are bevelled, the raising or
lowering has the effect of lengthening
or shortening the expansion-slide in
relation to the angled jiassage in the
main-slide, and thus of varying the
expansion. The expansion-slides have
bridges over their backs, and are
adjusted to fit these Tiridges in order
to remove a p)ortion of the pressure
of the steam. The bridges are sepa-
rate from the slide-jacket, and are
fitted against stops, up to which they
are ijrcssed by spirings at their backs,
so that in the event of there being
any water in the cylinder, both slides
and bridges yield, and allow of its
escape.

There are two eccentrics, one for
the princiiml slide, and one for the
expansion-slide, in the usual manner.
That for the prrincipal slide is driven
by a jrlate having two holes in it, the
one for head, the other for stern gear.
The exi^ansion-slide is set midway, so
as to suit either head or stern gear.
Immediately beyond the guide in
which the expansion slide-stalk works,
there is a socket in which the stalk
can turn, and on the slide-stalk there
is an arm worked by the governor, so
that as the governor rises or falls,
it causes the expansion slide-stalk to
make a portion of a revolution, and
thus to raise or lower the back slides,
to vary the amount of expjansion, and to regulate the speed of the engine.
There is no throttle-valve, nor any aj^paratus whatever, other than these
slides, for the purpose of regulation.

The centre line of the engine is not parallel with that of the boiler, the crank
shaft end being somewhat the higher.

.'op

Table I.— SIZES AND CONSTKDCTION OF THE PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES TRIED AT UARIUFF.

10.

11.

12.

“71

14. j

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22. 1

23.

24.

25.

as.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

LEADING

PARTICULARS OP CONSTRUCTION.

BOILER.

ENGINE.

Nauk op Kkiiiiiitou.

Nwnliml

Wd«lil

Flve Area.

Heatino Surface.

tVlw.

(ii)ikff>

CwU.

CarrloiP'.

HailmiiTn

K*Mr VaWm. 1

lllgRor

HHgbt
of Itoiiom

aUaatwTa

Flro-boa

)

onjlnarr ofonllnary
Indim. Sqiwm

Widlh 0^ aim

Area of
AlrSpoota

Uara

In Squaro
HeeU

Area of Orate

^in^UST

KMahl
of Fire-
box

above Bars

Area

tbrougb

Tnbea.

Ratio
to File.
onliuary.

Oianivlcr
Blaat OrlBoo

“S'”'

Surfaoe In Fire-box

la Tubra
Smoke-box

Surfaco.

Surtiic^

lUtto

UoatiDg
SurftQB (0
^rdloary

^““of

Nominal
HP. of
Knglne.

DUmetor

Stroke of
Platon.

Olamteer

Flj-wbMl.

Cjrlinitcr, bow ProtcctnJ.

Valve Oear and RuccnlrlOk

IntetusI ur
Kilrnal.

Ftwl-paiap and FMd.hmtlng Appanlua.

ItUIAlIXS.

£.

llfgltifr.

Sq. forL

tnebm.

Sq.feot.

lochca.

Sq. feet.

iDcbea.

Inches.

fiO-21

MnriilmU 8<mi, & Co.

2;io

WmuKlit-iron, willi

120

2 2-ln. spring vnivoa

2 lha.

Level

27 X 23 '

4-1

}->ii. bora.

1‘5

2Uin.x20 in.

1-14

33}

0-83

■19

3 to 1}

90 in.

20-3

257-2

283-5

Gt-

35-4

8}xl2

55}

Cylinder and covers

Double eccentrics and ox-

luternal

1 imnip end cnat-iron feoil-hcater on boiler

>iin iKaringe iiipiiotled by slays

wroiii{ht>lroii w]u«la.

iillowror

high.

^iii. aoacca.

= 3 sq. ft

80 tubes,

steam - jacketed and

nansion-valvo worked
by governor.

ton. containinir 4 lonirlhs of eopiier pii>e.

lioiii eyiltuler, ami in dovotnileil

Inelin.

loggctl.

guides carried l>y boiler.

>{»2

CluylmuV; KliuttU'Wortli

210

Wood framo and

1 2*in. loTor and spring

r> Iba.

2C}X20

|.ii> )inm

I-B

19 in.x24 in.

1 13

30}

1‘22

•23

72 in.

25-4

194-C

220-0

4l-

27-5

9 Xl2

Cylinder and covers

Double eccentrics and ex-

Fecd-heatiiig tubes in an anmilar casing in

iimin rrnuk shaft-bearings-

wrmiglit'iron wlieola

valvp.

high.

23-in. apiicca.

s 3‘2 aq. ft.

5G tubes.

and

steam - jacketed in

pansion-viilve worke<l

smukc-box, tbrougli which exhaust passes.

Cylinder in top of smoko-lxix,

'l 2Jdii. Iiiok-np valvo.

2i«,-in. din.

38-

60}

INH-t

H. llny.'i.

200

Wood ftumo mid

«2i*in. apring valve.

1 lb.

23 X32

5-1

1*13

All ordinary

32}

0-8

•157

30 tubes.

28-C

142-0

170 0

21-3

9 Xl2

Wood and felt lagging

Simple eccentric ..

viliocU.

l2-in. ditto.

high.

‘35-ill. spaces.

grnte,
5‘1 sq. ft.
8‘75 sq. ft.

S’

Dnvry, I'nxnmn, ft (V>.

tso

Onat mid wroiigliU

/2i-ln. apring.

i lb.

18 X30 '

3 •7.5

}-in bars.

1-0

30}

0-C8

•18

39 tubes,

35*4

1330

lOS-4

15-

21-0

8} xl2

Single eceentrio and
sliding cam worked by

1 puiiip. Exiianst • pijio into foed-biiik.
K‘C<l-henter an annular ring in top of

iron vrliivla, vkmhI

\2-tn. luck-u]>.

high.

'22-in. spaces.

77x2 in.

including

steam - jacketed and

civrrinjtP.

Davey & Pax-

logged.

governor for adjasting

smuke-box, 18 in. long, 7} mean diomeUT.

Tuifonl & Holm

210

2 2}*in. apring valvoa

i lb.

26 x34

013

|-in. bora.

2-1

24 in. X 12 in.

0-71

1*14

•18C

41 tubes,

man's tubes.
300

KJ3-0

193-0

■a

31'

24-1

9 xl2

Steam - jacketed and

lagged.

expansion-valve.
Double cccon tries and ex-

Ditto ..

1 puiiip bVeddientor an anmilai- ring in

low.

■22-in. spacca,

= 2 sq. ft.

pansiun-valvc adjust-

Biuoko-box.

Hmwii Mny . ..

18 x25)'

42 tubes,

280

WroURlil'lronwIicu'la,
wood mrriaKo.

1 2-in. apring.

2 Iba.

3 2

l-in. bars.

0-G4

3‘2 sq.ft.

0‘G4

29}

0-73

•23

A ring with

19-8

139 3

1.59-1

50-

19-9

7}xl2

Cylinder and oovois

Doublu valves, )>ut no

Ditto ..

Cost - iron fi-ed - heat' r beside lioiler, eon-

1 2-ln. liK.'k-u]i.

high.

vln. apaocs.

adjustini-nt

75x2 in.

steam -jaukoted and

ailjiutment for cxpaii-

taining 5 copper tubi« fur feed to laiss
Uirou^i.

nearly fillinir

lagged.

TitxUor & Kona ..

chimney.

S3 tut)Ci>,

210

Wood win »la uud

1 2-in. apring.

1 Ib.

31 x21ij

4-7

}-in. bars.

1-47

All ordiunrv

1-47

0-93

•2

27-8

130-2

158 0

34-

19-8

9 xl2

Cylinder and covers

Doubio ccoentrie.v and

Exiinnst-pipo 2 in. diameter, 0 ft. 0 In.
long, insiuo a 3-in. pipi'.oa tmiler toii;

wood ('iirriiiKO.

I If-in. lock-up.

(•in. spaces.

grate,

74x2f,in.

steam -jacketed -and

Biniplucxpiinfeiiii-volvu.

1-7 sq. ft.

lagged.

and u casing, with iraiisverM tubes in

IttmlliiK Iron Worka

nr»

Iron fmnni and

1 apring. 2 in. diam.

2 Iba.

30 x31i

7-2

}-in. bars.

2‘5

28} in.xl2 ill.

0-92

l‘S3

•185

39 tubes,

39-4

171-0

211-0

29-

20-4

8}xl4

Cylinder and mvors

Straight imrU to eylindor.
Valves in halves. Ex-

Annular fi.'od-liealer in smoke-box, eon-

'(drliHl iron lirc-lox. mid steel-

wrought and rail-

1 lock-up, 1| in.

high.

above,

A-in-

= 2-37sq. ft.

72x23 in,

steam - jacketed. Cv*

taining tubes for focil. Exiianst surrounds

iiiuvl eylindor.

iron whcola,

outside.

Under steet-liiieA

panaiun-valvcs ca}jnst-

foml.

Aoin

2.80

Wfaxl Iruvolling*

I 2}-in. apring.

20} X 30

4-3

l-in. bars.

11 in.x2l in.

0 43

1‘05

38 tubi'i,

24-4

127-2

151-C

36-

18-9

6}xH

Stenm-jneketed

aide by govcrnr'r.
Double occentrii-s and

1 pump: 2 Imigtlis of eopiwr nipo in east-
iron feed-heater, on side of iKUlor.

wliwla.

1 2-in. hHk-U]>.

1-tn. Kpacca.

= l‘Csq ft.

common <xjiansion-

vafi

I K. 11. A V 'I'liroM ,

218

1 HO

WikhI wIiooIh, Iron

I apring, 2 in. diain.

211m.

20 x251

3-fi

}-in. bars.

0‘8C

All ordinary

0-86

20}

0-8

•23

5.5 tubes,

18-8

109-0

187-8

54-

23-5

0 x12

Cylinder and I cover

Single valve, with Hart-
iieira pnU'iit govsrnor
and expansion-goor.

The surplus feed lii-ated liy exhaust Nb'iim

iiiii hearings siipisirb-d liy slays

llnmina A SIpwdtI ..

omringo.

1 lock-up, II in. diani.

high.

s 3‘5 aq. in.

74x1} in.

jacketed and lagged.

and returned to tank, tlins lieating all
f«‘d-wotor.

fruni cylimler and elaslie
MOiiiglit-lron liniekets on Ixiilur.
I’isbni slide-valve.

280

WiKid foro • oarringo

2 S)-in. apring aafety-

7 Iba.

2D}x21|

I*{n l.nrtt

1‘1

All ordinary

31}

0-7.»

•15

22 tubes.

27 4

102-4

129-8

20-

lG-2

9}xl3

flfl

Not jaokoli'd, except by

Single valve and eccentric

Ditto ..

Ecdl-nninp worked off pisUm croaslicail,

and wood wlKM’Ia.

valvcw.

high.

'iS-in. spaces.

sleuin ]>nssage round

and Hiipported by oylindor llang- M. No

'loot

Aaliby, .U'ITvry, A l.iiUo

280

1 BO

Woml onrringo and

2-in. apring; 2-ln. lock-

3 Iba.

25 x31}

5-5

1 in 1,„„

1-G

= 5‘0 sq. ft.
IGiu.xlSiii.

0-66

30}

0-82

■1.5

02 tubes,

27-8

170-7

201-5

?7-

25-6

9}xl4

niiddlu of cylinder,
Cylinder mid covers

Donblo occcntricsand ox-

Ditto ..

Pnmii works direct tn boiler, or through

up.

blgh,

I'ill. BIMIOCS.

73}xl3 m.

sUnin - jnekclc<l and

pansion- valve: botii

feitl-hcaU-r. Fcdl-hcati r -2<v>pjs'r.pi|M-»

in 2 compart-

logged.

>alve8 111 halves; no

inside 2 exhaust pipes Iwnealh bolinr.

raente.

ailjnstmcnt for valve.

' Avorngia ..

i •• i ••

.. .. 1 ..

-1 -1

1 i •• 1 ■■

■194

40-

23-n

EASTONS AND ANDERSON. Cuiwiiltim; Emrino'i'*, M. 1872.

Table IL— RESULTS OF THE TRIALS OF PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES AT CARDIFF.

2. '

6. 1

7. 1

10.

11.

12. 1

13. 1

14.

15.

16.

— r

17. >

18. .

19.

20. ,

21. 1

22. 1

23. 1

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

FhELIUIN-U

lY Tioal in obttino

TRIAL ON BRAKE FOR POWER AND ECONOMY.

lUTION.

Exi'Eiii»iE.vr8 WITH

Indicator.

Coal.

Dbadoht.

Wateb.

Epfioibnct.

Hqulvo* '

Doty of Boiler.

Weight

W^ht

Naub ur EBiuiiiTon.

lUvo.

Iloru.

Tirana

gpiiin*

ToUl

Total

Time

TIrae

(m«Ii»nlcal>

Imll-

Oil

Ueed

Used

Hood

Ueed

Square
Feet ot

Per-

Power

Tout

Water

»fC.

Water ■

blean ^

lent of
Total
Heating

ration'^

Duller

Uselbl
effect of
Feed-bcatcr,

Eoulralenl
lbs. of

Ourrectol

ilecbaolcal

Ratio of

Steam

fUj^plIcd

supplied

Duty of

‘ BaUoof

i(«^

! Value of

Effect of Governor In
Rc||Ulailng the logins

Beuabrs.

111^ In

DalUus'pulni.

Coal tmil

lllUuDS

(eciuel)

runnlDg.

al declared Si>pr<l
In itInnUe and

D 'll i

Indicated

rrnaurc

IndlmUd

call'd HK
durina

calSlHP,

Ural«-

Tahow

lU^Lvl

per

Drake

square
fool of

Healing

ecutage

Draught

Mean

Fecd-i'anlt
rrnm Con*

of Doller,

.irrs,

na'wato

gliogvapo-

EquWolent

Time on

Boiler to

of Feed*

smuoM

oo Brake

Rrske.

corrected)

Preeiure.

cut off.

available

Ilevolu-
llont iirt
Minute.

OMUinlDg

declared

(actual)

Speed.

Indlcak-d

HP.

Hg«

Hour 111

^Houf

box in
Wolor.

atl^tecnds.

Trial, and
ila tempo*
lbs.

Feed-bcatcr

Tcmperaluro.

Gauge

entering

Ik-llcr.

In lbs. of
Water at
3ia® e^-

^'roi^X"
eomo Tom*

cvui<oriited

rated al

82° Kvapo*
313®perlb.

Gauge Level.

Bvanorativc
Power of

necbSiot

roUl Kvapn*
In Boiler.

Boiler, per
in

(excluairu
of Steam

ofWor^
on Btal^
per cw 1.4
Cool.

' TlieoretlCBl
! Heal
Power of
Goal

penlure.

Sieam

latuiv.s

JockcU).*

Jackcls).*

Jockeia).*

Mnniiall, Sous, & Go. ..

190

42,041

4 9

254-8=4-247

lbs.

74 to 80

About I

•17

31*25

168-8

17-56

18-0

•797

47-2

2 62

3-30

15-7

1792

208°

2005

288

10-23

8-86

254 8

-b71

•144

15-7

25-9

32-5

67-3

•0529

Speed thoroQshly con-

Hiyhli/ CommentUti.

with wnU-r

fitmi

wuUr

at 64°.

trolled, but alightly

at 150®.

ot 150®.

increased by removal

Onyton A SbulUcworth

58}

lb.

24ui.

196

32,012

4 47

291'3=4-855

69 0

•24

31-7

115-1

13-32

41-0

2-884

12-8

5-37

6-8

•2

36(

1® to 418®

1907

275

209^

2319

325

U-83

10-24

289-9

•776

•14

;i3-o

76-58

•0601

Very good

Steam posangca to indicator very morli

nt 66®.

at 173®.

at 324’ .

throttled.

Oliiylon & 8hattl(-«arth

190

33,117

4 54

S0ll=5-018

74-9

2-4

•22

32-5

112-6

13 63

13-97

400

2-79

12-5

5-50

•125

390® toils®

1897-5

330

208®

2314

330

11‘81

10-23

301-1

•775

■143

31-7

79 *491

•0624

A aeoond trial after tie witli the Riadio;

Second trinl.

Diagrams at icduccc

apeecl.

35-1

at 68®.

at 173®.

Compuoy’a Engine. Fint Friu.

180

112

10,869

1 29

41-6

19*6

122-6

9'72

•823

75-5

8-30

14*8

2-26

548®

120®

.509

4-54

78-8

•035

18-7

35-5

48-1

20-8

■0163

Governor useless.

at 65°.

from Ex-

nt 316®.

Uavey, Paxmon, A Co. ..

115

Ih. Om.

Ih.

38m.

168

29,690

4 20

258*2 = 4-3

73-0

•16

33-9

114-2

13-66

136

•878

38-8

2-85

3-25

10*3

4-34

® to 380®

1675

1863

18.52

219

11-02

9-54

258-2

•723

•118

12-4

29-7

33 8

68-19

. -0535

Very good

The governor hunted, thus eoiutaijLIi

Cut oil in

at 66®.

nt no®.

altering diagram but maintainiri:; Ytq

Tuxrord A Bona ..

Steam.rhcst.

uniform speed. Hiq/ifi/ Comtn^i/r'l

185

55}

lb. 35m.

2h.

30m.

ICS aorved,

9,219

1 12

68‘3 = M1

74-0

18 and '12

23*9

128-0

12-32

38-3

3-36

5-01

65-7

-0516

Trial stoppkl br flrwbeel breakini; aod

llrowii .A May

46 u»ed.

engine aubsequentlr diaqaaiiti<<l

ISS

Oh. 45m.

Ih.

11m.

120

34.513

4 8

255-C=4*26 ■

80}

73-0

*1 and '35

29*2

9-8

lO-l

5-8

■125

3850

174

210®

1370

201

0*7

10-89

9'43

255-5

•714

•147

15-7

Sl-8

34*5

67-45

' 0530

Very well to about 30

Indicator atring gear unmtiuactor)-. BigsoJ

at 63°.

Ealimotcd.

nt 324®.

revolutiona.

pnrtl-v duriug trial. Valves fbuml to

Tusker & Sons .. ..

Lave shined. Cbairneni/ed.

1'20

Oh. 80m.

Oh.

5Sm,

168

20,406

2 45

170 0=2-83

59}

52-0

•38

29-72

123 7

13-6

M-0

•88

61-1

2-66

tbout

1313

130

164®

1568

150

2-5

9*33

8-03

109-8

•612

•096

11-3

37-9

43-0

44-83

■0352

Worked fairly 120 to

Heading Iron Works ..

600®

ot64°.

EalimaU-d.

at 307®.

140

60}

Ih. Om.

Ih.

42m.

238

10,826

4 55}

281'C=4-86

60}

72-5

•23

37-0

138-2

20-58

20 32

-82G

48-3

2-377

2-881

20-4

4-37

•19

426® to 485®

2355

All thrown

210®

2197

360

10-49

9-08

290-3

688

•144

lO-l

24-14

29-2

76-(H

•0602

Very well

Condensed water from feed*beati r thiovn

at 62-3®

away.

at 324®.

away to keep grease out of boiler. A
accond trial oucr^ but docliue<l. StnmS
Fruc. w

Engine stopped for hot bearing. Uiublt

Lewin Stephen

Cl!

lb. 3m.

lOGser^-od.

22,564

3 8

161-2=2-C9

80}

76-0

•19

2G'8

120*0

14-9

.§

56-2

1-67

35-1

2-70

1590

180-0

47-5<

•0373

176 used.

with 196

to maitilaiu declared speed, j

Official trial stopped twice by loo« k«? ia
flywheel. The trial recorded was nuo-

Turner, E., R,, 4 P. ..

180

Oh. 42iu.

Ih.

22m.

2S0

41,583

3 52

2.31-0=3-855

77-2

Slightly

36-24

179-2

24-9

21-8

•803

72-4

2-90

3-63

20-7

2-59

500®

•2310

atC5®.

220

lit 102®.

1-20

nt 324®.

162®

2780

‘251

9-93

8-60

Ibe. ofcoal.
229-2

•051

•091

7-6

27-6

34-4

60-51

•0475

Exceedingly good, 184
to 190 revolutions.

Over

600°

competitive. Silver A/eJal for Sartiulh

Barrows A Stewart

120

1 49!

Oh. 85in.

Oh.

58ru.

1C8

17,416

2 30

H5-l=2-42

47-2

Wiredrawn

25-8

llC-1

14-27

13-8

■81

67-2

4-87

5-78

13-6

1-93'

•19

1105

1(10

67^

1506

.8-97

7-77

H3-4

9-4

37-5

41-6

37 -Sd

-0298

Ootemor.

Ashby, Jeffery, A Luke

to -6.

lit 66®.

at 316®.

120

About

112

13,501

1 48

ll2'5=l-875

630

•16

20-4

125 0

12-15

12*6

-66

02-2

4-94

7-47

31-1

3-29

360®

920

1146

9-27

8-03

111-4

•608

65-3

29-41

•0231

Ih.

23m.

‘rm“

at 65®.

at 324®.

oaaumcd

tnbelSO®

control.

Avenigca

.. 1 ..... 1 ..

.. j ..

1 .. i ..

.. 1 ..

•825

4-02

1.48

17 C

3-94

.. 1 ..

••

.. 1 ..

9-85

8-53

.. ^ -65

•117

13-0

32-5

38*6

57-0$

•0448

lu thow onginea in which the oondensatiou in the steam jackets returned to the boUere, the actual ro^uUs in oolmima marked *, must haT© been larger than those rcoordod. EASTONS AND ANDERSON, CoQSultiug Eugineers, fitll Sepiemltr, 1872.

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

Tlic feed-pump is immediately below the crank-shaft, from which, as
already stated, it is worked by its own eccentric. The pump is always draw-
ing water, and the surplus is returned into the feed-tub by means of an
escape cock. That which is not returned goes through a 14-iiich copper pipe,
w’hich passes four times along a heater, formed by the exhaust-steam pipe.
This pipe is fiat in section, so as to lie on the upper surface of the boiler, and
in the thickness of the cleadiug. There are 8 feet of heating surface in this
1.1-in. ])ipe. 'J’he water, on leaving the heater, passes through a check-valve
box into the boiler, near the smoke-box end. There is a three-way cock pro-
vided, hy which the feed-water may be turned direct into the boiler, without
passing through the heater. The waste-steam pipe is fitted with a cone
and an adjusting handle, so as to regulate the blast orifice.

'I'he bearing-wheels have wrought-iron spokes and rims, and wrought-iron
tyres, shrunk outside all. The spokes are cast into the bosses, which are cast
on chill pins. The hind axle, which is secured to wrought brackets, imme-
diately in front of the fire box, is of solid wrought iron. The fore axle is also
of solid wrought iron, but passes through a hollow wrought-iron bed, provided
with a wrought-iron wheel-plate, having stops on which bears a wrought-
iron piece riveted to the bottom of the smoke-box. The arrangement is
sufficiently substantial not to require a bottom stay to the perch pin, nor
loclving-chains to regulate the amount of motion.

The boiler and fire-box are cleaded all over, and the ash-pan is closed,
and provided with a damper in the usual manner.

This engine did its work on the brake extremely well. It ran for 4h. 9m.
real time, and for 4h. 14m. 48s. mechanical time, representing a consumption
of 3'3 lbs. of coal per brake horse-power per hour. The gross indicated horse-
power was 17’56, giving a consumption of only 2'62 lbs. of coal for each such
liorse-power.

The engine was driven with great regularity. The heat of the feed-water
was from 205° to 210°. The quantity of water evaporated, was *1930 lbs.,
representing 2005 lbs. from 212° = 10‘23 lbs. of water per lb. of coal, or (to
render the comparison with last year’s results easy) 1736 lbs. of water from
62°, equal to 'd'SG lbs. of cold water per pound of coal.

The amount of oil and tallow used was noted, but as, unhappily, it is quite
certain that in some cases errors were made by those to whom this duty was
intrusted, it becomes necessary to omit all record of the consumption of these
stores.

On the trial for governing it was found that, even with all the load off, and
the steam-regulator wide open, the governor had the engine under complete
control, but that it allowed the engine to run some revolutions faster than
when doing work.

This engine is an extremely substantial and well-made piece of work ; strong
in all its parts ; and was “ Highly Commended” by the Judges.

The next engine tried was No. 4942, that of Messrs. Clajton
and Shuttleworth. Price 240/.

This engine has a cylinder ot 9 inch diameter, I’O" length of stroke, a total
heating surface of 220 square feet ; total grate surface of 5'3 square feet,
reduced, by bricks, on the occasion of the trial to an area of 3‘2 square feet.

The exhibitors elected to run at the full pressure of 80 lbs., at 14 horse-
power, and at only 110 revolutions a minute.

The cylinder is placed in an upward prolongation of the smoke-box, in the
same manner as was pursued by this firm on the occasion of their trial at the
Bury Show, with the exception that then the covers of the cylinder were to be
seen outside the smoke-box, whereas now the smoke-box is made so much

Report of the JuiUjes on the

*ongcr as to contain the whole length of the cylinder, leaving onl}'- false covers
visible, back and front. The cylinder, notwithstanding it is in the smoke-box
(perhaps it would be well to say, because, among other reasons, it is in the
smoke-box), is steam-jacketed both on the sides and ends. The circumferen-
tial steam-jacketing is done by the forcible insertion of a turned and bored
steel bush, into the bored recessed jacket-casting.

It is believed that this plan was introduced by the Heading Ironworks
Company (Limited) in their engines tried at the Oxford Show.

Lugs are formed on the jacket-casting ; and from these two solid wrought-
iron stay-rods extend to the crank-shaft bearings, which, in the instance of
this engine, are situated over the barrel of the boiler, and near to the fire-box.
The crank-shaft is carried in three gun-metal bearings, with side-way adjust-
ment in all three, and Avith vertical adjustment to the bearing near to the fl}-
Avheel. These gun-metal bearings are seated in cast blocks, provided with chan-
nels round about them to collect the oil Avhich may escape from the bearings,
and the blocks are furnished with bosses to receive the ends of the stay-rods,
by which they are united, as already mentioned, to the jacket-casting.

The cast bearings are bolted to the tops of wrought-iron- brackets, which are
riveted direct to the barred of the boiler.

The suggestion is that there is sufficient “give” in these wrought brackets
to allow for any movement due to the expansion of the boiler, whilst the stay-
rods take the true strain arising from the engine.

The crank-shaft is not “ bent, ” but is made out of the solid ; it is of steel,
and is provided with two disks, fitted one on each arm of the crank, in which
disks are cast blocks to balance the crank. The shaft has on it throe eccentrics,
one to work the main-slide, one the expansion-slide, and the other the feed-pump.

The steam is admitted into the cylinder through a throttle-valve, which,
however, during the runs was not in use, the engine being governed by the
expansion-slide.

In the jacket there is the main-slide, composed of two separate short-slides
made of cast steel (not cast to shape, but cut out of the solid) and united by a
casting to which they are bolted. On the back of these slides works a pair of
expansion-slides ; each of these slides is provided with two horns, the horns of
the one slide lying within the horns of the other, like the common arrangement
in a dining-room expanding table, and so that (also like such a table) the slides
can be moved in and out telescopically, and at the same time preserve their
true and i)ioper relation, as to level and surface.

On each of the slides there is a jirojection carrying a gun-metal nut free to
move sideways, in which nuts the slide-stalk works.

This stalk is of steel, and has on it two triple-threaded screws, one for
each nut.

The screws are of about If pitch, so that f of a revolution of the slide-stalk
will vary the length of the expansion-slides a little over half an inch at each
end.

The slide-stalk works in a collar, and a pinion is passed over it, having a
key taking into a slot in the slide-stalk, which pinion is worked by a sector (of
a radius larger than that of the pinion) moved by the governor.

There is an adjusting screw to regulate the position of the sector in relation
to the governor. As the governor balls fly out, they work the sector and
pinion, to turn the slide-stalk, and thereby separate the slides, so as to cause
them to cut off earlier. At the same time the governor raises a weight, at-
tached to a cord passed round a pulley, having a feathered boss through which
the stalk slides.

This weight causes the slide-stalk to revolve in the direction proper to
shorten the slides, so as to diminish the expansion.

The sector before spoken of is not rigidly attached to the governor, but is

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

driven tlirougli the intervention of a slot, and it is the weight alone which
causes the slide-valve to he shortened, as the mere falling of the governor
ball would, owing to the presence of the slot, have no ctlect whatever in
shortening the slide.

The steam is taken by an internal steam-pipe, extending from the cylinder
up into a steam-dome placed over the tire-box, in which dome there is the
steam-regulator, or starting valve.

The exhaust steam, from the two ends of the cylinder, goes into a central
belt cast round the cylinder. On the upper part of the belt a steam-blast
nozzle is placed, while from the lower part a branch proceeds to convey steam
into a flat steam-heater, bent round about the inside of the smoke-box.

In the steam-heater there are several feet run of f" brass pipe ; this pipe is
surrounded by the waste steam, and in the pipe circulates the water from the
rising clack-box of the feed-pump. The heated water passes through a stop-
back valve-box, into the boiler, through the front tube-plate of the boiler.

The e.xhaust steam which is condensed in heating the feed-water, escapes by
a pipe at the bottom of the smoke-box.

The feed-pump lies at an angle, is bolted to the barrel of the boiler, and is
worked off the eccentric provided for it. It is always drawing; the surplus
water is returned to the feed-vessel ; there is also a cock by which the water
can be sent direct into the boiler without being heated.

The back end of the flre-box below the fire door is made without any water-
space whatever, that is to say, that so far as the water space of the fire-box is
concerned, the fire door is not merely an oval orifice, but is an opening
extending from the very bottom of the box up to the arch over the door,
which is of the usual semi-elliptical figure of a fire-door frame.

The space below the door is filled in by a cast-iron plate, lined with fire-bricks.

The Exhibitors attribute to this construction the advantage of getting rid
of a cause of wear in the fire-boxes, as ordinarily made with a water space
below the door, as they allege that it is in that part that fire-boxes most speedily
give way ; they also point out that this large opening is very convenient when
it is necessary to do repairs inside the fire-box.

The bearing- wheels of the engine have wrought-iron spokes, and wrought-iron
inner and outer rims ; the spokes are cast into the bosses, as are 'also the boxes,
which are chilled. The hind axle is of wrought iron carried in brackets attached
to the fire-box ; the fore axle is also of wrought iron, attached to the under side
of a wood bed. This bed carries the wheel-plate, which bears against a
wrought piece, fastened under the front part of the barrel of the boiler some
little distance back from the smoke-box ; in fact the fore axle is so placed
that the front wheels just clear the hind ones in locking.

The barrel and fire-box are cleaded all over. The ash-pan and damper arc
of the usual construction.

This engine was tried twice; the double trial ai’ose in the following
manner : —

On the occasion of the first trial the engine ran for 4 h. 47 m. actual time,
and for 4 h. 51 m. 18 s. mechanical time, representing a consumption of
2'884 lbs. of coal per brake horse-power per hour.

The quantity of water evaporated from 212° was 2319 lbs.

The engine was perfectly steady in its running, and the governor bad it
completely under control in the trial made in respect of that head of merit in
an engine.

This being the state of the case, the engine of the Reading Iron Works
Company (Limited) (No. 2927) was tried ; the full particulars of this trial
will be given when describing that engine, it will suffice here to state, that it
ran for 4 h. 51 m. 36 s. mechanical time, giving a consumption of coal of
2'881 lbs. per brake horse-power per hour.

R'poi't of the Judges on the

Tliis result was so close to that obtained by Messrs. Clayton and Shuttle-
worth’s engine, as stated above, that it was felt to be practically a “ tie.”

The two Exhibitors, therefore, were invited to repeat their trials ; to this
invitation IMessrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth responded ; the Reading Com-
pany preferred to rest upon the results they had already attained.

On the occasion of this second trial of Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth’s
No. 4942, the actual time of running was 4 h. 54 m., the mechanical time
5 h. 1 m. G s., giving a consumption of 2'79 lbs. of coal per brake horse-power
per hour.

The water evaporated from 212° was 2314 lbs. = ll'Sl lbs. of water per lb.
of coal.

The Judges had hoped, after the remarks in the 'Wolverhampton Report on
the inefficieney of the indicator arrangements made by some of the Exhi-
bitors, that there would have been no cause for complaint at Cardiff ; they
regret to say, however, that this was not so, and that defective arrangements
existed in this engine of Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth.

The pipes and cocks appeared externally all right, but the diagrams were
manifestly all wrong, as they gave, on being worked out, an indicated power
slightly below that of the brake horse-power.

Engineering readers may be tempted to ask how the Judges know that the
fault did not lie with the indicator. The answer to this very natural
ipiestion is, that the same indicator gave proper results from other engines,
and that though the springs were repeatedly changed during Clayton and
Shuttleworth’s trial, no variation in the horse-power was obtained.

On taking off the cylinder cover, it was seen that the connections between
the indicator pipes and the cylinder were little better than knitting-needle
sized holes.

No remarks of the Judges can now cure this blunder, but they may prevent
a repetition of it ; and they may be useful in another way : they may make
engineers, who are testing the power of engines by the indicator alone, un-
checked by any dynamometer, extremely careful in providing proper fittings,
and thus ensuring that the full power of the engine shall be recorded on the
<liagrams. Certain it is, that if klessrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth liad not
had the testimony of the dynamometer to their performance, the results
afforded by their indicator cards would not have put their engine into even
the second rank, far less would they have secured for it the First Prize (the
40L) which the Judges awarded to it.

The next engine that was tried was that of Mr. Edward Hayes,
of Stoney Stratford (No. 4834). Price 230/.

This engine has a cylinder of 9 inches diameter and of 1 foot length of stroke.

The boiler has a total heating surface of 170'G square feet, and the fire-grate
an area of 5T square feet, the whole of which was used at the time of the
trial.

The Exhibitor elected to work at 8-horse power on the brake, at 70 lbs.
pressure of steam, and at 130 revolutions.

This engine lias the cylinder, which is not steam-jacketed, placed on the
fire-box; the crank-shaft, a “bent” one of wrought iron, is carried on
brackets, secured near to the fore end of the barrel of the boiler.

There is only a single slide, worked by an eceentrie, and another eccentric
is provided to drive the feed-pump.

The feed-water is heated by taking off a portion of the exhaust steam into
the feed-tub.

The boiler is cleaded, the fire-box is naked. The boiler tubes are 36 in
number and 2^ bore ; the result was that, although the engine was only

Trials of Portable Steam- Eiujines at Cardiff.

developing 8-horse power (and therefore the consumption should have been
small in proportion to what it would be when the engine was doing full
work), the heat in the smoke-box was very considerably in excess of that of
other nominal 8-horse power engines, which were being worked at as much
as 14-horse power.

The bearing-wheels are wood, running on wrought axles.

The governor could not control the engine at all ; serious use of the hand-
regulator was required.'

The actual time running was 1 h. 28 m. 25 s. The mechanical time was
1 h. 23 m. 36 s., giving a consumption of just 10 lbs. of coal per brake horse-
power per hour.

The gross indicated horse-power was 9T, and the consumption of coal for
each such horse-power was 8’30 lbs. per hour.

The temperature of the feed-water was about 120°.

Fig. 2. — Indicator-Diagram of Mr. E. Hayes' Portable Engine, No.
4834 (No. 3 diagram, 48 lbs. spring.)

The engine was so indifferently managed, that it was impossible to keep the
water at the proper height in the gauge, and when the trial was ended it had
disappeared from the glass. The water was probably at such a distance below
the starting level as would have required about 16 gallons to fill up ; this,
added to the quantity noted (30 gallons) would give 46 gallons as the total
evaporated, and of this the 30 gallons would be from cold water. The evapo-
ration of these 30 gallons is treated as from cold water, because, in this
instance, the steam which heated the feed-water became mingled with it, and
had to be re-evaporated, and thus the effect was practically the same (so far
as the hoiler duty only was concerned') as evaporating from cold water. This
point was noticed in last year’s Keport.

Such an evaporation is equal to about 50'9 gallons from 212°, equal to
4'54 lbs. of water per lb. of coal.

It would appear that the boiler did about one-half, or rather less than one-
half, its duty in making steam, and that the engine did about one-half its duty
in using it ; thus a final result of nearly four times the least consumption of
coal per horse-power per hour was reached.

The next engine in order of trial was (No. 4959) Davej,
Paxman, and Co., of Colchester. Price 230/.

This engine has a cylinder 8|-inch diameter, 1 foot length of stroke, a
total heating-surface of 168'4 square feet, fire-grate of the full area of 3'75
square feet undiminished by fire-brick while running.

The exhibitors elected to run at 80 lbs. pressure, at 115 revolutions per
minute, and at 12-horse-power on the brake.

VOL. IX.— S.S.

Report of the Judges on the

This engine differs from the ordinary locomotive ty{)e, and it does so in this
particular, that although the boiler is, as a whole, of the locomotive form, it
has added to it in the tire-box, 10-2i-inch diameter wrought-iron bent water-
tubes, of the Davey-Paxman character, such as were introduced by this firm at
Oxford (1870) in their 4-horse semi-portable. The upper ends of these tubes
are provided with deflectors, to cause the current, as it rises through them, to
be dispersed horizontally.

The cylinder is bolted on to the fire-box and is steam-jacketed, as also are
the covers.

The crank-shaft, which is near the smoke-box, is supix>rted in brasses, one
]iair of which are adjusted sideways, and the other pair, near the fly-wheel, are
adjusted vertically. The brasses are supported in cast brackets bolted to the

Fig. 3. — Indicator-diagram of Messrs. Davey, Paxman, and Davey's
Portable Steam Engine, No. 4959 (No. S diagram, 32 lbs. spring.)

boiler. The crank is a “ bent ” crank, and is made of steel. The engine is
balanced at the fly-wheel.

The four guide-bars are cast iron.

The guide-blocks are also cast iron, and the adjustment for wear is made by
letting the bars together.

The steam is admitted to the cylinder through a regulator, and then passes
an expansion- valve into the slide-jacket.

The main slide is an ordinary short D slide. The expansion slide is a small
gridiron valve, taking steam in over the end and through four openings. The
travel of this slide is y jths. It is driven by the oscillating movement of a spindle,
carrying a lever situated in the expansion slide-box, and having a gun-metal
block on its end, which gives motion to the slide. The spindle does not pass

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

through a stufBng-box, but has formed on it a small cone, ground in steam-
tight. The cone is kept up to its seat by the pressure of the steam, and by a
small brass spiral spring.

The spindle is caused to oscillate by a rod passing through guides, and
carrying a friction-roller at its forward end. This forward end bears against a
double steel cam, made on a gun-metal “sleeve,” sliding on the crank-shaft.

The “ times ” of the cam are uniform for opening, but vary for shutting
according to the endway position of the cam ui)on the shaft, and this position
is regulated by the governor, with which the cam is connected by suitable
levers. It will be seen that this is applying to a portable agricultural engine
the governor and cam motion, devised, it is believed, originally by Field, and
shown in the 1838 edition of Tredgold ‘ On the Steam-engine.’

The return-motion of the rod is produced by a spring, acting on a collar on
the rod, and contained in a guide-box through which the rod passes ; there is
also an indiarubber buffer, to prevent concussion and noise. There is no
throttle-valve or regulator, nor other implement than this gridiron slide, to
be acted on by the governor to control the pace of the engine. Messrs.
Davey, Paxman, and Co. point out that, as the main slide has a lap to it,
ample time is given to open the expansion-slide, and thus the cam can be of
easy curves on the opening sides, and that it is at the time of opening alone
there is really a pressure of steam on the expansion-slide ; whilst, when the
slide has to close, it may be done very suddenly, because at that moment
there is practically as much pressure of steam on the one side of the expansion-
slide as the other, and thus very little suffices to close the slide.

The feed-pump is immediately under the crank-shaft, and is worked by its
own special eccentric.

The regulation of the water is made by a cock in the suction-pipe, which
draws from a pail in the usual manner. There is a branch inserted in the
exhaust-pipe near the cylinder, with a stop-cock, by which a portion of the
waste steam can be conveyed into the pail to commence the heating of the feed-
water.

A pipe proceeds from the rising clack-box of the feed-pump. This pipe is
made of copper, and is one inch in diameter ; it circulates in the exhaust-steam
pipe, which is of a flattened section, so as to lie in the thickness of the cleading
on the top of the barrel of the boiler. There are 2i feet area of the copper-
pipe exposed to the waste steam. The feed-pipe next passes into an annular
wrought cylinder, placed in the root of the chimney and in contact on both
sides with the heated gases as they pass up, before mingling with the exhaust
steam, the nozzle for which goes through the interior of this cjdinder.

The bearing-wheels have wrought-iron spokes, cast into bosses, and cast also
into a rim of a T section. The bosses are cast on chills. The hind wheels
are fitted on a wrought axle, attached to the front side of the fire-box, but
cranked horizontally so as to bring the centre of the wheels further back than
the forward side of the box. The front wheels are also fitted on a continuous
wrought axle, fastened to a wooden bed. The perch-pin passes through a
wrought piece, attached to the under side of the fore part of the barrel of the
boiler.

There is a stay-rod to the bottom side of the perch-pin ; the limit of locking
is made by stop-plates.

This engine, on trial ran for 4 h. 20 m. of actual time, and for 4 h. 18 m. 12 s.
of mechanical time, giving a consumption of 3’25 lbs. of coal per brake horse-
power per hour.

The average temperature at which the feed-water entered the boiler was about
186° ; the quantity that would have been evaporated from 212° was 1852 lbs.,
equal to 11‘02 lbs. of water per lb. of coaL

The engine — although the governor, being very sensitive, “ hunted ” — worked

F 2

Report of the Judges on the

with great steadiness, and in the subsequent trial, to test the efiScacy of the
governor regulation, behaved extremely well, the sliding-cam and the gridiron
expansion-valve all acting properly, and keeping the engine under perfect
control.

The consumption of coal, per indicated horse-power, was 2'85 lbs. per horse-
power per hour, that horse-power being 13'C6.

This engine was “ Highly Commended” by the Judges.

The next engine which was tried was (No. 4894) by Messrs,
Brown and May, of Devizes. Price 230/.

The diameter of cylinder of this engine is inches, the length of stroke
1 foot. Total heating surface 159T square feet. The fire-grate area 3'2 square-
feet.

Q’he trial was made with the full area of this grate, no bricks being used.

Fig. 4. — Indicator-diagram of Messrs. Brown and May's Portable Steam-
Engine, No. 4894 (No. 6 diagi-am, 32 lbs. spring).

The exhibitors declared to run at 80 lbs. pressure, at 135 revolutions per
minute, and at 9-horse-power.

The cylinder is placed on the top of the fire-box. The crank-shaft, which
is “bent” wrought iron, 3 inches in diameter, is carried on cast-iron brackets,
attached near the front end of the barrel of the boiler in the ordinary
manner. These brackets have the brasses placed at an angle, so that, as they
are tightened down, compensation is given to both the horizontal and the ver-
tical wear.

The steam is taken from the boiler by means of an internal steam-pipe,
which extends along the length of the barrel, and has a continuous slot on its
upper side. There are also two holes for the inlet of steam, made in the elbow
placed near the front of the fire-box, to which elbow the horizontal pipe is

Trials of Portable Steam- Eiajiiies at Cardiff.

G;)

Attached. The steam then passes to a regulator, or starting-valve (which is a
plain slide), and issues into the slide-jacket, in which are two short slides,
joined by a rod, and two bridles.

These slides are cast iron, and have on their backs two cast-iron expansion
AMlves, joined by a rod with two T’s.

There are no means of altering the distance apart of the valves, but the
variation in expansion is made from time to time, as may be required, by
.shifting the position of the expansion eecentric ; this is done by means of a
set screw passing through a plate, whieh drives the eccentric, and through
a slot in the eccentric itself. Such a regulation, of course, can only be made
when the engine is standing.

The cylinder and covers are steam-jacketed.

The governor acts upon an ordinary throttle-valve.

The feed-pump is bolted just alongside the smoke-box on to the water-
heater (next to be described), the pump lies at an incline, and is worked by
its own special eccentric. The feed is always being drawn, and the surplus
water is returned to the feed-tub through a regulating cock. From the rising
valve of the feed-pump the feed goes through an inch copper pipe, which
circulates 5 times in a cylindrical beater, placed alongside the barrel of the
boiler, through which beater the waste steam passes. The feed is delivered
At the fire-box end of the heater into a pipe, attached to a check valve placed
on the side of the fire-box, at which point the feed-water enters the boiler.

2. In this instance all the feed-water must be heated, as there is no bye-pass
to let cold water direct into the boiler. The feed-heater is thoroughly cleaded,
and, on the top, there is a chequer plate, which serves as a gangway, or standing
place, for the attendant, when oiling the engine.

The bearing-wheels of this engine are of wrought iron, with cast bosses.
The hind- wheels support a solid wrought axle, attached to the front end of the
fire-box. The fore-wheels are on a wrought axle, bolted to a wooden bed.
The perch-pin passes through a forging fixed to the under side of the barrel of
the boiler, a little behind the smoke-box. There is a stay from the fire-box
to the perch-pin, and there is a pair of locking-chains to limit the motion.

The boiler and fire-box are cleaded all over.

There is a closed ash-pan, provided with a damper, adjustable by means of a
sector and thumb-nut.

This engine ran for 4' h. 8 m. of actual time, and for 4 h. 15 m. 36 s.
mechanical time, giving a consumption of 3 • 29 lbs. of coal per brake horse-
power per hour.

The consumption of coal per gross indicated horse-power was 3 '02 lbs. per
hour, that horse-power being 9 '8.

The temperature of the feed-water was about 210°, and the quantity evapo-
rated 1370 lbs., equal to 10*89 lbs. of water evaporated from 212° per lb.
of coal.

On a subsequent trial for regularity of running it was formd that the
ordinary governor and throttle controlled the engine pretty fairly, but not
thoroughly well.

It will be seen from the diagram that the slide was badly set. The
exhibitors attribute this to carelessness in final adjustment at Cardiff.

The next engine was (No. 4991), by Messrs. Tasker and Sons,
of Andover. Price 210Z.

The diameter of cylinder is 9", length of stroke 1 foot ; total heating surface
158 square feet; total fire-grate area 4*7 square feet — at the time of trial the
whole of this was in use, the grate not being diminished at all.

Report of the Judges o?i the

The exhibitors elected to run at 60 lbs. pressure, at 120 revolutions, and at
12-horse-power on the brake.

The cylinder is placed on the fire-box. It is stcam-jacketed, as are also
the covers. The crank-shaft is a “bent” shaft, 3 inches in diameter, made
of S C crown. It is carried on cast brackets, bolted on the front of the barrel.
One pair of brasses are adjusted sideways, while those near the fly-wheel are
adjusted vertically, as well as sideways.

The four guide-bars are of wrought iron, case-hardened. The guide-blocks
are of cast iron, with gun-metal wearing-pieces, and key-adjustments with set
screws.

The steam is taken direct from the top of the fire-box into the cylinder
jacket, which is always open to the steam. From this jacket it is admitted
by a slide-valve regulator, or starting- valve, into the slide jacket.

Fig. 5. — Indicator-diagram of Messrs. Tasher and Sons’ Portable Steam-
Engine, No. 4991 (No. 2 diagram, 32 lbs. spring).

The principal slide is of cast iron, and is a long slide, made up of two short
slides cast together into one casting ; the exhaust from the two ends runs along
the interior of the connecting casting to a central port in the slide, which
travels opposite to a central eduction port in the cylinder facing. The whole
length of the slide, except when two oiling grooves are chased across it, is in
contact with the facing on the cylinder. On the back of this slide there are
2 cast-iron expansion slides provided with nuts, in which lie, right and left,
screws formed on the stalk, so that the expansion can be adjusted by hand
while running.

The engine is controlled by a governor and throttle-valve of the ordinary
construction.

The feed-pump is worked by its own separate eccentric; and is bolted
on the barrel of the boiler, not far from the fire-box. The pump is always
drawing, and the surplus water is returned to the pail by a cock, which can
be regulated by means of a long handle which extends within the fireman’s
reach as he stands at the fire-box. From the rising valve of the pump a
pipe proceeds into an annular jacket round about the waste-steam pipe, which
runs along the top of the barrel of the boiler above the cleading. From the
end of this jacket (which, it should be said, is nothing more than a 3-inch
pipe) continues the 2-inch exhaust pipe. The feed-water goes from this
jacket into a bent heater, extending round the inside of the smoke-box. The

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

licatcr is fonned of boiler plate, and is, in truth, a water side to the whole of
the smoke-box.

Near the upper part of the heater there are diaphragms, by which the
water is made to circulate backward and forward through four horizontal
wrought-iron pipes, which extend across the smoke-box, a little above the
tube-level. From these pipes the water passes by a check-valve into the
boiler, through the front tube-plate.

The bearing-wheels are of wood, the spokes being driven into sockets in the
naves, which are cast iron, cast upon chill pins. The hind-wheels are carried
on a wrought-iron axle bolted to the front side of the fire-box. The fore-
wheels are on a wrought axle bolted beneath a wooden bed. The perch-pin
])asscs through a forging fixed on the under side of the barrel, near the smoke-
box. There is a stay I'rom the bottom of the perch-pin to the hind axle, and
there are a j air of chains to limit the amount of locking.

The barrel and fire-box are both cleaded, and the ash-pan is provided with
a damper, regulated by a chain.

This engine on trial ran for 2 h. 45 m. of actual time, and 2 h. 50 m.
jncchanical time, giving a consumption of 4 '94 lbs. of coal per brake horse-
power per hour.

The consumption of coal per gross indicated horse-power w'as 4 ‘36 lbs. per
hour, that horse-power being 13 ' 6.

The feed-water was raised to an average temperature of 164°, the quantity
evaporated was 1568 lbs., equal to 9 • 33 lbs. of water evaporated from 212° per
lb. of coal.

On the subsequent trial for regularity in running, it was found that the
governor had the engine imder fair control.

The next engine in order of trial was No. 2927, The Reading
Iron Works Company, Limited. Price 235/.

This engine has a cylinder of 85 inches diameter, and length of stroke
1 foot 2 inches, a total heating surface of 211 square feet. Total grate area of
7 • 2 square feet, of which a portion was stopped up by fire-brick, leaving an
area of 2 • 37 square feet at the time of trial.

The exhibitors elected to run at 17-horse-power on the brake, at 140 revo-
lutions, and at 80 lbs. pressure.

In this engine the cylinder is bolted on the top of the fire-box, and
is jacketed, as are likewise the covers ; the cylinder-jacket, however, is not
made in the usual manner by cores in the casting, but is constructed on the
plan pursued by this firm in their engines at the Oxford Show, a plan not
then made public. This mode of construction consists, as already casually
mentioned, in the insertion of a f-inch thick steel bush, which really forms
the working barrel of the cylinder ; bands are left in the casting 2^ inches from
each end, that is to say, deep enough to contain the projection on the cover,
the steam port, and a |-inch bearing surface beyond the port ; and it is into
these 2j bored bands that the turned exterior of the working cylinder is
forcibly driven by hydraulic pressure. This process appears to make a
thoroughly successful steam-tight joint between the cylinder and the bands.

The cylinder jacket is in direct communication with the boiler. The steam
to work the engine is taken separately immediately from the top of the fire-
box, and without any internal pipe. It passes by a starting valve into the
slide jacket, in which there is a valve formed of 2 short slides cast together by
an attachment piece. At the back of the valve, work two cast-iron expansion
slides ; these have on their backs saddles, in the form of half nuts, in which work
right and left-handed double-threaded screws, formed on a gun-metal slide
stalk.

The crank-shaft, which is 3| in. diameter, is of iron, and is cut out of the

Report of the Judpes on the

solid ; it is carried in two bearings, the one near the fly-wheel adjustable up
and down, that near the cylinder adjustable sideways.

The bearings are supported on cast-iron brackets, bolted onto the barrel of
the boiler.

The guide-bars, four in number, are of cast iron ; the guide-blocks are also of
cast iron. The adjustment for wear is made by letting the bars together.

There are the usual two eccentrics, one for the main slide, and the other for
the expansion.

The variation of the expansion is due to the action of the governor, which
■works the slide stalk by means of a toothed sector, the position of which, in
relation to the governor, can be altered. The motion of the sector is given to
a pinion on the expansion-slide stalk, and in this way the engine is regulated
bj' the variation in the expansion. There is also a regulation from the same
governor by means of a throttle-valve aj-jparatus, which is of a peculiar
construction.

The valve has a coil spring, in the nature of a clock-spring, attached to it,
which always tends to keep it fully open. The arm on the spindle of the valve
carries a pin, which is worked by the governor through a rod, terminating in a

necessary traverse for the mere moving of the throttle-valve from wide open to
close shut, so that a small portion of the whole motion of the governor would
suflflee to effect the total motion of the valve. Advantage is taken of this
construction, and in the following manner. Assume that it is intended to run
the engine at such a speed that the governor balls will be so far out as to
leave only a further j-inch of motion in the collar of the governor, then the
position of the slot is so adjusted (by means of a right and left-handed screw)
that, when the governor balls are in the position intended the valve is wide
open, and there is no wire-drawing whatever of the steam ; but, assuming the
engine to go more quickly, and the balls to open out further, they will begin
to close the valve, and if they went out to their extreme distance they would
close it entirely. By this arrangement the engine can be set within con-
siderable limits, to run with the full-open throttle, and yet to give the
governor such control as will close the valve.

There is a further adjustment of the expansion ; this is done by hand when
the engine is standing, and consists in shifting the position of the expansion

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff. 73

eccentric on the crank-shaft, which can be cifected by means of a screw
passing through a driving-disk fixed on the crank-shaft, and through a slot
in the eccentric. By this means the expansion eccentric can be so placed as to
give its quickest travel to the expansion slide at the moment of cut-otf, and
thus to make that cut-oft' sharp, and to prevent it from being lingering and
wire-drawn.

The feed-pump is placed vertically under the crank-shaft, and is bolted on
to a bracket on the barrel of the boiler ; it is worked by its own eccentric, and
is regulated by a cock in the suction. The pipe from the rising clack-box of
the pump is jointed to a li-inch copper pipe, which circulates backwards and
forwards in a flat chamber, bent to the curve of the inside of the smoke-box.
There are 30 feet run of this copper pipe in the chamber. From there the
feed-water pa.sses through a stoi>back valve, and enters the boiler by the front
tube-plate. The waste-steam pipe is for convenience brought through the
barrel of the boiler, but, to prevent the injurious effects which would arise
from passing a naked exhaust-steam pipe through an atmosphere of high-
pressure steam, this pipe is encased in another, and between the two there is
about an inch thickness of felt. When the waste-steam pipe reaches the
smoke-box it divides, one branch goes upwards to give the blast, the other
branch goes into the feed-heater previously described. The uncondensed
jwrtion of that steam which passes into the heater issues from the other end
of it, and joins on to the first-mentioned portion, so as to add its volume to
the blast of waste steam.

Both the slide-valve rods are guided in gun-metal bushes, four inches long,
fixed in the wrought frame which carries the outer end of the guide-bars,
and also carries the governor. The boiler is thoroughly cleaded all over. The
internal fire-box is without any riveted seam, being welded up into one piece.
There is the usual closed ash-pan with damper.

The bearing-wheels have wrought-iron spokes, cast into the bosses, and into
the rims. These latter have each two internal feathers near to their edges,
and thus are of that which may be called a double T section. There are
bosses between the feathers to receive the outer ends of the spokes. The
naves of the wheels are bored out, and have loose-bored cast-iron boxes fitted
in, and held in by three bolts. The hinder wheels are fitted on wrought-
iron axle arms, which are forged with large D-shaped ends, by which they
are riveted to the side plates of the fire-box. The front wheels are also fitted
on wrought-iron axle arms, that are fastened to the front bed. The whole of
the fore carriage is of wrought iron, with the exception of the locking-plates,
which are of cast iron. The perch-pin is carried in a forging attached to the
under side of the fore end of the barrel of the boiler. The lower end of this
pin is steadied by a stay to the front of the fire-box, and the amount of locking
is regulated by locking-chains.

The performance of this engine has already been incidentally alluded to when
describing engine No. 4942.

It may be well, however, to repeat here, that on the trial this engine ran
for 4 h. 55 m. 30 s. actual time ; and for 4 h. 51 m. 36 s, mechanical time,
showing a consumption of coal of 2‘881 lbs. per brake horse-power per hour.

The consumption of coal per gross indicated horse-power was 2‘377 lbs. per
hour, that horse-power being 20'58.

The average temperature of the feed-water was about 210°, the quantity
evaporated was 2497 lbs., equal to 10'49 lbs. of water, at 212°, per lb. of
coal.

The duty done by this engine was highly satisfactory, both as regards
economical qualities and as regards its steadiness in the trials for governing
capabilities ; great intelligence and ability had obviously been bestowed upon
the designing and carrying out the details of this engine.

Report of the Judgea on the

The Judges awarded it the Second Prize, 201.

It would not be right to close the notice of this engine without a word of
commendation for its driver.

As is well known to the readers of this Journal, the management of the
engines during trial is confided by the Exhibitors to men of great ability and
experience in the art of driving; but, among them, the Judges believe the
driver of this engine is entitled to a very high rank, and certainly nothing
could exceed the steady, earnest, and unflagging attention which he devoted
to his work.

The next engine for trial was (No. 4245) by E. R. and F.
Turner, of Ipswich. Price 245Z.

Like many other engines tried on this occasion, this had two fly-wheels ;
one, the working wheel used for transmitting power, the other the wheel con-
taining the universal joint to suit the brake.

One of these wheels unhappily became unkeyed twice during the trial ; it
was therefore determined by the Judges that this precluded the engine from
competing for the prize ; but, at the request of the Exhibitors, and in order to
ascertain its merits, the engine was suffered to make the trial.

This engine has a cylinder nine inches in diameter, and one foot length of
stroke. It has a total heating surface of 187‘8 square feet, and a total fire-
grate area of 3'5 square feet, the whole of the area being used during the
trial.

* The Exhibitors elected to work at 80 lbs. pressure, to develop 20-horse-
power on the brake, and to run at 180 revolutions per minute.

The cylinder is bolted on to the top of the fire-box, and is steam-jacketed,
as is also the front cover ; the back cover has an air apace, but is left un-
jacketed in order to admit of the joint being broken whilst steam is up ; the
jacket is at all times open to the boiler.

The steam is collected by means of an internal pipe, running along the barrel
of the boiler to the front end, and having, for about three feet of the front
part, I in. holes in its upper side, about 20 in number.

It should be stated that the top of the fire-box is level with the top of the
barrel.

The steam is admitted to the slide-jacket through an ordinary slide-regulator,
or starting-valve.

The slide-jacket is bored out to receive the slide-valve, which is of the
piston kind ; this valve is hollow, and the steam passes from that end of
the jacket, to which it is admitted from the regulator, through the body of the
valve, to the other end of the jacket. At each extremity of the slide-valve there
are two packing-rings of cast iron ; these rings are pinned to the valve for so
much of their circumference as is required to cover the passages into the
cylinder, beyond these places the rings rapidly taper down and are left free to
expand. The exhaust takes place in between the two ends of the valve, and
round about the tube through which the steam passes. There is no expan-
sion-slide, but the throw of this main valve is regulated by the governor
acting on the eccentric ; this action is obtained in a peculiar manner — a manner
which it will probably be difficult to render intelligible by mere description —
a sketch is therefore added (Fig. 7, p. 75).

On the crank-shaft “ a,” is keyed, by one of its sides only, a hollow disk,
“ containing the governor, and containing the attachment of the eccentric.
The sheave, “ c,” of the eccentric (which takes the eccentric band) is outside
the disk, “ b this part of the eccentric has a slot, or oval space, “ d,” in it to
allow the crank-shaft to pass freely through, — the connection of the eccentric
not being in any way to the crank-shaft (as already stated), but to a point of
attachment, “/,” within the hollow disk keyed upon the shaft. There is a

Fig. 7. — Illustrating HarticclVs Patent Variable Expansion Governor fixed to Messrs E. B. and F. Turner's Portable Engine, No. 4245

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

7i5

Hcport of the Jadfjes on the

large central bole round about the crank-sbaft in that side of tbe disk, close
to the outside of which is the sheave, “ c,” of the eccentric ; and through this
hole a species of tail, “ g,” cast on the side of the eccentric sheave, passes into
the cavity of the disk. The governor within the disk is composed of two
weights, “ h h," lying the one on the one side of the crank-shaft, and the other
on the other, and so coupled by a link, “ i," that in whatever position the
governor may be one weight always balances the other. On the engine being
put in motion the centrifugal force tends to drive these weights outwards, and
would do so freely were it not for two powerful springs, one of which is in
connection with each weight. These springs replace the effect of gravity in an
ordinary governor, and keep the weights from too readily flying out, and also
serve to give the return force to the governor, when the engine slackens its speed.
To one of these weights is attached a piece of iron, “ A,” with a curved end, “ I" ;
this end jmsses through a slotted pivot, “ m,” in the tail, “ g," by which the
eccentric is suspended from the pin, “/,” in the disk. As the weights move
outwards, under the influence of tbe quick revolutions of the engine, they take
with them this piece of iron ; and the curved end, in its traverse (it being set at
an angle in relation to its path of motion) acts as an incline to shift the eccentric.
If the engine be in head-gear it shifts the eccentric from the extreme position
of that gear towards the centre ; the more nearly it approaches the centre the
less is the throw of the slide (the lead remaining, however, nearly constant)
and the sooner is the steam cut off, while at the very centre the eccentric is
immediately opposite the crank-pin, and there will be no admission of the
. steam whatever, except, as in tbe case of a link motion, that due to the lead.

If it is desired to reverse the engine for any rea.son, preparation for this
must be made before starting, as it cannot be done while nmning. The
reversal is effected by shifting the position of the curved piece of iron, by
means of set-screws, so that the inclination to its j^ath shall be left-handed,
instead of right-handed ; and thus, when the engine is at rest, the eccentric
is found on the opposite side of the centre to that on which it was when the
•engine was .set for going ahead ; so tliat on the governor-weights flying out the
reversed inclination of the curved piece of iron causes the eccentric to depart
from its extreme position in stern gear, towards the centre, as formerly it
■caused it to depart from its extreme position in head gear, towards the centre.

The crank-shaft is a “ bent ” one, 3^ in. general diameter, but 3^ in. at the
crank-pin, and is supjxDrted in two gun-metal bearings ; the one on the fly-
wheel side is adjustable horizontally, the one on the crank side is adjusted
vertically.

These gun-metal bearings are carried in wrought heads, bolted to angle-irons,
riveted to the barrel of the boiler ; the heads are placed with the fiat sur-
faces in such a direction as to admit of their slightly bending, when the
■boiler expands under he.at. The wrought heads have welded to them
wrought-iron tie-bars, which extend back to the cylinder to lugs, upon which,
and upon the slide-jacket, they are bolted. These wrought tie-bars carry
a cross frame, which supports the outer end of the guide-bar. There is only
■a single guide-bar, which is below the piston-rod. This bar is of wrought
iron, and is embraced by a cast-iron guide, made in an upper and a lower part,
with capacity for adjustment.

The Exhibitors point out that by the previously described arrangement,
the engine is entirely self-contained, and wholly independent of support by the
boiler, except so far as the mere carrying of the weight of the engine is
concerned.

The feed-pump is immediately under the crank-shaft ; it is worked by its
■own eccentric ; it is always drawing, and returns the surplus water into the
feed-pail. There is in the return pipe below the regulator (which is a screw-
valve and not a cock) a steam nozzle in connection with the exhaust-pipe, so

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff". 77

tliat, as the surplus water returns into the pail, a portion of the exhaust steam
blows through the mjddle of it, and heats it as it goes back.

The exhaust pipe enters the side of the smoke-box, turns up in that
box, and tenninates very considerably below the base of the chimney, the
diameter of the orifice being as much as 2^ in.

It has been a matter of surprise to the Judges (a surprise that has been
expressed on several occasions to e.xhibitors) that a body of men who have-
laboured so diligently to improve the portable engine, should not, in the matter
of the blast-pipe, take example from locomotive practice. In locomotives, for
many years past, the improvements in obtaining a steady, uniform, and

Fig. 8. — Indicator-diagram of Messrs. E. E. and F. Turner's Portable
Steam-Engine, No. 4245 (No. 2 diagram, 45 lbs. spring).

powerful draught, coupled with a large orifice of the exhaust nozzle, have been
known to be in a great measure due to the change that has been made in the
position of the nozzle ; a change which brought its delivery from out of the
base of the chimney to a position in the smoke-box, just above the top row of
tubes.

The Judges are glad to see that Messrs. Turner recognise this fact.

The bearing-wheels are of wood, the spokes being driven into cast-iron naves
— these naves are cast on chill pins ; the hind-wheels are on a wrought-iron
axle extending along the front of the fire-box ; the fore-wheels are also on a
wrought-iron axle. There is not any wooden bed, but a cast locking-plate is
carried on the top of the axle ; and a bearing-plate, made of a suitable form, and
of wrought iron, is fixed on the under side of the barrel of the boiler ;
below this plate there is a casting, terminating in a spherically-shaped face,
which bears on a cup, formed in the cast plate on the top of the axle.

There is, as has been already stated, a wheel on each end of the crank-shaft,
each wheel containing counter-balances to the crank, so placed as to bring
their joint effect immediately opposite the crank-pin.

This engine ran for 3 h. 52 m. actual time, and for 3 h. 51 m. mechanical
time, equal to a consumption of 3'63 lbs. of coal per brake horse-power per
hour.

The indicator diagram (Fig. 8) given above shows the effect of cutting off
with a single slide, driven off the equivalent of a link motion.

The consumption of coal per gross indicated horse-power was 2‘9 lbs. per
hour, the horse-power being 24'9.

The feed-water was heated up to about 162°, the quantity evaporated was
2780 lbs., equal to 9'93 lbs. of water, at 212°, per lb. of coal.

Report of the Judges on the

On the trial for ability of governing, the results were found to he very
satisfactory ; not only was the engine under the most perfect control, but the
variation in speed did not amount to 4 per cent, between the pace due to the full
load, and that arising from working against no resistance except the trifling
friction of the engine and brake.

The Judges felt that this succe.ssful expansive governing arrangement was
pec,uliarly one of those cases for which the Silver Medals were intended, and
they therefore, in accordance with the regulations, sought for, and obtained, the
approbation of the Stewards to their awarding to the Exhibitors a Medal for
“ Hartwell’s Patent Variable Expansion Governor.”

The next engine that came to trial was that of Barrows and
Stew'art, of Banbury (No. 2950). Price 230Z.

This engine had a cylinder of in. diameter, and 1 ft. 1 in. length of stroke,
a total heating surface of 129’8 sq. ft., and a fire-grate area of 5'02 sq. ft. — the
whole of the area being used at the time of trial.

Fig. d.— Indicator Diagram of Messrs. Barroics and Stewart's Portable
Steam-Engine, No. 2950 (No. 4 diagram, 32 lbs. spring).

llie Exhibitors elected to run at 120 revolutions per minute, at 12-horse-
power on the brake, and at 70 lbs. pressure of steam.

The cylinder is bolted on to the top of the barrel, near the smoke-box end,
is not steam-jacketed, except for about half its circumference, and this is done
by the steam on its way to the slide-chest. The cylinder-casting also contains
the slide-jacket, the starting-valve box, and the throttle-valve. There is not
any expansion-slide. The single slide is worked by an eccentric in the ordinary
manner ; the throttle-valve is worked by the governor. The feed-pump derives
its motion direct from the piston-rod cross head, and is supported by flanches
alongside the cylinder, and under the lagging; it is of gun-metal.

The exhibitors claim for this construction simplicity, and a diminution of
the number of attachments to the boiler. The governor is of the ordinary type,
but it is rendered more sensitive by the addition of a spiral spring round about
the spindle.*

* The question of the sensitiveness of governors is touched upon in the con-
cluding remarks.

71)

Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

The crauk-sliaft is carried in two cast-iron brackets, bolted to the boiler
over the fire-box. The brasses in tliose brackets have, on the fly-wheel side, a
vertical adjustment, and on the opposite side they are in three pieces with a
horizontal wedge adjustment. The crank-shaft is of the “ bent” kind, and is
of wrought iron.

The guide-bar is a single one, slotted down the middle, attached to the
cylinder stuffing-box at one end, and to a bracket fast to the boiler at the
other. Through the slot is an arm, which connects the cross-head to a guide-
block bearing on the under side of the guide-bar. This guide-block has a lug
}K)inting downwards, which gives motion to the feed-pump plunger. The
pump is easily inspected, it is provided wfith a flexible suction-pipe to dip into
the feed-water pail. The pipe from the rising clack-lxix is carried alongside
the boiler to near the smoke-box end, where it enters the boiler through a
check-valve. There are no means of heating the feed.

The bearing-wheels are of wood, with iron tyres. The hind-wheels are
fitted to a wrought axle, bent to pass beneath the fire-box, to -which it is attached
by brackets. The fore-wheels are fitted to an axle secured to a wood bed.
There is a flanged iron bracket, riveted to the under side of the boiler at the
smoke-box end, which carries a perch-pin ; the bottom of this pin is stayed to
the fire-box, and there are two chains to regulate the amount of locking.

This engine, upon trial, ran for 2 h. 30 m. actual time, aud for 2 h. 25 m. 6
mechanical time, giving a consumption of 5 • 78 lbs. of coal per brake horse-
power per hour. The indicator diagram shows that 14 • 27 gross indicated
horse-power were developed, making a consumption for each such horse-
power of 4 ’87 lbs. of coal per hour.

The feed water was cold when pumped in, the quantity evaporated was equal
to 1506 lbs. at 212°, equivalent to 8 ’97 lbs. at 212° per lb. of coal.

On the trial of the engine to ascertain the power of the governor, it was
found that the engine was under fair control.

The last engine which was tried was that of Messrs.) Ashby,
Jeffreys, and Luke, of Stamford (No. 4004). Price 230Z.

The cylinder is 91 inches diameter, by 1 foot 2 inches stroke. The total
heating surface is 204 ‘ 5 feet. The total fire-grate is 5 ' 5 feet, but this was re-
duced, by fire-brick, during the trial to an area of two square feet, in two
sections of 1 foot eacln

The Exhibitors determined to run at 120 revolutions per minute, at 8-horse-
power, and at 80 lbs. pressure of steam.

The cylinder is bolted upon the fire-box ; it is jacketed all round its
circumference, and at the ends. The crank-shaft is of the “ bent ” type, and
is made of wrought iron ; it is carried in bearings supported by two horns on
a single broad casting, bolted to the top of the boiler, at the smoke-box end.
The bearings have adjustment for endway wear. On the back of the main
slide-valve, which is composed of two short slides coupled by bolts, there is
an expansion slide of similar construction.

The governor is of the ordinary kind, working an ordinary throttle-valve.
The guide-bar is a single one of wrought iron. The guide-block is of cast
iron, working upon the bar, and flanged round to grasp its under side at
the edges.

The exhaust on leaving the cylinder passes through two pipes, which
embrace the barrel of the boiler as far as the under side, where these pipes
turn longitudinally, and enter into two tubes, which convey the exhaust
to the blast-pipe in the smoke-box. Inside these tubes are two li-inch pipes
conveying the feed on its way from the feed-pump to the boiler. 'J'he pump
is worked by an eccentric on the crank-shaft. The pump-valves work in
conical seats, and have conical faces, and these cones are prolonged below the

Report of the Judges on the

valves till they terminate in points. The Exhibitors attribute to this form a
more easy entrance for the water. The hearing-wheels are of wood. The
axles for the hind-wheels are supported in cast-iron brackets, bolted to the fire-
box.

On trial the engine ran for 1 h. 48 m. of actual time, and 1 h. 52J m. of
meehanical time, the coal used being 7 ‘47 lb. per brake horse-power per
hour. The indicator diagram shows a development of 12 '15 horse-power.

Fig. 10. — Indicator-diagram of Messrs. Ashhy, Jeffery, and Luke's
Portable Steam-Engine, No. 4004 (No. 1 diagram, 48 lbs. spring).

equivalent to a consumption of 4’92 lbs. of coal for each such horse-power.
The great disparity between the brake and the indicated horse-powers, viz., as
2 to 3, it is believed arose in a large measure from sand of the cores having
been left in the steam passages, and then being driven from them into the
cylinder.

The temperature of the feed water was not taken. The quantity evaporated
was equal to about 1146 lbs. at 212°, being at the rate of 9 '27 lbs. per pound
of coal.

For tbe purposes of easy comparison, the leading dimensions
of the different engines, and also the results of the trials, are
exhibited in the following Tables I. and II., prepared by Messrs.
Eastons and Anderson, the Consulting Engineers of the Society.

The Judges look upon the results which these Tables show as
highly satisfactory in many cases, and as reflecting in those
cases the greatest possible credit on the engineers, to whom such
results are due.

The professional duties of the Judges have caused them to
be intimately acquainted with the progress and attainments of
the marine engine, of the locomotive, and of the fixed engine,
used for manufacturing purposes, and with those of the engines
employed for pumping water ; and they have no hesitation in
saying, that agricultural engineers may fearlessly challenge for
their work, comparison with any one of these other products of
engineering science and skill.

Trials of Portahle Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

The Cornish pumping-engine used to be looked upon as the
most economical of all. The Monthly Report for June last
shows that their average duty in that month was 53‘3 millions of
pounds raised 1 foot high by the combustion of 1 cwt. of coal,
and that the duty of the best engine was 7T7 millions of pounds.

These sound like very large figures, very much as a sum
stated in francs appears enormous, until the proper divisor is
applied to bring it into pounds sterling, and then the bulk
vanishes, and one is enabled to judge of the amount in relation
to other sums with which one is familiar.

When this reducing test is applied to the Cornish engine
coinage, it will be found that 7T7 millions of pounds lifted 1
foot high for a cwt. of coals, means 3 09 lbs. of coal per horse-
power per hour, a quantity rather over ^ lb. per horse-power
per hour more than that which was burnt by the most econo-
mical engine tried at Cardiff ; and it must be remembered that
not only is this best Cornish engine working with the aid of
condensation, giving a vacuum of probably 13 lbs. on the square
inch, but that it has an 80-inch cylinder, and 9 feet stroke, so
that the cooling surfaces of the cylinder, and the piston friction,
and other frictions, are considerably less relatively to the size of
the engine, than they can be in a portable with its 9-inch
cylinder and 1 foot of stroke.

Following up the Cornish engine comparison it may not be
amiss to point out, that two of the engines tried at Cardiff gave
duties above that of the best of the engines in the June Cornish
Report, viz., 79*49 millions, and 76 64 millions, as against 71*7
millions, and that the average duty of the engines tried at Cardiff
was 57'09 millions as against 53'3 millions the average of the
Cornish.

Recent improvements have brought the marine steam-engine
down to as low a consumption as 2 lbs., or under, per Indicated
horse-power per hour ; but here again the engines are of large
size, have the great advantage of condensation, and that a sur-
face condensation, and in many cases the advantage (or supposed
advantage) of compound cylinders.

The consumption of the most economical engine tried at this
show, of which successful indicator diagrams were obtained, the
engine of the Reading Ironworks Company (Limited), was as
low as 2*377 lbs. per Indicated horse-power per hour; a con-
sumption which will bear favourable comparison with the best
modern marine engines, when it is remembered that those en-
gines condense their steam, and are of large size.

Ihe Judges will take the liberty of throwing out, in conclu-
sion, one or two suggestions, and they do so with the more con-
fidence, because they know that these Reports are really studied

VOL. IX. — S. S. G

Report of the Judges on the

by their engineering brethren, and that such well-founded obser-
vations as are made in them are weighed and acted upon.

The first of these suggestions is, as to whether some ready
means should not be devised for enabling the feed-heater to be
cleaned out ; if this were done, the feed-heater would not only
do good duty in heating the feed-water when all was new and
in good order, but would continue to do such duty, and would
act as a valuable . trap to receive a portion of the lime, which
otherwise would be deposited in the boiler.

The second of these suggestions is, that to obtain really sen-
sitive governing of the engine, the governors, instead of being
driven only at the engine speed, or even below the engine speed,
as they were in many instances at this show, should be driven
at a higher velocity, so as to open rapidly on a small increase
in speed, and should be provided with springs to quicken the
action of gravity, in returning them on a diminution of the velo-
city of the engines ; and further, that for real uniformity of work,
the arms should never be pivoted on pins placed between the
spindle and the ball (as in Fig. 11), as such a position for

Fig. 11.

the pivot tends to most materially diminish the vertical height
AB as the balls fly out ; because whilst the ball rises from B to
B', and thus diminishes that height, the produced line of the
centres of the arm falls from A to A', and causes a still further
diminution.

To promote uniformity, the pivots should be on the side of the
spindle awav from the balls, as in Fig. 12 (the spindle being
slotted to allow of the passage of the arms), as by that arrange-
ment the point of intersection of the arms of the governor-ball
with the spindle rises as the balls rise, and thus the height A' B
is kept much more nearly equal to the height AB.

Trials of PortaUe Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

The third, and by far the most important point, to which the
Judp^es have to call attention, relates to the firing.

There can be no doubt that a large portion of the great
success of the engines on this occasion arose from the high
evaporative duties got out of the boilers.

The analysis of the Llangennech coal shows that its theoretical

Fig. 12.

power of heating amounts to 15*24 lbs. of water, evaporated from
212°, for each pound of coal burnt (see Appendix).

That a duty of even so much as 11*83 lbs.* of water should
have been obtained, proves, not merely that the heat generated
must have been largely utilized by the boiler, but also that the
greater part of the coal must have been completely burnt, and
that this must have been done without the admission of any
considerable excess of air. ,

The Judges may perhaps be pardoned for reminding some
of their readers that it is possible so to deal with coal, or coke,
in a fire, that a large portion of it shall escape unconsumed up
the chimney, and shall do this without the appearance of
smoke.

Assuming a fire to be fed with insufficient air, this is what
takes place. The air coming in contact with the fuel imme-

* In the instance of the steam-jacketed cylinders, the steam condensed in their
jackets passed back direct into the boilers, and thus escaped actual measurement ;
this ■water of condensation had, howe'ver, to he re-evaporated by the boilers, just as
much as if it had been visibly mingled with the feed water, and thus the evapora-
tive duties of the boilers of jacketed engines are a trifle in excess of those given in
Table II.

G 2

84 Report of Judges on Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff.

(liately above tbe bars burns it, and forms carbonic acid ; but this
carbonic acid, in passing up through the layer of fuel above^
dissolves, as it were, that fuel, and takes out of it an equivalent
of carbon, so as to bring this carbonic acid back to the state of
carbonic oxide, a highly combustible gas. But if this carbonic,
oxide cannot obtain air above the fire, it goes away unconsumed ;
and when it is considered that a pound of carbon, which would
evolve 14,000 units of heat, if it were all turned irfto carbonic
acid, will only evolve 4000 units of heat if the carbonic oxide
stage alone be reached, it will be seen how necessary it is to
effect the perfect combustion of the fuel. On the other hand,
if, with the view of ensuring this, an excess of air be admitted
through the fire, that air has to be beated from the temperature
of the atmosphere to that at which it enters the chimney, and
this heat is all so much waste. These considerations show the
great importance of having the most perfect regularity of fire.

During the trials, this regularity is obtained by the employment
of men who exhibit the highest skill and diligence in attending
to the firing. In order to preserve uniformity, they fire from
, thirty to forty-five times in the hour, but clearly in practice no
man could so attend to a fire ; he would be worn out with the
labour, and even if he could endure the toil, the user of the
engine could not afford that a man’s time should be exclusively
occupied in this way ; and thus, however high the results may
be that are developed by a boiler on trial, these results must fall
off in actual work. But if agricultural engineers would turn
their attention to devising some simple kind of mechanical firing,
by which uniformity of distribution should be ensured, it is
believed that the most beneficial results would follow, and that
in the practical use of the engine, a very high evaporative duty
would be at all times maintained, while the engine-driver would,
be left at liberty to attend to other work.

In concluding this Report, the Judges are happy to be again
able to thank all the Exhibitors for the cheerful manner in
which they attended to the Judges’ wishes ; and they have also
to thank the Stewards for their courteous and valuable aid and
assistance.

(Signed) F. J. Bramwell, 37, Great George Street, Westminster.

W. Mexelaus, Duidais.

( 85 )

APPENDIX.

On the Composition and Calorific Poicer of Llangennech Coal.

During the trials at Wolverhampton, in 1871, the question
arose, “ What is the relative value of the Llangennech coal, used
for many years past in the Society’s trials of steam machinery, com-
pared with other first-class steam-coal?” Mr. Menelaus, C.E.,
of Dowlais, one of the Engineer Judges of Implements, having
kindly offered, to have an analysis made of the coal, the Consult-
ing Engineers, on the part of the Society, gladly accepted his
offer, and selected an average sample from the stores for the
purpose. Mr. Menelaus placed it in the hands of Mr. Snelus,
analytical chemist at the Dowlais Iron-works, and, on receipt of
his Report, forwarded it to Messrs. Eastons and Anderson. As
the comparative value of the fuel used is necessarily of interest
to numerous members, the Report, and a few remarks by Mr.
Menelaus on the coal, are, by his permission, published in
extenso : — •

“Laboratory, Dowlais Iron and Steel Works,

“ August 25th, 1871.

“ Report upon Sample of Llangennech Coal used by the Royal
Agricultural Society at Wolverhampton.

“ To William Menelaus, Esq.

“ Dear Sir, — I have completed the examination of this
sample of coal, and find it to contain, by ultimate analysis —

Carbon 84'97

Hydrogen 4’2G

Nitrogen . . .. 1'45

Sulphur '42

Oxygen 3'50

Ash 5’40

100^00

•“ It yields 86'7 per cent of coke.

The ash is of reddish colour and consists of —

Peroxide of Iron 36‘Gl

Silica 13-71

Alumina 11-61

Oxide of Manganese -50

Lime 16-92

Magnesia 13-37

Sulphuric Acid 4-31.

Phosphoric Acid -91

Alkalies, loss, &c 2-06

100-00

Appendix to the Report of the Judges on

“The calculated calorific power of such coal, taking the most
recent determinations of thermal equivalents, viz.,

Carbon 8,080*

Hydrogen 34,000

Sulpliur 2,220

and assuming all the sulphur to exist as iron pyrites (which is
not strictly true but near enough for these calculations), shows
that one part of the coal is capable of raising 8177 parts of water
from 0° to 1° centigrade.

“ Comparing this with the calorific power deduced in the
same way from some of the other coals examined by the Admiralty
Commission in 1818, I find that it ranks high, but that there are
several other coals which are much superior, —

e.y. Ebbw Vale gives a calorific power of .. 9011

Powell’s Dufiryn ,, ..8731

While Graigola gives only „ .. 78C7

The latter is of the same class as Llangennech.

“The following table shows the analyses of these coals with
the actual duty obtained in the Admiralty trials, and it will be
' seen that there is a close correspondence between the relative
calculated calorific powers and the actual duty obtained, so that
where the direct experiment cannot be made, the chemical
analysis affords a pretty safe guide to the value of a coal. On
comparing my results in 1871 with those obtained by Sir Henry
de la Beche and Dr. Lyon Playfair in 1818, it will be found
that there is a close correspondence, thus showing that a careful
chemical analysis is able to identify a particular class of coal,
and also that seams of coal maintain their characteristics over
considerable areas.

The trials by the Commission in 1848 and my own analysis
agree in showing that the coal is surpassed by other steam coals
of this district, both theoretically and practically.

“In the Report by the Commission the coal is described thus;
‘ These coals have a rather dull appearance, are soft, and have a
structure almost wholly fibrous. Their fracture is very irregular,
and the natural softness of the coals renders them easily reduced
to powder.’

“ This latter fact would account for the large quantity of so-
called ‘soot’ found in the flues, which amounted to 225 lbs.
from 7682 lbs. coal employed, and, as a necessary consequence,
for the actual duty being lower than that given by some coals
of inferior composition.

* These are French thermometrical degrees of heat into English pounds of
water, and must be multiplied by 1'8 to compare with the ordinary English ex-
pressions

, the Trials of Portable Steam-Engines at Cardiff. 87

“ It will be noticed that the sulphur in this coal is low, but
that the ash is rather high. It yields but little ‘ tar,’ and a
moderate quantity of ‘ gas ’ by distillation.

“ I arn, dear Sir,

“Yours obediently,

(Signed) “Geo. J. Snelus, A.R.S.M.”

Ultimate Analysis op Coals, with their Theoretical and
Actual Value.

Class of Coal.

Carbon.

Hydrogen.

Sulphur.

Oxygen.

Coke.

Calculated Calo-
rilio Power.

Actual Duty ob-
tained, that is,
lbs. of Water
evaporated by' 1
lb. of Coal.

Ebbw Yale

1818

87-78

5-15

2*16

1-02

-39

1-50

77-5

9011*

10-21

Powell’s Dnftryn

1818

8S-2G

4-GG

1*15

1-77

-6

3-2G

81-3

8731

10-15

Llangennccli

1818

85 -IG

4-20

1*07

-29

2-44

G-54

83-G9

8237

8-8G

Llangennech

1871

84-97

4-2G

1-45

-42

3 -.50

5-40

8C-7

8177

Giaigola

1818

81-87

3-84

•41

*45

7-19

1-50

85-5

7807

9-35

In his letter to the Consulting Engineersenclosing Mr. Snelus’s
Report, Mr. Menelaus says : —

“ The ‘ Ebbw Vale coal ’ may be taken to represent the Mon-
mouthshire steam coals, and ‘ Powell’s Duffryn ’ represents the
Merthyr and Aberdare coals, which are so highly esteemed for
locomotives and ocean steamers.

“The ‘Ebbw Vale coal,’ as you will see, is equal in calorific
value to ‘ Powell’s Duffryn,’ or is perhaps even a little superior,
but the Merthyr coals have the great merit of being smokeless.

“The Llangennech coal may be considered a very good steam
coal, inferior to the best Welsh, but considerably above the
average steam coals of England.

“ It is, of course, somewhat smoky, but I do not think the
Royal Agricultural Society can do better than to continue the
use of this coal in their experiments.”

With regard to the above analysis the Consulting Engineers
to the Society make the following remarks : —

The sample of Llangennech coal submitted for analysis was
not a picked sample, but a fair average of large and small taken

* See foot-note on preceding page.

88 Appendix to Report on Trials of Steam-Engines, §-c.

from tlie coal stores. It is probable, therefore, that the relative
value assigned to this coal is rather under than over the mark,
as samples for experiment are too often picked.

It is very convenient to express the gross calorific power of
fuel, in the weight of water at the boiling point, which an unit
of weight of that fuel would evaporate at the same temperature,
in an absolutely perfect boiler. The same figures, then, express
the power under all standards of weights and measures.

Reduced to this standard of comparison “ Llangennech,” com-
pared with those above referred to and other fuels, stands as
follows : —

Theoretical Evaporative Povier in Tbs. of Boiling Water evaporated per lb. of

Fuel.

Llangennech Coal (R.A.S.E. sample) lo‘2i

Ebbw Vale Coal (Admiralty Experiments) .. .. 16'8

Powell’s Duffryn „ .... 16’3

Best Aberdare supplied in London 15'9

Best Newcastle Steam Coal, about 15’0

Coke 13-0

Dry Peat lO’O

Dry Wood 7'5

Petroleum, about 22"0

These figures become useful for considering the efficiency of
boilers, by comparing the water at 212^ actually evaporated into
steam per lb. of coal with the amount, according to the above
figures, which w'ould be evaporated in a theoretically perfect
boiler ; for it is not fair to judge of a boiler by the water
evaporated, unless the quality of the coal is also considered.

As an example, the average weight of cold water evaporated
in the ploughing engine boilers per lb. of coal during the trials
at Wolverhampton was 7 2 lbs., w'hich is equivalent to 8'6 lbs.
of water at 212°, evaporated per lb. of coal. The theoretical
power of Llangennech coal is 15'3, consequently the average

8'6

efficiency of the ploughing engine boilers was - = *56; in

15'24 ,

other words, the furnaces and boilers rendered available '56 of
the absolute power latent in the fuel.

Similarly as regards the traction engine boilers, those of the

locomotive type showed an efficiency = , - = "59, while the

15-24

Thomson pot boilers gave efficiency

7-G

15-24

= -o.

( 89 )

111. — Rfiport of Experiments on the Growth of Barlep for Twenty

Years in siiccession on the same Land. By J. B. Lawes, Esq.,
F.R.S., F.C.S. ; and J. H. Gilbert, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.

In volumes viii. xli. and xvi. of tlie first series of this Journal,
we gave some account of experiments on the growth of Wheat
year after year on the same land ; in volume xxv. (1864), we
published a detailed Report on the growth of the crop, without
manure, and with different descriptions of manure, for twenty
years in succession on the same land ; and the twenty-ninth crop
has now been harvested. In volume xviii. (1857), results on the
growth of Barley, under somewhat similar conditions of manur-
ing, for six years in succession on the same land, were given.
Those experiments have been continued up to the present time,
and are still in progress ; and we are now enabled to record the
results obtained with barley, as already with wheat, over twenty
consecutive seasons.

Barley is, at any rate through the greater part of England, if
not throughout Scotland and Ireland, the second in importance of
the cereal grains we cultivate ; in some localities, indeed, it is of
first importance. It is a prominent element in the well-known
four-course rotation, and is more or less prominent in almost every
rotation throughout the greater part of the British Isles. More-
over, it is supposed that the characters and the condition of land
under which it can be advantageously cultivated are greatly
limited, and that its market value is much influenced, by certain
fiscal arrangements. From various points of view, therefore,
exact knowledge of the quantity and quality of the produce it
yields, on a soil of a given description, but under a great variety
of well-defined conditions as to manuring, and in seasons of very
various characters, cannot fail to be of great practical interest.

The conditions of growth of barley, are, in some respects, very
similar to those of wheat ; but in others they are very different.
Thus, as a rule, wheat is sown in the autumn, but barley not
until the spring ; and it has, therefore, much less time for the
distribution of its roots, and for getting possession of the stores
within the soil. Again, the descriptions of soil which are the
most suitable for the growth of wheat, are generally not equally
well adapted for the growth of barley. Hence, apart from the
importance attaching to the barley-crop as a prominent and inde-
pendent element in most of our rotations, the question of the
degree in which the requirements and results of its growth are
similar to, or different from, those of its botanical ally — wheat
(both belonging to the same natural family, the GraminacecB\ is
one of very considerable interest, both practical and scientific.

90 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley^

Little less interc'stina^ would it be, not only to compare tlie
results obtained with winter-sown wheat and spring-sown barley,
but to include in the comparison the likewise spring-sown oats,
the third in importance among the corn-yielding plants of the
giaminaceous family cultivated in temperate climates. But
the experiments on the continuous growth of oats have, as yet,
only extended over a very few seasons ; so that at present we can
only incidentally and imperfectly make reference to them. There
is, however, already sufficient indication that the results will, in
due time, have considerable, both independent and comparative,
value.

The first experimental wheat-crop, in the field in which the
SOth in succession is now growing, was harvested in 1844 ; and,
in the spring of 1845, about 10 acres, in an immediately adjoining
field, were appropriated to somewhat similar experiments on
barley. Owing, however, to the great amount of labour and
attention that would be required in following them up with
sufficient accuracy and detail, it was decided to rest satisfied for
a time with the first year’s clear indications. These were suf-
' ficient to show the great similarity, in some important respects,
between the requirements and the conditions of growth of the
two closely allied crops. But very much still remained to be
learnt, and especially in regard to the equally important distinc-
tions between the requirements of the two crops.

Much also was still wanting in the rvay of direct experimental
evidence bearing upon the then opening Mineral Theory ” con-
troversy ; respecting the issues of which very few English agri-
cultural readers are not, by this time, overwhelmingly satisfied-
Indeed, the universal practical experience of British agriculture
during the last quarter of a century of experiment, discussion,
and general improvement, has entirely confirmed the views we
have held on the subject, and published in this Journal ; whilst
our distinguished opponent has not only sought to associate with
the term “ Mineral Theory,” a meaning totally different from that
which attached to it in the well-known controversy, but, under
cover of a change of nomenclature, has claimed, as consistent
with his own theory, views directly at variance with those he
formerly maintained, and in the main accordant with the facts
and conclusions which we have brought forward in opposition to
the distinctive views of his earlier writings. Some illustrations
bearing upon these points will be incidentally given further on ;
but considering how settled are the opinions now generally held
on the subject in this country, and how changed are those of the
author of the “ Mineral Theory,” it would be out of place to
devote so much of either time or space to its discussion in our
introductory remarks as has been suitable on former occasions.

fur Twenti/ Years in succession on the same Land.

Still less will it be necessary to discuss the results obtained with
barley very prominently in tlieir relation to the points that were
in controversy in the early years of the progress of the ex-
periments.

The experiments on barley were re-commenced in 1852, and
the twentieth crop in succession was harvested in 1871. The land
selected was a portion of that immediately adjoining the experi-
mental wheat field, on which the preliminary trials in 1845 had
been made. About 4^ of the 10 acres were devoted to the pur-
pose. The general character of the land is much the same as
that of the wheat field, namely, “ a somewhat heavy loam, with a
subsoil of raw, yellowish red clay, but resting in its turn upon
chalk, which provides good natural drainage.” The wheat field
has, however, as a matter of experiment, been artificially drained,
but the barley field has not.

The custom of the locality, in the case of land of similar quality,
is to take the barley crop after roots fed off by sheep. But it will
be readily understood from the above description of the soil, that
it is too heavy for this to be done with advantage in wet seasons.
Nevertheless, good crops, both in point of quantity and quality,
are so grown, on such land, in favourable seasons, and may, as a
rule, be relied upon when barley is taken, not after folding, but
after another corn crop.

The questions to be solved by the experiments on barley may
be stated in the same terms as were employed in introducing the
Report of the results obtained with wheat : — “ What are the grain-
yielding capabilities of such land ? — what its powers of endur-
ance ? — in what constituents, or class of constituents, does it
soonest show signs of exhaustion ? — and how far will the' answers
arrived at on these points in reference to it, accord with, or be a
guide to, those Avhich would apply to any large proportion of the
arable land of Great Britain when farmed in the ordinary way,
with rotation ? ”

The Field Experiments on Barley.

The previous cropping of the land set apart in 1852 for the
continuous growth of barley was as under : —

1847, Swedish turnips, with farmyard manure and super-
phosphate (the roots carted off).

1848, Barley.

1849, Clover.

1850, Wheat.

1851, Barley, with sulphate of ammonia.

It had thus already grown two corn crops in succession, and
was, therefore, agriculturally speaking, in a somewhat exhausted

92 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barleij,

condition for the after-growth of grain, and would, in the course
of ordinary practice, be re-manured before growing another crop.
It was, therefore, in a suitable state for testing the effects of
different manures upon the crop, and for showing, by the results, in
what constituents, or class o-f constituents, the soil had, by the
previous cropping, become practically the most deficient.

The area of acres was divided into 24 nearly square plots ;
most of which were exactly one-fifth of an acre each, but the
remainder somewhat less. Two plots were left unmanured ; one
rvas manured every year with farmyard-manure ; and others with
different manures, which, respectively, supplied certain con-
stituents of farmyard-manure, separately or in combination.

We here repeat, in answer to objections recently reiterated
(this time in Germany), that we believe comparative results
obtained by growing crops year after year on the same land,
without manure, and with different manurial constituents, singly
and in admixture, are far better calculated to indicate in what
constituent or constituents the soil is relatively deficient, so far as
the available supply for the crop to be grown is concerned, than
' what is generally understood as an analysis of the soil. On this
point it may be well to quote a paragraph from our paper on the
growth of Wheat for twenty years in succession on the same land : — •

“ Our conclusion, as indicated in former papers, and frequently
expressed in answer to the objections of chemical friends who had
not paid special attention to the applications of chemistry to agri-
culture, was, that far more had yet to be done in determining
the chemical and physical qualities of soils in relation to the
atmosphere, and to manurial substances exposed to their action,
as well as in perfecting methods of analysis, before comparative
analyses could aid us much in deciding upon the relative produc-
tiveness of different soils, to say nothing of the still more difficult
problem of estimating, by such means, the condition of fertility
or exhaustion of one and the same soil at different times. Of
late years very much has been done in these departments of
investigation ; still, as recent discussions abundantly show, far
too little is even yet known ol* what a soil either is or ought to be,
in a chemical point of view, to render the results of the analysis
of soils directly applicable to the solution of questions such as
those we had in view in our inquiry. But if our knowledge of
the chemistry of soils should progress as rapidly as it has during
the last twenty years, the analysis of a soil will ere long become
much more significant than it is at present.” (‘ Journal of the
Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. xxv. p. 98.)

In accordance with the views here indicated, we have from
lime to time, from 1846 up to 1870, taken samples of the soils
and subsoils of our different experimental plots, until the codec-

for Twenty Years in sueeession on the same Land.

tion now comprises about 300 specimens. In a large proportion of
these the nitrogen, and in some the carbon, has been determined.
Some have been experimented upon at Rothamsted in other ways,
and some at Munich by Baron Liebig’s son, Hermann von Liebig,
who requested to have samples for examination ; and the whole
are carefully prepared and preserved, with a view to more com-
plete investigation whenever time will permit. Reference will
be made further on to some of the results that have been obtained.
It is, then, not the chemical examination of soils on a systematic
plan, and by methods carefully arranged and well adapted for
the solution of specific questions, that we have regarded as unim-
portant ; but it is the mere determination, in accordance with
antiquated theoretical ideas, of the ultimate percentage compo-
sition of a soil, without due regard to the condition in which the
constituents exist, and by methods which do not give sufficiently
accurate or comparative results, that we have considered of little
value. In the meantime let us see whether the synthetic, as dis-
tinguished from the analytic method of enquiry, will not give
as important and conclusive evidence as to the conditions and
requirements of growth of barley, as it has done in regard to
other crops.

General Description of the Manures employed.

It has already been said that the selection of manures for the
experiments on barley was, in many respects, the same as that
adopted for those on wheat. In reference to this point it may be
useful, by way of illustration, to show the probable average
amounts of certain constituents in what may be taken as fairly
corresponding crops of wheat and barley. For this purpose we
will assume a produce per acre of —

Wheat, 30 bushels, of 60 lbs. per bushel = 1800 lbs., and
3000 lbs. straw, = 4800 lbs. total produce ;

Barley, 40 bushels, of 52 lbs. per bushel = 2080 lbs., and
2500 lbs. straw, = 4580 lbs. total produce ;
which will contain, approximately, the following constituents ; —

In Corn.

1 In Straw. j

In Total Produce.

Wheat.

Barley.

i IVlieat.

Barley.

Wheat.

Barley.

Ihs.

lbs.

Nitrogen

Phosphoric acid

2*2

Potass

9-5

11-5

i 20-5

18-5

3()

Lime

1-5

1 9

10' 5

Magnesia

3- .6

i 3

2-5

6-5

(j * 5

Silica

0-5

1-2

j 90-5

100

04 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

It will be observed that most of the above constituents (which,
in the sense that they are those which are the most likely to
become deficient in the soil, may be said to be the most important
constituents of the two crops) occur in nearly equal amounts in
the total produce of either. The most prominent exceptions are,
that the total barley crop would remove rather more lime, but
considerably less silica, than the wheat crop. But looking to
the grain alone, the barley is seen to remove considerably more of
silica, and rather more of each other constituent, than the wheat.
Therefore, in cases in which the grain only is sold, and the straw
is returned to the land in due course as manure, the eventual
loss to the soil would be upon the whole greater, especially
in silica, by the growth of such a crop of barley than of
such a crop of wheat. In the experiments now to be con-
sidered, however, both corn and straw are always entirely
removed from the land.

In Germany, it has recently been urged against the plan of our
experiments, that the amounts of the different constituents applied
as manure, for the different crops, have no direct relation to the
amounts which are annually removed from the soil in the crops.
We freely admit that this is the case. We at the same time
maintain that, with the existing knowledge at the time of the
arrangement of the experiments — nay, even with present know-
ledge, or rather ignorance — of the reactions of the different ma-
norial substances within the soil, of the consequent distribution
and state of combination within it of the constituents they supply,
and of how far, accordingly, they are available for the crop to be
grown, it would be the merest pedantry to apply only so much of
each constituent as had been, or was expected to be, removed in
the crop. We have, indeed, followed the plan supposed by our
critics, in isolated cases, with the view of testing the validity of
the assumptions upon which it is founded, and the result has been
most signal failure, so far as the amount of the resulting crop is
concerned.

Both the description, and the amounts, of the manures actually
employed for the barley, are recorded in full in the folding Table,
No. XXIV., and in Appendix — Table I., p. 163. They are in many
respects the same as were adopted in the wheat experiments; and,
as in those experiments, the most available and convenient forms
in which the different constituents occur in the market have been
selected. Thus (omitting from the enumeration those supplied
in farmyard manure and rape-cake), the different “mineral”*
or ash-constituents were supplied as follows: —

* With regard to the use of the term “ mineral ” see vol. xxiv., pp. .506-8 (foot-
note), and vol. xxv., p. 101 (and context), of this Journal ; also vol. xvi. pp. 417-8,
and context.

fo7- Ticenti/ Years in succession on the same Land.

Potass — as sulphate of potass. .

Soda — as sulphate of soda.

Magnesia — as sulphate of magnesia.

Lime — as sulphate, phosphate, and superphosphate.

Phosphoric acid — as bone-ash, mixed with sulphuric acid in
quantity sufficient to convert most of the insoluble earthy
phosphate of lime into sulphate and soluble superphos-
phate of lime.

Sulphuric acid — in the phosphatic mixture just mentioned ;

' in sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia ; in sulphate of
ammonia, &c.

Chlorine — in muriate of ammonia.

Silica — as artificial silicate of soda.

Other constituents have been supplied as under: —

Nitroffcn — as sulphate and muriate of ammonia ; as nitrate
of soda ; in farmyard manure ; in rape-cake.

Non-nitrogenous organic matter, rjielding hy decomposition
carbonic acid, and other products — in farmyard manure, in
rape-cake.

The artificial manure or mixture for each plot is ground up,
or otherwise mixed, with a sufficient quantity of soil and turf-
ashes to make it up to a convenient measure for equal distribution
over the land. The mixtures so prepared are, with proper pre-
cautions, sown broadcast by hand ; as it has been found that the
application of an exact amount of manure, to a limited area of
land, can be best accomplished in that way.

The Field Eesults.

The results obtained with barley will be arranged and
discussed under separate heads, adopting much the same division
of the subject as in the report on the experiments with wheat,
but following a somewhat different order of illustration.
Accordingly, they will be considered in Sections as under ; —

I. — Quantity and quality of the produce obtained, by different
descriptions of manure, in each of the twenty seasons ; with
summary statements of the characters of each season.

II. — Average annual produce obtained over many years in
succession, by each description of manure employed.

III. — Amount of ammonia in manure (or its equivalent of
nitrogen in other forms), required to yield a given increase of
grain (and its proportion of straw), according to the quantity
applied per acre, to the available supply of mineral constituents
within the soil, and to the characters of the season,

IV. — Effects of the unexhausted residue from previous manuring

96 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

(both nitrogenous and mineral) upon succeeding crops, loss of
constituents by drainage, and some allied points.

V. — (Comparison of the results with those obtained in
other fields, and under other conditions as to cropping, man-
uring, &c.

VI. — Summary, and general conclusions, showing the practical
bearings of the results.

On this plan, the consideration in Section I. of the fluctuations
in the quantity and quality of the produce due to season, and in
Section II. of the average results obtained by the different
manures over many seasons, will bring before the reader the
main facts of the field experiments as such. He will then be
in a position to appreciate the great practical importance, and
the great scientific interest, of the questions discussed in Sections
III. and IV., and to judge of the value of the evidence brought
to bear upon them.

Section I. Quantity and quality of the Peoduce obtained
IN the different Seasons.

In the following comments on the quantity and quality of the
produce obtained in each of the twenty seasons separately, the
observations on the characters of the seasons themselves are
founded, partly on Mr. Glaisher’s quarterly reports, partly on
our own, and partly on other records ; and they, as well as those
relating to the crops of the country, may be taken as in the main
applicable, so far as such brief and general statements can be, to
a considerable portion of the Midland, Eastern, and South-Eastern
districts of England. It may be further explained that, to aid
the study of the characters of the several seasons, and with a
view to the statements given of them, Tables have been arranged
showing the actual climatic statistics of the seasons, and also
others of their indices, showing the relative order of the characters
registered, comparing season with season.

A little consideration will show that this branch of the subject
is not less intricate than it is important ; and it can of necessity
be but incidentally and incompletely treated of within the limits
of such a paper as this. Thus, it is obvious that different seasons
will differ almost infinitely at each succeeding period of their
advance, and that, with each variation, the character of develop-
ment of the plant will also vary, tending to luxuriance, or to
maturation, that is, to quantity, or to cjuality, as the case may be.
Hence, only a very detailed consideration of climatic statistics,
taken together with careful periodic observations in the field,
can afford a really clear perception of the connection between
the ever fluctuating characters of season and the equally fluctuating

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

characters of growth and produce. It is, in fact, the distribution
of the various elements making up the season, their mutual
adaptations, and their adaptation to the stage of growth of
the plant, which throughout influence the tendency to produce
quantity or quality. It not unfrequently happens, too, that some
passing conditions, not indicated by a summary of the meteoro-
logical registry, may affect the crop very strikingly ; and thus
the cause will be overlooked, unless careful observations be also
made, and the stage of progress, and tendencies of growth, of the
crop itself at the time, be likewise taken into account.

Having regard to these considerations, and to the well-known
fact — which is only their practical consequence — that those cha-
racters of season which are very unfavourable for land in poor
condition, may be favourable to land in high condition, and vice
versa, such a selection from the results obtained in each year has
been made as it was thought would best illustrate the influence
of season on the productive effects of characteristically different
conditions of manuring ; and for each of the twenty seasons the
produce of the same plots is taken for illustration.

In explanation of the abbreviated descriptions of the manures
given in the Tables, it may be stated that —

The “ farmyard manure ” was made in the open yard, and
did not contain the dung of animals highly fed on purchased
food.

The “ Mixed Mineral Manure ” was composed, per acre per
annum, of —

200 lbs. sulphate of potass (300 lbs. the first 6 years).

100 lbs. sulphate of soda (200 lbs. the first 6 years).

100 lbs. sulphate of magnesia.

200 lbs. bone-ash. ( superphosphate of

150 lbs. sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1*7) lime.

The “ Ammonia Salts ” consist of an equal mixture of the
sulphate and muriate of ammonia of commerce.

For the sake of easy reference, and for comparison with the
produce in each individual season, there is given in Table I., on
the following page, the particulars of the average produce over
the 20 years, on each of the plots selected for illustration in this
Section.

In passing, the significant fact may here be noted, that,
over a period of 20 years in succession, ammonia-salts alone
gave an average, per acre per annum, of 5 bushels more corn,
and of 4 cwts. more straw, than the mixed mineral manure
alone. Again, the ammonia-salts and mixed mineral manure
together gave an average annual produce of about 19 bushels
more corn, and 14 cwts. more straw, than the mineral manure

VOL. i.x. — s. s. n

licport of Experiments on the Groictli of Barleij,

Table I. — Average Quantity anJ Quality of Barley per Acre, per annum, on selected
plots. Twenty Years, 1852-1871.

Javerage produce, &c.. per acre per annum.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE, PER ANNUM.

Dressed Com.

Straw

Total

Cora

Weight

per

Bushel.

Total

Produce

Quantity.

Corn.

and

Chaff.

(ton and
Straw).

100

Straw.

1 0

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

Uumanured

52-3

1133

Ilf

2454

86*6

14 Tons Farmyard Manure ..

481

54-3

27G8

281

5933

88-5

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure, alone
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, alone

274

53-4

1550

143

31G2

96-4

1 A

321

.52- 1

1840

181

3919

89-2

4 A

("Mixed Mineral Manure, and .. 1

\200 lbs. Ammonia-salts /

4GJ-

54-0

2G30

28|

5817

83-2

1 Mixed Mineral Manure, and . . . . 1

4 A A

1400 lbs. Ammonia-salts first 6 years!
1 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts next 10 y'ears j
'275 lbs. Nitrate Soda last 4 years .. J
Mixed Mineral Manure, and.. .. j

495

53-4

2813

32-2

C443

79'5

4 C

< 2000 lbs. Rape-cake first 6 years i
( 1000 lbs. Rape-cake last 14 years .. )

472

53-G

2G9S

29J

6002

83-0

alone ; but only about 14 busbels more coi'n, and 10 cwts. more
straw, tban the ammonia-salts alone.

There can be no doubt, therefore, that in this, in an agri-
cultural sense, already corn-exhausted soil, the available supply of
nitrogen was much more readily exhausted than the available
supply of mineral constituents, so far as the requirements for the
growth of barley are concerned.

It may be stated at the outset then, that the results obtained
with barley, so far show general accordance with those on wheat;
and that those with both crops are entirely inconsistent with
the “ Mineral Theory,” according to which it was maintained —
“ that the supply of ammonia is unnecessary for most of our
cultivated plants, and that it may be even superfluous, if only
the soil contain a sufficient supply of the mineral food of plants,
when the ammonia required for their development will be fur-
nished by the atmosphere.”

We need hardly say that the sharp distinction, the direct
antithesis, between the terms “ mineral ” and “ ammonia,” as
used in the above sentence, was habitually adopted by Baron
Liebig in his earlier agricultural writings*; in fact, the “ Mineral
Theory” which was so long in controversy, can hardly be more
clearly stated in so few words, than in those just given, written
by himself.

* For a few additional illustrations see foot-note pp. 506-8, vol. xxiv. part 2 of
this Journal.

for Twenty Years in s2iccession on the same Land. 99

Notwitlistanding this, wliat does he say now? He ignores
his former arguments and views. He repudiates the obvious
meaning of the terms he employed. He attributes to his oppo-
nents ignorance of the fact that, in a special scientific sense,
ammonia-salts are mineral substances. He says — “ All the ma-
terials constituting the food of our cultivated plants belong to
the mineral kingdom.” And — “Sulphate of ammonia and sal-
ammoniac are mineral , . . Thus, ammonia is now claimed
as a mineral manure, instead of antithetic to it, as throughout
his earlier writings ; and, accordingly, he claims as consistent
with his “ Mineral Theory,” any beneficial effects from the use
of nitrogenous manures. He would, indeed, have it supposed
by the rising generation of readers, and if possible established
for the future, that the “Mineral Theory” of Agriculture which
has been in controversy is the “ Mineral Theory ” of vegetation
in general, according to which, as distinguished from the so-
called “ Humus Theory,” all the food of plants is mineral.

Having made these fundamental changes, without acknow-
ledgment of either change or error, he endeavours to divert the
attention of his modern and future readers from his earlier works
and editions, and insinuates that the error has been on the side
of his opponents. Thus, in 1870, in the course of a disquisition
on the claims of truth in scientific inquiry, he speaks of his
long forbearance in reference to the opposition to his views on
the theory of fermentation, the sources of muscular power,^the
formation of fat, &c., and, in agricultural chemistry, on the
laws of the nutrition of plants and animals. But, he goes on to
say, there is for every one a limit, when it becomes his duty
again to contend for that which he holds to be true, and this is
reached, when error has gained the victory, and scarcely a doubt
is expressed that it may be the truth. Then, with more special
reference to the controversy with ourselves, he proceeds —

“In this way it happened to my views on agriculture, on the
causes of the exhaustion of soils, and the conditions of the
restoration of their fertility ; in the 16 years which elapsed
between the sixth and seventh editions of my book, my doctrine
was as good as buried, by the majority of practical agriculturists
it was held to be completely refuted, which might well be
quite unhesitatingly assumed, since one of the most renowned
Scientific Societies had bestowed its great gold medal upon my
most persevering opponents, as a seal of their triumph over
the mineral theory. With the publication of the seventh edition
ol my ‘Chemistry in its applications to Agriculture and
Physiology,’ a refutation of my doctrine is no longer spoken of,
and the younger generation of farmers, standing in a far higher
scientific position, no longer comprehend how there was so

H 2

100 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barlep,

much disputing and quarrelling over truths which now seem to-
them self-evident,”*

Considering that the “Mineral Theory,” about which there-
was so much “ disputing and quarrelling ” has in reality been so
long both refuted and buried, and that its author not only seeks
to repudiate it, but to adopt without acknowledgment the views
of his opponents put forward in correction of his own, it would
be only waste of tlie reader’s time to repeat the process of refuta-
tion and burial in any detail here. But those who may be curious
to examine into the history and the truth of the matter for them-
selves, we would refer to the third and fourth English editions of
Baron Liebig’s book (1843 and 1847), or to the German editions
prior to the seventh^ and to our own papers in Volumes xii., xvi.,.
xxiv., and xxv. of this Journal.

Before commencing the consideration of the individual
seasons, it may be well to add, by way of preliminary statement,,
that in the comments on the varying quantity and quality of
produce obtained by one and the same manure according to-
season, the comparisons of the produce of each separate seasorr
with the average of the twenty seasons, will be made with
as little reference as may be needed to the question of how
far the result may be affected by the use of the same manure
year after year on the same plot. In accordance with the
plan already given, this subject, of the degree, or the limit, of
the effects of accumulation, or of exhaustion, by previous
manuring and cropping, on the produce of succeeding seasons,
will receive separate and full consideration in Section IV.

Lastly, it will be useful to bear in mind throughout, that, so
far as the influence of season is concerned, the quantity of the
produce depends greatly on the amount and the distribution of
rain during the growing period ; and the qualify (proportion
of corn and quality of corn), on a suitable adaptation of tempera-
ture. And, so far as the influence of manures is concerned, the

* The following is the paragraph from the original —

“ In dieser Weise war es meinen Ansichten iiber den Feldbaubetrieb, liber die
Ursachen der Erschdpfung der Felder und die Bedingungen der Wiederherstellung
ihrer Fruchtbarkeit ergangen ; in den 16 Jahren, die zwischen der 6. und 7.
Auflage nieines Buches liegen, war meine Lehre so gut wie zu Grabe getragen,
sie wurde von der grossen Mehrzahl der practischen Landwirthe fiir vollkommen
widerlegt gehalten, was wohl ganz unzweifelhaft daraus entnommen werden
diirfte, dass eine der beriihmtesten wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften ihre grosse
goldene Medaille meinen beharrlichsten Gegnern zur Besiegelung ihresTriumphes
tiber die Mineraltheorie verliehen hat. Mit der Veroffentlichung der 7. Auflage
meiner ‘ Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologic,’ ist von
einer Widerlegung meiner Lehre nicht mehr die Rede, und die jiingere, wissen-
schaftlich weit hoher stehende Generation der Landwirthe begreift es nicht mehr,
dass so viel Hader und Zank iiber Wahrheiten war, die ihnen jetzt als selbstver-
stiindlich gelten.” (Ueber GUhrung, uber Quelle der Muskelkraft und Ernahrung.
Vorrede, pp. ix-x.)

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 101

<jnantity (luxuriance) depends greatly on the available supply of
nitrogen within the soil, and the quality of the crop (tendency
to form seed and to ripen), on the available supply of mineral
•or ash-constituents.

First Season, 1852.

November and December, 1851, were upon the whole fine,
but colder than usual. January and February, 1852, were mild
and wet ; March dry and clear, but cold and frosty ; April dry,
with some hot sun, but a good deal of cold east wind ; May
variable, but also with a good deal of cold east wind; June
very wet and cold; July very hot, with several heavy
thunderstorms ; August fine at the beginning, very wet in the
middle, and fine and hot at the end ; September fine until the
bth, when there was a heavy thunderstorm, with a good deal of
rain, the rest of the month being variable, with prevailing low
temperatures, but upon the whole not unfavourable. In June
the dew point was below, but the degree of humidity of the air
slightly above the average; in July the dew point was above,
but the degree of humidity considerably below the average ; and
in August and September both dew point and the degree of
humidity were below the average.

Thus, the early portions of the winter were, upon the whole,
fine but cold ; but the later for the most part mild and wet.
Then followed drier weather, allowing of an early working of
the land. The spring was, however, dry, cold, and backward ;
the early summer rainy and cold, and the maturing period
Tariable, with a good deal of hot weather, and some heavy storms.

The winter-sown wheat crop was reported to be generally not
tleficient in bulk, but in many districts much blighted, mildewed,
and grown ; the result being a yield considerably below the
average. Shortly before harvest, barley as well as wheat was
reported to be a bulky crop, and to give upon the whole a fair
promise, though the hot weather of July was tending to pre-
mature ripening, especially on the lighter lands ; and the very
variable weather of the maturing period greatly lessened the
yield, and injured the sample.

The experimental wheat crop was much below the average in
<|uantity of both corn and straw, and also considerably below the
average in quality of grain. Table II. (p. 102) exhibits the results
obtained on the selected plots in the experimental barley field.

The weather was favourable for the preparation of the land,
and the seed (Chevalier) was sown on March 5. The quantity of
produce, both corn and straw, was, without manure, by mineral
manure alone, and by ammonia-salts alone, considerably greater
in this first season than on the average of the 20 years under the
same continued conditions as to manure. The comparatively

102 RcpoH of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Table II. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. First Season, 1852.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Plots.

MANURES. PER ACRE.

Straw

and

Chair.

Quantity.

Weight

per

Bushel.

Total

Corn.

Pi'oduce
(('orn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

52-8

1844

18i

3920

88-8

] o

Unmanured

271

.'12 -1

1585

16|

3445

85-2

4 O

Mixed Mineral Manure

32^

51 -.5

1819

19i

4008

83- 1

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

36^

50-7

2088

oof

4652

81-5

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, audl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts ../

40f

51-4

2368

“'g

5487

75-9

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
400 lbs. Ammonia-salts ../

45J

50-6

2532

283

5714

79-6

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
2000 lbs. Eape-cake . . /

51-4

2098

2-tJ

4796

large produce without manure, and by mineral manure alone,
in the first year, shows that there was a quantity of un-
• exhausted nitrogen from previous manuring available within
the soil. The larger produce by ammonia-salts alone in the
first than over the 20 seasons shows, in like manner, a com-
parative exhaustion of available mineral constituents in the
later years. On the other hand, in the case of the farmyard
manure, and the artificial manures in which there was annually
supplied an abundance of mineral constituents as well as
ammonia, or nitrogen in some form, the average produce of the
20 years considerably exceeded that of the first year. Part
of this latter result is doubtless due to accumulation from
year to year ; but no doubt it is also in great measure due to the
comparatively defective productive characters of the first season.
This conclusion is confirmed by the fact 'that, the quality of
the produce, as indicated by the weight per bushel, was, both
from the deficiently and from the liberally manured plots,
considerably below the average. The jiroportion of corn to straw
was also in most cases below the average.

The results obtained in the experimental field are accordant,
therefore, with those over a considerable area of the country, in
showing that the variable, but upon the whole wet and cold i
season of 1 852, was unfavourable to the barley crop, and
especially so in point of quality.

Second Season, 1853.

Up to the middle of January, the winter of 1852-3 was, upon
the whole, very unseasonably warm and wet ; the rest of January,
February, and March, were very cold, with a good deal of east

103

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

anti novtli-cast wind, and some snow ; April and INIay were for
the most part cold and wet, with the exception of a short period
in the middle of each month; June was variable, with a good
deal of rain and cold wind; the greater part of July was exces-
sively wet, with low temperatures, but the end of the month, and
the beginning of August, were fine ; the remainder of August,
and September, were dull, unsettled, wet, and cold. Both the
dew point and the degree of humidity of the air Avere generally,
and, especially the latter, sometimes considerably below the
average in June, July, August, and September.

Thus the autumn and early winter Avere exceedingly wet ; so
much so, indeed, that a considerable breadth of the land intended
for Avheat could not be sown. The remainder of the Avinter, and
the spring, Avere for the most part unseasonably cold, or cold
and Avet ; so also Avere the summer, and the harv'est time, with
the exception of a short period at the end of July and the
beginning of August.

The wheat crop Avas reported to cover a A'ery limited area, and to
be far inferior to that of any season for many years past. Barley
and oats Avere, hoAvever, soAvn over an unusually large area, and
neither crop Avas reported to have suffered anything like so much
as Avheat.

The experimental Avheat Avas not sown until the spring, and
its crop Avas one of the Avorst that has been obtained up to the
present time. The experimental barley Avas not sown until
April 11 ; and the following are the results obtained on the
selected plots : —

Table III. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Second Season, 1853.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

riots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Straw

and

Chair.

Corn

Quantity.

Weight

per

Bu&hel.

Total

Corn.

Produce
(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

•

14 Tons Pal'm-yard Manure

3t;;

.51-6

2136

22f

4682

83-9

1 0

Unmanured

25J

51*4

1552

3562

77-2

4 0

Mixed Mineral iMauure

35|

52-1

2017

20|

4312

87-9

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

38|

52-4

2285

23 a

4950

85-7

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and!

53-1

2309

2G|

5284

77-6

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . /

4 AA

Mixed Mineral Manure, and 1

44J

51-4

2590

31|

6134

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . /

iii’ 1

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
2000 lbs. Kape-cake . . . . j

40|

50-4

2302

27i

538G

74-G

Under the influence of this unusually cold and wet season, the
Aveight of total produce (corn and straw together) Avas, Avithout

104 Report of Experiments on the Groioth of Barley,

manure, and with the partial manures, that is, with mixed mineral
manure alone, or ammonia-salts alone, rather more than in the
first season, and very considerably more than the average of the
20 seasons. With farmyard manure it was considerably more
than in the first season, but considerably less than the average.
With the more complete artificial manures, supplying mineral
constituents in abundance as well as ammonia, there was a consi-
derable deficiency compared with the average; and more in the
corn than in the straw. This comparatively worse result in the
cold and wet season with the more liberal, than with the more
partial manuring, is in great measure to be explained by the
fact, that all the heavier crops were very much more laid than
the lighter ones. Accordingly, the weight per bushel of dressed
corn, which was in almost every case considerably lower than the
average, was, so far as the artificial manures were concerned, the
lower the higher the proportion of nitrogen to the mineral con-
stituents in the manure ; that is to say, the more the tendency to
luxuriance, or quantity of gross produce, prevailed over that of
geed-forming and ripening.

The results as a whole are an illustration of that which common
experience teaches, namely, that with a cold and wet season the
naturally light and poor, and the poorly manured lands, suffer
much less than the naturally better, or more liberally manured
soils. Another point of general interest is, that spring-sown corn
as a rule suffers much less in such a season than the winter-sown
wheat. Indeed, an amount of spring and summer rain which
may be essential for the luxuriant growth, and subsequent yield,
of the late-sown barley or oat crop, will frequently be adverse to
the yield of the winter-sown wheat crop.

Third Season, 1854.

The winter of 1853-4 was, until past the middle of February,
upon the whole unusually severe, with a good deal of snow ;
March and the greater part of April were very fine, but at the
end of the latter month there was severe frost for the period, and
a good deal of cold north wind ; May was variable, generally cold
and backward, with a good deal of rain ; June was generally
fine, but cold; the first half of July was also cold, with a mode-
rate amount of rain ; then came a week or two of fine hot weather,
which was succeeded by thunderstorms and heavy rain; the
Ijeginning of August was wet, the middle fine though not warm,
but the end dry and hot; September was almost throughout fine
and favourable for getting in the crops, with high day, though
low night, temperatures. In June, July, August, and September,
the dew point was below the average, and the degree of hum dity

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 105

of the air was, in June above, in July about, and in August and
September below, the average.

The autumn seed-time had been very favourable ; it was
followed by an unusually severe winter, but the spring seed-time
was not unfavourable. This was succeeded by generally fine but
generally cold and backward weather, until the middle of July,
from which time, however, until harvest, the period, though
changeable, embraced some fine maturing and harvest weather.

The season of 1854 appears, therefore, by the climatic records,
to have been by no means continuously favourable, and the
harvest was late ; yet the wheat-crop of the country was reported
to be one of the largest yield per acre for many years past. The
barley and oat crops were also spoken of as generally very good.

The experimental wheat-crop was as remarkable for superiority
in almost every particular, both of quantity and 'quality, as that
of 1853 had been in the opposite direction. The following
results were obtained in the experimental barley field ; —

Table IV. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Third Season, 1854.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Straw

and

Chaff.

Quantity.

Weight

per

Bushel.

Total

Com.

Produce
(Com and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

Ihs.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

1 4 Tons Farm-yard Manure

56|

53'9

3127

37i

7298

75-0

1 0

Unmanured

.53-6

1963

2l|

4405

80-4

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

54-0

2374

23J

4969

91-5

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

47|

53’6

2763

30i

6155

81-5

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . /

60f

54-3

3428

40i

7958

75-7

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and 1
400 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . )

62|

52*1

3539

9026

64-5

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, and 1
2000 lbs. Rape-cake . . )

60i

52-8

3413

42J

8125

72’4

The seed was sown as early as February 24th ; and the season,
though backward, was without material checks. The result,
Avith the early start, and these conditions, was a great bulk of
produce, which, for its amount, was comparatively little laid ;
and, with favourable harvest weather, it finally yielded a large
amount of corn as well as straw, and generally a good weight per
bushel. Under every condition of manuring the produce was
considerably higher than in either of the two preceding seasons,
and considerably higher also than the average of the 20 seasons.
It was, in fact, under most of the conditions of manuring, in
straw higher, and in corn also higher than, or nearly as high as.

106 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

in any of the 20 years. In 3 of the selected cases the produce
exceeded 60 bushels of dressed corn, and 2 tons of straw, per
acre. The season of 1854 was, therefore, one of remarkable
productiveness ; and it was remarkable for yielding such large
crops under climatal conditions which the mere meteorological
registry did not indicate to be peculiarly favourable. The result
would appear to have been owing, as in the also remarkable
season of 1863, to a continuity of unchecked growth, rather than
to any special aptitude for unusual luxuriance at particular
periods. Lastly, although the quantity of grain per acre was very
large, the proportion of corn to straw was considerably below the
average. It is probable, indeed, that the great yield was due to
favourable conditions of season at the time of seed-forming,
acting upon a great bulk of plant, and not to conditions favourable
to seeding tendency through any lengthened period of growth.

Fourth Season, 1855.

The winter of 1854-55 was generally fine and mild up to the
middle of January. Then came some frosts and deep snow ; and
the frost, with occasional snow, rain, and thaw, lasted, with more
or less severity, through February and March. The beginning
and end of April were also cold and frosty, and the month was
more or less windy throughout, with dry east winds at the close.
May and June were for the most part very cold and dry, with
the exception of a short interval in the middle of that period,
and the end of J une, which was very hot ; J uly was very variable,
with many fine hot days, but with severe thunderstorms, and,
upon the whole, a great excess of rain. The beginning of
August was also wet, but the remainder of the month was fine ;
September also was fine, but cool. In June, August, and Sep-
tember, both the dew point and the degree of humidity of the
atmosphere ranged low, but in July both were somewhat in
excess of the average.

Thus, the latter part of the winter, and the early spring, were
extremely severe ; the remainder of the spring and the early
summer cold and dry ; July was very variable, with a great
deal of rain, and a rather humid atmosphere ; but the harvest
period was more favourable.

With these characters of season, the wheat crop of 1855 was
reported to be much less abundant than that of 1854 ; in quantity
about, or but little over, an average — in quality very various,
and in many cases much damaged. Barley was reported to be
abundant, but damaged, yielding a bad malting sample.

In the experimental wheat field, the season of 1855 was one of

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 107

average productiveness with moderate manuring, but was unfa-
vourable for high manuring, that is for the growth and maturing
of large crops. The selected plots in the experimental barley
field gave the following results : —

T.vble V. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Fourth Season, 1855,

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

[ riots.

MAXUEES, PEK ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Straw

and

Chaff.

Com

Q\iantitj'.

Weight

per

Bushel.

Total

Corn.

Produce
(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Busliels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

50J

52-9

2765

27i

58.52

89-6

1 0

Unmanured

52-4

1773

I'i

3745

89-9

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

3~s

53-1

20G7

4082

102-6

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

51-8

2443

5148

90-3

4 A

Mixed Mineral ^Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts ■. . /

48i

.52 '0

2G59

C134

76-5

4 AA

Mixed Mineral Manure, andi
400 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . /

49i

48-9

2582

39|

7054

57-7

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
2000 lbs. Kape-cake . . /

51s

49-5

2783

3‘i

6993

66-1

A wet and warm July, and the beginning of August also wet,
following upon a cold and dry spring and early summer, and,
therefore, acting upon a backward crop, ensured a considerable
bulk of produce ; and with comparatively favourable conditions
immediately before harvest, the quantity of corn per acre, as
well as that of straw, was also above the average of the 20 years ;
excepting in some of the cases of the heavier crops, which were
much laid. The corn-yielding characters of the crop varied,
however, very considerably ; the proportion of corn to straw, and
the weight per bushel of the dressed corn, being generally consi-
derably the lower, the greater the proportion of nitrogen to
mineral constituents in the manure ; that is to say, the more the
manures supplied the conditions favourable to luxuriance and
bulk, rather than to seeding tendency. Thus, by mineral manures
alone, there are only 37-- bushels of corn, and 18 cwts. of
straw, but 102 parts of corn for 100 of straw, and more than'53
lbs. weight per bushel ; whilst with the same mineral manure
and 400 lbs. ammonia-salts per acre, there are nearly 50 bushels
of corn, and nearly 40 cwts. of straw, but less than 58 parts of
corn to 100 of straw, and less than 49 lbs. per bushel. The very
varied conditions of manuring supplied in the experimental field
have, therefore, furnished, in their results, a striking illustration
ot how differently the same conditions of season may affect the
produce of light and of heavy, or of deficiently or highly manured
land ; and how an excess of rain during the actively growing

108 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

period may be beneficial under bad, and injurious under good
agricultural conditions.

Fifth Season, 1856.

After a wet autumn, and some severe weather in the early part
of the winter, January 1856 was very variable, but, upon the
whole, mild, as was also February ; March was dry and cold,
with piercing north-east winds; April and May generally cold,
and May particularly, very wet; June and July changeable as
to temperature, with little rain, and frequently very cold nights
until nearly the end of the latter month, which, with the begin-
ning of August, was fine and hot ; then came heavy thunderstorms
with excessive rain, but the end of August, and the first half of
September, were fine, after which again succeeded thunderstorms
and heavy rain, the temperature being generally low throughout
the month. The mean dew point, and' degree of humidity of the
air, were above, or about, the average in June, July, and August,
and somewhat below it in September.

Thus, after a variable, but upon the whole, mild winter, the
early spring was dry and cold, the remainder cold and wet, and
the early summer cold and changeable, with little rain; then
came a short interval of fine and hot weather, succeeded about the
ripening period by very heavy rains and prev'ailing low tempera-
tures. The harvest period was much broken, generally wet and
unfavourable, especially in the later districts.

Wheat was reported to cover a large area ; and shortly before
harvest it was thought the crop would be over an average. Bar-
ley and oats were also expected to be over average per acre ;
though barley was said to cover an unusually small area. Even-
tually, however, owing to the unfavourable harvest-weather, and
the deficiency of labour, a considerable proportion of all three
crops was much damaged and badly got in.

The experimental wheat crop was, with liberal manuring, in
quantity of straw over, and in that of grain fully equal to, the
average ; but it was unevenly and badly ripened, and the weight
per bushel was low.

The results exhibited in Table VI. (p. 109) were obtained in
the experimental barley field.

The barley was sown on March 8th ; and with, for the most
part, alternately cold and dry, and cold and wet, spring and
summer, the amount of total produce was, under all conditions
of manuring, very considerably below the average of the 20
years. The deficiency in quantity of corn was very great, and
that of straw also great ; though the less the higher the artificial
manuring. With the farmyard manure, however, the deficiency

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 109
Table VI. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Fifth Season, 185G.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Com

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Str.a\v

Weight

per

Bushel.

'J'otal

Produce

Quantity.

Corn.

and

Chuff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

liushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

,‘?2J

47-1

k;.56

19f

3866

74-9

1 0

Unmanured

13'

49-1

812

1797

82-4

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

19^

47-0

1018

2075

90-3

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

48'5

1432

II5

3.347

74-8

4 A

Mi.xed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. J

31f

46-4

1599

21i

3981

67-1

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
400 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. (

37i

45-4

1886

5582

51-0

Mixed Mineral Manure, and!
2000 lbs. Rape-cake . . /

35|

46-3

1841

30J

5257

53-9

of straw was proportionally as great as in other cases of low pro-
duce. The quantity of corn was, indeed, under many of the
conditions of manuring, the lowest, and under all nearly as low,
as in any year of the 20 ; and, with a wet harvest time following
upon an almost continuously unfavourable growing period, the
proportion of corn to straw was unusually low, especially under
the high manuring. The weight per bushel of dressed corn was
also very much below the average, and almost throughout lower
than in any other of the 20 seasons.

In former seasons it had been observed that, wherever phos-
phatic manures were used, the crop ripened much earlier than
where they were not employed ; but hitherto it had been thought
desirable to cut all at the same time. From this time forward,
however, there have generally been at least two cuttings, with
an interval of from a week to a fortnight between them. In the
case of the season under consideration, all the lots with phos-
phatic manure were cut on August 13th, after which there was
a week of almost incessant rain, which much damaged both grain
and straw, the former being much sprouted. The remainder of
the plots were cut on August 29th, and being then dead ripe,
were carted on the same day.

J udging from the reports, it would appear that the barley crop
of the country generally was not so deficient in bulk as the
results show that in the experimental field to have been ; but
it was probably in many cases equally damaged, and bad in
yield.

Sixth Season, 1857.

The last quarter of 1856 was marked by rapid variations of
pressure, and extreme changes of temperature. In January

110 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Burleijy

(1857), there Avas a good deal of rain, and the greater part of
the month Avas mild ; but it became colder, Avith frost and snoAV,
at the end of the month and the beginning of February, The
remainder of February, and March, Avere very dry, Avith high
barometer, frequent sharp frosty nights, and cold easterly Avinds.
April Avas more rainy, but included also some fine though cold
weather. May Avas fine, Avith a good deal of very Avarm Aveather,
and but little rain. In June, again, there Avas a good deal of fine and
hot weather; but there Avere also several thunderstorms, with heavy
falls of rain, Avhich Avere much needed, and thoroughly penetrated
the soil. During July the Aveather Avas generally fine, and occa-
sionally very hot, Avith much less than the usual amount of rain.
In August there -Avere several thunderstorms with heavy rain,
but otherAvise the Aveather was fine and remarkably hot. In the
early part of September a great deal of rain fell, but the remain-
der of the month Avas fine, and its temperature was pretty
uniformly rather aboA^e the average. In June, July, and August,
though the deAV point ranged someAvhat high, the temperature
did so in a greater degree, so that the atmosphere Avas drier than
usual.

Thus, after a A^ariable preliminary period, the beginning of
the year Avas mild and Avet ; in the spring there Avas, upon the
whole, a good deal of cold dry weather, but there Avas a suffi-
ciency of rain in April. The summer Avas for the most part hot,
with a dry atmosphere, but Avith genial and plentiful rains in
June, and again in the beginning of August. Finally, the
harvest period, though someAvhat broken, Avas generally faA'our-
able.

The extent of land under Avheat Avas reported to be less than
in 1856 ; but with a summer hotter and drier than usual, though
Avith occasional plentiful rains when most needed, the crop
throughout "promised exceedingly Avell ; and, after harvest, it Avas
estimated to have been unusually productive. Barley Avas said
to cover a large area, but to be generally deficient in yield per
acre, though proportionally less so in the best corn-groAving
districts of the country. Oats were pronounced to be decidedly
below their average productiAeness.

The experimental Avheat crop, though by no means so bulky
as many, Avas one of very much more than the average yield of
grain per acre.

The results obtained Avith barley are shoAvn in Table \ II.
(p. 111).

The seed was sown on March 6th. On all the plots having
superphosphate in the manure, the crops Avere ripe earlier than
on the others, and were cut on August 3rd, the rest being left
till August 10th. In April there Avas^a sufficiency of rain to

for Ticeniy Years in succession on the same Land. Ill

Tablf, VII. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Sixth Season, 1857.

PRODUCE PER ACRI

^ kc.

Total

Com

riota.

3IANURES, PER ACRE.

straw

■Weight

per

Bushel.

Total

Quantity.

Corn.

and

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

1 4 Tons Farm-yard Manure

.54-2

2915

2.0i

55G4

110-0

1 0

Unmanured

2GJ

52-0

1453

12i

2878

102-0,

4 ()

Mixed Mineral Manure

39f

53-7

2191

175

4111

114-1

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

385

51-9

2133

17i

4118

107-5

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. /

575

54-8

321G

275

G33G

103-1

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, audi
400 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . j

G45

.53' 9

3077

3G1

7734

90-6

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, audl
2000 lbs. Ilape-eake ../

i G21

54-1

353G

331

7241

95-4

establish growth; the summer was almost throughout hot and
dry, excepting that there were some heavy falls of rain in June,
and again in August ; and the result was a crop of more than
average bulk, and of very unusual seeding tendency. In fact,
there was a higher proportion of corn to straw, and higher weight
per bushel of corn, than in any other year of equal gross produce
per acre. The season was remarkably favourable for high
manuring ; and even the heaviest crops, which were very heavy,
especially in the ear, were very little laid. Thus, there were,
with mineral manure and 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre,
90^- parts of corn for 100 of straw, nearly 65 bushels of dressed
corn per acre, and 53'91bs. weight per bushel. Again, with
mineral manure and 2000 lbs. rape-cake, there were 95^ corn to
100 of straw, 62 J bushels of dressed corn per acre, and a weight
per bushel of 54T lbs.

The contrast between this season and its produce, and those of
1854, which was also a year of very unusual productiveness, is
very great. Throughout the most active growing periods the
temperature was very much lower in 1854 than in 1857. In
May, 1854, there was about four times as much rain as in May,
1857 ; but in June and July there was less than half as much,
though nearly as many rainy days. The consequence was very
much more gross produce per acre, in 1854; and, with the
highest manuring, about one-fourth more straw, but scarcely as
much corn, as in 1857,

It would appear that the season of 1857 was much more
strikingly favourable for the barley crop in the experimental
field than, according to the puljlished reports, it was estimated
to be in the country generally. Thus, the crop was stated to be.

] 12 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barlcij, ’

upon the whole, of barely average yield per acre ; though it was
admitted to be good in the best corn-growing districts.

Seventh Season, 1858.

The last quarter of 1857 was generally mild, with unusually
little rain during the last two months. January, 1858, was also
dry, and, during the last fortnight, cold and frosty. February was
cold, moderately rainy, with some snow, sharp frosts, and easterly
winds, which extended some time into March ; in which month
there was comparatively little rain. The beginning of April
was cold, but most of the remainder fine, and even hot ; and a
moderate amount of rain fell in the beginning and end of the
month. It was also cold in the beginning of May, but fine, dry,
and hot towards the end ; though with heavy showers, making
up about an average fall of rain during the month. June was
upon the whole very fine, dry, and hot, with some heavy thunder-
showers, but much less than the average amount of rain. In
July there was much more rain; and, though variable, the
- weather was still upon the whole fine and hot. August and
September were very fine, with much less than the average fall
of rain. Throughout the quarter ending with September, as
also in June, the degree of humidity of the atmosphere ranged
lower than usual.

There was, therefore, during the winter, spring, and summer,
upon the whole, much less than the usual amount of rain ;
though in February, April, May, and July, there were fair
amounts. The air was also generally less humid than usual
throughout the summer. The temperature, too, was generally
above the average throughout the spring and summer months,
whilst June was unusually hot.

Early in the summer the appearance of the wheat plant was
generally that of great luxuriance, promising a bulky crop.
The reports of the harvest indicated a crop, fully, if not above,
the average, though by no means equal to the extraordinary
one of 1857. Barley and oats were said to be very various,
neither likely to give an average as to quantity ; and barley
not very good in quality.

The experimental wheat crop was pretty uniformly below
the average in quantity of straw, but the produce of grain was
generally above the average, and the more so the higher the
manuring.

The results obtained with barley are shown in Table VIII.
(p. 1.13).

Hitherto we have been able to show the effects of mixed mineral
manure alone, the same with 200 lbs. ammonia-salts, the same with

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 113

Table VIII. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.
Seventh Season, 1858.

PRODUCE PER ACRE. &c.

.IMola.

JI.VXURES, TER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Straw

Total

Corn

Total

Produce

Quantity.

Weight
per Bush.

Coni.

• Chaff,

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

.54-5

3118

31J

G635

88-7

i o

Unmanureil

53-0

1207

loj

2424

99-1

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

SOI

54-0

1780

16J

3590

98- 3

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

31J

53-0

1771

15.1

3506

102 1

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . j

51J

54-0

2897

291

6192

87-9

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. (‘) Ammonia-salts)

56j

53-5

3155

353

7160

78-8

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
1000 lbs. (-) Rape-cake ../

53-1

3162

7082

80-7

(*) 400 lbs. the first G years (1852-7). (^) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

400 lbs. ammonia-salts, and the same with 2000 lbs. of rape-cake
per acre. The crops manured with 400 lbs. ammonia-salts, and
2000 lbs. of rape-cake, were, however, always obviously too
heavy to stand up and ripen well in other than most exceptional
seasons. For the crop of 1858, therefore, and subsequently, the
quantity of rape-cake was reduced from 2000 to 1000 lbs. per
«cre. The quantity of ammonia-salts applied to the “ A A ”
phits was, at the same time, reduced from 400 to 200 lbs. per
acre ; and this dressing was continued for ten years, namely, to
1867 inclusive, after which the 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts was
substituted by 275 lbs. of nitrate of soda, which is estimated to
contain the same quantity of nitrogen. From this time, there-
fore— 1858 and afterwards — any increase of produce on plot
4 A A, over that on plot 4 A, (with only 200 lbs. of ammonia-
salts per acre from the commencement), is, doubtless, in great
measure, due to an unexhausted residue of nitrogen supplied in
the 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts used annually during the preceding
six years ; and it will afterwards be seen that there was a marked
effect from the previous excessive manuring, at any, rate over ten
consecutive seasons. In like manner, the produce on the plot
manured with mineral manure and 1000 lbs. rape-cake in this
tind subsequent seasons, will be affected by the unexhausted residue
from the excessive supply in the first six years.

The seed was sown on March 20 ; the earlier plots were cut
on August 4, and the later ones on August 17. Thus, with a
rather limited, but still a sufficient, supply of rain for the require-
ments of growth, and a comparatively hot summer and harvest
period, the crops ripened somewhat early. There was, under

VOL. IX.— .s. s. I

114 Report of Experiments on the Groicth of Barley,

most of the conditions of manuring, rather more than the average
quantity of straw, more than the average proportion of corn to
straw, especially with the most liberal manuring, notably more
than the average quantity of corn per acre, and generally good,
and full average, weight per bushel. Thus, under varied con-
ditions of manuring, the season of 1858 was, in most particulars,
one of more tlian average productiveness ; but, in quantity of
total produce, in proportion of corn to straw, and especially in
quantity of corn per acre, it was considerably below that of the
much hotter and pre-eminently cora-yielding season of 1857.

The experimental wheat-crop accorded pretty well in cha-
racters with that of the country generally ; and the experimental
barley-crop has much the characters of the experimental wheat-
crop, namely, greater superiority in yield of corn than in pro-
duce of straw, when compared with the average ; but the barley-
crop of the country at large was, according to the reports, by no
means so good as that in the experimental field is seen to have
been.

Eiyhth Season, 1859.

The concluding quarter of 1858 was much drier than usual,
and, during a considerable portion of it, it was very cold. The
latter part of December, however, and January and February,
1859, were very fine and mild; March was also, upon the whole,
mild, but with more rain ; in April, too, a good deal of rain fell,
and the latter part of the month was stormy, wet, and cold. May
began with cold, dry, easterly winds ; then came a good deal of
rain, succeeded by fine and hot weather. During June there
were several heavy thunderstorms, much rain fell, and the air was
more humid than usual, though there was also some fine warm
weather. July was, upon the whole, fine, and unusually hot;
but there were several severe thunderstorms at the beginning
and about the middle of the month. August was unsettled, but,
for the most part, warm, with a good deal of rain. September
was also unsettled, and cold, with an excessive amount of rain.
In July the dew-point ranged high, but the temperature rela-
tively higher; and, throughout the quarter ending with Sep-
tember, the degree of humidity of the air was below the average.

Thus, throughout the winter there was very little rain; and,
with the exception of the early part, the weather was very mild.
iSIarch was mild, with more rain; in April there was a full, in
May a deficient, in June an excessive, in July a moderate,
in August a full, and in September an excessive, supply of rain ;
whilst June and July were considerably above the average tem-
perature, and the harvest period was generally unsettled, with a
great deal of rain, and for the most part warm.

for Twcntij Years in succession on the same Land. 115

Early in the season the reports of the crops were, upon the
whole, good ; but the heavy rains of June laid the best of them,
and the high temperature of that month, but especially of J uly,
induced premature ripening ; whilst, owing to the wet and stormy
harvest period, and a deficiency of labour, much of them were too
long out, and, especially the heavy ones, much damaged. Wheat
was eventually pronounced to be under average, much injured,
and very poor in quality : barley, a very uneven crop, with very
thin grain, and a good deal sprouted ; oats also very deficient.

The experimental wheat was unusually bulky with high
manuring. With only moderate amounts of ammonia the quan-
tity even of grain was not deficient ; but, with heavy dressings
of ammonia there was, compared with the average, a consider-
able deficiency of corn, and a large amount, and very undue
proportion, of straw. The weight per bushel of dressed corn was
also throughout very low. The following are the results obtained
with barley ; —

Table IX. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Eighth Season, 1859.

PRODUCE PER ACRE. &c.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

'I’otal

Cora

Produce

Quantity.

Weight
per Bush.

Coru.

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

52-5

2362

28^

5558

73-9

1 0

Uumanured

13i

49-0

775

1800

75-6

Mixed Mineral Manure

19f

52-5

1197

2567

87-4

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

15i

47-5

919

2204

71-5

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . /

34|

51-0

2017

27i

5067

66 •!

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andi
200 lbs. (') Ammonia-salts/

35f

50-5

2092

305

5517

61-1

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
1000 lbs. (“) Rape-cake .. J

51-0

2135

291

5440

64 -C

(') 400 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7). (^) 2000 lbs. the first 6 yeai-s (1852-7).

The seed was sown on March 3 ; and with, upon the whole,
mild weather, and a good deal of rain, for a couple of months,
succeeded by heavy thunderstorms, but a considerable amount
of hot weather, the crop came forward very early, the plots
manured with superphosphate being cut on July 13, and carted
on August 1 ; whilst the remainder were not cut until August 8,
and were carted on August 12. With the wet spring, and pre-
mature ripening summer, there was a considerable deficiency of
total produce, which showed itself proportionally much less in
the straw where the manure was liberal than where it was de-

I 2

110 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

fective. The deficiency in quantity of corn was throughout
very great, and the weight per bushel was also throughout low,
and very low where superphosphate was not employed. The
deficiency was the greatest in both corn and straw, and par-
ticularly in corn, where the ammonia-salts were used alone ; that
is to say, where there was the greatest excess of ammonia rela-
tively to the supply of mineral constituents. The quantity of
corn under that manuring was less than half, and that of the
straw less than two-thirds, the average ; and both corn and straw
were absolutely less than in any either preceding or succeeding
season, though this was only the eighth year of the twenty in
which no mineral manure had been applied on that plot. Next
to the plot manured with ammonia-salts alone, that continuously
without manure was proportionally the worst in this season,
compared with the average.

Thus, the general characters of the experimental barley crop,
agree with those of the experimental wheat, in showing consider-
able deficiency ; greater deficiency in corn than in straw, and
- greater where the manorial conditions were the most defective.
The spring-sown barley suffered, however, more than the autumn-
sown wheat ; being not only more deficient in corn, but generally
deficient in straw also, which the wheat crop was not. The com-
paratively greater deficiency of total produce of the barley, is
probably due to the wet and warm weather, almost from the
time of sowing. Sowing early would induce too much upward,
and too little underground growth, thus leaving the plant without
proper soil-resources in its later stages. The character of the
experimental barley accords with that of the country generally,
which, as has been seen, was stated to be uneven, prematurely
.ripened, and to yield thin grain, often sprouted.

Ninth Season, 1860.

The last quarter of 1859 was very variable as to temperature,
but prevailingly cold; and upon the whole wet. January I860,
was variable, but generally mild and wet ; February was very
cold, with sharp frosts and snow, ending with storms of rain and
wind. The greater part of March was cold, with heavy showers,
and snow ; the remainder was finer and warmer. April was
very cold, with some snow and sharp frosts ; the beginning of
May was also cold, but the rest of the month warmer than usual,
though very wet. June was very cold and very wet; July also
very cold, with a moderate amount of rain, most of which fell
after the middle of the month ; August cold and very wet, and
September also cold, but fine in the early part, though very wet
in the latter. In June, July, August, and September, the dew-

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 117

point generally ranged low ; but with the unusually low tem-
peratures, the degree of humidity of the air was considerably
above the average.

Thus, the winter was alternately very mild and very cold,
and upon the whole very wet. The spring, summer, and autumn,
were very stormy, cold, wet, and unseasonable ; indeed, more so
than had been known for many years past.

The crops were very backward, and the harvest 2, 3, or more,
weeks later than usual. Wheat was, in some localities, not
deficient in bulk, but generally very much damaged, yielding
but a small proportion of grain, and that of very low quality.
The crop was, indeed, very much below the average, both in
quantity and quality. Barley and oats were reported to be bulky,
and generally abundant; but barley especially in many dis-
tricts much laid and damaged, and giving grain of inferior '
quality.

Under the influence of the extraordinarily wet and cold growing
and ripening season, the wheat-crop in the experimental field
was very much below the average both in quantity and quality,
though the deficiency was proportionally less with the heavier
dressings. The crop was generally worse than any other,
excepting that of 1853. The following results were obtained
in the experimental barley field : —

Table X. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Ninth Season, 18G0.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

I’lots.

MANURES. PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Straw

Total

Corn

Total

Produce

Quantity.

Weight

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and

100

per Bush.

Straw).

straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

4lg

.'52 • 1

2319

25^

5156

81-7

1 0

Unmanured

13J

50-8

7.'53

1598

89-1

4 ()

Mixed Mineral Manure

184

.51-3

1013

2093

93-8

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

2Gi

50*8

1501

3166

90-2

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

431

51-1

2375

26|

5355

79-7

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. ('; Ammonia-salts )

4G|

51-0

2501

5746

77-1

Mixed Mineral Manure, and!
1000 lbs. (^) Rape-cake . . /

40f

51-1

2238

22^

4783

87-9

(') 400 lbs. the first G years (18.G2-7). {") 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1S52-7).

Bad as were the seasons of both 1859 and 18(i0, yet they show
some remarkable contrasts. 1859 was wet, much rain falling in
heavy storms, unusually avarm, and very early, some of the plots
in the experimental barley field being cut on July 13th. On the

118 Report of Experiments on the Groicth of Barley,

other hand, 1860 was wet, the rain a "ood deal distributed,
unusually cold and sunless, all crops were very late, and the
experimental barley, which was sown on INIarch 19th, was not
cut until September 3rd and 4th. In the Avet, Avarm, and early
season of 1859, there Avas a Aery great, deficiency of corn, low
Aveight per bushel, and comparatively little deficiency of straw,
especially Avhere the manuring Avas liberal. In the Avet, cold,
and late season of 1860, there Avas much less deficiency of corn,
especially with liberal nitrogenous manuring, about as Ioav a
Aveight per bushel as in 1859, and a somcAvhat greater, but still
not great, deficiency of straw. The Avet, cold, and late season,
gaA’e, therefore, upon the Avhole, a much better crop, and especially
much more corn, with liberal nitrogenous manuring, than the
wet, warm, and prematurely early season.

This result is verv instructive, Avhen it is borne in mind that
it is with high temperature, provided there be a sufficiency and
not an excess of rain, that nitrogenous manures the most strikingly
increase the produce of grain. We haAe here an illustration
of the dependence of the result on the mutual adaptations of heat,
moisture, and stage of groAvth of the plant, and of hoAV difficult
it is, without going into considerable detail as to each of these
three elements, and their relations to one another, thoroughly
to anticipate, or to explain, the influence of any particular
season. It will be remembered that the Aery remarkable
productiveness of 1854, Avas by no means clearly indicated in
the general characters of the season, as represented in the
summary statement of the meteorological registry for the period.
Doubtless, an influential element of the restricted productiA'eness
In 1859, Avith the higher temperatures, was the fact of their
distribution being such as to bring the plant much too early to
maturity, thus shortening its period of accumulation and groAvth.
On the other hand, the much better result Avith the Avet and
cold season of 1860, was probably greatly due to the less active
above-ground, and probably greater under-ground development,
early in the season, and to a much more extended subsequent
period of groAvth.

It is Avorthy of remark that, Avhilst, with mineral manures and
ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda, the experimental barley crop
Avas so much better in yield of grain in 1860 than in 1859, the
experimental wheat-crop Avas, Avith similar manures, much
the most deficient, both in corn and straAv, in 1860. The
Avinter-soAvn wheat having acquired much more complete posses-
sion of the soil than the spring-sown barley, the high temperature
of the summer of 1859 would in a much less degree check its
luxuriance and induce premature ripening — that is much less
curtail its total groAvth — and hence, Avith liberal nitrogenous

for Twentij Years in succession on the same Land. 119

manuring we have, in its case, though a deficiency of corn, an
even more tlian average total produce in the hot, but upon the
whole wet, season of 1859 ; whilst with the barley there is a
considerable deficiency of total produce, and more deficiency
of corn than of straw. In the wet sunless season of 1860, on the
other hand, the wheat, which requires higher temperatures for
its luxuriance than barley, shows a great deficiency of total pro-
<luce, more especially in the straw ; and the barley less deficiency
of total produce, and very much less deficiency of corn than
in 1859. Lastly, it is remarkable, that although under the
influence of the rapidly active artificial manures, there was
such unusual deficiency of barley grain in the hot and early season
of 3859, yet in the same season, the much less rapidly active,
but much more comprehensive, manuring of farmyard dung gave
a much less marked deficiencv.

The results in the experimental fields are in accordance with
the records of the crops in the country at large, in showing 1860
to have been for wheat a more, but for barley a less, adverse
season than 1859.

Tenth Season, 1861.

October, 1860, w'as upon the v/hole seasonable ; November
very cold, with a good deal of rain ; December mild at the
beginning, but otherwise, as also the greater part of January
(1861), extremely severe. Many evergreens of long standing
were killed during this period. The remainder of January and
February were much milder, with comparatively little rain;
though during the latter month, as also pretty continuously
through March, April, and the beginning of May, there was a
good deal of cold wind, with less than the average fall of rain.
The remainder of May was dry and fine, and even hot. June
commenced with cold wind and rain, followed by an interval of
fine and hot weather, and then a good deal of rain to the end of
the month. July was generally seasonable as to temperature,
with less than the average fall of rain. There was some heavy
rain at the beginning of August, but, upon the whole, the month
was very dry, fine, and favourable ; and the fine weather con-
tinued, hut with rather lower temperatures, and much wind, till
nearly the end of September, when a considerable quantity of
rain fell. In June, both the dew point and degree of humidity
of the air ranged high; but in July, August, and September,
they were not far from the average.

Thus, after, upon the whole, a favourable autumn seed-time,
the winter of 1860-61 was unusually severe, and the 3'oung
wheat-plant suffered considerably. The spring of 1861 was
for the most part dr^", Avith a good deal of cold wind ; but plen-

120 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barleij,

tiful rains, and sonae hot weather, in June, brought the growing-
crops rapidly forward; July, August, and the greater part of
September, were, upon the whole, seasonable as to temperature
and degree of humidity of the atmosphere, with less than the
usual amount of rain.

The wheat crop was reported to be generally below’ the average
in quantity per acre, owing chiefly to the loss of plant during
the winter ; but it was much improved by the favourable weather
of the latter part of the summer, and the autumn ; and a fair
average, and, in many cases, good quality, compensated some-
what for deficiency of quantity. Spring corn crops were, how-
ever, stated to be generally good ; both barley and oats, especially
the latter, yielding very well.

The experimental wheat crop was considerably deficient in'
straw, and somewhat so in grain ; but the quality of the latter
was fully equal to the average. The crop was, however, in all
respects superior to that of 1860 ; and generally in yield, but
especially in quality of grain, superior to that of 1859 also.

* The selected plots in the experimental barley-field gave the
following results : —

Table XI. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Tenth Season, 18G1.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

PlOlB.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Corn

Qaantity.

Weight

Corn.

Cbatr.

(Cora and

luo

per Bush

Straw).

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

CwLS.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

54j

54*8

3169

6715

89-4

1 0

Unmanured

16i

52-3

941

2166

76-8

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

29|

.54-0

1648

15i

3366

95- 9'

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

30|

51-5

1745

19|

3945

79-0

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and]
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts . . /

; 5il

54-0

3059

30J

6472

89-6

4 A A

Jlixed Mineral Manure, and)
200 lbs. (') Ammonia-salts /

1 55j

53-5

3169

33|

6937

84-1

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (^) Eape-cake .. /

! 53i

54-3

3111

0576

89-S

(') 400 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7). (’) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (18.52-7).

Without manure, there was less than the average amount of
both corn and straw ; but, with every description of manure, there
was more than the average quantity of straw, and with every
description (excepting by ammonia-salts alone) more than the
average quantity of corn ; and with liberal manuring, whether
in the form of farmyard dung, rape-cake, or mixed mineral
manure and ammonia-salts, considerably more. The weight per

for Ticeniy Years in succession on the same Land. 121

bushel of dressed corn was also, in most cases, fully equal to the
average.

Thus, although the winter-sown wheat had given less than an
average yield, the spring-sown barley gave much more than
an average. The wheat had suffered from the severity of the
winter, which would doubtless be favourable, rather than other-
wise, so far as the condition of the land for the barley was
concerned. Both were subjected to the influence of a dry, cold,
and backward spring, which would tend to root-development
rather than early aboveground luxuriance. Plentiful rains fol-
lowing in June, and again at the beginning of August, with,
upon the whole, seasonable temperatures throughout the greater
part of June, July, and August, conditions favourable for both
crops W'ere supplied. Hence, notwithstanding a deficient plant,
the wheat turned out better than was expected ; and the barley
being not too forward in its early stages, and, under the conditions
of season, probably well rooted, gave, upon the whole, a much
more than average crop, especially of grain. It should be added,
that the riper crops, those with superphosphate of lime in the
manure, were not cut until August 20th and 21st, and the re-
mainder not until August 27th. The earlier crops were, for
the most part, a little laid, but none seriously.

It will be seen that these results, obtained in the experi-
mental fields, accord very well with those reported in regard ta
the crops of the country at large.

Eleventh Season, 1862.

October, 1861, was generall3' mild, fine, and dry ; November
inclement, with an excess of rain, and unusually low tempera-
ture. December was, upon the whole, warmer and drier than
the average, but with a good deal of cold wind towards the end.
January and February (1862) were, upon the whole, fine and
dry, with a good deal of warmer, and but little of colder, weather
than usual. The beginning of March was frosty, but the greater
part unusually mild and wet. April was variable, with some
unseasonably cold, but a good deal of warm, weather ; and a
full average amount of rain. May was extremely wet, and, in
the early part especially, unusually warm. June, Juh% and
August were, almost throughout, unsettled, with a good deal of
wind and rain, and unusually low temperatures, the nights
especially being frequently very cold ; and although the atmo-
sphere contained less than the average actual amount of moisture,
the degree of humidity of the air was, with the low tempera-
tures, not correspondingly low. September was also variable.

122 Report of Experiments on the Groioth of Barley,

with a good deal of rain at the beginning and end of the month,
but with fine and warm weather intermediately.

The winter of 1861—2 was, therefore, upon the whole, mild.
The spring was variable as to temperature, upon the whole
warmer than usual, and very wet. The summer was unsettled,
stormy, cold, and wet.

The wheat crop of the country was almost universally reported
to be under the average, in many cases root-fallen, and also much
mildewed. Barley \vas stated to be about, or scarcely, an average ;
oats a fair average.

The experimental wheat crops were, where the manuring was
not excessive, fully equal to the average in both quantity and
quality of grain, but, upon the whole, barely average in amount
of straw.

The following results were obtained in the experimental barley-
field : —

Table XII. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Eleventh Season, 1802.

PRODUCE PER ACRE

&c.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Com

Quantity.

Weight
per Bu&>h.

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

4Uf

54-8

2936

34J

6774

76-5

1 0

Unmanured

IGI

50-3

899

1987

82-6

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

2.5J

52-0

1428

13*

2941

94-4

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

31^ ■

49-4

1821

203

4106

79-7

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts ../

47i '

54-0

2725

31|

6273

76-8

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. (') Ammonia-salts /

Kl-^

54-0

2824

331

6529

76-2

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (^) Rape-cake . . /

451

54-0

2G34

285

.5872

81-4

(') 400 lbs. the first G years (1852-7). (^) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

As has been stated, March was unusually wet; the seed 4vas
not sown until April 16th; the earlier plots (those with super-
phosphate) were not cut until August 22nd, and the remainder
not until September 1st. Excepting without manure, and with
mineral manure alone, the quantity of barley-grain per acre was
either close upon, or over, the average of the 20 years ; and the
weight per bushel of dressed corn was also, in most cases, fully
or over the average. The superiority was the most marked with
farmyard-manure ; and with it there was the greatest excess of
straw as well as corn. With rape-cake, on the other hand, there
was a slight deficiency of both straw and corn, the crops being

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 123

more laid than any of the rest. With the more liberal artificial
manures there was, however, fully or over the average quantity
of both corn and straw. Upon the whole, therefore, notwith-
standing the prevailing coldness and wetness of the summer,
the experimental barley-crop was somewhat over average, in both
quantity and quality, under liberal conditions of manuring. The
*barley-crop of the country generally was pronounced to have
been much less injuriously affected than wheat, and to have been
about, whilst the latter was seriously below, the average. The
experimental wheat, however, as well as the experimental barley,
turned out to be rather over the average.

Twelfth Season, 1863.

October, 1862, was unusually warm, but with, a good deal of
wind and rain. November was cold, with comparatively little
rain. December, and January and February 1863, were unusually
mild, with a fair amount of rain in December, a good deal in
January, and but little in February. March was, upon the whole,
mild, with but little rain, and wheat showed unusually forward
growth. April was very dry and warm. In May there were
some refreshing rains, though only a small total fall, but the
temperature was occasionally extremely low, and pretty nearly
throughout rather below the average, with frequent storms of
wind. The temperature in June was also generally rather below
the average, and there was a great deal of rain, which, though
needed, and much aiding growth, was so heavy as to lay the most
forward and bulky crops. In July there was much less rain than
usual, with moderately high day bat low night temperatures, and
some sharp night frosts. August, with only moderate tempera-
ture, and about the usual amount of rain, was, upon the whole,
favourable for ripening and for harvest. In September a good
deal of rain fell, and the temperature ranged rather low. In
.lune the condition of the atmosphere as to moisture was about
the average for that month. In July, August, and September,
both the actual amount and the degree of humidity were below
the average.

Thus, the winter and early spring were generally very mild,
with, upon the whole, less than the usual fall, but in January an
excess of rain. The remainder of the spring included some
warmer, but more colder weather than usual, and there was, upon
the whole, a deficiency of rain. The early summer was also cool,
with more, and some heavy rain. From that time to harvest,
though the temperature was seldom high, it was (excepting some
night-frosts in July) generally sufficient, the fall of rain was

124 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

considerably below tbe average, and the atmosphere comparatively
dry.

With these characters of season, the wheat crop of 1863 was
almost unanimously reported to be considerably above the average,
both in quantity and quality. Indeed, such a yield per acre had
not been known for very many years. The plant came very early ^
forward, had refreshing though limited rains in its early stages,
received comparatively few checks, and with a somewhat cool
but sufficiently warm summer, with little rain and a comparatively
dry atmosphere during the latter stages of growth, and the ripening
and harvest periods, there was a lengthened and almost unbroken
course of gradual accumulation. Spring-sown crops, especially
barley, were reported to be less uniformly good — those that were
late sown having suffered for want of rain in the early stages of
growth. Still, both barley and oats were considered to be rather
over the average.

The experimental wheat crop of 1863 was the twentieth in
succession on the same land, yet it proved to be in quantity of
both grain and straw by far the most productive, and in quality
of grain nearly the best, hitherto. It even considerably exceeded
both 1854 and 1857, which also were years of extraordinary
yield. It was a very favourable season for the action of ammonia-
salts, giving more total produce, and especially more corn, for a
given amount of ammonia applied, than was obtained in any other
vear. The following are the results obtained on the selected
plots in the experimental barley field : —

Table XIII.— Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots. Twelfth Season, 18G3.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRK

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Cora

Qu.mtity.

Weight
per Bush.

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-ytard Manure

59i

57-2

3473

331

7185

93 -G

1 0

Unmanured

22|

53-6

127G

llg

2545

100-5

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

54-8

18GS

15^

359G

108-1

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

425

53-6

240G

21^

480G

100-3

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts ..)

55i

5G'5

3210

G791

89-6

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
200 lbs. (‘j Ammonia-salts /

591

5G-4

.3429

7323

88-1

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (^) Rape-cake .. /

54J

56-7

3159

30-J-

C599

91-8

(’) 400 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7). (^) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

The barley was sown on March 11 ; the forwardest plots were
cut on August 10 and carted on August 14, and the remainder

for Taenty Years in succession on the same Land. 125

rut on August 15 and carted on August 24. The seed was in,
therefore, though not early, still in good time ; and, with a mild
but comparatively dry spring, the plant would probably distribute
its feeders well through the soil, and with liberal rain in June,
but no unduly forcing weather at any time, and favourable ripening
and harvest periods, the result was, though not as with wheat in
all respects the best crop hitherto, still one much over the
average. It was so, especially in quantity and proportion of
grain, whilst in quality, indicated by weight per bushel, it was
actually the best up to that time ; but, as will be seen, it has been
exceeded on this point in several seasons since. In quantity of
straw it was also over average. As in the case of wheat, the
season was peculiarly favourable for the action of ammonia salts —
indeed, for all high manuring — the farmyard manure giving not
only considerably more than average total produce, but, both as
to quantity and quality of corn, a better result than in any other
season hitherto. Without manure, or with purely mineral manure,
the amount of produce of both corn and straw has been exceeded
in several seasons ; but with mineral and nitrogenous manures
together, the only years that exceeded or closely approached 1863
were, in produce of corn, 1854, 1857, and 1864 ; but, in produce
ot straw, 1854 the most strikingly, and less so 1855, 1861, 1862,
1864, 1869, and 1871.

A comparison between the characters of the seasons of 1854
and 1863, the former yielding, with high manuring, generally
fully as much or more corn, and considerably more straw than the
latter, will usefully illustrate upon what conditions the very
favourable, but still very different results of the two seasons
depended. In 1854, which gave much the larger quantity of
total produce of barley (corn and straw together), the winter
having been very severe, the land was worked and the seed was
sown very early ; there was considerably less than half the
average amount of rain in March, April, June, and July, with
nearly double the usual amount in May. In 1863, on the other
hand, the seed was not in so early ; there was only about half the
usual amount of rain in March, April, May, and July, with
nearly double the usual amount in June. In both years there
was in August about the average amount of rain. Almost
throughout the six months enumerated, 1863 was slightly the
warmer of the two, though both were rather warmer than usual
in the early spring, and rather cooler than usual, but with a dry
atmosphere, in the summer. Thus, both seasons were, throughout
the greater part of the period of growth, comparatively dry and
temperate ; but each had, at one period, a large fall of rain, which,
in 1854, yielding the largest amount of total produce, came in
May, whilst in 1863 it did not come until June. It is worthy of

126 Report of Rxperiiuciits on the Growth of Barley,

remark, that with the winter-sown wheat the result was reversed ;
for with it the larger produce of both corn and straw — indeed
the largest ever obtained — was in 1863. The difference is, how-
ever, explicable by the very different characters of the winters in
the two cases. The winter of 1853-4 was unusually severe, and
the wheat-plant backward in the early spring ; whereas the winter
of 1862-3 was mild, with a good deal of rain in January, and
the plant was very forward in the spring. It would, therefore,
the less require liberal rains before June than the spring-sown
barley, and would be in a better state for benefitting by the
generally favourable climatic conditions of the spring and summer
than the less forward wheat-plant of 1854.

Thirteenth Season, 1864.

October, November, and December, 1863, were warmer than
usual, with about, but upon the whole, less than the average
amount of rain. January and February, 1864, though including
some abnormally warm intervals, embraced longer periods of
very cold and wintry weather, which checked forward vegetation ;
there was considerably less than the average fall of rain in
January, and a very small fall, including snow, in February. In
March the rainfall was large — the first half of the month generally
warm, the latter half cold — and, upon the whole, the quarter had
been very variable, colder than usual, with many alternations from
frost to thaw. April and May were, for the most part, warm,
with less than the average amount of rain ; but the end of May
and nearly the whole of June were comparatively cold, but with
little rain. There was very unusually little rain in July and
August, but an excess in September. The day-temperatures
generally ranged high in July, but about the average in August
and September ; whilst the night-temperatures were somewhat
below the average in July, much below in August, and about
the average in September. In June and July the dew-point was
below, and in August very much below, the average. The
degree of humidity of the air was in June low, in July about
the average, and in August very remarkably below the average.

Thus, the winter was very variable, including a good deal of
warm, but also much very cold and wintry weather, though with
comparatively little rain. The spring, though changeable and wet
at the beginning, was, upon the whole, warm and dry ; June was
cold and dry, whilst the rest of the summer was hot iu the day
and cold at night, with very little rain, and in August especially
a very dry atmosphere.

The wheat crop of the country proved to be, in quantity, much
above the average on good soils, but below the average on poor

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 127

soils, and in quality generally above tbe average. Earley was
I'eportcd to be very unequal — good on good soils, stunted and
poor on light soils — and, owing to tbe summer drought, tbe early
generally much better than tbe late sown; upon tbe whole, how-
ever, over average. Oats irregular, short, deficient in yield, and
generally much below average in quantity. Roots generally a
failure.

Tbe experimental wheat crop, though by no means equal to
the extraordinary one of 1863, was nevertheless considerably
above the average both in quantity and quality of grain, espe-
cially under liberal manuring ; it was also much above the
average in quantity of straw. The following results were obtained
in the experimental barley field : —

Table XIV. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Thirteenth Season, ISGf.

^ PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

; { Corn

Weight
per Bush.

Bnd

Produce

(Juantity.

Corn.

Cbatr.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Dushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard JIanure

57-4

3672

371

7852

87-8

1 0

Unmanured

55-7

1379

12i

2809

96-4

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

33i

57-3

1949

16f

3829

103-7

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

38|

55-4

2258

20^

4533

99-2

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and!
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. j

55|

57*6

3316

34g

7225

84-8

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. (Q Ammonia-salts/

56|

57-6

3299

37i

7469

79-1

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (“) Eape-cake . . j

57-2

3153

341

7061

80-7

(') 400 lbs. tbe first 6 years (18r)2-7). Q) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

The seed was sown on March 26tb, the most forward plots
were cut on August 11th, and carted on August 13th ; and the
remainder cut on August 17th, and carted on August 18th.
The sowing was, therefore, rather late ; but, with a hot and dry
ripening period, the harvest was moderately early. There had
been a good deal of rain in March ; but, from that time up to
harvest, very little. With the exception of June, which was
cold, the spring and summer were generally warm, and the
ripening period characterized by a very dry atmosphere. Not-
withstanding the prevailing warmth and dryness of the growing
periods, all the experimental plots gave very considerably more,
of both corn and straw, than the average. Of corn there was
generally more than in any other year of the 20, excepting 1863
and 1854 ; and with farmyard manure, by the use of which there is

128 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

so much accumulation in the soil, more than in any year of the
20. The weight per bushel was also much above the average ;
throughout higher than in 1863, with few exceptions as high as,
and in some cases higher than, in any other year. The experi-
mental barley crop was, therefore, one of large produce of straw,
indicating considerable luxuriance of growth; of exceptionally
large produce of grain, which was of very exceptionally high
quality. It is probable that, with the wet March, the plant
found sufficient moisture in the soil for the requirements of its
early growth ; that, owing to the distribution of the compara-
tively small total fall during the rest of the season, it was suffi-
cient under those preliminary conditions ; that the low tempe-
rature of June prevented over luxuriance ; that the cold nights,
alternating with the hot days, of July, prevented premature
ripening ; and that the dry atmosphere during the final stages
contributed to the high perfection of the grain.

These very favourable results in the experimental field are not
inconsistent with the record of the barley crops in the country at
large ; for though it was admitted that on light soils, and where
■ sown late, the crop was very poor, it was equally admitted that,
under more favourable conditions in these respects, it was verv
good.

Fourteenth Season, 1865.

After a rather wet September, but a very low aggregate rain-
fall during the first 9 months of the year, the concluding quarter
of 1864 was also characterized by less rain than usual. The
deficiency was very considerable in October and December,
though there was rather an excess in November. As to tempe-
rature, the period was very variable, with a good deal of cold
weather. There were occasionally very high winds ; whilst the
degree of humidity of the air was very unusually low in October,
and somewhat low in November and December also. In
January, 1865, there was a considerable, and in February a
slight excess, but in March a deficiency of rain (including
snow) ; though, throughout the quarter, the number of rainy
days was small. Excepting the first half of January, the greater
part of which was warm, the quarter was almost throughout
unusually stormy and cold, with a good deal of snow ; March in
particular was generally very exceptionally cold and inclement,
in April and June very little rain fell ; whilst in May and July
there was an excess, and in August a very great excess. In
September, however, 'the fall was very exceptionally small.
April, May, and the beginning of June, were much warmer
than the average, but the remainder of June was variable, and,
upon the whole, rather cold. The mean temperature of the

for Twenfi/ Years in succession on the same Land. 120

quarter, and especially of April, was, however, the highest on
record for that period of the year ; and the air was pretty uniformly
much drier than the average; the rain which fell being little dis-
tributed, coming for the most part in heavy showers. July, with
an excess of rain, was also warmer than usual. The greater part
of August was not only extremely wet, but rather colder than
usual ; whilst September was both the driest and hottest on
record ; completing, notwithstanding the comparatively low tem-
perature of August, a hotter period of 6 months than any other
known. In each month, too (excepting August, when it was very
high), the degree of humidity of the air was generally very low.

The winter of 1864-5, though variable, was, therefore, upon
the whole, very cold, stormy, and inclement ; the early spring
unusually cold and backward ; but the remainder, and greater
part, was very warm, with a dry atmosphere ; though, towards
the end, some heavy rains fell, and the combined conditions
brought the crops very rapidly forward. June was also dry, hot
at the beginning, though afterwards comparatively cool; July
was hot, with a good deal of rain, but, upon the whole, a dry
atmosphere ; the greater part of August was cool and very wet, but
the remainder, and September, very hot and dry, favouring the
rapid completion of the hitherto much retarded harvest work.
Thus, after a severe winter and late spring, the growing period
was characterized by great heat, dryness of atmosphere, and a
deficient amount and distribution of rain ; the ripening period
by an excess of rain, followed, however, by an eventually favour-
able, though late harvest time.

The wheat crop of the country was reported to be very
variable ; good on clays and land in good condition, but poor
on light and badly farmed soils ; in the aggregate about, or
slightly under, average as to quantity ; variable, and, upon the
whole, only moderate in quality. Barley was said to be the best
of the cereals, but inferior on light lands ; oats the poorest crop
for many years past.

The experimental wheat crop was, in quantity of corn, much
below the average on the poorly manured, but considerably above
it on the highly manured plots. The weight per bushel of
dressed corn was, throughout, above the average ; but the quan-
tity of straw was almost throughout considerably below average,
though proportionally the less so the higher the manuring.
The results obtained in the experimental barlev-field are shown
in Table XV. (p. 130).

The wintry weather of March delayed all spring sowing, and
the experimental barley was not put in until April 6th. On the
other hand, the prevailing heat and drought of the spring and
summer, brought grain crops carlv forward, and the whole of the

VOL. IX.— s. S. " ’ K

130

Report of Experiments on the Growth of'Iiarleij,

Table XV. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.
Pourteenth Season, 1865.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &o.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Corn

Quantity.

Weight
per Bush.

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

52f

54-4

2923

251

5769

102-7

1 O

Unmanured

53-9

1018

1924

112-3

4 O

Mixed Mineral Manure

24|

54-0

1349

2464

121-0

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

291

53-8

1666

3127

114-0

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts ../

46 J-

53 '5

2549

22J

5075

100-9

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. (*) Ammonia-salts /

481

53-3

2684

241

5469

96-4

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
1000 lbs. (^) Rape-cake .. J

481

53-5

2648

5117

107-2

(’) 400 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7). (^) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

.barley was cut on August 9th ; but, owing to the wet weather
which had then set in, it was not carted until August 18th. As
might be expected from the characters of the season, and as was
consistent with the results obtained in the experimental wheat
field, there was throughout a considerable deficiency of total
produce (corn and straw together), which was proportionally the
greater the poorer the conditions as to manuring. There was,
however, a very high proportion of corn to straw, the higher the
poorer the manuring ; and the weight per bushel of dressed corn
was about the average. As to the actual amount of corn per
acre, it was, without manure, with mineral manure alone, and
with ammonia-salts alone, considerably below the average, but
much nearer the average with the more complete manuring.
The result is, then, that with a deficiency in total amount of
rain, the very unequal distribution of that which fell, the very
dry atmosphere, and the unusually high temperatures almost
throughout the periods of growth, the conditions above ground
were adverse to luxuriance, but very favourable to seeding
tendency and maturation ; and, where the conditions supplied
within the soil were the most defective, the root-range would
doubtless be the most restricted, and the plants would suffer
the most; whereas, where the conditions supplied within the
soil were liberal, a more extended root-range would render
the plant less sensitive to the atmospheric heat and drought ;
and, hence, proportionally less failing in luxuriance.

The characters of both the experimental wheat and experi-
mental barley-crops were, therefore, in the main accordant with
those of the respective crops in the country at large. That is.

for Tioeniij Years in succession on the same Land. 131

the results in the experimental fields varied greatly according to
the conditions of manuring ; the crops suffering most where the
conditions of manuring were the most defective, whilst it was
on the light and badly farmed lands that the crops of the country
suffered most. On the other hand, it was under the influence of
liberal manuring that the quantity of corn was proportionally
the highest in the experimental fields, and it was on the clays,
and better farmed lands, that the crops were good in the country
generally.

Fifteenth Season, 1866.

The very warm and dry weather of September, 1865, extended
through the first week of October ; and, although there were a
few cold intervals, the temperatures of the three concluding
months of the year ruled higher than the average ; December,
especially, being unusually warm. The period included, how-
ever, very great fluctuations in barometric pressure, and some
extremely severe storms of wind ; whilst in October a very
excessive, in November a full, but in December a deficient,
amount of rain fell. January and the first half of February
(1866) were also unusually warm, though in January there
was a heavy fall of snow, which, however, rapidly thawed, and
the whole period was very wet. A cold and drier period then
set in, and extended to the middle of March, checking the
hitherto much too forward vegetation; and then, to the end of the
quarter, the temperatures, though variable, ruled, upon the whole,
very high, and there was a full amount of rain. The beginning
of April was cold and rather wet, and the remainder con-
siderably warmer and drier than the average. May was,
throughout, unusually cold both day and night, and there was
a deficiency of rain. June was changeable, but included a good
deal of hot weather, which raised the mean temperature above
the average, and during the month a considerable excess of rain
fell. The beginning of July was cold and wet; then followed a
week of hot and dry weather; but, from about the middle of the
month to nearly the end of September, the weather was, with
the exception of few and short intervals, generally cold, with a
good deal of rain and wind in August, and an almost continuous
and considerably excessive fall in September. October was,
however, upon the rvhole, warmer and drier than usual. In
June, July, August, September, and October, the degree of
humidity of the air was generally high.

Thus, after a very wet and comparatively warm autumn, the
winter was, until the middle of February, unusually warm, with
a great deal of rain, inducing premature luxuriance of grass and
winter-sown crops; then came a month of cold and dry weather,

K 2

13'2 Report of Experiments on the Groivth of Barley,

checking growth. The remainder of the spring was at first very
variable, but May was unusually cold and dry. The early
summer was changeable, but mostly warm, with a good deal of
rain; and the' ripening and harvest periods were almost con-
tinuously cold and rainy, with a moist atmosphere, but with
occasional high and drying winds.

After the winter the wheat-plant was very forward, but was
much checked by the prevailing, though not continuous, cold-
ness and dryness of the spring. Recovering, and showing fair
promise In early summer. It was again checked by the sunless
weather, and In many cases laid and damaged by the wet
maturing and harvest period. The harvest was protracted and
late ; and the crop was eventually pronounced to be below an
average in quantity, though of fair quality. Barley and oats were
said to be very variable ; in some cases poor, in others much
damaged ; but upon the whole, above average in quantity, and in
some districts harvested in good condition, and of good quality.

The experimental wheat-crop was, under all conditions of
manuring, below the average in quantity of corn ; and, excepting
under the highest manuring (when it was considerably above),
below the average in quantity of straw also. The weight per
bushel was, however, over average. The following results were
obtained in the experimental barley-field : —

Table XVI. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Fifteenth Season, 186G.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Com.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Com

Quantity.

Weight
per Bush.

Com.

Chaff.

(Cora and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

5.3!,

54-9

3065

31j

6594

86-8

1 0

Unmanured

15|

51-1

858

1928

80-1

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

52-7

1323

2759

92-1

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

50-9

1474

151

3200

85-4

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. j

54-7

2636

973

5704

85’9

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. (*) Ammonia-salts 1

50|

55 ’4

2954

2.8i

6117

93-4

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. iQ Rape-cake ../

48i

55-6

2834

27f

5929

91-6

(‘) 400 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7). (-) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

The seed was not sown until April 2nd. The whole of the
plots were cut on August 15th, IGth, and 17th ; the earliest
were carted on August 18th, but the remainder not until August
23rd and 24th. With, upon the whole, a dry and backward
spring ; a changeable, but mostly tvarm and wet, early summer ;

for Ticentif Years in succession on the same Land. 133

but cold, wet, and windy ripening and harvest period, the result
was considerably less than the average produce of both corn and
straw without manure, and with defective manuring ; but fully
average quantity of corn, and not much less than average quan-
tity of straw, with the more liberal artificial manuring. The
farmyard manure, indeed, gave more than its average of both
corn and straw ; but, as will be seen further on, the produce
on the farmyard manure plot increased very much during the
later years of the experiment, so that the result must not be
attributed exclusively to the season. The weight per bushel of
dressed corn is seen to vary very considerably under the different
conditions of manuring. Thus, without manure, and with
ammonia-salts alone, the weight per bushel was considerably
below the average under those conditions ; whilst, with the
more complex and more perfect artificial manures, and with
the farmyard manure — that is with the more liberal soil-condi-
tions— it was considerably above the average.

The smaller deficiency, if any, in total produce, and the higher
quality, under high manuring, and the greater deficiency, and the
poorer quality, under the poorer soil-conditions, are consistent
with the results obtained in the experimental wheat-field, and
also consistent with the character of great diversity given of the
spring-sown crops of the country at large.

The season of 1866, with its late spring, its warm and wet
early summer, but prevailing cold and wet later growing and
ripening periods, gave considerably greater bulk of produce
than 1865, with its also late spring, but warm and dry growing
period. Though both seasons were unfavourable, they were
essentially different in character. Yet they agree in this : that
each was relatively less unfavourable with high than with poor
manuring. The more perfect soil-conditions enabled the plant
the better to withstand the heat and dryness in 1865, and the
prevailing cold and wet of the growing and ripening period in
1866. That the quality of both wheat and barley was not worse
in 1866, notwithstanding the cold and wet ripening period, was
greatly due to the drying winds which alternated with the rains ;
but the much higher, indeed, the really high quality of the
barley grown by liberal manuring, shows how much more vital
power the plants growing under the more favourable soil-condi-
tions possessed, and that in a certain degree those conditions
compensated for the lacking favourable atmospheric conditions.

Sixteenth Season, 1867.

Though including some cold intervals, the concluding quarter
of 1866 was generally warmer than the average, with somewhat

134 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

less tlian tte usual aggregate amount of rain, though a good
deal fell within a short interval about the middle of November,
causing floods, and hindering autumn sowing in some localities.
In January, 1867, the fluctuations were very great ; extreme
cold and heavy falls of snow, alternating with rapid thaws,
warm weather, hea\y gales, and a good deal of rain. The last
week of January, and almost the whole of February, were very
unusually warm, with a large amount of rain at the beginning,
and a moderate quantity over the rest of the period. March,
again, was almost to the conclusion very cold and wintry, with a
good deal of snow. Throughout the quarter there was a suc-
cession of gales of wind. Owing to the severe weather of
March, the growth of winter-sown crops was checked ; and
owing partly to the wetness, and partly to the frost, the pre-
paration of the land for spring-sowing was much retarded.
April, and the beginning of May, were very unsettled ; stormy,
rainy, and changeable as to temperature ; but, on the average,
warmer than usual. Later in May, besides some very warm,
there was a longer period of extremely cold weather, with a dry
atmosphere, and frosty nights, much checking vegetation ;
though, during the month, there was rather more than the
average fall of rain. June was comparatively dry, very change-
able as to temperature, but on the average colder than usual.
The cold weather continued throughout July and the beginning
of August, and the period was generally sunless and cloudy,
with an excess of rain in July, which fell very heavily towards
the end of the month, and much laid, and in some cases inun-
dated, the crops. The remainder of August, and September, were
much finer, rather warmer than the average, though with rather
more than the average fall of rain; which, however, was not
much distributed, but fell for the most part in considerable
quantities at a time.

Thus, the early winter was, upon the whole, warmer and drier
than usual ; then came intervals of severe frost, snow, and heavy
gales, followed by several weeks of very warm weather, with a
good deal of rain. The early spring was very wintry and
stormy, and both growth and spring-sowing were retarded. The
remainder was very changeable as to temperature ; at first warmer,
afterwards very unseasonably cold, and throughout frequently
stormy and rainy. The rest of the growing, as well as the early
ripening period, was changeable, though for the most part un-
seasonably cold, cloudy, and sunless, with a great deal, and some
very heavy falls, of rain, which much laid the crops. The
harvest-time, though late, and including some heavy rains, was,
however, upon the whole, not unfavourable for the greater portion
of the Midland, Southern, and Eastern districts.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 135

With a wet autumn, a winter alternately very mild and very
severe, a spring with alternations of extreme heat with cold, frost,
and wet, and a summer with a good deal of sunless weather, with
occasional violent storms of wind and rain, much laying the crops,
were not conditions from which a productive harvest might be
expected. Yet, both before and after the favourable change at
harvest time, some writers in the ‘Times’ gave very sanguine
views of the crops of the country at large. The records in the
agricultural papers were, however, much less favourable ; and
the results obtained at Rothamsted led to the conclusion that the
general wheat-crop would be not less than 20 per cent, below an
average. Subsequent experience showed that this unfavourable
estimate was only too well founded. Spring crops were almost
everywhere sown late, especially on heavy lands. Barley was
said to have suffered a good deal from the frosts of IMay, hut at
harvest the crop was reported to be but little under average in
quantity, though variable in quality. Oats were considered to
be over average.

The experimental wheat crop was very deficient in straw, and,
upon the whole, more deficient in quantity of corn than in any
year since 1853 ; though the quality of the grain was even over
average. The following results were obtained in the experimental
barley-field : —

Table XVII.— Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Sixteenth Season, 1867.

PKODUCE PER ACRE. &c.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Corn

flnri

Quantity.

Weight

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and

100

per Bush.

Straw).

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

4:)|

54-8

2614

271

5652

86‘1

1 0

Unmanured

51-8

978

lOi

2124

85-3

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

20t

53-6

1180

2526

87-7

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

30|

51-3

1686

17f

3611

87-6

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. /

431

54-3

2454

5304

86-1

4 AA

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. (Q Ammonia-salts/

54-6

2573

283

5753

80*9

4 C

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (-) Rape-cake

42|

54-8

2411

241

5121

89-0

(’) 400 lbs. the first 6 years (18.52-7). (-) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

Owing to the alternate wet and frost, and the consequent
unworkable condition of the land, the experimental barley was
again sown late, not being put in until April 5. The earlier
plots were cut on August 20 and 21, the later not until August
27 and 28, and the whole were carted on August 31. The

] 36 Report of Experiments on the Groteth of Barley,

earlier and better crops, those grown by manures containing-
nitrogen and superphosphate, and by farmyard-manure, were
the most laid. Notwithstanding this, owing to the improved
weather at the final ripening, and harvest time, it was just
these crops that gave a rather better than average weight per
bushel of corn, whilst the poorer and more backward crops gave
lower than the average weight per bushel. The quantity of
both corn and straw was throughout lower than the average, and
the deficiency was proportionally the greater the greater the
relative deficiency of available nitrogen within the soil ; that is
to say, without manure, and with purely mineral manure. The
proportion of corn to straw was generally not far from the average,
and, under some of the best conditions of manuring, somewhat
over the average. Upon the whole, therefore, the experimental
barley crop was deficient in quantity, but of full average quality..
The deficiency in the spring-sown crop was, however, much less
than that of the experimental wheat ; and less, perhaps, than
might have been expected considering the late sowing, the alterna-
,tions of forcing and checking conditions of weather during the
earlier stages, and the sunless character of the later periods of
growth. The result is, at the same time, consistent with that
recorded of the barley-crop of the country, which, according
to the more reliable authorities, suffered considerably less than
wheat ; it is also consistent in showing relatively less deficiency
the better the soil-conditions.

Seventeenth Season, 1868.

October, 1867, was very variable as to temperature, upon
the whole colder than usual, with comparatively little rain, but
occasional high winds. There was very unusually little rain in
November, and the weather was for the most part clear but cold,
and very favourable for working the land and sowing. December
was characterised by great and rapid variations of temperature
and barometric pressure, some extremely heavy gales, sometimes,
frost, snow, and sleet, at others very warm weather ; in the
aggregate there was a full amount of rain, and throughout
the month agricultural operations were much impeded. The
first eleven days of January, 1868, were very cold ; but from
that time to the end of the quarter (indeed to the end of the
summer), the weather was unusually warm. There was a con-
siderable excess of rain, and there were several gales of wind, in
January ; but there were only moderate amounts of rain in Feb-
ruary and March. In these months vegetation became very-
forward, and the weather was generally favourable for working-
the land and for spring sowing. April, May, and June, again,
were all considerably warmer than the average. The average tem-

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 137

porature of April had however frequently, and that of each of the
other months occasionally, been exceeded in the corresponding
months of other years; but the average temperature of the three
months together had only once been exceeded in any corresponding
three months for 98 years (the period for which records are avail-
able), namely, in 1865, when, though April was hotter. May and
June were not quite so hot as in 1868; and the average tem-
perature of the whole period, from the middle of January to the
end of June, was only exceeded in 1822. Concurrently with this
long-continued warm weather, there was, as already said, a great
excess of rain in January, and only moderate amounts in February
and March ; there was a small excess in April, a deficiency in
May, and a very great deficiency in June. Temperatures In
excess of the average also prevailed almost continuously throughout
the succeeding quarter, namely, to the end of September. July,
in particular, was very excessively warm, with at the same time a
continued great deficiency of rain ; August was also warmer than
the average, but with a good deal of rain ; and September more in
excess as to temperature than August, with a deficiency of rain. In
no year of the previous 98 had the temperature so far exceeded the
average in so long a corresponding period as that from the middle
of January to the end of September of this year, 1868. The total
rainfall of the nine months was not much below the average ; but
the amount which fell was very excessive in January, and exces-
sive also in April and in August, whilst it was deficient in each
of the other months of the period, and very greatly so during the
three consecutive months of greatest heat, namely May, June, and
Jul}'. The degree of humidity of the atmosphere was also lower
than the average in each of the nine months from January to
September inclusive, greatly so in June, very greatly so in July,
and considerably in August and September.

The characters of this extraordinary season may be briefly
summarised as follows : — After a favourable autumn seed-time,
the first half of the winter was very variable, including some very
warm, but more stormy, wet, snowy and frosty weather. From
that time to after harvest, the temperature was almost always
above the average, and very greatly so in the summer months of
June and July ; whilst, after a favourable spring seed-time, there
was a sufficiency of rain in April to give a fair start to early-
sown crops ; but, from that time until the harvest was nearly
over, throughout the Midland, Southern, and Eastern districts of
the country, the excessive temperatures were accompanied by a
drought of unusual severity, both as regards the length of its
duration, and the great amount of the deficiency of rain, with at
the same time a very dry atmosphere.

With the favourable autumn seed-time, the area under wheat

138 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

was over average. In the spring the plant was generally good,
the harvest was very early, and finally the crop was reported
to be considerably over average in both quantity and quality on
good and well farmed soils ; on light and poorly farmed land, on
the other hand, the crop suffered much from the heat and drought.
Still, the aggregate wheat crop of the country was supposed to be
about 20 per cent, over average in quantity, and of over average
quality. Naturally, spring-sown crops suffered much more from
the heat and drought than wheat. Barley was, however, said to
yield well, and be of good quality, on deep and well-farmed lands,
and when sown early, but to be very deficient when sown late, or on
shallow soils ; and to be so on many of the usually good barley lands.
Oats suffered more than barley, and were almost universally re-
ported to be under average, and in many cases a complete failure.

The produce in the experimental wheat field was, under all
conditions of manuring, over average in quantity, but propor-
tionally much more so with high than with low manuring. The
weight per bushel of dressed corn ranged from 3 to 5 lbs. over the
average. The quantity of straw was considerably below the
'average with low manuring, but average, or over average, with
high manuring. The proportion of corn to straw was also
generally over average, but proportionally the less so the higher
the manuring and the greater the bulk of the crop. The following
results were obtained in the experimental barley-field ; —

Tablk XVIII. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.
Seventeenth Season, 1868.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Plots.

MANtTRES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Com

Q;'.antity.

Weight
per Bush.

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

57-1

2539

24^

5281

92-6

1 0

Unmanured

15§

54-3

873

2173

67-2

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

55-3

998

10>

2126

88-5

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

20|

53-3

1136

121

2507

82-9

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. /

34i

55-6

1978

20|

4311

84-8

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
275 lbs. Nitrate Soda(’) ../

45|

56-0

2586

25|

5454

90-2

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (-) Rape-cake .. /

3GJ

55-4

2051

4414

86-8

(') 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts the first 6 years (1852-7), 200 lbs. the next 10 years
(1858-67) ; 275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1868, and since.

(“j 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

Unfortunately, the seed was not put in until March 20 ; and
with, excepting in April, a great deficiency of rain from that

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 139

time until harvest, and, at the same time, unusually hifj;h tem-
peratures and dry atmosphere, the crop was, for the locality, very
early cut, namely, on July 31, and it was carted on August 5.
The deficiency of both corn and straw is throughout very con-
siderable, but proportionally the greater the more defective the
manuring. Thus, compared with the average of the twenty
years in each case, the deficiency of total produce, corn and
straw together, was with farmyard-manure only about one-tenth,
with mixed mineral manure and ammonia-salts (4 A), and with
mixed mineral manure and rape-cake, about one-fourth, but
with mineral manure alone, or ammonia-salts alone, about one-
third. Further, in these cases of the more defective manuring,
and the more deficient total crop, the proportion of corn to straw
is below the average, whilst, with the nitrogenous and mineral
manure together, as well as with farmyard-manure, the pro-
portion of corn to straw is rather higher than the average.
Deficient as was the quantity, the quality was, however, in all
cases high ; and the higher the more liberal the conditions of
manuring. Thus, the weight per bushel was between 55 and

56 lbs. with the mixed mineral manure and ammonia-salts, and
with the mixed mineral manure and rape-cake, and was over

57 lbs. with farmyard-manure.

It will be borne in mind that, during the first six years of
the twenty (1852-1857), plot 4AA had annually twice as
much ammonia-salts as 4 A, but that, during the next ten years
(1858-1867), only the same quantity of ammonia-salts was ap-
plied as on 4 A, namely, 200 lbs. per acre per annum ; and
reference to the tables will show that there has continued to be
some excess of produce on 4 A A, as compared with 4 A, due to
the unexhausted residue from the excessive supply during the
first six years. For the year 1868, and subsequently, however,
an amount of nitrate of soda, containing the same quantity of
nitrogen, has annually been substituted on plot 4 A A for the
200 lbs. of ammonia-salts applied during the previous ten years ;
and it will be seen that, in this year of drought, the plot with the
nitrate gives nearly 11 bushels more corn, and about 5 cwts. more
straw, than the plot with an equivalent quantity of nitrogen as
ammonia-salts. This amount of excess is much greater than has
been obtained in any succeeding year hitherto ; though in 1870,
which was also a year of drought, the excess of produce with the
nitrate was again very considerable.

In a paper in a former volume of this Journal,* we showed
that the soil of the plot in the experimental wheat-field which

Vol. vii. — s.s. Part 1. — “Effects of the Drought of 1870 on some of the Ex-
perimental Crops at Kothamsted.”

140 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

had then been manured with 14 tons of farmyard -manure per
acre per annum for twenty-five years in succession, owing to its
vast accumulation of organic matter, and greater degree of dis-
integration, porosity, and power of absorption, retained, near the
surface, very much more water than that of either the closely-
adjoining unmanured, or an artificially manured plot in the
same field.

In the same paper we recorded the fact, that a plot of
permanent meadow-land which received annually mixed mineral
manure, and a given amount of nitrogen as ammonia-salts,
yielded in the season of drought of 1870, 23 cwts. of hay less
than its average ; whilst, another plot, receiving annually the
same mineral manures, and the same amount of nitrogen, but in
the form of nitrate of soda instead of ammonia-salts, yielded, in
the same season of drought, only cwt. of hay less than its
average amount, and about 26f cwts. more than the plot manured
with the same mineral manure and the same amount of nitrogen
as ammonia-salts.

This result was assumed to be connected with the difference
in the character of the two nitrogenous manures (ammonia-
salts and nitrate of soda), in regard to their reactions upon the
soil, and the consequent degree of rapidity and range of dis-
tribution of them, or their products of decomposition, within
it ; — the nitrate, or its products of decomposition, becoming
much more rapidly distributed, and washed into the subsoil,
whither the roots follow it. On examination it was found
— that certain plants of the mixed herbage, having roots of a
characteristically downward tendency, were much more prevalent
on the plot manured with nitrate of soda, than on that manured
with ammonia-salts ; that the subsoil of the nitrated plot was dis-
integrated and permeated by roots to a much greater depth ;
and that, accordingly, the lower layers of the subsoil had been
pumped much drier by the action of roots, than the corresponding
layers of the plot manured with ammonia-salts.

These very interesting and significant facts point to the explana-
tion of the much less prejudicial influence of the drought of 1868
on the experimental barley-crops grown by farmyard-manure, and
by mineral manure and nitrate of soda, than on those grown by
mineral manure and ammonia-salts. In the case of the farm-
yard-manure plot, the result was probably due to the great
amount of moisture taken up, and retained, by the upper layers of
the soil, from the winter and early-spring rains. In that of the
nitrated plot it was, it is true, the first year of the application ;
but, with the fair amount of rain in March, and the full amount
in April, it is still probable that there would be a considerable
distribution of the manure, and, accordingly, an increased

for Twcnt;/ Years in succession on the same Land. 141

disintegration, and porosity of the subsoil, and retention of
moisture by it ; the combined conditions leading to a corre-
spondingly greater distribution of the roots in the lower layers,
bv virtue of which the plants would obtain possession of a
greater range of soil, and an increased supply of moisture within
it. In the one case, therefore, it was the resources of moisture
in the upper layers of the soil, and in the other those in the
lower layers, that rendered the growing crop more independent
of the supplies from external sources.

In conclusion, the difference of effect of the excessive summer
heat and drought on winter and spring-sown crops, and on crops
grown on deep and on shallow soils, was very striking. Thus,
the experimental wheat-crop indicated a produce about 20 per
cent, over the average, and the wheat-crop of the country at
large was extremely good on good soils, though very poor on
poor soils, yet was supposed to yield in the aggregate 20 per
cent, over an average. The rather late-sown experimental barley,
on the other hand, gave a produce from one-tenth to one-third
below the average, according to the manure employed ; and the
barley-crop of the country was good when sown early on deep
soils, and very deficient when sown late on shallow soils, but
gave in the aggregate a considerably deficient crop. The great
protection against the injurious effects of summer drought, which
the early sowing of spring-crops gives, by enabling the plant to
obtain possession of a more extended root-range, was thus, in this
season, strikingly illustrated.

Eighteenth Season, 1869.

The extraordinarily warm period of nearly nine months’ dura-
tion ended with September, 1868. October and November were
throughout, with very few exceptions, colder than usual, both
day and night ; whilst in October there was a deficiency of rain,
and in November a very great deficiency. December, on the
other hand, was almost throughout very much warmer than
the average, with a very great excess of rain, some violent gales
of wind, very variable, but, upon the whole, very low barometric
pressures, and high degree of humidity of the atmosphere. The
average temperature of December had, indeed, been exceeded
only twice during the preceding ninety-eight years ; namely,
in 1806 and 1852. With the exception of a week after the
middle of January (1869), the very warm period continued until
the end of February, completing three winter months of average
temperature about 6 degrees higher than the average of ninetv-
eight years. There was, again, considerable excess of rain in
January, and a slight excess in February. March, on the con-

142 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barletj,

trary, was several degrees colder than the average, with about, or
less than, the average amount of rain. Early in April warm
weather set in, and lasted till nearly the end of the month, the
temperature during this period being several degrees higher than
the average, whilst the fall of rain was generally under the
average. May and June were, with few exceptions, of short
duration, very much colder than the average. Towards the end
of May the cold was very extreme for the season, and the greater
part of June was very unusually cold, both day and night;
and in May there was a considerable excess, though in June a
deficiency, of rain. Early in July there was again a change to
warm weather, which lasted till the end of the month, during
which there was very little rain. The first three weeks of
August were very unseasonably cold and showery, though the
total amount of rain was comparatively small ; but the con-
cluding week of the month was very bright and hot. Then
came a short period of cold weather, but the remainder of Sep-
tember was warm but stormy, with a good deal of rain. In
April, May, and June, the degree of humidity of the air ranged
high, especially in May ; in July it was about the average, but in
August and September it was below it.

To sum up the characters of the season : The heat and drought
of the spring and summer of 1868 were followed by a warm
and dry September, but cold and dry October and Novem-
ber, providing a good autumn seed-time. The three winter
months were very warm, and, December and January espe-
cially, very wet, 4 bringing autumn-sown crops very rapidly
forward, and providing an unusual amount of winter grazing,
which greatly compensated for the previous deficiency. But,
owing to the condition of the land, spring sowing was re-
tarded. The weather in March was dry and cold, much
checking vegetation ; which, however, recovered rapidly under
the influence of very warm, though somewhat dry, weather in
April ; but the remainder of the spring was very cold, and also
wet; June, again, for the most part cold ; July warm, most of
August cold, the conclusion, and September, hot; whilst the
summer was comparatively dry, though the harvest-time some-
what unsettled.

With a season characterised by alternate periods of forcing
and checking weather, with more of the latter than of the former
during the time of most active growth, and with a changeable
ripening and harvest period, favourable or unfavourable for the
crops according to their forwardness at the time, the reports of
the crops of the country generally were very conflicting. The
wheat-crop, though very variable, was reported to be, in the
aggregate, somewhat below an average, both in quantity and

for Tiomtij Years in succession on the same Land. 143

quality. The barley-crop was also very variable, but, perhaps,
upon the whole rather better than wheat. Oats were more uni-
Ibrmly bad.

In accordance with the characters of the crop of the country,
the experimental wheat-crop was very variable ; much below the
average under most conditions of manuring, but above it under
others ; and particularly so with farmyard-manure, and the mixture
of mineral manure and nitrate of soda — a point to which further
reference will be made presently. The results in the experimental
barley-field were as follows : —

Table XIX. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Eighteenth Season, 1869.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Plots.

JIANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Com.

Total

Straw

Total

Produce

Corn

Quantity.

Weight
per Bush.

Corn.

Chaff.

(Corn and
Straw).

KiO

Straw.

Bushels.

Ihs.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

46J

56-4

2746

28'i

5959

85-5

1 0

Uiimanured

15J

52-4

840

2075

68-0

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

o*;l

54-6

1286

121

2729

89-2

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

52-4

1599

181

3640

78-4

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. j

49J

57-4

2848

34|

6701

73-9

4 A A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
275 lbs. Nitrate Soda (*) )

57-1

2929

381

7194

68-7

■U.

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)
1000 lbs. Kape-cake . . /

col

57-4

3065

351

7001

77-9

i: (') 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts the first C j'ears (1852-7), 200 lbs. the next 10 years
(1858-67) ; 275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1868, and since.

2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

The seed was sown on March 13th ; the earlier crops were
cut on August 5th, and carted on August 16th ; and the later
. cut on August 19th, and carted on August 25th. Between
cutting and carting there was some cold and showery weather ;
i but notwithstanding the later crops (those not manured with
I superphosphate) had the benefit of much hotter and drier weather
I before being carried, than the earlier (which were manured with
superphosphate), the latter gave by far the higher weight per bushel ;
I considerably higher indeed than the average. Unlike the wheat,
i the experimental barley gave, under liberal manuring, very gene-
i rally more, both corn and straw, than the average ; but without
manure, with mineral manure alone, and with ammonia-salts
I alone, the produce, more especially of corn, lyas considerably
' below the average. The crop was, upon the whole, bulky, being
heavy in straw ; so that even where the produce of corn was
: more than the average, the proportion of corn to straw was less

^ than the avera<re.

144 Report of Erperiments on the Groicth of Barley,

After an unusually wet winter, the soil and subsoil would,
doubtless, retain a good deal of moisture at seed-time, and,
although March was cold and dry, April was warm and forcing.
May was cold and wet, and June also cold ; so that the cha-
racters of the season were obviously such as would tend to bulk,
rather than to seeding tendency. In the case of the barley such
was the result, but in that of the wheat the straw was propor-
tionally more deficient than the corn. Again, with barley, there
was more than average produce, both corn and straw, with mixed
mineral manure and a given amount of nitrogen, whether sup-
plied as ammonia-salts or as nitrate of soda ; whereas, with wheat,
there was a deficiency of both corn and straw with mineral
manure and ammonia-salts, but an excess of both with the same
mineral manure and the same amount of nitrogen supplied as
nitrate of soda. It will be useful to try and trace the explanation
of these differences.

It will be remembered that, in the season of drought of 1868,
the experimental wheat-field gave much more, whilst the experi-
mental barley-field gave much less, than average produce. In
* 1869, however, after a very wet winter, and, for the most part,
cold weather at the periods of most active growth, the experi-
mental wheat-field gave generally much less, whilst the barley-
field yielded considerably more than the average. Doubtless, the
• advantage which the wheat had over the barley in the year of
drought was dire to its having obtained possession of a consider-
able range of soil before the drought commenced, and being
thereby rendered less dependent than the spring-sown barley on
the rain actually falling during the periods of active growth.
The failure of the wheat as compared w'ith the barley in 1869,
after the very wet winter, was probably due, in great measure, to
the washing out and loss by drainage of the nitrogen of the
ammonia-salts sown in its case in the autumn ; whereas, for
the barley, the manures were not sown until the spring. A
corroboration of this view is the fact that, though there was so
considerable a deficiency in the produce of wheat with mixed
mineral manure and a given amount of nitrogen supplied in
the form of ammonia-salts sowm in the autumn, there was no
deficiency, but an excess of produce, of that crop, where the same
mineral manures and the same amount of nitrogen were supplied,
but the latter in the form of nitrate of soda, and applied not
before the winter rains, but in the spring.

In a paper already referred to,* we have pointed out how very
serious may be the loss of nitrogen by drainage, when ammonia-
salts or nitrates are liberally applied in the autumn, and there is

* Vol. vii. — s.s. Part I.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 145

inucli wet weather during the winter ; or even when sown in the
spring, if very heavy falls of rain should follow. Not only, how-
ever, is the rain of the spring and summer generally less con-
tinuous than that of the winter, but, as the season advances, the
soil itself is usually in a drier state, there is more evaporation
from it, and considerably more also from vegetation, tending to
lessen the proportion of the rain passing below the reach of the
roots, and carrying with it fertilizing matters. For important
data relating to this subject we would refer to a paper by Pro-
fessor Voelcker.* Some of the results he records we shall quote
further on (Section IV.) ; but it may be useful to give here a
single paragraph from our own paper above referred to,

“ Fortunately, some of the most important mineral constituents
of soils and manures are, in the case of the heavier .soils at any
rate, almost wholly retained by them within the range of the
roots of our crops. Nitrogen, whether supplied in the form of
ammonia-salts or nitrates is, however, much less completely so
retained ; being, in whichever state supplied, carried off in greater
or less quantity in the drainage-water, chiefly in the form of
nitrates. According to results obtained independently by Pro-
fessor Frankland and Professor Voelcker, on the analysis of
drainage-water from the experimental wheat-field at Rotham-
sted, that collected during the winter, from land manured in the
autumn by an amount of ammonia-salts supplying 82 lbs. of
nitrogen per acre, may contain from 2'5 to 3 parts, or even more,
of nitrogen, as nitrates and nitrites, per 100,000 parts of water.
Assuming that only 2'5 parts of nitrogen were so carried beyond
the reach of roots for every 100,000 parts of water passing down-
wards, there would still be, for every inch of rain so passing, a
loss per acre of between 5 and 6 lbs. of nitrogen, supplied in
manure at a cost of not much less than Is. per lb.”

Now, in December, January, and February, 1868-9, about
10’5 inches of rain fell, being about 4'5 inches more than the
average ; and although data are at present wanting for anything
like an accurate estimate of what proportion of this large amount
of rain would pass away by drainage, f it may at any rate be
concluded that several inches would do so. It can hardly be
wondered at, therefore, that, in the case of the wheat, the plots
receiving nitrogen as ammonia-salts in the autumn were much
less productive than usual, and also, in a much greater degree than
usual, deficient compared with the plot receiving its nitrogen as

* “ On the Productive Powers of soils in relation to the loss of Plant-Food by
Drainage.” By Professor Voelcker, Ph.D., F.R.S. (‘Jour. Chem. Soc. Lend.,’
June, 1871.)

See evidence on this point in the paper in this Journal before referred to.
Vol. vii. — s.s. Part I.

VOL. IX. — S.S.

14G Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

nitrate of soda applied in the spring.* It is intelligible, too,
that the barley, the whole of the manures for which were applied
in the spring, .should, equally with the wheat-plot which received

* During the early years of the comparative trials, a given amount of nitrogen,
applied as ammonia-salts in the autumn, gave more produce of wheat, both corn
and straw, than an equal quantity applied in the spring as nitrate of soda ; but
during the last 12 or 14 years the nitrate of soda, applied in the spring, has given
more produce than the ammonia-salts applied in the autumn.

The years iu which the nitrate showed specially great superiority over the
ammonia-salts, due rather to deficiency of produce by the latter, than to any con-
siderable excess over the average by the former, were 18(10, 1867, 1869, and 1871.
In 1860 the produce by ammonia-salts was very much less than the average, and
by the nitrate slightly under the average, though much above the ammonia-salts;
and the records show that there had been an excess of rain in November,
December, and January, and again in March, April, May, and June. In 1867
there was a greater deficiency of total produce by the ammonia-salts than in any
other year, a small deficiency even by the nitrate, and very great deficiency by
the ammonia-salts compared with the nitrate ; and there had been a greater or
less excess of rain in almost every month from seed-time to harvest, namely, in
November, December, January, February, March, April, May, and July. In
1869 there was a considerable deficiency by the ammonia-salts, but less than in
1860 or 1867 ; and by the nitrate a small excess over its average, and a great
. excess over the ammonia-salts ; and there had been a considerable deficiency of
rain in November, but a very considerable excess in December, .January, and
Februaiy, a slight excess in April, and a greater excess in May, but very dry
weather afterwards until harvest. Lastly, in 1871, there was a very considerable
deficiency by the ammonia-salts, a slight excess by the nitrate, and very great
excess by it as compared with the ammonia-salts; there was an excess of rain in
December and February, and a great excess in April, June, and July*

There was also considerable excess by the nitrate compared with the ammonia-
■salts in 1862, in 1866, and in 1868. But in these cases, especially in 1862 and
1868, the result was, for the most part, due to over average produce by the nitrate,
and but little, if at all, to under average by the ammouia-salts. Accordingly, iu
1861-2, after a considerable deficiency of rain in the three preceding months,
there was a considerable excess iu November, but again a deficiency in December,
January, and February, and then a considerable excess in March, April, May,
and June — that is after the nitrate had been applied, but after active vegetation
had commeneed. Again, in 1868, with a deficiency of rain in each of the four
preceding months there was a slight excess in December, considerable excess in
January, slight excess in February, March, and April, but verj' great deficiency
afterwards until harvest.

These examples, though differing much from one another iu many points, never-
theless sufficiently clearly point to tlie conclusion that, in the first series of years
enumerated, the considerable difference between the amount of produce by the
ammonia-salts applied in the autumn, and the nitrate of soda applied in the spring,
was due to deficient produce by the former resulting from a washing out of its
nitrogen by the winter rains; whilst, in the other instances, it was due to the
greater effectiveness of the nitrate under the influence of the conditions of the
season after the commencement of active growth, which were widely different in
the two cases more specially noticed ; giving, in 1862, with a comparatively wet
and cold spring and early summer, a greater excess of straw, and in 1868,
with very hot and dry weather during the most active period of growth, a
greater excess of corn.

It will be understood that the above remarks are not supposed to give anything
like a complete description of the characters and effects of the seasons referred to,
but are only intended to illustrate the difference of effect of a given amount of
nitrogen supplied as ammonia-salts in the autumn, and as nitrate of soda in the
spring, dependent, in great measure, on the different degree of liability to loss by
drainage in the two cases.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 147

its nitrogen in the spring, give more than average total produce,
and especially an excess of straw.

The very different results obtained with winter-sown and spring-
sown crops, in the strikingly contrasted seasons of 1868 and 1869,
thus illustrate very instructively the extremely varying effects of
some of our most active manures, according to the time of their
application, and to the characters of the season. Moreover, with
the explanations given, it becomes the more intelligible that, in
certain seasons, the accounts of the growing crops should be very
conflicting for soils of different characters and in different condi-
tions as to manuring. A consideration of the results obtained in
the next season, 1870, which was one of even more prolonged
drought than that of 1868, will be confirmatory of the explanations
given of the results of that year, and will afford further opportunity
for usefully directing attention to the points involved.

Nineteenth Season, 1870.

Until the middle of October the autumn of 1869 was for the
most part warm, with a good deal of rain. From that time until
the end of the year the weather, though including some rapid
fluctuations, some very warm days, and a warm period of more
than a week in the middle of December, was otherwise very cold
and inclement, and especially wintry towards the end of October ;
there were numerous gales throughout the quarter ; but there was
less rain than usual in October, about the average in November,
and a considerable excess in December. The falls were heavy
and continuous at the end of November, and again in the middle
of December ; and the drains in the experimental wheat-field
ran frequently from November 28tli, 1869, to January 1st, 1870.
The first three months of 1870 were characterised by frequent
alternations of warm and very cold weather — the colder periods
being, however, much the longer, and sometimes very severe ;
snow was very freqvient, but the rain-gauge indicated a deficient
fall in January, in some localities a deficiency in February, but
a very heavy fall early in the month, and an excess in March.
From early in April to near the end of the month the weather
was very warm and dry ; then followed about a fortnight of cold
and cloudy weather, from which time until nearly the end of
June it was again very warm, sunny, and dry — the three months
together being not only warmer than the average, but very
unusually deficient in rain. The day- temperatures especially
were high, though the night-temperatures were in April and May
lew, but in June high. The end of June and the beginning of
July were cold and variable, but the remainder — indeed, nearly
the whole of July, as well as the first half of August — were very

L 2

118 Rrport of Experiments on the Growth of Barleij,

warm. Then, to the end of September, a period of about sIm
weeks, the temperatures were pretty uniformly below the average,
though the weather continued fine. Thus, the period of drought,
which had commenced with April, continued to nearly the end
of August, and even in September there was less than the average
fall of rain. The great deficiency of rain throughout five con-
secutive months was, moreover, accompanied by great dryness of
atmosphere — the degree of humidity of the air being in April
very unusually low, and in May, June, July, and August, also
considerably below the average.

The autumn of 1869, though, as the details show, frequently
cold, boisterous, and inclement, was, upon the whole, not un-
favourable forgetting in the seed. The winter, though changeable,
included a great deal of very cold weather. In the early spring
both field-work and vegetation were very backward, and at the
end of April grass-land was very brown and bare. From the
beginning of April until harvest the weather was, with few ex-
ceptions, of short duration, warmer than usual, with a great
deficiency of rain and a very dry atmosphere.

The combined heat and drought were even more extreme during
the months of May, June, and July, 1868, than during the cor-
responding months in 1870 ; but in the latter year the deficiency
of rain commenced a month earlier, and continued later than in
1868. Hence, the grass crops suffered the more, indeed very
excessively, in 1870 ; and, for a parallel, we must go back as far
as 1844. As in the two preceding years (1868 and 1869), the
reports of the cereal crops of the country were very variable, but
for very opposite reasons in the years of heat and drought, 1868
and 1870, as compared with 1869. In 1870, the year now under
consideration, the wheat plant suffered much before the active
growing time began — in some cases from wire-worm, and in
others from frosts ; in not a few instances it was ploughed up and
spring-corn sown ; whilst, over large areas, the remaining plant
was said to be very thin on the ground, and there was very mucl^
more than usual difference in the character of the crops in ad-
joining fields. Still, the best wheat lands were said to carry,
though not a bulky, yet a very good yielding crop, and to give
grain of very high weight per bushel. Estimates of the aggregate
yield for the most part put it, if not under, at scarcely over an
average ; but the annual report from Rothamsted (though ad-
mitting that the country had probably produced some of the
lightest as well as some of the best crops ever known) laid it at
rather over average. Barley was also very variable. The seed
had for the most part been got in well, and, where sown early an’d
in deep soils, was good ; but when sown late, and in light soils,
it had suffered very much from the drought. Oats were also

149

for Twenty/ Years in succession on the same Land.

"onorally well g-ot in ; but, besides injury from wire-worm, they
had suffered from the heat and drought more than either wheat or
barley, and gave, upon the whole, a very light crop throughout
Midland, Eastern, and Southern districts.

The experimental wheat-field gave, under all conditions of
manuring, considerably less than the average produce of straw ;
but, without manure, ajid with farmyard-manure, about the
average, and with liberal artificial manuring (mineral manure
and ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda) considerably more than the
average quantity of corn. Under all conditions the weight per
bushel was much over the average ; in fact, generally, though not
uniformly, as high as in any preceding year. The following
results were obtained in the experimental barley-field : —

Tabi.e XX. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.

Nineteenth Season, 1870.

riots.

1 0
4 O

1 A

4 A

4 A A
4C

(*) 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts the first G years (1852-7J, 200 lbs. the next 10 years
■(16.')8-67) ; 275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 18G8, and since.

2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

The seed was sown on March 15; the usually earliest plots
were cut on July 27, and carted on August 5 ; and the remainder
were cut on August 8, and carted on August 12. With a very
-unusually deficient rain-fall from the date of sowing until harvest,
and also a great deal of hot weather, the amount of total produce
(corn and straw together) was, as might be expected, very much
below the average ; and the deficiency of straw was throughout
greater than that of corn. Without manure, and with mineral
manure alone, the produce of corn was only two-thirds the average,
and that of straw even less, especially without manure. In most
other cases the produce of straw was only about two-thirds the
average, whilst that of corn ranged from five-sixths of the average
to nearly average. As in 1868, the deficiency of corn was much

PRODUCE PER ACRE. Ac.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

Dressed Corn.

Total

Straw

Total

Corn

Produce

Quantity.' height
, per Bush.

Com.

Chaff.

(Com and
Straw).

100

Straw.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

47J

57-1

2734

19f

4950

123-4

Unmanured

13i

52-9

751

1489

101-8

Mixed Mineral Manure

18^

55 -6

10.53

2101

100-5

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

27|

54'6

1539

2945

109-4

Jlixed Mineral Manure, andl
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. /

57-1

2197

181

4287

105-1

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
275 lbs. Nitrate Soda(Q /

441

57-1

2571

4621

125-4

Mixed Mineral Manure, andl
1000 lbs. (-) Rape-cake .. )

4,S

.58-0

25G9

20|

4857

112-3

150 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

less with farmyard-manure, and with mineral manure and nitrate
of sodca, than with mineral manure and ammonia-salts. In 1870
it was also considerably less with mineral manure and rape-cake.
The proportion of corn to straw was, under all conditions of
manuring, very high, and under some higher than in any other-
year of the twenty. It was the highest, indeed very unusually
high, with farmyard-manure, with r»pe-cakc, and with mixed
mineral manure and nitrate of soda. The only years approaching
1870 in proportion of corn to straw were 1857 and 1865, both
of which had, however, considerably the advantage in actual
quantity of corn per acre. The quality of the grain, as indicated
by the weight per bushel, was throughout considerably higher
than the average, and under some of the most liberal conditions
of manuring it was as high as, or higher than, in any other year.

Thus, with a drought of extraordinary severity, extending
through the whole period of active growth and ripening, accom-
panied for the most part with higher temperatures than usual, and
a very dry atmosphere, the experimental wheat-field gave con-
"Siderably less straw, but with high artificial manuring considerably
more corn, than the average, and grain of very high quality.
The spring-sown barley, on the other hand, gave a crop deficient
in both straw and corn ; very deficient in straw, and very deficient
in corn also with defective manuring, though much less so with
high manuring ; and, like the wheat, it gave grain of very high
quality. The greater power of the winter-sown crop to withstand
spring and summer drought and heat, provided the subsoil be
moderately retentive, is here again illustrated.

Compared with 1868, which was considerably hotter during
May, June, and July, but not deficient in rain in April or
August as well as the intermediate months as was 1870, the
experimental wheat-field gave, in 1870, very much less straw
than in 1868, but under liberal artificial manuring about, or
nearly, as much corn. The experimental barley-field, on the
other hand, gave under some conditions of manuring more, but,
upon the whole, less straw, though, under high manuring, more
corn in 1870 than in 1868. In fact, owing to the greater heat,
the soil was probably deprived of its moisture to a greater
degree by the shorter drought of 1868 than by the longer one
of 1870, and hence the less productiveness of the spring-sown
crop in the former than in the latter year.

When speaking of the crop of 1868, attention was called to
the faet that the farmyard-manure plot, and the one receiving
mixed mineral manure and nitrate of soda, suffered much less
from the drought than that receiving mixed mineral manure and
ammonia salts. In 187(5 the general character of the results
was, as already intimated, very similar. Under each of the

for Ttoentij Years in succession on the same Land. 151

conditions mentioned, the deficiency of straw was, it is true,
considerably greater in 1870 than in 1868; due, doubtless, to the
much less rain in April ; but the produce of corn was, with farm-
yard-manure considerably higher than, and with mixed mineral
manure and nitrate of soda nearly as high as, in 1868 ; indeed,
with farmyard-manure, it was very nearly average, and with the
nitrate, as in 1868, very much higher than by mixed mineral
manure and the same amount of nitrogen supplied as ammonia
salts — though, as the produce by the ammonia salts was not so
defective in 1870 as in 1868, neither was the excess by the
nitrate so great as then. There can be little doubt that, the
greater porosity of the soil, and the consequently greater power
of absorption and retention of moisture near the surface, where
the dung was applied, and the greater disintegration and porosity
of the subsoil,, and the more extended distribution of the
manure and of the roots within it, where the nitrate was used,
had again enabled the growing crops the better to withstand
the heat and drought.

To sum up : The extraordinarily prolonged season of drought
of 1870, though yielding, as might be expected, small amounts
of total produce (corn and straw together), of both wheat and
barley, but especially of the spring-sown crop, was remarkable
for giving, of wheat grain even an excess, and of barley grain much
less deficiency, the higher the manuring ; much less deficiency
with farmyard-manure, and with nitrate of soda, than with
ammonia-salts ; and, with both crops, very high proportion of
corn to straw, and very high weight per bushel of corn.

Twentieth Season, 1871.

In October, 1870, the changes of temperature were very
frequent, giving, however, about the average for the month ;
and there was a slight excess of rain. The first 19 days of
November were for the most part cold, the remainder warm,
but the average for the month was low, and there was a con-
siderable deficiency of rain. There were about 10 days of very
warm weather in the middle of December, but the beginning
and end of the month were cold ; the latter extremely so, with a
good deal of snow and cold wind ; the average for the month
was 5 or 6 degrees below the average for 99 years ; and the rain,
and melted snow, indicated a considerable excess of fall. January,
1871, with the exception of a few days in the middle of the
month, was cold ; and at the beginning, and for nearly a fort-
night at the end, the weather was extremely severe. From early
in February, until the middle of March, the weather was very
mild, and thence to the end of the month the temperatures were

152 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barlep,

verv variable. There was a full amount of rain (or snow) In
January, but a deficiency in both February and March ; though
the melting of the snows of January, succeeded by frequent
rains early in February, caused floods in many parts, April,
May, and June were, with the exception of the latter half of
April, which was warm with a good deal of south-west wind and
rain, unusually cold, with a great deal of east or north wind, or
some compound of the two ; and there was an excess of rain in
April and June, but a deficiency in May; June, especially,
being very unseasonably cold and wet. July, excepting about a
week after the middle of the month, was cold, with a con-
siderable excess of rain ; but, from early in August to about the
middle of September, there was a period of 6 weeks of warm
and genial weather, from which time, till the end of September,
it was again very cold, wet, and stormy. August was not only
warm, but there was very little rain, whilst in September there
was, towards the end of the month, a great excess of rain. The
degree of humidity of the air was high in April and June, rather
high in July, rather low in May, very low in August, and low
in September.

The autumn of 1870 was thus changeable as to temperature,
upon the whole cold, wet during the first half of September, and
also of October, but afterwards comparatively dry and favourable
for field work. The greater part of the winter was extremely
severe, with a good deal of snow, and very cold winds ; the
remainder was mild and very wet, retarding field work and
spring sowing ; whilst winter corn was very backward, in many
cases injured, pastures very bare, and vegetables very scarce.
The hard winter had, however, killed many insects, and March
was favourable for field work and sowing. With the exception
of the latter half of April, the remainder of the spring was cold
and backward. The rest of the active growing period was,
excepting one or two intervals of short duration, cold, bleak,
and very wet ; hay was much damaged, corn crops were very
backward, and in many cases much laid. In the greater part of
England, however, August and the early part of September were
warm and dry, much aiding the ripening and getting in of the
crops; but the latter half of September was cold and wet.

With a very severe winter, a cold spring, more than the first
half of the summer also cold, and a great excess of rain in June
and July, the reports of the wheat crop of the country were, with
few exceptions, unfavourable. The seed had mostly been got in
well, but with a winter of intense frosts, and high east winds
sweeping the snow which fell into the furrows, hollows, and
hedges, much wheat was killed or injured. A good deal was
ploughed up, some re-sown in the spring ; the heavy soils

fur Twentij Years in suceession on the same Land. 153

snfTered most, and the crops wero much laid in July; but the
ripening and harvest periods were more favourable. Still, the
crop was estimated at much below the average in quantity, and
considerably, though less, below the average in quality. Owing
to the drought of the previous summer, and the frosts of the
winter, the land was in a very healthy condition for spring-
sowing ; the weather was favourable in March, and spring crops
were generally well got in. Barley was throughout the early
portions of the season generally pronounced to promise well.
Later, the heavier crops were a good deal laid ; but at harvest
the aggregate crop was concluded to be considerably over the
average'in quantity, and, for the most part, of fair, or even of
good quality. Oats, on the other hand, were more generally
less promising; injury from wire- worm was not unfrequent, and
eventually the crop was estimated at under average.

In the experimental wheat-field the produce of both corn and
straw was, by farmyard-manure, notably above the average of
28 years ; but, without manure, and under nearly all conditions of
artificial manuring, it was in a greater degree below the average,
and proportionally more deficient in corn than in straw. The
exception was the plot with mineral manure and nitrate of soda,
which gave more than the average produce of straw, and propor-
tionally less deficiency of corn, than the other artificial manures.
The weight per bushel of corn was also considerably below the
average in all cases excepting with farmyard-manure and the
mixture of mineral manure and nitrate of soda. The following
results were obtained in the experimental barley field: —

Table XXL — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Plots.
Twentieth Season, 1871.

Plots.

MANURES, PER ACRE.

PRODUCE PER ACRE, &c.

Dressed Com.

Total

Cora.

Siraw

and

Cbaff.

Total
Produce
(Corn and
Straw).

Cora

100

Straw.

Quantity-

Weight
per Bush.

Bushels.

lbs.

Cwts.

lbs.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

541

56-6

3243

37^

7401

78*0

1 0

Unmanured

16f

55-0

973

2208

78-8

Mixed Mineral Manure

55-6

1438

3002

920

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

S6i

55-6

2129

231

4712

82*5

4 A

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts .. /

46J

56-5

2769

32J

6404

76-2

4 AA

Mixed Mineral Manure, and I

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda Q) 1

.56-3

2683

32|

6333

73-5

Mixed Mineral Manure, and)

1000 lbs. (•) Rape-cake

47J

56 "4

2809

6394

78-4

(Q 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts the first 6 years (1852-7), 200 lbs. the next 10 years
(1858-C7) ; 275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 1868, and since.

(■) 2000 lbs. the first 6 years (1852-7).

154 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

The seed was sown on March 4 ; the more forward plots, which
this season were only those manured with nitrate of soda and
phosphates, and those with rape-cake, were cut on August 11
and 12, and carted on August 16 ; the remainder, indeed the
majority, were cut on August 14 and 15, and carted on August 21.
With nearly the whole of the active growing period cold and
very wet, the crops of this, the twentieth season in succession of
the growth of barley on the same land, were, under nearly all
conditions of high manuring, more bulky than usual, but many
of them were much laid. The excess of straw, compared with
the average, was especially great with farmyard-manure. The
proportion of corn to straw was in all cases below the average.
But, with much improved weather at the ripening and harvest
time, the actual quantity of corn per acre was, under most con-
ditions of high manuring, and especially with farmyard-manure,
above the average ; and the weight per bushel of dressed corn
was, under all conditions without exception, above the average.

When speaking of the results obtained in the barley-field in
,the two years of summer drought, 1868 and 1870, particular
attention was called to the fact that the plots manured with farm-
yard-manure, or with nitrate of soda, withstood the drought much
better than those manured with ammonia-salts. After the wet
and cold spring and summer of 1871, the farmyard-manure still
gave very high total produce — indeed as high as in any year of the
twenty excepting 1864 ; as heavy a weight of straw as in any
year excepting 1864 and 1854 ; cand as much corn as in any year
excepting 1864 and 1863. But the nitrate-of-soda plots, though
giving more corn, and considerably more straw, than in either of
the years of drought, did not in this wet and cold season show
the same superiority over the plots manured with ammonia-salts
that they did in either 1868 or 1870. The nitrated plot — the
results of which are quoted in the Tables (4 A A) — being one of
the ripest in the field, suffered, it is true, considerably by the
depredations of birds ; but, independently of this, there is evidence
enough that the nitrate did not show the same superiority over
the ammonia-salts in the cold and wet as in the hot and dry
season. Something may be due to the greater exhaustion of the
nitrated plots in the preceding years of drought ; but something
is, doubtless, also due to more loss by drainage of the nitrogen of
the spring-sown nitrate, than of that of the also spring-sown
ammonia-salts, during the wet summer of 1871.

In connection with the fact, and the explanation, of the com-
paratively defective result with the nitrate in a wet summer when
applied to barley, the very opposite result with wheat is of con-
siderable interest. Thus, as already mentioned, there was, in the
experimental wheat-field, much less deficiency of corn, and even

155

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

I an excess of straw, by the nitrate, as compared with the ammonia-
salts. The explanation of the difference of effect with the two

I crops would seem to be, that whilst for the wheat the nitrate was
not sown until the spring, the ammonia-salts had been sown in the
* previous autumn, and were subject to a considerable loss by drain-
age during several extremely wet periods of the winter, when

I there was no growth, and before the nitrate was sown. It will
be remembered that a similar result was obtained with wheat
after the wet winter of 1868-9 ; and also in other years, as referred
to in the foot-note at p. 146.

Finally, it will be observed that the results obtained in the
experimental fields are in the main in accord with the reports of
the crops of the country at large, in showing a considerably
deficient wheat-crop, and a barley-crop above the average both
in quantity and quality, though the twentieth in succession on
I the same land.

Comparison of the Produce of Barley in the least, and in the most,
productive Season of the Twenty.

The foregoing records of the characters of the seasons, and of
the produce of barley in each individual year of the twenty, with
the comments made upon them, very forcibly illustrate the
diversity between one season and another, and how very varied
is the final result, dependent on the mutual adaptations of heat,
moisture, and stage of growth of the crops. In no two years has
one and the same manure yielded precisely the same result both
as to the quantity and the quality of its produce. Nor have
the seasons which have been more or less favourable than the
average for one description of manure, been equally favourable or
unfavourable for other descriptions.

Referring to the previous discussion, and to the materials
brought together in the Appendix-Tables (pp. 163 — 185), for
any more detailed consideration of the subject, it must suffice
here, by way of illustration and summary, to call special attention
to the produce yielded by the same description and quantity of
manure in the least, and in the most, productive season of the
twenty.

Table XXII. (p. 156) shows, side by side, the quantity and
quality of the produce obtained in 1854, which was upon the
whole the most, and in 1856, which was upon the whole the
least, productive of the twenty seasons ; also the difference
between the two. For the purposes of this illustration, the same
selection of plots has been made as in the foregoing consideration
of the produce of each individual season. It is true that one or
other of the descriptions of manure specified may have given more
com, or a higher weight per bushel, or more straw, in some other

15(5 Report of Experiments on the Groiotk of Barley,

Table XXII. — Quantity and Quality of Barley on Selected Blots, in the least,
and in the most, productive Season of tlie twenty.

Least

Most

Difference

M A INURES, PER ACRE.

Plots.

Season,

(or under-)

1856.

1854.

1856.

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

lbs.

47-1

lbs.

53-9

lbs.

6-8

1 0

Unmanured

49-1

53-6

4-5

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

47-0

54-0

7-0

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

48-5

53-6

1 5-1

4 A

Mixed Min. Man., and 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

46-4

54-3

7-9

4 A A

Mixed Min. Man., and 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts

45-4

52-1

1 6-7

4 C

Mixed Min. Man., and 2000 lbs. Rape-cake ..

46-3

52-8

6-5

Total Corn per Acre, reckoned at 52 lbs. per Bushel.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

Bushels.

31g

Bushels.

60J

Bushels,

28i

1 o

Unmanured

15|

37i

991

4 O

Mixed Mineral Manure

19^

45a^

*1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

53J

25^

4 A

Mixed Min. Man., and 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

30f

35i

4 A A

Mixed Min. Man., and 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts

36J

313

4 C

Mixed Min. Man., and 2000 lbs. Rape-cake ..

35i

65|

30i

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

Cwts.

19|

Cwts.

371

Cwts.

Unmaiiured

2\i

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

23J

134

a A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

301

131;

4 A

Mixed Min. Man., and 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

21i

40J

19f

4 A A

Mixed Min. Man., and 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts

Mixed Min. Man., and 2000 lbs. Rape-cake ..

30i

421

Total Produce (Corn and Straw), per Acre.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure

lbs.

3866

lbs.

7298

lbs.

3432

1 o

Unmanured

1797

4405

2608-

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

2075

4969

2894

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

3347

6155

2808

4 A

Mixed Min. Man., and 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

3981

7958

3977

4 AA

Mixed Min. Man., and 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts

5582

9026

3444

4 C

Mixed Min. Man., and 2000 lbs. Rape-cake ..

5257

8125

2868

Corn to 100 Straw.

14 Tons Farm-yard, Manure

74-9

75-0

0-1

1 0

Unmanured

82'4

80*4

-2-0

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

96-3

91-5

-4-8

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

74-8

81-5

6-7

4 A

Mixed Min. Man., and 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

67-1

75* 7

8-6

4 A A

Mixed Min. Man., and 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts

51-0

64-5

13-5

4*0

Mixed Min. Man., and 2000 lbs. Rape-cake ..

53'9

72-4

18-5

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 157

season than it did in 1854, or a worse result, on some point or
other, than in 1856. But, looking chiefly to the results obtained
under the best conditions of manuring, and the general characters
of the produce, there can be no doubt that the seasons selected
do, upon the whole, represent, respectively, the least, and the
most, productive of the series.

In tile first place, the weight per bushel of dressed corn was
from 4^ lbs. to nearly 8 lbs. less in the bad than in the good
year, or from about to nearly 15 per cent, less in the one case
than in the other. Under almost every condition of manuring,
1856 was the worst season, so far as this point is concerned ; but
several other seasons gave higher weight per bushel than 1854,

It is obvious that, Avith a uifTerence of from to 15 per cent,
in the weight of the bpshel, a comparison of the actual number of
bushels of dressed corn in the two seasons would much underrate
the difference in the amount of produce, greatly to the disad-
vantage of the most productive one. Accordingly, the quantity
of total corn, per acre, has, in each case, been calculated into
bushels of the assumed uniform weight of 52 lbs, per bushel ; and
the results of this calculation are given in the second division of
the Table,

There was, without manure, in the bad season about 15-|-, in
the good season 37^ bushels of corn, or a difference of rather
more than 22 bushels between the two ; and also a difference in
the quantity of straw amounting to 13 cwts. per acre.

With farmyard-manure, the unfavourable season of 1856 gave
scarcely 32 bushels, whilst 1854 gave rather over 60 bushels, or
a difference of 28^ bushels of corn ; and there was also a dif-
ference of 17^ cwts, of straw.

Thus, with one and the same expenditure for manure, there
was a difference in the quantity of produce obtained in the two
seasons of from 30 to 35 bushels of corn, and in one case of nearly
a ton of straw, or not much less than would represent the average
barley-crop of many localities.

It is worthy of remark that, whilst the season of 1856 was far
worse than that of 1853 as regards both the quantity and the
(juality of the barley-crop, 1853 was, for the experimental wheat
(which that year could not be sown until the spring), in every
particular worse than 1856, Again, whilst 1854 was a decidedly
more productive barley-year than 1863, yielding under almost
every condition of manuring not only more corn, but considerably

158 Report of Experiments on the Grovcth of Barley,

more straw — in other words, a greater quantity of total produce?
indicating greater luxuriance — 1863 was, on the other hand, a
considerably more productive wheat-year than 1854, and espe-
cially so in corn. Both years were, however, remarkable for very
large produce of both corn and straw, of both wheat and barley.

The years next in order of productiveness, so far as the barley
crop is concerned, were 1857 and 1864, which were very good
wheat years also. But neither 1863, nor either of the two years
last mentioned, yielded anything like the same amount of total
crop, corn and straw together, as 1854. The years next in order
to 1856 in point of badness of barley-crop were 1859, 1860,
1868, and 1870 ; the deficiency in the two last-mentioned years
being due to summer heat and drought, but in the other two
seasons to very opposite conditions.

The question arises — to what characters of season are the
extreme differences of produce which have been traced to be
attributed ? Referring to the details already given respecting
each individual season, so far as the other years above enume-
rated are concerned, it must suffice here to recall attention to the
* distinctive characters of the season of 1856 yielding the worst,
and of 1854 yielding the best, barley-crop of the twenty years.

The very unusually productive season of 1854 had been
preceded by a very severe winter; March and April were upon
the whole warmer than usual, but May, June, July, and August
were pretty uniformly below the average temperature ; whilst in
March, April, June, and July there was a very considerable
deficiency of rain, though more than the average number of
rainy days. In May, however, tliere was about double the usual
amount of rain, and an unusually large number of rainy days.
In August, again, there was a full amount of rain, which, how-
ever, fell for the most part in heavy showers, and the month was
upon the whole favourable lor ripening and harvest.

Thus, the season of 1854 was characterised by prevailing low
rather than high temperatures, an abundance of rain at the period
of early active growth (doubtless favouring root development),
and again before harvest, but otherwise by dryness as well as
coolness. It would seem, therefore, that the large produce was
due to a sufficiency of moisture within the soil when most
wanted, with, at other times, comparatively dry and temperate
atmospheric conditions, resulting in a continuity of unchecked
growth, rather than in very active luxuriance at intervals.

Compared, or rather contrasted, with the above climatic con-
ditions, those of the extremely unfavourable season of 1856 were
as follows: —

There had been some severe weather in the early part of the
winter, but the later and greater part was upon the whole mild.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 159

Marcli, April, and especially May, were colder than the average,
whilst June, July, and August, though showing average day-
temperatures lully as high as usual, were very changeable,
and in June and July the nights were cold. In each of the
months of January, February, March, April, May, June, and
July, there was considerably more rain than in the corresponding
months of 1854 — in all nearly G inches more; whilst, in April
there was an excess over the average, in May more than double
the average, and in August again an excess.

The season of 1856 was, therefore, characterised by a great
excess of rain during the early periods of growth ; considerably
more than in 1854, and there was, besides, considerably more
than in that year, both before and after that period. There
were also, almost throughout, great fluctuations, and high ranges,
of temperature. In other words, the season was very wet, with
marked alternations of heat and cold, whilst it was, for the
period of the year, the coldest during the time of the greatest
excess of rain. Finally, there were heavy rains, with considerable
fluctuations of temperature, about the ripening and harvest
period. The very bad result in this season would seem to be
due, therefore, to an excess of rain, with, at the same time, great
alternations of temperature, during the most active periods of
growth, entirely preventing continuity of progress ; whilst the
unhealthy plant thus produced was subjected to unfavourable
maturing conditions.

The above description of the climatic conditions of the two
seasons, as collated from meteorological records, will probably
strike the reader as not showing so great a contrast as would be
expected between the season of the greatest, and that of the least,
productiveness of the twenty. Certainly 1854 was not marked
by individual periods of more than ordinarily active luxuriance ;
the circumstances were rather those of steady and unbroken
accumulation, followed by favourable maturing conditions. The
extremely productive season of 1863 showed in this respect
similar characteristics. It should be remembered, indeed, that
both wheat and barley will flourish under very temperate condi-
tions. Again, the record of the climatic circumstances under
which the extremely bad crop of 1856 was produced, shows some
points in respect to which, considered by themselves, it might be
judged to have been more favourable for luxuriance than 1854.
It is only when the fluctuations of temperature, the continuity of
the wetness, and the adaptations of heat and moisture to stage
of growth, are borne in mind, that the result becomes intelligible.

These two instances, so stiikingly contrasted in their results,
forcibly illustrate the necessity, not only of very careful and
detailed study of the meteorological registry, but also of due

160 Report of Experiments on the Groiotk of Barley,

consideration of its indications in their bearings upon the coin-
cident stage and tendency of growth of the plant, if we would
attain any really clear conception of the connection between the
ever fluctuating characters of season, and the equally fluctuating
characters of growth and produce.

Comparison of the average Annual Produce of Barley over the
first 10, the second 10, and the total period of 20 years.

There is still another point in connection with the influence
of season upon the croj), which should be considered before
treating more exclusively of the effects of the different manures.
Thus, before attempting to compare the effects of different ma-
nures, used year after year on the same plot, it is obviously neces-
sary to form a judgment whether the earlier or the later seasons
of the series were, in themselves, the most favourable, so as to
distinguish as far as possible between the results due, on the one
hand to more or less favourable seasons, and on the other to
the direct action of the manures, in maintaining a suitable
balance of the required constituents in the soil, or in inducing
exhaustion, or accumulation, as the case may be.

In Table XXIII. there is given the average produce over the
first ten, the second ten, and the total period of twenty years, by
very different descriptions of manure, and a comparison of the
results will illustrate the point in question. The plots selected
are 5 out of the 7 quoted in the preceding Tables, namely —
that manured with farmyard-manure every year ; the continuously
unmanured plot ; the one with mixed mineral manure alone every
year ; that with 200 lbs. ammonia-salts alone every year ; and that
with both mixed mineral manure and 200 lbs. ammonia-salts every
year. It is obvious that these five plots supply very various, and
very opposite" soil-conditions, so that the comparative effects of
the seasons on each must have considerable significance.

In the first place, there is, with each of the five very opposite
conditions of manuring, a considerably higher average weight per
bushel of dressed corn over the second, than over the first ten
years of the twenty ; and the superiority is the greatest with the
highest manuring and the heaviest crops — namely, with farmyard -
manure, and with ammonia-salts and mixed mineral manure to-
gether. The proportion of corn to straw is also the higher over
the last ten years, and the higher with the heavier crops. Further
evidence that the later years were in the main more favourable
than the earlier, at least for the production and maturation of
grain, is to be found in the fact that there was also a less pro-
portion of offal corn during the second half of the total period.

With a considerable difference in the weight per bushel of the
dressed corn, it is obvious that the comparative productiveness

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 161

Table XXIII. — Average Annual quantity and quality of Barley, on Selected Plots,
over tlie first 10 years, the second 10 years, and the Total Period of 20 years.

Aveuage Annual Produce, &c.

Second

Plots.

MANURES. PER ACRE.

First
10 Years,

1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,

1862-’71.

Total
Period
20 Years,

1852-’71.

10 Years-
over

(or under — )
First 10.

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure ..

lbs.

52-6

lbs.

56-0

lbs.

54-3

Per Cent!
6-5

1 o

Unmanured

51-6

53*1

52-3

2-9'

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

52’3

54 ‘6

53-4

4-4

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

51-2

.53-0

52-1

3-5

4 A

200 lbs. Amm.-salts, Mixed Min. Man.

52-2

55-7

54-0

6-7

Total Corn per Acre, reckoned at 52 lbs. per BusheL

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure ..

Bushels.

487

Bushels.

57i

Bushels.

531

Per Cent:
17-&

1 0

Unmanured

24|

18|

21|

-23-4>

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

32|

26|

29f

-I'S-O*

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

36|

353

- 7-5

4 A

200 lbs. Amm.-salts, Mixed Min. Man.

49f

50J

3*0

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre.

Cwts.

Per Cent.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure ..

26|

29|

28|

12-2

1 0

Unmanured

101

Ilf

—23-4

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

19|

12|

14|

—21-7

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

I's

18|

-12-0

4 A

200 lbs. Amm.-salts, Mixed Min. Man.

28i

28J

- 3-0

Total Produce (Corn and Straw), per Acre.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure ..

lbs.

5525

lbs.

6342

lbs.

5933

Per Cent.
14-8

1 0

Unmanured

2782

2126

2454

-23-6

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

3517

2807

3162

-20-2-

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

4119

'■3719

3919

- 9-7

4 A

200 lbs. Amm.-salts, Mixed Min. Man.

5827

5808

5817

- 0-3-.

Corn to 100 Straw.

14 Tons Farm-yard Manure ..

85 *6

91*3

88-5

6'~

1 0

Unmanured

85-9

87-3

86-6

1'6

4 0

Mixed Mineral Manure

95-1

97-7

96 -4

2-7

1 A

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts

86-4

91-9

89-2

6.-4

4 A

200 lbs. Amm.-salts, Mixed Min. Man.

79-9

86-4

83'2

8'1

VOL. IX. — S. S. M

i'62 Report oj' Experiments on the Grototh of Barley.

of the two periods will not be accurately represented by the actual
number of bushels of dressed corn in each case. Accordingly,
as before, the quantity of total corn has been calculated into
assumed bushels of the uniform weight of 52 lbs. These results
show, without manure, with mineral manure alone, and with am-
monia-salts alone — that is, with defective soil-conditions, a con-
siderable deficiency of corn over the second half of the period ;
the greater the more defective the manuring, and the greater the
relative deficiency of nitrogen in the soil; for the falling off
is considerably more marked with mineral-manure alone, than
with ammonia-salts alone. Under the same three soil-conditions
there is as great, or even a greater deficiency of straw, and conse-
quently of total produce also, during the later years.

With farmyard-manure, on the other hand, the annual use of
which has resulted in a very great accumulation within the soil,
not only of nitrogen, but probably of every mineral constituent
also, there has been a considerable excess of produce of both corn
and straw, but especially of corn, over the second as compared
• with the first ten years.

With the ammonia-salts and mixed mineral manure together,
by which also the soil has become much richer in most mineral
constituents, and at any rate less exhausted if not richer in nitrogen
than without manure or with mineral manure alone, there is again
a slight increase of corn, but a slight deficiency of straw, over the
Jater years.

The general conclusion from the above results, as well as from
others, not here specially referred to, is, that the earlier years of
the twenty were, on the average, as favourable, if not more favour-
able, for quantity of total produce — that is for luxuriance — than
the later ; but that the later seasons were much more favourable
for tendency to seed-forming, and also for the maturation of the
"rain.

Bearing in mind this conclusion as to the progressive or retro-
gressive characters of the seasons themselves, we shall be in a
position the better to judge of the effects of the different manures
when used year after year, for twenty years in succession, on the
same land.

(To he continued.)

( 163 )

an tlo Gnowin of Biiw year aftor year on tto aamo land, witliont MAnonn, and with djfforont dcaoripliona of llAa-unn, Hooa Field, Eolhamalod.
AITEITOIX-Tmu! I.-Showing, (afcn l«jM„ with Ik tide-ncla, Iho doscriplion and quantities of tlio Manures applied per Acte on eaoli Plot, in each year of the Twenty, 1862-1871 inclusive.
1^'H' I*"* relhronco to all the succeeding Appendia-Tables, and when used should be drawn out to the lelh free of the book.]

NOTES TO APl'ENOU-TADLE I.

(') "Si cwu. Supcrpbo<pbQte of Lime'— in i
ctLH-Muadc from aoo lbs. liooc-iuli, 190 lbs. Suipbui
ocid sp. gr. 1'7 (and water;.

(*) Plots “ AA"imJ “AAS‘'—flm6year8, 1852-7,
iiulcod of Nitrate of Soda, 400 lbs. Ammoniawsolts per
annum: next 10 years, 1898-C7, 200 lbs. Ammonia-
Milis per annum; 1868 and sinco 27S lbs. Nitrate of
Soda per annum. 279 Iba Nitrate of Soda is reckoned
to contain the same amount of Nitrogen ns 200 lbs.
“ Auunoma-snlto.*'

(*) Plots “AAS” — Uio opplication of Silicates did
not conunenee until 1864; in 1864-9-6 and 7, 200 lbs.
Silicate of Soda and 200 lbs, Silicate of Lime were
applied per oore, but in 1868, and since, 400 lbs.
tt.iioin nrctvtn Silicate of Lime. These plots

...... I. n1 C aC al.AAwl— I. k k It

Silicate of Soda,
crmipriie, rospeolively, one bolf of the original “A A

CIO, oud excepting the addition of the Silicates, have
II, and arc, in other respects, manured in the same
way as the *' A A** plots.

(*) 900 lbs. Sulphate Potass, and 3) cwts. Super*
phosphate of Lime, without Nitrate of Soda, the hret
year (1892) ; Nitrate alone each year since.

(•) Sulphate Soda— 200 lbs. per annum 185.5, 6,

VOL. IX. — S. 8.

AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.
AAS.

MANURES PER ACRE, PER ANNUM (tinlcM oUumite itaUd in Iht ruU-nata).

uj cwis. auporphosphatc of Lime (')

200 lbs. O Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (*) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs, SulphaW MaenesVa

200 lbs, O Sulphate Potass 100 IbAO Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3J cwu. Superphosphate'' !! i! I!

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts (*) .

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3) cwis. Superphosphate **. '*

one in!' jhs. (*) Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (>) Sulphate Soda, 100 Ite. Sulphate Magnesia !! .’

200 lbs. Ammoma-salis, 200 lbs, («) Sulphate Potass. 100 lbs. (>) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Mague.i)., 3i cwu. Snperi.h.ui’.lmte

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 3} cwts. Superphosphate

07S li;?' on?, Ik*' (’) Sulphate'^d^' 100 Ibsi'suIphate'MaOT.

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. O Sulphate Potass. 100 lbs. (>) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magn.

Sulphate Magnesia, 3} cwts. Superpliospliate

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 Iba (•) Silicate Soda

275 \U. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. {•) Silicate Soda, 3| cwts. Superphosphate' !!

07S S' Nilml® 1^“' loo 1^' Q I?®- Sulphate Potass, lOO lbs. (>) Sul'pb. Soda! 100 Ibs'Sul'ph Mag

.76 lbs. Nitn^u Soda, 400 lbs. ( ) Silicate Soda, 200 Ibs.O Sulphate Potass. lOo IbA O Sulph. Soda, 100 lbs. SuIjff Meg ! 3} cwtA si.peiph.w!

luuu io«. nape-coKc, 3} cwu. Nuperphospbate ....

1000 lbs. Kapt cake. 200 lbs. OSnlphale Potass. 100 lbs. (*) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Ma|nesiB, 3J ewu. Superpbosplmic !! !!

200 lbs. ( 2 Sulphate Potass, 3J cwu. Siiperphospbute, 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts ..

14 Toos Farm-yard Manure .

2 AA.

3 AA.

4 AA.

1 AAS.l

2 AAS.L,

3 AAS.fl ‘

4 AAS.J

1 Bejwrt of Experiments on th Growth of Barley,

ExTBRniENTS 00 tto Gbowth of Bablbi year after year oo tlie eamo Land, without
APPENDIX— Tabu n. Dressed

;[N.B. The doable vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1892.

1663

1851

1665

186S

1857

1668

1869

I860

1881

1862.

1669.

1 0.
i 0.

8 0.
i 0.

Means

1 A.
i A.

•1 .a!

Means

1 AA.

2 AA.

.1 AA.

4 AA.

Means

1 AAS.

2 AAS.
« AAS.
i .AAS,

Means

1 C.

2 0.

3 C.

4 0.

252

33i

27j

352

BufUids

sef

Durbcli

362

3*2

371

l^i

““26?

332

39|

282

242

301

Bmbeli

19]

L Buibcts
13
15
15
IS

Doiluj

162

181

29]

23|

BoMfc

22]

2:j

282

S0|

382

3*2

322

262

172

13]

22]

2U2

281

362

38|

40|

38i

S6i

38|

4-2

602

442

472

442

•»81

291

3l|

362

562

574

312

511

512

J41

161

34]

26]

432

302

322

64}

31]

♦-I

:;i

55]

3Si

38i

5*2

462

282

482

421

25]

35]

432

40]

524

442

43j

4I|

«1

402

422

412

442

562

632

512

622

50|

49|

062

312

37J

Sil

39|

562

212

351

35|

.302

402

31]

362

48]

etj

592

432

582

48i

32]

572

484

28]

36]

451

55]

—

.39i

36.^

33i

.392

352

40j

602

scl

602

482

532

482

51}

3b2

?i|

S5|

151

.31

53{

57|

574

382

344

312

362

352

402

562

r,|

53]

452

611

531

642

362

37i

592

6(i|

352

621

372

36]

542

*'I

53]

1 N.
2N.

M.
5 0.
5 A.

(25y{
(M*) 1

361

251

III

272

401

262

272

361

49J

532

302

51J

351

332

SC]

«|

3?j

372

362

501

282

19*

ssj

1^!

32|

58 1
242

612

372

♦31

251

251
481

262

252

192

162

334

11!

5.1

:si

122

121

...

38]

i?i

54]

352

38]

23]

lej

182

49]

611

53}

281

29i

511

271

28|

592

(') Avenig«of4yoart,4yeais,and8ycar8. (*) Averagu of 9 y«r» (1853-'61), last 10 y«n, 'V
(*) Arcragee of 9 yean

for Ticciiti/ Years in succession on the same Land. l(J«j

iMAVciiK, and with different descriptions of Masdke. Hoos Field, HotLauii>ted.
ICorn per Acre — Bosliels.

at the period indicaleJ, for particulars of which inn Appendix — Tahle and sides-notes thereto, p. 163.]

iiAUvrars.

AVKIIAOe A^Xl'AL.

r .1

Cl 111

Total

PLors.

(1864.

1866.

1867,

1868.

1869.

1870,

1871.

10 Yrnn^

10 Yrart,

20 Yi«r».

UusheU.

UusbrU

BiisUeli.

Bu>UeIs.

Uiitbels.

f 24

15?

17}

131

16}

22?

171

f Soi

22J

22]

18l

181

23,1

231

251

19J

141

18]

16}

19?

24]

20?

22]

j 3-4

24]

20?

17?

221

18*

.301

24?

271

1 28]

21}

20j

19?

161

IS?

1C]

21}

26?

a'i

23?

Means

381

291

271

3(1?

2(1?

27?

27}

36?

33?

311

321

1 A.

5(i\

37}

41}

45}

45?

48?

2:i

34]

30?

38!

46i

43?

54?

491

4gJ

46?

4‘1

"491

39^

381

3-i

29?

39?

341

411

40}

401

-Means

41?

33]

291

29]

32}

29}

39}

34}

1 AA.

56?

474

60|

441

481

46l

46}

48?

44?

341

29]

32?

271

33?

32?

36?

38?

37?

56?

50J

45?

49?

44i

49;

49l

49}

4 AA.

411

40?

38}

441

42?

43j

Means

•'’*1

37?

321

292

34]

•*1

36?

1 AAS.

36?

44}

49i

[1)1 4«1

41?

42]

4S?

44?

lil' '

1 59i

5OJ

50]

451

40?

51]

471

48}

(51?

43J

451

4nl

39?

44l

421

4S]

43]

44*

Means

4«|

45?

385

421

41}

43?

451

1 C.

51f

46{

471

451

351

481

41}

4:}

45]

46]

49?

4B]

43?

38?

351

43?

381

45?

4:<1

4.3?

3 C.

48?

48]

42?

36*

5-.(i

43}

471

•1,?

471

4'5

■TC

SOV

461

41J

35?

46?

411

41}

40*

45}

Means

40^

341

251

351

34}

43}

avj

37a „

1 N.

Ah\]

39?

36?

25?

38}

40}

4S?

^ ^•42^

2“N.

2.'.:

19}

2ni

14]

ICJ

ici

22}

0(22J

2(1?

2ll)(>)

221

19*

23?

i‘)(34?

21}

22})0

503

43}

34?

36}

49?

41}

441

43?

44}

0 A.

25J

161

16?

151

14?

151

18}

I.*-!

25{

19f

19]

IS?

»s<

IS}

241

23?

IT?

52]

53}

45?

43?

46?

471

541

• SI*

48}

wid toUil 19 years. 0 Averages of 7 years (I8i5-'01), last 10 yeuu, -uid toiai 17 ym i.

list 10 ynMi, ami total 19 yMis.

VOI.. IX.— s. s. -

166* Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Experiments on the Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

APPENDIX— Table III. Weight

[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853. ^

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1 0.

lbs. 1

lbs.

52 • 1

51*4

53-6

52-4

49-1

52-0

53-0

49-0

50-8

52*3

.50-3

53-6

2 0.

52*6

52-6

54-0

52-5

46-5

52*8

54-0

52-0

.50-5

53-3

52-0

54-2

3 0.

52-5

51*9

53-6

52-9

48-5

52-51

53-5

49-5

.50-3

52-8

51*8

54-5

4 0.

51*5

52-1

54*0

53-1

47-0

53-71

54*0

52-5

51-3

54-0

52-0

54-8

Means

52-2

52*0

53-8

52*7

47*8

52-8

53*C

50-8

50-7

53- 1

51-5

54-3

1 A.

50-7

52-4

53-6

51*8

48-5

51-9

53*0

47-5

50-8

51*5

49*4

53-6

2 A.

50-5

52 • 5

.54*3

51*3

46*3

54-3

53-8

51 -0

53*5

53-5

55*3

3 A.

50-9

52-6

54-0

52-2

49-1

.52-11

54-0

47-5

50-8

51-5

.50-5

54*3

4 A.

51’4

53-1

54-3

52*0

46*4

54-81

54-0

51*0

51*1

54-0

54*0

56-5

Aleans

50*9

52-7

54-1

51*8

47-6

53*3

53-7

49-3

50-9

52*6

51-9

54*9

1 AA.

49-1

51-3

.52-8

50-6

48-3

52-0

53-5

47-5

50-7

51-8

50*0

53-9

2 AA.

49-5

51-7

52-4

50*1

46*1

53-5 .

53-3

.50-7

51-3

53-5

54-4

55-7

3 AA.

50-6

51 -3

53-1

.50-2

47-3

52*1 1

53-9

47-5

.50 4

51-5

51*5

54*5

4 AA.

50-6

51-4

52*1

48-9

45-4

53-91

53-5

50-5

51-0

53-5

54*0

56-4

Means

50-0

51-4

52*6

50-0

46-8

52-9

53-6

49-1

50-9

52-6

52-5

55-1

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

51-7

51-3

52-9

.50-5

4G-1

53-2

53-5

52-0

54-0

54-5

56-3

2 C.

51’8

51-6

52-8

50-0

47-3

53-8

52-8

51-5

54- 1

55-3

56-4

3 C.

5f3

51-5

52-6

50*6

4G-6

54-11

53-5

51-7

51-8

53-5

56*8

4 C.

51-4

50-4

52-8

49-5

46-3

54-1 1

53-1

51*0

51-1

54-3

54-0

56-7

Means

51-6

51-2

52*8

50-2

46-6.

53-8

53-2

51-6

54-0

54-3

56-6

1 N.

j(51-7)|

I51-3

53-3

52-0

50-0

52-9

53-5

48-0

51-0

52-0

51*5

53-4

2 N.

149*7

53-1

50-1

48*4

53-01

54-0

48-5

51-1

51-8

51*3

53-9

52-6

49*3

52-G

53 -G

49*5

' 51-0

53-8

52*8

53-8

5 0

(51-0) 1

51*8

53 1

52-6

47-5

53-4

54*0

51-0

53-3

51-5

54-1

5 A

51'0

52-3

53-8

51*5

4G-6

54-5

54-0

51-0

51-2

53-0

52*0

55*6

cfi

52-0

.50-3

52-8

52*5

50-0

52-3

53*1

48-5

51-3

52-0

51-8

54-0

53-0

50*9

53 -G

52*6

50-0

52-3

531

47-5

51-0

52-0

54* 1

52-«

51*6

53-9

52-9

47-1

54-2

54-5

52-5

52-1

54-8

57-2

(') Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years. (*) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years,

(*j Averages of 9 years (1853-’61),

167

for Ttcenty Years in succession on the same Land.

Manure, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Eothamsted.
per Bushel of Dressed Corn — lbs.

at the period indicated, for particulars of which see .tppCTidw— Tohle I., and side-notes thereto, p. 163.]

HARVESTS.

Ayeragb AmwAL.

First

Second

Total

PLOTS.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

10 Years,

1852-’61.

1862“’71.

1852-'71.

Ihs.

lbs.

* lbs.

lbs.

1 Iba.

lbs.

55-7

53-9

51-1

51-8

.54-3

52-4

52-9

65*0

51-6

53-1

52-3

! 1 0.

56-8

53-8

53-2

.53-9

55‘8

54-3

53-6

56-0

52*0

54-4

.53-2

, 2 0.

56-9

.54-5

52- 3

52-9

55-7

54-7

54 -3

55-4

51'8

54-3

53-0

3 0.

57-3

54-0

52-7

53-6

55-3

54’6

55-6

52-3

54-6

53-4

i 4 O

56-7

.54*1

52-3

53-1

55-3

54-0

54-1

55*5

52 0

54-1

53-0

' Means

55-4

53-8

50*9

51-3

53-3

52-4

54-6

55-6

51-2

53-0

52-1

1 A.

57-0

52-7

.54-4

54-1

.54-6

57-0

57-2

55-0

51-8

55-1

53-5

2 A.

56-4

54-7

52-1

51-9

54-8

54-6

55-4

56-1

51 -5

54-1

52-8

3 A.

57*6

53-5

54-7

54*3

55*6

57-4

57*1

56-5

52-2

55-7

54-0

..V

56'6

53-7

53-0

52-9

.54-6

55*4

56'1

55-8

51-6

54-5

53-1

Means

.55-5

53-5

50-9

52-4

53-7

53-1

54-5

54-1

50-8

53-2

52-0

1 AA.

57*2

52-3

.55 ’0

54- 1

55-6

57-2

56-9

55-9

51-2

55-4

53-3

2 AA.

56-5

54-8

51-4

51-9

55*1

53-7

54-6

54*3

50-8

53-8

52-3

3 AA.

57*6

.53-3

55 -4

54-6

56-0

57 -1

57-1

56-3

51*1

55*8

53-4

4 AA.

56-7

53-5

53-2

53-3

55-1

55-3

55-8

55 -2

51-0

54-6

52-6

Means

56-1

.54 -2

51-8

53-5

54-2

54-8

55 -0

.54*6

/53-9

54-6

54-3) 1

1 AA.<^.

57-2

52-4

55-6

55- 1

55-5

57-4

55-6

f-. 55-1

56-5

2 AAS.

57-2

54'8

52-5

53*0

56-2

56-6

55-9

53-8

' d.54’4

55-6

05-0|' 1

3 AAS.

57-0

.53-1

55-3

54 -1

56-2

57-8

55-4

[54-9

56-8

55- 8j [

4 AAK.

56-9

53'6

53-8

53-9

55*5

56-7

56-5

54-9

54'6

55-9

55-2 1

Means

57-1

53-8

55-1

54-4

56'2

56-7

57-5

56-3

51-7

55-8

53-8 1

1 C.

57-0

53-3

55-7

55-0

56* 1

57-1

57-8

56-4

51-7

.56-0

53 9 1

2 C.

57-3

53-3

55*3

54-7 1

55-8

57-1

57-6

.56-3

51-7

55-8

53-7

3 C.

57-2

53-5

55*6

54-8

55 '4

57'4

58-0

56-4

51-4

55-9

53-6 1

4 C.

57-1

53-5

55-4

54-7 ^

55-9

57*1

57-7

56-4

51-6

55 -9

53-8

Cleans

.56 -0

54‘1

52-0

52-9

52 -8

54-3 ;

55-6

54*6

,./51-6

53*7

52-7Wi

1 X.

56*5

53-8

52-8

52’ 7

55-5

54 '8

55-8

54-6

^ ^\sri

54-2

5-.i-7K ),
' 1

2 X.

.56 -3

54-4

52-9

53-9 '

54*0

54-0

55*3

55-0

0(51-8

54-2

53 -2) (3)

57-6

54-5

53-4

54-0

56-4

55-6

55-9

55-1

(D(.52-0

54-8

53-4)0

5 0.

57-5

54-1

54*8

55-2 :

57-5

57-3

55-5

51-9

55-7

53-8 1

5 A.

56-0

53*9

51-3

52*0 :

53-5

.52-8

54-0

55 -4

51-5

53-5

52-5 '

55-8

53-9

51-8

52*5

53-8

52*9 j

54 • 6

.54-9

51-6

53-6

52-6 I

57*4

54*4

54'9

54-8 '

57*1

56-4

57-1

56-6

52-6

56-0

54-3

and total 19 years. (*) Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), Inst 10 years, and total ) 7 years

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

168 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Experiments on the Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

APPENDIX— Table IV. Ofliil
[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

lbs.

1 0.

164

225

144

131

110

2 O.

100

101

106

103

159

114

3 O.

183

151

129

61 1

4 0.

136

160

105

53]

108

160

117

Means

146

159

102

129

1 A.

218

253

201

138

219

113

184

“ 1.50

170

269

116

2 A.

260

244

150

184

121

114

274

159

130

191

3 A.

252

336

197

177

180

911

175

115

109

269

108

4 A.

273

274

138

142

125

70 1

117

253

150

110

150

Means

251

277

172

160

161

106

222

143

130

220

101

1 AA.

299

303

326

204

310

135

215

109

173

296

2 AA.

315

251

329

181

233

133

134

320

118

190

133

143

3 AA.

318

236

334

212

290

1081

118

265

122

138

364

4 AA.

246

301

273-

150

176

1831

143

285

141

179

191

Means

294

273

316

187

252

140

121

271

123

170

246

103

1 A AS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

170

268

178

219

173

135

103

225

120

154

2 C.

164

376

238

195

161

169

148

171

156

150

128

109

3 C.

190

296

248

183

189

1561

105

236

1 15

204

190

4 C.

144

277

227

222

205

1681

125

350

153

204

174

Means

167

304

223

205

182

157

120

246

136

178

161

1 N.

} (94) j

283 1

109

128

245

119

205

146

225

245

120

2 N.

228]

286

224

193

1511

110

235

179

190

216

114

198

5 0.

(173)1

113

101

193

.9 A.

173

210

170

126

151

154

168

193

188

210

120

200

144

116

152

121

118

161

119

125

105

127

194

101

269

109

134

121

260

147

190

208

(') Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years. Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years,

{*) Averages of 9 years (1858-’01),

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 169

Mascre, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Eothamsted.
Corn per Acre — lbs.

at the period indicated, for particulars of which see Appendix — Table I., and side-notes thereto, p. 1 63.]

HARVESTS.

Avebage A>tiiial.

1864.

1865.

■

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Years.

Second
10 Years,

Total

Period,

PLOTS.

1852-*61.

1862-*71.

1852-'71.'

lbs.

120

1 0.

2 O.

.38

101

3 0.

104 '

4 O.

41 1

105 !

Means

115

1.39

105 ,

174 1

107 1

141

1 A.

113

189 ‘

172 1

94 1

133

2 A.

106

173 1

95 1

134

3 A. •

146

165

78 1

122

4 A.

132 ,

171

133

Means

148

133

216

111

164

1 AA.

113

111

168

220

158

2 AA.

103

106

111

133

214

113

164

3 AA.

133

119

<30

208

148

4 AA.

124

101

131

215

102

159 j

Means

121

771 1

1 A AS

l4l

136

153

130

C'll

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

125

175

1 84

89)

4 AAS.

101

111

138

Means

104

109

175

129

1 C.

111

193

138

2 C.

141

1 192

142

3 C.

123

128

124

208

149

4 C.

104

108

192

139

Means

124

119

150

^ -'1199

112

149)'' ^

1 N.

104

171

104

2 N.

0(77

69)(’)

0(84

72)(*)

5 0.

! 94

1 53

144

160

124

5 A.

103

117

1 47

107

117

, 56

148

111

100

171

156

105

130

and total 19 ycai-s. (*) Averages of 7 years (1855-61), last 10 years, and total 17 years,

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

170 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Expesiments on the Gkowth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

APPENDIX— Table V. Total

[N.B. The Rouble vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity,of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

lbs.

;lbs.

lbs.

1 0.

15S5

1552

1963

1773

812

1453

1207

775

753

941

899

1276

2 0.

1605

1867

2298

1973

886

1861

1657

1179

884

1410

1253

1814

3 0.

1558

1586

2021

1918

936

17411

1396

872

847

1084

1094

1557

4 0.

1819

2017

2374

2067

1018

219tl

1780

1197

1013

1648

1428

1868

Means

1642

1755

2164

1933

913

1811

1510

1006

874

1271

1168

1629

1 A.

2088

2285

2763

2443

1432

2133

1771

919

1.501

1745

1821

2406

2 A.

2212

2352

343?

2639

1467

3161

2879

2034

2371

3073

2791

3511

3 A.

2091

2259

2897

2504

1577

23021

1946

977

1540

1799

2049

2748

4 A.

2368

2309

3428

2659

1599

32161

2897

2017

2375

3059

2725

3210

Means

2190

2301

3131

2561

1519

2703

2374

1487

1947

2419

2346

2969

1 AA.

2486

2394

3313

2640

2061

2T25

2198

1237

1395

1986

1874

2753

2 AA.

2483

2435

3643

2707

1687

3696

3131

2140

2338

3178

2908

3515

3 AA.

2431

2358

3075

2586

1489

27081

2311

1235

1672

2038

2234

3042

4 AA.

25.32

2590

3539

2582

1886

36771

3155

2092

2501

3169

2824

3429

Means

2483

2444

3393

2629

1781

3202

2699

1676

1977

2593

2460

3185

1 AAS.

2 AAS.
3. AAS.
4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

2193

2318

3388

2668

1870

3547

2980

2245

1773

3209

2389

3005

2 C.

2057

2243

3444

2857

1916

3.521

3174

2284

2051

3227

2619

3213

3 C.

1907

2113

3221

2659

1711

34171

2887

2001

1943

2944

2118

3089

4 C.

2098

2302

3413

2783

1841

35361

3162

2135

2238

3111

2634

3159

Means

2064

2244

3366

2742

1834

3505

3051

2166

2001

3123

2440

3117

1 N.

}(1437){

12044

2740

2727

1675

2634

2144

1400

1546

2215

2075

2875

2 N.

I207I

3113

2696

2225

3226]

2480

1525

1703

2345

2184

3016

1730

1016

1379

1476

1055

618

1563

1443

1562

5 0.

(2034) 1

1493

1748

1759

1009

1764

1441

955

593

1598

1088

1641

5 A.

2034

2306

2959

2596

1700

3061

27.54

1857

2188

2808

2635

2944

r /I

1627

1521

1998

2074

910

1899

1496

954

719

940

1031

1527

<= I2

1451

1555

1904

1982

923

1738

1422

831

718

1000

1182

1613

1844

2136

3127

2765

1656

2915

3118

2362

2319

3169

2936

3473

(*) Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years. (D Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years,

(^) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61),

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

171

Manure, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Eothamsted.

Corn iwr Acre — lbs.

at the period indicated, for particulars of whichsee Append i'a:— To We I., and side-notes thereto, p. 163.]

PLOTS.

1 0.

2 O.

3 O.

4 O.

Means

2 A.

3 A.

4 A.

Means

1 AA.

2 AA.

3 AA.

4 AA.

Means

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

2 C.

3 C.

4 C.

Means

1 N.

2 N.

M.
5 O.

.5 A.

and total 19 years. (^) Averages of 7 years (1855-61), last 10 years, and, total 17 years,

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

H.tUVESTS.

Avebage Annual.

1864.

1865.

1866,

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Years,
1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,
1862-^71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,
1852-*71.

lbs.

Ibe.

lbs.

Ibi.

lbs.

lbs.-

1379

1018

858

978

873

840

751

973

1281

985

1133

1790

1252

1216

1386

1060

1079

986

1329

1562

1317

14.39

1526

1237

1041

962

824

1097

928

1125

1396

1139

1268

1949

1349

1323

1180

998

1286

1053

1438

1712

13S7

1550

1661

1214

1109

1126

939

1075

929

1216

1488

1207

1347

2258

1666

1474

1686

1136

1599

1.539

2129

1908

1771

1840

3399

2636

2809

2458

2092

2849

2404

2672

2563

2762

2662

2563

1872

1541

1808

1406

1994

1733

2231

1989

1995

1992

3316

2549

2636

2454

1978

2848

2197

2769

2593

2668

2630

2884

2181

2115

2101

1653

2322

1968

2450

2263

2299

2281

2430

1875

1633

1669

1500

1773

1630

2250

2244

1939

2091

3300

2600

2913

2464

2492

2845

26.55

2771

2744

2846

2795

2600

1920

1631

1814

1578

1929

1803

2098

2190

2065

2128

3299

2684

29.54

2573

2586

2929

2571

2683

2772

2853

2813

2907

2270

2283

2130

2039

2369

2165

2451

2487

2426

2457

2573

1948

2054

1811

1644

2029

1963

2721

(■2097

2089

20931

3190

2564

2939

2490

2061

2924

2593

2904

ri\! ■‘^<96

2621

2708 L.

2933

2299

2341

2173

2585

2429

2424

2731

'' 2437

2542

2489 ''i

.3465

2751

2888

2543

2669

3118

2755

2886

[2912

2857

2884)

3040

2391

2556

2254

2240

2625

2434

2811

2560

2527

2.544

2828

2.508

2631

2209

2122

2482

2429

2.561

2619

2516

2568

3039

2503

2741

2594

2044

2867

2437

2445

2677

2650

2664

2923

2666

2518

2221

1999

2584

2260

2695

2480

2507

2494 1

3153

2648

2834

2411

2051

3065

2569

2809

2662

2733

2698 1

2986

2581

2681

2359

2054

2750

2424

2628

2610

2602

2606 i

2360

2101

1910

1866

1410

2064

1966

2451

,12124

2108

21161,,.’

2710

2226

2266

2008

1443

2218

2278

2650

^ ^12376

2300

2336/'^

1519

1145

1048

1161

821

957

915

1275

P)(1262

1185

I217)(0

1610

1290

1248

nil

868

1378

835

1143

0(1373

1221

1293)0

3015

2710

2461

2001

2114

2931

2424

2604

2426

2584

2505

1461

1180

899

953

846

857

851

1091

1414

1070

1242

1454

1084

948

1121

876

873

853

1375

1352

1138

1245

3672

2923

3065

2614

2539

2746

2734

3243

2541

2995

2768

172 Rqmt of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Experiments on the Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

ArPENDIX— Table VI. Straw

[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863. ’

1 0.

Cwts.

Cwbi.

16|

21|

12}

10?

2 0.

16i

23}

17f

151

141

12}

13}

121

151

3 O.

16J

17i

201

1 / -2‘

15 1

12}

11}

101

131

4 0.

19i

20|

231

1711

161

12}

151

13}

151

Means

174

18i

22}

151

13}

lOi

12}

11}

131

1 A.

22|

23f

30}

241

17|

154

11}

141

19|

201

211

2 A.

25J

401

29|

21}

26}

28}

241

25}

29}

321

3 A.

23i

251

33f

27}

2111

134

16}

21}

23}

26}

4 A.

27|

26|

40}

21}

2711

29|

27}

26t

30}

3I|

Means

25J

25i

36|

19}

23}

091

19}

20}

251

26}

281

1 AA.

261

371

321

24}

23}

191

14}

134

21}

251

2 AA.

28i

281

441

38|

31|

321

32|

26}

24}

311

314

32}

3 AA.

261

274

371

261

26 1

221

161

181

241

24}

271

4 AA.

281

31|

391

36} 1

35}

301

331

34}

Means

271

281

42}

361

28}

291

27}

211

21}

271

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

■

Means

1 C.

24|

265

43}

361

331

30}

261

171

271

281

2 C.

23J

251

441

361

31}

331

28}

20|

3"i

27}

301

3 C.

211

25}

41}

351

264

3011

30}

251

201

30}

231

291

4 C.

241

27}

421

3*1

30}

3311

29}

22}

281

30}

Means

234

26}

42}

36}

28|

321

32|

27}

20i

26}

291

1 N.

} (15i){

1 231

33^

191

24|

201

18}

16}

27}

24}

30}

2 N.

1 25i

38}

33}

28}

32 1

23|

21}

181

29|

24}

291

1.5}

101

loi

121

101

151

14}

194

5 0.

(251) 1

15|

20}

141

101

13}

12}

10}

17}

10}

15}

5 A.

251

35f

22}

27|

28|

261

25}

311

1-5

16}

224

181

161

11}

101

13}

141

151

20}

16}

14i

I'l

I'i

I4i

18J

oos

37}

27}

19.1

231

311

2S4

-./g

3ii

34}

331

(') Averages of 4 4 years, and 8 ye\rs. (■) Averages of 9 yeai-s (I858-’C1), last 10 years,

(^) Averages of 9 years (1S53-’GI).

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

173

Manure, and mtli different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Rottamstcd.
(and Chaff) 2>er Acre — Cwts.

at the period indicated, for.particulars of which see .4ppend/x — Tah?e I., and side-notes theix'to, p. 1C3.]

HARVESTS.

AvEiiacE Axxu.vl.

First

Second

Total

I’.Tlod,

20 Veal'S,
1852- 71. 1

ri.uTs. ■

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

10 Years,
1852-61.

10 Veal'S,
1862-71.

Cwts.

CwtH.

Cwts.

Cwts. ^

12i

101

13?

101

114 !

1 0.

I5i

12?

l2l

10?

121

145

115

13? 1

2 0.

13?

101

i"5

135

104

121

3 0.

125

105

125

161

12?

14?

4 0.

14f

111

115

111

125

141

11?

121

Means

20?

15?

171

12i

181

121

231

194

17?

18*

1 A.

32§

21?

285

28?

19?

14?

175

285

275

27*

27?

2 A.

191

164

19?

204

25?

215

194

204

3 A.

345

ool

2"g

251

20?

34?

18?

321

28?

28*

4 A.

26f

181

214

22?

164

2«?

271

241

235

234

Means

23i

174

14*

211

175

264

24'

205

221

1 AA.

33J

285

30?

304

215'

34?

234

325

315

295

30*

2 AA.

265

185

161

224

205

25?

254

235

24?

3 AA.

371

245

281

28?

25?

385

181

32?

.344

305

32?

4 AA.

305

201

235

264

19?

29,1

201

291

25?

27?

Minus

265

22?

20?

18i

165

234

294

1215

215

211]
■25^ 1 ^

1 AAS.

33^

23f

301

29*

375

205

365

pj295

'•2.244

28?

2 AAS.

30i

20?

23?

251

3.1?

201

315

26?

3 AAS.

40j

25i

291

281

26?

421

204

(31 ,

3l|)

4 AAS.

321,

225

26?

245

005

--g

331

19?

334

26?

•>T-3

" • tf

Means

265

245

2.5*

195

171

271

29?

241

265

1 C.

31|

2>5

241

25?

19?

335

175

275

305

28?

2 C.

24?

221

194

301

18?

305

28?

251

275

3 C.

345

27?

241

215

35g

20?

oil

274

29l

4 C.

21|

255

24?

195

31?

181

29?

301

254

iMi-aus

245

181

2'5

215

185

131

291

re A 23?

221

1 X.

27a

211

235

214

175

27?

195

311

(2(275

241

2 X.

135

145

101

12?

10?

105

15*

144

135

0(114

0(13?

124

12?) (3)

12?) (‘)

M.
7) 0.

335

245

22?

20?

365

, 21?

29?

’ 275

: 281

5 A.

13|

lOJ

101

1 -3

* 4

i 13

104

123

135

105

10?

13?

•13

i 111

' 125

37?

25?

3Ii

275

241

284

1 19f

26?

295

281

and total 19 rears. (^) Averages of 7 years (185o-’61), last 10 years, and total 17 years,

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

VOL. IX. — S. S. N 3

174 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Experiments on tlie Growth of Barley year after year on tlie same Land, without

APPENDIX — Table VII. Total Produce
[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

; lbs.

lbs.

1 0.

3445

3562

4405

3745

1797

2878

2424

1800

1598

2166

1987

2545

2 0.

3459

3783

4898

3955

1865

3606

3327

2559

1877

2900

2701

3569

3 O.

3405

3521

4353

3873

1961

3426 1

2771

1962

1802

2369

2309

3050

4 0.

4008

4312

4969

4082

2075

41111

3590

2567

2093

3366

2941

3596

Means

3579

3794

4656

3914

1924

3505

3028

2222

1842

. 2700

2484

3190

1 A.

4652

4950

6155

5148

3347

4118

3506

2204

3166

3945

4106

4806

2 A.

5127

5202

8017

5929

3874

6161

6099

4814

5196

6411

6416

7319

3 A.

4730

5079

6672

5579

3574

47021

3951

2487

3355

4212

4658

5691

4 A.

5487

5284

7958

6134

3981

6336]

6192

5067

5355

6472

6273

6791

Means

4999

5129

7200

5697

3694

5329

4937

3643

4268

5260

5363

6152

1 AA.

5490

5324

7548

6242

4801

5360

4345

2857

2905

4449

4247

5561

2 AA.

5662

5615

8619

7027

5233

7383

6791

5105

5053

6721

6443

7148

3 AA.

5378

5405

7315

6388

4414

56181

4791

3035

3702

4743

5003

6168

4 AA.

5714

6134

902C

70.54

5582

7734 1

7160

5517

5746

6937

6529

7323

Means

5561

5619

8127

6678

5008

6524

5772

4128

4352

5713

5556

6550

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

4949

5323

8238

6720

4780

7262

6425

5260

3771

6332

5299

6214

2 C.

4713

5110

8388

6904

5447

7266

6964

5509

4356

6625

5669

6593

3 C.

4351

4943

7848

6676

4673

68771

6337

4866

4198

6392

4786

6429

4 C.

4796

5386

8125

6993

5257

7241 1

7082

5440

4783

6576

5872

6599

Means

4702

5190

8150

6823

5039

7161

6702

5269

4277

6481

5407

6459

1 N.

}(3143)(

14631

6475

5757

3877

5389

4399

3500

3416

5260

4793

6265

2 N.

14906

7400

6416

5450

68161

5125

3905

3793

5665

4959

6366

3440

2206

2538

2856

2275

1433

3263

3061

3740

5 0.

(4843) 1

3263

4013

3394

2169

3254

2846

2125

1363

3563

2266

3354

5 A.

4843

4996

6964

6066*

4247’

6161

5954

4777

5038

'6373

6175

6749

3550

3371

4519

4100

1952

3711

2846

2212

1560

2048

2189

3042

6(,

3030

3336

4221

3857

1981

3375

2693

1948

1581

2117

2480

3221

3920

4682

7298

5852

3866

5564

6635

5558

5156

6715

6774

7185

(') Averages of 4 years, 4 yeais, and 8 years. (-) Averages of ‘J years (1853-’61), last 10 yeai-s,

(^) Averages of 9 years (1853-61),

for Ttcenty Years in succession on the same Land.

175

, Manoke, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Eothamstel.
I (Corn, Straw and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

[ at the period indicated, for particulars of which see Appendix — Table I., and side-aotes thereto, p. 163.

HARVESTS.

Avebage Axkuai,

PLOTS. :

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Year?,
1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,
1862-71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,
1852-71.

lbs.

2809

1924

1928

2124

2173

2075

1489

2208

2782

2126

2454

1 O.

3533

2268

2636

2759

2110

2238

1884

2694

3223

2639

2931

2 O.

3020

2325

2191

2098

1789

2333

1882

2380

2944

2338

2641

3 O.

3829

2464

27.59

2526

2126

2729

2101

3002

3517

2807

3162

4 0.

3298

2245

2378

2377'

2049

2344

1839

2571

3116

2478

2797

Means

4533

3127

3200

3611

2507

3640

2945

4712

4119

3719

3919

1 A.

7042

5061

5955

5658

4255

6430

4412

5820

5683

5837

5760

2 A.

4726

3658

3412

3977

3074

4319

3406

5080

4434

4200

4317

3 A.

7-225

5075

5704

5304

4311

6701

4287

6404

5827

5808

5817

4 A.

5881

4230

4568

4637

3537

5272

3762

5504

5016

4891

4953

Means

5040

3668

3628

3589

3130

4181

3628

5250

4932

4192

4562

1 AA.

7008

5180

6068

5917

4937

6750

5315

6371

6321

6114

6217

2 AA.

5613

3820

3661

5264

3401

4477

4141

4933

4648

5079

4864

3 AA.

7469

5469

6117

5753

5454

7194

4621

6333

6660

6226

6443

4 AA.

6282

4534

4869

5131

4231

5651

4426

5722

5640

5403

5522

Means

5501

4453

4357

3884

3537

4689

3868

6051

' (4549

4536

4543]

1 AAS.

6945

5172

6327

5790

4524

7082

4851

6954

.J6059

5853

59561,,,

2 AAS.

6316

4582

5144

4793

5410

5864

4724

6221

'■ n 5209

5555

5382 r-

3 AAS.

8025

5609

6198

5708

5644

7881

5073

7146

(6385

6436

641lJ

4 AAS.

6697

4954

5507

5044

4779

6379

4629

6594

5551

5595

5573

Means

5758

4909

5337

5064

4267

5512

4358

5637

5906

5236

5571

1 C.

6604

4959

5487

5460

4238

6571

4437

5570

6128

5559

5844

2 C.

6396

5134

5242

4711

4213

5993

4324

6153

5716

5338

5527

3 C.

7061

5117

5929

5121

4414

7001

4857

6394

6168

5837

6002

4 C.

6455

5030

5499

5089

4283

6269

4494

5939

5980

5493

5736

Means

5065

4174

4275

4234

3530

4759

3456

5726 ’

14745

4628

46831,,

1 N.

5820

4629

4941

4438

3366

5313

4413

6175 ‘

-’15497

5042

5258/''

2 N.

3079

2195

2436

2499

2044

2265

1903

2920 1

(’)(2573

2614

2597)C)

3273

2490

2443

2271

1826

3111

1323

2618 '

(*)(2888

2498

2682) C;

5 O.

6815

5490

5591

4511

4 119

6979

4817

5927

5542

5747

5644

5 A.

2986

2159

2078

2026

2019

1957

1720

2554 1

2987

2273

2630

3008

2076

2017

2344

2097

2031

1740

2896 '

2814

2391

2603

7852

5769

6594

5652

5281

5959

4950

7401

5525

6.342

5933

and total 19 years. (’) Averages of 7 year's (1855— ’61), last 10 years, and total 17 years,

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

L7G

Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Expeeijients on tlie Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

APPENDIX — Table VIII. Increase by Manure (over the

[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure

HARVESTS. 1

PLOTS.,

1852.

1833.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863. i

1 0.

lbs.

lbs. 1

2 0.

- 1

330

317

185

.305

314

148

470

288

412 !

3 O.

-48

- 6

65 1

111

144

129

155

4 0.

213

480

393

143

157

515|

428

332

277

70S

463

466 ,

Means

286

250

255

259

218

179

441

293

344 j

1 A.

482

748

782

519

571

457

419

765

805

856

1004

2 A.

606

815

1456

715

606

1485

1527

1169

1635

2133

1826

2109 '

3 A.

485

722

916

580

716

6261

594

112

804

859

1084

1346 '

4 A.

762

772

1447

735

738

154o|

1545

1152

1639

2119

1760

1808

Means

584 ’

764

1150

637

658

1027

1021

622

1211

1479

1382

1567 !'

1 AA.

'880

857

1312

716

1200

1049

846

372

659

1046

909

1351 1

2 AA.

877

898

1662

783

826

2020

1779

1275

1602

2238

1943

2113 i

3 AA.

825

821

1094

662

628

10321

959

370

936

1098

1269

1640

4 AA.

926

1053

1558

658

1025

2001 1

1803

1227

1765

2229

1859

2027 1

Means

877

907

1412

705

920

1.526

1347

811

1241

16.53

1495

1783

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

587

781

1407

744

1009

1871

1628

1380

1037

2269

1424

1603 l]

2 C.

451

706

1463

933

1055

1845

1822

1419

1315

2287

1654

1811 lU

3 C.

301

576

1240

735

850

1741 1

1535

1136

1207

2004

1153

1687 :|

4 C.

492

765

1432

859

980

I860!

1810

1270

1502

2171

1669

U57 I

Means

458

7U7

1386

818

974

1829

1699

1301

1265

2183

1475

1715

1 N. 1

2 N. /

-(1G9){

1 507
1 534

759

1132

803

772

814

1364

958

1550|

792

1128

535

660

810

967

1275

1405

1110

1219

1473 j
1614

- 194

155

-297

1 124

190

- 118

623

478

160 '1

5 0.

(428) 1

- 44

- 233

-165

148

-143

658

123

239

5 A.

428

769

978

672

839

1385

11402

992

1452

1868

1670

1542

- 155

— 77

- 34

- 18

217

211

238

599

1146

841

795

1239

1766

1497

1583

2229

1971

2071 i J

‘IF

(') Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years. (-) Averages of 9 years (1853-'G1), last 10 years,[' j

(^) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61),"‘I *■

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 177

i^ANCRE, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Eothamsted.
Mdan of Plots 1 0. and C-1), of Total Corn, per Acre — lbs.

it the period indicated, for particulars of which see Appendix — Table I., and side-notes thereto, p. 1 63.]

HARVESTS.

Average Akkcal.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Years,
1852-61.

Second
10 Years,
1«62-'71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,
1852- 71.

PLOTS.

lb6.

lbs.

1 0.

1 370

153

337

420

200

230

185

297

214

289

2.52

2 ().

! 106

138

162

- 4

- 36

248

127

112

3 ().

1 529

250

444

214

138

437

252

406

365

360

363

4 O.

335

180

314

210

101

305

188

265

209

254

232

Means

I 838

567

595

720

276

750

738

1097

560

744

6.52

1 A.

1979

1537

1930

1492'

1232

2000

1603

1640

1215

1 735

1475

2 A.

1143

773

662

842

546

1145

932

1199

641

967

804

3 A.

1896

1450

1757

1488

1118

1999

1396

1737

1245

1641

1443

4 A.

1464

1082

1236

1136

793

1474

1167

1418

915

1272

1094

Means

1010

776

754

703

640

924

829

1218

.896

911

904

1 AA.

1880

1501

2034

1498

1632

1996

1854

1739

1396

1819

1608

2 AA.

1180

821

752

848

718

1080

1001

1066

843

1038

941

3 AA.

1879

1585

2075

1607

1726

2080

1770

1651

1425

1826

1625

4 AA.

• 1487

1171

1404

1164

1179

1520

1364

1419

1140

1399

1270

Means

U53

849

1175

845

784

1180

1162

1689

(■1006

1204

1105j

1 AAS.

1770

1465

2060

1524

1201

2075

1792

1872

,, Il705

1735

1720 ,,
1501 ['■ >

2 AAS.

1513

1200

1462

1207

1725

1580

1623

1699

T 1.346

1657

3 AAS.

2045

1652

2009

1577

1809

2269

1954

1854

( 1821

1972

1896)

4 AAS.

1 1620

1292

1677

1288

1380

1776

1633

1779

1470

1642

1556

Means

1408

1409

1752

1243

1262

1633

1628

1529

1271

1489

1380

1 C.

1 1619

1404

1862

1628

1184

2018

1636

1413

1330

1623

1477

2 C.

1 1503

1567

1639

1255

1139

L735

1459

1663

11.33

1480

1307

3 C.

1733

1.549

1955

1445

1191

2216

1768

1777

1314

1706

1510

4 C.

. 1566

1482

1802

1393

1194

1901

1623

1596

1262

1575

1419

Means

940

1290

1002

1127

1031

1387

900

1042

550

583

1215

1369

1165

1477

1419

1618

806
^ ^(1057

1081

1273

9501 ,
1170/'- ''

1 N.

2 N.

169

195

- 39

108

114

243

(’) (69

157

121)(3)

190

191

369

145

529

111

0(54

194

128)0,

5 0.

1595

1611

1582

1035

1254

2082

1623

1572

1079

1557

1318

5 A.

- 15

155

343

111

2252

1824

2186

1648

1679

1897

1933

2211

1103

1967

1580

aod total 19 years. (^) Averages of 7 years (1855— ’61), last 10 yeais, and total 17 ye;us.

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

178 ' Report of Experiments on the Groicth of Barley,

Experiments on tlie Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without
APPENDIX — Table IX. Increase by Manure (over the Mean

[X.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856,

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

lbs.

1 0.

2 O.

- 38

- 14

118

- 17

- 35

126

386

238

150

323

325

363

3 0.

- 45

-150

- 44

661

- 52

112

118

101

4 0.

297

365

113

301 1

526

228

237

551

390

336

Means

119

- 15

164

334

138

166

331

269

267

1 A.

’ 672

735

910

706

901

366

451

143

822

1033

1162

1008

2 A.

1023

920

2098

1291

1393

1381

1938

16.38

1982

2171

2.502

2416

3 A.

747

890

1293

1076

983

781 [

721

368

972

1246

1486

1551

4 A.

1227

1045

2048

1476

1368

1501 1

2011

1908

2137

2246

2425

2189

Means

917

898

1587

1137

1161

1007

1280

1014

1478

1674

1894

1791

1 AA.

1112

1000

1753

1603

1726

1016

863

478

667

1296

12.50

1416

2 AA.

1287

1250

2494

2321

2532

2068

2376

1823

1872

2376

2412

2241

3 A A.

1055

1117

1758

1803

1911

1291 [

1196

6.58

1187

1538

1646

17.34

4 AA.

1290

1614

3005

2473

2682

2438]

2721

2283

2402

2601

2582

2502

Means.

1186

1245

2253

2050

2213

1703

1789

1311

1.532

1953

1973

1 A AS.

2 AAS.

3 AA.s.

4 AAS.

•

Means

1 C.

864

1075

2368

2053

1896

2096

2161

1873

1 1.55

1956

1 787

1817

2 V.

764

937

2462

2048

2517

2126

2506

2083

1462

22.31

1927

1988

3 C.

552

900

2145

2018

1948

1841 [

2166

1723

1412

2281

1545

1948

4 C.

806

1154

2230

2211

2402

2086 1

2636

2163

1702

2298

2115

2048

Cleans

747

1017

2301

2083

2191

2037

2367

1961

1433

2192

1844

1950

1 N. (

(-186){

1 657

1253

1031

1188

1136

971

958

1027

1878

1.595

1998

2 N. i

1 905

1805

1721

2211

1971|

1361

1238

1247

2153

1652

1958

-289

176

-460

- 28

533

495

786

5 0.

(917) I

-160

- 217

- 364

146

-129

121

- 73

798

321

0 A.

917

760

1523

1471

1533

1481

1916

1778

2007

2398

2417

2413

- 313

-149

- 165

- 124

- 13

- 25

- 50

175

216

184

616

1689

1088

1196

1030

2233

2054

1994

2379

2715

2320

(‘) Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years. (^) Averages of 9 years (1853— ’91), last 10 yeais,

(*) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61\

!i)

«2

,iiS

i:'

't!5i

S31

lilO

I13J i

630

e:;

lK5

«;3

1^2

IS?

GO'

s I

K I

t 1

* 1

ill

•tja

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

179

Makuke, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Eothamsted.
of Plots 1 0 and 6-1), of Straw (and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

at the period indicated, for particulars of which see Appendix — Table 1., and side-notes thereto, p. 1 63. i

harvests. ! Ateeagk Annual.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Years,
1S52~'61.

■

Second
10 Years,
1862-71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,
1»52-71.

PLOTS.

lbs.

1 1 O.

265

295

263

- 186

— 9

124

150

137

2 0. ,

145

-271

150

- 94

3 0.

402

172

311

236

- 108

275

244

215

268

248

258

4 0.

228

130

210

- 188

111

163

134

141

138

Means

797

518

601

815

135

873

602

1234

674

775

724

1 A.

2165

1482

2021

2090

927

2413

1204

1799

1583

1902

1742

2 A.

685

843

746

1059

432

1157

869

1500

908

1033

970

3 A.

2431

1583

1943

1740

1097

2685

1286

2286

1697

1967

1832

4 A.

1 1520

1107

1328

1426

648

1782

990

1705

1215

1419

1317

j Means

1132

8.50

870

810

394

1240

1194

1651

1151

1081

1116

1 AA.

2230

1637

20.30

2343

1209

2737

1856

2251

2040

2095

2067

2 AA.

1535

9.57

905

2340

587

1380

1534

1486

1351

1410

1380

3 AA.

2692

1842

2038

2070

1632

3097

1246

2301

2351

2200

2276

4 AA.

1897

1322

1461

1891

956

2114

1458

1922

1723

1697

1710

Meau.s

1450

1562

1178

963

657

1492

1101

1981

(1288

1308

1298]

1 AAS.

2277

1665

2263

2190

1227

2990

1454

2701

/I J 2099

2093

2 AAS.

1905

1340

1678

1510

1.589

2267

1496

2141

'' 1608

1873

1741 P

3 AAS.

3082

1915

2185

2055

1739

3595

1514

2911

(2309

2440

237.5)

4 AAS.

‘ 2179

1621

1826

1680

1303

2586

1391

2434

1826

1929

1877

Means

1452

1458

1581

1745

909

1862

1125

1727

1750

1546

1648

1 C.

2087

1513

1621

1756

958

2536

1196

1776

1914

1736

1825

2 C.

1995

1525

1599

1380

978

2241

1260

2109

1699

1658

1678

3 C.

2430

1526

1970

1600

1127

2768

1484

2236

1969

1930

1950

4 C.

I 1991

1506

1693

1620

993

2352

1266

1962

1833

1718

1775

Means

1227

1130

1240

1258

884

1527

686

1926

fsJ1122

1347

1241).,,

1 N.

1632

1460

1550

1320

687

1927

1331

2176

^\1624

1569

1595/'

2 N.

107

263

228

140

184

296

O (15

257

I57)(*)

185

257

—278

565

-316

126

(0 (17

104

62)(^)

5 0.

2322

1837

2005

1400

1069

2880

1589

1974

1578

1991

1784

5 A.

- 56

113

- 15

- 10

172

- 76

2702

1903

2404

1928

1506

2045

1412

2809

1447

2174

1811

nd total 19 years. (^) Averages of 7 years (1855-61), last 10 years, and total 17 years,

lit 10 yeais, and total 19 years.

180 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Experiments on the Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

APPENDIX — Table X. Increase bj’’ Manure (over the Mean of Plots 1 0
(N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure, * (*)

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

lbs.

1 0.

flE.

^ o.

- 39

316

435

- 10

311

691

552

298

793

613

775

3 0.

— 93

-110

- 50

1311

135

- 45

223

262

221

256

4 0.

510

845

506

159

200

siel

954

560

514

1259

8S3

802

1^1

Means

126

405

277

419

593

356

345

771

562

611

1 A.

1154

1483

1692

1225

1472

823

870

197

1587

1838

2018

2012

2 A.

1629

1 735

3554

2006

1999

2866

3463

2807

3617

4304

4328

4525

,119

3 A.

1232

1612

2209

1656

1699

14071

1315

480

1776

2105

2570

2897

IIU

4 A.

1989

1817

3495

2211

2106

3041 1

3556

3060

3776

4365

4185

3997

Means

1501

1662

2738

1775

1819

2034

2301

1636

2689

3153

3275

3353 :

SSI

1 AA.

1992

1857

3085

2319

2926

2065

1709

850

1326

2342

2159

2767

2 AA.

2164

2148

4156

3104

3358

4088

4155

3098

3474

4614

4355

4354 1

142

3 AA.

1880

1938

2852

2465

2539

23231

2155

1028

2123

2636

2915

3374 1

lllO

4 AA.

2216

2667

4563

3131

3707

44391

4524

3510

4167

4830

4441

4529 !

;iI5

till

Means

2063

2153

3664

2755

3133

3229

3136

2122

2773

3606

3468

3756

nso

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

ilil

Means

1 C.

1451

1856

3775

2797

2905

3967

3789

3253

2192

4225

3211

3420

2 C.

1215

1643

3925

2981

3572

3971

4328

3502

2777

4518

3581

3799 1

3 C.

8.53

1476

3385

2753

2798

3582 [

3701

2859

2619

4285

2698

3635 i

4 C.

1298

1919

3662

3070

3382

3946 1

4446

3433

3204

4469

3784

380.5 ■

1(3

Means

1204

1724

3687

2900

3164

3867

4066

3262

2698

4374

3319

3665 ;

1 N.

|1164

2012

1834

2002

2094

1763

1493

1837

3153

2705

3471)'

2 N.

(- 355)|

jl439

2937

2493

3575

35211

2489

1898

2214

3558

2871

3572 i

IM.

-483

331

— 757

220

268

-146

1156

973

9461

5 0.

(1315)1

- 204

-450

- 529

294

— 41

210

118

-216

1456

178

560

5 A.

1345

1529

2501

2143

2372

2866

3318

2770

3459

4266

4087

3955.

ii;

-468

- 131

- 242

- 66

106

- 59

392

427|

422

1215

2835

1929

1991

2269

3999

3551

3577

4608

4686

439 if

(') Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.

(-) Averages of 9 years (1853-’G1), last 10 yeai

(*) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61(

All

'inn

for Ticentu Years in succession on the same Land.

181

Mam:ue, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Rothamsted.
I and C-1), of total produce (Com, Straw, and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

, at the period indicated, for particulars of which see Appendix — Table I., and side-notes thereto, p. 163.)

HARVESTS.

Avebaoe Axncal.

, PLOTS.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Years,
1J552- 61.

Second
10 Years,
lfe62-'71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,
1852-'? 1.

lbs.

lbs. '

1 0.

' 635

226

632

683

221

279

313

338

439

389

2 0.

1 122

283

187

-307

316

277

- 1

138

3 0.

1 931

422

7.55

450

712

496

621

632

607

621

4 O.

.563

310

525

385

- 88

416

351

311

343

395

370

Means

1635

1085

1196

1535

411

1623

1340

2.331

1234

1519

1376

1 A.

4144

3019

3951

3582

2159

4413

2807

3439

2798

3637

3217

2 A.

1828

1616

1408

1901.

978

2.302

1801

2699

1549

2000

1774

3 A.

4327

3033

3700

3228

2215

4684

2682

4023

2942

3608

3275

4 A.

2984

2188

2564

2562

1441

3256

2158

3123

2130

2691

2411

Means

2142

1626

1624

1513

10.34

2164

2023

2869

2047

1992

2020

1 AA.

4110

3138

4064

3841

2841

4733

3710

3990

34.36

3914

3675

2 AA.

2715

1778

1657

3188

1305

2460

2535

2552

2194

2448

2321

3 AA.

4571

3427

4113

3677

3358

5177

3016

3952

3776

4026

3901

4 AA.

3385

2492

2865

3055

2135

3634

2821

3341

2863

3096

2980

Means

2603

2411

2553

1808

1441

2672

2263

3670

(2294

2512

24031

1 AAS.

4047

3130

4323

3714

2428

5065

3246

4573

mO 3804

3828 •

3816(

2 AAS.

3418

2540

3140

2717

3314

3847

3119

3840

'• 2954

3530

3242 ^

3 AAS.

5127

3567

4194

3632

3548

5864

3468

4765

(4130

4412

427lJ

4 AAS.

3799

2912

3503

2968

2683

4362

3024

4212

3296

3571

3433

Means

2860

2867

3333

2988

2171

3495

2753

3256

3021

3035

3028

1 C.

3706

2917

3483

3384

2142

4554

2832

3189

3244

3359

3302

2 C.

3498

3092

32.58

2635

2117

3976

2719

3772

2832

3138

2985

3 C.

4163

3075

3925

3045

2318

4984

3252

4013

3283

3636

3460

4 C.

3557

2988

3495

3013

2187

4252

2889

3558

3095

3293

3194

Means

2167

2132

2271

2158

1434

2742

1851

•3345

,./1928

2428

1 N.

2922

2587

2937

2362

1270

3296

2808

3794 '

^ ^2681

2842

2765/(

2 N.

181

153

432

423

- 52

248

298

539

(>) (84

414

278)(3)

375

448

439

195

- 270

1094

- 282

237

(*) (-1

298

190)(<)

5 O.

3917

3448

3587

2435

2323

4962

3212

3546

2657

3548

3102

5 A.

110

268

135

515

- 71

191

4954

3727

4590

3576

3185

3942

3345

5020

2640

4141

3391

and total 19 years. (’) Aveiages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total 17 years,

last 10 years, and total 19 years.

182 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Experiments on the Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

APPENDIX— Table XI. Offal

[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure,

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1863.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1 0.

11*5

17-0

4-5

8-9

19-3

6-9

7-7

16-5

11-6

10-3

7-6

4-0

■

•2 0.

6-6

5-7

4-G

3-6

7-0

6-1

6-6

15-6

10-6

5-8

10-0

3-3

13'3

10-5

3-3

4-1

15-9

3-6|

7-4

10-8

10-2

8-8

7-2

3-6

4 0.

8-1

8-6

4-6

4-8

9-5

2-5|

6-4

15-4

7-9

3-6

8-9

3-1

Means

9-9

10-5

4-3

5-3

12-9

4-8

7-0

14-6

10- 1

7-1

8-4

3*5

1 A.

11-6

12-5

7-9

6-0

18-1

5-6

5-9

25-0

11-1

10-8

17-3

5*1

2 A.

13*3

11-1

4-6

7-5

9-0

2-9

4-1

15-6

7-2

4-4

■/ -4

2-9

13-7

17-5

7-3

7-6

12-9

4*1 1

5-2

21-8

8-1

6-4

15-1

4 A.

13-0

13-5

4-2

5-6

8-5

2-21

4-2

14-3

6*7

3-7

5-8

2-6

^ 1

Means

12-9

13-7

6-0

6*7

12-1

3-7

4-8

19-2

8*3

6-3

11-4

3-7

1 AA.

13-7

14-5

10-9

8-4

17-7

5-2

4-2

21-0

8 5

9-5

18-8

4-2

2 AA.

14-5

11-5

9-9

7*2

16*0

3-7

4-5

17-6

5-3

6-4

4-8

4-2

3 AA.

15-0

11-1

12-2

8-9

24*2

4-2|

5-4

27-3

7-9

7-2

19-5

3-2

4 AA.

10-8

13-2

8-3

6-2

10-3

5-2|

4-7

15-8

6-0

7-3

2-0

Means

13-5

12-6

10-3

7-7

17-1

4-6

4-7

20-4

6-9

7-3

12-6

3-4

]

1 AAS.

2 AAS.
?, AAS.
4 AAS.

Means

I C.

8-4

13-0

5*5

8-9

10-2

4-0

3-6

11-1

7-3

5-0

6-9

2-9

2 C.

8-7

20-2

7-4

7-3

9-2

5-1

4-9

8-1

8-3

4-9

5-1

3-5

3 C.

11 1

lG-3

8-3

7-4

12-4

4-81

3-8

13-4

6-3

7-4

9-9

2-3

4 C.

7-4

13-7

7-1

8-7

12-5

5-o|

4-1

19-6

7-3

7-0

7-1

2-1

Means

8-9

1.0-8

7-1

8-1

11-1

4-7

4-1

13-1

7-3

6-1

7-2

2-7

!•

1 N.

1 <■•»){

|16-0

4-1

4-9

17-1’

3-9

5-9

17-2

10-5

11-3

13-4

4-4

■

2 N.

|12-3

10-1

9-1

9-5

4-9|

4-6

18-2

11-7

8-8

11-0

3-9

2-1

10-2

7-0

6-0

8-8

13-8

5-2

15-9

3-1

.5 0.

(9-3)1

4-8

6-9

2-9

10-6

6-1

5-2

13-0

13-9

4-8

21-5

2-6

5 A.

9-3

10-0

6"1

5-1

9-8

2-3

5-9

9-9

9-7

7-2

8-7

2-8

7-9

15-1

7-8

5-9

20-1

3-9

6*0

14-5

13*9

8-4

7-8

3-5

8-8

11-G

6*7

3-8

15-7

6-4

6-1

18-0

15-2

7-1

19-6

4-2

.s-s

14-4

2-8

4-1

9-3

4-8

4-0

12-4

6-8

6-4

7-6

1-9

||}

(*) Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years. (-) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years,

(*) Averages of 9 years (1853-’61),

for Tioenty Years in succession on the same Land. 183

Hantbe, and with different descriptions of Manube. Hoos Field, Kothamstcd.

Jom to 100 Dressed Com.

t the period indicated, for particulars of which see Appendix — Table I., and side-notes thereto, p. 163.]

HARVESTS.

Avebage As-kcal.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

First
10 Years,
1852-’6l.

Second
10 Years.
1662-’71,

Total
Period.
20 Y’ears,
1852-’71.

PLOTS.

3-1

4-8

5-1

lOM

2-4

5-5

4-3

5-2

11-4

5-2

8-3

1 o.

4-0

3- 1

1-7

3-9

2-8

9-0

1-9

2-6

7-2

4-2

5-8

2 O.

2-9

3-2

3-8

7- 1

3-4

6-8

2-0

3-2

8-8

4-3

6-6

3 O.

2-2

2*1

4-3

5-4

2-6

5-7

2-5

3-4

7-1

4-0

5-6

4 0.

3-1

3-3

3-7

6-6

2-8

6-8

2-7

3-6

8'6

4-4

6-5

Cleans

4-6

3-6

6-8

7-3

4-5

9-6

1-5

5-2

11-5

6-6

9-0

1 A.

1-9

3-3

2-3

3-2

1-8

4-1

1-1

7-6

8-0

3-6

5-8

2 A.

3-4

2-8

7-4

5-5

2-5

5-0

1 -4

4-1

10-5

5-1

7-8

3 A.

3-4

2 4

2-5

3 0

2-C

0-8

1-2

5-6

7-6

3-0

5-3

4 A.

3-3

3-0

4-8

2 9

4-9

1-3

5-6

9-4

4 ' 6

7-0

Mtan.s

4-7

3-. 5

9*9

7-1

3-2

3-7

2-0

6-3

11-4

G-3

8-9

1 AA.

1*5

4‘5

2-9

1-9

3-2

0-9

6-4

9-7

3-4

6-5

2 AA.

; 1

3-0

2-. 5

6-7

6’2

3-9

6-1

2-1

6-7

12-3

C-0*

9-2

3 AA.

1-4

2-9

4-7

4-8

1-7

2-7

1-2

3-5

8-6

3-2

6-0

4 AA.

2-7

3-4

C-3

5-3

2-7

4-0

1-.5

5-7

10-5

4-7

7-6

Means

3-8

2-9

4-5

4-9

3-1

6-4

1-7

3-6

( 40

3-7

3-9)

1 AAS.

1-7

3-5

3*4

2-7

1-9

2-1

0-9

5-5

2-6

2-7L.

2 AAS.

2-5

2-2

6-4

3-8

2-5

5-9

1-2

5-0

' ^ 3-7

3-6

3-7^ ^

3 AAS.

2-7

2-6

2 9

3-8

1-8

4 2

l-O

6-5

[ 3-0

3-4

3-2j

4 AAS.

2-7

2-8

4-3

3-8

2-3

4-7

1-2

5-1

3-4

3-3

3-4

Cleans

2-8

3-4

4-1

5-2

2-1

2-9

1-0

3-2

7-7

3-5

5-6

1 C.

3-1

1*8

3-4

3-6

3-2

4-0

1-0

3-7

8-4

3-2

5-8

2 0.

2-6

3-9

4-3

2-0

3-7

1-7

5'5

9-1

3-9

6-5

3 C.

!-||

4-0

2-7

4-7

3-1

2-1

2-2

1-1

4-6

9-2

3-4

6-3

4 C,

2-6

4-0

2-3

3-2

1-2

4-3

8-6

3-5

6-1

!Mcans

• 1

— 1

a- 2

4-9

6-9

6-8

4-5

7-8

1-7

4-2

5-7

-Min

1 X.

fti

,3-6

3-9

4-8

4-6

2-5

4-6

1-5

C-9

4-7

2 X.

6-4

4-4

5-1

3’3

G-8

2-8

4-7

C) (7-6

5*6

6-4)('>)

:m.

5-1

2-8

4-0

5-3

2-4

5-8

2-8

3-8

0(7-6

5-6

G-5)(^)

5 O.

3 1

3-6

2-2

3-8

1-6

2-2

1-3

5-8

7-5

3-5

5-5

5 A.

4-0

8-7

12-1

3-3

9-0

3-2

4-8

10-4

6-0

8-2

•i

3-9

4-5

5-7

8-0

2-4

7-0

2-8

3-0

1 9-9

6-1

8-0

1 3-3

2-0

1 .5-1

4-5

1-9

3-8

1-0

5-G

7-1

3-7

5-4

1 total 19 j'cars.

(’) Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 yeara, and total 17 veara.

,^jt 10 yeara, and total 19 years.

184 Repoit of Experiments on the Groicth of Barley,

Experiments on tlie Growth of Barley year after year on the same Land, without

ArPENDIX— Tarle XII. Total

[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the description, or quantity, of Manure, ^

HARVESTS.

PLOTS.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

1861.

1862.

1863.

1 0.

102

101

2 0.

107

103'

3 0.

1031

102

104

4 0.

103

1141

108

Means

106

104

1 A.

107

102

100

)

2 A.

105

3 A.

96|

4 A.

103 1

Means

103

1 AA.

103

102

2 AA.

100

3 AA.

931

4 AA.

91 1

Means

5(i

00 ,

1 AAS.

2 AAS.

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

Means

1 C.

103

94 :

2 C.

3 C.

78 ,

99 1

4 C.

95 1

Means

93 j

1 X.

} (84) {

1 79

2 X.

1 73

90 1

101

119

107

5 0.

(72)1

108

118

103

5 A.

102

105

111

101

^l2

106

112

100

(') Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years,

(■) Averages of 9 years (18o3-’61), Last 10 ye.ar
(■*) Avei'ages of 9 years (1853-’G1

total

lOj

for Twenty Yean in succession on tJie same Land. 18-j

Ia-vxre, and with different descriptions of Manure. Hoos Field, Kothamsted.

■«ru to 100 Straw (and Chaff).

t the period indicated, for particnlars of which see Appendix— Talk L, and side-notes thereto, p. 1 63. J

HARVESTS.

1 AvEBa.CE Axsval.

First

Second

Total

PLOTS.

1864

1865.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

10 Years,

{ 18S2-'61.

186^71.

1852-71.’

112

102

1 0.

103

123

101

100

2 O.

102

114

3 O.

104

121

101

1 95

4 O.

101

117

I 90

102

Means

i 99

114

109

1 A.

1 93

109

120

2 A.

1 119

105

104

3 A.

’ 85

101

105

4 A.

107

109

*82

Means

105

1 AA.

101

102

100

! 77

2 AA.

1 86

101

£1

3 AA.

125

4 AA.

101

87]

Means

103

( 86

86)

1 AAS.

115

mJ 86

2 AAS.

101

105

88 K ^

3 AAS.

119

( 85

85j

4 AAS.

82 1

111

Means

104

126

1 C.

102

100

122

2 C.

108

3 C.

107

112

4 C.

_ 8'

105

87 1

92 1

117 1

Means

101

67 i

1.32

1 N.

75 1

107

SlJ^^i

2 N.

109 i

G7 '

(’) (95

89) eJ

108 1

104

96 1

171

C) ('->1

101

96)0

5 O.

92 '

101

5 A.

121

89 !

_ t

Mg’

109 j

103 1

93 1

123

lad total 19 years. (’) Averages of 7 yean, (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total 17 years,

art 10 years, and total 19 years.

N 4

IIecord of IxAiNFALL at IxOTiiAMSTED {Parish of Haependen) and JIaependen Village, near
St. Alban’s, Heets, in 1872 and the 19 pi-eccding years.

( 1^6 )

5^ Q
‘o H
O W
XJl I
o ^

0'S

o ^

ri <D

o g
«
o
4=

•#

k’

■ (

i «

i t<

pr,

pai

del

doi

( 187 )

V. — Report on the Trade in Animals, and its iiiflaence on the
spread of Foot-and- Mouth and other Contagious or Infectious
Diseases lohicli affect the Live Stock of the Farm. By II. M.
Jenkins, F.G.S., Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society.

Nine years ago two Bills* having reference to the trade in
animals were referred to a Select Committee of the House of
Commons. The evidence taken was very exhaustive, and repre-
sented the opinions then held by the various interests involved
in the cattle and meat trades. The witnesses differed in opinion
I * on many points, but they were generally agreed on this one, — that
it was not advisable to include Foot-and-Mouth in the schedule of
Contagious or Infectious Diseases that should come under
the operation of the proposed Acts. Considering the state
of opinion amongst all sections of agriculturists at the pre-
sent time, it seems almost incredible that, only nine years
ago, it was considered that foot-and-mouth disease was one
to which all stock are liable, and that the sooner they have it
and get over it, the better for them. There can, however, be no
doubt that public opinion was then so strongly against legislative
interference with foot-and-mouth disease, that the impetus in
that direction — the vis a tergo, if it may be so termed — was
so powerful that it continued long enough and strong enough
to cause foot-and-mouth disease to be excluded from the chief
provisions of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869,
which, therefore, are applicable only to cattle-plague, pleuro-
pneumonia, sheep-pox, and glanders.

' This Act is dated August 9th, 1869, and it had scarcely been

(passed when foot-and-mouth disease acquired the remarkable
development which has ever since continued, with fluctuations
1 due to the season. The commencement of the outbreak

I with which we have to deal is thus described in the Annual

Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College for
1869 t : — “ During the first part of the year little was heard of
this disease, beyond the existence of it in its ordinary form in
a few places in England and Scotland. At the beginning of the
summer, however, a somewhat sudden augmentation of the
disease occurred ; and as this circumstance was coincident with
the malady assuming an epizootic form on the Continent, it was
believed by many persons that its increase here depended on
the importation of diseased animals from abroad. An official
inquiry, however, did not confirm this opinion. The experience

* The Cattle Diseases Prevention Bill, and The Cattle, &c.. Importation
Bill.

+ ‘Journal of the Eoval Agricultural Society,’ 2nd series, vol. vi. Part II.,
p. 433.

VOL. IX. — ,S. S.

188

Rrpoi't on the Trade in Animals.

of the last thirty years has shown that periodical outbreaks of
the disease in its epizootic form have occasionally occurred. At
no time was the disease more rife than in 1839-40, or nearly
three years previously to foreign cattle being allowed to be im-
ported. In that outbreak, cattle, sheep, and pigs, and also the
gallinaceous tribe of fowls, suffered equally from the disease as
during its recent occurrence.”

In the Report of the Governors for 1870 it is stated * that
“ the year 1870 has witnessed one of the most remarkable out-
breaks of the mouth-and-foot disease on record ; and, at the
time we write, the disease, although much diminished in many
parts of Great Britain and Ireland, is far from being extermi-
nated by the sanitary regulations of ‘ The Contagious Diseases

(Animals) Act, 1869.’ ”t

Unfortunately there are no published statistics which show
definitely the magnitude of this outbreak of foot-and-mouth
disease ; but it is stated in the Report of the Veterinary Depart-
ment of the Privy Council for 1871, that since the passing of
- ‘The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869,’ up to the end
of 1871, the department had “received information of 92,162
outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease, in which 1,344,625 animals
were attacked. Of these only 1T36 per cent, died, "327 per
cent, were killed, and 98 537 per cent, recovered.” The Report
does not state whether reliable returns had been received from
all counties during the whole of the period indicated ; but
assuming this to be the case, I shall be able to indicate (though
necessarily by means of particular instances, which are therefore
not logically conclusive) the cumulative force of the disease by
its subsequent further extension, and its greater virulence at least
in some districts. Table I., annexed, shows the progress of the
disease in Great Britain during 1871, Deducting the 50,577
animals attacked, but not reported as killed, died, or recovered
at the end of the year (equal to rather more than the returns of
animals affected during the previous fortnight), and adding a
fortnight’s returns at the rate prevailing at the commencement
of the year (that is to say, between 12,000 and 13,000), the
percentage of deaths and slaughtered animals to the number
attacked is 1'21, or somewhat less than that stated in the Report
of the department, already quoted.

More recent returns from Cheshire and the West Riding of
Yorkshire (Tables II, and III.) show that although the number
of animals attacked decreased at the end of 1871 and beginning

* Op. cit., Second Series, vol. vii. part II., p. 450.

t Tlie same Keport contains the following sentence : — “ The regulations of
‘ The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act ’ are operating very beneficially in
keeping in check the spread of pleuro-pneumonia.”

Table I.— Table showiag tlie Progress of Foot-asd-Mouth Disease in Great Britain during the Year 1871 ; compiled in accordance
with the Returns receiTod weekly from tho inspectors of the Local Authorities.*

» uf Che nccmber ot Animals altacked with the FooT-asD-MooTn Disease, In Ihc Cmmly of Clicatei-, from the 23td Angcist, 1800, to the dth Jannaty, 1873.

Fortniglit ending 4tb Septoiubor. 1869
■' ■ 2nd October

6lli November
411i December
1st January 1
3rd February
5tb March
2nd April
7tli May
4tli June
2nd July
6tli August
3rd September
1st October
5tb November
3rd Deoember
7th Jnnuary
4th Februuiy
4tb March
l»t April
6lh May
3rd June
1st July
.Ith August
2nd September
7tli October
4th November
2nd December
Uth Jannnrj’

3rd February
2nd hlorch
6th April
4th May
lat June
lith July
3rd August
7tb Septoralier
lith Octobt^r
2nd November
7th December
4tb January

1.215 '
2.130
6,150
t9,.559 I

723 ;
5,540
tl2,458
6,406 !
3,493
3,706 1
1,140 '
632 1
i lb? !

3,132 I
tI7,252
16,614 I
5,768 1

1,067

1,607

3,819

Killed Silted

1,872

8,647

6.027

[ Tnalmcnt j|

• The machinery for collecting the correct numbers was not eomplelo during this firet fortoight. _ _ , v o , _a, ....

t The dates eud Ogurcs lunrbcd (t) indicate the maximum and minimum periods of the Disease during each couseoutive year; and the Return further proves llie undeviating increase and
docreftse*towanl8 the same periods lumuatly ; thus pointing to a fact worth the consideration of all Local Authorities, practical AgrioulturalistB, and Veterinary Science.

The cost of carrying out the .\ct in the County during the tlirco yeors and four months has been less than 10001. THOMAS JOHNES SJUTH Ch'e/ 1 i

189

Report on the Trade in Animals.

of 1872, as indicated in tbe returns for the whole kingdom during
the former period (Table 1.), yet that during last autumn they
reached even a still higher figure than in any previous year since
the passing of ‘ The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869.

Table III. — Return sliowinj; the Progress of Foot-And-Mouth Disease
ill the West Riding of Yorkshire for 1872.*

Attacked Week
ending

Attacked.

Killea.

Died.

Attacked Week
ending

Attacked

KilleiJ.

Died.

Diseased

atl

Brought forward

12,661

154

commence

743

June

528

ment of year

July

416

January ..

3(i2

, ,

771

294

644

267

1,041

> i • •

February . .

279

August ..

1,718

, .

245

3,259

J •

294

3,488

389

3,. 303

54 '

» ,

213

September

3,014

March

200

4,086

i J

335

» » • •

3,091

» .

271

2,219

206

2,208

October ..

1,162

April

206

, ,

975

430

1,081

539

> >

November

881

432

632

May

624

922

, .

920

601

895

622

1,100

? J • •

December

431

June

786

494

1,070

362

, .

969

377

» J • *

500

404

••

Carried forward

12,661

154

51,391

615

The periods of maximum and minimum increase in Cheshire,
to which the Chief Constable draws attention, coincide very nearl}^
with what is shown in Table I. as having occurred, in 1871, all
over the kingdom. Foot-and-mouth disease is no doubt im-
ported with live stock, whether from abroad, from Ireland, or
from farms at a distance. Animals kept at home and isolated,
though they may themselves be affected, do not generally com-
municate disease ; but if they are turned out to grass they infect
those with which they come in contact, or which graze after them.

* The last return for the West Riding sho^TS that 451 animals were all diseased
on the 8th of Februar}' : 406 attacked during the week, and 339 recovered ;
leaving 518 diseased on February 15, 1873.

o 2 "

190

Report on the Trade in Animals.

This fact accounts for a certain small increase in the returns at
the beginning or middle of summer ; but the great increase occurs
in August, September, and October, when there is the greatest
movement of stock all over the country, and when the Irish
stores come over to be fattened by the English farmer. Some of
the beasts being diseased, they infect others ; and the returns
increase until, fold-yards and feeding-byres being full, the oppor-
tunity of further contagion is removed. From this time the
number of fresh attacks begins to decrease, and the favourable
change is accelerated by the continued movement of stock from
the farm direct to the slaughter-house, until the cycle is com-
pleted and the autumn purchases lead to its re-commencement.

This seems to me the most easy and rational explanation of the
figures contained in Tables I., II., and III. No doubt, dairying
and summer-grazing may require some modification of such expla-
nations in reference to particular localities ; but I believe that
most of the cattle bought for those purposes come from no long
distance, and that therefore, as vehicles of disease, they do not
influence the returns to any great extent. This opinion appears to
be strengthened by the following comparative statement (Table
IV.), which has been kindly furnished by Captain McNeill, the
Chief Constable of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in which
the periods of maximum and minimum development of foot-
and-mouth disease in Cheshire and the West Riding (the one a
dairying and the other a grazing district*) during the last three
years are shown to practically coincide, especially as regards
the periods of maximum development.

Table IV. — Return showing the Periods of Maximnin and Minimum De-
velopment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cheshire and the West
Riding of Yorkshire.

Cheshire.

West Riding.

April

2, 1870 ..

391

July

1870 ..

591

Sept.

3 ,, ..

9,559

Sept.

2,117

June

3, 1871 ..

July

1871 ..

117

Oct.

7 ,, ..

.. 12,458

Oct,

>9 • •

6,275

May

4, 1872 ..

April

1872 ..

1,103

Sept.

7 ,, ..

.. 17,252

Sept.

.. 17,150

* On this subject Mr. .J. Dent Dent, M.P., has favoured me with the following’
statement with regard to the West Riding of Yorkshire : —

“ Of late years the grazing lands of the West Riding have been almost entirely
stocked by Irish cattle, generally purchased in the autumn, wintered in the farm-
yards, and sold fat from grass ; and, until last year, most of the farmers were
anxious that their lean stores should get over the foot-and-mouth disease the first
autumn before they began to improve. The disease has been more fatal lately,
and has, it is said, attacked animals a second time. A certain number of Irish
beasts are bought in the spring ; for instance, York fortnightly fair on February
13th was so crowded with them, that there was a fall of ll. a head in their price.
These purchases go on until .Tune, and the Table for the West Riding shows an
increase of disease about that time.’’

Eeport on the Trade in Animals.

191

These county returns show a remarkable numerical increase
in the actual number of animals attacked in 1872 over those
attacked in 1871 ; but the proportion of deaths and slaughtered
animals to those attacked does not vary much from 1|^ per cent.
These returns are given on the authority of the chief constables in
each case, and therefore possess an official value ; and they show
undeniably the increased extension of the disease to which I have
alluded. Another return, of unofficial origin, is equally interesting
as indicating the increased virulence of the disease in a particular
district. This statement has been published by Mr. Duckham,
editor of the ‘ Hereford Herd Book,’ and is the result of an
effort made by the Hereford Chamber of Agriculture to ascertain
the amount of the loss sustained by the county in 1872 by foot-
and-mouth disease. The Chamber distributed 3500 circulars
amongst the stock-owners of the county, and, at the date of Mr.
Duckham’s publication, replies had been received from two-
thirds of them, showing that during last year as many as 27,061
cattle, or 40 per cent, of the total number in the county, had
been attacked, and that 1473 of these, or nearly 5^ per cent.,
had died. The number of sheep and lambs attacked had been
79,399, and of pigs 5576, or a proportion of 26 per cent. ; and
the deaths in these classes had been 1127 and 1219 respec-
tively. The ascertained number of animals attacked in this
county last year was, therefore, 112,036, and the total number
of deaths 3819, or a proportion of 3 4 per cent.

It seems unnecessary to pursue further the question of the in-
creased virulence of the disease during the year 1872, as a pro-
longed discussion might lead to the erroneous inference that the
<lamage done by the foot-and-mouth disease ends with the proved
number of deaths that result from its attacks. On the contrary, as
the deaths occur chiefly amongst young stock, too weak to resist
the effect of the onslaught on the vital powers, they do not in
any way represent the loss of condition in feeding stock that ulti-
mately recover, not unfrequently including the loss of a season’s
keep, or the loss of progeny in the case of breeding animals. The
loss from cows casting their calves, and by the death of calves of
cows which have been attacked, is one of the most serious features
of the disease as affecting our supply of store stock, as it dis-
courages farmers from keeping breeding stock. Indeed, the actual
loss to the country in meat cannot be estimated without returns
showing the age and sex of the animals attacked, and, in the case
of cows, whether they are in calf, and cast their calves, or not.

Those who are not acquainted with the extent of the losses
recently brought upon stock-owners by foot-and-mouth disease
will probably consider that they have been already overstated ;
but 1 feel that the catalogue of evils would be very imperfect

192

Report on the Trade in Animals.

if it did not include one that has probably been the most instru-
mental in producing a change of opinion on the subject. 1 refer
to the increased liability of stock to recurrent attacks. This
fact is quite patent to those who go about the country and ascer-
tain the experience of the agricultural community. Veterinary
surgeons are doubtless right when they state that this recurrence
was well known in 1839 and 1840 ; but the difference is this,
that whereas in those days an animal which had had the disease
two or three times might have been considered worthy of a place
in the British Museum or the Royal Veterinary College, now
such instances are probably well known to the majority of English,
farmers.

The preceding facts, relating to the recent and prolonged
outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, necessarily engaged the
special attention of the Council of the Royal Agricultural
Society, and induced them to communicate with the Privy
Council, on several occasions. The members of the Society
were informed of these steps by paragraphs in the Reports of
- the Council to the General Meetings held in the December
of the last three years ; and also by the publication in the
‘Journal’* of a correspondence with the Secretary of the Vete-
rinary Department of the Privy Council, including a statement
of the principal provisions with respect to foreign animals con-
tained in ‘ The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869,’ and
Orders issued thereunder.

Continued observation of the circumstances attending the
spread of the disease, coupled with a consideration of the above-
mentioned regulations relating to foreign animals, induced many
agriculturists to modify the opinion referred to by the Governors
of the Royal Veterinary College in 1869, with reference to the
influence of foreign importations on the recent extension of the
epizootic. This change of opinion received an important confir-
mation in a letter from Mr. J. Dent Dent, M.P., published in the
first part of the ‘ Journal ’ for last year.j The inference drawn by
Mr. Dent from the Records of Contagious Cattle Diseases in
Yorkshire during the years 1870-71, was that “the East Riding,
which is the most purely agricultural part of the county, has
suffered the least, although the port of Hull, to which many
German cattle are sent, is situated within it. This fact appears
to negative the idea that the spread of these diseases, or their
virulence, is proportionate to the introduction of foreign animals.
The West Riding has suffered the most ; this may be attri-
butable partly to the fact that there was a great amount of foot-
and-mouth disease existing in this Riding when the Act was

* Second series, vol. vii. Part II., No. XIV. pp. 457-465, 1871.

t Second scries, vol. viii. Part I., No. XV., pp. 179-185.

Report on the Trade in Animals.

193

first put into operation, and still more that the West Riding
fairs are the great fairs for Irish cattle ” (p. 180).

Additional information, and more particularly numerous com-
plaints respecting the influence of stock bought in Bristol market
in disseminating the disease, still further strengthened the opinion
that the importation of cattle from Ireland is a much more active
means of spreading foot-and-mouth disease than the importations
from foreign countries. The Council of the Society therefore
deemed it their duty to make a strong representation on the
subject to the Vice-President of the Privy Council, and accord-
ingly passed the following resolutions, which were laid before
Mr. Forster by a deputation last July : —

1. I’hat the foot-and-mouth disease, in an unusuall}’- virulent form, is at
the present time extensively prevalent and rapidly increasing.

2. That in the case of both cattle and sheej) it causes great loss of condition
and a certain percentage of deaths, especially amongst the young stock.

3. That the supplies of meat available for market are in consequence
materially diminished and the price ju'oportionately enhanced.

4. That both at the shipping and lauding ports in the Irish Channel the
precautions requisite to prevent the transit of diseased animals between the
two countries are grossly neglected, and in many of the great towns in
the interior of the country -a great want of vigilance is also observable.

5. That under these circumstances the Royal Agricultural Society feel it
their duty to represent strongly to the Government the serious mischief
hereby arising, and to urge them to call upon the magistrates and municipal
authorities in their respective districts to adopt such restrictive measures as
shall seem to them best calculated to abate the evil, and also to insist on the
regulations recommended by the Inspectors of the Veterinary Department
being promptly and efficiently carried into effect.

(Signed) W. W. Wynx, ITc.sident.

Subsequently the same resolutions were submitted to Earl
Spencer and the Marquis of Hartington (as Lord Lieutenant and
Chief Secretary for Ireland).

The substantial result arrived at was that the Vice-President of
the Privy Council invited the Council of the Society to state speci-
fically, in writing, what regulations they would recommend. The
deputation accepted the invitation on behalf of the Council, but
stated that before making their suggestions, they would institute
an inquiry into the subject, so as to enable them to base their re-
commendations on facts collected with that object in view. The
Council having entrusted me with this investigation, I devoted
about two months of the past autumn to as thorough an inquiry
into the cattle-trade generally as time would permit. With this
view I attended several markets and fairs (including Ballinasloe)
in Ireland, England, and Holland, and at Hamburg ; inspected the
arrangements for receiving and shipping cattle at the ports of
Dublin, Drogheda, Waterford, Cork, Hamburg, Rotterdam, and
Harlingen ; and those for landing and receiving them at the ports

194

Report on the Trade in Animals.

of Liverpool, Holyhead, New Milford, Cardiff, Bristol, London,
Harwich, and Hull. Independently of other journeys, I made
eleven in cattle-boats, namely, seven traverses of the Irish Sea and
four of the German Ocean, and thus had opportunities of observing
the actual state of cattle at sea, whether from Ireland or from
foreign countries, and also in different states of the weather.

The results of this investigation are contained in the following
pages, and they are followed by the suggestions arising there-
from, which the Council of the Society have adopted and com-
municated to the Vice-President of the Privy Council.

I. — The Legislative Enactments, the Orders in Council,
AND THE Local Authorities.

Great Britain. — It is not my purpose to describe in detail how
the provisions of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869,
are carried out in every county of Great Britain, or even of
England. Such a description with reference to foot-and-mouth
.disease — the special subject of this report — would be both tedious
and useless, as it is not included in the Act, except generically
amongst those “ miscellaneous” diseases which are known to be
either contagious or infectious (sect. 57).* The Privy Council,

* Tills section is, in exteiiso, as follows : —

“ 57. If any person exposes in a market nr fair or other puhlic place wliere
horses or animals are commonly exposed for sale, or exposes fur sale in any sale-
yard, whether public or private, or jdaces in a lair or other place adjacent to or
connected with a market or fair, or where horses or animals are commonly placed
before exposure for sale, or sends or causes to be carried on a railway, or on a
canal, river, or other inland navigation, or on a coasting vessel, or carries, leads,
or drives, or causes to be carried, led, or driven on a highway or thoroughfare,
any horse or animal atfected with a contagious or infectious disease, he shall be
deemed guilty of an oft’once against this Act, unless he shows to the satisfaction
of the justices before whom he is charged that he did not know of the same
being so atfected, and that he could not with reasonable diligence have obtained
such knowledge.

“ Where any horse or animal so affected is exposed or otherwise dealt with in
contravention of this section, an inspector of the local authority, or any officer of
the local authority authorised to act in execution of this Act, may seize the
same, and cause it, if afi'ected with glanders, cattle-plague, or shcep-pox, to be
slaughtered, and if atfected with any other contagious or infectious disease, to
be removed to some convenient and iisolated place, and to be there kept for such
time as the local autliority think expedient ; and the local authority may recover
the expenses of the execution by them of this section from the owner of the horse
or animal, or from the consignor or consignee thereof, who may recover the same
from the owner.

“ In case of a conviction for an offence under this section no compensation shall
be payable in respect of any animal slaughtered under this section.

“ Notwithstanding anything in this section, the Privy Council may from time
to time, by order, make such further or other provision as they think expedient
respecting animals becoming affected with tbot-and month disease or any other
contagious or infectious disease not being cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, sheep-
pox, or glanders, while exposed or placed or being carried, led, or driven as afore-
said, and any such o.'-der shall be deemed jiart of this section.”

Report on the Trade in Animals.

195

however, are authorised to make “ from time to time, by order,
such further or other provision as they think expedient respecting
animals becoming affected with foot-and-mouth disease,” &c.
This power has been used to enact as follows (Animals Order,
d.ated December 20, 1871, came into operation beginning of
the year 1872) : —

“ § 28. A local authority may, from time to time, with the view of prevent-
ing the spreading of foot-and-mouth disease, make regulations for the following
purposes, or any of them : —

“ For prohibiting or regulating the movement out of any field, stable,
cowshed, or other premises in which foot-and-mouth disease has
been found to exist, of any animal that has been in the same field,
stable, cowshed, or other premises with or in contact with any
animal affected with foot-and-mouth disease.”

The responsibility of taking measures to prevent the spread of
foot-and-mouth disease therefore rests with the local authorities ;
that is to say, they map take such measures if they choose to do
so ; but if they do not consider it expedient, or worth the trouble
and expense of doing so, the Privy Council has no power to
compel them.

There are two classes of local authorities, who may be termed,
respectively, the “ urban ” and the “ rural ” authorities ; and most
of the variations of practice which may be discovered amongst
local authorities in England appear capable of arrangement into
two classes, which vary according to the urban or rural interests of
the districts. Thus, in ports and other large towns and cities, the
local authorities appoint a duly qualified veterinary inspector to
carry out, not only § 57 of the Act, but more particularly sec-
tions having reference to more serious diseases, such as sheep-pox,
which, if passed undetected in their market, would probably result
in a sacrifice of human life, and would certainly cause a great
public scandal. Such local authorities seldom make regulations
under § 28 of the Animals Order, and it would be against their
interest to do so. Their desire is to make their market as free and
attractive as possible ; and although persons sending diseased
animals are prosecuted and fined, yet it is not to be expected that
the authorities of towns would make regulations with a view of
restricting the movement of such diseased animals and of other
stock that had been in contact with them, unless they were com-
pelled by law to do so. On the contrary, they are only too anxious
to get rid of diseased animals as soon as possible. In Ireland, as
we shall see, such regulations exist on paper, but are not carried out
by the authorities ; and some magistrates in Great Britain appear
to hold the opinion that it is useless to impose fines for offences
against the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, because the Act

196

Report on the Trade in Animals.

does not provide any machinery for enforcing them. In Great
Britain, however, as a general rule, I believe it may be truly stated
that what the authorities undertake to do they pursue with every
desire and intention of fulfilling: their ensragrements. What the
agricultural public has to complain of, in the case of urban
authorities, is simply (1) that they take no cognizance of diseased
animals until they come before them on the market ; and (2)
that they frequently get rid of such diseased animals as quickly
as possible, without having regard to the number of other animals
that may have been infected by them on the market, or which they
may afterwards infect on the road to their new destination, or at
such destination when they arrive there. How far this is the
fault of the local authorities, and how far it is inherent in the
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, will appear in the
following pages.

The local authorities of rural districts do not often incur the
expense of appointing qualified v'eterinary surgeons as inspec-
tors ; but they frequently make regulations under § 28 of the
- Animals Order, 1871, of which the following may be taken as
an example : —

1. That no animal which shall have been in the same field, stable, cowshed,
or other premises, or in contact with any animal affected with the foot-and-
mouth disease, shall be removed out of any field, stable, cowshed, or other
jiremises in which that disease has been found to exist, without a licence
signed by the inspector ai^pointed to issue licences under tbe said Act.

2. That the licence so to be given shall specify the date and the hours
within which such removal shall take place, and the place to which any such
animal shall be remov^ed ; and no animal shall be removed otherwise than as
specified in such licence.

y- 3. That the occupier of any stable, shed, building or place used by any
animal affected with the foot-and-mouth disease shall, upon notice for that
purpose given by any inspector, and in such manner as may be specified in
such notice, cleanse and disinfect every such stable, shed, building, or other
place.

4. That any person offending against or neglecting to comply with any of
the above regulations, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 'ZOl. for every
such offence. By Order.

N.B. — By Order in Council of 10th August, 1869, every person having in
his possession or under his charge any animal (including a horse) affected with
a contagious or infectious disease, shall observe the following rules : —

1. He shall, as far as practicable, keep such animal separate from animals
not so affected.

2. He shall, with all practicable speed, give notice to a police constable of
the fact of the animal being so affected.

In default he is liable to a penalty not exceeding 207.

These and other regulations of the local authority, and the
provisions contained in the Act itself, are generally carried out
under the supervision of the county police. It must be con-

Report on the Trade in Animals.

197

ceded that the police perform these somewhat extraneous duties
in a manner that is, on the whole, highly creditable to their
intelligence and organisation; and if a sufficient number of
veterinary surgeons were attached to the constabulary as con-
sulting inspectors,* if uniformity of action amongst the local
authorities of rural districts were insisted upon by the central
Government, and if certain alterations in the law (to be presently
indicated) were also obtained, the effect upon the spread of foot-
and-mouth disease would, doubtless, be very soon manifest to
the agricultural public.

The omission of foot-and-mouth disease from the provisions
of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act relating to the dis-
covery and prevention of disease appears to be one principal
reason why that epizootic causes more loss of meat to the nation
than all the rest put together. The preliminary sections under
this part of the Act (Part IV.) are as follows : —

“ § 31. An Inspector of a Local Authority, on receiving information of the
supposed existence of cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, or sheep-pox, or having
reasonable gi'ound to suspect that any of those diseases exists in any place
within his district, shall proceed to that place with all practicable speed, and
execute and discharge the powers and duties by or under this Act conferred
and imposed on him as Inspector.

“ § 32. An Inspector or other officer of a Local Authority authorised to act
in the execution of this Act may at any time enter any field, stable, cow-
shed, or other premises within his district, where he has reasonable grounds
for supposing that any animal affected with cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia,
or sheep-pox is to be found, for the purpose of executing this Act, but shall, if
required, state in writing the grounds on which he has so entered.

“ If any person refuses admission to such Inspector or officer acting under
this Section, he shall be deemed guilty of an offence against this Act.

“ § 33. The certificate of an Inspector of a Local Authority, to the effect
that an animal within his district is affected with cattle-plague, pleuro-pucu-
monia, or sheep-pox, shall, for the purposes of this Act, be conclusive evidence
in all Courts of Justice and elsewhere of the matter certified.”

The foregoing sections thus give to the inspector right of
entry into premises, and liberty to inspect animals, in cases, or
suspected cases, of cattle-plague, pleuro-pneumonia, and sheep-
pox ; and in these diseases the inspector’s certificate is conclusive
evidence of the matter certified. But with regard to foot-and-
mouth disease there are no such provisions ; on the contrary, the
omission of the name of that disease from the foregoing section,
probably amounts, by implication, to an enactment that the in-
spector has no such rights in reference to it as he has with regard
to the diseases that are the special subjects of those sections.

* Unfortunately the tendency at present is, in some districts, to disallow the
expenses of the Veterinary Inspector of the Local Authority, iucurred in attend-
ing fairs and markets. All provisions should be compulsory, otherwise they are
useless.

198

Report on the Trade in Animals.

The inspector being hampered in these respects, and no special
regulations having been made with regard to the inspection of
British or Irish animals landed there,* he does not take upon him-
self the thankless and somewhat invidious task of laying in-
formation against consignees of diseased animals unless they send
them on the market. It is, indeed, difficult to see how, under the
present Act, the consignees of cattle imported from Ireland
could be prosecuted, if the cattle on landing were affected with
a contagious or infectious disease. The Act was passed “ to
prevent the introduction into Great Britain of contagious or
infectious diseases among cattle, sheep, and other animals, by
prohibiting or regulating the importation of foreipn animals,’^
and, further, “to provide against the spreading of such dis-
eases in Great Britain.” As it does not extend to Ireland, it
may also be considered doubtful whether the term “ coasting
vessel ” in § 57 includes a steamboat engaged in the cross-
channel trade between England and Ireland. Whether or no,
the consignee could easily prove “ that he did not know of the
-same [the diseased animal] being so affected, and that he could
not with reasonable diligence have obtained such knowledge”
(§ 57). Another consideration should not be lost sight of: the
inspector of the local authority at the port is generally a vete-
rinary surgeon in practice in the district, and his income often
consists chiefly of the fees which he legitimately receives as a
practitioner from the salesmen on whose stock he has, as in-
spector, most frequently to pronounce a judgment. When, there-
fore, it is urged that inspection at the port is impossible ; or
that, if it were possible, it would be useless, because the in-
spectors would be bribed, it is assumed that the existing system
must necessarily continue.

But there appears no reason why so important an office as
inspector at a port should not occupy the whole of the time of a
duly qualified veterinary surgeon, who should receive a salary
commensurate with the amount of knowledge required to per-
form the duties of his office and with the magnitude of the
interests entrusted to his supervision. It may be that the
appointment of such an inspector at some of the smaller ports
would not be warranted by the number of animals that would
pass through his hands. In such a case it would surely be a
smaller evil to strike that port out of the list of those at which
animals may be imported, than to leave open a single doorway
for the entrance of disease. At the present time, however, it is
not a question of doorways, because Irish animals are landed in
England rvithout inspection, and are driven off by their owners

* Foreign animals are dealt with according to the Act by the Government
inspector.

190

Report on the Trade in Animals.

without let or hindrance. If they were stopped by an inspector,
or by a policeman, or by a private individual, on the ground
that they were affected with foot-and-mouth disease, and if the
owner were summoned for committing an offence against the
Act, such as driving diseased cattle along the high road,
the evidence of the inspector would not, under the Act, be
more conclusive as to the fact of the animals being affected with
foot-and-mouth disease than the evidence of a policeman, or that;
of a private individual (§ 33). On the other hand, the owner
mlorht bring: an overwhelming: number of men “ who had been
with cattle all their lives,” &c., to swear that the beasts had no
foot-and-mouth disease at all, but were only footsore and thirsty ;
that the sheep were suffering from foot-rot, “ all along of the
wet, your honour.” Such defences sometimes are, I am told,
set up, even when dealers are prosecuted for exposing diseased
animals for sale in a public place ; and they show how necessary
it is that the inspector’s certificate should be received as con-
clusive evidence of the existence of disease. I have an instance
noted, on most reliable authority, of a lot of pigs having been
seized while affected with foot-and-mouth disease ; but the
owner, on being brought before the magistrate, was acquitted of
the charge of committing an offence against the Act, and was
allowed to drive his diseased pigs home again, because there
was no evidence before the magistrate except the word of the
police on one side and that of the owner on the other. If an in-
spector is incompetent he should be removed ; but while he
remains inspector his decision should be as final in the less fatal
cases of sheep-scab and foot-and-mouth as in the more fatal dis-
eases of sheep-pox and pleuro-pneumonia.

Sections 3l and 32 refer to the right of entry into fields,
stables, and other premises, which an inspector possesses in the
event of his suspecting, or receiving information as to, the exist-
ence of cattle-plague, sheep-pox, and pleuro-pneumonia. The
necessity of this right of entry being extended to foot-and-mouth,
and, indeed, generally to all contagious or infectious diseases of
stock, will be understood by the description of the arrangements
and practices at some of the English and Irish ports, and espe-
cially at the port of Bristol.

Ireland. — The legislative enactments which in Ireland take
I the place of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, are
' known as “The Cattle Disease Act (Ireland), 1866,” and “The
Cattle Disease (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1870.” These two Acts
are construed together ; and their provisions, with those of the
Orders of the Irish Privy Council founded on them, are carried out
by a Veterinary Department, as in England. The constitution of

200

Report on the Trade in Animals.

the Irish Veterinary Department is, however, essentially different
from that of the English. In Ireland there are no “local autho-
rities,” and the administration of the Cattle Diseases Acts is
carried out entirely by the Royal Irish Constabulary, under the
direction of Professor Ferguson, the chief of the Veterinary De-
partment in Dublin, Whatever objections may be urged against
this particular development of the principle of centralisation, it
has one undoubted merit, that it secures uniformity of action
throughout the country. On the other hand it tends to diminish,
as will be seen, the sense of local magisterial responsibility, one
result being that offenders against the law are not always ade-
quately punished on conviction.

The administrative work of the department being entirely in
the hands of a disciplined force, and all reports being forwarded
to one central authority on a uniform plan, are conditions which
must enable the Irish Veterinary Department to keep a more
watchful eye on the development or the subsidence of an epi-
zootic, than is possible under the English system.

According to the detailed returns in the possession of the
Veterinary Department,* it appears (see Table V.) that in
January, 1871, there were only six farms or other places in Ire-
land which were reported as affected with foot-and-mouth disease ;
in February there were only four, and in March five. During
April and May not a single infected place was reported^ and
Ireland was therefore regarded as entirely free from the disease.
However, on June 1st the reappearance of foot-and-mouth was
reported from Castle Pollard, in county Westmeath, and was
said to have been brought by calves imported from England.
Whether this was the case or not, by the end of June, 12
infected places had been reported ; during July the number in-
creased to 338, and in August to 2414, so rapidly did the disease
spread ; in September the number rose to 3038, and in October
it attained the maximum number of 4058 infected places. In
November there were 3415, and in December 2679 infected
places. During the whole year no fewer than 220,570 cattle,
21,178 sheep, and 23,036 pigs (see Table VI.) were reported
as affected with the disease ; but, as already stated, nearly the
whole of these must have received the germs of contagion
during the last six months of the year.

The distribution of the disease presents some points of interest.
Table VI. shows that considerably more than one-half the affected
animals were reported from the province of Leinster ; and if to that
total we add the reported cases from the counties of Tipperary
and Waterford, we get about three-fourths of the total number.

* The publication of these Returns in the Society’s ‘Journal’ has been kindly
sanctioned by His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

TABLE V.— Eeturn Showi^^g tlie Number of Farms, Laxus, Premises, aud Places under restrictions in each County in Ireland on tlie last day of each Month in the Year 1871, in consequence of bein'' iuiected with Foot-and-Moutu

Distemper and Pleuro-Pneumonia.

TABLE VI.— Okkehal Abstract, Showing the extent to which the Foot-and-Mouth Distemper prevailed in each County in Ireland during the Year ended 31st December, 1871.

Pnoviset ' AUD CursTiE?.

(Antiiim .. ..

Aiuiaoii .. ..

Cavan .. ..

DoHBaAi... ..
Di^wn .. ..

PstUUNAOII
LoNDANDEItllT
MrjNAOIlAX

Tviionx .. ..

Drill, IN MlTHUluMTAK DwTRtiT

Kiluaiik

IOlkknsy

Kino's CorNTv

lx)xc)punt>

T>ovtii

Mbatii

Qi'KKV s CoiiriY

WemiRATH .. .. .. .. .

WeXFOIII)

Wicklow

Total

^ I CtAnc
Id ( CoiiK
^ Kkuiiv ..
2 I Lmnui'iv
B iTim.iiAnv
S 'Watuhkciiid

[ Q.vlwav ..

Lurmu ..
I Mayo
( Roj»ix»t»in\

1 wiUj Ibc

Number ofCiUlr. Sbc«p, Afid I Number of OiUIr, Sbeep, and Number of Cotllo, Sbeep,

on Aocount of tbo

SUcep. , Sirlno,

I Sbo«p. Swine. { CktUA Sbeep. ' S

Pemntoge of Calllo, ac„
nlTi'cloa, as compored
wllb tbo Number of CallU.
Ac., on Infected FannA.

ColUr. Sberp. Swine. CUltle. Sbeep.

PercentAge of Cstlle, i Peroentago ofCitlle, *
■ At.SlAugbicreilascom.

nor^ Tiibibe
Number alTcctc^

Numbvr &0<cted.

Sberp. Swine. Ositic. Sbeep. . Swine

31 23.es.';
3fl 21 .047
17 33,165
34 32.010
20 14,517
13 I 10,510
23 t 20,349
27 I 31,421

27 I S

221.940

10,050
15.482
11,945
0,102
3, 494
13,151
12,291

II. 719

III, 932
H,933

121,404

182,013

130,446

109,374

17,053

46,174

15,902

01,851

70,007
31,907
49,211
43,036
02,373
30,308
43,744
32,114
56,070 ,

2,052

2,13tl

5,140

2,203

3,101

1,847

1.703 I

3,271

2,838 :

667

1.474 !
i.:46

1-04 1,169, a

420,145 22,455 ] 7,204 0,493 10,574

A. I

81.400 '
110,834 '

03,011
56,901 ,

34.400
159,502
72,189
92.399
110.598

138,710

109,599

133,052

33,056

47.038

200.403

05,617

148,791

i:i«.i40

199,010

29,514 , 10,511 9,287 I 3,398 5,857

20,315 ! M,09G | 8,823 | 1,407 7,775

483

21,730 I 3,257 11,387
11,953 11,520 13,196
19,221 2,577 7,616
5.888 2,184 5.593

t 1.2i0
18,080 I •2.';. 828
01,827 - 28,170
20,140 12.913
21,411 12.019
18,708 8.218
22,440 58,201
34,340 15,512

401 132.071 11.511 [ 8 08 947,017 1.300..507 394,000 214,395 192.875 43,532 119,071 ^ 17,445

23,225 38.329 I 42,3,'.l 4,889

81.472 5,913 4,201 2.939

30,390 12,7711 «,9.'il j 2.882

4.797

31.050

425 j- 10 I 488 '43 ,23 j 31 ' 13*61 1

1.5

GiiH'ral TcIaI .

18,009
: 30.593
11 19,151

57 ' 17.097 1
118 . 25,483

I. .548

737 4 4- 33
1,428 , 501
1,784 18-08

109,229 107,347 |

340.5.50 ’ 343,323 ^

222.000 129.. ‘1411 '

187.781 09,213 '

218,152 I 255,180

80,418 ' .M.542

52.57') 8.132 4.49G 1,170
195.298 1-2,253 ' 0.0213 5,850
7.3,442 1,010 ; 220 3G7
77. .583 15,00(1 5,811 3.316
104.704 31.031 20,507 , 9,580
05,580 37.244 8,395 21 102

6,368

>4,985

20,668

304 120,1.511 5,051 ; 4 003 1,230.700 1,019,145 ' 5G9.177 105,330 45,518,41,390 51,341

(.413 I 9.650 153

08 I 98,.'i92 I 1,013 ’

83 I 1 1,030 : 511 I

49 I 30.974 027

52 I 21,273 ‘ 1.45G

33 1 10.327 ■ 977 !

3-42

1-09

0-84

5-98

15G.214
103,100
172,010
103, 8G0
99,857

G81.G73

20.28.';

340,012

195.535

2.35 jl28.090 | 1.584 , 3-58 | 03.3,333 l,301.i

72.254 i 19,474 , 45,000 1,024 8,2jo ]

30,883 5,528 I 753 1.022 2.256

0.5. 922 9.019 18,257 I 773 , 1,408 ,

30.5.36 21,442 27,429 1 2 798' 9.6851

27.2.37 11,542 | 4.321 1,405 | 6,004 I

32,832 67,605 ‘ 95,631 i 7.082 29.583

1291 008,804 I 23.408

* 3.973,102 4,228.721 1,046,754 439,785 341,428 99,103 1220,570 | 21.178 23,036 [

700 , 20 1192 I 52 35 , 105

»-6s

5'55 ,

-69 I 45

I 16-08 3 4

00 8-1 , 25-

09 , 4-6 13-04 I

* 42-2
' 48 3
I 55-4

U I >-7

10-2
. 2 07

I 10-5 ■ -009 I *G 1-5

09 ' 4-3 ' -03

09 , 5-1 ; -02

A.— Nut known, ns Ihn UnUlo, Sluiop, and Swine within the Dnbliu MvtropnlitAn Police District arc not given sepamtcly in the Agrieullurnl Stnlistics for the year 1871, but nro included in Iho total mimber of Cnltle, Sheep, nnd Swine in the County of Dublin, Consequently no porcciilago enn be made as to the
uuuibcrof Oiltle, Ac,, winch boc*iuo offocUd out of Iho total munber of Cuttle, Ac., in the district. D.— Explanation snmo os ut A. The number of Farms. 4c., not given sopnrntely.

Veterinary Department, Privy Council Office, Dublin Castle.

HUGH FERGUSON.

201

Report on the Trade in Animals.

The disease prevailed most extensively in that portion of the east
of Ireland adjacent to the three jjreat ports of shipment in that
region — Dublin, Drogheda, and Waterford — and in those counties
which are the chief seats of the cattle traffic. Thus the propor-
tion of cattle affected in county Westmeath was 23 04 per cent, of
the total registered number ; in Meath it was 20'08, in Louth
13 94, and in county Dublin 17*68 — all these counties being in
the immediate neighbourhood of Dublin and Drogheda. In the
county Waterford the proportion was as high as 23 9 per cent.,
and in the adjacent county of Tipperary the comparatively low
percentage of 6 87 represented very nearly 15,000 beasts. The
counties which connected these two groups also suffered very
considerably, Carlow showing a proportion of 13‘15, Kildare of
13'98, Kilkenny of 11'96, King’s County of 12T, and Queen’s
County of 11’7 per cent. ; while Wexford, which was out of the
way of the traffic, was affected to the extent of only 2'65 per cent.
The influence of a great fair may be traced by the returns for the
county Galway, shown in Table V. Ballinasloe fair, the largest
J forjsheep and cattle in Ireland, is held just within the confines of
I this county, in the first whole week in October. The county was
reported to be free from both foot-and-mouth and pleuro-pneumonia
from March to August, 1871 (both months inclusive). In Sep-
tember the “ distemper,” as foot-and-mouth disease is termed in
Ireland, was reported on 13 farms, and pleuro-pneumonia on 1 ;
in October the number of places affected with foot-and-mouth
had increased to 161, and in November to 311 ; but in December
it fell once more to 127. The adjoining county is Roscommon,
and through it most of the cattle destined for the fair are con-
veyed by rail or driven by road. Owing to the large number
I generally sent by road, it is reasonable to suppose that the “dis-

1 temper ” would develop itself a little earlier in that county than
at the place of ultimate destination, besides which, important
^ fairs are held in Roscommon itself during August and Sep-
i tember. Now, in 1871, no foot-and-mouth was reported as
\ existing in county Roscommon until the month of August,

!when 56 farms or other premises were returned as affected.

In September the number had risen to 165, and in October it
I reached its maximum of 307. In November the number of
I affected places had decreased to 171, and in December to 86.

Unfortunately, with regard to the spread of disease in Ireland,
we are inclined to take the facts, even when officially stated, cum
fjrano salis, and to question every conclusion that might be
drawn from them,* in consequence of the too frequent neglect of

* Ex. gr. — The reported freedom of Ireland from foot-and-mouth disease during
April and May, 1871.

202

Hepo7’t on the Trade in Animals.

Irish graziers to report the existence of foot-and-mouth disease on
their farms. The punishment of this offence, and that of driving
affected cattle along a public road, is in many cases made so
lenient by the Irish magistrates, that it amounts to an encourage-
ment. I have heard the dealers themselves, when recounting their
experiences in getting rid of affected beasts, and their occasional
detection, ask one another, as a sort of stock joke, “ And were ye
fined a shilling ? ” A most trustworthy correspondent in Ireland
has informed me of a case in which, just previous to one of the
great fairs at Ballinasloe, a man was prosecuted by the Govern-
ment, not only for neglecting to report the existence of disease
on his premises, but also for driving the affected animals through
the town of Ballinasloe. The case was proved ; the magistrates
lined him one penny, and further mulcted him in the sum of one
shilling for costs ! Another and more recent case has been com-
municated to me from county Meath, in which point was given
to the proceedings by the agricultural standing of the magistrates.
In this case two men were fined sixpence each for not reporting
to the police the existence of foot-and-mouth disease on their
farms. Other cases might doubtless be collected, but the fore-
going are sufficient to show that infractions of the law are not
always dealt with in Ireland with a due sense of responsibility
on the part of the local magistrates.

A striking example of habitual disregard of the law may be
seen at almost any large railway station in Ireland. By the
Transit of Animals (Ireland) Order of May, 1871, it is provided
that railway trucks, &c., “ used for carrying animals on any
railway, shall, on every occasion, after any animal is taken out
of the same, and before any other animal is placed therein, be
cleansed in the following manner (1) swept out, then (2) washed
with water, then (3) the sweepings mixed with quicklime, and
effectually removed from contact with animals ; the wording of
these provisions being similar to those of our own “Animals
Order, 1871.” Then follow two provisions which differ from
ours, one ordering disinfection by means of a solution of carbolic
and cresylic acid, but not stipulating for the use of lime, and
the other enacting that pens or other enclosed places used for
confining animals shall be cleansed and disinfected in the same
manner as vehicles and trucks, once on every day on which they
are used.

I have no doubt that railway trucks are sometimes properly
cleansed and disinfected ; but although, when in Ireland, 1 was
continually on the look-out for the performance of these pro-
cesses, they never came under my notice. On the other hand,
I have repeatedly seen animals put iato trucks that were in
the most filthy condition ; but I have not heard of an Irish

Report on the Trade in Animals. 203

railway company having been summoned for this offence either
by the police or the Veterinary Department,

The absence of the provision for a coating of limewash requires
a word of explanation, as limewash is probably the most con-
venient available means of ascertaining at a glance whether the
trucks have been cleansed since they were last used. The informa-
tion given to me was to the effect that the railway companies had
memorialised the Government to abolish the requirement relating
to limewash on the ground that the proportion of goods-trucks
is very small in comparison with the traffic, and that therefore
many of the cattle-trucks (I presume the covered ones) are used
for the conveyance of goods on the return journey into the interior.
The damp climate, especially in the autumn months, when the
greater number of cattle are exported, causes the limewash to
I rub off, not only on the cattle, but on the merchandise afterwards
li sent in the same trucks. This seems a reasonable explanation of
! the difference between the Irish and the English regulations,
though it may be questioned whether the difficulty could not
have been met in another way. However, taking the explanation
for granted, it certainly did appear to me that great corporate
bodies, like the Irish railway companies, should have considered
that they were under a moral obligation to carry out both the
i letter and the spirit of the regulations which had been thus
modified by the Government for their convenience. So far,
however, from the companies having accepted the concession
in this spirit, it is not too much to say that, on every Irish
railway on which I travelled, the regulations as to the cleansing
of cattle-trucks were practically disregarded.

In this aspect of the subject it may be useful to call attention
to ‘the fact, that the conveyance of cattle is almost entirely a
^‘one way” traffic. In Ireland the direction is from the interior
to the coast, and thence to England. Therefore railway-trucks
in which the germs of a disease were existent would not neces-
sarily cause a great extension of that disease in Ireland itself ;
but they would infect the stock en route for England, and in the
course of a week or two make a very perceptible difference in
cur returns of affected animals.

At the country stations small cattle-pens are required to
confine the stock pending the arrival of the cattle-train by which
they are to travel ; but at the terminal stations at the ports such
adjuncts are not often seen, the responsibility of providing for
the cattle on arrival being apparently undertaken either by the
steamboat companies or the owners. The railway companies in
such cases, as at Cork, Waterford, &c., have, therefore, no cattle-
pens at their railway stations ; but the steamboat companies have
receiving-yards, and the consignees have either lairs or fields, to
VOL. IX. — S. S. 1>

204

Report on the Trade in Animals.

which the animals are driven on arrival, and where they remain
until the time arrives for shipping them. As will be seen in the
sequel, the lairs and fields used for such purposes by cattle-
dealers are probably some of the most fruitful sources of con-
tagion.

II. The Ikisii Cattle Trade.

Fairs and Markets. — The cattle-market in Dublin is really excel-
lent, both in arrangement and mode of maintenance. It is divided
into longitudinal sections by iron railings, each set of pens being
accessible either from the main roadway or a side alley. Offices
rented by the salesmen are attached to most of the sets of pens ;
but of course the sets may vary in size according to circumstances.
This was not only the cleanest and best arranged market that
I saw in Ireland, but the only one that had any claim to the
distinction of a market at all. I was informed that the Corpo-
ration of Dublin employ an inspector to examine the beasts
- exposed for sale in the Dublin market ; and I have little doubt
that the energetic head of the Irish Veterinary Department does
his best to imbue the owners of cattle sent there for sale with a
more wholesome fear of the consequences of breaking the law
than they are accustomed to receive at home.

Dublin, however, is the only place in Ireland where I saw
any properly appointed cattle-market. The place used as a
cattle-market at Cork is simply a large field, enclosed by a high
stone wall, that at Waterford is one of those open spaces of
irregular shape generally termed “ market-place,” or “ market-
square.” The cattle-fair at Drogheda was held in the streets ; *
those at Mullingar and Ballinasloe were held on “greens”
closely adjacent to the centre of the town, and probably pre-
served for the purpose as the most valuable use to which the
property could be applied. In none of these towns were the
market-places or fair-greens divided into pens, nor was any other
provision made for the separation of stock belonging to different
owners. The only occasion on which I actually saw an attempt
at veterinary inspection was at the great October fair at Bal-
linasloe, although it had been half-expected that the evil repu-
tation which Drogheda had recently acquired as a nest of “dis-
temper,” would have induced the authorities to send an inspector
to the fair there.

There was no special feature, either at Drogheda or Mullingar,
to require description ; but if a veterinary inspector had been

* The fortnightly cattle-fairs in many of our small Yorkshire towns are also
held in the streets, which, at certain seasons, are crowded with Irish cattle, and
are fertile sources of disease. — J. D, D.

Report on the Trade in Animals.

205

sent to either place, he would doubtless have found a consider-
able number of diseased animals.

The great October fair of Ballinasloe is not only the largest
in Ireland in point of numbers of stock sent there, but also the
most noted for the quality of the cattle. The yearly records
of the progress of foot-and-mouth disease in Ireland, which are
admirably arranged in the office of the Veterinary Department
in Dublin, show, I believe, that shortly after the period at
which this fair is held, the returns of fresh outbreaks of “ dis-
temper” suddenly increase to a marked extent. It was therefore
gratifying to learn that this year the Government had sent an
inspector to Ballinasloe, and that this gentleman possessed ex-
ceptional qualifications, and was, as I was informed, invested
with ample authority.

The great fair commenced on Tuesday, October 1st. That day
and the next were chiefly devoted to the sale of sheep, and it is
sufficient to mention that the published returns showed that
between 70,000 and 80,000 sheep * had passed through the
“gaps,” as the entrances to the park of Garbally and the adjacent
fair-green are locally termed. The third day was the great horse-
fair, but a large number of cattle also arrived in anticipation of
the morrow. I arrived at Ballinasloe early on Friday morning,
fortunate in the possession of a letter of introduction to the
Government Veterinary Commissioner. The immense fair-green
was packed with cattle, and it was therefore with great interest
that I undertook the task of ascertaining by what means, and with
what staff, this immense number of beasts was being inspected.
The returns subsequently published showed that there were more
than 17,000 cattle t on the fair-green that day. They were not

* The actual numbers were : —

1871,

1872.

Sold

Unsold

71,217

12,000

63,152

11,2.50

Total

83,277

74,402

t The actual numbers were : —

Over 2 years old.

Two year olds.

Calves.

Total.

1871.

1872.

1871.

1872.

1871.

1872.

1871.

1872.

Sold.. ..

14,885

12,936

1,704

037

114

16,703

13,881

Unsold ..’

1,129

3,191

436

190

1,319

3,627

16,014

16,127

1,704

1,373

304

18,022

17,508

P 2

206

Report on the Trade in Animals.

separated into lots by pens, or any other kind of division, and
almost every inlet to the fair was a scene of indescribable con-
fusion, owing to the frequent collisions of an ingoing with an
outjToing lot of cattle.

The Veterinary Commissioner was most courteous to me under
very trying circumstances. As an inspector, he was unas-
sisted ; but he possessed and used the power of calling in another
veterinary surgeon in the event of any doubt existing in his own
mind as to any particular case. When I first saw him he had
isolated two lots of cattle in one of the far corners of the fair-
green, and he was surrounded by a somewhat excited knot of
people, some of whom endeavoured to prove that the cattle
were healthy, and others that they had ‘‘ taken the distemper ”
in the fair. The inspector had sent for the local Stipendiary
Magistrate, and I cannot better describe what took place than
by quoting the paragraphs relating to one of the foregoing cases
(the other not being mentioned) from the official Report of the
Government Veterinary Commissioner: —

“ On Friday morning, about 7.30 a.m., I was informed by a county Meath
gentleman that some cattle which he liad agreed to purchase, while they were
in a paddock, on the jireceding evening, were standing in the fair, and show-
ing symptoms of disease. On searching, I soon found them in a corner of
the green. On making a close examination of them— in conjunction with
Veterinary-Surgeon Murphy — I found that some of them were suffering from
one of the earlier stages of foot-and-mouth distemper. Among the herd of
83 animals, there were some 7 or 8 showing signs of the disease, such as con-
gestions within and frothing at the mouth, ropy discharge therefrom, incipient
vesicles in the course of formation therein, and feverishness pervading the
entire S3’stem. We could not discover any vesicles between the claws, or
near the feet ; we, however, determined not to allow the animals back into the
fair, but to communicate with you 0!i the subject, which I did by telegraph.
But pending your answer, and as a result of consultation with the Sub-Inspec-
tor of Constabulary and the local Stipendiary Magistrate, it was decided to
require the owner of the lot of cattle amongst which the disease had broken
out, to remove them back to his farm, as the distance to it was not long, and the
road leading to it was, at that hour, unfrequented. Had there been any delay
in the receipt of j'our answer, the cattle being very large and heav}', it might
have become verj’ difficult to remove them when your reply arrived, particu-
larly if the disease rapidly increased towards full development. The ])ur-
chaser had refased to take them, as they w'ere not in a fit state for removal to
his farm, some seventy miles away in the county IMeath, giving, also, as a reason
for such refusal, that the cattle coidd not be regarded as his property until
handed over to him beyond the custom-gap. This ai^peared to me a just
reason for his refusing to take them; also, if they had been bought the
preceding night, they had no business in the fair. I could not allow these
animals, consistentlj' with safety, down to the railway station ; and, had 1
enforced the provisions of the Contagious Diseases Act, by declaring the spot an
infected space, I should have also had to declare the whole fair-green an infected
district; and thus have prevented all moving of cattle, which would have
been impracticable. At the hour to which I allude, 9 a.m., many cattle had
left, many by the road these cattle had come in by, consequently they would all
have been liable to take the disease. And to leave the 83 heifers where they

Report on the Trade in Animals.

207

were in a small corner of the fair-green, would have been to leave them to
starve, as there were no means of feeding or watering them on the fair-green.
To take them to a paddock near and confine them there, would have been no
gain to the public, on the score of a ])recaution against the spread of disease, as
to reach any paddock they would have had to pass through a portion of the fair.
The amount of mischief done, I considered, liad been done while removing
them from the paddock in which they had passed the preceding night, although
their owner, who I heard is a very respectable man, declared that none of
these cattle showed any signs of disease on the previous evening, nor until it
was observed amongst them in the fair on that morning, nor have I any just
cause to doubt his word.

“jThe usage of Ballinasloe fair is so vague that it was difficult to decide
who was the owner at the time the disease appeared, and who was the respon-
sible party to prosecute. Their owner, however, offered to take them home ;
and as his farm was only eight miles off, along a country road, I decided in
sending them there, but in charge of the constabulary. Tliis was accord-
ingly done. During that day 1 discovered no other cases that called for my
interference.”

The law relating to such cases is clearly set forth in sections
3 and 13 of the Order of the Irish Privy Council, dated Novem-
ber 3rd, 1870, and generally known as the “ Foot-and-Mouth ”
or “ Distemper ” Order. The provisions of section 13 are so
clearly impracticable, that one is, if possible, even more sur-
prised that it should have been in the first place enacted, and
afterwards allowed to remain unrevoked for two years, than that
the authorities at Ballinasloe declined to carry them out.

The sections are as follows : —

“ 3. The words ‘ an infected place or district,’ according to this Order, shall
mean or signify any field, stable, cowshed, premises, or other place on or in
which there is or has been at any time within the immediately preceding ten
days, an animal affected with, or labouring under foot-and-mouth distemper, or
the apthous disease, and the adjoining land.s, buildings, premises, or places in
the same occupation, or with or through which, from it or them, there is a
communication of passage which is not a public road.”

“ 13. No animal affected with foot and mouth distemper, or the aptlious
disease, shall be moved alive from any lands, premises, or place while so
affected, and no animal which has been in contact or herded with an aiiimal
so affected, shall be moved from any lands, premises, or place, except for
immediate slaughter, and under a licence obtained in that behalf, and in the
form set forth in Schedule 2 of this Order, from the officer in charge of the
nearest constabulary or police station; and every person obtaining such licence,
and removing, under the same, animal or animals specified therein, shall pro-
ceed immediately to slaughter the same, under the joenalty of being deemed
to have offended against this Order. And the owner of every slaughter-house
in which such animal or animals has or have been slaughtered, or his agent,
shall, within forty-eight hours from the time of slaughter, forward to his
licenser a certificate in the form in the Schedule 2 of this Order set forth, under
a like penalty.”

Having naturally felt great interest in the solution of the pro-
blem thus presented to the authorities, in consequence of a
county Meath gentleman having informed the Government
Commissioner that a certain lot of cattle showed symptoms of

208

Report on the Trade in Animals.

disease, I followed tlie case througli its various stages. By noon,
I found that the identical corner of the green where the lot of 83
had been stationed previous to their dismissal had been taken
possession of by another consignment ; and it appeared, not only
to me, but to an agricultural friend, whose experience ought to
constitute him an authority, that both the new arrivals and a
large number of other cattle, as well as some of the few remain-
ing sheep, were affected in no slight degree. We selected one
ewe of the blackfaced Scotch breed that exhibited very marked
symptoms, and on examination detected the blushed mouth in
so distinct a condition that it was worthy of being sketched.

The accounts of the cattle-fair that appeared in the news-
papers the next day contained a sentence to the effect that “ one
case of distemper was discovered by the Government Inspector.”
The Commissioner himself disposes of the question in the fol-
lowing paragraph in his Report, dated five days after the fair : —

“ In conclusion, I am satisfied a great and exaggerated notion prevails
ijmong the public generally with regard to the amount of disease at the last
Ballinasloe fair. That there were no cases of contagious disease in the fair
besides those already referred to among the one lot, is more than I am
prepared to stale, owing to the hurried nature of my inspection; but I
am satisfied that acute cases were few. Among the numbers of stock that
I have passed on the roads since the fair, few showed symptoms of any
disease, except soreness of feet from driving ; but foot-and-mouth distemper
being at present so widely spread in all parts of Ireland, stock may take it
any where, and at any time, when going along the roads. I'he disease certainly
did not originate in the late fair of Ballinasloe ; and, as I stated to you in my
communication last week, I consider, unless precautions are rigidly enforced at
an earlier season, it is useless, at tliis time of the year, when the disease has
been so long raging, to do more than prevent stock in a very acute stage of
the disease from being moved about the country.”

It would be instructive to learn what was the influence of the
Ballinasloe fair of 1872 on the spread of foot-and-mouth disease
in England and Ireland. Nothing can be ascertained with regard
to England in the absence of any machinery for the purpbse ; but
the publication of the returns for 1872, on the plan of Tables V.
and VI., will enable us to estimate the result for Ireland. That
it must have been very considerable is the conclusion at which
I arrived ; and it was subsequently strengthened by reading the
following paragraph in the ‘ Irish Farmers’ Gazette,’ of Novem-
ber 2nd : —

“ Foot-aud-mouth disease has re-appeared in different parts of the county of
Longford. At the late Ballinasloe fair a gentleniarn named Mr. Bussell,
residing about four miles from the town of Longford, purchased several
hundred herd of cattle, and had them grazing on his land. About a week
ago he discovered that they were affected with the disease. He has already
lost about 50 animals, and on Tuesday se’nnight alone 13 of them died.”

The paragraph is not dated, and “ a week ago ” is probably a
misprint for “ a week after.” From the date of the paper con-

209

Report on the Trade in Animals.

taining the paragraph, Tuesday se’nnight would be October
22nd, or 18 days after the cattle-fair at Ballinasloe.

In a subsequent number (16th November) a correspondent
states that, in his neighbourhood, “ all went well till Banagher
fair. That fair, and Ballinasloe also, was full of diseased ani-
mals, and now the whole place is full of it, from stock purchased,
or brought home unsold.”

The bearing of such facts on the general question of the greater
prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease during certain months of
the year has been discussed in a previous portion of this Report
(pp. 190 and 201).

Inland Transit. — Ballinasloe fair may also be taken as a good
starting point for an illustration of the conditions incidental to
the cattle-traffic between England and Ireland, because with
regard to it the subject can be taken up at the point where it
was left by the Government Commissioner in charge of the
inspection, and the advantage is thus gained of commencing
from an official basis. The Commissioner reports as follows ; —

“ On Thursday, the 3rd October, I found great numbers of cattle in and
about the fair showing symptoms of exhaustion and foot-soreness, owing to
the extreme heat of the day, and to having been overdriven; but in no
instance could I discover vesicles between the claws or in the mouths of any
such footsore or lame animals. Those that slobbered at the mouth did so in
the usual manner of cattle suffering from exhaustion ; but in such cases there
was an entire absence of the peculiar slopping or sucking noise characteristic
of genuine foot-and-mouth distemper.”

The cattle-fair was, as already stated, held on Friday, the 4th
October.

How the cattle that arrived the day before fared for food and
water, I cannot say. The probability is that they got neither, as
the fair-green was too poached to afford any herbage, and there
was no provision, so far as I could ascertain, for watering cattle
on it. It is not likely that the drovers, having once got their
beasts on the green, would drive them off again in search of food
or water ; and it is certain that the arrivals during the ensuing
night and following morning must have been compelled to make
their last meal sufficient for their wants until they arrived at
their new destination. Supposing their destination to be Eng-
land, the course of events must have been very nearly what I am
now about to describe.

Most of the cattle which exchanged hands had been bought
by noon on the 4th October, and the energies of the purchasers
on English account were by that time directed to obtaining an
appropriation of trucks for the conveyance of their stock to North
Wall. Their drovers were busy driving the cattle to one of the
numerous strips of land adjacent to the railway, which had been
hired by the Company for the temporary reception of stock

210

Repoit on the Trade in Animals.

coming to ami going from tire fair. There was no provision for
giving water to the cattle in these hoof-poached paddocks, for
the Transit of Animals (Ireland) Order does not compel railway
companies to have water-troughs at their cattle-sidings ; and
although the swollen Suck was flowing at a very trifling dis-
tance from the station, 1 did not see a single lot of cattle driven
to the river-side. This might not have been the fault of the
owners or the drovers, for I was unable to ascertain whether
there was any convenient public approach to the stream from
near the railway-station. However, the points to be kept in
view are these : — 1st, the railway company did not supply
their pens and paddocks with troughs of water ; and 2nd, the
cattle had to commence their journey without that refreshment,
after having already been kept, in all probability, at least 24 hours
without food or water.

Arriving in Dublin on the Friday evening, I ascertained
that cattle from Ballinasloe would probably reach North Wall
in a more or less continuous stream during the night and the
next day ; and as many as possible would be put on board the
steamboats timed to leave for the various English ports by the
morning and evening tides on Saturday. The probability of
their being fed and watered in the receiving-yards belonging to
the various railway and steamboat companies is, as will presently
be seen, very small indeed, except in the yard belonging to an
English railway company.

As a matter of fact, therefore, the majority of the cattle
bought at Ballinasloe fair for exportation to Great Britain were
not fed or watered from Thursday until Sunday, at the earliest.
Those that were sent by the London and North-Western Rail-
way Companies’ boats, via North Wall and Holyhead, doubtless
obtained water, and perhaps a little hay, on Saturday morning at
North Wall, and at Hoi} head on Saturday night or Sunday
morning. The remainder were shipped to Liverpool, Bristol,
Glasgow, and other ports, without having had food or water
for at least two days, during which they underwent the fatigue
of the journey by road or rail to Ballinasloe, that of standing in
the fair and the railway paddock nearly all one day, if not
part of another, and that of the railway journey from Balli-
nasloe to Dublin (92 miles). After their two days’ fast and
fatigue, they had to stand in the hold of a steamboat during a
sea-passage varying in duration from 12 to 24 hours, and to un-
dergo the hardships incidental to the shipment, to the passage, and
to the subsequent landing, before receiving even a drop of water.

I have taken Ballinasloe fair as the starting-point of this part
of the subject simply because there is official evidence of the
condition of the cattle on their arrival ; but what is true cf

Report on the Trade in Animals.

211

Ballinasloe is doubtless true of every fair and great market in
Ireland, the only essential difference being the greater or less
time during which the animals are kept in a starving condition,
as that of course varies with the distance, and the facilities of
communication, between the place of origin of the cattle and
their port of destination in England.

It therefore seems to me that, as a matter of humanity as well
as of commercial expediency, a detention in the receiving-yard
of the steamboat company should be enforced by law sufficient
to allow of the feeding and inspection of the stock previous
to their shipment to England. Many objections have been
urged against this view, but those who read this report will
probably be able to estimate their value after considering the
facts relating to inspection in England, by the light of the know-
ledge of the results of inspection on the Continent.

Irish Ports. — More than one-third of the total number of
animals exported from Ireland * are sent by way of Dublin ; and
lines of steamers ply regularly between the North Wall and
Liverpool, Holyhead, Bristol, Glasgow, Silloth, and other ports.
No record is kept of the ports of destination of animals exported
from Ireland to Great Britain, but there can be no question that
by far the largest proportion of the consignments of live stock
from Dublin go to Liverpool and Holyhead. I therefore devoted
particular attention to the arrangements connected with these
lines of communication between Ireland and Great Britain.
Cattle, sheep, and pigs exported via Dublin are either purchased
in the cattle-market on the market-day (Thursday), or they are
sent from the inland fairs, markets, and farms by road or rail.
Formerly, all animals intended for shipment to England were
of necessity driven either from the cattle-market, or the various,
railway stations, across the middle of the city ; but recently the
Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland has extended its line
to North Wall, and thus a great amount of unnecessary driving
and cruelty has been obviated.

When animals intended for shipment to England arrive at
North Wall they are taken to the receiving-yard or lair belonging
to the steamboat or railway company by whose route they are to«
be sent. These yards abut against the roadway of the quay, and
are adjacent to the offices of the several companies. I cannot say
that 1 have seen every receiving-yard of the kind in Dublin, but
I have examined enough to enable me to state that they belong to
two categories, one exceedingly good in arrangement and mode of

* These were as follows, in 1870, 1871, and 1872 : —

Oxen, Bulls, and Cows. Calves. Sheep and Lambs. Swine.

1870 .. 415,673 .. 38,206 .. 620,834 .. 422,076

1871 .. 423,396 .. 60,529 .. 684,708 .. 528.244

1872 (Cattle) 616,080 .. .. .. 518,606 .. 443,644

212

Report on the Trade in Animals.

maintenance, and the other precisely the reverse. In the first
class 1 would place the receiving-yard belonging to the London
and North-Western Railway Company, and I regret that no other
yard in Dublin that has come under my notice is worth classi-
fying with it. This yard is commodiously divided into pens for
horned and other stock, the latter being covered with substantial
roofs. All the divisions are kept thoroughly cleansed and white-
washed, and each pen is furnished with a drinking trough. This
is precisely what a receiving-yard for live stock should be ; and
it seems only fair to assume that what an English railway com-
pany can afford to do in Ireland, is not beyond the means of
Irish steamboat companies doing a large carrying-trade to the
principal ports on the western coast of Great Britain.

The next yard to that just described is a large square open piece
of ground with two water troughs near one corner. In the absence
of any permanent pens for the reception of cattle or sheep, the inte-
rior of this yard would have a desolate appearance, but for the fact
that it is, to a certain extent, diversified, though not decorated, by
an accumulation of empty boxes, barrels, and crates, which are
turned to useful account by the drovers as mobile temporary
divisions between their several herds. As there is no inspection
of animals while they rest in the receiving-yard, or at any other
time previous to their shipment from Ireland, except, perhaps,
in the Dublin market, it may easily be understood that a yard
managed in this manner must become a nest of disease. The
passage from Dublin to Liverpool is generally about twelve or
fourteen hours in duration. Supposing that a beast imbibed the
germs of foot-and-mouth disease in the receiving-yard in
Dublin, it would, in the absence of inspection at Liverpool, pass
inland without detection, and in all probability would affect a
hundred or more other cattle either in the steamboat, on the
railway, or in the market, before the existence of the disease
in the infecting animal was disco-vered, either by the consignee
or by the veterinary inspector of the local authority on the
market.

There is no inspection of animals previous to shipment, either
at Dublin or any other Irish port ; but a policeman would pro-
bably stop any that were evidently in an advanced stage of disease.
The London and North-Western Railway Company have also
adopted a system of scouts, as a rough kind of substitute for
inspection. The men thus employed have an empirical know-
ledge of the appearance of an animal affected with foot-and-
mouth disease ; and if they suspect any that are about to enter
the Company’s receiving-yard, they signal to the gate-keeper, the
gates are closed, and the suspected animal is turned into a
separate yard until examined by a veterinary surgeon. Connected

Report oil the Trade in Animals.

213

with this receiving-yard, but separated from it, is a hospital-shed
for the reception of diseased animals.

These excellent arrangements are made by the London and
North-Western Railway Company as a matter of business. The
inanaffer in Dublin is convinced that a humane and rational
method of conducting the traffic is not only possible, but in the
long run remunerative. Following out his system, the men em-
ployed in this receiving-yard do not object to give water in
moderate quantities to the cattle previous to their shipment, pro-
vided that a small quantity of hay is allowed first ; but other
people object to giving water, on the ground that it induces
scouring during the passage. No doubt beasts that have been
kept for two or three days without food or water will drink an
immoderate quantity in the receiving-yard, if allow'ed to do so;
and if this water is taken without food being also given, the cattle
will almost certainly suffer from scouring. Thus, water, which
costs nothing, is not given, because the dealers will not go to
the expense of a little hay. I am strongly of opinion that all
receiving-yards should be divided into convenient pens for each
description of live stock, that all animals should receive food and
water there previous to shipment, and that they should invariably
be examined by a Government Inspector during the period of
rest afforded by the necessity of feeding them.

The arrangements at Drogheda, Cork, and Waterford do not
differ in principle from those at Dublin. Drogheda seemed to
me to merit its unenviable reputation as a centre of disease ;
but I found the receiving-yards at Cork and Waterford far better
kept than previous experience had led me to expect. The great
fault is, that cleansing and disinfecting materials are not made
sufficient use of in most cases ; while some yards are never
cleansed further than to the extent incidental to the collection of
the dung, which is sold periodically.

It would not be just to the Great Western Railway Company,
however, if I did not state that their business at Waterford is carried
on in the same enlightened spirit as that of the London and North-
Western at Dublin. Further than this, the Great Western Com-
pany, I was informed, are now building steamboats of a superior
character, and otherwise exerting themselves to put their cattle
traffic in the south of Ireland on a thoroughly satisfactory basis.
In particular, I may mention that a series of experiments have
been made to test the practicability of establishing a large dead-
meat trade rvith Ireland at all seasons of the year, one feature of
which is the use of Ash’s patent self- ventilating railway-van,
which keeps the air free from dust, and at a steady temperature
throughout the journey. The probable results of so important an
experiment cannot yet be inferred ; but if they should lead to the

214

Report on the Trade in Animals.

voluntary slaughter of all fat stock, both foreign and Irish, at the
port either of shipment or landing, without enhancing the cost of
meat to the consumer, the difficulties now connected with the proper
regulation of the trade in animals will be very much diminished.

The Western English Ports. — Bristol. — The city of Bristol —
that '■^fons et origo mali” of the West of England newspapers —
and the surrounding district have, probably, fairly earned almost
every bad word that has been spoken or written against the great
market of the West. So strongly, indeed, is it felt that Bristol
Market is the plague-spot of the district, that the Somersetshire
magistrates assembled in Quarter Sessiqjis have endeavoured to
obtain, from the Privy Council, authority to enact that all animals
going into Somersetshire from Bristol Market, or through the city
of Bristol, should be isolated by the farmer from the rest of his
stock for a period of nine days, and that the purchaser of such
stock should give notice to the nearest policeman of his having
bought animals that had come from or through Bristol.

Previous to the great autumn fair, I visited Bristol for the
purpose of witnessing the arrival of the Irish cattle that were
sent there for sale. They were landed from the Irish steamers
on a broad quay at Cumberland Basin, provided with two or
three large water-troughs, well whitewashed, and otherwise
scrupulously clean. Watching the operation of unloading were
the Government veterinary inspector and an officer of the
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ; but
it was, nevertheless, difficult to prevent cruelty and to keep
matters going smoothly, owing chiefly to the absence of police-
men, except at rare intervals, — the whole of one side of the
Cumberland Basin being in charge of but two constables. As
a consequence, the drovers took to fighting, and the cattle were
landed without proper manual assistance. Out of one cargo,
I saw one beast dislocate its shoulder, and others receive in-
juries of a less serious nature. No fault could be found with
the landing-place, and the cattle had plenty of time and oppor-
tunity to assuage their thirst. Several animals, especially pigs,
were apparently suffering from foot-and-mouth disease ; but the
Government inspector assured me that he had no jurisdiction
except over foreign aiiimals, while the inspector of the local
authority was not on the quay. As soon as the cargoes were
discharged, the process of cleansing the steamboats commenced,
according to the regulations of the Privy Council, and under
the superintendence of the Government inspector. In no other
port did I observe that this important provision was so thoroughly
complied with as at Bristol.

The Irish stock arrived chiefly on Saturday, and the fair

215

Report on the Trade in Animals,

was held on the following Monday, in the ordinary cattle-
market. The market-place is a large square, surrounded by a
stone wall, well paved with stone, and divided into sections by
low walls, also of stone. It is furnished with a good-sized
circular drinking-trough, and is from end to end almost better
kept than any other market-place I have yet seen, in the United
Kingdom or on the Continent. The walls are frequently white-
washed, and, after the manure is removed, the paving is plenti-
fully bestrewn with lime. The cattle in the fair were exclu-
sively Irish, with the exception of one lot. They were carefully
examined, as also were the sheep, by the veterinary inspector of
the local authority ; but it was evidently too much work for
one man to do properly within the available time. It occurred
to me that much good would result if the distinction between
Government inspector and local inspector were abolished, and
if either the local or the central authority appointed a chief
inspector and a subordinate, the Government paying the whole
or part of the salary of the former, on condition that he was to
be held responsible for the proper discharge of the duties now
performed by the Government inspector. In this manner two
veterinary surgeons, instead of one, would be available for the
examination of stock in the fair, or on the weekly market, and
there would be little, if any, additional expense either to the local
authority or the Government.

The inspector of the local authority at Bristol assured me that
he had not seen a case of foot-and-mouth disease in the market for
more than two months previous to the fair, and there were none
to be detected in the fair. I took the names and addresses of
six gentlemen who bought stock at the fair, as a sort of check to
this statement ; but in no case was it clear to me that their
purchases took the disease to the farms to which they went.
The only inference that could be drawn from so slight an expe-
rience was that stock bought at Bristol Market are not so uni-
formly diseased as has been asserted.

There can, however, be little doubt that Bristol is the great
centre of infection in the West of England ; and, if the market
is blameless, some other portion of the arrangements must be
defective. I therefore carefully traced some beasts from an Irish
steamboat to the market, with a view of ascertaining what
became of them in the interval, and of judging whether the
secret was hidden in the place of their retirement. I thus found
that, after the cattle had been landed and watered, they were
driven to certain fields conveniently situated near the boundary
of the city jurisdiction, some being within that boundary and
some outside it. These fields are rented by cattle-sales-
men, and they are used as a temporary refuge for stock which

Report on the Trade in Animals.

21(j

arrive between the market days. On the morning when the
stock are driven to the market, any animal appearing to be
lame, or otherwise showing symptoms of disease, would be
left behind in the pasture ; but the others, though they had
been in contact with the diseased animal, would be sent to
market if the contagion had not developed itself sufficiently
for detection by the inspector. The magistrates of Bristol
are, I was informed, so strict in their administration of the
law, that some of the salesmen are said to employ a veterinary
surgeon to examine their beasts previous to sending them to
market. In this way they escape the penalties imposed by the
magistrates, according to the Act, on the owners of manifestly
diseased animals sent to the market ; and at the same time they
sustain the evil reputation of Bristol by sending there animals
that have been impregnated with disease, but have not developed
it sufficiently to be detected by the veterinary inspector.

This practice is not confined to Bristol,* for it exists at most
of the ports of shipment in Ireland, and at those of landing on this
side of St. George’s Channel. But, owing to the prevailing absence
of inspection at the Irish ports, fairs, and markets, there is natu-
rally less care exercised in the examination of the animals pre-
vious to removing them than there is in England. It may be
urged that here we have conclusive evidence of the uselessness of
inspection ; and, as the law now stands, the statement would be
perfectly accurate. But if all fields, farms, and other premises
used by salesmen for the temporary reception of live stock were
certificated and registered ; if the veterinary inspector had the
power of entry into such places, and were required to exercise
it, for the purpose of ascertaining whether diseased animals were
kept there, much might be done to prevent the spread of in-
fection from these nests of disease. With such an alteration of
the law, the inspector should, on discovering the existence of
disease in such premises, declare them to be infected in refer-
ence to the particular disease that he found to prevail ; and the
local authority should then prohibit the ingress of any other
stock into them, and the egress of any stock from them, until a
sufficient time had elapsed after the date of the inspector’s certi-
ficate of freedom from infection. If such regulations were
made, and properly carried out, it would not surprise me to
learn that the Somersetshire magistrates had discovered several
“fountains of disease^’ in the parishes of Knowle and Long
Ashton, and that the prohibition of egress of stock from such
premises until ten days after they had been certified to be free

* The same thing occurs in Yorksliire. I know one field that was used for
some time dirring the autumn in this manner, and which was never free from
infection. — J. D. D.

217

Report on the Trade in Animals.

from disease, would be more effectual in controlling the spread
of foot-and-mouth disease than the isolation of animals bought
in Bristol Market.

It is, however, quite as necessary that this should be done in
Ireland as in England, because disease is propagated by the
same means in both countries, and frequently animals bought in
Ireland go direct to the English farmer without coming under
the cognizance of a local authority, because they are not
exposed for sale in a fair or market. Several purchasers of such
stock have testified to the fact that they have taken foot-and-
mouth disease with them to their English home, thus giving a
direct negative to the oft-repeated assertion that Irish stock take
foot-and-mouth disease in our English fairs and markets.

Liverpool. — While at Bristol very great attention is paid to
the cleanliness of the cattle-market and of the steamboats,
this cannot be reported of Liverpool. There are no water-
troughs at the usual landing-places, but the Irish cattle are
driven, immediately after debarkation, either to the railway
receiving-pens (where water-troughs are provided), or to the
premises in the occupation of the consignee. The cattle-market
is situated at West Derby, some distance from the docks : it
is very well arranged, on a similar plan to the Dublin cattle-
market, but is exceedingly dirty and somewhat dilapidated, with
a rickety pavement and defective drainage. It is entirely a fat-
stock market, otherwise it could not fail to be a great focus of
disease. The salesmen pay a stipulated rent per annum for
their office, and they generally occupy the same sets of pens, pay-
ing the regulation toll per head of cattle and per score of sheep.
This is a very good plan, and, if properly carried out, must
simplify the duties of the market authorities. In reply to my
inquiries as to inspection, I was informed that two veterinary
inspectors are employed, and a number of police to assist ; and
my informant added that the police inspect as much as the
veterinary surgeons, because, as all the cattle would soon be
killed, the inspection is only a matter of form. However, it
seemed to me that a diseased animal might very possibly not be
sold, and would in that case be sent back to the salesman’s fields,
and infect any number of dairy or store stock intended for the
markets of Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire. Moreover,
although there is a very good slaughter-house in the vicinity of the
market, the authorities of West Derby will not license it; there-
fore it is impossible to kill diseased animals without first driving
them to a slaughter-house along roads which may communicate
the infection to the next lot of stock driven along them.

Such facts as these seem to demonstrate the necessity of a
system of supervision over cattle-dealers, however repugnant it

218

Report on the Trade in Animals.

may be in principle to our ideas of individual liberty. That
cattle-dealers should be known, it seems necessary that they
should be required to take out a licence ; and that the premises
used by them for the temporary reception of stock should be
registered, it is necessary that they should be certificated. By
these means, and with the aid of the veterinary inspector of a
local authority reporting any salesman, who should exhibit dis-
eased beasts, to the local authority of the district in which he
holds or occupies fields, lairs, &c., in order that such premises
may be properly examined, with a view to ascertain whether the
stock in them are also affected, much might be done to prevent
fairs and markets continuing to be the greatyhef of contagion.

The arrangements at Liverpool for the landing of foreign
animals are the most unsuitable that I have yet seen at any large
port. There is no permanent provision even for the reception of
animals, but certain of the dock sheds are certificated for the
purpose. The consignees of a cargo of foreign animals arrange to
-hire one or more of these, or a part of one. The cattle are fed
with hay, which is strewn on the floor, and are watered in move-
able troughs supplied by a hose from the fire-plug. The sheds
are afterwards cleansed by the hirers, and the next day they may
be used for storing grain, sugar, or any other commodity. Con-
sidering that 16,071 foreign animals were imported into Liver-
pool in 1871, it seems incredible that there should be no better
provision for their reception and detention until after inspection.
About one-half of these animals were German sheep, and the
remainder were cattle from Spain and Portugal — the two un-
scheduled countries from which we import by far the most
considerable number of animals affected with foot-and-mouth
disease. It would be interesting to learn how such diseased
animals are dealt with at Liverpool, and I regret very much that
I have not been fortunate enough to see a cargo landed and
inspected, and am therefore unable to describe the proceedings
from personal knowledge.

Other Western Ports. — Holyhead and New Milford are
merely resting-places for Irish stock after landing, and before
commencing their railway journey. The companies do every-
thing that can be expected of them under existing circumstances ;
but it should, in my opinion, be compulsory on them to supply
the animals with food at such places at the cost of either the
sender or the consignee.

Cardiff, on the other hand, is what may be termed a port of
ultimate destination, as the stock sent there are either fat
cattle, &c., which are slaughtered in the town, or stores, which
are fed off by the South Welsh farmers. The principal trade
between Cardiff and Ireland is with Cork ; and it so happens that

Report on the Trade in Animals.

219

there is comparatively little foot-and-mouth disease in the Cork
district. The trade with Cardiff is said to be principally itj
the hands of small jobbers at Cork, who drive their stock twenty
or thirty miles to tlie port, instead of sending them by rail, and
thus avoid the danger of infection in the railway-trucks.

The landing-place at Cardiff is, very much like that at Bristol,
on a small scale. It is furnished with a good water-trough, but
no lairs or pens, and is in other respects a miniature representa-
tion of Bristol. After having been landed and watered, the cattle
are driven to the premises of the consignee or to a slaughter-house
in the town.

There is no cattle-market in the town of Cardiff, as the Canton
Market Company (Canton being a suburb of Cardiff) have the
monopoly of the trade in horned stock. There is, however, a
market for sheep and pigs in the town, and adjoining it is a
slaughter-house, as well as a receiving-house for cattle intended
for slaughter in the adjoining building. In the event of a
beast being sent to the receiving-house and taken away again
instead of being slaughtered, the owner has to pay a small fee.
Thus the receiving-house may be made a kind of repository or
market; and I was informed that a large number of cattle were
bought and sold privately in this manner. As none of these
premises appeared to be properly cleansed and disinfected, I
inferred that a certain proportion of the foot-and-mouth disease
in South Wales might be traced to this source.

On inquiry, the inspector of the local authority informed
me that pigs are sometimes kept in this market for a fortnight
or more before being killed, and that a great number, if not
affected when brought to the market, develop foot-and-mouth
disease before they leave it. As store sheep and pigs are brought
to the same market every Saturday, they may take the disease
with them, and spread it all about the country. On his repre-
sentation of these facts to the Cattle Plague Committee of the
Corporation, they ordered hose to be supplied, so that the whole
of the market-place should be washed out after every market-
day, and afterwards disinfected with either carbolic acid or
chloralum. I could not ascertain, however, that this was
regularly done ; and, in my opinion, such things rarely will be
done, unless they are rendered compulsory on the part of the
local authorities, and unless the Government send a qualified
inspector, from time to time, to see that the regulations are pro-
perly carried out in the different market-towns of the country.

The cattle-market at Canton is situated outside the jurisdiction
of the corporation of Cardiff. Except at fair times, it is evi-
dently far too large for the requirements of the district, being

VOL. IX. — S. S. Q

220

Report on the Trade in Animals.

merely supplementary to the sheep and pig-market, and the
receiving-house for cattle, in the town itself. It bears marks of
not being frequently cleansed and disinfected, and the abundant
crop of grass on it appeared to me the natural effect of successive
doses of manure. Adjoining it is a large paddock, used for the
temporary reception of beasts intended for sale at the next market.

III. — The Foreign Cattle Trade.

The trade in animals with foreign countries is complicated
by the necessity of restricting free importation (subject to inspec-
tion of the animals) to countries which have been free from
cattle-plague for a certain period, and which do not permit the
importation of cattle from other countries in which cattle-plague
has existed within the period deemed necessary for the destruc-
tion of the germs of contagion.

For this reason, foreign countries which export live stock to
- England are divided into two classes — namely (1), the scheduled
countries, animals from which are killed at the port of landing ;
and (2), the unscheduled countries, animals from which must
undergo a quarantine of at least twelve hours at the port of landing,
and must then be examined during daylight by the Government
veterinary inspector ; if found health}’, they may be moved
inland, but if any animals are found affected with any contagious
or infectious disease, either the diseased animals or the whole
cargo may be immediately slaughtered at the port of landing.
The animals from scheduled countries are landed within a
specified circumscribed area, known as the “defined part of the
port,” beyond the confines of which they are not allowed to pass,
and within which they must be slaughtered within ten days,
exclusive of the day of landing. Animals from unscheduled
countries are landed at any other convenient part, and are sup-
posed not to come into contact with other animals until after their
inspection and their release as healthy animals, after which they
are regarded by the law, to all intents and purposes, as British
animals. But all animals, whatever their origin, breed, or
nationality, going within the confines of the “ defined part ”
of the port are immediately dealt with as if they had come from
a scheduled country, that is to say, they are not allowed egress
from the “ defined part ” except as “ dead meat.”

It is necessary to draw this distinction, because the influence
of the trade in foreign animals on the spread of foot-and-mouth
disease depends almost entirely upon the number and condition of
the animals imported from unscheduled countries, and scarcely at
all upon either the number or the condition of those coming from

Report on the Trade in Animals.

221

scliecluled countries, because the latter are slaughtered within the
defined part of the port at which they are landed.

As the statistics for the year 1872 are not yet available, it is
necessary to illustrate this paper with those for 1871, being the
last complete year previous to the investigation made during last
autumn. The figures are as follows ; —

Table VII. — Importations of Stock from Scheduled Countries in 1871.

Cattle.

Sheep.

Pigs.

Total.

Belgium j 301

104,394

2,099

106,794

France

1,709

1,733

Germany* < 77,141:

491,127

36,045

604,316

Kussia 270

374

77,715

595,605

39,897

713,217

Table VIII. — Importations of Stock from Unscheduled Countries in 1871.

Cattle.

Sheep.

Pigs.

Total.

Denmark

16,411

13,402

‘ 3,018

32,831

Holland f

106,186

304,417

41,850

452,453

Norway

1,020

2,129

3,190

Portugal

20,462

20,507

Spain

19,984

20,027

Sweden

5,615

633

131

6,379 .

Other countries . .

655

712

169,711

320,672

45,716

536,099

Now the question Avhich bears most closely on the object of
my investigation is clearly, How many of these animals were
found to be affected with foot-and-mouth or other contagious dis-
eases on their arrival in this country, and from what class of
country did they come — the scheduled or the unscheduled ?
The Report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council

* Sheep and goats from Germany were removed from the ‘‘ Schedule ” on
the 20th April, 1871 ; but the figures here given include the importations for the
■whole year.

+ Cattle brought from the Netherlands were under the operation of the
‘ Schedule” until the 20th April, 1871; but the figures here given include
the importations for the whole year.

Q 2

222

Report on the Trade in Animals.

for 1871 (p. 27) enables me to answer this question with pre-
cision as follows : —

'J’able IX. — Number of Imported Animals found affected with Foot-and-
Mouth Disease in 1871.

Cattle.

Sheep.

Pigs.

Total.

Percentage

Importations.

Scheduled Countries : —

Belgium

183

•171

Germany

219

•036

Unscheduled Countries : —

Spain

292

1-4

Portugal

201

•98

Holland

•0009*

Table X. — Number of Imported Sheep found affected with Scab in 18 d.

ScHEDCLFD Countries ; —
Belgium

Germany

Unscheduled Countries : —
Holland

Valparaiso

Number I

of I Percentage of those Imported.

Sheep.

313 '328, or about 3j per 1000

2642 ’538, or about oj per 1000

•003, or about 3 per 100,000

In addition to the foregoing, 1 German and 5 Dutch beasts
were discovered to be affected with pleuro-pneumonia during the
year 1871.

The figures relating to Holland prove that it is quite possible
to render inspection efficient. If the same high standard of
efficiency is not always maintained in a country, it must be
owing to a laxity on the part of the authorities, such as is not
unfrequently bred by immediate success. However, the monthly
reports published by the Veterinary Department during 1872,
stating the number of foreign animals brought by sea to ports in
Great Britain, which by inspection on landing were found to
be affected with a contagious or infectious disease, show that
during the whole of the year Holland sent us 181 cattle, 18 sheep,
and 40 pigs affected with foot-and-mouth disease, 1 beast with

* Not quite one in 100,000.

223

Report on the Trade in Animals.

pleuro-pneuinonia, and 9 sheep with sheep-scab. The Importa-
tions from the Netherlands last year amounted to 58,286 cattle,
239,734 sheep, and 9871 pigs, so that rather more than 3 cattle in
every thousand, or 8 animals in every ten thousand of the total
imports, were on inspection in England found affected with foot-
and-mouth disease. These facts seem to prove that, if proper
care is exercised in the inspection of animals, previous to
shipment and after landing, the risk of importing a disease
like foot-and-mouth, is reduced to very small proportions.

Foreign Ports — Hamburg. — The shipping-stage for cattle at
this port is provided with the best covered lair that 1 have seen,
with the exception, perhaps, of the London and North-Western
Company’s yard at Dublin. It is entirely covered by a double-span
roof; and cattle intended for shipment are said to be examined
here by the Government inspector. Unfortunately, the returns
of cattle found affected with contagious or infectious disease on
their landing in England show that the inspection at Hamburg
and other German ports is not so efficient as it might be. This
laxity is to some extent explained by the fact that so long as a
country is scheduled by the English Government there is less
care devoted to the detection of disease in the exporting country
than there otherwise might be, because it is felt that the animals
will be slaughtered at the port of landing in any case, and that
nothing worse can happen to them under any circumstances.
So long as countries are scheduled or unscheduled simply on
account of the possible danger of cattle-plague, this kind of
inattention to the detection of foot-and-mouth disease must be
expected to continue ; but if, over and above the precautions now
taken with reference to cattle-plague and sheep- pox, it were
insisted upon by the English Government that efficient inspection
with refeience to pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, and
sheep-scab, should be an indispensable condition to free entry of
live stock imported from foreign countries, a great improve-
ment would doubtless ensue. We might then, for instance, in
a short time import Spanish and Portuguese cattle free from
foot-and-mouth disease, whereas, in 1871, so large a proportion
of cattle affected with it arrived from those countries, that they
ought to have been scheduled in consequence.

The Hamburg cattle-market is situated outside the limits of
the town, and is arranged on the same plan as the Dublin and
Liverpool markets ; but the offices are more conveniently placed,
and each is marked with the name of the dealer who rents it. In
the neighbourhood of the market are extensive ranges of cattle-
sheds belonging to the dealers, and used by them for housing
their stock before sending them to the shipping-stage, or to
the market, as the case may be. At the time when I was in

224

Report on the Trade in Animals.

Hamburg these cattle-sheds were in greater request than usual,
because no cattle could be sent into the fields in a certain district,
for fear of their becoming infected with the cattle-plague.

The cattle, sheep, and pigs which arrive at Hamburg by
railway are either penned at the station previous to being sent
to the market, or are driven to the cattle-sheds belonging to the
owner. The railway-pens are very extensive, and seemed to be
used for keeping animals a considerable time. But the same
objection exists against these pens and cowsheds as against
the fields occupied by the English and Irish salesmen, namely,
that diseased animals may be left behind and infect others.
They have, however, the'advantage of being easily cleansed and
disinfected, whereas in the case of fields that is impossible.

The outbreak of cattle-plague at Hamburg, and the vigorous
manner in which the disease had been stamped out by the
authorities, were matters of great interest at the time of my visit ;
I therefore drew up the following brief sketch, from information
kindly given me by the British Consul and other gentlemen who
had personal knowledge of the circumstances.

On July 23rd cattle-plague was discovered to have broken out
on a farm in the neighbourhood of the town, and a cow died from
it on that day. A cordon of police was immediately drawn round
the infected place, and ten beasts which were included - within
it were immediately slaughtered. The farmhouse was also in-
cluded within the police-cordon, and the farmer and his household
were compelled to undergo forty-eight hours’ quarantine before
they were admitted outside the line of investment. At the regu-
lation distance (I believe about a mile) beyond the police-cordon,
was an outer circle of military, and no person who went within
that line could come out until after he had been carefully disin-
fected. No domestic animals, whether cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, or
horses, were allowed to pass the military line under any circum-
stances. People whose business compelled them to pass it (the
inner line was kept unbroken), such as veterinary inspectors,
police, and other officials, were disinfected previous to repassing it
in the following manner : — The person was placed in a kind of
sentry-box, having a perforated platform inside for him to stand
upon, and an orifice in the door large enough to receive the greater
portion of the face, or, at any rate, the mouth, nose, and eyes, thus
preventing suffocation. Beneath the platform was a large vessel
containing one of the jneparations used for obtaining large quan-
tities of free chlorine gas. Chemical action having been set up,
the door was firmly closed, and the gas escaped in dense clouds
into the sentry-box, penetrating the clothes and hair of the person
inside, and thoroughly destroying (as is believed) any germs
of disease that may have become attached to him. Notwith-

225

Report on the Trade in Animals.

standing these precautions, the plague burst through the military
cordon on two occasions, to a distance of not quite a mile each
time. Altogether 4 animals died and 100 were killed in conse-
quence of their contact, or supposed contact, with the diseased
beasts. The last case of slaughter was on August 26th, a
little more than a month after the fiist case of Rinderpest was
discovered ; and on September 18th the district was declared
free from disease. Although more than three weeks had thus
elapsed since the slaughter of the last suspected animal, the time
was apparently not long enough for the destruction of the virus, as
the Rinderpest was shortly afterwards said to have again appeared
at Hamburg ; but I am not acquainted with the details of this
fresh outbreak.

The essential differences between the foregoing method of
proceeding and our own will be at once recognised in the
double cordon, the compulsory disinfection, and the slaughter
of animals at the discretion of the authorities without their being
put to the proof of “ contact ” of such animals with those that
are known to have been affected with cattle-plague. The English
law, on the other hand, enacts (Act, § 66) that “a local
authority may, if they think fit, cause to be slaughtered any
animal that has been in the same shed or stable, or in the same
herd or flock, or in contact with any animal affected with cattle-
plague within their district.” Further, it is enacted (§ 69), that
the compensation for the slaughter of animals under § 66, if the
owner elects that the local authority shall dispose of the car-
cases, shall be “ such sum, not exceeding thirty pounds, as may
equal three-fourths of the value of the animal slaughtered.”
But if the animal slaughtered is itself affected with cattle-plague,
or with a disease suspected to be cattle-plague, then (§ 68) the
compensation shall be “ such sum, not exceeding twenty pounds,
and not exceeding one-half of the value of the animal imme-
diately before it was affected with cattle-plague, as to the local
authority seems fit.”

The Act, therefore, imposes conditions which have a ten-
dency to make farmers conceal cases of disease, in consequence
of their inability to recover more than three-fourths of the value
of the animal to the butcher (a mere trifle compared with the
value of pedigree stock for breeding purposes). It also compels
the ratepayers of affected districts who are not responsible for a
disaster to pay for the negligence of those who ought to be so.
For instance, the ratepayers of the East Riding of Yorkshire
have recently had to pay for the negligence and bad arrangements
of the authorities of Hull.* It therefore seems absolutely neces-

* Fide tlie description of tlie arrangements at Hull, p. 22S.

226 Rejiort on the Trade in Animals.

sarj that the law should be so alteied as to place these matters
on an equitable footing.

Dutch Ports. — Having described in detail the arrangements
at Hamburg, it will not be necessary to do more than glance at
a few differences in those which prevail at Rotterdam and Har-
lingen— the two principal ports of shipment in Holland. At
all the Dutch markets and lairs the system of pens for cattle,
with which we are familiar, is replaced by a system of posts and
rails, the latter being furnished with rings at regular intervals.
To these rings the beasts are tied by the head, and nothing can
be more orderly and cleanly than the way in which everything
is managed, from the railway to the market, thence to the
dealers’ lairs, and ultimately to the steamboat. The Dutch law
is very strict as to inspection ; and not only are the stock in-
spected on the market, but it is specially enacted that they must
be examined, previous to shipment, in broad daylight by a
Government inspector. I was also informed at Rotterdam that
the shipping companies keep a veterinary surgeon in their
employment to make an inspection on their own account. If
it is considered for a moment that Holland is not a scheduled
country, and that Dutch cows are in great request in England
for dairy purposes, it will be admitted that these precautions are
taken because it would not pay anybody concerned to send over
diseased animals, which would probably condemn the whole cargo
to immediate slaughter at the port of debarkation. It may
also be mentioned that the Dutch fully appreciate the value of
giving stock food and water previous to embarkation.

The Eastern English Ports. — The chief British ports engaged
in the trade in foreign cattle are naturally on the eastern coast ;
but, as already stated, a small proportion of cattle are also im-
ported into some of the southern and western ports. Table XI., on
the following page, shows the number and kind of foreign animals
landed at each port in 1871 ; and an examination of it seems to
suggest the desirability of striking some of the less important off
the list, and thus saving the expense of the inspectors who
are, I presume, now appointed for the purpose of examining the
few foreign animals which are landed there.

Hull. — This port has acquired an unenviable reputation in
consequence of its having been the inlet of cattle-plague into
Great Britain both in 1865 and 1872. It therefore seemed to
me worth special inquiry whether any defect in the local
arrangements might have been the cause of these invasions of
the Rinderpest. Hull has the largest trade in foreign animals
of any port on the north side of the Humber ; and, with the
exception of Harwich and London, the largest in the United
Kingdom. In 1871 as many as 71,176 foreign animals were

227

Report on the Trade in Animals.

Imported into Hull, nearly lialf of them being horned stock.
The trade is chiefly with Hamburg, Bremen, Rotterdam, and
Harlingen ; but a certain number of cattle occasionally arrive
from other ports. The now famous cargo of Russian cattle
brought into Hull from Cronstadt in the ‘Joseph Soames,’ on
July 25th, 1872, is an example. I was informed by a Hull
merchant that this was an experiment to ascertain whether
Russian cattle could be profitably imported ; and it may be
satisfactory (to agriculturists) to learn that, even if rinderpest
had not been imported with these cattle, the venture would not
have been profitable to those who made it.

Table XL — A Eeturx of the Ports at which Cattle, &c., have been Imported
in the Year 1871, stating the Xuiuher Imported at each Port.

Live Stock Imported into the United Kingdom in the Year 1871.

Imported.

Oxen and
Bulls.

Cows.

Calves.

Sheep and
Lambs.

Swine and
Hogs.

Aggregate
of all Kinds.

London ..

Xumher.

75,326

Number.

22,370

Number.

23,443

Number.

590,840

Number.

31,863

Number.

743,842

Bristol . .

Carditf . .

124

, .

124

Dartmouth . .

Falmouth

3,168

Goole

452

1,396

161

2,110

Grimsby

1,425

326

11,512

10,818

24,160

Hartlepool . .

1,341

3,383

151

30,922

4,119

39,916

Harwich

2,880

11,635

10,936

141,354

19,827

186,632

Hull .. ..

7,872

21,860

4,800

30,719

5,925

71,176

Littlehampton

Liverpool

7,291

8,183

578

16,071

Middlesborough

206

2,013

249

9,524

903

12,895

Newcastle

5,042

5,802

39,783

6,090

56,786

Plymouth

6,778

218

7,014

Portsmouth ..

4,641

813

5,461

Shields, South

Shoreham

, ,

Southampton

13,i31

885

14,079

Sunderland ..

••

38,877

3,060

41,944

Leith

5,624

3,985

12,682

386

22,752

Glasgow

340

364

Grangemouth

520

Granton

326

il2

647

1,144

Kirkwall

••

Dublin ..

714

716

Cork

••

Total

••

135,133

73,339

40,139

917,076

85,562

1,251,249

Statistical Department, Custom House, London,
lOt/t April, 1872.

S. Seldon.

Cattle from unscheduled countries are landed at a considerable

228 Report on the Trade in Animals.

distance from the boundaries of the defined part of the port, upon
the “promenade” adjoining the Albert Dock, and are imme-
diately taken to some well constructed and carefully kept sheds
near the landing-place, where they remain until after inspection
by the Government veterinary inspector. The Dock Company
charge the consignees a small fee per head for receiving the
cattle and taking charge of them during the period of quaran-
tine. After inspection they can, if healthy, be sent into the coun-
try ; and they are consequently sold either in the depot or at the
market in Edward’s Place (see B, Fig. 1). It is to be wished
that the arrangements relating to cattle from scheduled countries
could be put on as satisfactory a footing as those just described.
Such cattle are landed within the defined part of the port, gene-
rally either in the Humber Dock, or in the portion of the
Plumber Dock Basin within the limits of the defined part (see
dotted line in Fig. 1). They are then driven to the depot in
Bath Place (A, Fig. 1), where they are inspected, and sold for
slaughter within the limits of the defined part. An inspection
of the plan will show that the ordinary cattle-market in Edward’s

Fig. 1. — Plan of the “ defined part ” of the Port of Hull and the
adjacent streets.

A. Depot and Quarantine Station for Foreign Cattle from Scheduled countries.

B. Market for English and Unscheduled Foreign Cattle.

The dotted line shows the limits of the “ defined part ” of the port.

Place (B, Fig. 1) is dangerously near the landing-places and the
cattle-depot within the defined part of the port ; and, in fact, to

Report on the Trade in Animals.

229

the defined part itself as a whole. Besides the danger arising
from cattle rushing up a wrong turning, and so into the midst of a
lot of English beasts, there is the greater danger arising from the
drovers and dealers themselves going direct from a lot of foreign
animals into the English cattle-market, not much more than
100 yards off. Many people are of opinion that in this way the
cattle-plague virus was taken direct from the ‘Joseph Soames ’
into the market in Edward’s Place. It will be remembered that
there were altogether eight importations of cattle affected with
Rinderpest,* namely, two each into Deptford, Hartlepool, and
Newcastle, and one each into Leith and Hull. Shortly after-
wards cattle-plague broke out in the East Riding of Yorkshire ;
and this result was attributed by some to the cause already indi-
cated, and by others to the washing on shore of the diseased car-
cases, Avhich had been apparently sunk in a lighter, by order of the
Government inspectors. Probably the Report of the Veterinary
Department for last year will eventually clear up this matter ;t
but in the meantime it may be observed that Professor Simonds
has stated that, so far as the investigation had then gone
[August, 1872], the outbreak of cattle-plague “in no way
depended on the washing ashore of the carcases of the animals
which ought to have been sunk off the mouth of the Humber.”
Should this inference be confirmed, the Privy Council should,
in the public interest, either extend the limits of the defined
part of the port, so as to include the existing cattle-market
within them, or they should remove the “defined part ” to a
distant part of the port, or they should remove Hull from the list
of ports at which animals from scheduled countries could be
landed. If the first step were taken, the Corporation of Hull
would be compelled to provide a new cattle-market, available
sites for which (such as Fair Field) are not wanting in suitable
situations ; but at present it is not too much to say that the limits
and position of the defined part of the port are regulated by the
situation of private slaughter-houses, without regard to the
dangerous proximity of the ordinary cattle-market.

Haricich. — This port is little more than a resting-place and

* See ‘ Journal of the Koval Agricultural Society,’ 2nd series, vol. viii., part 2,
No. 16, pp. 367-373.

t In order to do this satisfactorily, the Eeport should describe the manner in
which the provisions of the last i)aragi‘npli of Section 61 of the Contagious
Diseases (Animals) Act (relating to the disinfection of persons having come in
contact with animals afiected with cattle-plague) were carried out by the Hull
authorities on the persons of the veterinary inspectors, police, sailors, drovers,
and others who came in contact with the plague-stricken animals (or their
excreta) forming part of the cargo of the ‘ Joseph Soames.’

J Log. clt., p. 373.

230

Report on the Trade in AnimaU.

quarantine station, and the arrangements there are very much
like those at Holyhead and New Milford. There is, however, a
remarkable difference in the manner in which the cattle are
landed ; for the Harwich boats are discharged by gangs of sailors
(I believe the crews of the vessels), each man leading a beast
by its head-rope, and in due time returning for another. The
cattle-trade of Harwich is confined to that with unscheduled
countries, and is practically restricted to Holland and Belgium,
whenever the trade with those countries is unfettered. There
is, therefore, no defined part of the port, and the whole of the
animals landed may pass into the country if, after at least
twelve hours’ quarantine, they are certified by the Government
inspector to be free from any contagious or infectious disease.

In 1871 the importations into Harwich amounted to 2880
oxen and bulls, 11,635 cows, 10,936 calves, 141,354 sheep and
lambs, and 19,827 swine, making a total of 186,632 animals.
.Out of this large number, only 11 pigs from Antwerp and 4 sheep
from Rotterdam were found affected with disease, namely, foot-
and-mouth. This fact, so far from being universally regarded as
satisfactory, is by some considered evidence that the diseased
condition of many other animals has been passed undetected. It
may, therefore, be useful to quote the following official state-
ment from the Report of the Veterinary Department for 1871
(pp. 8 and 9) : —

“ During tlie year 1871 no case of foot-and-mouth disease or pleuro-
pneumonia occurred in the parishes of either Harwich or Dovercourt. These
parishes contain an area of upwards of 3000 acres, within which area are
many farms and dairies. At Harwich more Dutch cattle have been landed
since the restrictions were removed than at any other port in Great Britain,
except London. The cow'-keepers at Harwich and Dovercourt are in the
habit of filling up any vacancies in their dairies with Dutch cows, and there
is scarcely a farmer in Dovercourt parish who has not taken Dutch cattle in
to keep. Notwitlnstanding this, these parishes enjoy an exceptional freedom
from contagious or infectious diseases amongst their stock.”

This statement is corroborated by the following extract from a
letter written by a resident in the neighbourhood, well qualified
to form an opinion on the subject, were it necessary. The
following, however, is merely a statement of fact : —

“ There has been a market held at Harwich every Friday since last May
(1871) for the sale of foreign store cattle and milch cows; these arrive on the
Hunday, Tuesday, and Thursday; after undergoing the twelve hours’ quarantine,
if free from disease, they are delivered to their owners, who turn them out to
graze on the pastures in Harwich and Dovercourt till the market day. 1
have seen them grazing with nothing but a fence separating them from the
home-bred cattle ; and it will surprise you when 1 tell you that neither of
these two parishes has had a case of pleuro-pneumonia or foot-and-mouth
disease within them. If foot-and-mouth disease is all imported, will any one tell

231

Report on the Trade in Animals.

me why Harwich and Dovercourt are free when tlicre have been more foreign
cattle driven through and kept in them than any parish I know? The
number of animals which arrived at Harwich in July was a little over 28,000
— I think this is about the average number — from 4000 to 5000 of these were
cattle, the remainder sheep and pigs; three-fourths of the cattle were store
nnd milch cows. A great number of Dutch cattle are grazing in the Tendring
Hundred district. 1 have never seen one have the foot-and-mouth when they
have been taken direct from Harwich.”

London. — Considering that more than half of the total number
■of foreign animals imported into the United Kingdom come
direct to London, it may be expected that the arrangements at
the different wharves and landing-places would be described in
this Report in considerable detail. It will be sufficient, however,
to state the facts very briefly. Animals from scheduled countries
must be landed at the new Foreign Cattle Market at Deptford —
an immense series of lairs and slaughter-houses, which are
walled in on every side except the river, where they are ap-
proached by three well-appointed landing-stages, at which cattle
can be unshipped at any state of the tide. The arrangements
are so nearly perfect that they deserve careful description and
illustration on account of their intrinsic merit ; but it is enough
for the purpose of this Report to state that they are admirably
adapted for the prevention of the conveyance of germs of disease
beyond the walls of the market itself — that is to say, beyond the
boundary of the defined part of the port of London. The
wharves for the reception of cattle from unscheduled countries
present no special feature that requires detailed description.
They are situated on the opposite side of the river from Deptford,
and may be regarded as merely resting-places and quarantine
stations between the steamboats and the Metropolitan Cattle
Market at Islington.

IV. — Steamboats Engaged in the Cattle Trade.

The arrangements of the steamboats engaged In carrying cattle
are in principle the same in the Irish trade as in the Foreign.
There are differences in detail, but otherwise a description of any
ordinary steamboat will give a fair idea of the others.

Commencing Avith the embarkation of the cattle, it may be
stated that in Ireland they are always driven, and in Holland
generally led, on board. The cruelty often practised by drovers
during this operation is quite unnecessary, and has, if I am not
mistaken, led to a series of investigations and reports to the Irish
Government. It is, however, extremely difficult for a known
official to see, and much more to describe, the actual course of
events under ordinary circumstances. For this reason I believe

232

Report on the Trade in Animals.

that the deteiTent influence of an energetic officer of the Royal
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is very great,
provided that the police authorities understand that his activity
does not relieve them from responsibility.

The practice of slinging is not now resorted to except in cases
of necessity. The usual plan is to drive the beasts to the gangway-
plank, and so to arrange their subsequent route that they have no
choice but to reach their proper destination. This they do,
generally half blinded with pain and deafened with noise, and
are then secured by a head-rope in the position which they have
to occupy throughout the passage.

Why the head-rope should not be put on in the receiving-yard
of the forwarding compan}", and the animal led on board, as in
Holland, I cannot understand. It would, in my opinion, take
no more men and would occupy less time than the present
system,

- The following section of a cattle steamboat will illustrate the
manner in which cattle are stowed. The number of holds, the
number of rows of pens (both of which are reduced to a mini-
mum in the sketch, for the sake of simplicity), and other matters
of detail, will, of course, vary with the nature of the traffic and
the size of the steamboat. Some have as few holds as those
shown in the figure, while others have as many as three cattle-
holds, and carry animals on the poop or bridge as well as on
the main deck.

Fig. 2. — Transverse Section, illustrating the Ventilation and Stoicage of
the Cattle-hold of a Steamboat.

233

Report on the Trade in Animals.

Altliough live stock are carried on deck as well as in the holds,
the owners much prefer the former method. The deck, however,
is usually reserved for horses, so far as the space is required ; and
in the event of room being still available, the preference is
generally given to sheep and pigs, except when a very large or
very liberal consignor secures it for his beasts. It is important
to understand that it is a great advantage to secure deck-places
for cattle, because this knowledge enables one to appreciate the
conditions which require amendment in the sea-conveyance of
live stock. The officer of the watch on one of the steamers
plying between Drogheda and Liverpool — a passage of about
twelve hours — told me that the cattle on deck would fetch in
the market at least \l. per head more than they would have
done if they had been in the hold, whereas the charge for convey-
ance Avas less than half this sum. On this occasion there were
not a large number of cattle in the hold, but they raised the
temperature from 70°, at rvhich my registering thermometer
stood on deck, to 80° in the hold near the hatchway. Several
observations of the temperature of the holds of cattle-boats gave
about the same result, the index never falling below 79°, nor
rising much above 80°.

The mode in which the ventilation of the hold is usually per-
formed Avill be understood by reference to the longitudinal section
of an ideal steamboat (Fig. 3, p. 234), in which the ordinary
metal “ ventilators” or “ windsails” are alone used for the purpose.

This diagram indicates the fact that mere “openings” do not
necessarily produce currents of fresh air, but that the proper
removal of vitiated air from the holds, and its renewal by fresh air
through the agency of the Avindsails, depend upon the concur-
rence of several favourable conditions. First of all, it is necessary
that the mouth of the ventilator should be kept in a position to
receiA’e the wind, and thus make its shaft a more or less powerful
“ down-cast” or supply-pipe of fresh air. If this is not done
carefully, it is obvious that the supply of fresh air to the hold
must A’ery soon be practically stopped. The same result must
follow during the time that the steamboat is at anchor or moored to
a wharf, or when there is little or no wind. This not unfrequently
happens in the case of the Cork steamers, which have to Avait for
the tide at Passage from one to four or five hours. It is also
the case when the steamer is sloAvly feeling its Avay up a tortuous
river, such as the Avon from Kingroad to Bristol ; for, howeA'er
attentive the creAV may be, their other duties do not allow them
time to shift the ventilator with every change in the course of the
steamboat along a winding stream.

In the second place, the amount of air conveyed into the
hold by these A'entilators is dependent upon the relation existing

234

Report on the Trade in Animals.

between the direction of the wind
and the course of the steam-
boat. If the wind is, for instance,
ahead of the steamboat, its ven-
tilating force is increased by the
accelerated velocity due to the
speed of the vessel, say 10 miles
an hour. If, on the contrary, the
wind is abaft the steamboat, its
ventilating force is diminished
to even a greater extent, because
the steamboat will be then
making more way. However,
it may be reckoned that the ven-
tilating force of wind (of a given
velocity) on the hold of a cattle-
steamer varies to the extent of
that due to a current of air tra-
velling at the rate of 20 miles
per hour.

The influence of the direction
of the wind on the ventilation
of the hold is not confined to
the circumstance just stated. It
is well understood that proper
ventilation cannot be obtained
without an outlet for the noxi-
ous gases, as well as an inlet for
the fresh air. The ventilation of
the hold of a ship is therefore
as dependent upon a proper out-
let or “ upcast ” as a proper inlet
or “ downcast.” The upcast is
almost always obtained by leav-
ing the hatchways open (see Fig.
3), and not unfrequently this
opening is made to do double
duty by having a canvas wind-
sail put down the centre of it.
Of course, if the wind is abaft
the steamer, it assists in blowing
away the vitiated and heated air
that seeks to ascend, partly in con-
sequence of the action of the down-
cast, but chiefly in obedience to
the force of gravity. If, how-

235

Report on the Trade in Animals.

ever, the wind is ahead, it tends to drive the exhausted air back
into the hold, and further acts as a shut valve to prevent its
escape.* Similarly, the downcast air has to overcome the resist-
ance of a column of heated air which is naturally ascendinj;;,
and, as it were, trying to escape through the tube of the windsail.

These defects, however, can be easily controlled by mechanical
means ; and as it does not appear that contrivances for this pur-
pose are generally known, I have thought it advisable to give a
section of a metal windsail or ventilator, furnished with an upcast
as well as a downcast arrangement, so as to remove the last-men-
tioned obstruction to the column of fresh air ; and also of one of
the machines known as blast ventilators, which are worked by a
small steam-pipe from the ship’s boiler.

The first of these arrangements does not require any further
explanation ; and of the second, it will be sufficient to state that
the steam from the boiler entering the small steam-pipe shown
in Fig. 5, and impinging agdinst a wheel having transverse pro-
jecting ridges on its circumference, drives it round as water does
an ordinary water-wheel. The shaft from this wheel is connected
with a fan (shown in the upper part of the figure) which drives fresh
air into the hold, acting like the blower of a winnowing machine.
The manufacturers (the Co-operative Ironworks Company, North-
moor Foundry, Oldham t) have informed me that such an appa-
ratus, capable of injecting 350 cubic feet of air per minute, costs
only 15/. 10s. Larger sizes cost more money, but are nevertheless
relatively cheaper, in comparison with their power, so that a
machine capable of pumping into the hold 4500 cubic feet of air
per minute does not cost more than 55/. 10s. Under these cir-
cumstances, it appears to me that all cattle-boats should be
furnished wdth machine ventilators of such a power that the
ventilation of their holds should be both adequate and uniform,
without being dependent on variations in the force and direction
of the wind, the state of the tide, or the speed of the steamboat.

That there is no practical difficulty in the way of ventilating
the cattle-holds by mechanical means is sufficiently proved by
the fact that some of the steamboats belonging to the City of
Dublin Steamboat Company and the North German Lloyd are

* Mr. Walters has also noticed this fact in the ‘ Food Journal,’ vol. iii. p. 469.
That gentleman, however, seems to infer that the lower holds are the worst
ventilated ; but a consideration of the various circumstances affecting the ventila-
tion of steamboats ouglit to be suffieient to show, on the contrary, that, in a steamboat
having several cattle-iiolds, the best ventilated one is, exteris paribus, the lowest,
because there is the greatest difference in the relative weights of the upcast and
downcast columns of air having access to it.

t ^Machines for, I believe, drawing off foul air are manufactured by the Union
Engineering Company, 2, Clarence Buildings, Booth Street, IManchester; but I
have not received a section of one in time for publication.

VOL, IX. — S. S.

Steam Pipe

230

Report on the Trade in Animals.

Fig. 4. — Section of Harness’ Patent Air-circiilating Ventilator.

Deck

« >■

Hold.

Downcast-pipe for
fresh air.

E.\it of hot air.

— <^Hot air ascending through
the annular sheath of the
ventilator.

Fig. 5. — Section of a Ship>’s Ventilating Blast-fan.

Hold.

237

Report on the Trade in Animals.

already fitted with blast- ventilators. I never had the good
fortune to secure a passage on board one of these boats, but
1 witnessed the unloading of a cargo of Bremen cattle at Hull
from a steamboat thus fitted belonging to the latter company,
and was so struck with their cool and fresh appearance that
I examined the vessel. The good condition of the cattle was,
doubtless, due to the action of the machine ventilator, as I could
find no other distinctive feature in the steamboat. These cattle
presented to my mind a great contrast with those usually landed
at Bristol and Liverpool, which have the steaming coat anil the
tottering gait characteristic of a cargo of Irish beasts after a
voyage of less than half the length of that from Bremen to Hull.

The passage from Bremen, or Hamburg, to Hull, is said to
occupy thirty-six hours, and in fair weather it may be done in
that time ; but I have been three nights and two days in a
cattle boat from Hamburg to Hull, and occasionally the passage
takes even longer. It is obvious that if cattle are to be landed
in even tolerable, not to say superior, condition after a sea
voyage of that duration, they must be supplied with a fair
cjuantity of fresh air as well as food, and must be allowed suffi-
cient room to lie down. The practice of different companies
varies somewhat in detail, but the principle is the same. On
the steamer in which I travelled from Hamburg the fore-hold
was reserved for cattle ; there was no machine-ventilator, but
there were two downcast windsails forward, and two upcasts
abaft the hatchway, which was also used for ventilating pur-
poses. The floor of the hold had a thick layer of sand, partly
for ballast, and partly to soak up the liquid excretions. The
beasts were allowed sufficient room to lie down, and were fed
twice a day by the crew, who received 8t?. per head of cattle,
divided between them, for performing this duty. I was informed
that cattle will rarely eat the first day that they are at sea, but
that afterwards they eat very well, though they drink little or
nothing. After discharging the cattle, the sand and manure are
taken out, the hold is washed with water, and then strewed with
chloride of lime. The Harlingen merchants prefer to send their
own drovers to feed and look after their cattle, and they use
sawdust instead of sand for litter.

So far as I have been able to observe, it has seemed that the
longer the average duration of the passage, the better the cattle
are cared for, and the better do they appear when landed. This
fact was forcibly illustrated at Harwich on one occasion when I
had travelled from Rotterdam with a very full boat-load of
cattle, sheep, and dead meat. The average length of the journey
is from 12 to 14 hours, but, on this occasion, an adverse gale of
wind had extended it to 28, of which 17 were spent at sea

R 2

238

Report on the Trade in Animals.

between Hellevoetsluys and Harwich. The beasts were packed
as tightly as in the Irish trade, and they came out of the hold in
the same steaming condition ; while the sheep, which had been
packed on the bridge, were doubtless suffering from the other
extreme of temperature. Between Rotterdam and Harwich the
cattle are not fed and watered, as the shortness of the average
passage renders it unnecessary ; and the difference in the con-
dition of the beasts when landed seemed to me entirely due to
overcrowding and consequent insufficient ventilation.

The steamboats engaged in the Irish traffic are, for the most
part, managed in the same manner as the Harwich boats. Saw-
dust is used as litter, the beasts are packed as closely as possible,,
and the ventilation is generally more or less insufficient. These
conditions produce a very foul atmosphere, containing a large
quantity of moisture exhaled from the bodies of the animals, and
a remarkable quantity of ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, and
other disagreeable gases. As a consequence it is almost impos-
sible for a man not accustomed to the duty to remain in the-
hold even for a minute, the effect upon his eyes being far worse
than that of the reddest London fog. The ammoniacal gases
also irritate the nose and the throat, while the exhalations from
the solid excreta are far more potent than what would generally
be considered sufficient to induce, if not to generate, fever in.
human habitations. The effect of such conditions upon an
animal that has fasted for two or three days seems to me too
obvious to require explanation.

The temperature is not so high as might perhaps be antici-
pated. Blood-heat is 98° Fahr., and the temperature of the
hottest part of the body of even a diseased animal does not often
rise to more than 105°. The comparatively low average tem-
perature of 80° which prevails in the hold of a cattle-boat is,
therefore, easily explained by the fact that the large quantity of
moisture continually being generated in the hold, and passed
through its atmosphere, absorbs, and retains latent, a vast quan-
tity of heat to keep it in the state of steam.

The extent of the evaporation of moisture from the bodies of
animals closely packed in a steamboat can scarcely be realised
by those who have not witnessed the landing of a large cargo of
Irish beasts. Mr. Walters* has mentioned the fact that when
the importations from Ireland via Bristol consisted chiefly of
pigs, one who saw the vessels arrive “ needed nothing but one’s
nose to know what they had for a cargo.” At the present day
the landing of a large cargo of beasts is not unfrequently made
known to people at a short distance by the mist they create, in
consequence of the exhalation of steam from their bodies.

* ‘Food Journal,’ vol. iv., Xo. 37, February 1873, p. 17.

239

Report on the Trade in Animals.

The condition of animals on landing must bo regarded as an
index of the state of the place they have left ; therefore, the
question of the proper cleansing of the holds of cattle-ships
appears one of paramount importance. It seems impossible to
conceive any circumstances more favourable to the develop-
ment of germs of disease than those existing in the hold of a
steamboat, just as seeds of plants will germinate more quickly
in a greenhouse than under ordinary atmospheric influ-
ences. It is, therefore, most essential that such places should
be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected, under the superin-
tendence of the Government Inspector, before the vessels are
allowed to take a return cargo. It is useless to trust to such a
process of cleansing as will enable a return cargo to be taken, for
the germs of disease have a vitality sufficient to outlive several
short passages, if not destroyed by direct means. I should,
therefore, recommend that no steamboat or other vessel shall be
allowed by the Veterinary Inspector at the port of embarkation
to receive animals until after the master or owner has delivered
a certificate, signed by the Veterinary Inspector at the last port
of debarkation, certifying that such steamboat or other vessel has
been properly cleansed and disinfected since the last landing of
animals therefrom.

I am aware that some of the steamboats engaged in the Con-
tinental trade return in ballast, and that their cleansing and
disinfection is said to be done during the return voyage. In
these cases it will be urged that such a rule as that just recom-
mended would involv'e the loss of a tide, and that this would
add such a price to the cost of transit of the cattle as to amount
to a prohibitive duty. To meet such objections it would be
easy to make an alternative rule that animals Imported in vessels
not complying with the foregoing stipulation should be treated
as coming from a scheduled country, that is to say, that such
animals should be slaughtered at the port of landing.

Before concluding this part of the subject I must mention
what may, perhaps, be considered a trivial matter. But the mode
of disposal of the mixture of manure and sand, or manure and
sawdust, from steamboats, and that of the manure from receiv-
ing yards, is really by no means unimportant. Generally it is
sold at intervals, either more or less disinfected by mixture with
quicklime or otherwise ; but the London and North-Western
Railway Company prefer to avoid all risk by placing it on the
“ spondons ” (the projecting ridges of the paddle-boxes) of their
steamboats, and shovelling it overboard when they get into the
“Race” or most rapid part of St. George’s Channel. Whatever
system is adopted the disposal of these refuse substances should

240

Report on the Trade in Animals.

be under such regulations as are calculated to j'.revent their
becoming a vehicle for the conveyance of contagion.

V. — Conclusion.

During the progress of the investigation, the results of which
have been described in the preceding pages, I was careful to
note the bearing of the facts upon the suggestions which the
Society might make to the Government, with a view to the
improvement of the existing regulations, by rendering them
better calculated to prevent the spread of disease. It requires
considerable care, however, to avoid a judgment biassed unduly
in favour of any one interest to the injury of the remainder.
For instance, the proposal to subject all animals imported from
Ireland to a quarantine of ten days would, no doubt, if properly
carried out, give farmers who buy Irish store cattle a great amount
of. security against the purchase of disease. But the importations
from Ireland average considerably more than 1000 beasts per diem,
divided for the most part between four or five ports ; and at each
port accommodation would be required for ten days’ importation
(say between 2000 and 3000 beasts, besides sheep and pigs). To
serve the purpose of the quarantine, each day’s importation
would have to be absolutely separated from every other day’s
importation, and the pen for each animal would have to be
capable of complete isolation fro.m that of every other. The
piactical difficulty and expense of providing the necessary
accommodation would, therefore, be enormous, the whole falling
upon the farmer in the first instance, but ultimately taking the
shape of a tax upon the consumer.

It is not my intention to discuss further this or any other
proposed remedy. The mere statement of the one quoted is
sufficient to illustrate the difficulty of having due regard to the
claims of conflicting interests, viz., the British and the foreign
producers, the dealers, and the consumers. Solutions on the
principle of cutting the Gordian knot are, in my view, altogether
inadmissible ; and I, therefore, carefully studied the question of
inspection with a view to test its efficacy, when conducted under
proper regulations. The conclusion at which I arrived was that
inspection at the ports of both the exporting and the importing
country, as at Rotterdam and Harwich, with proper control of
the persons engaged in the trade, proper supervision of their
premises, proper inspection of the steamboats, cattle-trucks, and
receiving-yards, and due regard to the most elementary prin-
ciples of hygiene, would go a very long way towards bringing
the danger of importing foot-and-mouth disease under control.

241

Report on the Trade in Animals.

It is, however, equally necessary to exercise strict supervision
over the inland trade, and over what may be termed the
domestic movement of stock, by making proper regulations
with regard to fairs and markets, the provision of slaughter-
houses, and other matters now left optional with the local
authorities. And in all cases it is most desirable that uniform
action should be secured throughout the country.

Accordingly, my original report to the Council of the Society
last November (being an abstract of the facts contained in the
preceding pages) was accompanied by a draft of a series of
suggestions based on the principles just stated. Some of these
suggestions could not, at present, be carried out at all places to
which they were made applicable, especially in Ireland ; but it
seemed to me that if the places that could not comply with the
regulations were therefore abandoned as centres of the cattle-
trade, the public benefit would be enormous. For instance,
what possible good can result from the holding of 6000 fairs per
annum in Ireland alone ? If only one-half of them were aban-
doned in consequence of the compulsion to divide the fair-green
into pens, which should be cleansed and disinfected, the only
persons who would suffer would be the local publicans, and the
benefit to the rest of the community would be very great. The
same argument holds good for the rest of the United Kingdom,
but it has not, probably, the same force everywhere.

The registration of sales of stock at fairs and markets is also
another point that would be difficult to carry out in all localities
under existing circumstances ; but, in my judgment, a mart that
is too insignificant to sustain the expense of such an arrange-
ment ought not to be held at all. The probability is that if
such a system had been in operation at Hull when the ‘ Joseph
Soames’ arrived, the whereabouts of every animal still living,
that had been in the tainted market, would have been at once
ascertained ; and if the authorities had been energetic enough,
and the law would have permitted the procedure, the whole
of them would have been “ sides of beef ” in less than a week.

The difficulty of securing trustworthy inspectors has been
frequently quoted as insuperable, and doubtless a coin of the
realm is an exceedingly bad eyeglass. But if the Inspectors were
properly paid, and were compelled to make returns of each
cargo and each market to the local authority and the Govern-
ment, stating not only the number of diseased animals in each, the
names of the owners, and the nature of the disease, but also indi-
cating the stage which the disease had reached, such returns, in the
case of ports, from the Inspector in Ireland would be a check upon
the returns made by the Inspector at the English port, and vice
versa, and thus the inspection would be rendered efficient.

242

Report on the Trade in Animals.

Asa matter of fact, however, 1 am not aware that complaints
against the manner in which the Veterinary Inspectors in
England discharge their duty have been often preferred, and
I anl not conversant with a single case in which any accusation
has been substantiated. There is probably more uncertainty
felt as to the action of the Continental Inspectors, and less
reliance placed on their skill. For instance, it is not unfre-
quently stated that measures are taken to get animals from a
scheduled country passed into England as if they had come
from an unscheduled country ; thus German sheep are stated to
be shipped at Hamburg for Antwerp, and sent from Antwerp
to England as Belgian. Such an oversight on the part of the
Inspector as would allow any clear cases of attempted fraud to
pass unrecognised at the Continental or the English port, if
promptly dealt with by the Home authorities, would probably
not recur very soon.

- With regard to inspection in Ireland, all that can be said is
that, so far as I know, it has never been systematically tried, and,
therefore, its chances of success or failure are entirely unknown.

The supervision which I have recommended as supplementary
to inspection has for ‘its object the prevention of contact between
diseased and healthy animals, and the vigorous destruction of
disease-germs as soon as possible after they are formed. By
some such means, properly carried out, I believe that we should
obtain results as good as by such sweeping measures as the
slaughter of all imported animals at the port of landing, while
we should still retain the much-needed Dutch cows and Irish
stores, and not interfere in any appreciable manner with cattle-
dealers who are too scrupulous to enrich themselves to the
extent of a penny by inflicting an injury on the public to
the extent of a pound.

The Council of the Society having received the Abstract of
this Report, as already stated, referred it to the Cattle Plague
Committee, consisting of the whole Council. After an interval
of a month it was carefully considered, both by the Committee
and the Council, and finally the following suggestions were,
last December, made to the Government in reply to the invi-
tation of the Vice-President of the Privy Council given the
previous July : —

(1.) That a sufficient number of Veterinary Inspectors be
appointed by the Government at the ports, both in England and
Ireland, to examine properly every animal previous to shipment
or landing, as the case may be (pp. 198, 211, &c.)

(2.) That a return of the animals found affected with any con-
tagious or infectious disease, with the names of their owners and
the nature of the disease, shall be furnished, at such intervals as

243

Report on the Trade in Animals.

may be deemed desinable, by the (Jovernment Inspectors at the
ports to the Veterinary Departments in London and Dublin
respectively, and in England to the local authority (p. 241).

(3.) That the prosecution of the owners of animals so reported
as diseased shall in England be undertaken by the local authority,
and in Ireland by the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council.

(4.) That the regulations as to right of entry, liberty to inspect,
and evidence of the existence of disease (the Inspector’s certifi-
cate), which are now applicable to cases, or suspected cases, of
pleuro-pneumonia, shall be extended to foot-and-mouth disease
(Act, sec. 31-33) (pp. 197 and 199).

(5.) That all lairs or yards belonging to Railway and Steam-
boat Companies, and all market places and places set apart for
the holding of fairs for cattle, sheep, and pigs, shall be divided
into pens of a.convenient size, and furnished with a sufficient
number of troughs of clean water ; and that these pens shall be
cleansed and disinfected in accordance with the existing regula-
tions of the English Privy Council in reference to railway pens
and landing places (pp. 212 and 241).

(G.) That the cleansing and disinfection of the steamboats and
other vessels used for the carriage of animals shall be rigorously
enforced ; and that no steamboat or other vessel shall be allowed
by the Government Veterinary Inspector at the port of embarka-
tion to receive animals until after the master or owner has pro-
duced and delivered a certificate signed by the Government
Veterinary Inspector at the last port of debarkation, certifying
that such steamboat or other vessel has been properly cleansed and
disinfected since the last landing of animals therefrom (p. 239).

(7.) That the Railway Companies in Ireland as well as in
England shall be compelled to cleanse and disinfect their
railway trucks and siding's, in accordance with the existing regu-
lations (p. 202).

(8.) That food and water in ordinary quantities be supplied to
all animals either before or after inspection, both at the ports of
shipment and landing, whether requested by the persons in charge
or otherwise (pp. 210, 211).

(9.) That animals exposed for sale at fairs and in markets, both
in England and Ireland, shall in all cases be inspected by duly
qualified Veterinary Surgeons, or Inspectors appointed by the
Local Authority, and that it is essential that offenders against the
law shall be adequately punished on conviction (pp. 204-209).

(10.) That the provisions of the Privy Couiicil (Ireland) Order *
of November 4th, 1870, be modified so as to conform to the
provisions of sec. 57 of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act,

* Sections 3 and l3.

244

Rej^ort on the Trade in Animals.

Avith reference to contagious or infectious diseases otlier tlian
glanders, cattle-plague, or sheep-pox (p. 207).

(11.) That the neglect to conform to any of the provisions of
the Act, or of the Oiders in Council founded thereon, shall hence-
forth be punished as an offence against the Act ; and that the
penalty clauses shall henceforth include a minimum as Avell as a
maximum fine (p. 202).

(12.) That all cattle-dealers shall be required to take out a
licence, which licence shall be granted or refused by the magis-
trates of the district in which the applicant usually resides ; and
that the said licence shall be suspended or revoked at the discre-
tion of the magistrates in the event of the dealer being convicted
more than once of wilful non-compliance Avith the regulations of
the PriA'y Council, or of the local authorities (pp. 217, 218).

(13.) That a register be kept in each district of the cattle-
dealers licensed therein.

' (14.) That the lairs, yards, fields, and other premises used for
the temporary reception of animals, Avhether inland or at the
ports of landing and shipment, be duly certificated for the pur-
pose, and registered (p. 216).

(15.) That in order to prevent cruelty, sheep and cattle should
never be carried together in the same truck.

(16.) That in order to secure proper cleansing and A'entilation
of the holds of steamboats, all A^essels employed in carrying
animals shall be certificated ; and that no certificate shall be
given to any steamboat or other vessel not nOAV engaged in the
trade, unless the ventilation of the holds intended for the recep-
tion of animals be performed by means of properly constructed
machine-ventilators (pp. 233-239).

(17.) That the PriA'y Council should from time to time send
doAvn their OAvn Inspectors to the markets, in order to see that
the regulations are properly carried out, and that the inspector
should institute proceedings against persons Avhom he may detect
offending against the law (p. 219).

(18.) That at the ports licensed for the importation of foreign
animals the local authorities shall provide slaughter-houses con-
tiguous to the ordinary cattle-market, also to the landing-stage
for cattle from unscheduled countries, and Avithin the defined
part of the port, for the landing and slaughter of animals from
scheduled countries (where such exist) Avithin the boundaries of
their jurisdictions, as is the case at Deptford (pp. 217, 229).

(19.) That in al^ cases the landing-places for cattle from sche-
duled and unscheduled countries should be decidedly apart, and
that the markets for cattle from scheduled countries should in all
cases be separated by some considerable interval from the ordinary
market (p. 228).

(20.) That to enable the local authorities to trace the disper-

Report on the Trade in Animals. 24i>

slon of a contagious or infectious disease, such as cattle-plague
or sheep-pox, from a fair or market, the name and address of the
person owning the cattle or sheep at the time of departure shall
be registered by the clerk of the fair or market (pp. 225, 241).

(21.) That with reference to cattle-plague, it is desirable to
add to § 53 of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, as
follows :—^\Vhere, under the Act, a place is declared to be an
infected place, either by the order of the Privy Council, or of the
local authority, or by the declaration of an Inspector, a return of
the cattle, sheep, and other animals (including horses) within the
infected place, shall immediately be made to the clerk of the
local authority by every owner of such cattle, sheep, or other
animals ; and in the event of any of the said animals becoming
affected with any disease whatever, the same shall be immediately
reported to the police by the owner of such animals. Upon such
report being made to the police, the local authority shall cause
the Veterinary Inspector to examine the animals affected and
certify in writing as to the nature of the disease (p. 225).

(22.) That it is most desirable that in any legislation on the
subject of cattle diseases, uniform action should as far as possible
be generally enforced (pp. 195-197).

(23.) That in cases of cattle-plague, the Veterinary Inspector
of the Privy Council shall be empowered to order the slaughter of
animals in adjacent fields to those actually infected, as well as the
animals in the same field, cowshed, &c., in the event of such a course
being considered necessary to prevent the spread of the plague

(p. 225).

(24.) That the prohibition of the importation of cattle from Russia
should continue as long as cattle-plague exists in that country ;
and that any country permitting the importation of Russian cattle
during that period should ipso facto become a scheduled country.

In addition to the foregoing suggestions, they beg leave to add
the following, which, if adopted, would render compulsory the
action of the local authorities in certain matters which, according
to the provisions of the existing Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act are optional with them : —

Act, § 41 alter may to shall.

§ 53 alter may to shall, omd omit “ if the circumstances
of the case appear to him so to require.”

§ 57 after coasting vessel insert “ or a vessel engaged
in the cross-channel trade.”

§ 57 after execution of this Act for may read shall.

§ for may, if they think fit, read shall.

§ 86 first line, for may read shall ; fourth line, for
infectious disease, or, read infectious disease, and

( 246 )

YI. — Furthei' Report hy the Judges on the Competition for Prizes
for Flans of Labourers Cottages in connection with the Cardiff
Meeting, 1872.

In the Report, published in the last number of the ‘Journal,’
on the Plans shown at Cardiff in competition for Prizes offered by
the Marquess of Bute and Major Picton Turbervill, the Judges
remarked : — “ Although there was no set of Plans which they
could recommend, as a whole, worthy of a prize, there was one
(marked ‘Rustic,’ No. 40, entered by Mr. Hine, foreman at the
Patent Brick Works, Worcester) which, in its arrangements both
of living and bed rooms, possessed a simplicity, originality, and
convenience which may be worked into something very useful
and they recommended that, with the sanction of the designer, '
this Plan should be
, out his elevations.

This recommendation having been approved by the Council,
the Judges have great pleasure in publishing the Plans, and in
submitting two designs showing elevations adapted to them
(Plates I. and II.).

published in the Society s Journal, leaving

Figs. 1 and 2. — Mr. Hinds original Plans, exhibited at Cardiff,
marlced ‘ Rustic,’ No. 40.

Fig. 1 . — Chamber Plan,
li B. Bedrooms.

Fig. 2. — Ground Plan.

K K. Kitchens. 0 0. Ovens.

S .S. .Sculleries. P P. Pantries,

s s. Sinks. C C. Cujiboards.

'P. II. Tool-house.

The ground-plan, it will be observed, is an oblong (not con-
sidering the out-offices), roofed by a single span, and being
without a single break of any kind. Such an arrangement is
obviously cheaper than one having breaks, valleys, and gutters.

The accommodation on ground and chamber floors embraces
all that is really necessary. On the ground-floor are a living-room
and scullery, both sufficiently large, and a small pantry, well vend-

Egs 7.8.9.

OUT OFFICES

SIDE ELEVATION.

Plate i.

PLANS AND ELEVATIONS FOP LABOEREPS’ COTTAGES,
JMPPOVEDBY THE JUDGES EPOM THOSE EXHIBITED AT CAPDIEr pyPUSTIC’.’

SECTION.

Fig. 6.

GROUND PLAN.

Plate J.

PLANS .AND ELTTVATIONS POR ORNAMENTAL
LABOURERS' COTTAGES, IMPROATT) BY THE JUDGES EROM
THOSE EXHIRPTED AT CARDTEE BY "RUSTIC’.’

Further Report on Agricultural Labourers Cottages. 247

latecl. The two front doors are well removed from each other, and
on the chamber-floor there are three bedrooms, each entered sepa-
rately, and of good size. But the originality of the plan which
recommended it so strongly to the Judges, is the way in which
the two cottages are locked together. Cottages built in pairs, and
in some cases singly, usually take the form of the letter |_, and
when placed together back to back, they take the form shown
in Fig. 3 or Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5.

These entail breaks, valleys, and gutters ; but in ‘ Rustic’s ’
Plans we have an entirely different arrangement ; the two blocks
beins locked together as shown in Fig. 5.

But although cottages whose plan forms an oblong without
a single break, and the roof of which is one unbroken span,
may be very well so far as accommodation and economy are con-
cerned, yet it is necessary to take some care that an estate shall
not be disfigured by the erection of cottages having only comfort
and economy in view. The Judges therefore venture to submit
the two designs shown on Plates I. and II., instead of Mr. Hine’s ;
the one as being’ useful and economical, without being unsightly,
the other as being somewhat more ornamental.

In these plans they have increased the size of the rooms on the
ground-floor, which of course materially improves the bedrooms
over ; and they have shown the wall between the two cottages
9 inches thick instead of 4^ inches, to exclude sound and to give
greater stability to the building. They also recommend a steep
pitched roof of tiles as preferable to a flat one of slates, as it
reduces the height of the walls and gets more bedroom space
in the roof : this, of course, necessitates dormer windows ; but,
Avith the break shown in the front, these windows improve the
elevations. A porch is added to the front doors with the same
object, and also to afford protection against the weather.

The out-offices are placed some distance from the houses, for
obvious reasons ; and they are grouped together as a separate
building, containing a bakehouse common to the two cottages,
hovels, and piggeries. It will be seen from the plan of the out-
offices, that they can be built either with or without piggeries.

The design shown on Plate II., Avith its timbered gables,
may be preferred in some localities. It is a more expensive

-248

The Potato Disease.

mode of construction, but gives additional space. It will be
observed that the gables are corbelled out 16 inches ; and the
timber walls, brick-nogged and plastered externally, are only' six
inches thick, against nine-inch brick walls ; thus adding con-
siderably to the size of the bedrooms, care being taken that this
addition is given to the parents’ bedrooms.

In conclusion, the Judges would add that the two designs are
merely submitted as suggestions for carrying out a plan which
they preferred, for reasons already given, to others submitted in
competition at Cardiff ; and they hope that the publication of this
Plan may contribute, in some degree, to remove a difficulty felt
on all estates, viz., the providing good cottages for agricultural
labourers at a moderate cost.

(Signed) Geo. Hunt,

C. Randell,

February, 1873. Thos. Sample.

VII. — The Potato Disease. By William Carruthers, F.R.S.,
Consulting Botanist to the Society.

There is reason to believe that the potato disease has been known
for ages in the western countries of South America ; but its first
ascertained appearance was just thirty years ago, when it seriously
injured the crops of the United States and Canada. It reappeared
in the same regions the following year (1844). In the latter half
of the month of July, 1845, it was first detected in the Old
World, in Belgium, and within two months thereafter its occur-
rence was recorded in England, Ireland, and Scotland, in France
and Germany, Denmark and Russia. Since that time it has
never been entirely absent from the potato crops, although in
some years it has been much more destructive than in others.
Its extensive prevalence last season, and the serious havoc it com-
mitted, threatening now a famine in some districts of Ireland, have
drawn special attention to it recently, and have induced the Presi-
dent of this Society (Earl Cathcart) to encourage the investigation
of the nature of the disease by the offer of a Prize of 100/., in the
hope that such investigation will lead to practical suggestions as
to a method of palliating, if not of curing, the malady.

With the approval of the Botanical Committee, I have drawn
up the following short statement of the present state of knowledge
regarding this disease : — -

There is no longer any dispute as to its real cause. All the
notions w'hich supposed it to be produced by physical agencies,
or to be the indication of a defective method of cultivation, or of

The Potato Disease.

249

a deterioration of the plant, have been conclusively set aside.
Nor can it he held that the microscopic fungus, which is known
to be invariably found in diseased potatoes, is the result of the
disease and not its cause, since De Bary has produced the disease
by placing the spores of the fungus on the leaves and tubers of
healthy potatoes.

Beginning this narration with De Bary’s experiment,* we may
trace intelligently the history of this baneful para-
site, and notice the nature and progress of the
injury it produces in the potato. The seeds, or
more properly spores of the fungus, are minute
ovoid bodies, so small that the greatest diameter is
not more than the eight-hundredth of an inch
long. When a spore rests on the under surface of
a leaf, and- there is sufficient moisture, it pushes
■out a slender tube, through a ruptured opening in
its coat. This tube penetrates the epidermis on the spot where
germination takes place or finds its way to one of the innumer-
able openings or stomates which
abound on the lower surface of
the leaf, and passing through
the opening enters the tissues.

The slender tubular root, called
the mycelium, rapidly grows, push-
ing its way everywhere through
the substance of the leaf. It
branches and rebranches freely ;
the brown colouring matter con-
tained in it gives the spotted ap-
pearance to the leaves, which indi-

out, through the stomates, branches
into the air, that give a mouldy aspect to the under surface of
the leaf. The ultimate branches of this external growth are
somewhat interruptedly swollen, and many of them bear minute
oval bodies at their extremities. These are the spores. The
mycelium passes down the leaf-stalk into the stem ; through this
it obtains access to the other leaves as well as to the underground
branches, and through them to the potatoes themselves, which are
indeed only enlarged and shortened portions of the underground
stem. De Bary placed some spores on the leaves of a healthy

* The elaborate Paper by De Bary on this and allied parasitic fungi will be
found in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Partie Botanique,’ 4th Series,
Yol. XX. (1863) pp. 1-148. Plates I.-XIII.

cates to the eye the existence ot
the disease. The mycelium sends

Fig. 2.

A spore which has penetrated the epi-
dermis of the stem of a potato, and its
mycelium root is penetrating the tissues of
the stems.

Fig. 1.

Spores of Pero-
nospora in/ttUam,
magnified 300 dia-
meters. One of the
spores germinating

250

The Potato Disease.

The spore-hearing mould springs from the mycelium, which penetrates the
tissues of the leaf, and passes through the stomates on the under surface into
the air.

The individual cells which are pierced by the mycelium are
destroyed, and the starch-granules contained in the cells are
attacked and consumed. Putrefaction soon begins, affecting first
the cell-walls and then the starch. Payen has put it beyond
doubt that the mycelium consumes the starch, for in his investi-
gations he detected the granules attacked by the mycelium
threads, and he made the injury more apparent by using iodine,
the action of which on colouring starch granules is well known.
By the ordinary processes all the starch can be separated from
diseased potatoes, not only that contained in cells yet untouched
by the mycelium, but even the granules that remain uninjured by
the mycelium or the surrounding putrefaction.

potato on February 4th ; the day following the tubes of the
mycelium had penetrated the leaves ; on the 8th the mould ap-
peared on the under surface covered with fruit, and on the 9th
the whole plant was diseased.

Fig. 3. — Spore-hearing mould, Peronospora infestans.

(Magnified 300 diameters.)

The Potato Disease.

251

I).

The mycelium does not naturally fruit on the upper surface
<of the leaf, on the stem, or on the tuber of the potato, as these
parts are either destitute of stomates or but partially furnished
with them, and the mycelium does not send its fruiting branches
through continuous epidermal structures ; but when any of these
parts of the potato, attacked by the parasitic fungus, are cut and
placed in a moist atmosphere, the fruiting branches speedily
appear.

Some of the oval heads which terminate the branches are
larger than the others,

and contain within them Fig. 4. — Spores 0/ Peronospora iufestans.

from six to sixteen
minute bodies. When
water is applied either
artificially or naturally,
the outer covering
bursts and the contents
are liberated. Each of
the little spores thus
set free moves about in
the water by the aid of
two cilia. In a short
time the motion ceases, and if a proper nidus exists, the spore
germinates.

The minute fungus belongs to the genus Peronospora, and has
received the name Peronospora infestans, Mont. Another method
of reproduction has been noticed in other species of this genus,
but it has not yet been detected in the case of the species causing
the potato disease. In the other species the mycelium buried in
the tissues of the supporting plant
produces two kinds of cells, which
have the same relation to each
other that the ovule and the pollen
grain have in flowering plants.

The small cell, representing the
pollen grain, when it comes into
contact with the larger cell,
pushes out a tube which pene-
trates its outer wall, and on reach-
ing the inner wall induces changes
which produce a ripe spore, called an oospore,
is full of small granules, which are liberated.

A. Large sporeg borne on the mould of PeroiDipora, in^
fesfans ; the contents of the cell divided. B. The small spores
(zoospi'ies) escaping from the cell. C. A zoospore with its
two cilia. I). A zoospore deprived of cilia, and germinating.
(Magnified 300 diameters.)

Fig.

Oospore
rarum, Casp.

(Magnified 300 diameters.)

reronospora umbellfe-
Small autheridian spore.

The oospore
as in the fruit

already described, on the application of water, and being fur-
nished with cilia they move about for some time. Although
these minute spores abound on and in the soil around the diseased
plant, it appears that they never attack healthy plants through
vor.. IX. — s. s. S

252

The Potato Disease.

their roots, but that they attach themselves to the stems or
leaves, penetrating their epidermis or pushing their way through
the stomates.

It is to be hoped that the investigations on these fungi which
will be undertaken in consequence of the offered prize, may lead to
the discovery of these oospores in the Peronospora of the potato.
As they are more especially rest-spores, supplying, along with
the mycelium, the means of continuing the life of this species in
a new season, their discovery and the determination of the part
or parts of the plant in which they are produced may supply
practical hints as to how to prevent the disease. Under any
circumstances, however_, and in order to secure the destruction of
the parasitic fungus, the diseased plants — whether leaves, stems, or
tubers — should be destroyed by fire. Leaving them to decay on
the field, or neglecting them in the farmyard and permitting them
to get into the manure, is a certain means of maintaining these
rest-spores (oospores) and mycelium in a state ready to germinate
when the necessary conditions are present.

It is further probable that when we have discovered the
oospores in the potato fungus, which are known to exist in the
other species of Peronospora, we shall not even then have
ascertained the whole life-history of this parasitic fungus ;
for the recent investigations of De Bary have shown that many
of the microscopic fungi, which have hitherto not only been
considered different, but have been classed under different groups,
are really stages in the life of the same plant. In the analogous
changes in the higher cryptogams, the spores are produced only
at the final stage ; and among the different forms through which
insects pass, only the imago or perfect insect has the power of
continuing the species by producing eggs. But in these fungi
each stage is spore-bearing. The investigations instituted for
the offered prize may, it is to be hoped, disclose some stage
in the progress of this parasite’s life, where it can be more
effectually dealt with than in that stage with which we are at
present acquainted.

De Bary has shown by experiment that there is nothing in one
potato plant more than in another to predispose it to the attack
of the fungus. It is not weak or unhealthy plants that are attacked,
but wherever the spores rest, and, finding the suitable moisture,
germinate, there the disease will appear. When once the fungus
has got a footing in a crop of potatoes, its rapid growth, the little
time required to develop fruiting branches, and the innumerable
number of spores produced, make its progress very rapid. Even
when the disease is first noticed by the cultivator, it has taken
such a hold of the crop that its cure is, I believe, impossible.

As moisture is so necessary to the development of the spores.

On Dodder.

253

every means should be adopted to prevent undue moisture. No
soil is exempt ; but there is less danger of an attack, and less
injury when the disease makes its appearance, in thoroughly
drained soils.

VIII. — On Dodder. By W. Carruthees, F.R.S., Consulting
Botanist to the Society.

The dodders form a group of plants Avhich are very closely
related to the Bind weeds ( Convolvulaceae), yet are separated from
them by many important characters. Some fifty species are
recorded from all parts of the globe, and though they can be
specifically distinguished, no peculiarities exist among them of
sufficient importance to justify the establishment of generic
groups. All are included in the one genus Cuscuta established
by Linnaeus.

They are all annual parasitic herbs, with thread-like stems,
entirely leafless, or having the leaves represented by a few
scattered minute scales. The small reddish flowers are united

Fig. 1. — Trefoil Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum, var. Trifolii).

into little round balls. Each flower produces four small seeds
about the size of a grain of mustard. The mass of the seed
consists of a fleshy albumen in which is spirally coiled a thread-

254

On Dodder.

shaped embryo. Gaertner first showed that, while these plants
agreed in every way with other dicotyledons, they differed in
the fundamental character expressed in the name, in having,
as he supposed, only a single cotyledon in the embryo plant, but
in reality this supposed cotyledon is only the axis or stem of the
plant, without any leaf appendage whatever.

As all the dodders are annual, and they have no roots pro-
tected in the ground, the winter completely kills all the plants
of each season’s growth. The ripe seeds, however, supply the
means in them, as in other annuals, of reproducing with the new
season the destroyed plants of the last — for each perfect seed
contains a minute bud capable, though separated from the parent
plant, of maintaining a dormant existence, and, under suitable
conditions, of starting into independent active life. Each seed
encloses, either in the tissues of the embryo plant or surrounding
,it, a quantity of food sufficient to support the young plant until
its organs are developed so far as to obtain its own food.

In Cuscuta, the albumen in which the embryo is enclosed
supplies it with food enough to enable it to lay hold of the
stem or branch from which it will draw its nourishment, if that
is within reach. It is unable to maintain its life after this stock
of food laid up by the parent is exhausted, so that it dies if it
does not succeed in attaching itself to a living plant. Mr.
Buckman has shown that, when sown with seeds of suitable plants,
the ordinary internodal lengthening of the supporting stem lifts
with it the young parasite from the earth. When, on the other
hand, it attaches itself to grown plants, all connection with the
earth is speedily cut off, and the lower extremity of the 'fili-
form stem is left suspended from the nourishing plant.

When the dodder touches the supporting plant it twines
round the stem, and from the inner surface of the coil throws
out a series of suckers, by which it secures a living connection
with the stem. Through these suckers it withdraws the ela-
borated juices from the plant for its own use, and, from its rapid
growth, it soon impoverishes, and ultimately kills, the supporting
plant. It has already, however, thrown out branches by which
it has seized hold of new plants, and it continues to extend its
relations as long as the season permits the parasite itself to live.
In this way a single plant, by its rapid growth, will cover in
time several square feet of ground, and impoverish, or com-
pletely destroy, a great number of plants belonging to different
natural orders. The most common British species, Cuscuta
epithymum, Murray (of which the trefoil dodder, (7. trifolii,
Bab., is only a variety), was first noticed, as its name almost
implies, growing on thyme, but it is found on other and very
different plants, as on furze, broom, trefoil, lucerne, rock-rose

On Dodder.

255

256

, On Dodder.

cranberry, heather, centaury, scabious, g:rass, and even on the
brake. It is also found living on plants that are themselves
partial parasites, like eye-bright, yellow-rattle, and bastard toad-
flax.

Figs. 2-4 show the anatomical relation of Cuscuta epitlnjmum
to the supporting plant. Fig. 2 represents the Cascuta twining
round the stem of Centaurea scabiosa, Linn. — the Great Knap-
weed. At F the stem of the knapweed and the dodder is cut
through, and this section is magnified ten times in the diagram.
Fig. 3. The oblong portion indicated by the letters A B C D
is still further magnified in Fig. 4, so as to show all the details
of the structure. In the centre, the stem of the knapweed is shown
cut across, exhibiting the cells of the pith, surrounded by the
vascular and wood bundles, and these again enclosed by the bark.
Three cones from the coil of the dodder penetrate the knapweed,
.reaching to the pith. These cones consist of the outer cellular
covering of the stem, with a prolongation of the wood structure
passing down their centre. Two suckers are shown pushing
themselves out from the free portion of the stem of the dodder.
The principal figure is from Chatiris’s ‘ Plantes Parasites.’

The structure of the dodders, and the nature of the relation
between them and the plants on which they are parasitic, have
been investigated by Mirbel, Unger, and especially by Chatin.
Being complete parasites they are without the food-producing
or food-procuring parts of ordinary plants, viz., roots and leaves.
Nor have they any of the green colouring matter (chlorophyl)
which plays an important part in elaborating the food of vege-
tables, yet not an essential part, as is shown by the experiments
of Saussure and De Candolle on Atriplex hortensis rubra, and
Ulva purpurea. The minute scales and flower bracts, which are
the only representatives of the leaves, are, as well as the stem,
completely destitute of stomates.

The stem consists of a cellular pith surrounded by a wood
structure, which differs, however, from the wood bundles of
other dicotyledonous plants in being destitute of ducts, of medul-
lary rays, and of liber. There is, consequently, no true bark ;
its place is occupied by a cellular layer surrounding the wood
cylinder, the cells of which contain a red liquid, and are more
or less charged with starch granules.

The suckers are developed from the stem. The flattened
portion is derived from the external layer of cells. Through
this is pushed a cone composed of the cellular pith and wood
structures of the axis. These penetrate the stem of the sup-
porting plant. It is not easy to understand how these delicate
cell structures penetrate the firm fibro-vascular tissues while
they are in active life. The same problem presents itself in

On Dodder.

257

Investigating; the growth of all the phaenogainous parasitic plants
— of the mistletoe on the oak or apple, as well as the dodder on
clover.

In penetrating the stem the tissues of the attacked plant are
not injured ; they are only pushed aside by the advancing cone,
and the cells of the parasite are placed in such close relationship
to those of the supporting plant that the organised juices pass
freely from the one to the other, entering the dodder just as
they would pass into a branch of the plant itself. The relation
of parasitic fungi to the plants on which they grow is very
different from what occurs in the dodders and the other higher
parasites. The small roots, or mycelium of the fungi, penetrate
the walls of the cells, and live upon the tissues themselves, or
on the starch or other contents of the cells. The result is, con-
sequently, the disorganisation and destruction of the plants
attacked by the fungus. The higher parasites, on the other
hand, only withdraw the organised juices. This operation is
without any real injury to the supporting plant, if the proportion
of the juice withdrawn by the parasite is small in relation to
what exists in the whole plant, as is generally the case with the
mistletoe on the apple : or it is fatal to the supporting plant, as
in the case of the dodder on trefoil, where the rapid growth of a
large parasite Avithdraws all the prepared food, and kills the
plant by exhaustion. The enormous mass of the dodder also
destroys the clover which it covers, by smothering it in the same
Avay that any other heavy and dense covering Avould.

Of the many remarkable problems suggested by the study of
the dodders none is more strange than the physiological inquiry
as to how, without any appliances for obtaining food from the
air or the soil, and entirely dependent on the prepared juices of
the plants on which they live, they nevertheless contain in their
tissues starch, resin, and different acrid substances which are not
found in the nourishing plants, and, on the other hand, they
Avant some of the chemical elements which abound in these
plants. And, still further, hoAv a single plant of dodder collecting
its food from plants so different as clover, heather, thyme, and
grass can convert the diveise juices of these various plants into
products Avhich are completely unlike any found in each or all
of them.*

* The late Dr. Wolwitscli, the illustrious explorer of Western Tropical Africa,
in a short paper On the Loranthace ee of Angola,” a group of plants including
our Avcll-known mistletoe, refers to his own experiences of these parasites as follows :
“ It seems tliat the quality of the sap or juice of a tree exercises little or no
influence upon the vegetation of Loranfhacex ; for in several instances I found
one of the same species growing, equally vigorously, on Adansonia, which has
a Avatery juice, and at another time on fig-trees, of Avhich the sap is milky and
glutinous.” — Journal Royal Horf. Soc., vol. iii. (1873) p. 122.

258

Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist

Considerable alarm has at times prevailed in various districts
when the clover or flax has been extensively preyed upon by
this dangerous parasite. The appearance was of course due to
the use of seed (generally foreign) containing dodder. There
is really no excuse for seedsmen permitting dodder to accompany
clover seed, inasmuch as the small size of the dodder seed (being
only half the size of clover) permits it to be easily separated
by the mechanical process of sifting. When, however, the cul-
tivator has the misfortune to discover dodder on his farm, he
should use the utmost diligence to secure its destruction. No
attempt at tearing the dodder to pieces will destroy it ; indeed
each separate piece that remains connected with the living plant
will maintain its independent existence. Permitting the dodder
to die on the field is also utterly worthless for the purpose of
securing its extirpation, for the seeds remain, and when the
spring returns they will germinate. The only efficient cure is
to burn completely the whole vegetation of the diseased spot,^
together with the surface of the soil on which seeds may already
have fallen.

Flax and clover crops are not the only ones that may be in-
jured by dodder. The thyme-dodder, of which the clover-
dodder is, as I have said, but a variety, has been found on plants
belonging to the same genus with the potato ; and my atten-
tion was drawn last autumn, by Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, to a crop
of Swedish turnips attacked by this plague. The field was near
Dunstable, on the Brandreth estate. The farmer, Mr. Scroggs,
informed me that, two years before, the field had produced a
good crop of trefoil, which was here and there affected by dodder.
Mr. Scroggs cut down the clover, leaving the diseased plants to
die on the ground, and then ploughed them into the soil. No'
indication of the parasite was detected in the wheat crop which
followed the clover, but the plough having brought the seed
again to the surface, it germinated after lying a year dormant,
and attacked the crop of turnips then growing on the field. The
suckers of the dodder had penetrated principally the fleshy
stalk and midrib of the leaves, but not a few of the turnips..
themselves were also attacked on the upper surface.

IX. — Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1872.

DuRrxa the period from December, 1871, to December, 1872,
057 analyses have been referred to me by Members of the Society,
being 73 less than in the preceding year, and an increase of 7!)
analyses over the number sent out in 1870.

259

Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

An examination of the appended Summary, and its com-
parison with the Returns of analyses in 1871, will show that the
analyses in 1871 were raised to an exceptionally high number
by an unusually large number of cake and guano samples which
were sent to me in that year. The abundance of green food in
the past season no doubt rendered many farmers less dependent
upon purchased food, and brought transactions in cakes and
feeding-meals to their normal condition : in consequence, the
unusually large number of 212 cake examinations made in 1871
was reduced to 165 in 1872, which, however, is an increase of
11 samples over the number of cakes examined by me for
Members of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1870.

In the preceding year, as many as 78 guanos were sent for
analysis, or 36 more samples than in 1872. The difficulty of
procuring Peruvian guano in a cry powdery condition and of
good quality, guaranteed by analysis, induced not a few who had
long been in the habit of employing guano to substitute for its
use nitrate of soda and various artificial manuring compounds,
which appear to have reduced considerably the consumption of
Peruvian guano.

Whilst the samples of guano were less numerous in the past
season than in the preceding, fully as many artificial manures
were referred to me for analysis in 1872.

By far the larger number of artificial manures examined by
me in 1872 were well prepared and intrinsically valuable fer-
tilisers, and comparatively speaking only few were not worth the
money at which they were sold.

Bone-dust is getting dearer from year to year, and much diffi-
culty is experienced in obtaining it clean and pure. Bone-dust
is often mixed with glue-boilers’ refuse-bones and bone-turners’
refuse-dust, which although useful in their way, vary much in
quality and composition, and for that reason should be sold
separately for what they are worth, and not be mixed with fresh
bone-dust.

Chincha Island guano being exhausted, the Peruvian Govern-
ment agents now ship guano from the Guanape Islands. Nearly
the whole stock in England has been imported from these
islands, and only a few cargoes have lately arrived from Macabi
Island, situated in the neighbourhood of the Guanape Islands.
As far as I can judge from the examination of the cargoes of
Macabi guano that have arrived here, it possesses about the same
composition and general character as Guanape guano, and for all
practical purposes may be considered as equal to the latter. The
present importations of Guanape guano are drier and not so
lumpy as a good many samples which were submitted to me for
analysis in the preceding season. On an average, I find Guanape

260 Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

guano contains about 22 per cent of moisture, 30 per cent, of
phosphates, and yields 12 per cent, of ammonia. In several
samples of cargoes recently imported into England from the
Guanape Islands, I find from 12 to 14, and in a few cases the
guano yielded 15 per cent. ; but, taking into account the average
composition of Guanape guano, 1 do not think the buyer can
count upon guano which yields more than 12 per cent, of
ammonia, nor can he always depend upon being supplied with
an article that is sufficiently dry and powdery to be economically
applied to the land without having been previously mixed with
some dry material and been reduced to a fine powder.

This operation is both troublesome and entails expense, and
if the guano is very wet and lumpy, it is scarcely possible for the
larmer, with the means at his command, to reduce such guano
into a fine powdery condition.

- Guanape guano, moreover, I find contains a good deal of free,
or, more strictly speaking, volatile carbonate of ammonia, and in
consequence loses in quality on keeping.

It is this volatile carbonate of ammonia which gives the pun-
gent smell to Guanape guano, and which renders it liable to
burn up the crop to which it is applied as a top-dressing, in case
continued dry weather should set in directly after the top-dressing
has been applied to the wheat or barley crop.

In order to meet the inconveniences which arise from the wet
lumpy condition in which Guanape guano frequently reaches
the continent of Europe, and to neutralise the pungent and
injurious properties of the carbonate of ammonia, it is desirable
to treat the raw guano with about 20 per cent, of oil of vitriol,
and after this treatment to keep it in a heap for several months,
and finally to reduce the sulphated guano by suitable means into
a fine and dry powder.

By these means a very superior fertiliser is obtained, which
possesses many advantages over wet raw Peruvian guano. It
is, however, difficult on a small scale to treat Peruvian guano
with sulphuric acid, and to convert it into a dry and soluble
fertiliser.

Soluble and ammonia-fixed Peruvian guano is highly spoken
of both in this country and on the Continent, particularly in
Germany, by farmers who have tried its effects in the field, in
comparison with the raw Peruvian guano. In order to meet the
increasing demand for soluble guano, extensive works were
established a few years ago at Hamburg, for the manufacture of
sulphuric acid, and the preparation of soluble Peruvian guano.
In these works the Peruvian guano is dried if necessary, sifted,
and then treated with just sufficient sulphuric acid to convert the
volatile carbonate of ammonia of the raw guano into non-volatile

Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

261

neutral sulphate of ammonia, and at the same time to render the
frreater part of the insoluble phosphate perfectly soluble in water.
By these means a highly concentrated, dry, and finely powdered
fertiliser is produced, which may be said to combine the qualities
of a good superphosphate with those which are characteristic of
Peruvian guano.

Although the prepared guano is sold at about IO5. more per
ton than Peruvian guano in its natural condition, the sales of
the soluble guano in Germany have steadily increased from year
to year, and last year I am informed that they amounted to more
than 60,000 tons.

Two samples of soluble Peruvian guano, recently analysed by
me, had the following composition : —

Composition of two Samples of Soluble Peruvian Guano.

Sept. ]8t2.

Dec. 1872.

]\Ioisture

Water of combination and\

^Organic matter /

Biphosphate of lime (mono-basic phosphate of limei
Equal to bone-phosphate (tri-basic phosphate of\

lime) rendered soluble by acid J

Insoluble phosphates

Sulphate of lime

Alkaline salts and magnesia

Insoluble siliceous matter

14-65

42-57

13-86

(21-71)

5-09

16-36

3-78

3-69

16-78

41-88

13-20

(20-68)

7-19

13-39

4-39

3-17

100-00

8*72

10*59

8*96

11*88

Equal to ammonia

It will be seen that the soluble guano which is prepared at
Hamburg contains from 20^ to 21| per cent, of soluble phosphate,
from 5 to 7 per cent, of insoluble guano phosphates, and nearly
as much ammonia as Guanape guano in its natural wet
condition.

There can be no doubt that Peruvian guano, treated with acid
and sold in a dry and fine condition, and with the guarantee of
containing 21 per cent, of soluble phosphate and 11 per cent, of
ammonia, will find a more ready sale than raw guano, which is
still sold without any guarantee whatever as to quality. Guanape
guano is frequently far too damp and sticky for application to
the land in its natural condition, and it often contains no more
ammonia than is supplied in the prepared guano, the quality of
which is guaranteed by analysis. It is, therefore, manifestly to

2G2 Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

the advantage of the farmer to buy the prepared Peruvian guano
in preference to raw, even if he should have to pay a somewhat
higher price than that at which the raw guano is sold.

In consideration of the difficulties which at present exist in the
way of procuring Peruvian guano of a uniform composition and
in a dry and fine condition, arrangements have been made to
set up sulphuric acid chambers and works at Victoria Docks, in
which the preparation of soluble Peruvian guano will be carried
out on an extensive scale.

It is to be hoped that before next spring is far advanced, the
works at present in the course of erection at Victoria Docks will
be in fair working order, and that before long the British farmer
will be supplied with as good a fertiliser as the farmers of
Germany, whose experience has taught them to appreciate the
high fertilising value of the soluble guano, which for some years
has been prepared on a very large scale at Hamburg.

Attention has been directed in public papers to some newly
discovered guano-deposits in Patagonia. Judging from the geo-
graphical position of the district where these new guano deposits
occur, it appeared to me scarcely likely that the new Patagonian
guano would approach in quality the Chincha Island or Guanape
Island deposit. A recent analysis of Patagonian guano has fully
confirmed this view, as will be seen by the following figures.

Composition of a sample of Patagonian Guano.

Moisture 35’8K

*Organic matter and ammoniacal salts 26‘07

Phosphate of lime 22'01

Carbonate of lime 5'64

Alkaline salts 7‘34

Insoluble siliceous matter 3'08

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 4 ■ 42

Equal to ammonia 5-37

Fully one-third of this guano consists of water, and it is
therefore scarcely necessary for me to add that the condition of
the sample analysed by me was very wet and lumpy.

Whilst speaking of guano, I may mention that a variety of a
dry and finely powdered guano has recently been imported into
England under the name of Mejillones guano.

Mejillones guano is a valuable natural guano deposit, which,
however, differs essentially in its composition from Peruvian
guano, as will be seen by the subjoined complete analysis of an
average sample taken from a cargo landed in England last
spring.

263

Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.
Composition of a sample of Mejillones Guano.

Moisture • 7 ’09

•Organic matter 7‘44:

•{■Phosphoric acid 33’97

Lime 37 '01

Magnesia 2‘83

Chloride of sodium 2‘87

Potash ‘34

Sulphuric acid 2'53

^Carbonic acid 2‘76

Oxide of iron '69

Insoluble siliceous matter 2'47

100-00

* Containing nitrogen '93

Equal to ammonia 1'12

t Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime .. 74-15

j Equal to carbonate of lime G - 25

It will be seen that Mejillones guano is very rich in phosphate
of lime, but that it yields only one per cent, of ammonia.
Although it may be applied without further preparation as a
manure for root crops, it is more advantageously treated with
sulphuric acid, and converted thereby into a high-class, soluble
guano superphosphate.

Another valuable phosphatic guano, containing still less
nitrogen than Mejillones guano has been introduced into com-
merce from Curacao Island in the West Indies.

The average composition of good samples of Curacao guano
is fairly represented by the following analysis : —

Curacao Phosphate.

Moisture 8-72

Organic matter 5’79

•Phosphoric acid 33-51

Lime 43"01

■{Carbonic acid 2^96

Magnesia, alkalies, &c 5^71

Sand -30

100-00

* Equal to tribasic iDhosphate of lime .. .. 73-15

t Equal to carbonate of lime 6-72

The utilisation of various waste products for agricultural
purposes is no longer neglected, but is receiving more attention in
all civilised countries. Unfortunately the manufacture of many
refuse matters into dry portable manures is attended with so much
expense that the manufacture of fish-refuse, of blood and the car-
cases of dead animals. See., leaves but a small margin for profit.

Fish-refuse, if it can be bought at a price corresponding to its
intrinsic fertilising value, is a useful manure for wheat or barley.

264 ' Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

Frequently, however, portable fish manures are sold at too high
a price in comparison with the price at which other artificial
manures can he bought. In illustration of this fact I may quote
the following analysis of a sample of fish manure, which was
sold at 3Z. 5s. per ton to a member of the Society.

Composition of a sample of Fish Manure.

Water GO-17

* Organic matter 14-70

Phosphate of lime 3-09

Carbonate of lime 15"31

Alkaline salts (common salt) 2'29

Insoluble siliceous matter (sand) 3-54

100-00

* Containing nitrogen - 84

Equal to ammonia 1-02

This manure, it will be seen, contained a large ’proportion of
water, much carbonate of lime, and scarcely 4 per cent, of phos-
phate of lime, and its organic matter yielded only 1 per cent, of
ammonia. The fertilising value of this manure, I need hardly say,
depends mainly upon the amount of phosphates and nitrogenous
matters which it contains ; and, as the foregoing quantities can
be bought in a more portable and concentrated form in Peruvian
guano, at about IZ. 5s. a ton, this fish manure was sold at about
three times as much as it was worth. A similar fish manure,
but of a better quality than the preceding sample, was sold to
another member of the Royal Agricultural Society at 51. a ton,
with the understanding that if on analysis I did not find it worth
5Z., the purchaser would have to pay only the price which was
put upon the manure by me. The policy of buying fish, and
other refuse manures, subject to analysis, will be recognised from
the fact that this fish manure was found to be worth only 31. 10s.
a ton.

In further illustration of these remarks, I would direct atten-
tion to the subjoined analysis of a sample of night-soil manure,
produced by Goux’s patent system.

Composition of a sample of Night-soil Manure obtained by Gouz’s Plan.

Water 31-16

^Organic matter 23-20

Oxide of iron and alumina 12-31

Phosphate of lime 1-31

Sulphate of lime and a little carbonate of lime .. 5’04

Alkaline salts and magnesia .. .. : .. .. 3-19

Insoluble siliceous matter 23-79

* Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia

100-00

-94

1-14

Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist. 265

This manure was sold at 4/. a ton, but, as it yielded only
about 1 per cent, of ammonia, and contained not quite 1^ per
cent, of phosphate of lime, it was clearly sold at far too high
a price.

The majority of the samples of fish manure which have been
brought under my notice at various times, I found too dear
at the price at which they are usually sold, and, generally
speaking, they are manures of comparatively low quality.

On the other hand, a very valuable and concentrated manure
has lately been imported into England from South America and
from Australia in the shape of dried meat fibre, the refuse of
factories in which Liebig’s Extract of Meat is made.

Two samples of dried meat-fibre refuse — one from South
America and another from Australia — had the following com-
position : —

South America.

Australia.

Moisture

0-07

G-73

*Organic matter

87-41

89-54

Phosphate of lime

]

-89

Carbonate of lime and ^
Alkaline salts J

[ 3-52

1-13

Sand

)

1-71

100-00

* Confainiiig nitrogen

11-97

10*94

Equal to ammonia

14-67

13*28

Several cargoes of a similar manure have lately been imported
into England from New Orleans, under the name of Azotene or
animal guano.

A sample of this manure I found contained in 100 parts : —

Moisture 11 ‘20

*Organic matter S0‘31

Phosphate of lime 3'09

Carbonate of lime and alkaline salts 4’65

Sand -69

100-00

* Containing nitrogen ll’S-l

Equal to ammonia 13 '77

It was more finely prepared than the preceding meat-fibre,
and, in addition to having an equally high percentage of nitro-
gen, contained more phosphate of lime than the latter.

Another description of animal guano imported into England
from our Australian colonies, and lately analysed by me, had the
following composition ; —

26G

Annual Rejwrt of the Consulting Chemist.

Moisture 18’20

•Organic matter 41-78

■fPliosphoric acid 15-01

Lime 18-52

Alkaline salts -90

Insoluble siliceous matter 5-59

100-00

* Containing nitrogen .. • 3-85

Equal to ammonia 4-67

t Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime . . . . 32 ■ 75

Judging^ from its composition and general appearance, this
animal guano appears to be a mixture of steamed bones, dried
blood and meat-fibre, ground into a tolerably fine powder. It
is, no doubt, a useful artificial manure, but it is scarcely as
valuable as fine and clean bone-dust.

' In my last Report I directed attention to the fact that many
villages and isolated dwellings are not well supplied with good
wholesome drinking water, and that, as a rule, the water in towns
is purer than in the country. I have now to report that, during
the last twelve months, as many as fifty-three samples of water
were sent to me for examination by members of the Society.
A considerable number of these waters I found unmistakably
contaminated with sewage products, and utterly unfit for drinking
purposes ; and I would again direct attention to the fact that the
bad quality of the water which is employed in country places for
drinking and general domestic purposes is a cause of the pre-
valence of low fever, and other disorders, in not a few localities.
If a drinking water appears more or less coloured, and at the
same time, has a disagreeable smell, or should it not be quite
clear and exhibit particles of white flocculent matter, I would
urge upon those who habitually use the water to discontinue its
use at once, and to have it submitted to a thorough chemical
analysis without delay.

Amongst the matters of interest to the agriculturist, which
have been referred to me during the last twelve months, I
received a sample of compressed yeast, with the request to ascer-
tain its composition and nutritive value. The following results
were obtained : —

Composition of Compressed Yeast.

Moisture 73-19

Oil -27

•Albuminous Compounds 13-31

Gum, sugar, &c 9-16

Cellular fibre 1‘35

Mineral matter (ash) 2-72

Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

267

Consisting of : —

Earthy phosphates •597

Phosphoric acid .. .. 1’322

In combination with ; —

Alkalies ‘729

Silica '072

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2-13

Compressed yeast, when mixed with hay and straw-chafF, has
been found a useful article of food, especially for milking-cows.
The large amount of albuminous or nitrogenous compounds in
the dry substance of yeast, and its richness in earthy and alka-
line phosphates, throw light on the utility of yeast as an auxiliary
food for milk-cows : for milk, as is well known, abounds in earthy
and alkaline phosphates ; and the casein or curd of milk is
analogous in composition with the nitrogenous or albuminous
compounds of yeast.

In former reports I have repeatedly directed attention to the
fact that the fattening properties and commercial value of palm-
nut meal depend, in a great measure, upon the percentage of oil
and fatty matter which a particular sample may contain ; and I
have advised intending purchasers to request of the dealer to
guarantee the percentage of oil or fat in the palm-nut meal he
•offers for sale.

It is not enough that he should give a general guarantee to
deliver genuine palm-nut meal, for the meal may be perfectly
genuine, and at the same time be very poor in oil, which is by
far the most valuable of all food-constituents.

A sample of palm-nut meal, unusually poor in oil and fatty
matter, has lately been sent to my laboratory. The subjoined
analysis, indeed, shows that, practically speaking, it contained
merely traces of oil, and was much inferior to good palm-nut
meal.

Composition of a sample of inferior Palm-nut Meal.

Moisture

Oil

*Albuminou.s compounds

Mucilage and digestible fibre

Woody fibre (cellulose)

^Mineral matter (asli)

10-88

-40

18-44

42-91

22 01

5-36

100-00

* Containing nitrogen . .

This meal was sold at Liverpool at 4Z. a ton, but, although it
was sold at 2Z. 10s. less money than palm-nut meal, which
VOL. IX. — S. S. T

268 Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist.

is made at Liverpool, and sold by tbe following guaranteed
analysis,

Moisture 5'92

Oil and fatty matter 20'01

* Albuminous compounds 13’87

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 38’24

Woody fibre (cellulose) 18'5G

Mineral matter (ash) 3'40

100-00

* CJontaining nitrogen 2 • 22

it is, in reality, the dearer meal of the two. Palm-nut meal, con-
taining 20 per cent, of oil and fatty matter, in my judgment is
worth 3/. more per ton than the meal which was offered for sale
at 4/. ; and as the price of the superior palm-nut meal was 6Z. IO5.
a* ton at Liverpool, the apparently cheaper meal, which was
almost entirely destitute of oil and fatty matters, was, in reality,
10s. per ton dearer than the more expensive meal. In explana-
tion of the unusually low percentage of oil in the inferior meal,.
I may mention that a few years ago a process was discovered
of extracting the oil from oily seeds, &c., by means of sulphide
of carbon. This chemical operation appears to have been most
successfully carried out in the case of the cheap palm-nut meal,
which probably came from Hamburg, where works for the
extraction of oil from oleaginous seeds have been in existence
for some years past. '

Analyses made for Members of the Royal Agricultural Society, from
December, 1871, to December, 1272.

Guauos 42

Superphosphates, dissolved bones, wheat manures,) 204

and similar artificial manures (

Bone dust . . . . 2G

Nitrate of soda and suhfiiate of ammonia . . . . 28

Potash salts 7

Soot 6

llefuse manures 27

Marls, limestones, ironstones, and other minerals .. 23

Soils 32

Oilcakes 165

Feeding meals 10

Vegetable productions 15

Whey and cheese 5

Waters 53

Sewage 2

Examinations for poison 12

Total

657

( 2G9 )

X. — Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee, December,

1872.

Hr. Voelcker reports a case of rape-cake which was purchased
for manuring purposes by Mr. James Blyth,- Weasenham,
Brandon, Norfolk.

The sample was sent in a broken state, and on inspection
appeared to consist of pieces of rape-cake and fragments of other
descriptions of cake.

Mr. Blyth wrote to Dr. Voelcker : — “ In reply to your inquiry,
the rape-cake was purchased for manure, but, as from the sample
you have, it was sent in that mixed state, although sold as all
rape-cake. From an inspection of it in a lump, it appears a
general mixture of all kinds of things.

“ Will you kindly analyse it as mixed, and state its worth as .
manure, the price being 6/. 15x. per ton.

“Yours faithfully,

“ James Blyth.”

The following results were obtained in the analysis of this
■broken cake : —

Composition of Manuring Rape-calce sent hy Mr, James Blyth,
Weasenham, Brandon, Norfolk.

Moisture 8 •24

^Organic matter 82 • 40

Phosphates 2 • 56

t Alkaline salts 4 ‘08

Insoluble matter 2 ‘72

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 3' 18

Equal to ammonia 3*86

t Containing phosphoric acid 24

Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime .. .. I ••'>8

On further examination, the sample sent by Mr. Blyth was
found to be rape-cake mixed with pieces of Bassia-cake. Good
manuring rape-cake, the market value of which at the time was
6f. 15s. per ton, contains about 5 per cent, of nitrogen, nearly
2 per cent, more than this mixed cake, and is worth from 25s. to
30s. more per ton than the cake sent for analysis.

With regard to feeding cakes. Dr. Voelcker reports the follow-
ing cases : — The Rev. Thos. Best, of Red Rice House, Andover,
sent a sample of linseed-cake, which was found to be adulterated
with earth- nut-cake and buck- wheat. Another sample of the
cake was subsequently sent by Mr. Best, who stated that the cake
cost him 12/. per ton ready money, and that he bought it as the
best English linseed-cake.

T 2

270 Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee.

This cake had the following composition : —

Composition of a Sample of Linseed-calce sent hy Rev. Tlios. Besfy

Bed Bice House, Andover.

Moisture 11 ‘72

Oil 9-80

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matter) .. 22 ’50

Mucilage, starch, and digestible flbre 37 • 10

Woody fibre (cellulose) 13 '48

Mineral matter (ash) 5 ■ 40

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 3 -60

It will be seen that this cake is both deficient in oil and
albuminous compounds. It was adulterated with earth-nut-cake
ajid buck-wheat, and probably not worth more than lOZ. per ton.
No reply has been given to applications for the name of the
vendor.

A sample of oil-cake was sent by Mr. B. Smlthin, Dumbleton,
who wrote on the 25th July, 1872 : — “ Dear Sir, — I send by this
post a sample of oil-cake, which I wish you to analyse. I have
been giving it to rearing calves and have lost five, and think
there must be something wrong with the cake.”

The cake had the following composition ; —

Composition of a Sample of CaJce sent hy Mr. B. Smithin, Dumbleton,.

Evesham.

Moisture 9 • GO

Oil 11-24

* Albuminous compounds {flesh-forming matter) 25-56

Mucilage, starch, and digestible flbre 36-52

W oody fibre (cellulose) 10-16

Mineral matter (ash) 6-92

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 4-19

Dr. Voelcker reports that this was not a pure linseed-cake,
although sold at IIZ. IO5., the price of pure cake, it being made
from dirty linseed, containing a number of small weed-seeds that
are usually present in unscreened linseed, and starchy matter,
which does not occur in pure linseed-cake, but that he could not
detect any poisonous ingredient in it. Dr. Voelcker has frequently
pointed out the danger of using such cakes, but as this parcel
was invoiced as oil-cake, and not as linseed-cake, the Com-
mittee do not feel legally justified in publishing the names of
the vendors.

( 271 )

XI. — Quarterly Report of the Principal of the Royal Veterinary

College.

Dec. 9, 1872.

Sir, — I have the honour to send you the subjoined Report on
the general state of the health of cattle and sheep during the past
three months.

With the exception of those maladies which pass under the
ordinary name of epizootics, such as “ foot-and-mouth disease,

“ pleuro-pneumonia,” &c., other diseases have not been very
prevalent among these animals.

This, perhaps, was hardly to be expected when the extraordi-
nary rainfall which has prevailed throughout the period is con-
sidered ; an explanation, however, of the circumstance may pro-
bably be found in the fact that throughout the whole time an
elevated temperature has chiefly prevailed. If, on the contrary, a
low temperature had existed with the excess of wet, it is not too
much to affirm that the health of all animals would have suffered
in proportion. At present it may be too early to assert that the
elevated temperature has, as in former seasons of a like kind, been
quietly operating in the production of a disease which experience
has shown to be one of the most destructive to which sheep are
especially disposed, namely, the “ rot.’’

Under these circumstances it behoves flock-masters to be on
their guard against the inroads of this insidious and destructive
malady by giving their sheep as much dry and nutritious food,
mingled with a small portion of salt, day by day, as will keep up
the strength of the animal’s constitution and be prophylactic
against the liver-fluke, upon which the disease depends. For
details in the management of sheep under such circumstances,
I may refer agriculturists to a paper on the causes, pathology,
and treatment of rot, published by me in the Society’s ‘ Journal ’
for the year 1862. '

With reference to parasites and parasitic diseases in general,
I have to report that both calves and lambs — the former more
especially — have suffered rather severely in some districts from
attacks of the lung-worm — Strongylus hronchialis.

As is often the ca«e, however, the calves in other localities
which do not apparently differ either in the character or the culti-
vation of the soil, or in the system of rearing young stock, have
escaped ; — a mystery which science has still to unveil.

The whole subject of parasitism is receiving the special
attention of the College, the importance of it having led the
Governors of the Institution to create a new professorship almost
exclusively for its investigation. Dr. Cobbold, who holds the
chair, is now daily engaged in delivering lectures to the students^

272 Quarterlij Report of the Royal Veterinary College.

and in conducting experiments. Very recently a calf and
lamb had administered to them several segments of those
varieties of the tape-worm, well filled with matured ova, on which
the so-called “ measle,” or rather “ mizzle,” of beef and mutton are
believed to depend. The “ measle ” is in reality an embryotic
tape-worm, or a tape-worm in its larval or hydatid stage of
development from the ova, whieh, on entering the digestive
organs of man, in its living condition in beef or mutton, quickly
matures into the perfect entozoon, often many feet in length.

A period of three months at least is necessary for the develop-
ment of hydatid embryos from the ova ; and should success in
these cases attend the exhibition of the ova, it may be hoped
that the experiments will be sufficiently complete to be communi-
cated to the Society in the next quarterly Report.

It will be in the remembrance of the Society that a year since
an inquiry into the ravages committed by the Strongylus hron-
diialis was undertaken at the request of the Lincolnshire Agri-
cultural Society — that county having often suffered severe losses
by the death of lambs from attacks of the parasite. A series of
questions has been circulated by the Soeiety among its members
and others, and the answers already reeeived have been arranged,
but no correet conclusions can be arrived at until certain experi-
ments now being conducted are completed. These experiments
have for their immediate object the further elucidation of the
natural history of the entozoon, more especially during the period
of its existence extern to the bodies of its victims.

Referring again to the lung-worm of the calf, it may be
stated that the parasite gives rise to the disease commonly known
by farmers as the “ hoose or husk,” from the peculiarity -of the
cough of the affected animal. The malady is accompanied with
great emaciation of the animal, so that death not unfrequently
results from inanition and persistent irritation, as well as from the
struetural changes which take place in the lungs. The cure lies
chiefly in the early destruction of the worms, and for this purpose
medicated inhalations are of essential service. These are best ;
applied by burning tar in a shed in which the calves are tem-
porarily confined, and casting sulphur on the flame from time to
time, care being taken that there is a sufficiently free access of
air to prevent suffocation.

The exhibition of oil of turpentine, tincture of assafoetida, !
decoction of savin, and other allied agents, will also effect much I
o-ood. To these remedies should succeed tonics both mineral and

O '

vegetable, of which the preparations of iron and the barks are i
the best. I

Quarterlij Report of the Royal Veterinary College. 273

Epizootics.

Cattle-Plague. — The chief event in connection with this de-
structive class of diseases has been the recent outbreak of cattle-
plague in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Like the outbreak of
1865, the disease was brought here by animals exported from
Russia. In 1865 the cattle came direct from Revel, via the
Baltic, to the port of Hull : in 1872 they were brought from
Cronstadt, having been first taken there from the province of
Petersburgh. It is also a singular coincidence that the infec-
: tion in the recent outbreak spread from the port of Hull, having

(doubtless first reached the cattle-market of that place by persons
passing between the markets and the ship while lying in dock
I with the diseased cattle on board. Happily the country may be
: congratulated in being again free of cattle-plague. Inquiries

I just completed have shown that at Patrington, wheie the disease
first broke out, no case has occurred for more than two months.

I The fields have been top-dressed with lime, the sheds disinfected,

I and fresh cattle brought to the premises.

In the Pocklington district, where the plague was detected on
' August 27th, and continued, in spite of the measures which
' were employed to eradicate it, for nearly two months, no fresh
I case has occurred for nearly six weeks. It may be therefore
fairly concluded that the disease is thoroughly exterminated in
that locality.

In the Bridlington district, the disease has also been stamped
out, and the fields in which the animals were killed and buried
re-occupied by cattle.

The following statistical return shows the total loss of cattle
which has been sustained : —

Number of cattle on infected farms and premises, but all not
necessarily in contact with the diseased, 289.

Attacked, 72 :

Killed, diseased . .

Died

Total . . 72

Killed, healthv . .

171

Escaped

289

Fleur o-pneumonia. — With regard to the disease designated by •
the term pleuro-pneumonia, there are many reasons to fear that
it is on the increase in different parts of the country, although

274 Quarterly Report of the Royal Veterinary Colleye.

on the whole no material addition has taken place in the number
of rases officially reported.

Two causes especially are in operation to keep the disease rife,
viz., a desire to treat the animals rather than to send them at once
to the slaughter-house, and a disposition to conceal from the
authorities the existence of the malady on the farm. Pleuro-
pneumonia possesses properties which differ in many respects
from those of other infectious cattle-diseases ; and doubtless the
so-called cured animals are often dangerousybcf of infection to
others. It may not be a difficult problem to fix the time of
the commencement of infection, but when the materies morhi
cease to emanate from the diseased animal, or to be so changed
as to be non-productive of mischief to others, must be purely
conjectural. The true policy of the agriculturist is therefore to
send for slaughter every animal, the subject of pleuro-pneumonia,
' as early as possible after the declaration of the disease.

F oot-and- Mouth Disease. — Under the circumstances of a special
investigation into the several causes which are in operation to
extend the area of this affection, and to lead to its repeated out-
breaks in the same district, having been undertaken by the
Society, little need be said in this Report. Severe and long-con-
tinued as the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease has been,
it has thrown no additional light on the pathology of the affection,
nor on the laws which govern its extension. The facts developed
to-day are identical with those which existed in 1839, when the
first cases of “ foot-and-mouth disease ” were observed in England.
The years 1840 and 1 841 witnessed the same malignancy and
the same victims of the malady, viz., cattle, sheep, and pigs, as
1871 and 1872 have done. There are now many indications that
the disease is again on the decline, so that ere long we may
hope it will assume that which may perhaps be called its normal
condition.

The fatality of the affection is small, and the agriculturist should
take care that he does not increase this, nor protract what would
otherwise prove speedy natural cures by too great a desire to dose
animals with medicinal agents. Care in protecting the diseased
animals from inclement and all extremes of weather, and good
nursing, are the principles which should rule in the manage-
ment of animals affected with the foot-and-mouth disease.

I have the honour to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Jas. B. Simonds.

H. M. Jenkins, Esq.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF ENGLAND.

XII. — Report of Experiments on the Groiotli of Barley for Twenty
Years in succession on the same Land. By J. B. Lawes, Esq.,
F.R.S., F.C.S.; and J. H. Gilbert, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.
{continued from p. 162).

Section II. — Average Annual Produce by each
Description of Manure employed.

In this section the object will be to consider more exclusively
than hitherto the effects of different manures on the barley-crop ;
to ascertain what conditions of manuring are the best adapted
for the crop in the soil in question ; to determine in what con-
stituent, or class of constituents, the soil soonest shows signs
of exhaustion by its growth ; and to compare the characters of
barley with those of wheat in these respects. To this end atten-
tion will chiefly be confined to the average results obtained by
each manure over a series of years, so as to exclude, as far as
possible, the influence of variations of season, the full considera-
tion of which already has so clearly indicated, and so greatly
limited, the necessary reference to it here.

With regard to the soil, as already stated, the experimental
barley-field immediately adjoins the experimental wheat-field.
The soil of both may be described as — “ a somewhat heavy loam,
with a subsoil of raw yellowish red clay, but resting in its turn
upon chalk, which provides good natural drainage.” Lastly, the
wheat-field is artificially pipe-drained, but the barley-fieldis not.

The particulars of the manuring, and of the average annual
produce, and increase, by manure, on each plot, over the twenty
years, are given at one view in the folding Table (XXIV.) facing
the next page. The full details will be found in the Appendix
Tables (pp. 163-185) ; and such abstracts as may be needed for
the illustration of individual points will be given as we proceed.

VOL. IX. — s. s. u

276 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Average Annual Produce without Manure.

From the commencement, two plots, at some distance from
one another, have been left unmanured ; and a third has received,
every year, a dressing of ashes (burnt soil and turf), at the rate of
20 bushels per acre per annum. This is much more than the
quantity of the same description of ashes mixed with the various
artificial manures to aid their even distribution over the land.
The experiment was arranged to meet the cavil of Baron Liebig,
that inasmuch as we had mixed “ ashes” with our manures, we
could not form any judgment as to the effects of the latter; and
that doubtless part of the effect we attributed to them was due
to the “ashes” also employed.

Table XXV. (see next page) gives the average annual pro-
'duce on these three practically unmanured plots, over the first
ten, the second ten, and the total period of twenty years.

Looking first to the quality of the produce, the average weight
per bushel of dressed corn is, on all three plots, considerably
higher, and the proportion of corn to straw is either higher, or
but little lower, over the last than over the first 10 years.

This result is doubtless due, in great measure, to the cha-
racter of the seasons ; but the fact may be taken as at any rate
sufficient evidence that there was no deterioration in the cha-
racter or health of the plant, from growing the same crop year
after year on the same land.

The two unmanured plots, at opposite sides of the field, show
an average annual difference, over 20 years, of 2 bushels of corn
and ^ cwt. of straw, but considerably less over the last 10, than
over the first 10 years. This indicates probably, that the result
is, in part, at any rate, due to a difference of condition from pre-
vious manuring and cropping, which is becoming gradually
reduced, and so the plots the more equalised. It is a question,
however, whether the staple may not be rather better on Plot 6—1
than on Plot 1 O.

On the other hand, the average produce on Plot 6-2, receiving
annually 20 bushels of soil and turf ashes per acre, is only
precisely the same in corn, and even rather less in straw, than
on the immediately adjoining plot (6-1), which is entirely un-
manured. Over the first 10 years, indeed, the ashed plot gave
rather less, both corn and straw, than the entirely unmanured one,
though rather more of both over the second 10 years. Possibly,
therefore, under the exhausting process of growing the crop year
after year on the same land, the small amount of manorial
matters supplied in the ashes may eventually — that is after, so to
speak, all the previously acquired condition is worked out of the soil

EKPEIUMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF BARLEY YEAR AFTER YEAR ON THE SAME LAND, WITHOUT JIANURE, AND WITH DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF JLVNURE. HOOS FIELD, ROTHAMSTED.

[The Incrciise by Manure is in all cases giver

Taui.b XXIV. — Average Produce, and Increase by Manure, per Acre, per Annum, over Twenty Years, 1852-1871.
r the unmanured Produce (menu of Plots 1 0 and fi-l) j also, when Mineral and Nitrogenous Manures are used together, over the proilucc by the corresponding Mineral Manure alone (i.e. Plots 2 A, 2 AA, 2 AA8, 2 C, o

r 2 0 ; 3 A. 3 ;AA, 3 AAS, 3 C, over 3 0; and bo on.]

(') “.1j cwls. Supcq)liosphate of Lime”— in all
seB, made from 2iu) IbB. Bonc-osh, ISO lbs. Sulphuric
acid sp. gr. P7 (and water).

C) Sulphate Potass— 300 lbs. per annum for the
first 6 years, 185^7.

(*) Plots “ AA ” and " A AS” — first 6 years, 1852-7,
instead of Nitrate of Soda, 400 lbs, Ammonia-sails per
annum; next 10 years, 1658-67, SOU lbs. Ammouia-
salls per annum; 19G8 and since 27S lbs. Nitrate of
Soda per annum. 276 lbs. Nitrate of Soda is reckoned
} contain tbe same amount of Nitrogen as 200 lbs.
Ammouia-saUs."

(*) Plots *' AAS’’— the application of Silicates did
ot commence until 1864 ; in 1864. 5, 6 and 7, 200 Its.,
Silicate of Soda and 200 lbs. Silicate of Lime were
ipplied per acre, but in 1806, and since, 400 lbs.
Silicate of Soda, and no Silicate of Lime. These plots
comprise, respectively, onc-lialf the original "AA''
plots, and, excepting the addition of the Silicates, haw
been, and are, m other respects, manured in ibc same
way as the " AA ” plots.

(') 300 lbs. Sulphate Potasi^ and 3| cwts. Super-
plionphale of Lime, without Nitrate of Soda, tlie first
year (1652); Nitrate alone each year since.

11 AA.
J2 AA,
^ ^ 3 AA.
(4 AA.

1 AAS.

2 AAS,

3 AAS.

4 AAS.

.MANimiiS PKR ACRK. I'KR AN.VU.M (unUl$ oUu

Unmnnnred continuously

3} cwts. Supcrpho.^phnte of Lime (')

200 lbs. (®) Snipimte Potass, 100 lbs. {*) Siilphale Soda, 100 Ihs. Sulplmlc Magnesia

200 lbs. (’) Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (') Sulphate Soda, ino lbs. Sulpliale Magnesia, cwts. Superphosphate

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts (*)

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3^ cwts. Superphosphate

200 lbs. AnimoDin-salts, 200 lbs. (*) Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (’) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Mognesia

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 200 lbs. (’) Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (’} Sulphate Soda, lOO lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3} cwts. Superphosphate

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 3} cwts. Superphosphate

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. (*) Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (’) Sulphate Soda, 100 Ibsi Sulphate Magnesia

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. (’) Sulpliatc Potass, 100 lbs. (’) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3} cwts. Superpliosphate

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. Silicate Sods (•)

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. Silicate Soda (*). 3} cwts. Superplinvphale

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. Silicate Soda (*), 200 lbs. (‘) Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (*) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. Silicate Soda (‘), 2u0 lbs. (■) Sulphate Potass. 100 lbs. (') Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3} cwts. Superphosphate

1000 lbs. Kapc-cakc

1000 lbs. l<niH--cake, 3j cwts. Siiperphnsplmte

1000 lbs. llape-cake, 200 lbs. (*) Siilphute Potass, 100 lbs. (•) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia

1000 lbs. Pape-cuke, 200 lbs. (*} Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. (*) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3^ cwts. Superphosphate

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda

275 lbs. Nitrate Soda (550 lbs. Nitrate for 5 yean, 1863, 4, 5, 6, and 7)

100 lbs. (*) Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3} cwts. Superphosphate (commencing 1865; 1652, 3, and 4, unmanured)

200 lbs. C) Snlphiite Potass, 3} cwts. Superphosphate (200 lbs. Aiiuiiouia-salts also, for the first year, 1652, only)

200 lbs. (’) Sulphate Potass, 3} cwts. Superphosphate, 200 lbs, Ammouia*salls ..

Uninaiiiired continuously ••

Ashes (burnt-soil and turf)

14 Ton* Farmyard Manure

Dresskb Ooax. I
Weight

DmasEh Cou<.

IKKASE BY MANURE.

ToTAbSTaAW(AKoCiurr).^| ToTAt. PaoaccR.

acured. . Itmcnl Udiu

1390

1477

1307

1510

2020

3675

2321

3901

2403

3816

3242

302.5

2711

3249

1 AAS.

2 A.\S.

3 AAS,

1 AAS.J

To foot pai}e 276.

f(rr Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. ' 277

— maintain the yield at a slightly higher point than it will reach
on the absolutely unmanured land.

Table XXV. — Average Annual Produce of Barley without Manure, aud with
Ashes (burnt soil and turf.)

Plots.

Avekag

First
10 Years,

1852-61.

E Annual Pi

Second
10 Years,

1862-’71.

RODUCE.

Total

Period,

20 Years,

1852-71.

Second
10 Years
over

(or under—)
First 10.

Dressed Corn, per Acre — Bushels.

Per Cent.

1 0

Unmanured continuously

22|

17J

-21-8

6 1

Unmanured continuously (duplicate)

18?

-24-5

6 2

20 Bushels ashes j

23?

21?

- 16-2

Total Corn, per Acre — Ihs.

1 0

Unmanured continuously

1281

985

1133

-231

6 1

Unmanured continuously (duplicate)

1414

1070

1242

-24-3

6 2

20 Bushels ashes

1352

1138

1245

-15-8

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre-

-Cwts.

! 1 0

Unmanured continuously

13|

lOj’

-23-4

i 1

Unmanured continuously (duplicate)

lOf

12?

-23-2

6 2

20 Bushels ashes

111

12?

-13-5

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff), per Acre — Ihs.

1 O

Unmanured continuously

2782

2126

2454

-23-6

C 1

Unmanured continuously (duplicate)

2987

2273

2630

-23*9

6 2

20 Bushels ashes

2814

2391

2603

-15-0

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn — Ihs.

1 0

Unmanured continuously

51-6

.53-1

52-3

2-9

6 1

Unmanured continuously (duplicate)

51-5

53-5

52-5

3-9

6 2

20 Bushels ashes

51-6

53-6

52-6

3-9

Corn to 100 Straw.

1 0

Unmanured continuously

85-9

87-3

86-6 1

1-6

6 1

Unmanured continuously (duplicate)

89-8

89-4

89-6 '

- 0-4

6 2

20 Bushels ashes

92-0

90-9

91-4 1

- 1-2

At any rate, the fact that the plot manured with ashes has,

U 2

278 Report of Experiments on the Groioth of Barley,

over 20 years, not given any more produce than the immediately
adjoining unmanured plot, is a sufficient answer to the objection
that the admixture of a much smaller quantity of the same de-
scription of ashes with the artificial manures used on the other
plots, in any way vitiates the results, or obscures the proper inter-
pretation of them.

The average annual produce of barley on the land in question,
without manure, may be taken at about 21 bushels of grain, and
12 cwts. of straw.

It will be of interest to compare the produce of barley without
manure with that of wheat in the immediately adjoining field.
Table XXVI. (see next page) illustrates the point ; and for the
sake of easier comparison, the produce of both crops is given in
pounds. For wheat the average annual produce is given — for the
-whole 28 years of the experiments ; for the first 20 years, which
will, perhaps, best compare with the barley, so fajr as condition of
land at the commencement of the series is concerned ; and for the
last 20 years, which comprise the same period as that of the barley
results, and will, hence, compare best so far as any influence of
season is concerned, but which succeeds 8 years of the growth
of the crop without manure. For the barley, the mean produce
of the two unmanured plots (1 O and 6-1) is given.

It is seen that, over a period of 20 years without manure,
the barley has yielded a greater weight of corn, but less of
straw, per acre, per annum, than the wheat. This is the case,
whether the produce of wheat be averaged over the whole 28,
the first 20, or the last 20 years. The average weight of total pro-
duce (corn and straw together) is, however, much more nearly the
same for both crops. It is almost identical when the comparison
is made with the wheat averaged over the whole 28 years ; it
is in favour of the wheat when the first 20 years of each crop is
taken, and in an almost exactly equal degree in favour of the
barley when both crops are taken over the same period, namely,
the 20 years — 1852-’71, which, in the case of the wheat, suc-
ceeded the removal of eight previous unmanured crops, but in
that of the barley were the first 20 years of its continuous growth.

Prior to the commencement of the experiments the previous
cropping had been as under : —

Wheat-Field.
Turnips (dunged).

Barley.

Peas.

Wheat.

Oats.

Barley-Field,

Turnips (dung and super-
phosphate) carted off.
Barley.

Clover.

Wheat.

Barley (sulphate ammonia).

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 279

Table XXVI. — Average Annual Produce of Wheat, and of Barley,
without Manure.

Average Anxgal Proddce, &c.

Barley more (oi less—)
THAN Wheat.

First

Half

Period.

Second

Half

Period.

Total

Period.

Second
Period
over 1

(or under-)
First
^ Period.

First

Half

Period,

Second

Half

Period.

Total

Period.

Total Corn, per Acre.

Wheat : —

lbs.

Per Cent.

lbs.

2S years, 1844-1871

1053

891

972

-15-4

295

137

216

20 years, 1844-1863

1018

1035

1026

1-7

330

- 7

162

20 years, 1852-1871

944

881

913

- 6*7

404

147

275

Barley : —

■

20 years, 1852-1871

1348

1028

1188

-23-7

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat; —

28 years, 1844-1871

1713

1355

1.534

-20*9

-176

-183

-180

20 years, 1844-1863

1693

-1.56

-521

-339

20 years, 1852-1871

1663

1241

1451

-25-4

-126

- 69

- 97

Barley : —

20 years, 1852-1871

1537

1172

1354

-23-7

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat:—

28 years, 1844-1871

2766

2246

2506

-18-8

119

- 46

20 years, 1844-1863

2711

2728

2719

0-6

174

-528

-177

20 years, 1852-1871

2607

2122

2364

-18-6

278

178

Barley : —

20 years, 1852-1871

2885

2200

2542

-23-7

It is possible, therefore, that there would be rather more nitro-
yenous condition to work out of the barley than out of the wheat
land. Consistently with this, the barley gives much more excess
of corn, and much less deficiency of straw, compared with the
wheat in the earlier years. It also shows much more rapid
decline in total produce than the wheat. The evidence leads to
the conclusion, therefore, that the wheat will eventually maintain
a somewhat higher total produce than the barley. This is what
would be expected with the autumn-sown crop, with its longer
period for root-development, and consequent possession of a
greater range of soil for the collection of food.

It has already been shown that what may be termed, in an

280 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

agricultural sense, corresponding crops of wheat and barley,
require very nearly identical amounts of the different constituents
to be available within the soil. These results show, experi-
mentall}', how nearly equal are the amounts of gross produce of
the two crops, which a soil in a given condition will yield ; and
it seems probable that the only difference will be that which is
due to varying adaptation of season, and to the greater or less
root-range of the one crop or the other.

Average Annual Produce hy Farmyard Manure.

Table XXVII. shows the average annual produce of barley,
and the increase over the mean produce without manure, by an
annual dressing of 14 tons of farmyard manure per acre.

Table XXVII. — Average Annual Produce, and Increase of Barley by Farmyard Manure

(Plot 7.)

Avebage Akxual Produce, &c.

Ikcrease over (or under—)
Unmanured (Plots 1 0 and W

First
10 Years,

1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,

1862-71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,

1852-71.

Second
10 Yeais
over

(or under — )
First
10 Years.

First
10 Years,

1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,

1862-’71.

Total
Period
20 Yeai

185H

Per Cent.

Dressed Corn per acre

bushels

5\i

481

14-4

211

331

271

Total Com per acre

.. lbs.

2541

2995

2763

17-9

1193

1967

1330

Straw (and Chaff) per acre . .

cwts.

2C4

29i

281

12-2

191

161

Total Produce (Corn, Straw.&c.) per acre lbs.

5525

6342

5933

14-3

2640

4141

3391

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn

lbs.

52-6

56-0

54-3

6*5

1-0

2-7

1-9

Corn to 100 Straw

85-6

91-3

88-5

6-7

-2-3

3-0

0-4

Unlike the produce without manure, that by farmyard manure
was, in every particular of quantity, as well as quality, con-
siderably higher over the second than over the first 10 years.
Taking the average of the first 10 years, the produce of corn
was exceeded by several, and that of straw by more, of the arti-
ficial manures ; but, over the second 10 years, it was in no case
exceeded in average amount of corn, and in only one case in
amount of straw. Averaged over the whole period of 20 years,
however, several of the mixtures of mineral and nitrogenous
manure approached, and some even surpassed, it in produce of
corn, more did so in straw, and several in total produce (corn
and straw together).

The individual years in which the dunged plot, more or less,
exceeded all others, were — in produce of corn, 1859, 1862, 1864,
1865, 1866, 1867, and 1871 ; in produce of straw, 1862 and

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 281

1866 ; and in total produce, 1859, 1862, 1865, 1866, and 1871.
For information as to the characters of season, under the influence
of which these results were obtained, we must refer to the descrip-
tion of the respective seasons in Section 1.

Whilst the unmanured land gave an average annual produce
of only 21 bushels of dressed corn, and about 12 cwts. of straw,
the farmyard manure gave 48^ bushels of dressed corn, and 28|-
cwts. of straw ; or an average increase over the mean unmanured
of 27i bushels of corn, and 16|^ cwts. of straw.

During the 20 years, 280 tons of dung, containing from 80 to
90 tons of dry solid matter, have been applied per acre. But
the produce has only amounted to about 24J tons of corn, and
28 j tons of straw, or in all to only 53 tons ; and the increase, over
the produce without manure, has only been about 14^ tons of
corn, and 16^^ tons of straw — in all 30|- tons of total increase ;
which certainly would contain less than one-third as much dry
solid matter as was supplied in the dung. The manure would,
in fact, supply to the soil very much more of carbon, of nitrogen,
of phosphoric acid, of potass, of lime, of magnesia — indeed, pro-
bably of every constituent, than the total produce contained ; and,
of course, a still greater excess over the amounts taken off in the
increase of produce.

It is evident that there must be a very great accumulation of
constituents in the soil of the dunged plot. Of nitrogen, for
example, from 3 to 4 times as much has [been applied as to any
of the artificially manured plots; and, judging from the deter-
minations of nitrogen in the soil of the dunged plot in the wheat-
field, it is probable that the percentage of that substance in the
surface-soil of the dunged barley plot has, during the 20 years,
been nearly doubled. Yet, mixtures of mineral manure and am-
monia-salts, or nitrate of soda, supplying nitrogen in so much less
quantity, but in a more readily available condition, frequently
gave about the same, and sometimes more, produce than the dung.
It is obvious, too, that the large amount of nitrogen accumulated
in the soil of the dunged plot is in a far less available or effective
condition than the much smaller quantities annually supplied as
ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda.

In order to ascertain in what degree the accumulated nitrogen
and other constituents will be annually available, and for what
length of time any residue will remain efi’ective, the dunged plot
has, since the removal of the twentieth crop, been divided into
two portions — one to receive dung annually, as before, and the
other to be left unmanured, probably until the produce on it
approximates to that of the continuously unmanured plot.

The following Table shows the results obtained by the annual
application of 14 tons of dung per acre, for barley, and for wheat,

282 Report of Experiments on the Groioth of Barley,

respectively. As before, the produce is, for easy comparison, given
in pounds, and that of the wheat is averaged over the whole 28,
the first 20, and last 20 years.

Table XXVIII. — Average Annual Produce of Wheat, and of Barley,
by 14 tons Farmyard Manure per Acre, per Annum.

Average Annual Produce, &c.

First
Half of
Period.

Second
Half of
Period.

Total

Period.

Second
Period over
(or under — )
First Period.

Barley over (or under — )
Wheat.

First
Half of
Period.

Second
Half of
Period.

Total

Period'.

Total Corn, per Acre.

Wheat : —

lbs.

Per Cent.

lbs.

28 years, 1844-1871

1953

2335

2144

19-6

588

660

624

20 years, 1844-1863

1757

2395

2076

36‘3

784

600

692

20 years, 1852-1871

2145

2385

2265

11*2

396

610

503

Barley: —

20 years, 1852-1871

2541

2995

2768

17-9

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat : —

28 years, 1844-1871

3332

3801

3567

14-1

-348

-454

-402

20 years, 1844-1863

3071

3960

3515

28-9

- 87

-613

-350

20 years, 1852-1871

3795

3803

3799

0-2

-811

-456

-634

Barley ; —

20 years, 1852-1871

2984

3347

3165

12*2

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat : —

28 years, 1844-1871

5285

6136

5711

16-1 1

240

206

222

20 years, 1814-1863

4828

6.355

5591

31*6 1

697

- 13

342

20 years, 1852-1871

5940

6188

6064

4-2

-415

154

-13L

Barley ; —

20 years, 1852-1871

5525

6342

5933

14-8 :

The produce of wheat as well as of barley was considerably
higher over the later than over the earlier years ; but the rate of
increase was very much less over the last 20 than over the first 20
of the total 28 years. It may be mentioned here, in passing, that,
in only 4 of the 28 years has the produce of wheat-grain been
higher on the dunged than on any of the artificially manured
plots, namely, in 1855, 1859, 1866, and 1871 ; and in every
year it has been surpassed in weight of straw, and of total pro-
duce (corn and straw together), on one or more of the artificiallyr
manured plots.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 283

As without manure, so with farmyard manure, over whichever
period the wheat is averaged, the barley gives a considerably
greater quantity of corn, but considerably less straw, than the
wheat. Of total jnoduce, however, when the wheat is averaged
over the whole 28 years, the barley gives (over 20 years) an
average annual excess of 222 lbs. over the wheat ; when the first
20 years of wheat is taken the excess of barley is 342 lbs. per
acre per annum ; but when both wheat and barley are taken over
the same 20 years (in the case of the wheat after 8 preceding
years of the same manuring and cropping), the barley gives a
slight average annual deficiency of total produce, namely,
131 lbs.*

From these facts it may be concluded that, excepting differences
due to season, or other incidental causes, a given amount of farm-
yard manure annually applied to a given soil will, when averaged
over a sufficient period, yield identical amounts of total produce
of the autumn-sown and autumn-manured wheat, and of the
spring-sown and spring-manured barley.

The practice of applying 14 tons of farmyard manure per
acre, per annum, is, it is true, as unusual as that of growing
either wheat or barley so many years in succession on the same
land. Nevertheless, the results of such an experiment are of
much interest. They may be briefly summarised as follows : —
With the great accumulation of constituents within the soil, the
produce of both crops is higher in the later than in the earlier
years ; much more corn, but much less straw, was obtained with
the spring-sown and spring-manured barley, than with the autumn-
sown and autumn-manured wheat; but the two crops gave almost
identical amounts of average annual total produce (corn and straw
together). Notwithstanding that the dung supplied several times
as much nitrogen, and more of all other constituents, its produce
seldom exceeded that of some of the artificial mixtures of mineral
manure and ammonia-salts, or nitrate of soda.

Lastly in regard to the effects of the farmyard manure, attention
has been called (pp. 139—141 and 151) to the influence of the
accumulated matter on the physical condition of the soil, in-
creasing its porosity, enabling it to retain more moisture, and
rendering the crop much less liable to injury from adverse
climatic conditions, and especially from drought. Future experi-

* The general result is the same whether the acreage 'produce of the two crops
he compared, as above, or only the increase of produce by manure ; and as in
adopting the increase as the basis of comparison, the diminution of produce with-
out manure (which moreover was different for the two crops) would be a necessary
element affecting the calculation, it is concluded that, for the purpose in view,
the comparison of the produce of the two crops is less open to objection than that
of the increase.

284 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

ment will show in what degree the accumulated residue from
the previous manuring is effective for succeeding crops ; and the
effects of the different artificial manures now to be considered,
will show to what constituents of the dung the increase of pro-
duce it has yielded has most probably been mainly due.

Averaye Annual Produce by purely Mineral Manure.

Under this head attention will chiefly be directed to the results
obtained on the plots, and by the manures, as under : —

Plot 2 O — Superphosphate of Lime,

Plots O — “Mixed Alkali-salts” — a mixture of sulphates of
Potass, Soda, and Magnesia.

Plot 4 O — “ Mixed Mineral Manure ” — a mixture of the “ Su-
perphosphate of Lime,” and the “ mixed Alkali-salts.”

Table XXIX. shows the average annual produce and increase
by these manures. (See next page.)

The first point to remark is that, as without manure and with
farmyard manure, so with these purely* mineral manures, the
weight per bushel of dressed corn is, in each case, considerably
higher over the second than over the first 10 years. The propor-
tion of corn to straw is also higher over the later years. This
result is doubtless in great measure due to season. Still it is
clear that in these points of quality there is no deterioration in
the crop.

In point of quantity, however, the result is very different.
There is, with each of the manures, a very considerable falling
off in the average annual amount of corn, of straw, and of total
produce, over the second as compared with the first 10 years ;
and rather more where the salts of potass, soda, and magnesia, are
used, whether alone or in admixture with superphosphate, than
where the superphosphate is used alone. Where the superphos-
phate and mixed alkali-salts are used together, the greater falling
off in the later as compared with the earlier years would seem to
be connected with a higher produce by that manure than by the
superphosphate alone in the earlier years ; whilst, in the later
years, the produce by the two manures approximates more closely.
Lastly on this point, the average annual increase over the unma-
nured produce is not, by either manure, widely different over the
two periods ; but where the superphosphate and the mixed alkali-
salts are each used separately, the increase is rather greater, and
where they are used together rather less, over the second 10
years — indicating a slightly less rate of decline than without
manure with the two former, and a slightly greater decline with
the more complete manure — accounted for by its proportionally
greater increase over the earlier years.

for Tioenty Years in succession on the same Land.

285

Tabi.e XXIX. — Average Annual Produce, and Increase’, by purely Mineral Manures.

Average Annual Peodtjce, &c.

Increase over (or under — )
Unmanueed (Plots 1 0 and 6-1.)

Plots.

M-vnures, rr.R Annuh.

Total

Second

Total

First

Second

Period,

10 Years

First

Second

Period,

10 Years,

20 Years,

over

10 Years,

20 Years,

1852-’61.

1862t’71.

1852-’71.

(or under — )
First 10.

1852-’61.

1862-’71.

1852-’71.

Dressed Corn, per Acre — Bushels.

Per Cent.

Superphosphate

23J

25|

-17-0

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

2-ii

20J

22i

-19*1

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts/

30i

24J

27i

-20-0

Total Corn, per Acre — lbs.

2 0

Superphosphate

1562

1317

1439

-15-7

214

289

252

3 0 1

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

1396

1139

1268

-18-4

112

4 0

1 Superphosphate and)
1 Mixed Alkali-salts/

1712

1387

1550

-19*0

365

360

363

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre — Cwts.

2 0

Superphosphate

44i

I’i

13i

-20-2

3 0

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

13|

lOf

12i

-22-5

4 0 !

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts j

16J

12i

14i

-21-7

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff), per Acre — lbs.

2 0

Superphosphate

3223

2639

2931

-18-1

338

439

389

3 0

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

2944

2338

2641

-20-6

138

4 0

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts/

3517

2807

3162

-20-2

632

607

621

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn — lbs.

2 0

Superphosphate

52-1

54-4

53-2

4-4

0-6

1-1

0-8

3 0

Mixed Alkali-salts..

51-8

54*3

53-0

4-8

0-3

1-0

0-6

4 0

(Superphosphate and)
\ hlixed Alkali-saltsJ

52-3

54'6

53-4

4-4

0-8

1*3

i-o

Corn to 100 Straw.

2 0

Superphosphate

93-8

100’4

97-1

7-0

5-9

12‘0

9-0

3 0

Mixed Alkali-salts

90-0

94-7

92-4

5-2

2-1

6-3

4-3

4 0

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts/

95-1

97-7

96-4

2'7

7-2

9-3

8-3

286 Heport of Experiments on the Growth of Darlexj^

Over tlie whole period, the average annual produce by super-
phosphate of lime alone, is 25 J bushels of dressed corn, and 13^
cwts. of straw ; by the mixed alkali-salts alone, 22^ bushels of
dressed corn, and 12| cwts. of straw; and by the two manures
together, 27-^ bushels of corn, and 14^ cwts. of straw. The unma-
nured produce being 21 bushels of corn, and 12 cwts. of straw,
the average annual increase is, by the superphosphate alone, 4®
bushels of corn, and 1|^ cwts. of straw ; by the mixed alkali-salts,
1-i bushel of corn, and 4 cwt. of straw ; and by the mixture of
the two, 64 bushels of corn, and 2,j cwts. of straw.

Neither of these purely mineral manures has, then, sufficed
to yield anything like a fair crop of barley. The mixed alkali-
salts alone have given scarcely any increase at all. It was,
therefore, not in an available supply of potass, soda, or magnesia,
that the soil was rendered relatively deficient, either by the
previous ordinary cropping, or by the continuous growth of
barley. Superphosphate of lime alone gave but little, though
still notably more increase than the mixed alkali-salts. It would
appear, therefore, that there was, within the range of the roots, a
greater relative deficiency of available phosphoric acid than of
available alkalies. The mixture of the two manures, again, gave
slightly more increase than either, or than both, used separately.

The explanation of the effects of these mineral manures, and
of the great falling off in the produce, not only by them, but
without manure, probably is, that in each case the produce
has been limited by the supply of available nitrogen accumulated
within the soil, whether from previous cultivation, manuring, and
cropping, or by annual deposition and absorption ; and that, with
the increased supplies of available mineral matter near the sur-
face, root-development has been more or less increased, possession
thus acquired of a greater range of soil, and, with this, access
obtained to more of its stored-up nitrogen. On this view, the
condition^’ of the soil, as distinguished from its normal or
natural fertility, is at any rate so far as available nitrogen is con-
cerned, being gradually worked out by the growth of the crop,
whether without manure, or with the purely mineral manures ;
and it remains to be seen whether or not the point of normal
annual produce has yet been reached.

There are two other plots receiving annually mineral manure
alone; namely 5 O, and M; the full particulars of which will be
found in the Appendix Tables. They are much smaller, and at
the opposite end of the field from the other mineral-manured
plots, and the results seem not altogether comparable with those
of the latter, though there is less reason to suppose that they are
not so with one another. Plot 5 O has received annually super-

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 287

phosphate of lime and sulphate of potass (that is excluding sul-
phates of soda and magnesia) ; and Plot M has received super-
phosphate, and sulphates of soda and magnesia (that is excluding
sulphate of potass).

The mixture of superphosphate and potass-salt has given an
annual average of slightly more corn, but no more straw, than
the superphosphate and soda and magnesia salts, without potass.
The produce by both manures has fallen off over the later as com-
pared with the earlier years, so far as corn is concerned ; but by
that including potass it has done so more than by the one without
it; and whilst by the manure containing potass, the produce of
straw also has fallen off, that by the soda and magnesia without
potass has even increased in straw during the later years. Taken
over the whole period, the mixture of superphosphate and potass-
salt has given annually about li bushel more corn, but only
exactly the same amount of straw, as that with soda and magne-
sia, but without potass. The crop was, however, in both cases
most miserable; in the one only 22^, in the other only 21^
bushels of corn, and in both only 12^ cwts. of straw.

It may be concluded that there was in neither case any defi-
ciency of mineral matter for such meagre crops ; but that in the
one the relatively liberal supply of potass favoured seeding ten-
dency, and in the other the salts of soda and magnesia, whether
by action on the soil, or more directly on the development of the
plant itself, favoured some increase of plant, without corresponding
seeding tendency. Evidence of the effects of superphosphate
and potass-salts, compared with superphosphate, potass, soda,
magnesia-salts will be forthcoming when the results obtained
with these mixtures in conjunction with nitrogenous manures
are considered.

It will be of interest to compare the effects of purely mineral
manures on wheat, and on barley. The following Table (XXX.)
shows the effects of the same “mixed mineral manure,” used over
the same period of 20 years, with the two crops. As in the case
of the experiment with farmyard manure, the produce, not the
increase, of the two crops is taken for illustration, and, mutatis
mutandis, for similar reasons. But it should be further explained,
that whilst in the case of the wheat plot, 8 crops, variously but
upon the whole liberally manured, had already been taken, in
that of the barley the period commences with the first year of
the experiments.

As without manure, and with farmyard manure, so with the
mixed mineral manures, barley yields considerably more grain
than wheat — in fact, not far short of one-half more. On the other
hand, it gives rather less straw, but of total produce (corn and
straw together) considerably more than the wheat. It may be

288 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

added that, although the figures and their relations would differ,
more or less, if the increase instead of the produce were taken
for comparison, jet the general results would be the same.

Table XXX. — Average Annual Produce of Wheat and of Barley by purely
Mineral Manure.

Average Annual Produce,

&c.

Manures per Acre, per Annum:—
3{ Cwts. Superphosphate of Lime.
200 lbs. (>) Sulphate Potass.

1 00 lbs. p) Sulphate Soda.

100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,

First
10 Years,

1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,

1862-71.

Total

Period,

20 Years,

1852’-71.

Second
10 Years
over

(or under — )
First 10.

Total Corn, per Acre

—lbs.

Wheat (Plot 5) 20 years, 1852-1871

1149

987

1068

Per Cent.
-14-1

Barley (Plot 4 0) 20 years, 1852-1871

1712

1387

1550

-19-0

Barley over (or under — ) Wheat

563

400

482

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre — lbs.

Wheat (Plot 5) 20 years, 1852-1871

1919

1437

1678

-25-1

Barley (Plot 4 0) 20 years, 1852-1871

1805

1420

1612

-21-3

Barley over (or under — ) Wheat

-114

-17

-65

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff), per Acre — lbs.

Wheat (Plot 5) 20 years, 1852-1871

3068

2424

2746

-21-0

Barley (Plot 4 0) 20 years, 1852-1871

3517

2807

3162

-20-2

Barley over (or under — ) Wheat

449

383

417

(') 300 lbs. for the first 6 years of barley, and first 7 years of wheat.
(f) 200 lbs. for the first 6 years of barley, and fii’st 7 years of wheat.

The result itself is remarkable from several points of view.
The wheat plot, although it had previously yielded 8 experimen-
tal crops, had, during that time, received considerable quantities
of mineral manure and ammonia-salts, and some rape-cake also.
It would be supposed, therefore, that there was more '■^condition'’
to work out of it than out of the barley plot. Then again, the
assumed greater root-range of the autumn-sown wheat, than of
the spring-sown barley, and the longer period of growth of the
autumn-sown crop, would, it might be concluded, give it a greater
command over the stores within the soil. Further, calculation
shows that the barley crop would actually contain more nitrogen
than the wheat.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 289

Is the less result with mineral manures on wheat than on barley
due to the dilution and distribution of the autumn-sown manures
by the winter rains, and to their having acquired a comparatively
insoluble condition, resulting in a less active root-development in
the upper, and more highly nitrogenous layers of the soil, when
growth commences in the spring ? Is there, consequently, a more
rapid exhaustion of the accumulated nitrogen within the soil by
the barley than by the wheat ? Or, does the pipe-draining of the
wheat-field render the drainage the more free, and so cause a
greater washing out of nitrogenous compounds in the winter ;
even from the plots where none are artificially applied ? It is at
any rate consistent with the supposition that there is a more rapid
exhaustion of the nitrogen accumulated within the soil, by the
barley than by the wheat, when each is grown without nitrogenous
manure, that, according to calculation it appears probable that,
both without manure, and with purely mineral manure, the
barley has carried off more nitrogen from a given area than the
wheat, whilst it has, under both conditions, declined more rapidly
in annual produce of corn, and without manure in total produce
also.

The general result with the purely mineral manures is — that
superphosphate of lime gave more increase of barley than a
mixture of salts of potass, soda, and magnesia ; that neither
the one nor the other, nor the mixture of all, sufficed to raise the
produce to anything like a fair crop ; and that, with either, the crop
fell off considerably over the later years. Nevertheless, boththe pro-
duce and the increase of barley by the mixed mineral manure were
considerably greater than those of wheat by the same manure. It
may be concluded that the exhaustion which the soil undoubtedly
suffered, was not connected with a relative deficiency of any of
the constituents which these mineral manures supplied. The
results next to be considered will show in what the exhaustion
really did consist.

Average Annual Produce by Ammonia-salts alone, or Nitrate
of Soda alone.

Of the four experiments under this head, the first to be noticed
are those on —

Plot 1 A with 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre per annum,
for 20 years, 1852-1871.

Plot 1 N with 275 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre per annum, for
19 years, 1853-1871.

200 lbs. of ammonia salts and 275 lbs. of nitrate of soda, are esti-
mated to supply the same amount of nitrogen, namely 41 lbs. =
50 lbs. of ammonia. But it must be noted that the plot subsequently

290 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barlep,

having nitrate received, in the first year of the twenty, 3^ cvvts.
of superphosphate of lime, and 300 lbs. of sulphate of potass, per
acre. These mineral manures gave no increase whatever in the
year of their application ; but, under the exhausting process of
afterwards using nitrogenous manures alone for so many years
in succession, they have doubtless had considerable effect on the
succeeding crops. Hence, unfortunately, the two experiments,
the one with a given amount of nitrogen as ammonia-salts for 20
years, and the other with the same amount as nitrate of soda for
the last 19 of the 20 years, are not strictly comparable. (Table
XXXI. next page.)

In the first place, notwithstanding the great demand made on
the mineral resources of the soil, by applying ammonia-salts alone
year after year, there is considerably less falling off in the produce
over the second as compared with the first ten years, under such
treatment, than by the application of mixed mineral manure alone
every year. And not only so : whilst, over the twenty years, the
average annual produce was, by the mixed mineral manure only
27J bushels of corn and 14^ cwts. of straw, that by the 200 lbs.
of ammonia-salts alone was 32^ bushels of corn, and 18^ cwts.
of straw. In other words, whilst the increase of produce by the
mixed mineral manure alone averaged, over twenty years, only
bushels of corn and 2i cwts. of straw, per acre per annum, that
by this comparatively small quantity of ammonia-salts alone av'e-
raged, over the same period, 11^ bushels of corn, and Of cwts.
of straw.

Comparing the result by ammonia-salts for 20 years, with that
by the same quantity of nitrogen as nitrate of soda for 19 years,
the average annual produce and increase are 5^ bushels of corn,
and cwts. of straw, more by the nitrate than by the ammonia-
salts.

It is obvious that, owing to the greater solubility, and more
rapid distribution in the soil and subsoil, of the nitrate or its
products of decomposition, it will be the more liable to loss by
drainage when there is an excess of rain. On the other hand, as
already referred to (p. 140), the subsoil in its case becomes more
disintegrated, therefore more porous, more retentive of moisture
in a favourable condition, and more permeable by the roots. It
is, probably, in part due to this action that the effects of a
given amount of nitrogen as nitrate of soda increase from year to
year compared with those of an equivalent application as am-
monia-salts. How much of the greater effect of the nitrate in
the experiment in question may be due to this action, and how
much to the supply of mineral manure to the nitrated plot in the
first year, it is impossible to determine.

On the latter point it may be mentioned, that the amounts of

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

291

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VOL, IX. — S. S.

292 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

phosphoric acid and potass applied in the first year, but which
gave no increase in that year, were sufficient, if still present and
available, to supply those constituents for more than the excess of
corn and straw obtained on the nitrate, as compared with the
ammonia-plot. Further, the experiments with wheat have
afforded abundant evidence, that phosphates and potass-salts
previously applied, have been effective for 20 years or more, when
nitrogenous manures have been afterwards supplied, to work
them out, so to speak. There can be little doubt, indeed, that part,
at any rate, of the greater effect of the nitrate in the experiment
in question, was really due to the supply of mineral constituents
in the first year.

The results next to be considered show the effects of double
the above amounts of ammonia-salts alone, or nitrate of soda alone,
but applied for a few years only as under : —

Plot 1. A. A

6 years, 1852-1857, 400 lbs. ammonia-salts, per acre, per
annum.

Plot 2. N

1 year, 1852, cwts. superphosphate, 300 lbs. sulphate
potass ;

5 years, 1853-1857, 550 lbs. nitrate of soda.

Thus, as in the previous comparison, the two plots received
corresponding amounts of nitrogen as ammonia-salts, and as
nitrate of soda, respectively, for a series of years ; but whilst the
ammonia plot received the double dressing of ammonia-salts, in
the first as well as the succeeding 5 years, the nitrate plot received
phosphates and potass without nitrate in the first year, and the
double quantity of nitrate in the succeeding 5 years.

Table XXXII. (See next page) shows the produce obtained,
and also the increase, both over the unmanured produce, and over
that by the smaller amounts of ammonia -salts, or nitrate, in the
corresponding years.

Thus, there is an average annual produce of 46 bushels of
corn, and 28^ cwts. of straw, by the application of 400 lbs. of
ammonia-salts alone for 6 years ; also of 48 bushels of corn, and
31J cwts. of straw, by the same amount of nitrogen as nitrate of
soda alone for 5 years (but succeeding a dressing of superphos-
phate and sulphate of potass). The produce by the double
amount of ammonia-salts alone represents an average annual
increase over the unmanured produce of 17|^ bushels of corn, and
12j cwts. of straw ; and of 7-| bushels of corn, and 5|^ cwts. of
straw over that by half the quantity of ammonia-salts for the same
period. In like manner the produce by the double amount of
nitrate of soda alone, represents an annual total increase of 19^

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 293

bushels of corn, and 15| cwts. of straw ; and an increase over the
produce by the single amount of nitrate, of 5^ bushels of corn,
and 6 cwts. of straw.

Table XXXII. — Average Annual Produce and Increase by 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts
alone, or 550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda alone.

riots.

MANURKS PER ACRE, PER A5INUM.]

Average

An'iual

ftoduce.

Aveeage Annoal Increase.

Over

Unmanured
(Plots 1 0 and 6-1.)

1 AA
over 1 A.

2 N

over 1 N.

Dressed Corn per Acre — Bushels.

1 AA
.2 N

400 lbs Ammonia-salts ; 6 years, 1852-1857 ■
550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda; 5 years, 1853-1857

17?

19?

Total Corn per Acre — lbs.

1 AA

2 N

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts; 6 years, 1852-^1857
550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda; 5 years, 1853-1857

2603

2666

1005

1070

412

302

Straw (and Chaff) per Acre — Cwts.

1 AA
2N

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts; 6 years, 1852-1857
550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda; 5 years, 1853-1857

28J-

31)

121

15|

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

1 AA
2N

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts; 6 years, 1852-1857
550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda; 5 years, 1853-1857

5794

6198

2371

2794

1066

972

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn — lbs.

1 AA
2N

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts; 6 years, 1852-1857
550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda; 5 years, 1853-1857

50-7

50-9

- 1-0
- 0-7

-0-8

-l-O

Corn to 100 Straw.

1 AA

2 N

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts; 6 years, 1852-1857
550 lbs. Nitrate of Soda; 5 years, 1853-1857

82*5

75-4

- 5-7
-13-4

-4-4

-7-4

W e have here, then, by the application of ammonia-salts alone,
or of nitrate of soda alone, an average annual produce, over 5 or

X 2

294 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

G consecutive years, of 46 or 48 bushels of barley ; or consider-
ably more than the amount assumed (p. 93) to be a good produce
under ordinary rotation and cultivation. These amounts are also
fully one- third more than was obtained by purely mineral
manure over the same period.

It was found that these double dressings were too heavy, the
crops frequently being much laid ; and hence, after the first 6
years of the experiments, the quantities were reduced to one-half,
that is, to the same as on plots 1 A and 1 N. For many subse-
quent years, however, the plots previously receiving the larger
amounts, whether alone, or with mineral manure (as presently
to be noticed), continued to yield more produce than the plots
receiving the smaller quantity from the commencement. But as
the effects of the unexhausted residue from previous manuring
upon succeeding crops will be considered separately and in detail
in Section IV. no more need be said on the point in this place.

, It would be interesting to compare the effects of purely nitro-
genous manures on wheat and on barley ; but as the experiments
with such manures on the two crops are not as parallel as is
desirable, either as regards the previous history of the plots, the
quantities applied, or the periods and duration of the experiments,
the comparison might be misleading unless given with much
explanation and qualification. The omission is, however, of the
less consequence, as we shall be enabled to compare the effects on
the two crops of a mixture of ammonia-salts and mineral manure
together, which in fact is of much greater practical importance.

The practice of growing barley for so many years in succession
on the same land by any means whatever, is not, it is true,
recommended for adoption in practical agriculture ; and still
less desirable would it be so to grow it by means of ammonia-
salts alone, or nitrate of soda alone. But the extraordinary results
which have been recorded are not the less instructive and im-
portant, or of less practical value, on that account.

It is of no little interest to know, that on a soil, consisting of
a somewhat heavy loam with a clayey subsoil, and of only
moderate corn-yielding capabilities, purely mineral manures will
not yield anything like a lair crop of wheat or barley ; but that,
on the same soil, a comparatively small quantity of purely nitro-
genous manures has yielded, for twenty years in succession, not
much less barley than the average crop of the country ; and that a
larger amount has given, over 6 consecutive seasons, considerably
more than an average crop. This is knowledge acquired of the
available mineral resources of such a soil, which analysis would
not have afforded ; and which supplies, if not examples for exact
imitation, at any rate a very sound basis for deduction in regard
to actual practice.

for Ttocnty Years in succession on the same Land. 295

Average annual Produce by Ammonia-salts or Nitrate of
Soda, icith mineral Manure in addition.

The first set of experiments to be noticed here, includes four
plots, each of which has received 200 lbs. ammonia-salts per acre
per annum, throughout the twenty years, but each with a different
mineral manure in addition. The mineral manures, here used
in admixture with nitrogenous manures, are the same as in the
experiments with purely mineral manures, which have already
been considered. As only much abbreviated descriptions of the
manures can be given in the Table (see next page), they are
described in full below : —

Plot 2 A — 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, and cwts. Superphos-
phate of Lime.

Plot 3 A — 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, and mixed Alkali-salts,
— namely, a mixture of 200 lbs.’*' Sulphate Potass,
100 Ibs.t Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia.

Plot 4 A — 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3^ cwts. Superphosphate,
and the “ mixed Alkali-salts.”

Plot 5 A — 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3^ cwts. ^^Superphosphate,
and 200 lbs.* Sulphate Potass.

The produce is averaged over the first 10, the second 10, and
the 20 years. The increase is calculated over the produce without
manure, and also, in each case, over that by the corresponding
mineral manure without ammonia-salts ; — that is 2 A over 2 O,
3 A over 3 O, 4 A over 4 O,, and 5 A over 5 O.

It is remarkable that, instead of, as without manure, with
purely mineral manure, or with purely nitrogenous manure, a
considerable falling off in the second compared with the first
half of the total period, there is, with ammonia-salts and mineral
manure together (though without silica), in each case a more or
less increased produce of corn over the second compared with the
first 10 years. On the other hand, there is in two out of the four
cases a slight, and in a third a more considerable, deficiency of
straw over the later period ; and it is only in that one instance
that there is any material diminution in quantity of total produce,
and then little more than 5 per cent.

So far as quality of the produce is concerned, both weight per
bushel of dressed corn, and proportion of corn to straw, are in
every case higher over the second than the first 10 years.

It has been concluded (p. 162) that the second period was, so
far as the seasons themselves are concerned, the more favourable
for the production of corn, but the less for that of straw and total
produce.

* 300 lbs. the first six years, 200 lbs. afterwards,
t 200 lbs. the first six years, 100 lbs. afterwards.

296

Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Table XXXIII. — Average Annual Produce and Increase by 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, and

Mineral Manure.

Twenty years, 1852-1871.

MANURES PER ACRE,
PER ANNUM.

Average Anxdal Pkoduce, &c.

Average Annual
Increase, 20 Years.

riots.

200 lbs. Ammonia-salts,
and

First
10 Years,

Second
10 Years,

Total
20 Years,

Second
10 Years
over

Over

Mean

Over I
corre- i
spondinpt

Mineral Manures as under —

1852-’61.

1862-71.

1852-71.

(or under — )

Unmanured.

Mineral

First 10.

Manures. >

Dressed Corn per Acre — Bushels.

Per Cent.

2 A

Saperphosphate

45f

48J

47J

G-0

26J

21|

3 A

Mixed Alkali-salts..

35g

0-4

14^

12|

4 A

(Superphosphate andl
1 Mixed Alkali-salts/

46|

46J

46i

0-5

25g

18|

5 A

(Superphosphate andl
\ Sulphate Potass /

43i

44J

44>

3-2

23J

211

Total Corn per Acre — lbs.

Superphosphate

2563

2762

2662

7-8

1474

Mixed Alkali-salts ..

1989

1995

1992

0-3

804

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts /

2593

2668

2630

2-9

1442

(Superphosphate, and)
\ Sulphate Potass . . /

2426

2584

2505

6-5

1317

Straw (and Chaff) per Acre — Cwts.

2 A

Superphosphate

275

27t

27|

-1-5

15^

14J

3 A

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

215

i9i

20|

-9-8

4 A

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts I

285

28J

-2-9

16g

145

5 A

(Superphosphate andl
\ Sulphate Potass . . J

275

28J

1-5

155

15|

Total Produce (Corn

, Straw, and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

2 A

Superphosphate

5683

5837

5760

2-7

3218

2829

3 A

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

4434

4200

4317

-5-3

1775

1676

4 A

(Superphosphate audl
\ Mixed Alkali-saltsJ

5827

5808

5817

-0*3

3275

2655

■ 5A

(Superphosphate and]
( Sulphate Potass . . J

5542

5747

5644

3-7

3102

2962

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn — lbs.

2 A

Superphosphate

51-8

55-1

53-5

6-4

1-1

0-3

3 A

Mixed Alkali-salts..

5.1-5

54-1

52-8

5-0

0-4

-0-2

4 A

(Superphosphate and)
\ Mixed Alkali-salts)

52-2

55-7

54-0

6*7

0-6

5 A

(Superphosphate and)
1 Sulphate Potass . . )

51-9

55-7

53-8

7-3

1*4

0*3

Corn to 100 Straw.

2 A

Superphosphate

81-9

91-8

86-8

12-1

-1*3

-10-3

3 A

Mixed Alkali-salts . .

81*4

91-3

86-3

12-2

-1-8

- 6-1

4 A

(Superphosphate and)
1 Mixed Alkali-salts)

79-9

86-4

83-2

8*1

-4-9

-13-2

5 A

(Superphosphate and)
1 Sulphate Potass .. I

77-8

83-1

80-4

6-8

-7-7

-15*8

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 297

The evidence taken as a whole, therefore, gives no indi-
cation of any deterioration in either the quantity or the
quality of the produce as the result of the continuous growth of
the crop, provided the necessary constituents are supplied by
manure.

It is seen that whilst the average annual produce over the
twenty years is, with ammonia-salts and superphosphate of lime
47^ bushels of dressed corn and 27-|- cwts. of straw, with the same
quantity of ammonia-salts and a mixture of sulphates of potass,
soda, and magnesia, it is only 35i bushels of corn, and only 20f
cwts. of straw. Even with the ammonia-salts and both the super-
phosphate and the “ mixed alkali-salts,” it is only 46| bushels
of corn, and 28^ cwts. of straw ; or rather less corn, though rather
more straw, and total produce, than with the ammonia-salts and
superphosphate without the salts of potass, soda, and magnesia.
It is further remarkable that the yield of corn has increased more
over the later period where the superphosphate was used without,
than where in conjunction with the mixed alkali-salts. The details
show, however, that the produce, at any rate of straw, where the
mixed alkali-salts and the superphosphate are used together, has
been of late years somewhat gaining upon that where the super-
phosphate is used alone.

It may be mentioned, though not shown in the Table, that the
increase over the unmanured, or over the corresponding mineral
manured produce, is much greater over the second period com-
pared with the first, than is the augmentation of the actual pro-
duce itself. This is explained by the fact that the produce without
manure, or by the mineral manures alone, was much the less over
the later period, and hence, though there was much the same
actual amount of produce over the two periods when ammonia
was also used, still the increase over that without ammonia is
much the greater.

Over the whole period of twenty years the average annual
increase of produce due to the combined action of mineral and
nitrogenous manures is, with the ammonia-salts and superphos-
phate, 26|^ bushels of corn and 15^ cwts. of straw; with the same
and the mixed alkali-salts in addition, 25|^ bushels of corn and
16| cwts. of straw ; with the same and sulphate of potass (without
soda and magnesia) 23|^ bushels of corn, and 15|^ cwts. of straw;
but with the ammonia-salts and salts of potass, soda and magnesia
(without superphosphate) only 14|^ bushels of corn and 8|^ cwts.
of straw. Or, if the increase be reckoned over the produce by the
corresponding mineral manure without ammonia, in which case
it is the increase due to the ammonia itself that is more nearly
represented, it is, when used with superphosphate of lime 21^
bushels of corn, and 14^ cwts. of straw ; when with superphos-

298 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barlep,

phate and the mixed alkali-salts 18|^ bushels of corn, and 14|^
cv/ts, of straw ; when with the superphosphate and sulphate of
potass 21;^ bushels of corn, and 15|^ cwts. of straw; but when
with the mixed alkali-salts without superphosphate, only 12|
bushels of corn and 8^ cwts. of straw.

Thus, the effect of a given amount of ammonia is seen to differ
very greatly according to the character of the mineral constituents
supplied with it. The results clearly show, what common expe-
rience also teaches, how effective a manure for barley is super-
phosphate of lime, provided only there be also a sufficient
available supply of nitrogen within the soil. It is, however, as
a rule, much less effective with winter-sown than with spring-
sown corn-crops ; the latter, with their short period of growth, and
relatively greater dependence on root-development near the sur-
face, requiring more liberal supplies within a limited range of
soil.

Considering the characters of the soil, and the results obtained
with other crops, to say nothing of general practical experience,
it is only what would be anticipated, that the addition to the
ammonia-salts of superphosphate of lime would be much more
effective than that of salts of potass, soda, and magnesia ; but it
is hardly what would be expected that, over twenty years ia
succession, the soil would yield an average of even rather more
corn, only ^ cwt. less straw, and only 57 lbs. less total produce,
with ammonia-salts and superphosphate, than with the ammonia-
salts, superphosphate, and the mixed alkali-salts together. The
illustration is a striking one of the potass-yielding capabilities of
such a soil. As already intimated, there are symptoms of a
slight change during the last few years ; but the fact is of great
practical and scientific interest, that by ammonia-salts and super-
phosphate of lime, without potass or other bases, considerably
more than the average barley crop of the country has beert
obtained for twenty years in succession.

Table XXXIV. shows the produce and increase obtained by
the same mineral manures as those employed in three of the four
experiments last considered, but, in each case, with double the
amount of ammonia-salts ; namely, 400 lbs. per acre per annum,
used, however, for only the first six years of the twenty. The
increase is given over the produce without manure, over that by
the corresponding mineral manures without ammonia, and over
that by the corresponding mineral manure with only 200 lbs. of
ammonia-salts. (Table XXXIV. next page.)

It is obvious that, with an average annual produce of 46 or 47
bushels of barley, over twenty years, by the mineral manures and
200 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre, the limit of the ripening
capabilities of the seasons must have been nearly reached;

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 299

Table XXXIV. — Average Annual Produce and Increase by 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts^

and Mineral Manure.

Six Years, 1852-1857.

MANURES PER ACRE, PER ANNUJI.

Average

Annual

Produce.

6 Years,

1852-’57.

Average Annual Increase, 6 Years.

Plots.

400 lbs. Amraonia*salts,
and

Mineral Manures as under.

Over

Mean

Unmaiiured.

Over

corresponding

Mineral

Manures.

Over

corresponding
Mineral
Manures
and 200 lbs.
Ammonia-saltsv

Dressed Corn per Acre — Bushels.

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

49^

21J

3 AA

Mixed AHiali-salts

425

14f

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

50|

22|

16j

Total Corn per Acre — lbs.

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

2775

1177

1027

230

3 AA

Mixed Alkali-salts

2441

843

814

169

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

2801

1203

887

205

Straw (and Chaff) per Acre — Cwts.

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

17f

171

3 AA

Mixed Alkali-salts

29f

13i

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts ,

36|

205

18§

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

6590

3170

2996

872

3 AA

Mixed Alkali-salts

5753

2333

2330

697

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

6874

34.54

2948

1011

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn — Ihs.

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

50-5

- 1-2

- 1-3

-I'O

3 AA

Mixed Alkali-salts

50-8

- 0-9

- 1-2

-IM)

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

50-4

- 1-3

- 1-5

-1-6

Corn to 100 Straw.

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

73-1

-15-1

-21-8

-6-9

3 AA

Mixed Alkali-salts

74- 1

-14-1

-16-9

-8-0

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

69-4

-18-8

-26-5

-99

Indeed, the double amount of ammonia-salts was found, even
when used in conjunction with mineral manure, to be quite
excessive, the crops being generally laid ; and hence, after six

300 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

years’ trial, the extra application was discontinued. Under these
circumstances any great increase of produce by 400 lbs. compared
with 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts could not be expected. Still, as
the last column of the Table shows, the second increment of
200 lbs. did, under favourable conditions of mineral manuring,
raise the produce by more than 4 bushels of grain, and by from
5^ to 7|- cwts. of straw ; bringing it up, with superphosphate
of lime, to 49| bushels of corn, and 34 cwts. of straw ; and
with superphosphate and the “mixed alkali-salts” together, to
50j bushels of corn, and 36| cwts. of straw.

There is proportionally much more increase of straw than of
corn, especially when both the superphosphate and mixed alkali-
salts were used. There is also a lower weight per bushel of
dressed corn, and a much lower proportion of corn to straw, than
with the corresponding mineral manures, either alone, or with
the smaller quantity of ammonia-salts. It is clear, therefore,
that the extra quantity of ammonia-salts considerably increased
,the luxuriance; but that the amount of plant produced was more
than could, under the conditions of the seasons, form a fair pro-
portion of corn, and ripen well.

Although the second increment of 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts,
has thus not yielded anything like the same amount of increase
as the first, in the seasons of the application, it will afterwards be
seen (Section IV.) that there was a considerable residue of nitrogen
left within the soil, which remained available for future crops
through many succeeding seasons.

After the six years of the double application, the amount of
ammonia-salts was reduced to 200 lbs. per acre per annum, and
the experiment continued for ten consecutive seasons. From that
time, however, an amount of nitrate of soda (275 lbs.) containing
the same amount of nitrogen as 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts, was
substituted for the latter ; and the results obtained during the four
years of the experiment which have so far elapsed, are given in
Table XXXV.

It is remarkable that the average produce is almost identical
by the nitrate alone, and by the nitrate and “mixed alkali-salts”
together. Though much higher, it is again almost identical by
the nitrate and superphosphate, and by the nitrate, superphos-
phate, and “ mixed alkali-salts.” The little effect, hitherto, of the
potass, soda, and magnesia-salts is here again illustrated. The last
column shows that, over the four seasons in question, the nitrate
gave, under each of the conditions of mineral manuring, both more
corn and more straw than the corresponding amount of ammonia-
salts. In what degree, however, this difference should be attri-
buted to a greater effect of the nitrate, and in what to a still
effective residue from the excessive supply of ammonia-salts

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 301

Table XXXV. — Average Annual Produce and Increase by 275 lbs. Nitrate of Soda
per Acre per Annum, alone, and with Mineral Manures.

Four Years, 1868-1871.

JIANURES PER ACRE, PER ANNUM.

Average

Annual

Produce.

4 Years,

1868-71.

Average Annual Increase.

Plots. ■

275 lbs. Nitrate of Soda,
without Mineral Manure,
and

with Mineral Manures as under.

Over

Mean

Unmanured.

Over

corresponding

Mineral

Manures.

Over

corresponding
Mineral
Manures,
and 200 lbs.
Ammonia>salts.

Dressed Corn per Acre — Bushels.

■ 1 AA

2 AA

3 AA

4 AA

Without Mineral Manure

Superphosphate of Lime

“ Mixed Alkali-salts ”

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

46i

3-4

46^

16J

304

16f

30|

16j

26f

155

25|

Total Com

per Acre —

lbs.

1 AA

Without Mineral Manure

1788

903

929

187

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

2691

1806

1577

187

3 AA

“ Mixed Alkali-salts”

18.52

967

858

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

2692

1807

1498

244

Straw (and Chaff) per Acre

— Cwts.

1 AA

Without Mineral Manure

20J

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime
“ Mixed Alkali-salts ”

28J

175

185

3 AA

211

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

28i

18i

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff) per Acre — lbs.

1 AA

Without Mineral Manure

4047

2023

2061

596

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

5843

3819

3611

614

3 AA

‘‘Mixed Alkali-salts”

4238

2214

2142

268

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

5901 .

3877

3411

475

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn — lbs.

1 AA

Without Mineral Manure

53-9

O’l

0-3

-0-1

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime
“ Mixed Alkali-salts”

56-4

2’6

1-5

0-5

3 AA

54-4

0-6

-0-6

-0-8

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

56‘6

2-8

1-3

-0-1

Com to 100 Straw.

1 AA

Without Mineral Manure

80-6

0-8

1-6

-7-7

2 AA

Superphosphate of Lime

87-9

8-1

-12-5

-7-4

3 AA

“ Mixed Alkali-salts”

78-4

-1-4

-11-9

-9-6

4 AA

Superphos. and Mixed Alkali-salts

89-5

9*7

- 3-1

4-5

302 Report of Experiments on the Groivth of Barley,

during^ tlie first G years, it is not possible to determine. Further
comments on the results at present would, therefore, be premature.

It will be more instructive to compare the results obtained by
the mixture of mineral and nitrogenous manure on wheat and on
barley respectively. The first comparison will be between the
effects of the same amounts of superphosphate of lime, and
sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia, and 200 lbs. of ammonia
per acre per annum, for 20 consecutive seasons, with each crop.
Table XXXVI. shows the result ; and as in other cases the pro-
duce per acre, and not the increase, is taken for illustration.

Table XXXVI. — Average Annual Produce of Wheat and of Barley by Mixed
Mineral Manure, and 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts per Acre per Annum.

Manores rEU Acre, pee Annum: —

Average Annual Produce,

&c.

3-5 cwts. Superphosphate of Lime,
200 lbs. (I) Sulphate of Potass.
100 lbs. (2) Sulphate of Soda.

100 lbs. Sulphate of Magnesia.
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts.

First
10 Years,

1852-’61.

Second
10 Years,

1862-71.

Total Period,
20 Years,

1852-71.

Second
10 Years
over

(orunder— )
Pirst 10.

Total Corn, per Acre.

Wheat (Plot 6), 20 years, 1852-1871

lbs.

1697

lbs.

1639

lbs.

1668

Per Cent
- 3-4

Barley (Plot 4 A), 20 years, 1852-1871

2593

2668

2630

2-9

Barley over (or under — ) wheat

896

1029

962

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat (Plot 6), 20 years, 1852-1871

2946

2554

2750

-13-3

Barley (Plot 4 A), 20 years, 1852-1871

3234

3139

3187

- 2-9

Barley over (or under — ) wheat

288

585

437

Total Produce (Corn, Straw', and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat (Plot 6), 20 years, 1852-1871

4643

4193

4418

- 9-7

Barley (Plot 4 A), 20 years, 1852-1871

5827

5808

5817

- 0-3

Barley over (or under — ) wheat

1184

1615

1399

(’) 300 lbs. the first 7 years of wheat, and 6 years of barley ; 200 lbs. afterwards.
0) 200 lbs. the first 7 years of wheat, and 6 years of barley ; 100 lbs. afterwards.

For the period of 20 years included in the comparison, the
manuring was, with a quite immaterial exception explained in
the foot-notes, identical for the two crops. But whilst in the
case of the barley, the period commences with the first year of

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 303

the experiments, in that of the wheat 8 experimental crops had
already been taken. During that period, however, large quantities
of superphosphate of lime, and potass, soda, and magnesia-salts
had been applied, as well as liberal dressings of ammonia-
salts. It would hardly be concluded, therefore, that the plot had
suffered in wheat-growing condition by its previous treatment.
Still, though the quantity of wheat-grain averages nearly the
same over the two periods, that of the straw and total produce
falls off considerably during the latter half of the 20 years. On
the other hand, with the barley the quantity of corn is slightly
higher, that of straw slightly lower, and that of total produce
almost identical, over the two halves of the total period.

It is possible, therefore, that the previous history of the plots
may be somewhat to the detriment of the results with wheat ; but
it is not probable that it has had much adverse influence.

Taking the results as they stand, the barley gives, with exactly
the same manure over 20 years, an average annual produce of
more than one-half more corn, more than one-sixth more straw,
and about 1400 lbs. more total produce (corn and straw together)
than the wheat. If, instead of the acreage produce, the increase
over that by the same mineral manures without ammonia be taken,
the general result is the same ; namely, a great deficiency of corn,
of straw, and of total produce, of wheat compared with barley, by
the same manuring. How is this to be explained ?

In reference to this point attention may here be recalled to the
facts — that whilst the wheat is autumn-sown and autumn-manured,
the barley is both spring-sown and spring-manured ; and that
when ammonia-salts are sown in the autumn, the winter drainage
carries with it large amounts of the nitrogen of the ammonia-salts
in the form of nitrates. The probable extent of the loss that may
thus arise, will be considered in Section IV. It must suffice here,
therefore, to state in general terms that existing evidence leads
to the conclusion that it may be very considerable.

The difference of result obtained with wheat and with barley
is again illustrated, under somewhat different conditions, in Table
XXXVII. (see next page). The comparison is between the
effects of the “mixed mineral manure” and 400 lbs. of ammonia-
salts, annually applied to the two crops. For wheat the produce
is averaged over 20 years (1852-’71) of the treatment, and also
over the first 6 years only, those being the seasons in which the
same experiment was made with the barley.

In all previous comparisons between wheat and barley the
quantity of produce per acre has been taken, and not the increase
of produce over that without manure, or, as the case may be, the
increase by mineral manure and ammonia-salts over that by
mineral manure without ammonia. It has, however, been re-

304 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

marked that, although the figures would be different, the general
result would be the same, whether produce or increase were
compared. It would not be so in the case of the experiments
now under consideration. Hence, the Table has been arranged
to show the comparison, both between the produce per acre, and
the increase of produce by the mineral manure and 400 lbs.
of ammonia -salts, over that by the corresponding mineral
manure alone.

Table XXXVII. — Average Annual Produce and Increase of Wheat and of Barley
by Mixed Mineral Manure, and 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts per Acre per Annum.

Average Annual

Manures per Acre, per Annum; —

Produce per Acre.

3i Cwts. Superphosphate of Lime.

—

300 lbs. (^) Sulphate of Potass.

Mineral

200 lbs. Sulphate of Soda.

Manure and

Mineral

100 lbs. Sulphate of Magnesia.

400 lbs.

Manure

400 lbs. Ammonia-salts.

Ammonia-

alone.

salts.

Mineral

Manure

Barley over
(or under — ) Wheat.

and

Atnmonia-

Produce.

Mineral

alone.

Increase.

Total Corn, per Acre.

Wheat (Plot 7), 20 years, 1852-1871 ..

lbs.

2228

lbs.

1068

lbs.

1160

lbs.

Wheat (Plot 7), 6 years, 1852-1857 ..
Barley (Plot 4 AA), 6 years, 1852-1857

2195

2801

1171

1914

1024

887

606

-137

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat (Plot 7), 20 years, 1852-1871 ..

3959

1678

2281

Wheat (Plot 7), 6 years, 1852-1857 ..

4233

2012

2221

-160 -160

Barley (Plot 4 AA), 6 years, 1852-1857

4073

2012

2061

Total Produce (Corn, Straw, and Chaff), per Acre.

Wheat (Plot 7), 20 years, 1852-1871 ..

6187

2746

3441

Wheat (Plot 7), 6 years, 1852-1857 ..

6428

3183

3245

446

-297

Barley (Plot 4 AA), 6 years, 1852-1857

6874

3926

2948

(') Only 200 lbs. after the first 7 years of wheat, and 6 of barley.
C) Only 100 lbs. after the first 7 years of wheat, and 6 of barley.

Before directing attention to the results themselves, it should
be premised that, as in the last experiments quoted, the wheat
plot had grown 8 crops, liberally dressed with artificial manures,
prior to the period to which the figures refer ; but the results with
barley commence with the first year of the experiments, and the
application of 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts to that crop was only
continued for the 6 years referred to. To the wheat, however, the
application has been continued up to the present time ; and, over
20 years, it has yielded an average of more corn, though less

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 305

straw and total produce, than over the first 6 years. It would
be concluded, therefore, that the wheat plot was not unduly
exhausted at the commencement ; and that the comparison
between the two crops over the first 6 years would, probably,
be but little open to objection on the score of difference in pre-
vious condition of the land.

Taking first the produce per acre of the two crops, there is, as
with the smaller quantity of ammonia-salts, considerably more
barley-grain than wheat-grain ; but, on the other hand, less
barley straw ; and an annual average of only 446 lbs. more
total produce (corn and straw) of barley than of wheat, instead
of nearly 1400 lbs., as when the smaller quantity of ammonia-
salts was employed. This difference of result is doubtless due
to the proportionally much less increase of barley for a given
amount of ammonia in manure with the larger than with the
smaller supply of ammonia-salts. The probability is that, in
the case of the autumn-sowing for the wheat, the distribution,
the state of combination, and the loss by drainage are such, that
the quantity of the supplied nitrogen remaining available within
a given range of soil when active growth commences in the
spring is not excessive, and does not induce over luxuriance ;
whereas, the same amount applied in the spring for the barley,
being less subject to either rapid distribution or drainage, in-
duces too much luxuriance, and, consequently, leads to the
laying of the crop, and to reduced eventual productiveness.

The less difference between the produce of wheat and of
barley when the larger quantity of ammonia-salts is applied, is,
therefore, due, in great measure, to a proportionally less effect on
the barley. Nevertheless, the fact of a less amount of produce
per acre from a given amount of mineral manure and ammonia-
salts applied in the autumn for wheat, than from the same
amount applied in the spring for barley, is again clearly
illustrated.

If, however, the increase of produce with ammonia over that
without it be taken as the basis of illustration, the result is
different. Thus, instead of an annual average of 446 lbs. more
total produce (corn and straw together) of barley than of wheat,
there is of increase of produce by the mineral manure and 400 lbs.
of ammonia-salts over that by the mineral manure alone, less in
the case of the barley than of the wheat. The average annual
deficiency is 137 lbs. of corn, and 160 lbs. of straw, or 297 lbs. of
total produce (corn and straw together). This difference is
accounted for by the fact that there is an average of 743 lbs.
more total produce of barley than of wheat by the mineral
manure alone ; there is, therefore, so much more to be deducted
from the produce by the mineral manure and the ammonia-salts

306 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

together ; leaving, of course, so much less to be reckoned as
increase due to the action of the ammonia-salts.

Reference has already been made to the probable or possible
cause of the much greater produce of barley than of wheat by
the mineral manure alone (p. 289). On this point it should be
borne in mind that, for the wheat the mineral manures, as well
as the ammonia-salts, are applied in the autumn, whereas for the
barley both are applied in the spring. It is a question, there-
fore, whether there be not a much greater dilution and distri-
bution of the autumn-sown mineral manures by the winter rains ;
a locking-up of some of their constituents in difficultly soluble
combinations within the soil ; hence a less active root-deve-
lopment in the upper and more highly nitrogenous layers of the
soil when growth commences in the spring ; and hence, also,
less luxuriance in the case of the wheat; but, on the other hand,
a more rapid exhaustion of the previously accumulated nitrogen
within the soil by the barley. If this be so, the higher produce
pi barley than of wheat by mineral manures alone is, in a sense,
accidental, and may prove not to be permanent. In that case,
the comparison of the actual produce will more fairly illus-
trate the difference of effect of the mineral manure and a given
amount of ammonia-salts applied to wheat and to barley, than
will that of the mere increase over the produce by the mineral
manure alone ; and the less amount of increase of barley than of
wheat so calculated in these last experiments, will prove no
exception to the conclusion arrived at from the results of the
other experiments, namely, that a given amount of ammonia-
salts applied in the spring for barley is more productive than an
equal amount applied in the autumn for wheat.

Briefly enumerated, the very important results, obtained by the
use of nitrogenous and mineral manures together, are — that
much more than the average barley crop of the country has been
obtained for 20 years in succession on the same land, by the
annual application, in the spring, of 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts,
and 3^ cwts. superphosphate of lime; that the addition of salts of
potass, soda, and magnesia, gave no further increase ; and that
the application, for the same period, of the same amount of
ammonia-salts (with mineral manure) in the autumn, for wheat,
gave nearly 37 per cent, less corn, nearly 14 per cent, less straw,
and about 24 per cent, less total produce. The causes of the
remarkable differences of result with wheat and with barley- will
be considered in Section IV.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 307

Averaye annual produce and increase hy Rapc-calie.

Rape-ca]<e is estimated to contain, on the average, about 4 75
per cent, of nitrogen. It also contains a large amount of car-
bonaceous organic substance, and about 8 per cent, of mineral
matter. It has been applied on 4 plots each year ; on one alone,
on one with superphosphate, on one with the “ mixed alkali-
salts,” and on one with both superphosphate and the mixed
alkali-salts. For the first 6 years 2000 lbs. = 95 lbs. nitrogen,
were applied per acre per annum ; but during the next 14 years
only 1000 lbs. = 47’5 lbs. nitrogen. Table XXXVIII. (p. 308)
shows the produce over the first 6 years with the larger amount,
over the last 14 years with the smaller amount, and both produce
and increase over the whole 20 years.

It is first to be observed that where the rape-cake is used
without superphosphate. Plots 1 and 3, there is much less defi-
ciency of produce, both corn and straw, compared with Plots
2 and 4 with superphosphate, than in the experiments with
ammonia-salts without, compared with those with, superphos-
phate. The fact is that the rape-cake itself supplies some
phosphates ; so that superphosphate has less effect when added
to it than to ammonia-salts. The general result is, that the
rape-cake alone, and the rape-cake and mixed alkali-salts, yield
considerably more of both corn and straw than ammonia-salts
alone, or ammonia-salts and mixed alkali-salts ; but, where used
with superphosphate, there is more produce of both corn and
straw from a less amount of nitrogen supplied as ammonia-
salts, or nitrate of soda, than from a larger quantity in rape-
cake.

Thus, over the first 6 years, rape-cake in amount supplying
95 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum was applied, and over
the same period ammonia-salts = 82 lbs. of nitrogen. But
where each was used with superphosphate, whether without or
with the addition of the mixed alkali-salts, there was more
produce of both corn and straw by the ammonia-salts than by
the rape-cake. In fact, there was not much less barley-grain,
though a greater deficiency of straw, with superphosphate and
ammonia-salts = only 41 lbs. of nitrogen, than with super-
phosphate and rape-cake = 95 lbs. of nitrogen.

Over the next 14 years the application of rape-cake was
reduced to 1000 lbs. per acre per annum = 47'5 lbs. nitrogen ; and
where ammonia-salts = 82 lbs. nitrogen had previously been
applied, the quantity was also reduced to one-half = 41 lbs.
nitrogen. The result in each case was that, with superphosphate
and the reduced amount of nitrogenous manure, there was an
average annual produce of about as much corn, though less

VOL, IX. — s. S. y

308

Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Table XXXVIII. — Average Annual Produce and Increase by Eape-cake.

MANURES PER ACRE,
PER ANNUM.

Avebage. Annual PBonncE, &c.

Avf.hage /Vnsual
Incbease,

20 Yeaes, 1S62-1871.

Plots.

2000 lbs. Rape-cake, 6 yrs., 1852-’5Y.
1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 14 yrs , 1»58-'71.
Without Mineral Manure,
and

with Mineral Manures as under.

First

Period,

6 Years,

1852-’57.

Second
Period,
14 Years,

1858-’71.

Total
Period,
20 Years,

1852-’71.

Second

Period,

over

(or under — )
First.

Over (or
Over ■ under -
(or under -) corre-
Mean speuding

Unmanured. Mineral
^ Manures

Dressed Corn, per Acre — Bushels.

1 c

Without Mineral Manure..

481

45|

Per Cent.
- 8-8

24|

2 C

Superphosphate of Lime ..

47i

46i

461

- 2-6

251

Mixed Alkali-salts ..

44^

431

43i

- 2-8

22|

(Superphosphate and Mixed)
( Alkali-salts /

4T|

47|

- 1-8 I

26J

Total Corn, per Acre — lbs.

1 C

Without Mineral Manure . .

2664

2527

2568

- 5-1

1380

2 C

Superphosphate of Lime . .

2673

2660

2664

- 0-5

1476

1225

Mixed Alkali-salts

2505

2489

2494

- 0*6

1306

1226

(Superphosphate and Mixed)
\ Alkali-salts /

2662

2713

2698

1-9

1510

1148

Straw (and Chaff), per Acre — Cwt.s.

1 C

Without Mineral Manure..

311

24f

261

-21-9

14|

2 C

Superphosphate of Lime . .

32|

26|

28§

-17-8

Ibl

3 C

Mixed Alkali-salts ..

30|

25|

271

-15-0

'■•I

4 C

(Superphosphate and Mixed)
\ Alkali-salts /

32j

28J

291

-13-1

15|

Total Produce (Corn Straw, and Chaff), per Acre — lbs.

1 C

2 C

3 C

4 C

Without Mineral Manure . .
Superphosphate of Lime . .
Mixed Alkali-salts ..
(Superphosphate and Mixed)
\ Alkali-salts J

6212

6305

5895

6300

5296

5646

5369

5875

5571

5844

5527

6002

-14-7

-10-5

- 8-9

- 6-7

3029

3302

2985

3460

2913

2886

2840

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Com —

lbs.

1 C

2 C
3C

Without Mineral Manure..
Superphosphate of Lime . .
Mixed Alkali-salts
(Superphosphate and Mixed 1
\ Alkali-salts /

51-0

51-2

51-1

50-7

55-0

54-9

53-8

53-9

53-7

53-6

7-8

7-4

7- 4

8- 3

1-4

1-5

1-3

1-2

0-7

2.0

Corn to 100 Straw.

1 c

Without Mineral Manure..

75-4

92-4

87-3

22-5

-0-8

2 C

Superphosphate of Lime ..

74-1

90-5

85-6

22-1

-2-5

-11'!

3 C

Mixed Alkali-salts ..

74-2

87-5

83-5

17-9

-4-6

- 8":

4 C

I Superpliosphate and Mixed)
1 Alkali-salts /

73-3

87-2

83-0

19-0

-5-1

-13-.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 309

straw, than with the previous too heavy dressings. Tliere was,
moreover, not only more corn and more straw by the super-
phosphate and the reduced amount of ammonia-salts, but also
more where ammonia-salts = only 41 lbs. of nitrogen had been
used from the commencement, than by the superphosphate and
the rape-cake.

The nitrogen of the nitrogenous organic matter of the rape-
cake would doubtless be much less rapidly available than that
supplied in ammonia-salts ; and analysis of the soil has shown
that the rape-cake has left a considerable residue of nitrogen
near the surface ; nor can there be any doubt that, since the
excessive dressings of both ammonia-salts and rape-cake have
been stopped, there has annually been some effect due to the
unexhausted residue of nitrogen previously applied.

The general result is, that about 9 cwts. of rape-cake per
acre per annum have given a produce exceeding the average crop
of the country, but not quite a maximum yield for the soil and
seasons in question. The mineral constituents of the rape-cake
doubtless serve to render effective the nitrogen associated with
them ; though there can be little doubt that the increase yielded is
mainly dependent on the amount of nitrogen rendered available by
the decomposition of the nitrogenous organic matter of the rape-
cake. But since the effect is less for a given quantity of nitrogen
supplied, than when ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda is used,
it is impossible to decide absolutely whether, or in what degree,
the carbonaceous organic matter has been of service. It would
yield by decomposition carbonic acid and other products. The
increased supply of carbonic acid in the soil would, it must be
concluded, not only serve as a source of carbon, but aid the
solution and distribution of other plant-food, and so far further
growth. But that any such supply is essential for the successful
growth of either wheat or barley is clearly disproved by the fact
that maximum crops of both have been grown for 20 years or
more by means of mineral manures and ammonia-salts, without
any return to the soil of carbonaceous organic matter. The
carbonaceous organic matter of farmyard manure is obviously
equally unessential, so far as the successful growth of the cereals
is concerned.

Surhmary of the Results obtained on the Growth of Barley for
20 Years in succession on the same land, without Manure, and
by different descriptions of Manure.

1. Without manure, the average annual produce of barley over
20 years was about 21 bushels of dressed corn, and 12 cwts. of
straw. The qualitv, indicated by the weight per bushel of grain,

Y 2

310 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

was liiglior over tlie second than over the first 10 years; but
the quantity, of both corn and straw, was between 23 and 24
per cent, less over the second 10 years.

2. Coinjiared with wheat grown for many years in succession
without manure, barley gave an average of more corn, less
straw, and nearly the same weight of gross produce (corn and
straw together) ; but the barley fell off more in produce of grain,
and about equally in straw, over the later years,

3. Farmyard manure applied every year for 20 years, gave an
average annual produce of more than 48 bushels of barley-
grain, and 28 cwts. of straw. The weight per bushel, quantity
of grain, and quantity of straw, were all considerably higher
over the second than over the first 10 years. The manure pro-
bably supplied from three to four times as much nitrogen as
any of the artificial manures, and much more of carbonaceous
organic matter, and of every other constituent of the crop, than
was contained in the produce. It would leave a large residue
of nitrogenous, carbonaceous, and other matters in the soil,
which seem to be very slowly available for future crops ; but
the large accumulation of organic matter increases the porosity
of the soil, and its capacity for the retention of moisture ; and
the crops are thereby rendered both less susceptible to injury
from excess of rain, and more independent of drought.

4. As without manure, so with farmyard manure, barley,
compared with wheat, yielded, over a series of years, more corn,
less straw, but nearly the same quantity of total produce (corn
and straw together). This is remarkable, when it is considered
that the wheat is autumn-sown and autumn-manured, and the
barley spring-sown and spring-manured.

5. Mineral manures alone gave very poor crops, and the
quantity of both corn and straw fell off considerably during the
later years ; but superphosphate of lime alone gave more than salts
of potass, soda and magnesia, and not much less than the
mixture of all. It may be concluded that the soil was not
relatively deficient in any of the mineral constituents which
the manures supplied ; and, from the falling off in the produce
both without manure and with purely mineral manures, it is
probable that the growth of the crop under such conditions is
gradually exhausting the available nitrogen accumulated within
the soil from previous cultivation, manuring, and cropping.

6. Over the same period of 20 years, a mixed mineral manure,
containing salts of potass, soda and magnesia, and superphos-
phate of lime, gave, of barley, much more grain, rather less
straw, but considerably more total produce, than of wheat. It
is probaljle that, with the autumn-manuring for the wheat, the
various constituents are distributed by the rains, or enter into

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 311

less soluble combinations, or both, during the winter; that hence
there is less active root-development in the upper and more
highly nitrogenous layers of the soil in the spring, and that
hence the barley is more rapidly exhausting the accumulated
nitrosren of the surface-soil than the wheat.

7. By nitrogenous manures alone (ammonia-salts or nitrate of
soda) much more barley was obtained than by mineral manures
alone ; the produce declined much less in the later years ; and,
for 20 years in succession, even fair, though not large, crops were
obtained. This result is a striking illustration of the mineral
resources of such a soil ; and it shows that when in what may, in
an agricultural sense, be called a corn-exhausted condition, it
was deficient in available nitrogen relatively to available mineral
constituents.

8. By ammonia-salts and superphosphate of lime together, an
average produce of more than 47 bushels of dressed corn, and more
than 28^ cwts. of straw, or considerably more than the average
barley crop of the country, was obtained over 20 years in suc-
cession ; and the produce of corn increased, and that of straw in
a less degree diminished, giving a higher total produce, during
the later than the earlier years. Notwithstanding the great de-
mand made upon the supplies of potass within the soil, by the
growth of the crop for so many years by ammonia-salts and
superphosphate without potass, the addition of salts of potass,
soda and magnesia, gave no further increase of corn, and very
little of straw and total produce. The potass-yielding capabi-
lities of such a soil, and the beneficial effects of the use of
superphosphate, with nitrogenous manures, for spring-sown corn
crops, are here strikingly illustrated.

9. When the same mixed mineral manure, and 200 lbs. of
ammonia-salts, were applied per acre per annum for 20 years,
in the autumn for wheat, and in the spring for barley, the
barley gave more than one-half more corn, nearly one-sixth more
straw, and nearly one-third more total produce, than the wheat.
When the same mineral manure was used with a larger quantity
of ammonia-salts, the result was still in favour of the barley, but
in a less degree than with the smaller amount.

10. After applying 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre per
annum to barley for 6 years, and then reducing the amount to
200 lbs., the plots so treated gave, for 10 years in succession,
more produce than those which had only received 200 lbs.
annually from the commencement. It thus appears that the
excessive supply of 400 lbs. had left a residue of nitrogen
within the soil which was available for succeeding crops.

11. The experiments on barley with nitrate of soda and
ammonia-salts respectively, are not exactly comparable with one

312 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley.

another ; but, so far as can be judged, a given amount of nitrogen
as nitrate of soda has yielded more produce than the same
amount as ammonia-salts, and especially so in dry seasons.
This is probably due to the greater solubility of the nitrate, or
its products of decomposition, to their action on the subsoil,
disintegrating it, and rendering it more porous ; thus affording
more surface for the absorption and retention of moisture and
manure, and greater permeability to the roots, rendering the
plants less dependent on the fall of rain during growth.

12. By the annual application of rape-cake, whether without
or with the addition of mineral manures, more barley than the
average crop of the country has been obtained ; but, in propor-
tion to the nitrogen it contained, less than by ammonia-salts or
nitrate of soda. The mineral constituents of the rape-cake
no doubt aid in rendering effective the nitrogen associated with
them, though its effects are doubtless mainly dependent on the
amount of nitrogen rendered available by the decomposition of
its nitrogenous organic matter ; but the nitrogen of such matter
Is much less rapidly available than that of ammonia-salts or
nitrates.

13. Over 20 years or more, in succession, ammonia-salts, or
nitrate of soda, with mineral manure (without silica), have
yielded considerably more of both wheat and barleys than the
average crops of the country, and more also than either farm-
yard manure or rape-cake. It is obvious, therefore, that the
return to the soil of carbonaceous organic matter as manure is
unessential, so far as the successful growth of either of these
crops is concerned.

Section III. — Amount of Ammonia in Manure (or its

EQUIVALENT OF NiTROGEN IN OTHER FORMS) REQUIRED TO

YIELD A GIVEN INCREASE OF GrAIN (AND ITS PROPORTION

OP Straw).

Comparison of the produce obtained by the different manures
has shown — that carbonaceous organic matter, supplied so largely
in farmyard manure and rape-cake, is at any rate not essential
as manure for either wheat or barley ; that mineral manures alone
will not yield fair crops of either ; that nitrogenous manures
give much more produce than mineral manures alone ; and that
the mixture of nitrogenous and mineral manures will give full
crops for many years in succession. In other words — the supply
by manure of matter yielding by decomposition carbonic acid,
and other carbon compounds, within the soil, has. little or no
effect ; mineral manures alone will not enable the growing plant
to obtain sufficient nitrogen from the soil or the atmosphere ;
when nitrogen in an available form was liberally provided, the

Table XXXIX. — QimutUy of Ammouia in Mamiro— or of Nitrogen in Nitrato of Soda, or Rape-cake, or Farmyxrd Manure, reckoned ns Ammonia — required to produce 1 kuskol ( = 52 Ihs.) incvcose of Baidey Grain, and its proportion of Straw, aocordiiiti to

the (quantity applie<l per acre, to the available supply of Miuoral constituents within the soil, and to the seasons.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 3 1 3

mineral constituents of the soil were insufficient for its full
effect ; but when so supplied, the mineral manures, which alone
had little effect, greatly increased the efficacy of the supplied
nitrogen,

The general result is, that whilst it is essential that there be a
liberal provision of mineral constituents, the amount of produce
was more dependent on the supply of available nitrogen within
the soil than of any other constituent. The practical questions
obviously arise — How much ammonia, or of its equivalent of
nitrogen in some other form, will, on the average, be required to
yield a given amount of increase of barley-grain, and its average
proportion of straw ? and how much will the quantity vary,
according to the amount applied per acre, to the supply of
mineral constituents, and to the characters of the seasons ?

The folding Table XXXIX. (facing this page) shows the
amount of ammonia — or of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, or rape-
cake, or farmyard manure, reckoned as ammonia — required to
yield 1 bushel (52 lbs.) of increase of barley-grain, and its pro-
portion of straw, under a great variety of conditions of manuring,
and in each of the 20 seasons. In each case the increase is calcu-
lated over the produce on the corresponding plot without nitro-
genous manure ; that is, 1 A, 1 AA, 1 AAS, 1 C, over 1 O ;
2 A, &c., over 2 O ; and so on; 1 N, and 2 N (with nitrate of
soda), and 7 (with farmyard manure), are taken over the mean
unmanured produce (1 O and 6-1). The average result for
different periods, or series of years, is also given. Where there
has been no change of manure, the averages are, as a rule, calcu-
lated for the first half, the second half, and the total period ; and
where there has been any change, for the periods so indicated ;
also, for the sake of comparison, for corresponding periods in
other cases.

The five plots receiving 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre
per annum for 20 years are classed in the Table as Series I.
Of these. Plot 1 A has had the ammonia-salts without any
mineral manure ; 2 A with superphosphate ; 3 A with sul-
phates of potass, soda, and magnesia : 4 A with superphosphate
and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia ; and 5 A with
superphosphate and sulphate of potass. Taking the average for
the 2U years in each case, the quantity of ammonia required to
produce 1 bushel increase of barley, and its proportion of straw,
is, on the three plots with superphosphate 2T3, 2'41, and 2 l01bs.;
on the plot with salts of potass, soda, and magnesia, without
supt“^ sphate, 3’59 lbs. ; and on the one without any mineral
manure at all 3 68 lbs.

Thus, taking the mean of the three experiments with super-
phosphate, the amount of ammonia required is rather under 2^ 1 bs. ;

314 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

but with the mixed alkali-salts without superphosphate, and with-
out any mineral manure at all, it is between 3^ and 3f lbs. That
is to say, a given amount of ammonia-salts was more than one-
and-a-half-time as effective when there was a liberal provision of
mineral constituents, but especially of phosphates, within the
reach of the roots, than when there was not.

Assuming that, with otherwise favourable soil-conditions, and
with an application of not more than 50 lbs. of ammonia per
acre, an increase of 1 bushel of barley (52 lbs.), and its straw,
may, on the average of seasons, be obtained for every 2 to 2J lbs.
of ammonia applied, still, it is seen that the amount may vary
very greatly according to the characters of the seasons. Thus, on
Plot 2 A, with superphosphate, only about lb. was required
in the favourable seasons of 1863 and 1869, but in the bad
seasons of 1853 and 1856, 5’36 and 4‘48 lbs. respectively, were
required.

These great differences according to season occurred, it should
be remembered, when only a moderate amount of ammonia-salts
was used, and when it was employed under favourable conditions
as to mineral manures. But even with the same moderate
application, but at the same time less favourable soil-conditions,
that is without superphosphate, or without any mineral manure,
the differences in the amount required to yield a given increase of
produce are very much greater. Thus, when the same quantity
of ammonia-salts is used without any mineral manure (Plot 1 A),
there is a variation in the amount of ammonia required to yield
1 bushel of increase from 18’05 lbs. in 1859, to 2 25 lbs. in
1871 ; and when with salts of potass, soda, and magnesia, but
without superphosphate (Plot 3 A ), from 24’75 lbs. in 1859,
to 2T8 lbs. in 1863. In fact, in 1859, there was scarcely any
increase at all by ammonia-salts when not accompanied by
phosphates ; and reference to the characters of the season, and of
the growth (pp. 114-116), will show that there was probably
defective root-development; a condition under which any defi-
ciency of phosphates within a limited range of soil would very
unfavourably affect the characters of growth.

Lastly in regard to Series I : — Under each of the five conditions
as to mineral manuring, the amount of ammonia required to
produce a given increase of grain was very much less over the
second than the first 10 years. It has already been shown that
the last 10 seasons were the more favourable for the produc-
tion of corn, and more especially so where superphosphate was
used. But, as there was a greater falling off over the later years
where the mineral manures were used alone, the further amount
of produce obtained where the mineral manures and ammonia-
salts were used together, which is reckoned as increase due

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 315

to ammonia, was proportionally hij^her over the last ten years,
than was the increase in the actual produce of corn per acre.
Further, the actual produce of straw per acre was uniformly, and
that of the total produce (corn and straw), taking the average of
the plots, rather lower, over the last ten years. That the total
produce was lower rather than higher over the later years,
seems to afford evidence that, with this smaller dressing of
ammonia-salts, there was little or no effect in succeeding, from
accumulation in preceding years.

When, as in Series II., double the quantity, or 400 lbs. ammonia-
salts, was aj)plled per acre per annum for the first six years, the
average amount of ammonia required to yield 1 bushel of in-
crease was, according to the same mode of calculation, without
mineral manure, 4‘81 lbs. ; with superphosphate, 5’06 lbs. ; with
mixed alkali-salts 6'38 lbs. ; and with superphosphate and mixed
alkali-salts, 5'86 lbs. Thus, the amount required appears to be less
without, than with either of the mineral manures, less with super-
phosphate than with superphosphate and mixed alkali-salts, and
less with the latter than with mixed alkali-salts without super-
phosphate. The apparently more favourable^ result without than
with mineral manure, is explained by the fact, that the increase
by ammonia-salts is, in each case, calculated over the produce by
the corresponding unmanured or mineral-manured produce, as the
case may be ; and as the produce by mineral manures, especially
if containing phosphates, was so much higher than that without
manure, there is so much more to deduct from the produce
with ammonia-salts in addition ; and hence, though the produce
by the ammonia-salts with mineral manure is much higher, the
increase so reckoned as due to the ammonia only is less.

During the next ten years, the quantity of ammonia-salts was
reduced from 400 lbs. to 200 lbs. ; and during the last four years
the ammonia-salts were replaced by 275 lbs. of nitrate of soda,
estimated to contain the same amount of nitrogen as 200 lbs.
ammonia-salts, namely 41 lbs. = 50 lbs. ammonia. Over both
of these periods the result is much more favourable with each of
the four conditions as to mineral manure than during the first
six years, and also relatively much more so where the super-
phosphate was employed. This depends in part on the fact
that, whilst the produce without manure or by the mineral
manures alone, which is the standard over which the increase by
ammonia is calculated, declined perceptibly from year to year,
that where ammonia was used either did not decline at all, or
did so much less rapidly ; and hence the increase calculated as
due to the ammonia (or nitrogen reckoned as ammonia) is
higher.

In reference to these results it should further be observed, that

31G Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

since there is evidence that the excessive supply of ammonia-
salts during the first six years left a residue of nitrogen which
was effective for ten, if not more, years afterwards, not only do
the figures for the first six years understate the total or final
effect of the ammonia applied during that period, but those for
the subsequent years overstate the result for those years. The
average columns of the Table give, however, not the mere
arithmetical means of the results for the individual years, but
the direct averages for the periods ; and the result over the
twenty years is, that, instead of only 2T3 lbs. of ammonia
required when superphosphate and only 200 lbs. of ammonia-
salts were used, there were 2’49 lbs. required when, for the first
6 of the 20 years, 400 lbs., for the next 10 years 200 lbs., ammo-
nia-salts, and for the last 4 years 275 lbs. nitrate of soda, were
applied. , There is also a considerably less favourable result
without than with the superphosphate. Lastly, as in the experi-
ments with the smaller quantity of ammonia-salts every year,
the variation of result according to season is very considerable ;
but, owing to the excess of ammonia applied in the early years,
and to the effects of the accumulation afterwards, the exact figures
for the individual years cannot be taken in illustration of the point.

D uring the last eight years of the twenty, one-half of the plots
of Series II. received, besides the same manures as the other half,
400 lbs. of silicate of soda, per acre, per annum. The four
portions so treated are respectively designated 1 AAS, 2 AAS,
&c. ; and the results are recorded in the Table under the head-
ing of Series III. Almost every year it was quite obvious to the
eye that there was a marked effect from the silicate on Plots 1
and 3, that is where no superphosphate was used ; but compara-
tively little, if any, on Plots 2 and 4 with superphosphate. So
striking was this result, that the silicate was examined in the
laboratory to ascertain whether it contained any phosphate. It
was found not to contain any ; nor did it contain nitrate or
nitrogen in any other form. Perhaps the most probable sup-
position is, that by the action of the alkaline silicate on the soil,
otherwise locked up phosphoric acid was rendered available for
the plants. It is possible, however, that, when the superphos-
phate was used, a secondary result of its action within the soil
was the liberation of silicates, which, without it, were not avail-
able in sufficient quantity ; and hence the little effect of the
direct supply of silicates where the superphosphate was used, and
the marked effect where it was not employed. Or, is it that
when the acid-phosphate and alkaline silicate are mixed together,
they are rendered comparatively insoluble and inactive? The
result may perhaps be due in part to more than one of these actions.

Whatever may be the explanation of the fact, the Table shows

for Twenty Years in sxiccession on the same Land. 3] 7

that there was, in almost every year of the eight, comparatively
little difference in the amount of ammonia required to yield a
bushel of Increase of barley on Plots 2 and 4 of Series 11. with
superphosphate but without the silicate, and on Plots 2 and 4 of
Series 111, with superphosphate and with silicate. On the other
hand, on Plots 1 and 3 of Series III., without superphosphate, but
with silicate, the amount of ammonia required for a given effect
was much less than on the corresponding plots of Series II. without
the silicate. There was also a greater increase of straw by the
use of the silicates where superphosphate was not, than where it
was employed.

The next experiments to consider are those with nitrate of
soda alone (Series IV.). 1 N received, for nineteen years in

succession, 275 lbs. nitrate of soda, containing nitrogen = 50 lbs.
ammonia ; and 2 N received, for the first five of the nineteen years,
double the amount, or 550 lbs. = 100 lbs. ammonia, and afterwards,
for fourteen years, only 275 lbs., as Plot 1 N. But as, in the
first year of the twenty, both plots received superphosphate of
lime and sulphate of potass in considerable amount, which
doubtless increased the effects of the nitrogen subsequently sup-
plied for many years, if not for the whole period, the results
of 1 N are not strictly comparable with those of 1 A receiving
annually the same amount of nitrogen as ammonia-salts, nor are
those of 2 N comparable with those of 1 A A. As the figures
stand, however, the average of twenty years with ammonia-salts,
and of nineteen with nitrate of soda = 50 lbs. of ammonia, shows
with the ammonia-salts 3‘68 ammonia, and with the nitrate,
nitrogen = only 2’74 lbs., required to yield 1 bushel increase of
grain and its straw ; and with the double amount during the
first few years, the ammonia-salts show 3‘53, and the nitrate only
2 81 lbs. required. It has already been explained (pp. 290-2) that
enough phosphoric acid and potass were applied on the nitrate
plots in the first year, to supply as much of these constituents as
would be contained in the excess of produce by the nitrate over
that by the ammonia-salts throughout the subsequent period ;
so that, obviously, only part of the better result of the nitrate
can be supposed to be due to the condition of combination of its
nitrogen.

The result is, at any rate, remarkable, that after mineral manures
once applied, nitrate of soda alone should, for nineteen years in
succession, yield a result in proportion to its nitrogen, compara-
tively so little inferior to ammonia-salts used every year in con-
junction with superphosphate, or with superphosphate and salts
of potass, soda and magnesia.

The next experiments are those of Series V., in which rape-cake
was used without, and with mineral manures. During the first

318 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

C years 2000 lbs., and during the last 14 years 1000 lbs. per acre
per annum were applied. The rape-cake is calculated to contain
4 75 per cent, of nitrogen. This estimate is not founded on direct
analysis of the lots actually employed, but is deduced from our
own and published results on various samples in the market.
Adopting it, the 2000 lbs. would contain 95 lbs. nitrogen = 115’4
lbs. ammonia, and the 1000 lbs., 47'5 lbs. nitrogen = 57'7 lbs.

ammonia.

As the manure leaves a considerable residue for future crops,
and would especially do so during the first 6 years, the calcu-
lation of the whole of the nitrogen supplied, against the increase
obtained during that period, does not show the total or final
effect of the nitrogen so supplied ; whilst, during the succeeding
14 years, the figures will represent the result too favourably,
in so far as a portion of the increase will doubtless be due to
accumulation from the previous applications ; and this would
probably be more considerable, and more effective, than in the
case of the double supply of ammonia-salts (Series 11.). Accord-
ingly, the figures show much more nitrogen applied for the
production of a bushel of increase during the first 6, than during
the last 14 years.

As already explained, the increase is, as in the experiments
with ammonia-salts, calculated over the produce on the corre-
sponding plots without nitrogenous manure. This plan is, upon
the whole, less open to objection than taking the increase in each
case over the unmanured produce ; but a consideration of the
results will show that it is by no means without objection.

The general result is, that the experiments with rape-cake
show less difference and less beneficial effect due to the mineral
manures also used, than those with ammonia-salts. Thus, com-
paring the results with rape-cake over the last 14, or the 20 years,
Avith those of Series 11., with ammonia-salts over the same periods
(both manures being applied in double quantity during the first
6 years), considerably less nitrogen, reckoned as ammonia, is
calculated to have been required to yield a given increase with
ammonia-salts than with rape-cake when superphosphate was also
used, but considerably less with rape-cake than with ammonia-
salts, when each was used without suj>erphosphate.

The fact is that rape-cake itself contains phosphates and other
mineral constituents, which serve to render the nitrogen associated
with them the more effective. It is obvious, therefore, that
calculating the increase by the rape-cake alone over the produce
Avithout manure, and that by rape-cake and mineral manure over
the produce by the corresponding mineral manure alone, gives a
relatively too favourable result lor the rape-cake Avhere it is used
alone, and too unfavourable Avhere it is used Avith the mineral

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 319

manures. For, when used alone, the increase so reckoned as due
to the nitrogen only, includes that due to the associated mineral
constituents of the rape-cake ; but when used with mineral
manures, the increase due to the mineral constituents directly
applied is deducted. On this point it may be mentioned that,
if the increase were, in all four experiments with rape-cake,
calculated over the unmanured produce, the result would appear,
both actually and relatively, more favourable where mineral
manures were also used, than the figures in the Table show.

The comparison between the ammonia-salts and the rape-cake
is, of course, so far as the nitrogen is concerned, the fairest where
the mineral conditions were the most equally favourable with
both manures ; that is where superphosphate was used. The less
favourable result with the rape-cake under these conditions is,
doubtless, due to its nitrogen becoming less rapidly available
than that of the ammonia-salts. Still, upon the whole, it would
appear that not very much more nitrogen is required in rape-
cake than in ammonia-salts to yield a given amount of immediate
increase ; and an advantage of the rape-cake is, not only that it
itself supplies mineral constituents, so that with it less super-
phosphate, if any, will be required, but that its nitrogen will
probably be less liable to loss by drainage than that of ammonia-
salts or nitrate of soda. On the other hand, a given amount of
nitrogen costs more in rape-cake than in either sulphate of am-
monia or nitrate of soda.

The last illustrations relate to the results obtained by farmyard
manure. As in the case of the rape-cake, the quantity of nitrogen
applied can only be approximately estimated. In the calculations
it has been assumed that the dung contained 0’64 per cent, of
nitrogen = 0 77 per cent, of ammonia. This result is arrived at
by calculations founded on the average composition of the matters
supposed to enter into the dung. It agrees almost precisely with
determinations recently made in dung from the farmyard at
Rothamsted ; but it is rather less than has been found here in
good box dung. It is almost exactly the mean of the results of
Boussingault and Voelcker for fresh dung. But it is considerably
higher than results recently published by Professor Anderson.

As has been stated, the produce on the farmyard-manure plot
has increased considerably in recent years ; and accordingly
the Table shows much less nitrogen = ammonia required to
yield a bushel of increase in the later than in the earlier years.
There has indeed been a great accumulation, the effects of which
have been only very gradually developed. Taking the average
of the 20 years, however, it has required 8 lbs. of ammonia, or
its equivalent of nitrogen, in dung, to yield one bushel increase
of barley, and its straw ; in other words, nearly four times as

320 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barleij,

much as when a mixture of ammonia-salts and superphosphate
was employed. This is a striking illustration of the slowness of
the return from nitrogen supplied in farmyard manure compared
with that in ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda. It is obviously an
important question whether less or more of the at first unrecovered
amount is lost by drainage, or otherwise, in the one case than
the other ? or whether the residue from the one description of
manure is more or less effective than that from the other? These
points have already been referred to in some of their aspects, and
will be further considered in the next Section (IV.) ; but data
are still wanting for their full and satisfactory settlement.

From a review of the whole of the data brought forward
relating to the point, the practical conclusion may be drawn,
that when an increase of barley is obtained by means of artificial
manures, such as sulphate of ammonia, or nitrate of soda, or
_ Peruvian guano, an increase of 1 bushel of grain (52 lbs.), and
its proportion of straw (say 63 lbs.), may, taking the average of
seasons, be calculated upon for every 2 to lbs. of ammonia,
or its equivalent of nitrogen (1’65 to 1'86 lb.), supplied in the
manure — provided the amount applied be not excessive, and
provided there be no deficiency of mineral constituents within
the soil.

These conditions will be fulfilled when barley, grown after
dunged roots carted off, or after another corn crop, is manured
by from to 2 cwts. of sulphate of ammonia, or to 2^ cwts.
of nitrate of soda, with 2 to 3 cwts. of superphosphate, per acre ;
or, from 3 to 4 cwts. of Peruvian guano, containing 12 per cent, of
ammonia, without superphosphate.

When, however, rape-cake is used, rather more nitrogen in
that form will be required to yield a given increase of the crop
for which it is applied; but when the increase is obtained by
sheep-folding, or farmyard manure, very much less will be
obtained in the first crop, in proportion to the nitrogen con-
tained in the manure.

In our Report on the growth of wheat for twenty years in
succession on the same land, it was shown for that crop, as now
it is for barley, that the quantity of increase obtained for a given
amount of ammonia, or its equivalent of nitrogen, in manure,
varied exceedingly according to the amount applied, to the
provision of mineral constituents within the soil, and to the
seasons. It was, however, stated, as a general practical conclusion,
that, under the conditions the most camparable with those of
ordinary practice, approximately 5 lbs. of ammonia, or its
equivalent of nitrogen, were on the average required to yield
1 bushel increase of wheat, and its proportion of straw. Now,

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 321

1 bushel of wheat may be reckoned to weigh 61 lbs., and its
average proportion of straw 105 lbs. Thus, whilst from 2 to 2^
lbs. of ammonia in manure will yield 52 lbs. barley-grain, and
63 lbs. straw = 115 lbs. total produce, it required 5 lbs. to yield
61 lbs. of wheat-grain, and 105 lbs. straw =166 lbs. total
produce.

It is clear that it required much more nitrogen in manure to
yield a given amount of increase of produce when applied in the
autumn for wheat, than when in the spring for barley.

The questions remain — what proportion of the supplied
nitrogen is recovered in the immediate increase of crop ? — what
becomes of the unrecovered amount, if any ? — does it, wholly or
in part, remain in the soil? — if so, what will be its effect on
succeeding crops ? — or, lastly, is there any material loss, by
drainage, or otherwise? These points will next be considered.

Section IV. — On the Effects of the unexhausted Residue

FROM PREVIOUS MANURING UPON SUCCEEDING CrOPS, LOSS

OF CONSTITUENTS BY DRAINAGE, AND SOME ALLIED POINTS.

In the foregoing pages incidental reference has frequently been
made to the effects of the residue from previous manuring upon
succeeding crops; but the subject is, in various aspects, of such
great importance, that it has been reserved for separate consi-
deration in this place.

For example, it is of very great practical interest to have some
exact data, showing — what proportion of the nitrogen, supplied in
manure, will probably be recovered in the increase of the crop
for which it is applied ; whether, or in what degree, the at first
unrecovered amount will, on the one hand be retained by the
soil, or on the other, be drained away and lost ? whether, if
retained, it will remain, wholly, or in part, in such a state of
combination, and distribution, within the soil, as to be available
for succeeding crops ? and so on.

Very similar questions obviously arise in regard to the mineral
constituents of manures and crops ; and so far at least as some
of those constituents are concerned, it is very important to be
able to refer to direct experimental evidence, bearing on the
subject.

But, independently of facts and conclusions of great general
interest and importance, when the same manure is applied, and
the same crop grown, year after year on the same land, it is
essential to a proper interpretation of the average results obtained
over a series of years, not only to consider the characters of the
seasons, but also whether any particular description of manure, so
applied, induces exhaustion of certain constituents, resulting in

322 Repoi t of Experiments on the Growth of Barley^

<liminislie(], or accumulation tending to increased, productiveness
from year to year.

In our Repoit on the growth of wheat for 20 years in succes-
sion on the same land, the question of the effects of the
unexhausted residue from previous manuring upon succeeding
crops, was considered so far as evidence was then at command,
and it is proposed to give some further illustrations relating to
that crop. The experiments on barley afford but few illustrations
of the point ; but it will be instructive to call attention to such
as are available, to consider how far their indications agree with,
and how far they differ from, those relating to wheat, and to
endeavour not only to explain the general facts observed, but to
ascertain the reason of any differences of result with the two
crops.

The effects of the unexhausted residue of nitrogen, supplied
as ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda, will first be considered.

Table XL. relates to experiments on barley with ammonia-

Table XL. — Effects of the Unexhausted Residue of Nitrogen applied to Barley'as

Ammonia-salts.

PRODUCE PER ACRE.

Total Corn in Bdshels of 52 lbs.

Straw (and Chaff). |

Total Produce (Corn and Straw'

Mixed Mineral

Manure every Year,

Yeaes.

and—

and —

and—

Plot 4 A.

Plot 4 AA.

4 AA

Plot 4 A.

Plot 4 AA.

4 AA,

Plot 4 A.

Plot 4 AA.

4 AA,

4U0 lbs.

over (or

400 lbs.

over (or

400 lbs.

over (or

200 lbs.
Ammonia-
salts

Ammonia-

salts,

6 Years,
1852-’57;

under — )
4 A.

200 lbs.
Ammonia-
salts

Ammonia-

salts,

6 Years,
1852-57;

under — )
4 A.

200 lbs.
Ammonia-
salts

Ammonia-

suits,

6 Years,
1852-57 ;

under -
L4A.

every

Year.

2U0 lbs.,
10 Years,

Year.

200 lbs.,
10 Years,

every

Year.

200 lbs.,'
10 Yt ars,

1858-67.

1858- 67.

1858-67.

Average,

1 Bushels.

Bushels.

Cwts.

lbs.

6 years,
1852-’57

49i

53^

291

36i

5,863

6,874

1,011

1858

55|

60|

29^

353

6,192

7,160

968

1859

3Sa

40^

27|

30i

5,067

5,517

450

1860

45|

48^

26i

5,355

5.746

391'

1861

58f

30J

331

6,472

6,937

465

1862

52i

541

65|

31|

331

6,273

6,529

256

1863

61J

34f

6,791

7,323

532

1864

63J

63i

-Oi

34J

37i

7,225

7,469

244

1865

51i

22 J

24|

5,075

5,469

394

1866

50i

56f

27i

281

5,704

6,117

413

1867

47^

49i

25i

28|

5,304

5,753

449

Total ..

523i

551j

27f

2871

315J

59,458

64,020

4,562

Average

52i

55J

2:!

1 28J

31i

2.f

5,946

6,402

456

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 323

salts. The two Plots, 4 A and 4 AA, have received the same
description and amount of mineral manure every year from the
commencement. In addition, 4 A has received 200 lbs. of
ammonia-salts per acre every year, but 4 AA 400 lbs., or double
the amount the first 6 years, and only 200 lbs., or the same as
4 A, the next 10 years. Any increase, therefore, on Plot 4 AA
over 4 A, during the 10 years in which they both received the
same amount of ammonia-salts, may presumably be attributed to
the extra amount applied to 4 AA during the first 6 years.
For the sake of more exact comparison than the record of the
actual quantities of dressed corn would afford, the total corn
})er acre has, in each case, been calculated into bushels of
521bs.

It appears that, during the 10 years, there was an excess of
produce on 4 AA compared with 4 A, due to the unexhausted
residue from the previous nitrogenous manuring, of nearly
28 bushels of corn, and just 28 cwts. of straw ; or an annual
average of 2J bushels of corn, and 2| cwts. of straw. It is also
to be observed that the excess in the tenth year was almost exactly
the same as the average of the 10 years, showing that the residue
was not even then exhausted. There was, then, in this case, a
marked effect upon the succeeding barley crops, from the extra
ammonia-salts applied in the first 6 years.

Table XLI. shows, in like manner, the effects on succeeding
barley-crops of a previous extra supply of nitrogen in the form of
nitrate of soda. The two Plots, 1 N and 2 N, each received in
the first year, 1852, 3^ cwts. superphosphate of lime, and
300 lbs. sulphate of potass per acre. Each year since, 1 N has
received 275 lbs. nitrate of soda, and 2 N 550 lbs. during the
first 5 years, but subsequently only 275 lbs., or the same
amount as 1 N.

The Table shows that, during the 14 years after the cessa-
tion of the extra application of nitrate on Plot 2 N, it continued to
give more produce than 1 N, amounting in the 14 years to
about 51^ bushels of corn, and rather over 30 cwts. of straw, or
to an average per acre per annum of 3|^ bushels of corn, and
24 cwts. of straw. Here, again, as in the experiments with the
ammonia-salts, the increase in the last year of the series is almost
precisely the same as the average increase over the whole period.
The differences from year to year are obviously due to pecu-
liarities of season. The result is clear, however, that with the
nitrate, as with the ammonia-salts, there was a somewhat lasting
effect from the extra amount applied during the earlier years.

It will be of much interest to compare the above results with
barley, with those obtained with wheat ; and it is especially
desirable to adduce those which bear upon the point relating to

VOL. IX. — S. S. Z

324

Repoi't of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Table XLI. — Effects of the Unexhausted Residue of Nitrogen applied to Barley as

Nitrate of Soda.

PRODUCE PER ACRE.

Tot.vl Corn in Bcshels op 52 lbs.

Straw (and Chaff).

Total Proddce (Corn and Straw

Years.

Plot 1 N.

275 lbs.
Nitrate
Soda,
19 Years,
1853-71.

Plot 2 N.
550 lbs.
Nitrate
Soda,

5 Years,
1853-57 ;
275 lbs.,
14 Years,
1858- 71.

2 N,
over (or
under — )
1 N.

Plot 1 N.

275 lbs.
Nitrate
Soda,

19 Years,
1853-71.

Plot 2 N.
650 lbs.
Nitrate
Soda,

5 Years,
1853-’57 ;
275 lbs.,
14 Years,
1858- 71.

2 N,
over (or
under — )
1 N.

Plot 1 N.

2Y5 lbs.
Nitrate
Soda,
19 Years,
1853-’71.

Plot 2 N.
650 lbs.
Nitrate
Soda,

5 Years,
1853-57 ;
275 lbs.,
14 Years,
1858- 71.

2N,
over (or
under -)
IN.

Average,

j Bushels.

Bushels.

Cwts.

lbs.

5 years,
] 853-57

45i

511

25|

31J

5,226

6,198

972

1858

411

ill

20J

23|

3.^

4,399

5,125

726

1859

26|

291

18|

211

3,500

3,905

405

1860

29|

32|

16f

18f

3,416

3,793

377

18&1

42|

45J

27i

294

5,260

5,665

405

1862

39^

241

24f

4,793

4,959

166

1863

551

301

294

— 3
S

6,265

6,366

101

1864

45i

52J

244

27J

5,065

5,820

755

1865

40J

42J

181

21|

4,174

4,629

455

1866

36|

43.4

214

234

4,275

4,941

066

1867

35J

38^

214

21f

4,234

4,438

204

1868

21\

27J

184

174

-li

3,530

3,366

-164

1869

39|

42|

27|

4,759

5,313

554

1870

37|

43f

131

194

3,456

4,413

957

1871

47J

50^

291

31J

2.f

5,726

6,175

449

Total ..

545^

596J

514

3074

338

304

62,852

68,908

6,056

Average

i2l

244

24 1

4,489

4,922

433

tlie latter crop, since we are now enabled to give them for
8 years longer than at the time of the last Report.

Plots 5 and 16, referred to in Table XLII., were both variously
manured during the first 8 years, 1844-1851. From 1852 to
the present time, Plot 5 has every year received a mixed
mineral manure containing superphosphate of lime, and sulphates
of potass, soda, and magnesia ; whilst Plot 16 received annually,
for the first 13 years of the period, namely 1852-1864 inclusive,
the same mixed mineral manure as Plot 5, but in addition the
very excessive amount of 800 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre per
annum. For the crop of 1865, and since, however. Plot 16 has
been left unmanured. The 800 lbs. of ammonia-salts would
supply annually to the soil about 200 lbs. of ammonia 164 lbs.
of nitrogen; whilst, as will be seen further on, scarcely three-
tenths as much was recovered in the average annual increase of
wheat (corn and straw) during the 13 years of the application ;

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 325

so that at the end of that period there remained seven-tenths,
or more, of the large amount applied still to be accounted for.

Table XLII. — Effects of the Unexhausted Eesidue of Nitrogen applied to Wheat as

Ammonia-salts.

PRODUCE PER ACRE.

Total Corn in Bosheu or 61 lbs.

Straw (and Chaff).

Total Produce (Com and Straw).

f EARS.

Plot 6.

Plot 16.
Mixed
Mineral

Plot 5.

Plot 16.
Mixed
Mineral

Plot 5.

Plot 16.
Mixed
Mineral

Mixed

Manure,

Plot 16,
over (or
under — )
Plot 6.

Mixed

Manure,

Plot 16,
over (or
under — )
Plot 5.

Mixed

Manure,

Pint. Ifi

Mineral

and 800 lbs.

Miner2 1

and 800 lbs.

Mineral

and 800 lbs.

over (or
under — )
Plot 5.

Manure

Ammonia-

Manure

Ammonia-

Manure

Ammonia-

alone,

salts,

alone.

salts.

alone,
20 Years,
1852-71.

salts,

20 Years,
1852-’71.

13 Years,
1852-64;
Unmanured
since.

20 Years,
1852-’n.

13 Years,
1852-64 ;
Unmanured
since.

13 Years,
1852- 64;
Unmanured
since.

. 'erage,

j Bushels.

Bushels.

Cwts.

I lbs.

lbs.

: years,
r>2-'64

181

401

16}

461

301

; 3,009

7,713

4,704

1865

34f

19|

10}

25|

15}

! 2,091

5,007

2,916

1866

13i

181

131

17}.

2,303

3,081

778

1867

14f

5.}

141

1 1,613

2,512

899

1868

18i

231

18}

2,481

3,503

2,647

1,022

1869

151

161

14}

14|

2,543

104

1870

19|

19f

121

-01

2,564

2,207

2,557

—7

1871

I2i

13f

121

13|

2,380

173

' tal ..

104i

1411

371

841

1161

32}

15,802

21,687

5885

.'erage

111

20}

161

j 2,257

3,098

841

Stated broadly and in round numbers, the result is as follows : —
By the actual utilization, or appropriation, of say three-tenths
of the nitrogen annually supplied, there was obtained, over the
13 years of the application, an average produce of nearly
41 bushels of wheat grain, and more than 46^ cwts. of straw,
or an average annual increase over the produce by the mixed
mineral manure alone, during the same period, of 22 bushels of
grain and 30 cwts. of straw. During the 7 succeeding years,
the seven-tenths of the supplied nitrogen, which was not thus
recovered in the increase of crop in the years of its application,
yielded an average annual produce of only 20^ bushels of grain
and 16|^ cwts. of straw, or an average annual increase over the
produce by the mineral manure alone (Plot 5) of only bushels
ol grain and 4|^ cwts. of straw ; whilst during the last 3 years
there was scarcely any Increase at all. In fact, of the 13 years
application, and the 13 years unrecovered nitrogen, amounting to
about seven-tenths of the whole supplied, less than the quantity
left unrecovered in one year, was effective during the 7 succeeding

z 2

326 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

years ; and, practically speaking, nearly the whole of the result
was obtained during the first -i years of the 7. It is true that
the mixed mineral manure was not applied on Plot 16 as on
Plot 5 during the last 7 years ; but with the liberal appli-
cation during the 13 years and previously, there could be
no want of available mineral constituents within the soil ; and
even if the produce during the 7 years were compared with
that without any manure, instead of with that with mineral
manure, the annual increase from the residue would appear but
little more, and the general result would remain substantially the
same.

Again, Plots 5, and 17 and 18, particulars of which are given in
Table XLIII., received during the first 8 years (1844— ’51)
various, but, upon the whole, very similar mixtures of mineral
manures, ammonia-salts, and rape-cake ; and, as the Table
shows, they yielded very similar average annual amounts of
produce during that period. In 1852, therefore, the plots were,
practically, in very similar condition. For the produce of that
year, and each year since, up to the present time, Plot 5 has
received a mixture of superphosphate of lime, and sulphates of
potass, soda, and magnesia. Over the same period, Plots 17
and 18 have received the same mineral manure, or ammonia-
salts, alternately. For example, for the crop of 1852, Plot 17
received 400 lbs. ammonia-salts, and Plot 18 the mineral
manure ; for that of 1853, Plot 17 received the mineral manure,
and Plot 18 the ammonia-salts ; and so on, alternately, for the
20 years. Thus, in each year, the one or the other plot
was manured with mineral manure, succeeding a dressing of
ammonia-salts. These were conditions obviously very favour-
able for turning to account any residue of the nitrogenous
manure of the previous year which might still remain in the
soil in a state of combination, and distribution, such as to be
available for the plant. The Table shows the produce obtained
each year on Plot 5 by mineral manure year after year, and
also that obtained each year by mineral manures after ammonia-
salts, on Plot 17, or 18, as the case may be.

It is seen that the mineral manure on Plot 17, or 18, each
year succeeding a liberal dressing of ammonia-salts for the crop
of the previous year, gave, in 20 years, only 16|- bushels of
corn and 22^ cwts. of straw, or annually only f bushel of corn
and li cwt. of straw, more than Plot 5, which received the
same mineral manure every year without the interposition of any
ammonia-salts.

The result is, then, that when 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts per
acre were used for wheat, the unexhausted residue of nitrogen, if
any, gave very little increase of produce in succeeding years ;

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 327

Table XLIII. — Effects of the Unexhausted Residue of Nitrogen applied to Wheat as

Ammonia-salts.

PRODUCE PER ACRE.

Total Corn in Boshels of 61 lbs.

Straw (and CbaCT).

Total Produce (Corn and Straw).

Ybaks.

Plot 5.

Plots
17 or 18.
Mixed

Plots.

Plots
17 or 18.
Mixed

Plot 5.

Plots
17 or 18.
Mixed

Mixed

Mineral

Mixed

Mineral

Mixed

Jlineral

Mineral

Manure,

17 or 18,
over (or
under — )
Plot 5.

Mineral

Manure,

Mineral

Manure,

17 or 18,
over (or
under — )
Plot 5.

Manure

every Year

Manure

every Year

over (or
under — )
Plot 5.

Manure

every Year

alone,

succeeding

alone.

succeeding

alone,

succeeding

20 It ears,

400 lbs.

20 Years,

400 lbs.

20 Years,

400 lbs.

,1852-71.

Ammonia-
salts;
20 Years,
1852- 71.

1852-'7l.

Ammonia-

salts;

20 Years,
1852-71.

1852- 71.

Ammonia-

salts;

20 Years,
1852-71.

Average,

1 Bushels.

Bushels.

Cwts.

lbs.

8 Years,
184-1-’51

31i

28f

29f

5,122

5,280

158

1852

17J

14|

-n

175

155

-25

3,019

2,621

-398

1853

-15

18f

175

-05

2,640

2,534

-106

1854

245

-05

225

215

-1

4,067

3,917

-150

1855

195

165

2,960

3,059

1856

19J

185

-15

185

17|

-05

3,274

3,111

-163

1857

235

265

175

3,137

3,612

475

1858

19f

145

173

2,795

3,393

598

1859

205

193

215

3,633

3,636

I860

15J

14*

155

2,539

2,678

139

1861

195

135

I5i

2,616

2,906

290

1862

185

195

165

185

2,960

3,248

288

1863

215

225

155

3,017

3,290

273

1864

17f

185

121

135

2,462

2,654

192

1865

105

135

2,091

2,568

477

1866

135

131

-05

135

2,303

2,328

1867

105

1,613

1,893

280

1868

185

19|

145

2,481

2,807

326

1869

155

16J

141

15J

2,543

2,705

162

1870

195

20J

125

121

2,564

2,628

1871

12-5

-35

125

161

2,207

2,797

590

Total ..

349

3655

165

299f

3215

225

54,921

58,385

3464

Average

181

165

2,746

2,919

173

whereas, when the same amount of ammonia-salts was used for
6 years in succession for barley, there was an excess of produce,
doubtless due to the unexhausted residue of nitrogen, which
averaged 2| bushels of corn, and 2f cwts. of straw, per acre per
annum, for 10 years in succession, with evidence that the effect
was not even then at an end.

Thus, it was shown in Sections II. and III. that a given
amount of nitrogen in manure yielded more increase of barley
than of wheat in the years of its application ; and it is now seen
that it also leaves a more effective residue when applied for

328 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

barley than for wheat. The questions arise — What proportion of
the supplied nitrogen is, in either case, recovered in the increase
of crop ? What becomes of the unrecovered amount, if any ?
How is it that more increase is obtained, and that there is
apparently less loss, in the case of the barley than of the
wheat ?

In our first paper in this Journal, now more than twenty-five
years ago, we pointed out that about 5 lbs. of ammonia in manure
had been found necessary for the production of 1 bushel of in-
crease of wheat and its straw. Frequently since, the question of
the proportion of the nitrogen of manure recovered in the increase
of produce obtained has been illustrated by results of the direct
analysis of the produce. This was done, so far as barley is con-
cerned, in the Report on the first 6 years of the experiments
(Vol. xviii., 1858). In a paper “ On the Annual Yield of
Nitrogen per Acre in Different Crops,” read at the meeting
* of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held
at Leeds in 1858, it was concluded that, with wheat and barley
indifferently, rather more than four-tenths of the supplied nitro-
gen was recovered in the increase. Again, in a paper “ On the
Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation, &c.,”* much the same
estimate was arrived at for wheat, for barley, and for meadow-
hay ; and estimates were also made in regard to some other
crops.

The subject is, however, one of such great importance, and
the number of years over which the estimate can be made is now
so much greater than formerly, that numerous new analyses have
been made for the purposes of this paper. The nitrogen has thus
been determined in the produce for 20 years (1852-1871), of
six of the wheat, and five of the barley plots ; also, but for 3
years only, in that of three of the experimental oat plots. For the oats
the nitrogen has been determined in the grain and in the straw
of each year separately ; but, for the wheat, and for the barley,
respectively, a mixture has been made of the produce (corn and
the straw separately) of each plot, for the 20 years, the quan-
tity taken being in exact proportion to the amount of produce
per acre each year. The whole was then ground up together ;
so that the mixed samples respectively represent the produce of
the grain and of the straw of each plot, for the 20 years.

Table XLIV. (p. 329) shows the amount of nitrogen recovered
in the increase of produce (corn and straw), and the amount
not recovered, for 100 supplied in manure.

For wheat, the plots selected are — that with 14 tons farmyard

* ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ Part II,, 1861; also ‘Jour. Chem. Soc.,’ new
series, vol. i., 1853.

Table XLIV. — Nitrogen Recovered, and not Rer.overed, in Increase of Produce, for 100 sujrplied in Manure.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 329

O ^ lO CO CD

CP P C P
O) c o 0^
fee bX) bo tc bD
o o o o o

)z; iz; J2;

m CO CO w

^ ^

OQ CO CO CO

P ^ .2 M

*3 'p '3 P ®

O O O o ^

S 3 a 2 2

ases;^

<!j -5j

CD t> X CD ^

t> l> r-t fH
CD r- lo
J, "l "l "i *'1
X CO (N X
lO lO CD lO lO
X 00 X 00 X

V CO CO CO cc

^ ^
2 C3 P P c8

CD 0; q; <1> Q

CD O Tji CD ^

p. p p p p a
0) 9 o o cj S
bJD W) bo bc bD bD
O O O O O o

Jz; ;z; iz; iz; g

r- ( I ( lO ^

X ^ Oi |>

II II 11 11 II II

o3 P c; ^

Oi CO CO '*0

J» 2» Ji O <D ®

P ,2 ■ CC! ^ <-M

*5 5 3 o 2 2

o o o

s a a g o ®
aaa.ti&g-

<!j «< <; jz; 35

tH <

<D <D

(') 13 years only, 1852-1864. (^) 475 lbs. Nitrate = 71 lbs. Nitrogen in 1852; 275 lbs. = 41 lbs. Nitrogen in 1853 and

1854; 650 lbs. = 82 lbs. Nitrogen each year afterwards.

330 Report of Experin\ents on the Groioth of Barlerj,

manure per acre per annum for 20 years ; those with mixed
mineral manure and 200 lbs., 400 lbs., 600 lbs., and 800 lbs., of
ammonia-salts, per acre per annum ; and that with the same
mineral manure and 550 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre per annum.

For barley, the plots are — that with 14 tons farmyard manure
per acre per annum for 20 years ; that with the same mixed
mineral manure as for the wheat, and 200 lbs. ammonia-salts
per acre per annum for 20 years ; that with the same mineral
manure for 20 years, 400 lbs. ammonia-salts for the first
6 years, 200 lbs. for the next 10 years, and 275 lbs. nitrate
of soda for the last 4 years of the 20 ; and that with the same
mineral manure and 2000 lbs. rape-cake for the first 6 years,
and 1000 lbs. for the next 14 years.

For oats — the plot with the same mixed mineral manure as for
wheat and for barley, and 400 lbs. ammonia-salts ; also that with
the same mineral manure and 550 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre
per annum, but for three years only.

The increase in the amount of nitrogen in the produce by the
use of it in manure is, in the cases of the artificial mixtures of
nitrogenous and mineral manure, calculated over the amount
determined in the produce by the corresponding mineral manure
without ammonia. The increase in the produce of nitrogen
by farmyard manure is also calculated over that by the purely
mineral manure.

According to the figures, there was, with the same mixed
mineral manure and 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre per
annum for 20 years in succession, rather less than one- third
of the supplied nitrogen recovered in the increase of the wheat,
but nearly one-half in that of the barley.

With the same mineral manure, and 400 lbs. ammonia-salts
applied for 20 years for wheat, and 400 lbs. for 6 years, 200
Ihs. for 10 years, and 275 lbs. nitrate for 4 years — in all 20
years — for barley, there was recovered in the increase of the
wheat, again scarcely one-third, but in that of the barley again
nearly one-half. With the same mineral manure and 400 Jbs.
ammonia-salts applied to oats, but for 3 years only, there was
even rather more than one-half of the supplied nitrogen reckoned
to be recovered in the increase of crop.

When the more excessive amounts of ammonia-salts were
applied for wheat, notably less than one-third of the supplied
nitrogen was recovered, and the less the greater the excess.

On the other hand, when 550 lbs. of nitrate of soda (contain-
ing nitrogen = 400 lbs. ammonia-salts) were applied, there was,
even with wheat, not much less than half, and with oats rather
more than half of the nitrogen recovered in the increase of crop.

With rape-cake applied for barley, a considerably less pro-
portion of the nitrogen was recovered than with ammonia-salts.

for Twenti/ Years in succession on the same Land. 331

Lastly, with farmyard manure, whether applied to wheat or to
barley, very much less of the supplied nitrogen was recovered
than with any of the artificial manures. Indeed, assuming the
dung to have provided about 200 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per
annum, there was recovered in the increased produce of the
wheat only about one-seventh, and in that of the barley scarcely
one-nlntl), of the nitrogen supplied by the manure.

The general result of this new and more extended inquiry is,
then — that with neither crop is the whole of the supplied nitrogen
recovered in the increase of produce obtained ; that when a given
amount of ammonia-salts was applied a much less proportion was
recovered in wheat than in either barley or oats ; but that, even
with wheat, more was recovered when nitrate of soda was em-
ployed than when ammonia-salts were used.

How is the aj)parent loss to be explained ? and how is it that a
greater loss is observed with wheat than with either barley or oats ?

In the paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ i^Part II.
1861),* already referred to, after showing the relation of the
nitrogen in increase to that in manure in some particular cases,
we submitted the following questions : —

“ Is the unrecovered amount of supplied Nitrogen or at any
rate a considerable proportion of it, drained away and lost?

“ Are the nitrogenous compounds transformed within the soil,
and their Nitrogen, in some form, evaporated?

“ Does the missing amount for the most part remain in some
fixed combination in the soil, only to be yielded up, if ever, in
the course of a long series of years ?

“ Is ammonia itself, or Nitrogen in the free state, or in some
other form of combination than ammonia, given off from the
surface of the growing plant? Or, lastly,

“When Nitrogen is supplied within the soil for the increased
growth of the Graminaceous crop, is there simply an unfavour-
able distribution of it, considered in relation to the distribution
of the underground feeders of the crop ? — the Leguminous crop,
which alternates with it, gathering from a more extended range
of soil, and leaving a residue of assimilable Nitrogen within the
range of collection of a next succeeding Cereal one?”

Briefly enumerated, the three main sources of loss of nitrogen
here suggested are, then — drainage ; accumulation icithin the soil
in a state of combination, or distribution, unfavourable for being
taken ug by the immediately succeeding crop ; or evolution in some
form from the surface of the growing plant.

From some of the results reported in the same paper, and also

* “ On the Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation ; with special reference to the
<luestion whether plants assimilate free or uncombined Nitrogen.” By Lawes,
Gilbert, and Pugh.

332 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

from other considerations, we concluded, in opposition to the
view we had previously been disposed to entertain, that the last-
named of these, that is, evolution from the plant, did not take
place.

With regard to drainage, the previous results of Professor
Way,* and especially the subsequent ones of the experiments
conducted at Rugby under our superintendence for the Royal
Sewage Commission,! led us to attribute great importance to
that part of the subject. In the course of that inquiry we
arranged for the collection of sixty-two samples of drainage-
water, the partial analysis of which was conducted by Professor
Way ; and, comparing the results with those on the corresponding
samples of sewage, it was obvious that but a small proportion of
the nitrogen of the sewage which was not obtained in the increase
of produce was recovered in the drainage-water in the form of
ammonia. We therefore arranged for the collection of some
special samples for complete analysis, and especially for the
determination of the nitric apid, if any, in both sewage and
drainage-water. The results showed considerably more nitrogen
in the drainage in the form of nitric acid than in that of am-
monia. Indeed, it was obvious that a large proportion of that
important manorial constituent of the sewage was drained away
and lost. Satisfied for the time with this indication, it was not
contemplated to follow up that part of our general inquiry until
the question of the accumulation of nitrogen within the soil itself
had first been investigated.

After the publication, in 1864, of the results of the growth of
wheat for twenty years in succession on the same land, the sub-
ject of the composition of the crop, according to season and
manure, was resumed ; and it was determined to examine both
the soils and the drainage-waters from the different plots, to see
whether there was, on the one hand an accumulation of nitrogen
in the soil, and on the other a loss by drainage. The nitrogen
was determined in the first 9 inches, the second 9 inches, and
the third 9 inches; or, in all, to a depth of 27 inches of soil.
The results were given at the Meeting oC the British Asso-
ciation for the advancement of Science at Nottingham, in 1866,
and the following quotation from the abstract of that paper will
indicate their general bearing : —

“ The accumulation of nitrogen from the residue of manuring

* “ On the Composition of the Waters of Land-Drainage and of Rain.”
(‘ Jourral Royal Agricultural Society of England,’ vol. xvii. Part 1.)

t “ On the Sewage of Towns” (Third Report and Appendices 1, 2, and S, of
the Royal Commission, 1865). Also — “ On the Composition, Value, and Utilisation
of Town Sewage ” (‘ Journal of the Chemical Society,’ New Series, vol. iv. ; entire
series, vol. xix., 1866).

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 333

was found to be, in some cases, very considerable ; but even with
equal amounts supplied, it varied, both in total amount and in
distribution, according to circumstances, the depth to which the
unused supply had penetrated being apparently influenced by the
character and amount of the associated manorial constituents.
The general result was, that, although a considerable amount of
the nitrogen supplied in manure which had not been recovered
as increase of crop was shown to remain in the soil, still a larger
amount was as yet unaccounted for. Initiative results indicated
that some existed as nitric acid in the soil, but it was believed
that the amount so existing would prove to be but small. In
fact, it was concluded that a considerably larger proportion would
remain entirely unaccounted for within the soil to the depth under
examination than was there traceable, and the probability was,
that at any rate some of this had passed off into the drains, and
some into the lower strata of the soil.”

^It was at the same time shown, by reference to field results, how
rery small was the increase of subsequent wheat crops due to the
large residue of nitrogen accumulated in the soil, notwithstanding
its amount was many times greater than that which would yield
an increase of 20 bushels or more, if applied afresh to soil other-
wise in the same condition.

Thus, then, it was established, that there was a considerable
accumulation within, the soil, of nitrogen supplied in manure
and not recovered in the increase of the crop, but that there
remained a considerable quantity not so accounted for ; and it
was concluded that some of this had passed off into the drains,
and some into the lower strata of the subsoil.

Being fully occupied at the time with other subjects, and
finding that Dr. Voelcker was desirous to investigate the ques-
tion ofland drainage, we gladly provided him with samples of
the drainage-water from the differently-manured plots in the
experimental wheat-field, and also with full particulars of their
history for the purposes of inquiry. In the ‘Journal of the
Chemical Society of London’ (vol. ix. s.s. p. 291, 1871), Dr.
Voelcker has published the results of the complete analysis of
seventy samples of drainage-water of accurately known history so
collected. Those results are a most valuable contribution to our
knowledge of the subject, not only in its agricultural bearings, but
also in relation to the question of the influence of the sources of
potable and other waters upon their composition and quality.
For the details we must refer the reader to Dr. Voelcker’s own
paper ; but the following table gives a summary of the results
so far as they relate to the loss by drainage of the nitrogen supplied
to the soil by manure.

334 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Table XLV. — Composition of Drainage-water from Plots ditferently Manured ;
Broadbalk Field, Eothamsted ; Wheat every Year, commencing 1844.

Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrites, per 100,000 parts of Water.

Dr. VoELCKEu’s Results.

MANURES PER ACRE, PER ANNUM.

Dates of Collection, &c.

14 Tons
Farmyard
lUanure
every
Year.

Plot 2.

Without
Manure
every
Y ear.

Plots 3-4.

Sulphate of Potass, Soda, and Magnesia and
Superphosphate of Lime.

Without
Nitrogen
in Manure
since
1851.

Plot 5.

And 41 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Ammonia-

salts.

Plot 6.

And 82 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Ammonia-

salts.

Plot 7.

And 123 lbs
Nitrogen
as

Ammonia-

salts.

Plot 8.

And 82 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Nitrate

Soda.

Plot 9.

Dec. 6, 186G, full flow

1-956

0-648

0-878

1-330

2-170

2-567

0-707

May 21, 18G7, full flow

0-052

0-059

0-089

0-078

0-274

0-785

Jan. 13, 1868, full flow

1-256

0-667

0-926

1-704

2-811

3-104

1-196

Apr. 21, 1868, full flow

0-085

0-137

0-189

0-448

0-578

5-830

Dec. 29, 1868, enormous flow

••

0-500

0-530

0-952

1-493

1-874

0-659

Means . .

1-606

0-390

0-506

0-853

1-400

1-679

1-835

■ The conditions under which the results given in the above
(and the next) Table have been obtained, should be further
described as follows : — With the exception of Plot 9, as explained
below, each plot has been manured as stated in the Table every
year, commencing 1852. Further, Plot 2 received 14 tons of
farmyard manure every year, commencing 1843-4. The un-
manured portion consists of two lands. Plots 3 and 4 respectively,
the drain running under the furrow which separates them ; Plot
3 has been unmanured since the commencement of the experi-
ments in 1843-4, and for some years previously ; whilst Plot 4
has only been unmanured since 1851 ; for which, and six pre-
ceding seasons, it received ammonia-salts and superphosphate of
lime ; the effects of the unexhausted residue from which are
slightly apparent even up to the present time. Each of the other
plots consists of two lands, the drain running under the sepa-
rating furrow. For the crop of 1851, and several preceding
seasons, Plot 5 received, besides mineral manure, ammonia-salts
in rather heavy dressings, and also some rape-cake. The other
plots also received various amounts of nitrogenous and mineral
manure in 1851, and previously. Only one of the two lands
comprising Plot 9 has received the mineral manure stated (com-
mencing 1855) ; the other has had the nitrate alone : the quantity

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 335

of nitrate applied over the two lands was equal to only 71 lbs.
nitrogen per acre in 1852, and to only 01 lbs. in 1853 and 1854,
but to 82 lbs. in each year since.

In the first place it will be observed that, in three of the
five occasions on which all the other drains ran freely, no result
is given for the farmyard manure plot. The fact is that, whilst the
pipe-drains from every one of the other plots in the experimental
wheat-field rnn freely, perhaps four or five or more times annually,
the drain from the dunged plot seldom runs at all more than
once a year, and in some seasons not at all. We must refer to a
former paper in this Journal * for some further particulars relating
to this very important result. Stated briefly, it was found that
the dunged soil, when saturated, retained, within 12 inches front
the surface, an excess of water which would be equivalent to
about inch of rain more than that held to the same depth on
the unmanured and the artificially manured plots in the same field.
The conclusion is obvious, that the dunged soil, with its vast
accumulation of organic matter, and doubtless greater degree of
disintegration, porosity, and power of absorption, especially near
the surface, is enabled to retain much more water. Hence a
much greater amount and continuity of rain is required to over-
come its power of retention, and to reach the drains in its case.
This result is one of very great interest and significance. Thus,
whether the porosity of a clay soil be increased by the application
of manure, by mechanical means, or by a combination of the
two, its power to absorb and retain water, in an available and not
injurious state, will be proportionately increased; and, not only
will the growing crops be thereby rendered more independent of
drought, but the necessity for artificial drainage will, at any rate
in some soils, be greatly lessened.

Not only does the drain-pipe from the dunged plot seldom run,
but it will be observed that the proportion of nitrogen in its
drainage water is, in one of the cases given, less than where 82 lbs.
of nitrogen were supplied as ammonia-salts, and in the other less
than where 41 lbs. of nitiogen were so supplied. This is the
case though the dung is estimated to supply to the soil nearly, if
not quite, 200 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum. In connection
with this point it may be stated that analysis of the soil of the
dunged plot after 25 years of the application of the manure,
showed that the top 9 inches contained nearly twice as high a
percentage of nitrogen as the corresponding layer of any of the
artificially manured plots. Yet, not once during the 29 years of
the experiments has the farmyard-manured plot yielded as high a
total produce (corn and straw together) as one or other of the plots
manured with mixed mineral manure and ammonia salts or

* Vol. vii. S.S., Part 1., p. 115.

336 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

nitrate of soda. It is obvious, that the nitrogen supplied by the
dung is retained by the soil in a condition not only much less
rapidly available to growing crops, but also much less liable to
loss by drainage. Still, there is a large amount of the nitrogen
supplied in the dung not yet satisfactorily accounted for.

The Table shows that at each period of collection there was less
nitrogen in the drainage-water from the plot the whole of which
has been unmanured since 1851, and part for a number of years
previously, than from either of the plots artificially manured
during the same period. There was, in every case, rather more
from Plot 5, which received mineral manure alone in 1852, and
each year since ; but mineral manure in each, with ammonia-salts,
or nitrogenous organic matter, or both, in 7 out of the 8 preceding
years. There was, further, in each case, more nitrogen in the drain-
age-water when, to the mineral manure, ammonia-salts = 41 lbs.
of nitrogen was added ; with one slight exception again more
when 82 lbs. were employed ; and more still with 123 lbs. nitrogen
supplied.

That is to say, with each increased supply of nitrogen by manure,
as ammonia- salts, there was an increased loss of nitrogen as nitric
acid in the drainage-water.

It must be borne in mind that, in the experiments on wheat
here referred to, the ammonia-salts were always sown broadcast
in the autumn, and ploughed or harrowed in before sowing the
seed ; and it is seen that the amount of nitrogen as nitric acid in
the drainage-water is much greater on the three occasions of winter
collection, that is, soon after the manures were sown, and when
there was no growth, than on either of the two occasions of
spring collection, that is, after the washing out by the winter
rains, and when active growth had set in.

The nitrate of soda is, however, always sown as a top-dressing
about the middle of March. Accordingly, there was, in each
case of winter collection, much less nitrogen as nitric acid in the
drainage from the nitrated plot (9), than in that from Plot 7,
which received the same amount of nitrogen as ammonia-salts
applied in the autumn. On the other hand, in both cases of spring
collection — that is, after the sowing of the nitrate— the amount of
nitrogen as nitric acid was much greater in the drainage from the
nitrated plot, than in that from the plot which had received
the same amount of nitrogen as ammonia-salts in the autumn.
In one case, indeed, April 21, 1868, the nitrate having been
applied on March 18, the quantity of nitrogen as nitric acid in
the drainage from the nitrated plot amounted to 5‘83 parts per
100,000 parts of water. Assuming (which, however, was pro-
bably not the case) that an inch of rain passed as drainage of
that strength, this would represent a loss of about 13 lbs. of nitro-

fo7' Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 337

gen per acre! On this point it may be stated that for every
inch of rain carrying with it into tlie drains, or below the reach
of the roots, 1 part of nitrogen per 100,000 parts of water, there
will be a loss of 2^ (2 2G) lbs. of nitrogen of manure per acre. If
this fact be clearly fixed upon the mind, its great practical im-
portance cannot fail to be recognised.

Since this Section was in type, we have been favoured by
Professor Frankland with numerous results of analysis of drain-
age-water from the differently manured plots in the experimental
field at Rothamsted, samples of which had, at his request, been
supplied to him for investigation. He has also been good enough
to give us permission to publish some of the results obtained
relating to the amount of nitrogen in the waters in the form of
nitrates and nitrites. Accordingly, we have, with his approval,
selected for illustration those relating to the same plots as in the
case of Dr. Voelcker’s analyses, and those relating to six different
periods of collection are taken.

When considered in detail — with due regard to the supply of
manure, to the previous rainfall, to the period of collection, to

Table XLVI. — Composition of Drainage-water from Plots differently Manured ;
Broadbalk Field, Rothamsted ; Wheat every Year, commencing 1844.

Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrites, per 100,000 parts of Water.
Professor Fkankland’s Results.

DATES OF COLLECTION, &c.

MANURES PER ACRE,

PER ANNUM.

14 Tons
Farmyard
ilanure
every
Year.

Plot 2.

Without

Manure

every

Year.

Plots 3, 4.

Sulphates of Potass, Soda, and Magnesia, and
Superphosphate of Lime.

Without

Nitrogen

Manure
since
1851.
Plot 5.

And
41 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Ammonia-
salts.
Plot 6.

And
82 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Ammonia-
salts.
Plot 7.

And
123 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Ammonia-
salts.
Plot 8.

And
82 lbs.
Nitrogen
as

Nitrate
Soda.
Plot 9.

Jan. 5, 1872, moderate flow

2-592

1-312

1-418

2' 777

4-744

7-841

2-311

May 18, 1872, moderate flow

0-031

0-071

0-051

0-059

0-094

1-647

June 11, 1872, small flow

(')

Oct. 26, 1872, moderate flow

0-932

0-366

0-360

1-354

2-303

1-808

0-975

Jan. 19, 1873, moderate flow

0-084

0-057

0-157

0-454

1-294

1-522

Feb. 26, 1873, small flow

0*082

0-131

0-088

0-122

0-461

0-441

0-264

Means

0-922

0-316

0-349

0-793

1-477

1-951

1-039

(') In these cases the drains did not run; and as there was little or no loss of nitrogen from
hose that did, it is assumed that there was little or none in these, and hence, for fair comparison,
he means are — for Plots 3-4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, taken as for 6 experiments. For Plot 2, however,
:hey are only taken for 4, and for Plot 9 for 5, experiments.

C) On January 19, 1873, the drain from Plot 9 ran a little, but had ceased to do so when the
samples were collected.

338 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

the growth of the crop, and to the rate of flow — these results of
Dr. Frankland’s not only strikingly confirm the conclusions drawn
from those of Dr. Voelcker, but they afford additional points of
interest. Thus, there is not only an obvious gradation in the
amount of nitrogen, as nitrates and nitrites, comparing plot with
plot, according to the amount of nitrogen supplied in the manure,
but, dependent on the conditions above enumerated, there are
both higher and lower amounts than in any of the cases investi-
gated by Dr. Voelcker.

In the autumn of 1871 the farmyard-manure plot received its
dressing on October 22nd, and the mineral manures and ammonia-
salts were applied on October 18 and 22. During November, and
the first half of December, there was much less than the usual
amount of rain ; about the 20th of December there was a fall of
rather more than half an inch, and from that time to the end
of the month there was more or less rain almost every day j
giving, however, a total for the month of considerably less than
the average. Still, the soil had gradually acquired a good deal
of moisture ; and, on December 30th, a few of the drains in the
experimental wheat-field ran a little. There was a little rain
registered on January 1, 2, and 3, 1872, more than one-quarter
of an inch on January 4th, more than half an inch on January 5th,
and again more than half an inch on January 6th. On January 4th
a few of the drains ran, and on both the 5th and 6th the whole
of them. The results given in the first line of the Table (XLVI.)
relate to samples collected on January 5th, which was the first
occasion on which all the drains ran since the application of the
manures in October.

The drainage from the Plots 3-4, both of which have been
entirely unmanured since 1851, and one for some years pre-
viously, shows the lowest proportion of nitrogen as nitrates ;
that from Plot 5, which had received mineral manure alone
in 1852, and each year since, but mineral manure and ammonia-
salts for several years previously, contained rather more ;
that from Plot 6, with ammonia-salts equal 41 lbs. nitrogen
per acre per annum, much more ; that from Plot 7, with am-
monia-salts equal 82 lbs. nitrogen per acre per annum, again
much more; and that from Plot 8, receiving 123 lbs. nitrogen
per acre per annum, very much more still — in fact, more than
in any other case examined by either Dr. Frankland or Dr.
Voelcker, and an amount corresponding to a loss of 17| lbs. of
nitrogen per acre, provided that an inch of rain passed away as
drainage of that strength. The drainage from the nitrated plot,
on the other hand, which had not received any nitrate since the
previous spring, showed less loss of nitrogen than Plot 6, which

for Taeiiti/ Years in succession on the same Land. 339

receives only half the quantity of nitrogen annually, but In the
form of ammonia-salts, which had been applied In the autumn.

During the rest of January (1872) some of the drains ran very
frequently, and nearly all of them more than once ; in March,
again, many of them ran twice, and on May 18th there was a
discharge from all excepting that from the dunged plot. In
fact, in January there was a great excess of rain ; in February a
fair amount ; in March considerably more than the average ; in
April nearly the average ; and in May a considerable excess.
Up to the middle of May, therefore, the soil had been subjected
to an unusual washing out ; whilst growth would then have
advanced considerably, and the roots would have established
command over the soluble matters within the soil. The result
is, that the amount of nitrogen in the drainage at that date
was extremely small in all the cases of autumn manuring by
ammonia-salts ; but it was very much greater where the nitrate
had been applied on March 7th. It is true that the actual amount
of nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites in a given quantity of the
drainage from the nitrated plot was less in May, after the sowing
of the manure in March, than it was in January, when no nitrate
had been sown, and a crop had been grown since the application
of the manure in the previous March ; but in May the quantity
in the drainage from the nitrated plot was very many times
greater than in that from either of the plots which had been
manured with ammonia-salts, whilst in January it was less.

After the collection on May 18th, there was about one-third of
an inch of rain before the end of the month, bringing up the total
to notably more than the average. In June, again, there was
an excess of rain, more especially during the first third of the
month ; on June 9th a few of the drains ran, and on June 11th most
of them, though only slowly. Samples of the drainage from
eight of the plots were sent to Dr. Frankland ; and although in
three of them a very small amount of nitrogen as nitrates and
nitrites was found, the Table shows that there was none whatever
in that from either of the plots to which the results there given
refer. This is a very interesting fact ; and it is doubtless
accounted for, in part by the previous washing out of the soil,
and in part by the extent to which the growing crop would, by
the middle of June, have availed itself of assimilable nitrogen
within the soil.

It only remains to add, in reference to the season thus far
referred to, that, after such considerable loss by drainage during
the winter, the crops in the experimental wheat-field which had
been manured with mineral manure and ammonia-salts, applied
in the autumn, were considerably below the average obtained
under corresponding conditions in other years, whilst the produce

■VOL. IX, — S. S. 2 A

340 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

by mineral manure and nitrate of soda — the latter not applied
until the spring — was considerably above the average.

From June 11th until October 25th none of the drains ran ; but
there was a flow from most of them on the 25th, 26th, and 27th
of the latter month ; and, as the Table shows, samples of the
drainage of October 26th were collected and analysed. The dung
had been put upon its plot on October 14th ; the mineral manures
and the ammonia-salts were sown on October 16th and 17th. There
was more or less rain registered each day afterwards, until, on
the 24th there was about one-third of an inch, on the 25th more
than half an inch, and on the 26th nearly nine-tenths of an inch.
These heavy rains had come on when the land was only partly
ploughed, only one or two plots being finished, and some
scarcely touched. At the time of the collection of the drainage,
therefore (October 26th), scarcely two plots were in the same con-
dition as to the working of the land, so that some irregularities
in the relative composition of the waters would be expected.
There was still, in the main, a gradation in the amount of nitro-
gen as nitrates in the drainage-water, according to the amount of
ammonia-salts applied ; but the quantities were, throughout, com-
paratively low for winter-drainage collected soon after the sowing
of the manure. This was probably in part due to the soil not
having been completely broken up, and the manures, therefore,
not being thoroughly distributed, but partly also to washing out,
or dilution, for many hours before the samples were collected.

Some of the drains ran, more or less, eight times during
P^ovember, and most of them two or three times. In December,
again, most ran six, and some seven times, completing a year of
much more frequent running than any since the observation of
them commenced in 1866.

On January 2, 4, and 5, 1873, the drains from all excepting
the dunged plot, and on January 3rd, 10th, and 19th, from all, with-
out exception, ran. On January 3rd there was a very full, but at
each of the five other dates only a moderate, flow. On January 19th
samples were collected from all the plots excepting No. 9, the
flow from which had stopped when the collection was made.
Since the collection on October 26, 1872, there had been about
5 inches more than the average fall of rain ; some of the drains
had run more than twenty, and most sixteen or seventeen, times ;
whilst, even since the beginning of the month, all but the dunged
plot had previously run five times. Accordingly, after so much
washing out of the soil, the amount of nitrogen as nitrates and
nitrites was comparatively small for winter-drainage ; but there
was very obvious gradation in the amount according to the
quantity of ammonia-salts which had been applied.

Between January 19th and February 26th there were frequent,

341

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land.

but not heavy rains (or snow-falls), but at the latter date about
two-thirds of an inch of melted snow and rain were registered,
all the drains ran, and samples were collected and sent to
Dr. Frankland. After such an unusual washing out of the soil
since the sowing of the manures in October, the drainage of
February 26th is seen to contain, for that period of the year, a
very small amount of nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites. There
is still something like gradation according to the amount of
nitrogen supplied in the manure ; and, as would be expected,
there is less in the drainage from the nitrated plot than in that
from Plot 7, which receives the same amount of nitrogen annually,
but applied as ammonia-salts in the autumn.

In connection with the very unusually large amount of water
passing from the land by drainage during the past winter,
1872—73, it is of much interest to remark that, whilst at the
present time (June 1873) the plots in the experimental wheat-
field which received their dressing of ammonia-salts in October,
are looking very much worse than usual, in fact, extremely
unpromising, others, which were top-dressed with ammonia-salts
or nitrate of soda in March, show much greater luxuriance.

With regard to the dunged plot (2), it has been explained
(p. 335), that, owing to the greatly increased porosity of the soil
by the application of farmyard manure so many years in suc-
cession, the drains from it very seldom run. It happens, there-
fore, that they do so only when there is a very great excess of
rain ; and, when there is such excess, a surface-drain, which first
crosses the furrows of all the other plots, then crossed that of the
dung, and passed not many yards from the outfall of that plot,
has generally been running, so that there has sometimes been
doubt whether the drainage from the dunged plot were not more
or less affected by the percolation of this surface-water. Other
cross-surface drains have, however, from time to time, been cut,
to obviate this as far as possible ; and it is believed that, at any
rate during the past winter, there has been no danger of such
percolation. Moreover, the results relating to Plot 2, recorded
in the Table, though so different at the four periods of collection,
are so far consistent with each other that, in each case, the
drainage-water contains somewhat less nitrogen as nitrates and
nitrites than that collected at the corresponding date from Plot 6,
which received only 41 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum, but
in the form of ammonia-salts; whilst, as already stated (p. 335),
the dung is estimated to supply nearly, if not quite, 200 lbs.
of nitrogen per acre per annum. But there has been a great
accumulation of the nitrogen supplied by manure in the soil of
the dunged plot, especially near the surface, and very much
more than in that of the plots manured with ammonia-salts or

2 A 2

342 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barlep.

nitrate of soda. It is further worthy of remark, that there is a
general consistency between these results relating to the drainage
from the dunged plot, and those obtained by Dr. Voelcker ; for,
in one case examined by him, the amount of nitrogen as nitrates,
&c., also ranged somewhat below that in the drainage from
Plot 6, and in the other not much above it.

In regard to wheat, therefore, it has been experimentally
established, that, even when a comparatively moderate amount of
ammonia-salts was applied as manure, only about one-third of the
nitrogen so supplied was recovered in the increase of the crop ;
that the unexhausted residue, if any, was but very slowly, and
very. partially recovered as increased yield in succeeding years ;
that, nevertheless, there was an accumulation within the soil
itself, of some of the nitrogen not at first recovered in increase ;
but that there was a loss by drainage which increased almost in
proportion to the amount of nitrogen supplied in the manure.

The question arises — whether the whole of the supplied nitrogen
which is not recovered in the crop either remains in the soil, or
is lost by drainage? Owing to the difficulty of determining
with certainty, either the total amount of nitrogen retained by
the soil within the reach of the roots, the proportion of the total
rain passing beyond their reach, or the average composition of
the drainage, absolute proof on this point is not at command.
The following illustration will nevertheless be useful.

Of the total nitrogen supplied to the wheat plot No. 7,
during the 20 years, 1852—1871, it may be assumed that about
33 per cent, was recovered in the increase of crop, leaving 67 per
cent, to be otherwise accounted for. The determinations of
nitrogen made in the samples of soil collected in 1865 are ob-
viously not strictly applicable to the present calculation ; but from
them it may perhaps be concluded that approximately one-third,
or possibly more, of the nitrogen not recovered in the increase
of crop, remains accumulated within the soil to the depth of
the 27 inches examined. This would leave say 44 per cent, of the
82 lbs. of nitrogen annually applied as manure, or, in other words,
an average of 36 lbs. of nitrogen, ^o be annually accounted for by
drainage or otherwise. Now, there can be no doubt that by far
the larger proportion, though not the whole, of the drainage takes
place during the autumn and winter months; and taking the
mean of Dr. Voelcker’s three determinations of nitric-acid in the
winter drainage from this plot, the amount of nitrogen so found in
it is 2 '16 parts for 100,000 of water. As 1 inch of rain is equal
to a fall of 226,263 lbs. (about 101 tons) of water per acre, every
inch passing as drainage beyond the reach of the roots, and con-
taining 1 part of nitrogen per 100,000, would carry with it 2^
(2'26) lbs. of nitrogen per acre ; and 2TG parts per 100,000

for Ticenty Years in succession on the same Land. 343

would represent a loss of nearly 5 (4'88) lbs. per acre for each
inch of rain so passing. At this rate it would require little more
than 7 (7'38) inches of rain to pass beyond the reach of the
roots to account for the whole loss of nitrogen observed in the
case of the wheat plot No. 7.

We have said that the actual amount of drainage is unknown ;
and since, in the case of the land in question, the subsoil of clay
rests upon chalk at from 6 to 10 feet from the surface, and there
is, therefore, natural drainage constantly going on, no gauging
of the flow of the pipes, however exact, would indicate the total
amount of water passing. Other experiments at Rothamsted.
have, however, proved, that from one-third to one-half of the
annual rain may pass below 40 inches. Supposing only one-
third of the total fall so to pass, an average of from 8 to 9 inches
of rain would annually drain away, by far the greater proportion
of which would go off during the autumn and winter months.

The quantity and composition of the drainage-water here sup-
posed would obviously be sufficient to account for more than the
whole of the loss of nitrogen from Plot 7 as above indicated.
On the one hand, however, some allowance in the way of de-
duction must be made for the amount of nitrogen as nitrates and
nitrites in the drainage, due to accumulations within the soil prior
to the period included within the estimate, or to other normal
annual sources ; but whether, with the large annual supply of
nitrogen by manure, and the much more active root development,
in the case of Plot 7, the amount of nitrogen in the drainage-
water from that plot, due to sources other than the annual direct
supply of nitrogenous manure, would be as much as that indi-
cated in the drainage from either plots 3, 4, or 5, may be a
question. On the other hand, the proportion of the drainage to
the rain-fall, in the case of the soil in question, would probably
average more than one-third, which amount on
the above estimate.

Although the selection of samples sent to Dr. Frankland was
very fortunate, so far as the illustration of the wide difference in
the composition of the drainage from the same plot at different
times is concerned, his results are, on that account, the less
directly available as a means of forming a judgment of the pro-
bable average composition of the drainage throughout any par-
ticular season of the year. To this end it would be desirable to
have had results relating to the period between January 5 and
May 18, 1872; and again to that between October 26, 1872,
and January 19, 1873. Still, taking Dr. Frankland’s results as
they stand, the mean proportion of nitrogen as nitrates and
nitrites in the samples of drainage from Plot 7, collected on
January 5 and October 26, 1872, and on January 19 and

ly is assumed in

344 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

February 26, 1873, is higher than that in the winter drainage
Irom the same plot examined by Dr. Voelcker, and adopted in
the illustrations above given.

It should be added that, even the drainage from the plots
manured exclusively with mineral manure and ammonia-salts or
nitrate of soda would appear, according to Dr. Frankland’s
analyses, to contain nitrogen as ammonia and organic nitrogen,
in amount averaging about 4 or 5 per cent, as much as that
found as nitrates and nitrites, and by so much, therefore, in-
creasing the loss of combined nitrogen by drainage, beyond that
indicated by the quantity of nitrates and nitrites alone. In the
drainage from the dunged plot, however, the amount of ammonia
and organic nitrogen is, both actually, and relatively to the quan-
tity as nitrates and nitrites, much more than in that from the
artificially manured plots.

From the foregoing considerations It seems extremely probable
that the whole of the nitrogen applied to the wheat as ammonia-
salts or nitrate of soda, was either recovered in the increase of
the crop, accumulated within the soil, or lost by drainage.

As the experimental barley-field is not artificially drained,
we are unable to illustrate the point in the same manner in
regard to tjie barley as to the wheat crop. It has, however,
been conclusively shown that, in the case of the barley, a greater
amount of increase is obtained for a given quantity of nitrogen in
manure than in that of the wheat ; and that a larger proportion
of the nitrogen supplied is recovered in the increase of produce
within a given time. How are these facts to be explained ?

From the facts adduced, it is clear that a material loss of
nitrogen takes place by drainage in the winter, when ammonia-
salts are applied in the autumn for the wheat crop ; and since
the manures for the barley are not sown until the spring, all loss
of the freshly-supplied nitrogen by winter rains is avoided.
Further, not only would there be comparatively little drainage
after the spring sowing, but growth being at once established, the
nitrogen, whether applied in the form of ammonia or of nitrate,
would be rapidly taken up. The analyses of the drainage
from the wheat-field show that the water collected during the
spring contained, compared with that of the winter, very little
nitrogen. This is probably partly accounted for by the pre-
vious washing out of the soil in the winter, but it is doubtless
also in a great measure due to the action of the growing crop.
It is only what would be expected, therefore, that a given quantity
of ammonia-salts applied for barley in the spring, should yield
a much better result than an equal amount applied for wheat
in the autumn.

Even in the wheat experiments, nitrate of soda has always

'for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 345

been applied in the spring ; but as, unfortunately, the same quan-
tities have not been applied for the two crops, no exact com-
parison can be drawn between the results they respectively yield.
Still, the evidence undoubtedly indicates that more increase has
been obtained for a given amount of nitrate when applied to barley
than to wheat. In this case, therefore, loss by winter drainage
cannot account for the comparatively defective result with the
latter crop. Part of it is probably due to the fact that the quan-
tity which has been applied for wheat (550 lbs. per acre) is a heavy
spring dressing ; and, owing to the great solubility of the nitrate,
and the little power of retaining it which the soil possesses, there
would be a greater loss by spring and summer drainage the
greater the quantity applied. In confirmation of this view. Dr.
Voelcker’s analysis of the drainage from the nitrated plot after
the manure had recently been sown, showed twice as much
nitrogen as he found in any case of winter drainage from plots
receiving the same amount of nitrogen as ammonia-salts. In
many seasons too, the crop is too heavy and laid. For barley,
on the other hand, only half the amount of nitrate is used ; and,
consequently, there will probably be not only less loss of manure
by drainage, but less loss of crop by laying.

With regard to the supposition that there was probably a less
proportional loss of nitrogen by drainage from the nitrate when
applied for the barley than for the wheat, it should further be borne
in mind, that although the manure is for both crops sown in the
spring, yet it is in the one case on land in a close and consolidated
condition, and in the other on soil rendered as light and open as
possible by recent working, and hence offering a greater surface
for absorption and retention of the manure. There is probably
also a more active root-development in the upper layers of the
soil in case of the barley than in that of the wheat.

Whether or not the above suppositions afford an adequate
explanation of the difference of result with the nitrate when
applied to both crops in the spring, the difference in the case
of the ammonia-salts applied for the wheat in the autumn, and
for the barley in the spring, is at any rate much more conclu-
sively accounted for. But there is another circumstance in con-
nection with the point that should not be overlooked.

The proportion of the nitrogen of the ammonia-salts which is
recovered in the increase of produce being much greater in the
case of the barley experiments than in those with wheat, there
remains, of course, much less to be accounted for by accumula-
tion in the soil, and by drainage. There is pretty certainly much
less loss by drainage. And, so far as the few determinations of
nitrogen that have yet been made in the soils of the barley plots
enable us to judge, it would seem probable that there is less
accumulation in the soil also, especially in the lower layers. If

34G Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

this be really so, the explanation is that, as the application of
the ammonia-salts for the barley is made with the soil in a more
porous condition, when there is less risk of saturation by water,
therefore less risk of washing out, and when growth almost im-
mediately succeeds, the wide distribution of the ammonia (or of
the nitrate resulting from its oxidation) is materially checked ;
whilst the residue thus remaining near the surface will be the more
easily available to the abundant surface rootlets of succeeding
barley crops. In this there would obviously be an element in
the explanation of the greater effect upon succeeding crops, of
the nitrogen of manure not recovered in the immediate increase,
when it was applied in the spring for barley than when in the
autumn for wheat.

The long continued effect from previous applications of
nitrate of soda must obviously be explained in a very different
way. As already referred to, a given surface of soil has much
less power to retain either nitrate of soda, or other nitrates, than
ammonia. Consequently, the nitrogen of the nitrate distributes
much more rapidly, and widely, through the soil and subsoil,
and, so far, is more liable to loss by drainage. On the other
hand it has been explained (p. 140) that the effect of the nitrate,
or its products of decomposition, is to cause the disintegration
of the clay subsoil, and so to increase its porosity, and, there-
fore, its surface for the absorption and retention both of
moisture and of manurlal matters, and also its permeability to
the roots. Hence, although a given surface of the clay subsoil
will retain much less nitrogen as nitric acid than as ammonia,
the surface itself being much increased, the defective power of
retention of a given surface will, in so far, be compensated.
Accordingly, it has been seen that the barley crop was much
more independent of drought on the nitrated plots than on
those manured with a corresponding quantity of nitrogen as
ammonia-salts; and not only so, for there would appear to be
a retention of nitrates by the subsoil, beyond that which would
be anticipated considering their solubility ; a result which is
most probably due to the same increase of disintegration, poro-
sity, and surface, as is assumed to account for the increased
retention of moisture in the first instance, and subsequent ex-
tended development of root, and yielding up of water to the
plant.

At any rate, whatever may be the exact explanation in either
casOj the facts are undoubted — that there was a considerable effect
on succeeding barley crops from previous applications of nitrogen,,
both as ammonia-salts and as nitrate of soda ; and that much
greater effects, due to the residue of the supplied nitrogen were
observed when ammonia-salts were applied for barley in the
spring, than when for wheat in the autumn.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 347

To the foresoing: illustrations of the effects of the unexhausted
residue from previously supplied nitrog-en, must be added some
evidence as to the effects on succeeding crops of previously sup-
plied mineral manures, or ash-constituents. The experiments
on barley do not furnish absolutely unexceptionable comparative
evidence on the point ; though there can be little doubt that the
superphosphate and sulphate of potass applied in the first year,
1852, on Plots 1 N and 2 N, have materially increased the effects
of the nitrate of soda afterwards annually applied up to the
present time. The experiments on wheat do, however, afford
very conclusive evidence on the subject, and as we are now able
to give the results of eight more seasons than when writing on
the {[uestion in 1864, we append the following Table (pp.
348-9) relating to that crop.

For the crop of 1844, both plots, 10a and 105, received a
mineral manure, consisting of silicate of potass and superphos-
phate of lime. Every year since, 10a has been manured with
ammonia-salts alone. 105 has been manured exactly simi-
larly in every year excepting the third, fifth, and seventh (1846,
1848, and 1850); in 1846 it was left unmanured; in 1848
it received, in addition to the ammonia-salts, a mineral manure
containing salts of potass, soda, and magnesia, and superphos-
phate of lime ; and in 1850 the same mineral manure without
the ammonia-salts. That is to say, during the first six years of
the twenty-seven, the application of ammonia-salts was twice
omitted on 105, but it twice received mineral manure when
10a did not.

The Table shows that during the 6 years, 1845-50, 105, with
less ammonia-salts, but more mineral manure, yielded, in the
aggregate, 14|- bushels less corn, and 11|- cwts. less straw,
or 2^ bushels corn, and 1^ cwt. straw, less per acre per
annum than 10a. On the other hand, in almost every year
since up to the present time, a period of 21 years since the last
application of mineral manure, 105 has yielded more of both
corn and straw than 10a ; in all 69^ bushels more corn, and
61^ cwts. more straw, or an average annual excess of 3|- bushels
of corn, and 2-|- cwts. of straw.

It is obvious that the excess of produce on 105, over that on
10a, during the last 21 years, may be partly due to the less
exhaustion of the mineral constituents of the soil on 105 during
the first 6 of the 27 years, owing to the less supply of ammonia-
salts to it during that period. But, if we deduct the difference
between the produce on the two plots during these 6 years,
from the excess of produce on 105 during the last 21 years, we
still have, during the latter period, an aggregate excess of 54|r
bushels of corn, and 50|- cwts. of straw, or an average annual
excess of 2|- bushels of corn, and 2|- cwts. of straw, on 105,

Table XL VII. — Experiments on Wheat.

348

Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

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for Twentr/ Years in succession on the same Land. 349

350 Beport of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

which amounts at least must be attributed to the residue of the
mineral manures supplied now more than 20 years ago.

The wheat experiments afford other illustrations of the lasting
effects of certain mineral substances applied as manures ; but
owing to the very unusual exhaustion of the mineral constituents
of the soil by the application of ammonia-salts alone so many
years in succession in the cases above cited, the point is suffi-
ciently forcibly brought out to render it unnecessary to adduce
further evidence of the same kind on the subject.

The evidence afforded by the analysis of the produce, of the
soils, and of the drainage waters, is, however, perfectly consistent
with that of the field results.

Thus, numerous analyses of the ash of the grain and the straw
of the produce of the experimental wheat plots show that of Plot
lOa to have become relatively deficient, more particularly in
phosphoric acid, but to some extent in potass also, during the
later years.

Again, Baron Liebig’s son, Hermann von Liebig, who had
asked to be provided with samples for investigation, has partially
analysed the soils from some of the Rothamsted experimental
wheat plots ; and so far as the important constituents potass and
phosphoric acid are concerned, he finds the amount of these
much greater, especially in the upper layers of the soil, the
greater the supplies by manure.

Lastly, on this point. Dr. Voelcker’s analyses of the drainage
waters show, that very much less of potass passed off in that way
than of either soda, lime, or magnesia; and also very much less
of phosphoric acid than of sulphuric acid or of chlorine ; in fact,
there is comparatively little loss by drainage of either.

The facts brought out in this Section may be briefly sum-
marised as follows ; —

1. When either ammonia-salts, or nitrate of soda, or nitro-
genous organic matter in the form of rape-cake, or farmyard
manure, was applied for either wheat or barley, a considerable
proportion of the nitrogen so supplied remained unrecovered in
the increase of the crop for which the manure was employed ;
nor was the whole recovered in many succeeding crops.

2. When ammonia-salts were applied in the autumn for
wheat, a much less proportion of their nitrogen was recovered
in the increase of crop, than when they were applied in the spring
for barley or for oats.

3. Analysis of the soils to the depth of 27 inches, showed that
there was a considerable accumulation within that depth, of the
nitrogen of manure which had not been recovered in the increase
of the crop ; but that a still larger amount remained to be other-
wise accounted for.

for Tiocntij Years in succession on the same Land. 351

4. Analysis of tbe drainage waters from the experimental
wheat plots showed that they contained a large amount of nitrogen
in the form of nitrates ; that the quantity of nitrates in the drain-
age was the greater the greater the amount of ammonia-salts
applied as manure; and that (after autumn sowing), the quantity
was very much greater in the winter, than subsequently in the
spring and summer.

5. The analysis of the drainage waters further showed — that
the winter drainage, after sowing ammonia-salts in the autumn,
may often contain from two to three parts (and sometimes much
more) of nitrogen (as nitrates and nitrites) per 100,000 parts of
water. Calculation showed that, for every one part of nitrogen
per 100,000 parts of drainage, there will be a loss of lbs. of
nitrogen per acre for every inch of rain passing beyond the reach
of the roots. In one case Dr. Frankland’s analysis showed
7’841 parts of nitrogen per 100,000 parts of drainage, corre-
sponding to a loss of 17f lbs. of nitrogen per acre, provided an
inch of rain passed as drainage of that strength.

6. A given surface of soil possesses much less capacity of
absorption for nitrate of soda, or its products of decomposition,
than for the ammonia of ammonia-salts. Consequently, heavy
rains soon after sowing would carry off in the drainage water
more nitrogen from a dressing of nitrate of soda, than from a
corresponding dressing of ammonia-salts. In one case, after a
heavy dressing of nitrate of soda in the spring. Dr. Voelcker
found the drainage-water to contain 5’83 parts of nitrogen per
100,000 of water, corresponding to a loss of 13 lbs. of nitrogen
per acre, per inch of rain so passing.

7. Owing to the much less loss by drainage in the case of
spring than of winter sowing, there was not only more increase
in the immediate crop from a giv'en amount of nitrogen
applied in the spring for barley (or oats) than in the autumn
for wheat, but there was also much more effect upon succeeding
crops, from the at first unrecovered amount, in the case of the
barley than in that of the wheat.

8. It is probable tha*t the whole of the nitrogen supplied as
manure in ammonia-salts, or nitrate of soda, is either recovered
in the immediate increase of crop, retained in the soil in a very
slowly available condition, or drained away and lost.

9. Owing to the slow decomposition of the nitrogenous
organic matter of rape-cake and farmyard manure, their nitrogen
is less rapidly available than that of ammonia-salts or nitrate
of soda ; but, so far as can be judged from the direct experiments
on the point, it would appar to be, at the same time, less subject
to loss by drainage.

10. Certain important mineral or ash-constituents of manures

352 Report of Experiments on the Groictk of Barley,

— potass, and phosphoric acid, for example — are, at any rate in
the case of the heavier soils, almost wholly retained by them
within the range of the roots ; and they are found to be very
lasting in their effects upon succeeding crops, provided there be
a sufficient available supply of nitrogen within the soil.

Section V. — Eesults obtained in other Fields, and under

OTHER CONDITIONS AS TO CROPPING, MANURING, &C.

Before attempting to give a general summary of the results of
the experiments on the growth of barley for 20 years in succes-
sion on the same land, or to draw any general or practical con-
clusions from them, it will be well to call attention to some
results obtained in other fields, and under different, and in some
cases less artificial, conditions as to cropping, manuring, &c. By
the aid of the comparisons thus afforded, some judgment may be
formed as to whether any conclusions drawn from the results
obtained under the unusual conditions of the experiments which
have been detailed, may be trusted as a guide to the require-
ments of the crop when grown on other land, or in the ordinary
course of farming.

Two sets of experiments will be noticed. In the first of these,
barley was grown for 3 years in succession on a series of plots
which had previously been differently manured, and grown 10
crops of turnips in succession. In the other case, barley has been
grown in four-course rotation, without manure, and with different
descriptions of manure.

1. Three Years of Barley after Ten Years of Turnips —
Barn Field.

The results of these experiments were considered in some
detail in our former paper on the Growth of Barley (vol. xviii..
Part II., 1858), and they will therefore be referred to less fully
in this place. •

For the turnips, the area of from 7 to 8 acres was divided into
numerous plots, differently manured ; and the object in view in
afterwards taking 3 unmanured barley-crops from the land was to
test the actual and comparative condition for corn-growing, in
which the different plots had been left, and, as far as possible, to
equalize their condition (especially so far as the nitrogen which
had been supplied was concerned), before commencing a new
series of turnip experiments.

The turnips were grown in the 10 years 1843-1852 (Norfolk
Whites 0 years, Swedes 4 years). In Table XLVIII. (p. 355)

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 353

is given tlie produce of barley in 1853, 1854, and 1855, on plots
manured for the turnips as under : —

1. A series of plots having various purely mineral manures
during the last 8 of the 10 years of the turnips.

2. Plots having the same mineral manures as during the
last 8 years, and ammonia-salts (an average of 45 lbs, of nitrogen
per acre per annum) during the first 6 of the last 8 years, namely
1845-1850 inclusive.

3. Plots having the same mineral manures during the last 8
years as 1 and 2, and, in addition, an average of nearly 17 cwts.
rape-cake ( = 90 lbs. nitrogen) per acre, per annum, during the
first 6 of the last 8 years.

4. Plots having the same mineral manures as 1, 2, and 3,
during the last 8 years, and both the ammonia-salts (=45 lbs.
nitrogen), and the rape-cake (=90 lbs. nitrogen), per acre, per
annum, during the first 6 of the last 8 years.

There is also given in the Table the produce of barley in
1854 and 1855, on —

5. A portion of the previously mineral-manured turnip-land,
dressed for the barley-crop of 1854 with ammonia-salts, at the
rate of 400 lbs. per acre (= 82 lbs. nitrogen) ; but without further
manure in 1855.

6. Another portion of the previously mineral-manured turnip-
land, dressed with nitrate of soda, at the rate of 550 lbs. per acre
(= 82 lbs. of nitrogen), for the barley-crop of 1854, and of
112 lbs. (=17 lbs, of nitrogen), for the crop of 1855.

The average produce of turnips over the last 8 years (1845—
1852) was : —

With Mineral
Manure,
alone.

With Mineral
Manure,
and

Ammonia-salts.

With Mineral
Manure,
ami

Eape-cake.

With Mineral
Manure,
Ammonia-salts,
and

Rape-cake.

Tons. Cwts.

Tons.

Cwts.

Roots

7 9

10 4|

19i

Leaves

1 10|

3 3

Total

13 7f

12|

111

Thus, with purely mineral manures the produce was but small ;
with mineral manure and ammonia-salts it was more ; with
mineral manure and rape-cake again rather more ; and with
mineral manure, ammonia-salts, and rape-cake, together, it
was the heaviest, but still, on the average, only about 124- tons
of roots, and 4^ tons of leaves, per acre per annum. On some
portions the mineral manures supplied more of all the mineral
constituents than were removed in the turnip-crops, but on others

354

Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

they did not; yet, there was so little difference in the subse-
quent produce of barley on the different mineral-manured plots,
that only the average of all is given in each case in the Table,

For comparison with the produce of barley after turnips,
there is also given in the top line of each division of the Table
XLVllI. (p. 355), that without manure in the same seasons
(which were the second, third, and fourth of the 20), in the field
in which the crop has now been grown for so many years in
succession.

The figures show that, over the three years, there were ob-
tained after the mineral-manured turnips, an average of only 20
bushels of barley grain, and not quite 12 cwts. of straw, per
acre per annum ; or not two-thirds as much as without manure
after barley, clover, wheat, barley, and barley, in the same seasons,
in the field in which the crop is now being grown continuously.

• If, as has been maintained on high authority, the increased
produce of corn which is obtained in rotation, is due to the
accumulation, or elaboration, during the growth of other crops, of
the mineral constituents required for the corn, it might surely be
expected that, after a series of mineral-manured turnip-crops, for
which, on some of the plots, more of every mineral constituent
was supplied in the manure than was taken off" in the produce,
we should have full crops of barley. But what are the facts?
We have after the mineral-manured turnips three perfectly insig-
nificant barley-crops, and much less than when barley was grown
after three immediately preceding corn-crops.

The question arises — in what constituent, or constituents, had
the mineral-manured turnips so exhausted the soil as to bring
it into a condition even far worse for the after growth of barley
than w'hen (after clover) three white straw crops had been
grown in succession — namely, wheat without manure, barley
with sulphate of ammonia, and barley without manure ?

It is seen that where, besides the mineral manures, ammonia-
salts (experiment 2), rape-cake (experiment 3), and ammonia-salts
and rape-cake together (experiment 4), were applied annually
during the first 6 of the last 8 years of turnips, there was more
produce of barley, both corn and straw, than where the mineral
manures had been applied alone ; and there was more where
rape-cake, or ammonia-salts and rape-cake together, were em-
ployed, than where the ammonia-salts without rape-cake were
used. The rape-cake not only supplied about twice as much
nitrogen per acre as the ammonia-salts, but the nitrogen it con-
tained would exist in a condition both less rapidly available and
less liable to loss by drainage. The results obtained after the
mineral-manured turnips (experiment 1) exclude the supposition
that the increase of produce, where ammonia-salts had also been

/cl?’ Twenty Years in succession on the same Land,

355

Table XLVIII. — Three Years of Barley after Ten Years of Turnips.
BARN-FIELD.

PARTICULARS OF MANURES. &c.

Produce of Barley per Acre.

1853. j 1851

1855.

Average
3 Years.

Dressed Corn — Bushels.

Hoos-Fiekl —

Barley, without manure, after 3 corn-crops

35J

34J

31i

Barn-Field —

Barley, after 10 yrs. Turnips manured as under—

1 Mineral manures (last 8 years)

201

19J

2 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Ammonia-salts (6 yrs.)

23J

21i

21f

3 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Rape-cake (H yrs.)

28|

245

2.3^

25|

4 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Ammonia-salts and Rape-cake (6 yrs.)

291

23f

25i

5 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Ammonia-salts, for Barley, 18.'i4 ..

6 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Nitrate soda, for Barley, ’54 & ’55

(20J)

52^

26|

39|

(20i)

5-11

40i

47a

Straw (and Chatf) — Cwts.

Hoos-Field —

Barley, without manure, after 3 corn-crops

22J

171

191

Barn-field —

Barley, after 10 yrs. Turnips manured as under —

1 Mineral manures (last 8 years)

12f

12i

101

Ilf

2 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Ammonia-salts i'6 yrs.)

13^

log

lOJ

121

3 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Rape-cake (6 yrs.)

151

12i

151

4 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Ammonia-salts and Rape-cake (6 yrs.)

16|

Ilf

14f

5 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Ammonia-salts, for Barley, 1854 ..

6 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Nitrate soda, for Barley ’54 & ’55..

(12f)

391

12f

257

(12^)

425

32i

Total Produce (Corn and Straw) — lbs.

Hoos-Field —

Barley, without manure after 3 corn-crops

3467

4462

3923

3951

Barn-Field —

Barley, after 10 yrs. Turnips manured as under —

1 Mineral manures (last 8 years)

2618

2474

2206

2432

2 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Ammonia-salts (6 yrs.)

2864

2691

2331

2629

3 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Rape-cake (6 yrs.)

3558

3171

2712

3147

4 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Ammonia-salts and Rape-cake (6 yrs.)

3546

3136

2555

3079

5 Mineral manures (8 yrs.); Ammonia-salts, for Barley, 1854 ..

6 Mineral manures (8 yrs.) ; Nitrate soda, for Barley, ’54 & ’55

(2618)

7377

2852

5114

(2618)

8005

4727

6366

2 B

VOL. IX.— S. S.

356 Report of Experiments on the Groioth oj Barley,

used, was due to any action that they naight have in increasing
the available supply of mineral constituents within the soil, or that
the effects of the residue of rape-cake were attributable to the
mineral constituents it supplied. There can, indeed, be no
doubt that, in all three experiments, the increased produce of
barley was due to an increased supply of available nitrogen
within the soil where it had been applied in the manures for the
turnips. Still, in neither case is there as much produce of barley
as without manure in the other (Hoos) field, where the barley was
grown after several previous corn-crops.

But experiments 5 and 6 afford conclusive evidence that it
was of available nitrogen for the barley that the soil had become
so exhausted by the growth of 10 successive crops of turnips.

Thus, in the second year of barley, 1854, those portions of the
mineral-manured turnip-plots which were left without further
nranure (experiment 1) gave 19^ bushels of corn, and 12i cwts.
of straw, per acre ; whilst a portion to which ammonia-salts, at the
rate of 400 lbs. per acre, were applied (experiment 5), gave 521-
bushels of corn, and 39^ cwts. of straw ; and where 550 lbs. nitrate
of soda, containing about the same quantity of nitrogen as the
ammonia-salts, was applied (experiment 6), there were obtained
54f bushels of corn, and 42|- cwts. of straw. In fact, by the simple
addition of ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda, from 3 to times
as much total produce (corn and straw together) was grown.

Though not shown in the Table, it may be mentioned as
remarkable, that although the produce without manure was very
different in the two fields, that obtained when a given amount of
nitrogen in the form of ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda was
applied was very nearly identical in the different fields. The
conclusion is that, in both, the mineral constituents, though
abundant, were unavailing in the absence of a sufficiency of
available nitrogen, but that when this was superadded, the
amount of growth and produce was dependent on the amount of
its supply, and the characters of the season.

Lastly, in the third year of barley after turnips (1855), the
Plot 5, which had received ammonia-salts in the previous year,
gave about bushels more corn, and 2j cwts. more straw, than
the exclusively mineral-manured plots ; and Plot 6, which again
received nitrate of soda, but only in small quantity (112 lbs. per
acre), gave more than twice as much of both corn and straw as
the purely mineral-manured plots.

There is still evidence of another kind, which may be cited as
showing that it was of available nitrogen that the turnips had
rendered the soil so deficient for the after-growth of barley. It may
be assumed that, on the average, between 25 and 30 lbs. of nitrogen
would be annually removed from the Rothamsted soil by wheat

for Twenty Years in succession 07i the same Land. 357

or barley grown year after year without nitrogenous manure.
But it is estimated that from the mineral-manured turnip-plots
there were, over the 10 years, more than 50 lbs. of nitrogen per
acre per annum removed. As, however, on some of the plots
small quantities of ammonia-salts or rape-cake were applied in
the first two years of the ten of turnips, it is, perhaps, more to the
purpose to take the average over the last 8 years of turnips
only ; and this would show about 45 lbs. of nitrogen removed
per acre per annum. An immaterial proportion of this might be
due to the small amounts of nitrogenous manures applied in the first
two years. Still, it may be assumed that about 1 j time as much
nitrogen was removed from the land for 8, if not for 10 years, in
succession, as rvould have been taken in an equal number of crops
of wheat or barley grown without nitrogenous manure. No
wonder, then, that considerably less barley has been grown in 3
years after a series of mineral-manured turnip-crops, than was
obtained in another field after a less number of corn-crops.

The results obtained in Barn-field afford a striking illustration
of the dependence of the turnip-plant on a supply of avail-
able nitrogen within the soil, and of its comparatively great
power of exhausting it. They are also perfectly consistent with
those in Hoos-field, in showing that mineral manures will not
yield fair crops of barley, unless there be, within the soil, a
liberal supply of available nitrogen. The results obtained under
such very different conditions in the two fields are, in fact,
strikingly mutually confirmatory.

2. Barley in Four-Course Rotation of — Turnips, Barley, Clover
or Beans, and Wheat — Agdell-Field.

These experiments, which are still in progress, were com-
menced in 1848, so that the crop of 1871 was the twenty-fourth,
and completed the sixth course. The produce of barley obtained
in the first three courses was given in the paper above referred to,
but it is now given, though in less detail for each course, for the
six completed courses.

The area of about 2 J acres was divided into three equal portions.
One-third has been left entirely unmanured from the commence-
ment ; one-third has been manured with superphosphate of
lime * alone, once every 4 years, that is for the turnip-crop

* Quantities per acre, as under —

Bone-ash.

Sulphuric Acid.
(Sp, gr. 1-7).

lbs.

1st Course

100

2nd Course

160

120

3rd, 4th, 5th, & 6th Courses

200

150

2 B 2

358 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

commencing each course ; and one-third, also for the turnip-
crop only, with a complex manure, consisting of superphosphate
of lime, salts of potass, soda, and magnesia, sulphate and muriate
of ammonia, and rape-cake.*

From half of each of the three plots the whole turnip-crop
(roots and tops) was removed ; on the other half the roots were
consumed on the land by sheep, and the uneaten leaves spread
and ploughed in. In the first course clover was grown as the third
crop; but in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth courses,
instead of clover, half of each plot was sown with beans, and the
other half left fallow.

It would be out of place here, to describe the results obtained
in these experiments on rotation, any more than is essential to
explain the conditions under which the barley was grown. The
results which will be noticed relating to that crop are only those
obtained on the portion of each of the three plots from which
the turnips were entirely removed, and on which, in the later
courses, beans (not fallow) replaced the clover. The facts of
chief importance in relation to the other crops are as to the
quantity of turnips removed from the land before the growth of
the barley. The average produce of turnips per acre over the
first five courses (the crop failing in the sixth) was —

Without Manure.

With

Superphosphate

alone.

With Mixed
Manure.

Roots

Tons.

Cwts.

Tons.

Cwts.

\6i

Tons.

Cwts.

Leaves

lOJ

Total ..

1 17j

Under each of the three conditions as to manuring, the produce
of turnips was much less in the later than in the earlier courses.
This was, probably, partly owing to the higher condition of the
land, dependent on previous manuring and cropping, at the com-
mencement of the first than of the subsequent courses ; but it
was partly due to the characters of the seasons. Indeed, in

* Quantities per acre as under —

Bone-

ash.

Sulph-

uric

Acid.

Pearl-

ash.

Sulph-

ate

Potass.

Sulph-

ate

Soda.

Sulph-

ate

Mag-

nesia.

Sulph-

ate

Am-

monia.

Muri-

ate

Am-

munia.

Rape-

cake.

lbs.

Ibf.

1 St Course

100

, .

100

lOOO

2nd Course

160

120

300

100

2000

3rd, 4th, ."ith, & Gth Courses

200

150

300

200

100

2000

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 359

1868, the first year of the sixth course, turnip-seed was sown twice,
but entirely failed, owing to the dryness of the season ; and the
land was then ploughed up, and left fallow for the barley.

The result in regard to the turnips may be stated in general
(terms as follows : —

Without manure there was scarcely any produce of turnips at
all ; there was, therefore, no exhaustion of the land by the
removal of the crop ; and it was, practically speaking, left
fallow for the barley.

With superphosphate of lime alone only small crops of turnips
were grown, especially in the later courses ; still, much more was
removed from the land than without manure ; and, as nothing
was supplied besides what the superphosphate itself contained,
the land was, so far as other constituents are concerned, left in a
much more exhausted condition for the growth of the barley
than without any manure whatever.

With the mixed manure fair crops of turnips were removed in
the earlier, but less in the later courses ; and (excepting in the
first year) there would remain in the land a considerable residue
from the manures applied, and hence it would be left in a
higher condition for the barley than after either the unmanured
or the superphosphated turnips.

The produce of barley, under each of the three conditions as
to manuring for the turnips, in each of the six successive
■courses, and on the average of the six courses, is given in Table
XLIX. (p. 360) ; and, for comparison, there is also given, in
the top line of each division, the produce, without manure,
in the same seasons, in the field in which barley is grown year
after year on the same land.

It will not be necessary to go into any detail respecting the
produce of the individual years any further than to notice
the apparently anomalous results of the first year. The much
higher produce of barley after the unmanured than after the
mixed-manured turnips, may be partly owing to some irre-
gularities in the condition of the land at the commencement ;
but it is, doubtless, chiefly due to the fact that there had been
removed from the unmanured plot only about 3^ tons of roots,
and 2^ tons of tops, and from the mixed-manured plot nearly
11 tons of roots, and more than 7^ tons of tops; whilst, as the
foot-note at p. 358 will show, the mixed manure was much less
liberal for the first than for the subsequent courses. There was,
in fact, not only very much more turnips removed from the
manured than from the unmanured plot, but there would be
much less residue of manorial constituents, if any, left for the
barley of the first course, than for that of either of the subse-
quent courses.

360

Reiiort of Experiments on the Groioth of Barley,

Table XLIX. — Barley in Four-course Rotation of —
Turnips, Barley, Clover or Beans, and Wheat.

PARTICULARS OF MAJ^URES, &c.

PiiODncE OF Barley fee Acre.

1849.

1853.

1857.

1861.

1869.

Average.

Dressed Com — Bushels.

Hoos-Field —

Barley, unmanured, after 3 Corn crops

16^

19|

21|

Agdell-Field —

Barley, in Four-course Rotation —
Unmanured, continuously

34|

48J

38|

24|

38|

Superphosphate, for turnips only

293

28|

28^

30j

33i

2S|

293

Mixed Manu.e, for turnips only

283

38i

60|

47^

423

44i

Straw (and Chaff) — Cwts.

Hoos-Field —

Barley, unmanured, after 3 Corn-crops

17J

14^

lOi

loe

123

Agdell-Field —

Barley, in Four-course Rotation —
Unmanured, continuously

263

21|

23?

22J

19l

17i

21f

Superphosphate, for turnips only

183

16?

133

173

143

183

163

Mixed Manure, for turnips only

18f

23|

2l|

353

233

293

253

Total Produce (Corn

and Straw) — lbs.

Hoos-Field —

Barley, unmanured, after 3 Corn-crops

3467

3295

2107

2042

2016

2585

Agdell-Field —

Barley, in Four-course Rotation —
Unmanured, continuously

5656

4465

5337

4718

4182

3358

4619

Superphosphate, for turnips only

3841

3560

3076

3775

3394

3686

3555

Mixed Manure, for turnips only

3794

4873

5168

7391

5148

5800

5363

It has already been shown that the produce of barley was
much less after 10 turnip-crops — the last 8 with mineral manures
only — than after 3 preceding corn crops ; but, as the top line in
each of the divisions of the Table (XLIX.) shows, the produce
grown year after year on the same land without manure declined
considerably in the later years. It is now seen that the quantity
of barley grown in rotation without manure, is very considerably
greater than that grown in succession without ma .ure. The
produce is, indeed, considerably higher when grown in rotation
after unmanured, than after superphosphated turnips. This is
accounted for by the fact already stated, narrely, that as scarcely
any turnips were removed from the unmanured plot, the land

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 361

was practically left fallow for tlie barley ; whilst, from the
superphosphated plot, the quantity removed would considerably
exhaust the land.* Again (omitting the first year), the produce
after the removal of the full-manured and larger crops of turnips
was uniformly, and on the average, very much higher than after
the removed superphosphated turnips, and also generally, and
on the average, higher than after the unmanured turnips. This
larger produce of barley after the removal of the larger crops of
turnips grown by the mixed manure, is doubtless due to the fact
that there would still be a considerable residue of the manure
left within the soil.

It has already been shown, both by the results of the growth
of barley year after year on the same land, and by those of its
growth after the removal of a series of mineral-manured turnip-
crops, that a liberal supply of mineral constituents alone is
insufficient to secure a fair crop of barley. In both sets of expe-
riments it was also shown that the further addition of nitrogenous
manure raised the produce to a maximum. It might safely be
concluded, therefore, that the larger produce of barley after the
full manured, than after the superphosphated or the unmanured
turnips in rotation, was not attributable to any residue of mineral
constituents alone which would be left after the removal of the
highly manured roots ; and that the larger produce after the un-
manured than after the superphosphated turnips was not due to
a less exhaustion or greater accumulation of available mineral
constituents where the smaller crop of turnips was removed.

But other evidence is not wanting to confirm the conclusion
that the higher produce of barley after the unmanured than after
the superphosphated turnips in rotation, and the higher produce
still after the full-manured than after the unmanured turnips,
were each due, in great part, to an accumulation of available
nitrogen within the soil for the barley. Thus, it is estimated
that, from the superphosphated plot, which yielded the smallest
produce of barley, the turnips would probably, on the average
of the five seasons in which they grew, remove about 50 lbs. of
nitrogen per acre, or more than would be supplied in 200 lbs.
ammonia-salts. From the unmanured plot they would remove
only from one-fourth to one-third as much ; and much less than
would be contained in the increased produce of a corn-crop that
would result from the fallowing of the land ; so that, presumably,
there would remain a considerable available store for the barley.
From the mixed-manured plot, again, though the turnip-crop
of the first course most probably removed considerably more

* The larger produce of barley on the superphosphated than on the unmanured
plot in 1869 is only apparently an exception; for, as has been stated, the turnips
failed in 1868, and there was, therefore, nothing removed from either plot in that
year.

3G2 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

nitrogen than was supplied in the manure, the average produce
of the subsequent courses would appear, by calculation, to have
removed much less than was supplied ; and, as most of that
which was supplied was in the form of rape-cake, there would
doubtless be an effective residue left within the soil.

To sum up the results on the point: — As in other experi-
ments, so also in these, in which barley was grown in rotation,
and under three very different conditions as to manuring, the
evidence is sufficiently conclusive, and, therefore, corroborative
of that in the other cases, that an essential condition for the
growth of a full crop of barley, whether in rotation, or under
less usual conditions, is a liberal supply of available nitrogen
within the soil.

Section VI. — Summary and General Conclusions, showing
THE Practical Bearings of the Eesults.

In a former paper it was shown, that wheat had been suc-
cessfully grown for twenty years in succession on the same land ;
that the produce without manure had, during that period,
diminished comparatively little ; and that that by farmyard-
manure, and by certain artificial manures, had increased con-
siderably. The thirtieth wheat crop is now growing, and shows
no deterioration, in either quantity or quality, where the proper
manures, natural or artificial, have been supplied. The most
prominent result was, and still is, that mineral manures alone
increase the produce scarcely at all ; that nitrogenous manures
alone increase it very considerably ; but that the largest crops are
obtained when nitrogenous and mineral manures are applied
together.

How far do the results now recorded in regard to barley accord
with those which have been obtained with its botanical ally —
wheat ?

The results on the growth of barley, without manure, by farm-
yard manure, and by a great variety of artificial mixtures, each
used for twenty years in succession on the same land, have been
given in detail in the foregoing pages ; and they have been com-
pared with those obtained with wheat under corresponding con-
ditions. They have been classified, and given in separate
sections, and at the conclusion of the sections they have been
more or less formally summarised. It remains to call attention
here to the most prominent results of the inquiry as a whole,
with as little reference to detail as may be consistent with clear-
ness, referring the reader to the detailed discussion of individu.al
points, and to the summaries, given at the conclusion of pre-
ceding sections, for any further illustration or confirmation that
may be needed.

for Tioenty Years in succession on the same Land. .‘5(!3

The twenty-second crop of barley in succession is now growing-,
in a field immediately adjoining that devoted to the experiments
on wheat, and having a soil and subsoil of, similar general cha-
racters, namely, “ a somewhat heavy loam, with a subsoil of raw
yellowish-red clay, but resting in its turn upon chalk, which pro-
vides good natural drainage.” It is obvious that, in wet seasons,
such a soil is not well suited for the growth of the crop after
roots fed on the land by sheep, as is the custom of the locality ;
but the results which have been recorded abundantly prove that,
when grown under favourable conditions, large crops of barley,
of good quality, may be obtained from such land.

Without manure, the average produce of barley, over twenty
years, was 21 bushels of dressed corn, of 521^ lbs. per bushel, and
12 cwts. of straw. The quantity fell off considerably, but the
quality was considerably higher over the second than over the
first ten years. Compared with wheat without manure, barley
gave more corn, less straw, but nearly the same quantity of
total produce ; it, however, fell off more in produce of grain, and
about equally in straw, over the later years.

By Farmyard manure, the average annual produce was more
than 48 bushels of dressed corn, of 54J^ lbs. per bushel, and
28 cwts. of straw. The quantity of both grain and straw, and
the quality of the grain, were considerably higher over the second
than over the first ten years. As without manure, so with farm-
yard manure, barley, compared with wheat, yielded more corn,
less straw, but much about the same quantity of total produce.

Mineral manures alone gave very poor crops ; and the quan-
tity of both corn and straw fell off considerably during the later
years. With barley there was much more grain, rather less
straw, but considerably more total produce than with wheat.

Nitrogenous manures alone much more barley than mineral
manures alone ; the produce declined much less in the later
years ; and, for twenty years in succession, fair, though not full,
crops were obtained.

Nitrogenous and mineral manures together gave, for twenty years
in succession on the same land, rather more of both corn and straw
than farmyard manure, considerably more than the average barley
crop of the country under rotation, and an average weight per
bushel of between 53 and 54 lbs. With the same amount of
nitrogen, and the same mineral manure, applied for twenty
years, in the autumn for wheat, and in the spring for barley, the
barley gave much more corn, more straw, and nearly one-third
more total produce than the wheat.

Thus, then, with barley as with wheat, mineral manures
alone failed to enable the plant to obtain sufficient nitrogen and
carbon to yield even a fair crop. The greater effect of nitro-
genous manures alone showed that the soil, in its practically

364 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

corn-exhausted condition, was relatively richer in available
mineral constituents than in available nitrogen. And the
generally greater effect by nitrogenous and mineral manures
together, than by farmyard manure — which contained not only
very much more nitrogen, but a large amount of decomposing
carbonaceous organic matter, and probably more of every mineral
constituent than the crop — showed that the nitrogen of the farm-
yard manure was in a far less rapidly available condition, and
that its supply of carbon was at any rate unessential.

It is hardly necessary to add, that the field results with barley,
equally with those with wheat, are entirely inconsistent with the
mineral theory so long in controversy, according to which — fer-
tility was quite independent of the ammonia conveyed to the
soil ; — if only the necessary mineral constituents were supplied in
sufficient quantity and in available form, our cultivated plants,
graminaceous as well as leguminous, would derive sufficient
ammonia from the atmosphere ; — the presence of ammonia in our
manures was immaterial ; and — the entire future prospects of
agriculture depended upon our being able to dispense with
ammonia in our manures, therefore with animal manures.*

It is a very remaikable and very significant fact, that not only
by farmyard manure, but also by artificial manures containing no
carbon, an average of not far short of 50 bushels of barley-grain
(or more if reckoned at only 52 lbs. per bushel), and nearly
30 cwts. of straw, or much more than the average crop of the
country under rotation, should have been obtained by the growth
of the crop year after year on the same land for twenty years in
succession. Not only was such an average obtained over the
twenty years, but there was even rather more corn, higher quality,
only little less straw, and nearly identical total produce (corn
and straw together), over the second compared with the first ten
years, showing that, hitherto at least, there is practically no ex-
haustion by the continuous growth of such large crops under
such conditions of soil and manuring.

It was with farmyard manure, however, the annual use of
which has resulted in a very great accumulation within the soil,
of nitrogen, of carbon, and probably of every mineral constituent
also, that there has been the greatest increase of produce, and
especially of corn, over the second as compared with the first ten
years. On the other hand, without manure, with mineral manure
alone, and with ammonia-salts alone — that is, with defective soil
conditions — there was a considerable deficiency of both corn and
straw over the second half of the period ; the greater deficiency
the more defective the manuring, and the greater the relative

* For further remarks on the present position of the mineral tlieory controversy,
see pp. 90-91 and 98-100.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 3G5

deficiency of nitrogen in the soil ; for the falling off was con-
siderably more marked with mineral manure alone, than with
ammonia-salts alone.

It will be obvious that an average of 50 bushels of barley-grain,
and 30 cwt. of straw, would not be maintained without great
fluctuations from year to year, according to season. Indeed, in
no two years of the twenty did one and the same manure yield
precisely the same result both as to the quantity and the quality
of its produce ; nor were the seasons which were more or less
favourable than the average for one description of manure
equally favourable for other descriptions. Thus, comparing the
least and the most productive seasons of the twenty, there were
obtained (reckoning the total corn at 52 lbs. per bushel) — without
manure 15J and 37f bushels, or a difference of 22 bushels ; with
farmyard manure, 32 bushels and 60 bushels, or a difference
of 28 bushels: lastly, with the two most productive artificial
manures, there were obtained 30f and 36J bushels in the worst
season, and 66 and 68 bushels in the best season, or a difference
in favour of the good season of 35^ and 31f bushels of grain.
That is to say, with one and the same expenditure for manure,
there was a difference in the quantity of the produce obtained in
the two seasons, of from nearly 32 to over 35 bushels of corn,
besides, in one case, nearly a ton of straw.

Not only, then, has the average produce over twenty years,
by artificial, nitrogenous and mineral, manures, considerably ex-
ceeded the average barley crop of the country with rotation,
but the difference between the produce by one and the same
manure in the least and the “most favourable seasons of the
twenty was, itself, not much less than would represent the
average barley crop of many localities.

As we have in substance frequently said, it is but a truism to
assert that the growing plant must have within its reach a
sufficiency of the mineral constituents of which it is to be built
up. But the results obtained with barley, as well as those with
wheat, have shown that, whilst it is essential that there be a
liberal provision of mineral constituents within the soil, the
amount of produce is more dependent on the supply by manure
of available nitrogen than of any other constituent.

The practical question obviously arises — How much ammonia,
or its equivalent of nitrogen in some other form, will, on the
average, be required to yield a given amount of increase of
wheat or barley grain, and its proportion of straw ?

In our Report on the growth of wheat for twenty years in
succession on the same land, it was shown that the quantity of
increase obtained for a given amount of ammonia, or its equi-
valent of nitrogen, in manure, varied exceedingly according to
the amount apjdied, to the provision of mineral constituents within

Repoi't of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

the soil, and to the seasons. It was, however, stated, as a general
practical conclusion, that, under the conditions the most com-
parable with those of ordinary practice, approximately 5 lbs. of
ammonia, or its equivalent of nitrogen, were, on the average,
required to yield 1 bushel increase of wheat, and its proportion
of straw.

In like manner the experiments with barley have shown a
very wide variation in the amount of ammonia required to yield a
given quantity of increase, according to the amount applied, to the
provision of mineral constituents within the soil, and to the seasons.

Thus, with superphosphate and 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts per
acre per annum, for six years, 3‘2G lbs., but with 400 lbs. 5 06
lbs. of ammonia were required to produce 1 bushel increase of
barley-grain and its straw.

- Again, with 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts for twenty years, there
were required — on three plots where it was used with superphos-
phate 2T3, 2'41, and 2T0 lbs. ; on one plot where it was used
with salts of potash, soda, and magnesia, without superphos-
phate, 3’59 lbs. ; and on one without any mineral manure at all,
3*68 lbs. of ammonia to yield 1 bushel of barley and its straw.

Lastly, with only 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts per acre per annum,
and with superphosphate also applied, the difference in the
amount of ammonia required to yield 1 bushel of increase was,
according to season, from about 1^ lb. in the two most favourable,
to 5*36 and 4*48 lbs. in the two least favourable seasons ; whilst,
with only the same moderate amount of ammonia-salts, but used
without superphosphate, or without any mineral manure at all, the
■difference in result according to season was very much greater still.

Notwithstanding these very considerable and very significant
variations, it may be concluded, from a review of the whole of
the data bearing on the point, that when an increase of barley
is obtained by means of artificial manures, such as salts of
ammonia, nitrate of soda, or Peruvian guano, an increase of 1
bushel of grain, and its straw, may, taking the average of seasons,
be calculated upon for every 2 to 2^ lbs. of ammonia (or its
equivalent of nitrogen, 1*65 to 1*86 lbs.) supplied in the manure
— provided the quantity applied be not excessive, and there be
no deficiency of mineral constituents within the soil. When,
however, rape-cake is used, rather more nitrogen in that form
will be required to yield a given increase ; but when the increase
is obtained by sheep-folding, or by farmyard manure, very much
less increase will be yielded in the year of the application, in
proportion to the nitrogen contained in the manure.

Thus, whilst it was concluded that, on the average, about
5 lbs. of ammonia (or its equivalent of nitrogen) were required
to yield 1 bushel of increase of wheat, and its proportion of
straw, it is now assumed that only 2 to 2^ lbs. of ammonia are

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 3(!7

required to produce 1 bushel increase of barley, and its straw.
But whilst an average bushel of wheat may be reckoned to
weigh 61 lbs., and its average proportion of straw 105 lbs., an
average bushel of barley will weigh only 52 lbs., and its straw
only 03 lbs. Hence, whilst it required 5 lbs. of ammonia in
manure to yield 61 lbs. of wheat-grain, and 105 lbs. of straw =
166 lbs. of total produce, it only requires from 2 to lbs. to yield
52 lbs. of barley-grain and 63 lbs. of straw =115 lbs. of total
produce. In other words, for the production of 100 lbs. in-
crease of total produce of wheat, it required 3 lbs., and for the
production of 100 lbs. increase of barley (containing a larger
proportion of grain, but about the same amount of nitrogen) it
required only from about If to 2 lbs. of ammonia in manure.
That is to say, it required much more ammonia to yield a given
amount of increase when applied in the autumn for wheat, than
when in the spring for barley.

The following questions obviously suggest themselv'es : —

What proportion of the nitrogen supplied in manure will pro-
bably, on the average, be recovered in the increase of the crop
for which it is applied ?

Will the at first unrecovered amount have any marked effect
on the immediately or early succeeding crops ?

Will there be any residue retained by the soil and the subsoil,
in such a state of combination, and distribution, as only to be
yielded up, if ever, in the course of a long series of years ?

Will there be any drained away and lost ?

Lastly, will the answers arrived at on these points, in regard
to wheat or to barley, be equally applicable to both crops?

With regard to the proportion of the nitrogen of artiBcial
manures recovered in the increase of crop obtained by their
use, in former papers it has been estimated, taking the av'erage
over a comparatively limited number of years, that about 40
per cent, was recovered in the increase of wheat, of barley, and
of meadow-hay indifferently. But, by the aid, of numerous new
determinations of nitrogen in the produce of wheat for twenty
years, of barley for twenty years, and of oats for three years, it now
appears that, with the same mixed mineral manure in each case,
and the same amount of ammonia-salts applied in the autumn
for wheat, and in the spring for barley and for oats, rather less
than one-third of the supplied nitrogen has been recovered in
the increase of the wheat, but nearly one-half in that of the
barley and the oats. When, however, there were applied, even
for wheat, the same mineral manure and nitrate of soda, the
latter sown in the spring, a not much less proportion of its
nitrogen was recovered in the increase of the crop, than in the
case of the ammonia-salts applied for barley in the spring, or of the
ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda applied for oats in the spring.

3G8 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Not only, then, did a given amount of nitrogen, supplied as
ammonia-salts, yield much more increase of produce in the years
of its application, when applied in the spring for barley than
when in the autumn for wheat, but a larger proportion of it
was recovered in the increase of the spring-sown crop.

The field experiments have further shown, that the at first
unrecovered amount yielded scarcely any increase at all in
succeeding years in the case of the wheat, but a considerable
increase in that of the barley.

With both crops, however, there remained a considerable
amount of the supplied nitrogen not recovered in either at the
first or the early succeeding increase of produce ; but there is
obviously very much more to be otherwise accounted for in the
case of the autumn-sown wheat than of the spring-sown barley.

With regard to retention by the soil, the results of the analysis
oT samples of the soils of many of the differently manured plots
in the experimental wheat-field, taken in all down to a depth of
27 inches, showed that a considerable amount of the nitrogen
which had been supplied in the manure, and not recovered in
the increase of crop, was accumulated within the soil ; but it
was concluded that a larger proportion remained unaccounted
for to the depth examined, than was there traceable, and that
some of this had passed off by the drains, and some into the
lower strata of the subsoil.

With regard to loss by drainage, numerous analyses, by Dr.
Voelcker and Dr. Frankland, of the drainage waters from the
Rothamsted experimental wheat-plots, confirmed the supposition
that there had been a considerable loss of the nitrogen of the
manures in that way. They showed that the quantity of nitrates
in the drainage-water was the greater the greater the amount of
ammonia-salts applied ; and that, after autumn-sowing, the quan-
tity was very much greater in the winter than subsequently in
the spring and summer.

Calculation showed that, for every 1 part of combined
nitrogen per 100,000 parts of drainage-water, there will be a
loss of 2j lbs. of nitrogen per acre for every inch of rain
passing beyond the reach of the roots as drainage of that strength.
In one case of winter-drainage, after an application of 600 lbs.
of ammonia-salts per acre in the autumn. Dr. Frankland’s
analysis showed 7'841 parts of nitrogen per 100,000 parts of
water, corresponding to a loss of nearly 18 lbs. of nitrogen per
acre, provided (which, however, is not probable) that an inch
of rain had passed as drainage of that strength.

As would be expected, as the nitrate of soda was, even for
wheat, always sown in the spring, the autumn and winter-
drainage from the nitrated plot always contained much less
nitrogen than that collected at the same date from the plots

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 309

manured with ammonia-salts in the autumn. Owing, however,
to the much less capacity of a given surface of soil for the
absorption of nitrate of soda, or other nitrates arising from its
decomposition, than of the ammonia of ammonia-salts, heavy
rains, soon after sowing, would carry off more of the nitrogen from
nitrate of soda than from a corresponding dressing of ammonia-
salts. In one case Dr. Voelcker found, in the drainage collected
from the nitrated plot soon after a dressing of 550 lbs. of nitrate per
acre ( = 400 lbs. ammonia-salts), applied in the spring, 5 • 83 parts
of nitrogen per 100,000 parts of water, corresponding to a loss
of about 13 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per inch of rain passing.

These facts, showing how great may be the loss of the
nitrogen of manure by drainage, are obviously of the greatest
practical importance, and demand very serious consideration.

Owing to the difficulty of determining with certainty, either
the total amount of nitrogen retained by the soil within the reach
of the roots, the proportion of the total rain which would pass
beyond the reach of the roots, or the average composition of the
drainage-water, absolute proof whether the whole of the supplied
nitrogen which is not recovered in the crop is either retained by
the soil, or lost by drainage, is not at command. Still, a
consideration of such data as are available in reference to the
points here indicated, points to the conclusion that the whole
of the nitrogen which was applied as ammonia-salts or nitrate of
soda to the wheat was either recovered in the increase of crop,
accumulated within the soil, or lost hy drainage.

As already said, as the proportion of the nitrogen of ammonia-
salts which was recovered in the increase of produce was much
greater in the experiments with barley than in those with wheat,
there remained of course much less, in its case, to be accounted
for by accumulation in the soil, and by drainage.

Only few determinations of nitrogen have as yet been made
in the soils of the barley plots ; but, so far as can be judged from
the results obtained hitherto, it seems probable that there is less
accumulation than in the case of the wheat, especially in the
lower layers. It seems pretty certain, too, that there must be
much less loss by drainage ; but, as the experimental barley-field
is not artificially drained, no direct evidence can be adduced on
the point. It may be observed, however, that as the ammonia-
salts are sown for the barley in the spring, when the soil is in a
porous condition, when there is comparatively little risk of wash-
ing out, and when growth almost immediately succeeds, there
will be a less immediate and wide distribution of the ammonia,
or of the nitrate resulting from its oxidation, a larger proportion
at once taken up by the growing crop, and, probably, a larger
proportion fixed near the surface before the winter-rains, and
remaining available there for succeeding crops.

370 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

Not only, then, tlo the results point to a satisfactory explanation
of the loss of nitrogen which has been observed in the use of
artificial nitrogenous manures, but also of the much greater loss
when they are applied in the autumn for wheat, than when in
the spring for barley or for oats. In confirmation of the expla-
nation on the latter point, may be cited the facts that, not only
was there on the average much more increase even of wheat, and
much more nitrogen recovered in the increase, when a given
amount of it was applied as nitrate of soda in the spring than
when as ammonia-salts in the autumn, but the difference in
favour of the spring-sown manure was especially marked after
unusually wet autumns and winters.

There is another point to notice in connection with the action
of nitrate of soda. A given surface of soil has much less
power to retain either nitrate of soda, or other nitrates, than am-
monia, and so far their nitrogen is, cceteris paribus, more liable
to loss by drainage. Yet, when frequently used on the same
land, such was the effect of the nitrate, or its products of decom-
position, aided by increased development of root, in causing the
disintegration, and so increasing the porosity and surface of the
clay subsoil, that there would appear to have been not only a
greater retention of moisture in an available form by the subsoil,
rendering the growing crop more independent of drought, but
also a greater retention of nitrates than would be anticipated
considering their solubility, and, hence, a more lasting effect
from previous applications than would otherwise be expected.
On the other hand, where, as in the case of the experiments at
Rothamsted, nitrate of soda has been used in large quantities so
many years in succession, the surface soil has retained so much
moisture as to be difficult to work after wet weather.

The results have shown that a considerably less proportion of
the nitrogen applied as rape-cake, than as either ammonia-salts or
nitrate of soda, was recovered in the increase of crop within a
given period of time, and again considerably less of that applied
in farmyard manure than in rape-cake. Owing to the slow
decomposition of the nitrogenous organic matter of these ma-
nures, their nitrogen is necessarily but slowly available. It
would appear, however, to be, at the same time, less subject to
loss by drainage ; and analysis has shown that a large pro-
portion of their nitrogen is retained by the soil, becoming but
very gradually available for a considerable length of time.
Indeed, analysis showed that where farmyard manure had been
applied for wheat every year for twenty-five years in succession,
the top 9 inches of soil contained nearly twice as high a per-
centage of nitrogen as the corresponding layers of any of the
artificially manured plots, which, though they received much
less nitrogen annually, as ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda.

for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land. 371

nevertheless yielded larger crops. Still, there is a large amount
of the nitrogen of the dung not yet satisfactorily accounted for;
but, whether there will be an ultimate loss of a greater or less
proportion of that supplied, than when ammonia-salts or nitrate
of soda is used, the data at present at command do not enable us
to determine with certainty.

It is, then, established, that there is a great liability to loss by
drainage of the nitrogen of manures, the available amount of
which, more than of any other constituent, rules the amount of
produce, under the existing conditions of British agriculture. The
mineral constituents being, however, equally essential for growth,
it is obviously important to have some direct experimental evi-
dence showing whether or not they are also liable to such loss.

The field experiments with wheat have afforded conclusive
evidence of the marked effect of potass and phosphoric acid
supplied more than twenty years previously, when nitrogenous
manures were afterwards applied to render them available ;
and, not only are the results of the analysis of the produce con-
sistent with this, but the analysis of the soils has shown their
accumulation, and that of the drainage-waters their compara-
tively little liability to loss in that way. Indeed, it may be con-
cluded that, at any rate in the case of the heavier soils, these
constituents, which, by the sale of corn and meat, would other-
wise be the most likely to become relatively deficient, and which
in that point of view are the most important to consider, are
almost wholly retained within the reach of the roots.

Let it be granted^ — ^that, in one field at Rothamsted, wheat,
and in another barley, have been grown for many years in
succession, the same manure being applied to the same plot year
after year ; that, under these circumstances, it has been found
that mineral manures alone have little or no effect, that nitro-
genous manures alone have very much more, and that nitrogenous
and mineral manures together will continue to yield as large
crops as farmyard manure annually applied, and much larger
than the average produce of the country under rotation. It may
still be asked, whether conclusions drawn from results obtained
under such unusual conditions may be trusted as any guide to
the requirements of the crops when grown on any other land, or
in the ordinary course of farming ?

In our paper on the growth of wheat for twenty years in suc-
cession on the same land (vol. xxv., pp. 491—494), we adduced the
results of direct experiments, made not only in another field at
Rothamsted, but also in other localities, on soils of very different
description, and in very different condition. The result in each
case was, as in the experimental field, that there was but little
increase by mineral manures alone, much more by ammonia-salts
alone, and more still by ammonia-salts and mineral manure

VOL. IX. — s. S. 2 C

372 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley,

together. We further stated our conviction, founded on a very
extensive acquaintance with the practical experience of farmers
in the use of artificial manures in every district of Great Britain
for many years, that, in 99 cases out of 100 in which wheat is
grown in the ordinary course of agriculture with rotation, the
supply of immediately available mineral constituents is in excess
relatively to the immediately available supply of nitrogen.

In our former paper on the growth of Barley, and again in
Section V. of the present paper, evidence of a similar kind is
adduced in regard to that crop. Two sets of experiments are
quoted. In one, barley was grown for three years in succession
on a series of plots which had previously been differently ma-
nured, and grown ten crops of turnips in succession. In the
other, it was grown in four-course rotation, without manure, and
* with different descriptions of manure. The evidence of these
other experiments is entirely confirmatory of the conclusion,
that mineral manures alone will not yield fair crops of barley,
and that an essential condition for the growth of full crops,
whether in rotation or under less usual conditions, is a liberal
supply of available nitrogen within the soil.

Further, as in the case of wheat, so also in that of barley, the
common experience of the country at large, in the use of artificial
manures to that crop, is entirely confirmatory of the conclusions
to which the results of the experiments on its growth year after
year on the same land would lead.

It may here be remarked, that the greater liability to loss by
drainage of the nitrogen, than of the more important mineral
constituents of manure, is doubtless one element in the explana-
tion of the fact of the prevailing excess of available mineral
constituents, relatively to available nitrogen, in soils generally,
under the ordinary course of agriculture in this country.

Those who have examined for themselves the evidence that has
been adduced, and carefully considered the conclusions that have
been drawn in reference to the great number of points which the
enquiry has opened up, will probably feel that they do not require
any specific receipts to be laid down for their guidance, and that
they will profit more by the direction which the study of the
facts must give, to their own observation and reflections on what
comes before them in the course of their daily experience.
Indeed, under any circumstances, it must be left to the intelli-
gence and the judgment of the individual farmer to decide upon
the degree in which any special recommendations will be appli-
cable to his own particular soil, and other circumstances.

Still, in bringing this long report to a conclusion, a few words
should be offered by way of pointing out the more directly
practical application of the results.

for Tweivty Years in succession on the same Land. 373

For twenty years in succession on tlie same land, an annual
expenditure of less than 3/. per acre in artificial manures has
yielded an average produce of 6 quarters of dressed barley, of
good quality, and nearly ton of straw. Any practical farmer
can estimate what would be the additional expense upon the
crop, in the way of rent, cultivation, harvesting, bringing to
market, &c. ; and, having done so, the result will doubtless show
a considerable profit.

The soil at Rothamsted is more suitable for wheat than it is
for the growth of barley after roots, as is the common practice of
the locality ; but the facts show that it will nevertheless grow
large crops, of good quality, under favourable circumstances.
Indeed, it may be laid down as a general rule, applicable to the
country at large, that, on the heavier soils, full crops of barley of
good quality may be grown with great certainty after a preceding
corn crop, under the following conditions : —

First of all, it is essential that the land be got into good tilth.
It should be ploughed up when dry, as soon as practicable after
the removal of the preceding crop. In the spring it should be
prepared for sowing by ploughing or scuffling as early in March
as possible, if sufficiently dry.

The artificial manure employed should contain nitrogen, as
ammonia or nitrate (or organic matter), and phosphates.

From 40 to 50 lbs. of ammonia (or its equivalent of nitrogen
as nitrate) should be applied per acre. These quantities would
be supplied in —

1^ to 2 cwts, of sulphate ammonia, or
If to 2 J cwts. of nitrate of soda.

With either of these there should be employed —

2 to 3 cwts. mineral superphosphate of lime.

Of late years the composition of Peruvian guano has been so
variable and uncertain, that it is quite impossible to estimate
how much of it would be required to supply nitrogen equal to
from 40 to 50 lbs. of ammonia. It is impossible, therefore, under
such circumstances, to recommend it. If, however, the agents of
the Peruvian Government were to manufacture their guano into a
substance of uniform quality, and to guarantee to deliver it of a
stated composition, it would be quite otherwise; and, as the guano
itself contains phosphates, if the ammonia required were pur-
chased in that form, superphosphate need not be also employed.

Rape-cake is also a good manure for barley. From 6 to 8 cwts.
would supply about as much nitrogen as would be equal to from
40 to 50 lbs. of ammonia. But, a smaller proportion of the
nitrogen of rape-cake, than of sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of
soda, or Peruvian guano, will be effective within a given time.
In the experiments at Rothamsted about 9 cwts. of rape-cake
per acre per annum, gave an average annual produce, over 14

2 C 2

374 Report of Experiments on the Growth of Barley, ^

years in succession, of 44 bushels of dressed corn, of nearly
55 lbs per bushel. With rape-cake, as with guano, the addition
of superphosphate is unnecessary.

Whatever manure be used, it should be broken up, finely
sifted, sown broadcast, and harrowed in with the seed.

Economy in the cost of the nitrogen is the essential point to
be considered in the selection of the manure to be used. To
enable the farmer to make an advantageous choice, according to
the market price of the different manures at the time, it may be
useful to state, as a basis of the calculation, that 1 cwt. of nitrate
of soda, of the quality usually imported, contains nitrogen equal
to 21 lbs. of ammonia; and if the nitrate cost 15s. 2d. per cwt.,
that will be equivalent to 2d. per lb. for ammonia, or 15s. per
ton for every 1 per cent, of ammonia (or nitrogen equal ammonia)
which the manure contains. According to the experiments at
Rothamsted, it would appear that, at equivalent prices, a given
amount of nitrogen as nitrate of soda may, in the long run, be
more effective than an equal amount as ammonia ; for, contrary
to the current opinion, the full effect of the nitrate was not obtained
until it had been used for some years on the same plot.

The liability to loss of the nitrogen of manure by drainage has
been shown to be very great. It will, of course, vary very much,
according to the characters of the soil and subsoil, and of the
seasons. But as it is much greater during the late autumn and
winter months, than in the spring and summer, nitrate of soda,
sulphate of ammonia, or Peruvian guano, should always be sown
in the spring ; — for wheat as a top-dressing in March, and for
barley, or oats, as described above.

By a more liberal application of manure per acre for the root-
crop, the area devoted to it may be considerably reduced with
comparatively little reduction in the amount of the crop on the
farm as a whole. Barley might then be grown more frequently,
with an increase of profit to the cultivator, and without lessening
the renting value of the land.

Rothamsted, July, 1873.

XIII. — Report on the Health of Animals of the Farm. By Pro-
fessor J. B. SiMONDS, Principal of the Royal Veterinary
College.

In the interval which has elapsed since my last report, both
cattle and sheep have been less affected by diseases of an
ordinary type than is usually the case in the early part of the
year, notwithstanding the coldness of the weather which has
prevailed, and the general backwardness of the season. Special

Report on the Health of Animals of the Farm, 375

iUscasos also have been less rife, and notably the one commonly
known as ‘foot-and-mouth disease.’ liarly in the year this
malady began to decline, both in severity and extent, in many
parts of Great Ibitain and Ireland ; and since then, with few
excej)tions, the decrease has been fully maintained. Legisla-
tive measures may possibly have contributed to this desirable
end ; but the history of the affection, as belonging to this
. eountry, clearly proves that, independently of any such means,
^ foot-and-mouth disease ’ has been for long periods of time
together so little prevalent as to attract scarcely any public
attention. The outbreak, the decline of which we now record,
commenced in the summer of 1869, and extended onwards to
1870-’71 and ’72. Doubtless it has proved a most severe visita-
tion ; but those who are familiar with the extent and malignancy
of foot-and-mouth disease in 1839— ’40 and ’41 recognise a
i parallel instance of its duration, acme, and decrease when no
I legislation existed with regard to it.

Cattle, sheep, and pigs, as is well known, are the chief victims
of foot-and-mouth disease, but an opinion has recently prevailed
that hares and rabbits are also the subjects of the malady. To
test this belief some experiments were had recourse to at the
College in April last. In the first instance two rabbits were
inoculated with the contents of a vesicle which had formed in
the mouth of a cow, and the detached epidermoid covering of a
second vesicle, with a quantity of saliva, was also placed in
their mouths and retained for a time. No effects followed. In
the second instance, in addition to a similar inoculation of two
other rabbits, the contents of several vesicles were well rubbed
into the thin skin between their toes, but also without effect.

Another contagious disease has also been made the subject of
experiment, viz., the small-pox of sheep. The facts prove beyond
all doubt that some Saxony-merino or German sheep, bought by
a butcher, gave indications of variolous disease prior to being
slaughtered. A very small piece of skin, on which one or two
minute vesicles existed, was forwarded to the College by a
drover, who declined to give full information with regard to it,
or from whom it had been procured. An examination satisfied me
that the vesicles were those of variola, nevertheless it was deter-
mined to have recourse to the crucial test of inoculation. The
vesicles were too far advanced, besides being remarkably small,
to yield fluid virus, and consequently the inoculation was made
with a minute portion of their epidermoid covering. The subject
was a lamb ; and four punctures were made — two on the inner
side of each thigh. Two of the punctures took on the fourth
•day. The local effects continued to increase until the seventh
•day, when the animal sunk from the constitutional disorder
which accompanied the development of the local symptoms.

376 Report on the Health of Animals of the Farm.

The inoculation was made on April 30tb, since which time
anxious enquiries have been instituted for the purpose of ascer-
taining whether sheep-pox had again obtained a footing in the
country, but happily to this time the enquiry has had a negative
result. This case is probably but one of many which occur
among German sheep, and it shows the absolute necessity of the
greatest care being observed with regard to these animals when
imported. Bought for slaughtering, the risk is reduced to a
minimum ; but no farmer should venture to buy these or other
sheep for feeding which have been imported from Central or
Eastern Europe.

Cattle Plague. — Since the introduction of this most malignant
disease last year, by Russian and German cattle exported from
Cronstadt and Hamburg, no case has been detected by the
inspectors at any of the ports ; nor is it known that the malady
has penetrated further westward than Bohemia and Silesia.
Eastern Europe has, however, continued to suffer to a great
extent for many consecutive months, and, according to infor-
mation received through official sources, Poland, Galicia,
Hungary, and Lower Austria have not been free from the disease
this year. The risk of the introduction of cattle-plague is
doubtless increased in proportion to its extension westward ;
but experience has shown that the greatest danger belongs to
the direct importation of Russian cattle, or to those which are
brought via the Baltic into Western Europe.

Pleuro-pneumonia. — The accounts which come to hand from
time to time with reference to pleuro-pneumonia would seem to
show that the provisions of the “ Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act,” as administered in many parts of the country, have done
little or no good in keeping the disease in check. To exter-
minate pleuro-pneumonia, not only more stringent, but more
united, measures must be employed, and it is not unlikely
that one beneficial result of the labours of the committee
now sitting to enquire into the working of the Act will be the
adoption of such measures, or the better administration of those
now existing. Pleuro-pneumonia may probably not be found in
more counties than at the beginning of the year, but recent in-
formation proves that the cases are increasing in number, and
consequently the centres of infection .augmenting.

Scrofula. — Judging from the number of specimens which
have been forwarded to the College by veterinary surgeons re-
siding in counties far distant from each other, this hereditary
but non-contagious malady would appear to be not only wide
spread, but also on the increase. One cause of this is doubtless
<a want of care in selecting animals which are to be used for
breeding purposes. No .animal which shows the least evidence
of the disease, or which belongs to a family known to be affected.

377

Report on the Health of Animals of the Farm,

ought to be used as a stock animal. Scrofula can frequently be
detected by the existence of tumours in various parts of the
body of cattle, but they show a greater preference to form about
the throat and sides of the face than elsewhere. These tumours,
especially such which are hard or nodulated to the feel, and only
slightly painful, cannot be completely dispersed by any kind
of treatment, but after a time they often yield to a degenerating
process, and discharge a purulent-like fluid from sinuses which
are formed within them. The disease is met with in all kinds
of cattle, but prevails to the greatest extent among those which
are known as our improved breeds, or pedigree stock.

Splenic Apoplexy. — During the first months of the year very
few cases of this disease came to our knowledge ; but recently our
attention has been called to two or three rather serious occur-
rences of the malady. The last of these took place in the
neighbourhood of Hitchin among some heifers which were being
grazed for the butcher. Several died very suddenly, and with-
out any indications of ill-health being previously observed.
Others sunk after an hour or two’s illness. The veterinary
surgeon at first suspected that the animals had been either acci-
dentally or intentionally poisoned ; but an examination of the
viscera — abdominal and thoracic — which were forwarded to the
College, clearly showed that the animals had died from that re-
markable blood affection known as splenic apoplexy. It is a
singular fact, that although some bullocks were being grazed in
the same pasture, and separated only from the heifers by an iron
fence, not one of them was attacked by the malady. A change
of food and in the system of management, and the exhibition
of antiseptic agents — such as the hypo-sulphite of soda — acted
quickly in arresting the further progress of the malady.

Lead Poisoning. — On two occasions within the past few weeks,
the assistance of the College has been required in consequence
of the serious illness of two herds of cattle, and the death of
several in each instance. One of these cases occurred in Hert-
fordshire, and the other in Sussex. In the former the herd
numbered forty-one animals, all of which gave indications of
disease, and nine of them died. In the latter the herd con-
sisted of twenty-three animals, out of which five died. An
investigation was made on the farm in each case, the Hertford-
shire one coming first under notice. The symptoms presented
by the animals were those which belong to poisoning by the
compounds of lead.

It was found that the animals had been put to pasture on
May 3rd, and that their illness was observed on the 12th. One
died on the 13th, and the death of this was quickly succeeded
by the others. Further investigation and a visit to the field

378

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

showed that a portion of it had been manured in March with
so-called London refuse manure. The fj^rass had grown more
luxuriantly on this part, and the animals had shown a preference
to feed upon it. A search for deleterious matters resulted in
finding large masses of dried paint among dirt and rubbish of
all kinds, the clearing-out of London ash-heaps.

The Sussex case was precisely of the same kind, but in this
instance the manure Avas not put on so early, and the animals
were not turned out until May 23rd. At the end of nine days
several were ill, and three died ; a fourth died on June 12th, and
a fifth on June 14th.

The opinion arrived at as to the animals being poisoned by
the old paint, received a full confirmation by a chemical analysis
of the contents of their digestive organs — the compounds of
lead being found in great abundance.

Royal Veterinary College,

June 28, 1873.

XIV. — On Climate and the Supply of Labour as affecting
Agriculture in Ireland. By W. Bence Jones, Lisselan,
Co. Cork.

Mr. Pringle’s interesting paper on ‘ Irish Agriculture’ in a
recent number of this Journal * leaves untouched, except by a
passing mention, one part of the subject which I think deserves
especial notice.

I allude to climate, which, in one of the ablest essays in the
Journal (Whitley on the ‘ Climate of the British Isles,’ vol. ii.,
p. i.), is well described as the ruling principle of agriculture.

The Irish climate is proverbially wet. A glance at the Rain-
map of Europe in Keith Johnston’s ‘ Physical Atlas ’ shows that,
exclusive of exceptional mountain districts, the rainfall in
Munster is the largest in Europe, a few small spots alone being
equal to it. Whilst the rainfall in Essex and the East of
England is about twenty inches, over forty inches is the average
of Cork. The rainfall of the West of England and of the other
three provinces of Ireland does not differ much — thirty to thirty-
fi\ e inches. The rain increases down to Penzance, where it is
the same as in Munster. Meteorological observations are kept at
very few places in Ireland, and there is reason to believe that the
local rainfall in many parts is much greater than any that has

* Second series, vol. viii., Part I., No, xv. pp. 1-76.

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland. 379

been registered. It is certain that there is a dampness in the
atinos})here, as shown in the effect on household goods, clothes,
&c., and an absence of hot, dry weather in summer, especially
in the South, much beyond anything usual in most parts of the
West of England, even where the rainfall is the same. Arthur
Young said, long ago, “ The worst of the climate of Ireland is
the constant moisture without rain.” I am inclined to think it
might be said more truly. The best of the climate is the
constant moisture. But, either way, whether for good or bad,
such is the climate. My experience has been chiefly in the
West Riding, Co. Cork, and there, beyond a few warm days in
summer, sometimes not more than half-a-dozen, we know very
little of what hot weather means. In spite of this dampness of
atmosphere, the soil being generally rather thin, and so drying
wery quickly, it is a charming climate, mild in winter and cool
in summer, of a refreshing softness after the heat of English
summer weather, that causes a sense of actual enjoyment from
mere passing through the air, like that from a drive in the cool
evening of a roasting day.

The one drawback is the force of the south-west winds, which
are, however, the cause of our other advantages.

Facts from the garden confirm this opinion. Pears against a
•wall seldom ripen to their right flavour. Peaches, except in
especially warm and sheltered places, will not do well. Peach-
trees continue growing throughout the autumn. I have often
seen them as full of leaves at Christmas as at Midsummer. Of
course the wood does not ripen, and any frost kills this green
wood, and often reduces the tree in the following summer to
bare branches, with a tuft of green leaves at the end of each.
Apricots hardly ever bear fruit.

Such a climate as this plainly must have a very great influence
on farming ; a greater influence probably than any other natural
cause.

Mr. Buchan, President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,
in his Address to the Society, November 9, 1871, thus speaks on
the subject of the effects of climate on the distribution of plants : —

Bousingault examined the distribution of wheat on the continent of
Europe, and arrived at the conclusion that it required 8248° Fahr., from the
time it begins to grow in spring, for the proper ripening of the seed ; and,
moreover, that this heat must be partitioned so as to secure a mean summer
temperature of 58° during the development and maturation of the seed. This
minimum amount of heat required for the maturing of the seeds is a vital
consideration.* We have proved in Scotland that a mean temperature of 56°
during the critical periotl, with the average sunshine and rainfall of the

* This subject has been alluded to in reference to Belgium in my report on the
agriculture of that country, see ‘ Journal Koyal Agricultural Society,’ second
series, vol. vi.. Part I., No. xi. p. 4. — Ed.

380

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

Scottish summer, is sufficient to ripen wheat properly. Not only so, but it
was found that the wheat crop of 18(54 ripened well with only the averafje
temperature of 54‘4°. In that year, however, the sunshine was much above
the average, and the mean of the daily maximum temperature was high, being
as high as in August 1861, when the mean temperature was 57*4°.

It is probable that the longer time the sun is above the horizon in
Scotland, as compared with Germany and F ranee, renders the ripening of this
cereal possible with a lower mean temperature, and when this is combined
with a clear dry atmosphere, and consequently a blazing, scorching sunshine,
grain of excellent quality is ripened, though the mean temperature rise no
higher than 54'4°. From this it is clear that in regarding the influence of
temperature on bringing plants to maturity, it is not mean temperature merely,
but the way in which the vital element is distributed through the day and
night, particularly at the critical periods of the plants’ growth, which must be
considered. A high mean temperature, with little variation, implies a com-
paratively low day temperature ; and, on the other band, a moderately low
mean temperature, with a large daily range, implies a high day temperature ;
so that a climate with a comparatively low mean temperature may yet afford
the warmth required in carrying on the higher functions of the plant which
another climate of a higher mean temperature eould not supply.

Now, that which in the highest degree determines the mode in which
temperature is partitioned throughout the twenty-four hours of the day is the
amount of cloud and the degree of moisture in the atmosphere ; for a knowledge
of which we must look to the rainfall through the months of the year as
furnishing the best available key.

The rainfall affects plants directly through the nourishment it conveys to
them, and indirectly through the state of the sky which its amount or absence
implies. Indeed, so great is the influence of rainfall on vegetation that we
cannot be far wrong in regarding it as co-ordinate with that of temperature.
Whatever the law may be which expresses the atmospheric conditions that
determine the limits of the growth of species, it must include in its functions
both the heat and moisture of the air.

Decandolle deduced the law for the distribution of species over a region
whose climates are marked off from each other rather by variations of tempe-
rature than of moisture. He then endeavoured to extend it so as to account
for the distribution of the flora of other regions, the climates of which may be
characterised either as moist at all seasons or subject to marked variations of
moisture at stated seasons. Perhaps not the least valuable of the results
arrived at by him is the negative one stated in these words : — “On the borders
of the Mediterranean Sea, the limits appeared so often determined by the
humidity, or by causes still unknown, that the operations of temperature
always escaped my calculations.”

It may be predicted that when the limits of species have been drawn with
some exactness for Central and Northern Europe, the regions from which
Decandolle took his examples, they will be found to coincide with no mere
temperature lines, however calculated and determined, inasmuch as there are
much greater differences in the climates of this region than are generally sup-
posed, as regards the rainfall, particularly in the manner of its distribution over
the year.*

The practical result of these views seems to be that the same
summer temperature (I mean the average temperature of each
twenty-four hours) may be arrived at in two ways —

* ‘ Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,’ vol.
vol. xi. Part II., 1873, pp. 262-264.

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

381

(1). By cool days and warm nights ; or (2) by hot days and cold
nights. Hot days are necessary for the growth of good corn
crops, and if the days are hot and sunshiny, cold nights are of
less importance. There is no doubt that the moisture and
clouds in the atmosphere of Ireland cause cool days, with little
sunshine ; and though the nights are mild, that does not for the
purpose of corn-growing make up for the want of heat and
sunshine by day.

Dr. Lloyd, the Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, who is
probably the best authority we have on the subject of Irish
climate, has been good enough also to suggest to me that another
subsidiary action, connected with the others of temperature and
moisture, that plays a sensible part in the phenomena, is the
frequent loioering of temperature which occurs in July in connec-
tion with the arrival of the mass of condensed vapour from the
Atlantic, and which, unhappily for the cereals, occurs at the St.
Swithin period, just at the time when it is most injurious to
them, although advantageous to green crops. This shows itself
very decidedly in the annual curves of temperature as well as of
rainfall.

Mr. Whitley, in the article in the Journal above mentioned,
gives the average summer temperature of Cork at 65°, being, as
he adds, the highest in the British Islands. There can be no
doubt that this is founded on erroneous observations. There is
no such average summer temperature as 65° in Ireland. It is
probable that the average summer temperature of the South of
Ireland is about 60°. But 60° is a sufficient average tempera-
ture for growing wheat well. It is much more than a sufficient
temperature for growing oats, which are believed only to require
from 54° to 57°. Yet good crops of wheat can seldom be grown
in Ireland, especially in the South, and even oats, though so
much hardier, do not grow so well as in England and Scotland,
especially on land that is highly farmed. My experience is
that it is increasingly hard to get a proportionately good crop on
high-farmed land than on land in worse condition. This is
the difficulty. The temperature is high enough, according to
received views, to grow wheat or oats well. But they do not
grow well. Mr. Buchan’s explanation is probably the true one.

There is no series of accurate observations for any long number
of years extant. I have been favoured by Mr. R. H. Scott,
Director of the Meteorological Department, London, with the
following Table, and those in the Appendix, which are all that
his Office has, and which are probably, therefore, the best and
fullest attainable : —

382

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

Table I. — Mean Monthly Barometeical Pressure and Tempera-
ture at Valencia and Cork.

Valencia.

Cork.

Months.

Pressure.
Mean of 5
Years.

Temperature.
Mean of 5
Years.

Pressure.
Mean of 11
Years.

Temperature.
Mean of 13
Years.

Aanuary

February

March

April

May

•June

July -

August

September

October

N ovember

December

8 A.M.
Obser. only.
1866-1870.

29-754

•895

•874

•922

29- 8G1

30- 105
30-016
29-964

•835

29- 920

30- 015
29-814

8 A.M.

Obser. only.

43- 0

44- 1

45- 4
49-2
52-9
56-7
60-0
58-9
56-4
52-9

46- 8
46-3

1857-1867.

29-813

•934

•823

•894

•932

•998

•959

•929

•909

•833

•881

29-933

1857-1869.

41-8

43- 1

44- 8
49-6
53-5

59- 2
62-1

60- 5
57-0
51-0
44-5
43-2

Mean for the year . .

29-915

51-1

29-903

50-9

Note. — The barometric values for Valencia are obtained from values kept in
the Meteorological Office. All the other averages are computed by Mr. Buchan
and published by him.

An interestinjr illustration has been mentioned to me by Mr.
■Scott from the climate of the Scilly Islands, which may be taken
as an exaggeration of the climate of Ireland. He says : —

In Scilly, the mean monthly temperature ranges only from 45° to 63°,
being a less variation than at any other place in these islands. The north of
Donegal and Shetland most nearly approach it. The result of this very
equable spring temperature is that vegetation is always going on, and no crop
or fruit will ripen thoroughly. A few bad apples are the only fruit besides
gooseberries. The plants that flourish there are sub-tropical, such as aloes,
yuccas, mesembryanthemums, and, of course, large geraniums and fuchsias.
'The produce of the islands is to a great extent vegetables for the London
market, especially new potatoes.

The climate is an exaggeration of your southern climate, such as Cape
Clear ; the mean temperature for the year being 1° higher. The reason of the
v-ery exceptional climate of Scilly is due in some measure to the set of the
■currents at the mouth of the English Channel.

I think the suitableness of the Irish climate for growing pota-
toes was one cause that led to the great extent of potato culti-
vation there before the famine, which has hitherto been ascribed
mainly to social and political causes. Till the blight, potatoes
flourished in Ireland better than elsewhere, and therefore were
more grown.

In the South of Ireland corn ripens, but with difficulty, so
that a good or bad crop of corn is more dependent on the cha-

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

383

racter of the season than elsewhere, and the crop is more often
inferior. Over thirty years ago, before the Famine, when I began
to farm in Ireland, the universal rotation in the county of Cork,
except near the mountains, was potatoes on lea manured (and
such lea as it was ! — land left to rest, without grass seeds even,,
and one mass of weeds; and then the manuring! — earth drawn
from the field, with a little calcareous sand and the refuse of tlm
dwelling house mixed), followed by wheat. Oats only came in as
a scourging crop when the land would no longer grow wheat.
The wheat was a poor crop, five or six barrels of twenty stones,
about equal to twenty-four bushels, being considered good. Half
that produce was much more common. But as Corn-law prices
then ruled, farmers were content, except in bad years, which in.
that climate were frequent.

After I had been farming pretty well for some years, with only a
moderate increase of crop, I remember thinking the cause must
be in the previously exhausted condition of the soil, and that I
might get over it, and grow good wheat by a rotation of (1)
swedes, (2) rape, (3) wheat. The swedes and rape were well
manured with bones, besides other manure, and half the swedes
and all the rape were eaten with sheep. The wheat looked all
that could be desired during the spring and summer till harvest,
but it was no sooner in shock than it was enough to lift a
sheaf to have a painful proof of the crop’s lightness. In fact, it
was worse than the crop of the small farmer in the next field,
that had not been a quarter so well done by. There was sunlight
enough to ripen his thin, short-strawed crop tolerably. But the
ears of my handsome crop Avere not half filled, and much of
the corn in them was only fit for chicken’s food. The same
result several years in succession at last taught its lesson.

I gave up trying to grow any corn except oats. The common
farmers, too, have gradually ceased to grow wheat, except a
small piece for their own consumption (as it is one of the curiosi-
ties of our stage of development that every farmer thinks it
needful to grow the food of himself and his family on his own
farm ; so, as potatoes will no longer grow well, he grows some
wheat wherever he can for home consumption). They, too, have
taken to oats as the chief crop. Wheat being usually loAver in
price than it was in Corn-law times, and oats much higher, no’
doubt tends to the same end. There is a general opinion, too,
that the local climate has altered. The oats even are not the
better sorts of oats. Black Tartary oats, the coarsest sort
known, succeed best by far. But even with oats, and thoroughly
good farming, the produce in corn is not on the average of years,
what it should be ; nothing like what such farming would pro-
duce in England or Scotland. The upland soil in my district is

384 On Climate and the Supply of Labour

a useful turnip loam, rather thin from the rock being near the
surface, hut growing great crops of swedes. (Manure as highly as
we please, we cannot grow half a Norfolk crop of mangolds, for
the same reason, I think, that we cannot grow good corn crops.)
It steadily improves with good farming in the yield of grass, and
in the quantity of stock it will feed, and not at all slowly. The
bottom land is generally more or less peaty, with clay below, and
when drained is very good for grass. For years I have used bought
manures and cake largely ; last year to the value of 20s. per
acre over the whole farm of seven hundred acres. Yet the corn
hardly increases ; fifty bushels of oats per acre is still as much
as we can grow in a good year, even after sheep folded on swedes,
with hay and cake. I am not able to give measured quantities
of any value, for the farm is managed in subordination to the
needs of the estate, with sometimes a slice of good land let
away in order to improve a tenant’s farm, sometimes a slice of
reclaimed land added to it, sometimes of land given up by a bad
tenant, and worn out to a degree of exhaustion that will not
grow either weeds or couch (it is something to have come to look
on a good crop of couch as a hopeful sign of land), and which
swallows up all the manure of a year or two as a starved beast
swallows good feeding without showing it. Rotation and exact
quantities at successive intervals thus are made almost impossible ;
but my conviction is strong, from close observation, that the
difficulty of growing larger crops of oats is due to the climate,
which, though in ordinary years it will ripen a moderate crop,
has too much moisture and too little sunshine to ripen a really
heavy crop, except in chance seasons.

On the other hand, the very same climate that is so unfavour-
able for corn is extraordinarily favourable for grass, which con-
tinues to grow often through most part of the winter.

And this is the true explanation of the inclination to grass-
farming that is almost universal in Ireland, not only among large
farmers and landowners farming on their own account, but
equally among middling and small farmers. The small farmer
formerly tilled more of his farm in proportion, because it took
much of his land to provide the food for his family, but even
before the famine the constant argument used by small farmers
seeking more land w'as, “ If I get more land ! can leave more out
in grass.” When a farmer failed, it was always said, “ He
tilled too much of his land.” There w as never any doubt but
that the land paid best in grass, when the farmer could afford to
buy stock. The climate was and is the ruling principle, as Mr.
Whitley said. Even when the grass farming is bad, as it often
is, it still pays better than the equally bad tillage farming that
the same farmer would practise on the same farm. The views in

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

385

favour of breaking up inferior grass so often urged in drier
climates have very little place in our wet climate. There is very
little land so bad that if it is once in good condition will not
grow grass well in this climate. When the land needs breaking up
it is almost always only as the best means of adding condition
in order again to put it in grass.

Of course what I have said in no way affects the correctness
of Mr. Pringle’s complaints of bad grass-farming. No doubt,
too, there is some land that cannot profitably be kept in grass
beyond a few years. I believe, also, there is a tract of
country in the East and North-east of Ireland, from Wexford to
Down inclusive, where the climate is more favourable to tillage
than elsewhere. When land is foul with weeds, and much worn
out, cultivation with heavy manuring of green crops, is the most
economical, if not the only way of getting it into condition ; and
without some roots and straw for winter it is not easy on middling
land to manage a heavy stock to the best advantage ; but I think
the problem of profitable farming in these times in Ireland is
(or at least is fast becoming) with how little cultivation a farm
in grass can be successfully managed. There is a great change
since the time when Mr. Algernon Clarke, whom Mr. Pringle
quotes as his authority, wrote of Irish farming. The price of
stock, and of most grass products, has immensely increased.
The cost of labour has greatly increased too ; not only are wages
much higher, which is not to be complained of, but labourers in
Ireland usually give less and worse labour for their hire. It was
bad enough before with low wages, it is worse now with much
higher wages, whatever it may ultimately come to. Emigration,
too, is steadily lessening the supply of labour year by year.
When I began, thirty years ago, if I gave out overnight that I
wanted fifty men next morning for a job of work, 100 would be
on the ground begging for employment. Several years ago,
being pretty forward with draining and such improvements, I
bethought me that it would be well to devote money to the im-
provement of labourers’ houses over the estate. I had already
built good houses for most of the men in my own regular em-
ployment. When I came practically to consider the subject I
found that everything was in such a transition state that it was
wiser to wait a while, and see what houses would be really
wanted and where. It was well I did so, for now there are a
number of labourers’ houses on all parts of the estate standing
empty, some of them fairly good slated houses, much superior to
the common cabins of the country ; more are yearly being left
empty.

Extra jobs of draining, &c., can no longer be done in most
years at a reasonable cost, or a fair increase on former prices.

386

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

]\Ien are not to be had, except a few at slack times of year, and
they will not do wet, unpleasant work except for very high pay,-
and in their own lazy way. It is often said that one advantage
of more and better cultivation would be additional employment
for labourers. I have always thought this a fallacy. There is
more profitable work in draining, &c., wanting to be done in
Ireland, exclusive of the reclamation of real waste land, than all
the labourers could do in two generations, even if they worked well.
There is no good reason, therefore, for the sake of the labourers,
for departing from the sound principle of political Economy, that
such mode of farming should be followed as will leave the largest
net profit (true), whether it be grass or tillage farming. In truth,
even such lightish land as I have described, when it is laid down
ill grass in good condition, produces excellently and for many
years. The number of years that it will produce well in grass
without showing signs of going back, wholly depends on the
condition it is in when laid down, and on the treatment of the
grass. In the neighbourhood of towns, where manure can be
bought, top-di’essing grass is a very favourite course, and is thought
to answer especially well. Except in such places manuring grass
is little understood or practised. How far artificial manures, as
recommended by Mr. Thompson, of Kirby Hall,* will effect a
permanant improvement in grass on such a soil as ours, which
is not strong land, may perhaps be doubtful ; but it is certain
that any phosphates of which the soil is deprived by milk or
grazing can be thus restored at small cost ; and it is also certain
that there are many intelligent men in Ireland, ready to tiy Mr.
Thompson’s prescription, and all other suggestions for keeping-
up the condition of grass land.

The conclusion I wish to draw from the facts and considerations
I have stated is, that Ireland, notably the South and West, is from
its climate a land of grass, and that for farming profitably in
Ireland grass should be the first object, and tillage only so far as
it helps the grass. I believe this is what all our best farmers are,
consciously or unconsciously, working to. Mr. Pringle’s strictures
on the fault of much of our Irish grass farming are generally quite
true, and the remedy he proposes is in a measure good, but only
in a measure — not as an end, but as a means to better grass.
In truth our grass privileges (as an American might call them),
are very great. Farmers, who know their business, are doing ex-
cellently. It is sometimes said that landowners farming their
own land in Ireland lose by it. Never was there a greater delu-
sion. The profit on grass farming makes it all easy, whatever

* Vide ‘ Journal Royal Agricultiual Society,’ 2ucl series, vol. viii., Part I., No.
XV., p. 174.

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland. 387

scale a landlord farms on ; much easier than in a country fit for
tillage alone. Numbers of us are making more than double the
rent we used to get for the land, when let to tenants, and three
times the present valuation of the land.

When land is well laid down, the first year’s grass is very
good. The second year is worse, because the artificial grasses
are dying out and the natural grasses have not had time to take
their place. The third year the natural grasses are established,
and a close and excellent sward is the result, equal to good old
grass in the West of England, and such as in Norfolk could not
be got in thirty years, hardly in twice thirty. I have often said
that such land as I have to deal with, in the Norfolk climate
would not be worth half what it is in the Irish climate. Again,
consider the immense rise in the price of grass products in Ire-
land. Twenty years ago, butter sold for 5d. to 6d. per lb.
Good beef was often at 3d. and pork at 2d. per lb. 21. to 31.
was not thought a bad price for a yearling heifer. I have bought
good fair stock lambs in July for 5s. each. Now prices are some
twice, some four times, some six times these rates, all, be it
observed, for grass products. This rise of price has not yet pro-
duced its effects on our farming, and on the value of land.
Some of it is still recent, at least in part — as the value of young
stock — and the argument is still used and felt, “ Perhaps these
high prices will not hold.” But as soon as the prices of stock are
felt to be permanent — as the increasing demand for meat from
increasing wages in England shows it is likely they will be perma-
nent— that cause alone will be sufficient to turn the balance in
favour of grass farming, wherever grass will grow fairly. I can
say that in the arrangements for my own farm these considerations
weigh more day by day. Corn is not higher in price, the wages
to be spent in growing it are higher; but grass products, that cost
little or no more wages, are many times higher in price. Can
there be a doubt, from this cause alone, what the intelligent
farmer will do in a climate specially suited to grass ?

Grass farming in every form, and with every sort of help from
bought manures or bought food for stock, cake, &c., is the true
future before us.

Water meadows, the especial advantage of which, in the mild
climate of Ireland, was pointed out by Mr. Philip Pusey (in the
Journal, vol. xi. p. 62) more then twenty years ago, are a most
valuable resource to Irish grass farmers. Mowing upland grass on
second-rate land for hay is very exhausting to the soil, and we
do it as little as possible. We cut hay mostly from bottom lands.
But water meadows in this climate are very productive, and we
grow unusual crops of hay on them, yet systematic watering is
not nearly as common as it might be. Small farmers are con-

VOL. IX. — S. S. 2d

388

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

stantlj squabbling amongst themselves for the use of any rill of
water near their farms. When they have got it, they often let it
run the whole winter over one spot, which is thus made into
a morass, especially as the cattle are seldom kept out of the field.
The opportunities of making regular water meadows are very
frequent, and will be made use of more and more. I have found
a dressing of five or ten cwt. of bones on water meadows greatly
to thicken the grass and improve the quality of the hay. They are
applied as soon as the hay is off, so as to be well trodden in by
the stock eating the after-grass, and avoid risk of the water
washing them away when the meadow is flooded in autumn. I
believe they pay well every few years, as often as the hay shows
any signs of becoming inferior. My theory, I know not how cor-
rect, is that the water must contain the other food of grass in
larger proportion than phosphates. The bones thus make up all
that is wanted.

The course on my own farm, which has been arrived at simply
from experience and the pressure of facts, will, I think, show
what we are coming to. For nearly twenty years the course, in-
stead of a regular rotation, has been to choose fifty or sixty acres
of the worst grass on the farm each year for ploughing. Most of
this is sown with lea oats ; but if the land is very poor, no oats
are taken, and then it is ploughed with two ploughs following
each other, one skimming the grass as lightly as possible, the
other turning a good furrow of earth over it. It is then broken
for turnips the next spring. But there is more trouble in getting
such land prepared for turnips than after lea oats, and the plan
can only be followed to a limited extent.

The ewes are folded on the grass meant for lea oats, before it
is ploughed. But still the oats are usually very bad. The older
the grass, the worse are the oats. It is plain the sod does not
rot in time to help the oats. In some districts they grow two
crops of oats in succession, on breaking up the land ; the first is
bad, the second good enough, because the sod by that time is
rotten. But this plan is exhausting, and leaves the land very foul.
With fifty or sixty acres of turnips we have been in the habit of
fattening 200 sheep and over 30 beasts, besides keeping 200
ewes and 200 hoggets of the previous spring, 60 cows, and young
stock, rising yearlings and two-year olds, about 35 to 40 head
of each age — enough to stock the farm in the following summer
with little buying.

We have the last two years reduced the number of acres broken
each year to forty instead of fifty, and still fatten and keep the
same stock as before, with the help of more cake. This of course
lessens the work of men and horses ; and if, as is said, a ton of
cake may be reckoned as roughly equal to an acre of turnips

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

389

(which I do not think it is, of such crops of turnips as we grow),
there is no reason that such a course should not answer and keep
up the condition of the grass. In two or three years I expect
the extent ploughed may be reduced to thirty acres each year, and
with still more cake the same winter stock be kept and fattened.
Just now I have a, tract of cut-out bog that has been drained &c.
coming in. This for its own sake needs cultivation and turnip
cropping, and so delays the decrease of tillage. Oats with
grass seeds follow the turnips, unless the land is poor, when it is
laid down with rape and grass seeds, no corn crop being taken.
Experience can alone show how far we can decrease cultivation,
and keep up the condition of the grass land. It can clearly be
done to the extent of one-half, i.e. twenty-five acres instead of fifty,
being ploughed each year. The net profit on the farm is more
than double the rent the tenants paid for it when they failed,
after charging to each year all the cake and manure bought,
bailiff’s salary, and every expense. The changed appearance of
the land is a pleasure to one’s eyes. The stock ai’e more than
double the number, and individually double the weight of those
the tenants kept.

It may seem strange to say it, but religion and politics have
been brought in Ireland even into the question of farming, and
whether grass or tillage are best for the country is sought to be
decided by what is most to the advantage of the Roman Catholic
or Protestant interests. The power of the Roman Catholic
clergy and their party depends on the number of Roman
Catholics ; .and tillage, as giving more employment than grass,
has been favoured accordingly. Even the growth of flax has
been urged on the same grounds, I have already shown the
we.akness of such reasoning, because there is plenty of work for
every one for long years in draining and other improvements,
far more profitable to all concerned than it can be to try to force
one kind of farming instead of another that for any reason is
more profitable. But there is no doubt it has been thought the
increased employment from tillage would check the emigration.

My own opinion is clear that the decrease of labourers is
going on so fast that by the end of the next seven or ten years
there will be no choice in the matter, and it is very fortunate
for us that the increased price of grass products gives us so pro-
fitable a means of escape from what would be otherwise a most
serious difficulty. Those who have treated their land best will
have least trouble.

On one point alone Mr. Pringle, I think, is quite wrong — when
he argues against grass farming because small farmers, holding
7 millions of acres, keep on them stock to the value of 17^
millions of money ; whilst large farmers, holding millions

2 D 2

390

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

of acres, keep on them stock valued only at 18 millions of money.
But the cattle on both sizes of farm are valued at the same rate,
G/. IO5. per head. It is evident that the cattle of the small
farmer much more nearly approach this value than the cattle of
the large farmer. Large farmers, as a rule, have much larger
and more improved cattle of all ages than small farmers ; and
nearly all the fatting and fat cattle. Mr. Thompson’s estimate
of the weight of cattle killed in England is 600 lbs. per head
on an average, which at present prices would make their value a
good deal over 20/. each. The cattle of large farmers in Ireland
probably do not weigh much less than the average of all English
cattle killed, and after all due allowance for the value above
6/. 10s. of the cattle of small farmers, there must be a large
ejicess in the value per head of the cattle of large farmers. If
this excess is only fifty per cent., and it is probably much more,
it will quite alter the inference Mr. Pringle draws. Considering
how few turnips, &c., Irish small farmers grow, and how much
they overstock their grass, and that they use no cake or bought
food, it would be strange indeed if they thus grew more
pounds of meat than are grown on better managed large grass
farms.

The last three years have been excellent seasons for grass in
Ireland. With the same stock every farmer has had plenty of
grass ; even those usually overstocked have had enough, and their
stock has profited accordingly. Many have thus been taught
the lesson of the profit of feeding stock better ; the price a well-
fed animal of any age has brought in the market has been so out
of proportion to the price of an ill-fed one that the most back-
ward has had the point driven into his head, and efforts at better
feeding for the sake of the better profit have been numerous. I
think the young cattle sold in the next few years will show the
effect of this better feeding.

Such a number of calves as have been reared this year in
Ireland was never seen since the world began. It is caused by
the great price of young stock in the past year. The country
positively swarms with calves. Hitherto small farmers have usually
reared only heifer calves, and the bulls have gone to the butcher
at once. This year bulls and heifers have been alike reared.
This, too, if the demand continues, will in a few years help
greatly to improve the quality of Irish stock. When the bull
calves were sold for a trifle to the butcher at once, and many of
the heifers kept as cows for himself, the backward farmer felt
little the gain of putting a good bull to his cows. Where now
he has so many to sell, the difference in the price of a well-bred
calf or yearling on such a number will soon work more care in
the choice of a bull. But most of the calves must be sold be-

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland. 391

fore the winter, since it is certain farmers have not food for half
of them.

The same causes that have given us plenty of grass have made
the potato crop a great failure. There has not been so much
blight since the famine as last year and this, and the crop has
been very bad. I think fewer potatoes will be grown in future,
which again will lead to less cultivation and more and better grass.

In spite of all the miseries of the famine, farmers and
labourers alike have since, as Tar as they could, gone back to
the old conacre potato system. This is the explanation why for
years the statistical returns have shown a regular increase in the
average of potatoes ; only as potatoes did not grow well enough
to last the whole year the system could not fully re-establish
itself as of old. Some modification to supply food in spring
and summer, when there were no potatoes, was unavoidable. A
few sacks of Indian meal, bought on credit, was the means used.

The terms for farmers’ labourers in this district have been 3s.
per week and the man’s food at the farmhouse ; the cabin,
charged 6d. per week, and the conacre another 6rf. per week,
being stopped by the farmer out of the 3s. On the balance,
with such potatoes as grew, wife and children existed. Of course
there were some minor privileges — pig, cocks and hens, &c.

The strangest thing is that many labourers preferred such
terms from small farmers to 8s. or 9s. a week, with free house,
potato-land, &c., from others. I believe the secret is, that there
was real work in the one case, and no real work, but half-idle
dawdling in the other. This year the potatoes have failed again
in earnest, but the people are now so few the effect will not
be the same as at the famine. The 3s. per week, however, has
broken down, as the labourers have no potatoes. Labourers can
now be had in plenty for any job paying fair wages, and next
spring will show a larger emigration to America than for years
before.

It may seem presumptuous in one mainly connected with Irish
farming even to offer a hint to English farmers, but I cannot
help saying that I think in many parts of England the difficul-
ties as to labour, &c., are the same as our difficulties, and the
remedies that suit us will also suit them. ,It seems a safe gene-
ral conclusion that wherever grass will grow well, more grass
will lessen labour. Where permanent grass is attainable with
difficulty, the Scotch five-course rotation instead of the Norfolk
four-course, i.e. two years’ grass instead of one, must save near
one-fifth of the labour on a farm.

More grass, with higher manuring and more cake, seems to
me the remedy, wherever possible, for dear labour, at a time of
great demand for all grass products.

392

On Climate and the Supply of Labour, 8fc.

It is a very old opinion that the successful farmer is he who,
with skill and knowledge of general principles, most clearly
recognises the particular facts and circumstances under which his
farm is placed, and applies his skill and knowledge to them
accordingly. That is all I contend for under the very exceptional
climate of Ireland, at a time when labour is dear, and when the
value of grass products is such as has never been known or heard
of, and seems likely so to continue, certainly in a measure, and
possibly to a still larger degree.

It is an old saying in the Co. Meath that the labour needed
on their grazing lands is, “ A man and a dog to 1000 acres
of land.” Of course there is not much land so good as the
Meath grazing lands and that can be managed with so little
I’abour ; but the principle involved in this queer saying is
decisive wherever fairly good grass can be anyhow grown.

No doubt many cases can be given where cultivation to a
considerable extent has been profitably carried on in Ireland,
but if the circumstances and rotation of these farms are looked
into, it will be found that not more than a tenth or a twelfth of
their acreage is annually in green crop. This means that a good
deal more than half the farm is in grass over one year old, and
that the system is something quite different from that of an
arable farm in Norfolk or the Lothlans. It will also, I think,
be found that such farms have been in bad condition, and their
occupiers have been getting them into heart.

I am far from saying that during this process .and under this
system their farms have not paid well ; my own farm has for
many years been a proof to the contrary. I3ut the fact is, that
once In condition grass in the Irish climate will pay best with
as little cultivation as m.ay be, and that there is plenty of more
profitable work for the displaced labour in draining, &c. Sound
political economy teaches that the most profitable application of
labour, whoever may gain by it, whether landlord, farmer, or
workman, is the greatest gain to the community ; and that all
artificial attempts to force labour in a particular direction for
the sake of secondary (even) good objects are a mistake, and
sure to end in disappointment. I think this mistake is made
by some authorities on farming in Ireland ; and as political
economy is little else but the correct statement of facts that are
sure to produce the same results, whether correctly or incorrectly
stated, only with serious loss in the meantime to those who are
misled, good may be done by putting forward the above views.

APPENDIX,

Table II. — Monthly and Annual Rainfall at Valencia and
Roche’s Point.

VALENCIA.

Months.

1866.

1867.

1868.

1869.

1870.

Mean.

Rainfall in
Inches.

Equivalent

per-ccntage.

January ..

7-90

5-59

8-49

8-54

6-16

7-34

13-7

F ebruary . .

415

4-73

4-74

4-30

4-60

4-51

8-4

March

5-65

3-61

5-75

3-28

1-94

4-05

7-5

April

5-23

4-19

3-39

4-49

3-61

4-18

7-8

May

2-40

3-29

3-48

2-58

4-50

3-25

6-0

June

2-80

1-13

1-66

0-91

0-61

1-42

2-6

July

1-86

3-58

2-74

5-22

2-05

3-09

5-8

August

5-49

5-04

2-64

2-12

2-62

3-58

6-7

September

5-56

5-24

3-15

8-47

4-25

5-33

9-9

October

3-54

8-82

6-35

2-17

10-03

6-18

11-5

November . .

3-98

2-pi

7-15

4-81

4-97

4-58

8-5

December . .

5-92

4-51

9-70

8-56

2-59

6-26

11-6

Totals

54-48

51-74

59-24

55-45

47-93

53-77

100-0

ROCHE’S POINT.

January ..

7-10

7-17

9-92

4-34

7-14*

15-2

February .,

4-17

4-21

3-25

3-87

8-3

March

• a

7-01

3-05

2-86

4-31

9-2

April

4-39

2-07

1-41

2-62

5-6

May

3-77

5-94

5-52

5-08

10-8

June

0-75

1-90

0-32

1-04

1-09

2-3

July

5-95

1-11

2-16

1-23

1-50

3-2

August

7-00

3-80

1-07

1-84

2-24

4-8

September

4-00

7-81

5-30

3-01

5-37

11-5

October

6-53

4-39

0-67

5-61

3-56

7-6

November . .

1-65

4-50

2-33

4-06

3-63

7-7

December . .

1-77

10-35

5-47

3-64

6-49

13-8

Totals

••

60-37

42-51

37-81

46-90

100-0

* The mean at Roche’s Point is for 3 years only — 1868-1870.

Table III.— Five-dat Means of tlie Dry and Wet Thermometers and Barometer, from the continuous Records

at Valencia, for the Year 1869.

394

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

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as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

395

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396

On Climate and the Supply of Labour

Table IV. — Five-day Means of the Dry and Wet Thermometers
and Barometer, from the continuous Kecords at Valencia Ob-
servatory, for the Year 1871.

Five-day Periods.

Thermometer.

Baro-

meter.

Five-day Periods.

Thermometer.

Baro-

meter.

Dry.

Wet.

Dry.

Wet.

Jan. 1- 5

46-4

44-2

29-924

June 30- 4

57-3

54-7

29-624

, , 6-10

451

42-0

29-757

July 5- 9

58-2

55-7

29-847

. , 11-15

44-2

42-3

29-607

, , 10-14

59-6

57-0

29-771

, , 16-20

41-8

39-5

29-188

,, 15-19

60-1

57-4

29-992

, , 21-25

38-3

35-7

29-975

, , 20-24

58-1

55-2

29-738

, , 26-80

43-5

41-4

29-972

, , 25-29

56-8

53-3

29-624

, , 31-4

45-2

43-4

29-491

Aug. 30- 3

58-6

56-3

29-835

Feb. 5- 9

49- 1

47-1

29-923

,, 4- 8

611

590

30-102

,, 10-14

47-5

45-7

29-770

, , 9-13

62-2

59-2

30-071

, , 15-19

49-4

47-9

29-906

, , 14-18

60-0

57-1

29-816

, , 20-24

46-8

44-9

30-370

, , 19-23

59-8

571

29-872

, , 25-1

48-6

47-0

29-814

, , 24-28

59-8

55-5

30-115

March 2- 6

49-6

47-0

29-576

Sept. 29- 2

59-7

57-2

29-917

, , 7-11

47-8

45-3

29-820

,, 3-7

57-9

54-5

29-842

, , 12-16

431

40- 1

29-834

, , 8-12

58 3

550

29-918

, , 17-21

49-1

46-9

30-056

, , 13-17

59-3

55-2

30-201

, , 22-26

50-5

46-3

29-822

, , 18-22

53-9

49-3

29-893

, , 27-31

45-3

41-3

30-382

, , 23-27

50-8

47-1

29-478

April 1- 5

48-5

45-7

30-003

Oct. 28- 2

521

48-3

29-528

, , 6-10

50-0

46-2

29-799

,, 3-7

51-1

47-9

29-713

, , 11-15

52-2

50-5

29-569

, , 8-12

54-9

52-4

30-084

, , 16-20

50-5

480

29-251

, , 13-17

56-7

54-9

29-812

, , 21-25

51-4

48-4

29-809

. , 18-22

53-9

50-6

29-792

, , 26-30

51-4

48-8

29-819

, , 23-27

52-9

50-4

30-078

May 1- 5

511

47-5

30-042

Nov. 28- 1

51-5

48-4

29-468

. , 6-10

57-1

51-2

30-218

,, 2-6

48-8

45-5

29-899

, , 11-15

53-5

49-0

29-968

. , 7-11

44-1

40-3

29-805

, , 16-20

53-2

490

30-194

, , 12-16

50 1

47-6

30-031

, , 21-25

55-8

51-4

29-865

, , 17-21

50-3

47-9

29-921

, , 26-30

59-0

55-7

30-211

, , 22-26

44-8

42-2

30-020

, , 31-4

58-5

54- 1

30-243

Dec. 27- 1

39-4

36-0

30-159

June 5- 9

57-4

53-7

30-203

,, 2-6

37-5

34-8

30-293

, , 10-14

59-2

55-9

29-677

, . 7-11

43-1

40-4

30-389

,, 15-19

57-6

54-9

29-668

, . 12-16

49-3

46-3

30-317

, , 20-24

56-2

52-0

30-022

, , 17-21

48-4

45-6

29-736

, , 25-29

56-9

541

29-878

, , 22-26

47-0

44-3

29-703

, , 27-31

46-7

43-6

29-517

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

397

Table V. — Five day Means of tlie Dry and Wet Thermometers
and Barometer, from the continuous Kecords at Valencia Ob-
servatory, for the Year 1870.

Fivk-dav Periods.

Thermoheter.

Baro-

meter.

Thermometer.

Baro-

meter.

Dry.

Wet,

Dry.

Wet.

Jan. 1- 5

45' 0

43-0

29-448

1 June 30- 4

57-4

549

30 010

, , 6-10

45-7

42-9

29-483

1 July 5- 9

591

57-2

29-913

,, 11-15

46'8

44-3

29-708

10-14

59-3

57-0

29-835

, , 16-20

45-4

43-5

30-421

, , 15-19

59-7

58-0

30-065

, , 21-25

37-4

34-5

30-456

, , 20-24

65-8

62-4

30-037

, , 26-30

45-4

42 3

29-656

, , 25-29

62-4

58-9

30-185

, , 30-3

62-0

58-9

29-853

Feb. 31- 4

45-4

43-0

29-408

,, 5-9

43-7

41-4

29-464

Aug. 4- 8

610

58-3

29-745

, , 10-14

34-6

31-0

30-273

, , 9-13

64-4

60-6

30-236

, , 15-19

38-5

35-0

30-139

,, 14-18

62-9

57-7

30-075

, , 20-24

44-6

41-8

29-804

, , 19-23

61-4

57-3

30-091

, , 24-28

60-5

55-9

29-974

March 25- 1

44-4

42-2

29-244

, , 29-2

57-5

53-4

29-870

,, 2- 6

40-5

37-3

30-000

, , 7-11

44-6

41-5

30-251

Sept. 3- 7

56-6

52-9

29-498

, , 12-16

46-5

44-5

29-688

, , 8-12

56-4

52-9

29-830

17-21

50-3

48-6

30 276

. , 13-17

60-2

58-2

30-229

, , 22-26

43-0

40-6

30-049

, . 18-22

61-6

57-8

30-171

, , 27-31

49-1

47-2

30-329

, , 23-27

59-1

57-1

30-198

, , 28-2

57-9

54-7

30-352

April 1- 5

48-6

45-5

30-280

, , 6-10

48-0

44-9

29-764

Oct. 3- 7

59-0

55-4

29-954

, , 11-15

49-9

48-5

30-227

, , 8-12

51-6*

— t

29-377

, , 16-20

52-3

49-2

29-953

, , 13-17

52-7

49-7

29-621

, , 21-25

50-7

48-0

30-260

, , 18-22

52-7

49-7

29-501

,, .26-30

48-7

46-0

30-191

, , 23-27

50-5

46-5

29-485

, . 28-1

52-7

50-6

30-049

May 1- 5

48-4

45-2

30-245

, , 6-10

51-6

49-3

30-011

Nov. 2- 6

50-5

48-6

30-397

,, 11-15

50-4

47-8

29-389

, , 7-11

44-4

41-3

29-923

, , 16-20

541

52-6

29-951

, , 12-16

43-4

40-6

29-447

, , 21-25

54-0

51-4

30-288

, , 17-21

43-9

41-6

29-301

, , 26-30

55-6

52-2

29-854

, , 22-26

45-7

43-9

29-278

, , 27-21

49-3

46-9

30-127

June 31- 4

57-0

55-1

30-055

5-9

60-5

57-8

30-334

Dec. 2- 6

43-4

40-2

30-360

, , 10-14

56-9

54-6

30-020

, . 7-11

39-2

36-5

29-695

, , 15-19

57-4

55- 1

30-011

, , 12-16

44-7

42-7

29-352

, , 20-24

57-7

54-4

30-324

, , 17-21

44-8

42-8

29-936

, , 25-29

56-4

53-3

30-243

, , 22-26

35-9

33-2

29-748

, , 27-31

35-9

33-6

30-170

* Curve indistinct on 9th and lOth.
t Two days deficient; probable mean of 5 days, 48'6.

308 On Climate and the Supply of Labour

Table VI. — Mean Monthly Eesults from the continuous Eecokds

Months.

Temperatohe.

Mean

Fahr.

Date.

VTaximum.

Date.

Minimum.

Year 18C9.

Day. Hour.

Day.

If our.

January

47-7

53-7

37-0

February

48-8

54-6

39-1

March

44-6

53-4

34-4

April

51-9

69-6

37-4

May

51-4

63-4

40-1

■June

56-8

74-3

45-8

July

61-4

77-9

50-7

August

59-9

82-3

47-1

September

57-2

68-4

45-G

October

54- 1

73-4

42-4

November

50-1

57-4

35-7

December

43-9

55-0

27-7

Annual

52-3

••

Year 1870.

January

44-3

53-2

31-3

February

41-7

52-3

30-3

March

45G

57-6

J22
1 4

IGT

17/

34-4

April

49-7

61-5

37-8

May

52-4

65-6

40-7

June

57-7

73-5

49-0

July

GO-9

79-6

51-2

August

61-G

77-6

46-2

September

58- G

71-0

45-2

October

53-G

68-3

39-0

November

4G-.5

56-5

33-8

December

40-8

52-7

27-2

Annual

Year 1871.

January

43- 1

51-3

31-4

February

47-9

52-9

37-0

March

47-7

64-2

34-3

April

50-7

58-7

40-0

May

551

72-9

42-3

.Tune

57-5

69-4

46-3

July

58-4

66-7

50-3

August

GO-5

71-2

51-0

September

55-7

70-5

39-0

October

53-5

62-2

38-7

November

4G-7

58-1

33-8

December

45-1

54-5

30-4

as affecting Agriculture in Ireland.

399

at Valencia Observatory, for the Years 1869, 1870, and 1871.

Pressure.

Mean.

Date.

Maximum, j

Date.

i^Iean.

Vapour.

Dry Air.

Inches.

Day. Hour.

Inches.

Day. Hour.

Inches.

29-709

30-329

28-386

-274

29-435

29-893

30-462

29-007

-277

29-616

29-968

30-418

29-169

-222

29-746

29-927

30-258

29-282

-305

29-622

29-755

30-317

28-961

•291

29-464

30 • 136

30-413

29-527

•361

29-775

30-011

30-410

29-553

•441

29-570

30-193

30-530

29-640

-411

29-782

29-647

30-529

29-064

•374

29-273

30-107

30-580

29-343

•344

29-763

29-997

30-561

29-281

•299

29-698

29-777

30-563

28-821

•230

29-547

29-927

•319

29-608

29-852

30-543

28-541

-229

29-623

29-737

30-482

28-726

•207

29 -.530

30-078

30-472

29-301

•250

29-828

30-112

30-499

29-063

•281

29-831

29-951

11&21

30-453

28-743

•321

29-630

30-179

30-573

29-828

•395

29-784

29-997

30-329

29-689

•465

29-532

30-016

30-373

29-520

•420

29-596

29-989

30-465

29-114

•400

•29-589

29-684

30-416

28-795

•335

29-349

29-745

30-518

28-802

•257

29-488

29-869

30-483

28-540

•199

29-670

29-740

30-268

28-174

0-231

29-509

29-874

30-505

29-018

•289

29-585

29-919

30-562

28-922

•259

29-660

29-708

30-185

28-893

•299

29-409

30-084

: 20

30-390

29-594

•322

29-762

29-929

; 25

30-405

29-337

•371

29-558

29-782

! 17

30-194

29-450

•404

29-378

29-963

1 27

30-485

29-321

•434

29-529

29-852

! 13

30-316

28-931

•342

29-510

29-793

1 24

30-374

28-888

•335

29-358

29-955

! 30

30-402

29-532

•252

29-703

30-006

! 10

30-497

29-011

0-236

29-770

( 400 )

XV. — Illustrations of Irish Farming. Bj R. O. Pringle,
Editor of the ‘ Irish Farmers’ Gazette.’

In a previous paper in the Journal* I had occasion to enter into
details, which may be regarded as illustrating Irish farm manage-
ment under certain circumstances. Those details show, for the
most part, the defective points in Irish agriculture ; but the few
examples I now purpose to describe, illustrate a higher class of
farm management. The number of examples of this kind might
easily have been increased, but a few cases, taken from different
ranks of Irish agriculturists, not being proprietors, will be found
quite sufficient to serve the purpose I have in view, namely,
'of showing that “ what one man has done, another may do.”
The examples here given comprise the largest class of tillage
farms, the medium class, and also the smallest, or cottage-farm
class.

Before proceeding to describe the system of management
pursued on these farms, it is necessary to state that I have been
occasionally obliged to use Irish measures of land, and Irish
denominations of the measure or weight of grain. These local
denominations are confusing to those who are unaccustomed to
them. The Irish, or plantation acre, is equal to 1 acre, 2 roods,

19 perches imperial ; it is used in nearly all parts of Ireland.
The imperial, or statute acre, is also used in some districts, and
is the denomination adopted in all official documents. In most
parts of Ulster the Cunningham, or Scotch acre, is used. The
Cunningham acre contains 5760 square yards, and is, therefore,
nearly midway between the statute acre and the Irish acre.

With regard to measures of corn weight there is also diversity.
In the north of Ireland, and in some other parts of the country,
corn is bought and sold by the imperial stone of 14 lbs. ; the
cwt., 112 lbs. ; or the ton, of 20 cwt., according to Act of
Parliament ; but in the Dublin market, and the central districts
generally, the “ barrel ” is still used, although illegal. But the
confusion is rendered still worse by the fact that a “ barrel ” of
one kind of grain may not mean a “ barrel ” of another. Thus,

20 stone, 280 lbs., is a barrel of wheat, rye, beans, peas, and
potatoes ; but 16 stone, 224 lbs., is a barrel of barley or rape
seed ; and 14 stone, 196 lbs., is a barrel of oats. Some years
ago Government was importuned to take steps in order to render
all weights and measures used in Ireland uniform, and to abolish
certain illegal practices which had crept into the dealings of
buyers with sellers, consisting chiefly of arbitrary deductions

* Second Series, vol. viii., Part I., No. XY.

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

401

from actual weight, &c. After several unsuccessful attempts, a
“ Weights and Measures (Ireland) Amendment Act,” was passed
on the 7th of August, 1862, which enacted that every kind of
farm produce was, after the 1st of January, 1863, to be bought
and sold by the imperial standard ounce, pound, stone, quarter
hundred, half hundred, hundredweight, or ton. Certain penalties
were fixed to be imposed in the event of any infringement of the
Act. For some time the provisions of the Act were observed,
but in the course of the month of August, 1863, the Directors of
the Corn Exchange in Dublin put up a notice virtually setting
aside the Act, and ever since that time it has been a dead letter ;
so much so, in fact, that many persons seem unaware that such
an Act is in existence, and that they lay themselves open to
fines each time they buy, sell, or quote grain by the barrel.
This circumstance has been repeatedly taken notice of in Irish
agricultural journals, but the authorities have never taken any
steps to enforce the Act.

Cloona Castle Faem, County Mayo.

The farm of Cloona Castle, or, to use the original Irish name,
Cuil-na-gCaisol, is situated near the town of Ballinrobe, barony
of Kilmaine, county of Mayo. It is placed in the centre of that
part of Ireland which has the greatest rainfall, and but a short
distance from the mountains of Connemara, and Loughs Corrib
and Mask.

Properly speaking, there are two farms, Cloona Castle and
Gallows Hill, but they adjoin each other, without any other
place intervening ; are worked together, as regards rotation and
stock ; and constitute, therefore, to all intents, but one farm. It
is held by Mr. James Simson, a native of Roxburghshire, who
entered upon it in October, 1855, on a lease for twenty-five
years, at an annual rent of 20s. per imperial acre. The farm
consists of 2200 acres, statute, 1800 acres being good arable
land, and the rest bottom land, or cut-away bog. The soil of
the district is on limestone, either rock or gravel. Cloona Castle
forms part of the estates belonging to the Earl of Lucan.
Previous to the famine of 1846-47, the land had been covered
with a swarm of pauper tenants and cotters, amongst whom great
wretchedness prevailed even before the pressure of the famine
years, and the miserable condition of the people was of course
rendered still worse by that great calamity. Constant burning
of the surface, and over-cropping, had thoroughly exhausted the
soil. The nominal rent, which was not half the present rent,
was not paid, and the landlord had besides to pay annually 4007.
to 500/. as poor-rates. Lord Lucan bought out some of the

402

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

occupiers, who mostly emigrated, or became labourers, while not
n, few succumbed, as in other parts of the country, to the com-
bined effects of hunger and pestilence. To permit people to
struggle on in such a hopeless state was not a kindness to them,
nor was it conducive to the general welfare of the community.
As soon as Lord Lucan got the land into his own possession,
he commenced operations to put it into shape, for the purpose
■of letting it as one farm. Farm offices of a substantial nature
were built, stone fences erected, dividing the farm for the most
part into fields of 30 acres, and the land was also partly drained,
and brought to some extent into a regular system of cropping ;
the cost of Lord Lucan’s improvements being over 10,000/.

. At the time when Mr. Simson took the farm, the nearest
railway station was over 30 miles distant, but the Irish Great
Northern and Western Railway has since been opened, so that
the distance from the nearest station, Claremorris, is about
8 miles. This has proved a great accommodation to the farm
in sending live-stock and other kinds of produce to market.

Of the 1800 acres of arable land, 300 are kept in permanent
grass, as pasture for sheep. The remaining 1500 acres are
cultivated under a rotation. The breadth under turnips is
usually about 220 acres, and of grain crops about 400 acres. The
grass break of the rotation extends over two years, or even over
three years if possible. Turnips are frequently grown as the first
crop after lea, even old pasture, when such has been broken up,
and Mr. Simpson prefers this plan to the usual mode of taking
oats after lea, followed by turnips. In preparing the lea for
turnips, the first thing done is to skim plough 3 inches deep in
December, and following each skimming plough is another
which turns a furrow 9 or 10 inches deep over the first. This
buries the grassy sod, which rots in the bottom, supplying after-
wards a large amount of plant-food, while the surface becomes
“ like an onion-bed ” in spring, easily w orked and easily cleaned.
Mr. Simson has found that in working the land in spring for
turnips, if he harrows the land immediately after cross-ploughing
without an interval between the operations, he is sure to have
wire-worm, but if he allows the land to lie untouched for the
space of a week or ten days after cross-ploughing, before putting
the harrows to work, he is free from insects, and the land also
works more kindly. The turnip crop in all cases is well manured
with dung and artificial manures — guano and bone manure.
Sowing swedes begins about the 20th of April. They are grown
in 28-inch drills (ridges), and are thinned out at 14 inches
apart, yellow turnips at 12 inches, and later sown at 10 inches.
The crop is partly consumed by sheep netted on the ground.
When turnips follow lea, the next crop is wheat, with which

Illustrations of L-ish Farming.

403

grass seeds are sown. This is a short rotation, but it puts the
land into great heart. In other cases the rotation is oats after
lea, turnips, &c., barley or oats followed by two or three years
pasture. That part of the turnip crop reserved for cattle is stored
during December, in large triangular heaps covered with straw
at the farmsteads. In 1871, Mr. Simson grew some sugar beet
with the intention of trying its value as food for fattening
cattle. The crop was very satisfactory as to weight, and the
roots were evidently full of saccharine matter. They kept re-
markably well into spring, and were found to answer well for
fattening.

The variety of wheat grown at Cloona Castle is Grace’s
Champion. The average yield is 1 ton, or say 36 bushels per
statute acre, the weight per bushel being usually from 62 lbs. to
64 lbs. Mr. Simson’s wheat is much liked by the millers who
have been in the habit of getting it, and invariably commands
the highest price going at the time, the quality being very fine.
Oats and barley also generally yield each about a ton per acre.
Black or speckled oats succeed better than the white varieties.
The oats weigh 42 lbs., and the barley 56 to 58 lbs. per bushel.
The cereal produce is, therefore, somewhat under that of high-
farmed land in Scotland or England, and this may be owing
partly to a want of sunshine, but a hot bright sun is injurious
to grain grown on limestone soils, as the crops ripen too rapidly
under such circumstances. On the other hand, the turnip crop
benefits by the want of bright sunshine, and more than com-
•^ensates for the comparative inferiority of yield in the cereals ;
for the produce of an acre of turnips in Ireland, when properly
cultivated, is heavier than in Great Britain, the turnip crop on
Mr. Simson’s farm being generally from 35 to 40 tons an acre.
I may mention, in connection with this point, that Mr. Simson
has won two cups in “ All Ireland Competitions ” for the best
turnips; one being a 50/. cup or first prize, and the other -a
40/. cup, representing second prize for the best 10 acres of
swedes. Mr. Simson considers that to grow a heavy crop of
turnips on such land as he occupies, the crop should not come
oftener than once in six or seven years.

The grass seeds used by Mr. Simson are, per statute acre, 3 lbs.
Alsike clover, 2 lbs. red clover, 2 lbs. yellow clover, 2 lbs. white
clover, 1 lb. of cow-grass, 4 lbs. timothy, 4 lbs. cocksfoot, with
sufficient quantities of perennial and Italian rye-grass.

The farm presents a complete illustration of that system of
combined tillage farming with stock rearing and feeding, which
it is so desirable should be extended in Ireland. The inter-
mixture of corn, cattle, and sheep makes the yearly returns very

VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 E

404

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

equal, as any decrease in the value of one class of produce is
usually made up by a rise on others.

The objections generally urged against this system are that
labourers are not to be had when required, and that when pro-
cured their wages run so high that employment of labour in farm
work becomes too expensive to admit of tillage farming being
remunerative. Mr. Simson, however, finds no difficulty whatever
arising from such causes. Although he is now paying his
labourers of all kinds fully 75 to 80 per cent, higher wages than
he did when he became tenant of the farm, yet his labour account
at the end of the year is not heavier now than it was during the
early years of his occupancy. The labour bill at Cloona Castle
has been about 1200/. a year for the last 17 years, or say 2/. an
acre on each acre under root and cereal crops. Mr. Simson
keeps a number of persons in employment as extra labourers,
at draining and other kinds of work, and these come in to help
at a pinch. Their wages, with constant employment, when
engaged in day-labour, are Is. per day ; when engaged in draining
they are paid by measurement. The ploughmen have from 11s.
to 14s. a week, according to experience, foremen ploughmen
getting more; day labourers get 8s. to 9s. per week. Women
constantly employed on the farm, wet and dry, get 8c/. per day
in summer, and Id. in winter, and some have in addition, free
houses, 1000 yards of potatoes planted for them, and liberty to
cut as much turf for fuel as they please, which is carted home to
them from the bog. The ploughmen are engaged by the year,
but the engagement may terminate with a month’s notice on
either side. They seldom change, and there are men now
working on the farm as ploughmen and in other capacities, who
entered into Mr. Simson’s employment 17 years ago.

The causes which have operated in keeping the labour bill
steady as to the total amount, notwithstanding a rise of 75 or 80
per cent, in wages, have been, in the first place, the steadiness of
the people, and next, the extended use of field machinery, more
especially mowing and reaping machines. Of these Mr. Simson
uses four of Samuelson’s self-delivery reapers, one Samuelson’s
combined machine, and one of Wood’s machines. In 1870 he
harvested 400 acres of corn, having the crop safe in the stack-
yard in 23 days from beginning harvest; and in 1871, although
interrupted by broken weather at fix'st, the crop of fully 400 acres
was all safe in the yard within a month after commencing
operations. Last year, notwithstanding the very unfavourable
nature of the weather during harvest, the crops on Mr. Simson’s
farms were all cut and carried within 35 days from the com-
mencement of harvest operations. All this was effected without

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

405

having to call in much extra labour beyond the regular hands on
the farm, a few women to lift after the machines being the only
extra persons employed. There is no doubt that but for the
reaping machines it would have been difficult, indeed almost
impossible, to have harvested the crops so expeditiously, as
formerly fully 400 persons used to be employed each harvest in
reaping, &c. ; but they are not to be had now, even if it were
desirable that reaping should be done by manual labour.

There is one point which deserves to be noticed as facilitating
harvesting, as well as other kinds of farm labour in the district
in which Cloona Castle is situated. The rainfall, as ascertained
by Mr. Simson’s rain-gauge, averages from 36 to 38 inches in
each year ; * but the air possesses a strong drying power, so that
it has frequently been the case that about 4 hours drought —
caused by a current of warm air direct from the south-west —
has been sufficient to dry sheaves of wheat so as to admit of their
being carried, although previously drenched with wet. This
warm current of air is a result of the Gulf stream which touches
the western coast of Connaught.

Live stock forms a main feature in Mr. Simson’s system of
farm management. The working horses were, until lately, all
of the Clydesdale breed, imported from Scotland — good, short-
legged, active animals, and capable of going through much hard
work. Of late years Mr. Simson has been putting his Clydes-
dale mares to a superior Suffolk Punch stallion, imported by
Lord Lucan, for the use of his tenants, and the cross has
“ nicked ” remarkably well in all respects. The working staff
consists of 26 horses, besides 11 which are either young horses
rearing, or saddle and harness horses.

The sheep-flock consists chiefly of Border Leicesters, kept up
by importations of rams from Kelso. Some well selected
Roscommon ewes have occasionally been added to the breeding
flock, but these were put to Border Leicester rams. In this way
additional size was obtained, while the cross is found superior
in quality to their dams.

The flock consists of 1000 breeding ewes with their produce,
and 40 to 50 rams. The small lambs are sold when weaned,
and the rest .carried on as will be described. Over 1000 sheep
are sold annually off the farm.

The rams are put to the ewes about the 10th of October in
each year. The ewes get turnips, one cart-load to the 100 being
laid down for them on the grass from the 1st of January until
the lambing season commences, after which the quantity of

* The rainfall from 1st January, 1872, to 1st January, 1873, was 52j«g inches, or
fully 15 inches over the average.

2 E 2

406 Illustrations of Irish Farming.

turnips is increased ; 300 tons being always stored specially for
their use. Last winter, owing to the exceedingly wet and un-
favourable nature of the season, as well as of the previous,
summer and autumn, Mr. Simson considered it necessary to
improve the feeding of his breeding ewes. This he did by
allowing each sheep ^ lb. of bran, mixed with 1 lb. of oats,,
beginning about the 15th of January, and continuing until the
10th of March, and the result was that he had only four deaths
among 1000 sheep. The lambing season was also very suc-
cessful, 1000 ewes having produced 1400 lambs. When the
ewes, which are run thinly over the pastures during winter, begin
to drop their lambs, those which are nearest yeaning are kept in
a -large field during the daytime, and brought into a smaller
enclosure of five acres at night. This field is provided with small
paddocks, into which the lambs dropped during the night are put
with their dams. There is also a hut, with fire-place, &c., in
the field, for the shepherd who attends to the flock throughout the
night. The ewes and lambs are turned into first year’s grass
until the milk comes freely on the ewes, after which they are
changed to older pasture, with the exception of ewes that have
twins, which are not removed from the young grass. Mr. Simson
finds that eating down the young grass early in this way, even so
late as the beginning of May, does not prevent him having an,
early and good crop of hay, from such of his fields as he may
afterwards shut up for mowing. If required, he topdresses, after
the ewes and lambs have been removed, with guano at the rate of
one cwt. per acre, which gives a large return.

The lambs are branded when turned out from the lambing-field,
the tups on the left rib, and the ewe lambs on the left buttock.
This simplifies matters when the tup lambs are taken up
to be castrated, which is done when they are about a month
old. The tails of all the lambs are cut at about the same
time, leaving them a hand-breadth in length. The great
advantage of feeding the ewes well before and after yeaning is,
that the lambs are strong, and thrive well afterwards, so that
there is none of that tendency to scour and weakness which is
prevalent where ewes and lambs are poorly nourished.

The fattening and most of the other dry sheep are washed in
a clear running stream, shorn about the 1st of May, and the
ewes and ewe hoggs a month later. The lambs are dipped with
Biggs’ dip, a few days after the ewes are shorn, to keep off mag-
gots, and all the flock is dipped in October with McDougall’s
dip, chiefly to destroy and prevent ticks, as no cases of
scab occur, the fences being sufficient to keep strange sheep from
getting in. The reason Avhy Biggs’ dip is used in the first
instance is, that it is more effective than any other in preventing

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

407

maggots during summer. The dipping-place is constructed in
an excavation or tank lined with brickwork. The size is 8 feet
long, 22 inches wide, and 3 feet deep. A sloping ladder of
brickwork, set on edge, enables the sheep to pass into the drip-
ping place, the dimensions of which are 16 feet bj 9 feet ; it is
paved with Malbay (Co. Clare) flags, and slightly sloped in the
bottom, which allows the drippings to run back into the tank,
and thus prevents waste of material. This tank cost about 3Z.

The lambs are weaned about the 12th of July, and after being
branded with the stock brand, are put on second year’s pasture,
or even older grass, avoiding first year’s grass, which appears to
bring on worms in the bronchial tubes and scour. Such, at
least, has been Mr. Simson’s experience. He has invariably
noticed that his lambs are affected with worms in the bronchial
tubes when they have been weaned, and kept after being weaned,
on young grass, whereas they are always free from the disease
when weaned on older pasture. The pasture, however, is fre-
quently changed, and the lambs are seldom allowed to remain in
one field longer than a fortnight at a time ; and I may remark
that the importance of this point in the management of sheep,
especially of weaned lambs, does not appear to be understood or
appreciated by many Irish breeders of sheep. I have seen lambs
kept for several months in one field, without ever having been
shifted even for a day into another field.

In autumn, out of 500 ewe lambs, 350 are selected to be
retained for keeping up the breeding-flock. This selection
keeps the breeding-flock even, and preserves a strong family
likeness throughout. These get turnips and hay until the 1st of
March, by which time the pastures are sufficiently forward to
maintain them. The draughted, or “cull” ewe lambs are sold.
Part of the ewes which are four years old are sold to graziers
in Leinster, &c., for the purpose of producing a “ crop ” of
market lambs for butchers, and the rest of the draughted ewes,
together with the wedder lambs and other draughted sheep, are
prepared for the winter course of feeding on turnips by first netting
them on cabbage. Of this crop Mr. Simson grows every year
from eight to ten acres ; the variety being the Drumhead. The
plants are put down in April, on a good allowance of farmyard
dung, and are topdressed with guano and superphosphate after
they begin fairly to grow. In this way heavy crops are pro-
duced, which prove an excellent preparation for turnip-feeding.
The sheep are folded by means of nets on the crop, and get hay
in moveable racks. The cabbages are very nutritious, and do
not scour the sheep. When on turnips, those sheep which are
being pushed forward get each one pound a day of a mixture of
linseed-cake and crushed oats and barley, also hay at will. If

408

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

the weather proves rainy, so that the land becomes soft, the sheep
are removed to a grassfield, where they get turnips, a supply of
which had previously been stored to meet a contingency of this
kind. Those which are not finished on turnips are carried on
during summer and autumn on grass, but all are cleared off
before next Christmas. The average weight of the sheep is
20 lbs. a quarter ; and the average weight of fleece of ewes and
hoggs 6^ lbs. The wool is sent to a firm of wool-brokers at
Leith, in Scotland, and brings usually the highest price, beating
the best wool grown in Berwickshire. I need scarcely say that
owing to the manner in which the flock at Cloona Castle is
treated the per-centage of deaths is very small.

-The cattle kept by Mr. Simson are short-horn crosses, mostly
purchased in the fairs held in Co. Mayo. Some of them show
evident traces of their descent from the old Longhorn blood.
They are large beasts, with thick, sappy hides, and fatten readily,
weighing 8 and 9 cwt. of beef when to 4 years old. Mr.
Simpson also keeps a well-bred short-horn bull ; and a number
of calves, generally about twenty, got by him, are reared annually.

I may state that Mr. Simson prefers a white bull, if he is
thoroughly well bred, finding that a bull of that colour is more
apt to get roan calves than a bull of a more fashionable colour.

The system which Mr. Simson pursues with regard to the
bulk of the cattle kept on his farm is to buy 100 two and a half
years-old bullocks in October. These are run on coarse bottom
pastures until February, and then take the place of the fat stock
that have gone out to market. They get, when in the houses or
boxes, 3 lbs. each daily of a mixture of oats and barley bruised,
and plenty of oat straw. No turnips are given to them, and
they are run out during the day on the bottom lands. About
the beginning of May they are turned out altogether, their
pasture continuing to be the coarse bottom lands, and on these
they remain until the middle of October, when they are put up
to fatten in houses and boxes. They are then fed twice each day
on turnips, the feeding-hours being 5.30 A.M. and 2 P.M. Be-
tween these two feeds each animal gets on the average 11 stone
of turnips. At 11 A.M. they get a ration of mixed food, con-
sisting of 1 lb. of crushed cake and 2 lbs. of crushed oats, barley,
and light wheat. After a time the proportion of cake is in-
creased to 3 lbs. per head. A little hay is given for the first six
weeks or two months, as they eat greedily at first of the turnips,
and the hay serves as a corrective. They get plenty of oat straw
and wheat straw at all times.

The fat cattle begin to go out to market about the middle of
January, and from that time until the middle of March. As
they go out they are replaced by the store bullocks, 100 of which

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

401)

had been bought in October, as already mentioned. The calves
reared on the farm are well fed from the first, and are sold out
fat when 2^ years old ; the liberal way in which they are reared,
as well as their improved breeding being in their favour. The
purchased bullocks pay 20s. a month from the time they are
bought until they leave the farm fat ; that is, altogether, a return
of 15/. to 16/. each for their keep, and with this Mr. Simson is
quite satisfied. He does not, however, attach so much value to
cattle as farm-stock as he does to sheep, which he finds more
profitable; but the cattle utilise the straw, and make- a large
quantity of manure.

Stall-fed cattle have sometimes insects upon them, which
gather along the back and about the tail. To prevent this, the
fattening cattle which are tied up are curried once every day ;
and in the event of any insects appearing, the parts most liable
to be affected are dressed with the ordinary sheep dressing, which
consists of a mixture of tobacco water, spirit of tar, and soft
soap.

The accommodation for the fattening bullocks consists both of
cattle-houses (byres) and boxes. There are two of the former,
which accommodate fifty bullocks between them. A man at-
tends each byre, and feeds and curries the cattle. The cattle
have the turnips cut for them, which is done by means of the
ordinary hand-slicer as required ; this keeps the turnips fresh,
and avoids loss of the natural moisture of the roots.

There are 45 double boxes, under a continued line of roofed
sheds. The back wall is built close up to the wall-plate, but
the front is open, and the under portion sparred. The boxes
are separated by partition walls, which, with the back wall, are
all built of plain masonry ; and the size of each box is 18 feet
by 14 feet. These double boxes are divided by moveable sparred
partitions, so that each animal stands by itself, although there
are two in the box. A trough for turnips is placed at the front
of the box, and there is another trough at the back to hold
meal and cake. The boxes are sunk 2 feet below the level of
the ground, and are emptied every third month, so that the
animals are only disturbed once during the period they occupy
the boxes. Fresh straw is supplied as litter every day, the dung
is firmly tramped down, and there is not the slightest smell
from it. The plan adopted in constructing these boxes secures
both Avarmth and abundance of fresh air, and the cattle thrive
well in them.

Swine do not form a leading feature among the live-stock
kept at Cloona Castle. Those which are kept, however, are
Berkshires, direct from Lord Clermont’s styes.

It will be observed that Mr. Simson sends to market a laiffe

410

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

proportion of the cereal crops grown on his farm, in the shape
of beef, mutton, and wool. Besides home-grown food, he pur-
chases annually about 300/. worth of linseed cake, while his *
outlay for artificial manures reaches fully 800/. per annum.

Among the manures are 40 tons of rough bones from South
America, and as large a quantity as he can procure from persons
who go about the country gatliering bones. The bones are
broken down, and dissolved partially with sulphuric acid. The
effect of bone dressings on the crops at Cloona Castle, Mr. |

Simson describes as something wonderful ; and, therefore, while \

gradually going over the entire farm with bone-manure, he has
dressed some parts twice, and even thrice with it.

- The land in Mr. Simson’s occupation, as already intimated,
consists of two farms, namely, Cloona Castle and Gallows-
Hill farm ; but they are practically one farm. Lord Lucan had
put up steadings at each farm, of a plain, but substantial cha-
racter. The buildings erected by his Lordship were considered,
at the time, as likely to be amply sufficient ; but such has been
the effect of Mr. Simson’s system of management, that he has
Deen obliged to add 1200 feet of shedding (cattle boxes, &c.), at
his own expense, in order to .accommodate the cattle, and this ;

addition is barely adequate to accommodate all the stock. The
additional shedding is partly thatched, partly slated, and partly
covered with thin plates of iron, each row of plates overlapping
that which is under it, and this Mr. Simson considers the best
roof. Two 8-horse power fixed steam-engines — one at each
place — drive the barn machinery, cake and corn crushers, bone
mills, and timber-sawing machinery. The water obtained from
wells in the district being highly charged with lime, Mr. Simson
has every building spouted, and the rain water collected into
tanks. The engines are supplied from these tanks, and the rain
water so collected is also used for all household purposes, after
being first boiled, and then filtered through charcoal. By using
rain water incrustation in the inside of the boilers of the engines
is prevented. Turf is the fuel used to heat the engines. The ■

same methodical arrangement which is carried out in all depart-
ments of Mr. Simson’s farm management extends to the cart and
implement sheds. Each ploughman or carter has his own space j

allotted to him, where everything he requires is stored ; the •

good rule of “ a place for everything, and everything in its
place,” being a standing law at Cloona Castle. A forge and
carpenter’s shop are essential adjuncts, where so much requires
to be done, and the smith and carpenter have constant ,

emplovment. i

Mr. Simson has drained a large extent of land since he
became tenant of Cloona Castle, and he is still doing so, not- i

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

411

withstanding that his lease is drawing near its termination.
Tlie drains are 3^ to 4 feet in depth, and from 30 to 40 feet
apart, but in bog the distance apart ranges from 40 to 90 feet,
and 4 feet in depth. The minor drains are generally filled
15 inches deep, with broken stones ; in some cases pipes have
been used. Where the stream is strong the conduit is built
with stones, having an opening for the passage of the water,
12 inches in height, and 9 or 10 inches wide. The draining is
done by piece-work ; cutting has cost 6c?. per Irish perch of 21
feet, and the stones are broken and filled in for another 6c?. per
perch. In laying off a field for draining Mr. Simson follows a
plan — devised by him a number of years ago — to find the true
fall of the field, by means of which the bottom of each drain is
kept on a level with the one parallel, and clears inequalities
more satisfactorily than by the usual mode of adopting an
ordinary furrow as the line of drain. By this plan the level is
first taken about midway down and across the face of the
declivity, and having got that level a furrow is drawn to mark
it. The drains are then set off at right angles to this furrow, at
such distances apart as may be considered desirable. In some
fields more than one dead level will require to be taken. Those
to whom Mr. Simson has communicated this method of laying
off drains have found it very satisfactory, as it is almost impos-
sible to do so correctly by the eye, or by taking the ordinary
furrow as a guide.

On the Cloona Castle division of the farm there is a fair
extent of plantations, mostly old timber, which gives a warm
appearance to the place ; but there are a thousand acres at
Gallows Hill which an American would call a splendid clearing,
for there is not a single plant upon the whole extent in the
shape of a forest tree. This is certainly a great defect, more
■especially as that division lies high and exposed ; and 100 acres
at least might be planted with great advantage to the farm.

Another improvement much required on Mr. Simson’s farms
is cottage accommodation for labourers. It is a matter of neces-
sity that the persons required for the labours of a farm be resi-
dent in cottages on the lands, so as to be near their work. The
families of these labourers would also form a reserve from
whence hands could be provided, either for every day matters or
in busy seasons. When the labourers employed on a farm are,
as is mostly the case in Ireland, holders themselves of small
farms, they and their families cannot be depended upon at all
times, as their own concerns require frequently to be looked
after.

Besides the farms of Cloona Castle and Gallows Hill,
Mr. Simson now holds the farm of Kilrush, on the estate oi

412

Illustrations of Irish Farming,

T. S. Lindsay, Esq., of Hollymount. Mr. Simson managed this
farm, which is about three miles from Cloona Castle, for several
years, on behalf of the representatives of the late Mr. Laurie,
but the lease has recently been renewed in favour of Mr. Simson.
It consists of 480 acres of good arable land, and is managed in
precisely the same way as Mr. Simson’s other farms. A large
steading was erected at Kilrush several years ago, but Mr.
Simson has been obliged to add to it in order to accommodate
his fattening stock during winter. From 60 to 70 heavy
bullocks are fattened during the winter season, and the stock of
sheep consists of 300 breeding ewes and their produce, which are
fed off as hoggets.

In concluding this account of Mr. Simson’s system of farm
management, I would observe that it affords the best possible
proof of the correctness of the views I put forward in my
previous paper already quoted, with reference to the means best
calculated to develop the food-producing capabilities of a large
proportion of the soils of Ireland ; and there is no room to doubt
that an extension of the system would add materially to the
wealth and prosperity of the country. It will be well for
Ireland when all classes of farmers in the country learn to look
upon their farms as the best and safest bank of deposit for their
capital, whether that capital consists of cash or of their own
industry.

Trynanny, County of Monaghan.

The farm of Trynanny, occupied by Mr. David Patton, is
situated on the Leslie Castle estate, near the village of Glass-
lough, a station on the Ulster Railway. It consists of 80 Irish
acres, or 129^ imperial acres. Mr. Patton is a tenant at will ;
but enjoys the usual Ulster custom of tenant-right. He has
been in occupation of the farm, or most part of it, for 15 years,
and what now constitutes the farm was held, prior to his occu-
pation, in four different lots, the tenant-right of which he
purchased at fully 9/. an Irish acre. The rent is 25s. an Irish
acre, or 155. 5d. an imperial acre ; to which the interest on the
money expended in purchasing the tenant right should be added,
and at 5 per cent., this would make the rent 345. an Irish acre,
or 2I5. an acre imperial. It may be remarked that the rents on
Mr. Leslie’s property in that part of Monaghan, run from 125. 4d.
to 185. 6d. an imperial acre, which is lower than the rates
current on some estates in the same neighbourhood, the rents in
such cases, running up to 245. 8d. per imperial acre. Most of the
farms in the neighbourhood are held at will.

The soil of Mr. Patton’s farm is chiefly a good medium loam.

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

413

The fields have been all squared, and' divided by well kept
ground hedges or wire fences. They are now generally from 8
to 10 imperial acres in extent, but under the old system they did
not exceed 2 or 3 acres, and the great earthen banks and hedges
which constituted the fences at that time, took up a large extent
of ground, which is now added to the farm by the removal of
the old obstructions. Until recently, Mr. Patton followed a
five-shift course, that is, the usual four-years’ course extended by
one year in pasture ; but, latterly, he has adopted a six-years’
course, viz. : — (1) oats, (2) roots, (3) wheat, and partly oats,
with grass-seeds ; (4) hay, (5 and 6) pasture. A little variation
occurs in this rotation, as he grows beans to a small extent,
also both winter and summer vetches, usually after wheat, or any
other part of the rotation he may consider most suitable at the
time. About 13 tons of bone manure and guano are used on
the farm annually, besides the large quantity of farmyard manure
which Mr. Patton’s system of farming allows to be made. Bone
manure is applied to the vetches, as farmyard dung is found to
be too strong, and causes waste of the crop. One part of the
farm, consisting of about 20 imperial acres, being rather steep,
and also inferior soil, has been laid down in grass for a time,
but it will soon require to be broken up.

Mr. Patton was for many years a regular grower of flax, and
his specimens of scutched flax were always certain to obtain a
prize when exhibited at the shows of either the Royal Agricul-
tural Society of Ireland, or of the Royal Dublin Society. He
grew the flax crop after wheat, making the fourth year of half
the break, grass seeds being sown with the flax, and as in the
next rotation the flax was grown on the other half, it follows that
flax was repeated on the same piece of land only once in 10
years. At present he has given up growing flax, from the
uncertainty which has of late years attended the cultivation of
the crop in its early stages. When he did grow flax the yield
obtained by him was generally about 40 stones of scutched flax
to the Irish acre — say about 25 stones per imperial acre^ — and the
price ran from 13s. to 14s. per stone. Mr. Patton occasionally
saved the seed of part of his crop for sowing, but found that it
was not to be depended upon, the produce being sometimes as
good as that of the foreign seed, while at other times it was
much inferior.

Flax is a ticklish crop ; not to grow, perhaps, in ordinary
years, but to handle ; and the fact that it must be brought to
market in a partially manufactured state, that is, scutched,
demands the greatest care and caution on the part of the grower
throughout the different preparatory stages. The yield and
price will be affected by the stage of growth which the plant

414 Illustrations of Irish Farming.

has reached when it is pulled ; the length of time it remains in
the “ steep-hole,” the temperature, and colour or nature of the
water, &c. ; and ignorance of, or inattention to any material
point, will result in the price of the scutched flax being reduced
by Is. to 2s. per stone, which is a serious matter when the
acreable produce is considered. Farmers in the district about
<jllasslough are not growing so much flax now as they used to
<lo, which arises partly from a feeling that the land has been
overflaxed, and partly owing to the harsh, dry weather which has
prevailed for some years past in spring and the early part of
summer. This is supposed, and with justice, to encourage the
development of the “ flax-fly,” an insect of much the same kind
as the turnip-fly, which has proved very destructive, in some
years, to the flax crop in Ulster.

Mr. Patton drills all his wheat 10 to 12 inches apart, which
practice gives him a heavy sound crop, the land being clean and
in high condition. Seed oats are also drilled, except when sown
on lea. The produce of the wheat crop is usually 40 cwt.
per Irish acre, the general average of the district being from
25 cwt. to 30 cwt. Mr. Patton has had 50 cwt. of oats off the
Irish acre, the current yield of the district being from 30 cwt.
to 35 cwt. Mr. Patton has grown the winter dun oat, a variety
much cultivated in some of the south-eastern counties of Ireland ;
but although it yielded fairly, he has given it up, as the crop
was very apt to be destroyed by wood-pigeons. Swedes and
other turnips, also mangolds, are grown in drills (ridges)
30 inches apart and wide thinned. These crops are manured
with farmyard dung at the rate of 20 to 25 tons, per imperial acre,
assisted with bone manure and guano, say 3 cwt. per imperial
acre. The weight of swedes has reached 64 tons per Irish
acre, say 40 tons per imperial acre. All roots are taken up
during November and the early part of December and stored in
heaps, which are thatched with straw. The heaps are made in
the rickyard, to be convenient to the houses.

About 16 imperial acres of run-out bog, that is, bog-land
from which most of the peat has been cut away for fuel, have
been added to the farm. It is usual that land of this description
is given rent-free for some years, in order to be reclaimed.
Mr. Patton has been growing potatoes and long red mangolds on
part of the bog, and has a portion of it in grass, while the
remainder, the last added, has been levelled and prepared for
cultivation.

It has been intimated that Mr. Patton exhibited flax on many
occasions with success ; he has also been a regular and successful
■exhibitor of Ayrshire cattle, and of butter, and in fact has got
more prizes than he can enumerate from recollection. Among

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

415

others, he “won out” the “Ulster Challenge Cup,” given by
the North-east Association, which holds its annual shows at
Belfast, for the best cow exhibited in the Ayrshire, Polled, or
Devon classes, winning with Ayrshires, a breed which he has
specially cultivated for many years, importing for the purpose
from the herds of some of the best breeders of Ayrshires in Scot-
land. It may also be mentioned that for 12 years in succession,,
Mr. Patton’s farm was awarded the prize given for the best culti-
vated farm in the district.

Ten to twelve milch cows are kept at Try nanny. The calves
are all reared, unless when an Ayrshire cow has a bull calf,
which it is not considered desirable to rear as a bull. The
rejected calves are fed as veal, Ayrshire bullocks seldom growing
to satisfactory weights. A few of the cows are crosses, chiefly
of the Ayrshire and Shorthorn. These crosses are good milkers,
but Mr. Patton prefers the pure Ayrshire. One of the latter
belonging to him has produced as much as 17f lbs. of butter in
one week.

The summer stock of cattle, old and young, consists generally
of about 36 head ; and, previous to winter, from 16 to 20 bullocks
and heifers are bought in to be fattened. The cows are grazed
on the pasture during summer, and while on the grass they get
“ a drink,” which is composed of bean-meal, crushed oats, and
bran — 3^ lbs. to each cow — mixed with water. They have also
vetches, &c., at any time when in the house during summer and.
autumn. The “ drink ” has a very decided effect on the milk
and butter. During winter the cows get swedes or other turnips,
and mangolds, one feed of each daily, sliced but never boiled ;
also the “ drink ” when the cows are in milk. The turnip
flavour, which is usually so much complained of, is prevented
by putting some of the already soured old milk among the new
milk. This hastens the souring of the latter and prevents the
formation of the flavour, which is greatly caused by allowing the
milk to sour slowly. The whole milk is churned, as the butter
made from whole milk is considered to have a better colour and
flavour than butter produced by churning cream. The dairy is
commodious, and, I need scarcely say, is kept invariably sweet
and clean. It is heated in winter, when necessary, by a small
stove. The churn used is a plunge churn, by J. and T. Young,
of Ayr, and is driven by horse-power. Owing to Mr. Patton’s
success as an exhibitor of butter at the Irish shows, the butter
made at Trynanny, by Mrs. Patton and her daughter, is in great
request among private families in Dublin, Belfast, and Scotland,
so that they can scarcely supply enough to meet the wishes of
their customers. Mr. Patton reckons that milch cows return
from 14Z. to 16/. each per annum.

416

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

The calves are reared on milk, and some oatmeal gruel mixed
with it. The fattening cattle, after being in the house for some
time, get, in addition to a full supply of roots, from 5 lbs. to
G lbs. each of a mixture of bean-meal and crushed oats, be-
ginning with 2 lbs. of the mixture to each animal per day. At
first this is given in a dry state, but, by the month of March,
Mr. Patton damps the mixture with water, as he considers that
roots by that time have lost some of their sap. He does not use
cake, as he goes on the principle of using home-grown food,
instead of purchased feeding stuffs, believing that he finds the
best market for the produce of his farm, when he converts it at
home into beef, butter, and pork, and there are generally half a
score of pigs, crosses of Berkshire, feeding in the sties on the
refuse of the farm and dairy. The small farmers of the district
depend very much on their milch cows and pigs ; and large
pork markets are held weekly during the season in Armagh and
other towns. The pigs are killed at home, and the carcases
only are sold in the markets, from whence they are sent to
Belfast, where they are cured.

The buildings on Mr. Patton’s farm are very commodious,
and, including an excellent dwelling-house, have all been built
at the expense of the tenant. Owing to the sloping nature
of the ground access is given to the upper stories from the
outside at the back of the buildings. One. of Young’s fixed
2-horse thrashing machines, of which large numbers are to be
met with throughout Ulster, makes excellent work ; and Mr.
Patton is well supplied with implements and machines of all
kinds. Amongst these is one of Gray’s double-furrow ploughs,
which, with three horses, gets over as much ground in a day as
two 2-horse ploughs; Young’s (of Ayr) reaping and mowing
machine, Dickson’s turnip-cleaner by Hunter of Maybole, &c.,
&c. There are four work-horses on the farm, stout short-legged
animals, and one young horse.

The wages of farm labourers run from 8s. to 9s. a week, and
there is very regular employment in the district. Mr. Patton
boards his regular labourers, and finds it more satisfactory than
hiring those who have houses of their own, as he is thereby
enabled to feed them better than they would be likely to fare
if they supplied their own food.

It has been stated that the old fences have been levelled, and
new fences made, and that the farm buildings have been put up
by the tenant. A part of the land had been drained under the
Board of Works before Mr. Patton got possession of the farm,
but he completed the drainage at his own expense. The drains
are 3^ to 4 feet in depth. He has also made a considerable
extent of good farm roads, to give access to all parts of the

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

417

farm : the gates are substantial, and the entire appearance of
the place, and all that belongs to it, shows that minute attention
is constantly bestowed on every detail of management.

Mr. Patton began life as a farmer on a holding of 11 Irish
acres in extent, that is, about 18 imperial acres. He gradually
acquired more land, paying as much in some instances as 18/.
an acre for the tenant right, until he had got together a farm of
about 42 statute acres, which is now held by one of his sons.
This was irrespective of the farm of Trynanny, which was sub-
sequently purchased as described above. He has brought up a
family in a most respectable manner, and his success shows
what an industrious, persevering, and intelligent man is capable
of doing. Having had a large experience among small farmers,
the opinion of such a man as Mr. Patton is of considerable
weight, and in talking over the matter with him, I found that
he considers 30 statute acres the smallest farm that a man should
have to make a fair living out of it. In this view, most people
who know the circumstances of the average run of small farmers
in Ireland, will fully coincide.

Farms in Queen’s County.

Mr. Dennis Dunne holds 75 Irish acres — 121J statute — in
the townland of Coolroe, whieh is about 6 miles from Port-
arlington Station on the Great Southern and Western Railway.
Mr. Dunne and his father occupied the farm for at least 50
years, without any lease, but about three years ago, a lease was
granted by the landlord for 31 years at the former rent, namely
76/., in consideration of the tenant having made a number of
permanent and valuable improvements, without any assistance
from the landlord. These improvements consist of a substantial
set of farm offices ; draining the farm 3 to 4 feet deep, broken
stones being used in filling ; making fences, reclaiming land,
and keeping the farm generally in high condition by liberal
manuring.

The system of cultivation followed by Mr. Dunne is (1) oats ;
(2) potatoes, swedes, and mangolds ; (3 and 4) two crops of
barley in succession, the land, in common with the district
generally, producing excellent erops of barley ; (5) young grass
for hay, soiling, and pasture. Mr. Dunne has been frequently a
winner of the county prize cup for the best barley. He manures
heavily for his root crops, and besides the farm dung produced at
the farmstead he buys annually 200 tons of dairy cow-dung, which
is brought by canal from Dublin, a distance of over 40 miles.
The station on the canal where the dung is unloaded is about
two miles from the farm. In addition to the farmyard and

418

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

Dublin (lung, Mr. Dunne applies 7 to 8 cwt. per Irish acre, say
5 cwt. per statute acre, of Lawes’s superphosphate to swedes and
mangolds. These crops were very good when I visited the
farm, but the drills (ridges) were rather too close, considering
the high condition of the land. The headlands, also, were not
finished and cropped ; and this, it may be remarked, is a very
common defect in Irish farming, which should be attended to, as
it often gives a slovenly appearance to a field which is otherwise
all right. The grasses present a thick, close sole, and promise
well for the future. Some cut-away bog in connection with the
farm has been laid down as pasture, but the grass on it is poor.
Mr. Dunne has a fixed 3-horse thrashing machine, but when his
horses are otherwise engaged he hires steam. There are several
travelling steam thrashing machines in the neighbourhood,
which work for hire, and are very fully employed during the
season. A few years ago the flail was the only thrashing
machine used by many farmeis in the district. Mr. Dunne’s
farm was at one time divided into 30 or 40 small fields, by the
usual immense banks and hedges common in most parts of
Ireland ; but it is now in five fields, suitable to the rotation
followed. The cut-away bog is not counted as part of the
cultivated land. The hedges are kept properly trimmed ; the
gates are in working order ; and the gateways into each field
have been laid with stones and gravel, in order to prevent carts
from cutting up the ground about them.

The live stock consists of six or seven milch cows, of a good
sort of Shorthorn crosses. The calves are all reared, and kept
until they are three years old, when they are fattened ; and in
addition, 12 to 15 bullocks are purchased at some of the October
or November fairs to be fattened during winter. Half-a-dozen
heavy pigs are also fattened at a time, and succeeded by others as
the fat ones are disposed of. The farmyard is kept in neat order.

Mr. James Flynn’s farm adjoins that occupied by Mr. Dunne.
It consists of about 100 acres Irish, or nearly 1G2 imperial acres.
The farm belongs to the gentleman who is Mr. Dunne’s land-
lord, and Mr. Flynn holds it now by a similar lease to that
granted to his neighbour.

The system pursued by Mr. Flynn is much the same as that
described in connection with Mr. Dunne’s farm, both as to
cropping and manuring. The root crops were very good,
although the produce of a second sowing, in the case of the
swedes, the plants from the first sowing having been cut off by
the fly. The drills, or ridges, were 28 inches apart, which was
close enough for the luxuriance of the crop, particularly as the
plants had been thinned only to a little over 10 inches apart.

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

419

In tlie county competition, however, which took place in
November, following- my visit to his farm, the crops being
examined in the field, Mr. Flynn was awarded the first prize in
his class for swedes, the weight of his crop, as reported by the
judges, being 46 tons 19 cwt. per Irish acre, that is, about 29
tons per imperial acre. The crop w as very clean, and the head-
lands, although not under crop, were perfectly free from weeds.
Mr. Flynn is rather a formidable exhibitor in his class at the
Queen’s County cattle shows, and besides a number of medals he
has carried off from these shows a large amount in money prizes.

The whole of the farm required draining, which has been
done at the tenant’s expense, together with the erection of such
farm offices as he required.

H is live-stock consists of 55 head of cattle of different ages,
and 50 ewes, the lambs of which are mostly sold as butcher’s
lambs, some of the best ewe lambs being kept to replace old
ewes. The sheep are of the pure Border Leicester blood,
derived from the flock of Messrs. McLachlan and McCulloch,
who occupy the farm of Bellegrove, in the same neighbourhood.
A piece of improved bog land helps to keep the flock through
the summer. Mr. Flynn also rears and feeds a number of Berk-
shire swine. His farm horses are of a useful class, and very
different from the “ weeds ” that were so common in the district
a few years ago.

Pat Clear occupies a farm of 8 Irish acres — 13 acres imperial
— in the townland of Rath, in the immediate neighbourhood of
the two farms described above. The rent is 21. an Irish acre,
or 25s. per imperial acre. This little holding, including cottage
and out-offices, yards, &c., is altogether a model of neatness.
The soil is a nice loam, suitable for growing all kinds of crops
usually cultivated. The root crops were good, and free from
weeds when I examined them ; headlands planted with cabbages ;
in fact, there was not a vacant spot on the farm. Hedges and
gates were in good order. The young grass is topdressed with
guano and compost, and part of it is cut early for soiling ; hay
is taken off the rest. Two acres are kept in permanent grass,
as an outrun for the cows, &c. Pat Clear keeps two cows —
sometimes three — and a horse, besides pigs and poultry, breeding
a large number of the latter every year. His calves are fattened
and sold as veal calves. He runs the grubber through his
stubbles before ploughing for winter, so as to give the land an
autumn cleaning. The crops are cut with the scythe. His rota-
tion is oats, roots, barley, seeds. Pat Clear’s holding is a very
good illustration of what may be done by an industrious man
on a small extent of land.

VOL. IX. — S. S. ' 2 F

420

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

I have already mentioned the farm of Bellegrove, of which
Messrs. McLachlan and McCulloch are the occupiers. This farm
is part of the estate belonging to J. G. Adair, Esq., and has
been held on lease by the present tenants for the last seventeen
years. It consists of 650 statute acres — chiefly a limestone
gravel loam, but with a considerable proportion of rough pasture.
The better part grows good crops of wheat, barley, roots, and
artificial grasses, but, in general, the soil is not suitable for
j)ermanent pasture. Black oats succeed better on the farm than
any of the white varieties. Barley, however, is the principal
cereal crop, and the barley grown at Bellegrove has reached 59
lbs. per bushel. As already mentioned, the district to which I
refer at present is noted as a barley-growing district, and I find
that the highest rate of produce is 20 “ barrels ” per Irish acre ;
that is, reckoning the bushel at 56 lbs., equal to fully 60 bushels
}ier imperial acre ; but the average yield in the district is
reckoned at 13 or 14 “ barrels” to the Irish acre, that is, about 43
bushels per imperial acre.

The fields on Bellegrove Farm are large, and suitable for the
rotation followed, which is the ordinary four course, lengthened
by two or three years’ pasture, as may be convenient. Ten
horses are kept for the work of the farm, and as two double-
furrow ploughs are used, it is considered that these save one pair
of horses and a man. The farm-steading is built of stone, and
arranged on the plan commonly adopted on farms of the kind in
Scotland. A fixed engine does the thrashing and other barn
and feeding-house work.

Sheep form a principal part of the live-stock at Bellegrove.
The breeding flock consists of from 300 to 350 ewes, of
Border Leicester blood. Messrs. McLachlan and McCidloch
imported a few years ago a number of high-class ewes from
Kelso, and since that time rams have also been brought over.
Previous to the introduction of the Border Leicesters, the flock
at Bellegrove consisted chiefly of “ English Leicesters,” but it was
found that the sheep became rather fine, and the Border Leicester
was resorted to, in order to get more size without injuring
ijuality. For some years Messrs. McLachlan and McCulloch
were successful exhibitors of sheep at the Irish Royal, and the
Royal Dublin, as well as local shows, but, latterly, they have
given up showing, finding, as others have done, that show
condition is not always favourable to breeding. Besides the
breeding flock, there is also the fattening flock, which consists
of each year’s “ crop ” of lambs — say 400 — which are fattened
during winter for the Dublin market. These are folded upon
the crop, or a part of it, and the turnips are all cut by a machine
lor the sheep. I lalf a pound of oats and cake is given to each

Illustrations of Irish Farming.

421

hogget daily, and as much hay as they can consume. The
hoggets are, usually, sold when shorn — say in April and first
week of May — but some of those which are soonest ready go off
in the fleece in the month of March, and even earlier. Out of
the wool they bring from 50s. to 63s. each, and their fleeces
weigh from 8^ to lbs. Before the tenants of Bellegrove
got their flock fully up in numbers, they were in the habit
of purchasing a number of hoggets at the spring fairs at
Kilkenny. The sheep bred in the Kilkenny district are not so
fine as the Leicesters, nor do they fatten quite so readily. The
best of the ewe hoggets bought at Kilkenny were selected and
put to a Lincoln ram, while the remainder, after a summer’s run
on grass, were fattened on turnips. The produce of the Kilkenny
ewes, with the Lincoln cross, were also fattened, none of them
being kept as stock sheep. It was found that the Lincoln cross
gave size and wool to the lambs, but the quality of the sheep was
not equal to the Leicester, or even to the produce of a pure
Leicester ram with Kilkenny ewes.

From fifty to sixty head of cattle are fattened during winter in
the stalls, and some young store cattle run in the yards. During
summer, forty or fifty cattle, Kerries, and other light beasts, are
grazed on some of the coarser pasture fields. The beasts
intended for the stalls are usually purchased at the October fairs ;
they are fed on turnips and straw until about six weeks of being
finished, when they get each a daily ration of artificial food,
consisting of 3 lbs. of crushed oats, 3 lbs. of crushed barley, and
2 lbs. of cake, all mixed, which is continued until they go to the
market. Some years ago the tenants of Bellegrove fattened more
cattle than they have done latterly ; but the decrease in cattle
has been made up by a corresponding increase in the number of
sheep kept on the farm, and, considering the nature of the land,
the slight alteration which has been made in the management is
certainly an improvement.

Wages in the district range as follows: — Ploughmen, 10s. a
week, with free house and fuel (turf) ; ordinary labourers, 10s.
per week, and during harvest 3s. per day ; women. Is., and during
harvest 2s. 6c?. a day. The harvest wages are calculated without
food.

It is right to state that Queen’s County has the advantage of
possessing a number of resident landlords, who take a lively
interest in promoting agricultural improvements. This circum-
stance has proved of immense service to Queen’s County and
County Kildare, especially that portion of the latter which
adjoins Queen’s County, forming part of the estates belonging to
his Grace the Duke of Leinster, and those districts have im-
proved more of late years than almost any other in Irelaml.

2 F 2

422

Agricultural Education in Ireland.

The farmers are generally a very intelligent class, and take
readily to improvements in management. The discussions at
the meetings of the Athy Farmers’ Club are quoted in every
agricultural journal throughout the kingdom. The town of
Athy is in Kildare, but it just borders on Queen’s County, so
that it may be considered in a great measure as the centre of the
improved district.

XVI. — Agricultural Education in Ireland. By R. O. Pkingle,
Editor of ‘ The Irish Farmers’ Gazette.’

Having in a previous paper* referred to the Agricultural Depart-
ment of the National Board of Education, as a medium through
which much valuable “ technical education,” relating to the prin-
ciples and practice of improved systems of agriculture, is being
disseminated among the peasantry and medium-class farmers of
Ireland, I shall now give some account of the origin and working
of that department.

The utility of affording useful instruction in agriculture to the
small farmers and peasantry of Ireland has been urged for a
very long period. Thoughtful Irishmen, who knew the backward
state of Irish agriculture, could not fail to perceive the great im-
portance of instructing the people in this branch of industry
and Parliamentary Committees and Royal Commissioners had
over and over again reported in favour of it. Thus, the Select
Committee of the House of Commons, in 1823, in their report,,
said — “ Your Committee cannot but think that this instruction
in industry might be most advantageous to the public ; ” and
the Select Committee of 1830 reported that — “ The advantage
of combining instruction in the arts of industry with religious
and literary instruction is much and properly dwelt on by
many witnesses. This recommendation is also supported by
the authority of Mr. Locke and Mr. Pitt.”

It was in the year 1831 that a commencement was made with
the present system of National Education in Ireland. At a very
early period in the history of the movement, we find the Com-
missioners acknowledging the utility of diffusing among the
people correct information on the subject of agriculture, and
stating their willingness to supply it ; they appear, indeed, to
have taken it up earnestly as far back as 1838.

At first they confined their efforts principally to the establish-
ment of a school of agriculture, at Glasnevin, near Dublin,

* ‘Journal of tlio Eoyal Agricultural Socitye,’ 2nd Series, vol. viii., Part I.,
No. 15, p. 28.

Agricultral Education in Ireland. 423

whore they took a moderate-sized farm, and erected upon it suit-
able offices. Two classes of persons received instruction : —
First, the schoolmasters, trained in the Normal Training Esta-
blishment in the city, who went out to the model farm regularly
for instruction, the object being to qualify them to teach agricul-
ture in their several districts, when they returned to their own
schools. Second, a number of young men, who were received as
agricultural boarders, and trained as professional agriculturists,
in the hope that they would afterwards be employed by the
landed gentry of the country in instructing their tenants.

The Commissioners were engaged in pursuing their system of
agricultural instruction, when at the end of 1843 the Royal
Commission, known as the Devon Commission, was appointed,
and proceeded to make a searching inquiry into all matters relat-
ing to the agricultural interests of Ireland. Landed proprietors,
land-agents, practical farmers, and professional men acquainted
with the state of Ireland and interested in promoting its pro-
sperity, were examined. It is remarkable that, to use the words
of the “ Digest ” of the report of the Devon Commission,
“ There appears to have been no difference of opinion amongst
the witnesses, as to the advantages to be derived from an ex-
tended establishment of agricultural schools.”

The favourable way in which agricultural schools were
mentioned in the report, and the strong evidence given in their
favour by the witnesses, naturally assigned to them a high place
among the agencies for mitigating the evils of the famine, and
preventing a recurrence of it. One or two references will show
how deep a hold the question took on the gentry at the time.

The empire has produced few men who were supposed, and
with good reason, to understand the wants of Ireland better than
Lord Mounteagle. When at the zenith of his influence, he
addressed a remarkable letter to the Commission embodying
suggestions for the establishment and government of agricultural
schools. This document will be found in the Report of the
Commissioners of National Education for 1847, and it contained
the following passage : — “ It is wholly unnecessary to dwell on
the importance of agricultural education. But I may be per-
mitted to observe that what, before the blight of the potatoe,
was a matter of undeniable usefulness, is now, by this casualty,
made a matter of indispensable necessity ; we are called upon
under the penalty of famine to teach our people modes of culti-
vating better crops.”

The Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland had
by this time been established, and the list of members included
a large number of the nobility and gentry of Ireland. In the
second number of the Quarterly Journal, which was issued for a

424

Agricultural Education in Ireland.

time under its auspices, appeared an able paper on Industrial
Education, from which I take the following passages : — “ Every
national school in Ireland should be an agricultural school, if
situated in a rural district ; every schoolmaster in Ireland, every
functionary of education, should be impressed with, and inculcate
the one idea, that the gangrene of Irish society is absence of

practical principles It is our belief in the honest anxiety

of the Board of Education to increase the efficiency as well as
the number of their schools, that emboldens us to call upon them
to establish the industrial character of the instruction they give.”

The original idea of the Education Commissioners, when they
embarked in agricultural education, was to blend agricultural
with literary instruction, in as many of the rural national
schools as possible. But, urged on by the gentry, they were in-
duced to enlarge their plans. Applications were made to them
from all parts of the country for aid towards establishing agricul-
tural schools of a more comprehensive class, than they at first
contemplated. In their report for 1849, they say : — “ We have,
during the past year, received a considerable number of new ap-
plications for grants towards the establishment of model agricul-
tural schools. We have found it necessary to postpone our
decision upon twenty of these applications.” Ultimately, the
Commissioners yielded to the appeals made to them, and estab-
lished, solely at the public expense, in various parts of the
country, a number of model agricultural schools.

There are now in operation throughout Ireland, seventeen of
these model schools, exclusive of the Albert Institution, at Glas-
nevin. Prom a variety of causes, it happened that for several
years the farms attached to these schools did not pay ; and this
circumstance nearly brought the whole proceedings of the Board
into disrepute. This state of matters, however, has latterly been
altered for the better.

The landed gentry of Ireland became so satisfied with the
model agricultural school, and model farm system, that for a time
the original notion of blending agricultural with literary in-
struction in ordinary rural national schools was neglected. It
was not, however, abandoned by the Board ; they encouraged it,
although with varying success. The number of this class of
schools went down to thirty-nine, in 1861. It then began to re-
vive ; and the number now in operation is one hundred and fif-
teen ; the total cost to the State for the agricultural instruction
afforded in these schools, is 51. per school. The total number
of boys who receive this agricultural education is about 4200,
which makes the cost about 3s. per head. In addition, there are
sixteen national schools, which rank as model agricultural schools,
under local management. In fifteen of these the teachers receive

Agricultural Education in Ireland.

425

each 10/. j)cr school for aj^rlcultural instruction ; and in the case
of Loughashe, the largest and most important of the class, the
gi'ant is still larger. There is surely not an intelligent person in
the United Kingdom who can object to the insignificant outlay
of the Hoard of Education for so useful an object as the diffusion
among the Irish people of sound agricultural knowledge.

It may be said that there is less want of this sort of knowledge
now than there was when the Board first embarked in agricul-
tural education. But it must be borne in mind that the agricul-
tural practice of the vast majority of Irish small farmers is still
deplorably deficient. Englishmen who have not been in the re-
mote parts of Ireland find it difficult to realise the state of the
country, or the necessity of State instruction in agriculture. In
England, the great proprietors who reside on their estates gene-
rally set a suitable example of farm management on their home
farms. This is, no doubt, also the case to a certain extent in
some parts of Ireland ; but in the backward districts the proprie-
tors are for the most part absentees, and the national schools
and the clergy are the only agents of civilisation. In England
the farms are large ; but in Ireland, as I have shown, there are
about half a million of occupiers not one of whom holds over
thirty statute acres. About two-thirds of these belong to the
class denominated small farmers. There are still in Ireland
360,000 agricultural holdings, not one of which is valued for
purposes of government taxation at more than 10/. per year. Can
there be any grounds whatever for doubting the utility, and, in
fact, the necessity, of instructing the greater number of these
persons in better modes of husbandry ? Is it not both the duty
and the interest of the State, to use the national schools as the
medium of conveying agricultural instruction, more especially in
those remote districts of the South and West, which are inac-
cessible to any other agent of agricultural progress ?

There are thirteen national schools in the county of Donegal
in which combined agricultural and literary instruction of the
character now described is afforded. The agricultural element
costs the State 5/. per school ; can any person question the wis-
dom of the Commissioners in encouraging this species of educa-
tion, at so trifling a cost, in that remote and wild region ? In the
province of Connaught there are forty national schools in which
agricultural and literary instruction is combined in the same way.
There are six of these schools on one estate, the rental of which
is 28,000/. per annum, and on which there are 4500 tenants, who
each pay on an average about 6/. of rent per year. When the
Commissioners began to make grants for agricultural instruction,
the rotation of crops was scarcely known amongst the small
farmers on this vast estate. Now the knowledge of the rotation

426

Agricultural Education in Ireland.

of crops is extending ; the growth of root crops, and of artificial
grasses, is also increasing ; and in due time correct ideas on all
subjects relating to the proper cultivation and management of
their holdings will prevail among the people.

The Commissioners are anxious to increase v^erj considerably
the number and efficiency of this class of schools, and they con-
fidently hope the Treasury will enable them to carry out their
views. They are of opinion that all persons who are competent
to form a correct opinion on this subject will applaud their
efforts, and agree with the late Lord Palmerston, who in a speech
delivered in the House of Commons, used these words : — “ There
could not possibly be a better application of money in Ireland,
than in teaching the peasantry and small farmers how best to
cultivate the soil, for they did not know how to realise, to the
best account, the natural resources which lie undeveloped in the
soil they tread.”

Having said so much with reference to the rural schools, I
shall now make a few remarks on the Glasnevin or Central Agri-
cultural Institution of Ireland.

At the outset the great difficulty the Commissioners had to
contend against was the want of teachers combining sufficient
knowledge of improved farming with the ordinary qualifications
of literary teachers. To supply this want, it manifestly became
necessary to establish a model farm, and a school in the neigh-
bourhood of Dublin, where the teachers would be trained in this
new branch of education. This was the primary object of the
Glasnevin Agricultural School. The Commissioners are now
training in this central Institution 180 teachers every year.
These teachers receive systematic lectures on the theory and
practice of improved agriculture, and they see theory reduced to
practice on the farm at Glasnevin.

But while that institution was founded primarily for the in-
struction of the schoolmasters, the Commissioners, from the out-
set, made it available for the agricultural education and training
of farmers, farm bailiffs, and estate agriculturists. The plant
having been provided, it seemed to them wise and right to use
the school for conferring benefits on as many pupils as pos-
sible. The machinery of the national system enabled the Com-
missioners to bring up from the provinces j)romising young
men who evinced a decided taste for agriculture. To these they
have endeavoured to afford sound instruction in modern farming,
and training in agricultural practices. Of the young men so edu-
cated and trained, some have emigrated, as might be expected,
but the majority remain in the country, and are now occupied
in farming for themselves, or as farm-bailiffs, or in instructing
the tenants on certain large estates.

Agricultural Education in Ireland.

427

Objections have been raised, occasionally, against the system
of having young men trained by the State to become farm
bailiffs or agriculturists for landed proprietors ; but such ob-
jections have emanated from persons who were unacquainted
with the state of Ireland. It is to be borne in mind, that the
system of national education was founded for the benefit of the
mass of the population, and the Commissioners believed it was
their duty to aid and encourage every young man of talent and
promise to advance himself, for they knew that in advancing
himself he must benefit the State. Hundreds of intelligent, well-
educated men, trained at the Glasnevin Agricultural Institution,
are now centres of enlightenment in their respective districts ;
and the Commissioners are of opinion that none of them are re-
paying the State for the cost of agricultural instruction so
thoroughly as those who are acting as estate agriculturists, advis-
ing, instructing, and directing tenants of great landlords. Of
the importance of that class of estate officials, I have already
written fully ; and I must say that if the landed gentry of Ireland
understood their interests, they would employ in this capacity
every talented deserving man who had been trained at Glas-
nevin.

In the improved circumstances of Ireland, many of the young
men who now seek admission to the Glasnevin Agricultural
School are the sons of persons who are able to pay a moderate
fee for the education of their children. Accordingly, the Com-
missioners insist that persons of this class shall pay a fee of
201. a year, for the agricultural training afforded to them at
the institution. The greater number of the pupils are, how-
ever, those who are boarded and educated wholly at the public
expense, and who are admitted by competitive examination, as
suggested in 1860, by the Right Hon. E. Cardwell, then Chief
Secretary for Ireland.

In addition to the system of agricultural instruction referred to
in the foregoing remarks, the Commissioners are now diffusing
agricultural knowledge in many of the rural schools, which do
not rank as agricultural schools at all, through the medium of an
agricultural class-book. At the outset they published a work of
this kind, but it had got behind the enlarged requirements of
the schools, and in 1867 they issued a new book of a more com-
prehensive character, which has been favourably received by the
public, and of which upwards of 50,000 copies have been already
sold through the national schools. The Commissioners are
anxious that this book, or such other works on agricultural in-
dustry as they may sanction, should be read at least twice a week
in all their schools.

I have refrained from introducing into these remarks on the

428

On Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup

Irish agricultural schools, certain statistics which would have
shown the progress made of late years ; but I trust enough has
been said to prove that the agricultural system of the Irish Na-
tional Board of Education eminently deserves the continued sup-
port of the State ; more especially now that it has been purged
from those elements which formerly were detrimental to its use-
fulness.

XVII. — On Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup as a Food for
Pigs. By Dr. Augustus Voelckee, F.R.S.

About eighteen months ago a short communication from a gen-
tleman, writing from Adelaide, South Australia, appeared in
the ‘ Agricultural Gazette,’ directing the attention of pig-feeders
to a new article of food, which can be procured in considerable
quantities from Colonial establishments where sheep are boiled
down for tallow.

In such establishments the liquor obtained by boiling out the
meat and bones of sheep after removal of the tallow, is either
allowed to run to waste altogether, or it is made into a compost
manure, for which, however, there does not appear much demand
in the Colonies.

In order to prevent this waste, it occurred to a gentleman who
is largely engaged in Australia in boiling down sheep for tallow,
to make some experiments, with a view to convert this waste
liquor, or, as it may be termed, this rich mutton-broth into food ;
and he has succeeded in producing a new article of food, which
he calls “ Concentrated Mutton-soup,” and of which he makes
two qualities. The first quality is made for human food, and
the second is specially recommended for pigs or dogs. It appears
that from 60,000 to 100,000 sheep boiled down for tallow
during the season, from August to February, about 1 lb. of con-
centrated mutton-soup of first quality, and lbs. of second
quality are obtained per sheep.

Samples of the first quality for human food, as of the second
quality recommended for pigs and dogs, have been submitted to
me for examination. The former has a nice savoury smell and
taste, and is sent in tins from Australia to England in the shape
of a thick, stickey, brown-coloured extract. This extract is only
partially soluble in cold water, but dissolves perfectly in boiling-
water, with which it forms a perfectly clear light-brown coloured
and agreeably tasting solution. Seasoned with a little pepper
and salt, the soup thus made is a good, wholesome, and nutritious
mutton-broth.

as a Food for Pigs. 429

The analysis of this essence of mutton for human food yielded
the following results : —

Composition of Essence of Mutton or Concentrated Mutton-soup for
Human Food.

Water 29 ‘20

* Organic matter 60 ‘48

Mineral saline constituents 10 ’32

100-00

Containing nitrogen .. 8-68

The extract of mutton differs in character from Liebig’s Ex-
tract of Meat, which is prepared by expressing the meat-juice
with the addition of a little cold water, and concentrating the
juice thus obtained by evaporation in steam-jacketed vessels.
Liebig’s Extract of Meat being obtained by cold pressure, con-
tains no appreciable quantity of gelatine, but it is richer in true
meat-juice and extractive matters, soluble in alcohol, and con-
tains less water than the Australian Essence of Mutton, which is
prepared by boiling out the meat and bones of sheep with water^
and evaporating the strained, clear liquid to the consistency of a
thick extract ; it contains a considerable quantity of gelatine,
which renders the extract firmer than Liebig’s Meat Extract.
Notwithstanding the firmer condition, the Australian Essence of
Mutton contains about 10 to 11 per cent, more water than
Liebig’s Extract of Meat.

The physiological effects and the commercial value of extract
of meat depend principally upon the percentage of extractive
matters, soluble in alcohol, which different samples contain. In
examining meat extract, the amount of the constituents soluble
in alcohol should always be determined, if it is desired to
obtain a true insight into its quality. The Australian Essence
of Mutton I found contained 33-51 per cent, of extractive
matters soluble in alcohol, containing 80 per cent, of absolute
alcohol. Liebig’s Extract of Meat yields on an average about
60 per cent, of constituents soluble in alcohol, of 80 per cent,
strength, and contains nearly twice as much saline matters as
the sample of Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup, the analysis
of which is given above. Although the latter is thus inferior to
Liebig’s Extract of Meat, it is-cheaper, and contains a large
amount of extractive matter, and with the addition of proper
seasoning makes very good mutton-broth.

Concentrated Mutton-soup as a food for pigs and dogs : — The
extract prepared for the use of pigs and dogs was sent from
Australia in wooden kegs containing about 32 lbs. each. It
possessed somewhat more consistency than the first quality for

430 On Australian Concentrated Mutton-souj)

iiuman food, and had a more gluey and less savoury taste than
the latter. In a dry, well ventilated place, the extract may be
kept for any reasonable length of time, without becoming
mouldy or otherwise deteriorated in quality. Of the two
samples of this extract, the first was not quite so thick as the
■other, and contained rather more water, as will be seen by the
following analysis : —

Composition of First Sample of Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup.

Water

Fatty matter

Nitrogenous organic matters

(gelatine and|

meat-extract)

Saline mineral matter (ash) ..

4-09

100-00

* Containing nitrogen .

It therefore appears that the Extract of Mutton has been
deprived almost entirely of fat ; but that it is particularly rich
in nitrogen, a large proportion of which was present in the
form of gelatine. The extract dissolved entirely in boiling
water, forming with it a clear, brown-coloured and agreeable
tasting liquid. On the addition of strong alcohol to a con-
centrated solution of the extract, most of the gelatine was pre-
cipitated in thick flakes. By treating the extract with alcohol
Df 80 per cent, absolute alcohol I obtained

Dry extractive matter, soluble in alcohol .. 20 '27

Dry constituents insoluble in alcohol .. .. 48 '44

Water 31 ’29

100-00

In round numbers this sample contained about one-third the
amount of real meat-extract which is found in Liebig’s Extract
of Meat. The remainder of the solid constituents consisted
chiefly of gelatine or glue.

The second sample of Concentrated Mutton-soup for pigs and
<logs was slightly less firm than the preceding sample, and an
analysis yielded the following results : —

Composition of Second Sample of Concentrated Australian
Mutton-soup.

Water 29-70

* Nitrogenous organic matter 66-29

Mineral matter (ash) 4 -01

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 10-96

as a Food for Pigs. 431

On treatment of the extract with alcohol of 80 per cent. I
obtained : —

Dry constituents soluble in alcohol .. 17 '89

„ insoluble in alcohol .. .. 52'41

Water 29 ’70

100-00

The preceding analytical results show that the second sample
contained rather more gelatine, but less extractive matters
soluble in alcohol, than the first. No perceptible difference was
noticeable in the appearance and general characters of the tw»
samples.

Both the samples prepared for the use of pigs, it will be
seen, contained a much smaller percentage of saline substances
and extractive matters soluble in alcohol than the first quality
prepared for human food. In all probability the best quality
is obtained by moderately boiling out the best pieces of mutton,,
rich in meat-juice, and the second quality by further and pro-
longed boiling out of the partially exhausted meat, together
with the more cartilaginous portions of the carcase.

Considering the composition of the Essence of Mutton, and
the inviting and savoury soup which may be made from it by
dissolving the extract in boiling water, it can scarcely be doubted
that this food has a considerable feeding value, and will be
greedily devoured by pigs. The question, however, arises, is it
worth the money at which it will have to be sold in England,
so as to leave a fair profit to the importer, after defraying the
cost of manufacturing the extract in Australia, freight, and trade
expenses. I am informed that the Concentrated Mutton-soup
for pigs and dogs will probably have to be sold in England at
about 25/. a ton, which appears to me rather a high price in
comparison with the cost at which other concentrated articles of
food for pigs can be obtained. It is possible, however, that the
essence of mutton may have the effect of facilitating the assi-
milation of other food, and in consequence have a greater
nutritive value than it would appear to possess in virtue of
the amount of nitrogenous food constituents which it furnishes
to animals fed upon it. Questions of this kind can be satis-
factorily settled in one way only, namely, by a series of well-
planned, practical feeding experiments. I am glad, therefore,
that my friend Mr. C. Gay Roberts, of Shottermill, Haslemere,
undertook to give the Australian Mutton Extract as extensive a
trial as the limited quantity of the food placed at his disposal
would allow.

The following experiments were tried upon six pigs, divided
into two sets of three pigs each.

432

On Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup

The pigs Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 were all of one farrow, but No. G
was of a different farrow, in consequence of which No. 6 was
attacked by its companions. Nos. 4 and 5, and so severely bitten
that it was necessary to remove it at noon on the 28th- of
December.

At the commencement of the feeding experiment, on the 22nd
of December, 1871, the weight of each of the six pigs was
carefully taken ; —

First Experimental Lot.

lbs.

No. 1. Sow pig (chalked) weighed 119

„ 2. Boar pig .. .. „ 105

„ 3. Boar pig; .. .. „ 91

Total weight of three pigs of first lot ,. 315

Second Experimental Lot.

lbs.

No. 4. Boar pig (chalked) weighed 112

„ 5. Sow pig .. .. „ 108

„ 6. Boar pig ,, „ 101

Total weight of three pigs in second lot 321

Both lots were fed upon malt-dust and palm-nut meal. As
additional food the pigs in Lot I. received the Concentrated
Mutton-soup, of the composition of the sample No. 1, mentioned
in page 4l4, and for which was substituted English grown
peas to Lot II.

Two tubs were set aside for feeding, each containing 28 lbs.
of boiled malt-dust, and 14 lbs. of palm-nut meal.

Equal quantities of food were given from these two tubs to
each lot of pigs respectively, beginning 4.30 P.M., 22nd De-
cember, 1871.

The pigs Nos. 1, 2, and 3 in the first lot received, in addition
to their daily allowance of the above food, 1^ lb. of essence of
mutton, or Concentrated Mutton-soup, dissolved in 4 pints of
water, which was given daily to the three pigs each afternoon,
with their second feed of malt-dust and palm-nut meal.

The pigs Nos. 4, 5, and 6, in addition to the same allowance
of malt-dust and palm-nut meal which was given to Lot I.,
received 3 lbs. of English-grown peas in addition, or 1 lb. per
pig daily.

The stated quantities of malt-dust, palm-nut meal and peas
appeared sufficient for the pigs Nos. 4, 5, and 6 in the second
lot, though they would probably have eaten more if it had been
given them.

The pigs Nos. 1, 2, and 3 appeared restless and hungry, and
it was seen at once that the food given to the first lot was in-
sufficient to keep them in a comfortable and thriving condition.

as a Food for Pigs.

433

lb. of essence of mutton it thus appears was not a sufficient
substitute for 3 lbs. of peas.

The food in each tub was consumed at the morning meal on
the 29th of December, and the pigs were weighed at 12 o’clock
on the same day.

Lot I.

Live Weight

On 22nd Dec.

(When
Experiment
was begun.)

On 29th Dec.

Loss.

No. 1. Sow pig (chalked)

lbs.

119

Ibe.

115

lbs.

' ‘ 2. Boar pig

105

102

„ 3. Boar pig

Total

315

304

Lot it.

Live Weight

Gain or Loss.

On 22nd Dec.

On 29tb Dec.

lbs.

No. 4. Boar pig (chalked)

112

115

3 gain.

„ 5. Sow pig

108

110

2 gain.

* „ 6. Sow pig

101

100

1 loss.

Total

321

325

4 gain.

* Attacked by the other two pigs, and removed on the 28th December.

The food eaten in seven days by No. 1, 2, and 3 pigs in Lot
I., was : —

28 lbs. malt-dust, costing at 4s. per cwt.
14 lbs. palm-nut meal, costing 8Z. a ton
lOj lbs. essence of mutton, at 25Z. a ton

Total cost of food

4 4

The result produced was a loss of 11 lb. of flesh, worth 5s. Qd.
The food eaten in seven days by No. 4, 5, and 6 pigs in Lot
II. was : —

s. d.

28 lbs. malt-dust, at 4s. per cwt 10

14 lbs. palm-nut meal, at 81. a ton 10

21 lbs. peas, costing 42s. per qr 19

Total cost of food consumed .. .. 3 9

The result of the experiment was a gain of 4 lbs. of flesh,
worth 2s. If, however. No. 6 pig had not been attacked by its
companions, we may assume that it .would have increased 2J

43 i On Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup

lbs., and the result would have been a gain of 7^ lbs. of flesh,
worth 3s. 9d.

The palm-nut meal used in these experiments was obtained
from Messrs. Alex. Smith and Co., Liverpool, who sell it by
the following guaranteed composition : —

Moisture 5 • 92

Oil and fatty matters 20 '01

* Albuminous compounds (flesh-forming matters) .. 13 ‘87

Mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 38 '24

Woody fibre (cellulose) 18 ’58

Mineral matter (ash) 3 ’40

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 2-22

Malt-dust, according to Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert, contains
in 100 parts : —

Moisture 6 • 24

* Albuminous compounds 25 ‘83

Sugar, starch, and woody fibre 59 • 23

Mineral matter (ash) 8'70

100-00

* Containing nitrogen 4-10

As far as these experiments go, it appears that the food given
to Lot I. was incapable of maintaining the original live weight
of the pigs, which were fed upon a limited supply of malt-dust
and palm-nut meal, to which essence of mutton was added in
a quantity which cost rather more than the addition of peas to
the same amount of malt-dust and palm-nut meal, upon which Lot
II. was fed. Under these circumstances peas produced a much
better result than the Concentrated Mutton-soup.

It appears from these experiments that essence of mutton
cannot he economically employed as a substitute for peas, nor
doubtless for similar material when pigs are kept upon an insuffi-
cient amount of food, which it is desired to complement by
some other article of food.

However, it is quite possible that when pigs are supplied with
as much ordinary food as they can consume, an additional
limited quantity of the Concentrated Mutton-soup may have a
more beneficial effect, and more than repay the cost of the
soup, when it is given to pigs rather with a view to promote
the digestibility and assimilation of an excess of ordinary pig-
food, than with a view to make up the deficiency of the needful
amount of food to keep the animals in a thriving condition. I
was anxious to ascertain whether the extract of mutton given to
pigs, abundantly supplied with nutritious food, has really a
beneficial effect upon the assimilation of the food, or whether
the supposed value of the extract as pig-food amounts to nothing

as a Food for Pigs.

435

more than a theoretical speculation, unsupported by actual ex-
perience. At my suggestion Mr. Roberts, therefore, made
another set of experiments, rvell calculated to throw light on
this subject. Four home-bred pigs of one litter, about nine
months old, and all males, were troughed at 11 A.M., on the
oOth December, 1871 : — ibs.

No. 1 weighed 107

iy 2 „ 77

„ 3 „ 102

„ 4 „ 82

All the pigs were fed upon malt-dust, palm-nut meal, and
peas, and the pigs Nos. 1 and 2 received in addition Concentrated
Mutton-soup, whilst the second pair had no additional food.

Two tubs were set aside for the feeding experiments. The
first contained the following food for Nos. 1 and 2 pigs : — 28
lbs. of malt-dust boiled, 14 lbs. of palm-nut meal, and 14 lbs.
of essence of mutton dissolved in boiling water. The second
tub, for pigs Nos. 3 and 4, contained 28 lbs. of malt-dust boiled,
and 14 lbs. of palm-nut meal, and no extract of mutton.

To each pair of pigs 2 lbs. of whole peas were given at mid-
day daily, and they received as much as they could eat of the
prepared food from the two tubs every morning and evening.
Both the tubs were finished at the evening meal on the 6th of
January, 1872, and the pigs were weighed at 4 P.M.

The tubs were refilled, that for pigs Nos. 1 and 2, with 28 lbs.
of malt-dust, 14 lbs. of palm-nut meal, and 11 lbs. (the re-
mainder of the keg) of Concentrated Mutton-soup, and the
second tub with the same amount of food minus the mutton
extract.

On the 15 th of January the contents of both tubs were con-
sumed at the morning meal, and the little keg of Concentrated
INIutton-soup being consumed, each tub was refilled with 28 lbs.
of malt-dust and 14 lbs of palm-nut meal.

The pigs were weighed on the 17th of January, at 4 p.M. : —

Weight of First Pair of Pigs (fed upon Malt-dust, Palm-nut Meal, and
Mutton Extract).

Lm: Weight

On 30th Dec.
1871.
(\\Tieu
Experiment
was begun.)

On 6th Jan.
1872.

On 17 th Jan.
1872.

Gain

in IS) Dajs.

No. 1.

Pig

weighed

lbs.

107

lbs.

114

lbs.

125

lbs.

» 2.

Pig

Total

184

197

' 214

436

On Australian Concentrated Mutton-soup

Weight of Second Pair of Pigs (fed upon Malt-dust, Palm-nut Meal,
and Peas, and no Mutton Extract),

On 30th Dec.
1871.

AVE Weigh

On 6th Jan.
1872.

On 17th Jan.
1872.

Gain

in 19 Days.

lbs.

No. 3. Pig weighed

102

106

109

» 4- Pig

Total

184

193

201

During the nineteen days the pigs No. 1 and No. 2 con-

sumed : —

s. d.

62 lbs. malt-dust, costing 4s. per cwt 2 2j

31 lbs. palm-nut meal, at 8Z. a ton 2 2j

38 lbs. peas, at 42s. per quarter 3 2

25 lbs. of concentrated Australian mutton-soup, at 2bl. per ton 5 6

Total cost of food consumed by first pair of pigsKo ,
in 19 days j

The second pair of pigs consumed in the same period : —

s. d.

62 lbs. malt-dust, at 4s. per cwt 2 2*

31 lbs. palm-nut meal, at 8f. a ton 2 2*

38 lbs. peas, at 42s. per qr 3 2

Total cost of food consumed by second pair of pigs) _ „
in 19 days )

When sold the pigs realised 6rf. per lb. live weight.

The first pair, it will be seen, gained in nineteen days 30 lbs.
of flesh worth 15s., at a cost of 13s. Id., and gave thus Is. lid.
clear profit. The second pair gave an increase of 17 lbs.,
worth 8s. 6d., at a cost of 7s. Id., leaving a clear profit of lid.

In the second set of experiments the mutton-soup had a much
better effect than in the first, in which an equal money value
of the mutton extract was used to replace a given quantity of
peas. In the second set both pair of pigs received the same quan-
tity of palm-nut meal, malt-dust, and peas, and the addition of
the mutton extract to the food given to the first pair entailed
not only no loss as in the preceding set of experiments, but
produced a better money return in live weight than without that
addition.

It is much to be regretted that a further supply of the Austra-
lian Mutton Extract could not be obtained, for, as far as the
trials go, they show that under certain conditions the Concen-
trated Mutton-soup is of considerable value as pig-food, and

as a Food for Figs.

437

it appears very desirable to ascertain, by a more prolonged
series of experiments, whether this new food can really be em-
ployed economically for the purpose of increasing the assimi-
lation and value of ordinary feeding stuffs upon which pigs are
usually kept. Probably it will be found that the mutton extract
is not a food which, like barley-meal or peas, supplies to the
animal body in a direct manner the necessary amount of albu-
minous compounds, starch, and other food-constituents required
for the formation of muscle and fat, and supporting respiration,
but that it exerts a useful physiological function in the elabo-
ration of ordinary food. It has been pointed out that Concen-
trated Mutton-soup contains from 18 to 20 per cent, of real
meat extract, soluble in alcohol. From the constituents of this
meat extract chemists have already isolated kreatin, sarkin, and
carnin, three well-defined organic compounds, belonging to the
group of organic bases or alkaloids. Another organic consti-
tuent of meat extract is a modification of lactic acid, and there
are, no doubt, other organic compounds in the juice of meat,
which as vet have not been isolated. Besides the basic and
acid organic compounds, extract of meat contains a large propor-
tion of phosphate of potash and other saline matters, and thus
possesses a highly complex composition. Although but little
is known with regard to the precise physiological functions of
the various constituents of meat extract, our present experience
tends to indicate that meat extract materially assists in the assi-
milation of food, and in consequence possesses a certain physio-
logical and possibly economic value.

11, Salishury Square, Fleet Street, 28th July, 1873.

XVIII. — On Foot-and-Mouth Complaint of Cattle and other
Animals; with Remarks on the general characters of the disease
and the causes which led to its recent extensive prevalence in this
kingdom. By G. T. Beown, Chief Inspector in the Vete-
rinary Department of the Privy Council and Professor of
Physiology and Therapeutics in the Royal Veterinary College.

History of Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Epizootic aphtha, eczema, or foot-and-mouth distemper, is well
known in this kingdom ; its origin, like that of infectious and con-
tagious disorders in general, is wrapped in mystery. Obviously
it had a beginning, and the first animal attacked could not have
taken the disease from a previously affected animal ; but of the

2 G 2

438

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

causes under wliich it first arose, we know no more than we
know of the origin of evil.

The fact is admitted that foot-and-mouth disease is highly
contagious ; it can be certainly communicated by association of
diseased with healthy animals ; and the direct or indirect con-
veyance of the poison which is contained in the secretions,
especially in the saliva, to a healthy animal, usually produces the
disease. In the absence of the specific virus, however, no com-
bination of causes has been known to occasion the malady ; and
it is therefore unreasonable to assume that hardships of any
kind are capable of inducing it. Outbreaks commonly occur
in situations where no direct or indirect contact with diseased
animals can be traced, but the same statement applies with
equal force to all forms of contagious and infectious disease of
man and animals : the difficulty must be accepted as real, and if it
is necessary to assume something, in order to explain the occur-
rence, it appears to be more logical to admit that the poison,
which is known to have the power to induce the disease, has
been carried in some undiscovered way, than to speculate on
the possible existence of new causes, of which nothing can be
demonstrated, and of the operation of which in the production
of the disease no single instance can be adduced.

Vesicular diseases among cattle were evidently well known
to the earliest writers on epizootics. Mills refers to a malady
among cattle in Germany and Italy which was introduced from
Hungary in 1711, and which was distinguished by some of the
prominent features of the foot-and-mouth distemper of the pre-
sent time. The tongue was inflamed and covered with blisters,
and there was a constant discharge of saliva, which, being
dropped on the grass, communicated the infection to sound
cattle. A little later a similar disease existed in Moravia and
also in France, and, according to Mr. Finlay Dunn, it extended
to Great Britain about the middle of the eighteenth century.
In 1810 a similar aphthous affection appeared in many parts of
France. In 1834 it was prevalent in Hungary, Lower Austria,
Bohemia, Saxony, and Prussia. In 1837 an aphthous disease
occurred among cattle in the Vosges, and soon afterwards in
Switzerland. The affection extended over France and Holland,
and reached England in 1839.

Whether or not the disease which attacked cattle in this
country in the middle of the eighteenth century was allied to or
identical with foot-and-mouth distemper cannot be determined.
The records of animal plagues are obscured in the earliest
works by the use of terms which now have no definite mean-
ing, as blain, murrain, or distemper ; but there is no doubt
whatever of the identity of the vesicular disease which attacked

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

439

our cattle in 1839 with the present foot-and-mouth complaint;
indeed, there is ample evidence of tlie continued existence of
the affection in the United Kingdom from that time. Professor
Simonds first saw foot-and-mouth disease among animals at
Laleham, near Twickenham, in September 1839, and it appeared
from his investigations that the malady was introduced on the
farm at Laleham by some sucking calves which were bought
in the Smithfield market. The first animal which was attacked
at Laleham was a cow which suckled one of the affected calves.
Further inquiry led to the discovery that the disease first ap-
peared in the neighbourhood of Stratford, near London, whence
it was conveyed to Smithfield, and having once obtained an
entrance into the cattle-markets it may be easily imagined how
rapidly it would spread throughout the country. Unrecognised
at the time, and its nature unsuspected, it would not be likely
to attract much attention until it had assumed alarming propor-
tions. This soon happened.

The county of Norfolk was the next to suffer, then Essex, in
consequence of the movement of cattle from the London market.
Some Devon cattle at Langley Grange near Loddon in Norfolk
were attacked in September 1839, about the time of the appear-
ance of the disease at Laleham ; and almost immediately after-
wards, if not at the same moment, it was discovered in Scotland.
Ireland certainly suffered from its invasion soon after it reached
Great Britain.

In the census of Ireland for 1851, it is stated that in the year
1841 a disease, characterised by stiffness of limbs and blisters
on the tongue, spread among sheep in county Clare, and
affected cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats in all parts of Ireland.

Professor Ferguson, in a pamphlet which he published in
1842, refers to a pustular affection of the nose, mouth, and feet
of cattle which appeared three years before that date, about the
time it appeared in England. How foot-and-mouth disease
was introduced into the United Kingdom has never been ascer-
tained ; but the evidence points to Holland or France as the
centre from which the malady was communicated. It is true
that foreign animals were not permitted to be landed on our
shores between 1833, when the first prohibitory Order was
passed, and 1842, when a relaxation was sanctioned, but it is
quite probable, as Professor Simonds has suggested, that the
disease may have been introduced by ships’ stores ; that is
to say, animals carried on board for the use of the passen-
gers and crew during the voyage. It constantly occurs that
one or two pigs, and now and then a cow or two, and some
few sheep remain on board on the arrival of the vessel in
this country, and such animals are allowed to be landed

140

Fuot-and-Mouth Disease.

and removed with the certificate of a veterinary inspector. A
store animal might have contracted the affection when the vessel
touched at a French or Dutch port, and on arriving in this
country may have been released without suspicion, and possibly
have found its way into the Smithfield market. Other explana-
tions have been offered, such as the illegal importation of cattle,
communication of infection by means of foreign hides, or by the
c lothes of persons who had been in contact with diseased foreign
animals ; but these suggestions are not so satisfactory as the
one which refers the disease to the removal of a diseased or
infected pig or cow from a homeward vessel.

Fairly stated, the evidence of the introduction of the disease
from the Continent is vague, and the result arrived at is not
capable of proof ; but must rather be taken as an induction than
as a conclusion. The facts are briefly these : — In 1839 foot-
and-mouth disease prevailed in Germany, Holland, and France.
In the same year it reached England, Ireland, and Scotland ;
countries which had previously been free from the disease, or at
least had not suffered from it, or any disease resembling it, for a
C'entury. The fact that this immunity was enjoyed, notwith-
standing the prevalence of the disease in various parts of Europe,
at different times, is worthy of remark. No prohibition against
the importation of foreign cattle existed before 1833, and it is a
cnatter of history that foreign animals were imported up to that
time, not probably in large number, but presumably to a far
greater extent than during the years when importation was
altogether forbidden.

After a few months of prevalence, foot-and-mouth disease
became so widely spread, that the Royal Agricultural Society
ordered an investigation into the origin of the disease and the
best means of dealing with it.

Professor Sewell was the veterinary adviser of the Society at
that time, and, under his direction, a circular was issued on
.\pril 8th, 1840, in which the disease is thus described : —

In some animals it commences between the claws, and in others it
appears to have begun in the mouth ; in others a stiffness of the legs is first
perceived, as if treading upon thorns and briars ; then follows a discharge of
saliva from the mouth, and a champing of the lips, accompanied with blisters
on the tongue, palate, and lips; the blisters peel off; loss of appetite and
general debility ensue.

After this account of the symptoms of the disease, written in
terms which might be properly employed now without varia-
tion, certain directions are given as to treatment of the diseased
animals.

Great stress is laid on good nursing ; mild laxatives followed
by tonics are recommended, with astringent lotion for the mouth;

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

441

poultices to the feet, and afterwards styptics or caustics, accord-
ing to circumstanceis.

Perhaps this system of treatment, in the hands of Professor
Sewell, might in some cases have proved beneficial ; but in
general practice, with such variations and additions as each
practitioner felt inclined to employ, its results were entirely
disastrous ; and it must be admitted that the remarkable fatality
which attended the progress of the disease in 1840-1 was in
great degree due to the recklessness of the medical treatment
employed. Another circular was issued by the Society in
February, 1841, for the purpose of obtaining information in
respect of the causes of the disease and the conditions which
favour its spread. The farmers who were addressed responded
to the inquiry by giving their ideas on the subject, as w'ell
as the results of their observation ; and a report embodying the
information thus gained was published in the Society’s Journal
for 1841, but no light was thrown on the introduction of the
malady, or the means of preventing its spread.

The outbreak of 1839-40 was the most severe of any which
has occurred in this kingdom. Cattle were not the only vic-
tims, but the disease attacked sheep, pigs, and poultry. Sheep
suffered to a remarkable extent, the feet as is usual in these
animals being most severely affected, and it is recorded that in
1841, after a market at Smithfield, it was not uncommon for
,the persons employed in sweeping the market-place to collect
basketfuls of the hoofs of sheep and pigs, which had been cast
off during the day. And it was certainly not unusual to see
the hoofs fall off the feet of pigs while the animals were being
lifted into carts to be carried away for slaughter. Sloughing of
the hoof-horn may indeed be looked on as one of the results of
foot-and-mouth disease ; but it has never since happened to the
extent that it occurred in 1841.

While the outbreak of 1839-40 was excessively severe, its
duration was not prolonged beyond the period of two years. In
1842 the disease had considerably abated, and the cases which
occurred presented a much milder type.

Another outbreak, or accession of disease, is recorded to have
occurred in 1845. In that year Norfolk again suffered severely
from extensive ravages of the malady, as it had done on its first
introduction in 1839. The outbreak of 1845 will be remembered
in Norfolk, owing to the circumstance of the disease being so
rapid in its progress, that St. Faith’s Fair was prohibited. The
origin of the outbreak is not known.

The prohibition against the importation of foreign stock was
removed in July, 1842; foreign animals were allowed to be
landed, on payment of a duty varying from Is. to 20s. per head.

442

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

No increase of disease was noticed during the three succeeding
years, and there is no evidence to show whether foot-and-mouth
distemper was directly imported in 1845, or extended from the
centres which then existed in this country.

Again, the disease gradually declined. The duty on foreign
stock was removed in March, 1846, and a great increase in the
number of foreign animals imported immediately resulted, but
no fresh outbreak of foot-and-mouth distemper occurred until
1849, when it is reported to have prevailed extensively among
cattle and sheep in Scotland, and by 1852 it had extended over
the whole of the country, appearing in many isolated places. A
gradual decline appears to have taken place until 1861, when the
number of attacks again rose considerably. The records of the
progress of the affection during this time, and indeed at all
times, are very meagre, the disease being too trifling a matter,
it would seem, to occasion much excitement.

From 1861 the affection continued to prevail for several years.
In 1862 it was detected among some Breton cattle in the Royal
Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Battersea, and it was un-
doubtedly the case that the distribution of the animals all over
the country, at the conclusion of the show, caused the disease to
be widely spread. Shortly after the Battersea exhibition of
stock, foot-and-mouth disease existed in a malignant form
among cattle and sheep at Harrow ; but, in this case, there is
reason to believe that the disease was associated with blood
poison, owing to the contamination of the land with sewage
matter which was retained by the tenacious soil.

In 1863 an outbreak of foot-and-mouth complaint occurred
among the cattle at the show of fat stock of the Smithfield Club.
During that and the following' year, however, the disease de-
clined.

The first attempt to control the spread of foot-and-mouth
disease by legislation was made in 1864, when a Bill was
introduced by Mr. Bruce and Sir George Grey on February
19 to make further provision for the prevention of infectious
diseases among cattle. Foot-and-mouth disease was included in
the schedule as an infectious disease, but the opposition to the
introduction of any restrictive measure in relation to that
disease was so decided on the part of leading agriculturists and
persons connected with the cattle trade, that it was struck out of
the Bill as amended in Committee. The general allegations were
that the proposed restrictions would hamper trade, and would not
effectually get rid of the disease, while the loss which would Ijc
occasioned would be more serious than that inflicted by tlie
malady when allowed to run unchecked.

In the spring of 1865 foot-and-mouth disease was again ex-

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

443

tensively prevalent. When cattle-plague appeared, foot-and-
mouth disease was rife, and numerous opportunities occurred of
comparing the morbid appearances of the two diseases, and
tracing their progress in the same animal. So virulent was
the attack in some instances, that the condition of the mouth
resembled the state of that part in the worst forms of cattle-
plague so closely as to attract special attention, and even in some
instances to give rise to a suspicion of an outbreak of the plague.

Among the great outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease, that of
1865 will always occupy a remarkable position, owing to the
alleged influence of the cattle-plague restrictions in arresting
the progress of the malady, and, according to some, completely
eradicating it from the country.

It is undoubtedly true that foot-and-mouth disease declined in
the latter part of 1866, and during the greater part of 1867
there were very few centres of infection ; at least, little notice
was taken of the disease, but it is entirely fallacious to assert
that the malady ceased entirely until it was re-imported from
abroad.

Cattle-plague restrictions, as the repressive measures are com-
monly termed, including stoppage of the movement of cattle all
over the country, except by licence, and under strict regula-
tions, between sunrise and sunset, holding of fairs and markets
only by licence, declaration of infected places, with prohibition
of movement of cattle out of such declared areas ; and not least,
the establishment of a sanitary cordon round the metropolis,
were commenced on March 24, 1866, and were continued by
successive Orders of Council, with slight modifications, until they
were revoked by an Order of Council dated June 16, 1868.

At the time of the institution of these restrictions, the foot-
and-mouth complaint had prevailed in a severe form for more
than a year, and it continued to exist certainly for nearly
another year while they were in operation.

No increase in the number of attacks took place in 1868 ; in
fact, the disease during that year remained in such an ordinary
condition of existence that little notice was taken of it. At the
same time it is to be remarked that the cattle-plague restrictions
ceased to operate in June, 1868, and cattle were moved
with perfect freedom everywhere excepting the metropolis, round
which the sanitary cordon was still retained.

General acceptance has been given to the statement that foot-
and-mouth disease was arrested, if not exterminated, by the
operation of the regulations which were directed to the ex-
termination of cattle-plague ; but it must be admitted that the
grounds on which this conclusion is based are exceedingly
slight. The bare fact that foot-and-mouth disease declined after

444

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

two years of prevalence would have called for no remark if it
had occurred, as in previous outbreaks it did occur, indepen-
dently of any restrictions ; but taken in connection with the
existence of more stringent regulations in respect of the move-
ment of cattle, the event was naturally, and without hesitation,
ascribed to their influence ; and there was something so com-
pletely satisfactory in the belief of the advantages which were
presumed to have been gained by submission to annoying restric-
tions, that no one thought of casting a doubt on the popular
faith, nor, indeed, was it worth while to inquire into the grounds
of its acceptance, until it was vitiated by the gratuitous assertion
that Great Britain was free from foot-and-mouth disease on
the cessation of cattle-plague, and did not again suffer from it
until the affection was introduced from abroad, a proposition
quite opposed to the facts which have just been advanced. Post
hoc, propter hoc, involves a principle which philosophy repu-
diates, nevertheless philosophers, as well as other people, con-
stantly accept the*principle as a basis of argument.

The spring of 1869 was marked by what may be termed the
commencement of the last great outbreak, which has only
recently ceased. Not only in this kingdom, but also on the con-
tinent, the disease spread with remarkable rapidity, most pro-
bably under the influence of those unknown laws which regulate
the spread of epizootics. Diseased animals were landed on our
coasts from nearly all the continental ports, and there can be no
doubt that infected foreign animals which were moved into the
country contributed to spread the disease, as the regulation for
the slaughter of the whole cargo in the event of the discovery
of foot-and-mouth disease did not then exist.

In August, 1869, foot-and-mouth disease was, for the first
time in this country, included among infectious diseases by Act
of Parliament ; and it became a penal offence to move an
animal affected with the disease on public roads or rivers, or to
expose it in a fair or market. An Order of Council subse-
quently issued required the owner of such animal to give notice
of the existence of disease, and the Inspectors or the Local
Authorities were required to make returns of the number of cases
within their districts. Notwithstanding this attempt to arrest
the disease by legislation it continued to spread.

In December of that year an outbreak of foot-and-mouth
disease among cattle at the Smithfield Show at Islington
occasioned considerable inconvenience. Provisions had been
made under the Order of Council which was necessary to enable
the Club to hold the exhibition, for the removal out of the
metropolis of the cattle exhibited if no outbreak of contagious
disease occurred. On this occasion everything went on satis-

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

445

factorilj until the Show was over and a large portion of the
stock had been removed.

On the Friday morning, the last day of the Show, all the
cattle were separately examined without the detection of any
case of disease ; but on the following morning, at 10 o’clock, a
Devon ox was found to be suffering from the incipient stage of
the malady. The remaining cattle, about 45 in number, were
detained until arrangements could be made for their slaughter
in the metropolis. All the cattle were removed by licence
between Monday and Tuesday, but before the Hall was cleared
six other animals gave evidence of disease. There was nothing
remarkable in the outbreak save the fact of the cattle remaining
healthy in the Hall for eight days, while the ordinary period of
incubation of the disease is three days. It could not be
reasonably concluded that the Devon ox which was first attacked
had been infected before entering the Show more than a week
previously, and the only alternative presumption was that the
infection had been introduced by persons who had entered the
Show after attending to, or being in contact with, diseased cattle,
either in the metropolitan market where the disease was preva-
lent, or in some of the London dairies.

jjj In this year Ireland, which had been tolerably free from foot-
and-mouth disease for some time, suffered from the introduction
of diseased cattle which were sent from Bristol Market and
exposed for sale in one of the Irish stock markets. From this
centre it is alleged the disease spread very rapidly over the
country.

In England the malady continued to extend, and a few local
authorities applied for the establishment of more stringent
rules. The applications were granted, and the movement of
diseased animals, and of animals which had been herded with
them, was prevented by Order of Council. This measure,
however, was quickly revoked, in consequence of the almost
universal opposition with which it was met.

During 1870 foot-and-mouth disease rather increased than
abated its ravages. According to the returns many fresh
outbreaks happened every week.

In December the disease again showed itself in the Smithfield
Show. On the last day of the exhibition one of the cattle, a
cross-bred ox, was found to be affected. In this case the animal
gave evidence of ill health on the morning of the day, but the
distinctive symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease were not deve-
loped until 4 o’clock in the afternoon. Accordingly the move-
ment of the cattle out of the metropolis was interdicted to the
consternation of owners and salesmen, who at once addressed
the Government on the subject, and represented the serious loss

446

Foot-and-Moutk Disease.

which would be incurred if all the animals were slaughtered in
the metropolis. After considerable discussion arrangements
were made for the removal of the healthy cattle into the country
for slaughter on the following conditions. Every animal so
removed was to be examined by one of the Inspectors of the
Veterinary Department, and certified to be free from evidence
of infectious or contagious disease. Each animal was to be
moved in charge of a person approved by the Veterinary
Department, and the person selected was required to remain in
charge of the animal until the slaughter took place, and then to
certify the fact to the Department.

All expenses attending the carrying out of these conditions
had to be defrayed by the owners or purchasers of the cattle.
And notwithstanding the amount of trouble and expense in-
volved, the conditions were accepted almost without exception
by those who were entitled to take advantage of the concession.

The year 1871 was distinguished by the extensive prevalence
of the disease all over the kingdom. Ireland is reported to have
received diseased animals from us in May, and it is a matter of
fact that during this year the complaint reached every one
of the counties in Ireland.

Great Britain returned to the Veterinary Department more
than 52,000 fresh outbreaks in the course of the year, and it
may be taken as an undoubted fact that the return did not
include more than a reasonable proportion of the cases which
actually occurred. Foot-and-mouth disease again appeared at the
fat stock exhibition of the Smithfield Club in December of this
year ; but owing to the action taken there was less inconvenience
experienced by the exhibitors than was suffered by them on the
former occasions which have been noticed.

Before the Show was held the Council of the Smithfield Club
took an agricultural view of the subject, and succeeded in
obtaining an Order of Council so worded, that only the diseased
animals, if any, would be necessarily slaughtered in the metro-
polis. The usual arrangements in regard to inspection were
made, and a shed was set apart for the reception of diseased
animals, which was, unfortunately, well filled.

Almost the first animals which arrived came from the Bir-
mingham Show and were found to be suffering from the disease.
The diseased cattle were not allowed to enter the Show, but
were placed in a shed provided for the emergency. This pre-
caution, however, did not in any way protect the healthy cattle,
which sometimes were carried in the same vans with the
diseased, and it was, therefore, naturally expected that the affec-
tion would spread.

Early in the week of the Show many of the cattle began to

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

447

show signs of illness, and by the end of the week more than
70 of them were suffering from foot-and-mouth disease, besides
those (18 in number) which were excluded from the Show in
the first instance, and handed over to the local authority.

In the beginning of 1872, the returns which had, since the
passing of the Act, been required from the local authorities, were
not longer demanded, and it is therefore impossible to make any
satisfactory comparison between the condition of prevalence of
the disease in 1871 and 1872. From various sources, however,
information was obtained from time to time, and the evidence
altogether leads to the conclusion that in the latter part of this
year the decline of the disease began, although many fresh out-
breaks occurred in the country.

On the continent there was no abatement of the progress of
foot-and-mouth complaint. Cargoes of animals among which
disease existed were constantly landed at our ports during the
year, but owing to the rigorous adoption of the regulation
which condemned the whole cargo to slaughter if one animal
was affected with the disease, no extension of it occurred from
this cause ; in fact, while the affection was declining in many
parts of England it was spreading with rapidity in Germany,
including Schleswig and Holstein, and other parts of the con-
tinent. Towards the end of the year the decline of the malady
became more marked, and it continued through the spring and
summer of the present year, with occasional fresh outbreaks in
different parts of the country.

The precautions taken by the Council of the Smithfield Club
to prevent the entrance of diseased animals in 1872 were ex-
ceedingly stringent. Cattle which had been exhibited at any
show within three months previously to the Smithfield Show
were not allowed admission, and very precise rules were estab-
lished relative to the manner of transit, cattle only being allowed
to travel in horse boxes or private conveyances.

The means adopted were perfectly effectual ; no diseased
animals were detected at the entrance of the show-yard, and
no outbreak occurred during the Show, although it is pro-
bable that some of the cattle were infected while in the Hall, as
they showed symptoms of the disease immediately after their
return home.

During the present year (1873) the decline of foot-and-mouth
disease has steadily continued, and at this time (the month of
August), when the disease would, according to the rule which
has obtained for the last three years of its prevalence, have
nearly reached its maximum, it is in a minimum condition in
this country, and, so far as our information reaches, on the con-
tinent also. For some months past very few cases of the disease

448

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

have been detected among the foreign animals landed at our
ports. Ireland also is reported to be nearly free from the disease.

The history of foot-and-mouth disease might be considerably
extended by reference to the records of its progress in various
parts of Europe, Africa, America, and Australia. No con-
tagious disease of animals is so widely spread, and certainly
none is more readily communicated from diseased to healthy
stock. In no European country has the disease been eradicated
by legislative measures, although restrictions on the movement of
cattle have always succeeded in keeping it in check. In Australia
the adoption of severe measures immediately on the discovery
of the disease effectually arrested its course, and the prohibition
of imports of cattle from England has since kept it out of the
country. Our position as an importing country forbids us to
hope for the eradication of the distemper after more than thirty
years’ constant existence here, by the adoption of measures
which would be effectual on its first appearance in a country ; nor
if we succeeded in completely eradicating the malady from the
whole kingdom, could we expect to avoid its re-importation,
unless we consented to hamper the foreign cattle trade by insist-
ing on the slaughter at the place of landing of all foreign animals
without exception — an extreme measure which is not likely to be
adopted on account of a disease which is not fatal in its results,
and one which people have learned to look upon as indigenous
to this country. Experience of the last few years goes to show
that even moderate legislation directed against this affection will
not find any support from owners of cattle, or persons concerned
in the cattle trade, and in the face of this experience it would be
idle to attempt to carry out more severe measures, which to be
effective must be permanent in their operation.

Much may be done by stock owners to prevent the spread of
foot-and-mouth disease if they think the matter of sufficient im-
portance to deserve a little trouble and attention. To this end
certain suggestions will be offered under the head of Prevention.

Causes which contribute to the Spread of Foot-and-
Mouth Disease.

Most prominent among the influences which regulate the ex-
tension of foot-and-mouth complaint and other contagious
maladies, is the varying degree of susceptibility of the animal
organism to be acted on by the specific poison. The history of
animal plagues proves beyond que.stion that under apparently
similar conditions a disease will at one time appear in isolated
positions, and confine its attack to few animals, while perhaps
in the succeeding season its spread is rapid and extensive, and

Foot-aml-Moutli Disease.

449

all the subjects within reach of the infection are indiscriminately
included.

Foot-and-mouth disease is no exception to this rule ; since
its introduction into this kingdom in 1839 it has mani-
fested itself at certain periods in the form of an epizootic,
ravaging extensive tracts of country, and having exhausted its
force on the susceptible animals within its reach, has declined
until it reached a minimum. Sometimes the affection assumed
the character of an enzootic, but in these instances there was
always a reasonable explanation of the limited spread of the
disease, in the circumstances of the locality ; either the cattle
population was small, or the district was out of the way of cattle
traffic, and the affection having attacked the animals in the
place, ceased for want of new material.

In reference to the direction which epizootic diseases take,
there is a general belief that they always proceed westward, and
there is some evidence in support of this view ; but so far as
foot-and-mouth disease, and indeed all other infectious maladies
of stock are concerned, the rule has no existence in this kingdom.
Railways radiate in all directions, and it may be assumed with
safety, that from the centres of disease the virus will be conveyed
wherever the lines of cattle traffic extend.

Granting the influence of susceptibility in modifying the pro-
gress of contagious diseases, the chief cause of their spread is
the movement of diseased and infected animals in the ordinary
course of trade ; and very curiously this practically vital point in
sanitary law has received the least attention, not from the legis-
lature, but from the stock-owner.

If a critic wished to secure attention to his remarks, he would
carefully avoid such a commonplace statement as that which
refers the extension of disease to the movement of infected ani-
mals, and proceed to a discussion of the possibility of spon-
taneous origin, the prevalence of minute spores of fungi,
atmospheric changes, and indirect conveyance of the poison by
flies, birds, and the smaller quadrupeds, which, if not themselves
liable to be attacked with the disease, may carry on their feet,
or other parts of their bodies, the excreta from diseased animals.
Full weight may be allowed for all the mischief done by the
indirect conveyance of infection by men, animals, or substances
which have been in contact with diseased beasts, or with the pro-
ducts of the disease ; but still the fact remains, that the malady
is kept in a state of activity mainly by means of the living
creatures which are suffering from it. During the inquiries whicb
have at different times been instituted in the country for the
purpose of determining the causes of the extraordinary ptevalence
of foot-and-mouth disease in certain districts, the fact above

450

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

stated has invariably been brought out very prominently. Diffi-
culties have been met with in the endeavour to account for the
introduction of the affection ; frequently it has been impossible
to define the actual date of the outbreak, and more often than
otherwise it has been necessary to suggest several possible or
probable channels of communication with distant centres of in-
fection ; but when the existence of a single case of the malady
is admitted, it is always easy enough to account for the spread
of the infection. No better illustration of the conditions under
which foot-and-mouth disease spreads with excessive rapidity
can be found than the one which was afforded by the county of
Somerset, at the time when the malady prevailed there in the
summer and autumn of 1870.

Before the inquiry was commenced, a general statement had
been made and commonly accepted, that animals, principally
Irish cattle, bought in Bristol market, introduced the affection
into the county in the first instance, and constantly kept up the
supply of infection. This statement was not unreasonable, and
was therefore taken as a basis in the subsequent investigation.
Very shortly, however, it appeared that Irish cattle from Bristol
market were not solely, or even in the greatest part, responsible
for the condition of the cattle in the county of Somerset, and in
many instances they had nothing at all to do with the original
outbreaks.

In the Frome district, the first outbreaks were traced to the
introduction of pigs from Bristol and Salisbury markets into
the market at Frome. Dealers are in the habit of moving pigs
from one market to another. These animals are least likely to
attract observation when suffering from foot-and-mouth disease,
and, either in railway trucks, or market carts, may be moved all
over the country with impunity. Numerous outbreaks of the
disease were traced to exposure of diseased pigs in the markets,
and, although the dealers were sometimes fined for the offence,
it did not appear that the practice was checked. Probably the
general immunity which was enjoyed by those who systemati-
cally evaded the law in this way sufficiently encouraged them
to continue to incur a slight risk of detection and possible
punishment. Considering the loss which dealers would have
suffered if they had acted in strict accordance with the law, it is
scarcely a matter for surprise that they ignored all the regulations,
the observance of which would have seriously interfered with
their trade.

In the Glastonbury district, where the disease prevailed to
a serious extent, many outbreaks were traced to the introduction
of infected cattle from Bristol market ; but there were also
other sources of infection to be taken into account. One

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

451

particular instance of the movement of diseased cattle for a
long distance without detection of the existence of disease,
attracted my attention at the time. The cattle were pur-
chased at Southampton and taken to Glastonbury, whence
they were driven across the moors to the owner’s premises.
Foot-and-mouth disease was discovered among them the day
after their arrival, and due notice was given to the authorities ;
but the facts which subsequently transpired proved that they
must have been affected for some time previously, as they left a
line of infection behind them ; the disease appeared in nearly
every place through which they had passed on their route.

In the Wells district foot-and-mouth disease was introduced
repeatedly by cattle brought from Bristol, Chippenham, and
Frome markets.

In the Bridgewater district disease was introduced originally
from Bristol market. The first outbreak occurred at Huntspill,
and from that point the affection extended to cattle which
were grazing on the Pawlet Hams, where there were no means
of isolating diseased animals or applying sanitary regulations to
check the spread of infection. No mystery attached to the origin
of the disease in any of the districts where it prevailed. There
was no occasion to suggest possible means of communication of
the virus through the medium of the atmosphere or other less
direct channels. The fact was patent enough that diseased and
infected cattle, sheep, and pigs, were regularly moved by road,
rail, and boat, from various parts of the kingdom to fairs and
markets. Seizure of diseased animals did not materially lessen
the mischief done, and the more effective measure, the prevention
of the movement of those which had been herded with them,
could not be carried out without an entire stoppage of the cattle
trade.

Irish animals were frequently landed at Bristol and other
ports suffering from the disease, sent to the markets and distri-
buted over the country, carrying the affection with them
wherever they went ; but home-bred stock also suffering from
the disease were moved with equal freedom and at least to an
equal extent, and no remedy could be effectively applied to the
one class of animals without including the other. In short it
was clear, during the time of the greatest prevalence of the
disease, that nothing less than a general interruption to the
movement of cattle all over the kingdom, would be sufficient
even to control its progress.

Bristol market was for some reason specially selected for attack
as the great centre of infection ; but a careful investigation proved,
that even in the county of Somerset, Bristol was by no means
the only distributing centre. The markets at Southampton,

VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 II

452

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Salisbury, and Frome, it was ascertained, had contributed
their share of diseased and infected cattle and pigs. And it is
certainly true that more attention was paid to the cleansing
and disinfection of Bristol market than to any other market in
the country. Under the direction of the Inspector, who had
full j)owers to act, the place was well swept after each market.
The ground was covered with quick-lime ; and lime wash with
carbolic acid was applied to the walls of the pens in which
cattle had been placed. All the sweepings and manure from
the market were removed to the farms in the occupation of
the lessee, whose cattle did not suffer in consequence, as it
appeared on inquiry that he had only had two outbreaks
of disease on his two farms for several years ; in each case
the disease was introduced by cattle which he purchased in the
market.

It must be obvious, that no amount of care in cleansing and
disinfecting market places, or other places where cattle are kept,
can in any degree prevent the extension of disease from the
movement of diseased or^ infected animals. These cleansing
processes, if properly carried out, may be presumed to prevent
the extension of disease from the presence of active contagion
left by diseased animals which previously occupied the lairs or
other places. More than this cannot be expected.

Having discovered the sources of the infection, in the county
of Somerset, there was no difficulty in explaining the rapid
spread of the disease. The presence of a single diseased animal,
for example, on the Pawlet Hams, could not fail to occasion the
wide extension of the affection, and taking the vast grazing
district round Glastonbury, practically an open plain, as the
pastures are only separated from each other by dykes or slight
fences, there are no sufficient barriers to the association of
diseased and healthy animals, it is at once apparent that in
such a position an infectious malady must spread. Isolation
and disinfection are utterly impossible of application, and under
such conditions the disease advances without any check, until
all the susceptible animals are affected.

Exposure of diseased animals in fairs and markets has in
very many instances caused the distribution of the disease
over a wide extent of country ; and, unfortunately, no amount
of vigilance on the part of the Inspector of the market, or of
energetic action on the part of the Local Authorities, can prevent
the mischief. Diseased animals may be seized, and the owners
fined for exposing them, but meanwhile the virus has done its
work in the systems of many animals which were healthy on the
day of the market, but which, in a few days’ time, will certainly
exliibit the disease. In Bristol market, owing to the unceasing

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

453

vigilance of the Inspector and the determination of the authorities
to carry out the law, nearly all the Irish dealers were fined in
turn for exposing diseased cattle or pigs in the market ; but how-
ever necessary this course might be for the purpose of deterring
others from committing a like offence, it is doubtful if any
sanitary gain resulted. The seizure of the diseased animals did
not prevent the infection of others in the market, and the
punishment inflicted on the dealers induced them to obtain
the aid of a veterinary surgeon to inspect their stock on the morn-
ing of the market and select all which gave evidence of disease ;
these were, of course, kept on the premises or otherwise disposed
of, and those which had been up to the market day herded with
them, but were not then discoverably affected, were sent to the
market and sold to carry the disease to all parts of the country.
Owing to this arrangement it happened that for some months
during the prevalence of the disease no diseased animals were to
be found in Bristol market ; the fact, however, of there being a
considerable number of infected animals there was perfectly well
known at the time, and was abundantly proved by the numerous
outbreaks which occurred among the animals after they arrived at
their destination.

Cleansing and disinfection of markets and lairs attached to
them is far more easily suggested than carried into effect. Often
it happens that the cost of the work would be almost ruinous
owing to the extent of surface to be gone over. Not unfre-
quently the position of the market place, the streets in the town
for instance, or a large field, renders any effective cleansing and
disinfecting impracticable, but in such instances there is good
reason to believe that the atmosphere does all that is necessary
to be done before the next market. Some markets and lairs are
conveniently arranged for the application of disinfectants, and
such application should always be insisted on, at least on every
occasion when diseased animals are exposed for sale. But after
all, observation is in favour of the belief that little harm arises
from the morbific matter which is left in an open market by one
or two diseased animals on a market day. A few days’ exposure
to air and moisture will be sufficient to neutralize the poison ; but
undoubtedly, much injury is produced by turning animals out of
a market into adjacent lairs to wait till the next market day, such
places become, in times of prevalence of the disease, centres of
infection which should be dealt with stringently, and regularly
cleansed and disinfected under proper supervision.

Movement of diseased animals along public roads, or in any
way, by land or water, is admitted to be a fruitful cause of
the spread of the affection. The secretions and excretions,' more
particularly the saliva, which flows abundantly from the mouth

H 2

454

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

of the diseased beasts, are certain to communicate the disease to
cattle, sheep, and pigs which are moved along the same roads or
are conveyed in the same trucks or vessels, immediately after the
diseased animals have deposited the morbific matter.

Much of the injury done by transit of diseased cattle and
other animals cannot be prevented by any care. It is impos-
sible to disinfect roads, or even to ascertain at what points the
virus has fallen. Pens at railway stations are in some respects,
equally difficult to deal with. Their chief use is for the recep-
tion of animals for the purpose of trucking, and on market days
they are in constant requisition for many consecutive hours, as one
lot of animals after another arrives at the station to be put into
the trucks. A single diseased animal, which may occupy one of
the pens for a short time in the early part of the day, may leave
behind enough of the morbid matter to infect a considerable pro-
portion of those which immediately follow, and until the work of
the day is over it is impossible to disinfect the pens : indeed,
when the hours of daylight barely suffice for the work of getting
the animals off, the delay would disarrange the whole proceedings.
The most that can be done, is to insist on the cleansing and dis-
infection of the pens as soon as possible after being used, and
before they are again employed for the reception of animals in
transit.

Vessels and trucks of any kind used for the conveyance of
animals should certainly be cleansed and disinfected after the
animals are removed and before other animals are placed in
them. Strictly, this disinfection is only necessary after diseased
animals have been conveyed, but it is impossible to prove that
diseased animals have not been conveyed ; the only safe course
in such cases is to assume that they have been, and to proceed
accordingly.

Introduction of infected animals from the continent may be
placed among the causes which are concerned in the spread of
foot-and-mouth disease in this kingdom, but the extent to
which this cause has acted has been enormously over-rated.
Occasionally infected animals may escape from the landing
place to the interior of the country, but considering the short
period of incubation of the disease, it is not likely that animals
which are sent to us from infected herds or flocks abroad will
pass through the time required for transit and the twelve hours’^
detention, very often prolonged to double the time, without
showing some signs of disease sufficient to attract the attention
of the inspector ; and when the law requires that the whole of a
mixed cargo must be slaughtered if any one animal of the cargo
is affected with the disease, it cannot be reasonably contended
that the regulations for the protection of home-bred stock are in

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

455

this particular wanting in strictness, or that foreign imports are
likely to add seriously to the causes which contribute to the
spread of foot-and mouth complaint in this kingdom.

It has been often suggested that the hardships to which
animals are subjected in transit have much to do with the
origin and progress of foot-and-mouth complaint. The exist-
ence of hardship is undoubted ; the influence of such sufferings
on the animal’s condition cannot be questioned, and it may
be admitted that, owing to the privations which are endured,
the animal’s system may be rendered more susceptible to the
action of a specific contagium, as it certainly is to the attacks
of ordinary diseases ; but beyond this nothing can be allowed.
No amount of neglect or privation suffices to establish a conta-
gious disease in the system unless the contagium is in some
way introduced.

<jeneral ch.aracteks of the Foot-and-Mouth Distemper
IN DIFFERENT AnIMALS.

Of the various terms which are used to indicate this disease
perhaps epizootic aphtha or eczema is the best. The expression
foot-and-mouth disease conveys the erroneous idea that the affec-
tion always occurs in the mouth and feet, whereas other parts of
the body are commonly attacked, and one of the parts referred to
in the popular title may be entirely free. Essentially the disease
consists in general irritation of the tegumentary and mucous
structures, with febrile disturbance indicated by an increase of
temperature. Introduction of the contagium into the system of a
healthy animal is the only known cause of the disease.

After the poison enters the blood a period of two to four
flays elapses before the malady declares itself. This period is
termed the incubative stage, which in exceptional cases is pro-
longed to a week. The first sign of infection having taken place
is the rise of internal temperature three or four degrees ; in differ-
ent cases the thermometer will indicate in cattle 104° to 105°,
and in sheep 104° to 107°. Shortly following the rise of internal
heat the well-known signs of the affection present themselves in
•quick succession.

Referring first to cattle, a marked symptom, which is not
always present, is the peculiar smacking or sucking noise which
the animal makes with its mouth ; discharge of saliva may often
be noticed early in the disease, but this symptom by itself is not
•sufficient, as it is commonly present when animals have been long
kept without water. A characteristic sign of disease in the feet is
afforded by a peculiar movement of the affected limb, resembling
an attempt to kick something off the foot ; this inclination is

456

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

most marked when the hind feet are attacked. As the disease
advances the animal stands in an uneasy position, often shuffling
its feet and moving with difficulty ; blisters appear between the
claws and on the posterior part of the feet immediately above
the hoofs, on the udder of milch cows, inside the lips, and on
the tongue and palate. According to the severity of the attack
will be the extent of these lesions ; in mild cases only the mouth
may be affected, and that to a slight extent, or the feet may be
attacked alone. Very seldom are the vesicles developed to an
equal extent in all the positions mentioned, but in all cases
there is a tendency to the separation of the epithelial and
epidermoid covering of the mucous membrane and skin ; and it
has been observed that the surface of the integument is de-
squamated in the form of dried scales for some time after recovery.
Sometimes a quantity of yellow curdy exudation is formed at the
posterior part of the tongue and on the palate somewhat re-
sembling the exudation in cattle-plague. A very remarkable
specimen of this kind was taken from an Irish heifer which died
of foot-and-mouth disease at Thirsk in 1867. A microscopic
examination of this deposit proved it to be simple epithelial
matter, as shown in the illustration No. 1.

Microscopic appearance of a mass of curdy exudation from the posterior part of the tongue of an Irish
heifer which died of virulent foot-and-mouth^disease. Magnified 400 diameters.

Soon after their appearance the vesicles become ruptured,
and the contents, a clear limpid fluid, containing few organic

No. 1

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

457

molecules, escape. Under favourable circumstances the liealin|?
process advances rapidly, the abraded surface is covered with a
yellowish mass of exudation, which is ultimately condensed to
form the epithelial covering. This yellow mass has been
examined by the microscope, and found to consist of epithelial
cells, which are represented in the next figure.

No. 2.

Microscopic appearance of yellow mass on the surface of a healing abrasion, after the rupture of a
vesicle. Magnified 400 diameters.

When the disease is fully developed, all the secretions con-
tain morbid elements, but, rather curiously, the saliva, which is
the fluid most capable of conveying the disease, shows the least
evidence of change ; when obtained as free as possible from the
mucus secreted by the glands of the membrane lining the cavity
of the mouth, it is quite pellucid, and contains minute bodies,
which move with rapidity, these are sometimes found in consider-
able quantities, and in many specimens bacteria and vibriones
are also detected, similar in form and character to those which are
depicted in the illustration No. 3, page 459, as they occur ia
the milk of diseased animals.

458

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

These peculiar bodies (bacteria and vibriones) are developed in
fluids which contain a small quantity of animal matter, and they
may therefore be taken as an evidence of decomposition. The
fact of their existence in the blood and secretions of a living
animal is always significant, but the discovery of them some-
times after the fluids have been separated from the living body
is a matter of no moment.

Bacteria and vibriones have been detected in the limpid fluid
of the vesicles with small masses of living germinal matter, and
in the discharge from the eyes minute moving bodies have also
been seen.

Microscopic examination of the blood reveals the presence of
organic bodies which are always associated with a diseased con-
dition of the fluid. First, the red blood-discs, on which the
colour of the blood depends, are covered with minute projecting
points, instead of being circular in form and smooth on the
surface. There is also an excess of the colourless corpuscles, and
there are also small spheroidal and elliptical bodies, which move
rapidly in all directions, and sometimes very numerous bacteria
and viliriones are found in large numbers in the advanced stage
of the disease ; their presence in large numbers is indicative of the
malignant form of the affection, in which the condition is rather
that of blood-poisoning than simple foot-and-mouth complaint.

Milk taken from cows affected with the disease presents ap-
pearances which are very characteristic, but which vary much
according to the stage of the disease. Most of the specimens
examined had a low specific gravity, 1024, although in some
instances when the quantity which was yielded was very small
the normal specific gravity, 1032. was reached, and now and
then exceeded, but in these instances the fluid was abnormal in
character, being charged with large exudation cells, and, what is
more significant, bacteria and vibriones were abundantly present.

The drawing which is represented in the next illustration was
taken from a specimen of milk obtained from a cow which had
suffered from the disease for ten days, and it by no means
exaggerates the proportion of diseased elements in the milk.

In cases where the udder is seriously affected, the secretion of
milk is almost arrested, and the little fluid which is obtained
is highly charged with inflammatory products. Nearly all the
specimens of milk obtained from cows affected with foot-and-
mouth disease, however, contained more or less of the abnormal
elements represented in the drawing, and in some the pus-
like cells remained for several weeks after the animals had quite
recovered.

Boiling the milk from diseased cows has considerable effect
in retarding its decomposition, but it does not arrest the move-

Fooi-and-Mouth Disease.

459

merits of the minute bodies which are so constantly present.
Of the deleterious effects of the milk of diseased cows upon the

No. 3.

Microscopic appearance of milk in the advanced stage of foot-and-mouth disease, showing, besides
the smooth circular milk corpuscles, large dark granular cells, many chain-like bodies (vibriones)
and moving bodies composed of two elliptical link< (bacteria). Magnified 400 diameters.

systems of other animals no doubt can be entertained. Sucking
calves have been frequently poisoned by it even before the cow
gave evidence of the disease, which then existed in the incubative
stage. Pigs have been repeatedly infected by the milk when
given to them warm from the cow, but the injurious qualities
seem to be modified by boiling the fluid or keeping it for some
time before it is used. Undoubtedly the safest course is to
destroy it ; but, if this is not done, it should not be given to
pigs or other animals until it has been well boiled, and then
allowed to get cold. As to the use of the milk for human con-
sumption, it is sufficient to say that no one who had seen the
fluid under the microscope would patiently contemplate the
possibility of its being employed for the food of man, putting out
of the question any risk of the disease being communicated to
human beings by such means.

In its uncomplicated form foot-and-mouth disease ends in
restoration of a healthy condition of the affected parts, and of
the system generally, in a week or ten days ; but various cir-
cumstances tend to retard its favourable course : unsanitary
influences, existence of other diseases, debility, bad treatment, all

4G0

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

liave the effect of retarding the expulsion of the poison, and
leading to a diseased state of the blood and the fluids derived
from it.

Animals under these circumstances become emaciated, the
abrasions of the buccal membrane advance to the condition of
ulcers, the hoofs become loosened bj exudation from the vascular
membrane of the internal foot, abscess forms in the areolar
membrane under the skin ; skin wounds caused by the animal
lying down much assume an unhealthy character, and large
portions of the tissue are sloughed away, and the beast ultimately
succumbs to a state which may correctly be termed putrid,
otherwise it is destroyed as useless owing to the hopeless con-
dition of the feet, and the general prostration.

Foot-and-mouth disease is sometimes complicated with more
malignant diseases ; as splenic apoplexy, apoplectic congestion
of lungs, and other forms of blood disease ; the fatality which
attends these complications cannot properly be referred to the
foot-and-mouth complaint, as the maladies themselves are ex-
ceedingly fatal, and it is probable that their virulent nature is
not materially modified by the existence of the milder affection
in conjunction with them.

An attack of foot-and-mouth disease does not protect the
animal from any other disease, but it has usually been held that
a recovered animal was safe from a return of the same affection ;
and there is evidence that a certain amount of protection is
afforded against a second attack, although the system is not
rendered absolutely secure for any length of time.

Instances of animals being affected with foot-and-mouth com-
plaint twice in the space of a few months were of occasional
occurrence in the early periods of the disease, and a third attack
was not unknown. Recently, second and third attacks at short
intervals among cattle have been more numerous, or at least more
have been recorded ; whether the cases have really been more
frequent than in former years, or our attention has been more
closely attracted to them, is not quite clear. Veterinary autho-
rities in Switzerland however state, quite as a matter of course,
that the susceptibility of the animal’s system to the action of
the virus is not only not exhausted, but is in no way lessened
or otherwise modified by an attack of the disease.

Our experience in this country justifies the statement, that
under ordinary circumstances, animals which have recovered
from foot-and-mouth disease are not liable to the affection again,
at a period so early as to excite attention ; but it is also true
that during the prevalence of the affection in an epizootic form,
the liability to infection is indefinitely increased, and at the same
time the amount of active contayiurn is also increased. In other

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

461

terms, there are in the surrounding circumstances during tlic
times of what are commonly called great outbreaks, greater
powers of action, and in the animal system a greater suscepti-
bility to be acted on ; this susceptibility, which in ordinary
seasons is exhausted by one attack, under the new conditions sur-
vives two or three accessions of disease. The practical conclusion
from these facts is, that the farmer should never consider his cattle
secure, but always maintain on his farm the sanitary regulations
which will be hereafter referred to.

Sheep are liable to attacks of the foot-and-mouth complaint of
cattle, but they most frequently suffer from it in a modified form.
The mouth in most instances does not present the indications of
disease which are seen in cattle, but the feet are almost without
exception affected in a characteristic manner. Much discussion
has arisen out of the circumstance that the vesicular epizootic
of cattle is often confined to the feet of sheep, and frequent
attempts have been made to prove that the disease in sheep is
the common foot-rot, and not the epizootic affection which is
seen in cattle. It would be impossible by any length of argument
to convince a large class of practical men whose minds are made
up on this point, of the fact that a scientific pathologist would
have no difficulty in deciding at once, as to whether a sheep were
affected with the aphthous disease, or some common form of foot
affection ; nevertheless no problem in pathology is more easily
solved.

Of the several quite distinct local diseases of the foot of the
sheep, none is distinguished by the presence of a blister or vesicle
in any part of the foot, while in the foot-and-mouth disease there
are always vesicles present, or distinct evidence of their previous
existence, and there is also a general absence of that condition of
hoof which is usual in foot-rot. In exceptional cases the hoofs
are elongated, much broken, and sometimes ragged and rotten ;
but this condition has nothing to do with the aphthous disease,
which is indicated by the presence of vesicles between the claws,
in the posterior part of the foot immediately above the hoof, and
sometimes exactly on the portion of skin between the digits which
covers the transverse ligament connecting the two sides of the
foot together, and which is rendered tense, and therefore distinct
when the digits are pulled apart. When the posterior part of
the hoof is separated from the secreting membrane, as it often is
in foot-and-mouth disease, the vascular surface is seen to be
congested, but there are no signs of the so-called fungoid
growths which distinguish foot-rot. In short no two diseases
can be more distinct from each other in the local appearances ;
but independently of the evidence afforded by the diseased parts,
there is in cases of foot-and-mouth disease clear evidence of

462

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

febrile action in the system. The animal’s appetite may not be
much affected, nor is it necessary that the demeanour should
be suggestive of much suffering, but the application of the
thermometer will show a rise of internal temperature when
the animal is suffering from the aphthous affection. Making
allowances for the variation of the temperature in sheep, which
in health will range from 101° to 104°, the increase is quite
marked, as the temperature in tlie diseased sheep will range
from 104° to 107°. It will not, however, in the majority of
cases, be necessary to use the thermometer to decide the question
of the nature of the disease, as the local evidence will be
sufficient.

Vesicles in the mouth of the sheep, although not so generally
present as in cattle, are very commonly found when they are
looked for, but as the idea has long been prevalent that sheep
are not affected in the mouth, it naturally has happened that the
part has escaped notice, and besides, the lesion is not so pro-
minent as in the mouths of cattle, and, therefore, not so readily
recognised by the unpractised eye. In lambs of a few weeks
old vesicles not larger than a hemp seed have been detected on
the tongue. Abrasions on the lips and palate are frequently
seen in sheep identical in character with those which are
observed in cattle ; and altogether the evidence of the identity
of the disease in cattle and sheep is perfectly conclusive, even
irrespective of the admitted fact that the affection is inter-
oommunicable in the two classes of animals.

Goats and deer are liable to foot-and-mouth complaint, but in
reference to these animals the circumstances are such as render
any minute observation very difficult. Goats are very little used
in this country, and deer running wild cannot be critically exa-
mined ; hence no specialities have been recorded in respect of
the disease in them.

Pigs undoubtedly suffer extremely from aphthous disease, and
in many localities it assumes among them a decidedly malignant
form. Vesicles appear on the outside of the snout and along the
edge of the upper lip ; on the udder in sows, and almost invariably
on the feet ; the hoofs are constantly separated from the internal
foot and fall off. The sufferings caused by the disease and its
result often produce fatal prostration ; so often, indeed, that the
statement respecting foot-and-mouth disease being a benign
affection does not apply to its existence among pigs.

Other animals than those mentioned as being subject to the
affection in this country, are included by continental veterinary
surgeons among susceptible subjects. Horses, dogs, hares,
rabbits, and birds, are said to be attacked frequently, and to be
capable of conveying the disease to farm stock. We have no

Foot-and-Moiith Disease.

463

evidence of a reliable kind in proof of the susceptibility of these
animals to foot-and-mouth disease in this kingdom.

Horses and dogs, and probably other animals, are sometimes
the subjects of febrile diseases in which abrasions of the buccal
membrane occur ; and lesions not unlike those of foot-and-
mouth disease have been seen in horses in consequence of irri-
tation produced by vegetable hairs ; but the true aphthous
disease has not been seen in this country, nor has it been found
possible to produce it in horses, dogs, and rabbits ; and among-
our birds only common fowls are known to have been attacked.

Losses on account of foot-and-mouth disease may be classified
under various heads according to the circumstances in which
the diseased animals are placed. Store cattle suffer least ; under
proper treatment a fatal result is very rare, and the loss of con-
dition is not sufficient to retard the animal’s growth to any
serious extent. Fattening cattle are deteriorated in value to the
amount of two to five pounds per head, according to various esti-
mates ; milch cows experience a loss or considerable decrease of
milk, but^the most serious losses are those among valuable breed-
ing stock, including death of young animals from sucking the
diseased milk, and the frequent occurrence of abortion among
cows and ewes. The subject, however, of losses sustained has
been amply discussed in the agricultural press, and it is not
necessary to reiterate statements which are perfectly familiar to
stock-owners, and of the (truth of which they are capable of
judging from actual experience.

Treatment op Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

The course which has been pursued by the veterinary profession,
in reference to the medical treatment of contagious diseases of
stock, supplies a positive contradiction to that most remarkable
maxim, “ Honesty is the best policy.” The true policy of the
veterinary surgeon is to adopt the practice of the physician, and
attempt to cure disease, instead of to get rid of it, by the expe-
ditious method of killing the patient. Veterinary surgeons might
have gained the credit of curing all the animals which recovered
from disease, instead of incurring the charge which they have
themselves invited, of being incapable of dealing with maladies
which are no more malignant than those which the practitioner
of human medicine successfully attacks. Cholera, typhus, and
small-pox are, it is alleged, as deadly as any form of cattle-plague,
and yet no physician thinks of the stamping-out system in refer-
ence to them ; on the contrary, all the experience of the past, and
all the modern resources of science, are brought forward for their
amelioration ; while, in respect of the treatment of animal plagues.

4G4

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

veterinary science pleads incapacity, and recommends the
poleaxe.

Human plagues are in fact as incurable as cattle plagues, but
the human doctor never deems it his duty to force his convictions
of this truth on mankind, nor indeed to utter them at all, save in
hesitant whisperings in the select circles of his scientific asso-
ciates ; hence, while the two divisions of medicine are on a par
in regard to the effects which they can produce on the progress of
epidemic and epizootic diseases, the practitioners of the two
systems have become widely separated by the acceptance on each
side of entirely opposite principles ; one rejoicing in the belief
that there is hope always while there is life, the others gloomily
accepting the proposition that there is no hope but in death.

Whether or not veterinary surgeons were morally bound to
publish their incapacity to cure, and in the interests of the
country to recommend killing, is a point for the moral philosopher
to determine ; there can be no question of the error of policy
thus committed, and the censure which the profession has
incurred is a just reward for the deliberate abandonment of its
true position.

In the true sense of the word all diseases are susceptible
of cure, that is, of careful attention ; but according to the usual
acceptation of the term, only those maladies which can be
arrested in their course — cut short, in fact, before they attain
their full development — can be called curable. To use a familiar
subject by way of illustration, — small-pox is by most persons
considered to be a curable disease ; its fatal character is
admitted ; nevertheless, various plans of treatment are tried
with more or less success, that is to say with more or less
disturbance of the average of fatality. Formerly, hot rooms
and spare diet were deemed necessary to the cure ; now, plenty
of cool, pure air and nutritious food are deemed essential, and
under the improved system of treatment, in which medicine
plays a secondary part, the recoveries are far more numerous
than they were under the old method. Still the affection passes
through its various stages of incubation, invasion, vesication,
pustulation, and desiccation, as though no medical interference
were attempted. The disease is not arrested ; on the contrary,
the greatest care is given to facilitate its development, on the
clear understanding that the interruption of the external expres-
sion of the disease in the form of a specific eruption, means
retention of the poison, and deadly injury to the organism.

A distinction is to be drawn between the cure of a disease by
the employment of an actually antagonistic agency, and the re-
covery of the patient under the careful attention of the physician
who has watched, and in some degree guided, the malady

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

405

through its stages without attempting to retard or modify its
development.

Some ten years ago a veritable cure for small-pox was pub-
licly announced, and there was no mistake as to the meaning of
the terms employed. The North American plant Sarracenia
■purpurea was said to arrest the development of the pustules by
destroying the poison of the disease in the system. This would
have been true curative action, positive destruction of the morbid
material, and the arrest of the abnormal process ; further inquiry,
however, proved that the plant did not possess the power
ascribed to it, and the disease remains, in the present state of
our knowledge, incurable, that is to say, not susceptible of
arrestation by the action of medicine. The most that the phy-
sician hopes to effect is to get the disease favourably through
its various stages, and to support the system under the exhausting
influence of the virus.

In exactly the same sense that small-pox of man is incurable,
so is the foot-and-mouth complaint of cattle, a disease much less
virulent in character, insusceptible to the action of medicines. A
cure for this disease should be capable of arresting the course of
the fever and preventing the formation of vesicles ; should, in
fact, cut short the morbid process ; so that an animal which had
been exposed to the infection, and gave indications of being the
subject of the incipient disease by a rise of internal tempera-
ture, should be restored to health by the use of the medicine,
without the manifestation of any further symptoms. No such
curative agent as this has yet been discovered, and all the
special modes of treatment which have been at different times
advocated on the plea of their curative powers, may be safely
relegated to the regions of quackery.

Curative means, in the extended sense of the word, may be
successfully applied to foot-and-mouth complaint as to all other
diseases ; that is to say, the sick animal may be taken care of,
the symptoms may be sedulously watched, complications may
be dealt with as they arise ; strict obedience to sanitary laws
may be enjoined, and all hygienic appliances may be brought
to bear with corresponding benefit to the patient ; but the con-
scientious practitioner, while he developes all the resources of his
art, knows and admits that the means "which he employs are
palliative and not antagonistic to the morbid processes which
he seeks to assist rather than to obstruct. The problem which
he has to solve is how to assist in the elimination of a poison,
and at the same time to support the vitality of the system, a
widely different thing from neutralising the poison or preventing
its formation.

The first thing which the therapeutist is called upon to deter-

466

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

mine is the precise nature of the disease which he is required to
treat : without this knowledge his proceeding must be of the
empirical order. When dealing with foot-and-mouth complaint,
he has to remember that the affection belongs to the class ex-
anthemata, or eruptive diseases, and that consequently a charac-
teristic development of pimples, vesicles, or pustules, is part of
the natural course of the disease through its various stages.
Small-pox is distinguished by the successive appearance of the
three kinds of eruption referred to ; foot-and-mouth complaint
is marked by one kind, the vesicular. The virus of the affection
acts rapidly ; symptoms of fever are manifested soon after the
introduction of the poison into the system ; the internal tempera-
ture rises three or four degrees ; the secretion of milk in milch
cows is diminished ; and experience proves that some of the
poison is excreted in this way very early in the disease.

Vesicles, or blisters as they would be called in popular lan-
guage, begin to appear in from thirty-six to forty-eight hours
after infection, as a rule, on the tongue, inside the lips, and often
on the skin, especially of the hind legs, immediately above the
hoofs, at the heels, and frequently at the junction of the digits.

General irritation exists all over the mucous and tegumental
surface, and the epithelium is so far loosened that it may be
removed by slight friction. The tendency to desquamation of
the epithelial tissue is always most marked in the mucous mem-
brane lining the cavity of the mouth, and in the modified
integument which is reflected over the terminal portions of the
extremities. The first result is unimportant ; but the separation
of the hoof from its secreting membrane is, under all circum-
stances, particularly in cattle, a very serious, and not uncom-
monly fatal, consequence of the disease, and should be, as far as
possible, guarded against.

In a few days the poison of the disease, which, in the
act of elimination from the system, leads to the develop-
ment of the effects referred to, is, in favourable cases, com-
pletely expelled, the fever subsides, the loosened epithelium ;
is rapidly replaced by new deposits of normal tissue, and the (

animal becomes convalescent, suffering only from the exhaus- ]

tion which is proportioned to the severity of the 'attack, but
from which recovery ‘is very rapid, under a liberal system
of dietetics. From the date of the eruption to the time of
convalescence, in the favourable form of the disease, an average
period of ten days will be occupied ; and no medicine which
has yet been tried possesses the power to shorten this period,
or to arrest the course of the malady. Treatment, therefore,
in this type of the disease should be tentative, rather than
actively corrective. The duty of the veterinary surgeon is to I

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

467

preserve the normal action of the excreting organs without
unduly exciting them, to guard against the tendency to desqua-
mation of epithelial tissue, particularly in respect of the feet,
and to afford all the support to the system which is necessary to
counteract the depressing action of the poison.

These indications are fulfilled by the employment of salines,
which are best given in the water which the animal drinks, as
injury to the mouth by the violent use of the drenching horn is
thereby avoided.

Chlorate of potash, sulphate of soda, and hyposulphite of soda,
are the agents which are most effective and most easily adminis-
tered. Sulphate of soda is useful when it is desirable to obtain
a laxative action on the bowels. Four ounces of this salt may
be dissolved in half a bucket of water, and placed in the
animal’s reach. The dose may be repeated as soon as the
first quantity of fluid has been taken, and again, if necessary, in
twelve hours, until the dejections are in a satisfactory state.
Chlorate of potash is valuable when the mouth is much affected ;
the agent passes readily into the blood, and possesses, in addition
to its febrifuge properties, considerable power in rectifying
morbid changes in the circulating fluid. An ounce of the agent
may be given in the drinking-water once or twice a day, ac-
cording to the state of the animal.

Hyposulphite of soda, like the chlorate of potash, has a de-
cidedly antiseptic property, and arrests putrefactive fermenta-
tion, therefore it is effective in blood-diseases ; it is tasteless,
cheap, and easily obtained, and, in any quantities that are likely
to be administered, perfectly harmless. These advantages en-
title the drug to a much higher position in veterinary medicine
than it has yet attained.

Hyposulphite of soda may be dissolved in the drinking-
water in such proportion that the animal may take about four
ounces daily for a few days, after which the dose should be
reduced to one-half the amount.

Sheep, which do not drink much when at grass, will take the
medicine when it is mixed with tempting food, as bruised oats
with a little malt ; the dose may be calculated at one-fourth the
quantity for an ox. In case of cattle refusing to drink the
medicated water, the same plan of mixing the medicine with
the food may be tried ; but if both food and water are objected
to when thus medicated, it will be in most cases much better to
leave the animals without medicine than to administer it forcibly,
unless complications, which require special treatment, should
occur. Separation of the hoofs from the secreting membrane will
be in a great degree prevented by early attention to the feet, and
the necessity for this special care will be apparent when it is

VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 I

468

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

remembered that the majority of the fatal cases of this disease
are those in which the feet are chiefly involved in the destruc-
tive changes. When vesicles appear between the digits, or on
the posterior part of the foot immediately above the hoof, it may
be concluded that separation is likely to commence at both those
points. The thin layer of horny matter which in the ox con-
nects the two horny digits together may be disconnected from
the subjacent tissue by exudation of serous fluid ; and at the same
time the horn at the posterior part, which is also thin at its
commencement, may become in like manner separated from the
membrane which secretes it. In this condition of parts every
movement of the animal tends to assist the process of discon-
nection. When in the act of advancing the animal presses
on the toe of the hoof, and the forward movement tends to
raise the internal foot out of the horny covering, just as the
forward step of a man with slippers on which are down at the
heels lifts the foot nearly out of the loosely attached slipper.
When the boot is firmly laced to the foot this tendency to lifting
of the heel is not felt ; but the foot and the external covering,
which well represents the hoof, move together as one piece. When
disconnection, however, occurs at the posterior part of the hoof
even to a very slight extent, movement must necessarily assist
its progress.

Cattle are the more liable to loss of hoof, when suffering
from foot-and-mouth disease, if the hoofs are overgrown and
much elongated at the toe. The leverage thus obtained is
detrimental to the structure even of the healthy foot, and becomes
still more injurious when the connection between the hoof and
its secreting membrane is loosened owing to exudation from the
vascular surface. The feet of cattle and sheep should be care-
fully trimmed when necessary, even before they are attacked by
the disease if possible ; but in any case excessive growth of horn
should be removed by saw and rasp to save the animal from the
injuries which are likely to occur if those parts are allowed to
remain in this distorted state during the progress of the disease*.

Complete rest at the early stage of the disease, when the feet
are attacked, is therefore quite an essential part of the curative
treatment. Animals which are kept in houses will naturally
be exempt from the danger of injuring their feet by moving
about, and those which are at pasture, either sheep or cattle,
may be temporarily kept from moving about by the use of rails
and hurdles to form an enclosure, where there are no convenient
sheds in which they may be sheltered.

A dry floor with plenty of clean litter cannot be dispensed
with, and the feet must .be kept perfectly clean ; all foreign sub-
stances which have accumulated between the digits must be

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

469

removed, and the feet afterwards well syringed with an anti-
septic or styptic solution. Four ounces of common nitre to a
gallon of water will make a lotion which is very effective in the
early stage of the disease ; it may be used with a common
syringe two or three times a day. Large vesicles between the
digits or on the heels, if they are full of fluid, should be punc-
tured in order to prevent the mechanical effects of fluid pressure,
and any portions of the separated horny tissue which becomes
blackened and rotten should be cut away with scissors, as they
will increase the irritation and prevent the secretion of new
horny structure of proper density.

Powerful astringent applications, which will arrest the dis-
charge altogether, are not proper for the feet ; indeed, their use
is likely to cause active inflammation of the parts, which other-
wise would only suffer from irritation ; but if the nitrate of
potash does not sufficiently control the exudation from the dis-
eased surface, a solution of chloride of zinc, one part of Sir W.
Burnett’s fluid to fifty parts of water, may be used instead.

Carbolic acid in solution, of the same strength as the zinc
lotion, is also a very good application.

Alum-water, made by dissolving an ounce of alum in a quart
of water, is more decidedly styptic than either of the other
lotions, and may be resorted to when they are not sufficiently
potent to arrest the exudation from the diseased membrane.

The mildest remedy — the nitre lotion — should always be used
in the first instance, and during the continuance of fever. The
more active solutions may be employed when the thermometer
indicates a return to the natural temperature, not exceeding
102 degrees.

After all the local inflammation or irritation has subsided, and
the exposed membrane of the internal foot becomes covered with
healthy horn tissue, a coating of common tar will be useful as
a protection to the newly-developed structure, but, while active
disease is present, this material, so commonly used, often mixed
with caustic agents, adds to the local excitement, and embar-
rasses the surgeon by obscuring his view of the diseased parts.

When the udder is implicated in the disease, as it often is,
even in the mild form of it, great attention must be paid to the
part, especially when the animals are in milk. The most simple
manifestation of the affection in this region is the development of
a few vesicles on various parts of the integument covering the
gland, frequently on the teats, even on the apex round the
opening of the canal.

Swelling with redness and heat may affect the whole gland,
or be confined to one quarter, and in many cases one or two
quarters are painful, and very hard to the touch.

2 I 2

470

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Local treatment of the udder will be necessary, in addition to-
the other means which have already been recommended.

When swelling and pain are present, fomentations must be
frequently employed for some days until the active disease has
subsided. All astringent and styptic applications at this time
are to be avoided, as likely to increase the excitement.

If no active irritation present itself, or otherwise if the in-
flammatory signs have been subdued by soothing treatment,
mild astringent applications are useful. Thus, when the vesicles
first appear on the teats or other parts of the udder, the applica-
tion of the alum-wash, composed of one ounce of alum to a quart
of water, will lessen the tendency which always exists to the
separation of the cuticular tissues from the vascular membrane
beneath, and at the same time diminish the irritation. Some
benefit will also be expected to arise from the antiseptic proper-
ties of the solution. Carbolic acid has been used for this pur-
pose, but dairymen object to it on the ground that it imparts a
smell and flavour to the milk — a property which is, in reality,
on sanitary grounds, altogether in favour of its use, as the fluid
would thereby be prevented from coming into consumption.

One other point must be sedulously attended to in all cases
where the udder is affected, no matter to what extent ; the
animal must be regularly and effectually milked ; retention of
this fluid in the gland is certain to add very seriously to the
amount of mischief which is going on, and there is good reason
to apprehend that much harm is constantly done by neglecting
this precaution. Owing to the tenderness of the udder the
cow naturally resists the attempt to remove the milk, and the
attendant, under the circumstances, is not disinclined to escape
a troublesome work, or, at best, to perform it so imperfectly, that
it might as well have been left undone. It cannot be expected
that the owner of the sick animals will be able to superintend
all the important details of treatment on which success depends ;
and it is usually the case that any ill consequences, which are
due to early neglect of simple remedies, are attributed to the
virulence of the disease.

Separation of the epithelial tissues of the mouth and tongue
in cases of eczema is not of so much importance as separation of
the horn tissue, and therefore need not be so carefully guarded
against. When the affection exists in the mitigated form which
it usually assumes, the mouth requires no attention, and in the
worst cases nothing more powerful than a solution of tannic acid,
in the proportion of one ounce to a gallon of water, will be
required. This solution may be used as a lotion twice a day,
when the loss of epithelium is considerable, and the soreness of
the mouth consequently extreme. About half a pint of the

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

471

lotion should bo gently poured into the mouth, and then, after
the head has been for a moment slightly elevated, to cause the
fluid to run to the back of the mouth, it may be permitted to
flow out again. Should the whole quantity, however, be in-
•advertently swallowed, no harm will arise.

Tannic acid coagulates the albuminous material of the exuda-
tion, and thus furnishes a protective covering of some tenacity,
while it lessens irritation by causing the minute vessels which
■are charged with blood to contract, thus lessening the pressure
on the nerve-fibres.

The third indication — that is, the support of the system under
the debilitating effects of the disease — as to be carried out prin-
cipally by careful attention to the diet. When the mouth is
sore the animal is disinclined to use the tongue or lips to collect
its food, therefore it is necessary to perform this preparatory
process for it. Cattle at pasture require that the grass be cut
and placed in little hillocks near them. Roots must be sliced
into long thin pieces, which may be grasped without difficulty
between the lips. Hay will usually be taken readily ; portions
of oil-cake, if introduced into the side of the mouth by the
fingers, and placed within reach of the back teeth, will be
masticated freely. Pulped roots, and mashes containing a fair
proportion of meal, may also be offered by way of varying the
diet. Oil-cake, softened and mixed with water to form a gruel,
will be of great value when an animal’s mouth is so sore that it
is only capable of sucking in such bland and liquid food. Tonic
medicine will not be necessary in ordinary cases, careful nursing
will be sufficient ; but it must be remembered that, in the absence
of attention to the diet, the sick animal’s chances of recovery are
reduced to a minimum.

This point was brought out very prominently during the in-
quiry which has been already referred to in 1869 in Somerset.
In the district which extends for many miles round Glastonbury,
the homesteads are small, and the pastures extensive ; from the
Tor the prospect extends as far as the eye can reach in all
directions — one vast plain of feeding ground. It may be
imagined how quickly the disease would spread among hundreds
of cattle feeding on these pastures, and only separated by wire
fences or narrow dykes ; but the severe form which the affection
assumed was mainly due to the want of facilities for supplying
the numerous herds with sufficient aliment at a time when the
system required a liberal allowance of restoratives ; the sick
beasts could not crop the herbage on account of the soreness of
their mouths, and presumably owing to the extensive surface
over which the cattle were spread, it was found impossible
to supply them with food artificially prepared, or even to cut

472

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

the grass and place it within their reach ; at any rate it was
not done, and the result was that, as it happened, on many com-
mons and large pastures in other districts animals suffered from
inanition in addition to the debilitating effects of the disease.

The system of medical and dietetic treatment which has been
suggested will be applicable to all animals that are liable to the
disease ; but differences in the details of practice will be neces-
sary under the varying conditions of each subject.

Sheep, although their feet are always attacked, under ordinary
care, suffer much less than cattle from destructive changes in
these parts, perhaps on account of the less weight which they
have to sustain. There is, besides, a wonderful reparative power
in the vascular membrane of the feet of sheep, which renders the
loss of the entire hoof a comparatively trifling accident, capable
of being rectified in a few weeks. Nevertheless, the feet of the
sheep affected with foot-and-mouth complaint require consider-
able attention ; and although it beconies almost impossible to
apply remedies to all the animals of a large flock in which the
disease prevails, those sheep which show by their action that
they are seriously affected should be caught and properly dressed
with one of the lotions previously referred to, or with a solution
of one ounce of tannic acid in eight ounces of glycerine. In
extensive outbreaks of disease among sheep, the application of
the necessary remedies to the feet may be much facilitated by
arranging a shallow wooden trough in such a manner that it may
be filled with the necessary lotion, and the sheep driven through
it slowly, or kept standing in it for a few minutes. This method
will obviate the necessity for catching the animals and dressing
them separately, except in those cases where it is apparent from the
severity of lameness that the feet have suffered important changes.

Pigs, as before stated, are affected very severely both in the
feet and external part of the nose. In sows the vesicles appear
over the whole surface of the integument covering the udder.
For obvious reasons very little can be done to alleviate the
severity of the affection in these animals. Forcible administra-
tion of medicine is, as a rule, out of the question, and the most
that can be done is to keep the animals in a dry, well ventilated,
and sheltered position, and apply the local remedies which have
been suggested to the feet and other parts which are affected.

The mortality among pigs from foot-and-mouth disease is
much higher than among other animals, so that it is not un-
common to hear the malady described as a fatal disease on
swine. Probably to a large extent this fatality is due to the
intractable character of the animal, which induces neglect of
early precautionary measures, and permits the disease to assume
a severe type before it is even discovered.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

473

Complications very frequently occur which necessitate im-
portant modifications in the plan of treatment, but it is doubtful
if such cases can be properly called foot-and-mouth disease
when the entire mass of blood becomes poisoned by retention
and multiplication of the disease-germs which should have
been excreted ; the ordinary phenomena of the affection are
exchanged for those which indicate various forms of blood-
diseases. Splenic apoplexy, pulmonary apoplexy, cerebral con-
gestion, formation of abscess in the areolar tissues, ulceration
and sloughing of tegumental appendages, prostration and death,
are the result of the non-elimination of the virus, owing some-
times to defective action of the excreting organs, but more
commonly to the unscientific and obstructive treatment to
which the animal is subject when the disease first appears.

Little advantage would result to the unprofessional reader,
if the treatment of the complication referred to were discussed,
especially as the means at our command are generally inadequate
to restore the normal state of the circulating fluid, when it has
once become charged with effete products, which it necessarily
carries all over the system, infecting the elements of every tissue,
until molecular death is followed by entire cessation of all the
organic functions.

Treatment of the sick beasts must be commenced long before
this condition has been established, or the time and trouble will
be expended in vain.

Measures of Prevention.

If stock-owners determined to eradicate foot-and-mouth dis-
ease, there is no doubt that the object would be attained ; but
it is entirely useless to expect, or to base any sanitary legis-
lation on the expectation that such a determination generally
exists. A certain proportion of breeders and feeders might com-
bine to carry out a system of prevention which promised to effect
the eradication of the disease, but straightway a number of less
considerate persons would take advantage of the freedom which
the self-imposed restrictions on the other side would relatively
afford them, to make extra profits, and thus the good intentions
of the few would be frustrated. No measures which seriously
interfere with trade are at all likely to be generally adopted,
unless under very stern compulsion ; and indeed experience
proves that compulsory legislation in reference to the movement
of diseased and infected animals, has little chance of being
effectually carried out unless the circumstances are such as to
induce the persons concerned to insist upon obedience to the law.

In the case of cattle-plague, which is the only rapidly fatal
contagious disease of which we have any experience in this

474

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

country, the knowledge of its destructive action induces stock-
owners, with few exceptions, to assist in putting the law in
force for its suppression. The other affections are either so
slow in their progress as to suggest a hope of the sick animal’s
recovery, or they are benign in their character, and conse-
quently excite no apprehension of loss from death of the ani-
mals attacked. Therefore, no serious determination is mani-
fested in carrying out the regulations which have been imposed
by the legislature ; and the few who demand more severe re-
strictions than those in force, rather intend them to be applied
to their neighbours’ herds than to their own. The majority
practically deny the necessity for any restrictive measures in
respect of foot-and-mouth disease ; and even if they tacitly accept
them, they indicate their appreciation of such measures by dis-
regarding, in their own proceedings, the restrictions which are
intended for the repression of the disease. In short, there is no
instance of persons concerned in the cattle trade being so im-
pressed with the importance of foot-and-mouth complaint as to
admit the necessity for restrictions which will interfere with
their business, and subject them to loss and inconvenience.

Recently we have been suffering from a panic owing to the
extensive ravages of the affection, and it is quite probable
that while the excitement continued owners of cattle would
have endured the inconvenience arising from restrictions on the
movement of cattle for a time ; but any measure, to be effective,
must be of universal application ; and it is vain to expect that
stock-owners, in perfectly healthy districts, would consent to
suffer for the general benefit, unless they could be made to un-
derstand that the probable advantage would outweigh the certain
loss ; and it is precisely at this point that the argument in favour
of dealing with foot-and-mouth disease by severe restrictive
enactments fails.

Difference of opinion as to the origin of the disease and its
mode of propagation interferes with the adoption by consent of
any universal system of prevention. Those who contend that
the malady arises spontaneously — and undoubtedly the number
of those who hold this view has much increased of late years —
and others who contend that the poison is in the atmosphere,
would hardly submit with patience to vexatious regulations
which they believe to be useless when directed against a disease
which depends on non-cognizable causes. The success of the
measures which have been employed to stamp out cattle-plague
and sheep-pox is chiefly due to the universal recognition of their
absolute necessity and fitness. No one whose opinion has any
influence doubts the fact of these diseases being foreign to our
soil, in which they have never maintained a continued hold ;

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

475

no one questions the possibility of eradicating them by the em-
ployment of certain severe measures which have never been
known to fail when fairly applied ; no one contemplates without
alarm the idea of those affections becoming naturalised in this
country ; and therefore it is that all minor differences of opinion
are merged in the common determination to get rid of the
unwelcome visitants at all costs. Nothing short of a firm
conviction of the danger Avhich is impending would suffice for
the carrying out of the regulations which were applied to the
malignant diseases cattle-plague and sheep-pox. That similar
apprehensions are not generally felt in regard to foot-and-
mouth disease, is evident enough ; and in their absence the only
means which have proved effectual in controlling the spread of
the affection will never be adopted.

In the opinion of many agriculturists, something less stringent
than the cattle-plague regulations would be sufficient to rid
us of foot-and-mouth complaint and pleuro-pneumonia ; at
best, however, it can only be said that the idea is unsupported
by evidence — ten years application of the cattle-plague restric-
tions over the whole country did not entirely exterminate
either disease. Certainly, pleuro-pneumonia existed in the
London dairies during the whole time, and in several in-
stances cattle-plague and lung-disease were combined in the
same animal. Foot-and-mouth disease subsided to such propor-
tions that it attracted no attention, and although cases of the dis-
ease were spoken of in different parts of the country, they were
not thought worthy of special notice. The statement which has
been so often made, that if any instances of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease had existed at the time immediately preceding the removal
of the cattle-plague restrictions, they would have been recorded,
is mere assumption. In the worst periods of its prevalence
foot-and-mouth disease is barely noticed in veterinary and agri-
cultural periodicals ; and during the existence of cattle-plague
it excited even less attention than usual ; indeed, the affection
was not often referred to, unless in illustration of the effect on
its progress which the establishment of cattle-plague restrictions
had produced. That the results of these restrictive regula-
tions have been very much over-estimated, recent inquiry has
convinced me.

Writing on the subject of foot-and-mouth disease in 1869,
I alluded to the decrease of the affection under the cattle-plague
regulations in these terms : —

‘ From this time, 1863, it gradually declined until 1865, when it reciured
in a very severe form immediately upon the outbreak of cattle-plague, not
nnfrequently attacking the animals which were at the time suffering from
that disease. Many of the cases of eczema which were examined in the

476

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

autumn of 1865, presented remarkable lesions of the mouth, the abrasions of
the membrane of the palate and cheeks being as extensive as they were in
severe cases of plague.

‘ Hundreds of cattle affected with the foot-and-mouth complaint were seen
in the beginning of 1866, but when the restrictions on cattle traffic were
carried into effect with an increased stringency, as the cattle-])lague made incur-
sions into new districts, mouth-and-foot disease and jrleuro-pneumonia declined.

‘ For a period of six months during the summer and autumn of 1867, the
disease was seldom seen; the cattle in the Metropolitan market and in the
lair, were free from the affection, and a like immunity from its attack was
enjoyed by animals all over the country. Isolated cases might be met with,
but it is certain that, at the time of cessation of the cattle-plague, the live-
stock of the United Kingdom were more entirely exempt from infectious
disease than they had been for many years.’

These remarks were written without any intention to prove that
foot-and-mouth disease had been absolutely exterminated by the
measures which had been used for the eradication of cattle-
plague. It was generally known at the time that the disease
had subsided to a remarkable extent, and its absence from the
lairs of the metropolitan market naturally attracted attention,
but it was never suspected, and certainly it was not intended to
suggest, that the malady had altogether ceased. On the contrary,
it was known to exist among cattle in different parts of the country
while the cattle-plague regulations were in force. These regula-
tions, in reality, commenced to operate on March 24th, 1866,
when foot-and-mouth complaint was very prevalent, but less so
than in 1865. The Order of March 24th, 1866, provided that
fairs and markets for sale or exhibition of cattle should be held
only by licence, that foreign cattle should not be moved from
the town or place in which they were landed, and cattle brought
by sea from any part of the United Kingdom could not be
moved from the town or place alive without a certificate of
health, only to be granted after proper inspection.

Cattle could not be moved on a highway between sunrise and
sunset ; no movement of cattle was permitted on a highway,
railroad, or river, without a licence ; and even hides, and
horns, or hoofs, were to be conveyed under strict supervision.
These restrictions were continued, and even made more severe
from time to time until June, 1868, when they were revoked in
reference to all parts of the country excepting the metropolis,
which was not set free until the opening of the Deptford Market
in January, 1871.

It appears, therefore, that the cattle-plague regulations were in
operation for more than twelve months, that is, from the spring
of 1866 to the summer of 1867 — before the decline of foot-and
mouth-disease was so marked as to excite any remark. Accidental
reference to my notes of 1867 has just reminded me that, in the
beginning of 1867, while the regulations were most rigidly

Foot-and-Mouth Disease,

477

enforced, I investigated an instance of foot-and-mouth disease
at Thirsk of so virulent a kind that it was suspected to be cattle-
plague. One animal died about the time of my arrival, and an
examination of the herd, which was entirely composed of Irish
stores, showed that the disease had attacked nearly the whole of
them, and was rapidly running its course, notwithstanding the
extreme coldness of the season, and the presence of a deep snow
in the pastures where the animals were placed.

Mr. Rayment, the Inspector of the Metropolitan Market, has
just given me some extracts from his note-book in reference to
the existence of foot-and-mouth disease in the Market in 1867,
observing, at the same time, that he only noted instances of its
unusual prevalence.

On January 10th many animals were found to be affected.
March 14th another entry occurs, in which the state of the disease
is indicated by the terms “ rather prevalent.” Again, on March
18th and on April 8th, a similar entry occurs. On April 18th the
record is, “ Foot-and-mouth disease very prevalent.” May 13th
a similar entry. After which no more remarks occur until the
latter part of the same year, when my attention was called by
Mr. Rayment to the peculiar form which the disease had assumed
among the cattle in the lairs. The lesions in the mouth were
most severe, resembling those of cattle-plague. For some months
previously no cases of the disease had been recorded as having
occurred in the market lairs, and if Mr. Rayment had not observed
the unusual character of the diseased parts no special notice would
have been taken of it then.

In the winter of 1867 the first cases of foot-and-mouth disease
in the lairs of the Metropolitan Market were detected in English
beasts ; from that period attacks became gradually more nume-
rous, even while the cattle-plague regulations were in force, and
a still more rapid extension of the malady was observed when
they were revoked in June, 1868. During 1869, 1870, 1871,
and part of 1872, the disease raged with remarkable force,
and did not subside until the autumn of 1872. And now at the
end of the summer of 1873 it has attained a position as low as
it ever reached during any period of the operation of the cattle-
plague restrictions.

Even if it were admitted, however, for the purpose of argu-
ment, that cattle-plague and foot-and-mouth disease were simul-
taneously extirpated by the action of the restrictions which were
in force, the fact remains that the result was gained by means
which could only be justifiably used in the presence of such an
emergency as an outbreak of cattle-plague. On the other hand,
if it be maintained that the foot-and-mouth disease survived
the plague, and it is a matter of certainty that it did, it follows

478

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

that even cattle-plague restrictions would not be absolutely
effectual ; and in any case there is nothing to justify the belief
that less severe measures would succeed.

The presumption that legislation of a much less restrictive
character may diminish the rate of progress of the disease with-
out seriously interfering with the free movement of animals, has, in
fact, been entirely negatived during the last three years, when foot-
and-mouth disease has prevailed to a remarkable extent in the
presence of restrictions quite as onerous as public opinion per-
mitted, and even too severe to enlist general sympathy, or ensure
general compliance, yet no impression was made on the progress
of the disease, chiefly, it is admitted, for the reason that the
provisions were not enforced ; nor could they be enforced. All
that has ever been advanced in proof of the determination of the
local authorities to carry them out is included in the statement
of the number of convictions which had been obtained against
persons who infringed them.

The plain truth of the matter is, people will not submit to
restrictions directed against an evil which they do not recognise
to be of sufficient importance to call for interference ; and,
plainly enough, stock-owners do not care enough about the pre-
vention of foot-and-mouth disease to take the most simple and
obvious precautions against it. The cry has always been, let us
be secured from importation of foreign diseases, and then let us
alone. In the mind of any unprejudiced inquirer no doubt can
exist that this feeling is almost universal among farmers, a few
breeders of pedigree stock alone being excepted.

No hesitation can be felt in admitting the reasonableness of
the claim to be protected against the introduction of the disease
from abroad ; and the legislative restrictions on the foreign trade
are based on a clear recognition of the claim. The measures
which are enforced at all the ports where foreign animals are
landed, are excessively severe, and their operation has been so
effectual, that for one outbreak which has been traced to the
movement of infected foreign stock, a thousand outbreaks have
been traced to the movement of diseased animals from one part
of the United Kingdom to another ; and such movement could
not have been prevented without producing positive stagnation
in the cattle-trade, which would have caused more injury than
the unrestricted spread of the disease.

Restrictions on the importation of foreign animals are justi-
fiable on the ground that they form a comparatively small pro-
portion of our total supplies, and are only beneficial to us so
long as they do no mischief ; but the suggestion which has been
often made to deal with Irish stock in the same way as
foreign animals are dealt with is quite unpractical and never

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

479

was seriously advanced. Ireland is our great source of supply
of store stock, and whether the animals are healthy or diseased,,
we must have them. This fact is well known, and both in
theory and in practice admitted. The prevalence of foot-and-
mouth disease in Ireland recently did not in the slightest degree
affect the price of Irish stock, nor lessen the demand for them in
this country ; and those who were loudest in their demands for
stoppage of importation or the adoption of restrictions which
would have amounted to the same thing, would have been the
most appalled had their suggestion been accepted and acted on.
The Irish cattle-trade cannot be placed on the same footing as
the foreign cattle-trade, for the paramount reason that the cir-
cumstances are essentially different in the two cases. Foreign
animals are in no way under our jurisdiction or control until
they are landed on our shores ; we cannot regulate their treat-
ment in the countries whence they are exported, and therefore
our only chance of safety lies in the establishment of severe
restrictions, which shall deter the exporter from sending diseased
stock, and protect us, as far as possible, from infection if dis-
eased animals are landed. Regulations framed on this principle
have been in force for some time past, and it is sufficient to
say of them that they have been generally effectual in securing
the object for which they were established.

In the United Kingdom we possess the power to apply
sanitary regulations to our flocks and herds, and our aim should
be to attack such an affection as foot-and-mouth disease in its
centres ; in fact, it should be the care of every stock-owner to
deal with the malady in such a manner that the risk of propa-
gation should be reduced to a minimum. Legislation on the
subject may well be limited, as it now is, to those sections of the
Act which provide that diseased animals shall not be exposed
in public places or otherwise dealt with so as to inflict injury on
healthy animals. Further than this, sanitary law, as respects foot-
and-mouth disease, it would seem from our experience, cannot
be successfully carried ; and the actual details of measures of pre-
vention must be left to the energy of the individual who is most
concerned, the stock-owner, directed by the veterinary surgeon.
Two words, isolation and disinfection, taken in their extended
sense, include all that can be said on the subject of prevention.
The disease is not fatal, and therefore there is no justification
for the adoption of the stamping-out system, as it is applied to
cattle-plague. Considerable loss is, however, inflicted on the
grazier and the dairyman, and therefore it is important to
employ all sanitary means to regulate the course of the disease,
to moderate its severity, and to prevent its extension.

Veterinary science is quite competent to deal effectively with

480

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

animal plagues, if stock-owners choose to avail themselves of its
aid ; but it is futile to anticipate any advantage from the adop-
tion of a system of empirical treatment directed by uneducated
men, whose chief idea is to cure the sick beast by antiquated
nostrums ; while the subtle infection is allowed to extend its area
of operations unchecked. Sanitary regulations, many of them
restrictive in their nature, are required in all cases of outbreaks
of foot-and-mouth disease ; but they must, to be effectual, be
applied by the owner, or with his full concurrence.

Immediately on the discovery of the disease in a herd, it
becomes necessary to decide whether the attempt is to be made
to limit the affection to the animals among which it first appears,
or the disease is to be allowed to run its course. If the circum-
stances are such as to render the chances of escape of the stock
on the farm very slight, direct communication of the contagion
by simply introducing a little of the saliva of the sick animals
into the mouths of the healthy ones on a tuft of hay is the most
effectual way of getting quickly over the trouble, while the disease,
thus induced, is almost certain to be mild in its character. This
method of conveying the affection to all the animals which, in
the natural course of things, are likely to be attacked, is far
preferable to permitting the association of diseased with healthy
animals, which will indeed be ultimately attended with the same
result, attained, however, in an irregular manner, and at the
expense of considerable time and anxiety.

On the other hand, if the affection be detected among newly
purchased stock, or if it occur among fattening beasts or dairy
cows, it is of the first importance to prevent its spread, by isola-
tion of the sick animals, and the use of disinfectants ; but even
in these instances, if the affection shows an unmistakable ten-
dency to extend, inoculation with the saliva is to be recom-
mended. Whatever course the stock-owner may determine
to adopt in reference to the management of his own herd,
the commonest consideration for the welfare of the stock in the
neighbourhood will prompt him to give immediate notice of the
outbreak on his farm to his neighbours, in order that they may
protect their animals from infection as far as possible, and next,
he will deem it a matter of duty, as well as to his own interest,
to limit the disease to his own stock by strict attention to sani-
tary regulations. The premises, on which the disease exists,
should be treated as an infected place by the occupier and his
servants. Sick animals should be completely isolated, whether
the disease has arisen naturally, or has been communicated inten-
tionally in the manner suggested. All the secretions from such
cattle should be disinfected or destroyed ; milk from cows
affected with the disease should be well boiled before it is given

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

481

to pigs ; all the manure and sweeping of the sheds should be
mixed with quick-lime, and a solution of some disinfectant, as
carbolic acid, one part to fifty of water, or common alum-water,
may be used to wash the mouth, nostrils, udder, and feet of the
sick animals, and thus destroy the virus at its source.

When cattle are on the pastures it is difficult to apply these
measures effectively, but even under such unfavourable con-
ditions the disinfecting solutions may be employed to disinfect
the manure in the field, and also may be applied to the parts
of animals whence discharges issue by means of a syringe when
close approach to the animals is not possible.

In this country it is not easy to compel the disinfection of the
attendants on sick cattle, who do often more mischief than the
animals themselves ; but the farmer who is anxious to limit
the spread of the malady should be alive to the importance of
avoiding this source of danger if possible ; and if, in carrying
out the necessary precautions, he can, by exhortation or entreaty,
cause the attendants to wash their hands in a little alum-water,
and tread in some lime every time they leave the sick cattle, or
the places in which they are kept, he will have the satisfaction
of knowing that he has done good in more ways than one.

Active legislative measures in respect of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease will most probably in future be confined to regulating the
movement of diseased animals on public roads, the careful
watching of fairs and markets, the disinfection of pens and
places in which diseased animals have been kept for sale or
during transit, and the application of stringent restrictions to
imported animals. The management of the disease among home
stock will, therefore, devolve on the farmer, who may, if he
chooses, effect far more than ever could be done by oppressive
enactments which cannot be enforced.

Agricultural Societies and Chambers of Agriculture might do
good service by recommending, and, as far as their influence
extends, ensuring the adoption of precautions against the intro-
duction of foot-and-mouth disease, and the control of its exten-
sion where it has appeared.

First in importance among sanitary regulations is the separa-
tion of newly purchased stock from the stock on the farm for
several days. Next, in the event of disease appearing, it should
be a*special object with the owner of the infected herd to confine
the affection to his own premises, and then to decide whether
he will endeavour to arrest its spread, or assist it by inoculation.
Prevention is possible where facilities exist for isolation of sick
animals, and the frequent and extensive use of disinfectants. In
some instances where foot-and-mouth disease has appeared in
cowsheds, the constant use of sawdust saturated with carbolic

482

Report on the Contagious and

acid on the floor of the shed has been followed by the cessation
of the disease after a few animals have been attacked, and there
is no doubt that even the malignant cattle-plague was kept in
check in several instances by the constant employment of car-
bolic acid, although the animals succumbed as soon as they
were removed from its protective influence.

Other agents may be equally efficacious when carbolic acid is
objectionable. Chloride of zinc, chloride of lime, chlorine gas,
sulphurous acid gas, are all valuable under different circum-
stances, and the list may be extended according to the experience
of the person who has the sanitary charge of the district where
the malady prevails. All the measures employed must be based
on the principle of guarding against the introduction of disease
by quarantine of newly purchased stock, and preventing its
spread by isolation and disinfection. Every diseased animal
must be treated as a manufactory of the specific poison, and
every individual and substance which comes in contact with
the animal as a probable medium of its extension.

The question will always return, is foot-and-mouth disease
an affection of such a serious character as to render this degree
of circumspection necessary or desirable ? And the answer must
be left to the agriculturists of the kingdom. If they decide
that the object is worth the cost, there need be no difficulty in
carrying out the regulations which have been suggested.

XIX. — Report on the Contagious and Infectious Diseases of
Animals referred to in the Contagious Diseases {Animals)
Act, 1869, especiallg loith respect to their degree of prevalence in
1872. By Professor G. T. Brown, Chief Inspector of the
Veterinary Department.

[Reprinted from the Report of the Veterinary Department for the Year 1872.]

Cattle plague, pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease,
sheep-pox, sheep-scab, and glanders are the maladies which are
enumerated in Section VI. of the Act, in explanation of the
term “ contagious or infectious disease.” The section gives
power to the Privy Council to declare from time to time any
disease to be a contagious or infectious disease for the purposes of
the Act, but it has not yet been found necessary to add to the list.

Owing to the modifications which result from certain con-
ditions of climate it is occasionally the case that an outbreak of
an entirely new disease is reported, but, on inquiry, it has
always been found that the novel affection is a well-known
malady, slightly altered by the circumstances of the locality in
which it has appeared. Climate undoubtedly affects the deve-

483

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

lopment of various maladies to a considerable degree. There
are certain affections, for example, in Eastern Europe which
appear to spread by contagion. These affections, as they are
represented in our country, are usually confined to the localities
in which they appear, and never extend to a distance in the
way that ordinary infectious and contagious diseases are known
to do.

Various forms of blood disease which are known by the terms
“ anthrax ” or “ charbon ” seem to be highly infectious in some
parts of the continent, and instances have occurred, even in Ire-
land, of the spread of these maladies apparently from infection.
But in England this peculiarity has not been observed. These
diseases very commonly occur under certain conditions of soil
and management of animals, but they never extend beyond the
district and seldom beyond the premises in which they arise.

Contagious and infectious diseases are presumed to be com-
municated by means of certain “ germs,” in which the con-
tagious property resides. The term “ contagium ” has been
suggested by Dr. Beale as a convenient one for the purpose of
expressing this quality.

Sometimes it is necessary for actual contact to take place
either between the healthy and diseased animal, or between the
healthy animal and some of the secretions or excretions from
the sick one. In other cases it appears that the particles of con-
tagium are so exceedingly minute that they may be conveyed in
the animal’s breath, the exhalations from the surface generally,
and may be wafted by the atmosphere to a considerable dis-
tance.

The term “ volatile ” which has been used to express this
ready diffusibility of the contagium is by no means well chosen.
Indeed it is almost certain that the assumption of the gaseous
form would necessitate the destruction of that vitality on which
the activity of contagium depends.

Considerable mystery commonly attends the progress of an
infectious malady. An outbreak occurs in a particular part of
a district ; a number of animals in the immediate neighbour-
hood are affected in the ordinary course of the disease, and
there is no difficulty in tracing the methods of communication of
the contagium from the original centre. But suddenly the dis-
ease appears in a new district some miles distant from the place
where the outbreak occurred, and no communication whatever
can be shown to exist between the two localities.

In such instances it is sometimes discovered, and it may be
generally assumed that the “ contagium ” has been conveyed
indirectly by the ageney of persons or substances which have
been in contact with the diseased animals.

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484

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This view, however, does not satisfy all observers, and it con-
sequently happens that a large number of persons believe, in
reference to all infectious maladies, that they do not possess the
property of communication by contact, but are disseminated in
accordance with certain peculiar atmospheric conditions, the
nature of which, however, they do not profess to understand.
During the progress of the cattle plague many persons held the
belief that the disease was in no way infectious or contagious,
and they manifested their indifference to the consequences of
indirect communication between sick and healthy stock by
passing freely from one to the other. In a great many instances
the result of this course of procedure was, as might be expected,
communication of the disease to the healthy animals ; but in
some few instances herds which were so injudiciously treated
nevertheless escaped.

Setting aside certain exceptions which occasionally present
themselves, and to which more than necessary importance is
often attached, it is true that contagious and infectious diseases
spread in obedience to the operation of well-known laws, that
they assume a virulent form when their course is unrestricted,
and that they may be, with almost absolute certainty, extermi-
nated by the application of stringent measures.

This statement is made with confidence, notwithstanding the
allegation that the operation of the Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act has not materially influenced the spread of infectious and
contagious diseases among the stock of our own country. Ad-
mitting the allegation to be true, it is not difficult of explana-
tion. In the first place, as far as personal observation enables
me to decide, the Act has not been carried out effectually in any
one district, to say nothing of the whole country. The most
energetic action which I have witnessed has consisted simply in
the punishment of offenders against the law — a proceeding
which, however desirable, obviously can have little influence in
preventing the spread of the disease which has been occasioned
by the negligence of the offending parties.

Again, the sanitary care of the stock of the country, which
should be placed in the hands of veterinary surgeons bas been
very generally left to the police, who, however valuable as
assistants in carrying out the details of the various sections of
the Act are quite incompetent to detect the existence of disease,
to decide as to its nature, or advise in reference to the curative
or preventive measures which may be necessary.

The fact that additional veterinary inspectors are appointed
immediately on the appearance of the cattle plague in the country
is of itself a proof that the local authorities admit the value of
professional aid. Considerable additional expense would un-

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

485

doubteclly attend the employment of professional men as inspec-
tors all over the country, and it is presumably on this ground
their services have been generally dispensed with. The objec-
tion, however, has nothing to do with the fact which has been
stated, namely, that the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act has
not been fairly tested, excepting on those occasions when the
prevalence of cattle plague or sheep-pox rendered it absolutely
necessary that its provisions should be systematically and ener-
getically enforced, and on those occasions it has always proved
equal to the extermination of the diseases, notwithstanding that
the imperfection of some of its sections has caused unnecessary
delay in the adoption of the measures of repression.

The record of the contagious and infectious diseases of animals
for 1872 has a distinctive character owing to the outbreak of
cattle plague in Yorkshire, the history of it will occupy the most
prominent position in this Report.

The Histokt of the Ootbkeak of the Cattle Plague in Torkshike.

It is a remarkable circumstance that cattle plague was first detected in the
neighbourhood of Pocklington, the place into which it was last introduced.
Its existence for some time previously in the districts of Patrington and
Bridlington was altogether unsuspected. The pre.«ence of cattle plague in an
important agricultural county for a period of at least a month before it was
detected, was in all probability due to the accident of its appearance in places
where few cattle where congregated together, and where consequently only
single cases of the affection occurred at intervals.

The usual reticence of stock-owners in reference to the existence of disease
among their .animals will in some measure explain the concealment of the
malady ; and the slaughter of diseased animals by the butcher naturally
retarded its spread although it failed to completely extinguish it.

When cattle plague attacked a large herd and was left to run its course un-
checked under the impression that it was the common foot-and-mouth disease,
the discovery of its true nature necessarily followed the observation of ravages.

As soon as intelligence of the outbreak near Pocklington was received an
investigation was commenced, and, step by step, all the important particulars
were elicited.

Meanwhile, evidence, which was sometimes incomplete, often contradictory,
and more than once misleading, had to be examined, and it was only after
some weeks had been spent in the investigation that sufficient facts were
collected to justify the formation of a definite opinion as to the origin of the
disease.

Before the report of the outbreak in Yorkshire was sent to the Veterinary
Department, it was well known that the risk of the introduction of cattle
plague had been several times incurred by the importation of Kussian cattle,
suffering from the affection, during the month of J uly ; and it will be desirable,
in order to give a connected account of the circumstances attending the trans-
mission of the disease to home-bred stock, to refer briefly to the importation
of plague-infected cattle into the ports of London, Hull, Hartlepool, New-
castle-upon-Tyne, and Leith.

Mr. Nissler, cattle-dealer, of Cronstadt, purchased, during the summer, a
large number of cattle in St. Petersburg market.

From St. Petersburg the animals were sent to Cronstadt, in order that

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Report on the Contagious and

vessels which were compelled to take in only part of their cargo at St. Peters-
burg owing to the insufficient depth of water might call at Cronstadt, and
take in their complement of cattle to convey them to England, and elsewhere.
About 50 of the cattle were shipped to Lubeck, where they arrived on the
17th July ; from Lubeck the animals were sent by rail to Hamburg, and on
their arrival were driven to a field at Lockstedt on the Holstein frontier.
Forty of them were afterwards shipped to Hartlepool, Newcastle, and Hull.
Of the remaining ten, one died and nine were slaughtered by the butcher who
bought them.

The outbreak of cattle plague in Hamburg was traced to the presence of
these Russian animals in the meadows at Lockstedt. The disease rapidly
spread to a large herd of German cattle which were grazing in an adjoining
field. On the 26th July one of these cattle was found dead. On the next
day two more were very ill, and were killed, and on the 5th August the
remainder of the herd were destroyed as well as seven beasts in an adjoining field.

Subsequently 38 of the Russian cattle were sent to Berlin, where they were
seized by the authorities, and immediately destroyed, in consequence of cattle
plague being detected among them. The rest of the animals were sent to
this country with the exception of about 50, which appear to have been sent
to Cronstadt, and sold there. The infected cargoes arrived here in the follow-
ing order ; —

On the 17th July the ‘ Leda’ brought 25 cattle from Cronstadt to Deptford
market. No disease was detected among those animals when they were first
landed, but before the period of detention had elapsed one of them died, and
on a post-mortem examination lesions of cattle plague were evident.

On the 21st July the ‘British Queen’ arrived at Hartlepool from Hamburg
with a cargo of cattle and sheep. Some of the cattle were Russian animals,
and one of them, there is every reason to believe, was the subject of cattle
plague, although the disease was not officially declared, in consequence of the
animal having been slaughtered by the owner without the insjjector’s know-
ledge or consent. All the animals of this cargo were slaughtered within the
defined part, the sheep as well as the cattle, in consequence of foot-and-mouth
disease having been detected soon after the animals were landed..

On the 22nd July the ‘Brigadier’ from Hamburg arrived at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne with a cargo of 70 German and 8 Russian cattle. The German
cattle were healthy, with the exception of two, which were suffering from
foot-and-mouth disease. One of the Russian cattle was ill, and died soon after
being landed. In this case also the inspector found the characteristic evidences of
cattle plague on a post-mortem examination. All the animals were slaughtered
in the defined part of the port, and the carcases of the plague-infected animals
were disinfected and sent in charge of an officer to a manure manufactory
and there destroyed by immersion in vitriol. It was afterwards ascertained
that one animal of this cargo had died on the voyage and been thrown over-
board.

On the 23rd July the ‘ Benachie ’ from Cronstadt arrived at the port of
Leith with 50 Russian cattle on board. On making an inspection of these
animals on board the ship the inspector discovered that 13 of them were the
subjects of cattle plague. These animals were slaughtered and thrown over-
board at sea many miles from the land, under the superintendence of the
veterinary inspector of the port. The rest of the animals of the cargo were
slaughtered on board, and the carcases were removed in lighters, taken out to
sea, and thrown overboard. It would appear that the majority of the carcases
so treated were carried out to sea, as only portions of ofl'al and parts of car-
cases were subsequently washed ashore on the Scotch coast.

On the 25th July the ‘ Joseph Soames,’ from Cronstadt, arrived at Hull
with 56 Russian cattle on board. This vessel with its cargo will be referred
to in another part of the Report.

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

487

On the 28th July the ‘ Viatka,’ from Cronstadt, arrived at Deptford with
35 Kussian cattle on board. This vessel had taken 40 animals on hoard, but
five of them had died during the voyage and been thrown overboard. On an
inspection being made of the animals immediately after they were landed at
Deptford three of them were found to be affected with cattle plague in its
early stage, and before the slaughter of the cargo could be completed several
others gave evidence of being affected. The diseased animals were slaughtered,
and the carcases were destroyed by being placed in large iron digesters (which
are provided for the purpose in the Deptford market) and submitted to a high
temperature by the introduction of condensed steam. The offal and skins of
all the animals were disinfected.

On the 29th of July the ‘ Brigadier ’ returned to Newcastle-upon-Tyne from
Hamburg with 103 German cattle on board. The veterinary inspector on
examining these animals detected cattle plague among them. The cargo was
accordingly dealt with as the pjrevious one had been. It is evident that these
animals must have been infected when they left the port of Hamburg.

On the 29th July the ‘Gipsy Queen’ arrived at West Hartlepool from
Hamburg with 26 German cattle on board. None of these animals were
observed to be ill when they were first landed, but before the period of deten-
tion had elapsed several of them gave evidence of being infected with cattle
plague. All the cattle were .slaughtered, the carcases were disinfected and
buried by order of the local authority under the superintendence of the vete-
rinary inspector. It is scarcely necessary to remark that in all instances the
vessels which brought plague-infected animals into a port were cleansed and
disinfected under the direction of the veterinary inspector before being
“ cleared,” and it appears that in every instance but one, the means which
were adopted to prevent the communication of cattle plague to animals in this
country were effectual.

The history of the cargo of Kussian cattle which introduced the cattle
plague into Yorkshire may now be proceeded with. "

In July last year, the landing of animals infected with cattle plague from
Russia at the Deptford market, led to the passing of an Order of Council pro-
hibiting the importation of Russian animals. Before the Order came into
force, however, several cargoes of cattle which had been shipped at Cronstadt
were on the sea, bound to English ports. The ‘ Joseph Soames,’ the ship in
which we are, most interested, left Cronstradt on July 16th with 58 cattle
on board, and a general cargo consisting of iron, to be shipped to New York ;
cow-hair and wool for Antwerp and Dunkirk ; hemp, wood, tow, wheat, mats,
and bags destined for Hull, from which port the other part of the general,
Ciirgo was intended to be shipped to America, Belgium, and France.

On the second day after leaving Cronstadt one of the cattle died, and was
thrown overboard. On the fourth day another animal died, and was also
thrown overboard. Both those animals were examined, and it was stated that
they were found to have died from choking, but subsequent events justified
the conclusion that both of them were affected with cattle plague. On July
25th, the vessel arrived at Hull and entered the Humber dock early in the
morning of that day. Immediately on the arrival of the ship the customs’
officer went on board ; information was sent to the veterinary inspector, who
immediately attended, and, after examining the 56 cattle, reported that some
of them were affected with cattle plague. The Order of Council referred to
previously was then in force, and the animals consequently were not permitted
to land. Meanwhile, the passengers, eight in number, and also the crew, went
on shore. The ship was left in cliarge of a customs’ officer, and information was
immediately telegraphed to London by the veterinary inspector, who required
instructions as to the disposal of the cattle. Directions were given to prevent
communication with the shore, but, notwithstanding all that was done, there

488

Report on the Contagious and

is no doubt that frequent communication took place. Persons concerned about
the cattle visited the ship, and while the vessel was lying in the dock the
removal of the general cargo from the hold was continued. On Friday, July
26th, I proceeded on board the ‘ Joseph Soames,’ accompanied by Professor
Simonds, and after making a careful examination of all the cattle, we ascer-
tained that 18 of them presented decided evidence of being affected with cattle
league. Under these circumstances it became absolutely necessary that the whole
of the cargo should be slaughtered and the carcases in some way destroyed.
At this point a serious difficulty arose. The defined part of the port of j&ull
includes the landing-places, the Customs’ depot in Bath Place, and several
slaughter-houses in that part of the town which is nearest to the places where
the cattle are landed. No ground was available in which carcases could be
buried without previously being taken through the streets of the town ; and
within the defined part there existed no appliances for the destruction of them
by burning or boiling. The only course that presented itself was the sinking
of the carcases at sea, and after communication with the local authority, whose
inspector was in attendance from the first, it was decided to slaughter the
animals on board the vessel, pack the carcases in lighter.s, and sink them, in
accordance with the terms of the Order, more than three miles from the
British coast. Steps were immediately taken to carry this intention into
effect; all the animals were slaughtered on board on July 27th, the carcases
were packed in two lighters, battened down, roped across, and at high tide
about 11 o’clock the same night they were towed out to sea. The means
employed to sink the lighters proved to be quite inadequate, and they were finally
turned adrift. Information of the event was communicated to me on July
the 28th, about the middle of the day, by the officer of the local authority
who had been sent out in charge of the carcases. Notwithstanding that I was
fully aware of the grave eiTor which had been committed in not bringing the
lighters back again into the Humber, when it was found that the appliances
for sinking them were not sufficient, I was unable to suggest any remedy. It
was anticipated that the carcases, and most probably the lighters in which
they were placed, would be stranded on some part of the English coast, but
previous experience of such an occurrence did not justify any serious appre-
hension of its consequences.

One of the lighters and all, or nearly all, the carcases were subsequently
cast ashore on various parts of the Lincolnshire and Norfolk coasts.

On the morning of the 29th July one of the lighters was seen about eight
miles from the shore at Dimlington. On Friday the second of August, this
lighter, marked “ W. Brown, Hull, No. 9,” with 40 carcases, was washed
ashore at Huttoft, on the coast of Lincolnshire, in the port of Boston. On
August 28th it was reported that a number of carcases of Russian cattle had
been washed ashore on the north-west coast of Norfolk, and between the 8th
and 30th of August the returns of the Receiver of Wreck mention six car-
cases which were wa.shed ashore in the port of Wells.

All these carcases were buried under the direction of the Customs authorities
in accordance with the conditions of the Order of Council relating to the burial
of carcases. The actual number stranded is 55, of which 48 were washed
ashore in Lincolnshire at Boston and Grimsby, and 7 at the port of Wells.
On the assumption that all these animals came from the ‘Joseph Soames’
only one carcase remains to be accounted for. It is not, however, absolutely
clear that all the carcases were those of the Russian cattle. In any case it
can now be confidently asserted that no outbreak of cattle plague occurred in
any part of the country where the_ carcases were stranded.

Some weeks passed after the last carcases had been buried, and it was
anticipated that all danger had passed, when intelligence of the alleged exist-
ence of cattle plague among a herd of 22 cattle belonging to Mr. Berryman, of

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

489

Yapham, near Pocldington, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, was telegraphed
to the Veterinary Department.

An investigation was immediately ordered, and Mr. Wilkinson, Veterinary
Inspector, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, was instructed to proceed to Focklington,
which place he reached on the evening of the day on which information of the
outbreak was received in London ; and, after inspecting the diseased cattle,
he had no hesitation in re|X)ning that they were suffering from rinderpest.
All the regulations of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, and the
Orders relating to cattle plague were directly put in force. The whole of
the cattle forming the infecteil herd were killed and buried, the proceeding
occupying the greater part of the two following days, and the district was
declared “ infected” by the local authority.

On my arrival at Focklington I ascertained that a considerable number of
cattle belonging to different owners had been pastured in the fields adjacent
to Mr. Berryman’s lands. Some of these cattle had been removed by the
owners before the nature of the disease among Mr. Berryman’s cattle was
known, but there was reason to apprehend that they had been exposed to the
infection. On this presumption 1 pointed out to the local authority the risk
which was incurred of the spreading of the disease ; however, as the cattle
had not been in contact with the diseased animals, it did not appear that they
could be slaughtered by order of the authorities. I'liey were all included
within the boundaries of the infected district, and could consequently be kept
under supervision.

It is a matter of absolute certainty that at the time of my visit the infec-
tion had actually extended to some of the herds referred to, although no indica-
tion of disease was detected until a week after the slaughter of Mr. Berryman’s
herd.

The cattle plague extended by degrees from Yapham until it reached the
stock on a farm about five miles distant, and notwithstanding the active stejis
which were taken by the authorities of Focklington to carry out the law, the
plague was not finally extinguished until the last week in October.

At the commencement of the investigation the following particulars referring
to the introduction of the disease into Yapham were furnished to me by Mr.
Berryman : —

On August 19th Mr. Berryman bought, at Hunmanby market, 22 cattle of
Mr. Woodcock of Bridlington, who had 26 cattle in the market for sale. On
the same evening the 22 beasts bought by Mr. Berryman were driven to Driffield,
a distance of 14 miles, and pastured in a field by themselves, near the Falcon
Inn. The next day the animals were driven to Focklington, a distance of
16 miles, and placed in Mr. BeiTyman’s paddock outside the town. On the
following day they were driven a distance of two miles to fields in Mr. Berry-
man’s occupation at Yapham. where they remained. Mr. Berryman did not
see the animals for two or three days after their arrival at Yapham, and when
he did visit the pastures in which they were kept, he did not like thi‘ appear-
ance of several of them. However, expecting an outbreak of foot-and-mouth
disease, he was not alarmed at the slight signs of illness which he detected.
Nothing of consequence occurred until August 27th, when the herdman
informed Mr. BeiTyman that two of the cattle were very ill. On the next
day one of the beasts was in a dying state and the other suffering severely.
Both these animals died shortly afterwards.

The symptoms which Mr. Berryman noticed were diaiThcea, discharge from
eyes and nostrils, and soreness of mouth. Veterinary aid was sought, and
the sick animals were placed under treatment. The disease rapidly spread
among the herd, several beasts died, and the veterinary inspector of the dis-
trict was led to suspect the existence of cattle plague. Owing to the report
which he sent to the local authority a meeting of the magistrates was held on

490

Report on the Contagious and

September 3rd, and a telegram was sent to the Veterinary Department of
the Privy Council reporting the existence of cattle plague in the district.

Before the disease was officially declared, 8 cattle of the herd had died,.
11 others were affected, and only 3 were reported free from disease.

From these facts it was evident that one or more of the 22 animals bought at
Hunmanby market on 19th August, must have been infected at or about the
time of purchase. It consequently became absolutely necessary to ascertain,
whence the animals which were in the market on that day had come, and in
what way they had all been disposed of.

The market at Hunmanby is held chiefly for the sale of fat stock, and I
was assured that the 26 cattle sold by Mr. Woodcock were the only store
cattle in the market on August 19th. Accordingly my inquiries had special
reference to those animals. Before I left Pocklington I was informed that at
least two of the lot of 22 bought by Mr. Berryman at Hunmanby had been
in possession of Mr. Taylor, of Sewerby Cottage, Bridlington. It was also-
stated that these animals had been bought by Mr. Taylor in Hull market,
where they had been sent from Lincolnshire. By a very obvious process of
induction the theory was at once established that cattle plague had been first
introduced into Lincolnshire through the' agency of the carcases of diseased
Russian cattle which were stranded on the Lincolnshire coast after having
been removed from the ‘ Joseph JSoames ’ and put in lighters for the purpose of
being sunk at sea.

This explanation of the origin of the cattle plague in Yorkshire was unhesi-
tatingly adopted, and although subsequent inquiry proved it to be entirely
erroneous, the idea that the infection emanated in some way from the stranded
carcases is still to some extent entertained. Disregarding the solution of the
difficulty thus suggested, I proceeded to Bridlington under the conviction that
cattle plague had existed on Mr. Taylor’s farm before the animals which he
sold to Mr. Woodcock were sent to Hunmanby market, a conviction which,
was strengthened by the evidence obtained immediately on my arrival at
Bridlington, where, as I afterwards discovered, cattle plague was then existing
in several places.

The primary object of inquiry was the origin and destination of the lot of
26 store cattle sold by Mr. Woodcock at Hunmanby on August 19th. Some-
time was occupied in completing the inquiry, but the result may be written
in a few words.

Mr. Woodcock bought 26 cattle of Mr. Wise, near Bridlington, who had
grazed them during the summer. All these animals, however, and all Mr..
Wise’s stock may be at once exempted from suspicion.

Mr. Woodcock next sold three of the lot for slaughter in the town. Then,
in the course of his trade as a dealer, he bought three cattle of Mr. Taylor,
which three animals corresponded, as Mr. Woodcock believed, with the three
which Mr. Taylor had bought in Hull market on August 12th. In fact,
however, only two of the three Hull beasts were sold by Mr. Taylor to Mr.
Woodcock. The other one was sold to Mr. Woodcock’s brother, a butcher at
Bridlington, a few days after it reached Mr. Taylor’s premises, and its place
was supplied by one of Mr. Taylor’s own stock.

The three Hull cattle sold in the market on August 12th to Mr. Taylor
were traced to the farms from which they had been sent to Hull, and it was.
ascertained that no disease of any kind had existed on those premises either
before or after the cattle were sent to Hull market.

It thus appeal's that the lot of 26 beasts sold at Hunmanby on August 19th.
was composed of 23 cattle bought of Mr. Wise, two which Mr. Taylor had
bought in Hull market on August 12th, and one of Mr. Taylor’s own stock.
Coincidently with the obtainment of this evidence the fact transpired that a,
disease, which ilr. Taylor suspected to be pleuro-imeumonia, had existed on-

Infectious Diseases of Animals. 491

his premises for some time past, and had induced him to get rid of nearly all
his stock.

Of the lot, 26 in number, so constituted, Mr. Berryman bought 22, namely,
20 of the cattle which had been grazed by Mr. Wise, and the two Hull beasts-
(marked by a scissors’ clip) which had been on Mr. Taylor’s farm for some
days. The other four beasts of the lot of 26, namely, three of Mr. Wise's
and one of Mr. Taylor’s, were bought by Mr. Robinson in Ilunmanby market
on August 19th, and by him sold again directly to another dealer.

These four cattle which were placed with a number of others were after-
wards traced by Professor Simonds to a park near Leeds, and found to be in
good health.

The Hunmanby lot of 26 beasts being accounted for, the inquiry into the
origin of the malady at Pocklington may be continued.

Suspicion at once pointed to Hull as the original centre of the outbreak.
In the last week of July 18 Russian cattle affected with plague had stood on
board the ‘Joseph Soames’ which was lying in the Humber dock so close to
the quay that the Customs ofiScer, on one occasion, went on board without
using a boat, merely stepping from one vessel to another. Communication of
I the infection to cattle in the town, by indirect means, might at least be-
assumed as a probability ; and the concealment of the disease, the slaughter
of the sick animals, and the exposure for sale in the market of the apparently
healthy animals which had been herded with them, were circumstances
which at once suggested themselves as simple and natural consequences of
the first assumption. Three markets had been held at Hull between the
time of the removal of the carcases of the plague-infected cattle from the
‘Joseph Soames’ and the sale of the Hunmanby lot, and the serious question
presented itself, “ What has become of the cattle sold on July 29th, August
5th, and August 12th, in Hull market ? ”

No time was lost in prosecuting this’ essential inquiry, in the conduct of
which Mr. Shorten, Veterinary Inspector of the Port of Hull, rendered
valuable assistance. Meanwhile the suspicion of an outbreak of cattle plague
on Mr. Taylor’s farm some considerable time prior to August 19th assumed
I the character of a [positive fact. First, it was a matter of observation that
Mr. Taylor had got rid of nearly all his stock, and amongst other animals, he
had sacrificed at a butcher’s price a valuable heifer which had obtained several
first prizes, and was expected to gain others.

Next, Mr. Taylor admitted that he had reason to apprehend the existence of
pleuro-pneumonia among his stock, and on that account considered it advisable
to get rid of them.

Thirdly, his valuable bull died on Wednesday, September 4th, after a short
' illness, and two cow’S which had been sent to this animal on August 31st,

; ■ were seen by me to be suffering from cattle plague on September 9th.

Under those circumstances I felt justified in assuming that the disease
which Mr. Taylor suspected to be pleuro-pneumonia, was in reality cattle
' ' plague which he had introduced among his stock with cattle bought by him-

I in Hull market on August 12th. The only difficulty opposed to this assump-

1 tion was the length of time which had elapsed between the removal of the

I diseased Russian cattle from the ‘Joseph Soames’ on July 29th, and the

j purchase of the three animals by Mr. Taylor in Hull market on August 12th.

1 This difficulty would of course have ceased to exist if the disease were dis-

’ covered to have broken out among cows in the dairies of the town of Hull,

I because the presence of infected cattle in the market a fortnight after com-

' munication of infection from the Russian beasts, would have been easily

■ I explained. But the most careful inquiry failed to afford any reasonable

I ground for the conclusion that an outbreak of cattle plague had occurred in

t , Hull.

492

Report on the Contagious and

While the investigation at Hull was being carried on, an outbreak of cattle
plague was reported from Patrington, about 15 miles east of Hull. I imme-
diately proceeded to the spot and obtained evidence, which, added to that
collected by Mr. Shorten, in reference to the destination of cattle sold in Hull
market on July 29th, August 5th, and August 12th, enabled me to construct
a consistent theory of the introduction of cattle plague into the three districts
of Patrington, Bridlington, and Pocklington.

In commencing this account it .is necessary to assume that the virus of
cattle plague was in some manner conveyed to animals in Hull market on
J uly the 29th from the Kussian beasts which were removed from the ‘ Joseph
Soames’ on July the 27th. With this assumption, the introduction of the
disease into the three districts referred to, becomes easily explicable. On
July the 29th, in Hull market, Mr. Taylor of Bridlington, bought four
heifers, and Mr. Newcombe, butcher, of Patrington, bought one heifer and one
steer, all of which animals it was subsequently ascertained, came from farms
on which no disease of a contagious character had existed. Mr. Newcombe’s
beasts were driven to the Hull railway station and trucked to Patrington.
They were then driven to a field near Mr. Sanderson’s mill, where they
remained until August the 11th. On that day the heifer was observed to be
ill, and on the following day it was slaughtered, and sent to Hull market to
be sold for human food. On August the 19th, the steer was observed to be
ill and was slaughtered, and on the following day also sent to Hull market.
These two animals were seen by the veterinary surgeon at Patrington, and he
expressed to me his opinion that they were the subjects of cattle plague,
although at the time he did not consider it necessary to make any report
of the occurrence as both the animals were killed immediately on the
symptoms of disease being observed. In the pastures adjacent to Mr. New-
combe’s field, Mr. Sanderson, miller, had two cows and three calves. Another
calf on the same premises was kept in a shed some distance from the field.
About August the 23rd, three days after the slaughter of Mr. Newcombe’s
steer, one of the calves belonging to Mr. Sanderson was taken ill and died in
two days. A few days afterwards the other two calves fell ill and died ; all
the carcases were sent to the tanners at Hedon. On Saturday, September
the 7th, the two cows were taken ill and died, one on September the 10th,
and the other on September the 11th. The last animal was seen and
examined post-mortem by Mr. Douthwaite, the inspector at Beverley, and
was by him ascertained to have been affected with cattle plague. On
September the 19th, 1 visited Patrington and inspected two cows and a heifer
which were in a field belonging to Mr. John Alvin, adjoining that in which
Sanderson’s cattle were kept. One of the cows belonging to Mr. Alvin I
found to be suffering from cattle plague, and from the symptoms which were
then apparent, I concluded that the disease had been developed for at least a
period of three days. The diseased animal and two healthy ones which were
in the same field with it, were immediately slaughtered and buried by order
of the local authority. On further inquiry, I ascertained that a cow belonging
to Mr. Suddiby, and another belonging to Mr. Watson, had been removed
from adjacent pastures a short time previously, and also that Mr. Alvin had
taken away two heifers to premises a quarter of a mile distant for the purpose
of keeping them there until they had calved. These animals, with the two
calves, were slaughtered and buried by order of the local authority.

This evidence was sufficient to prove the existence of cattle plague as far
back as September the 7th, when Mr. Sanderson’s two cows were attacked,
one of these animals having been undoubtedly affected with the disease when
it was examined by Mr. Douthwaite ; but the fair presumption is, that the
outbreak of cattle plague on Mr. Sanderson’s farm occurred shortly after the
death of Mr. Newcombe’s steer on August the 20th; and further, that

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

493

the illness of these last-named animals was due to cattle plague which they
must have in some way contracted during the time that they stood in Hull
market on July the 29th. Owing to the paucity of stock in the Patrington
district, the outbreak of cattle plague ceased with the destruction of the cattle
belonging to Messrs. Alvin, Suddiby, and Watson.

It has been already stated that on the same day, July the 29th, when Mr.
Newcombc bought the cattle in Hull market which introduced cattle plague
into the Patrington district, Mr. Taylor purchased the four heifers to which
the outbreak of cattle plague at Bridlington may be fairly referred. These
animals remained all night at Hull after Mr. Taylor had bought them, and
on the following day, July the 30th, they were driven to Bridlington, and
placed in a field adjoining his house, along with some other stock. On the
8th of August three of the heifers were sold to a butcher at Bridlington, and
were killed on the 9th. The remaining animal was kept until the I6th of
the month, and then sold to Mr. Woodcock, butcher, at Bridlington Quay. Mr.
Taylor asserts that he had no suspicion of the existence of cattle plague among
his stock at this time, but he seems to have been under the impression that some
of the animals were alfected with pleuro-pneumonia, and in consequence of the
presence of this disease he was induced to get rid of them to the butcher.

The following evidence in reference to Mr. Taylor’s stock was obtained
during the investigation that was carried on at Bridlington : —

Adjoining the field in which the heifers purchased at Hull on July 29th
were pirt, was a shed in which Mr. Taylor’s short-horn heifer and short-horn
bull were kept. The heifer was a pure bred animal, had been shown at
various agricultural shows throughout the country, and had taken six first
prizes. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that Mr. Taylor had no inten-
tion of selling the animal for the purpose of slaughter. On the 26th of
August, 10 days after the last of the four beasts bought at Hull was sent to
the butcher, the heifer was observed to be unwell; and on the 28th, Mr.
Taylor, anticipating, as he states, the presence of lung disease, sold this
animal to a butcher at Bridlington, by whom it is believed it was slaughtered
immediately. On the 2nd of September the bull which was kept in the same
shed, which was partly divided by a wall, was attacked with illness, and
within 48 hours this animal died, on Wednesday, September the 4th. It
has already been stated that two cows which were sent to this animal on
August the 31st were attacked with cattle plague in the course of eight days
afterwards.

The evidence of the introduction of cattle plague among Mr. Taylor’s stock
by the agency of the four heifers which he purchased in Hull market on
July the 29th is obviously not conclusive; but it is a reasonable assumption,
based on the history of the outbreak at Patrington, that plague-infected
animals stood in Hull market on that day, and it is a matter of fact that two
lots of cattle which stood in that market were taken to premises on which
cattle plague subsequently appeared. It is not known that either of the four
heifers which Mr. Tajdor purchased on July the 29th were afilicted with any
illness while they were in his possession ; but it is known that they were all
slaughtered, and that a serious disease appeared among his own stock about
that time. In the case of Mr. Newcombe, it is in evidence that the animals
were attacked with illness which rendered their immediate slaughter expe-
dient, in one case eleven days, and in the other nineteen days after their
arrival at Patrington. Assuming that only one of these animals was
, infected with cattle plague when Mr. Newcombe purchased it, it is easy
to understand that symptoms likely to attract attention might not be mani-
fested until the expiration of nine or ten days from the time of its infection.
The communication of the infection to the other animal may very well be
dated back to the time when the first one manifested signs of the disease.

494

Report on the Contagious and

The extension of the cattle plague to Pocklington district was clearly the
result of the sending of cattle which had been on Mr. Taylor’s premises to
Hunmanby market. There can be no reasonable doubt that the disease did
exist on Mr. Taylor’s premises prior to August the 19th, and it is a matter of
fact that cattle which had been on his premises for some time were sent to
that market along with others which had come from a farm where no disease
existed, and that these animats were purchased by Mr. Berryman, taken
to Pocklington, and lastly to Yapham, where they remained until the cattle
plague appeared among them, about a week afterwards, one of the animals
(known by the scissor mark) which had been sent from Mr. Taylor’s farm
being among the first attacked. It fortunately happened that all the cattle
which were sold at Hull market on July the 29th, excepting those bought by
Mr. Taylor, were sold to butchers, the majority of whom resided in Hull.
It is therefore not necessary to pursue the inquiry in respect of the destina-
tion of the animals sold in the market on that day any further.

From Mr. Taylor’s premises the disease spread by direct contact with a
diseased animal to two farms in the neighbourhood. On the 3lst of August,
two days before the bull was discovered to be ill, Mr. Robinson, of Sewerby,
and the steward of the Rev. Yarborough Lloyd Graeme, Sewerby House,
each sent a cow to Mr. Taylor’s bull. In the case of Mr. Robinson’s cow, the
animal, which was herded with seven cows and two calves, was seen to be
unwell on Friday, September the 6th, and was accordingly at once removed
from the pasture, and placed in a shed. On Sunday morning the animal was
turned out for an hour in a field in which four yearlings w’ere grazing. All
these animals escaped the infection notwithstanding that when I saw the
cow on Monday, September the 9th, all the symptoms of cattle plague were
well marked.

The cow belonging to the Rev. Y. L. Graeme was seen by me also on
September the 9th, and was found to be affected with the disease. This
animal at the time it was taken ill was herded with six cows and four calves.
Between twenty and thirty cattle which were on the same farm need not
be further referred to, as they were in a pasture so remote from that in
which the cow was placed as to remove them from all risk of direct infection.
The disease on the Rev. Mr. Graeme’s farm extended first to the calves, some
of which had received the milk of the cow first attacked, up to the time that
she was taken ill. On September the 11th the first calf was found to be
suffering from the disease. This animal was slaughtered and buried imme-
diately, together with one which had been herded with it. On September
the 14th another calf was attacked, and was slaughtered and buried, together
with one which had been herded with it. On September the 19th the disease
extended to the cows, one animal together with a calf gave evidence of being
affected, and they were accordingly killed and buried. On September the
23rd, in order to arrest the further progress of the infection, all animals
which had either been herded with diseased ones or had been within probable
reach of infection were slaughtered and buried. The animals thus disposed
of included four cows, three steers, and one heifer. The remainder of Mr.
Graeme’s stock, which were kept at a distance, altogether escaped the
disease.

The sudden cessation of the cattle plague on Mr. Robinson’s farm after the
slaughter of the one diseased cow was an unusual circumstance, although
not an unprecedented one. It happened on many occasions during the
progress of the cattle plague from 1865 to 1867, that the immediate separa-
tion of the diseased from the healthy was attended with the arrestation of
the plague ; and the matter would hardly have been a subject for comment if
Mr. Robinson, when he had removed the sick cow from the rest of the herd,
had kept the animal properly isolated, instead of which he placed her, while

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

495

suffering from the disease, which must at that time have been well developed,
in the pasture which contained the four yearlings previously referred to. The
escape of these animals can only be e.vplained on the assumption that the
cow had remained, during the short time she was in the field, in a corner by
herself, a very probable thing to occur under the circumstances, and that
consequently there was no contact between the sick animal and the healthy
ones.

Another outbreak of cattle plague had occurred previously to my arrival,
among cattle belonging to Mr. Gibson. On September the 8th I inspected
the herd of fifteen animals, and found the majoritj' of them suffering from
the plague, some of them having the disease in its last stage. I ascertained
that these animals had been placed in the pasture. Colonel Prickett’s field,
in which they were when I saw them, on the previous Sunday, September
the 1st. One heifer of the herd, which then numbered sixteen, was ill. This
animal died on the following Tuesday, and was buried in the field. It is
not known whether at that time others of the herd jiresented sympitoms of
illness, but it can scarcely be doubted that the infection had already made
some progress, as the majority of the herd were affected by the end of the
week. Mr. Gibson’s cattle had previously to September the 1st been pastured
in a field at Bridlington Quay, and any communication between these cattle
and the diseased beasts on Mr. Taylor’s farm must necessarily have been
indirect. On September the 9th the remaining fifteen cattle belonging to
Mr. Gibson were slaughtered and buried in the field.

On September the 12th I inspected six cows belonging to Mrs. Edmonds,
and found one of the animals suffering severely from cattle plague. This
animal was immediately shot. No difficulty attended the tracing of the
origin of this outbreak, as the cows had been pastured in a field adjoining that
in which Mr. Gibson’s animals were put on Sunday, September the 1st. No
further steps were taken in reference to the remainder of Mrs. Edmonds’s
cows until the occuiTence of another case of cattle plague among them on
September the 17th, when it was decided to slaughter and bury all the animals
in the field.

On September the 17th, exactly eight days after the destruction of Mr.
Gibson’s herd, the disease was found to have extended to a herd in another
field adjoining that in which his cattle had stood. One cow, belonging to
Mr. Franks, was seen by me on that day sutfering from cattle plague in a
well developed form. The animal when first observed was standing in a
part of the pasture remote from tlie other six cows with which it had been
herded. The sick beast was immediately killed and buried. The remaining
animals altogether escaped.

On September the 26th a beast belonging to Mr. Frost was found dead of
cattle plague in a field at Bridlington Quay, near to the one in which Mr.
Gibson’s cows had been pjastured previously to their removal on September
the 1st, on which day some of them were certainly infected with cattle
plague. The date of the origin of the disease among Mr. Frost’s stock is
quite uncertain. As no notice was given of the existence of any malady
among them, it is not known whether or not the owner of the animals had
disposed of other infected animals previously to the discovery of the one
which had died of the disease. Four cattle which were in the field with the
dead beast were immediately slaughtered, and the rest of Mr. Frost’s healthy
stock was disposed of, for slaughter, with as little delay as possible.

The last case of cattle plague which occurred at Bridlington was that of a
cow belonging to Mr. Eodgers. The animal was pastured in a field by itself,
next but one to that in which Frost’s animals had stood. This cow was
slaughtered on September the 29th.

In the Pocklington district, where the cattle population is very numerous.

496

Report on the Contagious and

great apprehension was, from the first, entertained of the spread of the disease
from Mr. Berryman’s herd, notwithstanding the precautions that had been
taken, immediately on the discovery of the nature of the malady, to isolate
all the animals which had been withiu reach of the infection. Events which
subsequently transpired proved that the infection had already been com-
municated to animals which were placed in the vicinity of Mr. Berryman’s
herd before the nature of the disease was ascertained. In several instances
the infection appeared to have passed over the animals in the fields imme-
diately adjacent to Mr. Berryman’s, and attacked others in the next meadow,
and in one case an outbreak occurred at a distance of nearly a mile from the
original centre of the infection. It must, however, be noticed that, during
the time Mr. Berryman’s cattle were ill, and before the character of the
disease was known, persons in the neighbourhood had been in the habit of
visiting the sick animals from curiosity. It is possible that in this way the
infection may have been carried to healthy stock at various points in the
district.

The first outbreak which was discovered occurred on premises belonging
to Mr. Fenteman. One cow, which had, up to September the 5th, beeu kept
in a shed close to Mr. Berryman’s fields, and which was removed on that day
to a meadow about a quarter of a mile distant, was found to be affected with
cattle plague, and was immediately shot and buried.

On September the 14th the disease appeared in a herd of seven cattle
belonging to Mr. Kirby. These animals were pastured in a field, separated
from Mr. Berryman’s herd by two pastures, in one of which sheep, and in
the other cattle were grazing. On September the 14th two of Mr. Kirby’s
beasts were found to be affected with cattle plague, and the whole herd was
consequently destroyed and buried.

Animals belonging to Mr. Craddock were next found to be affected, in a
field distant about a mile from Mr. Berryman’s land. The herd consisted of
one cow and three calves. The cow presented distinct evidence of cattle
plague when seen by the inspector on September the 16th, and was imme-
diately slaughtered and buried, together with the three others which -yvere
herded with her.

On the 30th of September cattle plague was discovered in a herd of fifteen
animals belonging to Mr. Towse. These cattle were pastured in a field which
was separated from Mr. Berrymau’s by a small stream. At the time of the
discovery of the disease, three animals were found to be suffering from cattle
plague, but it was ascertained that one had died on the night of Wednesday
the 17th, in all probability from the same disease. This would bring the date
of the infection in Mr. Towse’s herd back to the time when Mr. Berryman’s
animals were slaughtered and buried. All the cattle belonging to Mr. Towse
which had been in contact with the diseased beasts were immediately
slaughtered and buried.

As far as could be ascertained at this time, no other animals in the district
had been within the reach of the infection, and it was anticipated that the
slaughter and burial of the animals belonged to Messrs. Kirby, Towse, and
Craddock, would have the effect of arresting the progress of the disease. On
the 22nd of September, however, another outbreak was discovered to have
taken place in a large herd of cattle belonging to Mr. Fawcett of Low Bel-
thorpe. The animals, 40 in nirmber, were pastured in two fields within
the infected district. One pasture was near Mr. Berryman’s fields, the second
was separated from the first by a piece of ploughed land. Twenty cattle
were pastured in each field. On the day of the detection of the disease it was
ascertained that Mr. Fawcett had already lost three animals ; one beast
having died on the 14th, and two on the 15th of September. These three
animals were buried by the owner, who did not at the time, give any notice

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

497

of fhe oxitbreak of disease on his premises. Several of Mr. Fawcett’s herd in
both fields were found to be suffering from cattle plague ; and two’ animals
died before arrangements could he made for the slaughter and burial of the
herd. Assuming, what can scarcely he questioned, that the three cattle
which died before the disease was detected on Mr. Fawcett’s premises were
the subjects of cattle plague, it may he fairly concluded that the infection
had extended to his herd about the time that the disease was officially
declared to exist amongst klr. Berryman’s cattle.

Owing to the discovery of the presence of cattle plague on Mr. Fawcett’s
premises, it was.considered necessary that further inquiry should he made in
reference to the sanitary state of the animals in the district, and accordingly
Mr. Cope, one of the inspectors in the Veterinary Department, was instructed
to proceed to Pocklington, and carry on the necessary investigation. Mr. Cope
remained in the district until the disease was exterminated, and subsequently
made an inspection of the three districts of Patrington, Bridlington, and
Pocklington, in order to ascertain if the necessary precautions had been taken
to prevent a recurrence of the malady when fresh stock should be introduced
into the infected premises. During his presence at Pocklington Mr. Cope
reported the particulars of the following outbreaks : —

On October the 1st a case of cattle plague occurred on Mrs. Beilby’s pre-
mises at Fangfoss, distant about a mile and a half from the scene of the
original outbreak. It appears that on the discovery being made that some of
Mr. Berryman’s animals had died in the beck which runs along one side
of his fields, the inspector of police advised all the owners of stock, for several
miles along the course of the stream, to take away their animals. Thereupon
Mrs. Beilby took her four cows to her own premises, and placed them in a
shed adjoining the house immediately outside the original infected district.
This occurred on the 24th of September. On the 1st of October Mrs. Beilby
reported to the veterinary inspector that one of her cows was ill, and after
making an examination, the inspector decided that the animal was suffering
from cattle plague. On the following day the diseased beast and the three
which had been herded with it were slaughtered and buried, and the usual
precautions taken to prevent the spread of the disease. This outbreak neces-
sitated the declaration of another infected district. On further inquiry it was
ascertained that Mrs. Beilby’s cows had been pastured in a field next but one
to that in which the diseased animals belonging to Mr. Fawcett had been kept.

On the 10th of October, Mr. Burnley, of Garrowby Lodge, about two miles
from Mr. P'awcett’s farm, at Low Belthorpe, and about the same distance
from Mrs. Beilby, of Fangfoss, where the last outbreak occurred, observed
one of his cattle showing signs of illness, and accordingly sent for the veteri-
nary inspector. At that time, symptoms of cattle plague were not well
marked. On the following day, another animal was taken ill, and, on the
next day a third showed indications of the disease, while in the first case the
evidence of cattle plague was sufficiently clear. Mr. Burnley's herd, consisting
of 10 animals, including the three diseased ones, which had been all herded
together, were slaughtered and buried under the direction of the inspector.
It is worthy of remark that Mr. Burnley was one of those who adopted t'ne
suggestion which I made on the occasion of my first visit to Pocklington, on
September the 7th, he had divided his stock into three different lots. Owing
to this measure having been taken in time, 16 animals entirely escaped the
disease.

The origin of the outbreak among Mr. Burnley's herds could not be ascer-
tained. The animals had been kept in a shed close to the house, and none of
the attendants, as far as could be discovered, had been in contact with any
animal infected with cattle plague ; on this point, however, the testimony of
interested persons cannot be received without reservation.

498

Report on the Contagious and

On October the 14th, the veterinary inspector received information from
Mrs. Dale, of Skirpenbeck, distant three miles from Garrowby Lod^e, where
the last animals were attacked, that one of her cows had died on the previous
night. On making an inspection, Mr. Jebson found a calf on the premises
■afi'ected with the disease in an advanced stage, and further ascertained that a
■calf had died on the same premises about eight days previously. Mrs. Dale
■did not suspect the existence of cattle plague among her animals, as the last
case had occurred on premises not less than three miles distant. The inspector
further ascertained that two cattle of a herd of eight, which were in adjoining
premises, were affected -with cattle plague in the early stage. All these
animals were immediately slaughtered and buried. The origin of this out-
break, like that of the previous one on Mr. Burnley’s premises, could not be
satisfactorily determined. Another infected district had at this time to be
declared. The new outbreak was within one mile of the North Hiding of
Yorkshire, and there was some ground for the fear which existed that the
disease might cross the boundary.

On the same day, October the 14th, that the disease was detected on
Mrs. Dale’s premises, another outbreak was discovered on premises belonging
to Mr. Johnson, of Fangfoss, a few hundred yards from the premises of
Mrs. Beilby, where four diseased animals had been slaughtered on October
the 1st. Mr. Johnson’s herd consisted of 10 animals, one of which, a calf,
was suffering from the disease in its last stage. This animal, and the other
■cattle with which it had been herded, were slaughtered and buried.

On October the 18th, cattle plague was detected on premises belonging to
Mr. Banks, of Grange Farm, Bishop Wilton. The herd consisted of 23
animals; 19 of which, namely, 8 calves and 11 cows, were kept in sheds, the
remaining 4 animals were in a pasture close to the farm buildings. Mr.
Banks reported one of the four animals in the field to be unwell on October
the 18th, and the veterinary inspector ascertained that this animal was
suffering from cattle plague. The four cattle were consequently killed and
buried. The animals that were kept in the sheds, not having been in contact
with the four among which the disease appeared, were not slaughtered.
However, on the seventh day after the burial of the four cattle, the disease
appeared among the calves which were kept in the shed next to that in which
the cows were kept. Two of the calves gave unmistakeable evidence of being
affected with cattle plague, and others showed indications of the disease.
Consequently the whole of the animals, cows and calves, 19 in number, were
slaughtered and buried by order of the local authority. Nineteen other
animals belonging to Mr. Banks, which were pastured in a field next to that
in which the first animal became infected, altogether escaped the disease.
No other outbreak occurred in the district, and at the expiration of a month
after the slaughter of Mr. Banks’s herd, a final inspection was made of the
three districts in which the disease had appeared by Mr. Cope, who reported
that the necessary measures had been taken to prevent a recurrence of cattle
2)lague, by cleansing and disinfecting the premises in which diseased animals
had stood, and the fields in which they had been grazing, by the free use of
lime, and other disinfecting agents.

The Batiington District, where the disease was discovered on the 12th of
September, was declared free on the 2Gth of October.

The Bridlington District, where the disease was first declared to exist on
September the 8th, was declared free by the local authority on the 2nd of
November.

The I’ocklington District, where the disease was recognised on the 4th
of September, was declared free by the local authority on the 25th of
November.

In the districts of Patrington and Bridlington fresh stock had been intro-

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

499

duced into premises where the disease had previously existed. These animals
were seen by Mr. Cope during his final inspection some time after these two
districts had been declared free, and were found to be perfectly healthy.
This circumstance was satisfactory, as it indicated that the measures which
had been taken to disinfect the premises had been effectual.

During the recent investigation of the disease in Yorkshire it was com-
monly remarked that the infection spread very slowly among the animals
which had been exposed to it ; that in many cases the period of incubation
■was unusually long, and that only in one or two instances did the disease
manifest an excessive virulence. The apparent peculiarities, however, were
referable to the conditions which obtained during the time that the disease
existed. In the former outbreak in 1865 precautionary measures were at first
generally neglected ; animals were allowed to remain together in masses, and
were subjected to various forms of medical treatment. Under these circum-
stances the infection spread with rapidity, and the diseased animals being
allowed to live, the affection was permitted to manifest itself in its most
virulent form.

In various parts of the country, however, where animals were pastured in
the open air, instead of being confined in a shed, it was observed that the
virulent type of the malady was considerably modified. The period of incuba-
tion appeared to be considerably prolonged, and cattle resisted the effects of
the disease for a long time before they succumbed. In the last outbreak in
Yorkshire all the conditions were opposed to the rapid progress of the disease.
As soon as its true character was ascertained, animals affected with illness of
any kind became subjects of suspicion, and isolation was carefully enforced.
When cattle-plague appeared in a herd, the sick animals and those herded with
them were generally slaughtered and buried, and in the few instances where
these measures were not adopted the affected animals were at once removed
from contact with the healthy. This precaution, in two instances, secured the
safety of the rest of the herd ; but in other parts of the same district, in which
the same course was adopted, disease extended to the other animals, and it
ultimately became necessary to destroy the whole of them.

It is further to be remarked, in reference to the apparent extension of the
period of incubation when animals are placed under favourable sanitary con-
ditions, that the date of discovery of the indications of disease is by no means
to be accejrtcd as the time of their appearance. It occurred to me on several
occasions to examine animals which gave positive evidence of being affected
with cattle-plague in the third or fourth day of its progress, notwithstanding
that these animals, according to the statement of the owner or the attendants,
had remained apparently healthy up to the evening before the day of my
inspection. There can be no question that in all these cases a professional
examiner would have observed positive symptoms of the presence of the
disease some days before it was actually detected. The facts referred to,
namely, the perfectly sanitary condition of the districts in which the cattle-
plague occurred, the immediate isolation of sick animals, and general adoption
of the system of slaughter both of the sick and of the healthy which had been
herded together, sufficiently account for the absence of any extreme virulence
in the type of the malady, for its slow progress, and the apparent extension of
the period of incubation. In the two or three instances in which the disease
was concealed, or when it was not recognised for some time after its appear-
ance in the herd, it was found to spread with its usual rapidity, and to present
characteristic indications of malignancy.

Notwithstanding the experience which was gained in the districts recently
infected with cattle-plague during the outbreak of 1865-7, there was consider-
able opposition on the part of the owners of cattle to the adoption of the
stamping-out system. It was commonly pleaded that compensation very

VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 L

500

Report on the Contagious and

imperfectly represented the loss which the owner wonld sustain, inasmuch as
it would he impossible for him to obtain fresh stock immediately, and his
pastures would be useless, or, it might be, his trade as a dairyman would be
interrupted for a considerable time. The obvious retort, that these things
would hajipen equally if the animals were allowed to live and become infected
one after the other, and to die of disease or be slaughtered, evidently failed to
cany conviction, and it may be stated that, with few exceptions, if the owners
of infected herds had been allowed to act in consonance with their own wishes
and opinions, the animals would have been kept until the extension of the
disease among them had made it evident that they had slight chance of
escaping destmetion.

The two instances recorded in which animals that had been herded with
diseased ones ultimately escaped the infection will, doubtless, be added to the
evidence of a similar kind which was obtained during the former outbreak in
1865-7, and tend to keep up the idea which exists among a small section of
the public, that the stamping-out system is wasteful and unnecessary.

The employment of remedies for the cure of cattle-pilague has always been
most strenuously advocated by persons who, from their position and ex-
perience, must necessarily be entirely ignorant of the whole subject. The
stamping-out system is the final resort of all who have carefully investigated
the matter, and who have satisfied themselves by observation of the danger
which results under ordinary circumstances from keeping animals infected with
the disease alive in order to test the effect of medicinal appliances. Our own
experience in 1865-7, the experience of Holland during the same outbreak,
and the recent experience of France, combine to demonstrate the fact, notwith-
standing the apparent success which has attended various kinds of treatment
(often the most opposite), that the disease spreads invariably with a rapidity
proportioned to the extent to which these experiments are carried on ; while,
on the other hand, the experience of Prussia is altogether in favour of the
system of slaughtering, not only the diseased animals, but those which have
been either herded with them, or are placed within reach of infection.

The outbreak of 1872 did not add anything to our previous experience in
reference to the efficacy of the means which have always been found effectual
in Prussia, but it strengthened the conclusion which had previously been
arrived at in reference to the desirability of amending certain clauses of “ The
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869,” so as to give to the authorities
power to deal with the animals in the immediate neighbourhood of the centres
of disease.

On my arrival at Pocklington shortly after the outbreak among Mr. Berry-
man’s herd was discovered, I made inquiries which convinced me that there
was every probability of the spreading of the affection through the medium of
animals which were in the vicinity of Mr. Berryman’s fields ; and I have no
doubt that, had the inspectors of the several districts where cattle-plague
appeared been armed with the necessary authority to enable them to deal with
all the instances in which the risk of infection had been incurred, the cattle-
plague would have been extinguished almost as soon as its existence was
discovered.

Respecting the means which should be adopted in any future outbreak of
the malady I have nothing to suggest beyond the adoption of the Prussian
system of isolation and slaughter in its entirety. Immediately on the dis-
covery of an outbreak the diseased animals, and those herded with them,
should be slaughtered and buried, and all animals in the meadows immediately
contiguous to tho.se in which the disease broke out should either be slaughtered
or confined in such a position that they may be constantly under the super-
vision of the veterinary inspectors. For some distance around the infected
area it is very desirable that the large herds should, as far as possible, be

Infectious Diseases of Animals.

501

divided into small lots, in order that the occurrence of a single case of the
disease at a distance may not absolutely necessitate the destruction of a larger
number of animals than necessary.

Isolation of sick animals directly that any signs of illness, no matter of what
kind, arc detected, is an obvioxrs precaution which should never be neglected ;
and an efficient method of disinfection should be constantly used for the
persons, instruments, and fodder, and, indeed, all other substances employed
about diseased animals. Before fresh stock is introduced into infected pre-
mises a complete process of disinfection should be carried out. Everything
which is capable of being thoroughly washed should be so treated in the first
instance, and some antiseptic agent, such as chloride of lime, chloralum, car-
bolic acid, or sulphurous acid, should be afterwards applied. Pastures should
be left vacant as long as may be convenient. If the fields be well top-dressed
with quicklime on the expiration of twenty-eight days after the extinction of
the disease, experience has proved that stock can be introduced without risk
of infection. Promptness in detecting an outbreak of cattle-plague, and
applying the necessary measures of suppression, is an important element of
success. When any delay occurs in the discovery of the nature of the disease
it is very likely to happen that persons, led by curiosity, will make visits to
the herd among which the novel malady has appeared. It has been repeatedly
proved that the infection may be easily carried on the hands or clothes to a
considerable distance ; so that by the time the disease is stamped out in one
place it may have already appeared in another. Of the indirect conveyance of
the virus of cattle-plague to healthy animals by persons or animals there can
be no reasonable doubt. Instances of the appearance of the disease in isolated
positions where only such means of communication existed have been suf-
ficiently numerous to establish the fact.

The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act provides that the owners of p>re-
mises on which cattle-plague has appeared may prevent persons from passing
into his premises ; the local authority has power to order that dogs shall be
kept from roaming, or to insist on their destraction, if the regulations are not
complied with ; and it is most important that, in localities where cattle-plague
exists, the utmost care should be used in carrying out all the directions which
have for their object the perfect isolation of diseased or infected animals, and
the prevention of the extension of the malady by agencies which may carry
the virus in various indirect ways to points far distant from the centres of
infection.

Eespecting the communication of the infection of cattle-plague from animals
which were on board the ‘Joseph Soames’ on 27th July to animals in the
cattle market on 29th July, it has been admitted that the evidence is not per-
fectly conclusive. Nor was it anticipated that the inquiry would lead to the
discovery of the precise channel through which the virus was conveyed.

The facts however, placed in the order of their discovery, seem to point to
one conclusion.

First, on 25th, 26th, and 27th July, a number of Bussian cattle affected
with plague stood on hoard a vessel which was lying in the Humber dock a
short distance from the quay wall, about 200 paces from the cattle market,
where fat stock are sold every Monday.

On 29th July, about thirty hours after the diseased Russian beasts were
slaughtered and removed from the ship, two lots of English cattle were bought
in the market by persons who took them into the two districts of Patrington
and Bridlington, in both of which places cattle-plague subsequently appeared
on the premises to which the animals were taken.

The only other theory which has been advanced to explain the origin of
cattle-plague in Yorkshire, refers the outbreak to the carcases which were
washed ashore at various parts of the Lincolnshire and Norfolk coast. But

2 L 2

502

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

the evidence is altogether opposed to the idea of the disease having arisen in
this waj". No carcases were stranded near to the places in which cattle-plague
appeared, and on those parts of the coast where carcases were thrown up, no
outbreak of cattle-plague resulted.

The accidental circumstance of the sale of nearly all the cattle which were
exposed in the market on 29th July to Hull butchers for immediate slaughter
probably prevented the wide distribution of the affection.

[To he continued.']

XX. — Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

By Eichard Milward, Senior Steward.

At last the Annual Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society
has been held in the capital of the East Riding of the county of
York, and perhaps some surprise will be expressed that, although
the Society has been in existence for thirty-five years, this is the
first occasion of its visit to Hull. Many of the Members are,
doubtless, aware that, for the purposes of the Annual Exhibition,
England is divided into eight districts, each containing four, five,
or even more counties. The districts have been slightly changed
in the last ten years. On the last occasion of our visit to York-
shire (that county being then a separate district) there were six
towns which competed for the Show, viz. York, Leeds, Hull,
Doncaster, Wakefield, and Harrogate. It appeared to the Council
that Leeds possessed unusual advantages, and they, therefore,
selected that place for the Meeting, with what success is well
known. When the Inspection Committee visited Hull in April
1872, they were much pleased with the site which was offered to
the Society ; they reported this to the Council, who decided by
a large majority in favour of Hull over Darlington. The
result has proved that the Council made a good selection, as the
meeting has been an average success, although the expenses will
exceed the receipts by 400/. or 500/.

The Senior Steward is generally expected to send in a Report
of the entire Show of Live Stock. The horse department at
Hull took so much of my time and attention that I should have
been quite unable to furnish any account of the other animals,
had it not been for the great assistance I have received from my
colleagues and the Judges.

With regard to Horses, I must say that, although we had
several good animals, and a fair competition in many classes,
the Show, on the whole, was not so good as we had a right to
expect, when we recollect that Hull is in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the largest horse-breeding country in England. It
is said that some of our conditions, and the long time we keep

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull. 503

the horses in the Show-yard, operate against our success in this
department. With regard to the first of these objections I have
no doubt the Council will consider them before the next prize-
sheet is arranged ; but I fear we cannot lessen the number of
days for the Show. The conditions attached by individuals and
by local societies to the prizes they offer frequently differ widely
from our own, and the Council should now decide whether it is
advisable or not to accept any prizes to which conditions are
attached. This would involve much alteration in the prize-
sheet, and we must not any longer be restricted to giving prizes
only for breeding animals, and especially with regard to horses,
the scarcity being everywhere admitted. We should travel out
of our old track, and offer prizes for all useful sorts ; and
although at first we might not have much competition in some
of the new classes, we should, by degrees, induce farmers to pay
more attention to what has become a very profitable part of their
business. When fair, useful cart-horses are worth from 70/. to
130/. each (to say nothing of entire horses, some of which were
sold in the Show-yard for 500/., 350/., 240/., and 220/.) ; four-
year-old hunters from 150/. to 300/. ; carriage-horses, hacks, and
ponies, at proportionately high prices — it is clearly the duty of the
Royal Agricultural Society to encourage as much as possible
horse-breeding in England. I saw in a dealer’s yard at Hull
several carriage-horses and hacks, all bred in Germany, with
more quality and better action than most English horses. These
were chiefly from English mares by English sires ; and we
should offer some inducement to prevent the best of these going
abroad.

There were 275 horses entered, and of these 37 were absent.
At Cardiff the entries were 324, and at Wolverhampton 357 ; so
that in number we were far below the two last meetings. The
Agricultural and Clydesdale horses mustered well ; but the Suffolk,
for which 145/. was offered in prizes, had only five stallions (in
two classes), one brood-mare, and three fillies — about the same
number as at Cardiff. In the report last year Mr. Corbet called
attention to the small number of Suffolks, and said : “ If the
classes be continued at Hull, the eastern counties must make a
far stronger demonstration for Yorkshire, or people will say the
Suffolk are going out of fashion.” Hull is not very distant from
the eastern counties, the home of Suffolk horses, and it cannot be
said that the above hint has had much effect, or more would have
been exhibited. Certainly the few which were shown were
good specimens.

Mr. Barthropp, of Hacheston, Suffolk ; Mr. Swale, of Sandon,
Wolverhampton ; and Mr. Turnbull, of Cresswell, Northumber-
land, the Judges of Agricultural Horses, report as follows ; —

504 Rcjrn't on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

In compliance with the request of the Council, we beg to submit the
following remarks on the agricultural horses on which we had to adjudicate
at the recent meeting at Hull ; and we consider the Society may be congratu-
lated on the classes being, as a rule, well filled, whilst there is a decided
improvement in the soundness of the animals exhibited, there not being more
than one or two cases in which the best-looking candidates were prevented by
unsouudness from receiving the prizes to which their good looks would have
entitled them.

Class 1, Agricultural Stallions above Two Years old, contained fourteen
very useful horses, the first prize going to Mr. Shaiqfiey’s “ Le Bon,” a very
nice level short-legged bay ; Mr. Statter’s “ Young Champion,” well known
in the prize-ring, being second. “ Young Honest Tom,” a 4-year-old bay, with
grey markings, with a good top, but rather flat ribs, was third; a short-
legged brown horse, with good loins, and a good mover, being highly com-
mended and the Reserve Number. There were eighteen 2-year-old stallions in
Class 2, nearly half of wdiich have no pretension to Royal honours. The first
])rize W'ent to a very heavy blue-roan colt, “ Young Briton,” belonging to
Mr. Newman ; the second prize to a nice level colt with good action, called
“ King Tom and the third prize to “ Brown Prince,” a good topped colt, who,
if possessed of rather more bone, would have been first. Mr. Colton’s “ Boxer,”
a heavy chestnut, whose badly-rubbed mane gave him an unsightly appear-
ance, was highly commended and reserve ; a stylish bay colt, “ King of the
Vale,” and “ Negro,” a rather high black, being commended.

Nine Clj'desdale stallions came forward, but as a lot they did not appear so
uniform in character as those we have seen at former shows. The first-prize
horse “ Conqueror,” is a smart-looking grey, and a good mover. “ The Duke,”
a very compaet brown horse, with rather a plain head, is second ; and Mr.
Reed’s nice-looking “ Wellington ” third. “Young Lofty,” who did not look
like his former self, appeared loose in the back, and could not get higher than
highly commended and reserve. In Class 4, there were several very good
specimens of 2-year-old Clydesdale stallions. The Earl of Strathmore’s
“ Macbeth ” has remarkably good thighs, and a good back, and deserves the
first prize awarded to him; the Duke of Richmond took second prize with a
nice colt, “Duke;” and Mr. Wright’s “ Sir Roger,” is a thick, heavy colt, with a
plain head ; the Reserve Number went to a smart bay with a grey tail and rather
a low back. Class 5, Suffolk stallions : but four out of the six entered put in
an appearance. Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson took the first prize now, as he
did at Wolverhampton, with “ Heir Apparent,” when two years old. This
horse is quite a first-class specimen of his breed, with a splendid back, a
middle denoting an excellent constitution, and capital legs ; there is, however,
something not quite nice about his head and ears. The second prize went to
Mr. Wolton’s “ Royal Duke,” now three years old, a promising colt on short
legs ; and we exercised our privilege of recommending the third prize to be
given to Mr. Byford for his “ Volunteer,” a showy-looking horse of good quality ;
whilst “ Royal Prince,” a former winner, but of not quite the orthodox colour,
got highly commended.

But one 2-year-old Suffolk stallion was shown, belonging to Mr. Wolton,
at present unnamed ; he is a smart colt, but without any special merit ; but
having long sides and short legs, he will probably grow into a useful horse.
In Class 10, for agricultural mares in foal or with foal at foot, ten mares com-
peted ; and although there were some good mares shown with their foals,
those without foals had decidedly the advantage, and we would suggest to
the Council the advisability of having separate classes, as we consider a mare
suckling a foal can scarcely comixjte on her merits with a mare without a
foal. Mr. Crow took the first prize, with his chestnut “ Flower,” a particularly
good 3-year-old, being level and active, and having a good constitution ; Mr.

505

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

Street’s “ Beauty,” a well-formed, active, wide roan, being second ; with Mr.
Lester’s “ Royal Duchess,” a grand stamp of mare, rather defieient in quality,
third. The above three mares are said to be in foal, and a very stylish grey
mare with foal at foot, a fine mover, bnt with a loin rather slack, perhaps
from suckling a foal, was highly commended and reserve. Several nice
Clydesdale mares were shown in Class 11, Mr. Watson being first, with a
short thick-set mare, “ Highland Lassie,” Mr. Fleming’s “ Rosie” being second,
and a big mare, “ Mrs. Muir,” third ; Lord Strathmore’s “ Rosie ” being highly
commended and reserve. Only one of the two Suffolk mares entered were on
the ground, viz. Mr. Horace Wolton’s “ Diamond.” She is, however, good
enough to hold her own in any company.

Class 16 was the worst class we had before us. The first-prize filly was
nicely turned on the top, but was low-hocked and thin in her thighs. The
second prize went to rather a nice brown filly from Sussex, and the Reserve
Number to a short thick filly with no action. Class 17, Clydesdale Fillies:
the winner of the first prize is a nice thick active animat. Mr. Fleming’s bay,
with a white face and three white legs, ran the winner of the first prize very
close, and took second honours ; whilst Mr. Graham’s “ Rose of Netherby,”
the winner of the third prize, is rather too long in the leg. Class 18, Suffolk
Fillies : Mr. Wilson took first and second prizes ; the first a very smart one,
with beautiful quality, good legs and feet, and a good mover ; the second is
rather dark in colour, with a want of pnre Suffolk character about her. The
other filly shown was a very good one in apq>earance, and we regretted we
could not place her first. There were four pairs of agricultural draught-
horses shown, Mr. Brierley taking the prize with two wonderfully good geld-
ings, “ Champion ” and “ Tommy Dodd they looked, however, better suited
for the drays of Hull than for ploughing and harrowing on clay land, which
tliey were certified to have done. That wonderful mare, “ Sensation,” delighted
and astonished the spectators, and we regretted she had not a partner more
worthy of her than “ Warwick Mr. Marshall’s chestnut mares were a good
match, and looked active and useful. We commended the entire class.

There was a fair show of thoroughbred stallions — “ Dalesman”
by far the best. Mr. Chaplin is fortunate in possessing two such
horses as “ Dalesman” and “ Snowstorm.” His tenants and
neighbours are also fortunate in being able to use such horses
at a moderate charge. Three very good foals by “ Snowstorm ”
were with their dams, Nos. 126, 141, and 143. The hackney
stallions were about as good a lot as is generally shown, but
unless they are put to thoroughbred mares, I have little faith
in the produce being hacks such as I should like to ride ; an
impartial examination of the so-called hacks in Class 25 will
explain my meaning. The above remarks will apply to pony
stallions. There were only five shown, and they were nothing ex-
traordinary. “ Sir George,” the winner of the first prize, had
not good shoulders, and “ Mischief” had not enough action.
The reserve number was given to No. 86, “ Robbie Burns,” a
pony witli good action, but common hind-quarters. The
hunting brood mares were exceedingly good ; the hackney
mares only moderate ; and the pony mares still worse. The
first-prize winner had good action and some other good points,
but her shoulders would not bear inspection.

506 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

The hunters in Class 21, five years old and upwards, were a
very respectable class ; and here I may say I agree with all the
decisions of the Judges, except in this class. I could not have
placed “Joe Bennett” and “Spellahoe” before “The Banker ” and
“ Gamester;” but as two of the Judges rode them, I may be
Avrong in my opinion. I rode “The Banker,” and liked him.*
The 4-year-old hunters, in Class 22, cut a good figure. Several
of them had been winners in former years, and at other Shows.
There was not quite a first-class horse amongst the nineteen, but
several which nearly approached that character. Class 23, for
3-year-old hunters, was very fair as to number (sixteen), and also
as to merit. The first prize Avas awarded to “ Novelty,” No. 227.
An objection Avas made as to bis age, and the Veterinary In-
spectors reported “ that from the state of his dentition they were
of opinion that he was four years old.” In consequence of this
opinion, the prize-card Avas removed from No. 227, which brought
up “ Showman,” No. 220, to the top, and “ Cornishman,”
No. 231, obtained the second prize. Both these are very fine
young horses. The latter was first in his class at the Gainsborough
Show last week.

The OAvner of “ Novelty ” is not satisfied, and produces a cer-
tificate from the breeder, stating the horse is only three years old,
but he admits that teeth have been removed — for what purpose
is well known. The Council will decide whether, under these
circumstances, the horse should be disqualified. Admitting that
the breeder’s certificate is correct, Avhich I have no reason to
doubt, it still remains to be decided Avhether, as the horse was
entered “ breeder unknown,” any breeder’s certificate can be
recognised by the Council.

Only eight 2-year-old hunters appeared in Class 24 ; of these
several were very good. No. 238, the winner of the first prize,
excellent, but not a good colour.

Class 25 was very strong in numbers, but very feAv of them
Avere hacks, if I understand the meaning of the term. Many of
them had good action, but they appeared far more suitable for
harness. Of course I do not include “ Ozone,” Avhich is a thorough
gentleman’s hack.

The following is the report of Colonel Luttrell, one of the
Judges, written for himself and colleagues :

Before giving a detailed account of the horses exhibited at Hull I beg to
make a few remarks with reference to the condition of three crosses of blood
attached to the jirizes offered by the Local Committee. All good judges in
the present day are fully alive to the importance of selecting animals with
plenty of blood. Any condition, therefore, enforcing three crosses, is not only

* Since this was written, the .Judges at the Yorkshire Society’s Show at Harro-
gate have placed “ The Banker ” before “ Joe Bennett.”

507

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

unnecessary but objectionable. Unnecessary, because quality, the true test of
blood, is easily detected in half-bred horses ; objectionable, because it opens a
wide door to tlie unscrupulous, and offers a great temptation to the manu-
facturers of pedigree — a trade not unknown in the horse line — and debars
numbers from exhibiting, who, possessing first-class animals with plenty of
quality, purchased either of dealers or at fairs, are unable to trace a pedigree
and too honest to revert to the manufacturing process ; besides, it must lead
to endless protests, which generally are, to say the least of them, vexatious
for a Society to deal with. I think, therefore, it would be well to omit these
restrictive conditions, and leave the question of quality to the discretion of
the Judges. I will take the classes as they came before us. »

Class 7. Thoroughbred Stallions for Hunters. — 11 entries. This would have
been a very good class for most counties, but nothing grand for Yorkshire.
No. 67, “ Dalesman,” v/a,s facile princess. He certainly looked better than I
had ever seen him ; plenty of work and the Lincolnshire air have worked
wonders ; few horses are improved by too much flesh, most are spoilt by it ;
certainly “ Dalesman ” looks twice the horse he did when overloaded at
Islington last year ; now he is all muscle and wire, which, with his good legs,
strong loins and quarters, makes him look all over a hunter fit to carry
14 st. to any hounds ; and yet I should like him better if his shoulders were
a little finer; a defect, however, which does not appear to impede his action,
as he moves corkily and well. No. 60, “ Suffolk,” took the second honours,
in manjf respects a very good stamp, and, if you only look at him above his
hocks and knees, you would not have much fault to find, except that the
points of his shoulders might be improved with the spokeshave.

Major Barlow was third and Eeserve Number with “ Chaucer ” and “ Massa-
nissa,” between which there was not much to choose. “ Chaucer,” barring
his hocks, shows a good deal of hunting form, whilst “Massanissa” hardly
carries bone enough to get weight-carriers. Of those unplaced, “Grand
Master ” is a very level true-made horse, but with faulty action, and “ Car-
bineer’s ” straight short shoulders and slack girt quite put him out of the
race ; many of the others looked more like harness than hunting.

Class 8. Stallions for getting Hackneys. — 17 entries. A very difficult class
to get at. For my part 1 am as much an advocate for blood on the road as in
the field. Now many of the animals exhibited here were totally unfit for
hacking to covert, or fiddling up and down the Row ; some had a dash of the
Norfolk, with flashy tearing action all over the place, — very sensational, I
have no doubt, to the lookers-on, but anything but desirable for a pleasant
ride. We were obliged to select those animals that had hacking qualities
themselves, and were most likely to transmit good and easy action to their
progeny; of these. No. 71, “Lord Stanley,” was decidedly the best; he has
good shoulders and quarters on excellent legs ; he is somewhat deficient in his
middle piece, but being only 3 years old, a great improvement will take place
on this point; above all, his action is very good all round. No. 78, “ Young
Lord Derby,” a very promising colt, with quality and action, good limbs, and
nice shoulders, was placed second. No. 85, “All Fours,” is a grand old
horse, but his upright joints and stumpy action told the tale of hard work
and age. No. 82, the Reserve Number, “ Fireaway,” an old prize-taker, quite
one of the right sort, had to give way to his more youthful and aristocratic
competitors.

Class 9. Pony Stallions. — 5 entries. No. 88, “ Sir George,” altogether a
model, but more of a horse than a pony, was easily placed first. Such form
and action must do service in improving the breed, if put to pure-bred ponies
and not half-bred cobs. No. 89, “ Mischief,” placed second, was more of a
pony than “ Sir George,” but lacked his action and quality ; the others were
indifferent.

508 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

Class 13. Hunting Mares. — 14 entries. Quite up to the average. We soon
found our first in No. 122, “Lady Derwent,” a fine, long, low mare, with
plenty of substance and breeding. No. 116, “Old Go-a-head,” too well
known to comment upon, was a good second, and an old mare. No. 125,
“Lady Byron,” looking all over like a hunter, was third. No. 118, “ Snow-
flake,” a blood-like mare with weak hocks and middling shoulders, got the
Ileserve Number. There was a rare foal in this class by “ Snowstorm,” out of a
mare of Mr. Chaplin’s. No. 117, “ Lady Josephine,” unmistakably by “ Kata-
plan,” with a good foal by “ Carbineer,” looked likely for breeding hunters.

Class 14. Hackney Mares. — 13 entries. Not much out of the common ;
plenty of room for improvement. No. 131, “Jessie,” a nicely-turned mare
on good short legs, looked like going the pace to covert or carrying a boy to
hounds. Nos. 136, 137, placed next, though advanced in years, were quite
the right stamp. Another good-looking foal by “ Snowstorm ” appeared in
this class with a mare of Mi\ G. F. Howard’s.

Class 15. Pony Mares. — A short entry of 5. The first prize. No. 146,
“Venus,” 3 years old, was a good strong short-legged pony with capital
action, and rare loins and quarters. No. 148, “ Fairy,” a light-made, well-
bred chestnut, with easy airy action, was second, and No. 149, “ Pit-a-Pat,” a
short cobby wear-and-tear looking animal, the Reserve Number.

Class 21. Hunters 5 years old and upwards. — 16 entries. Considering the
very meagre prizes offered, and the restrictions attached to them, this class was
very well represented. No. 188, “Joe Bennett,” was decidedly the best,
though not without his faults. I should prefer him if he showed less day-
light, and more strength in his hocks and second thighs ; in other respects he
is a nice horse, and without having extraordinary action moves well and in
good hunting fonn. No. 180, “ Spellahoe,” said to be thoroughbred, a fact
of which I can And no record, was second ; his neck don't come right out of
his shoulders, which makes him Carry his head in the air, and gives him the
appearance of requiring more than ordinary hands to steer him ; however, my
brother Judges, who rode him, reported favourably of his going. No. 177,
“ The Banker,” looked more like a hunter, but his pounding action made him
unpleasant to ride, which told against him. A brown horse. No. 173,
“ Gamester,” with plain quarters, moved remarkably well, and got a com-
mended card. “ Landscape,” No. 185, lacks quality, and is by no means a
good goer.

Class 22. Four-year-olds, up to not less than 14 st., brought 25 entries.
Here Nos. 195 and 194, “ Marshal MacMahon ” and “ Honeycomb,” had to
fight it out again. The “Marshal,” though not a first-class goer, is by far
the best mover of the two; a good open way suits him better than the London
tan ; he has not advanced so much on his 3-year-old form as I expected, but
he looks better now than he did when overloaded with flesh at Islington.
A little more length before the saddle, less slackness over the loins, and more
freedom from his shoulders, would greatly improve him to my eye; yet
taking him altogether he looks like a gentleman, and will tumble into a nice
hunter some of these days. “ Honeycomb” is in many respects a fine-looking
animal, but he stands away from his hocks, and when he is set in motion
seems to ignore them altogether ; being a large overgrown baby he may
improve ; but I prefer more stuff in a smaller compass. Nos. 202 and 211,
both by “ Laughing Stock,” were good movers and showed quality ; the
latter was light in his hocks, and not quite right about the shoulders. Some
of the animals in this class were not up to the required weight ; amongst them,
No. 203, a bay horse by “ Theobald,” a very neat blood-like horse and the
best mover of the lot.

Class 23. Three-year-olds. — 20 entries. Contained a great many promising
animals. No. 220, “ Showman,” a level compact colt, with good shoulders,

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

509

back, and quarters, rather light of bone, was placed first, and next to him.
No. 223, “ Cornishman,” a wiry well-bred looking animal with capital legs
and good forehead. I am told he has been lately running rough in Cornwall,
and I have no doubt that change of air and better feeding, which he is sure to
get in Major Barlow’s hands, will turn him into a smart horse. No. 227,
“Novelty,” was originally placed first in this class, but was disqualified in
consequence of being over age. No. 218, “ Singleton,” is not right about the
shoulders, but otherwise has a great many good wearing points. No. 221,
“ Prizetaker,” the winner at Alexandra Park, moves well for a young one, but
his hocks and short quarters tell against him.

Class 24. Two-year-olds. — 10 entries. Nothing out of the common except
No. 238, a fine dashing colt by “ Theobald,” with rare quarters and legs, but
one of the worst-coloured animals in the yard ; which, if the old saying be
true, “ A good horse is never a bad colour,” won’t matter to him in the hunting-
field, where I reckon he will, some of these days, show his tail to most of
them. No. 236, “Victor,” was next in place, who, barring his shoulders,
which take too much after his sire, is a good useful-looking animal. No. 240,
the reserve No. colt, by “ Neptunus,” promises well, but he looks more like
harness than hunting.

Class 25. Hackneys. — A large entry of 28, but the greatest mixture I over-
saw together in a hack class — some under-bred cobs, some only fit to draw a
tea-cart, and others to carry a butcher’s basket. The winner turned up in
No. 257, “ Ozone,” a long, low, well-bred little mare, rather light of bone
below the knee, but a nice even goer with good manners and excellent
quality. No. 265, “ Polly,” by “ Motley,” was placed second. A good
mover, but rather coarse about the shoulders. No. 267, “ Princess,” a useful
short-legged mare got the Keserve Number.

There were two protests as to size, neither of which were
sustained ; one as to age, to which I have alluded, and several
as to pedigree. The Stewards have not been able to investi-
gate the whole of these ; but will report to the Council in
November.

Mules and Donkeys.

The Judges, Professor McBride, of Cirencester, and Mr. Lang,
of Bristol, report as follows : —

Asses and Mules.

By the kindness and generosity of Edward Pease, Esq., of Darlington, the
Society were enabled to offer most liberal prizes in both classes.

Class 26. Jackass not under 13 hands, for getting Mules for Agricultural
Purposes. — There were only three animals exhibited. The first prize a black
(cross between Spanish and French ass), showing great quality and size, with
good middle and quarters. The second a gi-ey Spanish (imported), very fair, par-
ticularly in shoulders and fore, but wanting in middle. The third ass, a brown
Poitou (imported), belonging to Mr. Pease, was entered not for competition,
being the best of the three, having capital shoulders, big crest, fair middle and
quarters, and wonderful legs and feet, large flat, short in the pastern ; he was
out of condition. This was a specimen that intending breeders should par-
ticularly notice, being of the true type for breeding heavy mules. The height
of these asses was about 14 hands.

Class 27. Mules not under 15 hands, for Agricultural Purposes. — There

510 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

were seven animals exhibited, all being of fair merit. The first prize, a
grey, about IG hands, was excellent, being large, with capital crest, long
shoulders, a thick middle, and very good legs, big and fiat, his quarters
rather slack, but action [>erfect. The second, an aged mule, about 16
hands, brown, had good quality, with well-made, middle and quarters, but
a little light in bone for heavy agricultural work, at which she had evidently
been well employed. The third prize, a younger and smaller mule, three years
old, brown, showed great style, with the prospect of being, when in her prime
(7 years old), a large useful animal ; she had fine shoulders and good legs ;
her action was poor, but owing to rawness more than incapacity. A brown
4-year-old mule, about 16 hands, not for competition, came next in merit to
the grey, having capital shoulders, middle and quarters, very big legs and
feet ; action very good. Though the classes were only moderately filled (as to
number), it was a good commencement, and we sincerely hope this useful class
of animal, which Mr. Pease and others are so pluckily trying to introduce
amongst the agriculturists of England for draught work, will be in time largely
bred and widely used, for we consider them in every way suitable for heavy
work, where strength, pluck, and endurance are essential points.

It will be recollected that a few years since a suggestion was
made at the Council in favour of giving prizes for donkeys and
mules. The matter was some time under discussion, and the
Council decided by a large majority that such prizes would not
be desirable. The exhibition at Hull was under different
auspices, as the whole of the prizes, amounting to 100/., were
given by Mr. Pease. It is, perhaps, ungracious to say a word
against prizes so liberally offered ; but the general opinion in
the Showyard was not in favour of the practice being continued,
and in this I entirely concur. Surely it would be far better to
increase our classes for horses than to encourage the breeding
of animals of such doubtful value.

Cattle.

With regard to Shorthorns, Mr. Leeds (the Steward of the
Cattle Department) informs me that the Old Bulls (Class 28)
were good, but that Class 29 was weak, and contained nothing
striking. The Bull Calves (Class 31) were fair, but not equal
to the same class at some recent meetings of the Society.
The classes for Shorthorn females were of superior quality to
those of the other sex, and upheld the character of the Show
better than the same class did at Wolverhampton in 1871.
The Two-year-old Heifers (Class 33) were a very fine class,
while the Yearling Heifers (Class 34) formed the great feature of
the exhiliition of cattle, and equalled those exhibited at any Show
of recent years. The Heifer Calves (Class 34) were a good
average class, and the first-prize animal was of superior quality.

The Judges collectively have not sent in a Report. Mr.
Beauford merely remarks —

It was about an average show of Shorthorns.

Class 30 was a bad class, and the Heifer Glasses, as usual, very good.

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull. 511

Mr. J efferson enters into detail, and says : —

Class 28 contained ten animals of great merit ; but, in awarding the prizes,
the Judges themselves were not satisfied, whatever the public might think of
tlicir decisions. After selecting five we differed as to the order in which they
should be placed. We all agreed that No. 288 did not seem useful for breed-
ing purposes ; but the Veterinary Inspector took the responsibility off our
shoulders by pronouncing in his favour. I think we did not act consistently
in withholding commendation in this class. If No. 287 was considered worthy
of the fourth prize. Nos. 286, 292, and 293 ought to have had commended
tickets.

Class 29. — Here again the Judges were divided. No. 299 does not take
the eye at first, but he improves on acquaintance, and he was well worthy of
the position assigned to him. No. 307 has beautiful fore-quarters, but a
shabby-looking stern. No. 300 is an even made aristocratic-looking bull, and
rightly placed third. No. 298 is a great flesh-grower, level made, and richly
clad ; and, had it not been for his deficiency in neck vein, he might have
commanded a better position. Even with this fault, it is a question whether
he should not have changed places with No. 307. No. 303 is a majestic even-
fleshed animal, of great substance ; but his coarse shoulders nearly forfeited for
him the slight honour that he won.

Class 30 we considered the weakest we had before us, and again we differed
as to the order of merit. Neither Nos. 312 nor 315 came up to my standard
as Koyal prize winners.

Class 31. — Here, for the first time, the Judges were unanimous. Nos. 336
and 339 are two calves of great promise ; and if their education is properly
attended to, I expect to see them Senior Wranglers of future Koyal exami-
nations.

Class 32. — We had no difficulty in selecting No. 357 for first honour, but
we joined issue in placing second and third.

Class 33. — Having chosen Nos. 378 and 371 for first and second prizes, it
became an invidious task, amidst so much excellence, to draw for third and
fourth ; eventually we placed Nos. 375 and 376, two young mothers of
offspring, in preference to their more obese and barren-looking rivals.

Class 34 gave rise to much critical argument amongst three J udges, whose
individual tastes and fancies seemed to run in different grooves. No. 302 was
the rock upon which they split, and the question arose whether she should
have first, second, or fourth place assigned to her. The heifer certainly is a
wonderful grower ; but her excellences are more suggestive of Bingley Hall
or Islington honours, than of a prolific mother of Shorthorns.

Class 35 contained two ripe plums, the richness of whose flavour acted
ahke upon all our palates.

Mr. Mitchell reports as follows : —

The Shorthorn Classes, as a whole, were very good ; some of them par-
ticularly so.

Class 28. Old Bulls. — Was a very fine class all over, the first and second
prize ones remarkably so ; although we thought the first too much fed up
even for a Showyard.

Class 29. Bulls under Three Years old. — Not equal to Class 28 ; still there
were some first-rate animals in it.

Class 30. Bulls under Two Years old. — The weakest class in the lot.

Class 31. Bull Calves. — A good class, some very fine animals in it.

Class 32. Cows. — Although small in numbers, remarkably good in quality.
Seldom are there six such fine animals in one class.

512 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

Class 33. Heifers under Three Years old. — A remarkably fine class. We
commended the whole class, and difficulty was felt in awarding the prizes.

Class 34. Heifers under Two Years old. — Also a very strong class ; a great
many fine animals in it.

Classes 32, 33, and 34 were the best of all the classes.

Class 35. Heifer Calves. — Also a good class.

Class 28 having been collected in the judging ring, one of
the Judges, on referring to his book containing the numbers and
ages of the animals brought into competition, refused to judge
No. 293, on the ground that the age there given him did not
agree with the age at which the same bull had been entered last
year at the Blackburn Show of the Blackburn and East Lan-
cashire Agricultural Society, at the Lancaster Show of the
Royal North Lancashire Agricultural Society, and at the Show
of the Keighley Agricultural Society. The bull having been
ordered out of the ring, with the reluctant consent of the
Stewards, the judging was proceeded with in his absence ; but
the awards of prizes were not completed by the signature of the
Judges being attached until after the Council had had an oppor-
tunity of deciding upon the propriety of the course pursued.
This opportunity was afforded on the following day ; and the
Council decided that, before completing their awards, the
Judges were bound to reinspect the whole class, and award such
distinction or prize to No. 293 as his merits should entitle him
to receive. The second judgment did not, however, alter the
decisions arrived at on the previous day : and as the whole
subject has been referred by the Council to a special Committee,
it would be premature to discuss the merits of the case in this
Report.

The Judges of Herefords and Devons were Mr. Greenslade,
of Romansleigh, South Molton ; Mr. Haywood, of Blakemere
House, Hereford ; and Mr. Hall Keary, of Aldenham, Bridg-
north, who report as follows : —

Although the show of Herefords is not equal on this occasion, either as
regards number or quality generally, to what it was both at Cardiff and
Wolverhampton, yet, considering the great distance from their native district,
we consider the exhibition to be on the whole fairly satisfactory.

Class 36. — No. 442, first prize, and No. 443, second prize ; both possess
good character and symmetry, with deep fle.sh ; the first-prize animal being
remarkable for length and great substance throughout.

Class 37. — In this class only three competed, none in their present state
possessing superior merit, although they are all good stock animals.

Class 38. — Seven entered the ring in this class, and, in consequence of
their not being up to the usual standard, we had considerable difficulty in
satisfying ourselves in making our awards. We consider the prize-takers
possess scale with a good character.

Class 39. — This was a very fair class. No. 458, first prize, has great
length, good outline, and bloodlike character; whilst No. 464, second prize,
has good substance, but is somewhat deficient in touch.

513

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

Class 40. — Although short in numbers, the class may be described as a
remarkably good one. No. 472, first prize, is a rare specimen, and probably
the best of her breed in the yard. No. 471, second ]Tize, is a long grand
cow, but is not so evenly covered as the first-prize animal.

Class 41. — Only one heifer exhibited, and that a very good one.

Class 42. — The three prize-takers all possess considerable merit, and the
whole class is a very good one.

Class 43. — Although this is a small class, it comprises several animals of
superior merit.

Although the competition in the Devon Classes is rather small, the
majority of the animals exhibited are excellent specimens of their breed.

Class 44. — No. 491, first prize, is in every respect very superior, with a
true Devon character; and No. 492, second prize, is a very massive grand
bull. No. 490 was well worthy of a prize, but, in consequence of the short
entry, one could not be awarded by the rules of the Society.

Class 45. — Two only exhibited ; both good.

Class 46. — Two only exhibited, and both also very good.

Class 47. — This was a good class, with several Superior young animals
amongst them.

Class 48. — No. 506, first prize, has remarkable substance, with first-class
symmetry and quality. No. 504, second prize, is nearly equal to No.
506, in symmetry and quality ; but at present does not possess quite so much
substance. The remaining two cows are both very useful animals.

Class 49. — The first and second jirize heifers are both of superior merit,
and the remaining two are both good heifers.

Class 50. — Only three exhibited, all of which are meritorious.

Class 51. — Six calves were exhibited, all of which are extremely attractive
and promising animals.

The Judges of Jerseys, Guernseys, Galloways, and Ayrshires
were Mr. Gibbons, of Burnfoot, Longtown ; Mr. Middleton, of
Cuttleslowe, Oxford ; and Mr. Tait, of the Prince Consort’s Show
Farm, Windsor. They have sent the following report : —

We, the Judges of the Channel Islands and Scotch Cattle and other
Established Breeds, beg to report that in each of these classes there was at
Hull a great falling off in the number of animals exhibited, which, as far
as the Channel Island cattle were concerned, may perhaps be accounted ’ for
from the fact of Hull being situate at such a great distance from the Southern
Counties, where these breeds are mostly bred and cultivated, as also from
the ports of landing of the imported Island bred cattle. We failed to see a
single exhibitor from the Island. Amongst the Jersey stock, nevertheless,
in Class 52 for Jersey Bulls, there were seven exhibited, the whole of them
being really good animals, and were all commended ; but it appears that the
animal which took the first prize in this class took the same prize last year at
Cardiff, consequently it seems to us that it is a very questionable policy to
allow an animal, after having gained the highest honour known in England —
viz. the first prize at the Royal Show — to again compete for the same prize ;
and our opinion is that the proper and only place for an animal so circum-
stanced is the stud, there to be kept entirely for breeding purposes, after
being reduced to a natural and healthy state, so as to become the sire of
healthy future generations, instead of following the practice now so much in
fashion and vogue of keeping animals in an unnatural and pampered state for
the purposes of show, so as to be at best a doubtful and uncertain getter of
weak and unhealthy offspring. As we have said, all the animals in this

514 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

class were good, consequently it was a task to seleet the reserve numher ;
but the choice seemed to be between Mrs. Simpson’s “Prince Crocus” and
Mr. Digby’s “Cowboy.” The point was decided by the majority in favour
of Mr. Digby’s Island bred animal. As regards the Jersey prize cows and
heifers, the quality — that is, the fineness of breeding of the animals — was very
apparent. They were also very symmetrical and bloodlike, and showed also
to be great milkers ; in point of fact, they one and all exemplified the familiar
Latin phrase, “ Multum in parvo,” and also proved to be a great attraction to
the admirers of Aldemeys, and more especially to the lady visitors during the
Show. The next three classes of Guernseys were poorly represented, and,
instead of being a grand lot as at Cardiff last year, they were here only a
middling lot for a Showyard. There were in the Galloway classes about
enough animals to take the prizes, yet withal they were good animals, and
showed like making first-class beef for the consumer. In the three classes of
Ayrshires there were only three animals exhibited, viz. two fairish females
and a bull. The last three classes we had to adjudicate on were the other
established breeds. Now these classes were entirely filled with Norfolk-polled
animals and two dandy little Shetlanders. The polls were throughout a good
lot of heavy-fleshed animals, with fair pretensions to milk ; and, from seeing
such good animals coming from a distance, we feel, perhaps, it would not be
presumption on our part to suggest whether or not a satisfactory class of
Norfolk and Suffolk Polls might not be formed at Bedford next year, as that
place would be nearer their homes ; for we consider they are breeds which for
general usefulness and docility ought to find favour at the Royal Show.

Sheep.

Mr. Ridley, the Steward of Sheep, has sent an admirable
report, which requires no addition from me.

It may be said generally of the exhibition of sheep at Hull,
that, though none of the classes, with the exception perhaps of
the Southdown and Shropshire shearling rams, were very largely
represented, there were yet but few of them which did not dis-
play a fair average of good sheep, while some, as the report of
the Judges will show, comprised sheep of extraordinary merit.
And it is satisfactory to be able to state, that while this year’s
Show compares not unfavourably in those respects with those of
former years, it does, as regards honest shearing, evince that the
efforts of the Society for the last few years have borne some good
fruit. For the inspectors of shearing (who were Mr. H. Bone,
of Avon, Ringwood ; Mr. R. Brown, of Wigginton House,
Tamworth ; and Mr. W. Jobson, of Buteland, Bellingham) were
this year in a position to report to the Stewards that there were in
their opinion no cases in which the sheep had not been “ really and
fairly shorn bare and whereas six entries of Shropshires were
disqualified last year, one of the inspectors (and not the least
experienced) was able to say that he had never at any of the
Royal Shows seen this class of sheep so fairly dealt with. It is
idle, however, to pretend that the question has been finally
settled, as perhaps it might have been, had not the objections of
various breeders obtained a reversal of that decision of the

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

515

Council which, after the Plymouth Show, substituted the 1st of
May for the 1st of April ; and it must be stated, as it has been
on former oceasions, that the inspectors have, in their anxiety
not to do an injustice, given in every case the benefit of any
doubt there could be, and have consequently passed, as fairly
shorn, some sheep, especially in the Leicester and Cotswold
classes, about which they had some considerable doubt.

Taking the various classes in the order in whieh they appear
in the catalogue, the Leicesters came first. There were 53 rams
in the two classes (34 shearlings and 19 old sheep), and of these
the best was Mr. Thomas Marris’s ram, which was in the aged
class, and was a sheep of great width and quality ; while Mr.
G. Turner, jun., and Mr. John Boi'ton, took almost all the rest
of the prizes and commendations, both for rams and ewes ; Mr.
Teasdale H. Hutehinson, of Alanor House, Catterick, winning
the third prize, and the Reserve Number, with a commendation
for the shearling ewes. The Judges were ]\Ir. C. Clarke, of Scop-
M'ick, Sleaford ; Mr. T. Potter, of Yellowford, Thorverton,
Devon ; and Mr. W. Sanday, of Radcliffe-on-Trent ; and they
report : —

The Leicesters of 1873 are inferior to those of jirevious years.

The first-prize shearling is a neat sheep, rather too small, but has a good
neck and hind-quarters, with a very nice fleece, and we think him a very
useful sheep.

The second is a useful sheep of good size, but deficient in style.

The third is very likely to grow into a good sheep.

Among the old sheep we think the first-prize a very good one. The second
is a very useful sheep, with good fleece. The third, a fine old sheep with a
light fleece, a little defective in his carriage and over-fed.

Of the shearling ewes, the first are very neat with well-sprung ribs, good
necks and fleeces ; a good pen. The second are large and very useful ; and of
the third the same may be said.

The Cotswold class were not very strongly represented in
point either of numbers or of quality ; the pens of shearling
ewes, especially, being of no very high excellence. As regards
the rams, however, both shearling and aged, it cannot be said
that they were below the average of the Royal Shows, and in the
opinion of many they were a stronger lot than has been shown
ot late years, with the exception, of course, of Oxford. ]\Ir.
Thomas Brown, of Marham Hall Farm, Norfolk, took all three
prizes lor shearling, and the first two and Reserve Number for
aged rams ; while Mr. R. Swanwick secured the Reserve Number
and a high commendation for his shearling ram, and the third
prize for the older sheep. Messrs. H. Aylmer, of West Dereham,
ISorlolk; Robert Game, of Aldsworth, Northleach ; and R. J.
Newton, ol Campsfield Parm, Woodstock, judged, and their
report is as follows : —

VOL. IX. — S. S.

516 Brporf on the Exhihition of Live Stock at Hull.

Class 73. Shearlhig Bams, liad a fair entry as to nnmbcr. The first-
prize sheep, No. G64, was a sheep of good form, of good Cotswold character,
and of good general appearance. The second-prize sheep, No. 6G6, was of
good form and good quality of mutton, hut rather wanting in size.

Class 74 was of fair average merit, hut did not contain any animals
requiring particular notice.

Class 75 contained only G entries, and those not up to the usual standard
of excellence we have formerly seen at the Eoyal Shows. In fact, we consider
this class very hadly represented.

Of Lincolns there Avere 19 shearling rams, and only 3 older
ones, Avith 5 pens of shearling eAves. And here again, as in the
CotsAvold, the CAves Avere inferior in quality to the other tAvo
classes, Avhich Avere, hoAvever, of superior excellence. Messrs.
W. and H. Dudding took first prize in both the ram classes,
Avith two grand sheep of immense Avidth and substance. Mr.
E. J. HoAvard, of Nocton Rise, Avas second for shearling rams ; and
Mr. John Pears, of Mere, third, Avith a sheep having a little
more of the Leicester type ; and in the aged sheep the same
gentleman took the third prize ; Avhile the second fell to Mr.
W. F. Marshall, of Branston, Lincoln, Avhose sheep had no cause
to be ashamed of his defeat by the first-prize one. No. 709. The
shearling rams Avere thought so good by the Judges, that they
commended the whole class. Messrs. J. H. CassAvell, of Laugh-
ton, Folkingham ; J. Greetham, of Stainfield House, Wragby ;
and R. J. F. IIoAvard, of Temple Bruer, Lincoln, reported as
follows : —

We consider Class 7G of Lincoln Longwool Shearling Bams to he a very
good class both in wool and mutton, and, being large in number, had no hesita-
tion in commending the class.

Class 77 Avas small, hut very good.

Class 78 is only a moderate class.

It is satisfactory to find an increased number of Border
Leicesters coming to the Royal ShoAvs. There Avere at Hull
19 rams entered, of Avhich only 1 Avas an absentee, and 5 pens
of shearling eAves ; so that these useful sheep, noAV appreciated
in other districts beside the Borders, Avere, comparatively speak-
ing, as Avell represented <as any class in the ShoAV. Mr. Thomas
Forster, jun., of Ellingham, Chathill, Northumberland, exhibited
three rams, and took, easily, two firsts and a second prize ; his
sheep. No. 735, being of immense girth and width, and good
(juality. Mr. Alexander Bell, of Linton, Kelso, took the second
prize for shearling rams. Mr. William Purves, of Linton-
Jlurnfoot, Kelso, took the third prize and the ReserA^e Number
with a commendation. The same gentleman Avas first and second
for shearling CAves, in Avhich class Mr. R. TAveedie, of the Forest,
Catterick, Yorkshire, obtained the Reserve Number Avith a level
lot of eAves of good quality, but of less size. In the aged rams

Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

517

Mr. G. Lain"-, of Wark, Coldstream, Avas third to Mr. Forster’s
two sheep, and j\lr. R. Tweedie took again the Reserve Number
and commendation. The Judges, Avho were Mr. J. Jardine, of
Arkleton, Langholm ; hlr. G. Rea, of hliddleton House, Alnwick ;
and Mr. J. Rand, of BoAvmont Hill, Coldstream, report : —

Class 79. Shearling Leicester Lams. — We were glad to find an increased
mimber of sheep shown in this class, and of fair average quality.

Class 80. The first-prize rain in this class was a very superior animal, and
the whole of good quality.

Class 81. The prize sheep of this class were superior, and generally good.

The Oxfordshire Doaviis numbered 17 entries in the shearling
ram class, and 6 in the older sheep, Avith only 4 pens of
shearling eAves ; the exhibitors, too, being only seA’en. But, as
the report of the Judges (avIio Avere the same as for the Cots-
Avold) Avill shoAV, all the classes Avere Avorthy of honourable
mention. Mr. John Treadwell, of Upper Winchendon, Ayles-
bury, Avas first, and Mr. George Wallis, of Old Shifford, Bamp-
ton, Faringdon, second, in both the ram classes. Mr. Wallis also
secured the third prize and tAvo commendations for shearling
rams ; the Duke of Marlborough getting the Reserve Number and
two high commendations in the same class. Mr. C. HoAvard,
of Biddenham, Bedford, Avas, as last year, first, with his beautiful
pen of shearling eAves, and had the Reserve Number and a high
commendation in the same class ; Mr. A. F. Milton Druce, of
TAvelv'e Acres, Eynsham, Oxon, having a Avell-earned second
prize. The Judges reported of these classes : —

Class 82, Oxford Down Shearling Rams, was fairly represented as to num-
bers, and contained several good animals. No. 750 was a grand-looking, good
character of sheep, descended from a line of Avinners at the Eoyal Shows, his
sire being the first-prize sheep in Class 83, and also the first-prize sheep in the
shearling class at Wolverhampton. The grandsire of this sheep was also
winner in the class for old rams at Wolverhampton, — a sheep that was espe-
cially noticed in the report of that Show. No. 752, the second-prize sheep,
was of very good form and character, and if he had had a better head, and had
been of better colour, his position possibly might have been improved.

Class 83 Avas not strongly represented as to numbers, but contained
several good sheep. The first-prize sheep referred to above, No. 764, is a
very good sheep indeed, and well sustains the character of his sire, the first-
prize sheep in the class for old rams at the Wolverhampton Show. The
second-2>rize sheep. No. 765, is also a very good style of sheep, and well
supports the character of the Oxford Downs.

Class 84. A small entry, numbering only 4 pens. The first-prize pen. No.
771, was a very choice pen, showing a great deal of quality. The second-prize
pen. No. 769, Avas also a good one. The other two pens were also worthy of
notice.

The Longwools of any breed Avere represented by 6 pens of
25 shearling gimmers, all Lincolns. The placing together so
large a number of sheep of the same flock is of course one of the

2 M 2

518 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

strongest tests of uniformity of character ; but there was perhaps-
hardly any class in the show which, excepting one pen, bore the
test better than this one. The Judges, who were the same as
for the Leicesters, reported : —

We think this class an extremely good one. The first and second prizes-
are even, -with good quality, size, and wool, and a very profitable class of
sheep. The third-prize sheep are of great size, with good fleeces, but of
quality not equal to the first and second pens.

The Southdown shearling rams were a tolerably large entry^
21, and of fair merit. i\Ir. W. Rigden’s sheep was easily first,
Mr. Foljambe’s being second, and Mr. Colman’s third. The older
rams were 13 in number, and a very fine class. Mr. Rigden
was again first, and took, besides, the second prize and a com-
mendation. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales secured,
the Reserve Number and a high commendation in both these
classes. Colonel Kingseote obtained only a high commendation
for aged rams, while the New Merton flock improved upon its
strength of last year, and took a high commendation, and a com-
mendation in the shearling ram class, and two commendations
in the aged class. Lord Walsingham was also first with his
pen of ewes ; the Duke of Richmond, whose pen was missed
from last year’s showy being second with a very good pen of
four, the fifth ewe being long in the neck, and perhaps making
the difference between first and second honours. The Duke
was also third in this class. Mr. Colman’s fine-bodied sheep
(pen 826) are specially referred to in the report of the Judges,
iVIessrs. H. Fookes, of Whitchurch, Rlandford ; H. P. Hart, of
Rcddingham, Lewes ; and T. G. Saunders, of Watercombe, Dor-
chester, who say : — •

In the class for shearlings there was a large entry, but there ivas a wide-
difference between the first-prize animal and any of the others.

The class for older rams, although only half so w-ell filled as to numbers,
contained more good sheep, and made altogether a creditable display.

The shearling ewes also formed a good class. AVe think it well to state-
that the reason the lien, Ko. 820, consisting of large and well-developed
sheep, did not obtain any favourable notice from us was the remarkable bare-
ness of their ears and even of their firces. This may be, in some measure at
least, attributable to high feeding ; hut, if so, it indicates a degree of forcing
which we consider injurious to animals intended for the purpose of breeding,
and which, from the printed instructions furnished to us, it is evident that
the Society does not, to say the least, w’ish to encourage.

AVe take this opiwrtunity of impressing upon exhibitors aud breeders
generally the importance of paying increased attention to the characteristics
of the pure Southdown.

Shropshires were, as usual, very strongly represented, there
being 56 rams, and 10 pens of shearling ewes, on the ground.
And, looking to the general character of these three classes.

Jirpoj't 0)1 the Exhibition of Live Stoeh at Ilidl.

519

Shropshire breeders have, so far as is indicated by animals
exhibited in the yard, grounds for congratulation, especially in
comparison with last year’s Show at Cardiff. Successive Judges
have continued for years to impress upon them the desirability
of securing a uniformity of type, if this really useful and rent-
paying sheep, as it has so often been called, is to obtain the hold
which it merits in other parts of England beyond the midland
counties. And year after year, with the exception abov'e named,
it has been satisfactory to find that the repoi’ts show a decided,
though slow, advance in this direction. A useful standard was
given by the Judges of this class at the Oxford Show, which may,
perhaps, be not inaptly repeated here. They then laid down :

1. That a Shropshire sheep should possess great depth of firm
flesh, indicated by a good muscular neck, straight and wide
back, with ribs well-sprung, and a heavy leg of mutton.

2. That the face and legs should be of a uniformly dark
colour, and well-covered head ; the fleece thick-set, and free
from grey.

The names of the Judges at Hull, Mr. T. Horley, The Fosse,
Leamington ; Mr. R. H. Masfen, Pendeford, Wolverhampton ;
and Mr. C. Randell, Chadbury, Evesham, will be an indication
that in their awards they have kept these points in view, and
their report, which I give in full, is well deserving the con-
sideration of every Shropshire breeder. It is as follows : —

The breeders of these sheep again exhibited their shearling rams in large
numbers, and among them were many good animals, the whole class showing
a greater approach to uniformity of character, colour, and wool, than has
heretofore prevailed. There are still some exceptions, notably one belonging
io the owner of the first-prize sheep, so good in all but his head, that but for
the coarseness and want of character shown there, he must have taken the
place of his companion, whose bead, on the contrary, was not masculine
enough.

The old sheep were less numerous, but the form and quality of three of
them were remarkably good. The Eeserve Number also was a good animal.
In the rest, character appears to have been sacrificed to size, and, although
wery useful animals, the Judges felt that they could not confer upon them any
distinction.

The yearling ewes, upon the whole, were not as good as in former years ;
four of the pen exhibited by Lord Chesham were, however, unexceptionable ;
the other pens containing animals characterised like the yearling rams by
improved uniformity of character.

Upon the whole, it may be said of the Shropshire sheep exhibited at Hull
that they very fairly represented the character of this very useful rent-paying
Lind of sheep, marked by hardiness of constitution, large amount of lean
flesh, with small weight of ofi’al, and good quality and weight of wool. The
exhibitors are entitled to the credit of having done much to enhance the
reputation of this valuable breed of sheep, which is now so firmly established
in the midland counties.

Among the prize-takers Lord Chesham kept up his reputation

520 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hull.

by winning the first prize for shearling rams, and for ewes,
with sheep of dark-brown faces and legs, and close fleeces.
Mrs. Beach was second in the shearling ram class with a sheep of
rather looser wool, and longer frame. Mr. Crane was first in the
older ram class with a sheep of extraordinary back and rump.
In this class Mr. Thomas Fenn was second, and Mr. Joseph Pulley
third, while Mrs. Beach won the Reserve Number, as she did
also in the ewe class. In this latter class Mr. John Hanbury
Bradburn was second and third.

There is no class of sheep which has improved more in the
last few years than the Hampshires ; and those exhibited at
Hull, though few in number, were no exception to the rule of
progress. Mr. Morrison was first and second in the older sheep.
]\Ir. James Rawlence had all the rest of the honours in all the
classes, with the exception of a commendation given to Messrs.
R. and J. Russell in the shearling rams. The report of the
Judges, who were the same as for the Southdowns, says : —

These were but scantily represented in any class, but all those exhibited
(especially the shearlings) combined great size with good form and fair quality.
We desire to bear testimony to the vast improvement which has taken place
in this breed during the last few years.

Cheviot sheep were a good, though not a large, show, num-
bering altogether 16 rams, and 6 pens of ewes. Mr. Thomas
Elliott, of Hindhope, was invincible in all the ^classes, against
good sheep in all. Mr. John Robson, of Bymess, got the
Reserve Number and a high commendation for the older rams,
and the same for ewes ; Avhile Mr. R. Shortreed, of Attenburn,
Kelso, secured the second prize for ewes, and a commendation
in each of the other classes. The Judges, who also judged the
Border Leicesters, reported : — •

Class 95. Was well represented, and of great quality.

Class 96. On the whole a very superior lot of sheep.

Class 97. The above remark will equally apply to this class.

Of the Black-faced and Mountain Sheep, beyond their pic-
turesqueness, there is little to be said further than what the same
Judges add, namely, that classes 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 were
badly represented, and, with few exceptions, a very middling lot.

class 104, consisting of pens of Ten Shearling Wether Sheep,
of the same flock, competing for a prize offered liy the Hull
butcliers, was represented by three lots, not deserving any
especial mention.

Pigs.

Mr. Wakefield, Steward of Pigs, reports as follows: —

The nuinljer of entries in this department was 191, against
176 at W^olverhampton, and 190 at Cardiff. The absentees

Report on, the Exhibition of Live Stock at Hall.

521

numbered 10, and the disqualifications on examination as
to age 11 ; but of these latter it should be noticed that they
only applied to four exhibitors. The Judges were unani-
mous in saying that it had never before fallen to their lot to
inspect so many pigs of really superior quality, and in some
of the classes they had considerable difficulty in coming to a
decision, so nearly were the comparative merits balanced.

We would suggest that in future all exhibitors should send
their pigs in crates mounted on loheels ; much trouble and delay,
both on arrival and departure, would thereby be avoided, with-
out entailing upon exhibitors any serious outlay.

Subjoined is the Report of the Judges, Messrs. Turner and
Lynn, as handed in to the Steward of this department : —

Class 105. This was a moderate class, with the exception of the first and
second prize pigs.

Class 106. This class was not at all a good class of animals.

Class 107. The first and second prize pigs in this class were very good,
and very nearly equal in merit. There were some other very fine jpigs
exhibited.

Class 108. This was far below an average class.

Class 109. This was a very good class throughout; the pig to which the
first prize was awarded was a good and true specimen of the small breed ;
there were others in this class of which the same cannot be said.

Class 110. This was not up to the standard of perfection.

Class 111. This class was not well represented.

Class 112. The pigs exhibited were somewhat inferior.

Class 113. This was by no means a good class, and very few entries.

Class 114. There was no competition and no great merit.

Class 115. There were some very good animals exhibited in this class,
especially the first and second prizes and Reserve Number.

Class 116. Only 2 entries, and one of them was considered not of sufficient
merit to receive a prize.

Class 117. This was a very good class indeed ; in addition to the prize
animal there were many of great merit ; and we commended the class
generally.

Class 118. Here we had a good competition, and amongst the lot were
several good animals in addition to those to which we awardeil prizes.

Class 119. This, in our judgment, was the best class of pigs ever exhibited
at the Royal. There were 5 highly.commended in addition to the prizes, and
we felt compelled to show our appreciation of this class by commending the
whole, when there were 22 entries.

Class 120. Here was a great falling off from the last class. There were none
to commend beyond the Reserve Number.

Class 121. This was also a very good class, and we thought it necessary to
commend it generally.

Class 122. There were a number of good pigs exhibited here ; there were
three highly commended in addition to the prizes.

Class 123. The best pigs exhibited here were disqualified by the Veterinary
Inspector, and those left in competition were but a very indifferent lot.

With regard to the whole Show, it appears a Avork of super-
erogation to add anything to the pages which have been already

522

Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Hull.

written and read on the suljject ; but I think it may fairly be
said that, taking- every description of stock, the Exhibition was
one of the best we have ever had. The ground for the Show
was very good and conveniently situated ; and, although we were
somewhat alarmed by the prospect of a level railway crossing so
near the Yard, we have the satisfaction of knowing that our
fears were groundless, as no accident occurred.

The attendance was large, and all the authorities in Hull
appeared to take the greatest interest in our proceedings, using
their best exertions for the success of the Meeting.

Thurgarion Priori/, August, 1873.

XXI. — Report on the Exhibition and Trials of Implements at

Hull, liy VV. J. Edmonds, of Southrope, Lechlade (Seniou
Steward).

The trials of 1873, although not of so interesting a nature to
the general jmblic as were those of the two preceding years,
cannot be said to be of less moment to the agriculturist, for the
horse is still the motive power employed for the cultivation of
the greater part of the arable land of England ; and the perfec-
tion of the cultivating implements to be used, whether for the
economising of labour or for the prejjaration of the land for
the reception of seed, must always be deemed a matter of much
importance.

The competition, however, for the special prize given for the best
“Combined Stacking-Machine” somewhat relieved the dulness
of the trial-fields on the Hessle Priory Farm ; and the searching
trials to which the machines competing for this prize were sub-
jected could hardly fail to satisfy every one that the Judges did
their best to arrive at a just conclusion as to the comparative
merits of all which were brought before their notice. The im-
provement which has been made in them since last year at
Cardiff is very considerable ; the weak point spoken of by Mr.
Wren Hoskyns in his report, namely, “ failing to clear the
straw at the point of delivery,” has, in some of the machines,
become the “ strong corner and it was remarked at 1 lull that
this has taken place with those which deliver at a more moderate
speed rather than with others. Nothing could be more satisfac-
tory than the working of several of these most useful additions
to the stack-yard ; and the result of this year’s trial has proved
that the Council acted wisely in .adopting the suggestion of those
gentlemen who proposed at the General Meeting that “ A

Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Hull.

523

special prize should be given this year at Hull for Combined
Stacking-Machines.”

Considerable anxiety was caused as regards the trials of
plouglis and other implements, from the fact that in the week
before their commencement the land had become so exceedingly
dry that it was feared they would not work. A heavy rain on
the Thursday was therefore most welcome, as the ground thus
became sufficiently soaked ; and by 12 o’clock on Monday the
preliminaries were settled, and the Judges commenced in earnest.
The chief interest among the classes of ploughs was centred in
those which contained the double-furrowed ones ; and naturally
so, for as ploughing is very slow and very expensive work, any
change which renders it less so is hailed with satisfaction. The
substitution of wheels for sole-shoes must reduce friction : and the
successful exhibitors, Messrs. Murray and Snowden, with others
who were not far behind them in the race, cannot fail to have
plenty of orders for these now fashionable and valuable imple-
ments. But it appears to me that the plough, of whatever make,
has now many rivals : formerly it was the chief implement, and
the drag and the harrow were its adjuncts ; but when we see
the broadshares, cultivators, and scarifiers, the chisel-pointed
and duck-footed drags and harrows, we naturally enquire for
what purpose were all these articles invented ? And the trial-
fields at Hull suggested to me the answer, namely, thcat some com-
bination of them will, in many cases, be made to supersede the
use of the plough in preparing land for the barley and root crops.

The Ravensthorpe Engineering Company were so good as to
place at the disposal of the Society their steam machinery (with
the Manilla rope) as the motive power for testing the draught of
the ploughs and other implements with the dynamometer. It
answered the purpose remarkably well, and the thanks of the
Society are due to them, as well as to Messrs. Aveling and Porter,
for the aid given l)y their road-engine.

As the potato crop was not sufficiently forward to allow of a
satisfactory trial with the potato-raisers, the Stewards considered
it right to postpone it until a later period. Mr. Penny was
instructed to take charge of those which the Exhibitors might
leave with him, and three are accordingly in his hands. The
trial, through the courtesy of Mr. J. Wells, of Booth Ferrv,
will take place on his farm ; and !Mr. T. C. Booth has kindly
undertaken to be the acting Steward on the occasion.

A new feature on the show-ground this year was the parade
of prize implements down the centre avenue, by which intend-
ing purchasers could see and compare them without having the
trouble of visiting the different stands, and the arrangement
.appeared to give universal satisfaction.

524 Report of the Trials of Ploue/lis, Harroivs, §’c., at Hall.

XXII. — Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull.
By John Coleman, of Escrick, York.*

The growth of the Implement Trade has been so rapid of late
years, and the competitors for the Society’s prizes have so in-
creased in number, that, notwithstanding subdivision and exten-
sion of similar trials to greater periods of time, the entries have
become well-nigh unmanageable ; and it is only by a combination
of good management on the part of officials, and the untiring
energy of Stewards and Judges, that the work is completed in
the allotted time, which at Hull extended from Monday, July
7th, to Saturday, July 12th, on the afternoon of which day
all the awards were in the Secretary’s hands. At Leicester, in
1868, more than two-thirds of the Report was occupied with
the trials of Steam Cultivating machinery, and yet, with this
important element absent, over three hundred Implements were
entered for trial at Hull, and four sets of Judges were found
necessary. The introduction of a scale of points for Judging
is a great improvement, and when the latter are properly
arranged, the work will be simplified, and the decisions more
satisfactory both to the Exhibitors and the Judges themselves.
The following is a copy of one of the forms supplied.

Eoyal Agricultural Society of England.

SINGLE PLOUGIIS.-Class

Observer’s Name

Date

Catalogue number

Name of exhibitor

Length from point of share to end of breast

Number of horses required

Nf eight

Price

Number of field for trial with horses

Area of plot ploughed with horses

Time in ploughing plot with horses_
Remarks on trial with horses

* The Editor desires to express his thanks to Messrs. Coleman and Eoberts
for having undertaken, at a moment’s notice, to write the Keports of the trials
at Hull, in consequence of the sudden indisposition of the gentleman to whom
tliat duty had been entrusted. — Ed.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroios, at Hull. 525

Trial 'with Dynamometer.

N umber of field

Weight of earth per square inch per yard run.
Specified width and depth

Time occupied.

Distance run.

Depths.

Index before and
after.

Nett Index
registered.

Ft.-lbs. of work
registered per yd.

■Weight of earth
moved per yard.

Ft -lbs. work per
lb. earth moved.

j Draught.

First furrow

Second ditto

•

Third ditto

Fourth ditto

Totals

Averages

Mean areas.

Points of Merit.

Perfection

being

Points

awarded.

Weight

Price j, . . .

Mechanical qualities and strength. (Engineers’ opinion)

Simplicity. (Farmer Judges’ opinion)

Economy in power and draught

Time in trial with horses

Perfection of work with horses

Flatness of sole of furrow

Cut on laud side

Neatness of laying slices and burying of vegetation
EfiBciency of skim coulter

2C0

120

300

100

I 1000 I

Totals

-526 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull.

In the case of Double-furrow Ploughs the Judges came
to the conclusion that the nomenclature was not satisfactory,
and drew up a different list with regard to “ points of merit,”
which, with the marks assigned, is given below.

Double-furrow Ploughs. — Points of Merit.

Price

"Weight

Mechanical qualities and strength combined with simplicity . .

Economy of power of draught

Ease of management in work and in turning

Facilities of transport

Time in trial *

Flatness of sole of furrow

Cut on land-side

Packing and angle of furrow slice

Efficiency of skim coulter and perfect burying of surface matters
Making perfection of work

100

Totals

Points awarded.

^ ta.

^ u

200

250

100

280

1000

This arrangement being novel, we are not to expect perfection ;
the Judges were called upon to fix their scale of points on Monday
morning, and Exhiliitors were ignorant of the value which
would be assigned to the different parts of the implement and
its work. It would be very desirable if the points could be
determined beforehand and made known to Exhibitors, who
would then bring their machinery to trial with a knowledge of
what was required : nor would this be difficult to arrange, since
a Committee, composed of practical men, aided by a competent
engineering authority, would be qualified to settle the question.
The Council possesses the right sort of men, and thus the points
might be issued with the Prize sheet.

The land selected for the trials comprised seven fields on the
Hessle Priory Farm, situated about three miles from the town of
Hull — two of these were taken as reserves and were not re-
quired,— bordering the Humber, and originally derived from its

Plan of the Trial Fields on Hessle Priory Farm, near Hull.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^-c., at Hall 527

528 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull.

overflow ; tlie soil consists of a strongish warp, varying slightly
in natural character, but considerably in consequence of dif-
ferent conditions of cultivation. Thus, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, set
apart for the plough trials, were in seeds partly of two years’
growth, and consequently, owing probably to two wet seasons,
in a very hard unsatisfactory state ; whereas Nos. 1 and 2, laid
out for the trials of Harrows, Cultivators, tScc., h.ad been recently
disturbed. No. 1 was a vetch stubble, and No. 2 had been once
ploughed since harvest, and consequently worked a full horse
lighter. This fact was taken advantage of, the second and con-
clusive trials for both the light, double, and single ploughs being
held in this field. It was fortunate, both for the Society and the
Exhibitors, that there was this opportunity for a reasonable test,
for it was not fair to expect light-land implements to stand the
excessive strain incidental to the tearing up of great masses of
soil in an indurated condition : true, such a test discovers weak
points, and it may be safely inferred that the machine that
stands such work will answer on the lighter soils ; but, on the
other hand, it must be remembered that light-land implements
are limited to a given weight, and makers are naturally anxious
to make an implement as light as is consistent Avith due strength
for the Avork they are intended for. Had no opportunity under
more favourable circumstances been afforded for a second trial,
the non-successful might Avith some shoAV of reason have attri-
buted their failure to the untOAvard condition under Avhich they
Avere compelled to compete.

The sum of 380Z. Avas offered, including a special prize of
251. for the best combined stacking-machine. It Avill be re-
membered that these useful labour economisers came into com-
petition in connection Avith threshing machinery at Cardiff.
The trials of the latter, hoAvever, occupied so much time, that it
Avas impossible to devote such attention to the stackers as their
importance demanded, hence it Avas felt A’ery desirable to repeat
the trials. A report of these trials, together Avith a description
of the Implements to Avhich Silver IMedals Avere aAvarded, by
INIr. C. G. Roberts, is appended. Messrs. Clayton and Shuttle-
Avorth, Avho carried off tAvo prizes at Cardiff, did not again enter
into competition. The utility of demonstrating by prolonged
and exhaustive tests Avhich machines are most likely to giA’e
satisfaction to the purchaser Avas duly appreciated by the public,
and scant as Avere the A’isitors to the trial fields, there Avas
ahvays a goodly muster in the rickyard as Hessle Priory. It
Avas felt that the offering of this prize for competition in the
year devoted to cultivating implements Avas a praiseworthy
innovation on routine, Avhich might be improved upon in the
future. That this great Society might add to its utility by

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, Sfc., at Hull. 529

studying to anticipate the wants of its constituents and when-
ever the development of particular machinery was peculiarly
desirable, might stimulate invention by the offer of valuable
prizes, without regard to whether the particular machine was
or was not included in the Classes to be tried. Of course
those who have no responsibility, and know nothing of the
difficulties attending the management, can readily find fault
and offer suggestions ; had such carefully studied the arrange-
ments at Hull, they must have admitted that no pains had
been spared to secure trustworthy results.

The following is the schedule of prizes offered :■ —

Section I. — Ploughs.

Subsection A. — Wheel Ploughs.

Class £.

1. For the best Plough, not exceeding 2 cwt 10

For tlie second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to G inches deep, on light land only, as far as
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed

4 feet.

2. For the best Plough, not exceeding 21 cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on light and mixed land as far
as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed

44 feet.

3. For the best Plough, not exceeding 3 cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 5 to 8 inches deep, on mixed soil and heavy land as
far as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
44 feet.

Subsection B. — Swing Ploughs.

4. For the best Plough, not exceeding 2i cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on light and mixed land as far
as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
4j feet.

Subsection C. — Double-fureow Ploughs.

5. For the best Plough, not exceeding Sj cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to G inches deep, on light land only, as far as
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed

4 feet.

6. For the best Plough, not exceeding 5 cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

530 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, §r., at Hall.

Class

G. To be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on light and mixed land, as far
as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
feet.

Subsection D. — Multiple-furrow Ploughs.

7. For the best Plough turning three or more furrows, not exceeding

6 cwt

To be tested at 4 to G inches deep, on light land only, as far as
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
4 feet.

Note. — Such rioughs in Subsections A, B, C, and D, as the Judges mag
select, will be tested on stubble as well as lea.

Subsection E. — Subsoil Ploughs.

8. Best Subsoil Ploughs

To follow an ordinary plough and work from G to 12 inches below
the furrow bottom.

9. Best arrangement of Subsoiler attached to a Single-furrow Plough

for jdoughing and subsoiling at one operation

This Plough must be able to plough G inches deep, and subsoil
4 to 6 inches deeper.

10. Best arrangement of Subsoiler attached to a Double-furrow Plough

for ploughing and subsoiling at one operation

This Plough must be able to plough G inches deep, and subsoil
4 to G inches deeper.

Subsection F. — One-way Plough.

11. For the best Single-furrow One-way Plough

12. For the best Double-furrow One-way Plough

All the One-way Ploughs to be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on
light and mixed land, as far as practicable, and on both lea and
stubble.

Subsection G. — Double Mouldboards or Eidging Ploughs.

13. For the best Plouch, not exceeding 2s cwt

To be tested in ridging up land from the flat, moulding up Pota-
toes, and opening water furrows after jilougbing.

Subsection H. — Paring Plough.

14. For the best Paring Plough

Subsection I. — Pulverizer.

lo. For the best Plough for leaving the furrow-slice pulverized

To be tested at G to 8 inches deep, on light and mixed laud, as
far as jiracticable.

Subsection K. — Miscellaneous.

IG. For the best Plough not qualified to compete in any of the foregoing
classes

1()

Rpjwrt of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroies, at Hull. 531

SiccTiox II. — Harrows,

■Class

17. For the best Light Harrow

For the second best ditto

18. For the best Heavy Harrow

Fot the second best ditto

19. For the best Chisel Harrow

For the second best ditto

20. For the best Chain Harrow

21. For the best Drag Harrow

22. For the best Harrow, not qualified to compete in the preceding Classes

Sectiox III. — Rollers axd Clod-crushers.

23. For the best Light Roller

For the second best ditto

24. For the best Heavy Roller

For the second best ditto

25. For the best Clod-crusher

For the second best ditto

2G. For the best Roller or Clod-crusher, not qualified to compete in the
preceding Classes

Section IV. — Cultivators and Scarifiers.

27. For the best Cultivating Implement for light land 15

For the second best ditto 10

28. For the best Cultivating Implement for heavy land 15

For the second best ditto 10

29. For the best Broadshare 10

30. For the best Implement for cultivating or scarifying purposes, not

qualified to compete in the preceding Classes 10

For the second best ditto 5

Section V. — Digging Machines,

31. For the best Digging Machine 10

Section VI. — Potato Ploughs and Diggers.

32. For the best Plough for raising Potatoes 10

33. For the best Machine or Digger for raising Potatoes 10

The Society reserves to itself the right of postponing the Trial of
the Implements in Classes 32 and 33 to a later period than the Hull
Meeting, if the Potato crops should not then be sufficiently forward.

Special Prize.

34. For the best combined Stacking Machine 25

To be tried with sheaf-corn, hay, and loose corn and straw, and
worked by horse-power; and adapted for use in conjunction with
a steam-threshing machine, if required.

Miscellaneous awards to Agricultural Articles not included in the
Quinquennial rotation Ten Silver Medals.

The conditions as regards Ploughs were as follows : —

The specified weights of the ploughs in each class are to be taken when
fitted with two wheels, and with the breast, share, and coulter, as used at
work, but are not to include the skim-coulter or any other occasional extra
parts such as drag-weight and chain, although employed during the trial.
VOL. IX. — S. S. 2f N

r)32 Report of the Trials of Rloitglis, Ilarroios, at Hull.

The standard of excellence of work will he the same as that laid down by
the Society for the Newcastle Meeting, viz. : —

“ That the ])lough should cut the sole of the fniTow perfectlj' flat, leave
the land-side clear and true, lay the furrow slices with iiniforniity, with
23crpendicular cut of the land-side, leaving a roomy horse-walk. That
it should have an efficient skim-coulter, be light in draught, simiflc,
strong, and economical in construction.”

Ploughs will be tested by a dynamometer, and drawn by steam-power during
such test.

Each plough must go at least one round drawn by steam, and with the
dynamometer attached, but not registering, so that it may ojicn its own work
2wior to having its draught tested. The draught will be registered on not less
than four different furrows, and averaged to ensure accuracy.

Each competitor may use a new or sharp share and coulter during the
dynamometer trials, but these must be of the same shape and make as those
which he has used during the rest of the trial.

When tested on the dynamometer, each plough shall have a share cutting the
same width of ground, namely : —

For a 9-inch furrow, not less than 7} inches wide ; and for a 12-inch fur-
row, not less than 10 inches, measuring across the wing.

The length from the point of the share to the end of the breast will be
measured along the centre of the breast.

The following are the names of the Judges : —

Section I. — Ploughs.

Subsections A and B (and Miscellaneous Articles).

JortN Hicken, Duncburch, Pugby.

J. D. Ogilvie, Mardon, Cornhill, Northumberland.

T. P. Outiiwaite, Goldsboro’ House, Knaresborough.

Subsections C to K.

Major Grantham, West Real Hall, Spilsby.

John Hemsley, Shelton, Newark.

J. W. Kimber, Fifield Wick, Abingdon.

Sections II., III., and IV. — JJarrows, Rollers, and Clod-crushers, Cultivators,

and Scarifiers.

S. Rowlandson, Newton Morrell, Darlington.

J. Stephenson, The Beeches, Burnham, Barton-on-Humber.

Edward Wortley, Ridlington, U^ipingham.

Comlined Stacking-Machines,

Henry Cantrell, Bayliss Court, Slough.

C. G. Robert.s, Shotter Mill, Haslemere.

Matthew Savidge, The Lodge Farm, Sarsden, Chipjiing Norton.

Section I. — Ploughs.

The Wheel Ploughs were divided into three classes, viz.
those suitable for light, medium, and heavy soils. The weights
respectively not to exceed 2, 2|-, and 3 cwt. As the implements
shown by the different competitors in each class were precisely the
same in principle, only differing in the strength of material, one
description will suffice. I 2'>Tt)pose, therefore, to describe the

Jicport of the Trials of Plourjhs, Harroios, at Hull. 533

ploughs which were tried in the second Class, for medium land,
the weight not to exeeed 2^ cwt. The only conditions attached
to the entry were that the ploughs should be tested at from 4 to
7 inches deep, on light and mixed
land, and that the extreme length
from the point of the share to the
end of the breast should not exceed 4^
feet.

W. Ball and Son, Bothwell, Northampton-
shire, who appear, not for the first time, in the
prize-lists of the Koyal Agricultural Society,
were very successful with their well-kiiowu
Criterion ploughs, taking two first and two
second prizes. These ploughs are admirably
made, combining strength with quality of
workmanship and simplicity. The beam is
single, dee2), and of sufdcient substance. The
square coulter-clij) with set screw is perhaps
the best arrangement that can be used (see
Fig. 2), since the coulter can be fixed at any angle and at any part of the beam.
It is both simple and effective. The draught is taken direct from the cradle or
cock, and not from the beam in front of the body, by a draught-rod. This
is not generally considered so good an arrangement, but Messrs. Ball and Son
state that it makes no practical difference. One would have thought that the more
direct the draught line was with the work, the better. The land and furrow
Avheals are separately attached to the beam by a single square clip or box, the
standard being fixed in any required position. The width of the furrow is
adjusted by bringing the wheel-axles nearer or farther apart. The body is
attached to the frame by four strong screws'. The great merit of these
ploughs lies in the cutting surface of the share and the form of the mould-
board, which ensures an unbroken well-packed furrow being laid with the
expenditure of the minimum amount of power. The under part of the wing
of the mouldboard is cut away, and the slade and sole are not so long as in
some other ploughs.

Corbett and Beele. No. 2843, The “Excelsior.” — The total length from
stilts to cock is 11 feet 7 inches. The beam, 6 feet long, 1 inch by 2|- inches
deep, is, with the frame, composed of wrought iron. The attachment of the
skip or frame is peculiar. Instead of being bolted to the beam, as is common,
the latter is made with two arms, to which the frame, also made to match, is
securely attached (Fig. 3). This arrangement gives great strength, which might
be increased if the front edge of tlie frame were fitted with a fiange flapping over-

Fig. 3. — Attachment of Frame to Beam.

2 N

Fig. 4. — Section of Slade
and Frame.

a. The Slade. b. The Frame.
e. The Mouldboard.

Fig. 2.

534 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull,

the arms. The slaJe or land side is 2 feet 11 inches long, square for 3 inches,
and then bevelled off to meet the surface of the frame, which is also bevelled
in the centre, in order to allow of high-cut work, which is much approved of in
the district where these ploughs are made (see Fig. 4, which shows the be-
velled surface of the frame and the form of the mouldboard). By this arrange-
ment Ij-inch cut can be given to the furrow. The pitch of the share is
regulated by a lever neck working in a ratchet. The coulter is adjustable by set
. , screws and a bead on the beam. The mould-

4'g- board is stayed by an iron plate, 1T2 inches

by inch thick. This gives great strength. The
wheel fastenings are strong and simple, and com-
prise a wrought-iron bo.x («, Fig. 5) with screw (i).
The wheel-arm has two distinct supports ; one
being the box, and the other the opening in the
beam. In this plough the maximum width
from the land-side to the widest part of the
mouldboard was 15 inches, whereas in both
Hunt’s and Ball’s ploughs the width was 17
inches ; consequently the horse-track was too
narrow for good work. The object of this ar-
rangement was, doubtless, to lessen the draught ;
but it is objectionable, as a wide horse-track is very important, in order that the
work be not trodden on and injured. The draught in this plough is from the cock.

William Hunt, Leicester. Hos. 1627 and 1628. — These ploughs are well
made ; the beam, which is of wrought iron, varies from f to 1 inch thick by
2j to 2f inches in depth, according to the class. The cast-metal body is
attached by four bolts. The arrangement for altering the pitch of the share
is peculiar and meritorious ; the shade or .sole plate is hinged on the front bolt,
as shown at a in Fig. 6, instead of being fixed ; an eccentric is fitted to

Figs. 6-8. — Illustrations of 3Ir. William Hunt's Ploughs,

Nos. 1627 and 1628.

Fig. 6. Inside view of Frame, Slade, and Share. .

the end of the slade shown at h, by turning which any required pitch is given,
and the wear of the slade compensated for ; thus preserving an unbroken curve
from the point of the share to the extremity of the turnfurrow. The share
being fixed is always firm, and no soil can collect between the share and the
turnfurrow. The share is held in place by a stud attached to a rod, and
regulated by a screw; the screw works in the_ backstay of the mouldboard,

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilan'ows, at Hall. 535

and is shown in Fig. 7, at a. This is both a simple and clever arrangement ;
the wheels are attached by an ingenious arrangement, whereby the beam is
strengthened, and the standards firmly secured, the attachment to the beam
through which the axles pass give a firm wide bearing, and an open fore
carriage. The old sliding axle is dispensed with,' — an advantage, as soil and
rubbish were apt to accumulate round it. The coulter is quite straight ; the
fastenings, of wrought iron and steel, are easily adjusted, to give greater or less
inclination, by moving along the beam. The skim is of cast steel, with a
small blade attached to the arm or standard by two nuts. The mouldboard,
which is shown in Fig. 8, is of a veiy perfect form, calculated to work clean

Fig. 7. — View of inner surface of IMouldboard, showing the rod fastenings
for the Share.

Fig. 8. — External view of Mouldboard.

and lay a well-packed furrow, without absorbing an undue amount of power.
The front portion is a fiat surface, the middle part slightly convex, and the
upper portion of the wing projects well over the under j>art; thus the
necessary pressure is given without squeezing.

J. D. Snowdon, of Doncaster, exhibited a strong, useful class of implements.
His plough (Vo. 1178) comprises wooden stilts and wrought channel-iron
beam. The former, 6 feet long, are braced so as to increase strength ; but
are objectionable, inasmuch as the bolts, &c., become loose from the decay of
the timber, and, however well made, there are parts where moisture will lodge
and soon cause decay. It may be argued that they are easily
renewed ; hut we prefer iron as more durable. The beam, which Fig. 9.
is very strong, being made of channel or double-flanged iron,
measures 6 feet 5 inches, giving a total length to the plough of
12 feet 5 inches. The beam is 3 inches X 11, by ^ inch in the
channel (Fig. 9). There is no means of adjusting the share, so as
to give inereased pitch. The coulter is adjustable by means of a
bead or rib on the beam, in the same manner as already described in Cor-

536 Rejwrt of the Trials of Ploughs, llarroics, ^-c., at Hull.

Lett’s plough. The draught is by a rod from about the centre of the beam.
The width of the furrow can be altered from 7 to 12 inches.

E. Page and Co., Bedford. No. 2627. — The total length of this plough is
11 feet. The beam, which is curved, is 2s inches by 1 inch. The width of
T> .7 r ^ 1 rr • • furrow vailes from 7

h]g. 10.— Details of Coulter Fastening m to 12 inches, adjustable by

Messrs. Page and Co.’s Plough, No. 2G27. graduated arms. The coul-
ter attachment consists of
a wrought-iron clip fitted
j; ■ with a rolling-pin (see Fig.

i'j j 10) ; the pitch is adjustable

5 1 by the set screws. The

ii (pio furnished with an

3 Nf aim, and takes a bearing
on the top of the beam.
The coulter can be shifted
to any ])osition on the
beam. A lever neck work-
ing in a ratchet alters the
pitch of the share to a
great nicety. These de-
tails, for which Messrs.
Page’s plough is chieflj^
noticeable, are here illus-
trated. Fig. 10 (a, B, and c)
represents a side and front
view of the coulter-fasten-
ings ; the novelty consists
in the rib h being welded
on to the socket a, instead
of to the beam, as is fre-

Fig. 11. — Details of Share-lever Neele in Messrs. Page and Co.’s
Plough, No. 2G27.

quently the case. This enables the coulter to be fixed at any position on the
beam of the plough. The coulter is adjustable by means of the set screw' c
and by the eye-bolts d, d. Fig. 11, a, show's the body of the plough with the

Report oj the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarrou's, ^'c., at Hull. 537

aiTangement for giving pitch to the share. The bar a is secured to the
body by the bolt h, on which the bar pivots to a certain extent. 'J’he other
end of the bar is secured in any required position by the nut c in the coupling d.
The fan of the coupling-bar is notched to hold the lever-bar firmly. The figure
gives a side view and plan, and a view of the coupling.

The entries in the division for Swing Ploughs, Class 4, were
numerous.

In addition to the other com.'^eiitoys, Messrs. Murray and Eohinson appeared.
The latter, a local celebrity from Sutton, near Hull, showed a wooden plough
fitted with steel breast fittings. The ordinary coulter was replaced by a large
revolving knife or wheel, which cutting deejr caused a very neat furrow slice
at the expense of considerable power. The dynamometer told a tale, as will
he seen by a glance at the results given in Table I. (facing p. 538), column 14.
The plough made very equable work, but was not approved of by the Judges
on account of its liability to derangement from wear and tear. The 'stilts are
strengthened by iron straps. The slade is long, 3 feet 2 inches, which partly
explains the accuracy of the work. On the land-side of the share a cutter is
attached, which is intended to assist the action of the revolving disc. The

Fig. 12. — Share of Bohinson’s Plough loith Cutter and revolving
Coulter, No. 3857.

beam is 4 x inches. The total length, including stilts, is 12 feet 6 inches,
of which the latter comprised 7 feet 6 inches. Kothing in the class made
better work ; but the heavy draught put it out of court.

John Hodgson, of Louth, Lincolnshire, exhibited Ho. 1721, comprising an
iron beam and wooden stilts, a strong useful implement. The ordinary coulter
Avas displaced by a small disc wheel.

The awards in the four Classes Avere as folloAv : —

Class I. — Wheel Ploughs not exceeding 2 cwt.

1627. — First Prize of 10/. to William Hunt, Leicester.

1456. — Second Prize of 5/. to William Ball and Son, Roth-

well, Kettering, Northamptonshire.

Class II. — Wheel Ploughs not exceeding 2^ cAvt.

1462. — First Prize of 10/. to William Ball and Son, Roth-
well, Kettering, Northamptonshire.

1628. — Second Prize of 5/. to William Hunt, Leicester.

Class III. — Wheel Ploughs not exceeding 3 cAvt.

1460. — First Prize of 10/. to William Ball and Son, Roth-
well, Kettering, Northamptonshire.

1720. — Second Prize of 5/. to John Hodgson, Louth, Lincoln-
shire.

r)38 Rcjiort of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroics, at Hull.

Class IV. — Swing Ploughs. For the best Ploughs not
exceeding 2^ cwt.

1179. — First Prize of 10/. to J. D. Snowden, Doncaster.

14(54. — -Second Prize of 5/. to William Ball and Son, Roth-
well, Kettering, Northamptonshire.

DoUBLE-FUEItOW PLOUGHS.

At the Leicester trials in 18C8, three double-furrow ploughs,
were exhibited, but did not come into competition, as there was
no class for them, or for miscellaneous entries in which they
might have appeared. We quote from the Judges’ Report. “ Two
Double-furrow Ploughs were put to work by Messrs. Howard
and Ransomc. Each had two horses attached, and the soil
being extremely light (a vetch stubble), they both did their
work beautifully, and with perfect ease to the horses ; in an
ordinary texture of soil we believe the same work could be
accomplished by three horses with similar ease, thereby saving
one horse and one man. A like attempt was made with a
double-furrow plough of very peculiar mechanism, invented by
Mr. Pirie, of Scotland, and manufactured by Messrs. Fowler
and Co.” It is thus evident that attention was at that time
being drawn to the manufacture of these ploughs, although they
could not be considered as novelties even then. I remember a
primitive form of double-furrow plough, entirely of wood, save the
share, on the Cotswold hills twenty-five years ago, drawn by
oxen, and principally used for light work, such as ploughing lor
barley after turnips.* The increasing scarcity of labour, and
especially the difficulty of finding skilled ploughmen, together
with the rise in the price of horseflesh, gave a great stimulus to the
manufacture of double ploughs. The dynamometer, confirming
practical experience, showed an average saving of twenty-five
per cent, in draught over the single-furrow plough. It is an in-
teresting question, which was not solved at Hull, as to how this
economy is effected. There is a slight saving in actual weight ;
thus a single-furrow light-land plough weighs about 2 cwt.,
whereas the double-furrow implement for the same description
of work seldom exceeds 3 ^ to 34 cwt. ; but mere weight has little
to do with draught. The removal of the sole and the shade from
one if not both ploughs, and the substitution of a frictional
wheel supporting the back part of the frame, is generally sup-
posed to have much to do with the advantage. We regret that
time did not allow of some experiments being made to settle
these interesting questions.' It is probable that some of the

* One of the Judges says, “ I made good work with a double-furrow plough
made of wood twenty-seven years ago, au excellent implement, made in Notting-
hamshire, but, of course, without any aiipliances for turning or transit.”

Table I.— RESULTS OF TRIALS OF SINGLE-FURROW PLOUGHS (CLASSES I.-IV.) AT HULL, 1873.

10.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

: 22.

23.

' 24.

25.

TRIAL OK DYNAM03IBTER.

POINTS OF 5IERIT AWARDED.

Sue op Frnnows.

FooHb*. of
Work done

SmaUurM of
n-auli meat
slfuincant or
i'erfecUoti

E«'onomy

Perfection

cute. : IS

UndSlife., b„,y,„g
Vegetalinn.

Ftnrienr,

Clam av»

DiwiiirTiuN-.

OnUIogup

Number

Nam* Of ExmnrroB.

Wclglit.

Pricp.

ttf “

Share (o rni]
of Brpitil.

Number of

Weight 0

Draught In

Weight.

moa.

strength,
and Sim-
plicity.

nHn

of Sole of

1 T0I..I..

UnfARKS.

Depth in

of Furrowi
in Square
lucuca.

Yardnui

PeRPECTION BEtNO

60.

200.

120.

.300.

60.

1 100.

60.

I 1000.

Wliccl Ploughs,
uot rxcpcuing
2 ewt,

ir.27

MSG

2812

2G23

1715

12- 93
16-18

13- 41

4*4

100

-0
1 70

1 nn

Firti Pr!tf.
.’4-MdJ Priu.

Win:,,., Tj„n

424-7

130

120

100

240

200

170

160

Corbett & Pcole

2 0

5 9

■3

917

4-67

42-8

95-01

090
S' 0
' 520

480

J. HoOgion

4 4

•2

■■

1177

T n

.... . ......

no Skim

Coulter.

II.

Wliool Ploufflis,
not (.'xcccding
2} CTTl.

MG2

Willinm Ball & Son ..

5 12

■J

11-36

6-97

6-76

79-06
78 7

175-5

174-7

13-05

13-77

764

160

110

100

■■

200

910

Fi>.f J’ruA
.'«r<-'n.l Pr!x.

2843

Corbett Jt P«“lo

2 2

5 14

120

150

.510

2 2

■it'J

4 15

.,0

150

460

1178

r.. . ..

.9 t

^VLcl‘l l’lougli»,
noloscoculiig

1720

2028

J. Hodinton

Pnge & Co

2 2

5 5
5 3

100

ino

150

ISO

.30

510

430

IV.

Bwing PIouzLa,
not ciccftliDg
21 cvrt.

1179

1104

J. 0. Soomloii

Willinm Boll ft Son ..

4 10

5 12

■■

10 2.3
9-37

5-01

5-22

51-25

48-9

113-8
108-5
lOG 7

12-71

15-69

482

507

120

ICO

110

200

i 600

1 740

1 050

r.Nf Pf.«.
g fAlid Priza.

•2

200

120

103 2

lG-18

1 ISO

CIO

9-8

9-1

.373

3500

Murmy

1 3

G 6

0-74

52 23

115-9

H-G2

505

j 50

130

! 150

311

500

{Tv/uet p. 5341.]

K.VSTOXS .AND ANDJOKSON, Consulting Knginccre li .A S.E.

Table H.— EESULTS OF TRIALS OF DOUBLE-FURROW AND ONE-WAY HORSE PLOUGHS (CLASSES V.-VIL, XI. AND XII.) AND PULVERISERS (CLASS XV.) AT HULL, 1873.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

TDIAL ON DYNAMOMETER.

POINTS OF MERIT.

Sue or Fennows.

Economy

Cot on
Uuid Side.

Pac'd ng

E31clmey

Numlirr of

Wurk done

Plioe.

Tiaaiport.

of Sulv uf
Furruw.

Anglo of

lurriitr

CiiuUcr and

Tolal.

Area

EartU

E.11II1 mlATtl.

I>ranglil In

p-:cuy.

Oranglit.

tTcgsiBlioa

Wlillb In
lucLca

Ori>lb In

of rurroiT

“■ar

Yard mu.

rr«uU nuxt
•InOUcaiil uf
Pi-il.-cilon,

PEUftCTIOS DtDCO

60.

2.''0.

230.

100.

JO.

so.

2-9.

100.

80.

930*.

160

2.1

48.i

2 oxen

17-51

5-09

89-3

18C C

li 31

701

I'JO

^95

71)

750

8-)

405

19-25

5-25

96-5

205 9

12-43

s:a

i:o

CGO

120

.5.3

SI)

445

10-4

5-3

80 9

lol G

12-69

70S

120

IGO

599

400

18 07

5-01

93 5

2lii-

16 57

708

230

CIO

100

390

4-91

87-5

162-9

13 39

sio

109

iio

630

300

4 ’9

2C0

Dr-kc (1

GJ .

own in Tri..l.

230

2 oxen

17-3

5 03

IGD

103-4

2io-i

14 C2

1053

100

630

20 08

1-20

103

111 4

239-1

12-57

i6ji

120

liiJ

£0

CIO

19-01

5 Cl

221-

13 31

9jC

120

lio

20 .

660

235

225

••

€0

205

D'liible-FurTOW
riouglin, not
cxcot<ling 3j
cwt.

Di'uWc-FurrmV
rimighs, not
5

* VII

MuUiplo-Fumiw

I’i'Ugllg.

SoOl

IISO

liCo

2090

2c:n

2097

1723

3502

1101

UCG

2007

2008
1721

G. AV. Morroy
J. D. Suoffdcn
M’illinm Dull & S >(>
C. F(.rkins ..
Ci'rbvtt & Ptolo

J. r. FUon
E. Togo 4 Co.
3. L. Daker
J. IIoJgAon . .

G. W. Miimy .
J. D. SuowJcn .

^Villiam Doll 4 Sua .

C. pL'ikiua

J. P. Fteon .. .

Baker

Hodgson

2 3 0

3 I 0

8 1 2G

3 0 0
3 1 11
3 0 0

11 0 0
9 10 0

9 10 0

8 17 G

9 S 0

8 13 0

9 10 0
8 10 0

Lmslh Iiom
I’olnl of
SbAre to rad
of BicuC

3 11
3 11
3 11

3 lOi
3 10
3 11}

11 0 0
11 10 0
7 10 0

10 10 0
11 15 0
10 0 0

\Firtt lYzc.
\Ste’iv{ fr w

'Firit Priit.
Second PriiC.

Ono entry for Trial, but no inipk'iocDt prcgvntcd.

mlam,

Vfilnout any nnplmncea for tiirniui' or transit

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, llarroics, at Hull. 539

<?ain is due to the second furrow being deposited with less
friction than if it came upon an already settled surface. It
would have been easy to have removed the second plough-body
and tested the draft of the first furrow only, also to have removed
the friction-wheel ; but, as we stated above, the Judges had no
sinecure to get through the necessary trials.* Owing to the hard
condition of the ground, four horses Avere required to turn two
fi-inch furrows. Mr. Murray, of Banff, employed two very
powerful cross-bred oxen, and these were able at a greatly
reduced speed to move as much soil as three or even four strong
horses. In reality, however, they executed much the same force
as two horses, since their rate of progress was only about half as
fast. The mean of several observations showing the rate of pro-
gression to be for the oxen 1‘38 feet per second, and for the
horses 2 '63 feet per second. The oxen worked very steadily ;
instead of overcoming resistance by a series of jumps forward, they
applied their whole weight upon the collar, and gradually the
force thus applied overcame the resistance. It Avill be seen by
the table that two horses actually travelled more than five times as
fast, the load being very light. The three horses Avere put to
the same Avork as the bullocks. These experiments Avere made

Start.

Finish.

Time.

Stops.

Actual Time.

Distance.

Velocity.

Team.

H. ,

IT.

56 20

3 30

Yards.

Feet per Second.

3 46

160

1-231

2 oxen.

3 57

3 30

1 50

1-71

> »

4 22

28 0

None

9 5

1-33

9 »

4 40

4 46 20

None

i 9

1-26

4 29

35 10

0 20

J >

1-37

> .

Mean rate

1-38

4 15

16 20

None

0-80

2 horses.

5 1

4 25

None

, ,

2-34

3 horses.

5 5

8 50

1 0

9 >

3-30

5 1

8 20

None

) >

2-27

Mean

rate

2-63

by Mr. Anderson, C.E., and Avill be read Avith interest, because
they go far to shoAv Avhy it is that bullock labour has been

* One of the Judges remarks, “ But most likely from the friction being reduced
to a minimum mainly hy the plough being, to a great extent, suspended by the
more recent improvements.”

540 Report of the Trials of Plowjhs, Ilarroics, ^•c., at Hull.

abandoned, the charge for attendance being so much lieavier for
Avork done with bullocks than with horses.

Mr. Murray occupies a farm in Sussex, and the bullocks were
on their way there from Banff ; and it was a happy thought to
employ them at the trial grounds, as they not only answered the
purpose admirably, but attracted much attention. Most of the
trials were carried on in Field No. 5, but the Judges considered
that the soil was too heavy to afford a proper test for the lighter
class, and therefore took the second and conclusive trial on the
vetch stubble in No. 1 Field. The Society offered 30Z. in two
classes and four prizes, namely : — Class 5 representing light-
land ploughs, the limit of weight being 3^ cwt., and Class (i, in
which the ploughs were not to exceed 5 CAvt. These latter being
general-purpose ploughs, the limitation as to the mould-boards
Avas the same as for single ploughs. As most of the implements
exhibited by the same makers in the tAVO classesvaried only in
strength, Ave shall more fully describe the ploughs Avhich entered
into competition in Class 5, and Avhich Avere nine in number.

Baker, J. L.

No.

. 2007

Murray and Co. .

No.

. 3501

Ball and Son

. 1465

E. Page and Co. .

. 2631

Corbett and Peele

. 2345

Perkins, C. .

. 132

Fison, J. P.

. 2996

SnoAvden, J. D. .

. 1180

Hodgson, J.

. 1723

J. L. Baker, No. 2007. — Composed of one bevel beam of T-iron3:x 3?
inches thick, its length 5 feet 7 inches. The jdongh bodies are also of
wrought iron T-shaped, 2i x 3 inches by f inch. The method of attaching
the bodies to the beam, and allowing them to be set Avider or nearer together,
is peculiar, and deserves illustration (Fig. 13, p. 541). The bodies are carried
on li-inch wrought arms, turned and fitted (c) ; a set screw (d) holds the
body to the arm. On the inner side of the body, and under the beam, is a
projecting bracket (e) with a slotted hole, in which a bolt (/) from the beam fits
and ensures rigidity and steadiness. The adjustment by means of the slotted
opening is from 8 to 11 inches. The drauglit is from the cock only, and there
is no friction-wheel for carrying the hind part of the frame. The second plough
is fitted Avith a slade 15 inches long. A travelling Avheel is provided, but
during work it is suspended under the beam and does not touch the ground.
The price, Avith steel breasts, is 9Z. 10s. In this plough there are no me-
chanical appliances for relieving the ploughman at the land’s end, and, although
this is of less importance in a light class ofi>loughs, yet it is a matter on Avhich
the Judges laid considerable stress, because sooner or later the man Avill get
tired of the exertion required to bring the ploughs round, and Avill throw the
plough over on the mouldboards, Avhich are thus liable to be broken. Partly
owing to the arr.angement of a single beam, and also to the absence of a
friction-Avheel, this plough was very unsteady in Avork, and Avas aAvarded only
250 out of 930 marks.

W. Ball and Son. No. 1465. — Longitudinal beams of Avrought iron, which are
not quite i>arallel, being slightly closer together in front than liehind— the land-
side beam being slightly bent. The Judges were unable to l(!arn the advan-
tage of this arrangement. The Inventor, Avhen applied to, said it was to “get
a little more land,” i.e., for the ploughs to get more hold. The beams are

l^—Plan and Elevation of Messrs. J. L. Balcer and (7o.’s Donhle-furrotv Plough, A. 2, No. 2007,

Ilcport of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilai-roics, at Hall. 541

542 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroirs, at Hull.

adjustable by 3 screws, and are cajiable of adjustment so as to plough
furrows from Gg inches to 11 inehes wide. The tail of the plough is sup-
ported on an upright friction-wheel fixed under the centre of the last mould-
board. This wheel can be altered vertically according to the depth of work
required, but has no adjustment laterally. The draught is taken from the
cock or bridle, and the latter is made wider than the beams, and is reversible
according to the number of horses employed. The first plough is without a
slade, the second has one of about 20 inches in length. The mouldboards, share,,
and coulters are well adapted to secure neat work. Most fanners have heard
of Ball's “ Criterion ” share ; there are few better, if as good. The wings of
this share come out 7 inches ; the mouldboard, of excellent form, is 4 feet
long and 9 inches deep. Xo fault could be found with the work. The beams
are not so strong or rigidly attached as to resist strain, and a careful test
j)roved that this plough sprung considerably in work. Under these circum-
stances, and the fact, above all, that no attempt is made to relieve the workman
of his hard labour at the headland — no meehanism whatever being supplied to
facilitate turning — the Judges came to a unanimous conclusion that they
could not award a prize. The arrangements for securing rigidity are not of a
very perfect character ; thus this depends wholly upon the collars of the screw-
rods. In front the beams are not rigidly connected at all, which, however, is
partly compensated for by having one bar for both front wheels. The following
sketch illustrates the connection between the fore part of the frames and the

cock. After work it was evident that the
frames had given way and fallen about of
an inch from the beam ; and seeing that the
attachment of the frames or bodies to the
beams was only by two screws, it was not
surprising. The frame should be made with |
a fiange resting on the beam ; displacement
would then be impossible. ;

Corhett and Peele. No. 2845. — This im-
plement has wrought-iron parallel beams
6 feet 10 inches long, the total length of
the maehine being 11 feet 6 inches. The
beams are well braced by 5 connections,
and, not being adjustable, are very rigid —
an important point. The only means of
altering the width is by two f-inch iron
packing pieces, used on the front body only,
and by reversing their position the width of furrow can be altered from 8 to 9
inches ; to effect this alteration the packing pieces are placed inside the beam.

This will be better understood by the aid of a drawing (Fig. 15), from which it
will be seen that, in order to widen the furrow, the two packing pieces (h V)
must be taken out and put on the right-hand side ; this is not a long operation,
and very satisfactory, inasmuch as we get a certain, although very limited,
alteration of furrow, and secure at the same time much more rigidity of beam
than is possible with adjusting beams. The question occurs how often do we J
require a greater alteration than is here provided. Many of the ploughs com- ;
peting at Hull varied from 6g to 10 inches, but we question if in ordinary ■ "I
work they would ever be altered more than an inch or two. If required as '

paring ploughs, it is important that the beams should expand considerably, ;

and for such work the double plough is well adapted. A friction-wheel \

is provided, which is vertical. The hind plough has a slade 14 inches long, ■
the front jdough a land side of G inches. .As in several other cases the frames, ■
notwithstanding the attachment by two strong screws, dropped a little in 1
work, and it would be better if they had flanges to cover the beam, as is shown '

in Fig. 16. The draught is taken from the beams just in front of the first ,>

[

11 543

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, llarroics, ^-c., at

mouldboard, and there is a rather ingenious arrangement of double move-
ment at the cock, which is useful when three horses are used abreast, which
will be understood by referring to Fig. 17.

a. B.’am.

6 b. Packing Pieces,
cc. Bolts.

n. Beam.

b. Flange of Frame resting
on upper surface of Beam.

a. Cock.

b. Movable Tongue or Clip carry-

ing Draft-rod.

J. P. Fison. No. 2996. — The wrought-iron beams are composed of 2j-inch
rods or bars f-inch thick, and are somewhat slight even for light work ; they
are connected by screws working through holes, and are supported by two
screw-bolts. The adjustment is from 7 to 9j inches ; and at the greater width
the attachment is least strong, which is a defect. The narrower the furrow
the more the connections overlap. The draught is taken from the back part of
the beams by a rod inch thick, attached to a ^inch>pin, which is decidedly
light. The mouldboards measure 3 feet 11 inches from the front of the share,

inches deep, and the wings of the share measure li inches. The back, or
second plongh, has a slade 11 inches long; and a vertical friction-wheel sup-
ports the frame behind. This wheel admits of adjustment. This plough has
no lifting apparatus ; it is light in construction, and likely to answer on very
light land. The price, without extras, is 81. 15s. ; steel breasts, skim coulters,
drag chain, and steel side cap, add IL : Total, 9^. los. The furrow was well
cut and laid, the bottom even, and the work well done.

J. Hodgson. No. 1723. — A short description will suffice for this implement,
which was roughly turned out and unfit for competition. The stilts, 6 feet
2 inches in length, are of wood, and, though less costly at the first start than
iron, the want of durability is a serious objection, as, after a time, the wood
suffers, and a certain degree of irlay and want of tautness is perceptible. The
beams are 5 feet 7 inches in length, by 2? inches by inch thick, which is not
strong, though probably equal to light-land ploughing. The outer beam is
very short, and is adjustable by two screws and nuts. The friction-wheel
behind runs at an angle. The draught is from the front of the second plough.
The slade on the back plough is 15 inches, that on the front plough is
10 inches only. The plough has no mechanical arrangements to assist turning
at the headland. The construction was so weak that the arm of the furrow
wheel bent, and eventually the machine broke down.

G. TF. Murray and Co. No. 3501. — The whole of this plough is of wrought
iron, which, though increasing cost price, insures great strength and durability.
The beams, which expand, allow of a furrow of from 6 to 10 inches ; the adjust-
ment is effected by one screw and slot behind, and in front by one pin, which

544 Report of the Trials of Ploiiph, Horroios, ^-c., at Hull.

acts as a wedge, and further by a screw-bolt in the centre. The land-furrow
wheel is adjustable by a wedge. The beams are made of 2i inches by -|
iron. The beams are 4 feet 2 inches long. The ploughs are raised oiTowered by
means of Pirie’s patent leverage, which is used by Mr. Murray. This consists of
a land-side wheel, acted upon by a leverage from the handles ; and the plough,
raised on one side, is readily turned, although it must be allowed that a secoinl
wheel or skid, to take a bearing on the right side also, is preferable. No slade
is employed on either plough. The coulter attachment slides on a projection
on the beam. Here again, as in several instances, the draught is taken from the
bridle or cock — an arrangement that was not considered by the Judges so
perfect as when the draught comes direct from the centre of resistance. The
best attachment is by a rod to each frame joined together by a link, and this
terminating in one rod again (Fig. 18). These frames are very well stayed ;
indeed, no other plough in the class appeared so strong, or capable of such good

Fig. 18.

work. One point, however, was not liked, and that is the position of the land-
wheel during work, which is nearly in the centre of the plough, and consequently
interferes with steady motion, although to a certain extent it allows the plough
to suit itself to the inequalities of the surface. The work was not cut clean,
owing, it was said, to some defect in the under surface of the share, but also
probably to the want of steadiness in the plough. The bottom was left very ridgy.

E. Page and Co. No. 2631. — A few words will suffice to describe this im-
plement, as there is really nothing of novelty to chronicle. Beams of wrought
iron 2 inches by J inch, attached by two bolts and capable of variation, from
7 to 11 inches. The draught is taken from a point in each beam rather in advance
of the i'ront plough : this is a good arrangement. The frames are adjustable
by a slot. The ploughs are supported hy a vertical friction-wheel behind.

Fig. 19. — Slcetcli of Perkins’s Douhlefurroto Plough, No. 132.

a. The beam. I d. Lever spring arm.

h. The land-side wheel. e. Bow, with notdjcs to secure the spring

c. The connecting rod. ] bolt.

Report of the Trials of Ploiiyhs, Ilarrotvs, at Hull. 545

The turning at the headlands has to he done entirely hy the workman. The
price, without skims, is 8?. 15s.

Perkins. No. 132. — Parallel beams, of good construction ; hut unfortunately
it was evident, both by the work and examination, that the parts were badly
balanced and that the beams, 2 j inches by f inch, were much too light to resist
strain of ordinary work. They are well braced with lj--inch bolts. The
draught is taken from the first stay. The friction-wheel is on an angle, but is
not adjustable — a decided omission. The mechanical arrangements are excel-
lent. Two lifting-wheels near, the centre of the plough form a fulcnim on
which the plough turns with the greatest ease. These wheels arc actuated by
a leverage from the handles or stilts, kept in place by a spring-catch working
in a bow. The preceding sketch (Fig. 19) will give some idea of the mechanism.
Fig. 20 shows the position of the lifting-wheels : when the plough is being

Fig. 20. — Plan of part of Perkins’s Douhle-furrow Plough, No. 132.

turned during work the right-hand wheel is so much more forward than is
here shown, that it is quite clear of the furrow. No slades on either plough.
The implement made fair work ; but it was evident that the work would have
been much better and the draught lighter if the beams had been more rigid.

Snoivden. No. 1180. — The peculiarity in this plough consists in the prin-
cipal beam being of wood, 6 feet 8 inches long, 3^x4 inches. The right-hand
beam of iron can be expanded so as to vary the furrow from 7 to lOi inches.
The stilts are iron, and the beam is braced with iron, so as to render it very
strong. The Judges were unanimous in expressing disapproval of this mixture
of wood and iron, which is doubtless used on account of lightness and rigidity,
and it is a noticeable fact that this jdough sprang less than any other ; but in
time the points of connection between the two materials will become loosened
from the decay of the wood, and then the plough will lose its form and work.
This plough has a very efficient lifting-apparatus, consisting of a land-side wheel,
which slides on a bar so as to be placed farther or nearer the beam. On the
other end of the bar and coming down behind the first pfiough is a skid, and on
the land-side wheel and skid the pfiough is raised clear of the ground, the
necessary leverage being obtained by a connecting-rod to the stilts. Sop^erfectly
balanced is the plough when supported as described, that it rides round at the
land’s-end, without the slightest assistance being necessary from the pjloughman.
The friction-wheel is adjustable and bevelled, and can be raised and lowered
three inches by a nut working in a slot on the mouldboard frame. The
Judges considered this a well-made implement. Fig. 21 shows the plough
in work ; a side elevation. Fig. 23 is a pfian of the same, giving a better
idea of the combination of wood and iron, and a general idea of the construc-
tion. Figs. 22 and 24 give a side elevation and plan of article 1181, precisely
similar in construction, onl^ made entirely of iron. Fig. 25 is an enlarged plan
showing the mechanism : & is a strong screw with double nuts, and a a are
slots, by which the width of the furrow is adjusted; c, the cross-bar to which

546 Report of the Trials of Flouplis, Harrows, at Hull.

Fi^s. 21-24. — Side Elevations and Plans of Snowden’s Doiible-furrow
° Ploughs, Njs. 1180 and 1181.

Fig. 21. — Side Elevation of No. 1180.

Fig. 24. — Plan of No. 1181.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, at Hull. 547

the standards of the land-wheel and slipper are attached. It will he seen that
the position of the wheel in reference to the beam can bo shifted on the cross-
bar. Fig. 26 illustrates the manner of working the lever a in order to raise the
plough out of work. The dotted lines represent the position of the wheel and
slipper during work. The black lines show the same lowered to raise the
plough out of the ground and carry it round the headlands. It will be at
once evident that the wheel and slipper being nearly opposite, and at the samo
level, the plough rests upon a broad bearing, and is turned by the horses
with great ease, no assistance being required by the attendant.

Figs. 25 and 26. — Enlarged Plan and Elevation, showing the mechanism
of Snoicdens Doiible-furrow Plough, No. 1180.

Fig. 25.

a. The lever handle. d. Position of land-side wheel during transit,

e. Position of slipper during transit, f. Lever. g. Sjrew for altering position of fdction-wheel h .

The points of merit awarded after both the first and second
trials are given in Table II. (facing p. 539) ; and it will be ob-
served that those for “ Economy in Power and Draught ” are
included only in the results of the second trial of the ploughs
selected for testing with the Dynamometer.

The extremely unfavourable condition of the land in Field
I\ o. 5 rendered it difficult to register the draught closely, con-
sequently it was considered desirable to give a second trial in
all cases where there was the least probability that better results
could be made under circumstances more suitable in soil to the

VOL. IX.— S. S. 2 O

548 Report of the Trials of Ploiujhs, Harrows, ^'c, at Hull.

character of the implement. A portion of the vetch stubble
being at liberty was set out into plots, and here the ploughs of the
following makers were tried, viz., Messrs. Ball, Corbett, Murray,
Perkins, and Snowden ; and each implement, after executing
its allotted portion, was removed to the Field No. 4, where the
Dynamometer was worked by means of one of Fisken’s light-
rope Steam Cultivating Apparatus, which, from its steadiness of
motion, and facilities for throwing in and out of gear at the
travelling windlasses perfectly independent of the engine, was
well qualified for the work, and infinitely superior to horse-
power, which was formerly used. The third column gives the
results of the Dynamometer-tests.

The First Prize of 10/. was awarded to G. W. Murray and Co.,
Banff, N.B., for Article No. 3501 ; and the Second Prize of 5/.
to J. D. Snowden, Doncaster, for Article No. 1180.

Class 6. — Double-furrow Ploughs not exceeding 5 cwt.

This class was for general-purpose ploughs, to be tested under
the following conditions : to the depth of from 4 to 7 inches, on
light and mixed land as far as practicable ; the extreme length
from point of share to end of breast not to exceed feet.
Eight entries were reduced to 6, by the withdrawal of Hodgson
and the non-appearance of Lewin. In some cases the imple-
ments exhibited, being exactly similar in construction to, only
stronger than, those already described in Class 5, will ^not re-
quire more than a passing notice ; I shall therefore direct atten-
tion chiefly to such as possess different arrangements. Both
trials took place in Field No. 5.

J. P. Fison. No. 2997. — This implement is composed of parallel beams of
wrought iron, strongly connected by bolts. The draught is from a bolt about
the centre of the plough. The novelty consists in a combined lifting and steerage
apparatus fixed in front, illustrations of which are attempted in Figs. 27 and 28
(pp. 549 and 550). The raising part consists of a revolving screw with a small
wooden roller at the end ; as this is lowered, the front part of the frame is raised
out of the ground sufficiently for the shares to clear, and thus the plough is carried
round, taking a bearing on the wooden roller in front, and on the friction-wheel
behind. There are, however, serious disadvantages in the arrangement : first,
if requires some exertion on the part of the attendant to turn the winch-handle
fixed between the stilts sufficiently to raise the frame, and again to lower it
when the plough has been turned ; secondly, the base is too narrow to allow of
the implement turning without being held up by the attendant, and we much
question if in practice he would take the trouble to work the winch at all.
The steerage is sensitive, although arrived at by greater complication than is
necessary. The figures represent a side elevation (Fig. 27) and plan (Fig. 28)
of the front portion ; and a detached central section of the socket through
which the revolving screw passes is shown in Fig. 29 ; the wooden roller is not
shown in these drawings, a shows a portion of the framing of the plough.

Z) is a cast-iron socket and bracket bolted to the framing a. c is the revolving
screw or rack rod, which in the illustrations, taken from the patent specifica-

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c. at Hull. 549

tion, is shown jointed by a bolt or pin, d, to the axletrees, e, of the wheels ;
whereas in the implement shown at Hull, this screw is quite separate from
the wheels, and terminates in a wooden roller, so that when the screw is
lowered the roller takes the ground, and the wheels are raised with the frame.
<7 is a pinion mounted in bearings ¥ on the socket h, gearing with the revolving
screw, h is a worm-wheel keyed on to the axis of the pinion g. The worm, i,
gears into the worm-wheel, and is connected by a universal joint or coupling
with a rod, j, extending back to the handles, and provided with a winch-handle,

Fig. 27, — Elevation of the front portion of Fison' s Double-furrow
Plough, No. 2997.

by turning which the revolving screw is actuated, either for altering the depth
or taking the ploughs up at the headland. I is a worm-wheel, through which
the revolving screw passes, also carried on the socket b, which is enlarged at

2 o 2

550 Rcj)ort of the Trials of Ploxu/hs, Ilarroivs, ^-c., at Hull.

the upper part, as shown in Fig. 29, to receive the boss of the worm-wheel,
and provided with screws, V-, working in a groove to retain the wheel in place
and allow of its being rotated independently of the socket V-. The worm-
wheel, I, is fitted with a gib-key, m, received in a corresponding key-groove
formed longitudinally in the revolving screw, to allow of the latter turning
with the wheel, I, and yet allow the latter to move with the socket freely up
and down in the screw or rack. A worm, n, gears with and operates wheel t,
for guiding the wheels /. The worm is also connected by a universal joint
with a rod extending back to the handles, and similarly provided with a winch-
handle ; both the friction-wheel and the steerage-wheels have bevelled edges.

Fig. 28.— PZan of the Front Portion of Fison's Douhlefurroto Plough,

No. 2997.

and the former is set at an angle. Strength is gained by the bodies being split,
with wings attached on different sides of the beam seen in Fig. 30. The
coulter attachment is somewhat peculiar ; the centre of the clip being slightly
rounded allows sufficient adjustment of the coulters by the set screws. The
Judges were by no means favourably impressed with this complicated arrange-
ment, and do not expect to see it brought into general practice, ,

•Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull. 551

Fig. 29. — Central Section of Socket in
Fisons Double-furrow Plough.

Fig. 30. — Frame
Attachment.

a. Beam.

b b. Split frames.

Murray and Co. No. 3502. — This is a strong useful implement, composed
■of wrought iron and steel, castings being almost entirely dispensed with. The
beams are 2i inches deep by f inch wide, and 21 inches by inch, and expand
from 6 to 15 inches, being regulated by two screws undone wedge. The lifting
arrangement is different from that in the light-land plough, and, as will be seen
by reference to Figs. 31 and 32, p. 552, is both original and simple. Attached
to the beam by a simple clip and pin is a stud with a crank bearing welded
to it. Upon this stud the lever works with a slipping wedge below, which
rests upon the crank-bearings ; a rod from the wedge extends back to the
ploughman’s hand, and terminates with a catch near the end of the lever. A
number of holes in the lever and a similar hole in the catch allow of the rod
being fixed by a pin in any position requisite to keep the wedge in its required
place, according to the depth required ; or of its being thrown up altogether,
when the wedge slips in and keeps the plough out of the ground by bringing
the land-wheel more backward and more nearly into a vertical position. The
great merit of this arrangement is simplicity. There is nothing to get out
of order ; let the plough be ever so roughly used, the leverage or lifting ap-
paratus cannot be injured. Another considerable advantage of the lever stud
and bearings is that they are all contained in one piece, and held to the beam
by a simple pin, which can be knocked out, and the whole affair, including
the laud-wheel, shifted backwards or forwards, as may be required. A central
wheel is held to be a disadvantage, placing the plough too much upon the
balance. Here we can put it in whatever position experience proves to be
best. Something will depend upon the nature of the land to be dealt with.
In wet clay-land, at any rate, the wheel should be in a forward position ; in
dry soils, where the bottom is hard and the plough has a tendency to run
out, a backward iiosition is held to be best. Murray’s arrangement allows
of alteration, and this is a point of considerable merit. The draught is taken
from the cock, which appears to be a mistake. In work, possibly owing to
the too central position of the land-side wheel, the plough was not steady ;
though an improvement on the work of the lighter plough ; and the bottom

Figs. 31 .md 33.-P!«» a..d Seclim of Moms. Mono,, n»,I 0./« Phupl,, No. 3502

552

Jiqwrf of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, §t,, at Hull.

Fig. 32.— Longitudinal Section.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrotvs, ^c., at Hull, 553

■was rather rough. The price, 14Z., includes cast-steel shares and mouldboards.
Considering the amount of wrought iron and steel, this is not out of the way.

Snowden. No, 1181. — Here we have wrought-iron beams 1 inch by 24
inches, with the same lifting apparatus and angular friction-wheel as in No.
1180. The beams are adjustable from 7 inches to 12 inches by a strong
bolt in the centre and 2 nuts working in slots at either end. The land
wheel during work was well forward, consequently the plough travelled
steadily. The wheels are fitted with removable bushes, costing 9d. each,
which save the naves of the wheels from wearing out. This implement was
less rigid than that with a wooden beam, and the engineer found that it
sprang considerably. Neither plough has a slade. The friction-wheel is
altered by a rack behind the plough raising 3 inches. The beams are not
well constructed.

The other makers who competed produced implements made
in the same manner as those of theirs already described, only
stronger. Messrs. Murray, Ball, and Snowden were drawn out
for a second trial, the particulars of which are recorded in
Table II, facing p. 539.

The work by Ball’s plough was very good in both classes ; but
the Judges considered that its having no mechanical appliances
for relieving the plough was an objectionable feature, especially
in the heavier implement. The First Prize of 10/. was awarded
to G. W. Murray and Co., Banff, N.B., for Article No. 3502 ;
and the Second Prize of 51. to J. D. Snowden, Doncaster, for
article No. 1181.

There were no entries in Class 7 for multiple-furrow ploughs.
Judging by the power required to draw double-furrow ploughs
in land like that of the trial grounds at Hull, it is evident that
any further complication would render the implement cumber-
some and unwieldy. Multiple-furrow ploughing belongs to
steam cultivation, and only by such a power can such imple-
ments be economically driven.

The Judges were quite of one mind as to the inutility of con-
tinuing prizes for subsoiling implements by horse-power, at any
rate as regards Classes 8 and 9. It is quite true, as we trust
will be seen by the annexed reports, that several ingenious
arrangements for combining subsoiling and ploughing in the
same implement were shown ; but if the operation be ever so
desirable, the great power required to effect really good work
makes it far too expensive to be pursued. With steam the case
is different, as it gives abundance of power ; and by reducing the
area worked at one time, the implement can be driven through
the soil at a pace that produces most beneficial results. In each
of the following classes bearing upon subsoil ploughs, the Judges
found sufficient merit to justify an award ; but at the same time
they recommended that such work, if necessary at all, should be
carried out by steam-power.

554 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, ^'c., at Hull.

Class 8.— Best Subsoil Plough to follow an ordinary
Plough, and work from G to 12 inches below the
furrow bottom.

Messrs. Ball, Bentall, and Murray entered in this class. Owing
to the unfavourable condition of the land, the trial taking place
in No. 5, the strongest field of all, W. Ball and Son withdrew
their implement (No. 1485), which was evidently unsuited for
such work. It consisted of an ordinary ridging plough, from
which the breasts had been removed. The sock could be fitted
with shares of different widths, varying from
4 to 8 inches, flat under and slightly cone-
shaped on the top (Fig. 33). The beam carried
a single wheel in front running in the furrow.

Fig. 33.

Murray. No. 3503. — The beam in this implement is very strong, carrying
a double tine, acted upon by a leverage similar to that employed for the heavier
double idough in Class 6, only a spring is substituted for the wedge. When
out of work and turning, both central wheels are level ; when in work, the
furrow-wheel rises to suit the bottom by a slot in the wheel-arm, and the depth
is regidated by a slot on the axle. It was first tried with the two tines, but,
though six horses were attached, it would not work ; it did better with one tine.
The subsoil-tines are fitted with steel points, 3 inches wide. A furrow was
opened with one of Ball’s single-furrow ploughs ; this was 4 inches deep. 1’he
average of moved soil, taken in five places, was 4^ inches. Price of imple-
ment, 8?. 17s. Q>d. As will be seen from the plan and elevation (Fig. 35), the
framework is steadied by travelling on four wheels. The front wheels both
travel in the furrow ; the central ones are only level when the subsoil is out of
the ground and the implement is being turned at the headland. The object of
the four wheels is to steady the subsoiler in work and prevent a severe shock to
the ploughman in case the tine comes in contact with a stone. The tine or tines
are fixed in the slot-holes of a short beam, and can be regulated in the said slots
to any required depth (see Fig. 34). This tine-beam has a stud fixed near either
end, and upon these studs two links connect it to the main beam of the plough
in front and to a turning-stud, from which is a lever, one end
extending back to the ploughman’s hand and the other to the
landwheel; and to the other end of the turning-stud is a shift-
ing crank, to which the back-furrow wheel is attached, a slot
in the crank allowing the wheel to be set to suit any depth of
furrow. When the plough comes to the end or to any obstruc-
tion and requires to be raised, the ploughman lifts the lever
into the position shown by the dotted line in the elevation
(Fig. 35) ; the tines are raised up and thrown back, and the
wheels are brought down level in consequence of the crank
to which they are attached being of different lengths. The
depth can be regulated a matter of three inches by altering
the position of the lever-handle, and further adjustment can
be made by altering the tines, as described. Owing to the
extreme hardness of the subsoil in Field No. 5, it was found
necessary to remove one of the tines. After this the work
appeared successful as far as horse-power was capable of
showing its merits, when, unfortunately for Mr. Murray, the
spring which holds the catch in the notch broke, and further trial was prevented.

35.~Plan and Elevation of Messrs. Murray and Co.'s Subsoil Plonyh, No. 3503.

Report of the Trials of Plonrjhs, Harrows, ^'c., at Hull.

555

Bentall. Jio. 398.— This implement comprised a wrought T-iron beam
4 X 4, mches x ^ inch, similar to that used in their broadshrre, vvhich indeTd
IS capable of being converted into a subsoiler. In the centre of the beam is an
oidinaiy cast-iron body, carrying a subsoiling-tine in front, and a cutting- wino-

556 Report of the Trials of Ploaphs, Harroics, §-e., at Hull.

behind, the former 2 inches in width and the latter covering 6 inches ; and on
each side of the body, in addition, there are two transverse cutters, which are
removable. The length of the body is 3 feet 5 inches. There is one wheel in
front under the beam. The great length of the beam renders it very difficult
to steer. The work done was good, the power not unusually great. Average

Figr. 36. — Bird's-eiie view of Body and Cutters of Bentall’s S^lhsoil
Plough, No. 398.

a. Cast-iron l)udy. b. Point. c. Wing below. d d dd. Transverse cutters.

depth moved, ascertained by three measurements, was 6i inches. It is quite
evident that operations of this nature are unsuitable for horse-drawn imple-
ments, and, if necessary at all, are only exceptionally required. In those cases
steam is the proper power, and indeed the only power capable of doing really
efficient work, so that the policy of continuing these prizes is doubtful.

Of the two implements tried, Bentall’s was much cheaper,
costing 51. 5s., and, notwithstanding the excessive labour required
to keep it in its place (see Table III., p. 560), which would be
reduced considerably by the addition of a second wheel in front,
it made good work, was strong and simple in construction, and
was therefore awarded the prize.

Class 9. — Best Arrangement of Subsoiler attached to
A Single-furrow Plough, for ploughing and subsoil-
ing AT ONE Operation.

Four entries — viz. Ball, Corbett and Peele, Mellard (Trent
Foundry), and Murray.

Ball and Son. No. 1468, price 11. — The subsoil-beam is attached to the
centre of the plough-beam, and terminates in a handle between the stilts, and
thus the tines, either single or double (.shown in Figs. 37 and 38), follow
the plough. A catch between the stilts on a cross-plate keeps the tines in
work, or supports the subsoil-beam, when it is desirable to have it up at the
land’s-end. The tines are capable of working from 4 to 6 inches deep. These
implements were tried on the vetch stubble in Field No. 1, where the con-
dition of the soil was more favourable than in Field No. 5. At first the
double-tine was used, but the power required was so considerable, that the
single tine, carrying a 5-inch share, was substituted and made good work.
The plough was fitted with a digging-breast. The subsoil-shares vary in
width from 3 to 5 inches. The total depth, ascertained by several measure-
ments, was about llj inches, of which the furrow was inches, and the soil
broken up by the subsoiler fully 6 inches. The work done was very good,
but as the tine follows the plough, the horses, unless they are driven singly on
the land, must trample upon the work and undo much of the advantage gained-
by tire disturbance. 'I’his is a serious defect, yet those implements in which
the subsoil part preceded the jilough were so defective in balance and so top-
heavy, that the tail of the plough could not be kei^t into the work. Indeed,

Hqjort of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 557

here again the Judges were driven to the conclusion that subsoiling, at any rate
in connection with a single-furrow horse-plough, was altogether a mistake.

Fig. 37. — Ball and So7is Fig 38. — Ball and Son’s

Double-tine. Single-tine.

Mellard and Co. No. 4321. — One of the ordinary disc ploughs, with sub-
soiling-apparatus attached to the beam in front. A turned axle carries the
subsoiling-tine. This arm has four grooves at its extremity, one inch apart : a
set screw fits in these grooves and holds the tine to its required position, which
is capable of alteration within the limits of these grooves. A lever-arm for
raising or lowering the subsoiler terminates at the stilts, and is readily actuated

Fig. 39. — Messrs. Mellard and Co.’s Disc Plough, loith Subsoiler attached.

No. 4321.

by the ploughman. The draught is taken partly from the beam (c) above'the
mould-board and partly from the front of the subsoiling-tine (b), the two
draught-rods uniting in a common ring in front. This is a good arrangement.
The axle is stayed by a i-inch round rod at the back, connecting it with the
beam. This implement, which is meritorious both in its, workmanship and
construction, unfortunately did not come into competition, as a preliminary trial
proved the weakness of the beam, which sprung considerably between the point
of attachment of the arm and the body- of the plough. Fig. 39, giving a side
view, will assist the reader to form some idea of the implement. The axle
comes out 18 inches from the beam. The price complete is 61. 15s.

558 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroros, §’c., at Hall,

Corhett and Peele. No. 2846. — This implement comprises an ordinary heavy-
land plough, to which is attached a beam to carry the subsoil-tine, which, as
in Mellard’s, precedes the plough. Tlie whole of the draught is taken from the
plough-beam, which is evidently a bad arrangement, and probably accounts
for the unsteadiness, tendency to kick, and difficulty in steering, which were
very great. The principle of subsoiling before the plough is correct, inasmuch
as we thus avoid treading on the work ; but in all the machines so arranged, at
any rate as regards one-furrow ploughs, the balance is so injuriously affected
that an even good furrow is out of the question. This implement is well made,
and looked much more like business than some others. The leverage for
taking the tine out of work is shown in Fig. 41. The subsoiling-tine, which

Fig. 40. — Plan of Messrs. Corhett and Peele's Plough icith Suhsoiler
attached, No, 2846.

Fig. 41. — Subsoil-tine attached to Messrs. Corhett and Peele's Plough,

No. 2846.

is 3 inches deep by | inch thick, is fitted with adjustable points, varying
from to 6 inches. The soil was well moved to a depth of about 5 inches
below the furrow. The defects appear to arise from improper draught-attach-
ment and from the tine not being set wide enough from the plough-beam.
This will be seen by reference to Fig. 40. The points, instead of travelling
in the centre of the horsewayq are much too near the hard ground, and the
draught is greater than it need be in consequence. The subsoil-attachment
costs 21. 10s. extra ; the plough alone hi. 5s.

George Murray and Co. No. 3504. — Here, as in Ball’s plough, the subsoil-
frame is attached behind the mouldboard of a strong swing-plough. The beam

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroics, ^'c., at Hull. 559

of the subsoil- tine is carried on an axle from the beam of the plough. One or
two tines can be worked, according to the soil. The socket of the hind one is
fixed, but the front one shifts on a cross-bar, so as to work in the centre of the
horse-track when only one tine is used. The depth is regulated in two ways :
first by a stop on the end of the subsoil-beam, clipping the plough-beam, as
seen in Figs. 42 and 43 ; and secondly, by lowering or raising the tines them-
selves.

Fig. 42. — Messrs. Murray and Co.’s Swing Plough with attachment for
Suhsoiler, No. 3504.

Fig. 43 is a bird’s-eye view of the subsoil frame, a represents the movable
socket of the front tine ; b is the hind tine ; c the axle carrying the subsoil
beam ; d the subsoil beam, with clip to cast plough beam in front. The work
was well done ; the total depth about 10 inches, of which the average was 5|
inches ploughed and 4^ inches subsoiled. The action
of the tine behind the plough appears to steady the
implement. By adopting a peculiar arrangement
of bridle it is quite possible to draw the plough by
horses in line and all walking on the unploughed
ground, and in this way the objectionable horse-
treading is avoided. The price of Murray’s imple-
ment, complete with the two tines, is 81. 10s.

This class was tried in Field No. 1 on
comparatively light land, yet it was evi-
dent from the exertions of the horses, and
is proved by the tables appended, that the
operation of disturbing the subsoil is work
more suitable to steam than horse-power ;
and after the trials at Hull we think the
Society would be justified in withdrawing
the prizes for subsoilers to follow an ordinary plough, represented
by Class 8, and for combined single-furrow plough-subsoiler.
The faet of implements being brought forward to compete for
prizes is no proof of utility ; for they will come, if only made
for the particular occasion and cast on one side ever afterwards.

The Prize of 5Z. was awarded to William Ball and Son, of
Rothwell, Northamptonshire.

Particulars of the implements competing in Classes 8 and 9
will be found tabulated on page 560.

Fig. 43.

Table III. — Results of Trials of Horse Ploughs (Classes VIII.-X. and XIII., XIV., and XVI.)

AT Hull, 1873.

560 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroirs, ^'c., at Hall.

JRcjm-t of the Trials of Plov(/hs, Harrows, at Hull. 561

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562 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroics, ^~c., at Hull.

Class 10.— Best Arrangement of Subsoiler attached to
A Double-furrow Plough, for ploughing and subsoil-
ing AT ONE Operation.

In this Class were three competitors, Messrs. Ball, Murray,
and Corbett ; the first two were double entries, varying according
to strength, &c. — indeed representing the two forms of double
ploughs, those under and over a given weight. The stronger
frame being, however, best adapted to resist the strain of the
subsoil tine, we shall direct attention to the heavier implements.
VVe believe Corbett and Peele were the first to combine and
patent the arrangement of a subsoiler in front of a single-furrow
plough, and having omitted to include double-furrows in their
specifications, the notion was made use of first by Murray and
Co., and afterwards by Ball and Son. There is this advantage
in the double-furrow over the single-furrow arrangement, viz.
that by displacing the first plough and substituting for it the
subsoiling tine, the balance of the implement is not seriously-
affected, and one is sure of good work, inasmuch as the broken-
up subsoil is at once covered over by the second plough ; but it
is generally admitted that the chief advantage of the double-
furrow system is for light soils, where three horses yoked abreast
can do the work of two pairs in single ploughs, and on such
land subsoiling is seldom necessary, and would often be in-
jurious. However, the ability to apply such an apparatus at a
reasonable cost is a point of merit that deserves recognition, and
even if it is only very occasionally that we require to disturb
the bottom, it will be found very convenient to be able to do so
in so simple a manner, and so efficiently, as was done by all the
com.petitors.

Corhett and Peele. No. 2847. — The beams are strengthened by a cross-brace,
which can be applied in this plough, because the beams do not expand, as in
most others. A third wheel is introduced, which, running close to the furrow-
slice in front of the subsoiler, increases steadiness of work. As in the other
ploughs shown by tliis firm, some slight mechanical aid is afforded in turning
by the alteration of the land-side wheel. The draught was reasonable. The
depth of work was noted during each trial with the following results : —

(1.) Ploughing, 5j inches; subsoiler, 6j inches. (2.) Ploughing, 6 inches;
subsoiler, 4i inches. (3.) Ploughing, 6 inches ; subsoiler, 5|- inches.

The price appears comparatively reasonable, viz. 9h 17s. 6d., which is appor-
tioned as follows : as double- furrow plough, similar to the one which competed
in Class 6, 8h 10s. ; subsoiling-apparatus, Ih 7s. 6c?.

In the first illustration (Fig. 44) the plough is shown with the subsoil-tine
out of the ground, and the land-side wheel in a vertical position, to facilitate
turning at the headlands.

In Fig. 45 the plough is shown in the same condition, but inclined, in
order to show the connecting-rod working conjointly with the lever for
raising and depressing the subsoil-tine and land-wheel. At the same time it

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hall. 563

will be seen that the two are united by the rod a (Fi<r. 45), and that action on

^read^r the lei^r-tine^^ Ae brace

already spoken of as giving rigidity to the beam is seen nf o !i ^ ^

dScrif^r® '''^‘^'^‘■t^stenings and the new arrangement of bridge and^S?
described in the notes on the double-furrow jiloughs. ’

Figs. i^iQ.-Messrs Corhelt and Peek's Dotchle-farrow Plough, ^oHh
oubsotler attached. No. 2847.

Figs. 44, 45, and 46, show
dmerent positions.

VOL. IX.— S. S.

the double-furrow plough and subsoiler in

2 V

564 Beport of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, Sfc., at Hull.

In Fig. 46 the position of the plough is shown as it would he when the
subsoil-tine was operating to a depth of about 6 or 7 inches below the sole of
the preceding furrow. The position of the land-wheel nearer the centre of the
plough is also shown in this figure.

Fig. 4Ga represents the two beams, and the brace a and cross-bar h, which
ensures rigidity.

In order to convert the double-fuiTOw plough into a subsoiler, the front body
must, of course, be removed, and a wrought-iron bracket applied to the beam
by bolts and nuts. T'he bracket is drilled and a strong bolt used, which also
passes through holes in the tine, and thus the depth of work is regulated. The
bracket is fitted with a set-pin, which can be so adjusted as to support the
tine when working at any depth, and thus remove all strain from the connecting-
rod and lever. We believe this is the only double-furrow plough fitted with
a subsoil-tine in which the lever actuates both the land-wheel and the tine.
In reality it is very much the same motion as, or rather the result is similar
to, that produced by the action of one lever on the land-wheel and the skid
in some cases, and the wheel on the furrow side in others.

W. Ball and Son. No. 1470. — Price, complete, 121. 10s. ; that is to say,
21. 10s. extra for subsoiling parts. The application consists in removing

the front body, and substi-
Fig. 47. — Suhsoiler and Frame for applica- tuting a short frame (Fig.
tion to W. Ball and Son’s Bouhle-furrow 47), which has a vertical
Flouqh, No. 1470. slot a, in which the screw-

‘ pin h, for regulating the depth

of the tine, works. When in
work the tine rests against a
backstay in the frame. This
was not made sufficiently
strong, and gave way. The
subsoil-tine can work between
4 and G inches in depth before
the furrow. The tine is taken
out of work by a leverage
from the stilts.

The tine is slightly bent in
order to enter the soil as near
the centre of the horse-track
as possible.

Murray and Co. No. 3505.
— This firm showed two im-
nlcments, in one of which the subsoiler consists of a double tine. The tine-
carriage is very strong, being braced with three ribs, and a shoe underneath
carries the tine during turning, shown in Fig. 48. aa a represent the ribs,
and h is the shoe. The shoe with or without wings is cast. The exhibitors
were, we believe, the first to apply a subsoiler to a double-furrow plough ;

Report of the Trials of Plone/hs, llarroios, at Hull. 5G5

the work was very indifferent, and the apparatus clumsy and roughly made,
although strong. The tine-stop ajipeared to ho in the wrong place to take
the strain of the tine when in work. The work was so indifferent that no
observations as to depth were recorded. The price complete is 13f., including
21. for the subsoiler and attachment.

Murray. No. 350G. — The stronger implement was broken during the trial ;
here a double tine attached to a powerful frame was fixed to the plough-beam,
and lowered and raised by means of a ratchet wheel and screw lever from
stilts ; a small friction-wheel assisting in taking a bearing at the land’s-end,
•when the tines are raised. This is shown in Fig. 49, in which a represents-
the friction- wheel. This was a clumsy arrangement.

The price complete, both as a subsoiler and double-furrow plough, is
16?. 16s., a formidable figure.

The Prize of hi. was awarded to Corbett and Peele, Persever-
ance Ironworks, Shrewsbury, for No. 2847.

Mr. John Davey, of Cro/thole, St. Germans, Cornwall, was the only
Exhibitor in this and the next Class for Double-fuiTow One-way Ploughs. One-
way or turn wrest ploughs are not much used now save in hilly districts, where it
is necessary that the furrows should all be turned in one direction. Mr. Davey’s
exhibits were therefore quite novelties at Hull ; their ingenuity, simplicity,
and admirable construction merited all the notice they received. In order to
lay the furrows in one direction it is necessary to have two separate mould-
boards, one out of work and capable of replacing the other when the plough is-
travelling in the opposite direction, because the furrows have to be throwis
alternately to the right and left of the beam. Mr. Davey effects this by
carrying the two mouldboards on a common axle, the connecting arm being
so proportioned that, whilst one is in position, the other is carried directly
overhead and clear of the beam. The method of reversing is admirably simple,
and consists of a lever from the stilts with a crank arm, which is turned over at
its end, or rather at the point under the beam, where it couples to a rod from
the share, which runs above the sole or slade ; the crank arm comes in
contact with the inner surface of the mouldboard, and pushes it over into the
required position. The same action causing the share, which works on a
pivot and has two similar faces, to turn over from one side to the other. This
is highly ingenious, and noticeable for its extreme simplicity ; there is nothing

Fig. 48.

Fig. 40.

Class 11. — One-way Ploughs.

2 p 2

566 Report of the Trials of Plovghs, Ilarroics, ^c., at Hull.

that can get out of order. The handle of the lever is secured by a hook on
the stilts. *

The coulter has also to he adjusted from one side of the beam to the other,
or rather the cutting edge must assume a different position according as the
furrow is to be thrown to the right or left of the beam. This is also made
self-acting, and is as simple as the rest. The beam is hollow at the point
where the coulter is attached by a pin working in a slot ; from the head of the
standard a bar passes backwards sufficiently to take a bearing on the front
face of the inverted mouldboard holding it in position and keeping it rigid when
in work. The reversal of the mouldboard moves the bar, and consequently
alters the angle of the coulter ; but the most ingenious portion of the whole
apparatus is the self-acting lock of the fore-wheels, which makes them suit-
able for the furrow and land-side alternately, and this is done by having the
axle jointed in the centre, so that the wheels can assume different heights at
work to suit the furrow and land-side, and are level when the plough is turned.
The position of the furrow-wheel in work is secured by the self-acting lock or
stop from a central standard, to which it is attached by a hinge, a slight incli-
nation of the plough causes it to fall over either side as required ; as soon then
as the wheel falls into the furrow, the lock-stop falls over and holds it rigid
in its position. It is always more or less difficult to convey to the reader a
clear idea of an implement by description. We fear our explanations may lead
him to conclude that The Excelsior plough is rather an ingenious eccentricity
than a simple practical implement ; if such is his impression, we must correct
it by drawing his attention to the draught as compared with an ordinary
plough — a remarkable fact considering the extra weight of the iron mould-
board — and the Judges were unanimous in their approval, both of the mecha-
nism and the quality of work performed. Fig. 50 shows the jointed axle of the
fore-wheels and the self-acting lock ; a a the jointed axle ; h the self-acting lock.

Fig. 50.

I have omitted to notice that Mr. Davey introduced a novelty in his
skim coulter, which he places behind, instead of before, the ordinary coulter,
and between it and the breast. His argument is that, in this position, the
skim coulter, dealing with the edge of a moved or loosened surface, meets with
less resistance than when cutting a slice out of the solid gi-ound. The differ-
enee between placing the skim before or behind the coulter is an increase or
reduction of 23 lbs. in the draught. This skim coulter is double-faced (see
Fig. 51), and therefore operates on the furrow as thrown on either side of the
beam.

Although one-way ploughing is not either necessary or desirable on level
land in ordinary work, it w^as suggested by one of the Stewards that such an
implement would be very useful for working up the headlands of lands culti-
vated by steam-power. In all cases where a level surface is desirable, such
as in preparing land for laying down to grass, the one-way plough will also
prove valuable. The cost, including everything, is 8?. 7s. Qd.

Figs, 62 and 53.~Elevalion and Plan of Duvcy's One-iuay Single-furrow Plough, No. G60.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull 567

53.— Plan.

568 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, Sfc., at Hull.

Fig. 52 shows the plough in elevation seen from the right-hand side of the
beam. The position of tlie elevated mouldboard and its action on the coulter
by means of the lever-rod b will be seen.

Fig. 53 is a view of the plough as seen from above.

big. .54 is a detached viev/ of the coulter-lever, a is the shank, which passes
down through the beam, and is supported by a ]iin, a\ through the coulter-
boss, and IS adjusted for turning from right to left by means of two set
screws, a?. The lever, e, is hung on a stud, c, in front of the coulter. The
coulter can be placed in a more or less vertical position bj' means of a slot.
The shank bearing against the set screw, raises or depresses the coulter-
blade as may be required. The end ot the lever, V-, is brought into collision
with the breast, and by the revolution of the latter is carried from right to left
or vice versa.

lig. 54. — T lew of detached Coulter-lever of Dave fs One-way Single-
furrow Plough, No. C60.

Fig. 55 shows the manner in which the mouldboards are reversed, and that
in which the share-shaft is connected with the leverage and universal joint.
This is by the pin, g, which is better shown at Fig. 56, p. 570, giving a plan
of share and share-shaft.

Fig. 57, p. 570, is a view of the coulter, lever, &c. The lettering will be
understood by reference to Fig. 54.

Fig. 58, p. 570, is a longitudinal section of the beam and coulter-boss, with
the set screws, &c.

Fig. 50, p. 570, is an elevation of the share and share-shaft.

hb.~Mode of Beversing the Mouldboards in Davefs One-way Single-furrow Plough,

No. GGO.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull. 569

570 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Ilarroics, §-c., at Hull,

Fig. 56. — View of the Share and Share-shaft of Baveys One-way Sinyle-
furroio Plough, No. 660.

Fig. 57. — View of Coulter, Lever, Ac.

Fig. 58. — Longitudinal Section of the Beam, with the Coulter-hoss and'

Set Screws, dr.

Class XII. — Double-furrow One-way^Plough.

I\Ir. John Davey was here again the only exhibitor. His-
“Climax” double-furrow, turn-wrest, or one-way plough (No. 661)i
merits, however, our praise as a highly ingenious, well-con-
structed implement, which would he very hard to beat. To
effect double-furrow one-way ploughing it is necessary to have
four bodies — two in work and the others suspended ; to make
these change places with ease, to apply simple mechanical arrange-
ments for raising the ploughs out of work, and turning the plough
at the headlands, and to lock the fore-wheel in work, are points
upon which great labour and ingenuity have been expended, and
the result is one of the most perfect implements we have ever
seen. We trust that, by the help of our illustrations, we shall
be able to convey some idea of the plough : —

Report of the Trials of Plonphs, Harrows, at Hull. 57 L

The frame carrying the mouldboards revolves upon a central hearing, which,,
being hollow, allows of a rod passing through it, terminating in a short chain, tO’
the vertical shaft of the fore-wheel carriage. The other end of this rod is
connected, by another short chain, with a movable wheel under the stilts,
which during work occupies a forward position. This wheel is also attached
to a spring which acts as a lock upon the frame. The workman, by means of
a lever-handle attached to the standard of this wheel, brings it into a vertical
position, in which it is held by two small spuds or spikes. By this move-
ment the frame is set free to revolve, and the fore part of the plough is-
raised clear of the ground. The frame is turned round by the workman, and,
being well balanced, this is effected with the greatest ease. The stop on the
furrow-wheel is turned over by the same movement, being attached to the
frame by a small chain, and the fore-wheels assume a level condition. And
now comes into play the most ingenious part of the whole, viz. the self-acting
shoe, which, as soon as the ploughs are raised out of the ground, drops down
by its own weight, and takes a bearing just about in the centre of the machine-
As soon as the ploughs are reversed the workman slightly raises the handles,
thereby setting free the hind-wheel, which, acted on by the spring and the
strain from the rod, flies back to its position under the beam. The beam assumes
its parallel form, and the ploughs would be upon the ground but for the self-
acting shoe, on which and the fore-wheels the whole frame is carried clear of
the ground. The shoe, formed of a small disc wheel bolted to its arm,
revolves, consequently the plough rides round, as it were, on a pivot ; and as
the share enters the ground the shoe is pushed back, and remains clear
of the soil behind the second mouldboard. Fig. 60 shovvs the position of
the shoe during work ; it will be

evident that, as soon as the frame Fig. 60.

is raised from the ground, the shoe
will come forward and take a bear-
ing on the ground. This I have
endeavoured to show by the dotted
lines. The arm of the shoe is
attached to the central bearings.

The plough is made entirely of
wrought or malleable iron. The
horse-track is sufficiently wide,
there being 16 inches from the slade
to the widest part of the mouldboard.

The hind-wheel is regulated by
an adjusting screw. The right-

band beam is adjusted by means of a slot in the transverse jDiece, so that the
width of furrow admits of considerable variation. It should be noticed that on
these transverse pieces at the fore end of the beam are two stirds for the purpose
of locking the frames on to the central beam ; and, to further render it impossible
for any sudden shock to sever the connection, a key or stud is applied to the
hind transverse piece, and acted upon by a spiral spring secured to the central
beam by a collar or set screw. This will be best understood by reference to
the plan of the frame. Fig. 66. It will be seen from this arrangement that the
tension of draught increases the rigidity of the frame. The work done was of
a superior character, and, con, sidering the extra weight of the plough, the
draught was not excessive.

It is hoped that the figures on p. 572 will convey a clearer impression of
the nature and construction of the double-furrow turn-wrest plough than is
possible from description only.

Fig. 61 shows the position of the back wheel and leverage during work.
Tlie rod a, passing through the central tube, indicated by dotted lines, is
connected with the fore-carriage by a bell trap lever b. The hind end of the

...»

572 JRcport of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull.

Figs. 61-66. — Illustrations of Davey’s One-toay Dovhle-f arrow Plough,

No. 661.

Fig. 61.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, IlaiTOics, ^c., at Hull. 573

-5:

— n

rod is attached to the wheel-arm c, the handle of which is slightly raised bj'
the ploughman, and this brings the spikes, d, in collision with the ground
and arrests the progress of the plough; all
further labour is taken from the ploughman
by the onward action of the horses, the plougli
is raised clear of the ground, and assumes the
position shown at Fig. G2.

When the frame is thus elevated, the lock-
ing apparatus is acted upon for unlocking or
removing the rigidity of the wheels. This is
eflected by the chains 1, 1, shown in Figs. 63
and 64, which are hooked to the head of the
plough. As the frame is raised, both locks,
shown at 2, 2, are drawn up from the studs,

3, 3 ; by a slight elevation of the stilts, the
hold of the ground by the spikes of the hind-
wheel is released ; the wheel springs forward by
the tension of the rod, as before described, and
the frame is again let down for the next
furrow. As it descends, the locks fall into
their places on the studs, the wheels are im-
mediately made rigid and adjust the depth of
furrow required. Thus the locking arrange-
ment is perfectly self-acting, viz. self-locking,
self-unlocking, and self-adjusting. Of course
the under part of the shaft, or axle, of the fore-
wheel is jointed.

Fig. 63 shows the lock, as at the headlands,
unlocked, and held to chains clear of the studs.

Fig. 64 shows the lock when the plough is
let down in working position, and the wheels
are made rigid by the lock falling on the stud,
each lock acting at alternate headlands.

Fig. 65 shows the form of the lock.

In Fig. 66 a plan is given of the central tube,
springs, and studs, which will assist the reader
to understand how the plough can be held
rigid in work : a, the spiral springs ; 6, the
key or studs ; c, the studs.

For the results of the Dynamome-
ter Trials see Table II., facing p. 539.

The prize of 5/. was awarded to this
plough.

Class 13. — Subsection G. Double
Mouldboards or Ridging
Ploughs.

The conditions attaching to this
class were that the plough should not ^

exceed 2^ cwt., and should be tested 0

in ridging up land from the flat,

moulding up potatoes, and opening water furrows after plough-
ing. I was unavoidably absent during these trials, and there-
fore do not know the arrangements as to the different tests :

574 Rcj)ort of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^r., at Hull.

certainly there were no potatoes provided for earthing-up ; but the
Judges were able to satisfy themselves as to the merits of the
different ploughs, by the way they raised ridges from the flat.
There were half-a-dozen competitors. A table was made, and the
following particulars were kindly supplied by that experienced
Judge, Mr. J. Hemsley.

Plot 1. Corbett andPeele. PTo. 2848. — Price 4?. 17s. 6d., including two pairs
of mouldboards and three points ; marking-iron, 8s. 6c/. extra. Strong-land
boards, 3 feet 8k inches long ; light-land boards, 3 feet 4J inches ; length of
sole or slade, 2 feet 7 inches ; expansion of wings from 18 to 28 inches ; has
two front wheels, diameter 17 inches. The width of these wheels apart can
be altered by a slot and set screw. The beam is 2k inches by inch.

The plough was not steady in work, and the ridges were indifferently' made.

Plot 2. Mun'ay and Co. No. 3507. — Price 5/. 5s. ; marker, 7s. 6c/. extra;
steel breasts, 12s. 6c/. extra; length of sole, 3 feet 11 inches; beam, 2k inches
by inch, where the body is attached, tapering to 1|- by f inch ; whole length,

11 feet 9 inches. The form of the mould-
boards is peculiar; the breasts, instead of
being convex, are angular, and present from
behind the appearance shown in Fig. 67.

The mouldboards, including point, are 4 ft.
4i inches long; the point being 11 inches.
The width of the mouldboards is altered by
means of a screw tapped into the beam, a
clumsy arrangement, liable to get out of
order after a time. The plough works on
the swing principle, and there is no provision for applying wheels ; this was
a great drawback in the opinion of the Judges, who, nevertheless, were so
])leased with the performance, steadiness in w'ork, and excellence of con-
struction, that they gave the plough a high commendation, w'hich, as there was
only one prize, brings it into second place.

Plot No. 3 was occupied by Mvllard's Plough, No. 4321. — Price 4/. 7s. 6(/. ;
15s. extra, if with steel instead of iron mouldboards. The latter was 2 feet

Fis. 67.

Fig;. 68.

Fig. 69.

a. Screw.

i) b. Arms, the angles of which
ore adjustable by the
screw,
c c. tV'ings.
d. Point.

JRcport of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroics, ^-c., at Hull. 575

'85 inches long, exclusive of the point, which is 10 inches ; giving a total
length of 3 feet Cl indies ; the beam, 3 inches by f inch ; slade, 3 feet 3 inches
long ; whole length of plough, 10 feet. The mouldboards expand from 21 to
2u inches. No marker was supplied ; work very unsteady.

Plot No. 4. Hunt. No. 1634. — Price, Al. 7s. Gd. ; marker, 7s. 6d. extra.
Length of mouldboard, 2 feet 11 inches ; front, 13 inches ; total, 4 feet. Slade,
3 feet 1 inch ; diameter of wheels, 10 indies. The mouldboards expand from
13 to 25 inches, and can be altered whilst the plough is in motion. This is
done by means of an endless screw acting upon two wrought-iron arms shown
in Fig. 69. The action will be understood by a glance at Figs. 68 and 69.

This implement is ingenious rather than particularly useful, as the great
object of such an operation as ridging is to obtain parallel lines for the recep-
tion of the seed ; and save in the case of earthing-up potatoes, and that very
rarely, one cannot imagine the necessity arising for any alteration during work.

The plough head or body is trussed into the beam (vide Fig. *68). Like all
Mr. Hunt’s implements which competed at Hull, the workmanship is very
good, but the Judges considered the implement not sufiSciently strong for all
sorts of land.

Plot No. 5. Batl and Son. No. 1472. — Price, 41. 10s., including cast-steel
breasts, marker, and one point. This is a reasonable, well-made plough ; and
.as it made the hest work, the Judges considered it fairly entitled to the prize,
especially as it made the best water furrow. For this purpose a particular
point was used — namely, Ai inches wide in front and 9 inches across the
wings. The sole measures 3 feet ; the length of the mouldboard, exclusive of the
point, is 3 feet 2 inches ; depth, 12 inches. It has two front wheels, 17 inches
diameter, 16 inches apart, and not alterable. The mouldboards expand from
15 to 24 inches ; the stays for the mouldboards are fixed direct through
the plough-head ; they are a little too forward in position, but secure rigidity.
The ridge was well formed, the soil being brought well up along the face of
the breast ; the width of the point, at its widest part during the operation,
was 7 inches.

E. Page and Co. No. 2632. — Entered, but did not come to trial.

The prize of 5/. was awarded to William Ball and Son,
Rotliwell, Kettering, for No. 1472 "; and G. W. Murray and Co.,
of Banff, N.B., were highly commended for No. 3507.

Class 14. — Paeixg Ploughs.

There were three entries. Messrs. Hill and Smith’s excellent
implement, having none of the ordinary arrangements of a jilough,
was regarded as ineligible for competition, and as having been
entered in a wrong class, being in all respects a broadshare.
This implement has been before the public for many years, and
its merits are well known. The frame is jointed, that portion
carrying the two broadshare bodies is raised out of work by
pressure on the handles. The two blades cut a width of 2 feet
1 inch. The depth is regulated by raising or lowering the
wheel arms. The shares have steel points welded in between
two pieces of iron, and the wearing of the iron tends to keep the
steel bright. The frames made of X wrought-iron plates,
and the cost, with grubbing coulters, is 11. This implement is
open to the same objection as other broadshares, viz., that
rvhilst effectually cutting the surface, the severed soil is not

576 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hall.

turned over, but left so exposed that the first shower causes vege-
tation to start afresh, whereas the paring plough proper not only
cuts off' the surface, but turns it over, or leaves it so light that
the rain passes through it without remaining sufficiently long to
start vegetation.

Ball and Son. No. 1473. — The share or cutting surface is 1 foot 10 inches
long by 16 inches wide, and is provided with a small cutting-edge, 1| by 4
inches, against the land-side and immediately below a wheel coulter, and
ought therefore to secure a clean cut. The blade is steel in a cast-iron socket.
The price of the blade is 9s. The plough is fitted with a common mould-
board. The wmrk was not so well done as might h^ve been expected.

W.IIunt. No. 1633. — The peculiarity in this xdough consists in the mould-
board, whicl\ is concave in the centre, and continued to a flat cutting edge.

The share cuts 10 inches and
the mouldboard 8 inches, mak-
ing a total width disturbed of
18 inches. The work was well
done, but the objection to this
arrangement is the cost of re-
newing the mouldboard and the
difficulty of sharpening the cut-
ting edge. As in the other
ploughs made by Mr. Hunt the
pitch of the share can be altered
by an eccentric acting on the slade. A small cutting knife is attached to the
^ hinder portion of the slade, which is

adjustable. The only advantage of this,
as far as we could judge, was to give a
sort of purchase to the hinder part of the
plough, and so increase steadiness in
work at some inerease of draught.

The Judges, whilst awarding Mr. Hunt the prize of 5Z.,
considered the class an indifferent exhibition.

Class 15. — For the best Ploegii for leaving the Furrow
Slice pulverized.

In this Class there were four entries, three only came to trial,
Lewis and Co. being here as elsewhere absent.

Mellard's Trent Foundry. No. 4322. — This is the American disc jfiough,
which, thoirgh competing at a Koyal trial for the first time,* has been used in
this country for some years, and has attained considerable notoriety. It
was introduced shortly before the Manchester meeting in 1869, and one was
exhibited at work near the Show ground. The nature of the implement, and
the revolving disc in place of the hinder part of the shell board, its peculiar
feature, will be best understood by reference to the subjoined illustrations.
The axle of the disc is earned in a box or collar attached to the beam. The
weight of the soil causes the disc to revolve. That the principle is correct
will be seen by a comparison of the draught of this and the other competing
ploughs, and the reason for the lightness is obvious, viz., the absence of
friction on the mouldboard, and it is the motion to which the soil is subject,

* A Silver Medal was awarded at Wolverhampton, in 1871, to Mellard’s Trent
Foundry Co., for “ the adaptation of the principle of the rotating disc mould-
board, &c.” — Ed.

Fig. 70.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, ^c., at Hull. 577

as well as tlic abrupt character of the front portion of the mouldboard, and
the nearly vertical position of the disc which effects the breaking of the soil.
When the latter is dry and tolerably light the effect is very perfect, but when
the soil is damp and tough very little efect was produced. One can imagine
great advantage in preparing vetch land for turnips, or where turnips have

Figs. 72-75. — American Disc Plough exhibited hj Mellard's Trent
Foundry Company, No. 4322.

Fig. 72.

Fig. 72. Shows an elevation of the body, with the socket for shaft of disc, marked a.
„ 73. Plan of share-front board, and castings to receive the disc supports.

„ 74. Disc and arm.

„ 75. Castings on body to receive arm of disc.

578 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^-c., at Hull.

I)cen consumed on the hand late in the spring to be followed by barley, as in such
cases a seed furrow is obtained by one operation. Again, for stubble ploughing
on some descriptions of land, the disc plough may be usefully employed. The
price, with iron disc, is bl. 15s. ; 10s. extra for steel face, which, however, is
not neeessary or recommended. The fact is that a very smooth and polished
face to the dise is hardly an advantage, since a slight amount of friction ensures
the revolutions of the disc.

Messrs. Corbett and Peele. No. 2849. — This implement has two pecu-
liarities, first in the under side of the wings of mouldboard being serrated,
an arrangement which it is thought helps to break lumps that fall down from
the furrow, hut which in reality has a very infinitesimal effect ; and, secondly,
in the presence of a revolving circular rake, the arm of which works in a
ratchet so as to allow of considerable alteration of the angle. If the object
were merely to make an equable surface the circular harrow might answer

Fig. 76.

very well, but in the case in question the coulter and mouldboard are the
important elements, and these are very much like any ordinary plough, con-
sequently the body of the furrow is not sufficiently pulverized, and the
Judges could see any advantage in “The Little Wonder” as it is called,
combing the surface, but rather an objection for many purposes, inasmuch as
the fine top to some extent, at any rate, interferes with the action of the air
on the soil beneath. The Judges considered that the implement hardly came
within the terms of the offered prize.

W. Ball and Son. No. 1474. — This is an ordinary plough, with digging
breasts of cast iron, fitted with a wrought-iron steeled cutter standing out
5 inches from the breast — the object being to cut the furrow horizontally as
it passes along the breast. The beam is fitted with double coulters placed on
opposite sides. The Judges considered this imifiement a capital digger,
laying up the soil in rough lumps, but not a pulverizer. The price, including
cutter, was 51.

The Prize of ~)l. was awarded to Mellard’s Trent Foundry
(Limited), llugeley, Staffordshire, for the American Disc Plough,
No. 4322. •

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 57V
Class 1G. — Miscellaneous: foe the Best Plough not

QUALIFIED TO COMPETE IN ANY OF THE FOREGOING

Classes.

Only one implement out of three entered came to trial, that ol
Murray and Co. (No. 3508). The object of this implement was
to effect a description of trench-ploughing, throwing manure, &c.,
with from 2 to 4 inches of the surface soil into the trench made by
the previous furrow, and turning another furrow on the top of it.
The implement was so unsteady, and the work so irregular, that
the Judges stopped the trial and withheld the prize.

Section 2. Harrows. — Classes 17-19.

In the ten classes under this section, there were no fewer than
seventy-one entries ; several, however, did not come to trial.
The fallow portion of Field No. 1 was set apart for harrows,
cultivators, and rollers. No dynamometer tests were applied, the
difference in quality of work and mechanism being considered
rather than draught, which could not vary much, and was so
inconsiderable as to be difficult to register. With one excep-
tion, that of the Second Prize in Class 19 (Chisel Harrows),
V-shaped teeth were employed in every prize implement, and
it does not require much demonstration to show the correctness
of this form. The object of harrowing, pure and simple, is
either to break up lumps of soil already on, or near the surface,
or to bury seed placed in the soil. In either case the wedge-
shaped face of the V-tooth will insinuate itself more readily
into the centre of a clod, and with less consumption of power
than a square surface. The form of the frame and the method
of attaching the teeth varied considerably. In the majority of
cases the zigzag pattern first made by Messrs. Saunders and
Williams, of Bedford, was adhered to. Probably there is no
better, because, owing to the distribution of weight equally
over the whole surface, each tine presses on the ground with
uniform weight ; and secondly, because the heads of the teeth
are made to hold together the bars of the framework. I con-
fess a great liking theoretically for the arrangement first
patented by Seaman, and now used by Larkworthy and others.
The principal feature in this arrangement consists in the zigzag
beams being held in place by hollow tubes, with collars througli
which and the teeth a 4-inch rod passes, terminating in a bolt-
head on one side, and a nut on the other. The teeth are made
with shoulder pieces above and below, which clip the beams, and
are held in place by the rod. There is great simplicity in this
arrangement, and each section of the harrows is held by 5 nuts
VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 Q

580 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroivs, ^-c., at Hull.

instead of 20, as would be the case according to the ordinary
method of fixing by screw-head, teeth, and nuts. The following
illustrations exactly describe the mechanism. This system was

Figs. 78 and 79. — Rlustratiovs of the collar and tube arrangement of
Teeth and Beams in Harrows.

Fig. 78.

Fio;. 79.

Fig. 78 is a view of one of the teeth and parts of the beam, in order to show
the joint; and Fig. 79 is the same as Fig. 78, but with the different parts
detaehed, so as to show eaeh separately. It will be seen by Fig. 79 that the
tooth A is formed with a grooved head, which fits on the side of the beam b, and
clips it tightly, thereby throwing the strain on the tooth directly on the beam ;
the bolt D which passes through both, merely serving to maintain the different
jiarts in their relative position to each other, c is a tube or collar through
which the bolt n, which secures each row of teeth, passes, and which serves to
maintain the harrow beams at their proper distance from each other ; the whole
Avhen put together and the bolt tightened up by the nut e, being almost as
rigid as if in one piece.

adopted by Messrs. Larkwortby, and Cambridge and Parham ;
and as neither were noticed by the Judges, it may be concluded
that the work done by them was not as satisfactory as that done
by others.* Referring to the Judges’ log-book, I find that whilst
W. Ashton’s heavy harrows in Class 4 were credited with 800
marks, those of Messrs. Larkworthy and Co. reached only 700,
and Messrs. Cambridge and Parham were 600. Confining our
attention to the mechanical qualities, the first and second prize
implements in Class 18 will be found credited with 250 and
240 marks respectively, whilst Larkworthy’s and Parham’s were
valued at 200 ; so that it is clear that the Engineers considered
this arrangement the less perfect.

* Since tlie above was written I have learnt that the Judges were unanimous in
their aj>proval of this principle, esiiecially as regards the plan of securing the
fixture of the tines.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 581

Fig. 80.

riie points of merit given for these implements may here be
noticed.

PerfeclioR.

Weight 50

Price '. 100

Mechanical qualities — strength (Engineers’ opinion) .. .. 300

Simplicity (Farmer Judges’ oirinion) 100

Economy in power and drauglit 250

Quality of work done 200

1000

Thomas Hunter, of Maybole, Ayrshire, exhibited a novel arrangement of
framework in the classes for light and heavy harrows.

The tines are driven into a socket or square box, which also
holds the frame bars, as shown in Fig. 80. The four sections
of which this harrow is composed cover about 10 feet, and
cost, according to weight, from 4f. to Al. 15s. The ends
are made with angle-iron, and the only bolts required are
those connecting the frame with the end bars. This
harrow lacks finish, but is strong in construction, and
cheap ; and, provided the tines do not give way, ought to
be serviceable.

Messrs. Hill and Smith, of Brierley Hill, Staffordshire,
showed a strong useful harrow of two descriptions, for
light and heavy work. No. 2076 was furnished with
handles of wrought iron, covering 10 feet of ground,
and costing Zl. 5s. This is a very serviceable imple-
ment ; the liability of the nuts to shake off during work is
provided for by a lock button on the top (Fig. 81).

Messi-s. Murray and Co., of Banff, showed a novel
form of harrow in which the tines were secured in
a somewhat similar manner to those of T. Hunter’s,
the beams being held in place by straps which get
a bearing in the sockets. The following illustra-
tion (Fig. 82) w’ill suffice to explain. Price, Al. 4s.

In Mr. Hunt's harrow, which gained the second
prize in the class for light harrows, the cross-bars,
instead of being straight, are so constructed that
each alternate tooth is in advance of its neighbour ;
in this way the teeth are more completely separated,
and there is less liability to clog. The method of

fitting in the teeth is also deserving of notice. The top bar is tapped, and
the tooth, after passing through the bottom bar, is screwed into it — a nut at

n _

Fig. 82.

2 Q 2

.582 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^-c., at Hull.

the top further completing the attachment. It is evident that should the nut
shake off, as is not unfrequently the case, there is still the thread in the
upper beam to depend upon. The price is rather high, viz. 51. 15s.

Benjamin Reid and Co., of the Bon Accord Works, Aberdeen, gained the
second prize for heavy harrows (No. 2944). The peculiarity of the “ Challenge ”
harrows consists in their being worked either rigid or jointed, to suit in-
equalities of surface, ridges, &c. The beams are made in joints, and the pin
connecting these joints serves at once as hinge and also as holder for the tines.
This will be better understood by reference to the illustration, which shows a
jiortion of the frame in a jointed condition, a shows the wedge ; h, the recesses
or slots on the edge of the tine. Nos. 1 and 2 teeth are shown rigid, the others
are loose.

Fig. 83. — Section of R. Retd and Co.'s Heavy Harrows, No. 2944.

The pin is of steel, and the half of its diameter projects into the recess into
which the tine is placed. Thus in Fig. 84, r is
the recess, p is the pin, the half shown by the
shaded lines projecting into the recess. The
tines are made with recesses or slots on the
edge to fit on to this half of the pin, and when
the wedge is driven up tight on the other side
of the tine, between it and the rece.<;s in the
joint, the tine is held tightly in position.

There are, as will be seen, a number of slots or notches on the edge of the
tines, so that the position of the tines in reference to the frame can be altered
at pleasure. In each joint or hinge, besides the hole for the hinge pin, there
is another hole, and by passing a bolt or pin through these holes the beams
are made rigid, and the jointed character entirely done away with. It will
be seen by Fig. 83 that the two right-hand tines marked 1 and 2 are kept
in a vertical position, owing to the bolts making the beams rigid, whilst the
next two are flexible by the bolts being removed. There is much ingenuity
in this novel arrangement. I'he harrow worked very well, and proved its
suitableness for unlevel surfaces.

Fig. 84.

r p

The distinction between a harrow and cultivator is difficult to
define. Formerly it was held that every tool with curved tines
was a cultivator, and this was a tolerably sound definition, for
it is quite clear that a curved tooth is meant to enter the soil
and deal with matter beneath the surface. Now, however, the
(ihisel and Duck-tooth Harrows, though coming within the list
of cultivators, according to the above definition, are classed as
harrows. “ A rose by any other name would be as sweet,” and.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 58.‘5

whether they are correctly described or no, there is no doubt of
the great value of these implements. And we need only contrast
the admirable specimens shown by Mr. VV. Ashton, of Horn-
castle, with the old wooden Drag Harrow, to be convinced of
their value and economy. It frequently happens that land
which has been ploughed some little time has become consoli-
dated to such an extent that straight-toothed harrows fail to
lighten up the soil sufficiently for a healthy seed-bed ; for such a
case the Chisel Harrow is invaluable. On light soils it acts
as a cultivator, and succeeds admirably, provided the land is not
very dirty ; the only difference between the Chisel and Duck-
foot Harrow is in the termination of the tines, the one being
square, the other rather pointed in the centre.

Mr. ir. Ashtem was highly successful, taking first prizes in three classes —
his chisel harrow being specially commendable for the ease and rapidity with

Fig. 85. — Mr. W. Ashtons Chisel Harrow, No. 2804.

which the depth can be altered by 5 -inch increments. The frame is carried
on wheels, having a crank axle ; a lever handle from the axle carries a spring
catch working in a notched ratchet how. Thus the tines can be worked from
i inch to a foot deep, or taken up out of ground altogether, and the movement
is instantaneous. The foregoing sketch (Fig. 85) shows the implement. The
frame combines strength with lightness, and is equally adapted either for duck-
feet or chisel teeth. The price of this implement is IIZ. Us.

The second prize for chisel harrows was awarded to Messrs. Sharman and
Ladbury’s oscillating diagonal harrows (No. 4358). — This is a strong .serviceable
implement, hut the front of the tines being square instead of V-shaped, ap-
peared to me objectionable, increasing the resistance of the soil. The teeth
are 9 inches long beneath the frame, to which they are attached by square
shoulders, the end being topped and nutted. The frame is 6 feet wide and
carries 25 teeth ; the oscillating motion is very satisfactory ; the work done
was excellent. Price, 61.

584 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroics, ^-c., at Hull.

Awards in Classes 17, 18, and 19.

Class 17. — Light Harrows.

2801. — First Prize of lOZ. to William Asliton, of Boston Row,
Horncastle.

1640. — Second Prize of hi. to Willi.am Hunt, of Leicester.
Class 18. — Heavy Harrows.

2803. — First Prize of 10/. to William Ashton, of Boston Row,
Horncastle.

2944. — Second Prize of hi. to Benjamin Reid and Co., of Bon
Accord Works, Aberdeen.

Class 19. — Chisel Harrows.

2804. — First Prize of 10/. to William Ashton, of Boston Row,
Horncastle.

4358. — Second Prize of hi. to Messrs. Sharman and Lodburj,
of Melton Mowbray.

468. — Highly commended, Charles Clay, Wakefield.

Class 20. — For the best Chain Harrow.

The entries in this class were not numerous. Messrs.
Cambridge and Parham, of Bristol, maintained their position
in reference to these useful implements, which I believe were
first introduced by the late Mr. Cambridge, or greatly improved
by him. At the present day there are two descriptions of chain
harrows, viz., the chain harrow proper, in which the operating
j)arts are the under surfaces of the links only, or aided by disc
wheels between the links ; and a combination of tine and chain,
which is found more valuable in reducing rough surfaces, and
scratching over hide-bound grass land, but is not so well adapted
for the same business as the old brush harrow, inasmuch as the
tines collect the vegetable matter, and are not easily cleaned ;
both are admirable for their particular work.

The harrow (No. 736) with which Messrs. Cambridge and Parham gained
the prize is an improvement on the original chain harrow in the following
respects. The earlier implements were made with solid stretchers, which
prevented the chains following inequalities of surface ; consequently portions
of the work where the ground was unlevel would be missed. Mr. W. C.
Cambridge invented a “jointed” or “flexible” spreader, shown at a a a in
the jdan. Fig. 86. The harrow is made in three parts, so connected by the
said stretchers that no 2 rows of links can follow in the same track, and no
inch of surface is left unworked. This appears to be a point of great merit.
The dividing hooks which connect the top part of the harrow to the middle
portion are of great service, inasmuch as the harrow can be reduced in size by
removing the top part altogether, and bringing back the whipple-tree to the
spreader ; and as the tail part being more constantly on the ground wears out
first this can be renewed and joined on without a blacksmith’s assistance.
The harrow is 8 feet 6 inches long by 7 feet 6 inches wide. The links are of

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^'c., at Hall. 585

square iron, as the angular form is most effective. The front portion is of
iron, and the middle and back portion of f . Price, 4?, 15s. “

Fig. 86. — Messrs. Cambridge and Parham's Chain Harrow, with Jointed
Flexible E.cpanding Bars, No. 736.

586 Rcjiort of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, §'c., at Hull.

that they consider them preferable for most purposes. Fig. No. 87 shows the
arrangement of the tines. The implement is 7 feet 6 inches square. Price, 5h

Fig. 87. — Messrs. Cambridge and Parham's Combined Tine and
Chain Harrow, No. 738.

a. Dividing book. b, b. Spreaders.

W. Hunt. No. 1G41. — Improved flexible self-expanding chain harrow, also
commended. No stretcher rods are required, the links being so formed and.
fitted across the harrow as to keep it rigid at its full width, and at the same

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 587

time allow sufficient play for it to adapt itself to irregularities of the surface.
The harrow is madeof wrought-iron links, fitted on one side with sliding spokes
or cutters, and can be worked either side up. The links can he replaced by
the attendant on the field, and without delay. The width is 7 feet, and the
implemeut costs 4^. 10s.

Henry Denton. No. 1079. — Chain harrow and carriage. Commended. An
ingenious arrangement consisting of a pair of wheels, frame, and shafts ; the
harrow is carried about wound on the spindle. The workman draws it oS
the spindle, and a clutch gear connects the spindle with the wheel when it is
required to be wound up. It is reasonable in price, costing, with the carriage
complete, only 8Z. 8s., and is light in draught. In work the travelling wheels
revolve on the spindle.

Henry Denton. No. 1078. — Chain harrow with tines, entered by mistake
in Class 22, for harrows not qualified to compete in other
classes, and was, therefore, ineligible. This is like Cam-
bridge and Parham’s make in parts ; the front length of
3 feet is constructed of -^-in. iron, and has spikes with steel
points ; the back portion, 4 feet 6 inches long, is composed
of ordinary chain-harrow links made of 3 sizes of iron,f,

and ^in. ; the object of this is that the different weights
tend to keep the harrow straight, which is further provided
for by two |-inch flexible expanding rods. Fig. 88 shows
the form of one of the spokes. Price, 4?. 15s.

Awards.

No. 736. — Prize of hi. to Cambridge and Parham, of St.
Philip’s Works, Bristol.

No. 1079. — Commended, Henry Denton, of Wolverhampton.

No. 1641. — Commended, William Hunt, of Leicester.

No. 738. — Commended, Cambridge and Parham, of St.
Philip’s Works, Bristol.

Class 21. — Drag Harrows.

The entries were numerous. The only prize offered, viz. 5/.,

Fig. 89. — Messrs. E. Page and Co.’s Drag Harrow, No. 2639.

-588 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, ^c., at Hull.

was awarded to Messrs. E. Page and Co., of Bedford, for article
Xo. 2(539, shown in Fig. 89.

Tlie frame consists of two zigzag portions, each with a handle attached to
facilitate lifting np in the event of the tines becoming clogged, and each por-
tion carries 15 teeth. The pecu-
Fig. GO. — Tine and Sochet of Messrs, liarity consists in the tines
E. Page and Co.’s Drag Marrow, being held in malleable castings,
No. 26*39. which are placed between the

cross-bars ; the bars are held
together by a strong bolt and
nut, and the tines are fixed by a
key. This arrangement allows
of the removal of a portion of the
tines, if desirable. The position
of the castings, and the form of
the teeth, will be understood by
the annexed sketch (Fig. 90).
These harrows cover 8 feet. The
frame is composed of | and
i inch square iron, and the teeth,
13 in number, are 16 inches
long. The weight is 3 cwt.
1 lb., and the price 6Z. 10s. The
curved tooth, together with the
weight, causes these harrows to
act- in the same manner as a
light cultivator, to which they
are closely allied.'

(5lass 22. — For the best Harrow not qualified to

COMPETE IN THE PRECEDING CLASSES.

The prize was awarded to Thomas Hunter, of Majbole,
Ayrshire, for Dickson’s Patent Expanding Harrows (No. 2986)
for harrowing turnip drills. They take two drills at a time,
disturb the soil close up to the plants, and are very effective for
keeping the soil open, which promotes the circulation of the air
within it ; but do not answer so well when weeds are numerous,
as the latter choke between the tines and cause constant stop-
])ages. Price 4/. 10.9.

Section III. — Rollers and Clod-crushers.

Here again the entries were numerous. Divided into four
classes: Light and Heavy Rollers, Clod-crushers, and Unqualified
Rollers and Clod-crushers.

Messrs. Barford and Perkins, well known as the makers of the
Water-Ballast Rollers, wei'e very successful, having been awarded
First Prizes in the first two Classes.

TABLE n’.-RESULTS OF TRIALS OF HORSE HARROWS AT HULL, 1873.

8. 1 9. 10.

11.

13.

14.

15.

POINTS OF 5IER1T.

Wi'igbl. 1 PHcc. ami

SlmpUdlj.

<^aUl7 of

REUSiins.

pERFSenOX DCIKO

60. 1 100. 1 800

100.

260.

9^.

lOOO.

XXII.

Mi»n-lliiiii'Oiu

Hckmiws.

407.5

■JMOO

2803

2M1

1382

2076

2^01

43A8

3853

1250

1257

15.sr

2077

1478

1076

20S8

2C39

1285

2079

SI03

5101

4359

1078

2640

1286

W. A^liton

j Wiilidin Hunt

I T. HuhUt

I 0. W. Miimy & Co

E. Togo & Co.

I Combriilgo ^ Parliam ..

{ J. Larkfrorthy

I Kill & Smitli

I Slntilon Iron Woika Company

1 J. Oregoo'

I Asliby, JifTcry, & Luko
5V. Aalitoii

CoTcn 9 ft 6 in. Id 3 (ccUuna. 60 teeth
COTcra 10 ft. In 4 sccliona. 60 tMth ..
CoTcn 10 ft. in 4 sections. 48 tccUi
Covers 8 ft. 4 in. in 5 sections. 50 teeth
Covers 8 n. in 3 seclions. 60 teeth ..
Covers 7 0. 4 in. in 3 sections. CO teeth
Covers 7 n. in 3 sections. 60 teeth ..
Covers 7 n. 6 in. in 3 KCtioos. CO teeth
Covers 7 ft 6 in. in 4 sections. 60 U-eth
Covers 8} n. in 2 sections. 4C teeth
Covers 8 ft. G in. in 2 soetions. 41 teeth

5V. Ashton Covers 10 ft. in 3 sccliotis. 60 teeth..

Den.Reid&Co Covets 9 ft in 3 sections. 45 teeth .. ..

J. Lorkfforthjr Covers 10ft. Cin. in 3 scclious. CO teeth

Hill & Smith Covers 10 ft. 4 in. in 3 sections. CO teeth .

Cumbridgu A Purhaiu .. .. I Covers 0 fl. C in. in 3 sections. GO tcith ..

.. Covers 10 ft. in 4 sections. 48 teeth.. ..

Covers 8 ft. in 4 sections. 60 tovth ..

Cove rs 10 ft. 10 in. in 3 sections. 72 teeth

T. Hunter ..

Mnidon Iron Works Compony
E. PngcACo.

W. Ashton

Shimnnn A Lndbury .

Charles Clay

W. Ashton

Cnrnhridgo A Purlmm ■

Charles Clay

Iloilgson

E. Page A Co.

Gregory

J. Rohinsou

J. Wildcrpin

J. WadcTiiiu

J. L. Lorkworlhy ..

Hill A Smith

Willhiin, Ball, A Son .

Covets C ft. in 1
Covers 8 ft in 1
Covers C ft. 6 in.
Covers 10 ft. in !
Cavers 5 ft. 3 In.
Covers 7 ft. 9 in.
Covers 7 ft. in 1
Covers 8 ft. in 2
Covers 8 R. in 2
Covers 5 R. !n 2
Covers 4 ft. 6 in.

Covers 9 ft. 6 i
Covers 9 ft. C i

section. 29 teeth ..
section. 25 teeth ..
in 1 section. 30 teeth
) sections. GO lectli ..
in 2 sections. 30 teeth
in 1 section. 31 teeth
section. 32 teeth
sections. 30 teeth
sections. 42 teeth
scclious. 40 teeth
in 1 section. 18 teeth
section. 15 teeth
in 3 sections. CO teciii
in 3 sections. GO teeth

Cambridge A Porhaiu ..
Cambridge A Parhniu ..

H. l>cnton

Willinm Hunt ■■ ■■

II. Denton

Bayliss, Sons, A Dayliss

E. Poge A Co

J. tiorkworthy ..

Hill A Smith

Perkins A Co.

Shnnuan A Isidbury .
Cambridge A Parliam .
Cambridge A Purham .

William Bull

Hodgson .. .. .

Hunlcr

Charles Clay

H. Denton

E. Poge A Co.

J. lorkworlhy

Covers 8 ft. Gin. x 7ft. Gin

rs 7 ft. 0 in. X 7 ft. 6 in

Covers 7 R. X 7 ft. 6 in

Covers 7 ft

Covers 7 ft. C in

Disqualified.

Covers 8 R. in 2 sections. 30 teeth ..
Covers 8 ft. 2 in. in 2 sections. 40 Ucth

Covers 9 ft. 9 in.
Covers 9 ft. Gin.
Covers 6 ft.
Covers C ft. 6 in.
Covets C ft. C in.

1 2 sections. 50 teeth .

I 2 sections. 40 tooth .

24 teeth

a 2 sections. 30 teeth .

II 2 srclions. 30 teeth ■

ions. 40 teeth .. .

icliuii. 32 teeth .. .

Tokcu 2 rlritlB of potatoes or tuinip rou
iCovera 4ft. Gin. with 11 tines, withl
\ sharpened points.

Covers 7 ft. C m., spiked chain harrow

Covers C ft., with 29ft...

6 10
5 10

1 0
0 0

5 0 0

2 2 0

5 12
5 15

Ko rlctails marks give

Not in working order.

Considered qualified in Class XIX

Price includes cnrringc.

Disquiilified.

Nut in order fur trial. Tino twisted before trial.

Disqualified. Considered qnalilied to competo in Class XIX.

Fint I'tiit.

Teeth screwed inlo lop bar with lock-joint.

first Pr««.
Srcon.1 rrtb

Fifil Pnu. Depth of teeth, 12 inches, nltercd with lover.
Second I’ri:e. Depth of teeth, 9 inches.

Iliijhly Comm«\dtd.

Depth of teeth when at work, 9 inches.

Depth of teeth, 6 inches in front, 7 inches behind]

Depth of teeth, 10 inobes.

Depth of teeth when at work, SJ inches.

Deptli of teeth, 11} ioebes.

Dcptli of teeth when at work, 10 and 12 inches.
Broke down during trial.

Depth of teeth, 9 inches.

First Prite.

Commendcl.

Commended on account of its solMonding.
Cornmemleit.

Firtt Prite. Depth of teeth at work, 10} inches.

Depth of teeth at work, 9} inches.

Depth oflccth at work, 10 inches.

Depth of U oth nt work. 10 inches.

Depth of teeth nt work, 9 inches.

Depth of teeth at work, 11 inches in front, 12 inehes bviilDd.

Firtl Prise.
Twitch gatherer.

* Eutcred in Catalogue, £5.

E.iSTONS AND ANDERSON, Consulting Engineers R.A.S.E.

Table YII.— RESULTS OF TRIALS OF HORSE CULTIVATORS AND SCARIFIERS AT HULL. 1873.

xxvn.

l.lulit I.aiiil
Culli*.ktnri

XXVllI,
llmvy Uiul

1037

aODft

D2I1

51MII)

XXX.

CiiUivnlor
f*forirtpr, lint
■)ualill(«l for
ulla'r rlivMOt.

Ka»k or KxmitiTon.

ri.ar1.iCUy ■■ ..

f'nleman & Mortnn
(.'hnrloa Clay ..

Onriiolt A ..

U. Murray A Compony
H. II. I)<-iitl.»U
K Hall A Boo
Cnraoii A T</utc
Dm. lU-id 1 Cnm]>any
HiUAHmitli .. ..

Williaio Hunt

rtiarlcaCliiy ..

Willlum Hunt
'.ilomnit A Morion
(!. W. Murray
William Aililon ..
MolUnl'a Trent Fuumli
Willinm Dali A Sou
‘urbcU A Poilo .

H. II. Ikmtlmll

('liiirloa Clny .. ..

CoUman A Morton
K. II. Itenllmll

Aililon

Wllliiim Hall A Son

I'karli'S Clny
William Dull A Son
J. «ri-p»ry .. ..

11. I 12. ^ 13.

. ON DYN.AMOM^TKR.

15. 1 16.

17. I 18. ! 19.

POINTS OF MERIT.

Cover* S

Cover* 3
Cover* 3

<*> tinea of 10 in. share*
vritb S tines of'^ in. poInU
., with Ttiiiea of 10 In. shnrua
witli 7 tines nf (I in. sliarat
7 tiues and 10 in. ahnrea .
witli 7 tinea of 2 in. poiiita
with 9 tinea with 10 in. ahoroe.
witli tiiii« with 2} In. points,
with T) lines of .'i} in. ..

0 tinea of 8 in. alitirvs ..

5 tima of 12 in. steel aliarra
b tinea of G in. jiointa ..
with 6 line* of 4 in. poinla
with 7 tiuM ofO in. aliares
With 7 tines of 2 in. i»int*

Covers 3 ft. 0 in

Covers 4 ft. 2 In., or 1 ft. G in., or 4 ft. U in.

;rs 4 ft. 8 in., or 4 fU 10 in., steel and iron tines
Cover* 3 ft. > in.. 3 tiuos, 5} in. shares ..

Cover* S ft. 3 in

Cover* 4 ft. 7 in

in 5 R. G in

Covers S n. .1 in ..

Cover* G ft. 2 in

Cover* 4 ft. 10 in., with 7 tine* of 10 in. slinrcs
Cover* 4 ft. 0 lu.. with b tim-s of 0 iu. wing*
Coran S ft., with 7 tiiio* of II iu. shares
Cover* 4 ft. 4 Id., with 7 tines of 9 in. shan s

(i*b

Paai.|ta.orw«rk

Wtigbt

tVIdlhof

Depth of

Driu^t In

nM.

K?S“

yrmrau''

*"£r.fV£l"

It tignl-

60.

cwt.

ora

Its.

£.

.£

S-1

139-3

291

8*12

788

2 -07

154-8

324

10-82

1109

^.£h

l.'i

^ ••

■10

41)

•3--

g »

£ ch

2-C

148-2

310

8-95

92.->

4-7

223 -G

471

8-07

1408

5G}

3-0

282-5

590

9-08

1785

4-95

287-1

COO

fOliillcd Tines
\Stoel Tinea

10 81
7-53

21G9 \
1519 J

^ p *s

s «

5-4

4G2

11-07

1703

'•

-•= a

Ifi

■■

■1

•=

■■

Slmpllclly.

Implement brake down fu
Implement brake down in Tri(2

Mniks not given in detail.

360. I 1000.

fVr.f Prite.
Bieoilit Pritf.

I shares of 12 inebea, with ti

Sfcoifl Prize.
Uijhhj Comm

I, led.

id 3 iiieliee

Dcjitli of work G iuclirjinnd 3 inehaa.

Depth of work G inches and 3 iaelic*.

Depth of work G inohea and 3 iiiehe*.

Deptli of work G inches and 3 inehca.

Depth of work G inehca and 3 inehM.

Ili'jlily Commended.

1 1 horsea nviuircd when workinit 8 iuelios deep, 2 when

worUng IJ inehca deep.

\I‘'iul Prite. Requires 4 horses wlien working .^inrlic*
deep. 2 horaua when working 2} inolics deep.
\8teo»dPrize. Requires t horses when working 3 inehca
«p with 2 {lOinU, 2 horses working 2} inehca du'p
ilu atmivs.

E.lSTONS AND ANDERSON. Consulting Engiueors R..\Ji.E.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 589

Class 23. — For the best Light Roller.

The first prize was awarded to article No. 140, a Water-Ballast Boiler,
composed of two cylinders, 18 inches diameter, and covering together feet.
The cylinders arc constructed of the best boiler-plate iron, the ends being securely
fastened by rivets. The framework is of cast iron, and the wooden shafts are
secured by 4 strong bolts and nuts. The ability to make the same imple-
ment into either a light or heavy roller by the addition or withdrawal of the
water with which it is ballasted is an important consideration, as we get the
effect of two implements in one. The process of filling is readily effected by
removing a brass plug in the surface of the cylinder. A key fitting the
same is sujrplied with each roller’, and the plug is so countersunk that the
threads of the screw are not liable to be injured by pressure. A funnel is
also supiilied fitting into the hole, and thus the filling is easily accomplished.
The weight can be increased from 8 to 14 cwt. Price, 111. 10s.

Article No, 144, also shown by Messrs. Barford and Perkins, was highly
commended. This is similar in form, only the cylinders are of larger diameter
and open. The superiority of wrought over cast iron for the cylinders is a point
of importance, as the latter is liable to fracture in consequence of any violent
jar. The advantages of a double cylinder are found principally in greater
facility of turning. The frame is precisely similar to that of No. 140. The
price is 13f. 10s. This roller has a seat for the driver, a desirable addition.

The Beverley Iron and Waggon Company were awarded the second prize
in Class 23 for article No. 1383, a Plain Field Boiler, composed of four wrought-
iron cylinders, each 2 feet long and 21 inches diameter. Here, as in the clod-
crushers, the castings which carry the frame and shafts are so arranged as to
take the weight off the horse’s back. The roller costs 121. 10s., and If. extra
if supplied with a driver’s seat.

Mr. W. Hunt, of Leicester, was commended for article No. 1638. This roller
is made with three wrought-iron cylinders. The centre of the shaft is square,
and thus drives the two outside cylinders, an arrangement which tends to
reduce friction. The roller is self-lubricating, .and fitted with renewable bushes
and grease-boxes. The cylinders are 24 inches diameter, and cover 7 feet of
ground. Price, 14f. 10s.

Class 24. — For the best FIeavy Roller.

Here again, as in Class 23, the entries were large.

The Water-Ballast Roller, combining great weight in a reasonable compass,
was evidently most desirable as a heavy roller. Messrs. Barford and Perkins
showed no less than six — three on this principle, and three made of cast metal,
the cylinders being in three parts : the latter are cheaper, but far less effective.
The roller selected for the first prize was No. 147, precisely similar to the
implement No. 140 (which was in a similar position in Class 23), only much
larger, viz. 24 inches diameter. Weight, empty, 11 cwt. ; full, 22 cwt.
Price, 21?.

The Second Prize was awarded to the Beverley Iron and Waggon Company
for Roller No. 1386, which consists of nine cast-iron rings, 2 feet 8 inches
diameter and 8 inches wide, thus covering 6 feet of ground. These cylinders
are placed upon a round axle. The arms have grease-boxes and loose bushes.
This is a very well-made implement. The draught-irons are arranged for
the side-horses to draw directly from the axle, and thus, their work being
independent of the shaft-horse, there is no possibility of his having to bear
unnecessary pressure. Price, 19?.

590 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull.

Messrs. W. Crosslcill and Sons were highly commended for article No. 438, a
30-inch open Holler, covering 6 feet, and costing 18h The cylinder is made
in seven sections. The outside section has bevelled edges to prevent the land
being disturbed when turning. The wooden frame is braced with angle-iron.

Fig. 91. — Braces of Messrs. CrossMlVs Boiler, with Box for Tools.*

with a box in the centre forming a receptacle for tools (Fig. 91). The
standard is arranged so as to keep the weight from off the horse’s back.

Clod-crushers.

The Judges expressed a decided opinion in favour of serrated
over fluted discs. The former broke the clod, whilst the latter
frequently pressed it unbroken into the loose soil.

The machines made by the Beverley Iron and Waggon Com-
pany and by Messrs. Crosskill and Sons, of Beverley, differ only
in detail. The former have, however, some points of construction
that entitle them to the first place.

Article No. 1388, which received the First Prize, consists of a series of
alternate discs hung loosely on the axle, 30 and 33 inches diameter ; the
central holes in the larger discs are correspondingly increased, so that the discs
are level on the ground. The flanges of the larger discs completely cover
the bushes of the smaller ones. The advantage of this arrangement is mani-
fest ; dirt cannot get into the shaft, and the discs are not subject to the same
amount of side- wear at the bosses as was the case formerly. The outer sur-
face of each disc is serrated, the pitch of the teeth being sharp; it also has a
series of teeth projecting sideways, which act perpendicularly in breaking clods,
and in the case of the smaller discs also act as cleaners. The cast-iron sup-
ports for the frame are so made that the back one being thrown more from the
centre, acts as a counterpoise to the weight of the frame and shafts, and tends
to relieve the weight on the shaft-horse’s back, which is further secured b}^
the position of the driver’s seat. The side horses draw direct from the axles.
The bushes of the travelling-wheels are necessary to fill up the space
between the arms and the linch-pins when the implement is in work ; they
cannot be thrown about and lost, as was the case not unfrequently when their
only use was when the wheels were on for travelling. The illustrations (Figs.
92 and 93) will show the arrangement of the alternate discs, the loose position
of the larger discs on the axle, the bush of the travelling-wheels, the driver’s
seat, and the arrangement of bracket to secure counterpoise.

* The box is erroneously shown on one side instead of in the centre. — Ed.

TABLE V.— RESULTS OF TRIALS OF HORSE ROLLERS AT HULL. 1873.

8. 1

10.

11.

72.

13.

14.

Discnii'nox.

xxin.

Light RtflIrK.

OlUlORUO

Nwoeol Exhibitor.

Sue.

VQmbcfBt

Weight-

POINTS OF MERIT.

Remarks.

Finl Prlu.

Second Prise,

Utglily Commendcfi.

Commended.

Considered too heavy as n light roller.

Wefglii. j

SlreugUi.

Simplicity.

(^IKy ot

VarlAllaiu
of Weight

TuUl.

I’erfectiox helvo

loco.

100. '

100.

160.

350.

160.

• MO

i:ws

M-t

law

4390

2«.‘i2

727

143

13X4

2041

13X5

2031

142

Borfonl & Perkins

Bovcrlcy Iron Compnny
Dorfurd & Porkins

Williftm Hunt

Holmes & Son

CothcU & Peolo

Combridgo & rorhani ..
CArford & Porkins .. ..

Beverley Imn Compnny
E. Pngo & Coinpony .. ..

Beverley Imn Compnny

C ft. (j in. in 2 scotioiu*. TVotor bnllnst, 18 in.

diameter, 8 owt empty, 14 cwt full.

Coven 8 ft. in 4 sections, 21 in. diamtlor..

24 in. diameter by ti ft C in. rvide, in 2 sections
24 in. dinmctc-r by 7 ft. tvidc, in 3 soctiuns
It! in. diameter by 7 ft 0 in. wide, in 3 seotioui

1(1 in. dinmi'ter by C ft. 6 in. wide, in 13 sections

l.*< in. dinmeter by 7 ft. wide, in fluted sections
18 in. diameter by G ft. 6 in. wide, in 2 sections

20 in. diameter by 7 ft. G in. wide, in 12 sections

7 ft. wide, in 3 sections

21 in. dinmeter by G ft. wide, in 2 soclious

V %

9 2 0

10 2 0

12 0 0

8 0 0

13 0 0

GOO
13 0 0

17 11) U

12 10 0

13 10 0

14 10 (1
8 10 0

12 5 0
12 0 0
10 10 0

13 10 0

8 15 0
12 10 0

14 14 0

9 10 0

120

100

ino

100

120

100

120

130

120

100

330

310

.300

200

240

230

190

100

140

hio

850

720

700

C30

GOO

550

500

5U0

400

370

300

Barford & Porkins

15 ft. diameter by 0 fL G iu. wide in 2 sectious

XXIV.

147

Bnrford & Porkius

24 in. diameter by G ft. C Id. wide, in 2 sections

11 0 0

21 0 0

(JO

120

330

150

830

Firtl Prise. Water-ballast roller, when full, weighs 22 owt.

Iliiwy RolUrs.

i:wc

Beverley Iron Company

32 in. diameter by 6 ft. wide, in 9 scctitjns

22 0 0

19 0 0

100

145

120

280

725

Second Prist.

438

WilUnm CrusskUI & Sons ..

30 in. diumeter by G ft. wide, in 7 sections

20 0 0

18 0 0

100

120

280

700

IJighly Commended.

149

Bnrford & Porkins

30 in. diameter by G ft. C in. wide, iu 2 sections

14 0 0

33 0 0

100

210

l.)0

G50

Water ballast roller, whou fid

. weighs 30 cwt.

2853

Corbott & Pcclo

2G in. diameter by 6 ft. C in. wide, in 13 sectious

22 0 0

17 5 0

100

120

220

COO

1039

Willinm Hunt

30 in. diameter by 7 ft. wide, in 3 sections

18 2 0

18 10 0

100

120

220

COO

Wrouglit-irou mller, in 3 park

118

Ikirford & Perkins

27 in. diometer by C ft. C in. wide, in 2 sections

12 0 0

28 10 n

100

150

580

Wnte^ba1htst roller, when ful

weighs 2G cwt.

151

Barford & Porkius

30 in. diameter by C ft. 6 in. wide, in 3 tcctions

24 0 0

23 0 0

100

120

150

475

2082

Hill Si SmiUt

3C in, diameter by C ft. G in. wide, in 2 sections

21 0 0

145

300

To /act ]xigi 590.

EASTONS AND ANDERSON, Consulting Engineers R..A.S.E.

TABLE VI.— KESULTS OF TRIALS OF CLOD-CRUSHERS AT HULL, 1873,

Report of the Trial of Ploughs, Harrows, 8fc., at Hull. 501

Fig. 92. — Transverse Section of the Beverley Iron and Waggon
Company's Clod-crusher, No. 1388.

a. Opening of large discs allowing play. i>. Opening of small disc ; same dimensions as axle,
c. Arrangement of bracket to secure counterpoise.

Messrs. W. Crosshill and Sons received the Second Prize for article No. 436.
The discs are also of two sizes ; the larger ones 30 inches, the smaller ones
3 inches less. The difference in the construction is that the smaller discs have
the larger bosses and the larger discs work loose on them ; thus they have
a great deal of play and act as cleaners. The axle works in a removable
bush, which saves the frame from wearing. The bracket-arms are similarly
balanced, as those in the clod-crusher last described, but there is no driver’s
seat, and the side-horses draw from the frame instead of direct from the axle.
The work done was equally good, but in point of detail the arrangements of
the Company’s implement were the more meritorious.

592 Rcjwrt of the Trial of Ploughs, Harrows, §’c., at Hall.

The differences of construction are well shown in the accompanying section
of the discs, with a side elevation of the two.

Fig. 94. — Side Elevalion and Section of the Discs of the Clod-crushers
exhihited hi/ the Deverley Iron and Wagijon Company, No. 13S8, and.
hy Messrs. Cros.sldll and Sons, No. 436.

CliOSKILL. BeI'EHLEY CO.

il/e.ss.ss. Barford and Perkins were highly commended for their Improved
Press- Wheel Cambridge Clod-crusher. This is a powerful roller, 26 inches
diameter, and covering 63 feet. It is similar to Cambridge’s original pattern,
having fluted discs, and it makes excellent work when the lumps are tractable ;
but, when the land is really hard and strong, such implements rather press
the obstructions into the soil than break them. Hence the prizes were given to
clod-crushers with serrated teeth. The frame in this case deserves notice, as
it is made of solid wrought iron, and is fitted with a steerage rod, driver’s seat,
and Stanley’s patent self-acting scrapers. The price complete was 201. 10s.

Class 2G. — For the best Holler or Clod-crusher not

QUALIFIED TO COMPETE IN THE PRECEDING CLASSES.

Although the names of four Exhibitors appeared in the list,
only two came to trial, viz. Messrs. Brigham and Company with
articles Nos. 18G5 and 18G6, and J. B. and J. Sainty with No.
1994 ; and as both are novelties, we may briefly describe their
peculiarities.

3Iessrs. Brigham and Co.'s Roller (No. 186.5) is a Drill Roller ; that is, a
roller specially designed to reduce clods in drills. It consists of two parts,
each consisting of eleven sections, these sections being partly serrated and
partly fluted ; the external discs are fluted, and the sections are much
smaller towards the centre to suit the form of the drill. Fig. 95 will convey

, some idea of the form of the discs.
Fig. 95. — Messrs. Brigham and Co. s
Drill Boiler, No. 1865.

but it represents the second form
shown, as the serrated edges, which
distinguish the prize implement,
are not visible. A careful trial of
the two ])roved the greater efficacy
of tlie serrated discs, which might
have been expected, as it confirmed
the experience in the class of clod-
crushers. The inventors state that

these rollers have proved most effective upon bean, potato, and turnip drills.
The same result is, however, obtained by the use of concave harrows, and

Report of the Trial of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull. 593

it is a question for practical exjierience to decide which is most valuable.
The price is rather heavy, being 'll. 15s.

Messrs. Sainty's invention (No. 1994) is a Heavy Roller, in three parts or
sections, which are relatively in the same position as the wheels and steerage
of Aveling and Porter’s Steam Roller. The two back rollers are hung upon
a double-jointed axle, so that each section is free to adapt itself to irregularities
of the surface. The double joint is in the centre, the ends of the spindle are
attached to a cross-bar of iron, and hung on the frame. The arrangement of
the rollers is highly ingenious, and the action of the jointed axle is perfect in
allowing each roller to reach the holes ; but the construction was seriously
defective, and the front section far too small to allow of turning without
disturbing the soil. Self-acting scrapers, consisting of a series of hoes set
diagonally on a bar, hinged at one end and free at the other, operate by their
weight.

Fig. 9G. — Messrs. Sainty’s Heavy Roller, No. 1994.

zrta — ^

Fig. 96 shows the two hind sections and the jointed spindle. The horses-
draw from the axle of the front section, not shown in the illustration.
The motion was unsteady, and the rollers, instead of working true, were actuated
by a series of jerks. These are details capable of improvement. The cylinders
are constructed so as to hold water if required. We can understand that
such a roller might prove of great use when the surface was unequal. Sup-
pose, for example, a furrow with gradually rising land on each side, keeping
the horse in the furrow, the hind rollers would adapt themselves to the nature
of the surface. The price, which, however, is no criterion as to value, the
machine being very badly made, is stated to be 21. 10s., with If. extra for
the scrapers.

The Prize of lOZ. was aw arded to Brigham and Co., of Ber-
w'ick-on-Tweed, for article No. 1865.

Section IV. — Cultivators and Scarifiers.

The Cultivators and Broadshares shown by C. Clay, of
Wakefield, which were successful, taking first prizes in Classes
I 27, 28, 29, and 30, are identical in construction, and only differ
i according to requirements in width, strength of material, and
the number of tines, one description will therefore suffice.

1 The frame is supported by three wheels, two behind and one in front ; these
H wheels are independent of each other, the arms being attached to the frame by

' a strong loop and screw bolt. Their principal use is to regulate the depth of

i work ; in the larger machines the alteration is facilitated by means of lever

(handles as shown in Fig. 99. Within the frame strong bars work in carriages,
being moved partly round by the action of the lever and arm.

On these bars the tines are fixed by means of a wedge or cotter, and can be
removed, or their position altered, to suit the nature of the work, more or fewer

594 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, at Hull.
Fig. 97. — C. Clay's Cultivator and Broadshare, No. 479.

a. One side of frame.

b. Portion of carriage

c. Section of angular bar actuated by
lever and arm.

d. Wheel arm^ showing attachment
to frame.

e. Tine.

f. Guide holding catch'shown at g.

tines can thus be used, according as the land is clean or foul, or whether a fine
or rugged condition is required. This will he readily understood by reference
to the accom])anying drawing of a tine (Fig. 98) in
Fig. 98. the position for work ; the bent form of the tine is

undoubtedly advantageous, inasmuch as weeds that
come in contact under the surface pass upwards and
backwards ; there is less resistance from the soil, and,
when the lever is up and the tines out of work, they
are placed close uuder the frame and clear of every-
thing (see Fig. 97).

The action of the lever will he host understood by a
glance at Figs. 97 and 99. The latter shows one of the
larger cultivators in work, fitted with the levers to wheels
and fallow hook c. It will be seen that when in work
the lever is in the catch or notch at a. Figs. 99 and 100.
Should it be desirable to raise the tines, either because
of rubbish or at the land’s-end, the lever is released by
means of the handle, and either raised to b or allowed to
take the position shown in Fig. 97. The form of the tines
causes them to turn backwards to such a degree that the stubble, weeds, &c.,
producing the impediment, fall out, and the tines can be let down again into
the soil. This is a point of considerable importance, no time being wasted at
the headland in cleaning the tines.

The pitch of the shares can be regulated by altering the position of the
catch, which is purposely made movable ; all that is necessary is to unloose

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull. 595

the nuts shown at c and n, Fig. 100, which hold the catch in its place on the
guide, and raise it a little higher and fi.K the mus. It will he seen from

Fig. 99. — C. Clays Cultivator and Broadsliare, No. 479.

the illustrations that the leverage is required to keep the tines in the ground, »
and it is a question whether this is so good a jdan as the opposite, where the
position of the tines ensures their entering into work,
and the leverage is exerted in order to raise the tines at
the land’s-end ; in the one case we have the strain of the
leverage during work, which should he very much the
longer period, in the other only when out of the ground.

Still the ability to relieve itself when choked is a great and
I counterbalancing advantage; moreover, the form of the
i tines facilitates the action of the lever, for when the move-

5 ment of the bar brings the weight over the centre of gravity

!1 the weight of the tines themselves completes the required
[1 movement, and all that is necessary on the part of the
j| attendant is to steady the descent of the handle and place
1 the same in the catch.

In Fig. 99 two coupling hooks are shown. The object
of the lower one, marked c, is for fallow land ; by attaching
1 the horses to it instead of the upper one, which is the
proper attachment under ordinary circumstances, the for-
I ward part of the frame is lifted, and the tendency to sink
1 prevented. Various shares can be used, from narrow culti-
vating points to square and Y-shaped shares 12 inches wide. It will be seen
by reference to the tables that Mr. Clay’s position at the head of four classes
i was partly due to the favourable results of the dynamometric experiments.

: The character of the work being equal, that implement which takes the least

poweP must be the best, provided it is sufficiently strong to resist the maxi-
mum strain to which it can be liable in fair work. No doubt the Judges
i were satisfied on this point by the examination of the strength of material and
I workmanship : had they been in doubt, the report of the Judges at Leicester
might have been usefully consulted. We venture to quote their words ;

“ These implements were tried on a piece of tare stubble, from which the
. crop had been recently removed, and which was in a tolerably friable state
on the surface, but exceedingly hard and tough below : so much so that only
I two out of the eighteen selected for trial were able to withstand the severity of
j the strain.” Those two were Bentall’s and Clay’s, which were placed accordingly.

VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 K

Fig. 100.
Patent movable
Catch.

596 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull.

In Class 30, the Prize was offered for the best implement for
cultivating or scarifying purposes, not qualified to compete in
the preceding Classes. Here Mr. Clay entered an implement
precisely similar as to mechanism with those which had com-
peted before, but fitted with drag teeth. Thus showing the
adaptability of the implement for a variety of different opera-
tions, each of which is equally well performed. A farmer
buying one of these Cultivators, with all necessary appliances,
has a cultivator, broadshare, and drag-harrow comlrined, all
easily worked and thoroughly efficient. We object to a combi-
nation, when quality of work is sacrificed to obtain it ; but it is
highly meritorious when the same implement is perfect in three
distinct operations.

Messrs. Coleman and Morton, of Chelmsford, have been long known in
connection with an excellent cultivator. The lifting apparatus consists of a
strong central beam, held in brackets on either side of the frame, and actuated
by a lever handle. The tines, or prongs, five in number, are connected with
the beam by rods fi inch by f inch attached to their upper end ; each tine is
suspended to the frame by a screw-bolt working in a slot, which allows the
requisite freedom of action. The depth of the tines in reference to the frame
can be altered according to the hole through which the screw-bolt passes,
altering at the same time the point of connection between the top of the tine
and the connecting rods. The tines are made both of cast and wrought metal.
Shares of great variety are supplied, so as to effect a variety of operations.

Tig:. 101. — Elevation of Messrs. Coleman and Morton’s Cultivator,

No. 3093.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, S^c., at Hull. 597
Fig. 102. — Plan of Messrs. Coleman and Morton's Cultivator, No. 3093.

The depth is regulated by altering the stop in front of the lever handle, and
so keeping the tines in a more upright or forward position. When required
to clear the ground at the land’s-end, or when travelling, the lever handle is
pulled down sufficiently to allow the stop being inserted in the hole shown in
the elevation (Fig. 101).

There is great simplicity and strength combined in these machines, nothing
more than the bending of a tine from contact with a root or fast stone need
be apprehended. It will be seen by reference to the tables that the draught was
greater than with Clay’s cultivator, and it was this which in great measure
decided the relative position of these machines.

Murray and Co. showed a complete novelty in their cultivator (No. 3510)
for light land, which, though not in the prize list, was thought deserving of a
careful trial, and made good work. We trust to he able to make our readers
understand the peculiar construction of this implement by means of two illus-
trations showing a side elevation and plan (Figs. 103 and 104). The centre
frame is formed of a round ring of flat iron on its edge, having an angle-iron
bar 21 inches square extending right across the same, framed and braced
together, to which the tines or radial breast arms are attached ; this, which
may be distinguished as the lower frame, is held together quite independently
of the upper frame, consisting of the beam, crank axle, wheels, lever, handle,
and stop, all which parts are framed together , but separate from the lower
frame ; the two are attached together by a large stud or boss in the centre,
upon which the under frame turns when required, like the fore-carriage of a
four-wheeled machine, the object of this freedom being that the radial arms
can be made to follow each other in a narrow track, viz., only covering 3 feet
2 inches, or the frame can be set to take nearly 5 feet, according to the angle
in reference to the line of draught ; this is a highly ingenious arrangement.
The two frames are made rigid in work by a bolt, sho^vn at a in Fig. 103,
which goes through the beam and the rings of the lower frame. The depth
is regulated by a movable stop shown at b in Fig. 104. The form of tines
and breasts used, both for this implement and for a heavy-land cultivator,
are peculiar. They are formed of steel plates like the mouldboard of a plough,
and terminate in a diamond point. Fig. 105 shows a plan of the share. The
plates are also twisted like a plough-board, but the angle is more acute. The

2 R 2

598 Report of the Trial of Ploughs, Harroios, ^c., at Hull.

Fig. 103. — Plan of Messrs. Murray and Co.’s Cultivator, No. 3510.,

A. Bolt for securing rigidity in work.

D. Circular frame.

c. Angle-iron bar to which tine bodies are
bolted.

d. Axle carrying crank arms, and to which
the beam
K is braced.
f. Kadial breasts.

Fig. 104. — Side Elevation of Messrs. Murray and Co.’s Cultivator,

No. 3510.

A. Lever handle, with spring catch, to fit into
stop.

B. Adjustable stop-bar, with stop to regulate
depth.

b. Mode of adjustment.

0. Connecting-rod, for altering position of
fore-wheel.

Report of the Trials of Flourjhs, Ilarroics, at Hull. 599

advantages claimed for this peculiar breast and point are, that no matter at
what anp;le the lower frame is fixed, the diamond point and a sharp cutting
edge is always facing the work. The action of the radial breasts is to lift the
soil and leave it particularly light, and in a favourable condition for atmospheric
action. In dirty land there is no possibility of choking, and the
weeds run up the face of the breasts, and owing to the twisted
form they clear well : this answers well for certain operations,
but before Mr. Murray’s cultivator can be made adaptable to a
variety of different conditions, it%iust be furnished with addi-
tional tines and shares, such as narrow chisel points, broad
flat shares, &c. The crank axle also requires alteration, being
too long and weak. The travelling wheels are 2 ft. 10 in. dia-
meter, with wrought-iron spokes and 2j in. rims. The price
marked in the catalogue is 10Z.“10s.

Corbett and Peele. No. 2855. — This firm exhibited similar
implements in both classes of cultivators, differing only in the
substance of iron employed in the frame ; this was not suffi-
ciently strong for heavy land, but the article under review,
which competed in Class 27, was much noticed by the Judges,
and one of the four selected for final trial. The chief novelty consists in the
arrangement for lifting the frame, which is effected by a crank axle of hind
wheels, and by a leverage on the fore-wheel carriage arm ; a chain attached to
the top of this arm runs under a pulley-wheel on the cultivator frame, and termi-
nates by a rod on the lever arm from the wheel axle ; by pulling down the lever
arm the fore part of the frame is raised, by the chain lifting it up ; and the
travelling wheels are brought forward into a vertical position, by which the hind
portion of the frame is raised. Depth in work is regulated by fixing the lever
handle by a pin or stop bar. The following sketch (t'ig. 106) made in the
field, and not drawn to scale, will give a better idea of the mechanism.

Fig. 106. — Messrs. Corbett and Peele's Cultivator, No. 2855.

The drawing shows the implement as at work ; a is a side elevation of the
frame ; b, the pulley-wheel working in a bracket or frame under which the
chain, c, travels ; d is the front wheel arm to which the chain is attached ; e is
the lever handle ; f the stop bar,

W. Hunt. No. 1636. — Here again we have an in<renious levera<Te, which
will be understood by reference to Fig. 107, p. 600. The principle is^much the

600 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrou's, &fc., at Hull.

same as in Corbett’s implement, viz., the lever handle acts upon the front
wheels at the same time that it alters the position of the crank axle of the
hind wheels.

A stud or pin in the front wheel arm holds the end of the first lever, whose
fulcrum is shown at a ; the second lever passes through a strong central
bracket, or standard, its fulcrum being the point of attachment at b, the
hinder portion of the bracket being pierced with pin-holes allows of the lever
being held in place when raised out of work, and a spring, c, in the lever
handle locks the lever in work. It will be ^en by the drawing, which repre-

Fig. 107. — Illustrating the leverage in 3Ir. W. Hunt's Cultivator,
No. 1636.

sents the cultivator at work, that the lever arm of the second lever is raised
when the frame has to be taken up, and the arm of the first lever is similarly
depressed. The power required is very small, owing to the mechanical
advantage of the leverage.

This implement carries seven tines, capable of being fitted with different
shaped shares, according as the object is cultivating or broad-
Fig. 108. sharing. The fonn of share used during trial combined both
the point and the wing, and represents one of the most useful
of the series (see Fig. 108). The frame, which is of wrought
iron, is intersected with strong angular braces, and the slots for
the insertion of the tines are solid and strong.

Murray and Co. No. 3511. — This cultivator has a construc-
tion totally different from that of the one exhibited in the
lighter class ; the frame, composed of curved iron bars, is not
adjustable, but very strong and rigid, both on account of the
strength of material used and the way in which it is braced.
The radial breasts are employed, but the arrangement is different ; instead of
following one another, and all being twisted in the same direction, we have one
central breast — two in front and two behind, and these pairs are twisted in
opposite directions, and thus throw up the land in small ridges. Ihe Judges
were much pleased with the nature of the work, and considered it would be of
essential use on strong land.

Fig. 109 shows a plan of this cultivator, not drawn to scale or absolutely
accurate, but sufficiently so to give an idea of the construction of the imple-
ment. The five radial breasts are shown in about the positions they would
occupy. Tlie leverage for turning at the land’s-end is not shown, but can
readily be understood as acting on the crank arms of the travelling wheels.
Price, 121. 12.?.

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harroios, Sfc., at Hull. 601
Fig. 109. — Plan of Messrs. Murray and Co.’s Cultivator, No. 3511.

For the Results of the Dynamometer Trials of the Cultivators
see Table VII., which is printed at the back of Table IV.,
facing p. 588.

Awards.

Class 27. — Cultivators for Light Land.

473. — First Prize of 15/. to Charles Clay, of Wakefield.

3093. — Second Prize of lOZ. to Coleman and Morton, of
Chelmsford, Essex.

Class 28. — Cultivators for Heavy Land.

478. — First Prize of 15/. to Charles Clay, of Wakefield.

1637. — Second Prize of 10/. to William Hunt, of Leicester.

3095. — Highly Commended, Coleman and Morton, of Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Class 29. — Broadshare.

479. — The Prize of 10/. to Charles Clay, of Wakefield.

3095. — Highly Commended, Coleman and Morton, of Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Class 30. — Cultivators or Scarifiers. Implements not qualified
to compete in the preceding Classes.

480. — First Prize to Charles Clay, of Wakefield.

1184. — Second Prize to W. Ball and Son, of Rothwell,
Kettering, Northamptonshire.

G02 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^-c., at Hull.

Section V. — Digging Machines, Class 31.

One entry, namely, Comstock’s Rotary Spader, No. 1252,
manufactured and exhibited by Messrs. Porter and Co., of Lincoln.
This implement was, we believe, first exhibited at the Bury
Meeting in 1867, when it was submitted to trial by the Miscel-
laneous Judges, who, however, made no award. In light soils
the tines or diggers enter the soil readily, disturb the land to a
considerable depth, as much as 6 or 7 inches if required, and
leave it in a finely-pulverized condition. As we had not an

Pig. 110. — Comstoclc’s Rotary Spader, No. 1252.

E. Main axle forming fulcrum for btflUcrank
F and G.

H. Hand-wheel.

J. Counter-chain.

J. Spring seat for driver.

K. Steerage-wheel.

A. Transverse bar carrying the diggers.

B. Links at end of transverse bars forming
endless chains.

C. Hollers on short arm of transverse bars,
which work over cams to give the necessary
pitch to the diggers.

D. Chain-wheel fixed on main axis of machine.

opportunity of examining this machine, we reproduce an account
which appeared in ‘ Engineering ’ of September 1867, and, by the
aid of the illustration (Fig. 110), trust to convey some idea of the
mechanism and mode of operation, which is very ingenious : —

“ The digging portion of the Spader consists of a number of forks or prongs
fixed to a series of transverse bans, which are connected at their extremities by
links, so as to form an endless cliain. This cliain is led over chain-wheels-

Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, §’c., at Hull. 603

fixed on the main axis of the machine, and, as the latter is drawn forward, the
forks arc successively forced into the ground. The ends of the transverse bars
carry short arms provided with rollers, which work over fixed cams, these
cams being something of this Q shape. The effect of the cams is to give
the prongs a motion somewhat resembling that of the floats of a feathering
paddle, causing them to enter the ground fairly, and to tilt over as they rise
from it, and thus thoroughly break up the soil. When the machine has to be
turned, or whilst it is being moved from place to place, the diggers are raised
clear of the ground by a simple lifting arrangement designed by Mr. Porter,
The travelling-wheels are carried by the shorter arms of a pair of bell-cranks,
placed one on each side of the machine, these arms lying horizontally when
the machine is in work, at which time the longer arms stand vertically. The
upper ends of the longer arms are connected by chains to a pair of small
drums, placed on a shaft carried across the front part of the machine, this
shaft being capable of being rotated when required by means of a hand-wheel
acting through bevel-gearings.

“ The main shaft, carrying the wheels around which the diggers travel, passes
through the angles of the bell-cranks, and thus forms the fulcrum on which
the latter work. When the diggers are to be raised clear of the ground, the
longer arms of the bell-cranks are, by means of the chains and hand-wheel,
hauled down into a horizontal position ; this operation bringing the shorter
arms vertical, and causing the wheels carried by them to take the weight of
the machine. By turning the hand-wheel the other way, the machine can be
readily lowered again, counter-chains serving to bring the bell-cranks into
their former position.”

The friction of the endless chain passing over the chain-
wheels appears to be very great, judging from the noise, and
we should anticipate serious wear and tear. No tests as to
draught were applied, as the Judges decided to withhold any
award. The machines are made in three forms. No. 1, for
light land, costs 35/. ; No. 2, for strong soil, taking the breadth
of four ploughs, costs 45/. ; No. 3, adapted for steam-power,
costs 120/.

Section VI. — Potato-ploughs (Cl. 32), and Diggers (Cl. 33).*

The trials of these implements were postponed until Septem-
ber 30th, when they took place on the farm of Mr. John Wells,
at Booth Ferry, Howden. Out of six implements entered to
compete in Class 32 and five in Class 33, only three of the
former and two of the latter were eventually sent to trial. One
of the Judges, Mr. T. P. Outhwaite, was prevented from being
present at the trials, which were therefore conducted by Mr.
T. C. Booth, of Warlaby, Northallerton, and Mr. J. Hemsley,
of Shelton, Newark. The ploughs were first tried upon a plot
of Regent potatoes with the tops quite dead, but with a con-
siderable quantity of chicken-weed upon the surface. They were
then taken to a field bearing a splendid crop of Paterson’s

* The Report on Section VI. has been compiled from information furnished by
Mr. Booth and Mr. Hemsley. — Ed.

(504 Report of the Trials of Ploughs, Harrows, ^c., at Hull.

\ ictoria potatoes, the tops of which were not ripe and very
rank ; but unfortunately, on being raised, the tubers were found
to be extensively diseased. In Class 32, the Prize of lOZ. was
awarded to Messrs. Corbett and Peele, for their plough. No. 2858,
having a single mouldboard, and fitted with their “ Little
Wonder” revolving fork (see description and figure of article.
No. 2849, p. 578), the price complete being 8/. A “High Com-
mendation ” Avas also awarded to Messrs. Corbett and Peele for
their double-mouldljoard plough (No. 2857), fitted with two
revolving forks, price 8/. complete. The Judges attached the
“Little Wonder” revolving fork to an ordinary plough for
raising potatoes, and found it a very useful addition, making a
saving in manual labour, OAving to its breaking up the ridge
ploughed out, Avhich therefore Avould not require to be scratched
doAvn by hand. It Avas also considered a great advantage to
haA^e the tubers placed, as by the single-mouldboard plough, all
in one heap, being then more conA'eniently placed for gathering
than Avhen throAvn out on both sides by the double-mouldboards.
The single-mouldboard plough Avas further regarded as better
adapted for ploughing all the roots up, in the event of it not
being conAenient to gather them immediately after ploughing.
No aAvard Avas made in Class 33, for the best machine or digger
for raising potatoes ; but the Judges think that one of the
implements brought to competition is capable of improvement,
though at present only useful on light soils Avhen very clean.

Before concluding the Report, I A enture to draAv attention to
the highly instructive facts deducible from the dynamometric
trials, particulars of Avhich have been furnished by Messrs.
Easton and Anderson, the Consulting Engineers. Reference to
the report of trials of steam-cultivating machinery at Wolver-
hampton, in 1871, affords a comparison of the relative power
required to execute a certain amount of work by implements
driven by steam-poAver, by double and single-furroAV horse-
ploughs and other implements, and thus gives a relative idea of
the economy of the different implements : —

At Barnhurst.

At Stafford.

The avernge ft.-lbs. of work indicated per lb. of )
earth dug or ploughed by steam /

17-7

21-7

The average ft.-lbs. per lb. of earth cultivated

15-2

20-3

It must be borne in mind, in making a comparison, that the
results are affected by the nature of the soil, and therefore
the greater amount of poAver expended at Stafford where the land

Report of the Trials of Plouffhs, Ilarrotrs, ^'c., at llidl. G05

was strong, in doing similar work, than at liarnhurst, where
the soil was comparatively light : —

Implement.

No. of Field.

Ft.-lbs. per lb. of
soil moved.

Medium double-furrow ploughs

No. I

12-08

Heavy ditto

Do.

13-5

Single-wheel ploughs

Do.

17-3

Single one-way plough

Do.

15-45

Double-furrow one-way plough

Do.

16-45

Pulverizers

Do.

16-38

Single-wheel ploughs

No. 4

13-87

Swing ploughs

Do.

15-

Light-land cultivators

No. 1

9-30

Heavy-land ditto

Do.

9-58

These figures may be considered as heights in feet to which
every pound of earth moved should be raised in order to represent
the work done. The only discrepancy in the above appears in
the trial of single-wheel ploughs in fields Nos. 1 and 4. We
should have expected exactly opposite results, since the soil in
No. 1 was the lightest.* However, taken as they stand, without
attempting to explain this anomaly, these figures are very
significant of the relative advantages of double and single-
furrow wheel-ploughs, and of wheel and swing-ploughs. If we
compare, for example, the lighter double-furrow and the single-
wheel plough in No. 1 field, the difference in favour of the
double-furrow plough is as nearly as possible twenty-five per
cent., and we are inclined to regard this as correct, since it is
confirmed by some experiments at the Caistor ploughing match
on the Lincolnshire Wolds in 1871, which gave —

The average of the three best double-furrow ploughs .. 10‘6 ft. -lbs.

The best single- wheel plough on the ground 14'91 „

* In reference to the above, Mr. W. E. Eich, who looked after the working of
the d3'namometer, offers the following explanation, he says : “ I believe the fact
of the ft. -lbs. of work per lb. of earth moved being larger in No. 1 field, on vetch
stubble, than in No. 4 field, very hard second year’s seeds, which does at first
sight seem strange, may be satisfactorily accounted for. In No. 4 field, which
was cracked and very hard-baked by the sun, the occasional draught on the
ploughs was extremely severe, but was never long continued, and was nearly
always succeeded by very light draught, as the obstructive mass of earth gave
way, and broke out in large brittle flakes, sometimes one foot long ; we noticed
this in No. 4 field very much. The dynamometer disc was constantly jumping
backwards and forwards w'ith the variation of load from very heavy to very light
draughts: the result, however, proved always that the mean draught was less
than in No. 1 field. If I am right in my opinion, a plough is more liable to fracture,
and the horses have to submit to more jerking and occasional very heavy draught
in a field baked dry and hard with sun-cracks, than in a milder and moister clay
soil; but the actual work done by the horses in the dry hard field will be less
than the soft one — in the one it is ploughing glass, and in the other india-
rubber.”

COG Rcj)ort oil the Trials of Comhined Stackivf/-Machines

Experience has proved that double-furrow ploughs are most
applicable to light and medium soils, and it is easy to under-
stand that the advantages in economy would be more marked
under such favourable conditions than when tried on com-
paratively strong land. The fact that swing-ploughs consume
more power for a given amount of work than wheel-ploughs is
probably owing to their being less steady in work, and is a
strong argument against their use ; indeed, looking at this fact,
and the greater skill necessary for their management, one is
at a loss to imagine arguments in their favour, save under
exceptional conditions, such as the sticky condition of the land,
causing the wheels to clog and drag, and under such cir-
cumstances the attempt to execute work at all is probably a
mistake.

The comparison between the dynamometer trials at Hull, and
the indicator returns at Wolverhampton, is defective to this
extent, that the conditions under which they were taken differed
materially ; thus, in the former, the dynamometer was placed
between the implement and the rope, whereas in the latter the
friction of the rope was recorded in addition to the actual work
of the implement. Of course it may be said that the distance
of the implement from the power is a feature of the system ; but,
though this is so, it must not be forgotten that the experiments
at Hull were carried out by steam-power, a more steady draught
than that of horses, and consequently the records were more
favourable than would actually be the case in practice.

XXI II. — Report on the Trials of Comhined Stacldnej-Machines
and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull. By CllARLES GaY
Roberts, of Shottermill, Haslemere, Surrey.

In the Report on the trials of implements last year at Cardiff, it
was stated that the trials of the threshing-machines consumed so
much of the time allotted to judging that it was impossible to
give the stacking-machines as full a trial as they deserved. In
compliance with a suggestion made last December at the general
meeting of the Society, the Council offered this year a special
prize of 25/. for a “ Combined Stacking-Machine ; to be tried
with sheaf-corn, hay, and loose corn and straw, and worked by
horse-power; and adapted for use in conjunction with <a steam
threshing-machine, if required.” This repetition of the trials
was fully justified by the result, for, in spite of the counter
attractions of the Vienna Exhibition, there was a much larger
entry than we had at Cardiff for the same class of implements.

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

607

At Cardiff, 13 elevators to be worked by horse-power were
entered by 11 exhibitors ; 10 of these macliines were brought to
trial, but, as 3 of them were pitchforks raised by ropes, there
were only 7 machine-elevators competing for prizes. At Hull,
31 entries were made by 15 exhibitors, and though some of these
were withdrawn as being virtually duplicates, there remained
for competition 15 machine-elevators by 12 exhibitors.

The four other small implements that acted as pitchforks were
not fitted for use in conjunction with a steam threshing-machine,
and should not therefore have been entered in a class for com-
bined machines.

This great increase in the number of entries corresponds
to the very rapid increase that has been noticeable within
the last twelve months in the general use of such machines
upon the farm. Although on some railways two truck-loads
instead of one have been charged for each elevator, and on other
lines the rise in the ordinary rates of carriage have told heavily
against their transit, yet the elevators have lately been common
objects at most goods stations. We were, however, told by
some exhibitors that the high rates had almost stopped sales far
from the works. If it should be the case that the makers are
thus brought to rely chiefly upon a local demand, it is clear that a
very great public advantage may be obtained by their competing
together on the trial ground ; and after the trial more than one
of the unsuccessful competitors expressed satisfaction at having
entered for it, as they now saw how they might introduce many
improvements in their own elevators. The trials were super-
intended by Mr. W. J. Edmonds, the Senior Steward, and were
conducted by Messrs. Henry Cantrell, Charles G. Roberts, and
Matthew Savidge, all of whom had been connected with the
trials in this class last year ; two of them as judges and one as
1 reporter. Mr. William Anderson acted as Consulting Engineer ;
j while his colleagues, Messrs. Rich and Wilson, rendered much
I valuable assistance throughout the trial by obtaining much of
I the information embodied in the first part of the table of results
1 facing page 612. The trials were conducted in the rickyard
of the Priory Farm, near Hessle, in the occupation of Mr. James
1 Dunn, whose nephew, Mr. W. Dunn, gave most efiicient help to
our Assistant Steward, Mr. Elphick, in superintending the horse
and manual labour needed to bring up and remove the imple-
! ments, and secure a constant supply of hay, straw, and corn, for
testing.

On the morning of the 7th July, at a consultation among the
I Stewards, Judges, and Engineer, the following scale for points
I of merit was adopted, and a copy affixed at the entrance of the
rickyard.

GOS Rejiort on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

PorsTS OF Merit.

Perfection Points
, being. | awarded.

Weight

Price

^Maximum height at which it will deliver

Stability, strength, and mechanical qualities. (Engineers’

opinion)

Simplicity. (Engineers’ and Judges’ opinion)

Mechanical efficiency and freedom from friction

Absence of tendency to shake out corn

Completeness of delivery of straw, &c., and absence ofl

choking of chains and forks J

Protection from action of wind, tending to scatter the]

straw, &c )

Delivery at any angle

Size when packed

Totals lOOO

Notice.

Each machine is to be brought to position folded as for travelling.

A first trial will he made with each machine with hay and straw not weighed.

A second trial will be made with each machine with numbered sheaves of com.

Final trials will then be made with selected machines with weighed sheaves of
corn, and, if considered necessary, with hay and straw again.

At the same time experiments will be made to determine the power required.

Each exhibitor had thus an opportunity of ascertaining before-
hand the exact nature of the trial that would be made. In
order to test the elevation of each machine and the cleanness of
its delivery, an arrangement of poles and rick-cloth was made
in the rickyard, as shown in the illustration (Fig. 1), where the
rick-pole on the right hand is marked with a scale of feet, a
rick-cloth is thrown across the horizontal bar, and a rope from
each end of this bar is passed over a pulley at the top and
fastened near the base of the upright pole. By means of these
ropes the horizontal bar was set to any given height, representing
the height of the stack ; all hay or corn that dropped to the
right of the cloth was counted as put fairly upon the stack, all
that fell to the left was counted as wrongly delivered.

In Table I. are recorded the observations made, and the results
obtained, during the three trials of each machine with hay,
straw, and sheaf-corn, respectively. Fifteen machines were tried,
l)ut as one of them failed in each run it is not entered in the
T able.

The machines were parked outside the rickyard. Before
bringing it into the yard each one was folded up as for travelling
or putting away in a shed, and its extreme height, length, and
breadth were measured. These dimensions are entered in column

100 I

50 I

200 i

150 I
150 i
50 I
100 1

609

ayid Miscellaneous Implements at Hall.

Fig. 1. — Illustrating the mode of Trial of Staclciiig-Machmes at
Hessle Priory.

14, and they determined the points of merit in column 30. The
machine was then drawn into the yard, and placed opposite to
the rick-cloth that had previously heen hung 15 feet above the
ground-level. The exhibitor was then told to have his men
in readiness to adjust the machine for work. Two men were
employed for this purpose by each exhibitor, except the one
last on the list. In that case one man did all the work ; but,
though interesting as showing what could be done single-handed,
the performance would have been quite as satisfactory if two
men had done it in half the time ; for, however short-handed a
farmer may be, he will find it better to employ two men at least
to set the machine and its horse-gear ready for work. At a
given signal the men began to fix the horse-gear and to unfold
and raise the trough 15 feet high ; the time thus occupied is
recorded in column 17, and, in conjunction with the construction
of the machine, determined the points of merit in column 25, in
which “ simplicity ” must be understood to mean such ease in

610 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machmes

working as would enable ordinary farm labourers to work the
machine successfully. Some machines require many bolts and
nuts to be adjusted by hand ; in ordinary practice these nuts, as
well as much valuable time, would probably be lost.

As soon as the machine was adjusted for work, a small
waggon-load of loose straw was drawn up and unloaded into the
hopper of the elevator by two men ; an empty waggon was
placed on the farther side of the rick-cloth to receive the straw
as it came over, this waggon when full was drawn round to
supply the same straw again (with the addition of a small pitch
to make up for waste) to the next machine tried. When one-
half of the load had been carried over, the trough was raised to
deliver 20 feet high, and when another quarter had gone the ex-
hibitor was told to raise the trough to the extreme height at
which he thought it could do its work with thorough efficiency.

When the straw was all delivered the time occupied was
noted, and a similar load of hay was brought up to be delivered
at the same extreme elevation. Although the time occupied in
each of the first three runs is noted in columns 18, 19, and 20,
no points were awarded for rapidity of work, for most of the
machines delivered the material as fast as it was supplied, and
the supply was not quite at one pace ; for convenience the same
two men worked alternately at loading and unloading the same
waggon, and before long one pair of men showed themselves
quicker workers than the other two. In the trials with hay and
straw most of the machines did their work fairly, and only one
(No. 4952) broke down, owing to the bad construction of its
horse-gear. The chief difference in these trials was in the com-
pleteness of the delivery and absence of choking of chains and
forks ; with some machines the straw and hay rolled back
towards the hopper, and in others it hung upon the chains and
teeth of the travelling ladder, so that much was dropped on the
wrong side of the rick-cloth. The first fault, that of rolling,
generally showed itself most in the lower half of the trough, and
as it occurred chiefly in machines with short teeth and with the
rake-heads set rather far apart, we at first attributed it solely
to these causes ; this explanation, however, did not seem satis-
factory when we found Holmes (No. 4392) making a perfect
delivery with teeth only 4 inches long. A further examination
proved that this tendency to roll the straw in a great measure
depended upon the position of tlie back of tlio hopper.

The back of the hopper should be made to point toward the
spindle of the drum, as shown in Fig. 2, p. 611 ; the straw
would then fall at once upon the rakes of the ladder, and be
borne away in a straight line without twisting. When tlie back
of the hopper is made to terminate behind the spindle, as in the

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull. 611

lower sketch, part of the straw lies dead In the hopper, and as
the rakes catch it before they are working in a straight line, it

Fig. 2. — Correct Position of the hack o f the Hopper in relation to the
Spindle of the Drum.

Fig. 3. — Faulty Position of the hack of the Hopper, causing heisting

of the Straw.

becomes partially rolled up before it starts, and is the more
likely to roll back dming its transit. In the case of Taskers’

: (No. 4839), the rolling back occurred at the top of the trough, and

I was due to a curve upwards in the trough itself, the upper

division 1 ing too tightly braced up. When straw and hay
were brought back and dropped under the machine instead of
j upon the rick it was generally due to one of two causes, either
the shape of the chains and rake-heads afforded lodging places
for the material, or else the ladder was driven at too great a
speed, and the hay, instead of dropping perpendicularly as soon
as the teeth were inverted, was swished down obliquely. The bad
results of the quick motion were still more clearly seen in the

, trial with sheaves, for the rattle of the quick moving ladder in

Nos. 169 and 5104 tended to shake out the corn, and when the
sheaf left the top of the trough, instead of dropping soberly down,

. it was usually sent spinning, like a clown turning somersaults in
, the air. The trial with sheaves was in almost every respect
I a more severe test than with hay and straw ; three machines
VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 S

612 Report on the, Trials of Combined Stackincj-Machines

failed to get through the work, and one or two of the others
were choked up for a time hj a rapid supply of sheaves.

Before describing the machines it may be well to glance over
Table I. and note its chief points of interest. It will be seen that
the points of merit awarded to each machine have been printed
in detail under each he.ad. This has been done, notwithstanding
' the caution once given to a newly appointed colonial judge —
“ Give few reasons for the judgments you pass. The judgment
may be right though the reason may be faulty for, in a class of
machines greatly varying in design and execution, soine advantage
may be derived from thus pointing out to each exhibitor what were
considered to be the strong and the weak points in his machine.

In comparing the columns of points, however, with the earlier
columns of facts that evidently should be considered as affecting
them (as 3 with 22, 9 with 23, 6 and 7 with 28, and 14 with 30),
the reader must remember that in the course of actual trial certain
other differences, though too small to be recorded, would influence
the award of points.

In column 3 a single line suffices for the machines that have
their horse-works fixed, as an integral part of the machine below
the frame, but two lines are used in other cases, the upper one
giving the price of the elevator, and the lower the price of the
separate horse-works. The question of price is of greater im-
portance with implements like elevators, only used occasionally,
than with those that are in constant employment. If we reckon
that 15 per cent, should be wwitten off annually as an allowance
for interest and depreciation in value, this will amount to 11. 10s.
on a machine costing 50/. An elevator will take the place
of two men on the rick after it has reached the height of aboiit
8 feet. On a farm where a month’s work is done in stacking
hay and corn each year it may be reckoned that the elevator will
for twenty days take the place of two men, costing 5s. each per
diem or 10/. ; to this may be added 3/. for labour saved in re-
moving straw from the threshing of corn grown on the same
farm ; the total value of the hand-labour saved will thus stand at
13/. On the other hand, to the cost of the machine about 3/. per
annum must be added for the horse-labour required to drive it
for twenty days stacking corn and hay ; in stacking straw it will
be driven by a belt from the threshing-machine, and will require
no horse. The total cost is thus estimated at 10/. 10s., and the
total saving at 13/. ; but the advantage derived from the use of
an elevator on such a farm is to be sought rather in the superiority
of the work than in its cheapness. A machine costing 70/. must
similarly be charged with 11/. 5s. for interest and depreciation,
and, in the case supposed, the total cost would then stand at
14/. 5s., slightly exceeding the cost of doing the same work by

613

and Miscellaneous Imjdemcnts at Hull.

hand. Even on a small farm, where hand-labour is difficult to
obtain, the hi^h-priced machine will no doubt be found practi-
cally economical in quickening harvest work, especially in
' showery weather ; but some such calculation as the above
will often make a farmer anxious to find a good elevator at a
moderate price. The Judges, therefore, in column 22, allotted
100 points of merit as the maximum, and were very much
pleased to find the machines which gave the best results in
the trials among those lowest in price.

In column 4 the Aveight of each machine has been entered as
reported by the exhibitor. Some of these Aveights, hoAvever,
proved to be merely guesses, and very inaccurate. The same
difficulty that the makers had found at home we encountered at
Hull ; Avhen at the end of the trial we sent off some of the
machines to be Aveighed, the carriage frames were too long to go
upon an ordinary Aveigh-bridge, and as there Avas no time to make
the special arrangements that Avould have been required, Ave Avere
reluctantly obliged to give no points at all for Aveight.

In column 5 the inside length and breadth of each trough are
given. The latter A'aries from 4 feet to 4 feet 9 inches ; for hay,
straw, and loose corn the narroAv troughs are wide enough, but
sheaA’es of corn are often knocked about in a narrow trough, and
Avill eA^en sometimes be thrown OA'er the sides. The difference
in the length of the troughs is A ery remarkable, for Ave find no cor-
responding difference in the maximum height of their deliA'ery
(see column 9). The shorter troughs Avere generally worked at
a much sharper pitch, and had rakes provided Avith long spikes ;

I and it is obviously much cheaper to lengthen the teeth than the
I trough. It Avas A ery clearly shoAvn by these trials that elevators
provided Avith good chains and long teeth may be raised much
nearer to the perpendicular than some makers seem to imagine,
j The longest trough of all (No. 4889, Robey and Co.) was 43 feet
I long, but Avas only raised to a A'ery slight incline of some 27
degrees, so that its top Avas only 25 feet aboA'e the ground. If
this Avas not done by mistake, it must haA^e been necessitated
Ij by a faulty construction of ladder-chain and pitch-wheels, that
Avould not bite Avith the machine set at a sharper angle.

No. 165 (Barford and Perkins) Avas set at the low angle of
about 35 degrees ; three other machines (Nos. 1455, 169, and
5164), fitted Avith short teeth and ladder-chains of the same
pattern, Avere all Avorked at nearly the same angle.

The tAvo machines (No. 4391 and 4392) exhibited by Messrs.
Holmes and Sons, although their ladder-chains Avere formed of
long links, Avere yet only raised to an angle of about 38 degrees.
The teeth in this case (see column 7) are of the intermediate
I length of 4 inches. Most of the other machines, provided with

2 s 2

614 Report on the Trials of Combined Stachiny-Machines

long-link chains, driven by octagonal wheels, were worked at a
much sharper angle, averaging about 45 degrees ; two of these
machines, it will be noted, obtained the maximum points
(column 27) for cleanness of delivery. The machine which was
worked at the sharpest incline was No. 5014 * (S. Lewin) ; the
angle in this case was about 53 degrees, but the delivery, though
fair, was not perfect. We may tlms learn from column 5 that
a comparatively short trough, worked at an angle of 45 to 50
degrees, will be better, as well as cheaper, than a much longer
trough, that will only work well at a lower inclination.

The depth of the trough, as recorded in column 6, indicates
the protection afforded against wind. This is a point of con-
siderable importance ; for without sufficient protection neither
hay nor straw can be properly elevated in windy weather. The
weather was extremely favourable throughout the trials, which
were necessarily conducted in the open air ; the heavy clouds
that often threatened only made it a matter of congratulation
that the trials were not once interrupted by rain ; had the heavy
storm that fell on Saturday afternoon very shortly after they
had been concluded occurred at any other time of the week, it
would have stopped the work for the time, and probably have so
changed the condition of the hay and straw that the comparison
of results from each machine would have been more complicated
than it was.

The absence of wind throughout the trials was at first regretted,
as the Judges had little practical test to guide them in the points
of merit awarded in column 28. On the other hand, short trials in
gusty weather might have been rather misleading than otherwise,
unless we had been able to test the force of the wind each time.
There was, however, sufficient wind to show us that in troughs
of the same depth straw was more apt to be blown away by the
wind from a quick-travelling ladder with short teeth than from
one with longer teeth moving more steadily. Protection from
wind is secured in some machines by making the trough itself
deep, and in others by adding movable wing-boards to a com-
paratively shallow trough. The Judges considered the latter
arrangement the better.

If the fixed sides of the trough are deep, it will not fold up
into a small space. In still weather a shallow trough may be
used without wings, and generally a single board on the wind-
w'ard side will be sufficient. It is of importance that the trough
should be light; its weight is unnecessarily increased by making
it permanently deep enough for use in a strong wind.

In column 7 it will be seen that the crossbars or rakes of the
ladder Avere set at distances varying from 1 foot 104 inches to
5 feet 8 inches apart ; the latter distance is much too great ; it

and Miscellaneous Imidcments at Hidl.

615

took the straw and hay up in large lumps exposed to the wind,
instead of delivering it in an even stream. Each rake is fur-
nished with teeth varying in number from two to four, and in

length from 2 to 7;^ inches. All the four machines with very
short teeth were driven at a great speed, and although placed at
a low angle the hay frequently rolled back during its ascent ;
this would have been very objectionable in elevating loose barley
nr oats. All grain thus knocked out would fall on one spot, and
be apt to heat in the rick. This tendency to roll back may,
however, as we have already said, be partly due to the shape of
the hopper, and not solely to the shortness of the teeth. The

best work was done by the longest teeth, and the arrangement we

like best was found in the two machines made by Alessrs. Tasker
and Sons, where the rakes were only 1 foot lOJ inches apart, each
one carrying two long teeth, arranged like harrow teeth, so that the
teeth in one rake follow in the spaces left by the teeth of its
predecessor.

In column 8 it may be noted that the round are much better
than the square-shaped hoppers ; the former offer great facility for
taking straw from a threshing-machine at any angle, and when
made of wooden staves with iron hoops they combine great
strength with simplicity and neatness. It may be noticed that
two of the square hoppers are furnished with movable backs,
the intention being that as the trough is raised the back board
should be adjusted to preserve the same angle with the trough
as before. This adjustment makes a fair show on paper, and an
intending purchaser may suppose it will increase the efficiency
of the machine, but we do not find it of any practical value. A
fixed hopper of proper shape holds the straw equally well with
the trough in any position.

Column 9 gives the height of the hopper, measured by dropping
a line from its top edge to the ground ; a second line dropped
from the spindle of the top drum when set for its highest work
gave the second line of figures in this column. It is desir-
able that the back of the hopper should not be much more than
5 feet from the [ground ; this is a common height for the side
of a waggon ; every additional 6 inches will therefore add to the
work of the man in pitching off the last part of the load. In
the two machines that stand first on the list the hoppers were
removed previously to the trials, the straw, hay, and sheaves
being simply thrown upon the bottom of the ladder ; in these
cases the height of the bottom of the ladder is therefore substi-
tuted for the height of the hopper. In column 23 the points of
merit for Height of Delivery are recorded, but it will be seen
that only fifty points are fixed as a maximum. The Judges were
for a time doubtful whether it would be advisable to make any

61 G Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Maehines

use of tlie column that had been thus headed. No previous in-
timation had been given to the makers of any standard height
that might correspond to the horse-power among steam-engines,
by which engines of the same nominal horse-power are tested
against each other. The fairest method that occurred to us was
to determine first what height would be considered satisfactory
on the majority of farms throughout the kingdom, and then to
give the machine that delivered to that height such marks as
would leave a small margin of advantage to machines fitted to
build stacks of the exceptional size that may be seen on a few
farms in Lincolnshire and elsewhere.

In future, it might be well to offer prizes for elevators that
will raise hay to some specified height.

In this trial it was assumed that a clean delivery of 25 feet
high would meet the present requirements of most farms. As the
use of elevators extends, the average height of our stacks may
perhaps increase ; but the maker who succeeds at 25 feet will
generally be able to execute an order satisfactorily for a machine
to deliver at 30 feet when needed.

In column 10 it will be noticed that six out of the fifteen ele-
vators were provided with plain octagonal chain-wheel driving
chains formed of long riveted links, varying from 5|- to 7^
inches from rivet to rivet. Among these six are found all the
three machines that gained full marks in column 27 for
completeness of delivery. As each of these long links leaves
the upper octagonal wheel on its return journey, the joint
of the rivet is straightened out with a sudden, slight jerk, which
helps to shake off all hay or straw from the rakes ; other chains
with small links come off so smoothly from the upper wheels
that straw and hay often remain hanging upon them. Two other
machines (5527, Robson, and 5014*, S. Lewin) also had chains
formed of long links, but in these cases the octagonal wheels were
furnished with large teeth. Four of the machines, viz. the first
three and the sixth on the list, were furnished with a chain com-
posed of small links of steel wire. No. 6 gauge, turned over in
hook shape, but not welded ; these were driven by a chain-wheel
with a notched groove. All chains are more apt to slip on the
driving-wheel when the trough is high than when it is low ;
when the trough is quite horizontal the lowest point of the
chain will be in the middle, at an equal distance from either
wheel ; but as the trough is gradually raised, the curve in the
under side of the ladder-chains is brought nearer and nearer to
the lower (driving) wheels ; if there is much slack, or if the
links are small, they will soon begin to slip round the wheels. In
the description of Messrs. Taskers’ elevator (No. 4841), there is
pointed out a very ingenious and effective method of artificially

and Miscellaneous Itnplemcids at Hull.

617

keeping- the curve of tlie slack chain midway between the upper
and lower wheels, even when the trough is raised to its full height.
In other machines, it is endeavoured to overcome the difficulty
by screws, which keep the chain well stretched, but it must in this
way be subject to a considerable strain to prevent any slackening
in its return journey. The other varieties of chains and wheels
were each of a different pattern, and will therefore be best described
in treating of the separate construction of each machine.

In the three columns, 11, 12, and 13, that describe the travel-
ling wheels, it may be noticed that a large proportion are of cast
iron, and of small diameter ; such wheels may suffice for moving
a machine about the rickyard, but are not fitted for one that is
intended to be frequently drawn from one farm to another over
rough roads. All the wooden wheels may be reported as good,
and among the iron ones three with wrought-iron spokes, viz.
Holmes’ (No. 4392), Ashby & Co.’s (No. 4676), and Taskers’ (No.
4839) are very good ; while among the cast-iron Avheels Taskers’
(No. 4841), protected by a half-inch wrought-iron tire, is by far
the best.

The great distance between the fore- and hind-wheels that in
some cases will be noticed as registered in column 13 must
make those machines awkward to turn, but where the horse
walks beneath the trough and between the fore- and hind-frames,
as in the two machines at the head of this list, this distance
cannot well be avoided.

Column 14 gives us the size of each machine when packed for
travelling, or for putting away in a shed. The first dimension,
that of height, was regarded as the one of most importance. A
machine exceeding 9 feet in height cannot be put under an
ordinary cart-shed. It is satisfactory to find a considerable im-
provement in the compactness of these machines since they were
first introduced.

A very small hreadth, on the other hand, cannot be considered
good ; when a strong side wind is blowing, a narrow machine
working at the height attained by the one first on the list has an
unpleasant appearance of instability.

Column 15 brings before us the important and much-debated
question whether it is better to make the horse-power separate,
or a fixed part of the machine working below the trough.

Among the advantages claimed for the latter arrangement is
that it takes less time to prepare one than two- machines for
work, and it will be observed that in the trial a machine with
horse-gear attached (No. 4391) took less time than any other
(eight minutes) to adjust ; but it should be also noticed that the
four machines that took the next shortest time to adjust all had
their horse-gears independent, while the machine tiiat took far

618 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking- Machines

longer than any other (forty-seven minutes) had its horse-gear
attached.

Although when each machine is first brought out from the shed
folded up, one form will generally take as long a time as the
other to set to work, yet after they are once opened it will take
much less time to shift the self-contained machine from one rick
to another than to move separately the independent machine and
the separate horse-gear to work it.

These self-contained machines possess another indisputable
advantage^ — they occupy less room in the rickyard. The horse
working beneath the trough, and between the waggon and the
rick, no further space is needed. With the other machines it
is sometimes difficult, when the rickyard is nearly full, to find
sufficient space for the separate horse-works. Another advantage
that has been claimed for this form of machine is that the horse-
power being applied more directly, there will be less of it lost
in overcoming friction. The results of the last trial, however
(given on Table II.), will show that in the machines subjected
to mechanical tests this advantage was very small.

On the other hand, certain disadvantages must be noted against
these self-contained machines. The hay or corn that falls from
the waggon, the rick, or the machine, drops upon the horse-track,
and in the course of a day’s stacking a considerable quantity
will be thus fouled by the droppings and treading of the horse.
When a separate horse-gear is used, this inconvenience and loss
is avoided. Another inconvenience is found in the height of
the hopper.; when the horse works below, the hopper must be
placed higher than the side of a waggon ; we thus give the man
on the waggon a part of the work that we wish to save by the use
of a machine-elevator. In the two machines first on the list, this
difficulty was overcome by removing the hopper, but more hay
and corn then dropped by the horse-track. Another objection
that has been hitherto made to these machines, is that the
horse-gear being beneath, they cannot be folded down low
enough to go under an ordinary cart-shed ; this difficulty, how-
ever, has been quite overcome in the case of the Beverley Iron
Works machine, which folded down to 7 feet 7 inches, lower
than any other machine in the trial. There is an advantage
in having the horse-power separate, since on many farms it will
be useful for chaffcutting or other work when not wanted for
stacking.

Although the Judges were of opinion that the balance of
advantages rests with the machines provided with separate
horse-gear, yet the other form of machine has such decided
merits that it will probably be preferred on many farms ; it
was, therefore, with great satisfaction that they found machines

and Miscellaneous Imjdcments at Hull. 619

of both classes showing a great improvement in construction
since they were exhibited last year at Cardiff.

In describing the machines it will be convenient to classify
them according to the principles of their construction. I shall,
therefore, leave the four with horse-jiower below the frame to be
described last. Nine of the other eleven machines are carried
upon four wheels, and the other two upon two wheels only ;
taking the four-wheeled machines first, it will be seen that three
of them fold the upper part of the trough down, two of them slide
it telescopically into the lower part of the trough, and three
fold it over to lie flat upon the lower half, while in the ninth
machine a net is substituted for the ladder and trough.

ICo. 4841. Tasker and Sons. This machine is in many respects a great im-
provement on the four-wheeled machine by the same makers, that was highly
commended at Cardiff, and described and illustrated in last year’s Report.*
The trough now folds downwards instead of over, and is well braced with iron.
A very simple arrangement for raising and folding it now takes the place of
the complicated contrivance of poles and ropes then used. The carriage-frame
is lighter, the hopper is round instead of square, and a clever device is adopted
for keeping the ladder-chains taut. The trough is raised by the wire-ropes
wound upon V-grooved pulleys, and fastened to the heads of the two movable
shafts which terminate in friction-rollers ; it will be seen that the bottoms
of these shafts revolve upon the iron axle of the fore-wheels; this is an im-
provement on a similar arrangement shown last j’ear in Messrs. Marshall and
Sons’ machine ; the shafts there rested on the fore-part of the carriage-frame,
and the chains at first starting worked at such an acute angle with the
rods, that power was wasted, and the winch unfairly strained. The friction-
rollers at the top of these shafts run beneath metal rails on the under side of the
trough. At their lower extremities these rails are made to project from the
under side of the trough ; as soon as the shafts are drawn back far enough to
reach the curved parts of the rails, the trough itself rises at a quicker rate,
and the friction-rollers begin to act as pulleys to the ladder-chains, keeping
the curve of the slackened chains away from the wheels that drive them at
the bottom of the trough. In Fig. 4, p. 620, showing the machine unfolded, the
trough is not raised to its full height, and the shafts must be drawn two or three
feet further back before the rollers will reach the projecting parts of these rails.
The wire rope that moves the shafts is wound upon a drum furnished with two
V-shaped grooves ; in the second of these another wire rope is carried tightly
wound up when the trough is open. It will be noticed that the trough when
opened is braced by means of wire ropes attached near its two extremities and
carried over two short wood poles ; when the trough is to be folded the lower
end of these ropes is hooked on to the spare ropes in the second V-pulleys.
The trough having been previously lowered, the handle is turned and the
shafts are drawn up ; the second ropes are then slackened out till the top of the
trough hangs down and can be fastened to the axle of the fore-wheels, as shown
in Fig. 5. In this figure the daughtsman has, by mistake, represented the
hopper as square instead of round. Fig. 5 shows the machine folded for
travelling short distances, but by lowering the shafts until their pulleys touch
the joints of the trough it can be packed in much smaller compass for putting
away in a shed. The trough of this machine is well braced, of ample width,
and not too heavy ; the round hopper formed of iron-bound wooden staves is

* ‘ Journ. Royal Agric. Soc.,’ 2nd Series, vol. viii. Part 2, No. XVI. p. 450.

620 Report on the Trials of Comhined Stacking-Machines.

Figs. 4 and 5. — FF. Tasker and Sons’ Prize Stacking-Machine,
No. 4841.

Fig. 5. — Machine folded for travelling.

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hidl.

621

of an excellent pattern, the oak carriage-frame is of great strength ; the worm
and cog-wheel for raising the trough and the joint of the shaft from the horse-
gear are furnished with iron caps to prevent hay or straw from catching in
them. The teeth are attached to the rake-heads by nuts and screws, and are
forged with a collar that helps to keep them firm. The point most open to
criticism in the machine is the size of the pulleys on which the wire ropes are
wound, their diameter at the bottom of the groove is only 7^ inches ; it is
not well to bend wire rope so sharply, and we would recommend that the
pulleys should he made larger. With this single minor exception, the
machine is of admirable construction and workmanship. Its price contrasts
very favourably with those of many machines of inferior make.

No. 5588. Wallis and Steevens. The trough is here raised by a rack and

Fig. 6. — Messrs. Wallis and Steevens'' Stacldng-MacMne, No. 5588.

G22 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

pinion, on Hayes’s principle, but to prevent these cast-iron racks from being
broken by a lateral strain from the action of wind, or from a sudden jar when
moving with the trough raised for work, two trussed oblique wooden shafts
prevent the trough from swaying on either side.

In opening the trough the upper part is disengaged from the carriage-frame,
to which it is fastened when travelling ; the trough is then partially raised by
the rack and pinion ; the upper part is then raised by a prop, which supports
it at the farthest extremity ; the main part of the trough is then lowered on
the rack, till the joint between the two parts closes, and is kept fast by a self-
acting hook-and-eye; three light iron rods form a truss to eacli side of the trough.
Since the Cardiff Meeting, the rake-heads, teeth, and chains of this machine
have been strengthened, and their mode of attachment improved ; the teeth
are now fastened by nuts instead of rivets, so that if one is accidentally bent,
it can be taken out, straightened, and replaced in a few minutes. The back
of the hopper can now be adjusted, so that its slope can be regulated to suit
the inclination of the trough. The substitution of a round for the square
shaped hopper would improve this machine, and enable it to take straw from
a thrashing-machine at any angle.

A wooden hood is used in delivering hay and straw against a head-wind.
In delivering sheaf-corn, a light hanging platform of long wooden laths was
suspended under the top of the trough ; the laths being free at their outer
extremities, and placed with a forward dip, the sheaves as they fall upon
them are lightly thrown forward, and are thus delivered well into the middle
of the rick. The workmanship of this machine is good, the carriage-frame
is of white deal, the oblique shafts are of oak.

No. 5527. T. Bohson. This machine, although it failed in the trial with
sheaf-corn, is much better in design than in execution. It contains some
original contrivances, that show much ingenuity in the exhibitor, but he has
apparently been unable to put his inventions in such a practical form as he
might have done if he had command of a larger factory.

A new idea, though roughly worked out, is often of great public value, and
for this reason its exhibition even in a crude form is to be commended. It
will not, however, much benefit the exhibitor, except as a proof of ability that
might otherwise be jassed over without meeting with the encouragement it

deserves. The top of the trough
is made to fold under ; it is
opened out for work in a manner
very similar to that described
in the last machine, but is
raised by an original contri-
vance of sliding rods, sketched
in Fig. 7. A rope passes over a
pulley at the top of the lower
rod, then down a groove be-
tween two rods, and is fastened
to the bottom of the up23er
rod ; when this rope is wound
up the upper i^ole slides up,
and so raises the trough.
Another device peculiar to this
machine is a semicircular metal
bearing at the back of the hop-
jrcr, which sup])orts a shaft
that can be jdaced at any angle,
and carries at one extremity a pulley to receive the belt from a threshing-
machine, and at the other end terminates in a bevel-wheel, that drives the

62a

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

shaft of the lower chain-wheels ; these latter are octagonal, of cast iron, with
long teeth, working into the double links of the ladder-chain. This chain of
double and single links alternately might be recommended for its durability,
but we arc inclined to think a chain driven by a plain octagonal wheel, as
used in the machines previously described, is better in principle.

Of the two machines with telescopic troughs. No. 1234 (J. Coultas, Fig. 1,
p. 609) is in all the principles of its construction similar to the machine
exhibited last year at Cardiff by Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth, which
then took the first prize, and is described and illustrated on page 454 of
the ‘Journal’ for 1872 (Second Series, vol. viii. Part 2, No. XVI).

On comparing the telescopic with the folding- troughs we may notice, that
while the former possess some advantages in avoiding the use of hinges, yet,
on the other hand, they occupy more space when jiacked. The ladder-chains
to this machine are of common links, and driven by a skeleton-wheel. The
upper chain-wheels, and all the guide-pulleys are grooved to keej) the chain
in a straight line. A wheel and pinion for quick motion W’ere used in the
horse-gear ; although the ladder was driven at a higher speed than usiral, it
travelled smoothly ; and the chief objection to the pace was that, in conjunc-
tion with the long curved teeth of the rakes, it had a tendency to spin the
sheaves as they fell to the rick. The driving-rod from the horse-gear was
well protected where it crossed the horse-trade by passing it through a
3-inch gas-pipe. It is an advantage to have the trough light, but in this
case the lightness has not been sufficiently combined with strength. In all
other respects the machine is strongly made, and of good workmanship ; the
travelling-wheels are of w'ood. A hood is provided of wood and canvas.

No. 4889. Eohey and Co. In its general plan this machine resembles the
last, its trough being telescopic, the ladder-chain is also plain, and driven by
a wheel with notched groove. It differs from it, however, in one important
item, lightness of working parts has here been sacrificed to strength. The
lower part of the trough is strongly framed of wood, but is too long and too
heavy for the very moderate height attained in the trial. The total length of
the trough is 43 feet, yet it was only worked to 25 feet, a height attained
efficiently by Messrs. Wallis and Steevens’ machine, with a trough only 28
feet 6 inches long. We found strength and lightness in troughs best ob-
tained by the use of iron braces, wooden framing being often too heavy.
The rake-heads were rather too heavy, and, instead of being flat, were made
with an almost square section ; this would produce a tendency to turn over
in working, and to prevent this an extra chain passes down the middle of the
ladder, each length of this chain is fastened to the under side of one rake,
and to the upper side of the following rake. This contrivance etlectu-
ally prevents the rakes from turning over, but it increases the draught of the
ladder, which, from the low inclination and great length of the trough,
must in any case have been heavy. The guide-rails, which in all other ma-
chines were continued down the whole length of the trough, and serve to
raise the rake-heads about 2 inches from the floor, were omitted in the
lower, and placed too far apart in the upper part; the consequence was, that
the heavy rake-heads, knocking directly upon the floor of the trough, tended
to thresh out corn in the trial with sheaves, and made the work very heavy
for the horse. The middle chain was found objectionable also in the earlier
trials, for hay and straw were caught by it, and delivered under the machine
instead of upon the rick. The hood is formed of sheet-iron and wood. The
workmanship throughout is substantial. An economy in price and horse
labour might be obtained by using a shorter trough at a sharper pitch.

No. 5014.* Stephen Lewin. This machine is almost identical in all re-
spects with the one by the same maker that obtained the second prize last
year at Cardiff, and is described and illustrated on page 455 of the ‘Journal’

624 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

for 1872. Tlic only i)oiuts of difference are that the trough is 3 feet shorter,
and five movable boards have been added to increase the size of the hopper,
these boards, of half-inch deal hasped together, are not in any way an improve-
ment, and were at once condemned as too slight to bear ordinary usage ; the
accidental backing of a waggon against the ho2Jper in the course of the trial
confirmed this opinion, by breaking this upper frame. If a well-made cir-
cular hopper had been substituted for this unfortunate contrivance, the
jroints given for stability would have been considerably improved.

It will be noticed that this machine was adjusted for work by one man.
The apparatus for raising and for folding the trough works with great sim-
])licitj% and has been described as of great strength, but adding considerably
to the weight of the machine. A handle, placed upon a worm spindle,
actuates a set of gearing that moves two toothed quadrants, fixed upon the
base of wooden shafts ; friction-rollers at the upper extremities of these shafts
clip the angle-iron on each side of the trough. Spindles through the base of
the shafts enable them to turn upon bearings fixed to a short frame placed
above the fore-wheels. On comparing the columns 5 and 9, it will be found
that this machine was worked at a sharper pitch than any others in the
trial ; although it did not obtain so high a position as it held last year, it
will be seen that only three surpassed it in the total points of merit. The
jfieasure of finding one of the pirize takers of last year courageous enough
to enter the lists a second time, was lessened when it was found that the
only change introduced was for the worse. In a class that is making rapud
strides towards perfection, the competitor who stands still must quickly find
himself surpassed. In this case I hope that a temporary failure will only
stir to fresh efforts, resulting in new success.

No. 169. Barford and Perkins. In this, and the machine next to be de-
scribed, the trough is divided by hinges into two equal parts, and in folding
the upper half is turned over to lie upon the lower part. For folding and
for raising the trough, hemp ropes are used, passing over a pulley at the
top of vertical wooden shafts, rising from the carriage-frame on either side.
The weight of the upper part of the trough rests entirely on these ropes ;
they ought therefore to be carefully tested at the beginning of each season,
and it would be better to avoid the use of a prerishable material by substi-
tuting ropes of iron wire, although these would require larger pulleys. The
trough, and the ropes and poles required for raising it are jjrecisely similar to
those used in No. 165 machine, and illustrated in Fig. 10, p. 629.

An arrangement peculiar to this machine is provided to keep the shaft from
the horse-gear nearly horizontal, and thus avoid the loss of power that results
from the sharp inclination at which the length next the elevator is usualh'
jdaced. Two light iron brackets beneath the carriage-frame carry a shaft on
the same level as the shaft from the horse-works, to which it can be attached
at either end ; at its other extremity it carries a pulley, from which a short
leather belt drives the shaft for the lower chain-wheels. The use of leather
here is objectionable, the belt would be apt to slip in damp weather. The
rounded hopper of sheet-iron provided by these makers is not equal in strength
to the wooden ones, but is more convenient than those made square. A good
form of hood is provided of canvas, stretched over iron’rods. The short
teeth on a quick-driven ladder have already been described, as inferior to
longer ones with a slower motion.

No. 5104. Perkins and Co. This machine is very similar to the one last
described, and it will therefore be sufficient to describe the points in which it
differs. The chief novelty is a contrivance for raising the hopper and bottom
of the trough, when required to work at a great height ; this is done by fixing
the driving-shaft, and the bottom of the trough, not upon the carriage-frame as
is usually done, but upon the extremities of two wooden elbow-pieces, turning

625

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

like bell-cranks, by means of rope and pulley upon bolts fixed to the frame,
which pass through them at their angles. The shaft from the horse-works
drives a chain-wheel at one of these angles, and a steel chain conveys the power
to the ladder-shaft at the bottom of the hojrper. This substitution of steel
for leather is an improvement on the machine last described. While the
rick is low the bottom of the trough is near the ground, but is raised from
3 to 7 feet higher by moving the crank. In the illustration given. Fig. 8, the top

Fig. 8. — Messrs. Perlcins and Co.’s Stacldng-Macldne, No. 5104.

of the trough has been raised by the long ropes to its full height, the hopper has
been removed, and the bottom of the trough is partly raised. As the hopper-
end is raised, the delivery-end is pushed farther on to the stack. The cost of
this contrivance is moderate, adding only 51. to the price of the machine.
Although the inclination of the trough was reduced by elevating its lower
end, this was not sufficient to prevent the straw rolling back on its passage,
owing to the shortness of the teeth. Towards the end of the trial with
straw we had an illustration of the evil of driving the ladder-chains by
chain-wheels with a small groove. The groove on one of the wheels was
partially filled up by straw wrapping around it, thus increasing its diameter,
and causing the chain on the opposite wheel to slip twice ; the diameters of the
wheels being made different, the two chains of the ladder travelled at different
paces. To prevent the rake-heads from turning over, iron spurs were used ;
although they effected the purpose for which they had been added, they had
the bad effect of catching the straw and dragging it back.

The two-wheeled elevators come next in order. The first of these (No. 4839,
Tasker and Sons') is in all respects the same machine as was highly com-
mended last year at Cardiff, and will be found illustrated and described on
page 452 of the ‘Journal’ for 1872. It was not, however, shown in quite
so good a form as last year, for the wooden slats then used as a protec-

626 Report on the Trials of Combined Staching-Maehines

tion from wind had been omitted, and the trough was curved by bracing
the top part too tightly, so that straw rolled back when near the top of the
trough. Sheaf corn was however foirly delivered. The workman.ship in this
machine is good.

No. 4G76. Asliby, Jeffery, Luke. The chief novelty in this machine
is the attempt to substitute a single india-rubber belt for the two chains that
usually carry the rake-heads ; this form of ladder carried the hay and straw
up fairlj% but brought much back, banging on the rake-head and long
curved teeth. Faulty contrivance was at once apparent when the trial with
sheaf-corn began ; the loose grains fell upon the india-rubber belt, and getting
between it and the smooth round pulley that drove it, caused it to slip so
much that the trial could not be continued. One of the workmen crawled
under the machine, and in attempting to correct the fault was caught by one
of the rakes, the tooth going through the back of his waistcoat ; a serious
accident was feared, and everyone felt much relieved at the giving way, not
of the waistcoat, but of the tooth, which broke out of the rake-head. A
firmer attachment for the teeth would be an improvement for ordinary work.
The trough is raised by ropes passing over the heads of upright wooden-shafts.
It was stated that this machine had only been tried at home with hay and
straw, but never with sheaf-corn. The Judges cannot too strongly impress
upon exhibitors the importance of trying each machine thoroughly at home
before it is entered for competition : a disregard of this obvious precaution
must almost always be regretted, alike by judges and makers. This remark
receives a still more emphatic illustration in the machine next to be described.

No. 4952. Henry Wright. The performance of this machine was most
unsatisfactory in each of the trials. The horse-gear sent with it was from a new
pattern, and had never been previously tried. It was soon found impossible
to work it, and both the machines had to be withdrawn from the first trial
with hay and straw. The elevator consists of a four-wheeled carriage-frame,
with a wooden hopper ; no trough is used, and a long revolving net takes the
place of trough and ladder. Hemp-ropes form the sides of the net, and are
carried over grooved driving-pulleys at the Ixjttom, and grooved guide-pulleys
at the top aud sides of two long oblique ash-shafts; these shafts turn at their
bases upon the carriage-frame, and are raised or lowered by ropes passing
over the heads of two other shafts, raised nearly vertically from the carriage-
frames. The oblique shafts are divided into two halves, and the upper halves
slide down over the lower when packed for travelling. Each of the upright
shafts was simply fastened to the frame by a bolt through its base, and was
not in any way stayed, except by a cross-bar connecting it with its fellow at
the top. The whole weiglit of the net and its oblique rods resting upon these
upright shafts they soon lost their perpendicular position, and the whole
upper framework threatened to fall over on one side. Tlie snapping of one
of the ro]ies that formed the side of the net soon brought the trial with sheaf-
corn to an end.

It is much to be regretted that an untried machine of a new pattern was
in this case entered for trial ; the exhibitor has long been a maker of elevators,
and it would have been instructive to compare a net-elevator with others, if it
had been brought in a form fit for working. In this instance stability had been
altogether sacrificed in an attempt at lightness of working. While the Judges
condemned the machine tried, they must not be understood to condemn the
system of employing a net instead of a trough and ladder, for the example
entered was not brought out in a fair working form. From the ver}' imperfect
example tried, it was clear that a net could be worked at a low expenditure of
power ; in the trial with straw, the machine was easily worked by hand after
the horse-power failed. The protection from wind was also better than was
expected for the wind passing freely through all the meshes of the net, its

and Miscellaneous Im-plements at Hull.

627

force was not concentrated at any one part. When nets were first tried, the
side-ropes were very apt to slip off the driving-wheels ; this has lately been
prevented by using cross-bars, placed at about the same distance as the rake-
heads on other machines ; the net forms itself into wide pockets between
these bars, and thus holds the hay more firmly than in the plain net. The
price of this machine, without horse-gear, is 45f.

There now remain to be described the four elevators with
horse gear fixed below the trough. Of these I will take, first,

No. 4.391. Holmes and Son. This machine is a very great improvement
on the one constructed on a similar principle that was tried last year at Cardiff,
and described on page 456 of the ‘ Journal ’ for 1872. The principal improve-
ments are the substitution of a wrought-iron central pin, inch diameter,
for the cast-iron pin then used ; the upper frame has been shortened at the
feeding end, so that it is now fairly balanced upon the central pin, instead of
being tail heavy, as it was before. The apparatus for raising the trough has
also been simplified, and is now similar to that described in Messrs. Tasker
and Sons’ machine.

Fig. 9. — Messrs. Holmes and Sons' Staclcmg-MacMne, No. 4391.

In ^its present form there are three distinct frames below the trough.
First, a strong carriage-frame, on to which the frame of the horse-gear° is
bolted when used in stacking hay and corn. The horse-wheel drives a spur-
wheel on a vertical shaft, which again drives a pair f'f mitre-wheels, and a
horizontal shaft from the second mitre-wheel drives the pitch-wheel and chain,
shown in Fig. 9, outside the third and upper frame, which carries the
VOL. IX. — S. S. 2 T

628 Report on the Trial of Combined Stacking-Machines

hopper and trough. After harvest, when the horse-power is no longer
required, four long screws are substituted for the bolts that commonly hold
the first and second frames together, by these the middle frame is gradually
lowered through the carriage-frame till the top frame rests upon the lowest ;
the middle frame, with the whole of the horse-works, is then removed, and
the two other frames securely bolted together. In this way the weight of the
machine is lessened 10 cwt., the hopper is brought down to the right level
for taking straw from a threshing-machine, and the amount of rigidity that
is desirable when working by steam-power is fully secured. A fan-shaped
expanding board enables the square hopper to take straw from the threshing-
machine at any angle. Although the Judges preferred a round to a square
hopper, there is perhaps some reason for adopting the former shape in this and
the next machine, for it will be seen that a platform is placed round the hopper
to prevent hay and corn from falling on to the horse-path under the hopper.
The upper part of the trough folds under, and is fastened to the carriage-frame
when travelling. The rake-heads are well fastened by iron straps, which
pass over the ladder-chains, and are held by short iron bolts. It will be
noticed that this machine was set ready for work in less time than any other
in the trial. When once set for work it can be moved from one rick to
another with the greatest facility, and the point of delivery on any one rick
could be shifted, if desired, each time a fresh waggon comes to be unloaded.
The materials and workmanship throughout are very good, and the improve-
ments introduced within the last twelve months have rendered this a very
efficient and valuable form of elevator.

No. 4392. Holmes and Sons. This machine is lighter and has rather
fewer parts than No. 4391, but its upper frame has not the same facility for
revolving freely upon a central pivot. There is no independent carriage-
frame, but the horse-works are placed round the upright shaft over the main
axle. The horse-wheel drives a bevel-wheel on a horizontal shaft, which
carries a toothed pitch-wheel ; a link chain from this wheel drives the pitch-
wheel on the shaft of the lower drum. The trough is telescopic, and is raised
by racks and worm-wheel on Hayes’s principle. When the trough-frame is
raised to its full height for elevating hay and corn, it rests on these two racks
and on the central screw ; side stays are provided, but were not used in
the trial. For travelling, two cast-iron brackets are provided to take the
weight, when the frame is raised, off the central screw. When used with
a threshing-machine, the trough-frame is lowered by means of the central
screw. This machine is cheaper than the one last described, and packs
into a rather smaller compass, but its mechanical construction is not quite so
good.

The two elevators that remain to be described are of precisely the same
pattern ; the exhibitor of the second paying a royalty for its use.

No. 165. Barford and Perkins. From Fig. 10, p. 629, it will be seen
that the horse-track in these machines is between the fore and hind carriage-
wheels, while in the case of Messrs. Holmes and Son’s machines (Fig. 9) the
horse walked round outside the carriage-frame. Fig. 10 further shows
that there is no separate carriage or horse-gear frame, but that the horse-
gear is fixed beneath the frame that carries the trough, and that this frame
can be raised or lowered on racks fixed on the inner sides of four shafts
that rise vertically above the carriage-wheels. The frame is raised by the
liandle that projects from the front of the elevator, which moves a long shaft
on each side of the frame ; these shafts carry worms which gear into wheels
and work the rack and pinions. The handle that in the illustration (Fig. 10)
appears above and between the fore-wheels raises the trough by means of the
hemp-rope and pulley-block. To hold the trough open the upper ends of the
suspending ropes are fixed to the trough a little above the joint ; to fold it up

629

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

the ropes are attached near the upper extremity of the trough. A leather belt
connects the horse-gear with a pulley on the driving-shaft of the ladder ;
this is objectionable. The trough of this machine is not framed, and is very
light ; it would be better if it were trussed with iron.

Fig. \0.— Messrs. Barford and Perkins's Stacking-Machine, No. 165.

630 Report on the Trials of Combined Staching-3Iachines

No. 1455. Beverley Iron TFor^'s Company. This is of the same pattern,
but differs from the machine last described in being more substantially con-
structed. The workmanship and materials are very good, but the trough is
far too heavy. It was very hard work for two men to raise the frame with
the slow motion, and it will be seen that 47 minutes were consumed by
them in setting the machine for work. It is fair to note that a part of
this was due to the coat of paint that covered the screws and impeded their
working.

A short trial was given to the two forms of pitchforks worked
by horse-power. The implement exhibited by Mr. H. Yorath
was precisely the same as the one exhibited by the same maker
last year at Cardiff, and described in the report of those trials.
Mr. W. T. Wright entered three implements for trial, the only
difference being that last year the double fork had three teeth on
each side, while this year two other forks were brought for trial,
one with two, and the other with one tooth on each side.
A load of hay was transferred from one waggon to another by
each exhibitor in the same time, viz. 11 minutes. The horse-
power required to do this was not tested, but it is unquestionably
less than was needed by any of the machine elevators doing
similar work. These implements were not adapted to be worked
by steam-power, and should not, therefore, have been entered
for competition in a class for Combined Stacking-Machines.
The quality of their work in stacking hay is decidedly inferior
to that of the machine elevators. They take the hay off the
waggon in large and somewhat unwieldy lumps ; hay that has
been stacked in this form will not come out nearly so well in
the truss as that which has been delivered on to the rick in a thin
even stream from a good machine elevator. The unloading of
green hay from the waggon by one of the machine elevators is
equal to giving it an extra tedding in the field. Another objec-
tion to the small implement is that it is not wholly under the
control of one man. Neither man nor implement can well
serve two masters. The evil results of this divided mastership
may cause serious accidents in the use of Yorath’s large pitch-
fork. The horse raises the fork by a rope from the whippletree
that passes over two pulleys, and is attached to a link passing
through the base of the wooden handle of the fork. The man on
the waggon holds a guide rope attached to the top of the handle,
swings the fork over the rick, and unloads it by slackening the
rope suddenly. It will be seen that the man or boy leading the
horse regulates the height to which the fork is raised, while
the man on the waggon regulates its swing and the lowering of
its long sharp points ; two careful men, well used to work to-
gether, may work the fork successfully, but when worked by
ordinary farm-labourers, the men upon the rick would apparently

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

631

be exposed to an amount of risk that no economy in the cost of
labour could justify.

The points of merit recoided in Table I. were awarded for
the ])erformance of each machine in the first three trials with
hay, straw, and sheaf-corn. On summing up the totals we found
three machines had obtained more than 600 marks out of a
possible total of 750.

4841. Tasker and Sons obtained .. .. 715 points.

5588. Wallis and Steevens „ .. .. 695 „

1234. James Coultas „ .. .. 625 „

These three machines were, therefore, chosen for the final
competition for the prize. It was already obvious that none of
the other machines could be successful ; but as all three machines
were provided with independent horse-works, it was thought
best to submit to the mechanical tests two of the self-contained
machines that exhibited the best arrangement of horse-works
below the trough ; and for this purpose we selected

4391. Holmes and Sons with .. .. 575 points

165. Barford and Perkins „ .. .. 495 „

Each of the five machines thus selected was then set to
deliver a weighed quantity of 20 cwt. of wheatsheaves, each
sheaf weighing about 11 lbs., over the rick-cloth, fixed 20 feet
high ; and the results of this run are recorded in columns 3 to 12
of Table II. It may be noticed that the circumference given
here in column 5 is much less than that given in column 15 of
Table I. ; in Table I. the circumference is given of the circle
described by the point of attachment on the shaft of the horse-
works ; in Table II. the middle of the horse-track is taken.
Column 6 records the average draught indicated on a spring
dynamometer interposed between the whippletree and the shaft
of the horse-works. The work done by the horse is of course
made up of the direct pull exerted by him multiplied by the dis-
tance through which he moves during the experiment ; hence the
foot-pounds of work recorded in column 7 are obtained by re-
ducing the hundredweights in column 6 into pounds, and then
multiplying by the circumference of the circle in column 5, and
the number of circles described in column 4. Many makers of
elevators state that their machines can be easily worked by a pony;
it is quite clear, however, from column 7, that none of the
machines in this trial could have been driven at the speed adopted
by the exhibitors by any horse below the average in strength.
The one that was employed throughout the trials was a quick
stepping, powerful mare, that rvorked very willingly ; but with
most of the machines the work was done as a spurt for three

632 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

or four minutes, with an effort that could not be sustained
throughout a day’s work. The slowest work was done by
Wallis and Steevens’s machine ; but even in this case we find
that, dividing the figures in column 7 by the four minutes, the
power required slightly exceeds the 33,000 foot-pounds that
Watt estimated a horse could perform per minute. While in the
case of Coultas’s machine 47,300 foot-pounds of work was done
per minute, nearly half as much again as the theoretical horse-
power, although that power is itself in excess of the average
performance of farm horses. Columns 8, 9, 10, and 11 need no
comment.

The ratios given in column 12 show that the greater
part of the force expended by the horse serves simply to
move the machine, and from 6 to 7 parts out of 10 are thus
expended. The average efficiency of the three machines with
independent horse-works is '35, while that of the two self-con-
tained machines, last on the list, is ‘34. It would not, however,
be safe to conclude at once that there is no mechanical advantage
in placing the horse-gear immediately below the trough.
Although when the horse-gear and elevator are thus tested
as one whole machine, the advantage appears slightly to incline
towards those that have horse-gears separate, we have yet to
see whether this may not be solely due to superior mechanical
construction in the ladder-chains and chain-wheels.

An examination of columns 13 to 18 Avill show that this is
really the case. In this fifth trial the machines were tested
apart from their horse-works ; and in column 18 we find the
average efficiency of the three machines first on the list is ‘53,
while that of the other two machines is only ’48. From this we
may conclude that, so far as the horse-woiks alone are concerned,
the self-contained machines have slightly the advantage, but that
this is more than counterbalanced by the greater advantage
which the other three machines possess in the construction of
the parts of the elevator itself. Column 19 gives the average
of columns 12 and 18, and determines the points of merit in
column 21.

A sixth and final trial was made before points were awai’ded
in column 22.

In threshing out corn in a well-filled rickyard, it is often of
great importance that the elevator should be capable of removing
straw at any angle from the threshing machine, so that the
straw-rick may be built wherever there is room for it. This
sixth trial was made so late in the week that we could not
obtain from the show-yard the loan of the engine and threshing
machine first selected. But at a very short notice we obtained
an engine from Messrs. Aveling and Porter (lent with that

and jSliscellaneoua InijjlcmoUs at Hull.

633

alacrity and courtesy for which the Stewards and Judges of the
Society have often had occasion to thank them), and an excellent
threshing machine from the Beverley Iron and Waggon Com-
pany. Although the number on this machine showed that it
was only the second sent out from these works, it threshed the
corn very efficiently, the only inconvenience being that it was
not fitted with the guide pulleys that some elevators need for
working at any angle. We were, however, able to try all the
elevators with it except that entered by Mr. Coultas. We
found the machines with round hoppers could take the straw at
any angle with the utmost facility ; we, consequently, awarded
full marks to the untried Coultas’ machine, as well as to the
two others with rounded hoppers entered by Messrs. Tasker and
Sons and Messrs. Barford and Perkins. The machine of
Messrs. Holmes and Sons, although its hopper was square, took
the straw perfectly at any angle ; this advantage was gained by
the use of the fan-shaped expanding board that has been noticed
in the description of their elevator. Messrs. Wallis and Steevens’
machine took the straw well in a straight line and at right
angles, but could not deliver it in other directions. Column 24
contains the awards, which we had no difficulty in deciding ; the
performance of Messrs. Tasker and Sons’ machine, that obtained
the prize of 25/., was throughout excellent, as the award of 900
marks out of a possible total of 950 proves ; the performance
of the two machines next on the list was also very good. The
commendations bestowed upon the Nos. 4391 and 165 must be
understood as referring to ingenuity and novelty of design quite
as much as to their performance. If the latter point had been
exclusively considered, the machine exhibited by Mr. S. Lewin
and Messrs. Tasker’s two- wheeled machine would probably have
had equal claims to be so distinguished.

In concluding the report of this trial, I may remark that the cir-
cumstances under which it was conducted were very different from
those connected with the trial of last year ; the Judges were not
obliged to hurry over any part of it for want of sufficient time for
judging. At the same time, it was felt that the implements in this
class are probably still in a state of transition. The type for an
elevator should not yet be considered as fixed. Different machines
possess different merits. By combining these, and by further
invention, we may hope to obtain better machines than any yet
made. Perhaps before another seven years have gone by, the
Council may think it desirable to give another extra trial to
these comparatively recent inventions, that have already done
so much to meet one of the difficulties experienced on the farm
from the increasing scarcity of hand labour.

The trials of the combined elevators occupied the whole of

634 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

the week allotted to the judging of implements. The trials of
Single-furrow Ploughs ended on Thursday evening. The award
of medals for miscellaneous articles, not included in the quin-
quennial rotation, was therefore made after the plough trials
were ended, by Messrs. J. Hicken, J. D. Ogilvie, and T. P.
Outhwaite, who in this class took the places of those who had
previously been appointed to judge the miscellaneous articles
as well as the elevators.

Of the ten silver medals placed at their disposal, the Judges
awarded seven to the following exhibitors : —

178. Barford and Perkins, Peterborough, for their Patent Hand-Lifting Gear
for Traction Engines.

1242. James Coultas, Grantham, for his Potato Planter.

1704. George Cheavin, Boston, Lincolnshire, for his Patent Rapid Water
Filter for Agricultural Purposes.

1975. Samuel Wilkerson, jun., Bassinghourn, Eoyston, for his Machine for
Shooting Corn from one Sack to another.

4007. Kimball and Morton, of Glasgow and Dundee, for their Sack-Sewing
Machine.

4788. Head, Wrightson, and Co., of Teesdale Ironworks, Stockton-on-
Tees, for Moore’s Patent Pulley Block.

5041. Davey, Paxman, and Co., of Standard Ironworks, Colchester, for
their Apparatus for Heating Water in the Tank of Traction Engines by the
Exhaust Steam.

Fig. 11. — Messrs. Barford and Perkins’s Patent Rand-lifting Gear for
Traction Engines, No. 178.

The first contrivance on this list is the invention of Mr. F. Savage, but
exhibited by Messrs. Barford and Perkins ; it is not intended for frequent use,
hut will be found of great service in starting an engine out of a hole or rut
into which it may have sunk. When a misfortune of this kind occurs, much

a)id j^Iiscellancoiis Implements at llnll.

(335

time is often lost in attempting to extricate the engine by steam-power alone,
and danger is sometimes incurred by raising the steam pressure above the
proper limit. By the contrivance exhibited in Fig. 11, the engine is pro-
vided with a powerful hand-purchase, by which it may be slowly moved by
hand-]iower, acting eithei’ alone, or in conjunction with the steam-power. A
crank-handle gives motion to a worm and worm-wheel ; on the axis of the
worm-wheel is a spur-pinion, gearing into teeth upon the inner periphery of
the fly-wheel of the engine. The spur-pinion is strong enough to withstand
the whole strain due to the steam pressure on the piston, that may be loaded
inadvertenth% or with the intention of assisting the hand-gear. By setting a
man to turn the handle against the steam, the Judges found that he could
easily overcome the full steam-power of the 10-horse engine, to which the
apparatus was fitted.

It will be obvious that this very high power can only be obtained from
manual labour at a very slow speed ; but the hand-gear is only used for starting
the engine, and may be thrown out by sliding the pinion along its axis directly
the wheels are extricated from the hole. The apparatus will also he found
serviceable in adjusting an engine to drive a threshing machine. The lifting
gear can be fixed on any form of traction engine, at a cost of about lOZ.

The Potato Planter (No. 1242) is manufactured and exhibited by Mr.
James Coultas, under Wright’s patent. Its general arrangements are similar
to an ordinary turnip-drill, with the seed-box very much enlarged, and, in
place of the ordinary seed-barrel, furnished with two revolving chains bearing
wooden blocks, slightly cup-shaped at each end, each chain passing round

Fig. 12. — Wright’s Potato-planter, No. 1242.

636 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

three chain-wheels. In their revolution the cups rise through the box filled
with seed potatoes ; the size of the cups being proportioned to the size of the
seed, each cup takes up one potato ; the cup is inverted as it enters the top of
the metal tube shown on the right hand of Fig. 12. (The tube on the left
side has been removed to show the shape of the cujis.) The potato then falls
upon the back of the next block, which is also slightly cupped to reeeive it.
From the tube it falls into the furrow, that has been opened by the double-
mouldboard plough fixed on the lower part of the frame. The small hopper
at the top of the machine is furnished with one of Chambers’s manure-barrels,
and delivers the artificial manure down the wooden shoots into the two open
furrows over the potatoes ; the furrows are then closed by the action of the
four covering breasts, and the land left flat. The small wheels at the side of
the covering breasts regulate the depth of the furrows. The long handle to
the right is used for raising the ploughs and breasts when turning on the
headlands. This implement, invented in the autumn of last year, will be of
great value to all large growers of potatoes, for it greatly simplifies and
cheapens the operation of planting. The ridges are opened, the potatoes
dropped at equal distances, artificial manure is distributed in any quantity,
and the ridges are covered Tip in one single operation, without damaging the
sets. The cost of the Two-row Planter, fitted with manure distributor,
is 45Z.

George Cheavin's Piapid Water Filter (No. 1704) is adapted for purifying
pond or other water before it passes into the boiler of an engine. The
boilers of traction and portable engines are very frequently corroded or furred
up from the impurity of the water supplied to them. An ordinary filter is
far too slow in its action to prepare water for such a purpose. This form of
filter may be fitted on to the pipe of the engine-pump, and immersed in a tub
or pond. All the water then drawn up by the engine will pass through a
thickness of some three inches of animal charcoal. The filter is in a very
compact form, with an iron case. A filter that does its work with great
rapidity must of course become foul in a proportionately short time. A very
ingenious arrangement for cleansing the filtering material without renewing the
charcoal is introduced in this filter. The upper part of the centre of the filter
is occupied by a perforated iron cylinder ; the charcoal is packed round this
cylinder, and between two perforated plates below it. To cleanse the filter a
piston is fitted into the perforated cylinder, and by working this as a pump,
air is forced through the charcoal until it is effectually cleansed. The two
advantages of rapidity of action and facility for cleansing will make this
filter of great value to the owners of engines used for thrashing and steam
cultivation.

1975. Samuel Wilkerson, jun. Sack Lifter and Shooter. This contri-
vance enables one man to shoot corn rapidly and easily from one sack into
another without assistance ; it consists of a light fixed frame carrying two
movable frames worked by a winch-handle and chain. The sack to be
emptied is placed upon the elevator-board of a frame that rises vertically when
the handle is turned, and the string of the sack is hung upon the lower blade
of a knife fixed on the top of this frame. When the handle is turned the
chain is wound up, and raises the frame with the sack upon it ; two smaller
self-acting chains are attached to the main chain and to certain levers ; when the
sack is raised to the full height (Fig. 13), one of these levers acts upon the knife
and cuts the string of the sack, at the same moment a trigger upon the
elevator-board striking the upper part of the fixed frame causes the sack to
be pushed forward so that it falls upon a swing frame at the top of the
machine in such a way that the mouth of the full sack is immediately opposite
to the mouth of an empty sack that has previously been hung upon four
hooks at the rear end of the swing-frame. The motion of the winch-handle

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

637

is then reversed, and the lower end of the swing-frame is gradually raised till
the whole contents have been shot from one saek into the other (Fig. 14) ; the
freshly-filled sack is left standing upright upon the floor, and by touching a
spring-handle the fonr hooks that held it open are simultaneously disen-

Figs. 13 and 14. — Wilkerson's Sack-lifter and Shooter f No. 1975.

gaged. The machine is easily worked by hand, and as it enables one man
to do the work of three, it will be of great use to those who have occasion
to transfer corn from sack to sack.

4007. Kimball and Morton's Sack-Sewing Machine. Since the first inven-
tion of sewing-machines they have year after year been adapted to fresh sorts
of work ; it is only recently that they have been able to work with the tarred
jute or flax-thread that is used in sack-making. In using a very stout thread
a large shuttle is required to carry it, and a very large loop must be made for
this shuttle to pass through ; the taking up of the slack from this loop has for
a long time been a difficulty, but it is now overcome in a very ingenious
manner by the use of a large cam acting upon a spring-arm guide. The
ordinary sort of machine, sewing in a straight line, would not give sufficient
elasticity to the stitch ; special contrivances are therefore needed to produce
a zigzag stitch, lapping round the edge of the sack. A stud on the rod of the
frame is shunted from one groove to another upon a double-grooved cam ;
the needle-thread and the shnttle-thread meet, and are locked in the centre
of the edge of the sack. The stitch thus made is firmer and more elastic
than those made by hand. On cutting the thread, and then pulling the
opposite sides of the sack, the Judges found that none of the stitches gave way.
It is stated that a single machine will sew 1000 yards of sacking in 10 hours,
and the double macliinessew 2000 yards in the same time; where two sides of
the sack are sewn the double machine should be used.

The stands of sewing-machines have lately been a marked
feature in our show-yards ; and, though always interesting to our
fairer visitors, they have occasionally provoked criticism, as not
being in any way agricultural. This is the first time that a
silver medal has been awarded to such a machine, and it is well

Fig. 13. — Showing sack lifted.

Fig. 14. — Showing com shot.

638 Report on the Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

deserved by an invention that promises to prevent the scarcity of
hand labour from increasing the price of farm sacks. We have
not thought it necessary to illustrate the machine, as in its
general arrangement it resembles other sewing machines. If any
reader wishes for fuller information, he must let us yield place
aux dames, and leave him to gain it more pleasantly from other
sources.

Fig. 15. — Messrs. Ravey,^ Paxman, and Co.’s Apparatus for Heating;
Water in Tank of Traction Engine by the Exhaust Steam, No. 5041.

5041. Bavey, Paxman, and Co. Apparatus for heating Water in Tank
of Traction Engines by Exhaust Steam. The position of this apparatus upon a
traction engine is shown in Fig. 15, where the first point to be noticed is its
compactness and the facility with which it can be fitted to any engine.
The two waste quantities of water from the oveiHow of the pump and steam
from the exhaust are here admirably utilised to secure a constant supply of
hot water for the supply of the boiler ; thus saving fuel and lessening the
wear and tear of the boiler, not only by preventing mechanical injury from
the injection of cold water, but often also by lessening the chances of incrus-
tation. Water that contains mineral impurities in solution will, when heated,
deposit a portion of these impurities in the tank before it is required for use
in the boiler. Fig. 16 is a section of the heater, and consists of three cham-
bers,— the upper one filled with compressed air, the middle one with water,
and the lowest with mixed steam and spray. The pipe on the left admits
steam to the lowest chamber ; the pipe on the right carries water from the
oveifiow of the pump into the middle chamber. A brass disc, perforated

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

039

by very small holes, separates these two chambers. The water is forced
through these perforations by the action of the pump in the form of fine spray,
which, mingling with the

steam, is made hot and Tig.lQ.— Section of Messrs. Davey,Paxman,
flows into the water-tank at and Co.’s Water-heating Apparatus, No.
nearly boiling point. The 5041.

■compressed air in the upper
chamber makes the flow of
the water through the per-
forations constant, and not
intermittent, with the stroke
•of the pump. It is similar
in its action to the air-
chambers used in hydraulic
rams, but requires no sniffle-
valve, as fresh air is ad-
mitted every time the engine
ceases to work. The Judges
considered this a contrivance
of great value, combining
simplicity, lightness, and
strength with a cheap-
ness that brings it within
the reach of all users of
steam power. Its cost is
51. 10s., and, with slight
modifications, it can be
■easily fitted to any engine 5

or boiler. *

4788. Head, Wrightson, and Co. — This pulley-block or hoist is constructed
on a novel and ingenious principle. Although its parts are simple in con-
struction, and therefore not liable to get out of order, yet at first sight its
action seems like a mechanical puzzle, and a full description of the illustra-
tions given may perhaps be needed to explain the principles of its action.
Two revolving discs (a and b. Fig. 17) are mounted face to face upon a
shaft (c). The meeting face of each disc is dished out, and the periphery of
each dished recess is formed into an internal toothed wheel (Fig. 19, p. 640).
One disc has a tooth less in number than the other, but both have the
same pitch diameter.

When the discs are mounted on the shaft c, the space formed by the
meeting of these two recesses is occupied by the pinion n, of smaller pitch
diameter than the internal disc wheels, a and b. This pinion is mounted
loose upon an eccentric forged in one with the shaft c, passing through the
discs, and is carried round by the revolution of the shaft and eccentric. In
revolving, the pinion rolls round the periphery of the internal wheels, and in
one complete orbit the faces of the two discs move a distance equal to
the pitch of one of the disc teeth, owing to the gradual displacement of the
odd tooth.

A chain-wheel (f and g) is cast on the back of each disc, and from the
•cross head and hook (h), to which the weight to be lifted is attached, two
•chains pass, one to the right side and one to the left side of either disc chain-
wheel.

The loose ends pass over and are connected at a convenient distance below
the block, fonning a loop (k), which falls as the weight is raised, and vice
versa.

The eccentric shaft is made to revolve by the spocket-wheel (l) keyed to

640 Report of Trials of Combined Stacking-Machines

Figs. 17-19. — Illustrations of Messrs. Head, Wrightson and Co.'s Pulley
Block, No. 4788.

Fig. 17. Fig. 18.

M N

and Miscellaneous Implements at Hull.

641

it, the wheel being worked by an endless hand-rope (m), and the machine is
supported in a suitable frame with a suspending hook (n) at the top, to attach
to a beam or other support.

Headers conversant with mechanics will excuse our pointing out to others
that the pinion D, being loose upon the eccentric, does not act as an ordinary
driving-wheel, but its teeth merely act as wedges, bringing the space between
the teeth of one of the dished wheels exactly opposite a corresponding space
in the other wheel. Thus, in Fig. 19 the only spaces that exactly correspond
are those numbered 1 on each wheel : space 23, on wheel B is now opposite,
not to space 23 on wheel a, but to the tooth between spaces 22 and 23 on a.

Half a revolution of d will gradually wedge the teeth apart till 23 is opposite
the other 23 ; when the revolution of d is complete, space 44 on b will be
opposite 1 on a.

The ■ differential power is thus obtained by the gradual displacement of
the odd tooth in the revolution of the pinion. The discs are perfectly free
to move either way round in the frame, but the weight on H coming half on the
right side and half on the left perfectly balances the block and keeps the lifting-
chains plumb and fair under its centre. One revolution of the spocket-wheel
(l) and the pinion (d) will thus cause the disc-wheel (a) to turn over from
left to right -^ths of an inch, and the disc-wheel (b) will revolve over in the
opposite direction from right to left an equal distance ; the sum of these dis-
tances equals (1| inches) the pitch of the teeth on the disc-wheels. The
diameter of the chain-wheels (f and g) is only half that of the disc-wheels
(a and b), hence the hook (h) will only rise '34 inch for each revolution of
the spocket-wheel (l), and to obtain this small rise the hand-rope must be
moved a space of 6 feet 3 inches. The pulley exhibited is intended to enable
two men to raise a weight of 7i tons; from the above calculation they would
have to pull the hand-rope 221 feet to raise the 7i tons 1 foot. The theoretical
force required would be a pull of 76 lbs. plus the force needed to overcome
friction. The actual force required was not ascertained by direct experiment,
but friction would probably cause the total force to be very little, if at all, under
112 lbs., and two men of average strength might in that case raise the weight
some 6 feet per hour.

A second hook could be attached at k, so that a fresh load might be raised
by reversing the pull of the hand-rope without first lowering the chain. One
advantage of this system is that the wedge-action of the pinion-teeth prevents
the weight from running down when left half-raised.

The prices, of course, vary for blocks of different power ; that of the 7j ton
block is 121. 10s., and the chain costs 5s. per foot, including the hook (h).

) (tM •

■ » ■

k <

>■

■ • -V. Alt Cbv'

- ‘ : '..i. V

. i »a

, r . k'«ti / >.»#

i f»»kiy K.'.

^opal ^gn'raltiiral ^onet|) of (25nglanti.

1873.

EARL CATHCART.

Year

when

Glected.

1857
1850
18G1
SS5 1
1860
1846
1839
1856

1858
1839
1839

Cru£!ttc5.

Bridport, Viscount, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, Berhshire.

Chesham, Lord, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks.

Holland, Edward, Dumbleton Uall, Evesham, Gloucestershire.
Macdonald, Sir Archibald Keppel, Bt., Woolmer Lodge, Liphook, Hants,
Marlborough, Duke of, K.G., Blenheim Park, Oxford.

Milward, Richard, Thurgarton Priory, Southwell, Notts.

PoRTMAN, Lord, Bryanston, Blandford, Dorset.

Powis, Earl of, Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.

Rutland, Duke of, K.G., Belvoir Castle, Grantham, Leicestershire.
THOiiPSON, Harry Stephen, Kirby Hall, York.

Tredegar, Lord, Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire.

'Ftce-3,9re^iHcut5.

1861

1839

1867

1847

1848
1847

1858
1S39,
1852

1859
1855

Cathcart, Earl, Thomton-le- Street, Thirsk, Yorkshire.

Chichester, Earl of, Stanmer Park, Levies, Sussex.

Devonshire, Duke of, K.G., Holker Hall, Lancashire.

Egmont, Earl of, Cowdray Park, Peiworth, Sussex.

Eversley, Viscount, Heckfield Place, Winchjield, Hants.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth, Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, London, W.

Hill, Viscount, Hawkstone Park, Salop.

Kerrison, Sir Edward C., Bart., Brome Hall, Scale, Suffolk.

5Iiles, Sir Wiluam, Bart., Leigh Court, Bristol, Somersetshire,

Richmond, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex.

Vernon, Lord, Sudbury Hall, Derby.

Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, Bt., M.P., Wynnstay, Ruabon, Denbighshire.

1855 *Acland, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., Sprydoricote, Exeter, Devonshire.
1858 Amos, Charles Edwards, 5, Cedars Road, Clapham Common, Surrey.

1867 *Baldwin, John, Luddington, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire.

1848 *Barnett, Charles, Stratton Park, Bigglesioade. Bedfordshire.

1853 I Barthropp, Nathaniel George, Hacheston, Wickham Market, Suffolk.

1868 ; Booth, Thomas Christopher, Warlaby, Northallerton, Yorkshire.

1863 ^ Bowly, Edward, Siddington House, Cirencester, Gloucestershire.

1861 *Cantrell, Charles S., Riding Court, Datchet, Bucks.

1872 i Chaplin, Henry, M.P., Blankney Hall, Lincoln.

1 866 i Davies, David Reynolds, Agden Hall, Lymm, Cheshire.

1861 *Dent, J. D., M.P., Mibston Hall, Wetherby, Yorkshire.

1860 Druce, Joseph, Eynsham, Oxford.

* Those Members of Council whose names are prefixed by an asterisk retire in
July, but are eligible for re-election in May next.

VOL. IX. — S. S.

List of Officers.

Yeftf

when

lUectud.

1868

1871

1872
1866
1854

1871

1867
1863
1848
1869

1872

1868

1867

1865
1871
1871
1857
1861

1868

1871
1869
1861
1861

1856

1872

1869
1867

1857
1845
1871
1871
1867

1870

1871
1861
1870

1866

1865

Edmonds, William John, Southrope, Leclilade, Gloucestershire.

Egerton, Hoa. Wilbraham, M.P., Rostherne Manor, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Exeter, Marquis of, K.G., Burghley House, Stamford, Lincolnshire.
Hornsby, Richard, Spittle Gate, Grantham, Lincolnshire.

Hoskyns, Chandos Wren, M.P., Harewood, Ross, Herefordshire.
l*JoNES, J. Bowen, Ensdon House, Shrewsbury, Salop.

Kesteven, Lord, Caswick, Stamford, Lincolnshire.

*Kingscote, Colonel, M.P., Kingscote, Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.

Lawes, John Bennet, Rothamsted, St. Albans, Herts.

*Leeds, Robert, Wicken Farm, Castleacre, Brandon, Norfolk,

Leicester, Earl of, Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk.

Lichfield, Earl of, Shughorough, Staffordshire.

*Liddell, Hon. Henry George, M.P., Ravensworth Castle, Durham.

* Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart., M.P., Maristow, Roborough, Devon.

*McIntosh, David, Havering Park, Romford, Essex.

Masfen, R. Hanbdry, Fendeford, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire.

*Pain, Thomas, The Grove, Basingstoke, Hants.

Randell, Charles, Chadbury, Evesham, Worcestershire.

*Ransome, Robert Charles, Ipswich, Suffolk.

Rawlence James, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury, Wilts.

*Ridley, M. White, M.P., Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland.
*Rigden, William, Hove, Brighton, Sussex.

Sanday, William, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts.

Shhttleworth, Joseph, Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln.

*Skelmersdale, Lord, Lathom Hall, Ormskirk, Lancashire.

Statter, Thomas, Stand Hill, Whitefield, Manchester, Lancashire.

*Stone, N. Chamberlain, Aylestone Hall, Leicester.

*Toer, William, Aylesby Manor, Great Gi-imsby, Lincolnshire.

*Tdrner, George, Brampford Speke, Exeter, Devonshire.

*Thrneb, Jabez, Haddon, Huntingdonshire.

*Wakefield, William H., Kendal, Westmoreland.

*Webb, James, Spring Hill, Fladbury, Pershore, Worcestershire.

Welby, William Earle, M-.P., Newton House, Follcingham, Lincolnshire.
*Wells, John, Booth Ferry, Howden, Yorkshire.

Wells, Williaji, M.P., Holmewood, Peterborough, Northamptonshire.
Whitehead, Charles, Farming House, Maidstone, Kent.

*WiLSON, Lieut.-Colonel Fuller Maitland, Stowlangtoft Hall, Bury
St. Edmund’ s, Suffolk.

♦Wilson, Jacob, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, Northumberland.

^circtari) anU CEftitor.

H. M. JENKINS, 12, Hanover Square, London, W.

Consulting Chemist — Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, E.C.
Consulting Botanist — W. Carruthers, F.R.S., F.L.S., British Museum, W,C.
Consulting Veterinary Surgeon — James Beart Simonds, Royal Veterinary
College, N.W.

Consulting Engineers — Eastons & Anderson, The Grove, Southwark Street, S.E.
Seedsmen — Thomas GiBBS’and Co., Corner of Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, W.
Publisher — John Murray, 50, Albemarle Street, W.

Bankers — The London and Westmin.ster Bank, St. .James's Square Branch, S.W.

* Those Members of Council whose names aro prefixed by an asterisk retire in
July, but are eligible for re-elcetion in May next.

( iii )

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1873.

dTinanct Committee.

Bridport, Viscount, Chairman.
Davies, D. R.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.

%ou)Se

The President.

Chairman of Finance Committee.
Davies, D. R.

Randell, Charles.

Tokr, 'William.

Committee.

Bjngscote, Colonel, M.P.
Gibbs, B. T. Brandbeth.
Tokb, William.

3lournal

Thompson, H. S., Chairman.
Cathcart, Earl.

Vernon, Lord.

Acland, Sir T. Dyke, Bart., M.P.
Dent, J. D., M.P.

Holland, Edward.

Hoskyns, C. Wren, M.P.

Committee.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.
Milward, Richard.
Ridley, M. White, M.P.
Welby, W. E., M.P.
Wells, W., M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Jacob.

Ci)emical

Wells, William, M.P., Chairman.
Leicester, Lord.

Lichfield, Lord.

Vernon, Lord.

Chaplin, H., M.P.

Davies, D. R.

Dent, J. D„ M.P.

Edmonds, W. J.

Committee.

Hoskyns, C. Wren, M.P.
Lawes, j. B.

VOELCKER, Dr. A.
Wakefield, W. H.
Welby, W. E., M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Colonel.

Wilson, Jacob.

Sotanical Committee.

Vernon, Lord.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Edmonds, W J.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

Jones, J. Bowen.

Thompson, H. S.

'Fetcrinaru

Exeter, Marquis of.

Bridport, Viscount.

Booth, T. C.

Brown, Professor.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Egerton, Hon. Wilbraham, M.P.
Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

Leeds, Robert.

Turner, Jabez.

VOELCKER, Dr.

Welby, W. E., M.P.
Wells, W., M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.

Committee.

Masfen, R. H.

Ridley, M. White, M.P.
SmoNDS, Professor.
Statter, Thomas.
Thompson, H. S.

Wells, William, M.P.
Wilson, Jacob.

^tocibPri^eg Committee.

Bridport, Viscount.
Barthropp, Nathaniel G.
Booth, T. C.

Bowly, Edward.

Davies, D. R.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Druce, Joseph.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Leeds, Robert.

Masfen, R. H.

Milward, Richard.

Randell, Chas.

Ridley, M. White, M.P.
Rigden, Wm.

Sanday, Wm.

Torr, 'William.

Turner, George.
Wakefielu, W. H.

Wells, John.

Wilson, Jacob.

The Stewards of Live Stock.

a 2

Standing Committees for 1873,

Booth, T. C., Chairman.
Bbidpout, Viacouut.
Vernon, Lord.

Amos, C. E.

Cantrell, Cuas. S.
Dri'ce, Joseph.

Edmonds, W. J.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Hornsby, 'Richard.

Wynn, Sir Watkin W.,
Bart., M.P.
(Chairman).
LtCHTiELD, Earl of.
Powis, Earl of.

Bridport, Viscount.
Chesham, Lord.
Kesteven, Lord.
Tredegar, Lord.
Vernon, Lord.

Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart.,
M.P.

Macdonald, Sir A. K.j
Bart.

Bannister, A.

fimplemcnt Connm'ttet.

Hoskyns, C. Wren,
M.P.

Jones, J. Bowen.

Leeds, Robert.

Masfen, R. H.

Randell, Charles.
Ransome, R. C.

Sanday, William.
Shuttleworth, Joseph.

Barnett, C.

Beverley, Mayor of.
Booth, T. C.

Bowly, Edward.
Cantrell, Charles S.
Davies, D. R.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Drdce, Joseph.

Edmonds, W. J.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Hornsby, Richard.
Hoskyns, C.Wren, M.P.
Hell, Mayor of.

Kingscote, Col., M.P.
Leeds, Robert.

Thompson, H. S.

Torr, William.
Wakefield, W. H.
Welby, W. Earle, M.P.
Wells, John.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Jacob.

The Stewards of Imple-
ments.

Milward, Richard.
Randell, Charles.
Ransome, R. C.

Ridley, M. W., M.P.
Roberts, G. C.
Shuttleworth, Joseph.
Tiffen, j.

Torr, William.

Webb, Jajies.

Wells, John.

Wells, William, M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Jacob.

The Stewards.

Randell, Charles, Chairman.
Bridport, Viscount.

Vernon, Lord.

Amos, C. E.

Booth, T. 0.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

CoiitiactS Committee.

Hornsby, Richard.
Milward, Richard.
Shuttleworth, Joseph.
Torr, William.

Wells, John.

Wilson, Jacob.

Committee of ^eleetton.

Bridport, Viscount. Milward, R.

IIavies, D. R. Randell, Charles.

Dent, J. D., M.P. Thompson, H. S.

iliBB.s, B. T. Brandreth. ' Torr, William.

Holland, E. Wells, William, M.P

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.

And the Chairmen of the Standiner Committees.

Cliucattoix Committee.

Holland, E., Chairman.
Lichfield, Earl of.

Powis, Earl of.

Acland, Sir T. Dyke, Bart., M.P.
Dent, J. D., M.P.

Jones, J. Bowen.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.
Ransome, R. C.

Wells, William, M.P.
Voelcker, Dr.
Whitehead, Charles.

Cattle $3lague Committee.

The whole Council.

*,* The President, Trustees, and Vice-Presidents are Members ex officio
of all Committees.

( V )

Boyal ^gn'cultiiral J>orietp of ®uslanti«

GENERAL MEETING.

12, Hanover Square, Thursday, December 12, 1872.

KEPOKT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Royal Agricultural Society are gratified at
being able to preface the usual Report of their proceedings
since the last General Meeting, by stating that the past year
has witnessed a considerable accession to the list of Members.

During the past half-year 8 Governors and G8 Members have
died, and the names of 18 Members have been removed from
the list by order of the Council; but, on the other hand, 11
Governors and 269 Members have been elected, so that the
Society now consists of

77 Life Governors,

63 Annual Governors,

1687 Life Members,

4104 Annual Members,

14 Honorary Members,

. making a total of 5945, and, when coupled with the changes
reported at the half-yearly meeting in May, showing an increase
of 138 Members during the year 1872.

The Council desire to bear testimony to the great loss that
they have sustained by the death of their veteran colleague,
Colonel Challoner ; and they have to report that Mr. Milward,
of Thurgarton Priory, Notts, has been elected to fill the conse-
quent vacancy in the list of Trustees. The vacancy in the
Council resulting from Mr. Mil ward’s election has been filled
up by the election of Lord Skelmersdale.

The half-yearly statement of accounts to the 30th of June,
1872, has been examined and approved by the Society’s auditors
and accountants, and has been published for the information of

Ti Report to the General Meeting.

the Members in the last number of the ‘Journal.’ The perma-
nent funded capital of the Society remains the same as at the
last half-yearly meeting, namely, 24,112/. 7s. 8</., and the balance
in the hands of the bankers on the 1st instant was 618/. 16s. lOdf.
These figures are sufficient to show that the financial position of
the Society continues to be satisfactory.

The Council have increased the salary of the Secretary by
100/. per annum in consideration of the efficient services he
has rendered to the Society during the period he has held that
office.

In the Report of the Council last December it was stated that
a Special Committee had been appointed to consider the whole
question of the receipts and expenditure of the Society, espe-
cially at the Country-meetings, and the possibility of securing
equal results at less cost. After a most exhaustive enquiry the
Committee made a series of recommendations, which, it is
hoped, may exclude from the Show-yard a large number of
articles not connected with agriculture, and thus attain the
double object of curtailing the expenditure of the Society,
and reducing the area of the exhibition without diminishing
its usefulness.

Cathays Park, libercdly placed by the Marquess of Bute at
the disposal of the Society for the Cardiff Meeting, formed a
most commodious and picturesque Show-ground, possessing the
additional advantages of being well drained and walled in, and
in every way adapted to the requirements of the Society. No
exertions were spared by the Mayor of Cardiff (Mr. E. David),
Lord Bute’s agent (Mr. J. S. Corbett), and the Local Committee
to ensure the success of the Meeting at one of the most distant
spots which the Society has yet visited. The Council are,
therefore, gratified in stating that the results of the fleeting at
Cardiff have, in their opinion, justified their choice of that
locality for the Society’s Exhibition, more particularly in
reference to its future' effect on the agriculture of the adjacent
districts.

The trials of Portable Steam Engines, Threshing Machines,
Straw Elevators, &c., with which the Cardiff Meeting com-
menced, were carried out by the Stewards, Judges, and Engi-
neers, with the utmost care and patience, during a week of ram
and storms. An illustrated report on the trials of all the Imple-

Rej)ort to the General Meeting. vii

merits, except Portable Steam Engines, carefully prepared by
Mr. C. G. Roberts, of Haslemere, Surrey, has been published
in the last number of the ‘ Journal,’ and will, doubtless, be
found useful both by farmers and manufacturers. The report
on the trials of Portable Steam Engines has been prepared by
the Engineer Judges, and will be published in the next number
of the ‘ J ournal.’

The wet weather of the trial-week was fortunately succeeded
by several days of' sunshine, and the Cardiff meeting, therefore,
approached nearer to a financial success than either of its
immediate predecessors. As an exhibition of Stock it pre-
sented some distinctive features, which have been well portrayed
by Mr. Henry Corbet, the Secretary of the Central Farmers’
Club, in his Report published in the last number of the
‘ Journal.’ As an exposition of the prevailing character of
the Live Stock of the neighbourhood, it must be regarded as
successful in consequence of the large number of local exhi-
bitors; while the relatively small number of entries of Welsh
cattle and sheep seem rather to indicate that the native races
are being displaced by improved English breeds, than that their
true importance was inadequately represented in the Show-yard.

The competition for the Prize Cup offered by Sir Watkin
W. Wynn, Bart., the President of the Society at the Cardiff
^Meeting, for the best managed farm in South Wales and Mon-
mouthshire, excited the keenest interest in the district, from the
time of the publication of the list of competitors, up to the
announcement of the awards of the Judges, at the General
Meeting of Members held in the Show-yard. An able report
on the Prize and Commended Farms, written by Mr. T. Bow-
stead, of Eden Hall, Penrith, one of the Judges, will, it is
hoped, be carefully read by many farmers both in and outside
the district, and thus produce beneficial results beyond the
circle of those who were more immediately interested in the
competition.

The Council regret that the competition for the prizes offered
by the Marquess of Bute and Major Picton Turbervill, for
plans of cottages for agricultural labourers to cost not more than
220/. per pair, and those for miners to cost not more than 90/
each, failed to produce a satisfactory result. No plans were
sent in which, in the opinion of the Judges, could be built for

viii Report to the General Meeting.

the stipulated sums, and also possessed sufficient merit to justify
them in awarding a prize ; but the ground plans of one pair of
cottages (exhibited bj Mr. Hine, of the Patent Brick Works,
Worcester) were commended, and will be published in the next
number of the ‘ Journal.’

The Implement Prize-Sheet for the ensuing Country Meeting,
to be held at Hull, has been carefully arranged after consul-
tation with some of the leading manufacturers. Prizes are
offered for sixteen classes of Ploughs, six classes of Harrows,
four of Rollers and Clodcrushers, four of Cultivators and Scari-
fiers, besides Digging Machines, Potato-ploughs, and Miscella-
neous articles. The date of the meeting has been fi.xed for
Monday, July 14th, and the four following days, and the Trials
of Implements have been ordered to commence on Monday
morning, July 7th.

The Council have decided to offer two prizes, of 100/. each,
for the best managed farms in the Holderness and Wold districts
of the East Riding of Yorkshire respectively. The last day of
entry has been fixed for January 31st, and the conditions
of competition will remain as on previous occasions.

The extensive damage to this year’s Potato-crop, caused by
the too familiar potato-disease, has prompted the President,
of the Society to offer a prize of 100/. for the best Essay on
the potato-disease and its prevention. The Council have thank-
fully accepted Earl Cathcart’s generous offer, and have decided
that the competing essays shall be sent in on or before No-
vember 1st, 1873, subject to the usual conditions of the Society,
as follows : —

All information contained in Prize Essays shall be founded
on experience or observation, and not on simple reference to
books or other writings.

Drawings, specimens, or models, drawn or constructed to a
stated scale, shall accompany writings requiring them.

All competitors shall enclose their names and addresses in a
cover, on which only their motto, and the subject of their Essay,
shall be written.

The President or Chairman of the Council, for the time being,
shall open the cover on which the motto designating the Essay
to which the prize has been awarded is written, and shall declare
the name of the author.

Report to the General Meeting. ix

The Chairman of the Journal Committee shall alone be
empowered to open the motto-paper of such Essays, not obtaining
the prize, as he may think likely to be useful for the Society’s
objects, with a view of consulting the writer confidentially as to
his willingness to place such paper at the disposal of the Journal
Committee.

The copyright of all Essays gaining prizes shall belong to the
Societ}'', who shall accordingly have the power to publish the
whole or any part of such Essays, and other Essays will be
returned on the application of the writers ; but the Society do not
make themselves responsible for their loss.

The Judges are not bound to award a prize unless they con-
sider one of the Essays deserving of it.

In all reports of experiments the expenses shall be accurately
detailed.

The imperial weights and measures only are those by which
calculations are to be made.

No prize shall be given for an Essay which has been already
in print.

Prizes may be taken in money or in plate, at the option of the
successful candidate.

All Essays must be addressed to the Secretary, at the house of
the Society.

Every Essay must be written in the English language, or must
be accompanied by an English translation.

Since the last half-yearly meeting, the trial of “ Kidd v. the
Royal Agricultural Society” has taken place at Leeds. This
action was brought by Mr. Kidd, in consequence of some state-
ments made in the Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee
last March.

• The trial was held before Mr. Justice Blackburn and a special
jury, and lasted for three days. The jury deliberated for five
hours, and ultimately gave a verdict of 10/. 10s. against the Societv,
which will carry costs. In order to give all members of the
Society an opportunity of expressing their opinion on the course
pursued by the Council, a verbatim report of the proceedings was
published in the last number of the Journal ; and the action
that has since been taken by the seed-crushers in Hull leads the
Council to believe that the trial, although unfortunate to the

Report to the General Meeting.

Society in a pecuniary point of view, has been of considerable
value to the agriculttural interest.

In connection with this trial, the Council gratefully acknow-
ledge the sympathy which they have received from the Com-
mittees of several agricultural bodies. This movement, com-
menced by the Lincolnshire Agricultural Society, and accom-
panied by a vote of lOOZ., has been followed by another vote of
100/., from the Smithfield Club, a vote of 20/. from the Central
Farmers’ Club, and votes of thanks from the Central Chamber of
Agriculture, the Manchester and Liverpool Agricultural Society,
and the Norfolk and West Suffolk Chambers of Agriculture.

Under these circumstance the Council, profiting by the expe-
rience they have gained, and feeling the necessity of the utmost
vigilance on the part of the Chemical Committee in the prepara-
tion of their Quarterly Reports, as well as having due regard to
the law laid down by the judge in his summing up at the late
trial, have decided to continue their publication.

The Education Grant has been renewed for the year 1873, on
the general scheme which has now been continued for several
years past ; but in the hope of attracting a larger number of
candidates, the restrictions as to the age of those eligible to
compete for prizes have been removed, while the offer of special
prizes for exceptional merit in particular subjects has been dis-
continued.

In consequence of a communication from Her Majesty’s Com-
missioners for the Vienna International Exhibition, 1873, a
Committee of the Council has been appointed to assist Her
Majesty’s Commissioners, and to aid in securing a due repre-
sentation of British Agriculture at that important international
meeting. Already arrangements have been made for an adequate
area to be set apart for this purpose ; and the Council are at
present endeavouring to secure an efficient representative of
England on the Jury for Agricultural Machinery, as well as
arranging for a report on the Agricultural features of the whole
exhibition.

During the past year the live stock of the farm has been
unusually subject to diseases of an epizootic character. The pre-
valence of the foot-and-mouth disease last year induced the
Council to “ draw the attention of the Government to the existing

Report to the General Meeting. xi

regulations in reference to the importation of both foreign and
Irish cattle, and to the restrictions which it is desirable to impose
in order to diminish the risk of their conveying contagious or
infectious diseases to English stock.” Since then the increasing
gravity of the circumstances induced the Council, last July, to
send a deputation on the subject to the Vice-President of the
Privy Council, and subsequently to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
and the Chief Secretary.

The Council of the Society were requested by Mr. Forster to
inform him specifically, in writing, what regulations they would
recommend. The Council therefore commissioned the Secretary
of the Society to make such an investigation into the facts and
circumstances of the trade in animals as would assist them in
complying with the request of the Government.

During the summer recess he has accordingly visited the ports
of shipments of cattle in Ireland and the Continent, four times
traversed the German Ocean, and seven times the Irish Channel
in cattle steamers, and been present at several of the principal
English markets and Irish fairs. A summary of the facts ob-
served has been laid before the Council and formally communi-
cated to the Government, together with susfg’estions of the Council
for fresh regulations ; and a paper giving an ample account of
the Secretary’s investigations is in preparation for the ensuing
number of the ‘Journal.’

In addition to the foot-and-mouth disease, the outbreak of
cattle-plague in the East Riding of Yorkshire, has been a matter
of grave anxiety to the Council. Fortunately the prompt and
energetic action of the local authorities and the ready co-operation
of most of the farmers in the districts, assisted by the advice of
the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council, restricted the
spread of the disease within a much narrower compass than at
one time seemed probable. An investigation into the circum-
stances which preceded this outbreak, and some of which appear
to have been its immediate cause, will be published in the next
number of the ‘Journal.’

Still more recentlv, an increase in the number of animals
affected with pleuro-pneumonia has been noticeable in many parts
of England ; but it is satisfactory to observe that the Privy
Council have issued an order which gives sufficient power to
local authorities who desire to stamp out this disease. The

xii Report, to the General Meeting.

Council therefore strongly recommend the Members of the Society
to exert their influence in thpir several districts to induce the
local authorities to use the power of compulsory slaughter which
has recently been vested in them by the Privy Council.

The Council are glad to report that they have received from
the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College the announce-
ment that a more satisfactory supply of specimens of diseased
animals has recently been furnished to the College by Members
of the Society ; and the Council take this opportunity of calling
special attention to the benefits likely to result from a still larger
number of subjects being forwarded to the College by rendering
possible the more practical education of students of the veterinary
art.

By order of the Council,

H. M. Jenkins,

Secretary.

( xiii )

MEMORANDA.

Address of Letters. — The Society’s oiBce being situated in the postal district designated by the
letter VV. members, in their correspondence with the Secretary, are requested to subjoin that
letter to the usual address.

General Meeting in London, M.ay 22, 1873, at 12 o’clock,

ilKETiNG at Hull, July. 1873.

General Meeting in London, in December, 1873.

Monthly Council (for transaction of business), at 12 o’clock on the first Wednesday in every month,
excepting January, September, and October ; open only to Members of Council and Governors of
the Society. •

Adjournments. — The Council acOoum over Passion and E.aster weeks, when those weeks do not
Include the first Wednesday of the month; from the first Wednesday in August to the first
AVednesday in November; and from the first Wednesday in December to the first Wednesday In
February.

Office Hours.— 10 to 4. On Saturdays, from the Council Meeting in August until the Council
Meeting in April, 10 to 2.

Diseasfjs of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs. — Members have the privilege of applying to the Veterinary
Committee of the Society, and of sending animals to the Royal Veterinary College on the
same terms as if they were subscribers to the College. — (A statement of these privileges will be
found in the Appendix.)

Chemical Analysis. — The privileges of Chemical Analysis enjoyed by Members of the Society will
be found stated In the Appendix to the present volume.

Botanical Privileges. — The Botanical Privileges enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found
stated in the Appendix to the present volume.

Subscriptions. — I. Annual. — The subscription of a Governor is £5, and that of a Member £1, due in
advance on the 1st of January of each year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the 1st of
June. 2. For Life. — Governors may compound for their subscription for future years by paying
at once the sum of i£50, and Members by paying ATO. Governors and Members who have
paid their annual subscription for 20 years or upwards, and whose subscriptions are not in
arrear, may compound for future annual subscriptions, that of the current year inclusive, by a
single payment of £25 for a Governor, and a5 for a Member.

Payments. — Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, in the most direct and satisfactory manner,
either at the office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W„ or by means of post-
office orders, to be obtained at any of the principal post-offices throughout the kingdom, and made
payable to him at the Vere Street Office, London, W. ; but any cheque on a banker s or any
other house of business in London will be equ.ally available, if made payable on demand. In
obtaining post-office orders care should be taken to give the postmaster the correct initials
and suiTiame of the Secretary of the Society (H. M. Jenkins), otherwise the payment
will be refused to him at the post-office on. which such order has been obtained; and when
remitting the money-orders it should be stated by whom, and on whose account, they are sent.
Cheques should be made payable as drafts on demand (not as bills only payable after sight or a
certain number of days after date), and should be drawn on a London (not on a local country)
banker. When payment is made to the London and Westminster Bank, St. James’s Square
Branch, as the bankers of the Society, it will be desirable that the Secretary should be advised
by letter of such payment, in order that the entry in the banker’s book may be at once iden-
tified, and the amount posted to the credit of the proper party. No coin can be remitted by post,
unless the letter be registered.

New Members. — Every candidate for admission into the Society must be proposed by a Member;
the proposer to specify in writing the full name, usual place of residence, and post-town, of the
candidate, either at a Council meeting, or by letter addressed to the Secretary. Forms of Proposal
may be obtained on application to the Secretary.

%• Members may obtain on application to the Secretary copies of an Abstract of the Charter
and Bye-laws, of a Statement of the General Objects, Ac., of the Society, of Chemical,
Botanical, and Veterinary Privileges, and of other printed papers connected with special
departments of the Society’s business.

( siv )

1873.

DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY AND OF MEMBERS

OF COUNCIL.

Number

Dotkicts.

CotTNTIES.

Members of Council.

Members.

COUKCII-

Durham

87 ..

Hon. H. G. Liddell.

Northumberland .'.

135 ..

|M. White Ridley; Jacob
\ Wilson.

Yorkshire — North "I

135 ..

/Earl Cathcart, v.p. ; T. C.

AND East Ridings /

\ Booth; John Wells.

357

— 6

Bedfordshire

48 ..

C. Barnett.

Cambridgeshire . .

Essex.

121 ..

D. McIntosh.

Hertfordshire . . .

99 ..

J. B. Lawes.

Huntingdonshire ..

37 ..

Jabez Turner ; W. Wells.

Norfolk

162 ..

Earl of Leicester; Robert Leeds,
j Sir E. C. Kerrison, v.p. ; N.

Suffolk

157 ..

< G. Barthropp; Lieutenant-
( Colonel Wilson.

686

— 10

Cornwall

C. !

Devonshire . .

100 ..

/Sir T.D. Acland ; Sir M. Lopes ;
\ G. Turner.

Dorsetshire . .

65 ..

Lord Portman, t.

Somersetshire

114 ,.

Sir W. Miles, v.p.

Wiltshire

98 ..

J. Rawlence.

419

— 6

Derbyshire . .

75 ..

1 1

Lord Vernon, v.p.

Leicestersehre

126 ..

/ Duke of Rutland, t. ; N. C.
( Stone.

(Marquis of Exeter; Henry

Lincolnshire . .

200 ..

i 5

< Chaplin; Lord Kesteven; W.
( Torr; W. Earle Welby.

D. '

N ORTH AMPTONSHIRE

R. Milward, t. ; W. Sanday.

Nottinghamshire ..

131 ..

Rutlandshire

Warwickshire

155 ..

J. Baldwin.

798

1 — 11

Distribution of Members of the Society.
DISTRIBUTION OP MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY— cowSmMec?.

DisTiacTs.

Counties.

Numbkb

Members.

Number

Council.

Members of Council.

CUMBEHLAND . .

Lancashire . .

Westmoreland
YoRKSHiitE — West "I
Riding /

Gloucestershire

Herefordshire
Monmouthshire
W ORCESTERSHIRE

South Wales . .

Berkshire

Buckinghamshire

Hampshire

Kent

Middlesex

Oxfordshire ..
Surrey . .

Sussex

Cheshire

Shropshire
Staffordshire
North Wales

222

12G

495

188

100

139

148

639

130

136

249

273

146

136

132

-1264

150

306

258

129

843

— 6

— 8

— 15

[ Duke of Devonskire, v.p. ; Lord
I Skelmersdale ; T. Statter.

W. H. Wakefield
H. S. Thompson, t. ;

J. D. Dent.

E. Bowly ; W. J. Edmonds,

E. Holland, t. ; Col. Kingscote.
C. Wren Hoskyns.

Lord Tredegar, t.

C. Eandell ; James Webb.

Viscount Bridport, t.

JLord Cbesbam, t. ; C. S.

[ Cantrell.

I Viscount Eversley, v.p. ; Sir A.
\ K. Macdonald, t. ; T. Pain.
C. Whitehead.

B. T. Brandreth Gibbs, v.p.
(Duke of Marlborough, t. ;

\ J. Druce.

C. E. Amos.

Earl of Chichester, v.p.; Earl
of Egmont, v.p. ; Duke of
Richmond, v.p. ; W. Rigden.

D. R. Davies ; Hon.W. Egerton.
(Viscount Hill, v.p. ; J B.
\ Jones.

Earl of Liehfield ; R , H. Masfen.
Earl of Powis, t. ; Sir W. Wynn,
v.p.

Scotland .. .. -

Ireland

Channel Islands

Isle of Man

Foreign Countries

Members without addresses . .

Implement Makers.
R. Hornsby.

R. C. Ransome.

J. Shuttleworth.

SVl

Dr.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

Half-yearly Cash Account

To Balance in hand, 1st July, 1812: —

Bankers

Secretary

At Deposit with London and Westminster Bank

To Income : —

Dividends on Stock . . . .

Interest on Deposit Account

Subscriptions: — £. s. d.

Goveniors’ Life-Compositions 2sn o 0

Members’ Life-Compositions 457 0 0

Members’ Annual 821 0 0

Journal (one year) : —

Sales

Advertisements . .

171 6 8
61 8 5

Sundries, viz., Donations on account of Law Costs in
the case of Kidd v. the Society

Total Income

To Cardiff Meeting

£. s. d.
1,709 1 0
21 15 7
2,000 0 0

355 13 2
46 7 6

1,528 0 0

2,282 15 9
8,420 6 9

£. s. d.

3,820 16 7

10,703 2 6

iT4,523 19 1

Balance-Sheet,,

To Capital:- LIABILITIES.

Surplus, 30th June, 18V2

Less : —

Surplus of Eipenditure over Income during the Half-year viz. —

£. s. d.

Expenditure ^ 3,250 19 1

Income 2,282 15 9

968 3 4

Cardiff Meeting

Difference between Receipts and Expenditure,
the latter exceeding the fonner by 566 4 1

Country Meeting Plant

Half-year’s Interest and Depreciation 211 18 7

£. t. d.
29,466 0 2

£. £. d

1,746 6 0

£27,719 14

BRIDPORT, Finance

QtriLTER, BALL, k Co., Accountants.

XVll

SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

FROM 1st July to 31st December, 1872.

By Expenditure: — £ s. d.

Eatublishment : —

Salaries and Wages 467 6 0

House and OfBce Expenses. Rent, &c 438 9 6

Journal : —

Printing and Stitching 512 6 8

Postage and Delivery 168 S 0

Essays and Reports 237 11 0

Map, En^avings, kc 136 6 7

Advertising 512 0

Chemical : —

Consulting Chemist’s Salary

Veterinary : —

Grant to Royal Veterinary College (one year)

Botanical: —

Consulting Botanist’s Salary

Farm Inspection: —

Prize 50 0 0

Expenses of Judging 2U2 16 6

Postage and Carriage

Advertising

Sundries : —

Law Expenses 600 0 0

I’r^aring Show Yard Accounts for Lord
Vernon’s Committee 46 5 6

Total Expenditure

ly Capital Account ; —

Country Meeting Plant . . . .

iy Country Meetings: — .

Cardiff

Hull

ly Balance in hand, 31st December: —

Bankers

Secretary

Cr.

£. s. d.

905 15 6

^£. S. d.

1,060 1
150 0
150 0
50 0

252 16
30 17
5 3

646 5 6

10,303 11 10
211 16 8

411 10 10
80 5 8

3,250 19 1
235 13 0

10,545 8 $

14,032 2 7

491 16 6

A’14,523 19 1

1st December, 1872.

ASSETS.

y Cash in hand

y New 3 per Cent. Stock 24,1121. 7s. 9d. cost ‘

y Books and Furniture in Society’s House

y Country Meeting Plant . .

t Debit of Hull Meeting

* FaIu«af91i = A’22.176 6s. 81d.

Jftm. — The above Assets are exclusive of the amount recoverable in
respect of arrears of Subscription to 31st December, 1872, which at
that date amounted to 9561.

27,477 17 6
241 16 8

i'27,719 14 2

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 17th day of February, 1873.

FRANCIS SHERBORN, I

A. H. JOHNSON, > Auditoi'S on IdiaV of Ote Socielv,

HENRY CANTRELL, )

VOL. IX. S. S. b

XVlll

KOYAL AGKICULTUKAL

'’Dr.

Yearl‘y Cash Accotjkt,

To Balance in band, 1st Jan. 1872; —

Bankers

Secretary

£. s. d.

£. i. d.

304 13 5
63 12 8

£. J. d.

363 6 1

To Income • —

Dividends on Stock

708 6 0

Subscriptions ; —

Governors’ Life-Compositions
Governors’ Annual . . .

Members’ Life-Compositions
Members’ Annual . . .

Journal: —

Sales, (li year)
Advertisements

420 0 0
290 0 0
1134 0 0
3754 19 0

251 19 8
109 3 7

5,598 19 0

361 3 3

Interest on Deposit Account

46 7 6

Sundries, viz. : —

Donations on Account of Law Costs in the case
of Kidd 11. the Society j .

Total Income

120 0 0

6,834 15 9

To Country Meetings : —
Wolverhampton .
Cardiff . . . .

2 18 0
13,078 15 10

13,081 13 10

£20,284 16

OCIETY OF ENGLAND.

DM 1st January to 31st December, 1872.

By Expenditure ; —

Establishment : —

Salaries and Wages

House and Office Expenses, Rent, &c. . .

Journal : —

Printing and Stitching
Postage and Delivery .
Essays and Reports
Map, Engravings, &c.
Advertising . . . .

Chemical : —

Consulting Chemist's Salary
Grant for Investigations .

Veterinary: —

Royal Veterinary College, (1 year)

Botanical : —

Consulting Botanist’s Salary

Education

Farm Inspection : —
Advertising, &c.

Prize

Expenses of Judging

Advertising

Postage and Carriage

Sundries : —

Law Expenses

Expenses of Inspection Committee

Preparing Accounts of Show-yard Works for use j
of Lord Vernon’s Committee j

Subscriptions (paid in error) returned

Total Expenditure

By Capital Account : —

Country Meeting Plant

By Country Meetings : —
Wolverhampton . .

Cardiff

Hull

By Balance in hand, 31st Dec.

Bankers

Secretary

XIX

Cr.

£.

935

846

1,782

S88

330

382

161

1,771

300

200

500

150

100

202

—

283

624

688

•

5,415

•

235

498

13,401

241

14,141

411

491

£20,284 15 8

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i^Tceting, 1873:

[ ON MONDAY THE 14th OF JULY, AND FOUR FOLLOWING DAYS.

SCHEDULE OF PRIZES.

I, — Live-Stock Prizes.

Reference
Number in
CerUficates.

HORSES.

First

Prize.

Second

Prize.

Third

Prize.

Class

£.

i £.

Agricultural Stallion, foaled before 1st Jan. 1871,

not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk

1 ^

Agi'icultural Stallion, foaled in the year 1871, not

qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk ..

Clydesdale Stallion, foaled before the 1st Jan. 1871

Clydesdale Stallion, foaled in the year ISjl

Suflblk Stallion, foaled before the 1st of Ji n. 1871

Suffolk Stallion, foaled in the year 1871 ■ ..

Thorough-bred Stallion, suitable for getting hunters

Stallion, above 14 hands but not exceeding 15

hands 2 inches, suitable for getting Hackneys . .

Pony Stallion, not exceeding 14 hands

Agricultural Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot, not

qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk ..

Clydesdale Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot

Suffolk Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot ..

Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for

breeding Hunters

Mare, above 14 hands, but not exceeding 15 hands

1 inch, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable
for breeding Hackneys

Pony Mare, not exceeding 14 hands

Agricultural Filly, two years old, not qualified to

compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk

Clydesdale Filly, two years old

Suffolk Filly, two years old

Pair of Agricultural Draught Horses, worked

regularly at plough and harrow during the
year 18 1 3

20*

Pair of Agricultural Geldings, two years old

15t

iot

No Third Prize will he given unless at least Six

animals he exhibited, and no Second Prize will
he given unless at least Three animals he exhi-
bited, except on the special recommendation of
the Judges.

* Offered by the Holderness Agricultural Society,
t Offered by Beverley aud the neighbourhood.

xxii

Prizes for Live Stock.

Keference 1
Number in ’
Certificates.:

HOESES — continued.

First

Prize.

Second

Prize.

Third

Prize.

Fourth

Prize.

Class 1

£.

Hunter, Mare or Geldins, five years old and

upwards, having not less than three crosses of
blood. English breed

15*

10*

Hunter, Mare or Gelding, four years old, equal to

carrying 14 stones over any hunting country,
and to have not less than three crosses of blood

35t

15t

Hunter, Mare or Gelding, three years old ..

15t

Hunter Gelding, two years old, with not less than

three crosses of blood

A Champion Prize of £100 for the best Hunter
(mare or gelding') in the yard, of any age, equal
to carrying 14 to 15 stones over any hunting

••

15t

lot

country. Offered by the Local Committee

Roadster Hackney (nag or mare), from four to

eight years old, and from 14 hands 2 inches to
15 hands 2 inches high

20§

10§

••

Jackass, not under 13 hands, for getting mules

for agricultural purposes

2511

1511

10||

Mule, not under 15 hands, for agricultural pur-

poses

2511

1511

1011

No Second Prize will be given unless at least Three

animals be exhibited, except on the special re-
commendation of the Judges.

* Offered by Driffield and the neighbourhood,
t Offered by Beverley and the neighbourhood.

j Offered by some Lincolnshire Tenant-farmers.
Offered by Market Weighton and the neigh-

bonrhood.

11 Offered by Edward Pease, Esq., Darlington.

CATTLE.

(All Ages calculated to July 1st, 1873).

Shorthorn.

Bull, above three years old

Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old

Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two

years old

No Third Prize will be given unless at least Six

animals be exhibited, and no Second Prize will
be given unless at least Three animals be exhibited ;
and in Classes 28, 29 and 30 no P'ourth Prize

will be given unless at least Ten animals be ex-
hibited, except on the special recommendation

of the Judges.

Prizes for Live Stock.

xxiii

Reference

CATTLE — continued.

Second

Third

Kumber in
Certificates.

Prize.

Class

£.

Bull-Calf, above six and not exceeding twelve
months old

Cow, above three years old

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three
years old

Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two
years old

Heifer-Calf, above six and under twelve months old

••

Hereford.

Bull, above three years old

Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old

Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeing two
years old

Bull-Calf, above six and not exceeding twelve
months old

Cow, above three years old ..

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three
years old

Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two
years old

Heifer-Calf, above six and under twelve months old

Devon.

Bull, above three years old

Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old

Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two
years old

Bull-Calf, above six and not exceeding twelve
months old

Cow, above three years old

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf not exceeding three
years old

Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two
years old

Heifer-Calf, above six and under twelve months old

Jersey. '

Bull, above one year old ~

Cow, above three years old .. ,i

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three
years old

No Third Prize will he given unless at least Srix
animals be exhibited, and no Second Prize will
be given unless at least Three Animals be
exhibited ; and in Glasses 28, 29, and 30 no
Fourth Prize will be given unless at least Ten
animals be exhibited, except on the special recom-
mendation of the Judges.

XXIV

Prizes for Live Stock.

Reference
Number in
Certificates.

Class

68
69

CATTLE — continued.

Guernsey.

First

Prize,

£.

Second
I Prize.

£.

Bull, above one year old

Cow, above three years old

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three
years old

Galloway.

Bull, above two years old

Cow, above three years old ..

Heifer, in-milk, or in-calf, under three years old

Ayrshire.

Bull, above two years old

Cow, above three years old

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, under three years old

Other Established Breeds.

Not including the Shorthorn, Hereford, Devon,
Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, or Galloway.

Bull, above one year old

Cow, above three years old

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three
years old

Cattle of any Breed.

Pair of Dairy Cows, for breeding and milking

purjwses

Pair of three years old Heifers, in-milk, or in-calf
Pair of two-and-a-half years old Steers

10*

15*

No Third Prize will he given unless at least Six
animals he exhibited, and no Second Prize will
he given unless at least Three animals he ex-
hibited, and in classes 28, 29 and 30 no Fourth
Prize will he given unless at least Ten animals
he exhibited, except on the special recommenda-
tion of the Judges.

Third

Prize.

£.

Offered by the Hull Butchers.

Prizes for Live Stock.

XXV

Reference
Number in
Certificates.

SHEEP.

First

Prize.

Second

Prize.

Third

Prize.

Qass

Leicester. '

£.

Shearling Earn

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock . .

COTSWOLD.

Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock ..

Lincolns.

Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock ..

Border Leicester.

Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock ..

Oxfordshire Down.

Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock . .

Long-Wools of any Breed.

Pen of Twenty-five Shearling Gimmers, of the

same flock

lOi

Southdown.

Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock ..

No Third Prize will he given unless at least Six

animals he exhibited, U7id no Second Prize will

he given unless at least Three animals he ex-
hibited, except on the special recommendation

of the Judges. This rule is applied to the Ewe,
Lamb, Gimmer, and Wether Classes by substi-

tuting the word pens" for “animals."

XXVI

Prizes for Live Stock.

Reference
Number iu
Certificates.

SHEEP — continued.

First

Prize.

Second

Prize.

Third

Prize.

C3as8

Shropshire.

£.

Shearling Earn

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock . .

Hampshire and other Short -Woolled
Breeds.

Not qualified to compete as Southdown
or Shropshire.

Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock . .

••

Cheviots.

Shearling Ram . . . . —

Ram of any other age

Pen of Five Ewes of any age, of the same flock . .

••

Black-faced Mountain Sheep.
Shearling Ram

Ram of any other age

100

Pen of Five Ewes of any age, of the same flock ..

••

101

Mountain Sheep.

Including Lonk, Ilerdwick, and other breeds.
Shearling Ram

102

Ram of any other age

103

Pen of Five Ewes of any age, of the same floek . .

104

Sheep of any Breed.

Pen of Ten Shearling Wether Sheep of the same
flock

No Third Prize will be given unless at least Six-
animals be exhibited, and no Second Prize will
be given unless at least Three animals be ex-
hibited, except on the special recommendation of
the Judges. This ride is applied to the Eive,
Lamb, Gimmer and Wether Classes by substi-
tuting the word 'fens ” for “ animals.”

* Offered by the Hull Butchers.

•10

’^5

Prizes for Live Stock.

xxvii

Reference
Number in
Certificates.

PIGS.

First

Prize.

Second

Prize.

Third

Prize.

Class

Large White Breed.

£.

105

Boar, above twelve months old

166

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve

months old

107

Breeding Sow

108

Pen of three Breeding Sow-Pigs of the same litter.

above fonr and under eight months old ..

••

Small White Breed.

109

Boar, above twelve months old

110

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve

months old

111

Breeding Sow

112

Pen of three Breeding Sow-Pigs of the same litter.

above four and under eight months old . .

••

Small Black Breed.

113

Boar, above twelve months old

114

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve

months old

115

Breeding Sow

116

Pen of three Breeding Sow-Pigs of the same

litter, above four and under eight months old ..

••

Berkshire Breed.

117

Boar, above twelve months old

„

118

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve

months old

119

Breeding Sow

120

Pen of three Breeding Sow-Pigs of the same litter,

above four and under eight months old ..

Other Breeds.

Not eligible to compete in any of the preceding

Classes.

121

Boar

122

Breeding Sow

123

Pen of three Breeding-Sow Pigs of the same litter

above four and under eight months old ..

No Second Prize ivill be given unless at least

Three animals be exhibited, except on the
special recommendation of the Judges.

xxviii Prizes for Implements and Machinery.

n. — Implement and Machinery Prizes offered by the

Society.

Section I. — Ploughs.

Subsection A. — Wheel Ploughs.

Class A •

1. For the best Plough, not exceeding 2 cvvt 10

For tlie second best ditto 5 '

To be tested at 4 to 6 inches deep, on light land only, as far as
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed

4 feet.

2. For the best Plough, not exceeding cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on light and mixed land as far
as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed

4J feet.

3. For the best Plough, not exceeding 3 cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 5 to 8 inches deep, on mixed soil and heavy land as
far as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
4J feet.

Subsection B. — Swing Ploughs.

4. For the best Plough, not exceeding 2j cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on light and mixed land as far
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
4j feet.

Subsection C.— Double-furrow Ploughs.

5. For the best Plough, not exceeding 3i cwt 10

For the second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to G inches deep, on light land only, as far as
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed

4 feet.

u. For the best Plough, not exceeding 5 cwt 10

For the .second best ditto 5

To be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on light and mixed land, as far
as practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
4J feet.

Subsection D. — Multiple-furrow Ploughs.

7. For the best Plough turning three or more furrows, not exceeding

G cwt 10

To be tested at 4 to G inches deep, on light land only, as far as
practicable.

Extreme length from point of share to end of breast not to exceed
4 feel. I;

Note. — Budi Ploughs in Subsections A, 11, C, and P>, as the Judges mag I

select, will he tested on sfnhhle as well as lea. I

Prizes for Implements and Machinery.

XXIX

Subsection E. — Subsoil Ploughs.

£.

8. Best Subsoil Ploughs 5

To follow an ordinary plough and work from 6 to 12 inches below
the furrow bottom.

9. [Best arrangement of Subsoiler attached to a Single-furrow Plough

for ploughing and subsoiling at one operation 5

This Plough must be able to plough 6 inches deep, and subsoil
4 to 6 inches deeper.

10. Best arrangement of Subsoiler attached to a Double-furrow Plough

for ploughing and subsoiling at one operation 5

This Plough must be able to plough 6 inches deep, and subsoil
4 to 6 inches deeper.

Subsection F. — One-way Plough.

11. For the best Single-furrow One-way Plough .'5

12. For the best Double-furrow One-way Plough 5

All the One-way Ploughs to be tested at 4 to 7 inches deep, on
light and mixed land, as far as practicable, and on both lea and
stubble.

Subsection G. — Double Mouldboards or Kidging Ploughs.

13. For the best Plouyb, not exceeding 2j cwt 5

To be tested in ridging up land from the flat, moulding up Pota-
toes, and opening water furrows after ploughing.

Subsection H. — Paring Plough.

14. For the best Paring Plough 5

Subsection I. — Pulverizer.

15. For the best Plough for leaving the furrow-slice pulverized .. .. 5

To be tested at 6 to 8 inches deep, on light and mixed land, as
far as practicable.

Subsection K. — Miscellaneous.

16. For the best Plough not qualified to compete in any of the foregoing

classes 5

Section II. — Harrows.

17. For the best Light Harrow 10

For the second best ditto 5

18. For the best Heavy Harrow 10

For the second best ditto 5

19. For the best Chisel Harrow 10

For the second best ditto

20. For the best Chain Harrow

21. For the best Drag Harrow

22. For the best Harrow, not qualified to complete in the preceding Classes

Section III. — Eollers and Clod-crushers.

23. For the best Light Roller 10

For the second best ditto 5

24. For the best Heavy Roller 10

For the second best ditto 5

25. For the best Clod-crusher 10

For the second best ditto 5

26. For the best Roller or Clod-crusher, not qualified to compete in the

preceding Classes 10

ta cn wT

XXX

Prizes for Implements and Machinery.

Section IV. — Cultivators and Scarifiers. £.

27. For tlie best Cultivating Implement for light land 15

For the seeond best ditto 10

28. For the best Cultivating Implement for heavy land 15

For the seeond best ditto 10

29. For the best Broadshare 10

30. For the best Implement for cultivating or scarifying purposes, not

qualified to compete in the preceding Classes 10

For the second best ditto 5

Section V. — Digging ^Machines.

31. For the best Digging Machine 10

Section VI. — Potatoe Ploughs and Diggers.

32. For the best Plough for raising Potatoes .. 10

33. For the best Machine or Digger for raising Potatoes 10

Special Prize.

For the best combined Stacking Machine 25

The Society reserves to itself the right of postponing the Trial of
the Implements in classes 32 and 33 to a later period than the Hull
Meeting, if the Potatoe crops should not then be sufficiently forward.

Miscellaneous awards to Agricultural Articles not included in the
Quinquennial rotation Ten Silver Medals.

Conditions relating to Live Stock.

XXXI

CONDITIONS APPLYING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
OF LIVE STOCK ONLY.

Cattle.

1. No bull above two years old will be eligible for a prize unless certified to
have served not less than three different cows (or heifers) within the three
months preceding the 1st of June in the year of the Show.

2. All bulls above one year old shall have rings or “ bull-dogs ” in their
noses, and be provided with leading sticks,

3. No cow will be eligible for a prize unless certified either at the date of
entry or between the date of entry and that of the Show, to have had a living
calf, or that the calf, if dead, was born at its proper time, within the twelve
months preceding the date of the Show.

4. No heifer, except yearlings, entered as in-calf, will be eligible for a prize
unless she is certified to have been bulled before the 31st of March in the year
of the Show, nor will her owner afterwards receive the prize until he shall have
furnished the Secretary with a further certificate before the 31st of January
in the subsequent year, that she produced a living calf; or that the calf, if
dead, was born at its proper time.

5. Shorthorns. — Each animal entered in the Shorthorn Classes, must be
certified by the Exhibitor to have not less than fom- crosses of Shorthorn
blood which are registered in the herd book.

Horses.

6. All foals must be the offspring of the mare along with which they are
exhibited ; and the sire of the foal must be given on the certificate of entry as
well as the she of the mare.

7. No mare will be eligible for a prize unless certified either at the date of
entry, or between the date of entry and that of the Show, and to have had a
living foal — or that the foal, if dead, was born at its proper time, in the year
of the Show ; — or in the event of a mare being exhibited without a foal at
foot, a certificate shall be produced at the time of entry of her having been
served, and the prize shall be withheld till a certificate be produced of her
having produced a foal.

8. No veterinary inspection of horses will be required except when con-
sidered necessary by the Judges, who will be accompanied by the Veterinary
Inspectors.

9. A charge of 11. for the accommodation of a horse-box, in addition to the
entry-fee, will be made for each entry for stallions and mares in-foal, or with
foals at foot.

10. A charge of 10s. will be made, in addition to the entry-fee, for the
accommodation of a stall for each animal in the other Horse Classes.

sxxii Conditions relating to Live Stock.

Sheep.

11. All rams, except shearlings, must have been used in the preceding year.

12. Sheep exhibited for any of the prizes must have been really and fairly
shorn hare after the 1st of April in the year of the Exhibition; and the
date of such shearing must form part of the Certificate of Entry. In-
spectors will be appointed by the Council to examine the sheep on their
admission to the Show-Yard, with instructions to report to the Stewards any
cases in which the sheep have not been really and fairly shorn bare.

13. Sheep unfairly prepared for Show by oiling or colouring may be
disqualified on the recommendation of the Inspectors of Shearing.

Pigs.

14. The three sow-pigs in each pen must be of the same litter.

15. The breeding sows in Classes 107, 111, 115, 119, and 122, shall be
certified to have had a litter of live pigs within the six months preceding the
Show, or to be in-pig at the time of entry, so as to produce a litter before the
1st of September following. In the case of in-pig sows, the prize will be
withheld until the Exhibitor shall have furnished the Secretary with a cer-
tificate of farrowing, as above.

16. No sow, if above eighteen months old, that has not produced a litter of
live pigs, shall be eligible to compete in any of the classes.

17. The Judges of pigs will be instrueted, with the sanction of the Stewards,
to withhold prizes from any animals which shall appear to them to have been
entered in a wrong class.

18. All pigs exhibited at the Country Meetings of the Society shall be sub-
jected to an examination of their mouths by the Veterinary Inspector of the
Society ; and should the state of dentition in any pig indicate that the age of
the animal has not been correctly returned in the Certificate of Entry, the
Stewards shall have power to disqualify such pig, and shall report the circum-
stance to the Council at its ensuing Monthly Meeting. No pig shall be oiled
or coloured while in the Show-Yard.

19. If a litter of pigs be sent with a breeding sow, the young pigs must be
the produce of the sow, and must not exceed two months old.

20. All disqualifications will be published in the awards of the Judges.

Rules of Adjudication.

xxxiii

RULES OF ADJUDICATIO^^

1. As the object of the Society in giving prizes for cattle, sheep, and pigs, is to
promote improvement in breeding stock, the Judges in making their awards
will be instructed not to take into their consideration the present value to the
butcher of animals exhibited, but to decide according to their relative merits
for the purpose of breeding.

2. If, in the opinion of the Judges, there should be equality of merit, they
will be instructed to make a special report to the Council, who •will decide on
the award,

3. The Judges will be instructed to withhold any prize if they are of opinion
that there is not sufficient merit in any of the stock exhibited for such prize
to justify an award.

4. The Judges will be instructed to give in a Reserved Number in each class
of live stock ; viz., which animal would, in their opinion, possess sufficient
merit for the pirize, in case the animal to which the prize is awarded should
subsequently become disqualified,

5. In the classes for stallions, mares, and fillies, the Judges in awarding tlie
prizes will be instructed, in addition to symmetry, to take activity and
strength into their consideration.

G. The attention of the Stewards and Judges is particularly called to the
conditions applying to pigs. The Senior Steward of Live Stock is requested
to report any malpractices on the part of Exhibitors, and any person found
giiilty will not be allowed to exhibit at future meetings of the Society.

XXXIV

Conditions relating to Implements.

CONDITIONS DELATING TO IMPLEMENTS.

General Conditions as regards Ploughs.

The specified weights of the ploughs in each class arc to be taken when
fitted with two wheels, and with the breast, share, and coulter, as used at
work, but are not to include the skim-coulter or any other occasional extra
parts, such as drag-weight and chain, although employed during the trial.

The standard of excellence of work will be the same as that laid down by
the Society for the Newcastle Meeting, viz. : —

“ That the plough should cut the sole of the furrow perfectly flat,
leave the landside clear and true, lay the furrow slices with uni-
formity, with perpendicular cut of the landside, leaving a roomy
horse walk. That it should have an efficient skim-coulter, be
light in draught, simple, strong and economical in construction.”

Ploughs will be tested by a dynamometer, and drawn by steam power
•during such test.

Each Plough must go at least one round drawn by steam, and with the
dynamometer attached, but not registering, so that it may open its own work
prior to having its draught tested. The draught will be registered on not
less than four different furrows, and averaged to ensure accuracy.

Each competitor may use a new or sharp share and coulter during the
dynamometer trials, but these must be of the same shape and make as those
which he has used during the rest of the trial.

When tested on the dynamometer, each Plough shall have a share cutting
the same width of ground, namely : —

For a 9-inch furrow, not less than 7 a inches wide ; and for a wide 12-inch
furrow, not less than 10 inches, measuring across the wing.

ff’he length from the point of the share to the end of the breast will be
measured along the centre of the breast.

*„,* Fonns of Certificate for entry, as well as Prize-Sheets for the Hull
Meeting, containing the whole of the conditions and regulations,
may be obtained at the Office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square,
London, W.

DATES OF ENTEY.

Certificates for the entry of Implements for the Hull Meeting must be
forwarded to the Secretary of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W.,
by the 1st of klay, and Certificates for the entry of Live Stock by the 1st of
■.June. Certificates received after those respective dates will not be accepted,
but returned to the persons by whom they have been sent.

The Prizes of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England, and all Prizes
offered by the Hull Local Committee, and other Donors, are open to general
competition.

( XXXV )

'iJcteriitari? i^vibiUges

I. — Sebious or Extensive Diseases.

No. 1. Any Member of the Society who may desire professional attendance
and special advice in cases of serious or extensive disease among his cattle,
sheep, or pigs, will, on application to the Secretary, obtain the services of the
Society’s Veterinary Inspector, to visit the place where the disease prevails.

No. 2. The remuneration of the Inspector will be 21. 2s. each day as a
professional fee, and IZ. Is. each day for personal expenses ; and he will also
be allowed to charge the cost of travelling to and from the locality where his
services may have been required. The fees and expenses will be a charge
against the applicant ; but this charge may be reduced or remitted altogether
at the discretion of the Council, on such course being recommended to them by
the Veterinary Committee.

No. 3. The Inspector, on his return from visiting the diseased stock, will
report to the Committee, in writing, the results of his observations and pro-
ceedings, which Eeport will be laid before the Council.

No. 4 When contingencies arise to prevent a personal discharge of the
duties Confided to the Inspector, he may, subject to the approval of the Com-
mittee, name some competent professional person to act in his stead, who shall
receive the same rates of remuneration.

II. — Ordinary or Other Cases op Disease.

Members may obtain the attendance of the Veterinary Inspector on any
case of disease by paying the cost of his visit, which will be at the following
rates, viz., 21, 2s. per diem, and travelling expenses.

III. — Consultations without visit.

Personal consultation with the Veterinary Inspector .. .. 5s.

Consultation by letter .. .. .. .. .. .. 5s.

Consultation necessitating the writing of three or more letters. 10s.

Post-mortem examination, and report thereon .. .. .. 10s.

A return of the number of applications during each half-year being required
from the Veterinary Inspector.

IV. — Admission of Diseased Animals to the Veterinary College
Investigations; Lectures, and Eeport^.

No. 1. All Members of the Society have the privilege of sending cattle,
sheep, and pigs to the Infinnary of the Royal Veterinary College, on the same
terms as if they were Members of the College ; viz., by paying for the keep
and treatment of cattle 10s. 6d. per week each animal, and for sheep and
pigs “ a small proportionate charge to be fixed by the Principal according to
circumstances.”

No. 2. The College has also undertaken to investigate such particular classes
of disease, or special subjects connected with the application of the Veterinary
art to cattle, sheep, and pigs, as may be named by the Council.

No. 3. In addition to the lectures now given by the Professor of Cattle
Pathology to the pupils in the Royal Veterinary College, on special occasions
the College undertake that one of the Professors shall also deliver such lectures
before the Members of the Society, at their house in Hanover Square, as the
Council shall desire.

No. 4. The Roj'al Veterinary College will authorise the Principal to furnish
to the Council, quarterly, a detailed Report of the cases of cattle, sheep, and
pigs treated in the Infirmary ; and also Special Reports from time to time on any
matter of unusual interest, which may come under the notice of the College.

By order of the Council,

H. M. JERKINS, Secretary.

( XXXYl )

i^flembers’ ^3n'bileg:e£; of Oi:bcnu'raI glnalpsis;.

The Council have fixed the following rates of Charge for Analyses to
be made by the Consulting Chemist for the hond-fide use of Members
of the Society ; who (to avoid all unnecessary correspondence) are
particularly requested, when applying to him, to mention the kind of
analysis they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined schedule.
The charge for analysis, together with the carriage of the specimens,
must be paid to him by members at the time of their application.

No. 1. — An opinion of the genuineness of Peruvian guano, bone-

dust, or oil-cake (each sample) 5s.

„ 2. — All analysis of guano ; showing the proportion of moisture,
organic matter, sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts,
and ammonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 10s,

„ 3. — An estimate of the value (relatively [to the average of
samples in the market) of sulphate and muriate of am-
monia, and of the nitrates of potash and soda .. .. lOs.

„ 4. — An analysis of superphosphate of lime for soluble phos-
phates only .. .. .. .. ,. .. 10s,

,, 5. — An analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the pro-
portions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and
insoluble phosphates, sulphate of lime, and ammonia .. £1,

„ 6. — An analysis (sufficient for the determination of its agricul-
tural value) of any ordinary artificial manure .. .. £1.

„ 7. — Limestone : — the proportion of lime, 7s. 6<f. ; the propor-
tion of magnesia, 10s. ; the proportion of lime and mag-
nesia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15s.

„ 8. — Limestone or marls, including carbonate, phosphate, and

sulphate of lime, and magnesia with sand and clay .. £1,

„ 9. — Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay,

sand, organic matter, and carbonate of lime .. .. £1.

„ 10. — Complete analysis of a soil .. .. .. .. .. £3,

„ 11. — An analysis of oil-cake, or other substance used for feeding
» purposes ; showing the proportion of moisture, oil,

mineral matter, albuminous matter, and woody fibre ;
as well as of starch, gum, and sugar, in the aggregate £1.

„ 12. — Analyses of any vegetable product .. .. .. .. £1.

„ 13. — Analyses of animal products, refuse substances used for

manure, &c. .. .. .. .. from 10s. to 30s.

„ 14. — Determination of the “ hardness ” of a sample of water

before and after boiling .. .. .. .. . 10s.

,, 15. — Analysis of water of land drainage, and of water used for

irrigation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. £2.

„ 16. — Determination of nitric acid in a sample of water .. .. £1.

N.B. — The above Scale of Charges is not applicable to the case of persons
comraercially engaged in the Manufacture or Sale of any Substance sent for
Analysis,

The Address of the Consulting Chemist of the Society is, Dr. Augustus
VoELCKER, F.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, London, E.C., to which he requests that
all letters and parcels (postage and carriage paid) should be directed.

By order of the Council,

H. M. JENKINS, Secretary.

( xxxvii )

INSTEUCTIONS FOE SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES
FOE ANALYSIS.

ARTIFICIAL MANURES. — Take a large handful of the manure from three
■or four bags, mix the whole on a large sheet of paper, breaking down with the
hand any lumps present, and fold up in tinfoil, or in oil silk, about 3 ozs. of the
well-mixed sample, and send it to 11, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E.C.,
"by post: or place the mixed manure in a small wooden or tin box, and send it
•by post. If the manure be very wet and lumpy, a larger boxful, weighing from
10 to 12 ozs., should be sent either by post or railway.

Samples not exceeding 4 ounces in weight may be sent by post, by attaching two
penny postage stamps to the parcel.

Samples not exceeding 8 ounces, for three postage stamps.

Samples not exceeding 12 ounces, for four postage stamps.

The parcels should be addressed: Dr. Augustus Voelcker, 11, Salisbury
Square, Fleet Street, London, E.C., and the address of the sender or the
number or mark of the article be stated on parcels.

The samples may be sent in covers, or in boxes, bags of linen or other materials.
No parcel sent by post must exceed 12 ozs. in weight, 1 foot 6 inches in length,
9 inches in width, and 6 inches in depth.

SOILS. — Have a wooden box made 6 inches long and wide, and from 9 to 12
inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the
field a space of about 12 inches square; dig round in a slanting direction a trench,
so as to leave undisturbed a block of soil with its subsoil from 9 to 12 inches deep ;
trim this block or plan of the field to make it fit into the wooden box, invert the
open box over it, press down firmly, then pass a spade under the box and lift it
up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid and send it by goods or parcel train
to the laboratory. The soil will then be received in the exact position in which
it is found in the field.

In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at
once inverted over the soil and forced down by pressure, and then dug out.

WATERS. — Two gallons of water are required for analysis. The water, if
possible, should be sent in glass -stoppered Winchester half-gallon bottles, which
are readily obtained in any chemist aud druggist’s shop. If Winchester bottles
cannot be procured, the water may be sent in perfectly clean new stoneware spirit-
jars surrounded by wickerwork. For the determination of the degree of hardness
before and after boiling, only one quart wine-bottle full of water is required.

LIMESTONES, MARLS, IRONSTONES, AND OTHER MINERALS.—
Whole pieces, weighing from 3 to 4 ozs., should be sent enclosed in small linen
bags, or wrapped in paper. Postage 2d., if under 4 ounces.

OILCAKES. — Take a sample from the middle of the cake. To this end break a
whole cake into two-. Then break off a piece from the end where the two halves
were joined together, and wrap it in paper, leaving the ends open, and send parcel
by post. The piece should weigh from 10 to 12 ozs. Postage, 4d. If sent by
railway, one quarter or half a cake should be forwarded.

FEEDING MEALS. — About 3 ozs. will be sufficient for analysis. Enclose the
meal in a small linen bag. Send it by post.

On forwarding samples, separate letters should be sent to the laboratory,
specifying the nature of the information required, and, if possible, the object
in view.

H. M. JENKINS, Secretary.

VOL. IX. — S. S.

( xxxviii )

IHemtagb' H3otanical ^iSribileges.

Tbc Council have provisionally fixed the following rates of
Charge for the examination of Plants and Seeds for the hona fide
use of Members of the Society, who are particularly requested,
when applying to the Consulting Botanist, to mention the
kind of examination they require, and to quote its number in
the subjoined Schedule. The charge for examination must be
paid to the Consulting Botanist at the time of application, and
the carriage of all parcels must be prepaid.

No. 1. — A general opinion as to the genuineness and age of a

sample of clover-seed (each sample) .. .. .. 5s.

„ 2. — A detailed examination of a sample of dirty or impure
clover-seed, with a report on its admixture with seeds of
dodder or other weeds (each sample) .. .. .. 10s.

,, 3. — A test examination of turnip or other cruciferous seed,
with a report on its germinating power, or its adultera-
tion with 000 seed (each sample) .. .. .. 10s.

,, 4. — A test examination of any other kind of seed, or corn, with

a report on its germinating power (each sample) . . 10s.

„ 5. — Determination of the species of any indigenous British
plant (not parasitic), with a report on its habits (each
species) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5s.

„ G. — Determination of the species of any epiphyte or vegetable
parasite, on any farm-crop grown by the Member, with
a report on its habits, and suggestions (where possible)
as to its extermination or prevention (each species) .. 10s.

„ 7. — Eeport on any other form of plant-disease not caused by

insects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10s.

,, 8. — Determination of the species of a collection of natural
grasses indigenous to any district on one kind of soil
(each collection) .. .. .. .. .. .. 10- .

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES.

In sending seed or corn for examination the utmost care must be taken to
secure a fair and honest sample. If anything supposed to be injurious or
useless exists in the corn or seed, selected samples should also be sent.

In collecting specimens of plants, the whole plant should be taken up, and
the earth shaken from ,the roots. If possible, the plants must be in flower or
fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a film paper parcel.

Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as
possible. Place them in a bottle, or pack them in tin-foil or oil-silk.

All specimens should bo accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of
the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation,
&c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the
inquiiy.

N.B. — Tlie al)ove Scale of Charges is not applicable in the case of Seedsmen
requiring the services of the Consulting Botanist.

Parcels or letters (Carriage or Postage prepaid) to be addressed to Mr. AY.
Careuthers, F.R.S., 25, AVellington Street, Islington, London.

II. M. JENKINS, Secretary.

Tear

when

Elected.

1857

1850

1861

1867

1851

1860

1846

1839

1856

1858

1839

1861

1839

1867

1847

1848

1847

1858

1839

1852

1859

1855

1858

1848

1853

1873

1868

1863

1861

1872

1866

1861

1860

VOL,

Kopal Slgrirultural ^on'etp of Cnglanti.

1873-4.

331‘c^tlJent.

EDWARD HOLLAND.

Cru£(tce£!.

Bridport, Viscount, Cricket St. Thomas, Chard, Somersetshire.

Ohesham, Lord, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks.

Holland, Edward, Dumbleton Hall, Evesham, Gloucestershire.

Kesteven, Lord, Casivick, Stamford, Lincolnshire.

Macdonald, Sir Archibald Keppel, Bt., Woolmer Lodge, Liphook, Hants.
Marlborough, Duke of, K.G., Blenheim Park, Oxford.

Milward, Richard, Thurgarton Priory, Southwell, Notts.

PoRTMAN, Viscount, Bryanston, Blandford, Dorset.

Powis, Earl of, Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire.

Rutland, Duke of, K.G., Belvoir Castle, Grantham, Leicestershire.
Thompson, Harry Stephen, Kirby Hall, York.

Tredegar, Lord, Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire.

Cathcart, Earl, Thomton-le- Street, Thirsk, Yorkshire.

Chichester, Earl of, Stanmer Park, Lewes, Sussex.

Devonshire, Duke of, K.G., Holker Hall, Lancashire.

Egmont, Earl of, Cowdray Park, Petworth, Sussex.

Eyersley, Viscount, Heckfield Place, Winchfield, Hants.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth, Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, London, W.

Hill, Viscount, Hawkstone Park, Salop.

Kerrison, Sir Edward C., Bart., Brome HaR, Scale, Suffolk.

Mhes, Sir William, Bart., Leigh Court, Bristol, Somersetshire.

Richmond, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex.

Vernon, Lord, Sudbury Hall, Derby.

Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, Bt., M.P., Wynnstay, Ruabon, Denbighshire.

Acland, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., Sprydoncote, Exeter, Devonshire.
Amos, Charles Edwards, 5, Cedars Road, Clapham Common, Surrey.
Barnett, Charles, Stratton Park, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

Barthropp, Nathaniel George, Hacheston, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
Bedford, Duke of, Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire.

Booth, Thomas Christopher, Warlaby, Northallerton, Yorkshire.

Bowly, Edward, Siddington House, Cirencester, Gloucestershire.

Cantrell, Charles S., Riding Court, Datchet, Bucks.

Chaplin, Henry, M.P., Blanhney Hall, Lincoln.

Davies, David Reynolds, Agden Hall, Lymm, Cheshire.

Dent, J. D., M.P., Ribston Hall, Wetherby, Yorkshire.

Druce, Joseph, Eynsham, Oxford.

:x. — s. s.

List of Officers.

Yc»r 1
when
Elected.

1868 i

1871 j
1873 '

1872 I

1866 I

1854

1871
1863
1848

1869

1872
1868

1867

1865
1871
1871
1857
1861

1868

1871
1869
1861

1856

1872

1869

1873

1857
1845
1871
1871
1867

1870

1871
1861
1870

1866

1865

Edmonds, William John, Soulhrope, Lechlade, Gloucestershire,.

Egeuton, Hou. Wilbeaham, M.P., Rostherne Manor, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Evans, John, Uffington, Shrewsbury, Salop.

Exeter, Marquis of, K.G., Burghley House, Stamford, Lincolnshire.
Hornsby, Kichard, Spittle Gate, Grantham, Lincolnshire.

Hoskyns, Chandos Wren, M.P., Harewood, Ross, Herefordshire.

Jones, J. Bowen, Ensdon House, Shreicshury, Salop.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P., Kingseote, Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.
Lawes, John Bennet, Rothamsted, St. Albans, Herts.

Leeds, Robert, Wichen Farm, Castleacre, Brandon, Norfolk.

Leicester, Earl of, K.G., Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk.

Lichfield, Earl of, Shugborough, Staffordshire.

Liddell, Hon. Henry George, M.P., Ravensworth Castle, Durham.

Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart., M.P., Maristow, Roborough, Devon.

IMcIntosh, David, Havering Bark, Romford, Essex.

Masfen, R. Hanbury, Pendeford, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire.

Pain, Thomas, The Grove, Basingstoke, Hants.

Randell, Charles, Chadbury, Evesham, Worcestershire.

Ransome, Robert Charles, Ipswich, Suffolk.

Rawlence, James, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury, Wilts.

Ridley, M. White, M.P., Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland.

Rigden, William, Hove, Brighton, Sussex.

Shuttleworth, Joseph, Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln.

Skelmersdale, Lord, Lathom Hall, Ormskirk, Lancashire.

Statter, Thomas, Stand Hill, Whitefield, Manchester, Lancashire.

Tore, John, M.P., Carlett Park, Eastham, Chester.

Torr, William, Aylesby Manor, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

Turner, George, Brampford Speke, Exeter, Devonshire.

Turner, Jabez, Haddon, Huntingdonshire.

Wakefield, Whliam H., Kendal, Westmoreland.

Webb, James, Spring Hill, Fladbury, Pershore, Worcestershire.

Welby, William Earle, 'M.P.,Newton House, Folkingham, Lincolnshire.
Wells, John, Booth Ferry, Howden, Yorkshire.

Wells, William, M.P., Holmewood, Peterborough, Northamptonshire.
Whitehead, Charles, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent.

Wilson, Lieut.-Colonel Fuller Maitland, Stowlangtoft Hall, Bury
St. Edmunds, Suffolk.

Wilson, Jacob, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, Northumberland.

^ccrctan) ant) (EiJitor.

H. M. JENKINS, 12, Hanover Square, London, W.

Consulting Chemist— Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, E.C.
Consulting Botanist — W. Carruthers, F.R.S., F.L.S., British Mus/um, W.C.
Consulting Veterinary Surgeon — James Beart Suuonds, Royal Veterinary
College, N.W.

Consulting Engineers — Eastons & Anderson, The Grove, Southwark Street, S.E.
Seedsmen — Thomas Gibbs and Co., Comer of Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, W.
Publisher — John IMurray, 50, Albemarle Street, W.

Bankers — The London and Westminster Bank, St. James's Square Branch, S.W.

( )

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1873

dfinance ComintUtt.

Bredport, Viscount, Chairman. Kandell, Charles.

Davies, D. K. Tokr, Wuxiam.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.

5?ouie CommitUt.

The President. Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.

Chairman of Finance Committee. Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

Davies, D. R. Torr, William.

journal

Thompson, H. S., Chairman.
Cathcart, Earl.

Vernon, Lord.

Acland, Sir T. Dyke, Bart., M.P.
Dent, J. D., M.P.

Holland, Edward.

Hoskyns, C. Wren, M.P.

(Committte.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.
Milward, Richard.
Ridley, M. White. M.P.
Welby, W. E., M.P.
Weli^, W., M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Jacob.

Cfiemtcal

Wells, William, M.P., Chairman.
Leicester, Earl of.

Lichfield, Earl of.

Vernon, Lord.

Chaplin, H., M.P.

Davies, D. R.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Edmonds, W. J.

Committee.

Hoskyns, C. Wren, M.P.
La YVES, J. B.

Voelcker, Dr. A.
Wakefield, W. H.
Welby, W. E., M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Colonel.

Wilson, Jacob.

JSotamcal Committee.

Vernon, Lord.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Edmonds, W. J.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

Jones, J. Bowen.

Thompson, H. S.

'Fetcrinari)

Exeter, Marquis of
Bridport, Viscount
Booth, T. C.

Brown, Professor.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Egerton, Hon. Wilbraham, M.P.
Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

Leeds, Robert.

Turner, Jabez.

Voelcker, Dr.

Welby, W. E., M.P.
Wells, W., M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.

Committee.

Masfen, R. H.

Ridley, M. White, M.P.
SmoNDS, Professor.
Statteb, Thomas.
Thompson, H. S.

Wells, William, M.P.
Wilson, Jacob.

^toefes^ri^eS Committee.

Bridport, Viscount.
Barthropp, Nathaniel G.
Booth, T. C.

Bowly, Edward.

Davies, D. R.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Drcce, Joseph.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Leeds, Robert.

Masfen, R. H.

Milward, Richard.
Randell, Charles.

Ridley, M. White, M.P.
Rigden, William.

Torr, William.

Turner, George.
Wakefield, W. H.

Wells, John.

Wilson, Jacob.

The Stewards of Live Stock.

c 2

xlli

Standing Committees for 1873.

Booth, T. C. (Chairman).
Bridport, Viscount.
Vernon, Lord.

Amos, C. E.

Cantrell, Chas. S.
Druce, Joseph.

Edmonds, W. J.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Hornsby, Kichard.

Umpltmcnt Committee.

Hoskyns, C. Wren,
M.P.

Jones, J. Bowen.

Leeds, Robert.

Masfen, R. H.

Randell, Charles.
Ransome, R. C.
Shuttleworth, Joseph.
Thompson, H. S.

Tore, William.
Wakefield, W. H.
Welby, W. Earle, M.P.
Wells, John.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Jacob.

The Stewards of Imple-
ments.

Cathcart, Earl
(Chairman).

Bedford, Duke of.
Powis, Earl of.

Bridport, Viscount.
Chesham, Lord.
Kesteven, Lord.
Vernon, Lord
Wynn, Sir Watkin W.,
Bart., M.P.

Barnett, Charles.
Bedford, Mayor of.
Booth, T. C.

Bowly, Edward.
Cantrell, Charles S.
Davies, D. R.

Druce, Joseph.
Edmonds, W. J.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Hornsby, Richard.
Howard, Charles.
Howard, James, M.P.
Leeds, Robert.
Milward, Richard.
Randell, Charles.
Ransome, R. C.

Ridley, M. W., M.P.
Sharman, Mark.
Shuttleworth, Joseph.
Stephenson, C.

Torr, William.
Trethewy, H.

Turner, Jabez.
Wakefield, W. H.
Webb, James.

Wells, William, M.P.
Whitehead, Charles.
Wilson, Jacob.

Randell, Charles (Chairman).
Bridport, Viscount.

Vernon, Lord.

Amos, C. E.

Booth, T. C.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.

ContraetiS Committee.

Hornsby, Richard.
Milward, Richard.
Shuttleworth, Joseph.
Torr, William.

Wells, John.

Wilson, Jacob.

Committee of ^election.

Bridport, Viscount.

Davies, D. R.

Dent, J. D., M.P.

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth.
Holland, E.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.

And the Chairmen

Milward, R.
Randell, Charles.
Thompson, H. S.

Torr, William.
Wells, William, M.P.

the Standing Committees.

education Committee.

Holland, E. (Chairman).
Lichfield, Earl of.

Powis, Earl of.

Acland, Sir T. Dyke, Bart., M.P.
Dent, J. D., M.P.

Jones, J. Bowen.

Kingscote, Colonel, M.P.
Ransome, R. C.

Wells, William, M.P.
VOELCKER, Dr.
Whitehead, Charles.

Cattle $Hague Committee.

The whole Council.

The President, Trustees, and Vice-Presidents are Members ex officio
of all Committees.

( xliii )

GENERAL MEETING.

12, Hanover Square, Thursday, May 22nd, 1873.

KEPOKT OF THE COUNCIL.

During the past half-year 4 Governors and 71 Members have
died, and the names of 151 Members have been removed from
the list by resignation, or by Order of the Council ; but, on
the other hand, 197 Members have been elected, so that the
Society now consists of

74 Life Governors,

62 Annual Governors,

1832 Life Members,

3936 Annual Members,

12 Honorary Members,

making a total of 5916, and showing an increase of 150 Members
since the Annual Meeting last May.

The Council have published in the last number of the
Journal a list of Members of the Society classified into counties,
and, in accordance with the suggestion made at the last General
Meeting, have issued with it a form of nomination for Members
of the Society. The Council are glad to report that the facili-
ties thus afforded have been utilised to a satisfactory extent, and
they hope that the list will be still further enlarged by the indi-
vidual exertions of Members in their respective districts.

The accounts for the year 1872 have been examined and
■certified by the auditors and accountants of the Society, and have
been published in the last number of the Journal, together with
the statement of receipts and expenditure connected with the
Country Meeting at Cardiff. The funded capital of the Society
remains the same as at the last half-yearly meeting, namely,
24,112/. 7s. 8(/. New Three per Cents. In addition, the following

xliv

Report to the Genial Meetinq.

sums are available for defraying the expenses of the forth-
coming Country Meeting, to be held at Hull, namely, an amount
of 2000Z. which lies on deposit with the Society’s bankers, and
the balance of the current account, which on the 1st instant
amounted to 2911Z. 135. Id.

The Council regret to report that during the past half-year
the Society has lost one of its most distinguished members by
the death of Lord Ossington. The vacancy thus caused in the
list of Trustees has been filled by the election of Lord Kesteven.
Mr. N. C. Stone having resigned his seat as a Member of the
Council, the vacancy thus created has been filled by the election
®f Mr. J. Evans, of Uffington, Shropshire.

The Hull Local Committee and the Agricultural Associations
of the East Riding of Yorkshire are co-operating with the
Council to promote the success of the ensuing Country Meeting,
and have added to the Society’s Prize-list, Prizes for Hunters,
Hackneys, and Agricultural Horses. The list has been still
further augmented by the Hull butchers, who have offered Prizes
for Dairy Cattle, Steers, and Wether Sheep, and by Mr. Pease, of
Darlington, who has devoted lOOZ. to Prizes for Asses and Mules
for agricultural purposes.

In compliance with a general wish expressed at the last half-
yearly meeting, the Council have decided to offer at the Hull
Meeting a Prize of 25Z. for the best combined Stacking Machine,
although hay and straw elevators were submitted to trial at
Cardiff. The competing machines will be tried with sheaf-corn,
hay, and loose corn and straw ; they will be worked by horse-
power, but must also be adapted for use in conjunction with a
steam threshing machine if required.

The Council regret that only one W old farm and four Holder-
ness farms were entered to compete for the prizes of lOOZ. each,
offered for the best-managed farm in the Holderness and Wold
districts of the East Riding of Yorkshire respectively. One of
the conditions of competition was that there must be at least six
competitors in each class, unless the Council should otherwise
specially determine; the prize for the Yorkshire Wold farm has
therefore been withdrawn, but the offer of the prize for the
Holderness farm has been maintained. As on previous occasions,
the award of this prize will be announced at the General Meeting
held in the Show-yard.

Report to the General Meeting.

xlv

The constantly increasing difficulty and expense of submitting
to a thorough trial the whole range of agricultural implements
in the course of five years has recently received the careful con-
sideration of the Council. After obtaining the opinions of the
leading manufacturers of agricultural implements, the Council
have decided to divide the implements placed for trial in the last
year of the existing quinquennial rotation into two groups, one to
be tried in 1873 and the remainder in 1874. They have further
arranged a rotation of implements for trial, to extend over nine
years. By this means they believe they will maintain the high
standard which the Society’s trials now possess as a test of merit ;
and the rule which enables the Stewards to submit to trial any
implement whose principle is manifestly new, will insure that
the comparatively long period of nine years between the trials of
the same class of implements shall be no impediment to the
introduction and use of valuable improvements in agricultural
machinery.

The following is the rotation of implements for trial in 1873
and following years as at present arranged : —

1873. — Hoese-powee Machines and Implements used in Tillage.

Ploughs. Harrows.

Scarifiers. Cultivators.

Rollers. Clodcrushers.

Digging Machines.

1874. — Machines and Implements used in the cultivation and carrjdng of
crops.

Drills. Horse-hoes.

Eoot-thinners. Carts.

Waggons. Manure-distrihutors.

Liquid-manure carts.

1875. — Machines and Implements used in the harvesting of grass crops.

Mowing Machines. Haymakers,

Horse-rakes. Hay collectors.

Hay elevators.

1876. — Machines and Implements used in the harvesting of grain and root
crops.

Reaping Machines. Sheaf hinders.

Potato and Root-raisers. Elevators for stacking corn.

1877. — Machines and Implements
feeding of Stock.

Mills.

Chaff cutters.

Root pulpers.

Feeding appliances.

in the preparation of food, and in the

Oilcake-breakers.

Turnip cutters.

Steaming apparatus.

Horse gears.

used

xlvi

Report to the General Meeting.

1878. — Steam-power Machikery used in Tillage.

Engines with winding apparatus
or windlasses.

Ploughs.

Cultivators.

Pulverizers.

Harrows.

Kope-porters, &c.
Pidging Implements.
Diggers.
Clodcrushers.
Anchors.

1879. — Machines and Implements used in the preparation of crops for
market.

Threshing machines.

Dressing machines.

Barley hummellers.

Elax machinery.

Corn dryers.

1880. — Machines and Implements used in Drainage, Eoadmaking, Building,
General Estate Work, Forestry, and Dairy Work.

Straw elevators.
Separators.

Seed Shellers.

Hay presses.
Trussing machines.

Draining machines.

Stone breakers.

Bone mills.

Gates, fencing, stiles, &c.
Hop machinery.

1881 . — Steam Engines.

Portable engines.

Tile and brick machines.
Stone and root extractors.
Pioad rollers.

Dairy implements.
Thatch-making machines.

Agricultural Locomotives.

In connection with the Society’s practice of offering prizes
for the best agricultural implements, and of submitting to trial
those entered to compete for the prizes offered, as well as others
selected by the Judges from those exhibited in the Show-yard,
the following resolution was passed at a meeting of manufac-
turers of agricultural implements held last February : —

‘ That, in the opinion of this meeting, considering the increased difficulty of
conducting competitive trials at the time of the annual Show, this meeting
would urge upon the Council the desirability of considering if the object sought
could not be better accomplished by abandoning the present system of awarding
prizes, and adopting instead thereof a thorougl^trial at a suitable season of the
year for the various implements and machines, and the publication of a full
and accurate report of the performance of each.’

This resolution having been submitted to the Council and
duly considered, it was resolved that the Society, having recently
revised the conditions of competition in order to give a more
thorough trial to every class of implements, decline acceding to
the request of the implement-makers that the competitive and
prize system should be abandoned.

The Council have also to report that in consequence of the
increased work connected with the awards of prizes at the
Country Meetings, they have deemed it expedient to appoint

Report to the General Meeting.

xlvii

lour Stewards of the Show-yard in the departments of Stock and
of Implements respectively, instead of three as heretofore.

The district assigned for the Country Meeting in 1874 com-
prises the counties of Bedford, Cambridge, Essex, Hertford,
Eluntingdon, Norfolk, and Suffolk. Invitations were received
from the authorities of Bedford, Cambridge, and Norwich, and
the sites and other accommodation offered were inspected by a
Committee of the Council specially appointed for the purpose.
After duly considering the report of this Committee, the Council
have decided that the Country Meeting for 1874 shall be held
at Bedford. The Council have also to announce that the
Country Meeting for 1875 will be held in the district com-
prising the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and
Wilts.

The Council have deputed Professor Wrightson, of the Royal
Agricultural College, Cirencester, to proceed to Vienna, and
prepare a report for publication in the Society’s Journal on the
agricultural department of the Vienna Universal Exhibition, and
on some of the most remarkable features of the farming: of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The recent appointment of a Select Committee of the House
of Commons to enquire into the working of the Contagious Dis-
eases (Animals) Act has been a matter of congratulation to the
Council as well as to the agricultural public generally, and the
Secretary of the Society has been authorised to attend on behalf
of the Society, and give evidence before that Committee,
especially with reference to the investigation into the Trade in
Animals which he conducted last autumn, and an account of
which has been published ^in the last number of the Journal.

The Educational Examinations were held at the Society’s
Rooms, on Tuesday, April 22nd, and four following days. Of
the twelve candidates who entered, nine presented themselves
for examination, all of them having been students at the Royal
Agricultural College, Cirencester. Messrs. Leyson, Kennedyj
and North were the three successful candidates, and each ob-
tained a first-class certificate, consequently becoming a life-
member of the Society. In addition, Mr. Leyson gained a prize
of 25/., Mr. Kennedy one of 10/., and Mr. North one of 5/.

By order of the Council,

H. M. Jenkins,

Secretary.

xlviii

Dr.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

Half-yearly Cash Account

To Balance in hand, 1st January, 18?3:—

Bankers

Secretary

To Income : —

Dividends on Stock

Subscriptions ; —

Governor’s Life-Composition
Governors’ Annual . .
Members’ Life-Compositions
Members’ Annual . . . .

£. s. d.
40 . 0 0
265 0 0
711 0 0
2932 0 0

Journal: —

Sales of Pamphlets

Sundries : —

Donations on account of I.aw Costs in the case of Kidd v. the

Society

Farm Inspection Entry Fees

Cardiff Meeting

Total Income

To Hull Meeting

£ s. dt.
411 10 10
80 5 8

£ s. i.
491 16 e

355 13 2

3,948 0 0
23 10 0

110 0 0
11 0 0
15 1 6

4,463 4 8
5,017 17 9

9,481 2 5

^9,972 18 11

Balance-Sheet,

LIABILITIES.

To Capital : —

Surplus, 31st December, 1872

Surplus of Income over Expenditure during the Half-year, viz : —

£ s. d.

Income 4,463 4 8

Expenditure 2,921 16 9

Less half-year’s interest and depreciation on Country Meeting
Plant

£ s. d.

27,719 14 2

1,541 7 11

29,261 2 1

195 19 9

£29,065 2 4

BRIDPORT, fhairman of Finance Committee.
QUiLTER, BALL, & Co, Accountants.

xlix

SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

FROM 1st January to 30th June, 1873. Cr.

By Expenditure : —

s. d.

Establishment',. —

SaUries, Wages, ^c.

House : — Kent, Taxes, Repairs, &c

. 279

Office : —Printing, Postage, Stationery, &c.

. 201

1,013

6 6

Journal ; —

Printing and Stitching

Postage and Delivery

Literary Contributions

Woodcuts and Lithographs

Printing Pamphlets

Wrappers for 4 Deliveries

Miscellaneous

721

2 6

Professor Wrightson on account of Journey to Vienna

150

0 0

Chemical : —

Consulting Chemist’s Salary

Grant for Investigations

350

0 0

Veterinary : —

Grant to Royal Veterinary College (half year) to Christmas,

1872

0 0

Botanical:—

Consulting Botanist’s Salary

0 0

Education

6 6

Subscriptions (paid in error) returned . , . . .

1 0

Sundries : —

Law Charges

Expenses of Inspection Committee

343

7 10

Farm Inspection ; — Advertising, &c

12 6

! Cardiff Meeting

0 0

2,921

3^604

6,626

By Balance in hand, 30th June : —

Bankers

1,414

Secretary

1,446

12 2

At Deposit with London and Westminster Bank .

2,000

0 0

3,446

£9,972

30th June, 1873.

ASSETS.

£ s. d.

£ S. d.

1 By Cash in hand

1,446 12 2

[ By Deposit Account

2,000 0 0

j Bv New 3 per Cent. Stock 24,1121. Is. 8d. cost*

22,920 7 1

By Books and Furniture in ^ciety’s House *

1,451 17 6

By Country Meeting Plant

2,417 16 8

30,236 13 6

1,171 11 1

* Value at 92^ = £22,302 4s. 4 id.

Mem. — The above Assets are exclusive of the amount

recoverable in respect of arrears of Subscription to

30th June, 1873, which at that date amounted to

8581.

A'29,065 2 4

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 25th day of August, 18?3.

A. H. JOHNSON, )

FRANCIS SHERI50RN, > AwHtms on Midlf of the Society.
HENRY CANTRELL, )

( 1 )

SHOW AT HULL,

JULY, 1873.

STEWAEDS OF THE YAED.

stock.

Eichard Milward,
Egbert Leeds,

M. White Eidlet, M.P.,
William H. Wakefield.

Implements.

William J. Edmonds,
Thomas C. Booth,
Charles Whitehead,
Jabez Turner.

Forage.

Joseph Tiffen.

Honorary Director.

B. T. Brandreth Gibbs.

JUDGES

HORSES.

N. G. Barthropp,

E. Swale,

Alexander Turnbull,

H. D. Boulton,

Colonel Luttrell,

John Usher.

ASSES AND MULES.

S. Lang,

Professor J. A. McBride.

CATTLE.

Shorthorns and Cattle of any Breed.
H. W. Beauford,

E. Jefferson,

A. Mitchell.

Herefords and Devons.

E. Greenslade,

H. Haywood,

H. W. Keary.

Jerseys, Guernseys, Galloways, Ayrshires
and other Established Breeds.
Thomas Gibbons,

Henry Middleton,

Henry Tait.

SHEEP.

Leicesters and Longwools of any Breed.

■Charles Clarke,

Thomas Potter,

William Sanday.

OF STOCK.

: Cotswolds and Oxfordshire Downs.

Hugh Aylmer,

Egbert Garne,

E. J. Newton.

Lincolns and Sheep of any Breed.

J. H. Casswell,

J. Greetham,

E. G. F. Howard.

Border Leicesters, Cheviots, Blackfaced
and Mountain Sheep.

J. Jaudine,

George Eea,

James T. Band.

Southdowns and Hampshires.

Henry Fookes,

Henry P. Hart,

T. Chapman Saunders.

Shropshires.

Thomas Horley, Jun.,

E. H. Masfbn,

Charles Eandell.

PIGS.

Edward Little,

John Lynn,

I J. S. Turner.

Stewards, Judges, ^c. at Hull.

Inspectors of Shearing.

Henry Bone, Kobert Brovvn, William Jobson.

Veterinary Inspectors.

Professor Brown, E. L. Hunt.

JUDGES OF IMPLEMENTS.

Section I.— Ploughs (Subsections A and
B), and Miscellaneous Articles.

John Hicken,

J. D. Ogilvie,

T. P. OuTHWAITE.

Section I.— Ploughs (Subsections C to K).

Major Grantham,

John Hemslet,

J. W. Kimber.

Sections II. III. and IV. — Harrows,
Rollers and Clod-Crushers, Cultiva-
tors, and Scarifiers.

S. Rowlandson,

J. Stephenson,

Edward Wortley.

Combined Stacking Machines.

Henry Cantrell,

C. G. Roberts,

Matthew Savidge.

Reporier.— John Coleman.

E. H. Pearson,

Farm Judges.
Hugh Stephenson,

John Thompson.

f Hi )

AWARD OF PRIZES.

Note, — The Judges were instructed, besides awarding the Prizes,
to designate as the Beserve Number one animal in each Class, next
in order of merit, if it possessed sufficient for a Prize — in case an
animal to which a Prize was awarded should subsequently become
disqualified.

HOKSES.

Agricultural Stallions foaled before the Isi of January, 1871.

Coates Sharpley, Kelstone Hall, Louth, Liucolushire : PmsT Prize, 251.,
for “Le Bon,” bay, 5 years old; bred by Mr. Fullard, Thorney, Peter-
borough ; sire, “ Wonder sire of dam, “ Thumper.”

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester : Second Prize, 15Z.,
for “ Young Champion,” chestnut, 6 years-old ; bred by Mr. Stokes,
Caldecot, Kockingham ; sire, Mr. Stokes’s “ Champion.”

Thomas Greenwood, Culverley Bridge, Rodley, Leeds : TmRD Prize, 51., for
“ Young Honest Tom,” bay, 4 years-old ; bred by Mr. Jonas Few, Willing-
ham, St. Ives.

Richard Marshall, Keyingham, Hull : the Beserve Number, to “ Simon
Pure,” brown, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. C. Lister, Saleby, Alford.

Agricultural Stallions — Two Years old.

Henry Newman, Friars’ Court, Clanfield, Faringdon, Berks : First Prize,
20?., for “ Young Briton,” blue roan ; bred by himself ; dam, “ Flower.”

John Linton, Westwick Hall, Cambridge: Second Prize 10?., for “King
Tom,” bay ; bred by Mr. Wayman, Wallingham, Cambs.

klATTHEW Thomlinson, Cowthorpe, Wetherby, Yorkshire : Third Prize,
51., for “ Brown Prince,” brown ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Lincolnshire
dam, “ Darling sire of dam, “ Royal Conqueror.”

Thomas Boot Colton, Eagle Hall, Newark-on-Trent : the Reserve Number,
to “ Boxer,” chestnut ; bred by Mr. W. Toder, West Burton, Lincoln ;
sire, “ Bold Lincoln.”

Clydesdale Stallions foaled before the Is? January, 1871.

Robert Orange, Bedlington, Morpeth, Northumberland : First Prize, 25?.,
for “ Conqueror,” dark grey, 7 years-old ; bred by the late Mr. J. Lil-
burn, Preston, North Shields ; sire, “ Young Glanoer ;” dam, “ Beauty
sire of dam, “ Young Conqueror.”

Edward and Alfred Stanford, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex : Second
Prize, 15?., for “The Duke,” 6 years-old; bred by the Duke of Hamilton;
sire, “ Sir Walter Scott ;” dam, “Bell ;” sire of dam, “ Lothian Tom.”

liii

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Matthew Reed, Beamish Bura, Chester-le-Street, Durham : Third Prize,
5/., for “Wellington,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. H. Largs; sire,
“ Surprise.”

Thomas Tagg, Newhall, Burton-ou-Trent, Staffordshire, the Beserve Numher,
to “ Young Lofty,” bay, 12 years-old ; bred by Mr. J. Clark, Mansurae,
Kilbarchan, N.B.

Clydesdale Stallions — Two Years old.

The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, N.B. ; First Prize, 201.,
for “ Macbeth,” bay ; bred by Mr. J. Rankine, Culhorne, Stranraer, N.B. ;
sire, “ Lord Lyon.”

The Duke of Richmond, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex; Second
Prize, lOZ., for “Duke,” bay; bred by Mrs. Watson, Nisbet, Biggar, N.B. ;
sire, “ Farmer’s Fancy ;” dam, “ Jean.”

Cuthbert Young Wright, Drumleaning, Wigton, Cumberland : Third
Prize: 51., for “Sir Roger,” brown ; bred by himself; sire, “Clydesdale
Tom;” dam, “ Bonny ;” sire of dam, “ Blythe.”

David Riddell, Kilhowie, Duntocher, N.B. ; the Beserve Number, to his bay;
breeder unknown.

Suffolk Stallions foaled before the Isi of January, 1871.

Lieut-Colonel Fuller Maitland Wilson, Stowlangtoft Hall, Bury St.
Edmund’s, Suffolk ; First Prize, 251., for “ Heir Apparent,” chestnut,
4 years-old ; bred by Mr. S. Wolton, Newbourne Hall, Woodbridge ; sire,
“ Monarch ;” dam, “ Victoria.”

Samuel Wolton, Butley Abbey, Wickham Market, Suffolk : Second Prize,
151., for “ Royal Duke 2nd,” chestnut, 3 years-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“ Magnum Bonum ;” dam, “ Royal Moggy ;” sire of dam, “ Royal Duke.”

William Btford, The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk : Third Prize, 51., for
“Volunteer,” chestnut, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. L. Wrench, Birch Hall,
Walton, Essex; sire, Wolton’s “Warrior;” sire of dam, Catlin’s
“ Duke.”

Benjamin Heywood Brooksbank, Tickhill, Rotherham, Yorkshire, the
Beserve Number, to “ Royal Prince,” chestnut, 7 years-old : bred by Mr.
C. Frost, Wherstead, Ipswich ; sire, “ Conqueror ;” dam, “ Bonny.”

Suffolk Stallions — Two Years old.

Samuel Wolton, Butley Abbey, Wickham Market : First Prize, 201., for
his chestnut ; bred by Mr. Horace Wolton, Newbourn Hall, Woodbridge ;
sire, “ Magnum Bonum ;” dam, “ Duchess ;” sire of dam, “ Warrior.”

Thoroughbred Stallions suitable for getting Hunters.

Henry Chaplin, M.P., Blankney Hall, Lincoln : First Prize, 50?., for
“ Dalesman,” chestnut, 10 years-old ; bred by Baron de Rothschild,
Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard ; sire, “ King Tom ;” dam, “ Agnes ;” sire
of dam, “ Pantaloon.”

William Taylor Sharpe, Baumber Park, Horncastle, Lincolnshire: Second
Prize, 25?., for “ Suffolk ;” brown, 8 years-old ; bred by Baron M. de
Rothschild, Mentmore ; sire, “ North Lincoln ;” dam, “ Protection ;”
sire of dam, “ Defence.”

liv

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Major F. Barlow, Ilasketon, Woodbridge, Suffolk; Third Prize, lOZ., for
“ Chaucer,” chestnut, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. G. Payne, Newmarket ;
sire, “ Cambuscan dam, “ Plush sire of dam, “ Plenipotentiary.”

Major F. Barlow, Hasketon, the Reserve Number, to “ Massanissa,” brown,
7 years-old ; bred b}'^ M. Lupin, in France ; sire, the “ Flying Dutchman ;”
dam, “ Calpurnia sire of dam, “Ion.”

Stallions above 14 hands, hut not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches, suitable for
getting Hackneys.

PoBERT CowTON, Great Kelk, Lowthorpe, Hull : First Prize, 20Z., for “ Lord
Stanley,” daik brown, 3 years-old ; bred by Mr. M. Harrison, Warter,
Pocklington ; sire, “ Sir Charles dam, “ Fanny.”

John Charles Leake, Low Drewton, South Cave, Brough, Yorkshire :
Second Prize, lOZ., for “ Young Lord Derby,” chestnut, 3 years-old j
bred by himself ; sire, “ Lord Derby dam, “ Miss Kitty sire of dam,
“ Telegraph.”

Henry Richard Wood Hart, Dunnington Lodge, Dunnington, Yorkshire ;
Third Prize, 5Z., for “All Fours,” bay, 18 years-old; bred by himself;
sire, “ Prickwillow dam, “ Maid of All Work ; sire of dam, “Old Fire-
away.”

Philip Triffit, Millington, Pocklington, Yorkshire : the Reserve Number,
to “ Fireaway,” brown, 14 years-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Achilles
dam, “ Nance.”

Pony Stallions not exceeding 14 hands.

Christopher W. Wilson, High Park, Kendal: First Prize, 15Z., for “Sir
George,” brown, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. W. Walker, Shadwell ; sire,
“ Sportsman.”

Edward Henry Marfleet, Bassingham, Newark, Notts : Second Prize,
lOZ., for “ Mischief,” dark brown, 3 years-old ; bred by Mr. C. B. Marfleet,
Bassingham ; sire, “ Bed Cross Knight sire of dam, “ Tom Tit.”

James Moffat, Kirklinton Park, Carlisle ; the Reserve Number, to “Robbie
Burns,” dark brown, 3 years-old ; breeder unknown.

Agricultural Mares, in foal or with foal at foot.

Edmund Crowe, Denver, Downham Market, Norfolk : First Prize, 20Z., for
“ Flower,” chestnut, 3 years-old (in foal to Mr. Ingledew’s “ Honest
Tom ”) : bred by himself : sire, Mr. Wincarl’s “ Young England’s Glory
dam, “ Smart sire of dam, Mr. Dack’s “ Matchless.”

Frederick Street, Harrowden House, Bedford : Second Prize, lOZ., for
“Beauty,” roan, 7 years-old (in foal to Mr. Waltham’s “Young Honest
Tom ”) ; bred by Mr. Granger, Haddenham, Ely ; sire of dam, Tibbet’s
“ Thumper.”

Charles Lister, Coleby Lodge, Lincoln : Third Prize, 5Z., for “ Royal
Duchess bay, six years old (in foal) ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Cham-
pion the Third dam, “ Diamond.”

John Appleyard, Wistow, Selby, Yorkshire, the Reserve Number, to
“Jewel;” grey, 7 years-old (and foal by “Oxford”); bred by himself ;
sire, “John Bull;” dam, “Violet;” sire of dam, “Protection.”

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Clydesdale Mares, in foal or with foal at foot.

Kobinson Watson, Maltby House, Stockton-on-Tees : First Prize, 201.,
for “ Highland Lassie bay, 8 years-old (and foal by “ Wellington) ;
bred by Mr. L. Drew, Merry ton, N.B. ; sire, “Sir Walter Scott.”

James Nicol Fleming, Knockdon, Maybole, Ayrshire : Second Prize, 10?.,
for “ Rosie brown ; 3 years-old (in foal to “ Prince Arthur ”) ; bred by
himself; sire, “Prince of Wales dam, “Rosie;” sire of dam, “Easter-
hill.”

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester : Third Prize, 5?.,
for “ Mrs. Muir ;” bay, 7 years-old (and foal by “ Black Prince”), bred by
Mr. Muir, Loch Fergus, Kirkcudbright ; sire, “ Champion.”

The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, N.B. : the Reserve Numler,
to “ Rosie,” bay, 5 years-old (in foal to “ Clansman ”) ; breeder unknown.

Suffolk Mares, in foal or loith foal at foot.

Horace Wolton, Newbourne Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk : First Prize, 20?.
for “Diamond,” chestnut, 8 years-old; bred by Mr. S. Wolton, New-
bourne Hall ; sire, “ Warrior ;” dam, “ Abbey ; ” sire of dam, Gatlin’s
“ Royal Duke.”

1 Mares in foal or with foal at foot, suitable for breeding Hunters.

Edmund Hornby, Flotmanby, Ganton, Yorkshire : First Prize, 25?., for
“ Lady Derwent ;” bay, 10 years-old (and foal by “ Lozenge ”) ; bred by
Mr. Lambe ; sire, “ Codrington.”

John Thomas Robinson, Leckby Palace, Asenby, Thirsk, Yorkshire : Second
Prize, 15?., for “Go-a-head,” dark bay, 1.5 years-old (in foal to “ Vol-
tigeur”) ; breeder unknown; sire, “ Sir William.”

Joseph Clarke, Highfield House, Beeston, Leeds ; Third Prize, 5?., for
“ Lady Byron,” chestnut, 18 years-old (in foal) ; bred by Mr. J. Byron,
Kirkby Green, Lincoln ; sire, “ Idle Boy.”

John Francis Leighton, Osgodby, Scarborough, the Reserve Number, to
“ Snowflake,” bay, aged (and foal by “ George Osbaldeston ”) ; bred by Mr.
Harris, Limber, Brigg; sire, “Magnum;” sire of dam, “Professor
Buck.”

Mares above 14 hands, hut not exceeding 15 hands 1 inch, suitable for
breeding Hackneys.

Robert Williamson, Sunny Bank, Ripon, Yorkshire: First Prize, 20?., for
“ Jessie,” bay, 13 years-old (and foal by “ Shepherd F. Knapp ”) ; bred by
himself : sire, “ Elegant ;” dam, “ Maid of the Mill ;” sire of dam,
“ Appleton Hero.”

William Major, senior. Westway, Driffield, Yorkshire : Second Prize, 10?.,
for “ Polly,” bay, 22 years-old (in foal to “ St. Giles ”) ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Sir Charles.”

Francis Cook, Thixendale, York: Third Prize, 5?., for “British Queen,”
bay, 15 years-old (and foal by “President); bred by himself; [sire,
“ British Champion ;” dam, “ Evening Star ;” sire of dam, “ Wildfire.”

VOL. IX. — S. S. f

Ivi

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Thomas Edward Morrell, Hellaby Hall, Rotherham, Yorkshire; the
Reserve Number, to “ Miss Polly,” bay, 6 years-old (in foal to “ Strath-
conan”); bred by Mr. E. Morrell, Howden; sire, “Achilles;” sire of
dam, “ Performer.”

Pony Mares not exceeding 14 hands.

John William Johnson, Riplingham Grange, Brough, Yorkshire: First
Prize, lOZ., for “Venus,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by Mr, Kirkpatrick,
Straddlethorpe, Howden; sire, “Young Orville.”

William Lawton Watson, 73, Mytongate, Hull : Second Prize, 5Z., for
“Fairy,” chestnut, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. W. Everingham, Withern-
wick, Hornsea; sire, “Young Merry legs.”

John Hope Barton, Stapleton Park, Pontefract, Yorkshire : the Reserve
Number, to “ Pit-a-Pat,” bay, 3 years-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ The
Brewer;” dam, “Peggy.”

Agricultural Fillies — Tico Years old.

John Appleyard, Wistow, Selby, Yorkshire: First Prize, loZ., for his
chestnut; bred by Mr. Williamson, Cliff, Selby; sire, “Oxford.”

Edward and Alfred Stanford, Eatons, Steyning, Sussex : Second Prize,
lOZ., for “Venture,” brown; bred by themselves; sire, “Napoleon;”
dam, “Diamond.”

Edward Phillimore, Prestbury Park Farm, Cheltenham ; the Reserve
Number, to “ Perfection red roan ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Hartpury ; ”
dam, “Flower;” sire of dam, “Thumper.”

Clydesdale Fillies — Two Years old.

James Cunningham, Tarbroech, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbright : First Prize, 15Z.,
for “ Jean,” bay ; bred by Mr. Love, Scoupe Beith, Ayrshire ; sire,
“ Clansman.”

James Nicol Fleming, Knockdon, Maybole, Ayrshire : Second Prize, lOZ.,
for his bay ; bred by Mr. Calder, Colgrain, Dumbartonshire : sire, “ Prince
of Wales.”

James Graham, Parcelstown, Longtown, Cumberland : Third Prize, 51.,
for “ Rose of Netherby,” bay ; bred by Mr. T. Johnston, Wattaman,
Canonbie, Dumfries ; sire, “Dundonald dam, “ Meg ;” sire of dam,
“ London Jock.”

Suffolk Fillies — Two Years old.

William Wilson, Baylham Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk : First Prize, 15Z., for
his chestnut ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Breton dam, “ Scott ;” sire of
dam, “Emperor.”

William Wilson, Baylham Hall : Second Prize, lOZ., for his chestnut ;
bred by Mr. Frost, Wherstead, Ipswich ; sire, “ Young Pilgrim ;” sire of
dam, “Hero.”

Pairs of Agricultural Draught Horses.*

Charles William Brierley, Rhodes House, Middleton, Lancashire : the
Prize of 20Z., for “ Champion No. 1,” bay, 7 years old, and “ Tommy
Dodd,” bay, 5 years old ; breeders unknown.

Given by the Holderness Agricultural Society.

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ivii

Hunters (Mares or Geldings'), Five Years old and upwards.*

Robert Bbunton, Martoii, Middlcsborough, Yorkshire: First Prize, 15Z.,
and the Champion Prize of 100Z.,t for “ Joe Bennett,” bay gelding, 6
years old ; bred by Mr. S. Atkinson, Low Beaumont Hill, Darlington ;
sire, “ Hark Forward dam, “ Lady Bennett sire of dam, “ St. Bennett.”

Botterell Hornby, Flotman-by-Ganton, Yorkshire: Second Prize, lOZ.,
for “ Spellahoe,” bay gelding, 6 years-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“ Orpheus sire of dam, “ Redshanks.”

William Armstrong, Watts’s Field, Kendal, Westmoreland ; the Reserve
Number, to “ The Banker,” bay gelding, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. W. H.
Wakefield Sedgwick, Kendal ; sire, “ Best Returns sire of dam,
“ Muley.”

Hunters (Mares or Geldings), Four Years-old, equal to carrying
14 stones over any hunting country. %

John Goodliff, George Hotel, Huntingdon : First Prize, 35Z., and the Reserv e
Number for the Champion Prize, for “ Marshal MacMahon,” chestnut
gelding; bred by himself; sire, “ General Hesse;” sire of dam, “Lan-
castrian.”

John M. Tattersall-Musgrave, BeveBley : Second Prize, 15Z., for “Honey-
comb,” chestnut gelding ; bred by Mr. F. Shimmeris, Whitby ; sire, “ An-
gelus;” sire of dam, “Cato” or “ Golden Forester.”

Charles Rose, Market Hill, Malton, the Reserve Number, to “ Nobleman,”
bay gelding; breeder unknown; sire, “ Pottinger ;” dam, “Paulinus;”
sire of dam, “ Cowl.”

Hunters (Mares or Geldings), Three Years-old.

Botterill Johnson, Frodingham Bridge, Hull : First Prize, 15?., for
“ Showman,” chestnut gelding;” bred hy himself ; sire, “ Piccadore ;” sire
of dam, “ Brutandorf.”

Major Frederick Barlow, Hasketon, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Second Prize,
5?., to “ Cornishman,” chestnut gelding; bred by Mr. James, Merthyr,
Truro ; sire, “ Bally wood.”

Hunters (Geldings), Two Years-old.%

John M. Tattersall-Musgrave, Beverley : First Prize, 15?., for “ Talis-
man,” chestnut ; bred by Mr. Jackson, Riston Grange, Beverley ; sire,
“ Theobald ;” sire of dam, “ Galaor.”

Thomas Horrocks Miller, Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire :
Second Prize, 10?., for “ Victor,” bay ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Carbi-
neer ;” dam, “ Lady Emily ;” sire of dam, “ Irish Birdcatcher.”

Lord Wenlock, Escrick Park, York : the Reserve Number, to his dark
brown; bred by himself; sire, “Neptunus;” sire of dam, “Wild
Hero.”

* Given by Driffield and the neighbourhood,
t Given by the Hull Local Committee.

J Given by Beverley and the neighbourhood.

Vlll

Aivard of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Roadster Hackneys, from Four to Eight Years-old, and from 14 hands^
2 inches to 15 hands 2 inches high.*

Francis Cook Matthews, Easterfield House, Driffield : First Prize, 20Z.,
for “ Ozone,” brown mare, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. Fisber, Leconfield,
Beverley ; sire, “ Fingal.”

George Shadwick, Aikton, Wigton, Cumberland : Second Prize, lOZ., for
“ Polly,” bay filly, 5 years-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Motley dam,
“Polly.”

William Stephenson, Cottingbam, Hull : the Reserve Number, to “Princess,”
chestnut mare, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. Vickerman, Swine, Hull ; sire,
“ Young Charley sire of dam, “ Phenomenon.”

Jackasses not under 13 hands, for getting Mules for Agricultural
purposes.^

Charles Leslie Sutherland, Coombe, Croydon, Surrey : First Prize, 251.,
for “ Don Pedro II.,” black, 7 years-old ; bred by himself; Spanish sire ;
French dam.

Sib’ Henry Josias Stracet, Bart., Packheath Park, Norwich : Second
Prize, 15Z., for “Don Alphonso,” grey, aged; breeder unknown (Spanish).

Mules under 15 hands, for Agricultural purposes.^

Charles Leslie Sutherland, Coombe, Croydon : First Prize, 25Z., for his
grey, 5 years-old ; breeder unknown ; imported from Poitou, France.

Sir Henry Josias Stracey, Bart., Packheath Park, Norwich : Second Prize,
15?., for “ Gipsy,” brown, aged ; breeder unknown.

Sir Henry Josias Stracey, Bart. : Third Prize, 10?., for “ Betty,” brown,
3 years-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Don Alphonso” (Spanish Donkey)
dam, a carriage mare. ,

CATTLE.

Shorthorns — Bulls above Three Years old.

The Marquis of Exeter, Burghley Park, Stamford : First Prize, 30?., for
“ Telemachus ” (27,603), roan, 5 years, 2 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ;
bred by himself; sire, “Nestor” (24,648); dam, “Louisa 9th,” by
“Prince Albert” (18,579), g. d. “Louisa 7th,” by “Baron Farnley”
(14,129), gr. g. d. “ Louisa 2nd ” by “ 3rd Duke of York ” (10,166).

William Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York: Second Prize, 20?., for “Lord
Irwin” (29,123), white, 4 years, 5 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself ;
sire, “British Hope” (21,324); dam, “Handmaid” by “ May Day”
(20,323) ; g. d. “ White Bose ” by “ Magnus Troil ” (14,880) ; gr. g. d.
“Miss Henderson,” by “ Magnus Troil” (14,880).

George Garne, Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire : Third
Prize, 15?., for “3rd Earl of Warwickshire ” (28,524), roan, 3 years, 7

* Given by Market Weighton and the neighbourhood,
t Given by Edward Pease, Esq., Darlington.

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

lix

months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by Mr. H. J. Sheldon, Brailes House
Shipstou-on-Stour ; sire, “ Duke of Brailes ” (23,724) ; dam, “ Lady
Emily 2nd,” by “ 7th Duke of York” (17,754); g. d. “Lady Emily,”
by “Duke of Bolton” (12,738) ; gr. g. d. “Eugene,” by “Grey Friar”
(9172).

Major Henry Myles Stapylton, Myton Hall, Helpcrby, Yorkshire : Fourth
Prize, 10?., for “ Colonist ” (28,227), roan, 4 years, 5 months, 3 weeks,
3 days-old; bred by Lord Feversham, Duncombe Park, Helmsley; sire,
“ Orestes ” (22,443) ; dam, “ Columbia,” by “ Photograph ” (20,492) ;
g. d. “ Charity,” by “ Sir Samuel ” (15,302) ; gr. g. d. “ Canary,” by
“Leonidas” (10,414).

Edgar Mdsgrove, West Tower, Aughton, Ormskirk, Lancashire : the Beserve
Number, to “Royal Lancaster” (29,870), rich roan, 3 years, 1 week, 3
days-old ; bred by Mr. D. R. Davies, Mere Old Hall, Knutsford ; sire,
“Grand Duke 10th” (21,848) ; dam, “ Moss Rose,” by “ Marmaduke ”
(14,897) ; gr. d. “ Cambridge Rose 6tb,” by “ Third Duke of York ”
(13,166); gr. g. d. “Cambridge Rose 5th,” by “2nd Cleveland Lad”
(3408).

Shorthorns — Bulls above Two and not exceeding Three Years old.

Alexander Henry Browne, Bank House, Acklington, Northumberland :
First Prize, 25?., for “ Duke of Aosta ” (28,356), roan, 2 years, 7 months,
3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by Mr. T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House,
Catterick, sire, “ K.O.B. ” (26,492) ; dam, “ Queen of Spain,” by
“ Valasco” (15,443) ; g. d. “ Ciss,” by “ Young Hopewell ” (14,719) ; gr.
g. d. “ Cicely, ’ by “Bellmont (11,164).

John Jervis Sharp, Broughton, Kettering, Northamptonshire : Second Prize*
15?., for “ Cambridge Duke 5th,” roan, 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ;
bred by himself ; sire, “Cambridge Duke 4th ” (2570) ; dam, “ Ama,” by
“Marquis of Exeter ” (14,906) ; g. d. “Amy,” by “Burglar” (10,007),
gr. g. d. “Alice Hawthorn,” by “Neptune” (7273).

Lord Braybrooke, Audley End, Saffron Walden, Essex : Third Prize, 10?.,
for “ Heydon Duke 2nd, ’ red, little white, 2 years, 4 months, 4 weeks-
old; bred by himself; sire, “3rd Duke of Geneva” (23,753); dam,
“Heydon Rose,” by “Englishman” (19,701); g. d. “The Beauty,” by
“ Puritan ” (9523) ; gr. g. d. “ Cambridge Rose 6th,” by “ Third Duke of
York” (10,166).

Joseph Stratton, Alton Priors, Marlborough, Wilts : Fourth Prize, 5?.,
for “ Jack Frost,” white, 2 years, 3 months, 6 days-old ; bred by Mr. E.
J. Smith, Islanmore, Croom, Limerick; sire, “Lictor” (24,333); dam,
“ Recherche,” by “ Monk ” (11,824) ; g. d. “ Red Rose,” by “ Promoter ”
(10,658) ; gr. g. d., by “ Acaster” (7755).

George Fox, Harefield, Fulshaw, Wilmslow, Cheshire, the Beserve Number, to
“ Leeman ” (29,031), red and white, 2 years, 7 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old ;
bred by Mr. W. Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York ; sire, “ Serjeant-Major ”
(29,957); dam, “Mushroom,” by “Earl Windsor” (17,788); g. d.
“Beauty 2nd,” by “Magnus Troil ” (14,880); gr. g. d., “ Beauty,” by
“ Bates ” (12,451).

Shorthorns — Yearling Bulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old.

William Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York : First Prize, 25?., for “ Sir Arthur
Ingram,” roan, 1 year, 5 months, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire,

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

“Serjeant-Major” (29,957); dam, “Fragrance,” by “Mountain Chief”
(20,383) ; gr. d., “ Topsy,” by “ Blood Koyal” (17,423); gr. g. d. “ York
Lass,” by “ Magnus Troil ” (14,880).

Sib George 0. Wombwell, Bart., Newburgh Park, Easingwold, Y’orkshire :
Second Prize, 15Z., for “ Newbro’ 4th,” red roan, 1 year, 4 months, 1
week, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Orestes” (22,443); dam,
“Georgina,” by “Vesuvius” (21,017); g. d. “ Gertrude,” by “ Beppo
(15,644) ; gr. g. d., “ Garland by Sultau ” (15,358).

William Lambe, Auburn, Lincoln: Third Prize, lOZ., for “ Red Knight,”
red, 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“Thorndale Lad” (23,066); dam, “Seaweed 2nd,” by “Imperial Wind-
sor ” (18,086) ; g. d. “ Seaweed,” by “ White Knight ” (14,001) ; gr. g. d.,
by “ Senator ” (8552).

Joseph Meadows, Thornville, Wexford : Fourth Prize, 51., for “ Ben Brace,”
white, 1 year, 1 month, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire, “Bravo”
(25,565) ; dam, “ Bracelet 2nd,” by “ Vanguard ” (21,009) ; g. d., “ Bridal,”
by “Buckingham” (11,219); gr. g. d., “Lady of the Lake,” by “Nor-
thern Light ”(13,398).

The Hon. John Massey, Milford House, Limerick, Ireland: the Beserve
Number, to “ Forester,” roan, 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old;
bred by himself; sire, “ Backwoodsman ” (21,203) ; dam, “ Vanity,” by
“ Sheet Anchor ” (18,820) ; g. d., “ Beauty,” by “ Fugleman ” (14,580) ;
gr. g. d., “ Variety,” by “ Cecil ” (12,571).

Shorthorns — Bull Calves above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old.

John Outiiwaite, Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire : First Prize, 15Z., for
“ Lord Godolphin,” roan, 10 months, 1 week, 3 days-old ; bred by him-
self; sire, “Royal Windsor” (29,890); dam, “ Whitesocks,” by “Baron
Killerby” (29,890); g. d. “Bertha,” by “Welcome Guest” (15,947);.
gr. g. d., by “Vanguard” (10,994).

Henry Sharpley, Acthorpe, Louth, Lincolnshire : Second Prize, lOZ., for
“ Duke of Genoa,” dark roan, 10 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by
himself; sire, “3rd Duke of Geneva” (23,753); dam, “Duenna,” by
“ 11th Grand Duke” (21,849) ; g. d. “ Dulcinea,” liy “Duke of Geneva”
(19,614); gr. g. d., “Duchess 1st,” by “Master Ilembrandt” (16,545).

Thomas Hare, Lund Cottage, Easingwold, Yorkshire: Thirds Prize, 5Z.,
for “ Baron Irwin,” roan, 10 months, 1 day-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“Lord Irwin” (29,122) ; dam, “ Belle,” by “Spearsby” (22,977) ; g. d.,
“ Rosebud,” by “ General Friar ” (21,811) ; gr. g. d., “ Yorkshire Lass,”
by “ Yorkshireman ” (17,264).

Emily, Lady Pigot, Branches Park, Newmarket : the Iteserve Number, to
“ Rapid Rhone,” red roan, 6 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by herself ; sire,
“ By this ” (25,700) ; dam, “Dame Swift” by “Prince of Buckingham”
(27,161); g. d., “Dame Quickly” by “Velasco” (15,443); gr. g. d.,
“Barmaid” by “ British Prince” (14,197).

Shorthorns — Coivs above Three Years old.

John Outhwaite, Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire : First Prize, 20Z., for
“ Vivandiere ” roan, 5 years, 3 weeks, 6 days-old, in calf ; bred by himself ;
sire, “Brigade-Major” (21,312); dam, “Rosamond,” by “Apollo,”
(9899); g. d., “Ruth,” by “Albert” (7767); gr. g. d., “Rachel,” by
“ Noble ” (4579).

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixi

Alexander Henry Browne, Bank House, Acklington, Northumberland,
Second Prize, 10/., for “Primrose,” red and white, 4 years, 7 months,
1 week, 2 days-old, in-milk ; bred by Mr. L. C. Crisp, Hawkhill, Aln-
wick ; sire, “ I’rowler ” (22,662) ; dam, “ Pose 2nd ” by “ Peak ” (24,733) ;
gr. d., “ Napier Rosebud ” by “ Lord Napier ” (14,832) ; gr. g. d. by “ Sam
Glen” (10,780).

Henry Frederick Smith, Lamwath House, Sutton, Hidl: Third Prize, 5h,
for “Lamwath Violet,” white, 3 years, 5 months, 4 weeks-old, in-milk;
bred by himself ; sire, “Booth’s Kinsman” (25,6.68) ; dam, “ Sweet White
Violet” by “ The Sutler” (23,061); g. d., “ Violet” by “ Prince George ”
(13,510) ; gr. g. d., “Carnation” by “ Leo” (13,150).

Thomas Willis, Manor House, Carperby, Bedale, Yorkshire : the Reserve
Number, to “ Windsor’s Bride,” rich roan, 4 years, 3 months, 3 weeks-old,
in-milk; bred by himself; sire, “Windsor Fitz-Windsor” (25,458);
dam, “ Blushing Ilride,” by “ Fitz-Clarence ” (14,552); g. d., “ Maiden’s
Blush,” by “Gipsy King” (11,532); gr. g. d., “Maid of Masham,” by
“ Bernardo ” (8885).

Shorthorns — Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old.

Oriel Viveash, Berwick Bassett, Swindon, Wilts : First Prize, 15/., for
“ Mary Ann,” red, 2 years, 3 months, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-calf ; bred by
himself; sire, “James 1st” (24,202) ; dam, “Mary,” by “ 8th Duke of
York” (23,808); g. d., “Martha,” by “Roderick” (18,730); gi\ g. d.,
“ Merry Maid,” by “ The Baronet ” (17,088).

Francis John Savile Foljambe, M.P., Osberton Hall, Worksop, Notts:
Second Prize, 10/., for “ Zingara,” roan, 2 years, 5 months, 1 week-old,
in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Knight of the Crescent (26,547) ; dam,
“Zinganee,” by “ Knight of the Garter” (22,062) ; g. d., “ Gipsy Queen,”
by “ Imperial Windsor” (18,086; gr. g. d., “Sybil,” by “May Duke”
(16,553).

George Garne, Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire : Third
Prize, 5/., for “ Butterfly’s Duchess,” roan, 2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks,
1 day-old, in-milk, and in-calf; bred by himself ; sire, “Royal Butterfly
20th” (25,007); dam, “Delicacy,” by “The Druid” (20,948); gr. d.,
“Destiny,” by “Progression” (16,770) ; g. gr. d., “ Damsel” by,“ Enter-
prise ” (11,443).

George Garne, Churchill Heath : the Reserve Number, to “ Partridge,”
red, 2 years, 10 months-old, in milk and in-calf ; bred by himself ;
sire, “Royal Butterfly 20th” (25,007); dam, “ Panacea,” by “ General
Pelissier” (14,605); g. d., “Pane,” by “Bashaw” (12,449); gr. g. d.,
“ Panic,” by “ Colchicum ” (8963).

Shorthorns — Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old.

Emily, Lady Pigot, Branches Park, Newmarket : First Prize, 15/., for
“ Rose of Wytham,” led and white, 1 year, 8 months-old ; bred by her-
self; sire, “Gunpowder” (28,801); dam, “Imperial Rose 2nd,” by
“ Prince of Empire ” (20,578), g. d. “ Imperial Rose,” by “ Prince Im-
perial ” (15,095) ; gr. g. d., “ Red Rose,” by “ Vanguard” (10,994).

William and Henry Dudding, Panton House, Wragby, Lincolnshire :
Second Prize, 10/., for “ Blooming Bride,” red, 1 year, 11 months, 1
week-old ; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Robin ” (24,968) ; dam,
“ Bloomer,” by “ Lord Pauton” (22,204) ; g. d., “Birthright,” by “Royal
Favourite” (15,200) ; gr. g. d., “ Daisy,” by “ Sylvan ” (10,907).

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixii

John Outhwaite, Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire : Third Prize, 51., for

^ “ Baroness Conyers,” roan, 1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by ,

himself ; sire, “ Baron Killerby ” (27,949) ; dam, “ Sylvia,” by “ Cham-
pion ” (23,529) ; g. d., “ Sunflower,” by “ Son of A polio ” (9899) ; gr. g. d,,

“ Sally,” by “Chieftain” (10,048).

Teesdale Hilton Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick, Yorkshire: the
Reserve Number, to “Lady Playful,” roan, 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks-
old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Merry Monarch” (22,349) ; dam, “ Lady
Sophia,” by “ Brigade Major” (21,312) ; g. d , “ Lady of the Manor,” by
“Baron Warlaby ” (7813); gr. g. d., “Lady Burton,” by “ Vesuvius”
(5559).

Shorthorns — Heifer Calves, above Six and under Twelve Months old.

Lord Sudei-ey, Toddington, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire : First Prize,
lOZ., for “ Seraphina Bella 2nd,” roan, 7 months, 3 days-old ; bred by him-
self; sire, “Mandarin” (29,269) ; dam, “ Booth’s Seraphina,” by “Baron
Booth” (21,212); g. d., “ Seraphina 13th,” by “ John O’Gaunt” (16,322) ;
gr. g. d., Seraphina 7th,” by “ Duke of Sussex ” (12,772).

Thomas Horrocks Miller, Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire : Second
Prize, 51., for “ Kinglet 4th,” roan, 10 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ;
bred by himself; sire, “ White Duke ;” dam, “ Ringlet 2nd,” by “By well
Victor” (21,353); g. d., “ Ringlet,” by “Lord of the Valley ” (14,837);
gr. g. d., “ Rose Duchess,” by “ Red Duke ” (13,571).

Sir George 0. Wombwell, Bart., Newburgh Park, Easingwold, Yorkshire :
the Reserve Number, to “ Cerito 2nd,” roan, 7 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-
old; bred by himself; sire, “Duke of Oxford 20th ”(28,432); dam,

“ Cerito,” by “Vesuvius ” (21,017) ; g. d., “ Calcutta,” by “Skyrocket”
(15,306) ; gr. g. d., “ China,” lay “ Fourth Duke of York ” (10,167).

Herefords — Bulls above Three Tears old.

Philip Turner, The Leen, Pembridge, Leominster, Herefordshire : First
Prize, 251., for “ Provost ” (4067), red, white face, 4 years, 1 week-old ;
bred by himself; sire, “Bachelor” (2941); dam, “ Rliodia ;” sire of dam,
“Subaltern ” (2794).

Joseph Evans Spencer, Lancadle, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire : Second
Prize, 151., for “Von Moltke” (4234), red, white face, 3 years, 5
months, 2_weeks, 5 days-old ; bred by Mr. Warren Evans, Llandowlais,

• Usk, Monmouthshire; sire, “Prince Arthur” (2695); dam, “Dames
Violet 3rd ” sire of dam, “ Monaughty ” (2117).

Thomas James Carwardine, Stockton Bury, Leominster : the Reserve
Number, io “De Cote,” red, white face, 5 years, 1 month, 3 days-old; bred
by the late Mr. Thomas Edwards, Wintercott, Leominster; sire, “Tom-
boy ” (3546) ; dam, “ Barmaid ;” sire of dam, “ Royal George ” (2197).

Herefords — Bulls above Tico and not exceeding Three Tears old.

Sarah Edwards, Wintercott, Leominster, Herefordshire : First Prize, 25?.,
for “ Winter De Cote ” (4253), red, white face, 2 years, 10 months,

3 weeks-old; bred by the late Mr. Thomas Edwards, Wintercott, Leo-
minster; sire, “Leominster 3rd” (3211); dam, “Pinky 3rd;” sire of
dam, “ Young Grove ” (2888).

Warren Evans, Llandowlais, Usk, Monmouthshire : Second Prize, 151.,
for “ Enterprise,” red, white face, 2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old ;

Award of Live-Stock Frizes at Hull. Ixiii

bred by Mr. Child, Wcstonbnry, Pembridgc; sire, “Theodore;” dam,
“Fair Maid;” sire of dam, “Wellington” (1112),

John Harding, The Greenhouse, Alveley, Bridgnorth, Salop : the Beserve
Number, to “ Lord Battenhall,” red, white face, 2 years, 5 months, 4 weeks-
old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Battenhall ” (240G) ; dam, “ Theora ;” sire
of dam, “Sebastopol” (1381).

Herefords — Yearling Bulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old,

Henry James Bailey, Rosedale, Teubury, Herefordshire : First Prize, 25f.,
for “King of the Dale” (3891), red, white face, 1 year, 6 months, 3
weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Prince Charles” (4041); dam,
“ Queen of the Valley 2nd ;” sire of dam, “ Battenhall ” (2406).

Edward Lister, Cefn Ila, Usk, Monmouthshire : Second Prize, 15Z., for “ Black
Eagle,” red, white face, 1 year, 5 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred
by himself; sire, “Chanter” (3738); dam, “Cherry;” sire of dam,
“ Orphan ” (2622).

Her Majesty the Queen, AVindsor Castle : Third Prize, 5Z., for

“Marquis of Lome,” red, white face, 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 2
days-old; bred by Her Majesty, at Flemish Farm, Windsor; sire,
“Prince George Frederick;” dam, “Princess Mary;” sire of dam,
“ Ajax.”

Warren Evans, of Llandowlais, Usk, Monmouthshire : the Reserve Number,
to “Von Moltke 2nd,” red, white face, 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ;
bred by himself; sire, “ Von Moltke ” (4234) ; dam, “Countess 3rd;”
sire of dam, “ Monaughty ” (2117).

Herefords — Bull Calves above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old.

Sarah Edwards, Win tercott, Leominster, Herefordshire: First Prize, 107.,
for “ Student,” red, white face, 10 months, 2 weeks, 5-days-old ; bred by
herself; sire, “Winter De Cote” (4253); dam, “Lovely;” sire of dam,
“ Tomboy ” (3546).

'■Charles Henry Hinckesman, the Poles, Ludlow: Second Prize, 57., for
“Sir Wilfred,” red, white face, 11 months, 1 day-old; bred by himself;
sire, “Battenhall” (2406); dam, “Churchhouse 6th;” sire of dam,
“ Agriculturist ” ( 1842).

Thomas Fenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow : the Reserve Number, to “ Master
Teme,” red, 11 months, 4 weeks-old: bred by himself; sire, “ Severus
2nd ” (2747) ; dam, “ Miss Teme ;” sire of dam, “ Weston ” (3597).

Herefords — Cows above Three Years old.

William Burchall Peren, Compton House, South Petherton, Somerset :
First Prize, 207., for “Ivington Rose,” red, white face, 8 years, 10
months, 4 days-old, in-calf ; bred by Mr. Thomas Roberts, Lawton Bury,
Leominster ; sire, “ Sir Thomas ” (2228) ; dam, “ Red Rose ;” sire of dam,
“ Master Butterfly” (1313).

fiiCHARD Tanner, Frodesley, Dorrington, Salop: Second Prize, 57., for
“ Lady Milton,” red, white face, 4 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old,
in-calf; bred by the late Mr. J. V. Ashwood, Longden Hall, Wellington,
Salop ; sire, “ Chieftain the 5th ” (3018) ; sire of dam, “ Milton ”
<2114).

Ixiv

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Waeren Evans, Llandowlais, Usk, Monmoutlishire : tlie Reserve Number y
to “ Lady 2nd,” red, white face, 6 years, 7 months, 1 week, 6 days-old,
in-calf; bred hy himself; sire, “ Hopeful” (2045) ; dam, “ Nena 2nd;”
sire of dam, “ Oakley ” (1G73).

Herefords — Heifers in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old.

The Earl of Southesk, K.T., Kinnaird Castle, Brechin, N.B. : First
Prize, 15Z., for “ Desdemona,” red, white face, 2 years, 10 months, 2
weeks, 6 days-old, in-calf; bred hy himself; sire, “Orleans” (2661);
dam, “ Diadem ;” sire of dam, “ Chieftain 4th ” (2458).

Herefords — Yearling Heifers above One and not exceeding Two Years old.

Philip Turner, The Been, Pemhridge : First Prize, 15Z., for “ Exquisite,”
red, white face, 1 year, 10 months, 1 week, 2 days-old ; bred hy
himself ; sire, “ Provost ” (4067) ; dam, “ Norma ;” sire of dam, “ Boling-
hroke” (1883).

Philip Turner, The Been, Pemhridge : Second Prize, lOZ., for “ Satellite,”
red, white face, 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by him-
self; sire, “Bachelor” (2941); dam, “Luna;” sire of dam, “ Franky ;”
(1243).

Henry Nicholas Edwards, Broadward, Leominster, Herefordshire : Third
_ Prize, 51., for “ Annie 2nd,” red, white face, 1 year, 9 months, 3 weeks,
3 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Sir John ” (3451) ; dam, “ Annie ;”
sire of dam, “ Dan O’Connell ” (1952).

Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle : the Reserve Numher,io “Princess
Louise Victoria,” red, white face, 1 year, 6 months, 1 week, 4 days-old ;
bred by Her Majesty, at Flemish Farm, Windsor ; sire, “Prince Leopold
dam, “ Adelaide 2nd ;” sire of dam, “ Deception.”

Herefords — Heifer Calves above Six and under Twelve Months old.

Philip Turner, The Been, Pemhridge, Herefordshire : First Prize, lOZ., for
“Verbena,” red, white face, 11 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by
himself; sire, “ Provost ” (4067) : dam, “Luna;” sire of dam, “Franky”
(1243).

He.'IRT Nicholas Edwards, Broadward, Leominster, Herefordshire : Second
Prize, 51., for “ Dolly,” red, white face, 11 months, 3 days-old ; bred by
himself ; sire, “ Albert ” (3648) ; dam, “ Dahlia 2nd ;” sire of dam,
“ San-ja-Cinto ” (2209).

William Burchell Peren, Compton House, South Petherton, Somerset : the
Reserve Number, to“ Lady Lavender,” red, white face, 11 months, 1 week-
old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Sir William ” (4141); dam, “Nonpareil;’^
sire of dam, “ Priam ” (3334).

Devons — Bulls above Three Years old.

Viscount Falmouth, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall : First Prize, 25Z., for
“ Jonquil,” red, 4 years, 9 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself;
sire, “ Sunflower ” (937) ; dam, “ Picture 4th ” (2224) ; sire of dam,
“ Napoleon ” (464).

Walter Farthing, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somersetshire : Second Prize,
15Z., for “ Master Harry,” red, 3 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixv

bred by himself ; sire, “ Master Arthur dam, “ Lofty ; ” sire of dam,
“ Sir Peregrine.”

' Viscx)UNT Falmouth, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall : the Reserve Number, to
“Kingcraft,” red, 3 years, 11 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire,
“ Sunflower ” (937) ; dam, “ Peach ” (2905a) ; sire of dam, “ Young
Forester” (759).

Devons — Dulls above Two and not exceeding Three Tears old.

The Executrix of the late Mr. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton,
Devon : First Prize, 25Z., for “ Duke of Flitton 8th,” red, 2 years, 2
months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by the late Mr. James Davy ; sire,
“ Duke of Flitton 4th ” (827) ; dam, “ Temptress 2nd ” (3070) ; sire of
dam, “ Duke of Cornwall ” (820).

Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle: the Reserve Number, to “Prince
Imperial,” red, 2 years, 10 months, 2 days-old ; bred by Her Majesty, at
Norfolk Farm, Windsor Park ; sire, “ Napier dam, “ Princess Beatrice
sire of dam, “ Prince Alfred.”

Devons — Yearling Dulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old.

\ Walter Farthing, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset : First Prize, 25Z.,.
for “ Master Eobin,” red, 1 year, 11 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by
himself ; sire, “ Master Arthur dam, “ Verbena.”

; The Executrix of the late Mr. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton,
Devon : the Reserve Number, to “ Duke of Flitton 10th,” red, 1 year,
6 months, 3 weeks, G days-old ; bred by the late Mr. James Davy ;
sire, “ Duke of Flitton 5th dam, “ Lavender ” (2819) ; sire of dam,

■ “ Admiral” (771a).

Devons — Dull Calves above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old.

The Executrix of the late Mr. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton,
Devon : First Prize, 10b, for “ Duke of Plymouth,” red, 7 months,
3 weeks-old ; bred by the late Mr. James Davy ; sire, “ Duke of Flitton
' 5th dam, “ Duchess of Plymouth ” (2661) ; sire of dam, “ Gold Medal
I Duke of Flitton ” (613).

I Walter Farthing, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset : Second Prize, 5b,

' for his red, 6 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by himself ; sire,

I • “ Able dam, “ Cheerful sire of dam, “ Duke of Gothelney.”

f ' Walter Farthing, Stowey Court : the Reserve Number, to his red, 7 months,
1 week, 4 days-old ; bred by Sir Alexander Acland Hood, Bart., St.

[ I Audries, Bridgwater,

Devons — Cows above Three Years old.

I ! Trevor Lee Senior, Broughton House, Aylesbury, Bucks : First Prize,
20b, for “ Moss Kose,” light red, 5 years, 3 months, 3 weeks-old, in-calf ;
bred by the late Mr. Wilkinson, Isle of Wight; sire, “ Island Prince
dam, “ Modesty.”

I ! John Azariah Smith, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester: Second Prize, 10b,
for “ Picture,” red, 3 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old, in-milk ; bred
by himself; sire, “ Stratton;” dam, “ Picture; sire of dam, “Augustus ”
(778).

Ixvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hui,.

The Executrix of the late Mr. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton,
Devon: the Reserve Number, to “Lavender” (2819), red, 7 years, 1
week, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by the late Mr. James Davy ; sire, “Ad-
miral,” (771a) ; dam, “ Picture 6th ” (2226) ; sire of dam, “ Prince
Alfred” (491).

Devons — Heifers in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old.

The Executrix of the late Mr. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton,
Devon : First Prize, 151., for “ Temptress 3rd,” red, 2 years, 3 weeks, 1
day-old, in-calf; bred by the late Mr. James Davy; sire, “Duke of
Flitton 4th” (827); dam, “Gold Medal Temptress” (1672);” sire of
dam, “Davy’s Napoleon 3rd” (464).

John Azariah Smith, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester : Second Prize, lOZ., for
“ Honest,” red, 2 years, 7 months, 3 weeks-old, in-calf ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Duke of York ;” dam, “Honest;” sire of dam, “ Trio” (940).

George Turner, Brampford Speke, Exeter : the Reserve Number, to “ Devo-
niensis,” red, 2 years, 9 months, 1 week, 3 days-old, in-calf ; bred by
himself; sire, “ Frank Quartly ;” dam, “ Duchess 4th.”

Devons — Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old.

John Azariah Smith, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester : First Prize, 15Z., for
“ Picture,” red, 1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Duke of York ;” dam, “ Picture ;” sire of dam, “ Augustus ” (778).

George Turner, Brampford Speke, Exeter : Second Prize, lOZ., for

“Muriel,” red, 1 year, 11 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by himself;
sire, “ Marquis of Lome ;” dam, “ Duchess 3rd.”

Trevor Lee Senior, Broughton House, Aylesbury : the Reserve Number, to
“ Lady Maude,” red, 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Stowey ;” dam, “ Young Daisey.”

Devons — Heifer-Calves above Six and under Twelve Months old.

The Executrix of the late Mr. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton,
Devon: First Prize, lOZ., for “Princess Alice 4th,” red, 7 months, 4
weeks-old ; bred by the late Mr. James Davy ; sire, “ Duke of Flitton
5th;” dam, “Princess Alice 2nd” (2971); sire of dam, “Duke of
Flitton 2nd” (825).

Trevor Lee Senior, Broughton House, Aylesbury : Second Prize, 5Z., for I
“ Moss Rose 1st,” red, 11 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire,

“ Stowey ;” dam, “ Moss Rose.” i

Viscount Falmouth, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall : the Reserve Number,
to his red, 11 months, 1 week, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Jon- ''
quit dam, “ Rubra.”

Jerseys — Bulls above One Year old.

Lord Chesham, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks : First Prize, lOZ., for “ Baron,” ^
dark silver grey, 2 years, 1 month, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself. T

Walter Gilbey, Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex : Second Prize, 5Z., for
“ Don,” lawn, 2 years, 2 months-old ; breeder unknown.

George Digby Wingfield-Digby, Sherborne Castle, Dorset: the Reserve
Number, to “ Cowboy,” fawn, about 3 years-old ; bred by Mr. J. Balleind,

J ersey.

Atvard of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixvii

Jerseys — Cows above Three Years old.

George Simpson, Wray Park, Reigate, Surrey : First Prize, 10?., for “Gentle,”
grey fawn, 3 years, 11 months-old, in-milk ; breeder unknown.

Walter Gilbey, Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex : Second Prize, 51.,

for “ Lady Grey,” fawn, 5 years, 1 month-old, in-milk ; bred by Mr.
P. Gaudin, of Spring Farm, St. Martin’s, Jersey ; sire, “ Clement;” dam,
“ Lady Best.”

! Walter Gilbey, Hargrave Park : the Beserve Number, to “ Duchess,” fawn,
5 years, 4 months, 3 weeks-old, in-milk ; bred by Mr. H. J. Le Feuvre,
St. Peter’s, Jersey ; sire, “ Cardinal dam, “ Queen Mab.”

Jerseys — Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old.

Walter Gilbey, Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex : First Prize, 10?., for
“Tal,” fawn, 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks-old, in-milk; breeder un-
known.

George Simpson, Wray Park, Reigate, Surrey : Second Prize, 51., for
“ Madge,” fawn, 2 years, 3 months, 1 week-old, in-milk ; bred by himself;
sire, “ Prince ;” dam, “ Madcap;” sire of dam, “ The Young Duke.”

, George Digby Wingfield-Digby, Sherborne Castle, Dorset: the Reserve
Number, to “ Queen of the Vale,” lemon, 2 years, 8 months, 3 days-old,
in-calf : bred by himself ; sire, “ Sir Jerry ;” dam, “ Picture.”

Guernseys — Bulls above One Year old.

The Rev. Joshua Rundle Watson, La Favorita, Guernsey : First Prize,
10?., for “ Cloth of Gold,” fawn, 2 years, 3 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old ;
bred by Mr. Robin, Les Landes, Guernsey ; sire, “ Fair Lad ;” dam, “La
Charbonnee.”

Thomas Maindonald, Les Eperons, Guernsey : Second Prize, 5?., for
“ Billy,” pale red and white, 2 years, .2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by
himself.

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester : the Reserve Number,
to “ Poitou,” yellow and white, 2 years, 6 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ;
bred by himself.

Guernseys — Cows above Three Years old.

I Thomas Maindonald, Les Epdrons, Guernsey : First Prize, 10?., for “ Char-
lotte,” pale red and white, 5 years, 2 months-old, in-calf : bred by
Morish, Clos du Valle, Guernsey.

I John Shaw, Beech Hill, Swanland, Yorkshire : Second Prize, 51., for his

‘ yellow and white, 5 years-old, in-milk ; bred by Mr. C. Le Page, St,
Andrew’s, Guernsey ; sire, “ Champion.”

; Thomas Maindonald, Les Eperons, the Reserve Number, to “ Luce,” black
and white, 4 years, 3 months, 1 week-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. Le
, Lacheur, Les Norgiots, St. Andrew’s, Guernsey.

^ ! Guernseys — Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old.

I , The Rev. Joshua Rundle Watson, La Favorita, Guernsey : First Prize,
I 10?., for “ Bijou,” red and white, 2 years-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. James,
La Quevilette, Guernsey ; sire, “ Trumpeter.”

Ixviii

Aioard of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

, Galloways — Bulls above Two Years old.

James Graham, Parcelstown, Longtown, Cumberland : First Prize, lOZ., for
“ Willie of Westburnflat” (523), black, 7 years, 2 months, 3 weeks-old ;
bred by Mr. W. Keir, Whithaugh, Newcastleton, Roxburgh ; sire, “Jock
dam, “ Bess of Whithaugh sire of dam, “ Border Reiver.”

John Fisher, Knells, Carlisle, Cumberland : Second Prize, 51., for “ Squire
Dacre” (534), black, 6 years, 4 months, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. J.
Graham, Parcelstown, Longtown ; sire, “ Border Knight ” (539) ; dam,
“ Rose of Galloway ” (1311) ; sire of dam, “ Sir James ” (537).

Galloways — Cows above Three Years old.

Walton Raine, Low Wanwood, Alston, Cumberland; First Prize, lOZ., for
“ Queen of the Tyne,” black, 6 years, 2 months, 1 week, 4 days-old ;
in-calf ; bred by himself.

The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury, K.G., Drumlanrig Castle,
Thornhill, Dumfriesshire : Second Prize, 51., for “ Jean,” black, 7 years,
4 months-old, in-milk; bred by Mr. J. Giffard, Torhouskie, Newton
Stewart; sire, “Wallace;” dam, “Jean.”

The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury, K.G., Drumlanrig Castle,
the Eeserve Number, to “Louisa 2nd” (1379), black, 3 years, 4 months,
3 weeks, 4 days-old, in-milk ; bred by Mr. J. Cunningham, Tarbruch,
Dalbeattie ; sire, “ Havelock ” (544) ; dam, “ Louisa.”

Galloways — Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, under Three Years old.

James Graham, Parcelstown, Longtown, Cumberland ; First Prize, lOZ., for
“ Dame Margaret Douglas ” (1327), black, 2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks-
old, in-calf; bred by himself ; sire, “ Willie of Westburnflat” (523); dam,

“ 2nd Hannah ” (1317) ; sire of dam, “ Glenorcky ” (521).

James Graham, Parcelstown: Second Prize, 5Z., for “Queen of Lyne”
(1328), black, 2 years, 8 months, 1 week-old, in-calf ; bred by himself ;
sire, “Willie of Westburnflat” (523); dam, “Forest Queen” (1314);
sire of dam, “ Sir Walter ” (536). j

Ayrshires — Bulls above Two Years old.

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manches'-er : First Prize, lOZ.,
for “ The Hero,” red and white, about 3 years-old ; breeder un-
known.

Ayrshires — Cows above Three Years old. i

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester : First Prize, lOZ., J

for “ Maid of Ayr,” red and white, about 4 years, 6 months-old, in-milk ; |

breeder unknown. I

Ayrshires — Heifers in-milk or in-calf, under Three Years old. I

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: First Prize, lOZ., for I

“Lassie,” red and white, between 2 and 3 years-old, in-milk; breeder I

unknown. * I

Atcard of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixix

Other Established Breeds — Bulls above One Year old.

Lord Sondes, Elmham Hall, Dereliatn, Norfolk ; First Prize, lOZ., for his
(Norfolk Polled), red, 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Benjamin Brown, Thursford, Dereham, Norfolk: Second Prize, 51., for
“Norfolk Duke” (Norfolk Polled), red, 8 years, 3 weeks-old ; bred by
Mr. N. Powell, Little Snoring, Fakeuham.

Jeremiah James Colman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich : the Reserve
Number, to “Cherry Duke” (Norfolk Polled), blood red, 5 years, 4
months, 2 weeks-old; bred by Mr. S. Wolton, Newbourne Hall, Wood-
bridge ; sire, “ Esquire dam, “ Beauty.”

Other Established Breeds — Cows above Three Years old.

Benjamin Brown, Thursford, Derebam, Norfolk : First Prize, lOZ., for
“ Countess” (Norfolk Polled), red, 4 years, 3 months, 2 days-old, in-milk,
and in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Norfolk Duke ;” dam, “ Hansom ;”
sire of dam, “ Tenant Farmer.”

Jeremiah James Colman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich : Second Prize,
51., for “Buttercup” (Norfolk Polled), blood red, 5 years, 7 months,
3 weeks-old, in milk and in-calf; bred by Mr. J. Hammond, Bale,
Thetford; sire, “Sir Nicholas ;” dam, “ Butler.”

Lord Sondes, Elmham Hall, Dereham, Norfolk : the Reserve Number, to
“Brownie” (Norfolk Polled), red, 3 years, 7 months-old, in-calf; bred by
Mr. B. Brown, Thursford, Dereham.

Other Established Breeds — Heifers in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding
Three Years old.

Lord Sondes, Elmham Hall, Dereham, Norfolk : First Prize, lOZ., for
“ Miimie 3rd ” (Norfolk Polled), red, 2 years, 4 months-old, in-calf ; bred
by himself.

Jeremiah James Colman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: Second Prize,
51., for “Handsome” (Norfolk Polled), blood red, 2 }^ears, 11 months, 2
weeks, 3 days-old, in milk and in-calf ; bred by Mr. Brown, Thursford ;
sire, “ Norfolk Duke dam, “ Thursford Handsome ;” sire of dam,
“ Tenant Farmer.”

Pairs of Dairy Cows of any breed, for breeding and milking
purposes.*

William Dunn, Ellerby Grange, Skirlaugh, Hull : First Prize, lOZ., for his
Shorthorns, red and white, 7 years-old ; Light hazel, 5 years-old ; both
bred by himself.

Thomas Statter, Stand Hall: Second Prize, 51., for his Yorkshires, “Dairy
Maid ” and “ Buttercup,” roan, about 5 years-old ; breeders imknown.

Pairs of Three-Years-old Heifers of any breed, in milk-or in-calf.*

George Ashburner, Low Hall, Broughton-in-Furness, Lancashire: First
Prize, lOZ., for his Shorthorns, “ Duchess of Kirkby,” roan, 3 years, 3
months, 1 week, 4 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Grand Duke 10th ”

* Giyen by the Hull Butchers.

^xx

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

(21,848) ; dam, “ Nightingale Oxford,” by “ Oxford ” (20,449) ; an3
“ Florence,” red, 3 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by Mr.
T. Waller, Berkswell, Coventry ; sire, “ Grand Duke 9th ” (19,879)
dam, “Rosette” by “Marmaduke” (14,897).

James and William Martin, Newmarket, Aberdeen : Second Prize, 5Z., for
their red, 2 years, 3 months, 2 days-old ; and red, little white, 2 years, 3
months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by Mr. J. Morrison, Upper Cotbum,.
Banffshire.

^ SHEEP.

Leicester s — Shearling Bams.

George Turner, Jun., Thorpelands, Northampton : First Prize, 20?., for
his about 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

John Borton, Barton House, Barton-le-Street, Malton, Yorkshire : Second
Prize, 10?., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

George Turner, Jun., Thorpelands: Third Prize, 5?., for his about 1 year,

3 months-old ; bred by himself.

George Turner, Jun., Thorpelands : the Eeserve Number, to his about

1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Leicesters — Bams of any other age.

Thomas Marris, The Chase, Ulceby, Lincolnshire : First Prize, 20?., for his

2 years, 3 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

John Borton, Barton House, Malton: Second Prize, 10?., for his 2 years,

4 months-old ; bred by himself.

John Borton, Barton House: Third Prize, 5?., for his 4 years, 4 months-old ;
bred by himself.

John Borton, Barton House : the Eeserve Number, to his 3 years, 4 months-
old ; bred by himself.

Leicesters— Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

George Turner, Jun., Thorpelands, Northampton ; First Prize, 15?., for his
1 year, 3 months-old : bred by himself.

John Borton, Barton House, Barton-le-Street, Malton : Second Prize, 10?.,
for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

Teasdale Hilton Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick : Third Prize, 51.,
for his various ages ; bred by himself.

Teasdale H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick : the Eeserve Number,.
to his various ages ; bred by himself.

Cotswolds — Shearling Bams.

Thomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm, Downham Market, Norfolk : First
Prize, 20?., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Thomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm : Second Prize, 10?., for his 1 year,.
4 months, 2 weeks-old : bred by himself.

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixxi

Thomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm : Third Prize, 5Z., for his 1 year,
4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Kdssell Swanwick, the Koyal Agricultural College Farm, Cirencester : the
Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by
himself.

Cotsioolds — Bams of any other Age.

Thomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm, Downham Market : First Prize, 20?.,
for his 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Thomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm : Second Prize, 10?., for his 4 years,
4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Eussell Swanwick, Eoyal Agricultural College Farm, Cirencester : Third
Prize, 5?., for his 2 years, 4 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Thomas Brown, Marham Farm, the Reserve Number, to his 3 years, 4 months,

2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Cotswolds — Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

Mary Godwin, Troy Farm, Somerton, Deddington, Oxon : First Prize, 15?.,
for her about 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by herself.

Eussell Swanwick, Eoyal Agricultural College Farm, Cirencester : Second
Prize, 10?., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

T. Beale Brown, Salperton Park, Andoversford, Gloucestershire : Third
Prize, 51., for his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

T. Beale Brown, Salperton Park : the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 3
months-old ; bred by himself.

Lincolns — Shearling Bams.

William and Henry Dddding, Panton House, Wragby, Lincolnshire :
First Prize, 20?., for their 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by
themselves.

Edward John Howard, Nocton Else, Lincolnshire : Second Prize, 10?., for
his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

John Pears, Mere, Lincolnshire : Third Prize, 51., for his 1 year, 4 months-
old ; bred by himself.

■Charles Clarke, Ashby-de-la-Launde, Sleaford : the Reserve Number, to
his 1 year, 4 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself. >

Lincolns — Bams of any other Age.

William and Henry Budding, Panton House, Wragby : First Prize, 20?.,
for their 2 years, 3 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by themselves.

William F. Marshall, Branston, Lincoln ; Second Prize, 10?., for his

3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by Mr. T. Casswell, Ponton.

John Pears, Mere, Lincolnshire : Third Prize, 51., for his 3 years, 4 months-
old ; bred by himself.

Lincolns — Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

John Byron, Kirkby Green, Sleaford, Lincolnshire : First Prize, 15?., for
his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

VOL. IX.— S. S.

Ixxii Axoard of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Charles Clarke, Ashby-de-la-Launde, Sleaford : Second Prize, lOZ., for
his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

William Hesseltine, Beaumont Cote, Barton-on-Humber : Third Prize,
SI., for his about 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Eichard Newcomb Morley, Leadenham, Grantham : the Reserve Nurnher, to
nis 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Border Leicesters — Shearling Bams.

Thomas Forster, Jun., Ellingham, Chathill, Northumberland : First Prize,
20Z., for his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Alexander Bell, Linton, Kelso, Eoxburgh, N.B. : Second Prize, lOZ., for
his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

William Purves, Linton Burnfoot, Kelso, Eoxburgh, N.B. : Third Prize,
5Z., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

William Purves, Linton Burnfoot: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 3
months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Border Leicesters — Baxns of any other Age.

Thomas Forster, Jun., Ellingham, Chathill, Northumberland : First Prize,.
20Z., for his 3 or 4 years-old ; bred by himself.

Thomas Forster, Jun., Ellingham : Second Prize, lOZ., for his about 4 years,
3 months-old; bred by Miss Stark, of Mellendean, Kelso, Eoxburgh.

George Laing, Wark, Coldstream, Northumberland: Third Prize, 51.,
for his 2 years, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Eichard Tweedie, The Forest, Catteriek : the Reserve Nurnher, to “ Boxer,”
3 years, 3 months-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Knight of Lothian
sire of dam, “ Stark 5th.”

Border Leicesters — Pens of Five Shearling Fives.

William Purves, Linton Burnfoot, Kelso, Eoxburgh: First Prize, 15Z.,
for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old : bred by himself.

William Purves, Linton Burnfoot : Second Prize, lOZ., for his 1 year, 3
months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Eichard Tweedie, the Forest, Catteriek : the Reserve Number, to his 1 year,
3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Sir Samuel.”

Oxfordshire Downs — Shearling Bams.

John Treadwell, Upper Winehendon, Aylesbury : First Prize, 20Z., for his
about 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

George Wallis, Old Shifford, Bampton, Faringdon: Second Prize, lOZ.,
for his 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

George Wallis, Old Shifford : Third Prize, 5Z., to his 1 year, 5 months,
2 weeks-old; bred by bimself.

The Duke of Marlborough, K.G., of Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxon :
the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by
himself.

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixxiii

Oxfordshire Doicns — Pams of any other age.

John Treadwell, Upper Winchenden, Aylesbury : First Prize, 20Z., for
“ Guildford,” about 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.
George Wallis, Old Shifford, Bampton, Faringdon : Second Prize, lOZ., for
his 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

A. F. Milton Druce, Twelve Acres, Eynsham : Third Prize, 51, for his

2 years, 5 months-old ; bred by himself.

Frederick Street, Harrowden House, Bedford : the Beserve Number, to his

3 years, 5 months-old ; bred by himself.

Oxfordshire Doicns — Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

Charles Howard, Biddenham, Bedford : First Prize, 15Z., for his 1 year,

4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

A. F. Milton Druce, Twelve Acres, Eynsham, Oxon : Second Prize, lOZ.,
for his 1 year, 5 months-old ; bred by himself.

Charles Howard, Biddenham, Bedford : the Beserve Number, to his 1 year,
4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

\Long Wools of any Breed — Pens of Twenty-five Shearling Gimmers of

the same flock.

John Pears, Mere, Lincoln : First Prize, 25Z., for his (Lincolns) 1 year,
4 months-old ; bred bj' himself.

Charles Clarke, Ashby-de-la-Launde, Sleaford, Lincolnshire : Second Prize,
15Z., for his (Lincolns) 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

Edward John Howard, Nocton Eise, Nocton, Lincoln : Third Prize, lOZ.,
for his (Lincolns) 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

John Byron, Kirkby Green, Sleaford, Lincolnshire : the Beserve Number, to
his (Lincolns) 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Southdowns — Shearling Bams.

William Eigden, Hove, Brighton, Sussex : First Prize, 20Z., for his 1 year,
4 months-old ; bred by himself.

Francis John Savile Foljambe, M.P., Osberton Hall, Worksop, Notts :
Second Prize, lOZ., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

Jeremiah James Colman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich : Third Prize,
51., for “ Governor,” 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Young Bury.”

H.E.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G., Sandringham, King’s Lynn, Norfolk :
the Beserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by His Eoyal
Highness.

Southdoivns — Bams of any other Age.

William Eigden, Hove, Brighton, Sussex : First Prize, 20Z., for his 3 years,
4 months-old ; bred by himself.

William Eigden, Hove: Second Prize, lOZ., for his 3 years, 4 months-
old ; bred by himself.

ff 2

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at HuL.

Ixxiv

Lord Walsingham, Merton Hall, Thetford : Third Prize, 51., for his 2 years,
4 months-old ; bred by himself.

H.K.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G., Sandringham, King’s Lynn : the
Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 4 months-old ; bred by His Koyal
Highness.

Southdowns — Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

Lord Walsingham, Merton Hall, Thetford : First Prize, 151., for his 1
year, 4 months-old, bred by himself.

The Duke of Richmond, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester : Second Prize, 10?.,
for his 1 year, 5 months-old ; bred by himself.

The Duke of Richmond, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester : Third Prize, 51.,
for his 1 year, 5 months-old ; bred by himself.

Lord Sondes, Elmham Hall, Dereham, Norfolk : the Reserve Number, to his

1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

ShropsTiires — Shearling Bams.

Lord Chesham, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks ; First Prize, 20?., for his 1 year,

2 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Sarah Beach, The Hattons, Brewood, Staffordshire : Second Prize, 10?.,
for her 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by herself.

John Coxon, Freeford Farm, Lichfield, Staffs. : Third Prize, 5?., for his
1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Charles Byrd, Littywood, Stafford : the Reserve Number, to his 1 year,
4 months-old ; bred by himself.

Shropshires — Bams of any other Age.

Edward Crane, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury : First Prize, 20?., for his 3 years,

3 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Caractacus sire of dam,
“ Celebrity.”

Thomas Fenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow, Salop : Second Prize, 10?., to
“Ensdon Hero,” 2 years, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire,
“ Kingcraft ;” sire of dam, “ Novelty.”

Joseph Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford: Third Prize, 51., for “ Dorchester
Hero,” 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by Lord Chesham, Latimer,
Chesham ; sire, Mansell’s “ No. 8 ;” sire of dam, “Milton.”

Sarah Beach, The Hattons, Brewood, Penkridge, Staffs : the Reserve Nutriber,
to her 3 years, 4 months-old ; bred by herself.

Shropshires — Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

Lord Chesham, Latimer, Chesham: First Prize, 15?., for his 1 year, 2
months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

John Hanbury Bradburn, Pipe Place, Lichfield : Second Prize, 10?., for his

1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

John Hanbury Bradburn : Third Prize, 51., for his 1 year, 4 months,

2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Sarah Beach, the Hattons, Brewood, Penkridge ; the Reserve Number, to
her 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by herself,

Aroard of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull. Ixxv

Hampshire and other Short Wools — Shearling Bams.

Alfred Morrison, Fonthill House, Tisbury, Wilts : First Prize, lOZ., for his
(Hampshire Down) 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Alfred Morrison, Second Prize, 5?., for his (Hampshire Down) 1 year,
4 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

James Rawlence, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury : the Eeserve Number, to his
(Hampshire Down) 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Hampshire and other Short Wools — Bams of any other Age.

James Rawlence, Bulbridge, Wilton : First Prize, 10?., for his (Hampshire
Down) 2 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Alfred Morrison, Fonthill House, Tisbury, Wilts : Second Prize, 51., for
his (Hampshire Down) 3 years, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

James Rawlence, Bulbridge : the Eeserve Number, to his (Hampshire
Down), 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Hampshire and other Short Wools — Pens of Five Shearling Ewes.

James Rawlence, Bulbridge ; First Prize," 10?., for his (Hampshire Down)
1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

James Rawlence, Bulbridge : Second Prize, 51., for his (Hampshire Down)
1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself.

Cheviots — Shearling Bams.

Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, N.B. : First Prize, 10?., for his
1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Thomas Elliot, Hindhope : Second Prize, 5?., for his 1 year, 3 months-old ;
bred by himself.

Robert Shortreed, Attonburn, Kelso, N. B. : the Eeserve Number, to his
1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Cheviots — Bams of any other Age.

Thomas Elliot, Hindhope : First Prize, 10?., for his 3 years, 3 months-
old ; bred by himself.

Thomas Elliot, Hindhope : Second Prize, 5?., for his 2 years, 3 months-
old ; bred by himself.

t John Robson, Bymess, Rochester, Northumberland ; the Eeserve Number, to
j “ Highland Chief,” 3 years, 4 months-old ; bred by himself.

j • Cheviots — Pens of Five Eices.

Thomas Elliot, Hindhope : First Prize, 10?., for his various ages ; bred by
himself.

Robert Shortreed, Attonburn, Kelso, N.B. : Second Prize, 5?., for his
1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Blachfaced Mountain — Shearling Bams.

Christopher Armstrong, Ashgill Side, Alston, Cumberland : First Prize,
10?., for “ Champion,” 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Ixxvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull. IP

Alexander We AKTNG Long, Mint Cottage, Kendal: Second Prize, 51., for j
“ Moses,” 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Sampson.”

Blackfaced Mountain — Bams of any other Age.

Christopher Armstrong, Ashgill Side, Alston, Cumberland ; First Prize, ^
lOZ., for “ Mountain Heather,” 2 years, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Charles H. Wilson, Eigmaden, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland : Second /
Prize, 51., for “Fan,” 4 years-old; bred by Mr. A. W. Long, Mint
Cottage, Kendal.

Charles H. Wilson, Eigmaden : the Reserve Number, to “ Peter,” 4 years- v
old ; bred by Mr. A. W. Long.

Blackfaced Mountain — Pens of Five Ewes. '

George Crawthers, Gale Hall, Penrith, Cumberland : First Prize, lOZ., for Hi
his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Alexander Wearing Long, Mint Cottage, Kendal : Second Prize, 5Z., for
his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Mountain Sheep — Shearling Bams.

Benjamin Dobson, Brook Street, Ilkley, Yorkshire : First Prize, lOZ., for
his (Lonk) 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

Mountain Sheep — Bams of any other Age.

Benjamin Dobson, Brook Street, Ilkley : First Prize, lOZ., for “ Young
King” (Lonk), 3 years, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by Mr. Joseph
Green, Keighley.

Christopher H. Wilson, High Park, Kendal : Second Prize, 51., for “Nero”
(Herdwick), 9 years-old.

Mountain Sheep — Pens of Five Ewes. .

Benjamin Dobson, Brook Street, Ilkley : First Prize, lOZ., for his (Lonk) (
various ages ; bred by himself.

Pens of Ten Shearling Wether Sheep of any Breed.*'

Frederick John Percy Clarke, North Ferriby Brough, Yorkshire : First r
Prize, lOZ., for his (Leicesters) 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself.

The Executors of the late Earl of Zetland, Aske Hall, Kichmond, York-
shire : Second Prize, 51., for their (Shropshires) 1 year, 3 months, •
2 weeks-old ; bred by the late Earl of Zetland.

James and William Martin, Newmarket, Aberdeen : the Reserve Number,
to their 1 year 3 months-old Cross Downs ; bred by Mr. James Hay,
Turves, Aberdeenshire.

* Prizes given by the Hull Butchers.

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixxvii

PIGS.

Large White Breed — Boars above Twelve Months old. ]

Clement R. N. Beswick-Rotds, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire:
First Prize, lOZ., for “ Velocipede,” 3 years, 3 days-old ; bred by Mr.
Henry Neild, Worsley, Manchester ; sire, “ Punch dam, “ Lan-
cashire Witch sire of dam, “ Silverhair.”

Richard Elmhirst Dhckering, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey : Second Prize,
51., for “Cultivator 9th,” 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old;
bred by himself.

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester : the Beserve Number,
to “ Sultan age and breeder unknown.

Large Wlnte Breed — Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve
Months old.

John Garbutt, South Cave, Brough, Yorkshire : First Prize, 101., for
“John Bull,” 10 months, 3 ^weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself ; sire,
“ Gladiator ;” dam, “ Blue Mantle ;” sire of dam, “ King Tom.”

Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Gloucestershire : Second Prize,
51, for “ Lord Hambrook,” 8 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“ Jack ;” dam, “ Hambrook Beauty ;” sire of dam, “ Old Jack.”

Richard Elmhirst Dhckering, Nortborpe, Kirton-Lindsey, Lincolnshire :
the Reserve Number, to “ Oscar,” 10 months-old ; bred by Exhibitor.

Large White Breed — Breeding Sows.

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester : First Prize, 101., for
“ Lancashire Witch,” 2 years, 9 months, 1 week, 6 days-old, in-pig; bred
by Mr. Peter Eden, of Salford, Lancashire ; “ sire, “ Ranger ;” dam,
“ Formosa.”

John Garbutt, South Cave, Brough, York, shire : Second Prize, 51., for
“ Primrose,” 3 years-old, in-pig ; bred by Mr. R. E. Duckering, of Korth-
orpe, Kirton-Lindsey ; sire, “ Hermit.”

Matthew Walker, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent : the Beserve
Number, to “ Thalia 2nd,”^3 j'ears, 7 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old, in-
pig ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Forest Boy dam, “ Thalia 1st ;” sire of
dam, “Robin Hood 1st.”

Large White Breed — Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs.

Peter Eden, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester : First Prize, 101., for his
7 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Major ;” dam,
“ Sunrise ;” sire of dam, “ Young Sampson.”

Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Gloucestershire ; Second Prize,
51., for Three Lilies,” 7 months, 1 week, 4 days-old ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Sailor ;” dam, “ York ;” sire of dam, “ Old Jack.”

Richard Elmhirst Dhckering, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey, Lincolnshire :
the Reserve Number, to “ Three Gems,” 7 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old;
bred by himself.

Ixxviii

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Small White Breed — Boars above Twelve Months old.

Geokge Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk : First Prize,
10?., for “ Disturbance,” 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself
sire, “ Peter dam, “ Commotion sire of dam, “ Suffolk.”

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester : Second Prize, 51.,.
for “ Peacock,” 2 years, 10 months-old ; bred by Mr. Peter Eden, Salford,
Manchester; sire, “Young King;” dam, “Princess;” sire of dam,
“ Violet.”

Clement E. N. Beswick-Eoyds, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire
the Reserve Number, to “ Hector,” 2 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-
old ; bred by Mr. Peter Eden, Salford, Manchester ; sire, “Young King;”
dam, “ Sister to Prince ;” sire of dam, “ Old Prince.”

Small White Breed — Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve
Months old.

Peter Eden, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prize, 10?., for
“ Punch,” 10 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“ Peacock dam, “ Moss Eose ;” sire of dam, “ Young Prince.”

Lord Eendlesham, Eendlesham Hall, Woodbridge : Second Prize,' 51., for
“ Gay Lad,” 11 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ The
Emperor ;” dam, “ Julia ;” sire of dam, “ The Prince.”

Eichard Elmhirst Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey, Lincolnshire:
the Reserve Number, to “ Lord Lincoln,” 11 months, 1 week, 6 days-
old ; bred by himself.

Small White Breed — Breeding Sows.

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester : First Prize, 10?.,
for “Queen of the West,” 1 year, 10 months-old, in-pig; bred by Mr.
Peter Eden, of Salford, Manchester; sire, “King of the West;” dam,
“ Princess ;” sire of dam, “ Violet.”

George Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Sussex : Second
Prize, 5?., for “ Eivalry,” 1 year, 2 months, 6 days-old, in-pig ; bred by
himself; sire, “ Peter ;” dam, “Miss Oxford.”

Clement E. N. Beswick-Eoyds, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire :
the Reserve Number, to “Northern Princess,” 2 years, 1 week, 1 day-
old; bred by himself ; sire, “ Brutus 2nd ;” dam, “ Queen of the North
sire of dam, “ King Lear.”

Small White Breed — Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs.

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prize, 10?., for
his 7 months, 1 week-old ; bred by Mr. Peter Eden, of Salford, Man-
chester ; sire, “ Unique ;” dam, “ Sister to Peacock ;” sire of dam, “ King
of the West.”,

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall : Second Prize, 51., for his 6 months,
2 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Unique ;” dam, “ Princess
2nd ;” sire of dam, “ Young Prince.”

William Parker, Golden Lion Hotel, Leeds Eoad, Bradford: the Reserve
Number, to “ Eose,” “ Dewdrop,” and “ Eose of Yorkshire,” 7 months-
old ; bred by himself ;” sire, “ Grand Turk dam, “ Moss Eose ;” sire of
dam, “ Longback.”

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Ixxix

Small Black Breed — Boars above Twelve Months old.

George Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk : First Prize,
lOL, for “ Doncaster,” 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself
sire, “ Adventurer dam, “ Sister to Keiiie sire of dam, “ Blair
Athol.”

Clement E. N. Beswick-Royds, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire:
Second Prize, 51., for “ Indian Chief,” 2 years, 7 months, 1 day-old ;
bred by Mr. S. G. Steam, Wickham Market; sire, “Kesgrave;” dam,
“ Duchess sire of dam, “ East Suffolk Champion.”

William Hope, V.C., Parsloes, Chadwell Heath, Essex : the Beserve Number,
to “ The Clerk,” 1 year, 7 months, 1 week, 6 days-old; bred by himself ;
sire, “ The Parson ;” dam, “ Aunt Hannah.”

Snvidl Black Breed — Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months

old.

George Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich : First Prize, lOZ., for
“Marsworth,” 11 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire,
“ Blair Athol ;” dam, “ Black Diamond Again ;” sire of dam, “ Butley
Sambo.”

George Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich : Second Prize, 51., for
“ Kidbroke,” 9 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“ Gladiateur ;” sire of dam, “ Adventurer.”

Samuel Wolton, Butley Abbey, Wickham Market, Suffolk : the Beserve
Number, to “ Imperial,” 11 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by him-
self ; sire, “ Northy’s Pride ;” dam, “ My Fancy ;” sire of dam, “ Non-
pareil.”

Small Black Breed — Breeding Sows.

James Knowles, Wetherby House, Wetherby, Yorkshire : First Prize,
10?., for “ Black Bess,” about 2 years-old ; bred by himself.

George Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich : Second Prize, 51., for
his l.year, 2 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Blair
Athol ;” sire of dam, “ Adventurer.”

Samuel Wolton, Butley Abbey, Wickham Market, Suffolk : the Beserve
Number, to “ Miss Northy 2nd,” 1 year, 6 months, 4 days-old ; bred by
himself ; sire, “ Northy’s Pride ;” dam, “ Miss Northy ;” sire of dam,
“ Negro.”

Small Black Breed — Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs.

George Mumford Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich : First Prize, 10?.,
for “Bound to Win,” 7 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by Exhibitor ;
sire, “ Adventurer ;” dam, “ Sister to Achievement ;” sire of dam,
“ Stockwell.”

Berkshire Breed — Boars above Twelve Months old.

John Wheeler, Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour, First Prize, 10?., for
“ Sam,” 1 year, 10 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself.

William Hewer, Sevenhampton, Highworth, Wilts: Second Prize, 5?., for
“ Cardiff Hero,” 1 year, 11 months, 5 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire,
“ E.xchange ;” dam, “ Hope ;” sire of dam, “ Sennington Lad 5th.”

Ixxx

Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Hull.

Heber Humfret, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham : the Reserve Number, to
“Sir Dorchester Cardiff,” 2 years, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself;
sire, “ Leamington ;” dam, “ Idstonia ;” sire of dam, “ Kainhow.”

Berkshire Breed — Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old.

William Hewer, Sevenhampton, Highworth : First Prize, 10?., for his
11 months, 1 week, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Wallace-”
dam, “ Handsome ;” sire of dam, “ Exchange.” „

Etjssell Swanwick, E. A. College Farm, Cirencester ; Second Prize, ol., for
his 9 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself ; sire, “Othello;”
dam, “ Sally 6th.”

Heber Hdmfrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham, the Reserve Number, to
“ No. 410 M,” 11 months, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “No. 384
N ;” dam, “ Watch ;” sire of dam, “ No. 299 M.”

' [ Berkshire Breed — Breeding Sows.

Arthur Stewart, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester: First Prize, 10?., for
“ Princess 2nd,” 2 years, 3 months, 1 week, 4 days-old, in-pig ; bred
by himself; sire, “ The Blacksmith ;” dam, “ Princess 1st ;” sire of dam,
“ Sampson.”

Eussell Swanwick, E. A. College Farm, Cirencester : Second Prize, 5?.,
for his 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old, in-pig ; bred by himself ;
sire, “ Othello ;” dam, “ Stumpy 2nd.”

The Marquis of Ailesburt, Savernake Forest, Marlborough : the Reserve
Number, to “ Wiltshire Eose,” 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old, in-pig ; bred
by himself ; sire, “ Savernake dam, “ Irish Lady ;” sire of dam,
“Saddler.”

Berkshire Breed — Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs.

AVilliam Hewer, Sevenhampton, Highworth, Wiltshire : First Prize, 10?.,
for his 7 months, 2 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “AV allace ;” dam,
“ Faith ;” sire of dam, “ Sennington Lad 5th.”

Eussell Swanwick, E.A. College Farm, Cirencester : Second Prize, 5?., for
his 7 months, 3 days-old ; bred by himself ; sire of dam, “ S. V.”

Matthew Walker, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent : the Reserve
Number, to “ Speck,” “ Sylph,” “ Syson,” 7 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-
old; bred by himself; sire, “Kingcraft;” dam, “Gipsy;” sire of dam,
“ Solicitor-General.”

Other Breeds — Boars.

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester, Lancashire : First
Prize, 10?., for “ Duke of Lancaster,” white (middle), 2 years, 9 months,
1 week 3 days-old ; bred by Mr. Peter Eden, Salford, Manchester ; sire,
“ Young Prince ;” dam, “ Lancashire Lass ;” sire of dam, “ King Lear 2nd.”
The Earl of Ellesmere, AVorsley Hall : Second Prize, 51., for “ Pretender,”
white, with blue (middle), 1 year, 11 months, 3 days-old; bred by
Mr. J. Mitchell, Hipperholme, Halifax, Yorkshire; sire, “Pretender;”
dam, “ Yorkshire Lass.”

0 HN Bullock, Swan Hotel, Idle,.'_Leeds, Yorkshire : the Reserve Number, to
“ Peacock,” white (middle), 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred
by himself; sire, “Bulliver;” dam, “Betty;” sire of dam, “Shadow.”

Alcard of Prizes at Hull.

lx:^xi

Other Breeds — Breeding Sows. '

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester : First Prize, lOZ., for
“ Grand Duchess,” white (middle), 2 years-old, in-pig ; bred by Mr. W.
Hatton, Addingham, Leeds; sire, “Charlie;” dam, “Yorkshire Lass;”
sire of dam, “Joseph 2nd.”

Jonah Taylor, Irehy Mill, Ireby, Carlisle, Cumberland : Second Prize, 5L,
for “Betty,” white, 2 years, 8 months-old; bred by Mr. Samuel Bird,
Johnby, Penrith.

The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall: the Beserve Numher, to “Lady
Betty,” white (middle), 2 years, 6 months-old, in-pig ; bred by Mr. W.
Parker, Golden Lion Hotel, Bradford; sire, “Prince;” dam, “Queen of
Airedale ;” sire of dam, “ Long Back.”

Other Breeds — Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs.

Richard Elmhirst Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey : First Prize,
10?., for his white (middle), 7 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by
himself.

John Moir and Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen : Second Prize, 51., for their black
and white, 6 months-old ; bred by themselves.

IMPLEMENTS.

Wheel Ploughs, not exceeding 2 Cwt.

William Hunt, Leicester : First Prize, 10?., for his Light Land Iron
Plough ; manufactured by himself.

William Ball and Son, Rothwell, Kettering : Second Prize, 5?., for their
Iron Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

Wheel Ploughs, not exceeding 2|- Cwt.

William Ball and Son, Rothwell, Kettering : First Prize, 10?., for their
Iron Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

William Hunt, Leicester : Second Prize, 51., for his General Purpose Iron
Plough ; manufactured by himself.

Wheel Ploughs, not exceeding 3 Cwt.

William Ball and Son, Rothwell, Kettering : First Prize, 10?., for their
Iron Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

John Hodgson, Louth, Lincolnshire ; Second Prize, 51,, for his Strong Iron
Plough ; manufactured by himself.

Swing Ploughs, not exceeding 2J Cwt.

J. D. Snowden, Doncaster: First Prize, 10?., for his improved Swing
Plough ; manufactured by himself.

William Ball and Son, Rothwell, Kettering : Second Prize, 51., for their
Iron Swing Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

xxxu

Award of Prizes at Hull.

Double-Furrow Ploughs, not exceeding 3^ Cwt.

G, W. Murray and Co., Banff Foundry, Banff, N.B. : First Prize, 10?., fcr
their Double-Furrow Plough; manufactured by themselves.

J. D. Snowden, Doncaster : Second Prize, 5?., for his Double-Furrow Plough ;
manufactured by himself.

Double-Furrow Ploughs, not exceeding 5 Cwt.

G. W. Murray and Co., Banff Foundry, Banff, N.B. : First Prize, 10?., for
their Double-Furrow Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

J. D. Snowden, Doncaster : Second Prize, 5?., for his Double-Furrow Plough ;
manufactured by himself.

Subsoil Ploughs.

E. H. Bentall, Heybridge Works, Maldon, Essex : the Prize of 5?., for his
Subsoil Plough ; manufactured by himself.

Suhsoilers attached to Single-Furrow Ploughs, for ploughing and
^ subsoiling at one operation.

William Ball and Son, Eothwell, Kettering : the Prize of 5?., for their Iron
Plough and Subsoiler combined ; manufactured by themselves.

Suhsoilers attached to Double-Furrow Ploughs, for ploughing and
subsoiling at one operation.

Corbett and Peele, Perseverance Ironworks, Shrewsbury : the Prize of 5?.,
for their combined Double-Furrow and Subsoil Plough ; manufactured,
by themselves.

One-way Ploughs.

John Davey, Croft Hole, St. German’s, Cornwall : the Prize of 51., for his-
Single-Furrow One-way Plough ; and the Prize of 51., for his Double-
Furrow One-way Plough ; manufactured by himself.

Double Mouldboards ofJEiidging Ploughs, not exceeding Cwt.

William Ball and Son, Eothwell, Kettering: the Prize of 5?., for their
Double Mouldboard Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

G. W. Murray and Co., Banff Foundry, Banff, N.B. : Highly Commended,.
for their Drill or Eidging Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

Paring Ploughs.

William Hunt, Leicester, the Prize of 51., for his Turf and Stubble Paring
Plough ; manufactured by himself.

Pulverizers.

Mellard’s Trent Foundry, Eugeley : the Prize of 5?., for their Eevolving'
Mouldboard Plough ; manufactured by themselves.

Award of Prizes at Hull.

Ixxxiii

Light Harroivs.

William Ashton, Boston Eoad, Horncastlc : First Prize, 10^., for his Set of
Light Seed Harrows ; manufactured by himself.

William Hunt, Leicester : Second Prize, 51., for his Set of Light General-
purpose Harrows ; manufactured by himself.

Heavy Harrows,

William Ashton, Boston Road, Horncastle : First Prize, lOf., for his Set of
Iron Harrows for Heavy Land ; improved and manufactured by himself, ,

Benjamin Reid and Co., Bon-Accord Works, Aberdeen : Second Prize, 51.,
for their improved Heavy Harrows ; manufactured by themselves.

Chisel Harrows.

William Ashton, Boston Road, Horncastle : First Prize, 10f.,forhis Chisel-
toothed Harrow ; invented by J. Seel ; manufactured by himself.

Sharman and Ladbury, Melton Mowbray : Second Prize, 51, for their
Diagonal Oscillating Drag-Harrow ; manufactured by themselves.

Charles Clay, Stennard Works, Wakefield: Highly Commended for his
Chisel Harrow ; manufactured by himself.

Chain Harrows.

Cambridge and Parham, St. Philip’s Ironworks, Bristol : the Prize of 5?.,
for their Chain Harrow ; invented by W. C. Cambridge ; manufactured
by themselves.

Henry Denton, Wolverhampton : Commended, for his Chain Harrow and
Carriage.

William Hunt, Leicester : Commended, for his Set of Spike Chain Harrows ;
manufactured by himself.

Cambridge and Parham, Bristol : Commended, for their Combined Tine and
Chain Harrow; invented by W. C. Cambridge; manufactured by
themselves.

Drag Harrows.

E. Page and Co., Bedford ; the Prize of 51., for their Adjustable-Tooth Drag
Harrows ; manufactured by themselves.

Other Harrows.

Thomas Hunter, Maybole, N. B. : the Prize of 51., for his Set of Dickson’s
Patent Harrows for Harrowing Turnip Drills ; manufactured by himself.

Light Hollers.

Barford and Perkins, Queen Street Ironworks, Peterborough : First |Prizk,
lOZ., for their Wrought Iron Adjustable Water-Ballast Field Roller;
manufactured by themselves.

The Beverley Iron and Waggon Company, Beverley : Second Prize, 5J.
for their plain Field Roller ; manufactured by themselves.

Ixxxiv

Award of Prizes at Hall.

Babford and Perkins, Peterborough : Highiy Commended, for their AVrought
Iron Double-Cylinder Field Holier ; manufactured by themselves.

William Hunt, Leicester : Commended, for his AVrought Iron Three-Cylinder
Self-lubricating Field Holler ; manufactured by himself.

Heavy Rollers.

Barford and Perkins, Peterborough : First Prize, lOi!., for their AVrought
Iron Adjustable Water-Ballast Field Holler ; manufactured by them-
selves.

The Beverley Iron and Waggon Company, Beverley : Second Prize, 5?.,
for their Plain Field Holler ; manufactured by themselves.

AVilliam Crosskill and Sons, Beverley : Highly Commended, for their
plain Field Holler ; manufactured by themselves.

Clod Crushers.

The Beverley Iron and Waggon Company, Beverley; First Prize, lOZ.,
for their Clod Crusher, with self-cleaning action; manufactured by
themselves.

AVilliam Croskill and Sons, Beverley : Second Prize, 51., for their Self-
cleansing Clod Crusher ; manufactured by themselves.

Barford and Perkins, Peterborough : Highly Commended, for their Press-
Wheel Steerage Frame Cambridge Clod Crusher ; manufactured by them-
selves.

Other Rollers or Clod Crushers.

Brigham and Co., Berwick-on-Tweed : the Prize of 10?., for their Drill
Holler ; manufactured by themselves.

Cultivating Implements for Light Land.

Charles Clay, Stennard AVorks, Wakefield ; First Prize, 15?., for his Culti-
vator ; manufactured by himself.

Coleman and Morton, Chelmsford ; Second Prize, 10?., for their Cultivator ;
manufactured by. themselves.

Cidtivating Implements for Heavy Land.

Charles Clay, AVakefield : First Prize, 15?., for his Cultivator and Broad-
share ; manufactured by himself.

William Hunt, Leicester: Second Prize, 10?., for his Cultivator, Grubber,
and Scarifier ; manufactured by himself.

Coleman and Morton, Chelmsford : Highly Commended, for their Cultivator
manufactured by themselves.

Rroadshares.

Charles Clay, AVakefield : the Prize of 10?., for his Cultivator and Broad-
share ; manufactured by himself.

Coleman and Morton, Chelmsford : Highly Commended.

Award of Prizes at Hull.

Ixxxv

Other Cultivators or Scarifiers.

Charles Clay, Wakefield : First Prize, 10?., for his Cultivator and Broad-
share and Drag Harrow ; manufactured by himself.

William Ball and Son, Roth well, Kettering : Second Prize, 5?., for their
Cultivator ; manufactured by themselves.

SlacMng Machines.

William Tasker and Sons, Andover : the Prize of 25?., for their Folding
4-wheel Elevator ; manufactured by themselves.

Wallis and Stevens, Basingstoke : Highly Commended, for their Slow-
Motion Automatic Folding Elevator ; manufactured by themselves.

Barford and Perkins, Peterborough : Commended, for their Combined Hay,
Corn, and Straw Elevator ; manufactured by themselves.

James Coultas, Grantham : Commended, for his Straw Elevator ; manu-
factured by himself.

Holmes and Sons, Norwich : Commended, for their Combined Slacking
Machine ; manufactured by themselves.

MISCELLANEOUS AWAKDS.

Silver Medals.

Barford and Perkins, Peterborough : for their Patent wrought-iron Link-
Motion to Road Gear on Traction Engine.

James Coultas, Grantham : for his Wright’s Potato Planter.

George Cheavin, Boston, Lincolnshire : for his Patent Rapid Water Filter,
for Agricultural Purposes.

Samuel Wilkerson, jun., Basingbourn, Royston : for his Machine for
Shooting Corn from one sack to another.

Head, Wrightson, and Co., Stockton-on-Tees : for Moore’s Patent Pulley
Block.

Davey, Paxman, and Co., Colchester : for their Apparatus for Heating Water
in Tank of Traction Engines by Exhaust Steam Pipe.

Kimball and Morton, Glasgow and Dundee, N.B. : for their Sack-Sewing
Machine.

( Ixxxvi )

AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Examination Papers, 1873.

EXAMINATION IN AGEICULTUEE.

Maximum Nujibeb of Marks, 200. Pass Number, 100.

Tuesday, April 22nd, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m.

1. What considerations would influence you in the selection of a
farm this year ?

2. Is Lady-day or Michaelmas the best time of entering an occupa-
tion of about equal parts of grass and arable land ? State reasons for
your decision.

3. What principles should be kept in view in the breeding of
stock ?

4. Describe the most suitable method of cropping for light, medium,
and strong soils.

5. Supposing you occupy a light land farm of 500 acres, four-fifths
of which is arable, and one-fifth of rather inferior grass. What
quantity and description of stock should you keep, and when would
you dispose of it ?

6. Describe the cultivation for roots on the before-mentioned farm,
assuming the land to be moderately clean, and give the cost of each
operation in detail.

7. Estimate the cost of securing the grain harvest on this farm.

8. Describe the buildings necessary for the most profitable occupa-
tion of such a farm.

9. Mention the different methods of making farmyard manure, and
show the difference in the consumption of straw under each process ;
also compare their relative value, and state the effect of corn and cake
feeding upon this question.

10. Describe the management, and give the cost, of keeping a flock
of 200 breeding ewes from harvest time until after the lambing
season.

The viva voce examination commences at 2 o'clock.

Agricultural Education — Examination Papers, 1873. Ixxxvii

EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTEY.

Maximum Number of Marks, 200. Pass Number, 100.

I. General CiTemistry.

Wednesday, April 23rd, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m.

1. Describe tbe elements hydrogen and nitrogen. State some of
the substances in which they occur in nature, and how they are com-
bined in those substances. In what proportions by weight and by
volume do they unite with each other ? By what characters may they
be distinguished from other elements and compounds ?

" 2. Point out the essential characters in which chemical compounds
differ from mechanical mixtures, and illustrate your reply by the case
of atmospheric air and other examples.

3. Describe methods of preparing common hydrochloric and phos-
phoric acids, and explain the chemistry of the processes.

4. If 100 measures of a solution of common salt require 34 measures
of a solution of silver nitrate, containing one-tenth of a grain in each
measure, for the complete precipitation of all the chlorine, find the
quantity of salt in each measure of the solution. (N : 0 : Cl ; Na :
Ag = 14 : 16 : 35-5 : 23 : 108).

5. Explain what is meant by diffusion of gases, and the importance
of this property of gases in respect to respiration. State the experi-
mental law as to the rates of diffusion of gases into one another through
porous divisions. What will be the relative rates of diffusion of
H^N and CO^ into 0 ?

6. Describe a method of preparing caustic soda, and explain the
chemistry of the process. State the re-actions of caustic soda with
iron (ferric) chloride, eopper sulphate, and ammonium nitrate re-
spectively. How can caustic soda be distinguished from sodium
carbonate ?

7. A solution of ammonia being given, it is required to find the
proportion of ammonia to water : explain how to do it.

8. Explain the nature of the chemical changes which occur in the
ordinary fermentation of beer and bread. State the circumstances
necessary to the fermentation, and some of the means by which the
progress of such fermentation may readily be stopped.

9. State the chemical constitution of soaps. Explain why soap
’curdles in hard water.

10. What are the elements of albumen ? In what sort of organised
bodies and in what parts of them does albumen occur ? In what sub-
stance does it dissolve, and by what means can it be precipitated ?
How is it distinguished from gelatine ?

VOL. IX. — S. S.

Ixxxviii Agricultural Education — Examination Papers, 1873.

II. Ageicultukal Chemistet.

Wednesday, April 23rd, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m.

1. Wliat is tte general composition of peaty soils? Mention the
best means for reclaiming peat-bogs ?

2. Describe the chemical changes which take place in paring and
burning ?

“ 3. Describe the chemical and physical effects of ploughing and sub-
soiling. Should all land be ploughed deep ?

4. What do you understand by permanent fertility of the land ? Is
it possible to increase the permanent fertility of soils ?

5. Mention the constituents upon the presence of which the pro-
ductive powers of soils mainly depend, and show in what way the
continuous growth of grain-crops exhausts all soils more or less
rapidly.

6. Is it possible or advisable to grow wheat after wheat for a num-
ber of years in succession without deterioration of the land ; under
what circumstances and by what means may such a course of cropping
be pursued, and under what cii-cumstances should it not be attempted ?

“ 7. What is the general composition of sewage manures, obtained by
precipitating town-sewage with lime? State the agricultural and
commercial value of such sewage manures.

8. A farmer requires nitrate of soda, mineral phosphate, dissolved
bones, bone dust, and Peruvian guano. How should he proceed in
order to procure these manm-es of the best quality at the lowest price ?

9. What is the composition and agricultural and commercial value
of gas-lime ; gas-water ; gas-tar ? How should gas-lime and gas-
water be used in agricultm-e ?

EXAMINATION IN MECHANICS AND NATURAL
PHILOSOPHY.

Maximubi Numbee of Maeks, 200. Pass Nximbee, 100.

Thursday, April 2i.th, from 10 a,m. till 1 p.m.

1. What is meant when it is said that one body has twice the density
of another body ?

2. Forces of 3, 4, and 6 units act on a point, and keep it at rest ;
show by a diagram exactly how they must be adjusted. Why could
not forces of 9, 17, and 7 units balance each other under any circum-
stances ?

AgricuUural Education — Examination Papers, 1873. Ixxxix

3. Wliat is tho relation between the power and the weight in the
screw press, on the supposition that there is no friction between its
parts ? A sci’ew makes one turn to the inch, and is worked by an arm
4 feet long : what force at the end of the arm would, upon the above
supposition, compress the substance within the press with a force of
3 tons ?

4. An agent lifts G tons through a height of 77 feet in 0'75 of a
minute : What is its horse-power ? What is meant when it is said
that an agent works with 1 horse-power ?

6. A body moving at the rate of 1200 ft. a minute is brought to rest
by a constant force in 5 seconds : how far did the body move during
each of those 5 seconds successively ?

6. A cup weighs 6 oz., when full of water it weighs 15 oz., when
full of spirit it weighs 13.^ oz. : what is the specific gravity of the
spirit ? Why would this determination be inexact ? Describe briefly
an instrument by which the same principle can be made to give an
exact determination.

7. Describe briefly the cupped leather collar and its use in a
hydraulic press.

8. State the relation between the pressure and temperature of a
given volume of air. A quantity of air at a temperature of 32° Fahr.,
and imder a pressure of 30 inches of mercury, is inclosed in an air-
tight vessel : by how many degrees must the temperature he raised in
order that its pressure against the sides of the vessel may equal that
of 35 inches of mercury.

9. Explain the principle and use of a fly-wheel in an ordinary
steam-engine.

EXAMINATION IN MENSUEATION AND LAND
SUEVEYING.

Maximum Number of Marks, 100. Pass Number, 50.

Thursday, April 2ith,from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m.

1. What is the number of feet in a chain, and of square chains and
square yards in an acre ? A square piece of groimd contains 30 acres ;
how many yards and how many chains are there in one side of it ?

2. If cabbages were planted 16 in. apart in all directions, how many
would there he in a square field of 10 acres ? How many would there
be if they were planted 16 in. apart in the rows, and the rows 16 in.
apart ?

3. Explain how you would divide a triangular field into two equal
parts, by means of a straight line drawn through a given point on one
side.

h 2

xc Agricultural Education — Examination Papers, 1873.

4. A straight flight of stairs rises altogether 14 feet, each riser is
7 inches liigh, each tread 11 inches wide ; how many yards are needed
to carpet it, allowing a foot at each end ?

5. In a common hipped roof, the eaves are 32 feet and 50 feet long
respectively ; the pitch is 2 horizontal to 1 vertical ; how many scjuares
of slate will cover it ?

6. A cubic inch of iron weighs 4 oz. ; what is the weight of the
tire of a wheel 5 feet in diameter, 3 inches wide, and ^ inch thick ?

7. Two trees are at opposite sides of a pond; there is plenty of
open ground about the pond, and you can freely approach the trees ;
you are provided with ropes, pickets, and tape ; explain how to deter-
mine the distance between the trees by any method that does not
involve the measurement or prolongation of a short line.

8. A road 3 miles long slopes up at an angle of 3° 15' 21" ; find
the vertical height of the upper above the lower end of the road.

9. A base AB is measured 371 feet long ; P is a point in the same
horizontal plane with the base ; the angle PAB is 62° 18', and PBA
is 97° 43' ; find the distance PA, and distance from A of the point
where a perpendicular drawn from P cuts AB or AB produced.

EXAMINATION IN BOOKKEEPING.

Maximum Number of Marks, 200. Pass Number, 100.

Friday, April 25th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m.

Journalise and post into a ledger, in proper technical form and
language, the following series of facts and transactions ; and from
such ledger make out a Trial Balance, a Profit and Loss Account,
and a Balance Sheet : —

Liabilities and Assets of A. Briant, Seed Merchant, 31st December,

1872.

£ s. d.

135 14 6

25 0 0

160 0 0
210 0 0

370 0 0

Assets. £ s. d.

Stock in hand 1345 13 8

Carts, horses, &c 150 0 0

Cash in hand 20 4 9

Stock of hay 20 0 0

Liabilities.

Amount due P. Taylor . ,
Kent (one quarter) . .
Bills payable —

Due 28th Jan., 1873
• „ 4th Feb., 1873

Agricultural Education — Examination Pagers, 1873. xci

His transactions during the month of January, 1873, were as follows :

1873.

Jan.

Sold to B. Andrews seeds for

235

Drew a hill on Andrews for .. 220 0

And received from him in cash 15 16

235

Discounted B. Andrews’ bill with the United

Discount Corporation, and received for

the same in cash

217

Sold seeds for cash

Paid to P. Taylor

Sold seeds to J. Bailey

218

•99

Paid rates and taxes

10.

Bought of J. Mildred seeds for

356

15.

Paid rent due Xmas last

20. Bought hay for use in stables

Paid for same .. .. .. 12 16

Allowed for discount .. .. 0 6

•99

23. Eeceived of J. Bailey cash

197

Allowed to him for discount

■99

28.

Received invoice of grain from J. Dimcan,

of New York, on consignment

450

Accepted J. Duncan’s draft, due 21st April,

for

400

Paid bill due this day

160

29.

Paid expenses on above consignment ..

30.

Sold J. Duncan’s grain to P. Smith

503

Commission on selling the same ..

Paid R. Sims on account of J. Duncan

Paid Fire Insurance

31.

Paid clerk one month’s salary

Paid wages during this month

Drawn out for private exjienses

Stock of seeds on hand

1923

Carts and horses, valued at

142

Stock of hay

London, 31st March, 1873.

EXAMINATION IN GEOLOGY.

Maximum Number of Marks, 100. Pass Number, 60.
Friday, April 25th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m.

1. Define the terms, — Azoic, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cainozoic.

2. Give a list of the groups of stratified rocks in chronological
order.

xcii Agricultural Education — Examination Papers, 1873.

3. Explain tlie action of Eain, Springs, and Frosts, as geological
agents.

4. Upon what geological formations are the chief clay vales of
England situated ? Point out any diiferences in their relative agricul-
tural character.

5. Enumerate the substances used as mineral manures, and state
the geological formations from which they are obtained in England.

6. Give the sub-divisions of the cretaceous rocks, state their mineral
characters, and the nature of the soils derived from them.

7. State the geological structure of a distriet best adapted for
obtaining a supply of water by means of Artesian wells.

8. Briefly explain the terms, — Marine and River Alluvium, Fen-
lands, Peat-bogs, and give examples of their occurrence.

9. In what English counties are the Oolitic rocks largely developed ?

10. Tabulate in descending order the Palaeozoic limestones, and
mention some of their characteristic fossils.

11. Give the approximate composition and physical characters of
the chief minerals which enter into the composition of the igneous
rocks.

12. Name the specimens on the table.

I EXAMINATION IN BOTANY.

[It is expected that Eight Questions at least be answered.]

Maximum Number op Marks, 100. Pass Number, 50.

Saturday, April 2Gth,from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m.

1. What is osmose ?

2. Explain the difierence between the ovule and the seed.

3. Distinguish between wood tissue and vascular tissue.

4. How can the wood of a gymnosperm ho distinguished from that
of an exogenous angiosperm ?

5. Explain the provision for extending the surface of absorption in
the roots of plants.

6. What are the conditions requisite for the germination of a seed?

7. Give the principal groups into which cryptogamous plants are
arranged, with their distinguishing characters, and an example of
each.

8. Trace the development of the spore of the fern from its germina-
tion till the young fern is produced.

Agricultural Education — Examination Papers, 1873. xciii

9. What arc the principal elements of the food of plants, whence
are they obtained, and by what organs are they appropriated ?

10. How does the plant benefit from artificial manures ?

11. Give the scientific names and natural orders of six grasses or
other plants likely to be foimd in a natm-al meadow.

12. Describe in a systematic method the plants marked A B and C.

EXAMINATION IN ANATOMY AND ANIMAL ’
PHYSIOLOGY.

Maximum Number or Marks, 100. Pass Number, 50.

Saturday, April 26th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m.

1. State in general terms, the structure of the larynx, windpipe,
bronchial tubes, and lungs of the ox.

2. Describe the physiology of respiration, with especial reference
to the chemical changes which take place in the blood, and also to
the different conditions of the air contained in the lungs and that
which passes in and out of these organs in the acts of inspiration and
expiration.

( xciv )

MEMOEANDA.

AiiiiRESS OF Letters. — The Society’s office being situated in the postal district designated by the-,
letter yj, members, in their correspondence with the Secretary, are requested to subjoin that
letter to the usual address.

General Meeting in London, in December, 18(3.

General Meeting in London, May 22, 1874, at 12 o’clock.

Meeting at Bedford, July, 1874.

Monthly Council (for transaction of business), at 12 o’clock on the first Wednesday in every montbv
excepting January, September, and October : open only to Members of Council and Governors of
the Society.

Adjournments. — The Council adjourn over Passion and Easter weeks, when those weeks do not
include the first Wednesday of the month ; from the first Wednesday in August to the first
Wednesday in November ; and from the first Wednesday in December to the first Wednesday in
February.

Office Hours.— 10 to 4. On Saturdays, from the Council Meeting in August until the Council
Meeting in April, 10 to 2.

Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs. — Members have the privilege of applying to the Veterinary
Committee of the Society, and of sending animals to the Royal Veterinary College on the
same terms as if they were subscribers to the College. — (A statement of these privileges will be
found in the Appendix.)

Chemical Analysis. — The privileges of Chemical Analysis enjoyed by Members of the Society wilL
be found stated in the Appendix to the present volume.

Botanical Privileges. — The Botanical Privileges enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found
stated in the Appendix to the present volume.

Subscriptions. — 1. Annual. — The subscription of a Governor is £5, and that of a Member £1, due in-
advance on the 1st of January of each year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the 1st of
.June. 2. For Life. — Governors may compound for their subscription for future years by paying
at once the sum of A'50, and Members by paying £10. Governors and Members who have paid
their annual subscription for 20 years or upwards, and whose subscriptions are not in arrear,
may compound for future annual subscriptions, that of the current year inclusive, by a single-
payment of £25 for a Governor, and £5 for a Member.

Payments. — Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, in the most direct and satisfactory manner,
either) at the Office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W., or by means of post-
office orders, to be obtained at any of the principal post-offices throughout the kingdom, and made
payable to him at the Vere Street Office, London, W. ; but any cheque on a banker's or any
other house of business in London will be equally available, if made payable on demand. In
obtaining post-office orders care should be taken to give the postmaster the correct initials
and surname of the Secretary of the Society (H. M. Jenkins), otherwise the payment
will be refused to him at the post-office on which such order has been obtained; and when
remitting the money-orders it should be stated by whom, and on whose account, they are sent.
Cheques should be made payable as drafts on demand (not as bills only payable after sight or a
certain number of days after date), and should be drawn on a London (not on a local country)
banker. When payment is made to the London and Westminster Bank, St. James’s Square
Branch, as the bankers of the Society, it will be desirable that the Secretary should be advised
by letter of such payment, in order that the entry in the banker’s book may be at once iden-
tified, and the amount posted to the credit of the proper party. No coin can be remitted by post,
unless the letter be registered.

New Members. — Every candidate for admission Into the Society must be proposed by a Member;
the proposer to specify In writing the full name, usual place of residence, and post-town, of the
candidate, either at a Council meeting, or by letter addressed to the Secretary. Forms of Proposal
may be obtained on application to the Secretary.

%* Members may obtain on application to the Secretary copies of an Abstract of the Charter
and Bye-laws, of a Statement of the General Objects, &c.. of the Society, of Chemical,
Botanical, and Veterinary Privileges, and of other printed papers connected with special
departments of the Society’s business.

( xcv )

#Tcmlicr£i’ 'iJttainari) ^i)vibiU5C5«

I. — Skkious oe Extensive Diseases.

No. 1. Auy Member of the Society who may desire professional attendance
and special advice in cases of serious or extensive disease among his cattle,
sheep, or pigs, and will address a letter to the Secretary, will, by return of
post, receive a reply stating whether it be considered necessary that Professor
Simonds, the Society’s Veterinary Inspector, should visit the place where the
disease prevails.

No. 2. The remuneration of the Inspector will be 21. 2s. each day as a
professional fee, and IZ. Is. each day for personal expenses ; and he will also
be allowed to charge the cost of travelling to and from the locality where his
services may have been required. The fees will be paid by the Society, but
the travelling expenses will be a, charge against the applicant. This charge
may, however, be reduced or remitted altogether at the discretion of the Council,
on such step being recommended to them by the Veterinary Committee.

No. 3. The Inspector, on his return from visiting- the diseased stock, will
report to the Committee, in writing, the results of his observations and pro-
ceedings, which Eeport will be laid before the Council.

No. 4. When contingencies arise to prevent a personal discharge of the
duties confided to the Inspector, he may, subject to the approval of the Com-
mittee, name some competent professional person to act in his stead, who shall
receive the same rates of remuneration.

II. — Okdinaky or Other Cases of Disease.

Members may obtain the attendance of the Veterinary Inspector on any
case of disease by paying the cost of his visit, which will be at the following

rate, viz., 21. 2s. per diem, and travelling expenses.

III.— Consultations without visit.

Personal consultation with Veterinary Inspector .. .. 5s.

Consultation by letter .. .. .. .. .. .. 5s.

Consultation neeessitating the writing of three or more letters. 10s.
Post-mortem examination, and report thereon . . . . . . 10s.

A return of the number of applications during each half-year being required
from the Veterinary Inspector.

IV. — Admission of Diseased Animals to the Veterinary College
Investigations; Lectures, and Eeports.

No. 1. All Members of the Society have the privilege of sending cattle,
sheep, and pigs to the Infirmary of the Eoyal Veterinary College, on the same
terms as if they were Members of the College ; viz., by paying for the keep
and treatment of cattle 10s. 6d. per week each animal, and for sheep and
pigs “ a small proportionate charge to be fixed by the Principal according to
circumstances.”

No. 3. In addition to the increased number of lectures now given by
Professor Simonds — the Lecturer on Cattle Pathology — to the pupils in the
Eoyal Veterinary College, he will also deliver such lectures before the Members
of the Society, at their house in Hanover Square, as the Council shall decide.

No. 4. The Eoyal Veterinary College will from time to time furnish to
the Council a detailed Eeport of the cases of cattle, sheep, and pigs treated
in the Infirmary.

By Order of the Council,

H M. JENKINS, Secretary,

VOL, IX. — S. S.

( xcvi )

The Council have fixed the following rates of Charge for Analyses to
be made by the Consulting Chemist for the bona fide use of Members
of the Society ; who (to avoid all unnecessary correspondence) are
particularly requested, when applying to him, to mention the kind of
analysis they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined schedule.
The charge for analysis, together with the carriage of the specimens,
must be paid to him by members at the time of their application.

No. 1. — An opinion of the genuineness of Peruvian guano, hone-

dust, or oil-cake (each sample) .. .. .. .. 5s.

„ 2. — An analysis of guano ; showing the proportion of moisture,
organic matter, sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts,
and ammonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 10s.

„ 3. — An estimate of the value (relatively to the average of
samples in the market) of sulphate and muriate of am-
monia, and of the nitrates of potash and soda .. .. 10s.

„ 4. — An analysis of superphosphate of lime for soluble phos-
phates only .. .. .. .. ., .. 10s,

„ 5. — An analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the pro-
portions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and
insoluble phosphates, sulphate of lime, and ammonia .. £1.

„ 6. — An analysis (sufficient for the determination of its agricul-
tural value) of any ordinary artificial manure .. .. £1.

„ 7. — Limestone : — the proportion of lime, 7s. 6(7. ; the propor-
tion of magnesia, 10s. ; the proportion of lime and mag-
nesia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15s.

„ 8. — Limestone or marls, including carbonate, phosphate, and

sulphate of lime, and magnesia with sand and clay .. £1,

„ 9. — Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay,

sand, organic matter, and carbonate of lime .. .. £1.

„ 10. — Complete analysis of a soil .. .. .. .. .. £3.

„ 11. — An analysis of oil-cake, or other substance used for feeding
purposes; showing the proportion of moistirre, oil,
mineral matter, albuminous matter, and woody fibre ;
as well as of starch, gum, and sugar, in the aggregate £1.

„ 12. — Analyses of any vegetable product .. .. .. .. £1.

„ 13. — Analyses of animal products, refuse substances used for

manure, &c. .. .. .. .. from 10s. to 30s.

„ 14. — Determination of the “ hardness ” of a sample of water

before and after boiling .. .. .. .. . 10s.

„ 15. — Analysis of water of land drainage, and of water used for

irrigation .. .. .. .. .. .. £2.

„ 16. — Determination of nitric acid in a sample of water .. .. £].

N.B. — The above Scale of Charges is not applicable to the case of persons
commercially engaged in the Manufacture or Sale of any Substance sent for
Analysis,

By Order of the Council,

H. M. JENKINS, Secretary.

( xcvii )

INSTEUCTIONS FOE SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES
FOE ANALYSIS.

ARTIFICIAL MANURES. — Take a large hanflfiil of the manure from three
or four bags, mix the whole on a large sheet of paper, breaking down with the
hand any lumps present, and fold up in tinfoil, or in oil silk, about 3 ozs. of the
well-mixed sample, and send it to 11, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E.C.,
by post; or place the mixed manure in a small wooden or tin box, which may
■be tied by string, but must not be sealed, and send it by post. If the manure be
very wet and lumpy, a larger boxful, weighing from 10 to 12 ozs., should be
sent either by post or railway.

Samples not exceeding 4 ozs. in weight may be sent by post, by attaching two
penny postage stamps to the parcel.

Samples not exceeding 8 ozs., for three postage stamps.

Samples not exceeding 12 ozs., for four postage stamps.

The parcels should be addressed: Dr. Augustus Voelcker, 11, Salisbury
Square, Fleet Street, London, E.C., and the address of the sender or the
number or mark of the article be stated on parcels.

SOILS. — Have a wooden box made 6 inches long and wide, and from 9 to 12
inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the
field a space of about 12 inches square ; dig round in a slanting direction a trench,
so as to leave undisturbed a block of soil with its subsoil from 9 to 12 inches deep ;
trim this block or plan of the field to make it fit into the wooden box, invert the
open box over it, press down firmly, then pass a spade under the box and lift it
up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid and send it by goods or parcel from
to the laboratory. The soil will then be received in the exact position in which
it is found in the field.

In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at
once inverted over the soil and forced down by pressure, and then dug out.

WATERS. — Two gallons of water are required for analysis. The water, if
possible, should be sent in glass-stoppered Winchester half-gallon bottles, which
are readily obtained in any chemist and druggist’s shop. If Winchester bottles
cannot be procured, the water may be sent in perfectly clean new stoneware spirit-
jars surrounded by wickerwork. For the determination of the degree of hardness
before and after boiling, only one quart wine-bottle full of water is required.

LIMESTONES, MARLS, IRONSTONES, AND OTHER MINERALS.—
Whole pieces, weighing from 3 to 4 ozs., should be sent enclosed in small linen
bags, or wrapped in paper. Postage 2d., if under 4 ozs.

OILCAKES. — Take a sample from the middle of the cake. To this end break a
whole cake into two. Then break off a piece from the end where the two halves
were joined together, and wrap it in paper, leaving the ends open, and send parcel
by post. The piece should weigh from 10 to 12 ozs. Postage, 4d. If sent by
railway, one quarter or half a cake should be forwarded.

FEEDING MEALS.— About 3 ozs. will be sufficient for analysis. Enclose the
meal in a small linen bag. Send it by post.

On forwarding samples, separate letters should be sent to the laboratory,
specifying the nature of the information required, and, if possible, the object
an view.

H. M. JENKINS, Secretary.

( xcviii )

Botanical ^Siibilcgcs.

The Council have provisionally fixed the following rates of
Charge for the examination of Plants and Seeds for the honajide
use of Members of the Society, who are particularly requested,
when applying to the Consulting Botanist, to mention the
kind of examination they require, and to quote its number in
the subjoined Schedule, The charge for examination must be
paid to the Consulting Botanist at the time of application, and
the carriage of all parcels must be prepaid.

No. 1. — A general opinion as to the genuineness and age of a

sample of clover-seed (each sample) .. .. .. 5s.

„ 2. — A detailed examination of a sample of dirty or impure
clover-seed, with a report on its admixture with seeds of
dodder or other weeds (each sample) .. .. .. 10s.

,, 3. — A test examination of turnip or other cruciferous seed,
with a report on its germinating power, or its adultera-
tion with 000 seed (each sample) , . . . . . 10s.

„ 4. — A test examination of any other kind of seed, or corn, with

a report on its germinating power (each sample) . . 10s.

„ 5. — Determination of the species of any indigenous British
idant (not parasitic), with a report on its habits (each
species) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5s.

„ 6. — Determination of the species of any epiphyte or vegetable
parasite, on any farm-crop grown by the Member, with
a report on its habits, and suggestions (where possible)
as to its extermination or prevention (each species) .. 10s.

„ 7. — Keport on any other form of plant-disease not caused by

insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10s.

,, 8. — Determination of the species of a collection of natural
grasses indigenous to any district on one kind of soil
(each collection) .. .. .. .. .. 10s.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES.

In sending seed or corn for examination the utmost care must be taken tO'
secure a fair and honest sample. If anything supposed to be injurious or
useless exists in the corn or seed, selected samjjles should also be sent.

In collecting specimens of plants, the whole plant should be taken up, and
the earth shaken from the roots. If possible, the plants must be in flower or
fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm paper parcel.

Specimens of diseased jjlauts or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as
possible. Place them in a bottle, or pack them in tin-foil or oil-silk.

All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of
the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation,
&c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the
inquiry.

N.B. — The above Scale Charges is not applicable in the case of Seedsmen

requiring the services of thf Consulting Botanist.

Parcels or letters (Carriage or Postage prepaid) to be addressed to Mr. W.
Carkotheus, F.R.S., 25, Wellington Street, Islington, London.

II. M. JENKINS, Secretary.

GOVERNORS AND AIEMBERS

ROYAL

OF THE

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

1873.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND

T3atronegis,

HER JIAJESTY THE QUEEN.

Life Governors and Life Members are distinguished thus t

BEDFORDSEIIIE.

Govtmors,

fBedford, Duke of. . .Woburn Abbey
•j-Wbitbrcad, William H.. . .Soutbill House, Bedford

Members.

Addington, Rev. H.. . .Henlow Grange, Biggleswade
-|- Barnett Charles... Stratton Park, Biggleswade
•j-Bassett, F., M.P.. . .The Heath, Leighton Buzzard
Bates, Thomas, jun.. . .Eaton Green, Luton
Belcher, Charles. . .The Crescent, Bedford
; Biggs, John . . .Cublington, Leighton Buzzard
-t-Blundell, John H... .Woodside, Luton
' Burgoyne, Sir J. M., Bt„ M.P.. . .Sutton Park, Potton
Clarke, William... Brack Farm, Luton
fCrawley, J. R.,..Melchboume Grange, Bedford
•fCrawley, John S. . . . Stockwood Park, Luton
Denne, William. . .Three Counties Asylum, Arlesey
+De Rothschild, Baron Meyer. . .Mentmore, Leighton
Buzzard

•j-Duncombe, Hon. 0., M.P....Waresley, Biggleswade
Fowler, Francis. . .Henlow, Biggleswade
fFreenian, Frederick. . .Speedwell Farm, Wobum
J Higgins, Colonel, W.B., . .Piets’ Hill, Bedford

• . -f Howard, Charles... Biddenham, Bedford

f Howard, James, M.P.. . .Bedford
James, John Prole. . .Cople, Bedford
Kilpin, W. Wells. . .Bickerings Park, Wohum
> Leigh, John Gerard. . .The Hoo, Luton
1 • Llndsell, Lieut-Colonel, Fairfield House, Biggleswade
Love, Peter. . .Midland Row, Bedford
I -fOakley, George. . .Lawrence End, Luton
4 Phillips, Zachariah. . .Birchmoor, Wohurn
t Presslond, John. . .Thurleigh, Bedford ,

♦ Purser, Henry. . .Wellington, Bedford
t Purser, William. . .Cople, Bedford

I Robinson, James C. . . . Stevington, Bedford
Robinson, Joseph. . .Wilshamstead, Bedford
Rogers, John. . .Chellington, Bedford
tRussell, Lord C., M.P. . . .Drakelow Lodge, Woburn

fSebright, Sir J. G. S., Bart.. .Beechwood, Dunstable

Sibley, Robert. . .Annables Farm, Luton

Smart, W. Lynn . . . Linden, Woburn

Stephenson, Christopher. . .Wobum

Street, Frederic. . .Harrowden, Bedford

Street, George. . . Maulden, Ampthill

Thomas, John. ..Bletsoe, Bedford

Thornton, Harry. , .Goldington Bury, Bedford

Trethewy, Henry. . .Silsoe

+Vallentine,R.,Burcott Lodge Farm,Leighton Buzzard
Walker, John. . .Goldington, Bedford
Winters, George. . .Stratton, Biggleswade
Wythes, F....Ravensden House, Bedford

BERKSHIRE.

Governors.

Carnarvon, Earl of. . .High Clere Castle, Newbury
Craven, Earl of. . . Ashdown Park, Shrivenham
fEyre, Charles. . .Welford, Newbury
fLindsay, Colonel, R. L., M.P... .Lockinge, Wantage
Ormathwaite, Lord. . .Warfield Park, Bracknell
Palmer, Robert. . .Holme Park, Reading

Uenibers,

Akers, Henry. . .Black Bourton, Failngdon
Alderman, Rev. F. C.. . .Kintbury, Hungerford

f Aldworth, W Frilford, Abingdon

Allen, George. . .The Manor Farm, Old Windsor
-j-Allfrey, Robert... Wakefield Park, Reading
Andrews, Charles J. . .Greyfriars House, Reading
Armstrong, H., M.D.. . .Brook House, Brackneli
Attenborough, Richard. . .Whilby Grove, Readin
Badcock, Richard... Abingdon
Bailey, J. B.. . .4, Coley Hill, Reading
Barker, Walter R. H.. . .Wantage
Barrett, John B.. . .Milton House, Steveuton
f Barrington, Viscount, M.P.... Beckett, Shrivenham
BaskervUie, Henry. . .Crawshay Park, Reading
fBenyon, R., M.P.,..Englefield House, Reading

a 2

List of Governors and Members of the

-j-Body, R, .Hyde End, Shinfleld, Reading
Boydell, Harry S.. . .Sulbam, Reading
fBradbhaw, Capt., R.N.. . .Tubnty Lodge, Abingdon
Brebner, James. . . Norfolk Farm, Windsor Gt. Park
Bulkeley, T. F.. . .Clewer Lodge, Windsor
•^Bullock, Ferdinand. . .Wantage I

Bunbury, Henry M.. . . Marlston House, Newbury |
tBurnijjton, R.. , .Hall Place Farm, Maidenhead
-fBurr, D. Higford. . . Aldermaston Court, Reading I
Butler, Capt. J., . .Kirby House, Inkpen, Hungerford |
Case, James. . .Upton, Reading 1

< hampioD. W. Wayland.. . .Calcot, Reading
-j-Cherry, Geo. Charles. . .Denford House, Hungerford !
Clark, J. H.. . .Low AVood, Castle Hill, Maidenhead 1
•Clulterbuck, Rev. J. C.. .Ixing Wittenham, Abingdon i
-I’odd, IL. ..Beenham Lodge, Aldermaston, Reading I
Crowdy, G. Frederick. . .Faringdon
d )avies, Jenkin . . . Englefield, Reading
He Mornay, Alfred. . .Cold Harbour, Wallingford
tBc Schroder, Baron. . .The Dell, AVindsor
-(•De Vitre, H. D.. . .Charlton House, AVantage
Dodd, Francis. . .Rush Court, AVallingford
fDunn, AV. H... .Inglewood, Hungerford
Dunning, Thomas T. AV.. . .AVokingham
Dupuis, Rev. G. J.. ..Eton College, Windsor
Dutton, John. . .Curbridge, Faringdon
Eyre, Henry R.. . .Shaw House, Newbury
Forbes, John M.. . .Dropmore, Maidenhead
jFox, William. ..Adbury, Newbury
fFranklin, Thomas. . .Ascott, Wallingford
f Franklin, AV. Taylor. . .Ascott, AVallingford
jGarland, T. Bland. . .Hillfields, Reading
Garth, T. C.. . .Haines Hill, Reading
Cillett, Charles. . .Lower Haddon, Faringdon
-f-Goodlake, F. Mills. . .AVadley House, Faringdon
-}<jower, John L. . . . Bill Hill, AA’’okingham
<Jruham, AVilliam. . .Pewet, Abingdon
Griffith, 0. Darby. . .Padworth House, Reading
Hannam, H. J.. . .Burcote, Abingdon
f Harper, Latimer. . .Chilton Cottage, Hungerford
I lercy, John . . .Cruchlield House, Maidenhead
-{-Hibbert, John. . .Braywick Lodge, Maidenhead
Hilliard, Rev. J. A. S.. . .Little AVittenham, Abingdon
Holloway, Thomas. . .Tittenhurst Lodge, Sunninghill
-j-Hood, Capt. Hon. A.. .Cumberland Lodge, AVindsor
Hopkins, John. . .Tidmarsh House, Reading
•Hloward, Hon. James. . .Hazelby, Newbury
llumfrey, Heber. . .Ashbury, Shrivenham
Hunter, H. L.. . .Beech Hill, Reading |

fHussey, R. H.. . .Taplow House, Maidenhead '

Jemmeit, Alexander.. .Biiifield, Bracknell '

f Jenkins, John B. . .Kingstowne House, Abingdon |
Johnson, Joseph, . .High Street, AVindsor 1

Johnston, A. R.Heatherley.Orowthorne, AVokingham j
lowett, Rev. J. F. . .Kingston Bagpuze, Abingdon
Kimber, James AV., .Tubney AVarren, Abingdon
fKing, John G. . .Beedon, Newbury
King, J. Pittman. . .North Stoke, AVallingford
King, \V. C.. . .AVarfleld Hull, Bracknell
fKingsmill, AV. H.. . .Sydmonton Court, Newbury
Kirkuldie, Afiscount. . .AVindsor
fLane, Lieut.-Colonel. . .Lilly Hill, Bracknell
tLaiham, Thomas... Little AVittenham, Abingdon

Lee, Captain John.. . .AVoolley Firs, Maidenhead
Lcnthall, E. Kyffin. . . Besselsleigh Manor, Abingdon
Masterman, T. AV.. . .Gordon Lodge, Reading
Mills, John... Pinkneys Green, Maidenhead
fMonck, J. Bligh. . .Coley Park, Reading
Moore, E. AVells. , .Coleshill, Faringdon
Morland, George B.. . .Abingdon
Morley, E.. . .Brize Norton, Bampton, Faringdon
-j'Morrison, Cliarles. . .Basildon Park, Reading
Morshead, Sir AV., Bart.. . .Forest Lodge, Biufield
f Mount, AV. G.. . .AVasing Place, Reading
Nalder, Thomas. , .Challow, AVantage
Powell, Richard. . .The Hale, Benson, AVallingford
Pritchard, AV. T.. . .Angel Down Farm, Wantage
fPusey, S. E. B. B....Pusey House, Faringdon
Quartly-Carter J.. . . Arborfield, Reading
Russell, Sir C., Bart.. . .Swallowfield, Reading
Sawyer, Charles . . . Hey wood Lodge, Maidenhead
Say, R. Hall. ..Oakley Court, AA'indsor
Sharp, AVilliam... Shottesbrook, Maidenhead
Shuter, James. . .Crookham, Newbury
Spearing, J. B.. . .Hurst, Wokingham
fStevens, Rev. T.. . .Bradfield Rectory, Reading
fSutton, M. Hop'. . .Cintra Lodge, Reading
Tait, Henry... Shaw Farm, AVindsor
Thoyts, M. G....Sjlh:(msted House, Reading
fThrockmorton, Sir AV., Bt.. . .Buckland, Faringdon
Tnimper, Joseph. . .Lake End, V/indsor
+Tucker, Henry. . .Bourton House, Shrivenham
frull, Henry. . .Crookham, Newbury
tTull, Richard. . .Crookham, Newbury
Turner, John. . .Englefield, Reading
fTwinch, John. . .Thornes Street, AVindsor
Valpy, R. IL. . .Enbome Lodge, Newbury
AValdron, AV. B. . . . Poughley, Hungerford
AVallis, George. . .Old Shifford, Bampton, Faringdon
AValter, Captain E.. . .Tangley, AVokingham
AVarden, T. F., . .Easthampstead Park, Wokingham
AVasborough, AV. D.. . .Stockham, AVantage
AVheble, J, J.. . .Bulmerhoe Court, Reading
AVilkins, Edmund. . .Mortimer, Reading
fAVilliams, G.. . .Buckland, Faringdon
fWilliams, James. . .Shippon, Abingdon
fAVinterboltom, J. E... .East AVoodhay, Newbury
AVitherington, Charles. . .Rushall, Reading
fAVright, G. T.. . .Stoke Farm, AA'okingham

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

Governors.

Blount, AVilliam, . .Orchill, Gerrards Cross
fChesham, Lord. . ,T.atimer, Chesham
fColeman, Edward J.. . .Stoke Park, Slough
fHunt, Zachary D.. . .Aylesbury
Murray, Charles Robert Scott... DanesfieW, Marlow

Members. «

Acton, AVilliam. . .Fern Acres, Slough
Beards, Thomas. . .Stowe Park, Buckingham
-j-Botham, George. , .AVexham Court, Slough
Bramley-Moore, J. . . .Gerrards Cross
•j-Buckingham,iDuke of. . .AVootten, Aylesbury
fCautrell, Charles Seward. . .Riding Court, Datcliet r

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

fCantrcll, Henry. . .Bnylls Court, Slough
■^Carson, James. . .Spintteld, Great Marlow
, Dcnchfleld, John . . . Aston Abbotts, Aylesbury

I Disraeli, Right Hon. B., M.I’.. . .Hughendon Manor
' -f-Drake, Thomas T.. . .Shardlocs, Ainersham
I Duncan, W. G. . . . Bradwell House, Stony Stratford
tDuncombe, Sir P. P., Bt.. Brickhill Manor, Bletchley
Du Pre, C. G., M.P.,. .Wilton Park, Beaconsfield
I Eve, Frederick. . .Sherrington, Newport Pagnell
r Fitzroy, George. . .Grafton Regis, Stoney Stratford
I fFountaine, Bernard T.. . .Stoke House, Bletchley
Fowler, J. Kersley. . .Aylesbury
Fowler, Richard ... Broughton Farm, Aylesbury
I Gaskell, Major W. P.. . .Fulmer House, Slough
f Gllbey, Alfred. . . Woobum House, Beaconsfield
I +Guy, John Henry. . .Whitchurch, Aylesbury
‘ f H.arrison, R.. . . Wolverton, Stony Stratford

-t-H.arter, Rev. G. G... .Cranfield, Newport Pagnell
t •l-Hubbard, Egerton. . .Addington Manor, Winslow
I Isbam, A. C.. . .Lower Winchendon, Aylesbury
i Islip, F. W.. . .Binford Farm, Great Marlow
4 Ive, John G.. . .Langley, Slough
f Jegon, Trew. . .Slough

iKirbell, Edward. . .I.atimer, Chesham

I.epper, G. A. . . .Aylesbury 1

Minton, Alfred, .. The Lawn, Datchet
i Nash, H. F.. . .Upton Lea, Slough

Nash, John.. .The Rectory, Langley, Slough
, Newman, James, . .Shipton Lee, Quainton
^ f Newman, John ... Brands House, High Wycombe

Parrott, John, jun.. . .Stony Stratford
Paxton, Robert... Lower Winchendon, Aylesbury
fPiggott, G. Grenville. . .Doddershall, Winslow
Pike, Wiliiam.. .Castlethorp, Stoney Stratford
Pullin, Stephen. ..Mildridge Farm, Horton, Slough
1 -f-Roads, John . . . Addington, Winslow
1 tRobarts, A. J.. , , Lillingstone Dayrell
I f Robinson, J.. . .Clifton Pastures, Newport Pagnell

Rose, Philip. . .Rayners, High Wycombe
< f Rowland, Richard . . . Creslow, Aylesbury

1 +Rowland, W. Rickford. . .Creslow, Aylesbury
. Shakeshaft, Thomas. . . Ravenstone, Olney

I Simpson, John. . .Potterspury, Stoney Stratford
J Thompson, E. C.. . .Woodland, Beaconsfield
t Thorpe, Henry ... Buckingham

< Treadwell, John. . .Upper Winchendon, Aylesbury

1 fTyringham, W.;B.. . .Tyringham, Newport Pagnell
'■ fVerney, Sir H., Bt., M.P., Clayden House, Winslow
• +Way, Lewis Albert. . . Alderbourne, Gerrard’s Cross

I tWhiting, J. Evans Stoke Goldington, Newport

I J'agnell

I tWhitworth, J. R.. . .AVeston Underwood, Newport
t Pagnell

CAMBRIDGESHIRE,

Members.

f .\veling, James T Eldemell, Whittlesey

fBabington, Professor C. C.... Cambridge

B.anyard, T., jun Poplar Hall, Horningsea

BidweU, C. M....Ely
Branford, John W.. . .March
fBromley, J. R.. . .Gesyns, Newmarket

I Brown, .John. . .Coldham Hall, AVisbeach
Bultitaft, H.. . .Bedwellhay Grange, Ely
j Burroughes, Rev. T.. . .Gazeley, Newmarket
< Catling, Captain R. C. . . .Needham Hall, AA'isbeach
Cooke, Grimwood. . .Horseheath Park Farm, Linton
Ditrjy, Charles M. . . .Gedney, AA'^isbeach

f Emson, H. H Nether Hall, Cherry Hinton

J. P.. . .Feversham, Cambridge
! Francis, Clement. . .Qny Halt
I Fyson, Edward. . .Silverley, Ashley, Newmarket
‘ Gosling, James AA'^.. Little Bradley Place, Newmarket
Grain, Peter. . .Shelford, Cambridge
Greene, John M....Stradishall, Newmarket
Gunnell, Thomas. . .Milton, Cambridge
Hall, George S.. . . Ely

f Hamond, AA'". Parker. . .Pampisford Hall, Cambridgt-

Headly, Edward ... New Square, Cambridge

Holben, R. Rowley. . .Barton, Cambridge

fHoublon, R. Archer. . .Bartlow, Cambridge

Huddleston, F.. . .Sawston Hall, Cambridge

Humphrey, A.. . .AValpole St. Peter, AVisbeacli

Hurrell, Henry, . . Harston, Cambridge

Hurrell, AVilliam. . . .Newton, Cambridge

Johnson, B. B. ...AVithersHeld, Newmarket

fJohnson, Thomas. . .Whittlesea

Jonas, George. . .Duxford, Cambridge

Jonas, John Carter. . .3, St. Mary Street, Cambridge-

Kemp, Jesse. . .Eastbourne Terrace, Cambridge

fLittle, H. J.. . .Coldham Hall, AA’isbeach

Little, AA^ . . .Littleport, Ely

fLoomes, Edward. . .AVhittlesea

-j-Manners, Lord G., M.P..Cheveley Park, Newmarket

Martin, G. H.. . .Little Downham, Ely

fMartin, Henry AA’.. . .Littleport, Isle of Ely

fMartin, Joseph. ..Littleport, Isle of Ely

Maynard, Robert. . .AV'hittlesford, Cambridge

Moore, AA'^illiam. . .Elm House, AA^isbeach

f Pate, Martin. . . Ely

Purkis, AA’.... Horseheath, Linton

fRaincock, H. D.. . .AValtons, Ashdon, Linton

Ratliff, AA''.. . .Newmarket

Robins, G. F.. . .Isleham, Soham

fRoyston, A’iscount, M.P.. . .AA’impole

Rush, Thomas. . .Babraham, Cambridge

Slater, S. AA'ebb. . .Cheveley Hall, Newmarket

Tinsley, Henry, jun.. . .Gedney Hall, AA’isbeach

Towgood, E., Jun.. . .Sawston

Towgood, Hamer. . .Little Shelford

AVallis, Serjeant. . .Granchester, Cambridge

AA’ebb, H.. . .Streetly Hall, AVest AA’ickham, Lintors

AA''ebb, Samuel. , .Babraham, Cambridge

AAi'ebb, T. AJ.. . .Great Gransden, Caxton, Cambridge

AA^ebb, Thomas. . .Hildersham, Cambridge

fAA’oodham, W. Nash. . .Shepreth, Melbourne

AA’rigbt, Charles. . .Streatham, Ely .

Yorke, Hon. Eliot T.. . .AA’impole, Arrington

CHESHIRE.

Governors.

f Davies, David Reynolds . . Agden Hall, Lj-mm
Legh, AY. John, M.P.. . .Lyme Park, Disley, Stockport"
AA’estminster, Marquis of, K.G.. .Eaton Hall, Chester

List of Governors and Members of the

Mcmlers.

Armstrong, .1. Knight, . .Whiirton Hall, 'W'insforil
Atkinson, William. . . Ashton Heyes, Chester
•^haker, Hugh JIasscy. . .Kidnall, Malpas
•,j-Iialstone, Henry K.. . .Hale Carr, Altrincham
i lJarbour, George. . .Kingslee, Farnclon, Chester

-[-Harbour, R Bolesworth Castle, Chester

Barker, Thomas. . .Bramall Grange, Stockport
Jlarton, Richard. . .Caldy Manor, Birkenhead
Beck, Charles W.. . .Upton Priory, Macclesfield
Beckett, Richard. . .Hartford, Northwlch
Beckett, Samuel. . .Eccleston, Chester

Bell, II Hempshaw Brook Brewery, Stockport

Bentley, T. . . . Davenham, Northwich
Birchall, Edward. . .Willaston, Nantwich

Bowers, Henry R Abbotts Lodge, Chester

-j-Bowman, .1. B. . . . Sandycroft Farm, Hawarden
Bradbury, William. . .Bradley Green, Congleton
Brady, Charles Alldis. . .Caine Green, Stockport
Brady, W. Hollinshed. . .Chestergate, Stockport

Broadbent, .1. H .Sealand, Chester

Broughton, E. Delves. . . Wistaston Hall, Nantwich
Byrd, David . . . Spurston Hall, Tarporley
Callender, Peter. . .Devonshire House, Birkenhe.ad
Campbell, C. Lee. . .Thurstastoii Hall, Birkenhead
-[■I'arter, George John. . .Tatton Dale, Knutsford
-j-i.'ase, J. B....Poulton Hey, Bebbington, Birkenhead
Cawley, Thomas. . .Nantwich
Cli.idwick, Thomas. . .Wilmslow Grange
Cholmondely, Col. Hon. G.. .Abbots Moss, Northwich
-fChurton, John. . .Foregate Street, Chester
Clayton, David S.. . .Norbury, Stockport
Clilfe, Thomas. . .Crewe Gates, Crewe
-'rCombermere, Viscount.. . .Combermere, Nantwich
Cooke, .John. . .Mill Moor, Macefen, Malpas
Danson, J. T.. . .Carnsdale, Barnston, Bitkenhead
Davenport, W.Bromley, M.P. .Capesthorne, Congleton
Davies, G. Reynolds. . .Mere Old Hall, Knutsford
-[-Davies, James. . .Bollington, Altrincham
Dickson, Arthur. . .Queen’s Park, Chester

-fDickson, G. A Newton Nurseries, Chester

Dobell, Joseph. . .Leftwich, Northwich
Egerton, Hon. W., M.P. .Rosthern Manor, Knutsford
Egerton, Lord. . .Tatton Park, Knutsford
Egerton, Sir P. de Malpas G., Bt., M.P.. . .Tarporley
Fair, James. . .Tabley Villa Farm, Knutsford
•[•Fair, William. . .Aston by Bud worth, Northwich
Faulkner, William. . .Broxton, Chester
Fitton, .Samuel. . .Willaston, Nantwich
France-Hayhurst, Major. . .Bostock Hall, Middlewich
fFrost, Robert. . .Lime Grove, Chester
Gardner, W. A.. .Hough Green, Chester
Glegg, Lieut. -Col. E. Holt...Backford Hall, Chester
Gouldbum, John. . .Broomhall, Nantwich
Graham, Alexander. . .Barnston, Birkenhead
Greenwood, William. . .Dunham Massey, Altrincham
Griffiths, Richard C.. . .Broughton, Chester
Gruning, Louis. . . . Broomborough, Chester
Hurdon, Edwin. . .Heaton Norris, Stockport
Hardwick, R.... Bowden, Altrincham
1 1 ardy, J oseph . . . Baguley 1 louse Farm, Northenden
Harkeg, David. . .Mere, Knutsford
Harrison, John...Warmingham, Sandbach

Harrison, T. Ashton. . .Stalybridge

Hayes, John Higson . . .Frodsham

Hey wood, W. IL. . .Dunham Massey, Altrincham

Hill, John. . .Wistaston, Nantwich

f Hobson, Thomas. . .Pownall Hall, Wilmslow

Hockenhull, John. . .Tarporley

Hoggins, T Trafford Lodge, Chester

Holland, Robert. . .Mobberley, Knutsford
Holland, William. . .Broxton, Chester
Hornby, W. IL, M.P... .Shrewbridge Hall, Nantwich
Howard, C. J. ... Stockport
Howard, Samuel. . .Dunham Massey, Altrincham
Hurst, Thomas. . .Tabley, Knutsford
Jackson, George. . .Higher Peover, Knutsford
Jackson, T. F.. . .Tattenhall Hall, Chester
Johnson, Thomas. . .Hermitage, Frodsham '
Jones, James. . .The Oaklands, Spurston, Tarporley
Jones, Thomas... Kiln Green, Malpas
fKennard, Adam S.. . .Dawpool, Birkenhead
Kirby, Thomas. . .Crewe Hall Farm, Crewe
Latham, G. W. . . . Brad wall Hall, Sandbach
Leather, Simeon. . .Delamere, Northwich
Lees, William. . .Gorsty Hall, Crewe
Legh, G. Cornwall, M.P. .High Legh Hall, Knutsford
fLeigh, Colonel Egerton, Jodrell Hall. Holmes Chapel
Linaker, Peter. . .Norton Hill, Preston Brook
Littler, J. Brotherton. . .Copthorne, Audlem
Lockwood, A. Carden. . .Chester
Lowe, John. . .Wheelock Heath, Sandbach
Lowe, Thomas. ..'The Old Pale, Eddisbuiy, Northw ich
Lowe, Thomas. . .Calverley Hall, Handley, Chester
j Macdona, Rev. J. Cumming, West Kirby, Birkenhead
' Maegregor, John. . .Acton, Weaverham, Northwich
I McHattle, John . . . Chester
i Mousley, George . . . Hooton Hall, Chester
I Myott, James. . .Copesthorne, Congleton
j f Naylor, R. C. . . . Hooton Hall, Chester
Newhouse, Henry. . .Tatton Park, Knutsford
i Newhouse, Richard . . . Bowdon
j Newton, Martin. . .Oldfield, Altrincham
Newton, T. II.. . . Oldfield. Altrincham
1 Nunnerley, John. . Buerton Hall, Nantwich
I Parker, Thomas. . . Aldford, Chester

I Parrott, T Green Bank, Sutton, Macclesfield

I Pickering, J Pool Hall, Sutton, Chester

I Potts, Charles William. . .Heron Bridge, Chester
j Ralphs, John. . .Saighton, Chester
! Rayner, Henry. . .IJverpool Road, Chester
1 Rigby, Thomas. . .Darnhlll Farm, Winsford
j Roberts, John. . .Well House, Saltney, Chester
Roberts, Robert. . .The Firs, Chester
Rowland, Samuel. . .Higher Whitley, Northwich
fSchroder, Baron W.. . .The Rookery, Nantwich
Scragg, Thomas. . .Calverley, Tarporley
Shepherd, William. . .Eaton, Chester
Shuker, William. . .Calverley, Tarporley
Siddeley, John. . .Spring Bank, Altrincham
Siddorn, Henry. . .Rush ton, Tarporley
Slater, Cyrus... Dunkirk, Holmes Chapel
Smith, Thomas. . .Mollington Farm, Chester
•j-Snow, T. Owen. . .Lack Hull, Chester
Speakman, Thomas. . .Doddington Park, Nantwich
Starkey, Major. . .Wrenbury Hall, Nantwich

VII

Royal Aijricultural Society of England.

Statter, John ... New Brighton, Chester
f Sykes. E. II.. . .hidgeley, Stockport
Tabley, Lord dc. . .Tabley House, Knutsford
Thompson, E. J....Timperley, Altrincham
Thompson, Henry... Organsdale, Kclsall, Chester
-(•Tollemache, .Tohn, JI.P...Tilslon Lodge, Tarporley
fTorr, John, M.P. . .Carlett Park, Eastham, Chester.
Townshend, Charles. . .Chester
Vernon, William... Tarporley
Walker, Joseph. . .Chorlton, Nantwich
Wallworth, Joseph. . .White Hall, Wilmslow
Warburton, Rowland E. E....Arley Hall, Northwich

i-Watterson, W. C Bowdon, Altrincham

AVeaver, AV. R 108, Eastgate Street, Chester

AVilbraham, Randle. . .Rode Hall, Lawton

AVilkinson, S. AV' Apsley Cottage, Stockport

-[•AVillett. Richard... Shavington, Nantwich

AVilliams, J. R Harewood Hall, Kelsall, Chester

-j-AVilliams, John.. .Bank, Chester
AVTlson, J. Simpson. . .Higher AVhitley, Northwich
Wilson, AVilliam. . .Cbolmondeley, Nantwich
AV'right, James. . .Cop House Farm, Saltney, Chester

CORNWALL.

Governor.

Robartes, Lord. . .Lanhydrock House, Bodmin
Members.

Barclay, John. . .Falmouth

-f Barton, Rev. H. N St. Ervan Rectory, Padstow

Bishop, James. . .Looe

fBolltho, Edward. . .Trewiden, Penzance

Bolitho, R. F Ponsandam, Penzance

-I'BoUtho, T. S Pendleverne, Penzance

fBolitho, AVilliam. . .Penzance

Carver, Richard R Wcnalt, St. Clears.

dark. William. . .Luney Barton, SL Ewe
Coryton, Augustus. . .Pentillie Castle, Saltash
Caubuz, Jolin Claude. ..Killion, Truro
■j-Davey, J. S. . . .Redruth
Davey, Richard ... Bochym House, Helstone •

Fortescue, Hon. 6 Boconnock, Lostwithicl

Glanville, Reginald C.. . .Sconnor, St.'Germans
Hawken, Thomas. . . Mellingey, St. Issey

Hoblyn, AV. P The Fir Hill, St. Columb Minor

Hobson, James,. . .Hornacott Manor, Launceston
Hockiu, John. . .Broomhill, Bude
Hosken, Samuel, . .Loggan Mill, Hayle
■f-Lobb, George, jun. . . . Lawhitton, Launceston
Giver, R. Sobey. . .Trescowe, Bodmin
Rashleigh, J.. . .Menabilly, Par Station
Roberts, Joseph. . .Southleigh, Truro
-j-Roberts, AVightwick. . .Trethill, Sheviock
-j-Rodd, F.. . .Trebartlia Hall, Launceston
-[■Rogers, John J. . . . Penrose, Helston
Rosewarne, John. . .Nanpuska, Hayle
Stephens, Rev. F. T.. . .St. Alawgan
Thynne, Rev. A. C.. . .Penstowe, Stratton
Tremain, James. . .Polsue, Grampound
fTremayne, John. . .Heligan, St. Austle
Trethewy, AV.. . .Tregoose, Probns

fTyacke, John. . . Alerthen, Falmouth

•f-Vlviau, A. Pendarves, M.P., St. Anthony .Grampound

Vivian, Lord. . .Glynn, Bodmin

AVhitley, NichoLas. ..Truro

tWilliams, F. M., M.P.. . .Goonvrea, PciTanarworthal
AVilliams, Henry. . . Alma, Truro
AVllls, John. . .South Petherwyn, Launceston
+Willyames, E. B., M.P....Nanskoval, St. Columb

CUMBERLAND.

Governors.

f Lonsdale, Earl of. . .Lowther Castle, Penrith
f Marshall, AVilliam. . .Rattendale ILall, Penrith

Members.

Allison, Robert A.. . .Scaleby Hall, Carlisle *
f Atkinson. James. . .AVinderwath, Penrith
Barnes, Thomas. . .Bunker’s Hill, Carlisle
Barton, Thomas. . .The Crescent, Carlisle
fBell, Robert. . .Mai legate, Brampton
Birkett, Joseph. . .Foxtou House, Penrith
Blackstock, John. . .Hayton Castle, Maryport
Borthwick, AVilliam. . .Monkwray, AATiitehaven
Bowman. John. . .High House, Sandwith
Bowstead, James Cooper. . .Hackthorpe Hall, Penrith
fBowstead, Thomas. . .Eden Hall, Penrith
f Bridson, Joseph R. . . . Belle Isle, AVindermere

-[■Briscoe, Sir Robert, Bart Ci'ofton Hall, AVigton

Brown, Matthew. . .Scarbank, Longtown
fCoulthard, G.. . .Laiiercost Abbey, Brampton
Cousins, Richard. . .Whitehaven
Cumpston, Joseph H.. . .Barton Hall, Penrith
fDacre, Rev. AVilliam. . .Irthington Vicarage, Carlisle
Dalton, Pattinson. . .Cummersdale, Carlisle
Dalzell, Anthony...Stainburn Hall, AVorkington
Dalzell, John. . .Papcastle, Cockermouth
fDees, James. . .Flora A''ille, Whitehaven
fDent.AVilkinson. rlassHouse, Kirkby Thore.Penrith
Fawcett, James. . .Scaleby Castle, Carlisle
f Fisher, Captain C.. . .Distington House, AVhitchaven
tFletcher, Capt. Joseph. . .Lowther SL, AVhitehaven
Foster, John P.. . .Kilhow, AVigton
f Fox, AVilliam. . .Abbey, St. Bees
I Fraser, Henry N.. ..Hayclose, Penrith
-[■Gandy, Captain Henry . . . Eden Grove, Penrith
Gibbons, Thomas. . .Burnfoot, Longtown
I Graham, James. .Parcelstown, Longtown
Guuson, John. .Ponsonby, Calder Bridge, Whitehaven
Hartley, Gilford W.. . .Rose Hill, AVhitehaven
Heskett, William. . .Plunipton Hall, Penrith
Hetherington, J. R....Carleton, Carlisle
Hetherington, R. B....I^ark Head, Silloth
Highfield, George... Blencogo House, Wigton
Hodgson, W. N„ M.P.. . , Newby Grange, Carlisle
■{■Hope, Joseph. . . Whoof House, Carlisle
Howard, Hon. C. AV. G.. . .Naworth Castle, Brampton
-(■Howard, Henry. . .Greystoke Castle. Penrith
Hutchinson, John. . .Brougham Castle, Penrith
Ingledew, W. . . . Sceugh Fai'm, Penrith
j •(■Jackson, AVilliam. . .Oak Bank, Carlisle
I James, Captain AV. E.. . .Barrock Lodge, Carlisle
fJefferson, Robert. . .Preston Hows, AA'hltehaven

VllI

List of Governors a7id Members of the

Jufl'eraoii, Skultun. ..Preston Hows, Whitehaven
Jcnkinson, Wilson. . .TheSchoose Farm. Workington
Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, lit., M.P..Arkleby Hall, Asputria
^Liwson, W.. . . Brayton Hall, Carlisle
Moffat, James. . . Kirklinton Park, Carlisle
i-Musgravo, Sir G., Bart... .Kdenhall, Penrith
Musgrave, John. . . Wasdale Hall, Holm Rook
Nelson, Thomas. . .Catgill Hall, Kgremont
•f-Nicholson, James. . .Blencaini Hall, Penrith
Norman, William. . .Hall Bank, Aspatria
Oliphant-Ferguson.G. II. H.,Broadfield House, Carlisle
-j’ Parker, T. Holme. . .Warwick Hall, Carlisle
tParker, William. . .Carlton Hill, Penrith
Railton, Henry... Snittlegarth, Wigton
Raven, John. . .St. Helen's, ^laryport
fllawlinson, R.. . .Sella Park, Whitehaven
^Richardson, John. . .The Oaks, Dalston, Carlisle
Robertson, J.. . .33, Queen Street, M^hitehaven
Ross, John. . .The Grove, Ravensglass
•fSalkeld, Thomas. . .Holme Hill, Carlisle
Sanderson, Lieut.-Col. . . .Eden I^cey, Penrith
fSaunders, C. R.. , .Nunwick Hall, Penrith
Scott, Jonathan. . .Little Crosthwaite, Keswick
Sharp,„Granville. . .Cardew Lodge, Carlisle
Skead, Joseph. . .Calder Bridge, Whitehaven
fSmith, George. . .The Luham, Penrith
Smith, George. . .Fitz Farm, Aspatria
fSpedding, John J.. . .Greta Bank, Keswick
i-Staniforth, Rev. T.. . .Storrs Hall, Windermere
•{■Stanley, William. . .Ponsouby Hall, Whitehaven
•j-Stirling, John. . .Bridekirk, Cockermouth
Sweeten, B. T. . . . Ashgrove, Penrith
fTaylor, John. . . Bumfoot House, Wigton
*|- Thompson, Anthony... Cross, Whitehaven
fThompson, Robert. . .Inglewood Bank, Penrith
Thompson, Thomas C.... Milton Hall, Brampton
Tinkler, Robert., .Penrith
fTodd, John . . . IMireside, Wigton
Towerson, John . . . ^Vhitehaven
Tweddle, John. . .Askerton Castle
Unthank, John. . .Netherscales, Penrith

Vane, Sir H. R., Bart Hutton Hall, Penrith

\'art3’, Thomas. . .Stag Stones, Penritli
*^Winn, W. Fothergill. ..Bower Bank, Penrith
"Wyndham, Horace R.. . .Cockermouth

DERBYSHHIE.

Govei'vors,

-{-Belpcr, Lord. . .Kingston Hall, Derby
Pvvans, Thomas William. . .Allestree Hall, Derby
fHeywood, Sir T. Percival^Bt.. .Dovelcys, Ashbourne
f Vernon, Lord ... Sudbury Hall, Derby

Members.

Abell, John. . .Middleton Park, Sudbury, Derby

Bakewell, Charles Henry. . .Quorndon, Derby

Barker, J. H.. . .Rowsley, Bakewell

-j-Bland, Henry Wainwright. . .Barlow, Chesterfield

-}-Broadhurst, John..,Foston, Derby

Bromley, John... Derby

Cammell, C, . . . Norton Hall

Carillon, John Wilson, . .Wormhill, Buxton

, -j-Carrington, T. S. T.. . .Eaton, Doveridge, Derby
j Chambers, John. , .The Hurst, Tibshall, Alfreton
i Chawner, Richard. . .Hare Hill, Doveridge, Derby
1 Clark, William. . .Alfreton, Derby
I i-Cnkc, Hon. E. K... Longford Hall, Derby*
Cfdeman, John. . .Park Nook, Quorndon, Derby
Copestake, T. G.. . .Brailsford, Derby
Cottingham, John G. . . .Chatsworth, Chesterfield
; Cox, Samuel Walker. . .Spoudon Cottage, Derby
Cox, William. . .Brailsford, Derby
Cox, William Thomas. . .Spondon Hall, Derby
Crewe, Sir J. H., Bart.. . .Calke Abbey, Derby
Crompton, George. . .Chesterfield
Crompton, John George. . .Derby
Denman, Lord. . .Middleton Hall, Bakewell'
f Dixon, George M. . . .Bradley Hall, Ashbourne
Etches, Edward. . .Derby
Evans, Samuel. . .Darley Abbey, Derby
f Feilden, Robert. . .Coxbench, Derby
Fox, Frederick F.. . .Melbourne, Derby
fGardom, T. W..,.The Yeld, Baslow, Chesterfield
Greaves. William... Bakewell
Hardy, Arthur. . . Mackley House, Sudbury
Hardy, Benjamin. . .Ashover, Chesterfield
Harker, James. . .Tibshelf, Alfreton
Harris, John. . .Matlock

Harrison, John, jun....Snelston Hall, Ashbourne
Haywood, George. . .Derby
Haywood, James. . .Derby
Hubbersty, Henry A..,, Buxton
I Hubberstj', William P.. . . Wirksworth
Hurt, Albert F.. . . Alderwasley, Belper
j Johnson, Pojbert, . .Kirklreton, Wirksworth
1 Jowilt, Christopher. . .Palterton, Chesterfield
fLoa, John. . .Mackley Farm, Sudbury, Derby
fLuciis, Bernard. , .Chesterfield
-{•Micklethwait, Rev. J.. . .Shirley Vicarage» ^erby
Mundy, William. . .Markheaton, Derby
Murray, (rilbert. ..Elvaston Castle, Derby
Nesfield, R. JI. N.. ..Castle Hill, Bakewell
Newton, Charles E.. . .Mickleover, Derby
Nodder, Rev. J.. . .Marsh Green, Chesterfield
Nuttall, James. . .(,’haddesden, Derby
Oakes, T. H,. ..Riddings House, Alfreton
Parkin, John. . .Idridgehay, Wirksworth
Prince, John. . . Foston Hall Farm, Derby
Radford, William. . .Thulston, Derby
Robson, S., jun.. . .Melbourne
Scarsdale, Lord. . .Kedleston Hall, Derby

Sitwell, Rev. H. W Stainsby House, Derby

Sitwell, R. S.. . .Merley, Derby
Storj% J. B.. . .Lockington Hall, Derby
Strellj”, R. C.. . .Oakerthorpe, Alfreton
fStrutt, Hon. Arthur. . .DuflBeld, Derby
•[•Strutt, Hon. Frederick. . .Kingston, Derby
Tattersall, Charles. . .Burbage House, Buxton
Taj'lor, Thomas. . .Hopton, Wirksworth
Thomson, John. . .King’s Newton, Derby
. fTiiornhill, W. Pole. . .Stanton Hall, Bakewell
Woolley, Joseph. . .Allestree, Derby
AV^right, Francis. . .Osmaston Manor, Derby
Wriglit, Frank. . .Hill Top Farm, Ashbourne
A\Tight, John. . .The Terrace, Chesterfield

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

DEVONSHIRE.

Gocemors.

frorteicuc, Castle Hill, South Molton

Saint Germans, Harl of. . .Port Eliot, Devonport

Members.

Acland, Sir T. Dyke, Bt„ M.P.. .Sprydoncote, E.\eter

Arnold, George. . .Dolton

fUaillie, Evan. . .Fllleigh, Chudleigh

liayly, John. . .Plymouth

Dellcw, J. Froudc. . .Stocklelgh Court, Crediton

Bennett, E. Gasking. . .Plymouth

Benson, John. ..Countess Weir, Exeter

Besley, Henry. . .South Street, E.xeter

Boger, Deeble. ..Wolsdon, Devonport

fBoger, Ilext. . .Lower Durnford Street, Stonehouse

Brown, George. . .Roborough House, Barnstaple

fBulteel, John. . .Pamflcte, Ivybridgo

Burnard, Charles F.. . .Compton Villa, Plymouth

■fCarew, Thomas. . .CoUipriest House, Tiverton

■j-Carew, W. H. Pole. . .Antony House, Devonport

fCarpenter-Garnier, J,. . .South Sydenham, Tavistock

Churchill, H Barton House, Morchard Bishop

Cle;>ve, Benjamin W Newcombe House, Crediton

fClinton, Lord. . .Heanton Satchville, Beal'ord
Collier, W. F.. . . Woodtown, Horrabridge
tCollins, John. . . Wonham, Bampton
Davie, .Sir H. Ferguson, Bt., M.P. . . .Creedy, Crediton
Davy, James. . .Flitlon Barton, North Molton
-j-Davy, Tanner. . .Barton Boseash, South Molton
•f Devon, Earl of. . .Powderham Castle, Exeter
Diamond, James. . .The Beeches, Axmiuster
Divett, John...Bovey Tracey
Drew, J.ames...Artiscombe, Tavistock
-j-Drewe, E. Simeoe. . .The Grange, Honiton
-j-Duckworth, Sir J., Bart.. . .Wear House, E.xeter
Durant, Richard. . .Sharpham, Totnes

Eccles, H. J Spriddlestone, Brixton, Plymouth

Elliott, Samuel. . .Trafalgar House, Plymouth

Elton, Sir E. M., Bart Wldworthy Court, Honiton

Fletcher, Charles E. . . . Luscombe, Dawllsh
-j-Gamlen, W. H. . . . Brampford Speke, Exeter
fGarratt, John. . .Bishops Court, Exeter
Gordon, Charles. . .Wiscombe Park, Honiton
Gould, John. ..Poltimore, Exeter
Greenslade, John. . .Bolham, Tiverton
.fGumey, John H.. . .Marldon, Totnes
fHuyshe, Rev. John. . .Clystbydon, Collumpton
•fJohnson, John G... .Cross House, Torrington
i'lvarslake. Rev. W. H.. . .Meshani, South Molton
tKennaway, Sir John, Bart.. . .Escot, Honiton
Kensington, E. T.. . . Beacon Downes, Exeter
Kitson, William . . .Torquay
Lake, John. . .Edgewortby, Morchard, Tiverton
+Lopes, Sir M;>ssey, Bt., M.P. ..Maristow, Roborou
fMarker, Richard.. .Combe, Honiton
+Martln, tlilson . . . Tavistock
Merson, James. ..South View House, North Molton
fMiles, William.. .Dix’s Field, Exeter
Milford, Thomas. . .Thorverton, Cullompton
Jlorley, Earl of. . .Saltrani, Plymptou

Mount Edgecumbe, Earl of. M t Edgecumbe.Devonport
Norman, G....Dinnaton, Swimbridge, Barnstaple
Norrington, Charles. .Catte Down, Plymouth
fNorthcote, Rt. Hon. Sir S. Bt., M.P..Pyues, E.xeter

Pennell, H. B Dawli.sh

Phillips, Thomas. . .Princess Square, Plymouth

Pidgeon, Hubert II Great Torrington

Pike, John. . . Antony, Devonport ,

Porter, William. . .llembury Fort, Honiton
f Portsmouth, Earl of. . . Eggesford House

Prideaux, Sir E. S., Bart Netherton, Honiton *

fl’roby. Rev. W. H. B Colyton House, Axminstep

tjuartly, John. . .Champson Jlollaml, Soulh Molton
fRtidcliffe, C. Lopes. . .Derriford, I'amerton Foliott
Riddell, Major-General. . .Oaklands, Chudleigh
Ridgway, Captain A. . . . Blackanton, Totnes

Sanders, E. A Stoke House, Exeter

Scarborough, John L. . . .Colyford, Axmiuster

fScratton, D. P> Ogwell, Newton Abbott

Shepheard, Jose])h. . .Torpoint, Devonport
Smith, II. Trefusls. . .Devonport
Smith, William. . .High Hoopern, E.xeter
Stark, W. P. Wilkinson. ..2. Engadiiia, Torquay
fStevens, J. C. Moore. ..Winscott, Torrington
fStowey, Augustus. . .Kenbury House, Exeter
fStrode, Major. .Newnham Park, Plympton St. Mary
Tanner, J. M,. . .King’s Nymptou Park, Chumlelgh.
Tantoii, E.. . .11111 F'ann, Torrington
tTaylor, Richard ... Langdon Court, Plymouth
Thomson, Colonel.. .Broomford Manor, Exhourne
Trood, Edward. . .Matford House, Exminster
i tTroyte, C. A. W. . . .Huntsham Court, Bampton
! Turner, George. . .Brampford Speke, Exeter

' Turner, James T Thorverton, Cullompton

fWalrond, J. Walrond. . .Broadlield, Cullompton
■ W'ard, Samuel... St. David’s. Exeter
Watson, R. H.. . .Dorsely, Harberton

' tWebber, Charles H Buckland, Barnstaple

fWest, R. Thornton. . .Streatham Hall, Exeter
j Willett, John S.. . . Petticombe, Torrington
Wippell, Henry. . . Alpblngton, Exeter
Wroth, Edward. . .Bigbury Court, Ivybrldge
I tWyndham, J. Evelyn.. .Exmouth

DORSETSHIRE.

Governors.

Ilchester, Earl of . . . Melbury, Dorchester
■[•Portman, Lord . . . Bryanston House, Blandford

Members.

fBaker, Sir E. Baker, Bt.. .Ranston House, Blandford’.

Beiyafield, N Motcombe, Shaftesbury

Bennett, Stephen White. . .Wareham
Bingham, Col. R. IL. Bingham’s Melcombe, Dorchester,
gh Bridge, Thomas. . . Wynford Eagle, Dorchester

Buckman, Professor. . .Bradford Abbas, Sherborne
■f-Burt, H. C . . . Wltchampton, Wlmborne
■HJalcraft, J. H. . . . Kempstone, Corfe Castle
Chick, John. . .Compton Vallence
1 hick, Thomas. . .Stratton, Dorchester
Crane, James. . .Tolpuddle, Dorchester

List of Governors and Members of the

Digby, G. D. Wingfield . . . Sherborne Castle |

Plgby, Lord. . . Jlinteme House. Dorchester I

Dowden, 11100103 E.. . .lloke Farm, Bere Regis |

-j-Drax, J. S. W. Erie. . .Charlborougli Park. Blandford i
fEddison, Francis. . .60, High West Street, Dorchester '
Etheiston, Rev. C. W — Up Lyme, Lyme Regis !
Evans, George. . .Wimborne |

Evans, Captain T. B Uddens, Wimborne '

•[■Farrer, 0. W. . . . Binnegar Hall, Wareham
Filliter, Freeland ... St. Martin’s House, Wareham
Flower, Charles Henry. . .France Farm, Blandford
•(•Floyer, .Tohn, M.P.. . .Stafford, Dorchester \

Fookes, Henry. . .IVliitechurch Farm, Blandford i
Ford, John. . .Rushton Farm, Blandford
Frampton, Henry. . .Okers Wood, Dorchester
Fry, Thomas. . .Baglake Farm, Dorchester
Galpin, George. . .Tarrant Keynston, Bhandford
Gaipin, John. . . Dorchester
fGenge, Richard. . .Puddleton, Dorchester
fGoodden, John. . . Over Compton, Sherborne
Hambro, Charles, M.P.. . .Milton Abbey, Blandford
Harding, James. . .Waterson, Dorchester
Homer, John G. . . .Martinstown, Dorchester
Huxtable, Archdeacon ... Sutton Waldron, Blandford

James, J. W Mappowder, Blandfonl

Kindersle}’, E. Leigh. ..Clyffe, Dorchester

L,ambert, W. C Stepleton Manor, Dorchest n-

Legg, T. Fry. . .Burton Bradstock, Bridport
Legge, Benjamin. . .Litton Cheney, Dorchester
Luff, J. W. . . .Canford, Wimborne
Mayo, Henry. . .Cokers Frome, Dorchester
f Mcdlycott, Sir W. C., Bt.. .Milborne Port, Slievborne
•f-Paget, Colonel. . .Park Homer, Wimborne Minster
I’almer, Robert.. .Bexington, Bridport

Pitfield, A. J Eype, Symondsbury, Bridport

Pitfield, .Jolm. . .Symondsbury, Bridport
fPope, John. . .Symondsbury, Bridport
fPortman, Hon. W. H. B., M.P. . . . Biyanston, Bland-
ford

Randall, R. G Wiufritb, Dorcbe.stcr

Rodgett, Miles. . .Sandford, Wareham
Saunders, T. Chapman. . .Watercombe, Dorchester
Shaftesbury, Earl of, K.G. ... St. Giles’s, Cranboume
Sheridan, R Brinsley. . .Frampton Court, Dorchester
Smith, .J. Azariah. . .Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
•fSpurr, Anthony. . .Rowlands, Lyme
Sturt, H. Gerard, M.P.. . .Crichel, Wimborne
•f Thompson, William . . . Weymouth
•f-Vavasour, Sir H. M., Bart. . . . Beaminstcr
Voss, W. .J.. . ."West Bucknowlo, Corfe Castle

Weld. Edward J Lulworth Castle. Wareham

■[■Williams, Robert. . .Bridehead, Dorchester

DTJKHAM.

Governor.

[Bowes, Jolm, , .Streatham Castle, Staindrop
Menibers.

Allison, James John. . .Sunderland

Apperley, Newton W.. .Rainton Gale, Fence Houses

Archer, Thomas, jun. . . . Dunslon, Gateshead

f Backhouse, Edmund, M.P. ..Polam Hill, Darlington
Bainh idge, Robert S.. . .Cheetham Hall, Staindrop
Blenkinsop, John. . .Simon Side House, South Shields
Bolam, Harry G. . . . Keverstone, Staindrop
Boyd, E. Fenwick. . .Moor House, Durham

f Briggs, Captain C. J Hylton Castle, Sunderland

Brodle, John . . . Braken House, Melsonby, Darlington

Brown, Ralph .. . Whickham, Gate.shead

Bulmer, Jeffery, jun. . . Middleton-on-Row, Darlington

Burden, Rowland. . .Castle Eden, Stockton-on-Tees

fCadle, Miles. . .Stockton-on-Tees

Clarke, Nathaniel. . .Beamish Park, Fence Houses

Cleashy, R. H Broomside House, Durham

-[■Cochrane. A. II Langton Grange, Darlington

Crawford, John. . .Lumley Park, Fence Houses
Darling, Robert. . .Plawsworth, Fence Houses
Dent, Ralph John. . ..Streatham House, Darlington
Easton, George . . . Hor.sley Hill, South Shields
f Easton, James. . . Nest House, Gateshead
fEden, John.. . .Beamish Park, Chcster-le-Street
Ettrick, Anthony. . .Norih Hylton, Sunderland

Farley, Stephen L Chester-le-Street

Fawcett, .John. . .Durham
Finney, Samuel. . .Gateshead

Forster, George E Washington, Durham

Fowler, James. . .Park Hill House. Ferry Hill
Furneis, .fohn . . .East Hill, Coxhoe, Ferry Hill
Gillow, Rev. Charles. . .Ushaw College, Durham
■fGreenwell, Thomas. . . Broomshields, Darlington
Hawdon, W. W. . . Walkerfield, Staindrop, Durham
Headlam, Morley . . . Whorlton, Darlington

fHeadlam, Right Hon. T. E., M.P Gilmonby Hall,

Barnard Castle

Henderson, John. . .Horsely Hall, South Shields
Heslop, Isaac... Urpeih, Chester-le-Street ■

Hunt, A. H Birtley House, Chester-le-Street

Hunter, John ,1. . . .Whickham Grange, Gateshead
Hutt, Right Hon. Sir W., K.C.B., M.P.. .Gibsidellali,
Gateshead

.lohnson, Edward.. .The Deanery, Chester-lc-Strect

.lohnson, F. D Aykleyheads, Durham

Kay, Richard ... Forcett Valley, Darlington
TJddell, George, Jun . . .Great Chilton, Ferry Hill

Liddell, Hon. H. G., M.P llavensworth Castle

M.aclaren, Henry. . .Offerton Hall, Sunderland
JIaclaren, William. . .Herrington Hill, Sunderland
Michell, John. . .Forcett Park, Darlington
Milbank, A. Sussex.. .Barnard Castle
Monks, James. . .Aden Cottage, Durham
Moore, George. . .White Hall, Wigton
Morgan, George. . .Cleves Cross, Ferry Hill
Morgan, M. ...Coppy Crooks, Bishop Auckland

Morton, H. T Biddick Hall, Fence Houses

f Ogden, John M Sunderland

Parrington, John. . .Brancepeth, Durh,am

f Pease, J. W„ M.P Woodlands, Darlington

fPease, Edward. . .Greeucroft West, Darlington
Quelch, J. Bewick. . .Bowburn House, FeiTyhill
llavensworth. Lord. .llavensworth Castle, Gateshead
Rcay, Matthew. . .Heworth, Gateshead
Rowlandson, Christopher . . .The College, Durham
Rowlandson, Samuel. . .The College, Durham
fRowlandson, S.. . .Newton Jlorrell, Darlington

Royal Ayricultural Society of Enyland.

Scarth, T. FrcBhfiekl. . .Kevorstone, Darlington
Scarth, W. Thomas. . .Kevorstone, Darlington
Scawiu, Thomas . . . Durham

Shlfqjerdson, Rev. E. II.. Hermitage, Chester-le-Street
Smith, Henry. . .Eshe Hall, Durham
Steward, William. . .Lambton, Fence Houses

Stowell, W. Stow, jun Darlington

Stratton, George. . .Spinnymoor House, Durham
Thompson, James. . . Bishop Auckland
Thompson, Rev. William. . . Eshe Land, Durliam
Walker, R. C....Owton Manor House, Greethami
Stockton-on-Tees

Wall, G. Young, jun.... 39, North Bailey, Durham
Wallace, Henry. . .Trench Hall, Gateshead
Wharton, Rev. W. F. . . . Barningham, Darlington
Wilkinson, P. S.. . .Mount Oswald, Durham
Wilkinson, Robert. . .Little Chilton, Ferry Hill
Williamson, Sir II., Bart., M.P.. . .Whitburn Hall,
Sunderland

Williamson, Rev. R. H.. . .Hurworth, Darlington
Wilson, Charles. . .Shotley Park, Durham
-f-Wilson, R. Bassett. . .Cliffe House, Darlington
Wood, John. . .Harewood Hill, Darlington
Wooller, W. A....Sadberge Hall, Darlington

ESSEX.

Governors.

•Courtauld, Samuel... GosBeld Hall, Halstead
-f-Warner, Edward. . .Higham Hall, Woodford

Memhers.

^•Ahrey. T. Shaw Hellier. . . Witham
Allerton, Alexander R... .Colemans, Prittlewell
Baker, John. . .Hockley, Rayleigh
-f-Barclay , W. Leatham . . . Knotts Green, Leyton
Beadcl, William James. . .Chelmsford
Bentall, E. IL, M.P.. . .Heybridge, Maldon

-j-Boghurst, William P Frating Abbey, Colchester

Bott, Joseph Fennell. . .Morrell Roothing, Dunmow
fBraybrooke, Lord. . . Audley End, Saffron Walden
Bridge, Thomas. . .Buttsbury, Ingatestoue
•j'Brise, Lieut. Col.S.B. R.,M.P,. Spains Hall, Braintree
•f-Burnell, Edward. . .Chappel, Halstead
Bury, Charles. . .Najing
Butler, Edward. . .Ewell Hall, Kelvedon
Catchpool, Edward. . .Feering Bury, Kelvedon
“Klhafy, Westwood AV. . . .Bowes House, Ongar
Chaplin, J. R. .Three Chimney^, Ridgewell, Halstead
■Cheffins, Henry... Little Easton Manor, Dunmow

Christy, James. Jun Boynton Hall, Chelmsford

Clarke, John. . .The Roos, Saffron Walden

Coleman, H. S.. . .Chelmsford

fColvin, B. B.. . .Monkhams Hall, Waltham Abbey

Corder, Edward. . .Writtle, Chelmsford

•fCure, Capel . . . Blake Hall, Ongar

Davey, Charles M.. . .Witham

Davey, H. M. ... Beverley Villas, Colchester

Davies, Robert C... . Southmlnster, Maldon

Duffield, James. . .Great Baddow, Chelmsford

Eddington, AVilliam.. .Chelmsford

Ellis, Samuel H.. . .Maldon

Francis, Frederick... Ramsden Hall, Billerlciiy
(lilbey, Walter. . .Hargreaves Park, Stanatead
fGonne, Charles. . .Warley Lodge, Brentwood
Griggs, George. . .Oaklands, Romford
fGurdon, William. ..Brantham, Manningtrce
fGurdon-Rebow, Hector J..Wj'venhoe Pk., Colchester
Hall, Collinson...Navestock, Romford
Hanbury, Osgood, jun.. . .Howe Hatch, Brentwood
Hardy, James... Jaques Hall, Manningtrce
Havers, William. ..Bacon’s Farm, Mouninessing
Heathcote, R. Boothby. . .Frid.ay Hill, Chingford
Hobbs, AVilliam.. .Derwards Hall, Rocking

Honywood, Mrs Mark’s Hall, Kelvedon

Hope, William. . .Parsloes, Barking
Hunt, Reuben. ..Earls Colne
Hutley, Jonathan... Rivenhall Hall, Witham
Impey, William... Broomfield Hall, Chelmsford
f Jonas, F. M.. . .Chrishall Grange, Saffron Walden
•fJonas, George. . .Ickleton, Saffron Walden
tKemblc, Thom.as. . .Runwell Hall, Chelmsford
King, George. . .Saffron Walden
Knight, Joseph. . .Inworth Grange, Kelvedon
fLay, John Watson. . .AValcotts, Great Tey
fLcnnard, Sir T. B., Bart.. . .Belhus House, Avely
fLowndes, G. A.. . .Barrington Hall, Harlow

McIntosh, D Havering Park, Romford

JIarriage, John . . . Moulsham Lodge, Chelmsford
Mashiter, Thomas. . .Priests, Romford
Masters, A. E..Nevendon Hall, Wickford, Chelmsford
Mechl, John J....Tiptree Hall, Kelvedon

Meeson, W. T Doggetts, Rochford

fMeyer, Herman, P. D.. . .Little Laver Hall, Ongar '
fMeyer, P. Herman... Stondor Place, Brentwood
Moss, Benjamin.. .Ashington Hill, Rochford
Newcombe, .Samuel. . .White Crofts, Orsett
Page, W. jun.. . .Southmlnster, Maldon

f I’apillon, P. 0 Lexden, Colchester

j Parsons, C.. . .North Shoebury Hall, Rochford
I Paxman, James. . .Bank Buildings, Colchester
j Payne, Henry. . .Birdbrook, Halstead
I -f Perry-Watlington J. W.. . .Moor Hall, Harlow
Pertwee, James. . .Boreham, Chelmsford

Phillips, J. R. S Riffhams Lodge, Danbury

I Piggot, J. Algernon . . . Beckingham Hall, AVitham
puckridge, A. F... .Higham Court, AVoodford Green
Quy, Edward. . .Goldhanger, Maldon
Rand, AVilliam. . .Saffron AValden
I Ray, R. H.. . .AValden Hall, Saffron AA'alden
I t'isty, Samuel. . .Great Yeldham, Halstead
I Ridley, T. D.. . .Chelmsford
Rist, Isaac... Brantham Hall, Manningtrce
fRoss, James. . .Hatfield, Broad Oak
fRosslyn, Earl. . .Easton Lodge, Dunmow
Rust, AV. H. . . . Falconers Hall, Chelmsford
Sandle, AVilliam. . .Great Bardfield, Braintree
fScragg, AVilliam. . .Great Clacton, Colchester
Sewell, Daniel. . .Beaumont Hall, Colchester
Shirley, T.. . . Pond Cross Farm, Newport
Sniijth, Sir AV. B., Bart.. . .Horham Hall

tSmith, Sir C. Cunliffe AV., Bart Suttons, Romford

Smyth, James.. .Peasenhall, AVitham
fSnell, John F.. . .AVitham House
Stable, R. Scott. . .George Lane, AA'oodford

XII

List of Governors and Members of the

Stane, J. Bramston. . .Forest Hall, Ongar
Sturgeon, C.. . .South Ockendon Hall, Romford

Sworder, W Tawney Hall, Romford

Symondson, G.. . .Upshire Hall, Waltham Abbey

Tayler, Rowland. . .Colchester

Teverson, Henry. . .High Garrett, Braintree

fThompson, W., jun Thorpe-le-Soken, Colchester

fTownsend, Rev. C. G. G. . .Hatfield Reverell, Chelms-
ford

Tyler, John. . .Leyton

•f-Vaizey, John R Attwoods, Halstead

Vickerman, Charles R.. . .Thoby Priory, Brentwood
Wagstaff, T.. . .Stifford, Romford
Ward, John. . .Fast Mersea, Colchester

fWarren, Rev. J. C. B Horkesley Hall, Colchester

Webster, Charles. . .Waltham Abbey
Welch, Henry James... Bendysh Hall, Radwinton.
Saffron Walden

fWestem, Sir T. Bart. . .Felix Hall, Kelvedoa
fWestem, T. Sutton. . .Felix Hall, Kelvedon
f W esthorpe, Rev. R. A. . . . Berners Roding, Ongar
fWhite, A. Holt. . .Clement’s Hall, Rochford
■Whitlock, F. . .Lovingtons, Great Yeldham, Halstead
Whitlock, John. , .Great Yeldham Hall, Halstead
Wingfield, R. Baker. . .Orsett Hall, Romford
Wood, George. . .Rochford
Woodward, F. Spencer. . .Great Baling, Braintree
AVoodward, Henry. . .Stanway Hall, Colchester

GLOTICESTERSHIKE.

Governors.

fBarker, John Raymond. . .Fairford Part,, Fairford
fGoUlsmid, Sir F. H., Bt. . . Rendcomb Pk., Cirencester
Hale, Robert Blagden . . . Alderley Park, Wolton
Hartley, W. H. H.. .Lye Grove, Cross Hands, Sodbury
f Holford, R. S., M.P.. . .Weston Birt House, Tetbury
-f-Northwick, Lord. . .Moreton-in-the-Marsh
Sotheron-Estcourt Rt. Hn.T. H. S. . .Estcourt, Tetbury

Members.

•f- Ackers, B. Sl John. . .Prinknash Park, Painswick
Acock, Arthur. . .Cold Aston, Northleach
Anderson, Robert A.. . .Cirencester
Arkell, Daniel. . .Dean Farm, Hatherop, Fairford
Arkell, H.. . .Butlers Court, Boddington, Cheltenham
Arkell, Thomas. . .Boddington, Cheltenham
Arkell, William, Hatherop, Fairford.

Avery, Thomas Charles Gloucester

Badham, George. . . Wingmoor, Cheltenham

fBailey, Henry. . .Cirencester

Baker, H. Orde Lloyd ... Hardwicke Court, Gloucester

•f-Baker, T. Barwick L.. .Hardwicke Court, G loucester

f Barton, Charles . . . Fifleld, Lechlade

Bathurst, Earl. . .Ockley I’ark, Cirencester

Bazley, Thomas S Hatherop, B'airford

Beach, J. Aiien. . .The Park, Redmarley, Newent
•t■Bc■ach,SirM.E.H.,Bt.,M.P. . Wiiiiamstrip Pk., Fairford
Beaven, C.. .Ivy House Frm.,Shipton Moyne.Tetbury
Bell, Captain Henry. . .Chalfont Lodge, Cheltenham
Bengough, ,T.C....The Ridge, AYotton-under-Edge
Bennett, John. . .Bciie 'V'ue House, Cheltenham
Bennett, Willi.am. . .Goldwick F'arm, Berkeley

f Blackwell, G., jun.. . .Kitigscote,Wotton-under-Edgc
Bowly, Edward. . .Siddiugton House, Cirencester
Bowly, William. . .Cirencester
Bravender, John. . .Cirencester
Browne, T. Beale. . .Salperton Park, Andoversford
fBubb, Anthony. ..AVhitcombe Court, Gloucester
f Burnett, Francis. . .Klngscote, Wotton-under-Edgo
Cadle, Clement. . .Clarence Street, Gloucester
fCadle, Thomas. . .Longcroft, Westbury-ou-Sevem

Campbell, R Buscot Park, Lechlade

Capel, William. . .The Grove, Stroud
Castree, Josiah. . .College Green, Gloucester

Castree, Josiah, jun College Green, Gloucester

fCole, Henry. . . Ashbrook, Cirencester
Constable, Rev. John. . .R. A. College, Cirencester
Cooke, James Herbert. . .Berkeley Castle
Creese, William. . .Teddington, Tewkesbury
Croome, J. Capel. . .Bagendon House, Cirencester
fCummins, John, Jun.. . .Nelfields, Newent

Daubeny, Rev. E. A Ampney, Cirencester

LDavies, Robert P Horton, Chipping Sodbury

+Dent, John Coucher. . .Sudeley Castle, Winchcombi'
De AVinton, Capt. T.. . . Wallsworth Hall, Gloucester
Dobbs, Samuel Friday. . .Huntley, Gloucester
fDowdeswell, A. C.. . .Pall Court, Tewkesbury
Dowdeswell, Benjamin. . .Castle Eaton, Fairford
fDowdeswell, AV. E., M.P...Pall Court, Tewkesbury
Drew, B.. . ,Boxwell, AVotton-under-Edge
Drew, Edwd.. .Calcot, Kingseote, Wotton-under-Edge
fDucie, Earl of. . .Tortworth, AAfotton-under-Edge
Edmonds, Giles. . .Eastleach, Lechlade
Edmonds, AYilliam John. . .Southrope, Lechlade
Ellett, Robert. . .Oakley Villa, Cirencester

Elwes, John H Closeburn House, Cheltenham

Farmer, Edmund . . . Moreton-in-the-Marsh
Ferris, John AVakefield. . .Far Hill Farm, F.airford
fFitzhardinge, Lord... Berkeley Castle
Fletcher, George. . .Shipton, Cheltenham
fFletcher, yi. H.... Shipton Olliffe, Cheltenham
Fowler, AVilliam. . .Ryle House, Pauntley, Newent
Fulljames, Thomas. . .Foscombe, Gloucester
fGarne, John.. .Filkins, Lechlade
fGame, Robert. . .Aldsworth, Northleach
Game, Thomas. . .Broadmoor, Northleach
•fGarne, AVilliam... Cerney, Cirencester
-fGolledge, Matthias. . .Forthampton, Tewkesbury
Coulter, Allen. . .Hawkesbury, Chipping Sodbury
Haine, George. . .Over Farm, Gloucester
Haines, John Poole.,. .Boteler House, Cheltenham
Hall,William. . .Seven Springs, Cubberly, Cheltenham-
fHampson, John. . .Ullen AVood, Leckhainpton
Handy, Edward. . .Sierford, Cheltenham
f Harding, John. . .Dursley.

Harrowby, Earl of, K.G Norton House, Campden

Hartland, AV., jun. . . . Upleadon Court, Newent

Hitchman, John, M.l) Cedar Lodge, Cheltenham

Holborow, Daniel B.. . .Knockdown, Tetbury
f Holborow, D.C.. . BagpathCourt,AVottoii-under-Edge-
Holborow, H.. . .AVillesley, Tetbury
Hone Henry. . .Stoke Orchard, Cheltenlinm

fHooper, Bobeit N Stanshawes Court, fate

Homer, Thomas. . .Moreton-in-the-Marsh
Hornlblow, AA\ T Ripple, Tewkesbury

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

-f-Howell, Henrj’. . .Coates, Cirencester
Hudson, Clmrles. . . . Kinslmm, Tewkesbury
•f-Hutchlnson, James. . .Cowley Manor, Clieltenliam
Ilyett, John E.. . .Ilaydons Elm, Cheltenbara
Hyett, W. II. . . . Painswick.
lies, Daniel. . .Fairford Retreat, Fairford
•{•IreUnd, William. . . Forthampton, Tewkesbury
James, Isaac. . .Tivoli, Cheltenham

fJenkinson.Sir G. Bart., M.P Eastwood, Berkeley

.Tones, George. . .Upton St. Leonards, Gloucester
Jones, John...TufBey, Gloucester
Jordan, William. . .Charlton Kings, Clieltenbam
Key, Major-General. . .Coates, Cirencester
-}-Kingscote,Col. R. N. F., M.P.. .Kingseote, Wotton-
Under-Edge

•j-Knight, Edward. . .High Leadon, Newent
Knight, John. . .Forthampton, Tewkesburyl
Knowles, William. . .Gloucester
fLancaster, Thomas... Bownham House, Stroud
fLane, William. . . Broadfield, Northleach
f Lawrence, W. . . .Brockworth Park, Gloucester
fLawton, W. F.. . .Wyck Hill. Stow-on-the-Wold
Lewis, Thom.as . . . Preston, Cirencester j
Long, Daniel. . .Whaddon, Gloucester
Lyne, William. . Oddington, Stow-on-the-M'old
Mabbett, John. . .Stinchenmbe, Dursley
Mace, Thomas. . .Sherborne, Northleach
Makgill, George, . .Prestbury, Cheltenlram

Marsh, W. J Loridge, Berkeley

Master, Col. T. C.. . .The Abbey, Cirencester

Mathews, A.. . .Pitchombe, Stroud

Mellersh, T. G.. . .2, Southfield Villas, Cheltenham

-fMildred. D Preston, Cirencester

Moore, William W Dowdeswell, Cheltenham

Morris, Thomas. . .Slaisemore, Gloucester
Mullins, Isaac. . .Alvington, Lydney
New, Richard E.. . .Hartpury, Gloucester
Nicks, William... Greville House, Gloucester
Parson, Edgecombe. . .Coates, Cirencester
Peacey, William. . .Chedglow, Tetbury
Penson, W. Stayt...Baunton, Cirencester
Phillimore, Edward. . .Cheltenham :

Porter, Thomas. . .Baunton, Cirencester

Porter, William . . . Kencott, Lechlade

Prevost, Lieut.-Colonel C... .Wellclose, Brockworth

Price, Charles. . .Quenlngton, Fairford

Price, W. P., M.P... .Tiberton Court, Gloucester

Priday, Samuel. . .Linton, Gloucester

+Probyn, Edmund. . .Huntley

Prosser, John. . .Honeyboume Gardens, Broadway

Pullen, S. C.. . .The Laurels, Itchington, Alveston

Randall, John . . . Stroud

+Ricketts, James. . . Westbury-on-Severn

Roberts, G..Worroington Grange Farm, Winchcombe

Holt, John...Ozleworth Park, Wotton-under-Edge

Russell, John. . .Ferhill House, Cheltenham

•I'Russell, Sir W., Bt, M.P.. Charlton Pk., Cheltenham

Savage, S. P.. . .Leys Farm, Wotton-under-Edge

Savory, Paul Haines. . .Gloucester

•f-Shaw, Rev. G. E. F. . Edgeworth Rectory, Cirencester

+Skillicorn, W. Nash. . .Cheltenham

fSmith, C. R.. . .Filkins Hall, Lechlade

Smith, R. Vassar. . .Wotton HiU House, Gloucester

Smith, Tysoe.. .Hinchwick Farm, Stow-on-thc-IVold
f Smith, William. . .Winchcombe
f Smith. William. ..Bibury, Fairford
Smith, Willmm. . .Berkeley

Stewart, Arthur. . .Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester , '
f Stoughton, Thomas A.. . .Owlpen, Uley
Surman, J. S.. . .Swindon Hall, Cheltenham
Surman, William. . .Maisemore, Gloucester
Surman, William. . .Bushley, Tewkesbury
fSwanwick, R. ...R. A. College Farm, Cirencester

Swinburne, T. W Corndeau Hall, Winchcombe

Thackwell, L Cam. . .Dymock

f Thorp, Archdeacon, Kemerton Rectory, Tewkcsbuiy

fTimbrill, Robert. . .Beckford, Tewkesbury

Tombs, John. . .Hatherop, Fairford

Tovey, Joseph. . .Cirencester

Trimmer, Edward... Gloucester

Trinder, Edward. . .Cirencester

Turk, W Charlton Kings, Chelteidiam

Tyler, J. If.. . .Tytherington, Falfield, R.S.O.

Villar, James. . .Charlton Kings, Cheltenham
Waddingham, John. . .Guiting Grange, Winchcombe
Walker, James. . .Northleach
Walker, Thomas. . .Stowell Park, Northleach

Waller, Hugh S Farmington, Northleach

Wheeler, A. C Kingsbolme, Gloucester

fWhitcombe, George. . .Tuffiey, Gloucester
AVhite, Edwin. . .Maisemore, Gloucester
Wilkins, Henry. . .Westbury-on-Severa
fWithington, James. . .Prestbury, Cheltenham
Witts, F. R. V.. Upper Slaughter, Stow-ou-the- Wold
Wrightson, Professor. . .R. A. College, Cirencester
Yorke, Joseph. . .Forthampton Court, Tewkesbury

HAMPSHIEE. ,

Gocernms,

•{■Etwall, Ralph, . .Andover
fEversley, Viscount... Heckfield Place, Winchfield
+Hulse, Col. Sir E., Bt. . Breamore House.Fordingbridge
f Macdonald, Sir A. IL, Bt.. . Woolmer Lodge, Liphook
fPopham, Francis Leyborne.. .Puckaster,I.of Wight

Members.

Addison, .Joseph . . . Mapledurwell, Basingstoke
i Allen, Stephen H.. . .Eastover, Andover
Arnold, Matthew. . . Westmeon, Petersfield
Ashburton, Lord. . .The Grange, Alresford
1 Awbery, F. D, . . . St. Lawrence Wootton, Basingstoke

Beadon, Rev. F North Stoneham Rectory

I Bell, J. Atkinson. .The Firs, West Heath, Basingstoke
fBest, Hon and Rev. S.. . .Abbots Ann, Andover
Best, Rev. Thomas. . .Red Rice House, Andover
Blackburne, J. Taddy. . .The Camp Farm, Aldershot
Blundell, Joseph. . .3, Portland Street, Southampton
Bone, Henry. . . Avon, Ringwood

Boxall, W. B Strathfleldsaye, Winchfield

Brook, James. . .Park Farm, St. Helens, Isle of Wight
Budd, Francis. . .Hatch 'Warren, Basingstoke
' Bundy, Thomas . . . Eastleigh, Southampton
Burnett, David . . . Ashley,. .Stockbridge

XIV

List of Governors and Members of the

Carnegie, lion. J. J.. . .Fair Oak, Petorsfiold
fCarter, John Bonham, M.P.. ..Adhurst St. Marj-’s

Chalcraft, H Millhall Cottage, Alton

Chalcraft, James. ..Stroud, Petersfleld
Chalcraft, William . . . liramshot House, Liphook

fChambcrlayne, T Cranbury Park. Winchester

Charles, James. . .Home Farm, Hursley, Winchester
Cliinery, John. . .Wootton, Milton, Lymlngtoii

fCholmondeley, Lord II Holly Hill. Southampton

fChurchill, George. . .Aldershot, Fordingbridge
Chute, W. L. Wlgget. . .The Vyne, Basingstoke
Colcberd, Robert. . .Purewell Farm, Christchurch
fCollins, Henry. . . Aldsworth House, Emsworth
fCompton, H.C.. .Minstead Manor House, Lyndhurst

Cumberbatch, L Queens House, Lyndhurst

Currie, Raikes. . .Minley Manor, Farnborough
Curtis, Charles E.. . .Farringdon, Alton
Dear, H. C. . . .North Stonham Park, Southampton
Deverell, John. . .Purbrook Park, Portsmouth
Dickinson, AVilliam. . .New Park, Lymington
fDoridant, Charles. . .Aldershot Park
Dorrington, Charles H. . . .Otterburne, Winchester
Drewitt, Henry. . . Milvill Farm, Titchficld
f Duncan, George. . .Coldrey, Alton
Duplessis, Jules. . .Newtown Park, Lymington

Erie, Rt. Hon. Sir W Bramshot Grange, Liphook

Esdaile, W. C. D. . . . Burley Park, Ringwood
f Eyre, G. E.. . .Warrens, Stouey Cross, Southampton
f Farr, William Wyndham. . . Iford, Christchurch
Freeman, W. P. W.. . .Pylewell, Lymington
Gater, John. . .West End, Southampton
Gervis, Sir G. Eliot MeyrickT., Bt. . .Hinton Admiral,
Christchurch

Gibbins, Henry. . .Bedhampton Manor, Havant
Gilbert, F. AV.. .Little Eastley, Bishopstoke
f Goddard, William R.. .Glaston Hill House, Eversley
+Gotch, W. H.. . .Chilcombe Farm. Winchester
Greene, William. . .Ditcham Park, Petersfield
Hall, Alexander Hall. . .AVtitergate, Emsworth

Hall, Captain Angus AV Claremont, Millbrook

-j-Hambrough, A. J. . .Steephill Castle, Ventnor, I.AV'.
f Ileathcote, Capt. E. . .Blanshard, Lyndhurst
Hetherington, Robert. . .Ropley, Alresford
Hewett, James. . .Posbrooke, Titclifield
Holding, Henry .. .Fardington, Alton
Holloway, Horatio . . . Marchwood, Southampton
Houghton, John S. . .Landport Station
-f-Hylton, Lord... Heath House, Petersfield
Jefierys, N. N..Hollybrook Ho., Shirley, Southampton
•{■Jervolse, F. Ellis, J. . . . Herriards Park, Basingstoke
Kent, George E.. . .North End, Portsea

King, C. A Branksome Dene, Bournemouth

King, AV. David.. .High Street, Portsmouth
Knight, Edward. . .Chawton House, Alton
fKnighton, Sir AA''.,Bt.. .Blendworth Lodge, Horndcan
Lane, John . .Gatcombe House.Newport, Isle of AVight
Leedham, VATUiam. . .Andover

Leggatt, H. B Brownwich, Fareham

Leggatt, S. B Crofton, Titchfield

Linzee, Robert G.. . . Jeimyns, Romsey

+Longcroft, C. J Havant

Lyne, R. Seager. . .Compton, AA'^inchestev
McCalmont, A. L., . .Ampficld, Romsey

Malmesbury, Earl of, Heron Court. Christchurch
Marsh, Matthew H.. . .Ramridge, Andover
Maxse, Captain, R.N.. . .Holly Hill, Southampton
fMildmay, Sir II. St. John, Bart...AVinchfield
Mills, John. ..Bisteme, Ringwood
Morant, George. .. Farnborough
Newton, F. H.. . .Gore Farm. Lymington
Nichols, Ben. . .AWst End Farm, Aldershot

-t-Nighiingale, W. E Embley, Romsey

fOhrly, H. G., jun.. Downside, Ventnor, IsleofAVight
Padwlck, Richard. . .West Thomey, Emsworth
Pain, Thomas. . .The Grove, Basingstoke
Palmer, George. . .Greenwood, Bishops AValtham
Parkin, P. AV... .Ridgemouut, Bassett, Southampton
fPeacocke, AA'arren...Efford, Lymington
Perkins, AValter, Bowling Green House, Southampton
f Peterson, A. T. T.. . .Drumdnar, Lymington
fPinnegar, Christopher. . .Rockboume, Fordingbridge
Pratt, Frederick. ..AVestmeon, Petersfield
Pulteney, J. G. Beaumont. . .Lyndhurst
Purrott, C.. . .Cliftonville, AVestend, Southampton
fRaynbird, Hugh... Church Street, Basingstoke
fRicards, Mortimer. ..Bure Homage, Chiistchurch

Ridge, T. J Hambledon, Horudean

Rosling, Edward. . . Droxford, Southampton
Salt, Ifcrbert. . .Thoms, Lymington
Scott, T. R.. . .Porchester Farm, Fareham
Seal, C. AV.. . .Herriard Grange, Basingstoke
Shrubb, J. Lane. . .Rodlease, Lymington
Simonds, W. B., M.P. . . .Abbot’s Barton, AVinchester
fSpooner, AV. C.. . .Southampton
-(■Stratton, James... Chilcombe, AVinchester
Tasker, William. . .Andover

Taylor, Sir Charles, Bart Forest Lodge, Liphook

fTaylor, H. Minton. . .Shaldon Manor, Alton
Thistlethwayte, T.. . .Southwlcke Park,*Fareham
Timson, Rev. E.. . .Tatohbury, Southampton
Torr, Rev. T. J.. . .Dummer House, Basingstoke
Toward, Andrew. . .Osborne, Isle of AVight
Trimmer, Charles. . .Alton
f AVaddington, John. . .Langrish House, Petersfield
-[■AValkcr, James. . .Buriton Manor Farm, Petersfield
AVallis, Arthur. . .Basingstoke

AVarner, Henry, Jun Farringdon, Alton

i AVelhngton, Duke of. . .Strathfieldsaye, AA'inchfield
fAVhitear, R. B.. . .Martyr AA’orthy, AVinchester
AVhitley, Henry E — Basingstoke
f AVinchester, Marquis of. . .Amport House, Andover
AVood, Henry... AVoolley House, Romsey
f AVood, John. . .Sheddon Grange, Alton
AA'oodman, Richard. . .Somborne Park, Stockbrldge
AVooldridge, Henry . . . Meon Stoke, Bishops AValtham

HEBEFOEDSHIRE.

Governors.

tArkwright, J. H.. . .Hampton Court, Leominster
•fClive, Rev. Archer. . .AVhitfleld Court, Hereford

Members.

■f- Alexander, Edward . . . Leominster
fAllen, B. Halgh. . .Clifford Priory, H®^®“rd
Armitage, Arthur. , .Moraston, Ross

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

f Baillic, Ilaniilton. . .Bronsil, Ledbury
Bullard, Philip. . - Leighton Court, Bromyard
fBaruaby, William. . .Clater Park, Bromyard
f Bateman, Lord . . . Shobdou Court, Shohdcii
Beever, Rev. W. ilolt. . . I’encraig Court, Ross
Bennett, James.. .Jngestone, Russ

Birch, T Broomyhill Farm, Belmont, Hereford

Blashill, Henry. . .36, New Market Street, Hereford
fBlissett, Rev. H. . , . Letton Weobley, Hereford
Bosley, John. . .Lower Leyde, Hereford
Boulton, Richard C.... Lower Ballingham, Ross

Bradstock, Thomas S Cobrey P.ark, Ross

Bray, George. . .The Haven, Pembridge

Britten, William E.. ..Stapleton, Presteign

Brown, Thomas James, . .The Moor, Hereford

Brunsdon, Benjamin. , .Ross

Cadle, John. . .Ross

Caldwall, Bonham. . .Leominster

fChadwick, Elias... Pudleston Court, Leominster

Clark, Thomas... Dcmdale, Hereford

Clive, George . . .Perry stone, Ross

fCookc, Henry... Widemarshe Street, Hereford

■j-Cotterell, Sir H. G., Bart Garnons, Hereford

•j-Crunston, Thomas. . .Little Dilwyn, Leominster
Davies, Rev. James . . . Moor Court, Kington
Davies, Thomas... Burlton Court, Burghill, Hereford
Dew, Tomkyns. . .Whitney Court, R.S.O.

Downing, J. Bearcroft. . .Holme Lacey, Hereford
Duckham, Thomas. . .Baysham Court, Boss
•j-Dunne, Thomas. . .Bircher, Leominster
Edwards, Henry N.. . . Broadwood, Leominster
Evans, E. M.. . .Llwynbarricd, Nantmel, Kington

Evans, H. R., juu Swanstone Court, Leominster

-j-Evans, R. W.. . .Eyton Hall, Leominster

f Evans, Rev. AVilliam E Burton Court

Farmer, James. . .Lawton, Pembridge
•J-Farr, Richard. . .Hereford
Garrold, R. H.. . .Kilforge, Ross
Gibbons, Henry. . .Hampton Bishop, Hereford
Godwin, William. . .Lugwardine, Hereford
Greenly, Charles Williams. . .Titley Court, Tltley
GrifBthes, Edward. . .New Court, Hereford
GrifiSths, John Harward. . .The Weir, Hereford
Hall, George. . .Garford, Yarkhill, Ledbury
-|-Hall, William. . .Ashton, Leominster
Harrison, Colonel Broadley . . . Kynastone, Ross
tllawkins, Thos., jun.. .Mannington House, Hereford
Haywood, Henry. . . Blakemere House, Hereford
fHerbert, John Maurice ... Rocklands, Ross
Heygate, Captain E. N.. . .Buckland, Leominster
•f-Higginson, E.. . .Saltmarsh, Bromyard
Hill, Rev. R. P.. . . Bromesberrow, Ledbury
Hopton, John. . .Canon Frome Court, Ledbury

Hoskyns, C. Wren, M.P Harewood, Ross

Jackson, P. R.. . .Blackbrook, Gresmont, Hereford
fJowitt, Thomas. . .The Old Weir, Hereford
Morris, John. . .Town House, Madley, Hereford
Morris, Walter. . .Dewsall Court, Hereford
Mumford, William... Crcdenhill, Hereford
Partridge, John. . .Bishops Wood, Ross
jPateshall, Evan...Allensmore Court, Hereford
fPitt, George. . .Chaduor Court, Dilwyn, Leominster
Powell, W. R. Howell. . .Maesy wynne, Whitland

fPower, K. Manley. . .The Hill Cotirt, Ross
f Prosser, F. Wegg. . .Belmont, Hereford
Pulley, Joseph. . .Lower Eaton
f Pye, G.. . .Widemarshe Street, Hereford
fRidler, R. H.. . .Holme Lacey, Hereford
f Riley, John, . .Putley Court, Ledbury
fRobinson, S.. , .Lynhales, Kington
Rogers, Thomas. . .Coxall, Brampton Brian
fSL John, Hon. B. M.. . .Oaklands, Leomiusler
fSalvin, M. C.. . .Sarnsfield Court, Kington
Scudamore, Lieut.-Col.. . .Kentchurch Court, Hereford
Sharpe, Octavius. . .Bampton Abbotts, Ross
Smith, J. Lambourne. , .Ledbuiyj
fSpencer, Edwin. . .Bircher, Leominster
Stallard, William. ..Aylestone Hill, Hereford
■(•Stedman, James... Lucton, Leominster
fStevenson, Capt. C. B....Hennor House, Leominster
fSymondson, T. P.. . .Pengethley, Ross
Taylor, Henry T.. . .Holmer House, Hereford

Taylor, W Showle Court, Stoke Edith, Hereford

Taylor, AVilliam. . .Thiugehill Court, Hereford
fThomas, Rev. W. Jones. . .Llan Thomas, Hay
Turner, Philip. . .The Leen, Pembridge
Turner, Thomas. . .Merry vale, Ross

Turner, T. A Staunton-on-Arrow, Leominster

fVevers, Charles... Ivington Park, Leominster
Walker, John. . .Westfield House, Holmer, Hereford
fWight, J. Lane. . .Tedstone Court, Bromyard
Wigmore, John . . . Weston-under-Penyard, Ross
Wlnnall, John. . .Eccleswall Court, Ross
Yeld, George. . .Twyford, Pembridge
•fYeomans, John H.. . .Stretton Court, Hereford

HESTFORDSHIRE.

Governor.

Essex, The Earl of. . .Cassiobury Park, Watford
Members

Allnutt, Albert A.. . .Hunsdon Lodge, Ware
Ames, Lionel. . .The Hyde, St. Albans
Amos, James C — West Barnet Lodge, Lyonsdown,.
Chipping Barnet

•j-Bailey, J.. . .Rose Cottage, St. Stephens, St. Albans

f Barnes, C. A.. . .Charlingwood, Rickmansworth

f Baxendale, Joseph. . . Woodside, Whetstone

Baxendale, Richard B.. . .Whetstone

f Beldam, Valentine. . .Royston

f Bennell, Joseph . . . Hitchin

Best, John B.. . .Stanstead Abbotts, W'are

Blake, William John. . .Danesbury, Welwyn

Booth, E. W.. . .Trent Park Farm, New Barnet

fBosanquet, H. S — Broxbourne Park, Hoddesdon

Brown, John. . .Tring

Brown, WTlliam. . .Tring

fCarew, R. Russell. . .Carpender’s Park, Watford

-|-Camegie, David. . .Eastbury, Watford

Cater, J. W.. . .West Lodge, Barnet

Clarendon, Earl of. . .The Grove, Watford

fClayden, John Carter. . .Hadley, Barnet

Coles, Walter T.. . .Bushey Lodge Farm, Watford

Collin, Rev. John. . .Rickling, Bishop Stortford

fCrofts, Lieut. R. B., R.N.. . .Great Cozens, Ware

XYI

List of Governors and Members of the

■Curtis, Thomas. . .The Hall, Berkhampstead
Hacre, Lord. . .The Hoo, Welwyn
•f-Denton, J. Bailey. . .Orchard Court, Stevenage
Be Bothschild, Sir A., Bart.. . .Aston Clinton, Tring
•(■Doggett, Arthur. . .Newnham, Baldock
Doggett, Thomas W....Sandon, Eoyston
Borrington, C.. . .Bridchall Farm, St. Albans
Elliot, John. . .Moor Park Farm, Rlckm.answorlh
Faber, C. Wilson. . .Northaw House, Barnet
Fawcett, E. A.. . .Childwick Hall, St. Albans
Field, James Pope. . .Hammonds End, Harpenden
•f-Fordham, E. King. . .Ashwell, Baldock
Fordhain, John George. . .Royston
Foster, Matthew H. . . .Little Wymondeley, Stevenage
Fowler, L. P.. . .Little Bushey Farm, Bushey
Garrard, C. B. Brake. . .Lamar Hall, St. Albans
‘Greville, Lord. . .North Mimms Park, Hatfield
Hales, Clarke. . . Bassingbourne, Royston
Hanbury, Robert. . .Poles, Ware
•J-Heale, Henry Newton . .Highfield, Hemel Hempstead
Heard, William. . .St. Margaret’s, Ware

LHodgson, Henry T Harpenden, St. Albans

LHodgson, William... Gilston Park

fHoublon, J. A. . .Hallingbury Place, Bishop Stortford

Humpidge, Thomas. . .Burleigh, Cheshunt

f Jonas, William. . .Heydon, Roystoji

f Kemble, H.. . .Potter’s Bar, Barnet

King, Charles. . .North Lodge Farm, Potter’s Bar

Kingsliy, Thomas. . .Boars Croft, Tring

Lawes, J. Bennett. . . . Rothamsted Park, St. Albans]

Lloyd, John,. . .Kingsbury, St. Albans

-(•Loyd, W. Jones. . . Langieybury, Watford

•(•Marjoribanks, B. C Bushey Hall Farm, Watford

-(■Marsh, Richard. . .Little Offley House, Hitchin
Mello, William. . .Chadwell, Ware
Mott, Thomas. . .Much Hadham, Ware
Nash, Charles . . . Eoyston
Nunn, Edmund B.. ..Royston
Parker, William. . .The Park, Ware
•(•Parris, J. W.. . .Famham, Bishop Stortford
Parry, Nicholas. . .Little Hadham, Ware
-(d’atmore, James. . .Hockerhill, Bishop Stortford
Peart, Isaac. . .Tewin Bury, Hertford
fPerkins, Henry. . .Thriplow, Royston
fPerkins, Thomas. . .Hitchin
Pocock, George. ..Holywell House, St. Albans
•(•Pollard, Jose^. . .Highdown, Hitchin
Prout, John. . .Blount’s Farm, Sawbridgeworth
Prout, W. A. . . . Blounts, .Sawbridgeworth
Rankcn, W. B.. . .Abbots Langley House

Eix, N London Colney, St. Albans

Roberts, Edward. . .Berden Hall, Bishop Stortford

Roberts, W. H Alms Hoe Bury, Hitchin

-(•Ryder, Hon. G. B. . .Westbrook, Hemel Hempstead

Sedgwick, A. 0.. . .Watford

+Seymour,Rev.Sir J. H. C.,Northchurch,Berkhampstd

Silvester, F. Robert. . .St. Albans

Sladen, Joseph. . .Hartsboume Manor, Watford

■fSmith, Abel, M.P.. . . Woodhall Park, Hertford

•(■Smith. Robert. . .Goldings, Hertford

Snewing, Charles. . .Holywell Farm, Watford

•(■Strafford, Earl of. . .Wrotham Park, Barnet

tSurtees, H. E.. . .Bane End, Ware

Sworder, Henry. .Hallingbury Hall,Bishop’s Storl iord
Sworder, John. ..West Mill Bury, Buntingford
Taylor, John . . . Aston Clinton, Tring
fThurnall, Henry. . .Royston
Tompkins, John. . .Town Farm, Ivinghoe, Tring

Trower, Captain E. S Stansteadbury, AVare

Walbey, Samuel. . .Barley, Royston
AVedd, E. A. . . .Foulmire, Royston

AA^ilkins, R. U Broadfield, Buntingford

tAV^llshere, C. AAf The Frythe, AAi^elwyn

■(■AVimbush, Barnes. . .New Barnet

i AA’odehouse, AA'^. H AVoolmer’s Park, Hertford

AVortham, Biscoe Hill. . .Eoyston

HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

Governor.

■{■Fellowes, E., M.P. . . .Ramsey Abbey, Huntingdon
Members.

•(■Baker, Lake John. . .Hargrave, Kirabolton
f Battcock, F, . . . Hemingford Abbotts, St. Ives
fBeart, Robert. . .Godmanchester, Huntingdon
fBevan, G. Innes. . .Godmanchester, Himtingdoir
fBird, John. . .Yaxley, Stilton
•(•Brown, Potto. . .Houghton, Huntingdon
Cheere, Rev. Frederick. . .Papworth Hall, St. Ives
•(Cranfield, AVilliam...Buckden, Huntingdon

Baintree, George E Fenton, Warboys

Baintree, J. 0 The Grange, Lohvorth, St. Ives

fBay, Samuel. . .St. Neot's

f Finch, Rev. AV AVarboys

I -(Greene, Harry’ Arthur. . .Crown Street, St. Ivos

fHeathcote, John M Connington Castle, Stilton

How, James. . .Broughton, Huntingdon
f Johnstone, Rev. George. . .Broughton
i tLintoh, Rev. J.. . .Hemingford House, St. Ives
-(Manchester, Duke of. . .Kimbolton Castle
filafgsttSi Sharles. . .Huntingdon
Middleton, Saville. . .AVater Newton
fMorrison, John. . .Bushmead Priory, St. Neots
fNewton, G. Onslow. . .Croxted Park, St. Neots
•(Newton, S. C.. . .The Down, Croxton, St. Neots

fPeppercorne, J. H Eaton Socon, St. Neots

I’urves, Peter. . .Brampton, Huntingdon
Rowell, John . . . Ramsey
j Rust, James. . .Alconbmy, Huntingdon
I Sandwich, Earl of. . .Hinchingbrooke House
I fSherard, Lord P. Castel. . .Glatton, Stilton

I Squire, Edward F Cross Hall, St. Neots

I fStuart, Lieut.-Colonel. . .Tempsford Hall, St. Neots
Thornhill, George. . .Biddington, Huntingdon
fTillard, Philip. . .Stukely Hall, Huntingdon
AYelstead, F. . . .The Cottage, Stonely, Kimbolton
AVillson, J. Larkham. . .Kimbolton
AVindover, Charles S Huntingdon

KENT.

Governors.

Darnley, Earl of. . .Cobham Hall, Gravesend
Fite AYalter, Lord. . .Godnestone Park, AVinghara

XVI r

Itoyal A(]ricultural Society of Enyhnd.

Loyd, Lewis. . .Monks Orchard, Bromley
) fTorrlngtoii, Viscount. . .Yokes Court, Mereworth

Members.

!+Abcrgavenny, Earl of. . .Erldgo Castle, Tunb. Wells
tAdanis, O. T.. . .Hawkhurst
Alexander, J. C. .. .Herne Hill, Faversliam

f Alexander, R„ C.B Downs House, Staplehurst

Amos, James, jun,. . .Broomfield, Herne Bay
, f Anderson, AVilllam. . .Lesney House, Eritb
Andrews, Onslow . . . Brabourne, jVsbford
f Appacb, Reginald. . .Maytham Hall, Rolvendcn
Alabin, W. St. Julien. . .Pope Street, Eltham
Arbuthnot, W. Urqubart. . .Bridgen Place
Aveling, Thomas. . .Rochester
i Awcock, Henry. . .Oxen Heath, Tunbridge
Bacon, James. . .Pluckley, Ashford
Baker, Fredk.. . .Manor Farm, Frindsbuiy, Rochester
Baldwin, W. T. . . .Steed Hill, Maidstone
•(•Balston, Richard J.. . .Boxley Abbey, Maidstone
Ralston, Thomas. . .Chart Sutton, Staplehurst
f liannerman, Henry . . . Hunton Court, Maidstone
fBayden, Thomas. . .Hy the
tB.ayden, Thomas, jun.. . .Hythe
f Beale, William. . .Larkins Farm, Chiddingstone
fBcan, Alfred W....Dausome Park, MTlling
f Beard, Frederic. . .Horton, Canterbury
Beer, James Henry. . .29, St. George’s St., Canterbury
Bell, Matthew. . .Bourne I’ark, Canterbury
Blenkiron, AVilliam. . .Middle Park, Eltham
fBlow, W. W., . .Temple Mount, Belvedere Park
fBoard, John. . .'Westerham, Sevenoaks

Buckland, John A Biddendeu, Staplehurst

Burrows, C. Acton ... Lamherhurst, Hawkhurst
Bushell, William. . .Poulton, Wingham
Butcher, Thomas. . .Selling, Faversham
Butcher, William. . .Gosmere, Selling, Faversham
Campbell-Bannerman H., M.P.. . .Genuings I’ark,
Maidstone

I Carr, William. . .Dene Park, Tunbridge
k Carter, AVilliam. . .Boughton Blean, Faversham
t Castle, 'William. . .Yorkc Farm, Strood, Rochester

9 Champion, F. C 2, Kldbrook Villas, Blackheath

► tCheesman, Frederick. . .Little Chart, Ashford
t Chittenden, Andrew. . .Detling, Alaidstone
a Chittenden, James. . .Hope All Saints, New Romney
fc Chittenden, John. . .Newchurch, New Romney
P • Clarke, Edward S Gleheland House, Lee

iCoatsworth, J.. . .Layhams, West Wiclcham, Bromley
Cobb, John. . .Sheldwick, Faversham
I Cobb, Robert L.. ..Higham, Rochester
Cobbet, John M.. . .Skeynes, Edeubridge
Coleman. Richard. . .Langdon Abbey, Dover
Collard, Charles. . .Little Barton, Canterbury '
■fColyer, William . . . North End, Crayford
•(•Court, P. Simpson ... 140, Snargate Street, Dover
•(Oox, Henry. . .Trevereux, Edtnbridge

•(Croft, Sir John, Bart Kingsdown, Sittingbourne

Curling, Arthur D.. . .Heme Hill, Faversham
Curling, Edwin Henry. . .Brookland, Whitstable

Dashwood, Maitland Hall Place, Bexley

•(Dawson, William Edward. . .Plumstead Common
Day, John. , .Cliilham, Canterbury

I fDcacon, John. . .Mabledon, Tunbridge
Deedcs, Lieut.-Colonel IV.. . .Sandling Park, Hythe
i fDe LTsle and Dudley, Lord . . . Penshurst Park
Delves, William ... 1 1 argate Lodge, Tunbridge W ells

Devas, Charles F Bromley Lodge

Dixon, Henry. . .Frankham, Tunbridge Wells

f Dowse, W. T Chelsfield Hall Farm, Orpington

Dyke, Sir P. H„ Bart Lulliugstone Castle, Hartford

Dyke, ^Vm. Hart, M.P. . .Lullingstoue Castle, Dartford
•(Easton, James. . .Hoath Court, Blean, Canterbury
Edwards, James L. ... Rochester

Eley, W. H Isliugham, Frindsbury, Rochester

f Elgar, Frederick. . .St. Margaret’s, Rochester
fEllis, Robert Ridge. . . Yaldiug
Evans, R. Percival. . . Watling Court, Canterbury
Evershed, John. . . Ilartfield, Tunbridge Wells
Falmoutb, Viscount. . .Mereworth Castle, Maidstone
Field, George. . .Ashurst Park
Filmer, Sir E„ Bart.. .East Sutton I’ark, Staplehurst
Finnis, Sterriker. . .The Elms, Hougham, Dover
f Fletcher, Miijor-General E. C... .Kenward, Yalding
fFord, Sir F. C., Bart.. . . Ilartfield, Tunbridge YV’ells
Franks, George. . .Thong, Gravesend
fFremlin, W. Arthur.. .Teston, Maidstone
•(Fry, James Thomas. . .Boston, Bromley
Gardner, William. . .Bekesbourne, Canterbury
Gascoyne, W. M'bitehcad. . .Sittingbourne
■(•Geary, .Sir W. R. P., Bart.. . .0.\en Heath, Tunbridge
(iibbens, Edward. . .Minster, Isle of Thanet
Godwin, J. S. S.. . .AVest Peckham, Maidstone.
fGoldsmid, Julian, M.P.. . .Summerhill, Tunbridge
fGoodhart, Charles E.. . .Langley, Beckenham
fGordon, Admiral. . .Ingledon, St. -.Michael’s, Ashford
■(Gow, James. . .Fowlers Park, Hawkhurst

fHamilton, AV. M 2, Orchard Place, Canterbury

Hankey, G. A EYaut, Tunbridge AV’clls

Hardinge, E. S.. . . Bounds Park, 'Punbridge AVells
Harvey, J. J.. .Stalenborough House, Sandwich

Harvey, AV. E' Thruxted, Cbartham,Canterbuiy

Hatfield, C. 'T.. . .Hartsdown House, Margate
Henderson, John. . .The Shrubbery, Sandwich
Herring, Frank.. .Brasted Park E'arm, Sevenoaks
fHilder, AV.. . .Coldharbour Farm, Tenterden
Hilton, Henry. . .Selling, Faversham
Elilton, Robert S. . . . Harbledown, Canterbury
Hilton, S. M.. . .Brambling, AA’ingbam

Hilton, Captain T Nackington House, Canterbury

I Hodsoll, J. Hackett. . .Loose Court, Maidstone
' Holmden, James. . .Marlpit Hill, Edenbridge
Hooper, George. . .Cottington Court, Deal
■(Hughes, Hugh. . .Brightling, Hawkhurst
.lackson, Thomas. . .Eltham Park

■lames. Sir AV. C., Bart Betteshangcr, Sandwich

Kibble, Thomas. . .Green Trees, Tunbridge
flungsnorth, Alfred. . .Great Chart, Ashford
flvingsnorth, Edward. . .Brookland, New Romney

Kirkpatrick, Captain J Monks Horton, Hythe

Knight, Richard. . .Bobbing Court, Sittingbounie
Knight, Richard Lake. . .Bobbing, Sittingbourne
I t Lake, Edward ... H ill Side, Strood
I Lake, Frederick. . .Rodmersham, Sittingbourne
Lake, J , . .Newlands, Teynham, Sittingbourne
i Lake, Robert. . . Jlilton, C.mterbury

XVIII

List of Governors and Members of the

+Lake, Robert. . .Oakley, Rochester
f Lake, Thomas. . .Tongo, Sittiugbounio
Larking, J. AVingfield. . .The Firs, Lee
fLeese, C. Stuart. . .Divan Court, Faversham
Lempriere, Major H.. . .I’embury, Tunbridge Wells
Leney, Charles. . .Haddon I’lace, Tunbridge
Leney, Edward. . .Hadlow Place, Hadlow
Lennard, Colonel J. F.. . .Wickham Court, Bromley
Levett, William. . .Glassenbury, Cranbrook
Lewis, I. H. .Gallants Court, East Farleigb, Maidstone
Love, S.. . .The AVater House, Shoreham, Sevenoaks
■(■Loyd, Lieut.-Col. E. . . . Lillsden, Hawkhurst

Luck, Captain F Ilartlip, Sittingboume

Mace, J. Ellis. . .Ashford Road, Tenterden
Mac George, John. . .Great Chart, Ashford
fMaitland, Colonel . . . Holly wych, Edeubridgo
Mannington, A.. . .Staplecross, Hawkhurst
Mannington, Isaac. . .Ewhurst, Hawkhurst
Manwaring, T. . . Mare Place, Brenchley, Staplehurst
Marten, John. . .Chilham, Canterbury
Marten, Peter. . .Chilham, Canterbury
tMartin, P. Wykeham,M.P.. .Leeds Castle, Maidstone

Mercer, AV Grove House, Hunton, Staplehurst

fMills, J. R Kingswood Lodge, Tunbridge AVclls

Miskin, AVilliam. . .Hoo, Rochester
Mockford.iAAL G. S.. . .Vanbrugh House, Blackheath
Monckton, Edward. . .The Hectorage, Tunbridge
Monckton, Frederick. . .Hadlow, Tunbridge
fMoore, Rev. Edward. . .Theobalds, Hawkhurst

Moore, Rev. G. Bridges Tunstall, Sittingboume

Morland,AV.Courtenay . . TheCourtLodgc.Lamberhurst
•(■Morley, H. Hope. . .Hall Place, Tunbridge

Morton, J. T Darenth, Dartford

•(■Munn, Major. . .Churchill House, Dover
Murton, Frederick. . .Smeeth, Ashford
Murton, AVilliam. . .Tunstall, Sittingboume
Neame, Charles. . .Copton, Faversh.am
fNeame, Edward. . .Selling Court, Faversham
fNeame, Edwin. . .Harefield, Selling, Faversham
Neame, Frederick. . .Macknade, Faversham
f Neame,H.B„N orth Court . Lower Hardres.Canterbury
Neame, Percy B. . . .The Mount, Ospringe, Faversham
Neame, Robert. . .Boughton Blean, Faversham
Neve, Charles. .Amberfield, Chart Sutton, Staplehurst
Neve, George. . .Sissinghurst, Staplehurst
Neve, Richard. . .Benenden, Staplehurst
fNoakes, John T. . . . Breckley House, Lewishom
f Norman, G. Warde. . .Bromley
Orlebar, H. A.. .34, Lansdowne Rd,, Tunbridge AVells
fPaine, Jeremiah. . .Sutton Valence, Staplehurst
fPage, Henry. . .AValmer Court, AValmer
f Paterson, Richard. . .Leesons, Chiselhurst
Peppercome, Henry. . .East Mailing, Maidstone
Perkins, Thomas. . .AVillesborough, Ashford
Perkins, AVilliam. . .Brabourne, Ashford
Phelps, H. G. Hart. . .Ridley Parsonage, AVrotham
Phipps, Filmer. . .River, Dover
Hlcher, Jesse. . .Cheriton Court, Hythe
fPiper, Edward. . .Hensill, Hawkhurst
Playfair, G. Gedge.. . .Errol Villa, Lee, S.E.
Plumptre,Cliarles J.. . .Pedding House, Sandwich
Plumptre.J. Bridges. .Goodnestone Farm, AVingham
fPomfret, Virgil... Tenterden

Prentice, Edwiird. . .Chalk,'Gravesend
I’ryke, J. P.. . . Aldersfield Hall, AVickhambrook
fPye, Henry... St. Mary’s Hall, Rochester
Pye, James. . .Knight Place, Rochester
Rammcll, AV. Lake. . .Sturry Court, Canterbury
Ramsbotham,J.CrowboroughWarren,Tunbridge AVells
Reeves, AVilliam. . .Chittenden, Staplehurst
Rice, E. Royd. . .Dane Court, AVingham
Robinson John. . .AVingham, Sandwich ’

Romney, Earl of. . .The Mote, Maidstone
Russell, George. . .Manor House, Plumstead
Russell, John. . .Sutton-at-Hove, Dartford
Russell, Robert. . . Horton Kirby, Dartford

Rutherford, T. B Hothfield, Ashford

Ruxton, G. F. Symonds. .The Crook Farm, Brenchley
Staplehurst

Salomons, Sir D., Bt, M.P.. .Broom Hill, Tunbridge
fSaudford, Marks. . .Martin, Dover

fSankey, R. J South Hill, Ashford

Scott, John. . .AVouldham, Rochester

Selmes, J.. . .Tufton Place, Northlam, Staplehurst

Shafto, T. D Cheveney House, Hunton, Maidstone

Sharpe, AV. Barling. . .Baker’s Cross, Cranbrook

Shrabsole, S Hill House, Chalkwell, Sittingboume

fSIade, A. F Kemmal House, Chiselhurst

Smith, AV.. . .Chimhams, Farningbam, Dartford
Smithell, R. Hudson. . .Hengrove House, Margate
SoUy, G. B. . . . Monkton Court, Ramsgate

fStilwell, A. F Sheperdswell, Dover

Stirling, Sir AV.,'Bt. . . .Burr’s AVood, Tunbridge AVells
Stone, J. J.. . .AVickham Rd., Upper Lewisham Kd.
fStoneham, Frederick. . .Crayford

Stratton, Rev. J. Y Ditton Rectory, Maidstone

f Stunt, AV. C... .Brogdale, Ospringe, Faversham
Sturgess, Thomas. . .Penshurst, Tunbridge
Swindley, Major . . .HerrLackenden Ho., AV’oodchurch
Sydney, Viscount. . .Frognal, Foot’s Cray
Talbot, J. Gilbert, M.P.. . .Falconhurst, Edenbridge

Taylor, AV AVickham Court Fam, Beckenham

Toomer, George E. . .Preston Court, AVingham
Townend, Thomas. . .Ivnockholt
Turner, Frederick. . .Nizels, Tunbridge
Tylden-Pattenson, Captain. . .Ibornden, Biddeudeu,
Staplehurst

Tyser, G. D Hollanden Park, Tunbridge

f Umfreville, S. C. . . . Ingress Abbey, Greenhithc
f AValdo, E. AV. Meade. . .Stone AVall, Edenbridge '
fAVall, AVilliam IL. . .Pembury, Tunbridge AVells
AValter, John. ..Borden, Sittingboume
AValter, AVilliam. . .Ralnham, Sittingboume
Warde, Ambrose. . .West Farleigb, Maidstone
AVaring, AVilliam. . .Chelsfield
AVhite, George. . .Hunton, Maidstone
AVhite, J. Baker. . .Street End House, Canterbury
fAVhltehead, Charles. . .Banning House, Maidstone
AVhitehead, .John. . .AVest Barming, Maidstone
AVhitehead, Richard. . .AVest Farleigb, Maidstone
AVhitworth, G.. . .Jamaica Level, Rotherhithe, S.K.
fWilson, Edward. . .Hayes, Bromley
AVood, John...Singlewell, Gravesend
AVoodhams, Frank. . . Frindsbury, Rochester
AA’yles, Thomas. . .Frindsbury, Rochester
Yardley, Sir AVilliam. . . Hadlow Park, Tunbridge

XIX

Royal Agricultural

LANCASHIRE.

Governors.

+Brooks,\V. Cunliffc, M.l’. . . Barlow Hall, Manchester

Devonshire, The Duke of, K.G Holker Hall

fEllesmere, Earl of. . .Worsley Hall, Manchester

tHoghton, Sir Henry de, Bart Preston’

Patten, Col. J. AVilson, M.P Bank Hall, Warrington

tSefton, Earl of. . . .Croxteth, Liverpool
fSkelmersdale, Lord . . . Lathom House, th-mskirk
Towncley, Colonel Charles. . .Towneley, Burnley

Memhers.

Agnew, C. Swain. . .Springfield, Eccles, Manchester

Aghew, T. jun Hopeleigh, Eccles, Manchester

Allender, H. J Breckside Pk., Anfleld, Liverpool

Ashworth, Alfred. . .Egerton Hall, Bolton

Ashworth, Charles E Fairfield, Manchester

fBaldwin, W. J. A.. , .Dalton-in-Fumess
fBannerman, Alexander. . .Lytham
fBarton, J.. . .West Leigh Lodge, Leigh, Manchester
Bass, W.. . .Duckenfield Lodge, Ashton-under-Lyne
Bate, John. . .10, St. Mary’s, Manchester
Baxter, Hem^y John. . .Cheadle, Manchester
Baxter, Thomas. . .Acton Grange, Wamngton
Becker, J. L.. . .Foxdenton, Chadderton, Manchester •
Beswicke-Eoyds, C. R. N. .Pyke House, Littlehorough
tBirchall, Thomas. . .Kibbleton Hall, Preston
Birket, C.. . .Plungington Hall, Preston
Blackburne, J. Ireland. . .Hale, Warrington
Blackbume, Lt. Col. Ireland. . .Hale Hall, Warrington
fBoddington, Henry. . .Monton House, Eccles
fBouck, John T.. . .Manchester
Bowling, Roger. . .Forton Lodge, Garstang
Bradshaw, William. . . Levenshulme, Manchester

Brierley, Charles W Rhodes House, Middleton

Brogden, Alexander, M.P. . . .Ulverston

Bromley, “James. . .Forton, Garstang

Bromley, John. . .Lancaster

Brooks, J. M....V, Charlotte Street, Manchester

Brown, Edward. . .Worsley Grange, Manchester

fButler, Thomas. . .Dalton-in-Fumess

Calvert, Dr. F. C. . . . Bradford, Manchester

tCameron, A. H. F.. . .Shell Road, Livei'pool

Carruthers, G. B. . . Westbourne Terrace, Lancaster

Castellain, Alfred. . .Liverpool

•fKIhadwick, F.. . .The Hermitage, Grimsargh, Preston

Chandler, Henry. . .Salford, Manchester

Clare, C. Leigh. . .Higher Broughton, Manchester

Clarke, W. B. . . Barwickstead, Beckermet, Camforth

Clifton, Thomas H.. . .Lytham Hall, Lytham

fClowes, Edmund Camforth, Lancaster

fCookson, John. . .The Firs, Stretford
Cragg, W. Smith. . .Arkholme, Lancaster
Cranke, John. . .FounLain Street, Ulverston
Craven, James. . .Whalley Range, Manchester
Critchley, Walter R. . . .Salwick Hall, Preston
■fUropper, E. W.. . .Moss Bank, Augkton, Ormskirk
Cross, John. . .78, Cross Street, Manchester

fCross, William A Red Scarr, Preston

Crosse, Thomas B Shaw Hill, Chorley

Croudson, John. . .Urswick, Ulverston
Culshaw, Joseph. . .Towneley, Burnley

Society of England.

Cunliffe, Major Ellis. . .Queen Street, Lytham
Davies, Benjamin. . .Hayton House, Chorley
Dawson, Edward. . .Aldcliffe Hall, Lancaster
f Derby, Earl of. . . Knowsley, Prescot
Derham, James. . .St. Thomas’s Road, Chorley

fDe Trafford, Sir H., Bt Tralford Park, Manchester

Dobell, G C 10, North John Street, Liverpool

f Dodson, Charles E Littledale Hall, Lancaster

fDrewry, George. . .Holker, Grange
f Earle, Frederic W.. . .Edenhurst, Present
Eastwood, George. . .Healey Hall, Burnley
Eckersley, James. . .Burnt House, Chorley
Eckersley, Nathaniel... Standish Hall, Wigan
Eden, Peter. . .Cross Lane, Salford
Edmondson, T. G.. . .Gresgarth Hall, Lancaster
fEntwistlc, John S.. . .Foxholes, Rochdale,

Fair, Jacob W.. . .Lytham, Preston
Fair, Thomas. . .Westwood, Lytham
Farnworth, J. K. . . . Alderley Edge, Manchester
Farrer, James... Ingleborough, Lancaster
Feilden, Lt.-Col. H. M., M.P.. .AVittonPk., Blackburn
fFenton, Joseph. . .Bamford HaU, Rochdale
fFenton, William. . .Beaumonds, Rochdale
f Fielden, John. . .Dobroyd Castle, Todmorden
fFielden, Joshua, M.P. . . Stansfield Hall, Todmorden
fFielden, Samuel. . .Centre Vale, Todmorden
Follows, F. W.. . .Cheetham, Manchester
Gaitskell, Jacob. . .Holmbrook, Camforth
f Gamble, David. . .Gerrard’s Bridge, St. Helen’s
Garnett, Robert. . . Wyreside, Lancaster
Garnett, William. . .Clitheroe

f Garnett, William J Quernmoor Park, Lancaster

fGauthorp, H.. .Moorfield Ho., Widness, Warrington

Gerrard, John. . . Adlington, Chorley

Gillow, Richard C. . . .Leighton Hall, Lancaster

fGorst, William. . .Garston, Liverpool

Gould, John. . .Hyde Hall, Denton, Manchester

Graham, Rev. P.. . .Turncroft, Darwen

Greatorex, Frederick . . . Queen’s Brewery, Manchester

fGreenall, Gilbert. . .Walton Hall, Warrington

f Greene, Thomas. . .Whittington Hall, L.ancastcr

fGregson, Matthew...Toxteth Park, Liverpool

Grundy, Edward S.. . .Reddish HaU, Warrington

f Hannay, R. . . .Springfield, Ulverston

Hare, Theodore J.. . .Crooke Hall, Chorley

Hargreaves, E. H. . . . Kirkham

Harper, William. . .Bury

fHarrlson, W.. . .Samlesbury HaU, PrestoU

Hart, John. .. Strange ways, Manchester

Harvey, C. W Walton, Liverpool

fHaslam, John P.. . .Gihnow House, Bolton

Hathornthwalte, W Higher Wyersdale, Lancaster

Heaton, Captain H.. . .Worsley, Manchester
fHibbert, Henry. . .Broughton Grove, Grange
Hibbert, T. J. . . Broughton Grove, Newton-in-Cartmcl
Holland, AVilliam. . .Pemberton, Wigan
Holliday, James. . .Lord Street, Liverpool
fHollings, James C.. . .Astley Bridge, Bolton
f Horton, William T. . . . Skelmersdale HaU, Ormskirk
f Hubback, Joseph . . . Liverpool
fHunt, George. . . Frenchwood, Preston
Hurst, Robert. . .BallUe Street, Rochdale
flngi-am, Joseph. . .The Elms, Sale, Manchester

Lid of Governors and Members of the

Xrlam, William. . .llidgefield, Manchester
Jackson, James. . .6, Chapel Street, Preston
Jacson, C. 11. ... Barton, Preston
+Kay, J. R.. . .Bass Lane House, Bury
JCcarne, J. H.. ..Mintare Birkdale Park,*Southport
fK'ennedy, Myles. . .Burton Cottage, Ulverstone
Knight, John. . .Castle View House, Warrington
f Knowles, James. . .Eagley Bank, Bolton
Lambe, John. . .Hopefield, Eccles, Manchester
-f-Lewthwaite, G. . . Broad Gate, Broughton-in-Furness
Littledale, Harold. . .Liscard, Liverpool
f Maryland, W., . .Baguley Hall, Nortlienden
Mayman, B — Water Street, Liverpool
Meller, J. Galloway. . .Stretford, Manchester
fMercer, William. . .Newton, Warrington
fMiller, T. Horrocks. . .Singleton, Kirkbam
Milner, John. . .Myerscougb, Preston
Morgan, T... .Faulkner Street, Manchester
Moult, William. . .Knowsley, Prescot
f Mucklovv, Edward. . .Castle Head, Grange
Muirhead, T.. , .Victoria Street, Manchester
Murray, William... Lower Broughton, Manchester
fMusgrove, Edgar. . . West Town, Ormskirk
Neild, Henry. . .The Grange, Worsley, Manchester
•f'Newall, Henry. . .Hare Hill, Littleborough
•fOckleston, F.. . .Cheadle, Manchester
•fOrmcrod, II. M.. , .5, Clarence Street, Manchester
Park, James. . .Lightbume, Ulvei’ston
Parker, T. To^vnley, . .Charnock, Cborley
•f* Parkinson, Robert. . .Northenden, Manchester
I*arr, Capbun R. W, . . Grappenball Hayes, Warrington
Pearson, F. F.. . .Storrs Hall, Arkholme, Caruforth
fPeel, Jonathan. . .Knowlmere Manor, Clitheroe
Platt, Henry. . . Wemeth Park, Oldham
Polding, James Bede. . .Burnley
Potter, T. B., M.P.. . .Buiie Hill, Manchester
Rawes, John G.. . .29, Dicconson Street, Wigan
fRawstorne, L.. . .Hutton Hall, Preston
Ilayment, E. D., , .307, Vauxhall Road, Liverpool
fReed, George, M.D.. . .Royal Infirmary, Manchester
Reynolds, Osborne. . .Owens College, Manchester
fReynolds, Dr. AV.. .St. Michael’s Hamlet, Liverpool
Richardson, R....Halewood, Liverpool
Richmond, Francis. . .Salford, Manchester
Ridgway, Thomas. . .Lymm, Warrington
Robinson, Dixon. . .Clitheroe Castle
Robinson, J.. . .Huggart’s Farm, Brindle, Chorlcy
Robinson, W.. , .Darlington Lodge, AVarrington
yRothwell, R. R.. . .Sharpies Hall, Bolton
Rothwoll, AV. Talbot. . .Foxholes, fUlel, Lancaster
fRoyds, A. Hudson. . .Falinge, Rochdale
fRoyds, ^enrJ^ . .AV^avertree, Liverpool
•f'Royds, Rev. John. . .Heysham Rectory, Lancaster
Ryder, T. B., . ,57a. Church Street, Liverpool
.Sandy, Thomas G.. . .Cliviger Street, Burnley
•J'Satterfield, Joshua. . . Alderley Edge, Manchester
Schofield, AV. AVhitwortli. . . Buckley Hall, Rochdale
Sharmau, S.. . .Little Crosby, Liverpool
Sillcock, R.. . .Thornton Hall, Poulton-Ie-Fylde
Simpson, S-, . .33, South King Street, Manchester
Singleton, John, . .Poulton le Fylde
Skirving, AVilliam. . .15, Queen Square, Liverpool
Slye, AV illlani AV.. . .Beaumont Castle, Lancaster

I .Smith, A, M'Kenzic. . .Kent Street, Liverpool
I Smith, Charles. . .Kent Street, Liverpool
Smith, Joseph. . .Cable Street, Lancaster
fSmlth, R. C.. . .Parkfield, Swinton, Manchester
fStandish, AV^. S.. . .Duxbury Park, Chorley
Stanley, Edward. . .The Height, Grange
Statter, T., . .Stand Hill, AVhitefield, Manchester
Statter, T., jun., . .Stand Hill, AVhitefield, Manchester
Steward, A. Benn. . .Newton Alanor, Carnforth
Stocks, Charles. . .Cheadle, Alanchester
Storey, George. . .Braunshawe House, Burnley
Storey, Joseph. ..Crosslands, Lancaster
.Stunt, George. . .Springfield, Colston, Ulverston
Suttle, A\\ Benoni. . .AVhalley Grange, Manchester
Talbot, AV. llawkshead. . .Hartwood Hall, Chorley
Tatton, T. AV.. . .AVythenshawe Hall, Northenden
Manchester

fTaylor, Samuel. . .Eccleston Hall, Prescot
f Tempest, C. Henry. . .Upland, Preston
Tinne, John A...Briarley, Aigburth, Liverpool
Townend, John. . .Shodsworth Hall, Blackbui'ii
Vickers, Thomas. . .Cheetham Hill, Manchester
fAVadham, E.. . .Mill AVood, Dalton In Furness
AValker, 0. Ormerod. . .Bury
AValker, A\''illiam T.. . .Clapham, Lancaster
f AVebb, Charles J.. . .Brooklands, Oimskirk
t AVhalley, C. L.. . .Richmond House, Lancaster
AVhitwortb, II.. . .96, King Street, Manchester
AVhitwortli, Sir J.. . .Chorlton Street, Manchester
AVillacy, Robert. . .Penwortbam Priory, Preston
fAVillis, H. R. D’Anyers. . .Halewood, Liverpool
AVilson, T. Newby. . .The Landing, Ulverston
AVilson, AVilliam. . .Oubas Hill, Ulverston
fAVithington, T. E.. . .Culcheth Hall, AVarrington
AVood, James. . .Oaklands, AV’’alton, Liverpool
AVood, James. . .Haigh Hail, AVigan
f AV'oodburne, Thomas. . .Thurston Ville, Ulverston
AVoodhouse, John...Skale Hall, Lancaster
AVorrall, Edward* . .AVhalley Range, Manchester

LEICESTERSHIRE.

! Memhei'S.

f Allen, John. . .Kuigb ton, Leicester
I Allen, Joseph, jun.. . .19, Seymour Street, Leicester
! Allen, Thomas. . .Thunnaston, Leicester
I Angravc, Thomas C. . . . East Leake, Lough borougli
I Ardron, John. . .Queniborough, Leicester
' Arkwright, A. AV. . Broughton Astley IIo., Lutterworth
. Arthur, Col, Charles. . .Misterton Hall, Lutterworth
Badcock, Rev. T.. . .Fleckney, Market Harborougli
Bailey, Edward. . .Leicester
f Barwell, Thomas. . .Leicester
Beale, Joseph. . .AVolsey Graugo, Hinckley
f Berners, Lady. . .Keytborpe Hall, Leicester
Berry, Edmund. . .Ashley, Market Harborough
Bolton, J. A., IM.D.. . .Belgrave Gate House, Leicester
Brewitt, T. B.. . .Sanham House, Melton Mowbray
Brook, Charles. . .Enderby Hall, Leicester
f Brooke, Sir AV. dc Capel, Bt....The Elms, Market
Harborough

Brown, Henry. . . Ashby-dc-la*Zoucli

fBruxner, Rev. G.E,, M.A.. . .Thurlaxtou, Hinckley

XXI

Royal Ayricultxiral Society of England.

Bryan, Frederick T.. . .lluraberstone, Leicester
Buckley, John N.. . .Loughborough
Carver, Robert. . .Ingarsby, Leicester
Catlin, R. Kdgar. . .Ilumberston Road, Leicester

Cliapman, Captain W. H Enderby, Leicester

Cheney, Mward }L. .Gadsley Hall, Melton Jlowbray
Clarke, John .Sanders. . .I’eatling Hall, Lutterworth
Coleman, G. ^V.. . .Great Glen, Leicester
Collins, Charles . . . Burbage, Hinckley
Cooper, Alfred Allen. . .The Hall, Wigston, Leicester

Creswell, R. \ V Ravenstone, Ashby-de-la-Zouch

Croft, John. .Dalton, Saddington, Market Harborough
Davis, John. . .WyUin Hall, Hinckley
Doubleday, E.,M.D.. .LongClawson,Melton Mowbray
Eggleston, Edward J.. . .Great Peatling, Lutterworth
Eggleston, William . . . Wigston Magna, Leicester
Ellis, James. . .Glenfield, Leicester
Everard, William. . .Narboro’, Enderby, Leicester

Farnham, E. B Quorndon House, Loughborough

Fisher, E. Knapp . . . Slavket Harborough
Foster, John. . .Copson Lodge, Hinckley

Fowke, Sir F. T., Bart Lowesley Hall, Leicester

Freer, Charles T,. . .The Coplow, Billesdon, Leicester

Freer, Jesse. . .Rothley, Loughborough

Goodchild, Philip. . .Glen Parva, Leicester

Hack, Matthew. . .Leicester

Hadden, A. .. .The Old Parks, Ashby-de-la-Zouch

Hall, W. Henry. . .Glen Parva, Leicester

Hamel, A. John. . .Lancaster Place, Leicester

fllames, .Tohn. . .Rotherby, Leicester

Harding, Charles. . .Knighton, Leicester

Harris, George Shirley. . .Leicester

Harris, John Dove, jun Knighton, Leicester

Harris, Samuel. . .West Coates Grange, Leicester
fllarrison, John. . .The Willows, Leicester
Hassall, Joseph. ..Great Wigston, Leicester
Hazlerigg, Sir A. Grey, Bart.. .Noseley Hall, Leicester
Henson, William. . .Burtonflelds, Hinckley
Herbert, Thomas. . .86, Welford Road, Leicester

Herrick, W. P Beau Manor Park, Loughborough

Hill, Rev. Abraham. . .Spa Place, Leicester

flloskyns. Rev. H. J Blaby Rectory, Leicester

f Humphreys, Henry. ..Wood House, Loughborough
Hunt, Rowland. . .Klbsworth Hall
Hunt, WTlliam. ..Leicester
Ingram, Thomas. . .Great Wigston, Leicester
Innocent, A.. ..Kibworlh Beauchamp, Leicester
Johnson, T. F.. . .Stoneygate, Leicester

Johnson, Walter F Leicester

Johnson, W. H.. . .Old Hall, Braunston, Leicester
Kemp, Francis. . .Saddington, Market Harborough
Knight, E. W.... Newton Harcourt, Leicester
Knight, Captain Gregory. . .Glen Parva, Leicester
Knight, Major Joseph. . .Glen Parva, Leicester
Lacey, Robert. . .Hoton, Loughborough.

Leadbeater, J. B. . Thorpe Satchville, Melton Mowbray
Lowe, Thomas F.. . .South Croxton, Leicester
Miles, Roger Dutton. . .Keyham, Leicester
Miles, Thomas. . . Keyham, Leicester
Mudford, Joseph . . .Hoe Fields, Hinckley
+Morris, Thos., jun. . . . Walcote Fields, Lrrtterworth
fMowbray, Captain. . .Overseal, Ashby-de-la-Zouch
Nuttall, Thomas. . .Manor House, Beeby, Leicester

Oldacres, Matthew... Clipslon, Market Harborough
Owston, Hiram A.. . .Great Wigston, Leicester
f Paget, G. E.. . .Sutton Hall, Loughborough
f Paget, ']'. T.. . .Ilumberstone, Leicester
Painter, Robert. . . 18, Gallowtrec Gate, Leicester

Pearson, Captain W Walcote, Lutterworth

Pilgrim, S. C The Outwoods, Hinckley

Pochin, Capt., R.N.. . .Braunston House, Leicester

Reynolds, J. B Lubbesthorpe, Leicester

Richards, W Belgrave, Leicester

Robinson, Alfred. ..Gas Works, Leicester
f St. Maur, Lord A. . . . Burton, Loughborough

fSalt, William H Kirby Frith, Leicester

Sarson, John. . .Welford I’lace. Leicester
Scott, W.. . .Normanton Turville, Hinckley
Shakespears, John. . .Copson Magna, Hinckley
■ fSharman, Warren. ..Melton Mowbray
Shaw, George, M.D.. . .Leicester
Simpkin, Joseph. . .Narborough, Leicester

.Simpkin, Thomas H Hoby, Leicester

Slee, Henry W Leicester

Smith, John T Kibworth, Leicester

Smith, Percy L Gt. Peatling Lodge, Lutterworth

Spencer, Francis. . .Glaybrooke, Lutterworth

Stone, Joseph C Rowley Fields, l,eicester

Stone, N. C .\ylestone Hall, Leicester

I f Stratford, H. S.... Thorpe Lubenham, Market Har-
I borough

.Straton, Rev. G. W.. . . Aylestone, Leicester
ffailby, W. Ward. . .SkefBngton Hall, Leicester
Taylor, ,Iohn . . . Belgrave Gate, Leicester

Taylor, Thomas S Leicester Frith, Leicester

Taylor, William. . .37, West Street, Leicester
Thorpe, William. . .Nailstone, Hinckley
fTiyon, Richard ... Loddington Hall, Leice.ster

Vaughan, G. L Belmont Villa, Leicester

t Voile, Thomas. . .Frolesworth, Lutterworth
Wale, Henry. . .Woodlands, Narborough
Warner, Thomas. . .The Abbey, I.eicester

Wartnaby, Mrs Market Harborough

■W'oodcock, H. C. . . . Rearsby, Leicester
Woodroffe, W. Solomon. .Normanton, Loughborough
Worswick, Captain. . .Nonnanlon Hall, Hinckley
Wright, Thomas. . .Wanlip, Leicester
Wright, 'William. . .Shoby Priory, Melton Mowbray

LINCOLNSHIRE.

Governors.

Chaplin, Henry, M.P.. . .Blankney Hall, Lincoln
•j-Cholmeley, Sir M. J., Bt., M.P.. . .Colsterworth
f Dysart, Earl of. . .Buckminster Hall, Colsterworth
Kesteven, Lord.. .Casewick, Stamford
fNisbet-Hamilton, Rt. Hon. R. A. . . Bloxholme Hall
f Rutland, Duke of, K.G.. . .Belvoir Castle, Grantham

Jl/embers.

f Aliugton, G. M Swinhope House, Grimsby

Amcotts, Colonel, M.P., . .Hackthorn Hall, Lincoln
Ashton, T. M.. . .Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding
Bartholomew, W.. . .Waddington Heath, Lincoln
Battle, John R.. . .Potter Hanworth, Lincoln

XXII

List of Governors and Members of the

Bell, Anclll. . .Manor House, North Kyme, Sleaford
Beridge, Rev. Basil. . .Algarkirk, Spalding
•J-Bettinson, Richard. . .Cawthorpe, Bourne
Bland, George. . .Coleby Hall, Lincoln
Bonn.all, John. . .Grantham
Borman, Joseph. . .Irby, Caistor
Borman, Luke. . . Barnoldby-le-Beck, Grimsby
Boucher, Charles. . .Caenby Hall, Market Rasen
Braraley, Charles. . .Flskerton Hall, Lincoln
Briggs, D. Grant. . .Calcethorpe Manor, Louth
Brown, Pereira. . .Glentworth Hall, Lincoln
Buddicom, Rev. R. J.. . .Morton, Gainsborough
Burgess, John. . .Edenham, Bourne
Burkill, E. W. . .'Winteringham, Brigg
Byron, John. . .Kirby Green, Sleaford
Caborn, Richard S.. . .Denton, Grantham
fCalvertt, J. S. . .Tothill Manor House, Alford
Campain, Joseph George. . .Cowbit, Spalding

Campain, S. W Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding

Cartwright, T.. . .Pillar Farm, Dunston, Lincoln
Casswell, George. . .Gosberton, Spalding
Casswell, John Henry. . .Laughton, Folkingham
Cave, Henry Haddon. . .Brigg
fClarke, Charles. . . Ashby-de-la-Lound, Sleaford
Clarke, John Algernon. . .Long Sutton
fClayton, Nathaniel. . .Newland House, Lincoln
Coates, Thomas. . .Ravendale, Grimsby
Cole, Robert. . .Belmont, Wragby
Conington, Clement. . .Hagworthingham, Spilsby
Coultas, James, jun. . . .Spittlegate, Grantham ;
Coupland, John G. . . .Freeston, Boston
fCrawley, John, jun.. . .Gosberton Fen, Spalding
Crawley, Lewis... Kcightley House, Holbeach Marsh
fCrofts, Rev. C. D.. . .Caythorpe Rectory, Grantham
Dalton, James. . .Fillingham Manor, Lincoln
Davy, John. . .Owersby, Market Rasen
fDay, Charles. . .Easton, Stamford
fDay, Nevile. . .Easton, Stamford
fDixon. John AVilliam. . .Caistor
fDixon, Thomas Parkinson. . .Caistor
Duckering, R. E.. . .Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey
■^ndcUng, Henry. . .Pan ton House, Wnagby
^udding, William.. .Lambcroft, Louth
Ealand, John Robert. . . Aisthorpe, Lincoln
Eaton, Charles 0.. . .Tolethorpe, Stamford
•{•Ellison, Major R. G. . . . Boultham Hall, Lincoln

Epton, Robert J NewbaU, Lincoln

Everington, W., jun Skegness, Burgh-le-Marsh

f Exeter, Marquis of. . . Burghley House, Stamford
Fane, Colonel F.. . .Fulbeck Hall, Grantham
fFieldsend, Charles R.. . .Klrmond, Market Rasen
Fletcher, Thomas. . .Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding
•{•Foster, H. Y. West. . .Cranwell Lodge, Sleaford
Foster, William. . .Ciinwick House, Lincoln
Fox, William. . .Brook F.arm, Dunston, Lincoln
Frankish, William. . .Limber Magna, Ulceby
■fFytche, J. Lewis. . .Thorpe Hall, Elkington, Louth
f GarSt, Arthur. . .Scothern, Lincoln
•{•Gibson, John Kirk. . .Ingleby, Lincoln
Grantham, Major H. V. . . . West Keal Hall, .Spilsby
•{flreetham, John. . .Stainfield Hall, Wragby
Greetham, William. . .Stainfield Hall, Wragby
Grundy, George. . .Misterton, Gainsborough

Hack, Algernon. . .Buckminster, Grantham
f Handley, Major B.. . .Pointon House, Folkingham
Harris, Edward.. .Horbling Vicarage, Folkingham
Hayes, Henry. . .Stamford
flleneage, Edward. . .Hainton Hall, Wragby
Hessletlne, W.. .Beaumont Cote, Barton-on-Humber
Hickson, Richard. . .Hougham, Grantham
Hilliam, Captain T.. . .Willesby Hall, Spalding
Hobson, John George. . .Curlew Lodge, Long Sutton
Holland, James. . .Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding
Holland, John Wells. .Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding
f Horner, James B.. . .Lincoln
Hornsby, Richard . . . Spittlegate, Grantham
Howard, E. J.. . .Rise Farm, Nocton, Lincoln

Howard, R. G. F Temple Bruer, Lincoln

Hunt, William. . .Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding
fllurdman, J. E. . .Mareham le Hill, Homcastle
Hutton, William. . .Gate Burton, Gainsborough
•{•Jarvis, G. K.. . .Doddington Hail, Lincoln

Jeffrey, G. E Rutland Works, Stamford

Jekyll, John... Newland, Lincoln
.Tohnson, G. W.. . .Ufford, Stamford
Keyworth, H. J.. . .Cottesford Place, Lincoln
fKeyworth, J. R. H.. . .Greestone House, Lincoln

fKing, John R North Ormsby, Louth

Kingston, Samuel. . .Spalding
Kirk, Charles. . .Sleaford
Kirkby, Thomas. . .Cuxwold, Caistor
Kirkham, Thomas. . . Biscathorpe House, Louth
Laxton, Clement. . .Pinchbeck West, Spalding
Lister, Charles. . .Coleby Lodge. Lincoln
fLivesey, Rev. T... .Stourton Hall, Homcastle
fLocock, Edmund. ..South Elkington, Louth
Lowe, John. . .Ryhall, Stamford
f Lucas, Rev. C. H. . . .Edith Weston, Stamford

f Lucas, Lieut. Col. R Edith Weston, Stamford

Lynn, John. . .Church Farm, Stroxton, Grantham
Mackinder, Harwood. . .Langton Grange, Spilsby
Mackinder, Herbert. . .Mere Hall, Lincoln
fMaddlson, G. Wilson. . .Partny, Spilsby
Marrls, Thomas. . .Ulceby

f Marshall, Frederick C Riseholme, Lincoln

Marshall, James. . .Gainsborough

Marshall, William F Branston Villa, Lincoln

Martin, David. . .Wainfleet
fMartin, George. . .Hubert’s Bridge, Boston
fMartln, James. . .Wiiinfiect
fMartin Robert. . . Asterby, Homcastle
Mason, Richard . . . Keddington, Louth
Melville, Hon. A. Leslie. . .Branston Hall, Lincoln
fMelville, A. S. Leslie... The Longhills, Lincoln
Melville, C. Leslie. . .Branston Hail, Lincoln
Morley, R. Newcombe. . .Leadenham, Grantham
Mundy, C. J. Massingberd..01d Bollingbroke, .Spilsiiy
f Nainby, C. M. . . . Barnoldby-le-Beck, Grimsby
Nelson, John. . .Kettleby Thorpe, Brigg
f Nelson, John...Wytham House, Louth

Nidd, C. W Greeting Manor Farm, Stamford

North, Charles. . .South Thoresby, Alford
fPacke, G. Hussey. . .Caythorpe Hall, Grantliam
Paddison, Edward. . .Ingilby, Lincoln

fPalmer, Rev. P. H Wolsthorpe, Grantham

Pears, John. . .Mere, Lincoln

XXIII

Jtoyal Agricultural Society of England.

Pickworth, W.. , .Deeping Bank, Crowland
t Pigott, William . . .Brigg
1 Plnder, Thomas . . . Barroby, Grantham
j fPoSson, F. M. . . .Caythorpe, Grantham
■ Pogson, S. M.. . .Anwick, Sleaford
^ Porter, J. T. B. ... Lincoln
i I Pratt, Frederick . . , G reatford, Stamford
!l Proctor, II. M.. . .Hill House, Wykeham, Spalding
Richardson, John . . , Asgarby, Spilsby
Robey, Robert. . .Canvvick Road, Lincoln
Robinson, Henry. . . Hongh-on-the-Hill, Grantham
I Robinson, R., sen.. . .Sedgebrook, Grantham
I Robson, James, , .Brackenborough, Louth

^ Ruston, Joseph . . .Lincoln

Ij fSt. Albans, Duke of. . .Redbourn Hall, Brigg
I Searson, Robert. . .Cranmore Lodge, Market Deeping
I fSeels, Henry John. . .AVainfieet Hall

1 Sharpe, William... Mavis Enderby, Spilsby
fSharpley, Coates. . .Kelstone Hall, Louth
i fSharpley, Henry. . . Aothorpe, Louth

fSharpley, Isaac. . .Boswell House, Louth
Sheffield, Sir R., Bart.. . .Normanby, Brigg
Shipman, Thomas. . .Croxton Lodge, Grantham
f Short, A. L. H... ,Edlington, Horncastle
fShuttleworth, Alfred. . . Helghlngham Hall, Lincoln
fShuttleworth, Joseph. . .Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln
f Sills, W.. . .Casthorpe, Grantham
fSlmonds, J. Cabourne. . .Fishtoft, Boston
f Skelton, E. Dunkley. . .Sutton Bridge
Skipworth, G. B.. . .Moorton House, Caistor
Slator, Thomas. . .Market Place. Boston
Smith, John. . .Deeping High Bank, Crowland
Snow, Cyprian. . .Manor Farm, Dunston, Sleaford
Snow, James M. . . . Metherlngham, Sleaford
Sowerby, Francis. . .Aylesby, Great Grimsby
Spurr, George. . .Boston
Stalnton, John. . .Dalby, Spilsby
f Stanhope, J. Banks. . .Revesby Abbey, Boston

Swallow, AV Chapel Farm, Barton-on-Humber

fThorold, Richard. . .AVeelsby Hall, Grimsby
fTomlinson, Bruce. . .Asgarby, Sleaford
fTorr, AVilliam. . .Aylesley Manor, Great Grimsby
Travers, P. F.. . .Great Carlton, Louth
Turner, John. . .The Grange, Ulceby
fTurnor, Christopher. . .Stoke, Grantham
f Tumor, Edmund, M.P. ... Panton Hall, AA^ragby

1 Tuxford, J. S Skirbeck, Boston

Tuxford, AA''eston. . .Boston

AA''ebster, James. . .Peakirk, Market Deeping

AA''elby, J. Earle. . .AllingtonHall, Grantham

AFelby, W. Earle, M.P Newton Ho., Folkingham

‘ AA'^elby-Gregory, Sir G. E., Bt....Denton Hall, Grantham
AA'^est, John. . .Melton Ross, Brigg
AVhitehead, William. . .Etton, Market Deeping
AA'^ilson, Edward H.. . .Hagworthingham, Spilsby
AA''iIson, Francis. . .Ludford, Market Rasen
f Wingfield, J. H. Lee. . .Tickencote Hall, Stamford
fWinn, Rowland, M,P.. . .Appleby Hall, Brigg
fAVood, Bennett AV. ... Humberstone, Great Grimsby
Wright, Robert. . .Nocton Heath, Nocton
fWyles, Robert. . .Little Ponton, Grantham
f Yarborough, Earl of. . .Manby Hill, Glanford Bridge
fYates, Henry. . .North Parade, Grantham

MIDDLESEX.

Governors.

Allcroft, John D. . . . Harlington
fCambridge, H.R.H. The Duke^of, K.G., . .Gloucester
House.’.Piccadilly

f Fuller, Francis. . .3, Whitehall Gardens, S.AV.’

Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth...47, Half Moon St., AY.
fHarcourt, G. Simon. . .35, St. George’s Square, S.AA'’.
Rigg, Jonathan. .4, Chester Place, Hyde Park Square

Members.

f Acworth, Nathaniel B The Hook, Northaw

Addison, John.. 6, Delahay Street, Westminster, S.AA’-
Alison, John. . .90, Lancaster Gate, AV.
f Allender, G. M.. . .6, Dawson Place, B.ayswater, AV.
Arnold, James. . .35, West Smithfield, E.C.

Arnott, T. Reid. .Bramshill, Harlesden Green, N.AV.
Badcock, P.. . .Aldridge Road Villas, Westbourne Pk.
Baillie, William H.. . .43, Norfolk Square, AV.

Baily, John ...ll3,Mount Street, Berkeley Square,AA^-
Baker, C. N. . Half Moon Passage, Gracechurch St., E.C.
Barclay, G. R.. . .Oxford and Cambridge Club, S.AV.
fBarker, H. B. R.. . .University Club, Suffolk St., AV.
Barnett, John. . .Coleraine House, Stamford Hill
Batt, William Henry. . .AVest Drayton, Uxbridge
Beale, E. J.. . .237, High Holbom, W.C.

Beauchamp, Charles D.. . .93, Lansdowne Road, AV.
f Begg, David, M.D.. . .Canons Park, Edgeware, N.AV.
f Birkbeck, Robert. . .20, Berkeley Square, W.

Birt, Jacob. . .23, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, W.
Blackstone, J.. .1, Gloucester Rd„ Regent’s Pk., N.AV.
Blane, Colonel Robert. . .The Oaks, Sunninghill
fBlanshard, Richard. . .53, Chancery Lane, AV.C.
f Blyth, James. . .24, Hyde Park Gardens, AV.

Boards, Edward. . .Edmonton, N.

Boards, William. . .Edmonton, N.

Bowler, Wm. Anthony, . .Craven Street, Strand, AV .C.
Bradford, Thomas. , .63, Fleet Street, E.C,

Bramwell, F. J..37, Gt. George St., Westminster, S.AV.
Brown, Professor G. T.. . .7a, New Cavendish St., AV.
Buckland, Thomas, jun.. . .AVraysbury, Staines
Burgess, William, , .Holborn Viaduct, E.C.

Burney, George. . .Millwall, E.

Caird, James. . .3, St. James’s Square, S.W.
f Calvert, Frederick ... 38, Upper Grosvenor Street, AV.
fCardwell, E. H.. . .11, Cromwell Place, S.AV.

Carson, J. A.. ..La Belle SauVage Yard, Ludgate Hill
f Chambers, W. . .United Univ. Club, Pall Mall, S.AV.
Chapman, Thomas. . .14, Cockspur Street, S.W.
fClaridge, William. . .51, Brook Street, AV.

Clarke, T. Truesdale. . .Swakeleys, Uxbridge
Clive, Lieut. Col. the Hou. G. W. Windsor, M.P.. . .53,
Grosvenor Street

Clowes, Wm.. . .51, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Pk., AV.
Clutterbuck, R.. . .8, Great Cumberland Place, AV.
Glutton, Henry . . .9, AVhitehall Place, S.AV.

Glutton, John. . .9, AVhitehall Place, S.AV.
fClutton, John Henry. . .9, Whitehall Place, S.AV.
Glutton, Robert. . .9, AVhitehall Place, S.W.
fCobb, Henry. . .53, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, AV.C.
Corbet, H.. . .Farmers’ Club, Salisbury Square, E.C.
Cottam, George H.. . .Old St. Pancras Road, N.W. ^

XXIV

List of Governors and Members of the

Couchman, J, W.. . .Pcnibiivy Koad, Tottenham

Cowper, K.A., C.E 6, Gt. George St. Westminster

Craigie, P. G.. Hartley Ho.. Lower Heath, Hampstead
Crisp, Edwards, M.D.. . .42, Beaufort Street, Chelsea

Crutchley, P. II Sunninghill Park, Staines

Cuff, J. H.. . .New Cattle Market, Islington, N.
Haubeny, Robert. 2, King’s Bench Walk.TempIe, E.C.
fDavis, R.. . .9, St. Helen’s Place, Bishopsgate, K.C.
Day, Thomas. ..22, Dorset Street, Baker .Street, W.
De Pass, Daniel. . .9, Delamere St., Westbourne Sq.
fDerham, AVilliam. . .Tottenham
De Salis, Rev. Henry J.. . .Portnall Park, St.aines
fDe Wezele, Count G.. . .25, Eaton Square, S.W.
fDilke, Sir C. W., Bt., M.P. . . .76, Sloane Street, S.W.
Driver, Robert Collin. . .4, Whitehall, S.tV^.

fDruce, S. B. L New University Club, S.W.

Dudgeon, J.. . .8, ’Tavistock Square, W.C.

Dunlop, A. M.. . .1, Westminster Chambers, Victoria
Street, S.W.

fDunn.Thos. . . 1 .Prince’s Gardens, S.Kensington, S.W.
fElllot, J. Lettsom. . .10, Connaught Place, W.
Erichson, H.G.. . .7, Gt.AVinchesterSt. Buildings, E.C.
Ernest, Henry. . .17, Salisbury Street, Strand, W.C.
fKellowes, James. . .6, Bryanston Square, W.
fField . Henry . National Club, Whitehall Gardens.S.IV.
+Field, William. . .224, 0.xford Street, W.

Finch, .Jacob. . .59, Mark Lane, E.C.

•fFitzwygram, Lieut.-Col. IL ...4, Portland Place, AV,
■[■Fletcher, John Philip. . .Sunbury
•[■Freebody, W. Yates. . .239, Hackney Road, N.E.
Fretwell, C’harles H.. . .Belle Isle, York Road, N.
Gadsby, Alfred. . .George Yard, Bouverie Street, EC.
f Gibbs, Henry H . .St.Dunstan’s, Regent’s Park, N.AV.
Gibbs, Thomas. . .26, Down Street, Piccadilly, W.
Glasler, AVllliam R.. . .41, Charing Cross, S.AV.

•)<jooch, John V Reform Club. Pall Mall, S.W.

Gosling, 'Thomas G.. . .15, Portland Pl.ace, AY.
Graham, AValter. . .AA'est Drayton, U.xbridge

•fGrant, Colonel AV. L 22, Hyde Park Street, AY.

Grantham, R. B 22, AV'hitehall Place, S.AY.

Greening, E. Owen ... 35, King St., AYestminster, S.AY.
Grenfell, A. Riversdale. . .'Travellers’ Club, S.AY.
fGrey, 'The Hon. Sir F. AV. G.,C.B.. Lynwood, Staines
Grosvenor, Lord Richard, M.P. ... 76, Brook Street, AY.
Gurney, Right Hon. Russell, M.P.. .8, Palace Gardens,
Kensington, AV.

Haig, G. A 7, Argyle Street, Regent Street, AA’’.

Hall. J. Orde. . .1, Brunswick Row, Queen’s Sq., AA'.C.

Hammick, II. 11 11, Pall Mall, S.AY.

llarcourt. Colonel. . .5, Carlton Gardens, S.AY.
Harrison, J. T. . . .'Thornhili, Castlebar, Ealing
fHaslewood, L. R..194,Gresham IIo.,01d Broad St.E.C.
■fllay, C. A.. . .17, York Terrace, Regent’s Park, N.AY.
-Hlayne, John. . .24, Gloucester Sq., Hyde Pk., N.AY.
•f-IIcseltine, E.. . .6a, Austin Friars, E.C.

•f-IIeywood, Jas.. .26, Palace Gardens, Kensington, AY.
-(-Hlbbert. P. E. T.. . .14, Hill Street, AV.

+Hibbert, AYashington. . .14, Hill Street, AY.

Hicks, Leonard II Ptiddock Lodge, Kentish Town

Hill, Henry. . .52, Queen’s Gate Terrace, S.AA'.
Hilliard, AV. E.. . .Cowley House, Uxbridge
f Holman, Stephen. . .Spring Lodge, Ealing
Jessop, Joseph,. .Grove Farm, Chiswick

f Jodrell, Sir E. R., Bart.. . .61, Portland Place, \X.
.lohn-son, A. II.. . .Gumiersbury House, Isleworih
Johnson, A. II., jun.. ..Hanger Hill Farm, Idling
Johnson, C. AY.. . .36, Mark Lane, E.C.

Johnson, E. Lionel, jun.. . .Moffat House, Bow Road
f Johnson, R. AY.. . .49, Queen’s Gate Gardens, AY.
Johnstone, E.. . .3, King’s Bench AValk, Temple, E.C.
f.lonas, Henry. . .4, AVhitehall, S.W.

Keir, Capt. G. L.. 33, Pembroke Ro.ad, Kensington, AY.

Key, Sir Kingsmill G.. Bart Holborn Viaduct, E.C.

King, AVilliam. . .Denham, U.xbridge
Kirkland, Sir John. . .17, AA'^hitehall Place, S.AA'.
Labalmondiere, G. . . . 32, Craven Street, AY.C.
f Laurie, A. ... 1(1, Charles Street. St. James’s, S.AA'.
f Lees, Charles. . .23, Philpot Lane, E.C.

f Locock, Sir Cliarles, Bart 26, Hertford Street, AV.

fLocock, Frederick. . .9, St. James’s Place, S.AY.
fLongbourne, AY. F, . .4, South Sq., Gray’s Inn, AA'.C
Lott, John. . .156, Victoria Park Road, N.E.

Lucan, Earl of. . .36, South Street, Park Lane, AA'.
Macadam, C. 'T.. . .109, Fenchurch Street, E.C.
McDougall, James T....158, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

Mackay, A. S. II Ashton Villa, Ealing

Mahon, Viscount, M.P.. . .48, Chester Square, S.AY.
f Malcolm, Major-General. ..67, Sloane Street, S.AY.
f Malcolm, John. . .7, Great Stanhope Street, AY.
Mansell, Edward. ..27, Great George Street, S.AA'.
Maple, John. . . Bedford Lodge, Hampstead, N.AY.

f.AIarjoribanks, E., jun 59, Strand, AY.C.

Markby, J. R.. . .9, AVhitehall Place, S.AA'.

Marshall, Rev. C.. . .9, South St., Finsbury Sq., E.C.
f Martin, F. B. P.. .Oxford and Cambridge Club, S.AY.

Maude, Col. G. A., C.B Hampton Court Stud Farm

f Meyer, James. . .Forty Hall, Enfield

Milburn, R 76, Church Lane, AA'bitechapel, E.

Monro, M. M... .Enfield
Moore, James. . .11, Upper Berkeley Street, AA'.
Moore, J.. . .Northumberland House, Cliaring Cross
•[■Morrison, F., 35, Cromwell Houses, S. Kensington, AA' .
Morton, Francis. . . .36, Parliament Street, S.AA'.
Morton, J. Chalmers . . . Harrow, N.AY.
fMorton, J. D.. . .19, Parliament Street, .S.AY.
f Alurray, A.. . .74, St. George’s Road, Pimlico, S.AY.
Nash, Daniel. . .4, A'ork Gate, Regent’s Park, N.AA’.
Nicholay, J. A. . . .AYest Drayton
f Nicholson, AA'.. . .4, Sussex Square, Hyde Park, AA'.
Nickisson, John. . .Stonebridge Park, AVlllesden

Noyes, T. II 13, Gate Street, Lincoln’s Inn, AA'.C.

■[■Oakley, Christopher. . .10, AVaterloo Place, S.AA'.
O.akley, John. . .10, AVaterloo Place, S.AY.

Odams, James. . . 109, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

Owens, Samuel. . .AA'hitefriars Street, E.C.
f Parkinson, John. . .37, Gresham House, E.C.
Pelham, F. 'T . . . Norfolk Farm, AVindsor Park, Staines
Perkins, Loftus, . . .6, Seaford St., Regent Square, AA'.C.
Perry, Sir 'T. Ersklnc, Bart.. . .36, Eaton Place, S.AA'.

fPeto, Sir Morton, Bari 9, Victoria Chambers,

Victoria Street, S.AY.

Phillips, II. R.. . .AVillesden Paddocks, Kilburn

Phillips, Mai.-Gen. Sir 'T Senior United Service

Club, S.AY.

Phillips, T. E.. . .37, AVillon Place, S.AY.
f I’hlllpotts, 'Thomas. . .Junior Carlton Club, S.AA'.

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

XXV

‘ tPii^kford, W.. . ,U8i. Venchurch Street, E.C.

IMIgrlm, C. II Virginia Water, Staines

Polo, Sir Van Notion P„ Bt.. .59, Gloncostor PI., V',
Powis, Charles. . .60, Graccchurch Street, E.C.
Pritchard, William. . .Iloyal Veterinai'y Col., N.1V,

Proctor, M. M 49, Thornhill Square, Barnsbury

Purser, Edward... 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C.
Ramsoy, John. . .9, Endsleigh Street, W.C.

Randolph, Lieut. Col 76, Chester Square, S.1\L

fRlvington, Harry. . .22, B’insbury Square, E.C.
Robinson, Sir J. S., Bart.. . .20, Park Lane, W.

fRoebuck, J. A 19, Ashley PI., Victoria St., S.^V.

t Rotton, Richard , . . 3, Boltons, Brompton, S.W.

Martin D... ,115, Leadenhall Street, E.C.
Sanderson, James,. .11, Pall Mall East, S.tV.
fSandford, G. M. W.. .33, Hertford St., May Fair, W.
fSchwann, F. S.. . .Rosslyn Manse, Hampstead
Scott, Col. the Hon. C. G.. . .79, Eaton Square, S.tV.
Scott, T. C,.. King’s Arms Yard, Moorgate St., E.C.
Scott, Louis Guy, . . 79, Eaton Square, S.M’.

; Shackle, Thomas . . . Hayes, U.xbridge

I Shaw, C. H Woodbine CotLage, Haclcney, N.E.

•fSherborn, Francis. . . Bedfont, Hounslow
< fSimonds, T.. . .41, West Smithfield, Fl.C.
t Simpson, A. . .Chiswell Street, E.C.

« fSimpson, Pinder. . .31, Saville Row, W .

• Sladen, D. B. . .. 2, King’s Arms Yard, E.C.

Sladen, St. Barbe. . . 14, Parliament Street, S.W.

t f Smith, Edward J 16, Whitehall Place, S.W.

> +Smith, J. Hesletine. . . 24, Essex St., Strand, W.C.

I Smith, M. T. , . . ) 3, Upper Belgrave Street, S.W.
t Smith, R. B Huxley Farm, Edmonton

• Soames, D. AV.. . .Harrow Weald, Stanmore

X Spencer, John. . .69, King AVilliam Street, E.C.
t Squire, William. . .5, Coleman Street, E.C.

• f Stanley, E. J.. . .14, Grosvenor Square, W.

• Stanley, W. H. Sloane. . .21, Curzon Street, AV.

t f Stephens, J.. . .7, AVestbourne Crescent, A\'.

7 Stevens, AV. Carr. . .33, Mark Lane, E.C.

I Stocker, J. P. ... 93, Oxford Terrace, AA^,

I Strafford, Henry. . .13, Euston Square, N.AV.

I Talbot, Hon. Col. AV. P.. . .Oakington, Harrow

• Tattersall, Edmund. . .Albert Gate, S.AV.

t Taylor, J ames . . . Farmers’ Club, Salisbury Sq., E.C.
y Tiiylor, J. AVells. . .Chester Terrace, Regent’s Pk., AV.
f Taylor, John, jun.. . .51, Great Cumberland Place, A\L
I Taylor, R. Parker, . .Adelaide Place, London Bridge
i I ’I'hackeray, Capt.. .Junior United Service Club, S.AV.

I Thompson, Major. .Nottingham Place, Regent’s Park

• ■ Thornhill, AV. C. Clarke. . .Ickenham, Uxbridge
I +Thornton, John. . . 15, Langham Place, AV.

’ j Thursby, Lieut. Col. . . . lo. Green Street, AV.

Thynne, F. G... .11, Great George Street, S.AV.
Tisdall, E. C.. .Holland Park Farm, Kensington, S.
t'rollemache,H. B.. .Junior United Service Club, S.AV.
fPomline, Colonel G..M.P.. . 1, Carlton House Terrace,

Tompson, E. C. S,. , .Uromenagh, Iver, Uxbridge
fPooke, Rev. J. 'T. H. ... University Club, Suffolk
Street, S.AV.

Tuckett, P. D., jun. . . . lOA, Old Broad Street, E.C.
Tuson, R. V. . . . Royal Veterinary College, N.AV.
tTyler, Sir James. . .Pine House, Holloway, N.AV.

fUnderwood, Joseph. . .5, Hyde Park Gardens, AV.
Unite, John. . .291, Edgware Road, A\^

Valpy, Richard. . .5, Rutland Gate, S.AV.
fVeltch, H. J.. . .E.xotic Nurseries, Chelsea
f AVade, Richard. , .13, Seymour Street, AV.

AValker, John L-. .71, Oxford Terrace, Hyde Pk., AA’’.
fAValker, AVllliam Henry. . .38, .Sackville Street, AA^.
AVall, ’P. Senior, . . 120, Maida Vale, AAL
AVarlngton, Robert. . .Atlas AVorks, Millwall, E.
f AVarner, George. . .Priory, Hornsey
AA^arner, Robert ... 8, The Crescent, Crlpplegal e, Fl.C.

AA'^arner, AV. II 99, Alount Street, AA'.

AVatson,C., M.D.. .South Crescent, Bedford Sq ,AA'.C.
AVeatherby, James. . .6, Burlington Street, AA'.
fAVebster, Charles. . .Cowley, Uxbridge
AVelch, Alfred. . .Southall

f AVells, G. G Junior United Service Club, S.AA'.

fAVhitbrcad, S. C 49, St. George’s Square, S.AV.

White, Arnold AV.. . . 12, Great Marlborough St., AV.
f AVhitehead, Jeffery. . .39, Throgmorton Street, E.C.
tAVicks, John. . ,38, St. Luke’s Road, AV.

AVllliams, J. F.. . .10, Queen’s Sq., Bloomsbury, AA'.C*
AVing, ’T. Twining. . . 17, AVoburn Square, AV.C. ,

AVlthcrs, S. II 242, O.xford Street, AV.

AVood, C,A. . . .Gt. AA''estern Railway, Paddington, AA'
Wood, AValter A.. . .77, Upper Thames .Street, FI.C.
fAVrench, Robert. . .39, King AVilliam Street, E.C.
tAVyndham, Hon. P., JI.P.. . .44, Belgrave Sci.,S.AV.
fYoung, G....17, Trinity Square, Tower Hill, E.C.

MONMOUTHSHIRE.

Goveinor.

f Tredegar, Lord.. .Tredegar Park, Newport
Members.

fBailey, Crawshay. . .Malndiff Court, Abergavenny
Batchelor, T. B.. . .Maindee, Newport
tBerrlngton, Arthur D.. . .Pant-y-Goitre, Newport
Bowles, Augustus. . .Abergavenny
Brewer, Tom Llewely n . . . Dany Graig, Newport
Browning, S.. .Joint Counties Asylum, Abergavenny

•jUartwright, AVilliam G., M.A Newport

Cartwright, AVilliam S Stow House, Newport

Chandler, Charles T Hays Gate, Chepstow

Clerk, Arthur. . .The Mead, Chep.stow
fCooke, Thomas Eborall. . .Newport
Croker, Joseph.. .Shirenewton Farm, Cliep.dow
fDarby, Abraham. . .Ebbw Vale Park, Newport
Elliott, Henry. . .7, Clifton Place, Newport
Evans, AVarren. . .Llandowlais, Usk
f Evans, AVilliam. . .The Field, Newport
Firbank, Joseph. . .Nervport

Fothergill, AV Cefnrhychdir, Tredegar

fFox, Charles B Malpas, Newport

Graham, AV., jun Newport

Graham, AV. Benjamin, Jun Maindee, Newport

f Hamilton, John. . .Hilston Park, Monmouth
I Harrhy, David. . .Newport

j Hawkins.Rev.Canon E. . St.Woolas Vicarage, Newjmrt
Herbert, Edmund. . .Llansantffraed, Abergavenny
Hewerlson, Nel.<on. . .Newport

XXVI

List of Goxiernors and Members of the

Hill, John. . .Llancayo, Usk
Holehonse, John. . .Gaer Hill, Chepstow ^

Homfray, Lorenzo A Woodlands, Newport

’Homfray, S.. . .Glenuske Park, Caerleon, Newport

Homfray, W. H. W Glenuske, Caerleon, Newport

-j-Howells, John Lewis. . .Blackwood, Monmouth
James, John. . .Lansoar, Caerleon
Jones, John. . .Pant-y-Goitre, Abergavenny
Lane, Walter. . . 17, High Street, Chepstow
Lewis, T. F.. . .Newport
Lister, Edward. . .Cefn 11a, Usk
fMitchell, F. J. . Llanfrechfa Grange,Caerleon,Newport
•(•Morgan, Col. the Hon. F.C..Ruperra Castle, Newport
Morgan, Roger. . .Llanellan, Abergavenny
Nelmes, W.. . .Pembridge Castle, Monmouth
Ormcrod, George. . .Sedbury Park, Chepstow
f Peacock, T. K.. . .Ruperra Castle, Newport
Phillips, C. . . .93, Commercial Street, Newport
Phillips, C. David. . .Newport

Pitt, Walter W Whitchurch, Monmouth

Price, Henry. . .Undy, Chepstow
Price, W.. . .New House, Caerleon, Newport
Pybus, John. . .Court Farm, Magor, Chepstow
Raglan, Lord. . .Cefutilla House, Usk
Rees, W. G.. . .Bryn Hedydd, Newport
Rees, W. Traharne. . .Holly House, Newport
Relph, G. R. Greenhow. . .Beech Hill, Usk
fRolls, J. Allan. . .The Hendre, Monmouth

f Roper, Richard S Newport

Stone, John S.. , .Newport
fStratton, R., Jun,. . .The Duffryn, Newport
Tucker, Edwin. . .Frogmore Street, Abergavenny
f Tyler, Capt. G. G.. . . ’.The Callow Hill, Monmouth
Williams, Rev. E. Turberville. . .Caldicot, Chepstow
Williams, Lewis. . .Redwlck House, Chepstow
AVoodall, Thomas. . .Dlnham, Chepstow
Votmg, Edwin. ..Park House, Newport

NORFOLK.

Governors.

Wales, H.R.H. the Prince of, K.G.. . .Sandringham
Buxton, Sir R. Jacob, Bt. . . . Shadwell Court, Thctford
Cabbell, Benjamin Bond. . .Cromer Hall
fDuIeep Singh, His Highness the Maharajah. .El veden
Hall, Thetfurd

Kerrison, Sir E. Clarence, Bart. . . Brome Hall, Scolo
•(■Leicester, Earl of. . .Holkham Hall
•(■Sondes, Lord. . . . Elmham Hall, Thctford
Stafford, Lord. . .Cosscy Hall, Norwich
Members.

t Abbott, Stephen. . .Castleacre, Swatfbam
Aldous, James Arthur. . .Lingwood, Norwich
Allen, Rev. Dr.. .Shouldham Hall, Downham Market
•tAmhurst, ,W. A. T.. , .Didllngton Park, Brandon
•fApplewhaite, E.. . .Pickenham Hall, Swaifliam
f Aylmer, Hugh. . .West Dereham, Stoke Ferry
f Aylmer, John B.. . .Fincham Hall, Downham
■(■Aylmer, Robert B.. . . Westacre Abbey, Swaffham
•(•Back, J. A.. .The Old Hall, Hether3ett,Wymondham
Barnard, Charles. . .Norwich
Barton, Gerard... Fundenhall, Wymondham

Bayning, Lady. . .Honingham Hall, Norwich
Beart, Charles. . .Stow Bardolph, Downham
Beauchamp, SirT. W. P., Bt.. Langley Hall, Norwich
Beck, Edmund. . .Sandringham, King's Lynn'
fBircham, William G. . .Duuton, Fakenham
•(Bird, Rev. J. Waller. . .Foulsham Rectory
fBirkbeck, Henry... Norwich
j Bishop, John. . .3, The Walk, Market Place, Norwich
Blake, Francis John. . .Norwich
Blomfield, John. . .Warham, Wells
Blyth, D’Urban. . .Great Masslngham, Rougham
fBlyth, James. . .Weasenham All Saints, Brandon
Bond, Barnabas. . . Alburgh, Harlestone
f Bonner, Henry C. . . . East Rudham, Rougham
Booth, Nathan, Jun.. . .North Delph, Downliam

Boulton, W. S Rose Lane, Norwich

Brereton, Rev. J. L . . .Little Massingham, Rougham
Brown, Benjamin. . .Thursford, Guist
I f Brown, Thomas. . .Marham, Downham Market
j fBudd, Thomas W.. . .Shropham Hall, Thetford
Bulwer, William E. Lytton . . . Heydon Hall, Roepham
! f Burrell, Charles. . .Thetford
Burroughes, H. N.. . .Burlingham Hall, Norwich
Burroughes, Rev. J. . . .Lingwood Lodge, Norwich
Case, Thomas H.. . .Testerton Hall, Fakenham
Chambers, Thomas, jun....Colkirk Hall, Fakenham
Charteris, Hon. F.. . .Eccles Hall, Attleborough
Cobon, James. . .Well Hall, King’s Lynn
Coldham, H. W. . . . Anmer, King’s Lynn
Collyer, Rev. Canon R.. . .Warham Rectory, Wells
Colman, Samuel. . .Willy Hall, Attleborough
CoIman,',T. H.... Rockland St. Peter. Attleborough

Colman. J. James, M.P Carrow House, Norwich

Cooke, Frederick T. . . .Caston Hall, Attleborough
Cooper, W. W. . . . Barnham, Thetford
Copeman, George. . .Dunham Lodge, Swaffham
Cresswell, Mrs. Gerard . . . Appleton Hall, King’s Lynn
Crickmore, William . ..Seething, Brooke
Crowe, Daniel, . .Gay wood. King’s Lynn
Custance, Hambleton, F. . . .Weston House, Norwich
Davey, John G. EUis. . .Horningtoft, Elmham
f Dewing, R,. . .Carbooke, Watton, Norfolk
Digby, Rev. K.. . .Tetteshall Rectory. Litchara
Dutchman, Durrant. . .Swaffham, Brandon
f Eaton, George. . .Spixworth, Norwich
England, Richard. . .Binham, Wells
Everett, F. H.. . . Bridgeham, Thetford
f Everington, W. D. . . . Dlllington Hall, East Dereham
f Farrer, Edmund. . .Sporle, Swaffham
Fellowes, Robert. . .Shotesham Park, Norwich

Fellowes, Rev. T. L The 'tficarage, Honingham

Fison, Cornell . . .Thetford
fFison, Cornell Henry. . .Thctford
Fitzroy, Lleut.-Col. H... .Stratton Strawless, Norwich
fFrere, G. Edward. . .Roydon Hall, Diss
Fulcher, Thomas. . .Elmham Hall, Thetford
■(Gilbert, Robert. . .Ashley Hall, Berghapton
•(Gilbert, Robt., jun.. . .Rockland St. Mary’s, Norwich

•(Gilbert, William A Cantley, Acle

Giles, Henry. . .Croxton Park, Thetford
■(Grafton, The Duke of. . .Euston, Thetford
Groucock, C. ... Stanfield Hall, Wymondham
fGurdon, Brampton. . .Lettou Hall, Sbipdham

XXVII

Royal Agricultural

fGurdon, Rev. Philip. . .Cranworth, Shipdham
Haines, Philip. . .Palgrave, Piss
Hammond, John. . .Bale, Thetford
■(■Hamond, Anthony. . . Westacre, Brandon
f Hardy, W. H. C.. . .Letheringsett Hall, Holt

Hare, Sir T., Bart Stow Hall, Downliam Market

Harlock, Henry. . .Feltwcll Grange, Brandon
Harvey, George ... Belton, Great Yarmouth
fHolmes, Gervas. . .Brockdish Hall, Scole
Holmes, John. . .Globe Lane, Norwich
Howes, James. . .Chapel Field, Norwich
+Hudson, T. Moore. . .Castleacre, Brandon
Jones, George. . .Stow, Downham Market

fJones, Sir AV., Bart Cranmer Hall, Fakenham

Kett, G. S. . . .Brook House, Norwich
Kimberley, Earl. . .Kimberley, Wymondham
+King, John L.. . .Thorpe Abbots. Scole Inn
Larkman, Robert. . .Belton Hall, Great Yarmouth
+Leeds, Robert. . .Wlcken Farm, Castleacre, Brandon
Lee-AV'arner, H. J. . .Walsinghara Abbey, Fakenham

fLombe, Rev. H. E Melton H.all, AVymondham

fLong, Kellett. . .Dunston Hall, Norwich
fLonge. J.. . .Spixworth Park, Norwich
Lucas, George. . .Filby House, Norwich
Mann, John. . .Thornage, Thetford
Marriott, J. Lewis. . .Narborough, Brandon
Mathew, William. . .Knettishall, Hailing

tMatthews, T Newton, Castleacre, Brandon

fMiddleton, Charles. . .Holkham

Middleton, W. W Flltcham Abbey.iKlng’s Lynn

Mitchell, AVilliam. . .Northwold, Brandon
fMoore, T, William. . .AVarham, AA''ells
Murton, Thomas. . .Kenninghall, Thetford
Muskett, Charles. . . Bressingham House, Diss
fNorrls, AVilliam. . .AVood Norton, Fakenham
North, Charles. . .The Hall, Rougham
tOldfleld, Edmund. . .Fouldon Hall, Brandon

fOvennan, Henry R Weasenham, Fakenham

•fOverman, John. . .Burnham, Sutton
•(Overman, Robert. . . Edgmere, AAfalsingham

Parsons, John P Honingham, Norwich

Pooly, Thomas. . .North AV^old

f Read, Clare S., M.P. . . Honingham Thorpe, Norwich

fRead, G.,Jun.... Barton Hall, Brandon

Reeve, James. . .Snetterton Hall, Thetford

Ringer, John. . .AVest Harling

f Ringer, T. F.. . . Brancaster, Lynn

Rising, Robert. . .Horsey, Great Yarmouth

Rix, G.. . .Gayton Thorpe, King’s Lynn

Rose, Thomas. . .Melton Magna, AA'^ymondhara

Rous, Hon. AY. Rufus. . .AVorsted House, Norwich

Salter, AY. P The Abbey, Thetford

Scott, Joseph. . .Colney Hall, Norwich
Seppings, T. J.. . AYormegay Grange, King’s Lynn
Shellabear, Samuel. . .Holkham, Wells

Stark, Michael J Pukes Palace Bridge, Norwich

Stebbing, Henry. . .Stow Bedbn Hall, Attleborough
fStracey, Sir H. J., Bart., M.P.. . .Rackheath Hall,
Norwich

f Stuart, J. AYindsor. . .Raynham Hall, Brandon
SufBeld, Lord. . .Gunton Park, Norwich

Sumner, Rev. C. Y. II The Paddock, Swaffham

Taylor, T. L.. , .Starston, Harleston

Society of England.

Tayton, AYilliam. . .Syderstone, Fakenham
Thorn, Charles ... St. Giles Gate, Norwich
fTbornhlll, Thomas. . .Riddlesworth Hall, Thetford
fThornton, Thomas. ..AYereham, Stoke Ferry
Tompson, H. Kett. . .AYitchingham Hall, Norwich
Tuck, Rev. G. R.. . .Blofield, Norwich
tTurnbull, Rev. T. Smith. . .Blofield
fTurner, George. . .Baruham, Thetford
Tyrwhitt, Sir H., Bart.. . . Ashwell Thorpe Hall
Varnell, G. AY.. .Beech House, Belton, Gt. Yaraioulh
AYaite, J. N.. . .Martham Hall, Great Yarmouth
fAYalsingham, Lord... Merton Hall, Thetford

AA’atling, R. S Scratby Hall, Great A’armouth

fAYellingham, John. . . East AYalton, Lynn
AYoods, Henry. . . .Merton, Thetford '

AYright, Robert. . .Queen Street, Norwich
•(■AA'right, Thomas . . . North Runcton, Lynn
fYoungman, J. AY., ..AYestacre, Brandon

NORTHAMPTONSHIEE.

Members.

Aitkin, James. . .Peterborough
BalI,\William. . .Rothwell, Kettering
Barford, AYilliam. . .Peterborough
Bayes, Charles . . . Kettering
Beam, AYilliam. . .Finedon Hill, AA’ellingborough
f Beasley, J. Noble. . .Pitsford Hall, Northampton
Beasley, John. ..Brampton, Northampton
Berridge, Samuel. . .Croughton, Brackley
Bird, John, jun.. . .Farcet, Peterborough
Boyer, William. . .Cottesbrook, Northampton
Branson, William C.. . .Little AYeldon, AYansford
Britten, Thomas. . .Little Billing, Northampton
fBurdett, E. .. .Manor Farm, Lyveden, Thrapstone
f Cartwright, T. L. M.. . .Newbottle, Brackley

Cartwright, General W AYeedon

Chapman, AY Apethorpe, Peterborough

Cooch, Mrs.... Harleston, Northampton
Dalton, Rev. R. . . . Kelmarsh, Northampton
Pavison, John Perry. . .Easton Maudit, Northampton
Eden, F. Morton. . .Boughton House, Kettering
f Edwards, C. Bidwell. . .Minster Close, Peterborough

Edwards, T. F Tanholt Farm, Eye, Peterborough

fElliott, John. . .Chapel Brampton, Northampton
fFitzwilliam, Hon. C. AY., M.P. . Alwalton, Peterboro’
•(-Fitzwilliam, Hon. G. W. ...Milton, Peterborough
Garratt, R. Lancefield. . .Thorpe Malsor, Kettering
Gaudern, John. . .Earls Barton, AYellingborough
Griffin, C. AY.. . .AYerrmgton, Peterborough
Griffin, John. . .Borough Fen, Peterborough

Harrison, Rev. J. H Bugbrook, AYeedon

Harrison, AYilliam II Oxenden

Hensman, H. D.. . .Duston Lodge, Northampton
Huntley, Marquis of. . .Orton Hall, Peterborough
Hutchinson, Col. the Hon. H. K.. . .AYeston House
Towcester

Isham, Sir E. C. Bart.. . .Lamport Hall, Northampton

Isham, Rev. Robt Lamport Rectory, Northampton

Jeyes, Francis C.. . .Brixworth

fKing, George. . East Haddon, Northampton!

Langham, Herbert. ..Cottesbrooke, Northampton

XXVIII

List of Governors and Members of the

•fl^nton, WilliaMi jun.. . .Oundle
I.ongland, James. . .Grendon, Northampton
f Lynes, G. B. . . . Hackleton House. Northampton
Lyveden, Ix>rd. . . Farming Woods, Thrapstone
Manning, Jolm. . .Orlingbory. Wellingborough
f Markham, Charles, jun.. . .Northampton
Mawer, K. . . . Wyrdelands, Thorney, Peterliorough
tMiller, Bartlett. . .Moulton, Northampton
+Monckton, E. H. C.. . .Fineshade Abbey
Montgomery, Rev. K.. . .Milton, Northam]it.on
fNethercote, H. 0.. .Moulton Grange, Northampton
Nisbet, R. P.. ..Thorney. Peterborough
Oldham. T. E.. . .Loddington Hall, Kettering
fOliver, John. . .O-'teuden, Northampton
Oliver, Robert E.. . Sholbrooke Lodge, Towcester
Ormond, Francis. . .Moulton Park, Northampton
tOsborn. George. . .Pattisball, Towcester

fPell, A., M.P Hazlebeach, Northampton

fPerceval, Charles. . .West Haddon

Perkins, W.. . .Singlesole, Thorney, Peterborough

f Phipps, P....Collingtrec Grange, Northampton

Potterton, W. H.. . .Boughton Grange, Northampton

Pentelow, John. . .Rounds, Thrapston

Rooke, John. . .Weldon Grange, AVansford

Rowell, William. .. Peterborough

Sartoris, Frederick. .Rushden Hall, Higliam Ferrers

Scriven, G. AV. . .Castle Ashby, Nortliamptuii

.Searson, Samuel. . .Peterborough

Simpkin, B. . . . Fotheringay, Oundle

Singleton, E.. . .Preston Deanery, North.ampton

Smith, AA^illiam. . .Kettering

Smyth, AA'^illiam. . .Little Houghton, Northampton

Spencer, Earl, K.G.. . . Althorpe, ^Northampton

Stopford, AV. Bruce... Drayton House, Thrapston

Storer, Rev. J... .Hellidon, Daventry

Stratton, J. Locke. . .Tuvveston House, Brackley

fTibbits, Captain. ..Barton Seagrave, Kettering

t'Tryon, Thomas ... Bulwick, AVansford

Turner, George, jun Thorpelands, Northampton

Turner, Jahez. . . Haddon Grange, Peterborough

A''ernon, Hon. F. II Laundemer House, Oundle

AVallis, Samuel. . .Barton Seagrave, Kettering

fWartuaby, John R. . . .Clipston

AVaters, Richard. . .Charwelton House, Daventry

fWells, AVilliam, M.P Holmewood, Peterborough

fAVe-stmoreland, Earl of. . . Apthoriie, AVandsford

Wetton, George N Collingtree, Nortliampton

fAVhitting, AVilliam. . .Thorney, Peterborough

AVhltwortli, H. B.. . .Nortliampton

AVilklnson, J. Rennie. . .Great Addington, Thrapstone

Willows, J. G.. . .Rushton, Kettering

AVlllson, Thomas. . .Biggin Grange, Oundle

AVilson, John. . .2, Albion Place, Northampton

fAVood, Rowland. . .Clapton, Thrapston

A'oumans, Richard. . .Badby, Daventry

Young, A. A.. . .Orlingbury House, AVellingborough

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Governors.

•f-Browne, Alex. Henry. . .Bank House, Acklinglon
-j-Grey, Karl. . .Hawick House, Alnwick
Ridley,Sir M. AVhite, Bart Blngdon, Cramlington

Mcmlers.

f Anderson, Robert. . .Grey Street, Newcastle
Angus, George. . . Benwcll Grange, Newcastle
Angus, John. . .AVhitefield, Morpeth
Arkle, Thomas. . .Highhaws, Morpeth
Armstrong, John A.. . .Baj’’s Leap, AV ylam
Armstrong, T. J.. . .5, Hawthorn Terrace, Newcastle
fAtkinson, J. II. IL. . . Angerton, Morpeth
Bainbridge, E. M.. . .Dissington Hall, Newcastle
Balleny, C. D.. . .Red Barns, Newcastle
fBeaumont, AV. B., M.P.. . .Bywell Hall, Newcastle
Bell, Robert. . .Newcastle
Bell, AVilliam. . .Cramlington
fBenson, AVilliam . . . Allerwash House, Hexham
Blackett, Sir E., Bart.. . .Matfen, Newcastle
Blandford, Thomas. . .Coi'bridge
fBolam, Robert G.. ..AVeetwood Hall, AA'ooler

Bolam, AV. T Jesmond Gardens, Newcas'le

Bosanquet, Rev. R. AV. . . .Roch, Alnwick
Running, T. AV. . . . 34, Grey Street, Newcastle
Burdon, George. . .Heddon House, Newcastle
Cadogan, Mrs.. . .Brinkburn Priory, Morpeth
Cecil, Lord A, . . . AVoodhouse Manor, Morpeth
Cecil, Lord L., . , AVoodhouse Manor, Morpeth
Charlton, AV. H.. . .Hesleyside, Hexham
fChrisp, John. . .Bank House, Addington
Clayton, John. . .Newcastle

fClutterbuck, T AVarkworth, Addington

Cockburn. G.. . .Summerhill Grove, Newcastle
Cresswell, A. J. Baker. . .Cresswell, Morpeth
Culley, George. . .Fowberry Tower, Belford
fCuthbert, AVilliam. . .Beaufront, Hexham
Davie, J. Thornton. . .Hepscott Red House, Morpeth
fDees, Richardson. . .AVallsend, Newcastle

Dickinson, G. T AVheelbirks, Stockslield

f Dinning, John,, . .Adderstone, Belford
Dinning, J.. . .Langley Hill Top, Haydon Bridge
•j-Dixon, John Thomas. . .AValwick Grange, Hoxham

Dods, T. P Anick Grange, Hexham

Donkin, Samuel. . . By well, Felton

Dryden, Thomas. . .Moss Kennels, Haydon Bridge

Embleton, Robert. . .Backworth, Newcastle

-j-Errington, Rowland. . .Saudoti, Hexham

Fawcus, Jolm. ..South Charlton, Chatliill

Fenwick, G. A.. . .The Batik, Newcastle

Fenwick, John C.. . .Newcastie

Gibson, Robert. . .South Benwell Farm, Newcastle

Goddard, H, R.. , .Belsay, Newcastle

Gray, Thomas. . .Clayton Street West, Newcastle

fGrey, Charles Grey . . .Dilston, Corbridge

+Grey,Rt. Hon. Sir G. Bt., M.P.. .Faltowdon, Alnwick

Hamond, Charles F.. . .Newcastle

fHarle, John Josepli . . . Mill Hills, Haydon Biidge

Harrett, Robert. . .Kirkwhelpington, Newcastle

Hawthorn, AVilliam. . . Benwell Cottage, Newcastie

Hedley, Thomas. . .Cox Lodge, Newcastle

Hendersoti, AVilliam. . .Fowberry Mains, Belford

Hodgson, Richard... Crofton Mills, Blyth

Hogg, James. . .Buckton, Belford

Hogg. AVilliam. . .Mitford Steads, Morpeth

Hudspith, AVilliam... Brookside, Haltwhistle

Huggup, James. . .West Sleekburn. Bedlington .

James, Thomas. . .Otterbum Castle, Newcastle

XXIX

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Jobson, William. . .liuteland, llexliam
Joiccy, Mwaid. . .Newcastle
Joicey, John. . .Newton Hall, Stockslield
King, 11. H.. . .AVarkworth, Acklington
Langdale, Sampson ... Espley House, Morpelli

Lawson, E Redesdale Cottage, Newcastle

Lawson, Rev. E.. . .Longhurst Hall, Morp'^tlt
Laycock, Joseph. . .Segbill House
' Lee, J. Bunting. ..Stockslield Hall
1 Lee, Joseph. . .Dllston, Corbridge
1 Leighton, Robert... Tbistleyhaugh, Moi-petb
! lrt!nnox, AVilliam. . .Six Mile Bridge, Newcastle
' Loi'alne, Edward. . .The Hiding, Riding Mill Station

Marshall,’ J Low Horton, Cramlington

Matthews, John, M.D.. . .Tynemouth
; Nicholson, George . . . Winlaton, Blaydon-on-Tyne
f Northumberland, Duke of. . . Alnwick Castle
Old. Rev. J. A. Blackett... Whitfield Hall, Haydon
Bridge

Orde, Charles W Nunnykirk, Morpeth

Ormston, Robert. . .Newcastle
■jOswell, AV. B. . . .Eardiston House, AVest Felton
I I’almer, C. Mark. . . Newcastle-on-Tyne
Ramsay, G. H.. . .Derwent Villa, Newcastle
Rea, Charles. . .Doddington, AVooler
f Richardson, E.. . .2, Lovaine Place, Newcastle

f Riddell, H. B Rothbury, Morpeth

Riddell, John. . .St. Niniaus, AVooler

fRlddell, SirAA''. B„ Bart. . . Hepple, Rothbury, Alorpeth

Ridley, John M AValwick Hall, Hexham

f Ridley, M. AA^hite, M.P Blagdon, Cramlington

Ridley, Thomas. . .Parkend, Hexham

Robinson, John. . .Gosforth, Newcastle

fRobson, John . . . By mess, Rochester

Row, Edward T. . . . Moulds Haugh

Sanderson, R. Burdon. . .North Jesmond, Newcastle

Scott, Joseph. . .Jesmond Road, Newcastle

Smedley, Charles E. B Shottle House, Belper

fSnowball, F. J.. . .Seaton Burn House, Cramlington
Spencer, John. . .AVhorlton Hall, Newcastle
fSpencer, J. AVatson. . .AVhorlton Hall, Newrastle
I -i-.Spencer, Michael. . .Lemington Hall, Blaydon

■ fSpeiicer, Thomas. . . Ryton, Newcastle

i Spraggon, Benjamin. . .Nafferton, StocksBeld

•j-Stephenson, Clement. . . Newcastle
Stephenson, Hugh. . .Dene House, Newcastle
Straker, Henry. . .Riding Mill

fSurtees, Villiers C. V Newcastle

Swan, Joseph. . .3, Carlton Place, Newcastle
Swan, Mark. . .Lesbuiy, Bilton
Swan, AV. Robert. . .AVallsend, Newcastle
Swann, John. . .Bedlington, Jlorpeth
r Swann, AVTlliam . . . Bedlington, Morpeth

" fSwinhurne, Sir John, Bt Capheaton, Newcastle

fTate, John. . .Barnhill, Acklington
Thew, Edward. . .Lesbury House, Alnwick

■ 'Thompson, Alexander. . .Kirknewton, AVooler

Thomson, AV. C Dllston Haugh, Corbridge

j Trevelyan, Sir AV. C., Bart AA'^allington, Newcastle

j Trotter, Thomas. . .Bywell, Stocksfield
i 'Trotter, William. . .South Acomb, Stocksfield
[ 'Turnbull, George. . .Tughall House, Chathill
j fAVaddilove, G. M. D. . . . Brunton House, Hexham

tWallls, Owen. . .Bradley Hall, Blaydon
AVallls, Robert. . .Stocksfield

AVatson, John E Newcastle

AVlgham, George. . .Laverlck Hall, Cramlington
AVllson, Jacob. . .AVoodhorn Manor House, Morpeth
tWllson, Thomas. . .Shotley Hall, Newciistle

AVoods, J. A Benton Hall, Newcastle

fAVright, T. Irwin. . .Seaton Burn House, Dudley

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Goi'ernors.

Barrow, AV. Hodgson, M.P.. . .Southwell ’
fBrown, James. . . Rossington, Bawtry
Milward, Richard. . .'Thurgarton Prior}', Southwell
fSutton, John Manners. . .Kelham, Newark

Memhnrs.

Adtims, James. . .The Fallowes, Oxton, Southwell
Allcock, Charles. . .Bulwell, Nottingham
Allcock, Thomas. . . Radcliffe-on-Trent

Baily, John, Jun Python Hill, Mansfield

Baker, Robert. . .Gamston, East Retford
fliarrow, John James. . .Normanton Hall, Southwell
Bayley, 'Thomas. . .Leutou, Nottingham

fBeaumont, G., jun Bridgford Hill, Nottingham

Beecroft, C Lowdham Lodge Farm, Nottingham

Beevor, Henry. . .Blyth, AVorksop
Bingley, Charles. . .Langeld Farm, AV'orksop
Booth, John. . .Cotham, Newark
Brett, John. . .Oxton Grange, Southwell
Brodhurst, Lucas. . .Upton, Southwell

Burnell, E. P AVinkburne Hall, Southwell

Burrows, T. Ashe. . .Normanton-on-'Trent, Newark
I Butler, Richard. . .Radcliffe-on-Treut
' Cane, Rev. 'T. C. . . . Brackenhurst, Southwell

Carding, F Combs Farm. F’arnsfield, Southwell

fCartwright, 'T. AV.. .Ragnall Hall, Newton, Newark
Chadburu, Frank. . .Cockcllffe Hall, Arnold
Cheetham, Henry. . .AVoodthorpe, Nottingham
ColUugham, Joseph. . .AVelham, Retford

Cox, AV. S Sansom Wood, Calverton, Nottingham

fCrawhall, George. . .West Bank, Mansfield
Cripwell, John. . .Carlton, Nottingham
Crosland, Jabez. . .Clumber Street, Nottingham
Davies, Mrs.. . .Rochlaveston Manor, Nottingham
fDickons, Thomas ... High Oakham, Mansfield
Dufty, 'Thomas . . . Knapthorpe, Newark
fEdge, James 'Thomas. . .Strelley Hall, Nottingham
Esam, AVilliam. . . Averham Park, Southwell

Faulconbridge, AV. F Bestwood Park, Bulwell

Field, Samuel. . .Farnsfield, Southwell
fFoljambe, F. J. S., JI.P.. .Osberton House, AVorkso
fGalway, Viscount, M.P.. . .Serlby Hall, Bawtry
Gelsthorpe, 'Thomas... Morton Manor, Newark
Gilbert, Henry. . .Barnby Manor, Newark
•j-Greenfield, George. . .Belle Eau Park, Ollerton
Hall, Francis. . .Park Hall, Mansfield
fHall, Marriott. ..'Thorpe Salvin, AVorksop
Hallam, 'Thomas. . .Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham
fHammersley, W.... Parkinson Street, Nottingham
fHassall, G.,.,Shelford Manor, Radcliffe-on-Treut

XXX

List of Governors and Members of the

tHemsIey, John. . .Shelton, Newark
Heslop, Kev. Gordon. . .Cossall, Nottingham
fHildyard, T. B. T., M.P.. . .Flintham, Newark
llodgkinsou, Enoch.. .Morton Grange, Retford
f Hodgkinson, hh'iuik. . .Kirkby Hardwick, Sutton-in-
Aahlield

•(•Hodgkinson, G. . . . Kirkby-in-Ashficld, Nottingham
Hodgkinson, Grosvenor, M.P.. .Newark
Hole, James. . .Muskham Woodhouse, Newark
Horncastle, Henry.. .Edwinstowe, Ollerton
Houghton, Thomas. . .Hemshill Manor, Nottingham
tHuutsman, Benjamin. . .West Retford
fHuskinson, Thomas. . .Epperstone, Southwell
f. Johnson, George. . .Blaco Hill, Retford
Johnson, Joseph.. .Sutton, Newark
Kelham, Robert. . .Bleasby Hall, Southwell
Kenrick, George. . .Thurgarton Hill, Southwell
Knight, W. E.. . .14, Carter Gate, Newark
Llndley, Urban. . .Radmanthwaite House. Mansfield

Lowe, Robert H 15, Clarendon Street, Nottingham

fMachin, J. Vessey. . .Gateford Hall, Worksop

Martin, H. B.. . .Colston Bassett, Bingham

Moore, Henry. . .Bilborough

Moore, John. . .Calverton

fMusters, John C. . . . Annesley Park, Linby

fNall, Joseph. . . Papplewick, Nottingham

Neale, Charles. . .Newfleld, Screveion, Biugham

Neale, Charles .T Mansfield

fNevile, Rev. C.. . .Thorney, Newark
fNevlle, George. . .Shebton, Newark
New, David. . . Waverley House, Nottingham
Nicholson, W. N.. . .Newark-on-Trent

Paddison, Charles F Stableford, Newark

Paget,JCharles, . .Ruddington Grange, Nottingham
Painter, John. . .Forest Road, Nottingham
Parke, William. . .Stragglethorpe, Newark
Parker, T. Sumner. . .Oxton, Southwell
Parkin, John. . .Goldthorpe, Worksop
Parkinson, L. Milward. . .Epperstone, Southwell
f Parkinson, Thomas.. .Hexgreave Park, Southwell
fParkyns, Sir T. G. A., Bart.. . .Ruddington
tParr, John. ..Cropwell Butler, Bingham
Parr, Samuel. . .The Park, Nottingham
tParr, W. F. . . . Cropwell Butler, Bingham
I’aulson, F. W.. . .Broomhill Grange, Ollerton
Pott, John Manger. . .Nottingham
Potts, Bainbriggs. . .Calverton
Pyatt, Abraham. . .Wilford, Nottingham
Quibell, W. Oliver. . .Newark-on-Trent
Keek, Edward. . .Nuttall, Nottingham
Sanday, George Henry. . .Holmepierrepont
fSanday, William. . .Radcliffe-on-Trent
Scott, Lawrence . . . Moor End, Ruddington
Shepperson, Thomas. . .Lenton
Sherbrooke, Henry P.. . .Oxton, Southwell
Simpson, H. Bridgman. ..Babworth, Retford

Simpson, John T Bonghton, Ollerton

fSmith, Edwards. . . Radcllffe-on-Trent
fSmlth, Henry. . .Cropwell Butler, Bingham
Smith, Henry A.. . .Wilford, Nottingham
Stafford, Thomas. . .Marnham, Newark
Storer, Chas., M.D. . . .Lowdham Grange, Nottingham
Tennant, James. . . Abbey Field Farm, Newttead

Tinley, Edward. . .Southwell
Toder, E.. . .South Muskham, Newark
Turner, Robert... Bishopfield, Bawtry
fVere, John. . .Carlton, Newark
Vernon, Granville H.. . .Grove Hall, East Retford
Walker, Sir E. S.. . .Berry Hill, Mansfield
Walker, John Deverell. . .Nottingham
Walker, William. . .Bceston, Nottingham
fWard, AV. Squire. . .Wellow Hall, Olleiloii
Watson, Robert. . . Scarrington, Whatton

Webb, W. F Newstead Abbey, Mansfield

Whitaker, Joseph, Jun..Ramsdale Ho., Nottingham
AVhitc, Samuel. . .South Leverton, Retford
fWigram, John. . .South Colllngham, Newark

fAVilliams, Ashley G Sparken, Worksop

Wilson, William. . .Bulcote, Nottingham
Wood, J. P.. . .Clumber Street, Nottingham
AVoolley, T. Smith. . .South Collinghiim, Newark
fWright, H. Banfe. . .Sheldon Hall, Newark
fWright, AVilliam. . .AVollaton, Nottingham
Wright, AVilliam. . .Fiskerton, Newark

OXFORDSHIRE,

Governors.

Camoys, Lord. . .Stonor Park, Henley-on-Thames
Marlborough, Duke of, K.G.. . .Blenheim Park

Members.

Allnutt, T. Alexander. .WatUngton Farm, Tetsworlh

Ashhurst, John H Waterstock, O.xford

Bacchus, William E.. . .Horley, Banbui-y
Badcock, Benjamin . . . Headington Hill, Oxford
Baker, J. W.. . .Little Rolbright, Chipping Norton
Baker, Rev. R. L. . . . Kamsden, Enstone
Baker, William. . .Coombe Farm, Woodstock
Barnett, Henry, M.P.. . .Glympton Park, Woodstock
f Bateman, Henry. . . Asthall, Witney
fBayley, Rev. W. R. . . .Cassington Vicarage, Oxford
Beaumont, Joseph. . . Ducklington, AVitney
Berridge, Thomas. .Pimlico Farm, Tusmorc, Bicester
Blagrave, Edward. . .Oxford
Blake, Alfred. . .Sutton, Stanton Harcourt, AVitney
f Bowyer, Captain II. A. . . . Steeple Aston, AA' oodstock
Brickwell, C. J.. . .Overthorpe Lodge, Banbury

f Brown, A. H. C Kingston House, Tetsworth

Browne, Rev. T. C.. . .42, St. Giles’s, Oxford
Browning, James T. . . .Oxford
Bryan, John...Southleigh, AVitney
f Bulford, James. . .Hordley Farm, AVoodstock
fCaless, AVilliam. . .Bodicote House, Banbury
Cannon, Joseph C. . . . Beckley, Oxford
Cartwright, Richard Aubrey. . .Edgeott, Banbury
Castle, George. . .Sutton, Stanton Harcourt, Eyusbam
Castle, George R.. . .Bicester
Chamberlin, AVilliam. . . Adderbury, Banbury
■fUhillingworth, John. . .Horsepath, O.xford
•fUhurchill, Lord. . .AVychwood Park
Clarke, E. C.. . .Haddenham, Thame
f Clarke, G. R.... Chesterton Lodge, Bicc.stCf
•(Clinch, Charles. . .AVitney
•(Cole, AVilliam Douglas. . . Bicester

XXXI

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Combo, Thomas. . .Oxford
Cooper, Henry Reeve. . .Britwoll, AVntlington
Craddock, R. . . . Lyneham, Chipping Norton
Crundwcll, G.. . .Rose Mount, IQIey, Oxford
i- Dash wood. Captain F. Loftus. . .Klrtlington Park
Dashwood, Sir Henry W., Bart....Kirtlington
-j-Davenport, F. H....Headington Hill, Oxford
f Davis, R. S. B.. . .Swerford Park, Enstone
+Davis, Samuel. . .Swerford Park, Enstone
fDickeus, Samuel S.. . .Golder Manor, Tetsworth
Dodwell, J.. . .Manor House, Long Crendon, Thame
Dormer, C. Cottrill. . .Rousham, Woodstock
f Druce, A. F. Milton . . .Twelve Acres, Eynsham
fDruce, Joseph. . .Eynsham
f Druce, Samuel. . .Eynsham
Early, Thomas. . .Witney
Effingham, Earl of. . .Tusmore House, Bicester
fFranklin, Joseph, . .Little Haseley, Tetsworth
Freeman, Edwin.. .Chilton, Thame
Freer, F. Hubert. . .Oddington, Chipping Norton
fGammie, George. . .Shotover House, Wheatley
Game, George. , .Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton
fGaskell, Henry L.. . .Kiddington Hall, Woodstock
fGayner, C., M.A.. . .1, New College Lane, Oxford
Glllett, Frederick. . .Upton Downs, Burford
Gillett, John. . .Oaklands, Charlbury
Gillett, John. . .Minster Lovell, Witney
Glen, George. . .Stratton Audley Park, Bicester
Godson, Nicholls S. . . . Little Tew, Enstone
Godwin, Mrs.. . .Troy Farm, Deddington
Greaves, John. . .Elsfield, Oxford
Griffin, J. Whltehouse. . .Towersey Manor, Thame
Gulliver, William. . .Swalcliffe, Banbury
Gutteridge, Charles. . . Assendon, Henley-on-Thames
Hall, Richard . . .Great Barford, Deddington
Hamersley, Hugh... Great Haseley, Tetsworth
f Harcourt, E. W. . . .Nuneham Park, Oxford
Hatton, William. . .Kingston, Tetsworth
fHawkes, William. . .Thenford, Banbury
Henley, Joseph J.. . .Shotover Lodge, Oxford
tHenley, Rt.Hon. J.W., M.P. . .Waterpury, Wheatley
-j-Hester, George P.. . .Oxford

Hewer, Robert. . .Fair Green Farm, Chipping Norton
fHolbech, Rev. C. W.. . .Farnborough, Banbury
Hopkins, Rev. T. H. T.. . .Magdalen College, Oxford
Howland, A. R.. . .Ludesden House, Thame
Hughes, James. . .Wood Lawn, Oxford
Hutt, John. . .Water Eaton, Oxford
f Keene. Rev. C. Ruck. .Swincombe House, Nettlebc.i
King, Frederick. . . West Lawn, Kirtllngton
King, W. Padbury. . .Lower Heyford, Banbury
Knollys, Gen. Sir W., K.C.B... Blount's Court, Henley
Lord, Richard... Stanton Harcourt, Witney
f Macclesfield, Earl of. . .Sherbum Castle, Tetsworth
f Mackenzie, E.. . .Fawley Court, Henley-on-Thames
Marriott, Captain E. J.. . .Burford
Marsham, R., D.C.L.. . .Merton College, Oxford
fMason, James. . .Eynsham Hall, AVitney
f Mather, D. . . .Chadlington, Enstone
Mewbum, W.. . .Wykham Park, Banbury
fMiddleton, Henry. . .Cutteslow, Oxford
Millington, Mrs. . . , Ashgrove, Ardley, Bicester
tMorrell, F. J.. . .St. Giles’s, Oxford

Mumford, J. A.. . .Chilton Park Farm, Thame
Nalder, .T.IIall. . . Haseley, Tetsworth
Novell, Edward. . .Chaw ley Farm, Cumnor, Ox lord
fNewton, R. J.. . .Campsfield, Woodstock
fNewtou, William. . .Gould’s Grove, Benson
fNorreys, Viscount. . . Wytham Park, Oxford
North, Lieut. Colonel, M.P. . AVroxton Abbey, Banbury
fParsons, Herbert.. .Elsfield, Oxford
fParsons, John. . .Iffiey, Oxford
Parsons, W.. . .Hill Farm, Elsfield, Oxford
Parrott, Edward. . .Shirburn, Tetsworth .

Parker, James S.. ..Iffiey, Oxford

fPaxton, Edmund. . .AVillaston House, Bicester

Paxton, Jonas. . .Bicester

f Perry, T. A.. .Betham House, Avon Dasset, Banbury
Pickering, Leonard. . .AVilcote, Charlbury
fPiercy, Alfred. . .Coldh'arbour, Henley
Pinnell, Charles... AVestwell, Burford

Reade, J Shipton, Chipping Norton

Reynardson, H. B. . . . Adwell, Tetsworth
Robbins, Harry. . .Northfield Farm, AVitney
Roberts, Joseph. . .Caswell House, Witney
Rowland, John. . .Holly Bank, Woottem, AA''oodstock
Rusher, William. . .High Street, Banbury
Samman, AVilliam . . . Middleton Park, Bicester
Samuelson, Bernhard, M.P.. . .Banbury
Savidge, Matthew. . .Sarsden, Chipping Norton
fSheldon, Jonathan. . .Eynsham
Sheldon, Jonathan, jun.. . .Eynsham
j Sheldon, Thomas. . .Osuey Mill, Oxford
I fShilllngford, George W.. . .Eynsham
Smith, Samuel. . .Somerton, Deddington
Stilgoe, Nathaniel. . . Adderbury, Banbury

fStilgoe, Z. W Adderbury Grounds, Banbury

Symonds, Horatio P Oxford

Tawney, A. R Banbury

Taylor, Thomas. . .Ashton Rowant, Tetsworth
Thomson, Guy. . .Old Bank, Oxford
I fThomson, John. . .Baldon House, Oxford
I Tredwell, William. . .Elsfield, Oxford
Vanderstegen, W. H. . . .Cane End House, Henley
AVard, AA'^illiam. . .41, St. Giles’s, Oxford
AVatson, John. . .Shirburn Castle, Tetsworth
fAVeaving, John AV.. . .Oxford
AVigglns, Walter John. . . Watlington
AViggins, AA'^illiam. . .AVatcombe Farm, AVatlington
AVilkinson, AVllliam. . .Oxford
f AVorley, AVilliam. . .Stanton Harcourt, Eynsham

RUTLANDSHIRE.

Governor.

Gainsborough, Earl of. . .Exton Hall, Oakham
Members.

Addison, J. . . . Brookfield Gretton, Uppingham
Aveland, Lord. . .Nonnanton Park, Oakham
f Barnes, Wilson. . .Teigh, Oakham
Bosworth, J. G.. . .Greetham, Oakham
Cutting, Robert Coote. . .Eidlington, Uppingham
f Duncan, Alexander. . .Knossington Grange, Oakham
fEyre, Edwin. . .Preston Hall, Uppingham
Finch, George H., M.P.. , .Burley-on-the-Hill,Oakham

XXXII

List of Governors a^nd Members of the

tUilford William. . .North Lutfenham, Uppingham
Painter, Benjamin. . .Burley-on-the-Hill, Oakham
■Ward, Kobert. . .llarringworth, Uppingham
fWing, AVilUam. . .Market Overton, Oakham

AVimi, Mrs Uppingham

AVortlcy, Edward. . .Ridlingtou, Uppingham

SHROPSHIRE.

Governors.

Cotes, John. . .AVoodcote, Newport

fllill, Viscount. . .Hawkstone Park, Shrewsbury

Memhers.

Archer, James.. .Combermere Abbey, AVhitchurch
Ashdown, A. H.. . .Uppington, Wellington
Ashdown,'S. Harding. . .Uppington, AVellington
Asterley, AV. L. . . . Pentref, Llanymynech, Oswestry
Austin, Harry C.. . .Allscott, AVellington
Backhouse, R. 0.. . .AVestwood, Bridgnorth
Barber, Richard. . .Uarlescott, Shrewsbury
Bate. John AVilliam. . . Astol, Shifnal
Bate, Ricliard Stokes . . . Badger, Shifnal
P..iteraan, J.. . .Croxton Hanmer, AVhitchurch
•('•Bather, 'J'homas. . .Maesbury Hall Mill, Oswestry
Baylcy, John. . .Tilstock, Whitchurch
Beck, Francis Henry. . . Albrighton, Shifnal
Beck, Peter. . .Shrewsbury
Beckett, Joseph. . .Belvedere, AVhitchurch
fBcckwith, Rev. 11.. . .Eaton Constantine, VVellinglon
Beeston, Tliomas. .Ooldstone Manor, Market Drayton
f Benson, George. . .Lutwyche Hall, AVenlock

Bibby, J. J Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury

Bickerton, S Shotattou, Ruyton Eleven Towns

Bigge, C. Selby. .Bourton Grange, Much AVenlock
Blanlern, George G.. . .Haston, Hadnall, Shrewsbury
Bolden, Samuel E.. .The Council House, Shrewsbury
Booker, Joseph. . .AVilbrighton Hall, Newport

f Borough, C. B Chetwynd Park, Newport

Botlield, Rev. AV. B. Garnett. . .Decker Hill, Shifnal
Boulton, John... Bowling Green Farm, Shifnal
Boulton, AV. Baker.. .The Liziard, Shifnal
Bourne, S... .Goldsmitli Hou.se, Whitchurch
Bowen, Edward H. . . . Kingslow, Bridgnorth

Bowen, Humphrey C Cliesterton, Bridgnorth

Bowen, John, jun.. . .Dunvall House, Bridgnorth
Bowen, Thomas. . .AA''ootton, Bridgnorth
Bradford, Earl of. . .AVeston Hall, Shifnal
Brewster, AV.. . . Balderton Hall, Middle, Shrewsbury
Bridgeman, John. . .Ascott Hall, Shrewsbury
Bright, John. . .Styche, Market Drayton
Brooke, Rev. John. . .Haughton, Shifnal
■(•Broughton, P. . . .TunsUll Hall, Market Drayton
Brown, Henry. . .Preston, AVellington
Brown, Richard . . . Ruyton Eleven Towns
Browne, Samuel. . .Brocton Hall, Shifnal

Burd, Thoma.s A Burcot, AVellington

Burton, R. H. Bingen. . .Chilton Grove, Shrewsbury
tCliarlton, St. John C.. . . Apley Castle, AVellington
Chetwode, Sir J. N. L., Bt.. .Oakley, Market Drayton
Clay, Charles. . .AVhitchurch
Clay, .John...Kln^ale, AVhittington, 0.swestry

Clews, R. T.. . .The AVoodlands, Weston, Shifnal
•(•Cocks, Rev. C. R. .Somers. . .Nene Savage Rectory,
Cleobury Mortimer
Cocks, John.. .Diiichope, AVistanstow
f Corbet, H. R. . . . Adderley Hali, Market Drayton
Corbett, Henry. . .Higford, Shifnal
Corbett, Thomas. . .Shrewsbury
fCorbett, Captain R. J.. . .Bridgnorth

Corden, Arthur H Brinctou, Shifnal

Corden, John.. .Great Chatwell, Newport
Cottle, George. . .AVest Felton, Shrewsbury
f Cotton, Hon. R. AV. S.. .Bourlton Park, Shrewsbury
Crane, Edward. . .Forton, Montford, Shrewsbury
Crane, Joseph. . .Calcot, Shrewsbury
Crowley, John L. . . . Standford Hall, Newport
Cureton, George ... Beam House, Shrewsbury
•f-Curtis, Sir AV., Bai^t. . . . Caynham Court, Ludlow

Gust, Captain F. H Ellesmere

Danford, AVilliam Lewis. . .Langley, Bromfield
f Darby, Alfred. . .Stanley Hall, Bridgnorth
Davies, James. . .Isle Park, Shrewsbury
Davies, AVilliam. . .Mardre, Llandrinio, Oswestry
Davis, Evan H.. . .Patton, Much AVenlock
Pavis, T.. . .Little AVenlock, Wellington
Day, John. . .High Street, AVhitchurch
Dickin, E. T.. . .Yockings Gate, Whitchurch
Dickin, AVilliam. . .The Lloyd, Market Drayton
Downward, Rev. G. R.. . .Shrewsbury
Dunn, John. . .Fernhill Villa, Market Drayton
fDyer, Major H. C. S.. . .AVesthorpe, Bromfield
+Eddowes, Thomas Henry. . .Pontesbury
Edwards, Edward. . .Boreton, Shrewsbury
Edwards, Edwin. . .Brocton Grange, Shifnal
Edwards, G. AVithers, Jun.. . .AVoolston, Oswestry
Edwards, Richard. . .Adllngton, Shrewslrury
Elwell, Charles. . .Evelith Manor, Shifnal
Fllwcll, Paul. . .Evelith Manor, Shifnal
Emery, Richard A.. . .Lostford, Market Drayton
Evans, .John. . .Uffington
Evans, John. . .Hadnall AVood, Hadnall
Eyke, John. . .Stanton, Shifnal
fEyton, Thomas C.. . .Vineyard, AVellington
fFeun, Thomas... Stonebrook House, Ludlow
Forester, G. T. . . .Ercall Jlagna, AVellington
fFoster, AV. 0.. . .Apley Park, Bridgnorth

Foulkes, C St. Mary’s Street, AVhitchurch

Fowler, AVilliam. . .Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury
Fox, John. . .Coalbrookdale, AVellington
f France, J.ames. . .Grinshill, Shrewsbury
Frank, John Charles. . .Rhy dairy, Oswestry
•[•Fryer, H. C.. . .Lodge Park, Taliesin, Shrewsbury
•j-Gatacre, E. Lloyd. . .Gatacre Hall, Bridgirorth
fGodsall, I’hilip AV. . . .Iscoyd Park, AVhitchurch
Goodall, AV. H.. . .Sutton, Market Drayton
Gouldbourne, J.. . .AVilksley,Burleydam, AV'hitchurdi
Gower, Andrew. . .Market Drayton
fGranville, Earl, K.G.. . .Aldenham, Bridgnorth
•[■Green, .Joseph B. . . .Marlow, Leintwardine
Griffithes, Thomas J.. . .Bishops Castle
Griffiths, John. . .Houlston, Middle
f Groom, .James ... Arlston House, AVellington
Groves, Robert, V. C. . . . Berrington, Shrewsbury
Hanmer, Sir J., Bart., M.P.. . Bettisfield, AVhitchurch

XXXIII

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Harding, E. \V.. . .Old Springs, Market Drayton
Harding, John. . .Bicton House, Shrewsbury
Harries, Francis. . .Cuckton Hall, Shrewsbury
Harris, Thomas. . .Moston, Stanton
Hassall, William. . .Bubney, tVTiitchurch
Heath, John...01eobury Mortimer
Heatley, John . . Broughton, Harmer Hill, Shrewsbury
Heatley, John. . .Eaton, Market Drayton
f Heatley, K. T. . . .Eaton Grange, Market Drayton
f Herbert, Major-Gen., the Right Hon. Sir P. E., Bart.,
M.P. . . .Styche, Market Drayton

Higgs, Albert A Little Wenlock, Wellington

Hill, Rev. John. . .Hawkstone, Shrewsbury
Hill, Richard. . .Orleton Court, Ludlow

Hinckesman, Charles II The Poles, Ludlow

Hollis, Edward. . .West Felton

Hoole, Arthur.. .Ilinnington House, Shifnal

Hornby, Captain R.M. . . .Hanley House, Shrewsbury

fllomby. Rev. R Boyston Hill, Shrewsbury

Horton, George. . .Harley, Much Wenlock
f Horton, S. Lewis. . .Park House, Shifnal
Horton, Thomas. . .Hamage Grange, Shrewsbury
Hudson, C. D.. .Cheswardine, Market Drayton
Hudson, John. . .Slbberscott, Lea Cross
-j-Hudson, Samuel. . .Wytheford Hall, Shawbury
Hudson, Thomas. . .Longford Farm, Market Drayton
Humphreys, W. T.. . .Calcott Hall, Oswestry

f Hunter, L. R Bedstow House, Aston.O)n-CTuu

fllunter, Patrick. . .Roden, Wellington
Ikin, Edward. . .Moat House, Wem
flngram, George. . .Chetwynd Park, Hewport

Jenkin, H. B Cotton Farm, Whitchurch

Jones, '_F.. . .The Old Hall, Hanmer, Whitchurch
f Jones, J. Bowen. . .Esndon Hall, Baschurch
Jones, James, . .Norville, Bridgnorth
Jones, John. . .The Lodge, Whitchurch
Jones, Stephen. . .Lea Cross
Jones, Thomas. . .English Frankton, Ellesmere
Jones, Rev. William. . .Baschurch, Shrewsbury
f Jones, William. . .Harrington, .Shifnal
Juckes, George. . .Beslow Hall, Wroxeter
Juckes, Mrs.. . .Cotwall, Wellington
Juckes. Thomas. . .Tern, Wellington
tJustice, Henry. . .Hinstock, Market Drayton
Keary, H. W. . . . Aldenham, Bridgnorth
Kelsall, George. . .Marton, Baschurch
Kelsall, Thomas ... Bettisfield Hall, Whitchurch
Kempster, W illiam ... New Cricket, EUesmere
•f-Kenyon, Hon. E.. . .Macefen, Whitchurch
•j-Knight, A. J. R. Boughton. . .Dowuton Castle,
Leintwardine

Langford, William. . .Cherbury Hall
Lea, James. . .Dodecote Grange, Market Drayton
Lee, J. H.. . .Redbrook, Whitchurch
Lee, Thomas S. . . . Brincton House, Shifnal
Leeke, Ralph L.. . .Longford Hall, Newport
Leigh, William. . . Wilksley, Whitchurch
•(■Leighton, Stanley. . .Sweeny Hall, Oswestry
Lewis, William. . .Shrewsbury
Lightfoot, F. L.. . .Market Drayton
fLloyd. Arthur P.. . .Shawbury, Shrewsbury
Lloyd, J. A. . . . Leaton Knolls, Shrewsbury
•f-Lloy d, Richard T. . . . Aston Hall, Oswestry

Lloyd, W. B Preston Moniford Hall, Shrewsbury

f Lowndes, W. L Linley Hall, Bridgnorth

fMainwaring, Salusbury IC. . .Oteley, Shrewsbury
Mansell. Andrew. ..Little Ness, Baschurch
fMansell, Thomas. . .Ercall Park, Wellington
f Mansell, Thomas J.. . . Adcott Hall, Baschurch
Matthews, Henry . . . Montford, Shrewsbury
Meire, T. L.. . .Eyton-on-Severn, Shrewsbury
Minor, John . . .The Grove, Kingsland, Shrewsbury
tMinton, John. . .Forton, Shrewsbury
Slinton, T. S. .. .Forton, Montford, Shrewsbury
Moody, General. . .Caynham House, Ludlow
More, R. Jasper. . .Linley Hall, Bishop’s Castle
Morris, James. . .Union Place, Oswestry
Mort, William. . .Marton. Baschurch
Nevett, William. . .Yorton, Harmer Hill, Shrewsbury
Newill, Joseph. . .Lydbury North
[•Newport, H. A. W.. . .Coton Hall, Bridgnorth
fNewport, Viscount, M.P.. . .Weston, Shifnal

Niccolls, W. H Newnham, Shrewsbury

Nickolls, James. . .Tuck Hill, Bridgnorth

I f Nightingale, Vaughau E Burway, Ludlow

Nock, Charles. . .Norton, Shifnal
Nock, Thomas. . .Sutton Maddock. Shifnal
Nock, T. F.. . .Kingslow, Bridgnorth

Norris, W. G Coalbrookdale, Wellington

Nunnerley, Thomas. . . Bradley Green, Whitchurch
•j-Palin, William. . .Twyford House, West Felton
Palmer, Robert. . .Nagington, Market Drayton

Parrish, R Uplands Farm, Bridgnorth

•[■Parry, Charles. . .Houghton, Ellesmere
fPayne, William. . .Willcott, Nesscliff
Peck. Edmund ... Plas-y-Ddinas, Shrewsbury
f Pemberton, Rev. R. N.. .Millickhope Park, Church
Stretton

f Perry, Graddon. . .Acton Pigott, Condover

Phillips, G. T. . . .Brockton Leasowes. N'e« port

Picken, William. . .Hilton, Newport

Platt, John. . .Belle Vue, Wem

fPoole, C. H. . . .Marbury Hall, Whitchurch

Pooler. Henry. . .The Poplars, Vatloy, Wellington

Preece, W. G.. . .Shrewsbury

Price, Andrew. . .Bagley, Ellesmere

Price, James. ..St. Miborough, Ludlow

Price, T. S.. . .Felton Butler, Baschurch

f Pritchard, John. . .Broseley

f Pryse, Sir Pryse, Bart. . . .Gogerddan, Bow^keet

fPugh, William. . .Coalport. Ironbridge

Pullen, R Shackerley House, Albrighton

Purton, C. C. .. .The Woodhouse, Cleobury Jlortim -r
Radcliffe, Thomas. . .Cheswell Grange, Newport
Ralnforth, Edward . . . Monkhopton, Bridgnorth
f Ralph, R. W.. . .Honnington Grange, Xewpo: t
Ravenshaw, James. . .Bridleway Gate
■[•Richards, John. . Llyncleys, Oswestr.v
Rider, Thomas. . .Edgeboulton, Shawbury
Rider, Thomas John. . .Ken wick, Shrewsbury
Rider, William. . .Crudgington, Wellington
' Roberts, Benjamin. . .Belle Vue, Oswestry

Roberts, R The Rock, Richard’s Castle, Ludlow

^ Roberts, T. Lloyd. . .Corfton Hall, Bromfield
fRobinson, George. . .Whiston, Shifnal
‘ f Rouse-Boughton,Slr C. H.,Bt. .Downton Hall.I.udlow

XXXIV

List of Governors and Members of the

Sankey, Mrs.. . .Bratton Farm, Wellington
Saunders, G. J.. . .Oswestry

Savage, Gilbert C Pony Knoll, Shifnal

Saxton, W. Waring, M.D.. . .Market Drayton

Scartb, Jonathan. . .Shrewsbury

Sheraton, William . . . Broom House, Ellesmere

Shingler, J. II Birch Hall, Ellesmere

Simon, Thomas.. .Fern Hill, Market Drayton
Sing, William. . .Newton, Bridgnorth
Sladcn, Captain J. B.. . .Donnington, Newport
Slaney, John. . .Purville House, Wellington
Smith, Henry... Eaton Constantine, Wellington
Smith, Henry . . . Harnage, Shrewsbury
Smith, Henry. . .Sutton Maddock, Shifnal
Smith, R. Thursfield ... Whitchurch
Smith, Thomas.. .Stableford, Bridgnorth
Smith, AVilliam. . .Little Hales, Newport

Smyth, Sir C. F., Bart Acton Burnell, Shrewsbury

f Smy thies, George . . . Leintwardine, Shrewsbury
Spence, Charles. . .Little Holt Farm, Bridgnorth

Stanier, John E Uppington, Wellington

Stanley, Henry. . .Upton, Shifnal
.Stedraan, W.. . .Bucknell House, Bucknell
Steedman, E. B. . ..High Ercall Hall, Wellington
Summer, Richard. . .Worfield, Bridgnorth
Summers, Thomas, jun.. . .Cowgreaves, Shifnal
Tanner, Richard. . .Frodesley, Donington
Taylor, Edward. . .Whitton, Leintwardine
Taylor, William H. . . .High Hatton, Shawbury
Teece, Richard. . .Weston Villa, Baschurch
Tench, John. . .Ludlow
Thomas, Edward. . .Victoria Parade, Oswestry
Thomas, Richard. . .The Buildings, Baschurch
Thomas, Thomas. . .Treprenal, Oswestry
Thompson, T. Warren. .Claremont Bank, Shrewsbury
Thornton, Edward. . .Little Pitchfoid, Shrewsbury

Thursfield, Thomas H Barrow, Broseley

Titterton, J. AVard. . .Shifnal

Topham, Thomas. . .The Twemlows, AVhitchurch

Tudge, AVilliam. . . Adforton, Leintwardine

Underhill, AV. S Newport

A'aughan, AV The Lodge, Ruyton Eleven Towns

Vernon, Benjamin. . . Aychley, Prees
fVickers, Valentine. . .Ellerton Grange, Newport

fAVainmau, B AV'itley Manor, Newport

AVard, Felix J The Lea, Cleobury Mortimer

AVard, AVilliam. . .Penybout Hall, Oswestry
Waiter, H. de Grey. . .Longden Manor, Shrewsbury
AVebstcr, F. T.. . .Bishton Hall, Shifnal
AA’eston, Philip. . .Coalbrookdale, AVellington
AVhitlield, Edward. . .Oswestry

AV'hitfield, G Chiswardine Park, Market Drayton

fAA'hitniore, Rev. F. II. AVolryche. .Dudmaston Hall,
Bridgnorth

AVilde, II. J Hopstone, Claverley, Bridgnorth

AATlkes, Samuel ... Brewers Oak, Shifnal
AVilliams, Hugh. . .Chesterton, Bridgnorth
AVilliams, Matthew. . .Dryton, AVroxeter
AVilliams, Thomas . . . Albrightlee, Shrewsbury
Wilson, John. . .Aston Hall, Claverley, Bridgnorth

AVlnglield, C. G Onslow Hall, Shrewsbury

AVood, Edward. . .Culmington Manor, Bromfield
AVoodfin, John. . .Aston, Wem

AVorthington, Archibald. . .AVhitchurch
AVright, Edmund. . .Halston, Oswestry
AVyley, Henry James. . .Bridgnorth
fAVyley, William. . .A^ineyard, AVellington
f AVyley, AV. John. . . Admaston, AVellington
AVynn, Richard ... Cricket, Ellesmere
Yates, Frank G.. . .Ironbridge
Yates, James. . .Aitehley, Shifnal
Yates, AVilliam. . .Grindle House, Shifnal

SOMERSETSHIKE,

Governors.

Bridport,Lt.Gen.Viscount. .Cricket St. Thomas, Chard
Dickinson, Francis Henry. .Kings AVeston, Somerton
f Miles, Sir AVilliam, Bart Leigh Court, Bristol

Members.

Abraham, Thomas . . . Dunster, Taunton

Allen, Major Ralph S., M.P.. .Shockerwick, Bathford

f Aplin, Henry. . .Coombe St. Nicholas, Chard

f Bailey, James. . .Burnham, Bridgwater

f Barker, G. I. Raymond. . .17, Royal Crescent, Bath

f Barton, Charles. ..Holbrook House, AVincanton

f Batson, Thomas. . .Bath

f Batten, John. . .Yeovil

Bell, J. AVilliams. . .Gillingham, Bath

Bennett, Thomas Oatley. . .Bruton

Blake, AVilliam. . .Bridge, Ilminster

Bond, Abraham. . .Huntstile, Bridgwater

fBraikenridge, J. H Chew Magna, Bristol

fBullen, John T.. . .Marshwood Manor, Crewkeme
f Bullock, George. . .East Coker

fBult, James S Dodhill House, Kingston, Taunton

fCapel, Arthur. . .Bulland Lodge, Wiveliscombe
Chaffey, Ebenezer. . .Keinton ilandeville, Somerton
fClarke, T. E... .Tremlett House, AVellington
fClerk, E. H.. . .Burford, Shepton Mallet
Colthurst, John... Chew Court, Chew Magna, Bristol
fCotterell, Jacob Hemy. . .6, Terrace AValks, Bath
fCuff, AV. Fitchett. . .Marriott, Taunton
Davis, Henry. . .Old Downs, Oakhill, Bath
f Dean, A. Keball.. . .East Brent, Axbrldge
•(•Dean, F. Keball ... East Brent, Axbridge
•f Dickinson, E. H.. . .Berkeley, Frome
fDuckworth, Russell. . .Murtrey Hill, Frome
Dyke, Thomas. . .Ashton Lodge, Bristol
Easton, AVilliam. . .C, Hammet Street, Taunton
Eckley, Richard. . . 12, Darlington Place, Bath
Edwards, Joseph. ..Hutton, AV^eston-super-Mare
•(•Evans, AV. Herbert. . .Ford Abbey, Chard
Farthing, AValter. . .Stowey Court, Bridgwater
f Fitzgerald, Maj. H. T. G. . . Maperton Ho., AA^incanton
Fusst^ll, Rev James G. C.. . .The Chantrj', Frome
•(•Gibbs, George.. .Belmont, Bristol
Gibbs, AVilliam. . .Tyntesficld, Bourton, Bristol
Goodwin, Josiah.. .Bath
fGray, Frederick. . .Castle Carey
•(-Gray, Jonathan.... Backwell Hill, Bristol
•(•Grenville,R.Neville,AI.P..Butleigh Ct., Glastonbury
•(•Halliday, J. . . .Chapel Cleeve, Taunton
Hancock, J. D.. . .Halse, Taunton
Harbin, George, Newton House, Yeovil

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

XXXV

}Iai-(ling, T. King. . .Maiden Bradley, Bath
•f-Harford, J. B. ...Stoke Bishop, Bristol
+lIarford, W.. . .Barley Wood, Wrington, Bristol
Helyar, W. II... .Coker Hall, Yeovil
-f-Honley II. C.. . .Leigh House, Chard
Hewett, W. H.. . .Norton Court, Taunton
Hicks, G. H. T.. . .Hill Grove, Wells
+Hlppisley, John. . .Stone Easton, Bath
Hole, James. . .Knovple, Dunster
fllood, Sir A. A., Bart.... St. Audries, Taunton
fHoskins, Thomas. . .Haselbury, Crewkerne
Howard, William. . .Windsor Terrace, Taunton
Hurlc, J. Cook. . .Brislington, Bristol
King, E. King Meade... Walford, Taunton
fKnatchbull, William. . .Babington, Frome
Knollys, J. E.. . .Fitzhead Court, Taunton
Lang, T. M.. . .Barrington Court, Ilminster
f Langton, W. II. P. Gore. . .Newton Park, Bath
•fLee, J. Lee. . .Dillington House, Ilminster
f Lethbridge, Charles. . .Eastbrook House, Taunton
Logan, John.. .1], Lansdowne Crescent, Bath .
-(•Lovell, Edwin. . .Binder, WcUs
■(•Lovell, E. W. Lovell. . .Binder, Wells
Luttrell, Colonel H. A. F.. . .Badgworth Court,
W eston-super-Mare

Luttrell,Rev. A. H. F. . Minehead Vicarage,Taunton
Male, Henry. . .East Chiunock, Yeovil

Mallock, Charles H Cockington, Torquay

Maud, Charles T.. . .Waterhouse, Bath
■(•Miles, J. W.. ..King’s Weston, Bristol

fMiles, P. W. S 61, Queen Square, Bristol

■(•Moysey, Henry G.. .Batheaton Court, Wiveliscombe

■(■Naish, AY. B.... Stone Easton, Bath

■(•Napier, E. B.. . .Pennard House, Shepton Mallet

■(■Newbury, R. P.. . .AVebbe House, Chard

Ostler, John. . .Isle Brewers, Taunton

Paget, Edward. . .Burnett, Bristol

Paget, Major R. H., MJP Cranmore Hall, Shepton

Mallet

■(■Parsons, George. . .Martock
■(•Parsons, Henry. . .Haselbury, Crewkerne
■(•Pauli, J. W — Knott Oak House, Ilminster
Penny, Thomas. . .Taunton

Peren, AV. B Compton, South Petherton

Peters, Baniel. . .31, College Green, Bristol
Pinney, Col. W.. .Somerton Erieigh, Taunton
Proctor, T — Elmdale House, Clifton, Bristol
Eayer, AV. Carew. . .Holcombe Court, Wellington
Robinson, John. . .Backwell House, Bristol

Robinson, AV AVembdon, Bridgwater

Rose, Christopher. . .Zeals, Bath

Skrine, H. B.. . .Warley Manor, Bath

Smith, Robert. . .Chew Magna, Bristol

■(■Smith, AVilliam. . .Sandon House, Clifton, Bristol

■(■Somerville, J. C Binder House, Wells

■(■Sparks, AVilliam. . .Crewkerne

■(•Stanton, Rev, J. J Lovington Vicarage, Bath

f Stephens, Robert ... 13, Paragon, Bath

Strangway, H. B Shapwick, Bath

Stuckey, H Bishops Lydiard, Taunton

■(•Surtees, AV. E Tainfield House, Taunton

fVincent, James. . .Clifton Maybank, Yeovil
■(■Ward, T. J.. . .Fern Park, Olveston, Bristol

AA'^arrc, Henry. . .Langford Budvllle, AVellington
AVarry, George. . .Sliapwlck, Glastonbury
AVere, Francis. . .Gratwicke Hall, Barrow Gurney '
AA’lghtman, John. . .Chard
AV’ollen, Joseph. . .AA’edmore

STAFFORDSHIRE.

Governors.

fBuIler, Sir E. M., Bt., M.P. .Bilhome Castle, Cheadle
f Dartmouth, Earl of. .Patshall Hall, AVolverhampton
f Sutherland, Duke of, K.G.. . .Trentham Hall

Members.

Abbotts, R. AV. . . . Burton-on-Trent '

Allen, George. . .Knightley Hall. Eccleshall

Arnold, AVilliam. . .Lichfield Street, Tamworth

Ashcroft, Thomas. . .AValford, Eccleshall

Averill, Charles, jun... .Pyrehili, Stone

Averill, E. . . .AA^ood Gate, Kings Bromley, Lichfield

Averill, George Hanson. . .AVood End, Lichfield

f Avery, William Howard. . .Tixall Heath, Stafford

Bagnall, George. . .Braycot, Cheadle

•(•Bagot, Lord. . .Blithe field, Rugeley

Bantock, T....Merridale House, AVolverhampton

Barnett, T. J.. . .13, North Street, AVolverhampton

Bams, John.. .Shenstone, Lichfield

Barratt, C. Underwood. . .Eccleshall

■(•Barrow, AVm. . . .Bilbrooke House, AVolverhampton

Barton, J. Pipe. . .Bangley, Tamworth

Bass, Michael T., M.P Burton-on-Trent

Bate, Samuel. . .Springfields, Newcastle-under-Lyme
Beach, J... .Standeford Cottage, AVolverhampton
Beach, Mrs.. . .The Hattons, Brewood
Bealey, J. Edward. . .Bloxwich, AValsall

Bennett, Joseph B. H Tutbury, Burton-on-Trent

fBenuion, Owen. . .Cresswell, Stafford
Bickford, Joseph. . .Oxley, AVolverhampton
Bill, John. . .Trent Vale, Stoke-on-Trent
Billington, John S.. . .Netherset Hey, Madeley
Birch, James. . .Pearse Hay, Penkridge
Bloxcidge, John Smith. . .Mere Pits, Tamworth
Blurton, Edward. . .AVolverhampton
Blurton, AV. Mountfort. . .Field Hall, Uttoxeter
Bond, Benjamin. . .Braycot, Cheadle
Bond, Peter. . .Draycot, Cheadle
Bonehill, C. G. ... Bickford Grange, Penkridge
Boot, AVilliam. . .Chesterfield, Lichfield
Booth, John. . .Shenstone Hall, Lichfield
Booth, Thomas. . .Tamborae Park, Lichfield
Bostock, Edwin. . .The Haugh, Stafford
Bostock, Thomas ..Hill Top, Burslem
Boucherett, Henry Robert. . .Hoar Cross, Rugeley
Bourne, John. . .Hildenstone, Stone
Bradbum, AVilliam. . .Hilton, AVolverhampton
Bradburne, J. Hanbury. . .Pipe Place, Lichfield
Brealey, John. . .Leek
Brewster, John. . .Stretton Mill, Penkridge
Bridgwood, George. . .Bedwall, Stafford
Briggs, AVilliam. . .Elford Park, Tamworth
Broomhall, T. T., M.D.. . .Beech Cliff, Newcastle
Brough, AVilliam S. . . .Fowlchurch, Leek

XXXVI

List of Governors and Members of the

Brown, Charles. . .Park Hall, Leigh, Cheadle

Brown, Michael Ilagley Hall, Rugcley

Brown, Richard. . .AValton Bank, Stone
Brow’n, Robert. . .'Wiggington House, Tamworth
^Duller, l^Iorton Edward. . .Dilhorne, Cheadle
Burchnall, Samuel. . .Catton, Burton-on-Trent
Byrd, Charles. . . Idttywood, Stafford
Byrd, Frederick. . .Bunston, Penkridge
•j-Calthorpe, Lord. . .Perry Hall, Stafford
Carrington, William T.. . .Hollington, Uttoxeter
Cartwright, Robert. . .Wergs, Wolverhampton
Challenor, John. .Blackwood, Endon, Stoke-on-Trent
Chawner, Henry. . .Hound Hill, Uttoxeter
fChawner, Richard Croft. . .The Abnalls, Lichfield
Cheatle, T. Farmer. . .Dosthill, Tamworth
Chetwynde, Major W. F.. . .Brocton Hall, Stafford
f Clarke, Charles F.. . Purton Grove, Wolverhampton
Cleminson, Robert. . .Endon, Stoke-on-Trent
Clifft, Samuel. . . Fordbouse Mill, Wolverhampton
Cocks, Charles. . .Packington, Lichfield
Collins, 'William. . .Aston Farm, Stafford
Colvlle, Captain A. H. A.. . .Churnett Grange, Leek .
Colvile, C. R.. . . Lullington Hall, Burton-on-Trent
Cope, T. Berwick. . .Tetteiihall, Wolverhampton
Coxon, John. . .Freeford Farm, Lichfield
•[•Darling, J.. . .Beau Desert, Rugeley^

Dean, James. . .Brereton, Rugeley
Denton, Henry. . .Wolverhampton
Deykin, James.. . .AVhiston, Penkridge
Dicken, ThomOvS, jun.. . .Colton Hall, Rugeley
Dickens, R. A.. . .Woodford Grange, Wolverhampton
Douglas, J. Bryant. . .Lullington, Burton-on-Trent

Dyott, Col., M.P Freeford Manor, Lichfield

•[•Elwell, Charles John. . .Compton, Wolverhampton
-j-Farmer, C. Haywood. . .Comberford Hall, Tamworth
fFarwell, Frederick G.. . .Wolverhampton
Faulkner, John. . .Bretby Farm, Burton-on-Trent
Fitzherbert,Sir W., Bt . .Somcrsall Herbert, Uttoxeter
Fitzherbert, W;. . .Swynnerton, Stone
fFord, George. . .Barlastone, Stone

Ford, W. II Merridale Road, Wolverhampton

f Forster, Cliarles, M.P. . . .Lysways Hall, Rugeleyj

Forsythe, James. . .Wolverhampton

Fryer, W. Fleming. . .The Wergs, Wolverhampton

Gardom, John W.. . .Butterton Hall, Newcastle

Gillard, Henry. . .Stafford

Cinders, Samuel. . .Ingestre, Stafford

•[Glover, John. . .Bangley, Tamworth

Glover, Robert, . .Wexford, Lichfield

Gough, Ralph D.. . .Willenhall

Griffin, Alfred E., . .Wolverhampton

Griffin, George F.. . .Tillington, Stafford

Griffin, Thomas J.. ..Preston Vale, Penkridge

Grindley, William. . .Weeping Cross, Stafford

Hambleton, A. P.. . .Harley Thorn, Newcastle

-f-IIardy, John, M.P..Dunstall Hall, Burton-on-Trent

Hardy, Richard. . .Marchington, Uttoxeter j

Hartill, J.. . .Wdlenhall, Wolverhampton

Hatherton, Lord. . .Teddesley, Penkridge

Ileulley, J. H. . . .Engleton Hall, Penkridge

Healley, Thomas. . .Pattingbam, Wolverhampton

Heaton, 'I homas. . .Castle Hill, Alton, Cheadle

Hewson, John Dale, M.D.. . .Coton Hill, Stafford

Hibbit, A. W. W.. . .Penkridge
f Higgs, J. Birch. . .Brewood, Penkridge
Hills, Alfred. . .The Coppice, Penkridge
Hills, William A . . .Hammcrwich, Lichfield
fHolland, Dr. C . . .St. Chads, Lichfield
Holland, William, . .Streetbay, Lichfield
Hollis, Henry W.. . .Keele, Newcastle
Holloway, Joseph. . .Tutbury, Burton-on-Tn-nt
Horsfall, T. B.. . .Bellamour Hall, Rugeley
Hulme, Thomas. . .Endon, Stoke-on-Trent
Inge, Charles H.. . .Whittington Hurst, Lichfield
Inge, Rev. George. . .Thorpe Constantine, Tamworth
Ingram, II. F. M.. . .Hoar Cross, Rugeley
James. John. . .Sandon Hall Farm, Stone
James, Thomas. . .Shushions Manor, Church Eaton
Jenkinson, F.. . .Marston, Stafford
Jenks, Thomas. . .Orton, Trysull, Wolverhamptor/

Jenks, William. . .Upper Penn, Wolverhampton
Jervis, Hon. E. Swinfen. . . Aston Park
Keeling, C. R.. . .Yew Tree Farm, Penkridge
Keeling, G. B.... Hampton House, Penkridge
Kendrick, Edward. . . Weeford, Lichfield
Knight, Edward. . .Sandon, Stone

Knight, John L Barton-under-Needwood

Knight, Josiah. . .Milwich, Stone
j f Kynnersley, C. T. Sneyd. , .Highfields, Uttoxeter
Landor, W. J.. . .Lee Hall, Rugeley
Lawrence, J. W.. . .Chesterfield Grange, Lichfield
Lea, R. N.. . .Doveridge, Stoke-upon-Trent
i'Leaver, Francis. . .I^ongnor Hall, Penkridge
Ijewis, Samuel. . . Audley, Newcastle
Lewisham, Viscount. . .Patshull, Wolverhampton
Lichfield, Earl of. . .Sliugborough
fLocker. William T.. , .Aston, Stone
Lovatt, Henry. . .Finchfield House, WolverhamptoiA
Loveridge, Charles. . .Ivetsey Bank, Penkridge '

fLoveridge, Samuel. . .Chapel Ash. Wolverhampton, i
Lowe, Edward. . .Comberford Mill, Tamworth
Lowe, Thomas. . .Trysull, Wolverhampton
Madan, Martin. . .Haselour, Tamworth
fManley, A. E.. . .Manley Hall, Lichfield
Marson* John . .Acton Mill, Stafford
Martin, E. Hall, Jun.. . .Barr Hill, Madeley
Masfen, R. II.. . .Pendeford, Wolverhampton
•{■Masfen, William . . . Norton Caines, Cannock
Matthews, Charles. .Cleveland Road, Wolverhampton
•fMay, G. A.. . .Elford Park, Lichfield ^

Mayou, J. Webster. . . Fazeley, Tamworth
Meakin, H. J.. . .Shobnall Grange, Burton-on-Treut
Mein, William. ..Brewood, Stafford j;

Mellard, Ralph . . . Rugeley j

Menzies, George. . .Trcntham, Stoke-on-Trent j

Meredith, David. . .Yeatsall, Rugeley
Miller, J. Norton. . .Pattingbam, Wolverhampton ' ;

Minor, A. Henry. . .Kiddermore, Penkridge j,

Mitchell, John. . .The Beacon, Penkridge |

fMonckton, Francis. . .Stretton Hall, Penkridge i

Moore, R.. . .Rye Hill, Church Eaton, Stafford L

Morris, A. . . .Pendeford House, Wolverhampton I

Morris, Sir John.Whltewick House, WolverhamptoD i
Mosley, Sir Tonman, Bart.. . .Burton-on-Trent i

Mott, William. . .Wall, Lichfield
fMynors, W. C. T.. . .Elford Lowe, Tamworth

R >ynl Aijricultnral Society of England,

XXXVII

■fXogus, Tliomas -V . . .I^ynn Ifouse, Walsall
+New<lk; itp, K W. .llyrktoy I.oJ(;e, I!urton-on-Trcnt
OMacres, Walter. . . liroaiUieUls, LichtieUl
I’ase, Kiancis. . .Uttoxetor
I’earson, J. C . . .Newbridge, Wolverhampton
Peel, Right Hon. Sir K., Bart., M.P. . . . Drayton Manor,
Fazeley

fPeile, Rev. T. W.. . .Cannock'Vicarage
Perkins, J.. . .Manstey Farm, Penkridge
Perry, William . . . Hickmerelauds, Sedgley , Dudley
Pigot, Sir R., Bart.. . .Patshill, Wolverhampton
Plant, Edward. . .Little Onn, Stafford

Plant, Henry W. C Burley Fields, Stafford

Pole-Gell, H. Chandos. . .Footherly Hall, Lichfield

Poyser, Josiah T Burton-on-Trent

Pratt, Edward. . .Caldwell, Burton-on-Trent
Princep, lVilliam...Newton, Tamworth

Pursell, K. R Oxley, Wolverhampton

Radford, H. B.... Stanton House, Burton-on-Trent
-f-Ridgway, John. . .Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent
f Roberts, Oscar AT.. . .Fisherwick Park, Lichfield

Robotham, A Drayton Basset, Tamworth

^Rogers, Henry. ..AVolgarstone, Penkridge
Rogers, AT. H.. ..Goldthorne Villa, AVolverhampton
Salt, Thomas. . .AVeeping Cross, Stafford
Sankey, Thomas.” . Burntwood, Lichfield
Senior, James. ..The Pennicrolt, Stafford

Shaw-Hellier, Capt AVimborne, AA^olverhampton

fShrewsbury and Talbot, Earl of. . .Inges'tre, Stafford
Smith, Henry , . . Summerhill, King Swinford, Dudley
^Smitb, T. Carrington. . .Admaston, Rugeley
Sollom, Francis. . .Pennfields, AVolverhampton
Southwell, Frederick C.. . .Rugeley
Stanley, Henry. .Yield Field Hall, Bloxwich, AA'alsall

Strongitharme, G Rushall, AValsall

Stubbs, Charles. . .Preston Hill, Penkridge

Stubbs, John,. .Burston House, Stone

Stubbs, Richard. . .Stone

Stubbs, Samuel. . .Bridgford, Stafford

Stubbs, Thomas. . .Hammerwich. Lichfield

Stubbs, AVilliam. . .Rickerscote, Stafford

Summerfield, J. . . .Green Barn, Lichfield

Swift, George, . .Hanchurch, Newcastle

Taylor, George. . .Dudley

Taj^lor, Henry ,. .Pattingham, AVolverhampton

Taylor, AA'illiam. . .Bamhurst, Tettenhall

Thomas, AVilliam. . .Pennfields, AVolverhampton

Thompson, William. . .AValton, Stone

Tildersley, James. . .AA^illenhall, AVolverhampton

Timmis, Charles. . .Brick House, Stafford

Tomkiiison, AVilliam. . .Newcastle

Tongue, Edward. . .Manor House, Aldridge, Walsall

Troutbeck, George. . .Barton-under-Needwood

•{•Tudor, G. S.. . .Park House, Lapley, Penkridge

Tunnicliffe, E. T.. . .Bromley Hall, Eccleshall

f Tumor, E. AVeston. . .Brereton, Rugeley

Twehtyman, A. C.. . .Castlecroft, Wolverhampton

fVaughan, Edmund M Lapley, Penkridge

AValker, Matthew. .Stockley Park, Burton-on-Trent
Walker, Robert Hay. . .Chillington, AVolverhampton
Walker, Samuel. . .Tutbury, Burton-on-Trent
Wallworth, George. . .Bridgeford, Stone
W’allworth, Joseph. . .AValton Hurst, Eccleshall

AValters, Stanley. . . Blythebury, Rugeley
tAA'ardIc, Henry .. ..Stanton House, Burton-on-Trent
Warner, .lames. . .Tixall Hall Farm, Stafford
Warrington, AVilliam. . .Bretby, Burton-on-Trent
tAA^aterpark, Lord. . .Doveridge Hall, Uttoxeter
■f-AVlght, C. B., . .Rudge Hall, AVolverhampton
tAVilliamson, Hemhall. . .Grcenway Bank, Burslem
AVinterton, Thomas. . . Alrewas Hay, Lichfield
AV^ood, ,fohn. . .Draycot-in-the-Clay, Uttoxeter
AVood, AVilloughby. . .Holly Bank, Burton-on-Trent
AVoodcock, Richard.. Darlington St.,AVolvcrhampton
AVoolf, Tho,mas. . .Standon Hall, Eccleshall
tAVoolley,SThomas. . .Newton Regis, Tamworth
AVright, R. Merry. . .Coppenhall, Stafford

AVrlght, S I’Onn, Church Eaton, Stafford

AVright, T. B.. . .The Quarry House, Great Barr
f AVrottesley, Lord. . .AVrottesley, AVolverhampton
fAVyatt, Robert. . .Acton Hill, Stafford
fAVyley, James. . .Longdon, Rugeley

SUFFOLK.

Governors.

fStradbroke, Earl of Henham Park, AVangford

fAVilson, Lt.-Col.. .Stowlangtoft, Bury St. Edmund’s.

Members.

Allix, AV. T Campsea Ash, AVickham Market

f Anstruther, J. H. L.. . .Hintlosham Hall, Ipswich

Arnold, Rev. Richard A Ellough, Beccles

f Atkinson, AV Great Rapers, Bures St. Mary’s.

Badham, G. D Bulmer Tye, Sudbury

Barlow, Major F.. . .Hasketon, AVoodbridge
Barnardiston, N. C. . . .The Byes, Sudbury

fBarthropp, N. G Hacheston, AVickham Market

Baskett, Nathaniel. . .AVetheringsett, Stonham
fBates, George AV.. .Northgate St., Bury St. Edmund’s

f Bence, Capt Kentwell Hall, Long Melford

Bence, Henry A.. . .Thorington Hall, Saxmundham

Benyon, Rev. E. R Culford, Bury St. Edmund’s

f Berners, John. . .Holbrook, Ipswich
Bevan, Beckford. . .Bury St. Edmund’s
Bevan, AVilliam R. . . .Bury St. Edmund’s ^

Bidden, G. Arthur. . .Ipswich
f Bidden, Herman. . .Piayford, Ipswich
f Bidden, Manfred. . .Piayford, Ipswich
fBiddell, AVilliam. . .Lavcnham Htill, Sudbury
Blundell, Arthur. . .Chediston Hall, Halesworth
•j-Boby, Robert. . . Bury St. Edmund’s
Boldero, John. . .Rattlesden, AVoolpit

Brooke, H A\'‘etheringsett, Stonham

Brooke, John AV Sibton Park, Yoxford

f Browne, Colvile. . .Park House, I.ong Melford
fBunbury, Sir C., Bart., . .Great Barton Hall, Bury
St. Edmund’s

f Burrell, R AVestley HaR, Bury St. Edmund’s

Byford, AVilliam. . .The Court, Glemsford
-|-Cartwright, R. Norton. . .Flixton, Bungay
Chapman, AVilliam. . .Orwell Place, Ipswich
Chase, Henry. . .Stanton Hall, Ixworth
-|-Clayton, E. E.. .Guildhall Street, Bury St. Edmund’s
Cobbold, John Chevallier. . . Ipswich
fCobbold, John Patterson. . .Ipswich

XXXVIII

List of Governors and Members of the

Cocksedge, James S.. . .Stowmarket
Cooke, Rev. J. Young. . .Semer, Ipswich

Cooke, Robert C Livermere, Bury St. Edmund’s

-[Cooper, C. B.. . .Fakenham Hall, Ixworth
Cooper, G. Kersey. . .Bowbeck House, Ixworth

Cooper, J. R Barton, Bury St. Edmund’s

Cooper, Thomas W.. . . Bury St. Edmund’s
Corrance, F. S., M.P. . . . Broadwater, Framlingbam

Crisp, Arthur W Gedgrave Hall, Woodbridge

De Grey, Hon. and Rev. F. .Copdock Rectory, Ipswich
Eagle, Alfred. . .Boxted, Bury St. Edmund's
■[•Easterson, Thomas. . .Bawdsey, Woodbridge
Edwards, G. Betham. . .Brediield, Woodbridge

Elwes, Hugh W. II Stowe Park, Bungay

•lEveritt, W. S Carlton Colville, Lowestoft

f Fison, Albert J Barningham Hall, Ixworth

Fison, Joseph. . .Ipswich
f Fowler, Robert C. . . .Gnnton Hall, Lowestoft
Freeman, Edward. . .Creeting All Saints, Stonham
Freeman, John G.. ..Aspall House, Debenham
French, Richard Day. . .St. John’s, Bungay
Freuer, Alfred. . .Debenham, Ipswich
-[•Frost, Charles. . .Wherstead, Ipswich
Garrard, Frank R.. . .The Hall, Framlingbam
Garrard, Robert.. Brundish Grove, Wickham Market
-[Garrett, Richard. . .Carleton Hall, Saxmundham
Gilstrap, Wm.. .Fornham Park, Bury St Edmund’s
■(Gobbitt, John. . .The Grove, Hollesley, Woodbridge
Greene, Edward,M.P...AVestgate, Bury St. Edmund’s
Grimwade, Edward. . .Ipswich
Grout, John. . .Woodbridge
fourteen, Daniel. . .Haverhill
Guy, George F.. . .Angel HiU, Bury St.Edmund’s
Harvey, William... Timworth, Bury St.Edmund’s
Harwood, Thomas. . .Belstead Hall, Ipswich
Haward, Robert. . .Mells Hill, Halesworth
f Hawkins, Thomas. . .Bentley Hall, Ipswich
Hayward, Frederick. . .Needham Market
Head, John . , . Ipswich

f Hempson, John A. . . .Erwarton Hall, Ipswich
Henniker, Lord. . .Woodlands, Ipswich ,

Hervey, Lord A., M.P. .Ickworth, Bury St.Edmund’s
f Hodgson, E. G. . . Charsfield Hall, Wickham Market
Horton, Capt. W., R.N.. Livermere, Bury St.Edmuiid’s

f Jacobson, C. C Whatfield, Ipswich

Jillings, F. V.. . .Saxham, Bury St. Edmund’s
Jillings, John. . .Little Saxham, Bury St. Edmund’s
fKerrick, John. . .Geldeston Hall. Beccles
Kerry, T. R. . . Lockford, Bury St. Edmund’s
King, A . C. . Desning Halt, H igham. Bury St. Edmund’s
King, Walter John. . .Ipswich

King, W. N Barton, Bury St. Edmund’s

Larkman, G. ,>.. . .Coldecott Hall, Fritton, Lowestoft
Lee, Charles. . .Bramfield, Saxmundham
I^eecb, George. . .Hundon Great Lodge, Haverhill
Le Grice, Henry. . .Market HiU, Bury St. Edmund’s
fLugar, Henry. . .Ingham, Bury St. Edmund’s
Lungley, Brooke M.. . .Peyton Hall, Boxford
Manlield, W.... Ixworth Thorpe, Bury St. Edmund’s
fMills, William. ..Saxham Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s
Mumford, G. S. ...Lavenham, Sudbury
fMumford, Maurice. . .Greeting, Stowmarket
Nunn, G. IL. . .Eldo House, Bury St. Edmund’s

Oakes, Hervey A.. . .Stownrarket
fOgilvie, Alexander. . .Leiston, Saxmundham
Oldrin, John. . . Rushmere, Wangford
fPackard, Edward. . .Ipswich
fPacke, Dr. J.. . .Melton Lodge, Woodbridge
Paine, George J. . . . Risby, Bury St. Edmund’s
Paine, W. Denton.. .Chevington, Bury St. Edmund’s
Palmer, George. . .Hawstead, Bury St. Edmund’s
Parker, J. Oxley. . . Drinkstone, Woolpit
Parker, Lt.-Col. Windsor, M.P., Clopton Hall, Woolpit
Pashlcy, A. W... .Haddiscoe, Lowestoft
Payne, George E....Badwell Asb, Ixworth
Peto, Lawrence J.. . . 17, Esplanade, Lowestoft
^fPettiward, R. J.. . .Firborough Hall, Stowmarket
fPowell, T. Harcourt... Drinkstone Park, Woolpit
fPrentice, Manning. . .Stowmarket
fPretyman, Arthur. . .Haughley Park, Stowmarket
Ransome, J. Allen . . . Ipswich
Ransome, J. E. . . . Bolton Halt, Ipswich

Ransome. Robert C Ipswich

Read, Henry. . . London Road, Beccles

Rendlesham, Lord . . . Rendlesham Hall, Woodbridge

Rod well, B. B. H. .Ampton HaU, Bury St. Edmund’s

fSexton, G. Mumford ... Wherstead Hall, Ipswich

Sikes, John . . . Sudbury

Sims, W. Dyllwyn. . .Ipswich

Smith, John F.. . .Glemsford, Sudbury

Steam, Samuel G.. . .Brandeston, Wickham Market

fSteward, A. A... .The Lodge, Lound, Lowestoft

Sturgeon, Joseph. . .Norton Hall, Woolpit

f Talbot, H. . .Stanningfield Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s

Thornhill, T., Jim. . .Packenham, Bury St. Edmund’s

Townshend, George. . .Oulton Cottage, Lowestoft

Turner, Edward R. T.. . .Ipswich

Turner, Frederick. . .Ipswich

Turner, J. H.... Little Horrlnger Hall, Bury St.

Edmund’s

Waller, Thomas ... Sutton Hall, Woodbridge
Ward, David. . .Melford, Sudbury
Warner, Edward. . .Stowmarket
Webb, Lancaster. . .Combs Tannery, Stowmarket
Wells, Henry. . .Occold, Eye
White, Rev. J.. . .Chevington, Bury St. Edmund’s
f Whiting, T. C.. . .Barsham House, Beccles
Whitmore, William. . .Wickham Market
Wigston, Richard. ... Horningsheath, Bury St.Ed-
mund’s

Wilkinson, Captain T. H Walsham, Ixworth

Wilkinson, H. J.. . .Walsham-le-Willows, Ixwortli
fWilson, H. Maitland. .. .Stowlangtoft, Bury St.

Edmund’s

Wilson, William. . .Baylham Hall, Ipswich
Wolton, H. . . .Newbourn Hall, Woodbridge

fWolton, S Butley Abbey, Wickham Market

AV^oods, £. Freeman. . .Stowmarket
f Woods, James. . .Stowmarket

Woodward, R Rise Hall, Akenham, Ipswich

Wollard, Joseph. . .Broxted Lodge, Hundon
AYright, Herbert. . .Ipswich

Youngman, Philip. . .AValsham-Ie-AVillows, Ixworth

XXXIX

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

SURREY.

Governors.

Barclay, Uodworth D.. . . Eastwick Park, Leatherhead
Lovelace, Earl of. East Horsley Towers, Woking Stat.

Members.

f Amos, C. E. . 5, Cedars Rd., Clapbam Common, S.W.

fArbuthnot, John A Cowarth, Cbertsey

Armstrong, George. . .Thornton Ueatb
Baker, G.W.. 48, Cambridge Terr., Clipham Ed., S.W.
Bates, Robert Jackson. .Dit ton Hall Lodge, Kingston
fBeaumont, J. A.. . .Park House, Wimbledon
Bennett, Rev. H. Leigh. . .Thorpe, Egham
fBest, J. V.. .32, Guildford Rd., South Lambeth, S.E.
Bigg, T.. . .Leicester House, Great Dover Street, S.E.
Binney, Charles H.. . .North Cheara
+Bircb, George Francis. . .Clare Park, Famham
fBlenklnsop, James. . .Egham
Bosanquet, S. Courthope. . .Tanhurst, Dorking
Botly, William. . .Salisbury Villa, Upper Norwood
+Bradshaw, John. . .Kriowle, Cranleigh
•(■Breach, J. G.. . .Upper Richmond Road, Putney
Bridgland, Stephen. . .Springfield, Tooting
Briggs, Thomas. . .The Homestead, Richmond
fBushby, H. J.. . .Henleaze, Kingston Hill
Butcher, W. . . . Bowling Green Farm, Ewell
Cabrera, General. . .AVentworth, Cbertsey
Chadwick, E., C.B.. .'.Park Cottage, East Sheen
Chitty, Edward. . .Guildford
Clowes, George. . .Oakhill, Surbiton

Glutton, Robert G Harts-wood, Reigate

Cobb, George Henry.. .Oakwood, Upper Norwood
•jCloles, Alfred. . .Clifton Lodge, Clapham Park
Combe, R. H.. . .Pierrepont, Frensham, Fajjnhara
Coussmaker, Lannoy. . .Westwood, Guildford
Cressingham, Jonah. . .Carshalton
Currey, Charles Herbert. . .AVeybridge
Currie, Henry. . .AV'est Horsley Park, Leatherhead

Curzon, Hon. S. C. H. R Grove House, Tooting

Devas, Thomas. . .Mount Ararat. ^AVimbledon
Drewit, Thomas. . .Piccard’s Farm, Guildford
Eggar, James. . .Bentley, Farnham
f Ellis, John ... Arlington, Guildford

■f-Elston, Captain AV St. Ann’s Road, Brixton

Eyre, Robert T Riverdale, Surbiton, S.AV.

fFaviell, AV. F. . . .Down Place, Guildford
Fletcher, John. . .Merton Hall Farm, Merton
+Forster, Samuel . . . Southend, Sydenham
Franks, James. . .Bramley, Guildford
Frederick, Sir E., Bart.. .Burwood Park, AValton-on-
Thames

Fuller, Robert AA''illes. . .Croydon
Gadesden, Augustus AV.. ..Ewell Castle
Giles, F. Thresher. .Marsh House, Bentley, Farnham
Goodson, AVilliam. . .Hill Farm, Mitcham
■(Gossett, SLajor Arthur. . .A\''est Park, Mortlake
Gower, Granville AV. G. L.. . .Titsey Park, Godstone
Grantley, Lord. ..AVonersh Park, Guildford
■(Gray, G. AV. . . .Gatton, Reigate
■(Grissell, Thomas. . .Norbury Park, Dorking
Hales, Edward. . .The AValdrons, Croydon
Hall, Charles. . .Brickwood Villa, Croydon
Harbord, Collet. . .Cranleigh, Guildford

Healey, E. C....AVyphurst, Guildford

Hepburn, Thomas. . .Clapham Common

f Hicks, Sir Francis, Bart.. . .Oakfield,Streatham Hill

fllicks, Thomas. . .Holmewood, Streatham Hill

fllipwell, G. M.... Elmore Lodge, Sutton

fllodgson, .T. Stewart. . .Denbigh, Haslemere

Houlder, Edwin. . . Fernwood, Sutton

(Hughes, Frederick. . .AVallfleld, Reigate

Hunter, Lt.-Col. . Downe House Villa, Richmond Hill

(Johnson, Cuthbert AV.. . . Waldronhurst, Croydon

Josling, G. F.. . . Arbrook Farm, Esher

(Kesterton, Thomas. . .Sutton

King, Hon. J. P. Locke, M.P... Woburn Park, Cbertsey

King, E. Fuller. . .Lavender Road, Battersea

Kingsbury, E. AV 5, Effra Road, Brixton

(Lambert, Henry T.. . .Sandhlils, Bletchingley
Lascelles, F. H.. . . Mayfield, Rawledge, Farnham
Lees, John. . .Reigate

(Lefroy, C. J. Maxwell... Crondall, Farnham

Linley, William. . .Ham Common

Lintott, James, Jun. ... Bedford Park, Croydon

(Luttman-Johnson, J.. .Gostrode Farm.Chiddingfold

(MacNiven, Charles. . .Perrysfield, Oxted

Martin, E. AVaterer. . .Nonsuch Park, Ewell

(Master, C. Hoskins. . .Barrow Green House,Godstone

(Michell, E. AV., jun. . Halken, Queen’s Rd., Richmond

Molyneux, J. More. . .Losely Park, Guildford

(Morris, Norman. . .Ford, Lingfield

Musgrave, Rev. Vernon. . .Hascombe, Godaiming

Newton, John. . .Manor Road, Bermondsey, S.E.

Northey, E. R.. . .Epsom

Ord, George. . .Brixton Hill

(Paine, Mrs. ... Farnham

(Paine, AV. Dunkley. . .Cockshutt Hill, Reigate

Parson, Rev. AV. H.. . .Lynchmere, Haslemere

Pennington, Frederick. . .Broome Hall, Dorking

Pinckard, G. II.. . .Coombe Court, Godaiming

Priest, Alfred. .. Kingston-on-Thames

Puckie, T. B.. . . Woodoote Grove, Carshalton

Pugh, AV. C AVoburn Road, Bedford Park, Croydon

(Punnett, P. S.. . .Park Hill Road, Croydon

(Ramsden, J. C.. . .Busbridge HaU, Godaiming

Ranford, Charles, New AVeston St., Bermondsey, S.E.

Rayner, Captain. . .Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood

(Roberts, C. Gay. ..Haslemere

■(Ross, Owen C. D.... Little Bookham, Leatherhead

(Rowcliffe, E. Lee. . .Cranleigh, Guildford

Sadler, Thomas. . .Cbiddingfold

(Saunders, AV. AVilson. . .Hillfield, Reigate

Sawyer, Henry G.. . .Richmond Park

Scott, T. E Liverpool Road, Kingston Hill

(Scott, AVilliam C.. . .'Thorpe, Cbertsey

Seager, J. I.ys. .Carroun House, South Lambeth, S.E

Seawell, Thomas A Marelands, Famham

(Shaw, John. . .Beddinglon Lodge, Croydon
Simpson, George. . .AVray Park, Reigate

Smith, George R Selsdon Park, Croydon

Smithers, AViiilam. . .Quarrie, Bletchingley
Steere, Lee, M.P.. . .Jayes Park, Dorking
Stenning, Edward ... Stratton House, Godstone
(Stevens, Alfred Henry. . . Farnham
Still, Henry. . .Chelsham, Croydon
(Stilwell, J. J. R. . . .Killinghurst, Haslemere

List of Guccrnors and Members of the

fTaber, John. . .Herne Hill
fThurlow, T. Lyon . . .Baynard Park, Guildford
Tredwell, John. . .Leigham Court, Streatham Hill
fVaux, Lord (of Harrowden). . .Higliams, Bagshot
Vivian, Major-Gen. Sir R. J. H., K.C.B.. . .Caterham
Walker, Marmaduko. . .Addington Lodge, Croydon

Ware, James T Tilford House, Faruham

Waterer, Anthony. . .Knapp Hill, Woking
Wetton, Henry. . .Chertsey
fWigsell, Captain. . .Sanderstead Court, Croydon
Winchester, The Bishop of. . .Farnham Castle
Wise, Henry. . .Feltons, Brickham, Reigate
fWood, George. . .Hatchlauds, Guildford
Woolloton, Charles. . .Elstree, Nutfield
Woolnough, William. . .Kingston-on-Thames

SUSSEX.

Governors.

Allison, Arthur. . .Tilgate Forest Lodge, Crawley
Allison, Charles F. . . .Tilgate Forest Lodge, Crawley
Chichester, Earl of. . . Stanmore Park, Lewes
Curtei.s, Major Edward Barrett. . .Leesam House, Rye
Egmont, Earl of. . .Cowdray Park, Petworth
-f-Freeland, H. W. . . .Chichester
fLeconfleld, Lord. . .Petworth House
Monteflore, Josepli Meyer. . .Worth Park, Crawley

f Richmond, Duke of, K.G Goodwood, Chichester

fShadwell, Lucas. . .Fairlight, Hastings

Memiers.

FAldridge, Major J.. . .St. Leonard’s Forest, Horsham

f Anson, Sir John, Bart Avisford, Arundel

Arkcoll, Thomas. . .The Meads, Eastbourne

Baker, William H Brooklands, Worthing

Bannister, Thomas. . .Limehurst, Hayward’s Heath
Barohard, F.. . .Hor.-tod Place, UckSeld
Baring, John. . .Oakwood, Chichester
Bennett, Sir J.. .The Banks, Mountfleld, Hurst Green
Blencowe, John George. . .Binenam, Lewes
Blencowe, Robert Willis. . .The Hook, Lewes
Body, John. . .The College, Wittersham, Peasmar.sh
Bourne,.John . . Bugsell Farm, Salehurst, Hurst (Jreen
Braby, James. . .Maybanks, Rudgwick, Horsham

Brander, R. B Tanbridge House, Horsham

Brook, A. Sawyer. . .BexhUl, Hastings
•flirown, Thomas. . .Buckham Hall, UckReld
Bunny, Major Edward John. . .Slinfold, Horsham
Caffln, Peter. . .Ilazelwick, Crawley
C’ane, Edward. . .Berwick, Lewes

fCarew-Gibson, G. C Sandgale Lodge, Pulborough

f Cavendish, Lt. -Col. W. H. F..West Stoke, Chichester
Champney, Felix. . .Gatwlck, Crawley
Clark, George AVilliam.. .Steellands, Ticehurst
Coote, George Cosens. . .Tortington, Arundel
fCoppard, T... .Lanehurst Lodge, Hurstpierpoint

Courthorpe, G. C Whiligh, Hurst Green

Currie, I'Mmund.. .West Burton House, Petworth
! lay, .folm. . .Newick Lodge, Uckfield
tDeimett, Mullens. ..Lodsworth, Petworth
f Dickens, Charles Scrace. . .Coolhurst, Horsham
Dodd, Henry... The Hall, Rotherfield

Drakeford,' David . . . Brookside, Crawley
fDrewitt, George. . .Oving, Chichester
Drewitt, John. . .North Stoke, Arundel
Drewitt, R. Dawtrey. . .Peppering, Arundel
Dumbrell, James. . .Ditchling «

Ellis, Charles. . .Preston House, Boddingham, Lewes

fEllman, R. H Landport, Lewes

Elwes, H. T.. . .West Hoathley, East Grinstead
Emery, R. Coleman. . .Hurston Place, Storrington
Evershed, Henry. . .Haltingby
fFarhall, John N.. . .'fillington, Petworth
Ferard, Charles. . .21, Palmeira Square, Brighton
Fitzhugh, Rev. AVilliam. . .Street, Lewes

Fletcher, John C Dale Park, Arundel

f Gates, Richard ...’?, Sussex Place, Horsham
Gee, Thomas. . .Dewhurst Lodge, Wadhurst
fGorringe, Hugh. . .Southwick, Shoreham
f Grantham, George. . .Barcomhe Place, Lewes
Hale, Bernard. . .Holly Hill, Hartfleld
Hallett, F. F.. . .The Manor House, Brighton

Hampton G North End, Washington, Pulborough

Hanning, J ... Little Oat Hall, Burgess Hill
Hardwick, Alfred. . .Hangleton, Portslade
Hart, Henry P.. . .Beddingham, Lewes
Ileasman, Alfred. . .Angmering, Arundel
Henry, Captain J. . . . Blackdown House, Petworth
Hersee, Miss. . .AVestgate, Chichester
f Hollist, Hasler. . .Lodsworth, Petworth
fllubbard, AV. Egerton. . .St. Leonards, Horsham
fHume, C. Trevor. . .'Phe Rectory, St. Leonards
Humphrey, Henry. . . Ashington, Hurstpierpoint
Hussey, Edward. . .Scotney Castle, Lamberhurst
flnncs, AVilliam. . .Field Place, AVarnham, Horsham
f Jenner, George. . .Parsonage House, Udimore, Rye
Johnson, B. AV.. . .Chichester
Jollands, AV. D.. . .Buxshalls, Lindfield
•j- Laurie, R. N.. . .Pax Hill Park, Cuckfield
Lucas, J. Clay . . . Lewes
Lyon, William. . .Charlwood, Crawley
f Mackenzie, J. H.. . .North AVood, AVest Hoathley
f Madgwick, AVilliam. . . Alciston, Lewes

Maunington, C Morley Farm, Battle

Mannington, AV.. . .Laughton Place, Hurst Green
, fMargary, Major. . .Chaitham Park, East Grinstead
i Mitford, AV. Townley, M.P. . . .Pitshill, Petworth
Morris, W. Rudkin . . . Silverlands, St. Leonards
Napper, John. . .Ifold, Horsham
fNottidge, Josias. . .Iden Rectory, Rye
Oastler, Jonah. . .Alfold, Horsham

Oxley, John S Fen Place, AVorth

Pappillon, Thomas. . .CrqwhurstPark, Battle
Peachey, William . . . Ebernoe, Petworth
fPlpon, Captain. . .Deerswood, Crawley
f Pratt, Major. . .Somers, Billingshur.st

Pratt, Richard F Sedlescomb, Battle

Pronger, James. . .Crawley
f Kaikes, G. AV . . . Portslade Cottage, Shoreham
Ratcliffe, R. . . .Standard Hill, Ninfield, Battle
Reeves, J. R. . . .Hantsland, Crawley Down
Rigden, AVilliam. . .Hove, Brighton
Rumbold, C. J. A.. . .5, Percival Terrace, Brighton
Russell, Joseph. . .Bewbush Farm, Lower Beeding
Sadler, Henry. . .Mid Lavant, Chichester

lioijal Agriciiitural Societjj oj England.

XLI

Sadler, R. Stebbiiig. . .Park Farm, Bolney, CuckBcld
Sampson, Thomas. . .Moor Hall, NinfleUl, Battle
Sheffield, Earl of. . .Sheffield Park, Uckfield
+SImes, N. P.. . .Stood Park, Horsham
Speaker, Right Hon. The. . .Glynde, Lewes
Stanford, Alfred. . .Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning
Stimford, Edward. . .Ashurst, Steyning
Sttinford, Walter. . .Parham, Pulborough
Stanford, William. . .Charlton Court Farm, Steyning
Stenning, William. . .Halsford, East Grinstead
Stutter, John. .Hadlow House, Five Ashes, Mayfield
Tallant, Francis. . .Easeboume Priory, Midhurst
Taylor, William. . .Glynley, Westham

Thompson, T. C Ashdown Park, East Grinstead

Turner, Frank. . .North Bersted, Bognor
Turner, J. Singer. . .Chyngton Farm, Seaford,
'Hipperton, Robert. . .33, Steyne, Brighton
Upton, Henry. . .Aldwick, Bognor
Verrall, R. Relfe. . .Falmer, Lewes
f Warner, Thomas. . .47, Susses Square, Brighton

fWaiTen, R. A Preston Place, Arundel

Waters, Benjamin. . .Motcombe, Eastbourne
Watson, Robert. . .Standard Hill, Ninfield, Battle
Webster, Frederick. . .Marley Farm, Battle Abbey

Wemyss, M West Hoathley, East Grinstead

Willett, G. W 2, Royal Crescent, Brighton

Wood, James. . .Ockley, Hurstpierpoint
Wood, William. . .Ifield Court, Crawley

WARWICKSHIRE.

Governors.

Hertford, Marquis of. . . Ragley Park, Alcestcr
•(■Howe, Earl. . .Gopsall, Atherstone
^■Leigh, Lord. . .Stoneleigh Abbey
■(■Warwick, Earl of. . .AVarwick Castle

Jfemiers.

•(■.\dderley, Rt. Hon. C.B., M.P. .Hams Hall, Minworth
Adkins, G. C.. . .The Lightwoods, Birmingham
Adkins, Henry... The Firs, Edgbaston, Birmingham
■(■Allfrey, H.AV.. .Hemingford Ho.,Stratfofd-on-Avon

Angerstein, AV. T. N Ashby Lodge, Rugby

Arnolii, Ralph. . .Shackerstone, Atherstone

Ashwin, Manley C Stratford on-Avon

Bacon, Samuel, jun Ratcliffe Culey, Atherstone

Baker, AA^illiam. . .Moor Barns, Atherstone
■(■Baldwin John. . .Luddington, Stratford-on-Avon
Baldwin, T.. .Hockley Heath, Birmingham.

Ball, George. . .North Kilworth, Rugby

Barrs, Mrs. M. . .Odstone Hall, Atherstone

Bayzaud, Joseph. . .Kingley, Alcester

■(■Bennett, B. E. . . . Theddingworth, Rugby

Bennett, John Ewins. . .Bosworth Grange, Rugby

Benson, C. ... 98, Bull Street, Birmingham

•(■Berney, Sir Hanson, Bart.. . .Sheepy, Atherstone

Bomford, H. J.. . .Dunnington, Alcestcr

Bourne, AA'^illiam . . . Atherstone

■(■Brassey, H. A., M.P. . .Newbold Comyn, Leamington

Brierly, Harry,jun Church Lawford, Rugby

■(■Bright, John. . .Bath Row House, Birmingham
Bromfield, Henry. , .Flint Hall, AVellesboumc

’ Bromwich, Thomas . . . AA'oolston, Coventry
Brown, James. . .Moor Street, Birmingham
Bruce, John. . .Tiddington, Stratford-on-Avon

Bucknill, John C., M.D Hillmorton Hall, Rugby

Buggins, AV.. . .New Oscott, Birmingham.

Burbury, AA''. P.. .Croft’s Farm, Stratford-on-Avon

f Butler, Hon. C. L Coton House, Rugby

Caldecott, C. M Holbrook Grange, Rugby

fCaldecott, Thomas. . .Rugby Lodge, Rugby

Canning, George H Shottery, Stratford-on-Avon

f Cartwright, Col. H., M.P.. . .Kineton, AVarwick

Chapman, R. H Upton, Nuneaton

tChattock, H. H.. . .Solihull
Clare, AF. Harcourt. . .Twycross, Atherstone
Clayton, R. C. B — Clarendon Square, Leamington
Cobb, Frederick. . .AValton, AA^arwick

fCongreve, S. B Harbors Magna, Rugby

■(Uongreve, T.. . .Peter Hall, Brinklow, Coventry
Cookes, J. M. . .32, AFarwick Street, Leamington

Corbett, C Broad Marston, Stratford-on-Avon

fCouchman, C.... Temple Balsall, Birmingham
f Cowley, \F. Payne. . .Ashby St. Ledgers, Rugby
Crofts, John. . .Long Lawford Hill, Rugby
fDavis, J. Jeffries. . .Bickmarsh, Alcester
f Elkins, John Francis. . Yelvertoft, Rugby
Evans, Isaac Pearson. . .Griff, Nuneaton
I f Fardon, H. F. . . . 7, Braithwaite Road, Birmingham
Fenton, Kirkby. . .Caldecote Hall, Nuneaton
f Fisher, H. L.. . .Hilborough, Alcester

Fowler, R. Jun 14, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingluam

Furness, Captain M. AF Rugby

■(Ualton, Darwin. ..Claverdon Leys, AFarwick
Gardner, John. . .Twycross, Atherstone
■(Gee, John. . .AFelford, Rugby
German, George. . .The Field, Mea=ham, Atherstone
f German, AFilliam . . . Measham Lodge, Atherstone
Gilbert, John. . .Perry Barr, Birmingham
Gillott, T. L. . . . Broadgate, Coventry
Greenaway, G. C. . . Binswood Cottage, Leamington
■(Grimes, AF. H. . . . Bubbenhall, Kenilworth
Hamer, Charles M. . . . Snitterfield, Stratford-on-Avon
f Hamilton, Sir K. N. C.,'_Bart., K.C.B...Avon Cliffe,
Stratford-on-Avon

f Hammerton, George . . . Princethorpe, Rugby
Hartopp, Sir J., Bt.. . .FairOaks Hall, Sutton Coldfield

Henniker, Captain T. H Bulkington, Rugby

Hicken, John. . .Dunchurch, Rugby

Horley, Thomas, Jun.. . .The Fosse, Leamington

' Howman, Henry A Halloughton, Coleshill

I Hurlston, William. . .Heathcote, AFasperton

! Izon, J. B AA'alsgrave-on-Sowe, Coventry

Jones, George. . .Starton, Kenilworth
■(■Jones, J. C.. . .Loxley, Warwick
Keep. J. S.. . .Russell Street, Birmingham
Lea, Henry. . .316, Bristol Road. Birmingham
f Lovell, Thomas. . .AFinwlck Warren, Rugby
Lowe, John. . .AATiitmore House, Birmingham
Luckcock, Howard. . .Edgbaston, Birmingham

Lucy, Rev. J Hampton Lucy, Stratford-on-Avon

■(■Lythall, F.. . .Radford Hall, Leamington
Malcolm, Matthew. . .Manor House, Kineton
Manley, Major. . .Mancetta Lodge, Atherstone
Mapplebeck, AF. B.. . .Bull Ring, Birmingham

XLII

List of Governors and Members of the

Margetts, John... High Street, Warwick
f Mathews, Jeremiah. . .Edghaston, Birmingham
•j-Milcs, Grosvenor. . .Bourton House, Rugby
fMilis, J. Truman. . .Husbands Bosworth, Rugby
Milne, Oswaid, Jun,. . .Leamington
Minett, Junius E..Llowiey Hall, Fillongley, Coventry
Moore, George. . .Appleby Hall, Atherstons
Moore, John. . .Church Street, Warwick

fMorrlce, John W The Tower, Calthorpe, Rugby

-f-Mott, C. J Clifton-on-Dunsmore, Rugby

Moxon, T. David. . .EasenhaU, Rugby

f Muntz, G. F Umberslade Park, Birmingham

Newdigate, C. N., M.P.. . .Arbury, Nuneaton

Newton, T. H. G Barrells Park, Henley-on- Arden

•(-Norman, John N.. . .Harboro’ Magna, Rugby
fNutt, John. . .White House, Fillongley, Coventry
Parsons, C. W.. . . Anstrey, Atherstone
Paske-Jones, G. . . . 3, Euston Place, Leamington
Pennington, Richard. . .Westfield House, Rugby
Perkins. W. H. ..Amesby, Theddingworth, Rugby
Petre, Edward. . .Whitley Abbey, Coventry
Philips, Mark...SnitterfieId, Stratford-on-Avon
f Pratt, C. Alfred. . .Shenton,Nuneaton |

Ratcliffe, T Norton House, Sheepy, Atherstone

Reading, William. . . Ashom, Leamington
Ridley, W. Wells. . .The Abbey, Southam
fRigg, Joseph. . .FiUongley, Coventry
fRlley, Luke. . .Meriden, Coventry
Robinson, R.. . .Fenny Drayton, Nuneaton
Round, D. G.. . .Edgbaston, Birmingham
Ryland, Thomas.. Gt. Lister St. Works, Birmingham
Savidge, John. . .Gopsall Farm, Atherstone
■(•Scriven, Edward. .Wormleighton Hill, Leamington

Senhouse, Captain W Ashby St. Ledgers, Rugby

Seymour, R. A Kinwarton Rectory, Alcester

f Smith, Charles. . .Dunchurch Hall, Rugby
Smith, F. D. Lea. . .Halesowen Grange, Birmingham
Smith, George... Ailston House, Stratford-on-Avon
Smith, Joseph. .. Henley- in- Arden
f Smith, W. B. . . . Beauchamp Terrace, Leamington 3
Smithson, G. . . . 63, Wellington Road, Birmingham
Spark, William. . .Shilton House, Coventry
Spencer, John. . . Villiers Hilt, Kenilworth
Steedman, George. . .Hall Green, Birmingham
Swinnerton, Robert... Weddington, Nuneaton
fSwinnerton, W. W.. . .Styvechall Grange, Coventry
fTangye, Richard. . . Birmingliam
f Tipper, B. C.. . .Bristol Road, Birmingham
Tyndall, F. T... .Edgbaston, Birmingham
tDmbers, Edward. . .Wappenbury, Leamington
Villiers, Lady E.. .Serlby Hall, Husband’s Bosworth,
Rugby

Wakefield, W. T Fletchamstead Hall, Coventry

Walker, G. H Newbold Grange, Rugby

Wallington, George. . .Little Hill, Wellesbourne
Watkin, John. . .Oil Mill, Leamington
Webster, Samuel. . .St. Mary’s Place, Leamington

■(•Welchman, F. R Southam

West, J. R Alscot Park, Stratford-on-Avon

flVeston, James. . .Stoneleigh, Kenilworth

AVhitmell, J. J Silsworth Lodge, Rugby

tWilllams, H. E Handsworth, Birmingham

Wise, George. . . Woodcote, Warwick

Wltherington, John. . .Germany House, Rugby
Wood, James. . .Pin wall Hall, Atherstone
fWood, John. . .Welford, Rugby

WESTMOEELAND.

Governor.

Bective, Lord. . .Underley Hall, Kirby Lonsdale

Members.

AIcock-Beck, William. . .Hawkshead, Windermere

fArgles, F. Atkinson. . .Eversley, Milnthorpe

Atkinson, William. ..Burnside Hall, Kendal

Banks, John Jackson. . .Kendal

Bell, John. . .Breaks Hall, Appleby

f Braithwaite-Wilson, C. . . Plumtree Hall, Milnthorpe

Browne, George. . .Troutbeck, Winaermere

f Brunskill, Stephen. . .Sand Area, Kendal

Cropper, James. . .Ellergreen, Kendal

Dixon, Thomas. . .Dalton, Burton

Fenton, David Henry. .70, Strickland Gate, Kendal

Fulton, A Sedgwick, Kendal

Gandy, Lieut.-Colonel. . .Heaves, Milnthorpe

Gibbon, Henry J Holmscales, Milnthorpe

■(djibson, Joseph. . .Whelprigg, Ivirkby Lonsdale
f Handley, William . . .Greenhead, Milnthorpe
■(•Harris, Alfred . , . Lunefield, Kirkby Lonsdale
fHarrison, Daniel. . .Kendal
Harrison, John. . .Nether Levens, Milnthorpe
fHarrison, John. . .Summerlands, Kendal

fHarrison, T. J Singleton Park, Kendal

Holme, John . . . Park Side, Milnthorpe
Johnson, Henry, jun.. . .Kendal

f Keightley, A. D Old Hall, Milnthorpe

Key, William. . .Casterton Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale
Long, A. W., . .Mint Cottage, Kendal

fLowther, William, M.P Lowther Castle

Metcalfe, Anthony. . . Ravenstonedale, Tebay
Morton, John. . .Skelsmergh Hall, Kendal
Nicholson, John. . .Kirkby Thore Hall
Parker, Francis... Acorn Bank, Templesowcrby
Parker, Rowland. . .Moss End, Burton

Punshard, F Underly, Kirkby Lonsdale

Stavart, W. . . . Helsington Laiths, Kendal

fSwainson, Joseph, jun Kendal

Talbot, John. . .Mdnihorpo
Tattersall, William. . .St. Anthony’s, Milnthorpe
Taylor, Richard. . .New House, Kendal
Thompson, James. . .Castle Meadows, Kendal
f Thompson, William. . .Moresdale Hall, Kendal

Wakefield, W Birklands, Kendal

fWakefield, William H“nry. . .Sedgwick, Kendal
Walker, Adam. . .Denmark House, Kendal
Webster, Crayston. . .Kendal
Welch, Henry T.. . .Leek Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale
fWilkinson, Charles. . .Bank House, Kendal
Williamson, Berjamin. . .Kendal
f Wilson, Christopher W. . . . Oxenholme, Kendal
Wilson, G. Crowle. . .Dallam Tower, Jlilnthorpe

f Wilson, George E Dallam Tower, Milnthorpe

Wilson, Thomas... Conswick Hall, Kendal
Yeates, G. II. B Brettargh Holt, Milnthorpe

XLIII

Royal Agricultural

WILTSHIRE.

Governors,

f Bath, Marquis of. . .Longleat, Warminster
Cowley, Earl. . .Draycot House, Chippenham
fMorrison, Alfred. . .Fonthill House, Hindoo

Members.

Allen, James D.. . .Tishury, Salisbury
Andrews, Henry. . . Wylye, Heytesbury
-j-Arkell, Thomas. . .Pen Hill Kami, Swindon
Attwater, J. Gay. . .BVitford, Salisbury
Bally, Kev. H. G.. . .The Vicarage, Swindon

Bathurst, Lieut. -Col Clarendon Park, Salisbury

Beaven, James. . .West Lease P’arm, Swindon

Blathwayte, G. W., jun Hyrham, Chippenham

Bolam, C. G.. . .Savernake Forest, Marlborough
Brown, George. . .Avebury, Caine
Brown, J. Washbourne. . .Uffcott, Swindon
•(•Brown, Thomas. . .Horton, Devizes
Brown, William. . .Devizes

Brown, W. J Hazlebury House, Chippenham

Buckley, General E. P.. . .New Hall, Salisbury
f Butler, Paul. . .Down Ampney House, Cricklade
f Butler, William. . .Badminton, Chippenham

Churton, E. W Oldbury-on-the-Hill, Chippenham

Clarke, J.S....A shwick’s Grange, Chippenham
Coles, Robert. . .Middleton Farm, Warminster
Compton, T.. . .Fisherton Delamere, Heytesbury
Dangan, Viscount. . .Draycott House, Chippenham
fDay, William. . .Woodyates, Salisbury
f Ferris, T.. . .Manningford Bohune, Pewsey
•(■Ferris, W.. . .Manor House, Milton, Pewsey

Galpin, Thomas P Little Langford, Heytesbury

Goddard, H. N.. Manor House,Cllffe, Wootton Bassett
Goddard, W. Gilbert ... Broad Chalk, Salisbui-y
Godwin, Robert. . .Water Eaton, Cricklade
Graves, Robert. . .Charlton, Ludwell, Salisbury
^•Hanbury, Edgar. . .Eastrop Grange, Highworth
Harding, William. . .Cranborne, Salisbui"y

Hatherell, J. C Oldbury-on-the-Hill, Chippenham

Hay ter, Tom John. . .West Woodgates, Salisbury
Heneage, G. H. Walker. . .Compton Bassett, Caine
Hewer, William. . .Sevenhampton, Highworth
-(■Heytesbury, Lord. . .Heytesbury.

Hill, George J.. . .White Heath, Malmesbury

Hitchcock, Rev. J Chitterne, Heytesbury

Hobbs, Charles... Maisey Hampton, Cricklade
Humby, J. H.. . .Charlton Farm, Salisbury
■(•Ingram, John A. . . . Wylye, Heytesbury
f Jones, H. P.. . .Portway House, Warminster
Knatchbull, Rev. W.. . .Cholderton Lodge, Amesbury
Lane, Ebenezer. . .Honey Street, Marlborough

Law, Rev. R. V Christian Malford, Chippenham

Little, Edward . . . Lan Hill, Chippenham
■(•Long, Richard P. , . . Rood Ashton, Trowbridge

Ludlow, H. G. G Heywood House, Westbury

Lywood, Edwin. . .Maddington, Devizes
Mannings, George. . .Downton. Salisbury
Marshall, H. J. . . . Poulton Priory, Cricklade 7

May, Charles Neale. . .Devizes

f Merriman, Edward B Marlborough

•(•Merriman, Thomas B.. . .Marlborough

Society of England.

f Merriman. William C. . . .Marlborough
Methuen, Lord. . .Corsham Court, Chippenham

Middleditch, E. T Blansdon House, Highworth

■(•Miles, Charles W Burton Hill, Malmesbury

fParry, Joseph. . . Allington, Devizes
fPhipps. C. P.. . .Chalcot House. Westbury
Picton, Robert. . .Box, Chippenham

fPollen, R. II Radbourne, Chippenham

Powell, John Thomas. . . Easton, Pewsey
f Poynder, T. 11. A. . . . Hartham Park, Corsham
fProdgers, Herbert. . .Kington House, Chippenh.am
Radnor, The Earl of. . .Coleshill, Highworth
Rawlence, James. .. Bulbridge, Wilton, SaUsbury
Read, James. . .Salisbury
Reeves, Robert. . .Bratton, Westbury

Rigden, R. H Salisbury

Robson, William. . .Wilton, Salisbury
Ruck, Edmund. . .Castle Hill, Cricklade

fSadler, James H Purton Court, Purton

Sainsbury, AV.. Hunt's Ho., AVest Lavington, Devizes
fSaunders, T. B.. . .The Priory, Bradford-ou-Avon
Smith, R. Sadler. . .Durnngton, Salisbury
Somerset, John. . .Milton, Pewsey
Spencer, John. . .Bowood, Caine
f Spicer, J. AV. Gooch. . .Spye Park, Chippenham
Squarey, Elias P. . . . Odstock, Salisbury
fStarkey, J. Baynton. . .Spye Park, Chippenham
•(■Storrar, Robert. . .Grittleton, Chippenham
fStratton, Joseph. . .Alton Priors, Marlborough
Stratton, AV.. . .Kingston Deverill, AVarminster
Suffolk, Earl of. . .Charlton, Malmesbury
Taunton, AVilllam. . .Redlyncb, Salisbury
fTaylor, S. Watson. . .Erlestoke Park, Detizfs
f Thompson, John. . .Badminton, Chippenham
Viveash, Oriel. . .Berwick Bassett, Swindon

AVhitaker, John S Bratton, AVestbury

AVilliams, Charles. . .Salisbury
AVinthorpe, Rev. Benjamin. . .Chippenham
fAVood, AV. Bryan. . .Branbridge, Chippenham
Yonge,' Rev. AV. J Rockbourne, Salisbury

■WORCESTERSHIRE.

Governors.

Holland, Edward . . . Dnmbleton Hall, Evesham

fKnight, F. AVinn, M.P AVolverley, Kidderminster

Member's.

Allsopp, Henry. . .Hindlip Hall, Worcester
Armitage, AV. Sugden. . .Bickmarsh Hall, Redditch
Ashmore, John. . .Norton, Evesham
•(•Ashton. T. Henry. . .Temple Laugherne, Worcester
■(■Bailey, Henry James. . .Rosedale Farm, Tenbury
Baker, Thomas .. . Blackstone, Bewdley
Barker, David AVilson. . .Mayfield House, AVorcester
fBameby-Lutley, J. H.. . .Brockhampton, Worcester

fBearcroft, E Mere Hall, Droitwich

Beeston, AViUiam. . .Kidderminster
Beman, Thomas. . .AVeston Subedge, Broadway
f Berke^y, Robei-t. . .Spetchley Park, Worcester
Best, James, jun.. . .Hill Top, Tenbury
Blick, John. . .Hill Court, Droitwich

XLIV

List of Gucernurs and Members uj the

Ulyth, Th<imas W.. . . Aldington, Evesham
Tiomford, Benjamin. . .ritcliill, Evesham
Boucher, A. E. . . .IVolverlcy, Kidderminster
Boulter, Thomas. . .Shenstone House, Kidderminster
■(•Bourn, James. . .Studley, Redditch
Bramwell, Henry .. .Crown East Court, AVorcester
Brewster, Richard. . .Heathy Milis, Kidderminster
•(■Brown, W. IL. . . Bclbroughton, Stourbridge
f Buck, Albert. . .Sansome Terrace, Worcester

Bull, J. H. AV Great AVolford, Shipston-on-Stour

Burlingham, Henry.. .Lansdown, Evesham
fBurnham, AV. H..LongCompston, Shipston-on-Stour
Chamberlain, Henry. . .Bredicot Court, AA'orcester
•(<,'larke, Robert B.. . .Temple Laugherne, AA''orcester
Colvile, General. . .Kempsey House, AVorcester
Coney, AA''illiam. . .Battenhall, AVorcester

Cooke, AA’'illiam H Skelsley Kimp, AVorcester

Cookes, John R AVood House, Stourport

•(Corbett, AV. A Dumbleton, Evesham

Coventry, Earl of. . .Croome Court, Kempsey

fCrump, G. AV AVoolashill, Eckington, Pershore

Curtler, T. G.. . ,Bevere House, AVorcester
Davis, Stephen. . .AVoolashill, Pershore
•(■Davis, Thom.as Henry. . .Orleton, AVorcester
Dorrell, Thomas. . .Bishampton, Pershore
Downing, I.. . .Turner’s Hill, Rowley Regis, Dudley
Downing, J. Marshall. . .Dowles, Bewdley
Dudfield, Benjamin. . .Kinlet, Bewdley
•(•Dun, Finlay. . .AVeston Park, Shipston-on-Stour
-(•Evans, E. Bickerton. . .AVhitbourne Hall, AA’orcester

F’ardon, J. A AVitton House, Droitwich

Firmstone, AV. C.. .Rockingham, Hagley, Stourbridge
Fuggle, T. G. . .Crown Hotel, AVorcester

<5ibbs, Philip H Eckington, AVorcester

Gilbert, Joseph. . .Evesham
Giles, John. . .Chaddesley Corbet, Kidderminster
Goodwin, Frederick. . .Britannia House, AVorcester
Gough, Ashwin D. . .Hinton, Evesham
Grazebrook, George. .. Stourbridge
Green, Alfred. . .Kinwarton, Redditch
Green, John. . .Heath Grange, AVorcester
Griffin, George. . .Torton, Kidderminster
Guilding, Richard. . .Brick Barns, Malvern AA’ells
Halford, Thomas. . .Newbold, Shipston-on-Stour
Hall, Benjamin. . .AVood Farm, Malvern AA’ells

Hancox, Edward 0 Evesham

Hardy, Peter. . .The Grange, Claines, AVorcester
Harris, Thomas. . .Stonylane, Bromsgrove
Harward, John. . .Chaddesley Corbet, Kidderminster
Haywood, E. AV... .Sillins, Redditch
Hemming, Richard . . . Bentley Manor, Bromsgrove
Herring, Henry. . .Caldwell Farm, Kidderminster
Higginbotham, John. . .Pensax Court, 'Tenbury
Hill, John. . .Severn Stoke, AVorcester
•(Hill, Thomas R.. . .Catherine Hill House, AVorcester
Holder, AA’illiam. . .Upper Sapey, AV’orcester
Koltom, AV. F. . . .Cleeve Prior, Evesham
•(•Homyold, J. V. . . Blaekmore Park, Upton-on-Severn

Humphries, FI Pershore

Hunt, George. . . Avon View, Fivesham
I-akln, Henry. . .Link End, Malvern •

Larkworthy, J. L AVorcester

Lea, John W.. . Stansfield House, AVorcester

fLechmerejSirFl.A.lL, Bt.,Rh3d Ct., Upton-on-Seveni
Lett, John. . .Stone Court, Kidderminster
l.ett, AVilliam. . .Kushock, Droitwich
Lloyd, Robert. . .Offmore, Kidderminster
■(■Lord, Captain J. P.. . .Great Malvern
Lunn, Robert. . .Norton, Evesham
M'Cann, George. . .Court Farm, Malveni
Middlemore, Colonel. . .Thorngrove, AVorcester
Middlemore, Mrs.. . .Thorngrove, AVorcester
■(•Midgley, AV. H. . . . Inchbrook, Malvern Link
f Moore, Henry. . .Elmley Castle, Pershore
f Moseley, Captain W. H.. . .Leaton Hall, Stourbridge
f Munn, Frederick. . .Holt Castle, AVorcester
fMynors, R.. . .AVeatheroak, Alvechurch, Bromsgrove
Neville, John, jun. . . , Alvechurch, Redditch
Noel, Captain C. P.. . .Bell HaU, Stourbridge
fNott, James. . .Penn HaU, Eardiston, Tenbury
Padmore, Richard. . .AVorcester
Page, Joseph. . .Stoke Prior, Bromsgrove
Paklngton, Right Hon. Sir J., Bart.,M.P.. .Westwood
Park, Droitwich

Parker, Rev. AV Little Comberton, Pershore

(■Philips, Sir G.R.,Bart.AVestonHo., Shipston-on-Stonr
Phipps, Thomas. . .Brlcklehampton, Pershore
Pippett, AVilliam. . .Caughton House, Bromsgrove

Prance, Cour nay C The Elms, Evesham

Randell, Charles ... Chadbary, Evetham

Randell, James R Chadbury, Evesham

Rich, S.. . .Cedars, Fearmale Heath, AVorcester

fSheldon, 11. J Brailes House, Shipston-on-Stour

Sherriff, A. C., M,P AVorcester

Smith, Henry AVilliam. . .Evesham
Smitli, Ralph. . .Lenchwick, Evesham
fSmlth, Sir AV., Bart. . . . Eardeston, Tenbury
Smilhln, Benjamin. . .Dumbleton, Evesham

Smithin, J AA’adborough, Kempsey, AVorcesler

f Southall, Thomas. . .AVorcester
Stallard, John. . .AVo'cester
Stallard, Josiah. . .The Blanquettes, AVorcester
Stamford and AVarrington, Earl of. . .Envllle House
Stourbridge

Stephens, George. . .Fladbury, Pershore
Tayior, Henry. . .Elmbrldge Green, Droitwich
Tomson,'James. . .Bamt Green, Redditch
'Priuder, T. . . .Sandlin, Leigh Siuton, Malvern
f Vernon, Harry Foley. . .Hanbury Hall, Droitwich
AValker, G. I. Alexander. . .Norton, AVorcester
AVall, Thomas. . .The Ford Farm, Droitwich
f Walton, H. L. . . . Burmington, Shipston-on-Stour

fAA’atklns, J. G AVoodfield, Ombersley, AVorcester

■(■AVatson, John. . . A\’'aresley, Kidderminster

AVebb, EdwarU, jun Wordsley, Stourbridge

AVebb, Frederick Pace ... Evesham
AVebb, Henry. . .14, Foregate Street, AV’orcester
AVebb, James. . .Fladbury, Pershore
AVebb, AVilliam. . .AVorcester

f AVheeler, E. V Kyrewood House, Tenbury

AVhetler, John. . .Long Compton, Shlpston-ou-Stour
AV’hitford, Richard. . . Avon Side, Evesham
fAVilson, John AVilson. . .Broadway, Evesham

AA’oodward, R Ardley Castle, Bewdley

AA’oodward, Thomas. . .Sevemstoke, AVorcester

XLV

Royal Agricultural

YORKSHIRE.

Governors.

-f-Aldhani, William. . .Frlcklcy Hall, Doncaster
fCuthcart, Earl. . .'I'hornton-lt-Strcet, Thivsk

fChilclers, John AV Cautley Hall, Doncaster

Eitzwilllam, Earl, K.G.. .AVcntwortli, Rotherham
Johnstone, Sir II., Bt., M.l’..IIacknets Hall, Scarboro'
lUpoD, Marquis of. ..Stmlley Royal, Ripon
f Thompson, Harry Stephen. . .Kirby Hall, York
Zetland, Earl of. . . Aske Hall, Richmond

Members.

fAkroyd, Edward, M.P Bank Field, Halifax

f Ambler, Henry. . .AVatkinson Hall, Halifax
Angas, George. . .Beeford Grange, Lowtborpe, Hull
f Atchison, AVilliam. . .Bowling AVorks, Bradford
•f-Athorpe, J. C.. . .Dinnington Hall, Rotherham
t Auckland, Lord. . .Doncaster

Baldwin, AA^illlam II Normanton Hall

Bamlett, A. C.. . .Thirsk
fBarber, Thomas. . .Sproatley Rise, Hull
Barker, Edward. . .Pickbuni, Doncaster
Barroby, Miss E.. . .Disbforth, Thirsk

f Barstow, C. D Garrow Hill, York

f Barton, J. Hope. . .Stapleton Park, Pontefract
Bertram, William. . .Harrogate
Baxter, Benjamin. . .Elslack Hall, Skipton
Baxter, Robert. . .Doncaster
Beachel, John. . .Rawcliffe, Selby

Beaumont, E. B AVoodhall, Barnsley

Bcckitt, Richard. . .AVatton Abbey, DrifiSeld
Benington, T.. , .Hall Gale, Cottingham, Hull
Bentley, Robert John. . .7, Hall Cross, Doncaster
Best, Robert Storr. . .Moorfields, Goole
Bethell, AVilliam. . .Rise, Beverley
Beverley, Mathew B.. . .Leeds
•(■Bolton, Lord. , .Bolton Hall, Bedale
Booth, John B.. . .Killerby, Catterick

Booth, Thomas C AVarlaby, Northallerton

Bortan, John . . . Barton-le Street, Malton
Botterill, John. . .Eppleworth, Cottingham, Hull
f Briggs, Rawdon. . .Birstwith Hall, Ripley

fBromet, AVilliam R Cocksford, Tadcaster

-(-Brooke, AVilliam. . .Northgate House, Huddersfield
•(■Broomhead, B. P.. . .Broomhall Park, Sheffield
Brown, Douglas. . . Anclitfe Hall, NorthaUertoii
Brown, AVilliam. . .Holme-on-Spaldlng Moor, York
Carlin, William, jun.. . .Keyingham, Hull

Cayley, Sir Digby, Bart Brompton, York

Chaloner, Admiral. . .Longhull, Guisborough
Chambers, George. . .High Green House, Sheffield
Champneys, Rev. T. P.. . .Badsworth, Pontefract
-(Charlesworth, John. . .Middlestown, AVakefleld
tCharlesworth, J. Barff. . .Hatfield Hall, AVakefield
Charlton, Thomas. . .Newland, Middlesborough
•(Gholmley, H. W.. . .Newton Hall, Rillington]
Cholmley, Sir George, Bart.. . .Howsham, York
f Clark, Frederick J. P. . . .North Ferriby, Hull
Clarke, John AV.. . .Guisborough
fClay, Charles. . .Walton Grange, Wakefield
Clayton, T. Greenwood. . .Oiisecliff, A’ork

Society of England.

Clcasby, Thcimas M AVilton Grange, Redcar

fClutton, AVilliam James... The Mount, York

tCocking, AV. F Crowle, Doncaster

Coleman, John. . .Escrick Park, York
Collison, AVilliam . . . Beverley
fComber, Thomas. . .Redcliffe, Nowton-le-AATllows
Cookson, AV'illiam J. . . . Denton I'ark, Otley
Corner, Edward. . .Esk Hall, AVhitby

Corringham, R. AV Lound House, Haxey, Bawtry

Coulman, Edward. . .Levels, Thorne

Coulman, John. . .Red House, Thome

fCroft, A. IL. . . Aldboroiigh Hall, Boroughbridge

Crosby, J. M.. . .73, Newboro’ Street, Scarborough

Crosskill, Alfred.. .Beverley

■(•Crow, George. ..Ornbams, Boroughbridge

Croysdale, John. . .AVhltley Bridge, Pontefract

Cuthbert, Robert. . .Patrick Burmpton, Bedale

Danby, F.. . .Middledale, Kirbygrindalyth, York

Darley, Charles A.. . .Burtonfield, Y'ork

Davison, Richard. . .Driffield

Dawson, George. . .Thorncliffe, Sheffield

Day, Richard . . . Hodroyd Hall, Barnsley

Deane, Patrick. . .High Street, Hull

Denison, Edmund. . .Doncaster

fDent, John Dent, M.P. , . . Ribston Hall, A\’'etherby

Dent, Joseph. . .Ribston Hall, AVetherby

fDe AVend, W. Fenton.. .Underbank Hall, Sheffield

Dudding, Thomas. . .Pockerby, Goole

Duncombe, Hon. Adm. . . Kilnwick Percy, Pocklingtou

Dunn, Jonathan. . .Kelfield Lodge, York

Durham, Makin. . .Thorne

Dyke, Francis Hart. . .3, Museum Street, York

fEddison, R. AV Headingley Hill, Leeds

fEddison, AVilliam. . .Huddersfield

Edwards, Sir H., Bart., M.P Pye Nest, Halifax

Ellershaw, Charles. . .Bossall, Y’ork
Elston, William ... Bank House, Selby
fFarrer, H. R.. ..Green Hammerton
Fenton, Ferrar. . .AVakefield Road, Dewsbury
Feversham, Earl of. . .Duncombe Park, Helinsley
Fisher, Edward. . .Grove Hill, Beverley
Fisher, John. . .Carhead, Crosshills, Leeds
Ford, John. ..Tancred, AVhixley, York
Foster, John. . .Fockerby, Goole
Fowler, Robert. . .Leeds
fFox, G. Lane. . .Bramham Park, Tadcaster
f Frank, F. Bacon. . .Campsall Hall, Doncaster
Garbutt, Thomas. . .Yarm, Cleveland
Gartside, Henry.. .W harm ton Tower, Greenfield,
Saddleworth

Gauntlett, W. Henry. . .Mlddlesboro’-on-Tees
Green, Robert. . .Scalby, Scarborough
Gibbs, Thomas. . .Sledmere, York
Gilpin-Brown, George. . .Sodbury Park, Richmond
Gotborp, James. . .Mowbray Hill, Bedale
Gouthwalte, Richard. . .Lumby, South Milford
-fUreenwood, John. . .Swarcliffe Hall, Ripley
■(■Grelg, David. . .Leeds
fGunter, Captain R.. . .Wetherby
f Halifax, Viscount. . .Hickleton HaU, Doncaster
f Hall, Charles E. ... 22, Grove Terrace, Leeds
Hall, James. . .Scarboro’ Hall, Beverley
f Hardacre, Richard . . . Helli field, Leeds

XL VI

List of Governors and Members of the

■f-Harewood, Earl of. . .Harewood Ilouse, Leeds
•j-Harland, II. Seaton. . .Brompton, York
Hathorn, A. . . . SmeatUalls, Ferrybridge
Hepworth, Joshua. . .Eogerthorp, Pontefract
tllerries, Lord. . .Everingham Park, Pocklington
Hewson, Frederick. . .The Haven Farm, Tickhill
+Hildyard, J. G. B. Thoroton. .Winestead Hall, Hull

fHildyard, J. E. tV Hutton Ilonville Hall,

Northallerton

Hobroyd-Bradbury, G. E. H Longroyde, Eastrick

Hodgson, W.. . .Falsgrove, Scarborough
Hudson, C. Herbert. . .Sandall Grove, Doncaster
Hutchinson, T. H.. . .Manor House, Catterick
f.Iaques, Leonard. . .IVentbridge House, Pontefract
Jaques, E. M.. . .Easby Abbey, Eichmond
Jaques, T. G.. . .Blacktoft, Howden

Jefferson, Eev. J. D Thicket Priory, Y^ork

Johnson, T. C.. . .Chevet, Wakefield

•j-Jolmstone, J. C.'Hirst. . .Field Head, Thorner, Leeds

Jordan, J. Staveley. . .Elmswell, Driffield

-)-Kaye, J. E.. . .Bretton Park, Wakefield

jKirk, Eichard. . .Gale Bank, Wensleydale

Kitson, James. . .Leeds

Knowles, James. . . Wetherby

•(■Lambert, C Sunk Island, Otteringham, Hull

Langdale, G. W.. . .Leconfield Park House, Beverley
-j-Lascelles, Hon. G. E.. . .Sion Hill, Thirsk
Laverack, S. S.. . .Eedness Hall, Goole
■j-Lawley, Hon. and Eev. S. W. .Escrick Eectory, York
Lee, Charles. . .Newton House, Bedale
-f-Londesborough, Lord. . .Grimston, Tadcaster
•(•Lupton, Arthur. . .Headlngley, Leeds
Slacfarlan, Walter. . .Chapel Thorpe, Wakefield

•(•McLaughlin, W.'G Helmsley, York

Mangles, George. . .Givendale Grange, Eipon
Markham, Lt.-Col. W. T. . Becca Hall, Milford J unction
•(-Marshall, Arthur. . .Headingley, Leeds

•(•Marshall, Edmond H Westwood Hall, Leeds

-(-Marshall, J. Garth. . .Headlngley, Leeds
Martin, S. D.. . .1, Park Place, Leeds
M.asterman, T. J.. . .Little Danby, Northallerton
Matthews, Francis Cooke. . .Driffield
Mellows, William. . .High Melton, Doncaster
Mills, E. W. F.. . .Lendal, Vork
■(-Moorsom, C. E.. . .Harewood, Leeds
-(•Morrison, Walter, M.P.. . .Malham Tarn, Skipton

Morrison, William H Wood Hall, Barnsley

Moscrop, W. J Olliver, Eichmond

Nicholson, Brady . . .Stourton Grange, Garforth, Leeds
Nicholson, Thomas.. . .100, Lowther Street, Y’ork
Norfolk, Eichard. . .Beverley
-fNormanby, Marquis of. . .Mulgfave Castle, Whitby

Nowell, W. Atkiuson Netherside, Skipton

Owen, William. . .Eotherham

Pardey, James E Newton-le-Willows

Parker, T. J.. . .10, George Street, Sheffield
Paver, William. . .Peckfield, Milford Junction

fPhillips, J. H Beadlam Grange, Nawton, York

•(•Ifilkington, SirL.M. S., Bart., Chevet Pk., Wakefield
•(•Powell, Eev. S. II.. . .Sharon Hall, Eipon
•(•Preston,’ Captain J. N.... Flashy Hull, Gargrave-
In-Craven

Preston, T. . . . Scosthrop House, Bell Busk, Leeds .

Preston, Thomas H. . . . Moreby Hall, York
fPulleine, James. . .Clifton Castle, Bedale
fEamsden, Sir J. W., Bart . . .Byram, Ferrybridge
Eichardson, G.. . .Bridlington Quay
Eichardson, H.... Cherry Hill, York
Eiggall, E. W.. . .Smeathalls, Ferrybridge
+Eiley, Edmond. . .Kipling Cotes Farm, Hull

fEingrose, E. B Swanland, Brough

Eoberts, G. C.. ..8, Wright Street, Hull
Eobinson, G. J.. . .Maunby, Thirsk
Eobinson, J. T.. . .Leckby Palace, Asenby, Thirsk
Eobinson, T.. ..Nuthill, Hedon, HuU
•(■Eockett, John H.. . .Goole
Eounding, Thomas. . .Fraisthorpe, Bridlington
■(•St. Leger, Colonel . . . Park Hill, Eotherham
Salt, Sir Titus, Bart.. . .Crow Nest, Halifax
Saltmarshe, Philip. . .Saltmarshe, Howden
Shaun, Charles. . .Inholes, Tadcaster
Sharp, Isaac. . .Middlesborough-on-Tees
fShawe, E. Fleetwood. . .Lotherton Hall, S. Milford
fSmith, Henry F.. . .Lamwath House, Sutton, Hull
Smith, J. Jeffreston. . . Wortley, Sheffield
fSmith, J. Metcalf. . .Leeds
Smith. William. . .Goole Grange. Goole
Stamper, T.. . .Highfield House, Oswaldkirk, York
fStapylton, Major. . .My ton Hall, Boroughbridge
Staveley, John. . .Dotteiill Park, Driffield
Staveley, Simpson. . .Tibthorpe Manor, Driffield

fStickney, Walter M Hull

Stlckney, William. . .Eidgmont, Holdemess
Stott, Miss. . .EccleshiU Hall, Leeds
fStrickland, C. W.. . .Boynton, Bridlington

f. Sykes, C., M.P Brantingham Thorpe, Brough

Taylor, F. Howard. . .Middlewood Hall, Barnsley

f Taylor, G. E Langthorpe House, Boroughbridge

Tempest, Colonel. . .Tong Hall, Leeds
Tennant, J. Mason . . . Headingley, Leeds
Tennant, John E.. . .Kihlwick Hall, Leeds
fTennant, Eobert. . .Scarcroft Lodge, Leeds
Tennant, Thomas. . .Blenheim Terrace, Leeds
Thompson, I.,eonard... Sheriff Hutton Park, Y'ork
fThornes, Joseph. . .Green Hou^e, Ossett, '\\''akefield
fTiffen, Joseph. . .Minster Corner, Beverley
Tinker, Henry. . .Holmfirth, Y^ork
Toulson, John Parker. . .Sk'pworlh Hall, Selby
Townend, Edward. . .The Nook, Bingley, York
fWalker, F. James. . .Claxton Hall, Y’ork

AYalker, James E Sandhutton, Y'ork

fWalker, John. . .Mount St. John, Thirsk
Walker, Thomas. . .The Woodlands, Doncaster
Walker, Thomrs S... .Maunby Hall, Thirsk
Walker, William. . .Victoria Works, Y'ork
lYalmsley, G.. . .Eudston House, Bridlington

YVaterhouse, Samuel, M.P Halifax

AVelby, E. M.Earle. . .Norton Leas, Sheffield
fWells, John. . .Booth Ferry, Howden
fWenlock, Lord. . .Escrick Park, Y’ork

AVentworth, Godfrey 11 AYoolley Park, AA''akcfield

AV^harton, G. Livingstone. . .Grove Hill, Beverley
AVharton, Eev. J. C — Gilllng Vicarage, Eichmond
fAVharton, J. T.. . .Skelton Castic, Gulsborough
AVheatley, John. . .Neswick, Driffield
AA'hitaker, B. Ingham. . .Hesley Hull, Eotherham'

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

XLVII

Wiloy, Samuel. . .Brandsby, York

•f-WUliamson, \V. E Catterick

Willis, Thomas. . .Manor House, Carperby, Bediilo
AVilmot, R. C.. ..Woolley Park Farm, Wakefield
•[■Wilson, John. . .Seacroft Hall, Leeds
Wilson, Matthew. . .Eshton Hall, Gargrave, Leeds
Winter, Richard. . .The Levels, Thorne
■[•Wombwell, Sir G. Bart.. . .Newburgh, Easingwold
Wood, Richard. . .Potternewton, Leeds

Woodd, Basil T Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough

fWoodyear, Rev. J. F. W Crookhill, Doncaster

Wright, Sir William. . .Sigglesthorne, Holderness

fWrightson, R. H Warmsworth Hall, Doncaster

fWrigbtson, AV. B Cusworth Park, Doncaster

fAVyse, Robert... Auburn Hill, Malton
f Yeoman, G. Dundas. . .AA''oodlands, AVhitby
fYeoman,'R. C. . .Marsk Hall, Marsk by the Sea
■f-Yorke, T. E.. . .Halton Place, Hellifield, Leeds

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Governor.

fLe Conteur, Colonel. . .Belle Vue, Jersey
Ifemhers.

Boyd-Klnnear, John. . .Courtil, Rozel, Guernsey
Collings, Rev. AV. T.. . .Guernsey
Le Cornu, C. P.. . .Trinity Manor, Jersey!

Le Feuvre, H. J.. . .Les Niemes, St. Peters, Jersey
Le Gallais, Albert. . .La Moire House, Jersey
Lempriere, Rev. AV.. . .Rozel Manor, Jersey
Le Page, T. B.. . .St. Andrews, Guernsey
Mourant, Edward. . .Samare’s Manor, Jersey
Rendle, Robert. . .Catel Farm, Guernsey
fTumer, Lieut.-Colonel F. H.. . .Gouray, Jersey
AVatson, Rev. Joshua R.. . .Le Bocage, Guernsey

ISLE OF MAN.

Members,

Cunninghame, Captain. . .Hensol, Castle Douglas
•j-Gawne, E. M.. . .Kentraugh

NOETH WALES.

Governors.

Penrhyn, Lord. . .Penrhyn Castle, Bangor
f Powis, Earl of. . .Powis Castle, AVelshpool
AVynn, Sir AV. W. Bt., M.P....AVynnstay, Ruabon

Members. ~~

Adams, Captain A. F.. . .Rbyddyu Hall, Wrexham
•(•Btinkes, J. Scott. . .Sougbtou Hall, Northop

+Barnes, J. R Brookside, Chirk

tBarnes, Thomas. . .The Quinta, Chirk

Bate, Edward... Kelsterfon, Flint

Bell, AATlliam. . .Bodrhyddan, Rhuddlan, Rhyl

Biddulph, R. Middleton. . .Chirk Castle

Browne, T.B.. .MeUington Hall, Churchstoke, Mont.

Buddicom, AV. B.. . .Penbedu Hall, Mold

Bulkeley, C. Rivers. . .Bodylltyn, Ruabon

■f-Bulkeley ,’Sir R. AV., Bart. . . . Baron Hill, Beaumaris
Burnett, Gregory. . .Dee Cottage, Flint
f Burton, John. . .Gresford, AVrexham

C'hambres, P. H Llysmeirchion, Trefhant, Rhyl

-fCharlton.St. John. . .Pentreffynon, Holywell
Cooke, B. G. D.. . .Colomendy, Mold

Cotton, F. E Knowlton Hall, Ruabon

Cotton, General F. Conyers. . .Cilhendre, Ruabon
Crewe-Read, Capt. K.N.. . .Llandinam Hall, Mont-
gomery

Darbishire, S. D.. . .Pendyffryn, Conway

Dawson, John . . . Gronant, Rhyl

Dean, Thomas. . .Mold

Dennis, Henry. . .Hafod-y-bwch, Ruabon

Denson, Samuel. . .Pwllhalog Hall, Rhyl ,

Dickin, John. . .Tyndwfr, Llangollen
•j-Dod, AVhitehall. . .Llannerch, St. Asaph

f Doyle, John A Plus Dulas, Abergele

Edwards, Richard. . .Trewem Hall, AA^elshpool
-f-Elwell, E.. . .Nenaddfraith, Newtown
Eyton, John AVynne. . .Lees AVood, Mold
Farmer, James. . .Llyssum, AVelshpool
fFitzbugh, Thomas Lloyd. . .Plas Power, AA'^rexham
f Fortune, W.. . .The Drefor, Kerry, Montgomery
fGillart, Richard. . .Llynllvedd, Machynllethj

Glynne, Sir Stephen, Bt Hawarden Castle, Flints.

Griffith, AVilliam. . .Glyn, Dolgelly
Griffiths, John R. . . . Brynderwen, Llanrwst
Griffiths, Samuel. . .Overton, Flints.

Hare, T. AV Bertbddu, Llandinam

Harrison, Rev. R. J.. . .Caerhowell, Montgomery
fHellyer, G. AV. M.. ..Tan-y-Garth, Bettws-y-coed,
Llanrwst

Heyward, Major. . .Crosswood, Welshpool
Hill-Trevor, Lord A. E., M.P.. . .Brynkinalt, Chirk
Hodgson, I. Scott. . .Sodylt Hall, Ruabon
Hope, S. Pierce. . .Marchwiel Hall, AVrexham
Hope, T. Radford. . .Henfryn, Rhyl
f Howard, Robert. . .Broughton Hall, AVrexham
fHughes, H. R.. . .Kinmel Park, St. Asaph
Hughes, H. R.. . .Ystrad, Denbigh

•[-Humberston, P. S Gian y AA'^ern, Denbigh

Jesse, John F Llanbedr Hall, Ruthin

f Jocelyn-Ffoulkes, Major. . .Eriviatt, Denbigh
Jones. Lt.-Col. A. S.,V.C.. .Hafod-y-Wern, Wrexham
Jones, Edward. . .Park Farm, Caersws
Jones, John. . .Bryn Adda, DolgeUy
Jones, John...Maesypandy, Tal-y-llan
Jones, Thomas. . .Summerfield Park, Llanidloes
Jones, AVilliam. . .Blackball, Newtown
Jones, William. . .Record Street, Ruthin
Kerfoot, John. . .Faenol Back, St. Asaph
Kirkby, D. E.. . .Llanfendigaid, Towyn

Kyrke, R. V Nantyffrith Hall, AA'rexham

fLewis, George... Worthenbury, AVrexham
Lloyd, John. . .Bod Lloyd, Ruabon
Lloyd, Joseph. . .St. Asaph
Lloyd, Llewellyn. . .Croesnewydd, AA^rexham
Lloyd, Llewellyn F — Nannerch Hall, Mold

Mainwaring, Charles S Galltfaenan, Rhyl

fMainwaring, Townshend. .. Galltfaenan, Denbigh
Mathew, E. Windus. . .AVern, Portmadoc
Meridith, John. . .The Hildra, AVelshpool

XLVIII

List of Governors and Members of the

Meyrick, Owen Fuller... Bodergau, Anglesey

Miller, Samuel . . . The Court, Abennule

Moore, John... Kerry, Montgomery

Morgan, Richard. . .Newtown

•{■Morris, Thomas. . .Henfaes, Welshpool

Mostyn, Sir Pyers, Bart. . . .Talacre, Holywell

f Mytton, D. Herbert. . .Garth, Welshpool

fNaylor, John. . .Leighton Hall, Welshpool

Newill, Thomas. . .Spring Bank, Welshpool

Owen, Griffith H. . . .Ymwlch, Tremadoc

f Palmer, Sir Roger W., Bart. . .Cefn Park, Wrexham

Parmeter, Francis, Jun — Brynyraber, B;da

Parry, William. . .Towyn

Peel, Edmund. . .Bryn-y-Pys, Wrexham

Peers, Joseph . . . Ruthin

f Pennant, P. Permant. . .Brynhella, St. Asaph

f Philips, Captain E. W Rhual, Mold

Pickering, William. . .Poulton, Pulford, Wrexh.am
Podmore, Robert. . .Sealand, Queen’s Ferry, Flint
Powell, Evan. . .Sw^anside, Newtown
f Price, R. J. Lloyd . . . Rhiwlas, Bala
Priestley, John. . .Hlrdrefaig, Llangifai, Isle of
Anglesey

Pritchard, Robert. . .Llwydiarth, Esgob, Bangor

Roberts, B. S Burton Hall, W rexham

Roberts, F. L Queen’s Ferry, Flint

Rogers, Alfred . . . Plas-yn-y-Pentre, Llangollen
Rowley, Hon. R. T..Rhyderddwyn, Faur, Rhuddlan
Ruck, Lawrence. .Pantlludw, Machynlleth

■f-Sandbach, H. R Hafodunos, Llanrwst

Scott, William. . .Towyn

Simon, James. . .Greenfield, Holywell

fSisson, Robert J Talardy, St. Asaph

Smith, R. Barclay. . .Tynewydd, Bangor
Sutton, Ambrose. . .Althrey, Wrexham
Sykes, John. . .Croes Howell, Wrexham

Thomas, L. H Caerffynnon, T.alsarna, Caernarvon

Tomlinson, J. H.. . .The Parkey Farm, Wrexham

Trethewy, A. H Rhyd-y-crena, Llanrwst

Turner, William. . .Newtown

Vaughan, J. W.. . .Velin Newydd House, Brecon

Williams, David. . .Dolseran, Dolgelly

Williams, E. A Gilli, Mold

fWilliams, John. . .Gwemhefin, Bala
Williams, Owen John. . .Bodelwyddan, St. Asaph
fWilliams, R. Ap Hugh ... Bodelwyddan, St. Asaph
Williams, Sir Hugh, Bart.. .Bodelwyddan, St. Asaph
f Williams,. W. Granville. . .Bodelwyddan, St. Asaph

fWilliams, Wm Plasgwyn, Pentraeth, Anglesey

Wood, E. B Moreton Hall, Chirk

Woosnam, Richard. . .Glandwr, Llanidloes
Wynne, Brownlow W.. . .Garthewin, Abergele
Wynne, John Lloyd. . .Coed Coch, Abergele
Wynne, Owen Slaney. . .Peniarth, Towyn
Wynne, William W. E Peniarth, Towyn

SOUTH WALES.

Members.

Allen, Henry G.. . .Lawrenny Park, Pembroke
fBalley, Sir J.R.,Bt., M.P.. .Glanusk Pk.,Crickhowcll
f Baird, Alex.ander. . .Roheston Hall, Milford Haven

Ball, James. . .Peterstone Mills, Cardiff
fBassett, Richard. . .Bonvilstone, Cardiff
fBoardman, Frederick B. . . . Manoravon, Llandilo
Boultbee, J. . . .Plas-Gwemant, Newcastle Emlyn
Bowen, James. . .Troedyraur, Newcastle Emlyn '

Bowen, Janies B Llwyngwair, Haverfordwest

Bradley, Edward. . .Cowbridge

Bridgwater, Rees W Great Porthamel, Talgarth

Buckley, James. . .Penyfai House, Llanelly
f Budd, J. Palmer. . .Ystalyfera, Swansea
Cawdor, Earl of . . . Stackpole Court, Pembroke

Clark, George T Dowlais House, Merthyr Tydvil

Corbett, John Stuart. . .Cogan Pill, Cardiff

David, Charles W Ely Rise, Cardiff

f David, Edward . . . Llandaff

David, Evan William . . . Falrwater House, Cardiff

David, John . . .Ely, Cardiff

Davies, D. Price. . .Troedybryn, Llandilo

Davies, John Morgan. . .Froodvale, Llandilo

Davies, L. T Llyncubing, Llanpumpsaint

Davies, Thomas. . . Parkypratt, Cardigan
Davies, Thomas. . .Ystradwalter, Llandovery,

Davys, W. H. C Neuadd-fawr, Llandovery

Dunn, Nicholas J Elm Grove, St. Florence, Tenby

Edwards, D. T.. . .Taff’s Well, Cardiff

Ellis, Philip P Herbrandstone Hall, Milford Haven

f Evans, Henry J Bank, Cardiff

Evans, James Eaton. . .Haverfordwest
Evans, J. Jones. . .Cwmbychan Farm, Pencader

Fitzwilliams, E. C. L Adpar, Newcastle Emlyn

fFranklin, Richard. . .Clemenstone, Bridgend
Garsed, John. . .Llantwit Major, Cowbridge
Goddard„Thomas. . .St. Fagans, Cardiff
-fGower, Erasmus. . .Clynderwen, Narberth
•{Gower, R. Frederick. . .Clynderwen, Narberth
Green, Stephen. . .Haverfordwest
Griffith, John. . .Llwynduris, Newcastle Emlyn

Griffith, John, jun Trevorgan, Cardigan

Gulston, A. J Dlrleton, Llangadock

Gwyn, Howel. . .Dyffryn, Neath

Gwyn, William E. B Bias Cwrt Hyr, Carmarthen

Hall, Richard. . . Baglan House, Neath
Harvey, R. Hart. . .Slade House, Haverfordwest
Homfray, J. R. . . . Penllyn Castle, Cowbridge
Hopkins, Dr. John. . .Llantrissant
Howell, J. R.. . .Noyadd Trefawr, Llandyssil
f Hulme, William. . .The Bank, Pembroke
Huntley, W. V.. . .Welsh St. Donatts, Cowbridge

Insole, J. H Ely Court, Llandaff

James, David. . .Cawrence Farm, Cardigan
James, John. . .Aherclyn, Brecon
James, Richard. . .High Street, Haverfordwest
Jenkins, David. . . Flemingstone Court, Cowbridge
Jenkins, R. D.. . .The Priory, Cardigan
Jenkins, Thomas . . . Pantyscallog, Dowlais
Jennings, Richard. . .Carmarthen
f Jones, David. . .Pantglas. Carmarthen
f Jones, John. , .Blaenos, Llandovery
Jones, Thomas... Talardd, Uanybyther, Carmarthen
Jones, William. . .Cefn Llogell, Castletown, Cardiff
! Jones, Wm.. . .Llwynygroes, Llanwnen, Carmarthen
Jones, William. . .Pantrewgoch, Castletown, Cardiff
' Keeble, George. . .Colby, Narberth

XLIX

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

I>cach, Henry. . .Corston, Pembroke

fLee, Vaughan II Lanelay, Llantrissant

Hewes, Colonel John. . .Llanllar, Talsam
Lewis, David. ..Stradey, Llanelly

Lewis, .John Lennox G. P Ilenllan, Xarberth

Lewis, Thomas. . .Xorchard, Tenby
Lewis, W. H.. . .Clynflew, Newcastle Emlyn
Little, William. . .Cwmaman, Aberdare
tLlewellin, Klchard. . .Tregwynt, Fishguard
I.,ongcroft. Charles R.. . .Llanina, Aberayron
tllansell. Sir John, Bart. . .Maesdilo, Llandilo
JIarsh, R.. . . Pen-y-bedd, Burry Port, Carmarthen
Jloir, Charles. ..Cardiff

+JIorgan, Major the lion. Godfrey, C., M.P.. .Ruperra
Castle, Cardiff

Morison, A. J., M.D.. . .Portcleu, Pembroke

Morris, William. . .Carmarthen

Mousley, T. Turner. . . Well Field, Carmarthen

-(■Nicholl, G. W Llantwit Maj’or, Cowbridge

Norton, Henry. . .GreenhiU, Carmarthm
-fOwen, Daniel. . .Ash Hall, Cowbridge
Owen, AVilliam. . . Withybush, Haverfordwest
Palling, J. G.. . .Castleton, Cardiff
Paramore, J. Rawle. . .Preswj-lfa, Neath
Parker, Thomas. . .Cardigan
I Peel, Willl.am. . .Taliaris Park, Llandilo
Penrice, Thomas. . .Kilvrough, Swansea
1 Poole, Commander G., R.N. . Llangynider, Crickhowell
Powell, D. Jeffreys. . .The Court, Bronllys, Talgarth
tPowell, W. S.. . .Eglwysnunyd, Talbach
Preece, Thomas.. .West House, Wick, Bridgend
Price, Alfred B. . . .The West, Bridgend
Pryse, Colonel. . .Peithyll, Aberystwith
Pryse, John Pugh. . .Bwlchbychan, Llanybj'ther
+Pugh, David. . .Manors von, Llandilo

+Reece, Edward B Roath, Cardiff

Reece, E. Lewis. . .Cardiff

Rees, John. . .Tile House, Lanmaes, Cowbridge

Rees, John. . .Hendre, St. Dogmells, Cardigan

Rees, T. Blethyn. . .Tremunydd, St Davids

Rees, Valentine. . .Carmarthen

Rees, William. . .Penywaun, Lanvabon, Pontypridd

Richards, E. Priest. . .Cardiff

Roberts, W. B.. . .Lovestone, Pembroke

Eomilly, Edward. . . Porthkerry, Cardiff

fRosser, William. . . .Llanelly, Carmarthen

Rutzen, Baron F. de. . .Slebech Hall, Haverfordwest

fSevem, J. Percy. . .Penybont Hall, Penj-bont

-f-Sheild, William H.. . .Lampeter Valley, Narberlh

.Simpson, John. . .Pyle Hotel, Bridgjnd

Spencer, Michael. . .West Aberthaw, Cowbridge

fStacey, F. E.. . .Llandough Castle, Cowbridge

Strickland, G — Tretower House, Crickhowell

Talbot, C. R, Mansell. . .Margam

Thomas, D. Howell. . .Derllys Court, Carmarthen

Thomas, John. . .Glanrynis, Kidwelly

Thomas John . . . Eastfield House, Cowbridge

Thomas, J. Howell. . .Starling Park, Carmarthen

Thomas, Thomas. . .St. Hilary, Cowbridge

Traherne, G. JI.. . .St. Hilary, Cowbridge

+Turbervill, Major. . .Ewenny Abbey, Bridgend

Vachell, Edwin. . .Penarth, Cardiff

Vaughan, Captain Herlaert. . .Brynog, Talsam

fVaughan, Nash V. E.. . .Rhesta, Neath

Vivian, H. Hussey, M.P Park Wem, Swansea

tWalters, William. . .Haverfordwest
Waring, Thomas . . . Park Place, Cardiff
Warren, W. de Grouchy. . .Picton Terr., Caimarthen
Watt, J. W. Gib.son. . .Doldolowe, Radnorshire

Whittaker, S Stackpole Farm, Pembroke

Whittall, T Bailey Inon, Llandrindod Wells

Wienholt, F.. . .Langhame
Williames, Charles It.. . .Roath Court, Cardiff
Williams, John. . .Llantrithyd, Cowbridge
j Williams, John. . .Caercady House, Cowbridge
Williams, Rees . . . Pencelly Castle, Brecon
Williams, Rees David... Mannest Court, Brecon
Williams, R. Wyndham. . .Windsor Villa, Cardiff
Williams, W. Propert. . .Trehowell, Fishguard
Workman, Henry. . .Coedkernew, Cardiff

Worthington, G. S Cardiff

Wright, W. T Waites. . .St. Nicholas, Cardiff
Yorath, Evan. . .Moulton Farm, Cowbridge
' Y'orath, Henry . . .13, St. John Street, Cardiff

IRELAND.

I Members.

j Abercorn, Duke of, K.C.. . .Baron’s Court, Newtown
1 Stewart, Tyrone

j Bagot, Rev. R. Wolfe. . .Fontstown, Athy, Kildare
[ Baldwin, Thomas. . .Glasnevin, Dublin
1 Bessborough, Earl of. . .Pilltown
I f Blacker, M. M.. . .Claremont, Claremorris, Mayo
j f Bolton, Jasper. . .Ballykisteen, Tipperary
i Bonham, Rer. John. . . Ballintaggart, Ballistore
j Borthwick, John. . .Prospect, Carrickfergus
j fBrowne, Lord John T. . . .Westport, Co. Mayo
] f Bulwer, Walter Redford. .Randalstown, Co. Antrim
j Campbell, Arthur J.. . .St. James’s Place, Fermoy
Carroll, W. Hutchinson. . .Tulla House, Nenagh
Castletown, Lord...Granstown Manor, Ballycola,
Abbeyleix

fCaulfield, St. George. . .Donamor Castle, Roscommon
fCharlemont, Earl of. . .Charlemont House, Dublin
f Clarina, Lord . . . Elm Park, Limerick
fClonbrock, Lord. . .Clonbrock, Ahaserah
Cooper, E. II. . . . Markree Castle, Colloney, .Sligo

fCosby, E. G Stradbally Hall, Queen’s County

Crawford, W. H Lakelands, Cork

Crosbie, William 'T. . . . Ardfert Abbey, Tralee
Digby, Reginald. . .Geashill Castle, Tnllamore
-f-Doneraile, Viscount. . .Doneraile Court, Co. Cork
Downing, John. . . Ashfield, Fermoy
Enniskillen, Earl of. . .Florence Court, Enniskillen
+Farrell, E. W.. . .3, Merrlon Square East, Duljliii
Farrell, John Arthur. . .Jloynalty, Co. Meath

Fealherstonhaugh, R Rockview, Killucan

fFilgate, L. G. P Lisvenney, Ardee

Forster, A. T Garrettstown, Kinsale

Franks, Thomas. .21, Lower Fitzwilliam St., Dublin
Garde, Thomas. .Ballinacurra, Middleton, Co. Cork
fiarfit, Charles. . .Queenstown, Co.'Cork
Goulding, William. . .108, Patrick Street, Cork
Greene, John. . . Jlillbrook, Magany
Hall-Dare, R. Westley. . .Newtownbarry House

List of Governors and Members of the

Hamilton, C. W. ■ . . llamwooil, Clonee
fllarman, Hon. L. King. . .Newcastle, Ballymen.a
Hawarden, Viscount. . .Dundnim Castle, Cashel

fllawkcswortb, Richard S Forest Mountrath

Henry, Frederick II.. . .Lodge Park, Straffan

Holmes, IV Clovervale, Island Magee

f Jones, IV. Bence. . .Lisselan, Clonakilty
Knox, 0. N.. . .Corgrig Lodge, Foynes
Leigh, Francis A. . . . Kosegarland, Foulksmill
Leslie, C. Powell, M.P... .Glasslough
fLongford, Earl of. . .Packenham Hall, Westmeath
Low, George. . .Burghtown, Athy, Kildare
Liirgan, Lord. . .Brownlow House, Lurgau
Mackenzie, James. . .Camden Quay, Cork

Mackenzie, W 34, D.awson Street, Dublin

•fMahon, II. J. P.. . .Strokestown House, Roscommon
McCliiitock, Major. . .Hillsborough, Co. Down

Mead, IV. R Ballymartle, Ballinhaseig, Kinsalc

Mowbray, Seymour. . .Kilbany, Mountrath
Naper, .James Lenox. . .Loughcrew, Oldcastle
O’Neil, William. . .Athy, Kildare
Owen, William. . .Blessington
Peake, John. . .Mullaghmore, Monaghan

fProby, Hon. IV Glen Art, Arklow

Purdon, Edward ... Bachelors’ Walk, Dublin
Quinn, Peter. . .The Agency, Newry

Robertson, J 22, Mary Street, Dublin °

Rutherford, James. . .40, Eccles Street, Dublin
Smith, James. . .Little Moyle, Carlow
Stawell, Colonel. . .Kilbrittain, Bandon, Cork
■f-Stewart, A. .1. R.. . .Ards House, Co. Donegal
Sullivan, Rev. J. . . .Leopardstown, Foxrock, Dublin
Talbot, George IV.. . .Maiyborough, Queen’s County
fTemplemore, Lord. . .Dunnoby Park, Wexford
Templeton, Andrew . . . Ballynafeigb, Belfast
fTempletown,Viscount, Castle Upton, ’I’cmplepatrick
Belfast

fTighe, Right Hon. IV. F. . .Woodstock Park, Inistioge

fTownshend, C. U Burlington Road, Dublin

fTrench, Hemy. . .Cangort Park, Roscrea

fVerner, E. Wingfield, M.P The Aske, Bray

Vesey, Lieut. -Colonel.. . .Lucan House, Dublin
Wade, R. C.. . .Clonbranie, Crosakeile, Meath
Webber, IV. Downes. . .Kellyville, Athy
fWilbraham, Hugh. . .Westport, Co. Mayo
Williams, Francis E.. . .Derreana Lodge, Waterville
Wise, Josi.as P Rostellan Castle, Cloyne

SCOTLAND.

Oovernors.

Buccleuch, the Duke of, K.G.. . .Dalkeith House,
Edinburgh

f Duilmore, Earl of. . .Dunmorc
Members. ^

Armstrong, William Jones. . .Fairlie, Greenock
+Askew, Sir II. Bt. . . . Pallinsbum Ho., Coldstream
f Askew, Watson... Pallinsbum, Coldstream
fAytoun, R. ,S., M.P.. . .Inchdairnie, Kirkcaldie
Balfour, David . . . Balfour Castle, Kirkwall
fBalmcr, Thomas. . .Fochabers
fBeattic, .James. . .Newbie House, Annan

Bethuno, Alexander. . .Blebo, Cupar, Fife

Biscoe, T. P. B Kingellie Ho., Newton, Inverness

f Bruce, Thomas R Slogarie, New Galloway Station

Burn, R. S 1, Linkfield, Musselburgh, Edinburgh j

fCalverley, C. C University Club, Edinburgli

f Catbeart, R Pitcairlie House, Auchtermuchty

Cochrane, James ... 1 larlmrn, Edinburgh
f Duncan, James. . . Benniore

Elcho, Lord, M. P Armisfield, Haddington

fFindlay, T. Dunlop. . .Easter Hill, Glasgow j

Finlay, A. S Castle 'I'oward, Greenock j

fGrant, Sir G. M. Bart Ballindalloch Ca.stle .

j-Guthrie, John. . .Guthrie Castle, Forfarshire
Hale, C. C.. . .Glenlochay, Killrie, Perthshire
f Hamilton, C.aptain A.. . .Rozelle, Ayr
tlLimilton, John. . .Sundrum, Ayr
I Higginbotham, S. . . .Killermont, Glasgow
I fllope, A. Peterkin. . .Fenton Barns, Drem
f Howden, Alexander. . .Traprain, Preston Kirk
! fllutchison, Robert . . .Carlowrie, Kirkliston
Kennedy, Rt. Hon. ’f. F., Dalquharran Castle, Jlaybole
Kerr, Hugh. . .St. John's Place, Annan
Kinloch, Colonel. . .Logie, Kimiemuir
Kinnaird, Lord. . .Rossie Priory, Inchture
f Lawson, Charles. . .Borthwick Hall, Gorebridge
f Lawson, Charles, jun.. . .George Square, Edinburgh

■ Learmouth, T. L... .Park Hall, Linlithgow ;

MacDouall, Colonel James. . .Logan, Stnanraer i

I MacDouall, James, jun Logan, Stranraer

1 Mcllwraith, John. . .Dunure, Ayr
t^IacLagan, Peter. . . Purapherstone, Midcalder
fMather, Myles E.. . Wheatlands, Cramond Bridge,
Edinburgh

fMatheson, Sir James. Bart.. . .The Lewes Island
Maxwell, Sir J. Heron, Bart. . . Springkell, Ecclefechan.
Maxwell, J. R. Heron. . .Springkell, Ecclefechan
I fMaxwell, R. C. Heron. . .Springkell, Ecclefechan
f Maxwell, Wellwood 11., M.P. .. Munches, Dalbeattie
Milne, David. . .Paxton House, Berwick
Mitchell, Andrew. . . Alloa
Ogilvie, J ohn D. . . . Mardon, Coldstream

Ogilvy, Sir J., Bt., M.P Baldovan House, Dundee

fOrde, Sir J. P. IV., Bt., Kilmorey Ho., Loch Gilp Head
fPierson, J. Alexander. . .The Gwynd, Arbroatli
Sadler, William. . .View Bank, Melrose

Shield, Jiimes, Jun Upper Ravensdowne, Berwick

fSmith, George P.. . .Crooks, Coldstream

■ fStables, IV. Alexander. . .Cawdor Castle
fStewart, Mark John. . . ArdwcU House, Sti'anraer

fSiewart, William M Culhorn House, Str.anraer

fStirling-Maxwell, Sir IV., Bart., Keir House

■ tStrathallan, Viscount. . .Slrathallan Castle, AucU-
terarder

tTaylor, Charles If. . . .Conihill, Coldstream
f Thompson, Andrew. . . Berwick-on-Tweed
Turner, Frederick J.. . .Dean Castle, Kilmarnock
Turner, John J.. . .2, Montague Street, Edinburgli
Vernon, Hon Greville R...Auchans Ho., Dundonald-
Wason, Rigby. . .Covwor, Grivan
f Welsh, John. . .Kirkton, Hawick
flVhite, Henry IV.. . .Lentran House, Inverness
-f-Wilson, Professor John. . .University, Edinburgh.

I f Wilson, .John. . .Eddington Mains, Ay ton

Ro)jal Agricultural Society of England.

FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

ikmbcrs.

tAlirens, E New Scliingsdorf, Mecklenburg

fAnanorr, Alexaiuler...Kontai3, Russia
•j-Auauoff, Ivan. . .Moscow, Russia
-j-Araiijo, Captain F J. Da Silva. . .Rio de Janeiro
fBi.vio, Maurice. . .2(1, Hue .Tacob, Paris
+Borie, Victor. . .14, Rue de Lille, Paris
-j-Bortier, Monsieur. . .43, Rue Royal, Brussels
Buckland, (leorge. . .Toronto, Canada
-j-Bunsen, G.. . .Bourg-Rbelndorf, Bonn
•j-Cockranc, M. II.. . .Montreal
■[■Cotta, Baron G.. . .Ilipfelhof, Ileilbronn
■[■Dacre, Henry.. .Auckland, New Zealand
f D’Azy, Count Benoist. . .88, Rue de Crenelle, Paris
fDocanville, M.. . .Petit Bourg, Corbeil, Franco
•fDecanvillc, M. Paul... Petit Bourg, Corbeil, France
fDaCurzay, Viscount. .Chateau de Curzay, Lusignan,
France

f De Kergolay, Count . . . Camisy (JIanebe), Fr.ance
Delano, William II.. . .59, Rue de la Victoire, Paris
tDc Monicault, E. . . 127, Boulevard Ilaussm.an, Paris
■[■Densy, Ernest. . .Chaie.au de la Pacandiere, Lucay-
le-AIale (Indre), France

fDe Vibraye, Marquis. ..Chateau de Chaverny (Loir et
Cher) France

fDe Vogue, Count. . .37, Rue de Bourgogne, Paris
fDe Vogue, Marquis. . .2, Rue Tabert, Paris
fDe Westphalen, Count Clemens. . .Laer, Cologne
fDu Buat, Count. . .Chateau de la Sunardiere
(Mayennc) France

fDu Plessis, Gustave ... Ch.ateau du Pl.assi, Alettr.ay
(Indre et Loire) France

f Duval, Ferdinand R. . . .16, Pkace Vendome, Paris
fErkoig, Adolphus. . . Derekegy baza, Pesth, Hungary
fFries, Count August. . .Cernahora, Moravia
■jJlrandeau, Louis. . .Nancy (Meurthe), France

f Holfschlaeger, .7. F.. . . Welsln, bet Mecklenburg ' '
f Holloweg, M. de B.. . .Runorva, N.akcl, Prussia
f Hopkins, Henry. . . Burnside, Van Diemen’s Land
flay, John. . .West 17th Street, New York
f Joboz, Cliarles. ..17. Boulevarde Madeleine, Paris
f Jones, A. Owen . . . Maryborough, Queensland
fLawford, Thomas, jun... .London, Canada West
fLe Gr.ande, Emile. . .Bhle, Switzerland
fLoesch, Heinrich, Cammerswaldau, Prussia
f l.utteroth, Robert. . .Hamburgh
f JIangon, Herve. . .69, Rue St. Dominique, Paris
f .Mannsfeld, Count. . .Dobrlsch, Austria
f Martin, Antoine. . .Malagnow, Geneva
fMertens, Baron E... .I’ue Dttcale, Brussels
f Morris, Colonel. . .Jlorrisama, New York

fNathusius, Baron G Hundisburg, Prussia

fOtrantc, Count. . .Nygard, Sdderkdping, Siredcn
fPerales, Marquis de. . . JIadrid
Reed, Howard. . .Herald Office, Sydney
Riley, M;ijor, J. E.. . .44, Rue Longue, Ostend
fRivett.Camac, II.. . .Allahabad, India
f Robinson, William. . .Aladras
f Ronna, Antonio. . .26, Rue .lacob, Paris
fSavignon, Don Domingo. . .Ale.xico
fScholliik, J. S. Fortescue. . .Australia
fSladen, Charles. . .Geelong, Victoria

Smallbones, G. B Vienna

f Sverdrup, Thorwald. . .Fredericksv.aorn, Norway
fTachard, Albert. . .97, Rue de Lille, Paris
f Thenard, Baron ... 6, Place St. Sul2)ice, Paris

f Thomas, G. T Ermatlngen, Switzerland

fTiersonnier, A Chateau du Columbier, Nevers

Trehonnais, R. F. de la. . .Algiers

fTueber, Baron August. . .Nuremberg

fUsedom, The Baron von. . .Berlin

fValle, Con de Del. . . Vergana, Gurpoisea, Spain

f Van, Alen J. J.. . .United States

fZoepprilz, G. Ganterhoff, Ravensburg, WUrleinbcrg

Members whose Residences are TJnhnoivn.

Governor.

fTanqueray, John Samuel
Members.
f Alderson, John
f Anderson, Alexander
f Astley, Francis L’Estran ge
f Baker, John
fBeckwlth, Thomas P.
f Blencowe, Robert A.
fBretts, Charles
Brewster, James
f Bush, John W.
f Cavan, Colonel P. C.
■[Charley, Richard
fClarance, John
•[Cole, Richard John
■[Congreve, Walter
•jCooke, W. Fothergill

fCutton, Alexander
f Coxe, James
fDavies, Edward Hunt
fDavis, Richard Francis
fDonovan, George
f Edmonds, F. E.

I fFaviell, Mark, jun.

! fFindlay, John
fForrester, Joseph James
fFoster, John James
: fGraham, James
fGregg, Thomas
fHaig, James H.

\ f Hall, Henry
I f Hall, Marshall
f Hall- Dare, F. M. ’

1 fHamond, Nicholas
1 fHarter, J. Collier
I -[Henning, James

Henning, W. Lewis
fHony, Rev. P. F.
Honywood, William
f Hulse, Charles
Hunter, S. T.
f Kelsall, Henry, Jun.
fKettle, G. Mackenzie
fLouch, F. W. B.
fLusbington, C. Manners.
fLyall, William
fMacDowall, J. C. S.
fMcLeod, Norman
fMangles, F.

fMarshall, George Hibbert
fMatson, William B.
fMercer, James, M.D.
f Metcalfe, Charles James
Minet, Charles William
fMumford, William Henry

Lli List, of Members of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Musgravc, K. C.
-{■Newton, Thomas
Partridge, Charles
fPcnn, Granville J.
fPocock, Charles
Richardson, Robert
tRiver, John
:}-RoQper, George

fSmitb, John
f Smythies, Carleton
fStaples-Browne, F. J.
fSwete, J. Beaumont
fTaylor, Thomas'
tTumbull, John George
Turton, Rev. H. M.
Walker, Frederick T.

fWalkcr, John
fWalmesley, Richard
fWebb, Henry, juD.
fWeyland, John]
fWilloughby, W.
Wilson, George Henry
Wythes, George

l^onorary JWcmbcrs.

Hannfelt, C. Juhlin. . .Stockholm
He Lavergne, M. Leonce

Hrouyn de L’huys, His Excellency M. . .43, Rue du Bac,
Paris

Egypt, His Highness The Pasha of
Hofman, Hr.. . .Royal College of Chemistry, Oxford
Street, W.

Lecoutcux, M. Edouard. . .26, Rue Jacob, Paris

Liebig, Dr., University of Griessen, Hesse-Darmstadt
Playfair, Dr. Lyon, C.B. . . . University, Edinburgh
Simonds, Professor. .Royal Veterinary College, N.W.
Solly, Professor. . .Parkstone, Poole
VandeWeyer, His Excellency M....21, Arlington
Street, W.

Voelcker, Professor. ..11, Stilisbury Square, E.C.
Way, Professor. . .9, Russell Road, Kensington, W.

10X30N : ritIKTED BY WILLUM CLOtVES AND SONS, STA3IFOBD STREET, AND CHARINO CHOS3.

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